Class F'5 Z(n Book. W^< COPYRIGHT DEPO;

> 5 INTRODUCTION. SCHOOL HISTORY, of necessity, can contain but The scone of A- a mere outline of important events. This is espe- cially true when, as in the case of Texas, it extends over a period of three centuries, — beginning with the romantic but meagre chronicle of Spanish and French explora- tion ; traversing the scattered, confused, and often bewildering annals of missionary enterprise and frontier adventure ; includ- ing the exploits of a heroic revolution and an interesting career of national independence ; and finally issuing in the fast-coming and thick-crowding events of fifty years of active and marvellous progress as the largest State in the American Union. Rightly undei*stood and correctly comprehended, the His- tory of Texas is unequalled for its variety of incident, its flavor of adventure, its lessons of endurance, patriotism, and valor, its heroic achievements in the crisis of battle and its splendid tri- umphs in the nobler arena of peaceful industry. Considered in its largest sense, it is a story in three chapters, — a drama in three acts, the last of which is yet moving before us on the stage of actual life. The first chapter of its wonderful story is laid in the age of Chivalry and Romance, and is filled with scenes and personages the like of which the world will never see again. It was the age of Spain's greatest power on land and sea. Her Catholic Majesty sent his cavaliers to explore and subdue the xiii Texas history A drama in three acts First Act XIV INTRODUCTION. Spanish Conquest Spanish tyranny Mexican Inde- pendence New World, while her Holy Church sent its priests in the con- queror's path to heal the wounds and repair the ruin the Con- quest had wrought. A vast new empire was founded on the wrecks of Aztec civilization, and a Spanish Viceroy held sway in the palaces of Montezuma, while Spanish monks said mass in the temples of Htiitzilopoclitli. In the ever- widening search for gold and glory, the soldiers of Spain crossed the Great River of the North and traversed the mountains and prairies of a far-away province, where peaceful Indians fished and hunted along the banks of the Pashahono, the Tockanhono, and the Arcokisa. Side by side with military chieftains came missionary fathers, and among the wild tribes of this virgin wilderness were erected those first habitations of the white man in New Spain, — half castle, half cathedral, — sheltering alike rude soldiers, praying priests, and credulous red men, — the Catholic Mhswns, whose moulder- ing and dismantled ruins still keep the memories of those adven- turous days. New names were given to the old familiar streams, new laws took the place of savage customs, new masters set their sway over the plains and valleys of this fertile province, and, in the names of a hundred saints whose shrines at intervals dotted its vast, unsettled expanse, Texas was baptized as another convert to the Spanish Crown. A century rolled away, a hun- dred years of alternate strife and serenity in this outpost of the Mexican viceroyalty. With the rapid changes of Old World politics the glory of Spain had departed, and her once proud prowess was humbled at the feet of that marvel of modern mys- teries, the Corsican conqueror of Europe. Drained by foreign wars and harassed by domestic revolution, her kings and coun- cils levied intolerable burdens upon her provinces in the New- World, while her impoverished Church exacted from the wretched colonists all that the Crown left them in their misery. The op- pression was past endurance, and the patriot-priest of Dolores raised the Mexican standard of revolt against Spanish tyranny, not to be lowered until the flag of independence floated over the ancient capital of Anahuac, and its message of liberty was wel- comed on the San Antonio, the Colorado, the Brazos, and the Trinity. The first chapter had ended, and with it Castile's cav- aliers faded from the soil of Texas. Alike mailed warrior and INTRODUCTION. XV cowled priest were gone, and in their stead came an era of hope and promise for Repubhcan Mexico. But with the opening of the second chapter of our history Second Act there appeared a new and potent element in the developing drama of Texan life : " Ha ! the breath of the Celt and the Saxon drifts Evermore to the West !" With the growth of the mighty republic of the North and its acquisition of the wide territory of Louisiana, the stream of American conquest set towards the new fields beyond the Sabine. There came into this splendid domain a clear-headed, strong- Angio- handed, impatient population, whose nervous energy and pell- coUmutT mell haste had no time for pageants and dreams and the quiet labors of a leisurely priesthood. Still less would its spirit of practical freedom and its inherited love of civil and religious liberty brook the fickle and vicious experiments of Mexican state-craft. The new-born independence of Mexico fell a speedy victim to the intrigues and ambitions of rival despots, and was 4 swallowed up in the centralized tyranny of Santa Anna. The odious forms of foreign oppression were imposed upon the Ameri- can colonists who had peopled the fertile valleys and conquered the spreading plains of Texas. Confronted with a savage foe all around them, harassed by the trials and struggles of pioneer life, they were further subjected to the unreasonable and burdensome despotism of Mexican chiefs and the insolent wrongs of a foreign soldiery. Protests were in vain, appeals to the constitution and Texan Rev- laws were of no avail, and at last the spirit which had vindicated ° '^*'°" ^" ' 1 Independenct the freedom of their sires among the hills of New England and on the plains of Virginia asserted their unconquerable valor and patriotism at Concepcion, Bexar, and Goliad. A new nation was christened at San Felipe and started on its career of inde- pendence at San Jacinto. A decade of privations, reverses, and the ultimate triumph of wise and prudent counsels established and maintained the young Republic, and finally its heroic fathers Annexation yielded its separate sovereignty, and, with emotions of mingled sorrow and pride, saw the Single Star take its place on the ample folds of the banner of the Unioi.- "The second act in XVI INTRODUCTION. the great drama had ended ; the RepubHc of Texas was no more. ' ' Third Act Her reception into the great American Confederacy opened fresh and fruitful fields of prosperity to the new State, and ■rogressof ushcrcd in an era of steady progress and development. For- ita^cT ^^ ^ tunate in the possession of a landed domain imperial in size and resources, she was enabled to provide for a magnificent system of free public education for her children unto all time, and to secure the building of great railroad lines and other works of internal improvement. Retaining all that was wise and beneficent in the institutions of the Spanish law, she combined it with the approved principles of English and American jurisprudence, establishing a system of legal rights and remedies distinctively her own, while she shared the blessings of political freedom common to the Anglo-American race everywhere. Thus, for fifteen years, the current of her peaceful and prosperous life ran smooth and strong, until the great civil and military convulsion of the War between the States blended her fortunes in field and Civil War council with those of her sisters in the South. /, In that titanic conflict her sons were everywhere in the front of the fray, and the ' ' Stars and Bars' ' floated over no knightlier band than those who rode down to death from the far-of? plains of Texas, emulat- ing in this later and mightier struggle the dauntless chivalry and .^cconstruc- debonair courage of the Alamo and the Coleta. And when it was all over, they came back to ruined homes and fallow farms and took up the burden of restoration with desperate but daunt- less hearts, weary but unfaltering hands. The valor that failed not on fields of carnage was not subdued by the sterner trials of a sacrificial peace, and erelong the prostrate State was lifted to her feet and once more trod the sure paths of peaceful and ecentpro- progressive industry. For more than twenty years Texan Statehood, in its restored and rehabilitated splendor, has justified the prophetic eulogies of its original founders, challenged the admiring interest of alien and of kindred states, and received without stint the loyal and loving devotion of its own proud citizenship. The third act in the drama still moves in majestic measure across the stage of historical development, and if the future may be read froi^l'J-he past, some later historian will record ress INTRODUCTION. XVll " Time's noblest offspring is I its completion in yet loftier strain the last. ' ' \ The arena upon which these fateful and inspiring scenes have The physiog- been enacted, and on which coming events shall marshal their ^^^ ^° imposing array, is every way worthy the dignity of the drama and the heroism of its theme. Stretching through nearly eleven degrees of latitude and more than thirteen degrees of longitude, it comprises two hundred and sixty-four thousand two hundred and eleven (264,211) square miles of as varied, fertile, and beautiful country as ' ' the sun in his all-seeing circuit' ' looks down upon. It is nearly twice as large as California, four times the size of Pennsylvania, and six times as large as New York ; capable of containing, if as thickly populated as the little State of New Jersey, more inhabitants than there are now in the entire Union of States. If it were possible to ascend in a balloon high enough to take in the complete view of this immense territory, and human vision was equal to the task, the spectacle presented would be that of a vast plain over seven hundred miles from east to west and more than nine hundred miles from north to south, — its northern and northwestern border elevated a mile above the sea level, and its surface sloping east, southeast, and south, until ; it dips beneath the "laughing tides" of the Gulf and fades away into the brown and cactus-covered regions of Northern Mexico. Across its otherwise level expanse opens a great Central central Bas:. Basin formed by the valleys of the Red River, the Brazos, and the Colorado, and their many tributaries, with wooded slopes and fertile bottoms expanding into wide-stretching upland ])rairies of rolling verdure, dotted with the ranches, farms, towns, and cities of a thriving population ; while farther south the valley of the Nueces and allied streams carves out a similar Nueces vaiiey depression in the lower part of this great table-land. Interme- diate between these two principal basins, and following their • general direction from northwest to southeast, there runs for a j considerable distance a bold but broken rocky ridge, covered with groves of live-oaks and cedars, interspersed with luxuriant valleys, and ending on its southern and southwestern front in precipitous bluffs, — the Dalcones of the Spaniards, — from whose The Baicones stony lips there gush out great fountains of purest water, form- I XVlll INTRODUCTION. ing at their very source the splendid streams of Western Texas, the San Marcos, the Comal, and the San Antonio, whose silvery- windings lend life and beauty to the picturesque scenery through which they flow. On the eastern slope of the outspread plain, dense forests stretch along the coast and reach inland to the j_ j»^nss.._ Map showing PH^•sloGRAPHv of Texas. (M. R. and C. M. R. indicate " Mineral Region" and " Central Mineral Retjion.") edge of the great prairies, furnishing timber for the homes of the millions who will one day people this fruitful land. Beyond the Pecos, in the great West, -whose mysterious distances reach away to the Rio Grande and to the foot of the Staked Plains, there arise from the outstretched sandy level lofty peaks and INTRODUCTION. XIX Fauna ajid flora massy mountains of bare, gray granite, seamed with deep and Western rugged canyons, solitary, mystic, and melancholy in their iso- """""Y'"^ lated grandeur and gloom,— the connecting sentinels between the \ great Rockies of the north and the Mother Mountains of the south. \ Within the limits of this immense territory are blended the products of many climes, — ihe /a u?ia ■a.wA flora of varied zones. In all that vast district lying east of the Pecos and north of the Colorado, there flourish all the varieties of animal and vegetable life that belong to any portion of the United States ; while be- yond those lines to the south and west a sub-tropical climate produces its distinctive types in field and forest. And all this splendid panorama of wood and stream and cu plain and mountain is canopied by skies as fair and soft as ever stooped above the sunny vales of Tempe and Tarentum. Down yonder — so near, we almost hear its waves as they break upon our shores— lies the second Mediterranean, upon whose bosom Second Medi- there shall yet be borne a commerce as vast and varied as gave *^''''^"^*" glory to that elder sea ; while around its circumference there shall cluster cities and a civilization as superior to those of the classic nations of antiquity as modern institutions of liberty and \ law and social life are preferable | "To the Glory that was Greece And the Grandeur tliat was Rome.' ^ Surely, the boys and girls, the men and women, of Texas, importance of with such a history behind them, such a country around them, '^he subject and such a destiny before them, should and often the successive steps and stirring growth of their great State. They should know well the lives and deeds of its heroic foundei-s, the struggles and triumphs of its sturdy pioneers, the valor and patriotism of its illustrious defenders, the prudence, sa- gacity, and courage of its noble jurists and statesmen. An intelligent knowledge of what has been so nobly achieved in the past, and how, is the surest guarantee that it will not be undone nor dishonored in the future, United states flaq, XX INTRODUCTION. QUESTIONS.— Introduction. Viewing tht; history of Texas as a story or drama, how may it be di- vided ? What were the surroundings and scene at the commencement of the First Act in the drama? What European country was at the height of its power ? What American country did it conquer, and what form of government was estabHshed over the conquered empire ? What was Texas originally, and how was it first explored and occupied by the Spaniards ? What happened to Spain in the course of time ? By whom was her power finally humbled ? What were the methods and character of Spain's government of her American colonies? What was the result in Mexico ? Who was the first leader of the revolution in that country ? When was independence from Spain finally achieved ? What event closed the First Act in the drama? What new influence appeared in the begin- ning of the Second Act ? Whence did it come ? \\1iat happened between Mexico and Texas ? What did Texas do and become ? What event ended the Second Act ? What was the condition of Texas at the beginning of the Third Act in the drama? What wealth, resources, and institutions did she possess, and how did she employ them ? What great event inter- rupted the peaceful progress of this act in the drama ? When was it, and what part did Texas take in it? WHiat were the immediate results to Texas ? What has been the course of subsequent events to the present time? What does the completion of the Third Act promise for Texas? Describe the general outlines and features of the territory of Texas. What is its general appearance ? How is the surface of the country di- vided and broken ? How large is it, and what is its present population ? Name and locate the principal rivers. What is the character of the east- ern, northern, central, and western parts of the State ? Draw an outline map of Texas, showing the main features of its physical geography, streams, mountain ranges, harbors, etc. W^hat varieties of animal and vegetable life flourish in Texas? What is the character of the climate? What great body of water lies on the east of the State, and what influence may be expected to result from it on the future civilization of Texas and her people, and why ? Why should the youths of Texas study her his- tory? Topical Analysis. The student should study and read parallel histories on the following subjects, as classified under the Three Acts above suggested : I. Condition of Europe in 1521 ; Spain's power and position. First I among the nations. Act. I 2. The Spanish conquest of Mexico : its extent, character, and results, INTRODUCTION. XXI First Act (Con- tinued ) Second Act. 7- 3. The Spanisli colonial system : its general features and effects. 4. The period of Catholic missions in Spanish America. 5. The rise, progress, and success of the revolution of Mex- ico from Spain : its causes and results. 6. The spread of Anglo-American colonization in North America, and its contact and conflict with Spanish colonies in the southwest. The American colonization of Texas under Stephen F. Austin and the other empresarios ; the growth of the Texan colonists in power and the spirit of freedom. The Texan Revolution, resulting from the inevitable con- flict between Anglo-An^erican ideas of liberty and Mexican despotism, ending in the establishment of Texan independence. The Republic of Texas, — its institutions, struggles, suc- cesses, and final annexation to the United States. Texas as one of the United States of North America, under which consider : (a) First period of Statehood, progress, and prosperity. {b) Period of the Civil War in the United States, and the part taken by Texas in that War. {c) Period of Reconstruction, disorders, and struggles incident to restoration of the State in the Union. {d) Second period of Statehood, increasing wealth and power of the State. Parallel Readings. Both teacher and student will find great assistance in the study of Texas history, and particularly the plan of study contemplated by this book, by consulting freely and often the following standard historical works, or as many of them as are accessible. In fact, they ought all to constitute part of every school library in Texas : Robertson's " History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V. ;" Prescott's " History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella," " Reign of Philip II.," " Conquest of Mexico," and "Conquest of Peru;" Brantz Mayer's "Mexico: Aztec, Spanish, and Republican ;" H. H. Bancroft's Works, the volumes on the History of Mexico, North Mexican States and Texas, and Arizona and New Mexico; Winsor's "Narrative and Critical History of America," various chapters on Spanish Colonies in America, Early Discoveries and Explorations, Las Casas (the Protector of the Indians), De Soto, and other notable explorers; Scarft's "Comprehensive History of Texas" (1897 : a republication of Yoakum's " History of Texas," with much new matter and completed to date) ; Williams's "Sam Houston and the War Third Act. XXll INTRODUCTION. for Texan Independence;" Foote's "Texas and the Texans ;" Ward's "Mexico;" Kennedy's "Rise, Progress, and Prospects of the Texas Republic;" General Wilcox's "History of the Mexican War;' Ken- dall's "Texas Santa F^ Expedition;" General Lew Wallace's "The Fair God." Geography. The great and first object of the teacher should be to fix in the stu- dent's mind an accurate outline of the geography of Texas, the boundary on the Sabine and that on the Rio Grande, the principal streams, the location of all the early towns and missions, the old roads, the several harbors, and the general features of the topography of the country, especially near the coast, along the Mexican frontier, and on the Loui- siana line. The general outlines of Mexican geography should also be fully and firmly impressed upon the mind of the student, and the location of the principal points in Northern Mexico should be fixed in advance. Ruins at Mission San Josii. A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. ¥¥ Eight Periods of Texas His- tory ANALYSIS OF THE SUBJECT. THE History of Texas will be best understood by dividing Preliminary it into Eight Periods, preceded by a Preliminary Pe- ^^""'^ riod devoted to a General View of early Discovery and Exploration in the Western Hemisphere, so as to show the relative connection of Texas discoveries and settlement with those in other parts of the New World. The Eight Periods of Texas History proper are as follows : I. The Period of Spanish Discovery and Domination in Texas, during which Texas was first discovered and finally adopted as a Spanish province of New Spain or Mexico. This would extend from 1528 to 1821. II. The Period of Mexican Rule, during which Texas was one of the States of the Re- public of Mexico after the independence of the latter from Spain. This period covers the years from 182 1 to 1836. III. The Period of Revolution from Mexico, extending from the first discontent and rebellion of the inhabitants of Texas against Mex- ican tyranny until the final independence of the Republic of Texas, — that is, from 1832 to 1836. IV. The Period of the Republic, during which Texas was an independent nation, which was from 1836 to 1846. V. The First Period of Statehood, after ^ _ . Carved Door at San Jose Texas was annexed to the United States, until Mission. A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Eight Periods the beginning of the War between the States, - of Texas His- n r ±. cr tory 1846 to I 86 I. -that is, from VI. The Period of the Civil War, or Confederacy, during which Texas was one of the Confederate States of America engaged in war with the United States. This includes the years from 1861 to 1865. VII. The Period of Reconstruction, covering the time during which the State was endeavoring to re-estabhsh her government and position as one of the United States, after the fall of the Confederacy. This embraces the years from 1865 to 1874. VIII. The Second Period of Statehood, from 1874 to 1897, including the events since the State restored her own government until the present time. Explanatory As abovc divided, some of these Periods overlap each other a few years, which is unavoidable from the nature and variety of the events to be related. Also, under some of these Periods The World, Fifteenth Century. will be embraced important sub-di\'isions, amounting in them- selves almost to independent epochs in our history ; for instance, the Period of American Colonization, from 1821 to 1830, ANALYSIS OF THE SUBJECT. ^ here to be discussed under the head of Mexican Rule. And farther 'back, the Mission Period, which is covered by that of Spanish Discovery and Domination. The Tables of Contemporaneous Events attached to the several chapters should be carefully studied and compared with the parallel events related in Texas history. QUESTIONS. Into how many periods may the history of Texas be divided for purposes of study? What general period should precede these? For what purpose? State the several periods, giving the dates and topics of each. "Thermopyl/E had her Messenger of Dei-hat, but the Alamo had none." (Old Alamo Moiiuiueiit.) IPrelinnnar^ IPe^o^. Voyages of Columbus GENERAL VIEW OF DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE— 1492-1687. ¥¥ A FTER his discovery of the West India Islands, in October, 1492, Christopher Coknnbus made three other voyages to the Western World, — one in 1494, one in 1498, and one in 1502. On his third voyage he discovered the continent of South America, at a point near the mouth of the Orinoco River, thinking then that he had found the continent of Asia. On his fourth and last voy- age he touched and explored the eastern coasts of Central America, hoping to find a strait which would lead him through to the Eastern Continent. In 1494, John and Sebastian Cabot (kab'-ot), natives of Venice living at Bristol, England, sailed under the British flag, and discovered Cape Breton, off the coast of Labrador. This was the first authentic discovery of the continent of North America, and in 1498 the Cabots reached the main-land. The same year they sailed down the coast as far as Albemarle Sound, and claimed the adjacent country in the name of England. Anicricus Vespucius discovered South America in 1499, the Pinion, cabrai Y^^^ after Columbus had landed on the same shores. It was to South America that the name of A^ew World was first gi\'cn. In 1499, Vicente Yanez I'inzon ( \e-cen'-ta yiin-yaz pen-thon') 4 Amcncus Vespucius, THE SPANISH IN AMERICA. 5 1492 TO 1687 discovered Brazil ; and in 1500 Pedro Alvarez de Cabral (padro Preliminary al-var-az' da ka-briil') sailed along the coast of that country for period some distance south of the Amazon River. After these first discoveries, Spain, France, Portugal, Eng- land, and Holland fitted out many expeditions to the New World, and began to plant colonies in different parts of the country. The principal ones of these will be briefly noticed, leaving, however, the details of Spain's discoveries, as affecting Texas, to the next Period. I.— THE SPANISH IN AMERICA. Spain was the first country to discover the New World, Spanish dis- and, with the neighboring kingdom of Portugal, it was the explorations leading power in the early explorations. Her expeditions were mostly directed /iSSf%^ >'«*''^'"'~x towards the coasts of Cen- i ^^ ff/^ > ^|^ tral America, Mexico, the Ip'^^m Ff^fl *^"^^ °^ ^^''" ico, the West ^^ J^^ W "^'m Indies, and the eastern shore of >w|^S^^^^' ^ \U"^^^'^ North America as far north as I'^Vh^P' \%^4^^^ Virginia. When Lo- ^ lumbus re- , . , . Ferdinand and Isabella. turned from his first voyage, Pope Alexander VI. issued a "bull," or papal decree, dated May 4, 1493, by which he assumed to grant to Spain all the countries it might discover west of a certain line drawn around the earth from pole to pole, running one hundred leagues west of the Azores or Cape de Verde Islands, and to Portugal all lands east of that line. This was called ' ' The Line of ^'"^ of De- Demarcation," and it was changed by the convention of Torde- sillas (tor-da-sel'-yas), on June 7, 1494, so that it should run three hundred and seventy leagues west of the Cape de Verde Islands. As can be seen by a reference to the map, or to a globe, this order of the Pope gave to Spain all of what are now the United States, except, perhaps, the eastern portion of New England, and all of the West Indies, Mexico, Central America, and South America, 'except Brazil and a small part of the continent south of that country. Hence it was that all explorations made by the Spaniards in the New World had marcation A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Preliminary Pkriod 1492 TO 1687 Honduras and Yucatan Florida for their object the discovery and settlement of the territory- included in this extensive gift from the head of the Church of Rome. In 1506, Vicente Yanez Pinzon, who had commanded one of the vessels in the first voyage of Columbus, and Juan Diaz de Solis (hvvon de'-az da soVles), sailed along the bay of Honduras and in sight of YucataqA- In i.sio. a Spanish colony was planted on the Isthmus of Darien ; and in 15 13, Balboa (bal-bo'-aj crossed that isthmus and discovered the Pacific Ocean, which, he called the ' ' South Sea. The first mention of the main-land of North America near to Cuba occurs in a map made at Lisbon, Portugal, by one Cantino (can-ten'-6), in 1502. It was then thought to be an island, and was called by the natives of the Baha- mas, " Bimini" (be'-me-ne). In 151 1, Panfilo de Narvaez (pan-fe'-l6 da nar'-va-ath) conquered the island of Cuba. In 1512, Ponce de Leon (pon'-tha dala'-6n) was granted permission by the king of Spain ' ' to proceed to discover and settle the island of Bimini." He sailed from Porto Rico (p6r'-to re'-c6) in March, 1513, and discovered the east coast of the peninsula on Easter Sunday, March 27, 1513. F"rom which fact he called the country " Florida," the Span- ish name for Easter Sunday being pascii'a florida. From that time the Spaniards named all the main-land north of Cuba and east of the Mississippi River, Florida. Ponce de Leon landed on April 2, 15 13, at a point near the mouth of the Saint John's River. He then sailed southward around the point of the peninsula, discovered and named the islands known as the Martyrs and Dry Torlugas (tor-tb'-gaz), and finally landed in a bay on the western coast of Florida, which is called by his name to this day. He afterwards explored the Gulf coast as far probably as Cedar Keys and Appalachee Bay, and returned to Porto Rico in September, 15 13, still believ- ing that the land he had visited was an island, and that he had not really reached Bimini. In 1521, De Leon made a second voyage, but it was a failure, and he died without knowing that he had discovered the main-land. In 15 16, a celebrated pilot, Diego Miruelo (de-a'-go mer-o-a'-lO), sailed along the western THE SPANISH IN AMERICA. 1492 TO I6S7 coast of Florida to a bay which was long called by his name, and Preliminary which is now known as Pensacola Bay. kriod In 1517, Francisco Hernandez de Cordova (ar-nan-dath da c6r'-d6-va) attempted an expedition in the same direction, but was driven by storms to Yucatan, where he landed at a point to which he gave its present name of Cape Catoche (ka-t5'-cha). In 15 18, Juan de Grijalva (hwon da gre-hal'-va) sailed from Cuba and reached the island of Cozumel (koz-o-mel'), whence he went to the main-land of Yucatan and explored its shores. He was told that it was an island, separated from the continent by a strait, and he called what he supposed to be the continent. New Spain. He reached and explored the coasts of Central America and Mexico ; named two rivers, — one for himself, which is now the Tabasco River, and the other for his companion, Alvarado. He finally went up the coast as far as Vera Cruz, at the mouth of which harbor he named the two islands of San Juan de Ulua (o-lo-a) and Sacrificios (sac-re-fec'-e-6z). From thence he sailed still farther north to the mouth of the Panuco (pan-o'-ko) River, near where the city of Tam- pico (tam-pe'-ko) now stands. He was the first Spaniard who landed in Mexico and opened trade with the natives. He returned to Cuba in 15 19. The same year Hernando Cortez (ar-nan'-do kor'-tez) sailed Cortez from Cuba and landed in Mexico. After two years of warfare and desperate adventures, he conquered the country in 1521, from which date it remained a Spanish province until 1821. In 15 19, also, Alonzo Alvarez de Pineda (pe-na'-da) was Pineaa sent by Francis de Garay (ga-ray'), Spanish governor of Jamaica, to discover and explore a passage through to the west ; it still being the idea and desire to find a strait leading to India and "the land of sweet spices in the far east." Pineda struck the western coast of Florida near Ponce de Leon Bay, and tried to sail eastward around Cape Sable. The winds and waves pre- vented this, and he went northward and westward, exploring the eastern, northern, and western shores of the Gulf of Mexico, from Ponce de Leon Bay around to the mouth of the Panuco River, in Mexico, to which stream he gave its Spanish name. A Missionary Priest. 8 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. PRIil.lMINAKV Pkkiod 1492 Til I6S7 He landed at various points along the coast during this voyage, and laid claim formally to the adjoining country in the name of Spain. His voyage lasted nine months, and when he reached the Panuco River he was met by the troops of Cortez, who had in the meanwhile landed in Mexico and was engaged in subduing and exploring the country. Pineda turned back on his course, .M^ DiscoveA's the mouth o\ the Mi louth oX th lississippi Map of the Gulf of Mexico, 1520. (From Wiiisor's " Narrative and Critical History of America," by permission of the publishers, Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.) again coasting the Gulf shores. He discovered the mouth of the Mississippi River, and explored the stream for some distance, linding Indian villages on its banks. To this mighty stream Governor Garay gave the name of Rio del Espiritu Santo (re'-o del es-per-e-tu san-to), by which name it is designated on his maj) and all the early Spanish maps. He also called the country whose shores Pineda had traversed, Amichel (ii'-mech-el'), and it is shown on his map, sent to Europe in 1521, as extending from the mouth of the Panuco River around the Gulf to Pensa- cola Bay. THE SPANISH IN AMERICA. 9 i'reliminary Period 1492 10 1687 On the Atlan- tic coast In 1 52 1, the emperor, Charles V., made a grant of this country to Garay, and in 1523 he fitted out a considerable fleet with which he sailed to the coast of Mexico. He reached the mouth of the Rio de las Palmas (las pal'-mas), a small stream near the Panuco, now called Rio Santander, on July 25, 1523, but failed to establish his colony at that point. Proceed- Garay's expe ing southward to the Panuco, he was confronted with the forces of Cortez, to whom he was obliged to surrender. He died in Mexico, and with him vanished the so-called province of Amichcl. While these events were happening in the south and along the Mexican Gulf, the Spaniards were not idle on the eastern coast of the continent. In 1520, Lucas Vasqucz de Ayllon Ayiion (lo'-kas viis'-kaz da il'-yon) secured permission to explore the Atlantic shores north of the St. John's River. He continued his efforts until 1526, examining by his officers and in person most of the coast as far north as Virginia, landing in South Carolina, and finally attempting to found a colony at a place which he called San Miguel de Guandape (san me-gel' da gwan-diip'-a). This point was at or very near the spot where the English after- wards located the colony of Jamestown, Ayllon died at this place on October 18, 1526. In 1524, Stephen Gomez (go-maz'), a native of Portugal, Gomez was sent out by the Spanish government to sail to Newfound- land and Labrador, with orders to examine the coast southward in search of a strait through to the west. He explored the whole coast from Cape Race to Florida, whence he proceeded to Cuba and thence home to Corunna, in Spain. Gomez saw, described, sketched on maps, and gave names to the most prominent features of the Atlantic sea-board, among which it is easy to recognize Massachusetts Ray, Cape Cod, and the Con- necticut, Delaware, and Hudson Rivers. In spite of this well- established fact, as late as 1536 Sebastian Cabot said that it was still doubtful if the land south of Newfoundland was a continuous continent. In 1520, Magellan sailed around the southernmost point of Magellan South America into the Pacific Ocean, to which he gave its name on account of its freedom from storms. He returned to lO A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Preliminary Period 1492 TO 1687 De Narvaez Pizarro, Cortez on the Pacific coast Spain through that ocean, being the first navigator to sail around the globe. In 1527, Panhlo de Narvaez, the same who had conquered Cuba in 151 1, and whom Cortez had so signally defeated in Mex- ico in 1520, was commissioned to explore and settle the country on the Gulf of Mexico from the Cape of Florida to the Rio de las Palmas in Me.xico. He attempted the task, was shipwrecked near the mouth of the Mississippi in 1528, and the survivors of his expedition lived for six years on an island somewhere on the western shore of the Gulf. Four of them finally reached Mexico in 1536, having travelled by land across what is now the State of Texas. From 1527 to 1535, Pizarro (pe-zar'-ro) and his followers conquered Peru in South America, and in 1547 the conquest of Chili (che'-le) was completed by Valdivia (val- dev'-e-a). In 1539, Ferdinand de Soto made the attempt to conquer the main-land of North America. His expedition led him through what are now the States of Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, and Mississippi, and in 1542 he died on the banks of the " Father of 'Waters." His companions endeavored to reach Mexico by land, and in doing so travelled into Arkansas, the Indian Territory, and Northern Texas. Finally, in 1543, they returned to the Mississippi and sailed down the river to its mouth, whence they proceeded in boats to the mouth of the Panuco River in Mexico, coasting the shores of Texas in the journey. After his conquest of Mexico, Cortez gradually explored the vast empire he had subdued, and extended his discoveries along the western coast of that country as far north as the Gulf of Cal- ifornia, which was called the Vermilion Sea, or the Gulf of Cor- tez. He tried to establish a colony on that coast, at a place called Topolovampo, which failed. In 1540, the Viceroy of Mexico sent Coronado (ko-ro-na'-THo) to explore the country to the northward, in search of a land called " Cibola" (se'-v6-la), or " Ciguatan" (se-gwa-tan'), where there were said to be Seven Great Cities and a civilized race of natives. Coronado travelled north into what are now Arizona and New Mexico, discovering the villages and dwellings of the Zuni (zbn-ye) and Moqui (mo'-ke) Indians, the ruins of which are now so interesting. He The SPANISH IN AMERICA. I I crossed the Grand Caiion of the Colorado River, spent the win- ter near where Albuquerque (al-bu-ker'-ka), New Mexico, now is, and heard of a distant, but highly civilized, country called " Ouivira" (ke-ve'-ra). He spent many months trying to find these fabled regions, going as far north and east as the Platte Preliminary Period 1492 TO I6S7 Pueblo of the Zunis. and Missouri Rivers, and south into portions of northern and northwestern Texas. He found no such cities as had been described, and returned to Mexico in 1542. In 1542-43, Cabrillo (ka-brel'-yo) exi)lored the Pacific coast Cabriiioand as far as Oregon. In 1582, Antonio de Espejo (es-pa'-ho) made ^^P^J" an expedition to New Mexico and spent several years in explor- ing that region. In 1583, Cristobal Martin (kres'-to-val' mar- ten') also visited New Mexico. In 1596, Sebastian Viscaino (ves-ca'-e-no) sailed along the California coast nearly to Oregon. In 1598, Juan de Onate (on- onate ya'-ta) made the first permanent settlements in New Mexico, founding the town of Santa Fe (san-tii fa). East of the Mississippi River, after Ayllon's attempt to estab- lish a colony in 1526 and De Soto's expedition in 1541-42, the Spaniards continued their efforts to get a foothold in that region. 12 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Pkki.iminarv Period 1492 TO 1687 These expeditions were usually sent out by the viceroys of Mex- ico, and were accompanied by Catholic missionaries. In 1561, one of these expeditions, under Villafane (vel-ya-fan'-ya), took possession of the country in the name of Spain, at Santa Elena (a-la'-na), now Port Royal Sound, and sailed around Cape Hat- teras into Chesapeake Bay. The next year the French H2iguc7iots planted a colony at Santa Elena. In 1565, Pedro de Menendez (man-en'-daz) was made governor and captain-general of Flor- ida, with orders from Philip II. of Spain to settle the country and to destroy the Protestant colony founded by the French. The colony at Port Royal had failed, and the Hiigue^iots had es- tablished another on the St. John's River, in Florida. Menendez San Augustine founded the town of San Augustine in September, 1565, it being the oldest European town in the United States. In the same Gate, San AuiarsTrNE. .f TIERA DE AYLLON V/' ■'^> TIERA DEGAKAY ^ ■^^.TRAFFALGAR C.DE S.ROMAN MARDELSUR Map by Ribero, 1529. (From Winsor's " America.") month he captured the French fort on the St. John's and put its inhabitants to the sword. This was the first battle between THE FRENCH IN AMERICA. I 3 » white men within the present Hmits of the United States. Men- Preliminary endez buih Fort San Mateo (ma-ta'-6) on the ruins of the Pi^'' French settlement. In 1570 and 1572 he tried to plant colo- '492 TO nies on Chesapeake Bay, and explored the Potomac and Rap- j^g pahannock Rivers, but his efforts came to nothing. — The foregoing outline of early Spanish discoveries and settle- ments sufficiently indicates the general features of their efforts to occupy the territory which they claimed by right of discovery and by the grant of Pope Alexander VI. II.— THE FRENCH IN AMERICA. The French began their voyages to that portion of North America along the coasts of Newfoundland in 1503. In 1506, tliey explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and in 1524 Verazzani, Verazzani an Italian in the service of the French, explored the coast from Nova Scotia to North Carolina, naming it New France. In 1534, Jaccjues Cartier (kar'-tya) sailed up the St. Lawrence River and continued his explorations in that region for several years, founding the city of Quebec in 154] In 1562, Admiral Coligny (ko-len'-ye) established French colony, composed of HiLgiienots, in Sout Carolina, which failed and was removed to the St. John's River, in Florida, in 1564. It was de- stroyed by the Spaniard Menendez in 1565. In 1604, Sieur de Monts, a French Huguenot, founded Acadia, which first extended from Philadelphia to Cape Breton, but was afterwards confined to New Brunswick, Cape Breton, and the surrounding islands. '' In 1608 and 1609, the French explored the Great Lakes, and established hunting-posts and trappers' lodges all through the wild country along the St. Lawrence, giving to it the name of Ca>iada. In 1669 and 1671, Sieur de La Salle (la sal') explored the Ohio and upper Mississippi Rivers. About the year 1670, the news derived from the Indians led the French voyagers in Canada to attempt to explore the Mississipj^i River and to find its mouth. In 1673, Joliet (zho'-lya) and Mar- Joiiet and . . / •• 1 / > r 1 1 r 1 A 1 T-> ■ Marquette quette (mar-ket ) got as far as the mouth of the Arkansas River. In 1680 La Salle built Fort Creveca-ur (krav'-ker) on the Illinois, H A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Preliminary Period 1492 TO 1687 La Salle His expedition to the mouth of the Mis- sissippi Loses one vessel Is lost in the Gulf of Mexico Lands in Texas, f eb- ruaiy 18, 1685 A second expedition under La Salle went to a point near the mouth of the Arkansas, and sailed down the Mississippi to its mouth. Ig- norant of the fact that Pineda and De Soto's followers had visited the same spot nearly a century and a half before this, La Salle claimed all the ^^^^^^ country watered permanent colony ^^MfmjT jLi :^ ^t the mouth of the Mississippi. "' This noble , Thk SiKi k I)k La Sali.k. . r renchman was a native of Rouen, in Normandy, and his full name was Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, although he is known in history by the latter title, or simply as La Salle. He was high in the royal favor, and on his return to France, with the aid and encouragement of Louis XIV. , he fitted out a naval expedition of four ships, for the purpose of proceeding by sea to the mouth of the great river. In the com- mand of this little fleet he was compelled to share his authority with one Beaujeu (bo'-zhe), between whom and La Salle there existed ill feeling from the first. They sailed from Rochelle (ro-shel') in July, 1684, with three hundred persons on board, consisting of soldiers, seamen, missionaries, girls, and workmen. As they approached America, one of the smaller vessels, with considerable stores on board, was captured by the Spaniards at sea, and La Salle was detained at Santo Domingo for three weeks by sickness, besides other delays. In his former visit to the mouth of the Mississippi, he had made a mistake in calculat- ing the latitude of the place, and now, after he had entered the Gulf of Mexico, he was uncertain as to his proper course. He passed the mouth of the river, but tliinking he was yet east of it, he continued to coast westwardly, until he reached a point beyond what is now called Corpus Christi (kris'-te) Bay, on the coast of Texas, before he discovered his error. He then started back, and on February 18, 1685, he entered with one of his vessels THE FRENCH IN AMERICA. 15 into what is now known as Matagorda Bay, where he landed. Pkkliminaky Pkriod La Salle's colony La Salle still thought he was on or near one of the mouths of the Mississippi, but he named the bay St. Bernard, or, as the ^^92 TO Spaniards afterwards called it, San Bernardo. On February 20, jgg_ 1685, in trying to get his large ship into the bay, it was run ashore and sunk, with nearly all the provisions and ammunition of the expedition, although some of the stores were afterwards recov- ered. La Salle proceeded to establish camps along the western shore of the bay, while he sent out exploring parties to find out, if possible, exactly where he had landed. They found the country full of all sorts of wild game, and the Indians they met at tirst seemed friendly; so that the wanderers felt much encouraged in spite of their mistakes and misfortunes. In a few days one of La Salle's men was killed by the Indians, as a consecjuence of his own rash conduct, and on March 12, 1685, Beaujeu sailed away to France with quite a number of men and all of the can- non-balls, leaving La Salle with eight useless cannon. Discontent soon arose among those who were left in this Difficulties of strange land, and they began to quarrel among themselves and to rebel against La Salle's authority. He took sixty men and explored the surrounding country, discovering a river, which he named Lt's Vd'-chcs (the beeves), from the great number of buf- faloes he found on its banks. The Spaniards afterwards retained this name in its Spanish form, La Vaca (va'-ka), which the river is called to this day. Some miles up this stream. La Salle found a spot which seemed suitable for a permanent location for his little colony. This place was near what is now known as Dimmit's Point, and La Salle at once removed to it and began to erect houses and to lay out the lines of a fort. He called the settlement Fort St. Louis, Fort st. Louis in honor of the king. In July, 1685, sickness broke out among the colonists, and many of them died. Still, the little band remained successful to a certain extent. They had brought chickens, hogs, and cattle from Santo Domingo, and they planted crops of grain, all of which prospered. In October of that year, La Salle, with a small party, undertook another expe- Explores the dition inland, exploring as far east as the Colorado Ri\er, and satisfying himself finally that he was very far from the Mississip})i. country i6 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Preliminary Period 1492 TO 1687 During his absence, his only remaining vessel, the Belle, disap- peared, and he returned to find his settlement cut off from all communication with the world, alone in a savage wilderness, and two thousand miles from the nearest French post on the Illinois River. He at once determined to reach that post by land, as he SiTh' oi' La Salle's 1-\>ki. La Salle tries to reach the Illinois Returns to Fort St. Louis knew that his old friend, De Tonti, was there. He left the colony at Fort St. Louis in charge of the faithful Joutel (zho'- tel), who was the historian of the expedition, and in April, 16S6, with twenty men, set out for Fort Crevecoeur, on the Illi- nois. The party travelled in a northeasterly direction, and, on the tenth day, reached the Colorado River, having met some Indians on the way, mounted on horses and wearing boots and spurs, which showed that they had been trading with the Span- iards in Mexico and New Mexico. La Salle' s party had much diffi- culty in crossing the swollen streams which they encountered, two days being consumed in getting across the Brazos, near where the town of Columbia now stands. Continuing their journey, they were kindly treated by the Indians whom they met, one of these giving La Salle a horse. When they reached the Neches (na'-chez) River, La Salle was stricken with fever and lay sick for two months. On his recovery it was discovered that the ammunition was nearly all gone, and they had to return to the Lavaca for a fresh supply. Only eight men reached the Fort in October, 1686, having been absent about six months. La Salle found the inhabitants of the Fort reduced in numbers, but still hoi)cful. It had been discovered that the Belle W3,s wrecked THE FRENCH IN AMERICA. 17 His second trip at the lower end of the bay, her crew barely escaping. They preliminary were all now in the Fort, and the scene was enlivened by a t-Rioo wedding- between one of the colonists and a French maiden. ^-^92 On January 12, 1687, La Salle started again for the Illinois, jgy- taking with him twenty men, including his brother, two nephews, Father Anastase, Joutel, Duhaut (du-ho), De Marne (de marn), Heins (hinz), Lietot (le-to), Tessier (tes-sya'), Saget (sLig'-a), and Nika (ne'-ka), an Indian hunter from Canada. About twenty persons were left at the Fort, under command of Sleur Barbier (bar'-bya), the recently married man. La Salle car- ried with him about five thousand dollars in money and six thou- sand dollars' worth of goods. This second journey was more prosperous and rapid than the first ; they found plenty of game, and were well treated by the Indians. Reaching the Neches, they camped in order to dry some buffalo meat, and La Salle heard of a Frenchman named Rutel, whom he had lost while on the Mississippi in 1682, and now sent for him. Rutel had been living among the Indians for live years, but he gladly joined the party of his countrymen in the hope of regaining his native land. La Salle sent some of his men to dig up some beans and corn he had buried near there on the former trip, and to attend to the Murdered by drying of the meat. A quarrel arose among them, and at night '^ °w '"e" Duhaut, Lietot, Heins, Tessier, and De Marne murdered Saget, Nika, and Moragnet (one of La Salle's nephews). Fearing punishment for the cowardly deed, they determined to kill La Salle, and when he came to inquire for them, two or three days afterwards, Duhaut lay in wait and shot him dead. This was March 20, 1687, and thus the founder of the first real European colony in Texas fell, assassinated by his own men, and was buried in the bosom of the wilderness on the banks of the Neches River. La Salle was an able, ambitious, brave, and enterprising man, but he was proud, haughty, and obstinate, and his memory has never had the honor his merits and courage deserved. His murderers soon fell out among themselves, and Duhaut and Lietot were shot down. Heins assumed La Salle's uniform and put himself at the head of the Indians, whom he led in warlike attacks against the neighboring tribes, and doubtless he himself 2 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. I'RELl.MINAKY I'ERIOD 1492 TO 1687 La Salle not the discoverer of Texas fell in some savage battle. Joutel, Father Anastase, Tessier, De Marne, Barthelemy, and the brother and nephew of La Salle pursued their journey towards the Illinois, and at the mouth of the Arkansas they met a relief party sent out by De Tonti. De Marne was drowned in Red River, Barthelemy remained on the Arkansas, and the other five went back to France by way of Canada. The fate of those who remained at the Fort on the Lavaca is not certainly known. Some of them were killed by Indians, some died in camp, and the others were no doubt cap- tured by the Spaniards or rescued by Spanish missionaries. From this attempt by La Salle to colonize Texas — which was the result of a mistake — came the French claim to the country, and it was also afterwards claimed by France as part of Louisiana. But, as' will be hereafter more fully shown, as well as from what has already been said, it is very clear that the French were by no means the first explorers on the lower Mississippi River, nor in Texas. A century and a half before La Salle's expedition, the Spaniards had visited the country, had explored its coast, and made maps of the Gulf shore and of the principal rivers, reason- ably accurate, and easily recognizable at this time. The English 111 America III.— THE ENGLISH AND DUTCH IN AMERICA. After the discoveries by the Cabots, in 1494 and 1498, Eng- land made no further efforts to explore or to colonize in the New World for many years. In 1579, Sir Francis Drake, a celebrated English navigator, sailed over the Pacific Ocean, touched the coasts of California, and anchored for a time in the bay of Old .San Francisco. He called that country New Albion. Drake was the second person to sail en- tirely around the globe, as he returned to England around the Cape of Good Hope. In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, under the sanction of Queen Elizabeth, made an unsuccessful attempt to plant a,n English colony in Newfoundland. His half-brother. Sir Walter Raleigh, ol)tained royal patents to large (luantities of land in America, and in 1584 he sent out two vessels, which explored Albemarle and Pamlico (pam-lG'-ko) Sounds, and named that THE ENGLISH AND DUTCH IN AMERICA. 19 Prki.iminary Period 1492 TO 1687 country Virginia. The three following- years (i 584-1 587) Raleigh fitted out other ships and tried to establish settlements on Roanoke Island. In 1602, Bartholomew Grisnold sailed from England to the coast of Massachusetts, discovering and naming Cape Cod, Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, and Elizabeth Islands. The London and Plymonth Companies followed this up for several years, with trading voyages to the coasts of New England, and they organized movements for colonizing Virginia. The English king granted the country along the eastern part of North America, from North Carolina to Massachusetts, to these two companies, it being divided into North and South Virginia. In 1607 the first English colony was established at Jamestown, Virginia, and in 1620 the Plymouth Colony was founded in Mas- sachusetts. From these centres of settlement, colonization spread, and in time developed the thirteen original English colonies, vOut of which the United States were formed in 1776. In 1609, Sir Henry Hudson, an Englishman in the service of Henry Hudson Holland, explored the eastern coasts of North America, sailed Y -1 ^x V^. ^&..o.. ■"•'"'"'0 c . . . Map showing Routes of Early Navigators. 20 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. into New York bay and up the Hudson River, which was named for him, and laid claim to the whole country from Delaware to ^"^92 Connecticut, under the name of the Nezv Netherlands. Neither TO j5gy the English nor the Dutch ever explored in the region of Texas, and neither of those countries at any time asserted any claim to this territory. Even in those portions of North America where they did make their earliest discoveries, it is seen, from the dates given, that Spain had preceded both England and Holland in dis- covery, exploration, and attempted settlement. QUESTIONS.— Preliminary Period. How many voyages did Columbus make to the W^estern Hemisphere? Give the dates of each. What did he discover on his second voyage ? What on his first? What on his third? What coasts did he touch and explore on his fourth and last voyage ? What was he searching for ? Who were the Cabots ? What discoveries did they make, and when ? Who discovered South America, when, and what name was given to it ? Who were the first explorers on the coasts of Brazil, and when ? Wliat Euro- pean countries fitted out expeditions for the exploration and settlement of the Western Continent ? What country or countries were the first to discover and explore the New World? To what parts of the Western Continent were the expedi- tions mostly directed ? What Pope issued a decree in regard to the owner- ship of the New World? What was the decree, and what "line" did it establish ? What was the date of the decree, and when, where, and how was the " line" changt?d? Explain this papal decree and the effect of it as to the respective possessions of Spain and Portugal. Draw the " Line of Demarcation" on a globe or map. What Spaniards first sailed near Honduras and Yucatan, and when? When and by whom was the first colony planted on the Isthmus of Da- rien ? When and by whom was the Pacific Ocean discoxered, and what was it called ? When was the main-land of North America near Cuba first mentioned, how, and by whom ? What was it supposed to be, and by what name was it called ? Who conquered the island of Cuba, and when ? Describe by whom, under what authority, when, and how Florida was discovered. How came it to be called " Florida," and to what extent of country was the name applied ? When and where did Ponce de Leon first land? Describe his subsecjuent movements, the places he discovered and named, and where he next landed. How far did he explore before he returned, and what did he think of the country he had seen? When did he make his second voyage, and what was the result ? Who discovered Pensacola Bay, and when ? Describe the expedition of De Cordova and QUESTIONS. PRELIMINARY PERIOD. 21 Its results. Who discovered the island of Cozumel, and when ? To what Preliminary was the name of Nezu Spain first given, by whom, and why? How far Hkriod did Grijalva explore, what rivers and islands did he discover and name, 14^3 and to what point did he finally reach ? Who was the first European to to land in Mexico? When did Grijalva return to Cuba ? Who conquered 16S7 Mexico, when, and what was its position from then until 1821 ? What was the object of Pineda's expedition, by whom was it sent, when, and de- scribe the route he took and the coasts he explored ? What Mexican river did he name ? When and by whom was the mouth of the Mississippi River first discovered, and what name was given to the river ? What did Governor Garay call the country Pineda had explored on this voyage ? What was the extent of the country? Describe Garay's e.xpedition in 1523, the ex- tent of it, and the fate of Garay. What efforts did the Spaniards make to settle on the Atlantic coast of North America ? Give the names of the persons who made these efforts, the dates of the same, and the locations of their landings. Describe the expedition of Stephen Gomez in 1524, the coasts he traversed, the places he saw and described, and his return to Sjiain. Who first gave the Pacific Ocean that name, when, and why? .Who was Panfilo de Narvaez, and what was he commissioned to do in 1527? What became of him and his expedition? Where did the survivors of De Narvaez' s expedition land, where did they finally go, and over what re- gion of country ? When and by whom were Peru and Chili conquered ? When did De Soto attempt to conquer the main-land of North America ? Describe the route he took, the fate of his expedition, and what became of him and his men. What efforts did Cortez make to explore and col- onize Mexico? Describe the expedition of Coronado in 1540. What fabled land did he go in search of ? What tribes of Indians did he en- counter? What portions of the country did he traverse, how far did he go on his quest for Ottivira, and what was the result of his expedition ? Give the dates and localities of the several expeditions of Cabrillo, PZs- pejo, Martin, and Viscaino. Who made the first settlement in New Mex- ico, when, and where? By whom were these expeditions sent out? When and where did the expedition of Villafaiie make its explorations ? Who founded the town of San Augustine in Florida, and when ? What did he do to the F^rench colony on the St. John's River? What fort was built on the ruins of the Huguenot settlement? What explorations did Menendez afterwards make ? When and where did the French make their first expk)rations in North America ? To what part of the country was the name of New France given, when, and by whom ? When and by whom was the St. Lawrence Ri\er discovered and the city of Quebec founded ? Who estab- lished a F"rench Huguenot colony in America, when, and where? Where was Acadia, when and by whom explored and named ? When were the Great Lakes explored by the French, and what did they call the adjoining country ? Who first explored the Ohio and upper Mississippi Rivers, and 2 2 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Preliminary in what years ? When and where did Marquette and JoHet make their ex- pERioD plorations ? Where did La Salle go in 1680, and what Fort did he estab- 1402 ''^h ? To the mouth of what river did he sail, and what did he name the TO adjacent territory ? Who was La Salle, and from what place did he come ? 1687 What expedition did he fit out in 1684, under the patronage of what king, ■ and where did he sail to ? Describe his voyage, where did he stop for a while ? What mistake did he make, and to what did it lead ? Where did he finally land, and on what date? Where did he think he was, and what name did he give to the bay on which he landed ? What did he find in the country ? What adventures followed ? Describe his first attempt to explore the country. What river did he discover and name ? Where did he locate his Fort, what did he call it ? How did the colony fare for a time? What did La Salle determine to do, when did he set out on his journey, and what route did he pursue ? Whom did he meet with, and where had they been? What rivers did he cross, and how far to the north did he go on that journey ? When did he return to the Fort, and what did he find there ? When did he start on his second journey, how many men and what means did he carry with him ? How far did he travel, with whom did he meet on the Neches River? Describe the inci- dents leading to his death. What was the character of La Salle ? What became of his men ? On what do the French base their claim to prior discovery and ownership of Texas ? What may be said of the validity of the claim ? When did the English make their first discoveries and explorations in America ? When did Sir Francis Drake make his voyages to the New World, where did he land, and what course did he take on hfS return to England? Where did Sir Humphrey Gilbert attempt to found an Eng- lish colony ? Describe the voyages and adventures of Sir Walter Raleigh in America, what country did he attempt to settle, and what name did he give it ? When did those events occur ? When did Bartholomew Gris- nold sail to America, what places did he discover and name ? What two English companies made early settlements in North America, and in what parts of the country respectively did they found their colonies ? When and where was the first English colony founded ? When and where was the next one founded ? Into what did these colonies de\'elop in the course of time? When and where did the Dutch make their first explorations and settle- ments in the New World ? What connection did their colonies have with the region of Texas ? Topical Analysis. Study and investigate the following topics : 1. Priority of discovery and exploration among the several European nations that attempted the settlement of North America. 2. Priority between Spain and France in the region of Texas. 3. Characteristics of the Colonial Systems of the Spaniards, French, English, and Dutch. CONTEMPORANEOUS EVENTS. 2^ 4. Motives that prompted the several nations named, in their early PRELtMiNAitv expeditions to America. Period 5. The part that Religion played in the early discovery, exploration, j^qj and colonization of the New World. to 6. The comparative success of the Spaniards, French, English, and 1687 Dutch as colonizers of a new country, as shown by their operations in America. Parallel Readings. Prescott's "Conquest of Mexico;" H. H. Bancroft's "History of Mexico," "North Mexican States and Texas," "Arizona and New Mexico," and "California ;" George Bancroft's " History of the United States;" Francis Parkman's "Pioneers of France in the New World," "Jesuits in North America," and "Dis- covery of the Great West ;" Winsor's " Narrative and Critical History of America," Vols. I. to IV. ; Irving's "Knicker- bocker's History of New York." Spanish SrANOARn. Geography. The pupil should be required to locate clearly on the map of North America the respective localities of the earliest discoveries, explorations, and settlements by each of the nations mentioned in this period, and a contrast and comparison of their extent, duration, and subsequent changes should be instituted. Consider the relative size of the first Spanish, French, English, and Dutch settlements, their locations, their alterations liy conquest or purchase since, and their present condition as to being owned by the same countries that originally founded them. ¥¥ CONTEMPORANEOUS EVENTS.— 1450-1 528. Preparatory and Parallel to Preliminary Period. 1450-1550. — Transition period from mediaeval to modern history. De- cline of feudalism. Rise of the great European monarchies. Estab- lisliment of standing armies. Beginning of wars of conquest and dynastic succession in Europe. Use of gunpowder in war. Doctrine of " Balance of Power" adopted. Revival of learning, and the begin- ning of the Reformation. 1450.— First metal type cast for printing. 1453- — Capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks and the fall of the Byzantine Empire. Cannon first used in war. 1455-1485- — The " Wars of the Roses" in England between the liouses of Lancaster and York. 1455- — First complete book j^rinted by Gutenberg and Faust, at Mentz, being the Bible known as the " Mazarin Bible." TO 1687 24 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS, PRELIMINARY 1463-1487. — Puituguese navigators explore the coasts of Africa, cross the i'EUR)D equator and discover the Cape of Good Hope. 1492 1474— First book printed in England by Caxton, being "The Game and Playe of the Chesse." 1475-1564. — Michael Angelo flourishes in Italy under the patronage of the Medicis. 1477-1576. — Titian achieves his fame as a painter in Venice, where he lived and died. 1483-1520. — The period of Raphael's life-work in Italy. 1485. — Battle of Bosworth Field and death of Richard 111. 1491. — Conc]uest of Granada and expulsion of the Moors from Spain. Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon united under Ferdinand and Isabella. 1498. — Vasco da Gama sails around Africa to India. Trade opened with the East Indies, and commerce is transferred to the Atlantic Ocean from the Mediterranean Sea. 1500. — Charles V. born at Ghent. 1509. — Henry VIII. ascends throne of England. 1511. — Rise of trade in Western Europe, and the foundation of the great navies of Europe. 1516.— Kingdom of Spain founded under Carlos I., afterwards the Emperor Charles V. 1517-1521. — Martin Luther denounces the corruptions of the Catholic clergy and the .sale of indulgences by Pope Leo X. Beginning of the Rcfoniiatioii in Europe. 1519-1520.— Carlos I. of Spain elected Emperor of Germany as Charles v., defeating Henry VIII. of England and Francis I. of France. 1521. — Luther excommunicated by the Pope of Rome. 1525-1544-— Four great European wars are waged, participated in by Henry VIII. of England, Charles V. of Germany, Francis 1. of France, the Pope of Rome, and Soliman, Sultan of Turkey. 1529. — " Diet of Spires" meets and forbids further religious discussions and changes, against which Luther and his followers protest, from which act came the name Protestants. 1530. — Fall of Cardinal Wolsey, Henry VII I. 's minister. iljiruauiici ([lorli^ IPcrtob II. SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 1 528-182 1. ¥¥ CHAPTER I. Characteristics of the Spanish Colonial System. IN order to projjerly understand the events to be related in this Period, the student should have a clear idea of the laws, ijovernment, institutions, and social conditions which existed in the Spanish colonies in the New World in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Texas was a part of New Spain, beino- a province or state of Mexico, under Spanish rule, until 1 82 1, and the history of both countries is the same until that date. Hence, before entering- upon the details of Texas history, the reader should thoroughly understand the form of government and the state of society which ])revailed in Spanish America during that time. Such knowledge will explain the course of events, and throw light upon the entire character and condition of the institutions and population of New S])ain, and will also ser\'c as a key to the solution of nearly all the social and political difficulties with which we shall have to deal in later times. At the time of the discovery of the West Indies by Columbus, 25 Importance of the subject 26 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Pf.riod I. Spanish Domination 152S TO 1 82 I Spanish Seal. Council of the Indies P\T(linan(l and Isabella were king and queen of Spain, and under their wise and liberal rule that kingdom became the foremost power in Europe. Isabella died in 1504, and Ferdinand in 15 16. Their daughter, Joanna, rightfully succeeded to the throne, but she was incapable of reigning because of mental weakness, and her son, Charles, became king. He is known in history as Charles I., of Spain, and Charles V., Emperor of Ger- many. For several years after he came to the Spanish throne, his minister. Cardinal Ximenes (he-ma'-naz), governed affairs in Spain, as Charles was really a for- eigner and not popular among the Spaniards. The Emperor resigned in 1556, and was succeeded by his son, Philip II., the husband of "Bloody" Mary, queen of England. Philip was a cruel, narrow-minded bigot and tyrant, in- \'olved his country in continual wars, and under his manage- ment Spain's glory and power rapidly declined. On account of the fact that the first Spanish discoverers of America believed that they had really found a portion of India, all the Spanish possessions in the Western Hemisphere were called by the general name of The Indies, and in 151 1 King Ferdinand established a board composed of eminent soldiers, statesmen, lawyers, and churchmen, for the government of all the Spanish-American colonies. This celebrated body of men was called the "Council of the Indies." It was composed of a president, who was supposed to be the king himself, four secre- taries, and twenty-two councillors. In 1524 the Emperor Charles reorganized this board and enlarged its powers, until it became almost al)solute in its authority, even to the exclusion of the king himself. It appointed all the ofificers in the colonies, made all the laws and regulations for the government of both the Span- ish and nati\e j)opulation, and exercised unlimited and arbitrary I)ower over men and provinces in the Indies. From 15 17 to 1547, the head of this Council, who was called " Patriarch of the Indies," was Juan Rodriguez de Fonseca (hwon rod-re'-gwaz da fon-sa'-kii), Bishop of Burgos, commonly referred to as Fon- seca. ■ This man was supj^osed to be a pious Catholic bishop, Init his conduct shows him to have been a selfish, malicious, am- SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 27 Spanish Domination 1528 TO bitious, and cruel tyrant, whose efforts were directed towards. period i. preventing the discoveries of those times, and he did all he could to thwart the generous humanity of such noble men as Las Casas (ka'-sas), " the Universal Protector of the Indians." The Council of the Indies professed to provide for the humane 1821 treatment and religious training of the Indians, but the regula- tions which it adopted for the colonies and for the collection of taxes and money from the natives, rendered it impossible to protect the people from cruelty, tyranny, and suffering. Its laws and ordinances were administered in the colonies by courts or commissions called aiidiencias reales (au-de-en-se'-iis ra-al'-az), or Royal Audiences, appointed by the Council upon nomination ^^oya' A !• f • • Audiences by the kmg. The Audience was both a court of justice and a body of civil and political authority, and its powers were supreme, subject only to the home Council. It was composed of a regent or president, three judges, two attorneys ox fiscales (fes-kiil'-az), a reporter, and a constable or alguazil (iil-gwa-zel'). At first the Audiences were the direct representatives of the royal authority, but, on account of their frequent disputes and disagreements, it was concluded to establish a personal repre- viceroys sentative of the king as the head of the colonial government, whose court should in some degree contain all the features of regal authority and splendor, and take the place of the distant sovereignty of the Spanish monarch. This person was called the Viceroy, and he was the head of the Royal Audiences, whose members thus became his ministers and judges, constituting at once a viceroyal cabinet and a supreme court for the colonies. The first viceroy of New Spain was appointed in 1535, and his government was finally established in 1537. His name was Antonio de Mendoza, and his residence was in the City of Mexico, viceroy Men- The name of New Spain had first been given to Yucatan by Grijalva in 15 18, and it was finally applied to all of the main- land from the Isthmus of Panama to Vancouver's Island on the Extent of New Pacific coast, and around the Gulf of Mexico, including Central ^^'" America, Mexico, Upper and Lower California, Texas, New Mexico, and even extending to Florida and the Spanish dis- coveries on the Atlantic coast of North America. Generally speaking, however, the name New Spain applied more particu- I52S l82I 28 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. larly to Mexico and its various states and provinces, from Panama on the south to Texas on the north, and its rulers were spoken of as the Viceroys of Mexico. Cortez had been called governor, captain-general, and chief-justice, but Mendoza was the first person to receive the title of Viceroy. Next to the Royal Audiences in authority came the Cabildos Cabiidos ( kii-x-cl'-dos), or towu couucils, whose members formed the municipal government of the various cities, towns, and villages. They were composed of Ri'oidores (ra-zhe-d(5r'-az), or alder- men, and other persons appointed by the king or the Council of the Indies, and they in turn elected every year two Alcaldes (al-kiU'-daz), or magistrates, from among the people. These Cabildos had no power to make laws, but simply to execute those municipal and police regulations framed by the higher authority of the viceroys, the Audiences, and the Council of the Indies. The Alcaldes were the local judges who administered Ayuntamiento justicc auioHg the people. The Aynntamicnto (a-yon'-ta-me- en'-to) was an assembly composed of the magistrates, regidores, and other ofii|^b of a municipality, generally including those of more than one town or city. The Cahildo was the term for the form of local municipal government, while the Ayuntamiento SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 29 was the general council of the municipality. The latter term occurs frequently in the history of Texas. As will be seen, all these offices were filled by native Span- iards, and they were disposed of by open bargain and sale under the most corrupt and unjust practices. Besides these principal forms of colonial government, there was a perfect horde of petty officials, — constables, tax-gatherers, revenue officers, and agents, — and the whole system was further complicated by a mixture of military and church government, with the most arbitrary and unequal privileges to special classes and particular individuals. The great body of the laws was contained in Royal Decrees, Ordinances, and Regulations issued from Spain by the Council of the Indies, which were sometimes modified by the viceroys and local tribunals. As these laws appear in print now, they seem to be most exact, liberal, wise, and wholesome ; but their administration was rendered cruel, corrupt, and ruinous by the character of the men who executed them, and by the very necessities of the system they were in- tended to support. When the Romans conquered Spain, in the year 206 B.C., they established a system in that country under which, for three centuries or more, the inhabitants were reduced to a condition of slavery. They were forced to till the fields and work the mines, to furnish the supplies for Roman armies, and pay the expenses of Roman extravagance and luxury. The Span- iards repeated the system in the colonies of the Indies, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Charles V. and Philip II. and their successors were continually at war with foreign nations, and often involved in civil commotion, and these enormous expenses, added to the continual demands of the Catholic Church for funds to support its magnificent establishment, required an immense quan- tity of money which the American colonies were expected to furnish. The motive and object of the whole colonial system were the obtaining of gold and silver, and to furnish a market for Spanish productions. The native population were treated as so many slaves, to be worked in the mines under- ground, and in the fields above. Soon after the discovery of Period I. Spanish Domination 152S TO IS2I Character ot laws A Roman parallel Spanish Belle. Slavery of th? Indians \o A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period I. Spanish Domination 1528 TO IS2I Spanish I'.eau Spanish monopoly Foreign tyranny Gachupins Privileged classes Fueros Colonial servitude the West Indies, the system of rcpartitiiioitos (ra-par'-te-me-en'- toz) and cnconiiendas (en-ko-me-en'-daz) was adopted, by which whole districts and villages were granted to certain Spanish officers and leaders, together with a certain number of Indians, who were owned with the land. This established the worst form of human slavery, and its abuses and cruelties render the history of those times a record of wretchedness and crime. The mines were worked by natives under Spanish task- masters, and nothing was allowed to be raised on the soil, or manufactured by native labor, that could be imported from Spain. This created an absolute monopoly for Span- ish productions, and forced the inhabitants to buy all they consumed and used from the mother country. No other ;,^ nation was allowed to trade with the Indies, and only certain Spanish ports were permitted to send out car- goes to America. Exorbitant prices and ruinous duties were charged for everything that came in, and the pro- ducts of the mines, besides being taxed, were drained from the colonies to enrich the nobility, the crown, and the church of Spain. Her supremacy as a naval power enabled her to enforce these laws during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and it was not until late in the eighteenth century that they were somewhat modified. All the offices in New Spain were filled by Spaniards, and the natives were simply forced to toil, to obey, and to pay taxes. The native Spaniards were called GacJmpins (gatsh-u'-pens), and the prejudice against them runs through all the subsequent history of Spanish America. Being foreigners and masters, en- gaged in enriching themselves and gathering money for their royal master at honie, their rule was corrupt, cruel, and unjust. There were also certain privileged classes, who were exempted from the general laws of the country by special charters, called fueros (fo-a'-roz). To these belonged the clergy, the profes- sions, corporations, the military, revenue officers, engineers, marines, and many others, who were subject only to the rules of their own class. Thus the whole country was a workhouse for Spain, ruled by foreign influences, without the right of local self-government. SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. Period I. Spanish Domination 1528 TO I82I Excessive taxes and denied freedom of opink)n, conduct, or business. Of the one hundred and seventy viceroys in the New World, all but four were Spaniards or foreigners ; of six hundred and ten cap- tains-general and governors, all but fourteen were natives of Old Spain. This complete subjection to foreign tyranny, added to the monopoly by Spain of all trade, commerce, and manufac- tures, rendered the condition of the colonies well-nigh intoler- able. Every species of expensive and vexatious tax was laid upon internal as well as external trade. The barest necessaries of life were taxed out of all reason, and licenses at high rates were required for pursuing the commonest occupations of life and business. Only travellers, clergymen, and paupers were ex- empt. This promoted smuggling, cheating, and perjury among the people. The king demanded one-fifth of all the gold and silver produced in the colonies ; he claimed a monopoly in salt, gimpowder, and tobacco ; and he openly sold both civil and re- ligious offices. By the decrees of Popes Alexander VI. and Julius II., the king of Spain was made the head of the Spanish Catholic Church, and he exercised independent, absolute author- ity over all church affairs, appointing all church officers, found- ing cathedrals, monasteries, hospitals, and other charitable and })ious establishments, for which he demanded ample compensa- tion. Tithes were collected upon everything, for they enabled the Church to pay the king for its pri\'ileges and to enrich itself ; until, when it was finally secularized in Mexico, in 1867, it owned one-third of the wealth of the entire Republic. Religious indul- i^ences were freely sold for the privilege of doing certain things, — some trivial, some serious, — such as eating eggs in Lent, for a passport through purgatory, and for committing theft or mur- der. The Holy Inqicisition was imported to the New World, Holy inquis and exerted its tyranny over the minds of men, so that they could only read and think what the Church permitted. At the close of the eighteenth century th<'re were only three printing- presses in all Spanish America, — one in Mexico, one in Peru, and one at Cordova ; and they were all under government con- trol. All books and papers were subjected to the inspection of the Inquisition, and occasionally a heretic was burned at the stake. A poll-tax of from four dollars to fifteen dollars was Church cor- ruption and tyranny A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period I. Spanish Domination 152S 10 1S21 The system without remedy levied upon every Indian, and, by a ejystem which required him to buy onlv from certain persons, he was robbed by the author- ities in everything- he used, ate, and wore. The justice and benevolence of kings and viceroys could not reacli nor remedy these minor, but myriad, abuses, and the evils of the system once set in operation were beyond the control of the go\-ernment ; for they were concealed by the corruption that originated and extended them. It was the influence of all these things that made Spanish America what it was in 1800, and is !• Mexico.1 Its influence and results Its contact with Ameri- can system t\ en yet. Rexolution and anarchy are the necessary results of injustice, cruelty, monopoly, and slavery continued through centuries of misgovernment and tyranny. It was this system, as exhibited in the laws, institutions, and political temper of the Mexican people, that confronted the col- onists who came to Texas from the Ihiited States in the early part of this century. InsjMred with all the sentiments and tra- ditions of American and P^nglish law and liberty, it could not be expected that they would submit to the exacti i It is difficult for one accustomed to the institutions of repub- lican oovernment to understand the curious mixture of the civil 1528 TO 1821 and military power, with the military in the ascendant, which prevailed in the Spanish possessions of America ; but it should alwavs be borne in mind as a constant and controlling factor in Mixture of civil and mili tary authority the lustory of Mcxico, past and present. QUESTIONS. Of what country was Texas a part until 1821 ? Under whose rule? What is important and necessary to understand in connection with Texas history ? Who were the king and queen of Spain in 1492 ? When did thc'v die? Who succeeded to the throne of Spain? What titles did he licar? What famous man was his prime minister? When did Charles V. resign the throne ? Who succeeded him ? What was the character of his successor? What did the Spaniards call their discoveries and possessions in the New World, and why? How were those possessions governed? When was the "Council of the Indies" established, and by whom? How and by whom was it afterwards changed ? How was it composed, and what were its powers and duties ? Who was its chief ofhcer for many years, and what was he called ? What was his character ? Who was Las Casas? What were the methods of the governnient by tlie "Council of the Indies," and what was its character? Describe the various means enployed by the "Council" for the government of the colonies in the New Workl. What were the "Royal Audiences," and how composed? What were their powers at first, and wliat officer afterwards presided over them ? Who was the first viceroy of New Spain, and where did he reside? What was included in the term " New Spain" ? What body was next in authority to the "Audiences" ? How was it composed? What were its powers and duties? What was an alcalde? What v\'as the Ayuntamiciito f What was the difference between the Ayuntaniieuto and the Cabildo ? How were the offices in New Spain held and disposed of ? Wiiat other officers were tiiere, and wliat was tlie character of tiie colonial govc-rnment thus administered ? What constituted the Laws of the Indies ? What difference was there between tlie laws themselves and the manner in whirli they were administered? Draw a parallel between the manner in whicli Rome governed Spain after the conquest of that country and the manner in which Spain governed her colonies in the New World. What caused tiie oppressions laid upon tiie Spanish colonies in America, and what were the main motive and object of the whole Spanish colonial system ? What was the system of rcparlimioilos and oicoinicmtas, and SPANISH DISCOVErV AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. ^i what did it produce ? What system of inonopoHes and taxation did Spain Period I. practise towards her colonists and the natives of New Spain ? By wliom Spanish were all offices in New Spain filled, and what were native Spaniards Pqm'natio called? What ware /lie ros, and what privileged classes did they give 1528 rise to ? What was the result of the Spanish colonial system upon the to colonies? What proportion of offices were held by native Spaniards 182 1 during the continuance of the system ? Describe some of the excessive taxes levied upon the inhabitants of the colonies. What relation did the king of Spain bear to the Spanish Catholic Church, and by whose authority ? What was the result ? Describe some of the methods of corruption and tyranny employed by the king and the Church. What was the effect of the //o/y Inquisition in America ? W^hy did not the king and viceroys remedy the evils of the colonial government ? What influ- ence has the S]:>anish colonial system exerted upon the subsequent history of Spanish America ? What did its influence have to do with the Texas revolution from Mexico ? After the conquest of Mexico by Cortez, how was the country at first divided? What change was afterwards made, and when? What was an iiitcndancy f In what intendancy was Texas situated? How were the intendancies divided ? What was the governor of a subdivision, or sitb- ddcgacion, called ? How was the country further divided into two great di\'isions ? How were the Internal Provinces divided, and in whicii of these divisions was Texas located ? How was an intendancy governed ? How were the several states and provinces governed? What was the supreme government of the entire system ? In what important particular did this system of government difTer from the republican institutions of the United States ? Topical Analysis. 1. The motives and methods of the Spanish coK^iial system ; its abuses, corruptions, and tyranny. 2. The relations of the Catholic Church to the Spanish contiuest and colonization of New Spain. 3. The evils of a government in which the civil, military, and ecclesi- astical authority are all concentrated in one hand. 4. The disastrous effects of the Spanish colonial system on the subse- (luent history of Spanish America, as shown in Mexico, Central and South America, and the West Indies. 5. The geographical division of New Spain into states and provinces. 6. The political divisions into kingdoms, intendancies, internal jirov- * inces, sulxlelegacions, and the methods of government in each. Parallel Readings. Brantz Mayer's " Mexico : Aztec, Spanish, and Republican," Book I., Chaps. X., XIII., and XIV., and Book IV., Chap. I. ; H. H. Bancroft's 1528 TO IS2I 36 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Works, " History of Mexico," Vols. I., II., and III. ; Winsor's " Narrative and Critical History of America," Vol. I., Chaps. III. and V. ; Prescott's " Conquest of Mexico." Geography. Fix in the mind of the pupil the geographical division of Mexico into states and provinces as the territory existed at the time of the conquest and until the beginning of this century. Then the political divisions should be clearly defined, so as to understand the subsequent use of the terms inteiidancies, intendants, suhdelc_s;ates, conniiandants, internal provinces, etc., as they so often recur in the history of Texas during its connection with Mexico. Spanish Cannon. CHAPTER II. Period 1. Spanish Domination 1528 TO I82I Early Spanish Discovery and Exploration in Texas and Adjacent Territory. WE have already noted the expeditions of Grijalva, Pi- neda, and Garay, in 1518, 1519, and 1523 ; and also the conquest of Mexico by Cortez. When Pineda returned to Jamaica from his nine months' voyage around the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, he made a map of his route and of the coasts he had explored. This was sent by Gov- ernor Garav to Spain in iS2i, and demonstrates the truth and Grijaiva, . . Pineda, Gar.^y accuracy of Pineda's observations, as the outlme of the Gulf coast and its rivers is substantially the same as on the maps of the present day. After Garay' s unfortunate expedition, the Spaniards do not appear to have made further explorations along the coast north of the Panuco River for several years ; but they were engaged in extending their settlements in the interior of Mexico and along the Pacific coast as far as Lower California, exploring the interior as far as the modern State of Sinaloa (sen-a-lo'-a). These expeditions were undertaken by Cortez, Diego de Guzman (de-a'-go da goz'-man), Nuiio de Guzman (non'-yo da goz'-man), and others, and were continued more or less successfully from 1 52 1 to 1536. During these incursions towards the north, the Spaniards continually heard of a rich and . populous country still farther north, which was said to contain inhabited and walled cities, ci\ilized people, , , „, ' 1 r ' An Indian Warrior and much wealth in gold, silver, and precious stones. This far-off country was sometimes called Cibola (se'-vo-lii), sometimes Oiiivira (ke-ve-ra), sometimes Cigicatan (se-gwa- tan') ; and always the " Seven Great Cities" were the point of search, 37 Cibola and the " Seven Great Cities" 38 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Pkrioo I. The Stories of those fabled regions dazzled the imaginations Spanish ^^^ ^l^^^ adventurcrs with visions of untold wealth and splendor, Domination ii r i • — , to be found somewhere in the mystic north. In all of their TO explorations in the New World, the Spaniards were haunted by 1821 the idea of finding a passage by water through the continent from east to west, furnishing a short route to India. This delu- •• Straits of sion appears in all of the narratives of those and even later times, '^"'^" under the names of "the secret of the Strait," the "Northern Mystery," and the "Straits of Anian." Nunode j,^ 1527, Nufio de Guzmau was governor of Panuco, and in his hunt for riches and slaves he claimed to have crossed the lower Rio Grande del Norte into what is now Texas. He speaks of having captured an Indian who belonged to a tribe called Tcjas (ta-yas), living farther north. Tejas is the Spanish First mention form of Tcxus, and this is the first mention of the name in of Texas 1 • ^ history. In June, 1527, Panfilo de Narvaez set sail from Spain, with authority from the emperor, Charles V. , to conquer and colonize the country from the Cape of Florida to the mouth of the Rio de las Palmas, being the same land that Pineda and Garay had Expedition of named Amichcl. De Narvaez, it will be remembered, was the same man who had conquered Cuba in 151 1, and whom Cortez had defeated, putting out his eye, at Zempoalla, in 1520. He now styled himself "Governor of Florida, las Palmas, and Espi- ritu Santo," — the last name being the one by which Pineda and Garay had designated the Mississippi River. After many delays and difificulties, he landed at what some historians claim to have been Tampa Bay, others Appalachee Bay. Leaving his ships to follow the coast, he started with a large force of men and horses to explore the interior. He was very far mistaken in his Calcu- lations as to where he was at the time, thinking that he was near "il!'''"'"" ^'^^ mouth of the Piuuico and las Palmas Rivers. After many wicks of suffering and adventure among the swamps and forests of I'lorida and Southern Alabama, he finally reached a baysome- whei-c on the northern coast of the Gulf, east of the Mississippi River. His shii)s were lost, and he constructed five rudely-built boats, into which he crowded his two hundred and fifty men and pvu to sea, with no knowledge of his whereabouts and no expe- Uc Narvaez lures SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 39 rienced sailor among his crew. This was in September, 1528. Period i. They encountered stormy weather and suffered greatly from hun- oy^^^Nlr^oN ger and thirst. After being at sea about thirty days, they passed ' the mouth of a mighty stream, whose current could be felt far t-o out in the Gulf, and whose waters sweetened the brine of the sea, 1S21 and which, from the description and all the circumstances, was, no doubt, the Mississippi. After being tossed about for a week longer, pursuing the same westerly course, the boats became scat- tered, that in which De Narvaez was commanding was lost, and the olhers were shipwrecked on an unknown coast, most of the shipwrecked men dying of hunger or being killed by Indians. Among the sur- ^^^^^ vivors was the celebrated Alvar Nunez, Cabeza de Vaca (al-viir' 7 L^.-.i.j>Mex,co I '^'•- l,>. Vvv I p \\ ^^ Route of Cabeza de Vaca across Texas (1535-36). (Dotted lines indicate two possible routes west of the Pecos River.) non'-az, kii-ba'-tha da vii'-ka), and several companions, who were stranded on an island which they named Malhado, from the mis- eries they endured while there. They were held captive by the Indians for six years, and underwent great cruelty and suffering. At last, Cabeza, Dorantes, Maldonado, and Estevanico (es-ta'- viin-e'-ko), the last being a negro slave, escaped in November, ^535- They had previously wandered down the coast south Escapes and r AT 11 1 11 1 1 • • -It- travelsinland irom Malhado, and when they set out on their journey mland, it was from a point near Espiritu Santo Bay, if not actually from that place, which is at the mouth of the Guadalupe or the San Antonio River. The exact locality of Malhado Island will never be certainly known, but there is good reason for supposing it to Cabeza de Vaca 40 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period I. Spanish Domination 1528 TO 182 I Traverses Texas Reaches Mexico De Soto's claims De Nizza's expedition to Cibola have been the same as Galveston Island, and it was certainly on the Texas coast. Cabeza and his companions travelled westward and north- ward through Texas, spending eight months with a native tribe, crossing the Pecos River and western plains to the Rio Grande, which they struck near Presidio del Norte, or perhaps as high up as the neighborhood of El Paso. In their travels through Texas they met many Indian tribes, some of whom dwelt in houses and used clothing and buffalo robes, and by all of whom they were treated most kindly. They heard of cities in the far north, which were no doubt the towns of the pzicblo tribes of Arizona and New Mexico, but they did not go in that direction, as has been supposed by some. After crossing the Rio Grande, they passed through what are now the States of Chihuahua (che-wiih-wah) and Sonora, reached the Yaqui (ya-ke) River, and finally found the Spanish settlements on the Rio Petatlan, now the Rio de Sinaloa, where they arrived in April, 1536, having been separated from their countrymen for eight years. The account of this remarkable expedition was at once reported by Cabeza de Vaca to the Audience and Viceroy in the City of Mexico, and he also prepared and published a narrative of it in Spain, in 1537. He himself was afterwards made governor of the province of La Plata in South America. The return and account of their wanderings by these men served to still further excite the curiosity and desire of the Span- iards to explore and conquer the distant lands to the north and east, where fabled cities gleamed with unknown wealth and splen- dor. The interest excited by Cabeza de Vaca's report of his trip through Texas and Northern Mexico led indirectly to the ex- pedition of De Soto to Florida, in 1539. With the then false notions of geographical locations, De Soto actually claimed that Cib( )la and Ouivira, with their ' ' Seven Cities, ' ' were included in his grant to conquer and colonize Florida ; but this was too absurd, and but little attention was paid to his idea that those fabled lo- calities were part of his rightful dominions as conqueror of Florida. But on Mr.rch 7, 1539, the Viceroy Mendoza sent a priest named Marcos de Nizza (mar-kos da nez-zii), with the negro sla\-e who had returned with Cabeza de Vaca and a laree com- SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 41 Period I. Spanish Domination 1528 TO I82I pany of Mexicans, to explore the country to the north of Sinaloa. The fabulous accounts given by Nizza on his return leave us in doubt as to what to believe about his journey into the unknown land. Starting from San Miguel they travelled north, keeping near the coast until they entered what are now probably Ari- zona and New Mexico, crossed mountains and deserts, found friendly tribes in rich and populous villages, and heard of the great country called Cibola in the far north. Nizza says they actually came in sight of the land and saw its large cities, with houses three stories high, but that the hostility of the natives prevented him from entering and possessing the country. He, however, laid formal claim to it in the name of Spain. It is evi- dent that, if he really saw what he professed to have discovered, the district was that of the pueblo (pwa'-blo) tribes in Arizona and New Mexico, now known as the Zuni (zon'-ye) and Moqui (mo-ke) Indians. When Nizza returned with his wonderful ac- count of his expedition, in September, 1539, Viceroy Mendoza at once ordered Francis Vasquez de Coronado, the then governor Coronado of New Galicia in Mexico, to set out and explore the country visited by the monk, while a fleet of ships was sent along the coast northward under command of Pedro de Alarcon (al-iir'- kon). Coronado started in February, 1540, and marched as far as the Little Colorado River, discovering the villages of the Zuni and Moqui Indians, which turned out to be Cibola, — at least the Spaniards never found any other He explored a large part of Arizona and New Mexico, discovered the Grand Caiion of the Colorado, and spent the winter at a place / called Tiguez, which was probably at or near , ' the present site of Albuquerque. Coronado was greatly disappointed, for the country was arid and by no means what Nizza had represented it to be. In April, 1541, he started from Cicuye (se-co''-ya), now Old Pecos (pa-kos). New Mexico, to find a wonderful land called QuivirUy which was said to be in the east. His expedition travelled east and northeast, encountering many and vast herds of buffalo with In- visits Arizona and New Mexico Zuni Spinning. 42 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. PERion 1. Spanish Domination 152S TO I82I ZuNi Weaving Further Span- ish explora- tion Isleta or Yslcta dians hunting them. The Indians hved in tents made of skins and had many dogs. At one time he travelled into the Panhandle of Texas and traversed portions of northwestern and northern Texas, where he met Indians who told him of having seen and heard of Cabeza de Vaca and his companions. He fell in with a tribe called Tejas (ta-has) or Teyds, who had a village named Cona (ko-na), and was told that Qnivira lay forty days' march to the north. Returning, he struck the Pecos River below Cicuye, and crossed salt marshes and lakes in the land of the Tejas. These, from the description, may have been the salt lakes of San Elisario and that region. Coronado then changed his route, going again east and north, probably traversing the Indian Territory and Kansas, and finally reaching a large stream, which was either the Platte or the Missouri River. Here he found Qnivira, or a place by that name, which proved to , be a collection of mud huts thatched with straw, whose inhabitants were nomadic savages. He returned to Tiguez in August, 1541. The following autumn and winter he spent in New Mexico and Arizona, explor- ing all the pueblos in that region and endeavoring to pacify and colonize the country. Coronado finally returned to Mexico in the summer of 1542, a disappointed and discredited man. After Coronado' s and Alarcon's expeditions, Cabrillo ex- plored the Pacific coast as far as Oregon, in 1542-43, and in 1596 Viscaino sailed on the same coast as far as Cape Mendocino. In 1582, Espejo went to New Mexico and succeeded in estab- lishing permanent colonies there in 1 599. Onate likewise figured extensively in the early settlement of New Mexico, founding Santa Fe in 1598. There were continual expeditions to and from New Mexico and Arizona in the years following Coronado' s first visit there, and most of these crossed into Texas at different times, El Paso- del Norte (nor'-ta) being the usual place for crossing the Rio Grande. It is a mistake, however, to suppose that the old town of Isleta or Ysleta (es-la'-ta) in Texas existed or was visited in the time of Coronado. There was a town by that name in New Mexico, Isleta del Norte, at a very early date, and SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 4. is perhaps mentioned in the accounts of Coronado's expedition. But Isleta in Texas was founded in 1682, by Otermin, as a refuge for the Tiguez Indians, who were driven out of New Mexico by the great Indian war prevailing there among the pueblo tribes. In the meantime, the internal settlement of Mexico pro- gressed with more or less success. From 1542 to the end of the century, mines were opened, towns built, convents and missions Progress of 11-11 • • -1 1 IT 1 • 1 1 settlement of established, and the beginnings of agricultural life laid through- Mexico Period I. Spanish Domination 1528 TO I82I Map of the North Mexican States in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. out the northern States of New Spain. At that time the present States of Durango, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Sinora, and Coahuila (ko-a-we'-la) constituted what was called the kingdom of Nueva Viscaya (nwav-a ves-ky-ii) or New Biscay, and these, together with the provinces of New Leon, San Luis Potosi (lo-es po- to-se'), and Tamaulipas (ta-mau-le'-piis) or New Santander, in Mexico proper, and Texas, New Mexico, and Upper and Lower California, beyond the Rio Grande del Norte, made up the por- 44 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period I. Spanish Domination 1528 TO 1S2I Catholic missions tions of New Spain whose histories are more particularly con- nected with each other. The principal feature in the settlement of all this country was the spread of the Catholic Missions, and the history of the North Mexican States and Texas during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries is composed almost exclusively of the annals of the missions and their accompanying garrisons and villages ; so that it will be well to understand that great system of religious work in New Spain. It was a well-organized system for evan- gelizing the savages and for laying the foundations of coloniza- tion, and its relics, as seen in the ruins of its ancient temples, constitute one of the most romantic and interesting features of Spanish America. QUESTIONS. What expeditions on the Gulf coast of Mexico and Texas occurred in 151S, 1519, and 1523? When was the first map of the Gulf of Mexico made, and by whom ? How did it compare in accuracy with modern maps of the same region ? What explorations did the Spaniards conduct in Mexico from 1521 to 1536? Who were the principal explorers in this field ? What country did they hear of in the north ? Wliat was the country called, and what were the current ideas about it? What was meant by the "secret of the Strait," the "Northern Mystery," and the "Straits of Anian" ? When and by whom was the first expedition into Texas said to have been made? What tribe of bidians did he encounter? What name is derived from those Indians, and when did it first occur in history ? When and whence did De Narvaez sail, with what authority, and to conquer what country ? Who was De Narvaez, and what titles did he assume ? At what point did he first land in America ? Give an account of his route and adventures on the main-land. Also, give an account of his last voyage, in attempting to reach the Rio de las Palmas. When, where, and how did he finally perish ? What became of his men ? Where was Malhado Island ? Wliat celebrated man was among the survivors of the Narvaez expedition? Give an account of his adventures on the coast of Texas. Wlien did he escape to the interior, and who were his com- panions? From what point on the Gulf coast did they probably start inland, and through what regions did they subsequently travel ? Describe what they saw and heard during their travels. Where did they finally reach the Rio Grande, and what route did they follow from there? When and where did they finally reach tlie Spaniards in Mexico? When and by whom was a narrative of this expedition and adventure written and published? To what did that account lead? Give an account of the SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 45 expedition of Marcos de Nizza. When was it made, through what Period I. country did he pass, and what did he claim to have seen and heard? Spanish What region and people did he probably see or hear of ? When was the omination expedition under Coronado started, and who was to aid him, and how? 1528 How far did he proceed northward, what did he discover, and where did to he spend the winter? Where did he go in the following spring, and what ^^^^ did he see and hear? What tribe of Indians did he meet? Give the prolxible route of his march in search of Quivira. What did he find? i)n his return from Quivira, what did Coronado do ? At what dates and by whom were subsequent explorations made on. the Pacific coast and in New Mexico and Arizona ? Did any of these expeditions cross Texas at any point, and, if so, where and to what extent ? What mistake is often made concerning the town of Isleta? Who founded Isleta, Texas, when, and for what purpose ? What was done in Mexico during the last half of the sixteenth century ? Name the principal divisions, states, and pro- vinces of New Spain at that time. Which of them are most nearly con- nected with the history of Texas ? Draw an outline map of Northern Mexico and Texas, New Mexico, and the Californias, as they were known at the close of the sixteenth century. What was a prominent and con- trolling feature in the settlement of New Spain during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries ? Topical Analysis. 1. The exploration of New Spain by Cortez, the Guzmans, Coronado, Espejo, Cabrillo, and Oiiate during the sixteenth century. 2. The extent to which Mexico was settled, and the states of that country tiiat were then established by the Spaniards. 3. The early exploration of the Gulf of Mexico, the extent to which its geography was known at that time, and the first European exploration in Texas by Cabeza de Vaca and his companions. 4. The origin of the name of Texas, and when it was first used. 5. The civilization of the Pueblo Indians in New Mexico and Arizona, and its first discovery by the Spaniards. 6. The legendary accounts of Cibola, the ' ' Seven Cities, ' ' and Quivira. 7. The delusion among the early explorers and navigators as to a passage by water through the American continent to India, as shown l)y tlie continual search for the "secret of the Strait," the "Northern Mystery," or the " .Straits of Anian." Parallel Readings. Winsor's "Narrative and Critical History," Vol. II., "The Early Cartography of the Gulf of Mexico and Adjacent Parts," page 217, Chap- ter VII.. " Early Explorations of New Mexico ;" H. H. Bancroft's Works, "Arizona and New Mexico," and " North Mexican States and Texas." 46 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period I. Spanish Domination 152S TO 1821 Geography. Compare the map of Mexico, Texas, and New Mexico in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries with that of the present time. Study the extent to which explorations had been made to the north of the Rio Grande, and the states and provinces that were then claimed by the Spaniards and considered to be under the government of the viceroyalty. Fix intelli- gently in the mind the location and extent of the regions inhabited by what are called the Pueblo Indians in Arizona and New Mexico. Locate the region traversed by Coronado, and the points at which the expedi- tions from Mexico crossed the Rio Grande into Texas at that early date. I k'' ^ ^ Indian (iiKi.s with Water-Jars. CHAPTER III. The Catholic Missions of New Spain. SPAIN'S conquests in the New World were professedly made for the extension of the Christian rehgion, and the Crown itself was considered as exercising its power for the glory and strength of the Church. So that, wherever the arms of the Spaniard were carried, they were ac- companied by the missionaries of the Catholic faitli, and the occuj^ation of a country was not deemed complete or beneficial unless it was founded on the prosperity of the priesthood, in saving souls and civilizing the habits of the natives. Hence, we find everywhere the missionaries and their establishments at first constituting the pioneers in the work of colonization. While a district of country was in process of being subdued, so as to admit of the residence and labors of the priesthood in the conversion of the natives, it was said to be a land of war {^tierra de g2ierra), and the government of such a ter- ritory was in the hands of the mili- tary authorities, who directed their efforts to the protection of the missionaries and the gradual sub- jection of the Indians. When things had progressed to the point of settling the native population in villages and converting them to Christianity, so as to make them smnish missionariks kolnpinc. 47 Period I. Spakis)! Domination 1528 TO I82I Methods of Spanish colo- nization 1528 TO ^g A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. I'KKion I. in some degree a stable and peaceable community, the country Spanish ^^^,^g ^^^j^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^ ^j ncace (tierra de paz), and the ordinary forms of colonial government under civil rules were supposed to take the place of the military government of the earlier times. 1821 This condition of affairs led to several bad results. In the first place, the gentle rule of religion is not well suited to the Objections to harsh mcthods of war, and the strange mixture of gospel niercy th!s^rnish° ^^ ''"'^ ^^^^ crucl couduct of military authority could not fail to Catholics confuse and disgust the Indians. Then the priests themselves could not always reconcile their consciences to the necessity of warfare, which was actually required to keep the natives in sub- jection. The missionaries were seeking to save souls and to con- vert the savage to the gospel of peace, while the soldiers were bent on breaking the spirits of a fierce and warlike people by force and fear. The two policies were naturally inconsistent, and the history of those times shows that there was a continual clash between the religious teachers at the missions and the rude ofificers of the garrisons as to the proper course to be pursued in subduing the natives. The Spanish system of evangelization was the reverse of that of the intelligent mis- sionaries of the present time. Now, we seek to educate and civilize the heathen to the point of being able to understand and accept the truths of religion ; then, they demanded his religious conversion first and educated him after- ^js^^'^^ wards. The true character of the system and its results are shown in the very language of the times. The Indians who had been converted and compelled to stay in villages, or to till the soil, were called reduced Indians {Indios redn- ^^ ^K^ ^P|=^ «' ^'^ Texas time the country had no fixed name, -ascertained boundaries, or practical interest for the Spaniards, nor did it acquire such until about the close of the seventeenth century. From 1581 to 159S the Spaniards frequently crossed Texas soil on their trii)s to and from New Mexico, while Espejo, Sosa, and Humana ( o-man'-ya) travelled east and northeast to the buffalo plains and along the Pecos River. Onate, in his search for Quivira, entered the territory, and from that time until 1654 many expeditions of priests and ofificers were made from New Mexico into portions of Texas, some of which met, traded, and fought with native tribes and entered the land of the Tejas Indians. The country had given no indications of mineral wealth, and that alone was sufficient to render its immediate or permanent occupation a matter of indifference to the gold-hunting Spaniards. But Spanish missionaries had founded stations and preached Chris- tianity as far as the Pecos and beyond, while Spanish troopers had hunted along its streams and chased the buffalo on its prairies long before 1685. In that very year, Penalosa ( pan'-yii- lo'-sii), the late governor of New Mexico, was in London and Paris, trying to organize an expedition to explore and conquer 6i 62 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Pkriod I. Spanmsh Domination 1528 TO 1821 Father Pare- des's account of Texas, 1686 A Mkxican Cart. Origin of the name "Texas" New l^hilippincs tlie wonderful country he claimed to have discovered, and which included the fertile domain of the Tejas Indians. In 1686, Viceroy Laguna called upon Father Alonzo Paredes (par-a'-daz), for many years a missionary in New Mexico, for a report as to the region where Texas lies. Paredes' s report is the first and most authentic account of the notions which then prexailcd in regard to this country. He denounced as false and delusi\'e the ideas about the wealth, magnificence, and civiliza- tion of the regions to the east and northeast. His idea was that there were Indian tribes, engaged in agriculture, living in a strip fifty leagues wide along the Gulf, with the wild Apaches farther west and reaching to New Mexico ; that between the two, from the Rio Grande or the Colorado northward, there were superior tribes, including the Tejas. His descriptions are so confused as to distances and the names and locations of streams, that but little can be made of them ; but he locates the Tejas (the same as, or a kindred tribe to, the Cenis or Asi?iais) between the Brazos or Coloratlo and the Trinity Rivers, the Jiima7ias, Apaches, and other tribes, west and northwest, and Quivira immediately north of these, perhaps in the region of the present Indian Territory. There have been many fanciful and fictitious accounts of the origin of the name Texas. It is plainly derived from the Tejas (ta-has, ta-yas, or tex-as) Indians, that being the name applied by the Spaniards to w^hat appeared to be the most influential and ci\ilized tribe dwelling within the limits of this province. They lived in the east, between the Trinity and Sabine Rivers ; but they were the first with whom the Spaniards had peaceable deal- ings, and gradually their name was given to the entire pro\ince. Whether Tejas was the name by which those Indians called themselves, or was given them for some incident or trait con- nected with the tribe, is not known ; but the deri\ation of the wortl cannot remain in doubt when the facts are considered. On the old maps of the Mexican States, the region known as the ])rovince of Texas appears to be a part of what was des- ignated as Nueva Felipinas (nwa'-va fa-lip-en'-iis), or Nezv SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 6;^ Philippines^ just as Coahuila was called Nciv Estreniadura, and period i. Taniaulipas was laid down as Ne7v Santandcr ; but these were - punish I UOMINATION Spanish fancies borrowed from their European home, and soon i gave way to the local names of the several native provinces. to The next hundred years of the history of this territory is 1821 little more than an account of the missionary labors of Spanish priests, and the efforts of the military garrisons to protect them in the work of converting the native tribes. It is usually called '^^^ Mission . . . , , Period the " Mission Period," and is of great romantic interest, although its practical results are not great. In 1684, it will be remembered that the Spaniards captured one of La Salle's vessels as he was on his way to plant a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi. When he started on his first journey from Fort St. Louis to find the Illinois, in 1686, he met with Indians on the Colorado, whose accoutrements indicated clearly their communication with the Spanish occupants of Mexico. Then, a short time after the founding of his fort on the Lavaca, one of his men, afterwards known as Juan Enrique (en-re'-qua), deserted and escaped to Mexico, where he told the tale of the French expedition. From these several sources the Spaniards Spaniards became acquainted with the threatened occupancy of L^^g°5, , Texas by another power. The country had not before seemed expedition especially desirable ; but when it appeared that a foreign invasion of the territory was on foot, the viceroy of New Spain considered it time to assert his ownership in the soil. He ordered Governor Alonzo de Leon, of Coahuila, to march De Leon's first to Espiritu Santo Bay; and on March 23, 1689, De Leon set xexls'*'°" ^° out from Mexico, with the Frenchman Enrique and one hundred men, accompanied by Father Manzanet and other friars. He crossed the Rio Grande above the mouth of the Salado, traversed and gave names to the Nueces (nij-a'-saz), Hondo, Medina, and Guadalupe Rivers, and arrived at Fort St. Louis on April 22, 1689. He was told that four of the survivors had gone north to the land of the Tejas Indians, and he found the Fort in ruins, with the dead bodies of some of its inmates. He proceeded farther north to the Colorado and explored it to near its mouth. Word was sent for the absent Frenchmen, and L'Archeveque and GroUet, of La Salle's men, appeared, were seized and sent 64 A COMPLETE HISTORY OE TEXAS. Pkriop 1. Spanish Domination 152S TO 1821 De Leon's sec- ond expedition Mission San (Fornierly S: Thefirst Texas mission, San Francisco de los Tejas Domingo Teran, first governor of Texas Missions in East Texas unfortunate and aban- doned as prisoners to Spain. De Leon returned to Coahuila by the same route he had come, reaching there in May, 1689. On the day before he left for his return, the chief of the Tejas Indians visited the camp and acted in a friendly manner. When the viceroy received a report of this journey, he ordered another to be made at once, for the purpose of a regular missionary occu- pation of the country in the usual way. De Leon set out on this second tri}) from Moncloya, in March, 1690, accompanied again by Father Manzanet and three friars from Queretaro (ka-ra'- tiir-o), and they travelled by the same route as before, reaching Espiritu Santo Bay safely. In May the Tejas chief came again and persuaded De Leon to go with him to the land of the tribe on the Trinity River, which the Spaniards accordingly did, leaving a camp on the Guadalupe at the Bay. The visit was most kindly received by the Tejas, and they seemed anxious for missionaries. Thereupon De Leon and Father Manzanet founded among them the first Spanish mission in the interior of Texas, calling it Saji Francisco de los Tejas. This was June i, 1690, and the conversion of the province was thereafter by royal decree committed to the Franciscans. De Leon left Father F"oncuberta in charge of the newly-founded mission, with priests to aid him and a small garrison to protect them, and some horses and cattle for the support of the establishment. While there he captured five Frenchmen and one woman, and heard of others among the Indians. He then returned to Mexico and gave a most favorable report of the fertility and beauty of the country and its desirability as a missionary field. On January i, 1691, Don Domingo Teran de los Rios was appointed governor of Coahuila and Texas, with instructions to explore and conquer the country and to found eight missions. Teran set out May 16, with Manzanet and nine Franciscan friars, and marched to the Colorado River. An expedition was also sent by sea to meet him at Espiritu Santo Bay. Teran went lirst to the mission San Francisco de los Tejas, where he Francisco de la Espada III Eraiicisco de los Tejas.) SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 6S found matters not in a very flourishing condition. There had pkriod i. Spanish Domination been sickness, and the inmates had suffered from " freshets and snow-storms. ' ' He and the priests founded a new mission near ^ there, called Jesus Maria y Jose, or usually simply Santa Maria. to In September he met the sea expedition at Espiritu Santo, iSsr where it had been waiting since July, whence he sailed for Vera Cruz. He left behind a force of soldiers and fifteen mis- sionaries to sustain the missions in Eastern Texas, but matters went wrong there for sev- eral years. The crops failed, sickness pre- vailed, the Indians were superstitious and claimed that the baptismal water made them die, and the missionaries became greatly dis- couraged. Finally, in October, 1693, being refused proper aid from home and losing heart . b,,^^^^^^. ^^ espada in this wilderness of savages, the friars buried their mission-bells, and other property not transportable, and turned their faces towards Coahuila. For the next twenty-two interval of in- years nothing was done in Texas, except that the older missions ^'^ '^' ^ on the Rio Grande were still maintained. Both Spain and France seem to have suspended any efforts to claim and colonize the country, but the French in Louisiana did prosecute some trade with the Indians in this province. Spain had acquired a foothold in Florida, at Pensacola, and France had settled Loui- French in siana and founded New Orleans under D' Iberville, and trading parties from the French posts along the western boundary of Louisiana began to make expeditions into Texas. It was said that one such party travelled across the country to the Rio Grande in 1705. In 17 13, Governor Cadillac, of Louisiana, ordered Louis st. Denis St. Denis (da-ne) to organize an expedition to the old Span- ish missions in Texas, for the purpose of buying horses and cattle, but this was a mere pretext for exploring the territory and establishing trade with the natives. St. Denis, leaving Mobile with a force of Canadians in the following year, entered the country of the Tejas, where he found great numbers of cattle ; and the natives, learning that he was going beyond to the Rio Grande, asked him to tell the priest Hidalgo and 5 66 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period 1. Spanish Domination 152S TO 1821 Colonel l^rantia to come back again, as the Indians wanted the missions restored. St. Denis reached the Presidio del Rio Grande, where was the mission San Juan Bautista, in 17 15, being accompanied by a comjxmy of Tejas Indians. On the way they fought a bloody battle with Lipan Apaches, on the San Marcos River. Captain U "^■■-^A«:-,^*^%,^Xv Country Stork on thr Rio Grande. Fourth expe- dition to Texas Six missions on the Neches and Sabine Diego Ramon (ni-nion'), in command at the presidio on the Rio Grande, received St. Denis kindly, and in a short time the latter went on to the City of Mexico to report his purposes to the viceroy. He had stayed long enough, however, at the Spanish fort to fall in love with Ramon's daughter, and for a while at least he became a very good Spaniard. Upon St. Denis's repre- sentations, the authorities determined upon another expedition to occupy Texas, and it set out from Saltillo in February, 17 16, with Domingo Ramon in command and St. Denis as his assist- ant. On their arrival at San Juan Bautista, St. Denis was married to the commandant's daughter, and on April 24, 17 16, the expedition marched from the Rio Grande to the interior. There were with them a number of Franciscans, including the celebrated padres Felix Espinosa and Antonio Margil'. Reaching the land of the Tejas in July, they established four missions and a presidio on or near the Sabine and Neches Ri\-ers, and two others the next year. These were : a revi\al SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. ^1 Period I. Spanish Domination 1528 TO I82I Fickleness of Texas tribee of the old foundation of San Francisco de los Tejas, near the same spot ; La Purissima Concepcion, among the Asinais Indians ; the mission of Our Lady of Guadalupe, near Nacog- doches ; San Jose Mission ; the mission Dolores, among the Aes ; and the mission San Miguel Cuellar de los Adaes ; — around which we are told there were congregated more than five thousand people "speaking the same idiom." These establishments all began prosperously, the Indians were friendly and seemed disposed to yield to teaching. But from the first the tribes in Texas did not submit successfully to the system of dwelling in pueblos or villages. They were nomadic and tickle in their habits, fond of the chase and the horseback raid over the plains, and the orderly and permanent life of a set- tled habitation did not suit them. To curb this roving disposition and properly reduce the Indians of Texas, the mis- sionaries were constantly demanding in- creased military support, and in turn the excesses and cruelties of the class of sol- diers who came provoked the unmanage- able temper of the natives ; so that the old priests were in trouble on all sides. St. Denis had been reared in contact with the Indians, was of an amiable disposition towards them, and understood their peculiar habits, so that he was of great assistance in enabling the Spaniards to gain a peaceable start among the tribes along the Sabine and adjacent rivers. In a St. Denis ban short time, however, he was suspected of treachery and accused of smuggling, and was arrested and carried to Mexico for trial, which resulted in his banishment to Guatemala. He escaped from there, returned to Louisiana, and was placed in command of the French fort at Natchitoches. Martin de Alarcon, governor of Coahuila, was made gov- ernor of Texas also, and he entered the province early in 17 18. His instructions contemplated that he should introduce a good class of colonists, and should bring with him mechanics and A Mexican Horsk Tkadkr. Governor Alarcon 68 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. I'KRIOI) I. Spanish Domination 1528 TO 182 I Cathkijral de San Fernando (Bexar). French attack and drive the Spaniards from the east Marquis de Ajjuayo in Texas others capable of instructing and improving the Indians. He estabHshed the presidio of San Antonio de Bejar (ba'-har), on the San Antonio River, being the first settlement at the location of the modern city of San Antonio. The missionaries claimed that Alarcon did not fulfil his instructions, but that he had brought a worthless and turbulent class of settlers with him, and had done more harm than good. At this time, also, the mission of San Antonio de Va- lero was established near the presidio of Bejar, under the ministration of Father Olivares, who brought some of his con- verts from the mission of San Francisco Solano on the Rio Grande. During Alarcon' s governor- ship Bejar was recognized as the capital, and it practically remained so ever afterwards, although nominally for a time the capital was located at the presidio on the eastern limits of the province, known as Pilar de los Adaes. In 1719, the Frenchman La Harpe founded a small settle- ment among the Nassonite Indians, in what is now Red River County. In that year, war having broken out in Europe be- tween France and Spain, the French in Louisiana assumed a hostile attitude towards both Florida and Texas. In June, a force of French and Indians, under St. Denis, seized the mission of San Miguel Cuellar de los Adaes, and the priests and soldiers retired to Bejar, where for the next two years the Spaniards held their only station in Texas. In 17 19, La Harpe made a feeble attempt to land a French colony at Galveston or Espiritu Santo Bay, but was driven of? by the natives. In 1720, the Marquis San Miguel de Aguayo was appointed governor of Coahuila and Texas, and he was a man of wisdom, skill, and firmness. In 1721, he marched from the Rio Grande to the vicinity of the abandoned missions on the Neches and Sabine, where he re-established five of them, and founded the SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS 69 presidio of Tcjas among the Asinais, near the mission Concep- cion. He rebuilt los Adaes and estabhshed the mission of Our Lady of Pilar de los Adaes in the same neighborhood. Aguayo returned to Bejar in January, 1722, and very much strengthened that post. In April, he founded a I)residio on the site of La .Salle's old Fort St. Louis, calling it Santa Maria de Loreto de la Bahia del Espiritu Santo, or simply La Bahia, as it was generally known ; and, also, a mission near by known as Espiritu Santo de Zuniga, or simply Espiritu Santo. Aguayo went back to Coahuila in May, 1722, leaving General Almazan' in command in Te.xas as lieutenant-governor. Aguayo had greatly improved things in the province. He revived the mission work everywhere, started the cultivation of the soil by Mission La Bahia del Espiritu Santo. (Present site.) Period I. Spanish Domination 1528 lu 1 82 1 La Bahia and Espiritu Santo Mission San Jose dk .\giiavo. irrigation around the missions at Bejar, and left the garrisons and missions much fortified and encouraged. In 1720, there had been established at Bejar, or near by in the valley, a new mission, called San Jose de Aguayo, in honor of the Marquis. Sanjosd JO A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period I. Spanish Domination 1528 TO 1 .82 I Removals of La Bahia and Espiritu Santo Villa of San Fernando es- tablished Reduction of forts. Almazan' was governor from 1722 to 1726, but the country did not continue to prosper. The Indian wars began to harass the settlers and to make missionary hfe dangerous and uncertain. The estabhshments on Espiritu Santo Bay were abandoned and removed to the interior in 1725, the presidio of La Bahia and the mission of Espiritu Santo being then located in the valley of the Guadalupe above Victoria, where their ruins may yet be seen. Again, in 1749, these two noted establishments were transferred to the San Antonio River, near the present town of Goliad, where the old church of the fort is still used for worship, and the mis- sion is occupied as a tenant house on a farm. Melchor de Mediavilla succeeded Almazan', from 1727 to 1730. In Aguayo's time he had recommended that two hundred families of Tlaxcal- tecs and four hundred families from the Canary Islands should be brought to Bejar, and his suggestion was ap- pro\'ed as to the immigrants from the Canaries, but great delays had occurred in the matter. Finally, in 1730, the villa or town of San Fer- nando, being part of the subsequent city of San Antonio, was founded, fifteen families from the Canaries were imported, and a regular settlement began at that point. In 1727-28, General Rivera visited and inspected the missions and garrisons of the province. He found things in a reasonably prosperous condition, but recommended a re- duction of the military posts and the abandonment of some stations. This met with violent protests from the priests, and it was the beginning of a long and bitter contest between the mis- sionaries and the military, which produced no end of trouble, and greatly crippled the labors of the priests among the Indians. The presidio of Tejas was abandoned in 1727, and all the others were reduced. Thus deprived of adequate protection, I OF San Jose Mission. SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 71 the friars in Eastern Texas transferred three of their missions — San Francisco de los Tejas, La Purissima Concepcion, and San Jose de los Nazonis — to Bejar, where the hist named became San Juan Capristano, to distinguish it from San Jose de Aguayo. while San Francisco de los Tejas became San Francisco de 1' Espada. The priests of the other missions in the east still maintained for a while a precarious existence along the Trinity, Neches, and Sabine, under the protection of the small garrison at Pilar. Pkriod 1. Spanish domina'i ion I52S TO I82I The Apaches were very fierce and warlike in those years, and Apache wars under the governorship of Sandoval, in 1734, there was continual war with the bands of that tribe. In 1735, the French removed their fort of Natchitoches from its former location to the west bank of the Red River, which pro\oked loud protests from the Spaniards, who claimed that river as the boundary. From 1736 to 1760 there was a succession of governors, — Frantjuiz', Orobio, Wintuis'sen, Boneo, Larios, Espriella, Bar- rios, — all of whom had trouble with the missionaries, owing to the insolence of the soldiers, the reduction of militar\' protection, and the generalh^ worthless character of the men who were sent to govern the country. 72 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period I. Spanish Domination 1528 ro 1 82 1 Mission San Saba San Javier missions In 1740, the Marquis de Altamira (al-ta-me'-ra) was sent to visit and inspect the condition of affairs in Texas, which he did, giving a very satisfactory history of all the events that had oc- curred to that date. In the mean time the Apaches, who were the hereditary foes of the Comanches (k5-man'-chaz), being threatened with destruction by the latter, proposed peace and missionary residence as a protection. After much discussion as to the location of the proposed Apache mission, it was finally established on the San Saba River, and called the mission San Saba, in 1756. In 1744, a mission called San Ildefonso was founded on the San Javier (hii'-ve-ar or ziiv'-i-er) River, the ex- act location of which is not known, but believed to have been some one of the upper tributa- ries of the Nueces or the Colo- rado. Near it were also estab- lished Candelaria and San Ja\'ier. These were unfortunate and involved in disaster from the first, until, becoming very feeble, they were removed to the San Marcos River, in 1753, and in 1756 they failed alto- gether. Contraband trade was car- ried on extensively between Texas and Mexico and Louisiana, and frequent disputes arose as to the boundary. In 1755, a mission called Arco.quisac (ar-ko-ke'-sac), with the accompany- ing presidio of San Augustin de Ahumada, was established on the Trinity River, southwest of Nacogdoches. In 1763, the Sevoi }'i'ars' War in Europe was concluded, one of the results being that France ceded to Spain the city of New Orleans, on the cast side of the Mississippi River, and all of the territory of Louisiana lying west of that stream, which extended indefinitely to the north and west. This ended the boundary dispute for nearly twenty years. In 1758, the Comanches attacked the mission San Saba and destroyed it, murdering most of the inmates. To punish this outrage. Colonel Diego Ortiz Parilla (par-el'-ya), in 1759, at the Mission San Juan Capristano. Arcoquisac and San Au- gustin de Ahu mada Louisiana Mission San Saba de- stroyed SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. head of five hundred men and a large force of Apache alhes, period i. . undertook a campaiq-n against the Indians. He came upon the oo^^nIt"on U/? ^(^Jc,v '^''.,/ 1 /-. v5 r^ ( '1 s \ , 1755. (Befoie French and Indian War.) 1528 TO 1821 > [.'■""^k.. V V N 1-- !) "^ \^.'^' 1: 1; V. \\ I r o 1: ^ 1763. ,N :V After cUiso of ^ iicli ami Indian fes V C VLF OF Mr.XlCO ^ ^M-^ \i-i W.ir.) 4 \\ .Maps showing Changes in Territory Owned by Different European Nations DURING Eighteenth Century. hostile camp in the San Teodoro region on the upper Red River, where the Indians were gathered to the number of six thousand, armed with guns, lances, and sabres, and floating the French flag. They at once sallied out to meet Parilla's army, and the Spaniards fled in a panic, leaving their artillery behind them, and completely terror- ized by the Indians. This success made the wild tribes bolder than ever, and for several years they raided the whole country. Parilla's expedition had cost sixty thou- 74 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period I. Spanish Domination 1528 TO '..S2I Marquis de Rubi Governor O'Conor sand dollars. Governor Martos came in 1760, and Felipe de Ravago succeeded Parilla in the military command. After re- peated disasters and growing discontent, all the missions in the west were abandoned a few years later. In 1765, Hugo O'Conor became governor, and in 1767 the Marquis de Rubi (ro- be) visited all the northern prov- inces of Mexico on a tour of in- spection, reaching Texas in August of that year. His report was ex- haustive and intelligent, and his recommendations were bold and reasonable. He advocated unre- lenting war upon the wild Indians, the abandonment of Arcoqui'sac, los Adaes, and the missions among the Aes and at Nacogdoches, and the establishment of a line of forts, with La Bahia and Bejar as the base of operations. Governor O'Conor adopted as far as possible these ideas, fortifying Bejar and pacify- ing the Indians by fear, they calling him the "Red Captain." He travelled extensively over the pro\'ince and was very popu- lar, showing the good sense, tact, and ready courage of his Celtic origin. He retired from office in 1770, being succeeded by the Baron de Ripperda', who also recommended vigorous measures and a warlike policy. But the home government did not respond to these suggestions, and, on account of the con- tinued Indian wars and the general insecurity of affairs, there was a strong disposition at this lime among the colonists to abandon the province alto- gether. As it was, the gov- ernment seems to ha\'e de- cided to practically abandon its establishments in East- ern Texas and confine its aid to La IJahia and Bejar. Window of Mission San Josii. FAC-SlMll.li Ol- Kll'l-KKUA'S SlONATURIi SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 75 In 1770, De Mezieres, the Spanish commander in Louisiana, made an effort to reduce the Indians aloni);^ the Sabine and Red Rivers, and visited Texas to confer with the authorities here on the subject. He reported the number, names, and characteris- tics of the various tribes with whom he had come in contact in that region, but the names and localities are so confused and vague as to be almost unintelligible. Between 1772 and 1778, all the missions and presidios in the east, except at Nacogdoches, were practically suspended and their inhabitants removed to Bejar and La Bahia. In 1778, General Croix, the commander of the Internal Provinces of Northern Mexico, came to Texas and made a thorough inspection of affairs here, and Father Lopez, the president of the Texas mis- sions, in 1783, prepared a report of their condition at that date. In 1772, Don Antonio Bonilla (bo-ner-ya). an officer in the Spanish army of Mexico, wrote a brief summary or coynpend of the events in Texas from 1689 to 1772, compiled from official sources. In the hurrying events of those times. Father Juan Augustin Morfi kept historical memoirs of the progress of affairs in Texas, to the date of his death in 1783. From these sources, together with the Marquis de Altamira's report of Texas history during the years preceding 1740, the facts related in this chapter have been mainly collected. According to all the authorities, there were in Texas, at the close of the century, the following Spanish settlements, being composed of the missions and presidios and attached villages : The presidio of San Antonio de Bejar, with the neighboring villa of San Fernando, and, near by, the missions of San Antonio de Valero, San Jose de Aguayo, La Purissima Concepcion de Acuna, San Juan Capristano, and San Francisco de 1' Espada, the three last named having been originally founded in Eastern Texas and removed to Bejar, the mission Espada being the old mission of San Francisco de los Tejas. In addition to the Bejar establish- ments, were these : Presidio of La Bahia, originally founded at Period I. Spanish Domination 1528 TO I82I Removal of eastern mis- sions and pre- sidios Old Stone Fori ai Naci (Built in 177S.) GDOCHKS. Sources of in- formation on those days State of Span- ish occupation of Texas at the end of century 76 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period I. Spanish Domination 1528 TO I82I old Fort St. Louis and removed twice, the last time to the San Antonio near Goliad ; and attached to it, the mission of Espiritu Santo, also removed h'om its original location on the bay of that name ; the mission Rosario, near to La Bahia ; the mission Re- fugio, the last of the Texas missions, established in 1791 ; the mission at Nacogdoches, being the original mission of Our Lady Map of Texas in Ek;ii i i;i:n i h Ckntl'rv. (Showing location of Spanisli missions and presidios.) Failure of the missions of Guadalupe, founded in 17 16, and combined with that of Bu- careli. All the others had been suppressed or abandoned, and the century's labor in the missionary field seemed to have been a mournful failure. The number of natives converted since 1690 was ten thousand, and at no one time had there been o\'er two thou- sand reduced Indians. In 1783, there were about four hundred and sixty mission Indians in the several establishments named. SRANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 11 while the total number of S{)anish soldiers and settlers in the province was about two thousantl six hundred. The missions were all secularized — that is, deprived of government aid and protection — in 1794, by Pedro de Nava, and the country passed entirely into the hands of the civil and military rulers of Mexico. The Mission Period had ended, and little remained to attest the long years of suffering and sacrifice, save the noble lives of many of the priests, and the stately and enduring temples they erected in this far-off wilderness, whose melancholy but imposing ruins still preserve their memories. It will be observed that in the foregoing account and list of the early missions, no notice is made of the historic Alamo Period I. Spanish Domination 1528 TO 182I ral'-a-mo), so dear and sacred to Texans. The origin and mutations of that establishment are involved in some confusion and doubt. The Alamo was originally not properly speaking a The origin of mission, but was rather a chapel or parish church attached to the ch^urch™ missionary foundation of some larger establishment. It appears to have had at one time some connection with the mission San Antonio de Valero, and was probably built by Father Olivares to accommodate the converts he brought from San Francisco Solano. It also appears to have had some attachment with San Jose de Aguayo, and the solution of the matter would seem to be that this church was a sort of independent or overHow chapel yg A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period 1. for the missions near Bejar, being used in connection with any Spanish ^^^ ,^jj ^^j ^.j^^^^^ jj^ j,^I^q^ outside the missions themselves, and Domination t i- i i i — ^, perhaps as an auxiUary to the latter. It did not always stand TO where its interesting ruins are now ; it was at one time located 1821 near San Pedro Springs, then removed to the military plaza of the \'illa de San Fernando, and finally to its present place on the Alamo plaza, outside the limits of the village. A tablet in the front wall of the chapel as it now stands bears the date 1754, but the removal occurred in 1744. The word Alamo means in Spanish, poplar, and hence the name of the establishment in English would be the Poplar Church. It ceased to be used as a parish church in 1793, and the outer walls, stockade, and other buildings were destroyed after or during the siege in 1836. the chapel proper being all that is left. The last years of the eighteenth century were barren of important events in Texas. The culmination of momentous policies and transactions in Europe was hastening a crisis for Spain, that was destined ere long to leave her helpless at home Coming events and shorn of all her possessions abroad. The formation of an independent and powerful confederacy of free states in the regions north of Texas, animated by tlie hereditary traditions and principles of English liberty and law, reinforced by a new doctrine of popular sovereignty, soon set in operation a train of influences that were to exert a controlling weight in the future development of this thinly settled, outlying pro\'ince of Mexico, and eventually to enroll it among the co-equal States of the great Union of the North. The Gkanarv ap Mission San Jos6. SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 79 QUESTIONS. Period I. Spanish Domination At the time of La Salle's death, by whom and to what extent had the ^^2^ Spaniards explored the rej^ion of Texas ? Give the names of tlie to explorers, and the dates of the various explorations that had been made 1S21 in that region, prior to 1685. What name, if any, was then given to Texas, and what was known of the country? Why was it not perma- nently occupied by the Spaniards at an earlier date ? Who made a report in regard to Texas in 1686, and by what authority? What was the sub- stance of his report? What Indian tribes did he locate, and where? What is the true origin of the name Texas? Where did the Tejas Indians live ? What was the region of Texas called on the old maps of Mexiccj or New Spain? In what did the history of the country consist iox the next hundred years after La Salle's death? What is that period usually called? How did the Spaniards learn of La Salle's visit to Texas? What did the viceroy of New Spain then do ? When did the first Spanish expedition for the occupation of Texas set out, from what place, under whose command, and who accompanied the expedition? Where did De Leon cr(«s the Rio Grande, and what Texas rivers did he cross and name? When did he reach the location of La Salle's fort on Lavaca or Espiritu Santo Bay ? Whither did he go from there ? Whom did he send for, and what did he do with them ? Who visited De Leon before his return to Mexico? When did De Leon make his second expedition to Texas, for what purpose, and with what companions ? Where did he first go on that expedition ? Who came to see him there, and what did he do in consequence? When, where, and by whom was the first Spanish mission in the interior of Texas founded, and what was it called? De- scribe what was done in regard to that mission. Whom did De Leon capture while among the Tejas Indians ? What did lie report on his return to Mexico ? Who was the first Spanish governor of Coahuila and Texas ? When was he appointed, and with what instructions ? Describe his coming to Texas. What did he find at the Tejas mission ? What new mission did he found near there, and what did Teran then do ? What became of these missions on the Trinity? What occurred during the next twenty-two years ? What jjortions of the country were then claimed by the Spanish and French ? To what extent did the French explore Texas ? By whose authority, when, and under whose command was a French expedition fitted out to Texas ? Describe the route and adventures of St. Denis. What point did he finally reach, and what occurred there ? Where did he go from tiiere ? With what results ? Describe the Spanish expedition to Texas under St. Denis and Ramon. When did it enter Texas, and who accom- panied it? How many missions did they establish? Give the names, locations, and dates of the founding of each. What were the character and habits of the Indians of Texas, and what was the consequence? What can you say of St. Denis's influence among the Indians? What go A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. happened to him ? Who was the next Spanish governor of Texas, and when did he come? What were his instructions? What noted presidio did he estabhsh, and when? What did the priests say about this '528 governor? What mission was at this time estabHshed at Bejar, and by '° whom? What places were the first capitals of Texas? Who was La 1821 Hari)e, and when and where did he first attempt a settlement in Texas? What occurred in 1719 between France and Spain, and what happened in Texas as the result ? When and where did La Harpe attempt another settlement? Who was the next governor of Coahuila and Texas, when was he appointed, and what was his character? Describe his administra- tion and labors in Texas. Wliat important garrisons and missions did he establish and restore? What presidio and mission did he establish at and near the location of old Fort St. Louis ? What noted mission was founded and named for him, when, and where was it located ? When did Aguayo return to Coahuila, and in what condition did he leave Texas ? Who succeeded him, and for how long? What was the condition of Texas during that time? Describe the changes that occurred in the locations of the presidio and mission on Espiritu Santo Bay, with dates of changes. Who succeeded Almazan, and how long was he governor? What had Aguayo recommended in regard to colonists ? What town or villa was founded in 1730, and who were its first inhabitants? Who visited the missions in 1727-28, what did he find and recommend, and what ensued? What occurred in 1727? W1iat missions were transferred from Eastern Texas in that year, to what place, and what were their new names after the transfer? What troubles with Indians occurred during those years? What did the French do in 1735? What governors ruled in Texas from 1736 to 1760, and what was the condition of things among the missionaries? Who visited Texas in 1740, and what did he do? When, where, and for what purpose was the San Saba Mission established ? When and where was the San Ildefonso Mission founded, and what other missions were located near it ? What were the history and fate of those missions? What sort of trade was carried on between Texas and Louisiana, and what dispute then arose ? When and where was the mis- sion of Arcoquisac founded? What presidio was established near to it? What occurred in Europe in 1763, and with what results in America? Wlit^n and how was the San Saba Mission destroyed ? \\' hat expedition was undertaken to punish the Indians, with what experience and results? Describe what occurred in Texas in 1760 and the few following years. Who became governor in 1765? What celebrated man visited Texas in 1767, and what did he do and recommend to the government of New Spain ? Describe the character and administration of Governor O'Conor. Who succeeded him, and when? What was the conduct of the home government, and its effects in Texas? Who was De MezitJr^s, and what did he do ? What occurred to the missions in Eastern Texas between 1772 and 1778? Who visited Texas in 1778 and 1783? What did they do ? Who was Bonilla, and when and what did he write ? Who Spanish Domination TO 1821 SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 8 [ else wrote an account of those times in Texas ? At the close of the Period I. eighteenth century, what Spanish settlements were there at and near Bejar ? Give the names and locations of the other missions and presidios in Texas at that time. When and where was the last mission founded in 1528 Texas ? How many Indians were converted since the first mission was founded in 1690? How many reduced Indians were there in and around the missions at any one date during that period? In 1783, how many mission Indians were there in Texas, and how many Spaniards ? When and how did the Mission Period end ? What was meant by secularizi7ig the missions? What can j-ou say of the general results of the Mission Period? What mission is peculiarly dear to Texans? What was the Alamo originally, properly speaking? How, when, and by whom was it probably built? In connection with what missions was it at first used, and how? Describe its location at different times. When was it removed to its present location ? What, if anything, is there to indicate when the present chapel was built ? What does the word " Alamo" mean in English ? When did the Alamo cease to be used as a church ? When and how were the original mission buildings destroyed, and what is the building that still stands? What occurred in Texas during the last years of the eighteenth century ? What were the condition and prospects of Spain at that time ? What important events had occurred in other por- tions of North America, and what influence did they have on the future destiny of Texas ? Topical Analysis. 1. Extent of knowledge of Texas at the beginning of Spanish occu- pation in 1690 ; why it had not been more thoroughly explored and occu- pied ; causes of the effort by the Spaniards to occupy it in 1690. 2. The Mission Period, how inaugurated ; date and location of the first Te.vas mission ; subsequent missions and their difficulties ; early missions first established in Eastern Texas among the Tejas and allied tribes. 3. Beginning of Indian wars, troubles between priests and soldiers as to management of Indians. 4. Founding of the presidio and town of Bejar, and the subsequent establishment of the capital of Texas there ; removal of missions from Eastern Texas to that point. 5. Contraband trade with French in Louisiana and expedition of St. Denis to Texas ; beginning of the dispute between Spain and France as to the eastern boundary of Texas. 6. Territorial changes in North America caused by European and Indian wars ; Louisiana acquired by Spain in 1763, and gradual growth of trade across Texas to Mexico from New Orleans and Mobile. 7. Feeble and unsuccessful attempts to colonize and civilize Texas during eighteenth century ; gradual reduction of garrisons and concentra- tion of missions around Bejar and in Western Texas. 6 82 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Pkriod I. 8. The practical failure of the Mission Period as a means of convert- Spanish jpg ti,g natives, or of setUing the country ; contrast the results of the oMi NATION 5pjjj-,j>^|i methods of colonization with those of the English, in North 1528 America. "•"^ 9. Influence of the American Revolution upon the future destiny of ib2i Mexico and Texas, beginning to show itself at the end of the eighteenth century. Geography. The map of Texas during the eighteenth century should be tlioroughly studied, and all missions, presidios, and towns founded during that period should be located on that map and compared with the map of Texas at the present time. The student should be required to make an outline map of the province of Texas, and to locate thereon every Spanish settlement and missionary station mentioned in this chapter, showing its relative position in connection with the modern geography of the State. Parallel Readings. H. H. Bancroft's "North Mexican States and Texas;" Winsor's " Narrative and Critical History," Vol. VIII., Chap. IV., "Spanish North America;" ScarfT's "Comprehensive History of Texas" (1897) ; Park- man's "Jesuits in America." Aqukduci at Mission San J;:an. CHAPTER V. The Indian Tribes of Spanish Texas. CERTAIN errors that have obtained in regard to the American Indians should be corrected. It has been customary to write and think of them as nomadic, — without fixed homes and wandering at will over the face of the country. This is a mistake. There may have been a timevvhen such a condition existed as to the whole Indian race in North America ; but it was before the white man discovered this continent. There have been times in the history of single tribes, and of groups of tribes, when such a condition existed, since the Ej^u'opeans came ; but it was always temporary and un- usual, — produced by tribal wars and revolutions, or by the con- tact and conquest of the white man. The Indians, as a rule, had fixed homes and a permanent territory within which each tribe, family of tribes, or portions of a tribal family customarily dwelt. This district was often extensive and indefinite in its boundaries, and within its limits the natives were accustomed to wander widely and frequently. Sometimes it was necessary to change the residence of the tribe at different seasons of the year in order to find water and game, and for other necessary reasons ; and there was an annual or semi-annual migration for that purpose. With the introduction of horses by the Europeans, the means and the inducements for travelling great distances were multiplied, and the tribal movements became correspondingly more frequent and extensive. The knowledge and use of fire-arms, likewise, ren- dered the Indians more restless and movable, by offering temp- tations to war and the chase. These two influences — the horse and the gun — were very powerful among the tribes of the west and southwest, w^here contact with the Spaniards brought them into use among the Indians very soon after the conquest of Mexico. But these facts were exceptional. The Indian tribes a3 Period I. Spanish Domination 1528 TO IS2I Popular errors about Indians Sedentary, not nomadic g^ A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period I. were generally sedentary, and not nomadic ; or, rather, most Spanish Domination 1528 TO of them were migrato?y, that is, nomadic within certain cus- tomary limits. Another error is, that the Indians were very numerous. In 1 82 1 proportion to the territory occupied, this was not true. Their permanent homes, were usually in desirable spots, along the Not numerous streams, in fertile valleys, where fishing and hunting were good, and when all were gathered there in their villages, the numbers seemed large. The white settlers generally sought the same localities for the same reasons, and, seeing many Indians there, they assumed that the whole country was populated to the same extent. Again, the colonists would frequently meet mem- bers of the same tribe in different parts of the country at different times, and, not distinguishing them, the same Indians were counted two or three times. Other traits Other important facts to be observed are, that the several American tribes, instead of speaking kindred dialects of one common language, really spoke entirely distinct tongues, which are evidences of their distinct family origin ; that among all these tribes, property, including land, was owned and held in common for the whole tribe, and not in severalty among the individuals composing it ; and that, when first discovered by the white men, none of the tribes had pro- gressed far enough in agriculture to have abandoned the hunter state. These general observations apply to the Indians of Texas, as well as to all others found on this continent. Classification Rcccnt rcscarch into the history and traits of the American Indians has led to many modifications in their naming and classification. Language has come to be recognized as the only sure basis for a correct scientific test of race kinship, and upon real identities of speech the arrangement into tribes, groups, and families is founded. Tried by this standard, the present state of knowledge divides the tribes of North America, north Linguistic of Mexico, '\Vl\.o fifty -cig Jit distinct lingnistic families. Of these, American ^^^ following/^?/r/r I. Spanish Domination 1528 TO I82I Karankawan family Karanka%vas KidWA ("mil Muskhogcan family Alibamus and Cushattas — perhaps the most interesting- and civilized, as it has been the most important single tribe, in American history. When, in consequence of treaties and cessions between the United States and the Cherokee Nation, the latter was largely removed west of the Mississippi River, from 1818 to 1833, bands of Cherokees came into Texas, and the relations of the Republic and State of Texas with them constitute an important chapter in our sulwequent history. 8. The Karankawan Family. — This family was composed of the single tribe of the Karan'kawas in Texas, who dwelt on San Bernard or Matagorda Bay and the adjacent coast. They were a ferocious, brutal, and degraded tribe, said to be cannibals, and it was with them La Salle first came in contact when he landed at the mouth of the Guadalupe River. They were physically very large, armed with long bows, and hideously dec- orated with painting and tattooing. There were but a few hun- dred of them, but they were a terror to the early settlers, and committed many murders among the colonists. By reason of their ferocity and isolated position on the coast, they remained in existence until 1847, when the remnant of the tribe crossed the Rio Grande and disappeared into Mexico. The missions of Espiritu Santo, Refugio, and Rosario labored in vain to convert the Karan'kawas, but they remained to the end savages and brutes. g. TJw /\i'o7('a7i Faini/y. — The Kiowas (ki-5- was') really had no fixed abode in Texas, their home being on the Platte and Arkansas Rivers. They were the common allies of the Comanches, and were always found associated with the latter in Texas and elsewhere ; so that the history of the one tribe is practically the history of the other. 10. The Mnskhoi^can Family, which takes its name from its principal tribe, the Muskhogee or Creek, was represented in Texas by the Alibii'mu and the Cushiit'ta or Koasati tribes, with perhaps a few Seminoles. The Alibii'mu were in Eastern Texas, on the Neches and extend- ing to the Trinity, and but litde is known of them in history, as they bore no conspicuous part. There is a remnant of the tribe SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 91 Period I. Spanish Domination 1528 TO I82I living^ in Polk County. The Cushiit'tas lived on the lower Trinity, and the mission and presidio of Arcoqui'sac were built among them. They laid out the old " Cushat' ta Trace," or road, from East Texas to La Bahia, which was a great highway for trade between Louisiana and Mexico in the earlier years of this cen- tury and the close of the last. The Cushiit'tas were brave allies of the Americans and Mexicans in the revolutionary expedi- tions which occurred in Texas from 18 11 to 1820, and they were always a friendly race. A remnant of them still survives in San [acinto County. 1 1 . The Shoshon' ean Family. — To this linguistic group belong shoshonean the Bannocks, L^tes, and Shoshon'ees proper, from New Mexico *^^™''>' to Oregon, and in Texas they were represented by that most warlike and indomitable of all our Lidian foes, — the Comanches. The Comanches extended from the head waters of the Arkansas Comanches and Red Rivers east and south into Texas. The tribe was a confederacy of hostile bands, ha\ing separate chiefs and called by differ- ent names. They had no general name for the whole tribe, but preferred to be called Naiini — "live people," — and their depre- dations for a hundred years certainly entitle them to that description. The Comanches had lived in the location where they were first discovered for many years, perhaps centuries. When they became possessed of horses and fire-arms, their roving and v. warlike disposition made them dangerous to the whole frontier, and, perhaps, for rapid marauding, skilful manoeuvring on the plains, and expert horseback fighting, tliey have had no equals in the annals of sa\age warfare. We shall meet with them often in the subsequent history of Texas. 12. The Siou' an Faiiii/v, which includes the Sioux (so) siouan family proper, Dakotahs, Winnebagoes, Osages, and other great tribes of the east and north, had in Texas a small representative in the Biloxis, who were located on the Louisiana line, reaching over Biioxis into Eastern Texas. They were unimportant, their influence A Co.MANCHE Indian. 92 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period I. Spanish Domination 1528 TO 182 1 Tanoan family Teguas Tonkawan family ri.ACIIX), CllIKK Ol' TONKAWAS. Fate of Texas Indians being blended with that of th(i other small tribes in that locality. Their powerful kindred, the Osages, in the north towards Mis- souri, had considerable influence on the conduct and disposition of the Indians in Louisiana ^nd Texas. 13. The Tanoan Family were what are known as pueblo Indians, — that is, they dwelt in permanent villages {pueblos) built of stone and adobe, and pursued agriculture and other peaceful occupations. These tribes were originally located in New Mexico and Arizona, but in the great Indian revolt of 1680 -82 some of them were driven south into Texas and remained here. Among these were the Teguas (ta'-waz) or Tiguex (te'- gwaz), who founded the old village of Isleta, near El Paso, and the Carizos (ka-re'-soz) or Keri'sas, who located on the lower Rio Grande in what are now Zapata and adjoining counties. These tribes were peaceable and industrious, and a few of them are still left along the Rio Grande, retaining the traits of their Zufii and Moqui brethren in the north. 14. The Ton' kazvaji' Family. — This family in Texas was con- spicuous in the single interesting tribe of the Ton'kawas', a name signifying, in the Caddo language, "they all stay together." They are first mentioned in 17 19, as roaming over Western and Southern Texas, and the white people found them camped on the old road from Bejar to Nacogdoches. There were about five hundred of them, and they were always friendly and serviceable to the white settlers, although they would steal horses and commit small offences. Their great chief, Placido (pla-se'-do) was a noble specimen of Indian manhood, — brave, wise, and faithful, — and liis many services and heroic death deserve to be remembered by all Texans, as a redeeming figure in the long and bloody array of Indian celebrities of our early history. The foregoing outline sufficiently exhibits the names, localities, and traits of the principal Indian tribes whose history is blended with the settlement and devel- opment of Texas. Most of them passed away with the advent of the American colonists, and their "short and simple annals" Spanish Domination 1528 TO SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. g^ faded into the momentous chronicle of the white man's conquest Period i. and supremacy over the land of their fathers. Those who re- mained to contest the victory and harass the victors, will further appear in the history of the frontier struggles and Indian hos- tilities of later Texas. 182 1 QUESTIONS. What error generally prevails as to the American Indians being noma- dic in their habits ? What were the real facts in this regard ? What is the distinction between nomadic, migratory, and sedentary ? Under which head did the Indians come, and explain why? How did the use of horses and fire-arms affect the habits of the Indians in this respect? What, if any, difference was there between the Indians of the west and southwest and those of the eastern part of the continent in this regard? What error has existed, and how did it arise, as to the numbers of the original In- dians of the country ? What were the true facts ? What important facts are to be noted in regard to all the Indians in the matters of language, rights of property, and pursuits of the various tribes ? What is the true test of kinship among the Indian tribes ? Tried by this test, how many groups or families of American Indians north of Mexico have been classi- fied? Give their names. How many of these are represented in the history of Texas, and which were they ? How many tribes does it take to constitute a linguistic family ? What can you say of certain early tribes in Texas that did not belong to any of the families named ? Who were the Cenis or Asinais, where did they live, and what was their character? By what early explorers and at what dates were they met with ? What became of them ? Name the other independent tribes of Texas, where did they live, and what became of them ? By what tribe was the Adaizan family of Indian tribes represented in Texas? What did the name signify, and where did they live, and what became of them ? At what early date and by what explorer were they seen, and what did he call them ? What mission was founded among this tribe, and when ? What can you say of the Algonquian family? What tribes of that family once lived in Texas, and when did they come here ? Where did they originally settle in Texas, and what were their habits ? What relations did the Kickapoos bear to the white men in the subsequent history of the tribe ? Where did the Delawares live, and what were their character and relations to the white men ? What can you say of the Athapascan family and its separation ? What principal tribe of this family roamed in Texas ? How were the Apaches divided? Where did the Lipans and Apaches originally live in Texas? What two noted Lipan chiefs figured in Texas history? What event made the Lipans hostile to whites in Texas? Where was the real 94 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period I. home of the Apaches, and what has been their character since known to Spanish the white race ? With what tribe were they always at war ? What tragic to.M^TioN ^^^^^ resulted from this ? What has been the record of the Apaches in 1528 Texas history ? What is the origin of the name of the Attakapan family ? '^° Where did the principal tribes of this group live ? What powerful tribes ^_^ are embraced in the Caddoan family of Indians? What does the word "Caddo" mean? What tribes of that linguistic group lived in Texas? What localities still preserve the names of tribes of the Caddoans in Texas? In what parts of the State did these tribes live? With what other tribes were they always closely associated ? What caused them to become enemies of the white men ? What is the origin of the name of the Coahuiltecan family ? Where did they live and what tribes did they include ? Of what linguistic family were the Cherokees the only repre- sentative in Texas? When and under what circumstances did they first come to Texas? What importance have they had in our history? Who composed the Karankawan family and where did they live? What were their habits and character ? What relations existed between them and the whites, and when did they begin ? What became of the Karankawas? To what family did the Kiowas belong? What can you say of them? What tribe gives its name to the Muskhogean family of tribes ? What two tribes of that family lived in Texas, and in what part of the State ? W^hat mission and presidio were built among the Cushattas by the Span- iards ? What famous road did they lay out ? What valuable aid did they render theTexans? What has become of them and the Alibamus? What famous tribe represented the Shoshonean family in Texas ? Where did they live? What can you say of their character and history? What tribes are included in the Siouan family or group ? Hou- were they represented in Texas ? Who constituted the Taiioan family, and to what class of In- dians do they belong ? Where did they live and what was their character ? What historic town did they found ? Who were the Tonkawas ? What does the name mean ? What were their relations to the whites in Texas ? What noted chief belonged to this tribe, and what can you say of him? Wiiat has become of most of the Indians of Texas ? Topical Analysis. 1. The general character, habits, and mode of living of the North American Indians ; effect produced upon them by the advent of the white man, as mixlifying their pursuits and traits of character. 2. Language as the basis for classifying them into families or groups of kindred tribes, although often widely .separated ; the error of supposing that tribes speaking different dialects and living widely apart belong to different nations or races of Indians. 3. The Indians of the plains as horsemen and warriors, and their great dissimilarity to the tribes of the Atlantic coast ; the western Indian was and is very unlike his brethren of the east. Causes of this. SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 95 4. The original independent tribes of Texas, now extinct, but vvlio constituted the first inhabitants of the country ; their peaceful and hos- pitable disposition, and comparative advancement in settled life. 5. The various tribes and bands of Indians who once roamed over Texas, their wars and gradual extinction. Consider their relations to their kindred tribes in other parts of the continent, and discuss the causes of the extinction of the American Indian, even under favorable surround- ings. Geography, Study closely the Indian map of Texas, and compare it with the mod- ern maps of the State, so as to locate the original homes of the Indians. An interesting study can be made of the various rivers, creeks, moun- tains, lakes, cities, and towns in Texas whose names preserve the mem- ories of the early Indian inhabitants. Also, study on the map of North America the distribution of the several linguistic families or groups of tribes, so as to observe their wide separation in many cases. Parallel Readings. Annual Report of Bureau of Ethnology, 1885-6, Paper by Director of the Bureau on "Indian Linguistic Families of America north of Mex- ico;" ScarfT's "Comprehensive History of Texas" (1897), Vol. 1., Chap. X\'I1I., " Indian Tribes of Texas," by M. M. Kenney. F^ERIOD I. Spanish Domination 152S TO I82I Indian Wkapons. CHAPTER VI. Pkriod I. Spanish Domination 152S TO 1821 Napoleonic wars France regains Louisiana United States buys the terri- tory Texas in- cluded Events in Texas and Mexico resulting in the Revolution of 1821. THE opening of the new century witnessed rapid and radical changes in the map of Europe, extending in their results to the possessions of the European powers in the New World. Napoleon was in the first stage of his magnificent career. During the year 1800, the lightning- like successes of the French armies, signalized by the crossing of the Alps, the recovery of Italy, the victory of Marengo, and the final triumph of Hohenlinden, humbled the Bourbons at the feet of the First Consul. In 1763 the weak and wretched Louis XV. had surrendered to Spain the last foot of French territory in North America. On October i, 1800, by the treaty of San Ildefonso, the prowess of Napoleon regained from Charles IV. the splendid domain of Louisiana, " with the same limits it originally had in the hands of France or might have acquired in the hands of Spain." But it was not for long that this extensive territory was to be owned by the ambitious Corsican. Pressed by the combined powers of Europe, and plunged into deadly conflict with Great Britain, he must have money, and on April 30, 1803, he sold it to the United States for fifteen millions of dollars. It was a bold and patriotic act of Mr. Jefferson to acquire this valuable property for the then young and struggling republic, for it gave to the United States the control of the Mississippi River, and by subsequent construction it included the vast extent f)f country lying to the north and northwest, now forming ten States in the Union. In fact, it was considered bv Mr. Jefferson and many eminent statesmen that the Louisiana purchase included Texas, by virtue of France's original claim resulting from the discovery of La Salle and the explorations of La Harpe and St. Denis. The boundaries of the territory had not been defined, 96 SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 97 and ihcir uncertainty has returned to plague succeeding govern- ments, even to very recent times. The acquisition of Louisiana brought the government and people of the United States face to face with the Spaniards in that district and on the border of Texas. Having owned the Period I. Spanish Domination 1528 TO I82I -J? 2' -J^ I Map showing Changes in Territory of North America caused by Treaty of San Ii.defonso and Purchase of Louisiana. country for nearly forty years, and not having been entirely Boundary dispossessed during the three years France had regained it, the Spanish officials were reluctant to surrender their power east of the Sabine. Some trouble arose, requiring United States troops to be posted along the Texas boundary, under the command of Generals Wilkinson and Gaines. As always happens where 7 og A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. pkriou I. new territory is added and forbidden regions are opened up, SPAxNISH Domination 1528 TO there was a great movement of all sorts of desperate, ambitious, and often lawless characters from every part of the United States to the Sabine frontier. The presence of this element, confronted 1^21 as it was by the haughty and domineering spirit of the Span- ish soldiery across the line, rendered the Texas border a very troublesome locality to both countries for several years. Early expedi- Jn t^e meanwhile some adventurous Americans crossed into tions to Texas . . . , ^ 11111 Texas on various expeditions, and a few no doubt settled at the Philip Nolan tradiiig-posts and among the Indians. In 1797, Philip Nolan, an intelligent and daring pioneer from the United States, came to the country in search of cavalry horses ; and he made a second trip in 1800, exploring much of Eastern and Central Texas, ostensibly on the same errand, but really, it was said, at the instigation of Mr. Jefferson, who was anxious to ascertain the character and resources of the country. " Nolan's Expedi- tion" was terminated by his treacherous murder by the Spaniards, at a point near Tehuacana Hills in what is now Limestone Ellis p. Bean Couiity. The Celebrated Ellis P. Bean, whose romantic adven- tures and varied history read like the tale of Monte Crista, was one of Nolan's men, and was captured and carried to Mexico, whence, after many years, he returned to the United States. '^^"*''^' During the years 1804 and 1805, negotiations were conducted between the United States and Spain, looking to the establish- ment of a neutral ground, until such time as the definite boundary could be decided, but nothing satisfactory was accom- plished. While Louisiana had belonged to France, certain settlements had ]:)een made by the French in Texas, — along lied River in the county of that name, and at other points west of the Sabine. When the United States acquired the territory, it was desired that those settlements should not l)e disturbed by the Spaniards until the question of boundary was determined ; but Spain persisted in disregarding all rights but her own west Spain's of the Sabine River. Troops were sent forward from San attitude A • 1 »» • Antonio and Mexico to support the Spanish claim, and it was even threatened to cross the Sabine and invade the territory of the United States. The old road from San Antonio was put in order, the various jjosts were fortified, renewed effort at the SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 99 settlement of Texas was made, and Spain clearly evinced her Period I. purpose to hold the province as her own. These preparations domination were conducted by Antonio Cordero, the new governor of Texas, ' and General Simon D. Herrera was in command of the military. to Corresponding- preparations to repel hostilities and to maintain 1821 Map showing the " Neutral Ground" as agreed upon in 1806. the boundary at the Sabine were made by the United States authorities. Finally, Generals Wilkinson and Herrera, repre- senting their respective governments, agreed that, until the real boundary was fixed, the strip of territory between the Sabine and the Arroyo Hondo should be neutral ground, not to be LofC. lOO A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period 1. Spanish IJOMINA rioN 1528 TO I82I American Pioneer Type. occupied by either party. Tliis was in August, 1806. In the fall of the same year, the mad plan of Aaron Burr for the in- vasion of Texas and other Spanish provinces of Mexico was exposed, and produced great excitement throughout the West, drawing fresh attention to the Louisiana frontier, and bringing thither new recruits of adventurous and enterprising men. All these things had combined to produce a feel- ing of hostility between Spain and the United States, which was not lessened by the depredations com- mitted upon American commerce by Spanish ships. The Spanish government was practically ruled by Manuel Godoy, the "prince of peace," as he was called, and he, in turn, was controlled by Napoleon, who encouraged Spain's unfriendly attitude towards the United States in the hope of eventually securing all the Spanish possessions in America for France. Of course, whatever of irritation and hostility existed was greater along the Texas border, and the swarm of adventurers, filibusters, and determined pioneers who were gathering along the neutral ground, only wanted an opportunity to pour into Texas. The opportunity was offered by the progress of events in Mexico, hastened by influences from Europe and America. At the close of 1806, Texas was in a fairly prosperous condition, brought about by the activity of the times ; but the seeds of approaching revolution had been planted in Mexico. Since 1535, when the first viceroy of Mexico, Antonio de Mendoza, assumed control of that country, until 1808, fifty- seven viceroys ruled over its government. The land had prospered and developed to some extent, but the curse of the Spanish colonial system, rendered ever heavier by the declining fortunes and accumulating distresses of the mother country, had rested ujK)n and blighted its happiness, its lil)- erties, and its progress. When Spain was involved in the Napoleonic wars, the burdens of taxation w^ere laid wilh in- creasing severity upon her possessions in the New World, Mi-xicAN PioNi;iK- '''"^' ^^'^ tyranny of the viceroyalty was redoubled to sustain Tvi-K. the failing strength of the royalty beyond the Adantic. SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. IQI Charles IV., his corrupt queen, and more corrupt minister, Godoy, laid the foundations of Mexican independence by their excesses, cruelties, exactions, and petty despotism. Yet for a long time the distant colonists were loyal and patriotic, and plundered themselves to protect and uphokl their unfortunate sovereigns. Even when Charles abdicated in 1808 in favor of his son, Ferdinand VII., who, in turn, was deposed by Napoleon in favor of his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, the loyalists of Mexico were firm in their allegiance to their fallen monarch and re- fused to recognize the French usurper. But the revolutionary spirit had reached the great body of the natives. The example of the North American colonies in asserting their liberties and forming a great and free republic, the downfall of European tlynasties and systems of kingly tyranny, and the hnal spirit of revolt against the oppression of more than two centuries of misrule and suffering, all con- tributed to arouse the inhabitants of Mexico to the \'indication of their rights and freedom. Like the great Reformation in Europe in the sixteenth cen- tury, this movement began with an humble priest. In the little Indian village of Dolores, in the State of Guanajuato, there dwelt a country curate named Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (me-gel' e-dal'-go e kos-til'-yii), whose heart was quickened by the suf- fering and slavery of his people. On September 16, 1810, he proclaimed a revolt against Spanish tyranny. Rapidly the natives gathered to his stand- ard, and his army marched on the capital, under a banner whose motto was ' ' Death to the Gachupins. " The sword and the cross were once more united, and the rebel priest swept all before him. Capturing Guanajuato, he defeated the viceroy's army at Las Cruces, and advanced to within fifteen miles of the City of Mexico. Here he was seized with a panic, retreated, was followed by the regular troops under Calleja (kal-a'-yii), lost all he had gained, and was fmally defeated in Period I. Spanish Domination 1528 i o J 82 1 Frknch Pioneer Type. Miguel Hidalgo Miguel Hidalgo. 102 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Pkriod I. Spanish Domination 152S TO 1 82 I JosK Maria Moriilos. Xavier Mina Agustin de Iturbidc a pitched battle at the Bridge of Calderon', January 11, 181 r. Hidalgo resigned and fled, but was captured and shot at Chi- huahua in July, and a war of extermination was waged against the rebellious natives. But once begun, the revolutionary move- ment could nt)t be subdued. Another patriotic priest in the person of Jose Maria Morelos took up the cause of liberty, and the contest was renewed with varying success for the next two years. During this struggle, the distinguished leaders Bravo, Teran', Matamoros, Guerrero (gwa-ra'-ro), and Guadalupe Victoria first came to the front in the army of the patriots. On November 13, 1813, the Co7igress of Chilpanzingo declared the ab- solute independence of Mexico from Spain. Morelos fought against fearful odds, and steadily lost ground ; was finally captured and shot in the City of Mexico, December 22, 18 15. For a time the revolution was stayed, but the republican feeling was still alive. Suddenly appeared Xavier Mina ( me-nii), an exile from Old Spain, who landed at Soto la Marina with a force of North Americans and began war against the govern- ment, in April, 1817. He advanced to the interior and prose- cuted a vigorous and daring warfare, but was defeated on all sides, and finally captured and shot in November, 181 7. The revoluti(jnary chiefs were scattered through- out the country, and the cause seemed hope- less ; but it was mainly for want of a com- petent leader to organize the insurrection. This leader appeared in the person of Agustin de Iturbide (e'-tbr-be'-da), a native Mexican and a former royalist, who rebelled against the viceroy Apodaca's attempt to restore the arbitrary authority of the king in Mexico, which had been limited by the Span- ish constitution of 181 2. Iturbide seems to have realized the deep-seated love of liberty and independence which had taken hold of his countrymen, and to have responded for a time t() the feeling himself. Xavikr Mina. SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 103 Period I. Spanish Domination 1528 TO IS2I Methods of Mexican revo- lution It should be explained that among the Spanish and Mexican republicans, when a movement towards insurrection or revolution was undertaken, it usually began with some great popular outcry or motto of rebellion, which was called the grito (gre-to), or clamor. When the leaders of the movement decided to raise the standard of open revolt, they issued ^ prominciamien' to, or proclamation of grievances and demand for redress ; and this was followed by an outline of the measures and laws by which it was proposed to reform abuses and reorganize the government, which was called the Plan, and usually took its name from the place from which it was issued. These were familiar terms in the histo'ry of Mexico for the next fifty years. On P'ebruary 14, 1821, Iturbide, being in com- mand of a considerable force at a little town called Iguala (e-gwii'-la), on the road to Acapulco, issued his proclamation of rebellion and the celebrated Plan of Iguala, under which he proposed to establish Mexi- can liberty. This plan contained the three general principles of "Independence, the maintenance of Ro- man Catholicity, and Union," whence it was called the |)lan of the ' ' Three Guaranties. ' ' Among other things, it provided for the independence of Mexico from Spain and every other nation ; the maintenance of the Catho- lic religion ; no distinction between Americans and Europeans ; a government by a constitutional monarchy; o. Junta (hun-tli), Plan of iguaia or assembly of leading men of all parties, which should call a congress to frame a constitution that should be the supreme law, and the emperor must swear to obey it ; the throne should be offered to Ferdinand VII., and, in case of his refusal, to his brothers in succession, and if they all refused, the nation might invite any prince of the reigning houses of Europe ; abolition of all castes and absolute equality before the law ; an army to enforce the "Three Guaranties ;" all ofificials loyal to the Plan to remain in ofhce ; and death by military trial or order of com- mandants was prohibited. The proclamation of the Pla)i of li^uala revived the revolu- tionary spirit everywhere, and the old chiefs, who had been in hiding, rallied to the new leader. The viceroy Apodaca \\ub Agustin UK Iturbide. Last viceroy of Mexico I04 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period I. Spanish Domination 1528 TO I82I Political par- ties Iturbide made emperor deposed by his own followers because of his weakness, and was succeeded by Don Juan O'Donoju (don'-6-hu), the last of the Mexican viceroys. Iturbide met O'Donoju at the coast, and by \h& treaty of Cordova, on September 27, 1821, the latter, in the name of Spain, recognized the independence of Mexico ; a regency, of which Iturbide was president, was formed, and the first Mexican Congress met on February 24, 1822. At once three parties were discovered in that body : the Boitrboiiists, who demanded the empire for Ferdinand or some European prince ; the Republicans, who favored a pure republic, without an em- peror ; and the friends of Iturbide, who desired to place him on the new throne. Spain refused to ratify the viceroy's recog- nition of Mexican independence, which destroyed the hopes of the Bourbonists and left the contest between the Republicans and Iturbidists. The latter prevailed, and on May 18, 1822, Iturbide was proclaimed emperor of Mexico, as Agustin I. But his reign was short and disastrous. He overrode all restraints, demanded arbitrary power, and violated every promise of his famous Plan. The Republicans rose in arms throughout the empire, the old leaders were furious at the failure of the fruits of independence, and a new leader suddenly assumed the cham- pionship of the popular cause, destined himself erelong to repeat the weak- ness and perfidy of Iturbide. General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna put himself at the head of the republican armies, and, supported by Guerrero, Bravo, and Negrete (na-gra'-ta), he entered the capital in triumph. On March 8, 1823, Iturbide abdicated the throne, and the era of federal repub- lican government was inaugurated in Mexico. While these exciting events were occurring beyond the Rio firandc, Texas was not quiet. In 181 1, Colonel Bernardo Gutierrez, who was one of Hidalgo's followers, escaped from the slaughter of the patriots in Mexico and arrived at Natchitoches on the Louisiana frontier. Here he formed an intimacy with Ml-;xh,an Tk'adkk. SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 105 Augustus W. Mag-ee, a lieutenant in the United States army, Period i. who was already considering plans for the invasion of Texas, dom^nat'ion The two men organized what was called the " Republican Army ~ of the North, ' ' composed of freebooters from the neutral ground, to allies from among the Cushatta and other Indian tribes, some 1821 native Mexicans, and a number of volunteers from the United States. This mixed and desperate force, numbering about one Magee's" Re- hundred and sixty white men, set out from the Sabine under of the^North^-' Gutierrez, in June, 181 2, and marched into Texas. They drove invades Texas the Spaniards from their outposts, captured Nacogdoches, and finally occupied Spanish Bluff on the Trinity. Magee had re- mained behind to forward supplies and recruits, but, having resigned his position in the army, he joined the expedition at Spanish Bluff during the summer. The Spaniards, meanwhile, under the command of Manuel de Salcedo (sal-sa'-tho), governor of Texas, and Generals Herrera and Arredondo, collected troops from Mexico and fortified La Bahia and Bejar, or San Antonio as the latter place was now beginning to be known. The ' ' Republican Army of the North' ' was organized by electing Magee colonel and real commander-in-chief, although Gutierrez, with the title of general, still nominally held command ; Kemper was made major, and other officers were chosen. Cap- tain James Gaines came on with reinforcements, and the force was increased to between four and five hundred men, exclusive of Indians. In October they left Spanish Bluff, travelling the Captures La road to La Bahia, which they reached on November 14, and captured the fort, the garrison under Salcedo having gone out to meet the Americans by another route. Salcedo returned with his force, fourteen hundred strong, and laid siege to the fort. During a two weeks' siege the Spaniards were reinforced, and finally they made a desperate assault, but were driven off. I)ur- Magee's death ing this time Magee died under peculiar and mysterious circum- stances. After another prolonged delay, in March, 18 13, the Spanish troops abandoned the siege and retreated to San Antonio. At Magee's death, Kemper succeeded to the com- mand, Ross was made major, and the expedition was increased by Mexican volunteers, and Lipan, Tawakana, and Cushatta allies, besides some additional Americans. The whole force io6 A (OMPLETF. HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period 1. Spanish Domination 1528 TO I82I Army enters San Antonio Murder of Spanish officers Elisondo comes to dis- lodge them Battle of the Alazan General Toledo moved on San Antonio, and reached the Salado River the latter part of March. Here they were met by a large body of Spanish troops, and a desperate battle ensued, in which nearly a thousand of the Spaniards were killed and wounded, and the invading army was victorious. This was known as the battle of Rosillo (ro-sel'-yo). They marched next day to San Antonio, which place was surrendered to them by Governor Salcedo, with all its stores, troops, and military funds. After the capture of San Antonio, Governor Salcedo, General Herrera, Ex-Governor Cordero. and their staffs were paroled ; but Gutierrez, under pretence of sending them out of the country, put them in charge of one Captain Delgado, whose father (a follower of Hidalgo) had been executed at San Antonio by Salcedo and his head exhibited on a pole. Delgado took the fourteen prisoners out of town and cut their throats. This brutal and cowardly murder so disgusted the Americans that Colonel Kcmi:)er, Major Ross, and others resigned and left the army. The success of the expedition, however, rallied new recruits, and the American force was gradually increased. An army from Mexico, under command of General Elison'do, about three thousand strong, arrived near San Antonio about June I, 18 1 3, for the purpose of driving out the invaders. Captain Perry had succeeded to the command of the Republican army, and he was assisted by Gutierrez and Manchaca, a very capable and patriotic Mexican. Elisondo camped with his force at the A'lazan', a small ditch or creek emptying into the San Pedro, about half a mile from town. At daybreak, June 5, the Americans attacked the Spaniards, and, after several hours of bloody and determined fighting, Elisondo was routed, losing nearly a thpusand men in dead, wounded, and captured, and with the remihant of his army he fled to the Rio Grande. After this Bernard 1 Gutierrez was deposetl and dismissed from the American rjmmand. General Toledo, a distinguished Spanish republic;ui, came on from Louisiana in July, 1813, and took charge ,)f the army at San Antonio. He endeavored to restore order and to re-establish civil government in that place, and was for a f;vv days successful. But another army from Mexico, under ' icneral Arredondo, consisting of four thousand well- SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 107 Period I. Spanish Domination 1528 TO I82I ordered troops, arrived at the Medina (ma-de'-na) River, where they threw up breastworks and laid plans for a battle. General Toledo marched out his smaller force, the Americans under command of Captains Perry and Taylor, and the Mexicans under Manchaca. The battle of the Medina was fought on August 18, 1813, and the "Republican Army of the North" was almost destroyed. Elisondo, in memory of his former defeat, pursued Battle of the the fugitives to the Sabine, shooting all captives without mercy, ^ '"* and only ninety-three of them lived to reach Natchitoches, among whom were Captains Perry, Taylor, and Bullard. This ended the republican campaign of 18 12-13 in Texas. All republicans and foreigners, as far as the vigilance and vengeance of the Spanish could discover them, were killed or driven out of the country, and the neutral ground became once more the lurking- place for desperadoes, smugglers, and expectant revolutionists. Plans for a second invasion of Texas, however, were still Coionei Perry entertained by adventurous spirits in the United States. Chief among these was Colonel Henry Perry, who had escaped the Galveston battle of the Medina. His efforts were instrumental in the first '^'^"'^ permanent occupation of Galveston Island. Since that island was, perhaps, first occupied by Cabeza de Vaca and his shipwrecked companions, under the name of Malhado, in 1528, and afterwards noted by the followers of De Soto in their voyage to Panuco, under the name of San Luis, in 1543, it had not been visited except by Karan'kawa Indians and occasional piratical crews, by whom it was called Is' la de Cald- bras, or the island of snakes. It was named Galves- ton Island for Jose de Galvez, the Spanish governor of Louisiana in 1777. During the progress of the Mexican revolution, in 18 16, the island seemed a favorable point for the republicans to rally and conduct outside operations. So Herrera and Don Luis Aury, known as Commo- dore Aury, occupied it in September of that year. A civil government was organized, Aury assumed the title of ' ' Gov- ernor of Galveston and Texas," and privateering expeditions were sent out against Sp;.'iish xessels. Xavier Mina, in his revolutionary attacks upon i.^exico, also made Galveston one Don Jose Galvez. Commodore Aury I08 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. PERion I. of his points of supply. The privateers of Aury captured some Spanish Domination 1528 TO Spanish slave-ships, and thus a secret slave-trade was conducted between the island and Louisiana. Colonel Perry joined these republicans at Galveston, and took part in Mina's expedition 1821 to Soto la Marina'; but, becoming dissatisfied, he left the com- mand with fifty men and marched towards Texas. Reaching Perry La Bahia, he was surrounded by the pursuing Spaniards and others from the fort, and, when all his men were killed, he blew out his brains with his own hand. Lafitte Jean Lafitte (lii-fet'), a French adventurer and pirate, after operating in the West Indies and on the Louisiana coast for several years, finally made Galveston Island his headquarters, in April, 18 17, after Aury had left. Lafitte established a sort of primitive government and code of laws suited to his piratical band, and he l)rofessed fidelity to the republican cause in Mexico, by whose authority he claimed ^'"*"^^' ^SJ^SuKf t^^ he a privateer. He called his colony exploits . . ^H^HBIgr^. ^ Campcachy. and by the close of the year 18 17 the island had become the resort and i.AFiTTE asylum of nearly a thousand desperate characters of every grade and nationality, and their dei)rcdations on Spanish commerce were extensive and ruinous. Champs de It was about this time that Generals Lallemand and Rigaud, exiled officers of the fallen Napoleon, came to Texas with a number of French, and endeavored to found a colony at a point on the Trinity River not far from Galveston Bay, called Champs d' A'sile (a-sel'). They were not satisfied and returned to Galveston, where they were guests of Lafitte until the leaders left the country. Lafitte had some trouble with the Karan'kawa Indians, ending in a battle on the island, in which the latter were badly whipped. ty of 1819, In 1 8 19, the long troublesome question of boundary was Spanish ' *" setded by the treaty of February 22, between Spain and the boundary United Statcs, by the terms of whic h the boundary between the two countries was fixed as follow^ : Beginning at the mouth of Asile Tr SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. lOQ the Sabine, continuing- along its western bank to the thirty- period i. second degree of north latitude, thence by a line due north to dom^nat"on Red River, thence up the Red River to the one-hundredth nieri- ^ . . 1528 dian west from Greenwich, or thirty-second west from Wash- ,0 ington, thence due north to the Arkansas, thence following the 1821 Arkansas to its source in latitude forty-two deg;rees, and thence by that parallel to the Pacific Ocean ; should the Arkansas fall short of the forty-second degree, a due north line was to be taken to that parallel. Thus the United States renounced all claim to Texas, in order to settle the grave troubles growing out of the Florida question and other boundary disputes. During the years since 1813, the interior of Texas had re- mained quiet and the province made no advance. But in spite of the treaty of 18 19, there were still ideas of invasion among many Americans in the West. These took shape at Natchez on the Mississippi, in a public meeting where was organized the expedition of Dr. James Long, which set out from that place in the spring of 18 19, with a force of seventy-five men. They Expedition of reached Nacogdoches, where they were joined by many Texan Texas refugees, including Bernardo Gutierrez and Samuel Davenport. A council was formed, a pro\'isional government organized, and Texas was declared to be a free and independent state, on June 23, 1819. Horatio Bigelow, one of the councilmen, at this time estab- First Texas lished a printing-office and newspaper of which he was editor, — newspaper the first in Texas. Trading-posts were established on the Trinity and the Brazos, and a fort was built near old Washington on the Brazos. Long then sought the aid of Lafitte, and for that purpose visited Galveston. He met with no success there, and, returning, found his newly established posts threatened by a royalist force from Mexico, under Colonel Perez. The trading- post and fort on the Brazos were captured, and the Spaniards advanced to the Trinity, where they drove out the settlers. A l)attle occurred near the Cushatta village, in which the republi- cans were defeated, and they fled to Bolivar Point, where they Boiivar Poim were joined by General Long, and a fort was built, aided by Colonel Trespalacios, a Spanish patriot. In the meanwhile, Lafitte had been appointed republican t 10 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period 1. Spanish Domination I52cS TO I 82 I Mks. Jank Long governor of Galveston by tliat party in Mexico, but his pirat- ical depredations continuing, the United States compelled him to break up his establishment at Galveston and leave the Texas coast, which he did early in 1821. Cxcneral Long went to Gal- veston a few days before Lafitte left, whence, in a short time, he marchetl on La Bahia and captured it, but he and his men were taken prisoners and sent to Mexico, where he was assassinated in 1822, while on parole in the capital. His heroic wife waited his return at Bolivar Point, enduring the lonely grief and despair, often threat- ened by the fierce and brutal Karan'kawas, and subjected to every privation and exposure. After many months the news of her husband's death came, and she returned to her friends in the United States, not, however, to abandon the attempt to discover and punish his murderers, which she prose- cuted for many years. The second hostile attempt to settle Texas by Americans had failed as signally as the first, and we shall next have to consider the successful results of peaceful and orderly colonization, conducted with prudence, wisdom, and patriotic zeal. QUESTIONS. What occurred in Europe in the openin.2^ of the nineteenth century? Who was then in tlie first stage of his brilliant career? What successes marked this peri(xl of his campaigns? When did France lose all hef American possessions, and to whom? When, by what treaty, and by whose efforts did she regain a part of them ? What part of them did she regain, and with what limits of territory? On what account, when, and to whom did she sell this newly regained territory? How much was the price paid ? What can you say of this purchase by the American govern- ment, what advantages did it bring with it, and what extent of country did it involve? What President made the purchase? What was thought to l)e included in the Louisiana purchase, by eminent statesmen of the United States, and why? What resulted from the acquisition of Louisiana by tlie United .States, as affecting the Texas l)()rder? What did the United States do in regard to troops tiiere, and under whose command Spanish Domination TO 1821 SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 1 I I were the troops placed ? What class of men soon collected along the Pkriod I border between Texas and Louisiana, and with what results ? Had any Americans previously come to Texas, and if so what became of them ? Who was Philip Nolan, how many trips did he make to Texas, when, for '52^ what purpose, and what became of him and his last expedition? What celebrated person was with him in the last expedition, and what can you say of him ? What was the twufral ground, when was it first sought to he established, and for what purpose ? What settlements had been made in Texas under French rule, and what was desired by the United States in regard to them? What was Spain's conduct in the matter? What efforts did Spain make towards occupying and holding Texas and disput- ing the boundary-line with the United States? Who conducted these movements on the part of Spain ? What did the United States do ? What agreement was finally made, and by whom ? When did that occur, and what event occurred in the fall of the same year, and with what result ? What state of feeling grew up between Spain and the United States on account of these things ? Who was then in control of the Spanish govern- ment, and under whose influence was he? Wliat was the condition of affairs along the neutral ground at that time ? What was the condition of Texas in 1806? What was approaching in Mexico, and from what causes ? W^hen was the first viceroy of Mexico appointed, and who was he? How many viceroys were there between that date and 1808? What had been the condition and progress of the country during that period, and explain the causes that produced this condition of affairs in New Spain ? In spite of these things, what was the feeling of the colonists in New Spain towards the mother country ? What revolution occurred in Spain in 1808, and what did the Mexicans do under the circumstances? What spirit had nevertheless gained power among the mass of the natives, and what had caused it ? Wlio was the leader of the first effort for Mexi- can freedom and independence, where did he live, what was his calling, and when did he proclaim the revolution? What occurred as the result of this proclamation, and under what banner did the army of Hidalgo march ? What was meant by the Gachupins ? Describe the career of Hidalgo, his successes, capture, and fate. Who succeeded him in the leadership of the revolution, and what were his career and fate ? When, by what body, and where was the first declaration of Mexican indepen- dence made public ? What occurred for a while in regard to the revolu- tion ? Who was Xavier Mina, when and where did he invade Mexico, and what became of his expedition? What did the revolutionists need? Who was Agustin Iturbide, what did he do, and why ? By what feelings was he for a time influenced ? What is meant by the grifo ? What is meant by ^ pronunciauiiento? What by a Plan? Explain the use of these terms in the history of Mexican revolutions. When and by whom was the Plan of Igiiala proclaimed ? W'hat three general principles did it contain, and what was it called in conse- quence of this? Explain the leading features of the Plati of Igitala as 112 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period I. affecting the new government which Iturbide proposed to establish. As Spanish g^^j^ .^^ jj^jg p/^^,^ ^^..j^ proposed, what occurred among the revolutionists? ).>M^TioN y^T^^ ^^.,jg ^j^^ |.^gj. viceroy of Mexico, whom did he succeed, and how long 1528 did he rule? What important treaty did he make with Iturbide ? When '"' did this occur? What kind of government was then established, and '^' vvho was at the head of it ? When did the first Mexican Congress meet ? What three parties appeared in it? What did Spain do with reference to the independence of Mexico, and what was the result? Wlien did Itur- bide become emperor of Mexico, and with what title? What was his conduct, and what ensued ? What new leader then arose, and who aided him ? What became of the emperor, and what kind of government was then instituted? When did this occur? While these things were happen- ing in Mexico, what happened in Texas ? Who was Bernardo Gutierrez, and who was Augustus W. Magee ? What did these two men do, and when? When did the " Republican Army of the North" invade Texas? Describe the movements of the army in its first organization. What did tlu' Spaniards do to meet this expedition ? Who were the officers of the "Republican Army of the North"? When did it march from Spanish Bluff to La Bahia? What occurred at the latter place? What became of Magee ? Who was the Spanish commander at this time in resisting the army of Gutierrez and Magee? When did the Spaniards abandon the siege of La Bahia, and what follow^ed ? Who then commanded the army of invasion? What desperate battle was fought between the invading army and the Spaniards, and with what results ? When was this ? What terrible butchery occurred after the capture of San Antonio by the army of Guti^-rrez ? What did the American ofificers do in consequence of this ? What Spanish army marched to Texas from Mexico to drive out the invaders ? When was this, and describe the movements of the two sides until the armies met? Where did the battle occur, and when, and with what results ? What general assumed command of the Republican army after this, and what became of Gutierrez? Describe the second effort made from Mexico to drive out the Republican army. What bloody battle ensued, when, and with what results? Describe the conduct of the Spanish-Mexican army after their victritain at the height of her colonial power, 1765- — Passage of the Stamp Act, whicli produced the first trouble with American colonies. Letters of Junius (1767-1772), 122 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 1776-1783.— War u itli American colonies, resulting in the independence of the latter. Ended in 1783 by treaty of Paris. 1780. — War with France, Spain, and Holland. *^^ 1788.— Trial of Warren Hastings. Final establishment of English power jg2i in India. Age of Pitt, Fox, Sheridan, and Burke. 1793. — War with France, growing out of the French Revolution. At this time the younger Pitt was at the head of affairs. i7g8._The Battle of the Nile won by Lord Nelson, August i. England entered into a European coalition against France, which was continued at intervals until the final overthrow of Napoleon in 1815. 1800. — The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland formed, to take effect January i, 1801. 1805. — Battle of Trafalgar, October 21, where Nelson defeated the French fleet. \Zv\-\^2o.— Regency under the Prince of Wales, George III. being men- tally unfit to reign. 1812-1814. — Wellington's victories in the Peninsular War, in Portugal and Spain. War with the United States, ended by Peace of Ghent. 1815. — Battle of Waterloo, won by English, Prussians, and other allies, June 18. 1820. — Death of George III., and his son, the Prince Regent, ascends the throne as George IV. FRANCE. 1547-1574- — Reigns of Henry II., Francis II., and Charles IX. The Age of Catherine de M^dicis and the Guises. French Protestants were followers of Calvin rather than Luther, and called Huguenots. Per- secuted by the Catholics. Mary, Queen of Scots, was the wife of F"rancis II. 1562-1570. — Religious wars between Protestants and Catholics. 1572. — Ma.ssacre of St. Bartholomew's day, August 24, in which sixty thousand Huguenots were slaughtered. It was ordered by Charles IX. at the instigation of Catherine de Medicis. 1574-1589- — Henry III. on the throne. Continued religious wars. 1590. — Henry Bourbon, of Navarre, comes to the throne as Henry IV. {Henri Quatre), after winning the battle of Ivry. He was the first of the Bourl)ons. 1598. — Edict of A'antes, proclaiming toleration and protection of Protes- tants. Sully is Prime Minister, and France prosperous. 1610. — Henry IV. assassinated. Marie de Medicis appointed regent, her son, Louis XIII., being under age. SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. I 2 T, 1614. — Louis XIII. assumes the throne, banishes his mother, and is Period I. involved in civil war with her. At this time Richelieu appears on the Spanish Domination scene. — 1624. — Cardinal Richelieu in power, and building up the power of France. ^^^ The Huguenots resist his power and 'establish their capital at La o Rochelle. Civil war ensues. 16^6. — Richelieu captures La Rochelle, crushes the Huguenots, and ends the civil war. He then aids Gustavus Adolphus in the Thirty Years' War against Austria. 1642. — Death of Richelieu. He had founded the French Academy, and greatly glorified France. Louis XIII. died a few months later. 1643-1715.— Reign of Louis XIV., known as The Age of Louis XIV. During his minority, until 1652, his mother, Anne of Austria, was regent. Cardinal Mazarin was his great minister, and his reign is the most illustrious in French history. 1648. — Treaty of Westphalia, closing the Thirty Years' War. 1685. — Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. 1698. — French colonization in Louisiana. 1715-1774.— Reign of Louis XV. 1769. — Birth of Napoleon Bonaparte, Atigust 15. 1774-1793. — Reign of Louis XVI. 1780. — France aids the American Revolution, and becomes involved in war with p]ngland. 1789 —Meeting of States-General and National Assembly. Beginning of French Revolution. Age of Mirabeau, Robespierre, Danton, and Marat. 179 2- 1 794. — The Reign of Terror. 1794. — Napoleon's first campaign in Italy. 1796. — Marriage of Napoleon and Josephine. 1798. — Napoleon in Egypt. 1 799- — Napoleon First Consul. 1801. — Peace of Luneville, February 9. 1802. — Peace of Amiens, March 27. 1803.— Napoleon sells Louisiana to the United States, April 30. 1804— Napoleon crowned Emperor, May 18. 1805. — Battle of Austerlitz, December 2. 1806. — Battles of Jena and Friedland. 1807. — Talleyrand turns against Napoleon. 18 10.— Marriage of Napoleon and Maria Louisa, 1812. — Retreat from Moscow, 124 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period I. 1814. — The Allies invade France. Abdication of Napoleon, his banish- Spanish j^-,^,^^ jq gH^jj jj„(j Louis XVIII. placed on the throne. Domination , tt , , t^ 1815.— Napoleon returns from Elba, and, after the Hundred Days, is '528 defeated at Waterloo, June 18, and finally banished to St. Helena. TO j82i 1821.— Death of Napoleon, at St. Helena, May 5. GERMANY AND THE NETHERLANDS. 1534.— Luther publishes his translation of the Bible. 1546.— Death of Martin Luther. 1556.— Charles V. abdicates as Emperor of Germany. Succeeded by Philip II. in Spain, and Ferdinand in Germany. 1556-1566. — Growth of the Nether/atids. Become great navigators and manufacturers. Protestants in religion. 1566.— Philip II., of Spain, attempts to subject the Netherlands to the Inquisition, and they rebel. 1567-1574.— The Dutch, under William of Orange, called William the Silent, defend themselves against the Spanish under tlie Duke of Alva. 1579. — The Dutch Republic formed by the union of seven of the Nether- land provinces, with William of Orange as president. War with Spain until 1609. 1586. — Oueen Elizabeth aids the Dutch. Battle of Zutphen, in which Sir Philip .Sidney is killed. 1618. — P)eginning of the Thirty Years' War. 1620.— Battle of Prague, in which the Protestants were defeated and driven out of Bohemia and Southern Germany by the Spaniards and Austrians. 1625. — Wallenstt'in creates an army. 1632. — Gustavus Adolphus killed at the battle of Liitzen. 1643. - Conde at the battle of Rocroi. 1648. — Treaty of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War. 1654.— Abdication of Queen Christina, of Sweden. 1686. — League of Augsburg again.st Louis XIV. 1702. — War of the Spanish Succession begins. 1704.— Battle of Blenheim, August 13. 1713-— Peace of Utrecht concluded. 1718.— Death of Charles XII. of Sweden. 1740.— Frederick the Great ascends tiie throne of Germany. Maria Theresa becomes Queen of Hungary. 1756. — 'The Seven Years' War begins. SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 125 1763. — Peace of Hubertsberg, February 15, ends the war. Period I. 1765-— Joseph II. becomes Emperor of Germany. DoMmlxmN 1792. — War with revolutionary France. ~~q 1794. — Kosciusko and the fall of Poland. French victories on the Rhine. to Napoleon in Italy. 1821 1800. — French victories at Marengo and Hohenlinden. 1805. — Battle of Austerlitz. Peace of Pressburg. 1806. — " Confederation of the Rhine," formed by Napoleon. End of the " Holy Roman Empire." Napoleon invades Prussia. 1807. — Napoleon invades Russia, victorious at Friedland, and dictates the treaty of Tilsit. 1808.— Rapid decline of Prussia. 1809-1810. — Napoleon's campaign against Austria, ending in victory of Wagram. Hanse towns attached to France. 1 81 2. — Teutonic Union against Napoleon. 18 13. — Prussia joins Russia in the war to liberate Europe from Napoleon. 1814. — The Allies in Paris. Congress of Vienna. Napoleon banished to Elba. Germanic Confederation formed. 1815. — Bliicher at the battle of Waterloo. Hofy Allimice formed. 1819. — The Zollverein formed. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. 1556. — Carlos I. (Charles v.. Emperor of Germany) resigns the throne of Spain. Succeeded by Philip II., who married Oueen Mary of England. 1566. — Philip II. attempts to subdue the Netherlands, which began a series of wars that lasted until 1648. 1580.— Philip II. of Spain becomes King of Portugal, as Philip I. of that kingdom. 1588.— Destruction of the Spanish Armada by the English. 1598. — Philip III. ascends the throne of Spain, being Philip II. of Por- tugal. 1605. — Cervantes publishes Don Quixote. 1 610. — E.xpulsion of the Moors from Spain. 1621-1665. — Reign of Philip IV. of Spain, Philip III. of Portugal. This reign was the most disastrous in the annals of Spain. 1640. — Portugal is separated from Spain, and comes under the rule of the house of Braganza, Joam IV. being the first king of this line. 1648. — Spain recognizes independence of the Netherlands by the treaty of Westphalia. DOMINAIION 1528 TO 126 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS, Period I. 1665-1700.— Reign of Carlos II. The Spanish monarchy rapidly declines. Spanish j^g ^^,^g ^j^g l^g^ ]^i,^g j^f the house of Austria. 1 700-1746. — Reign of Philip V. of the House of Bourbon. 1701. — The "War of the Spanish Succession" begins, being an attempt jg2j of European nations to place the Archduke Charles of Austria on the Spanish throne. In the war, Marlborough made his great name as a general. 1704. — Gibraltar captured by England, from which time it has been an English fortress. 17 1 2. — The Salic latv introduced in Spain. 17 14. — End of the " War of Succession." The Allies recognize Philip as king. 1746-1759. — Reign of Ferdinand VI. in Spain. 1755. — Great earthquake at Lisbon, Portugal. 1759-1788. — Reign of Carlos III. Spain's prosperity and power revived. 1760-1763. — War with England, which resulted in the cession of Florida to England. 1788-1808. — Reign of Carlos IV. War with England and France. 1807. — Napoleon expels the house of Braganza from Portugal, and they go to Brazil. 1808. — Ferdinand VII. succeeds to the Spanish throne. Napoleon forces him to abdicate, and Joseph Bonaparte is made King of Spain. A revolution broke out, and the " Peninsular War" ensued. 1809. — Wellington victorious in Portugal and Spain. 1814. — French expelled from Spain, and Ferdinand VII. restored to the throne, which he occupied until 1833. 1820-1823. — Revolution in Spain, finally suppressed with tlie aid of England. OTHER COUNTRIES. I533-— Galileo before the Inquisition. 1545- — Council of Trent. ^547- — Title of Orar first used by Ivan the Terrible, under whom Russia threw off the Tartar yoke and began to take her place among the nations. I575-— Tasso imprisoned. 1600.— East India Company formed, and begins operations in India. 1672.— Mahratta rule in India. 1689.— Peter the Great ascends the throne of Russia. 1709.— Charles XII. defeated at Pultowa. SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 127 1725. — Catherine I. ascends the throne of Russia. 1741. — War of the Austrian Succession. 1756. — Clive victorious over the French in India. Black Hole of Calcutta. 1761. — Accession of Peter III. of Russia. 1763. — Peter III. deposed and killed by his wife, who succeeded him as Catherine II. of Russia. 1793- — The partition of Poland. 1796. — Death of Catherine II. of Russia, succeeded by Emperor Paul. 1799- — Expulsion of the French from Italy. French conquest of Egypt by Bonaparte. 1800. — Russian alliance with Napoleon. Papacy re-established by Napoleon. 1801, — Assassination of Paul and accession of Alexander I. in Russia. 1802. — French expelled from Egypt by the English. lionaparte president of the Italian republic. 1803. — Victory of Assaye in India, by Sir Arthur Wellesley, afterwards Duke of Wellington. 1808.— Murat made King of Naples. 1809. — Napoleon imprisons the Pope of Rome, Papal States attached to France. 1812. — Napoleon invades Russia. 1813. — Spanish Cortes abolishes the Inquisition. Papal Concordat with Napoleon. 1814. — Pope Pius VII. returns to Rome. 1819.— Overthrow of the Mahrattas in India. Period I. Spanish Domination 1528 TO I82I lPc^o^ 1I1I, MEXICAN RULE.— 1821-1836. ¥¥ CHAPTER VII. Colonization Enterprises of Moses and Stephen F. Austin. T 'HE year 1821 marks a new and critical era in the history of Texas. Two hundred and ninety years had elapsed since the survivors of the Narvaez expedition landed on her shores and traversed her territory. One hun- dred and thirty years had passed away since the first mission-bell tolled its invitation to the Tejas Indians on the Trinity. Monks had come and gone, and their labors and sacrifices appeared to have left no trace in the wilderness. Spanish troopers, French traders, and American filibusters had marched and fought and died on her soil, yet, from the Rio Grande to the Sabine, the country was practically a trackless and unsettled waste. The entire population, exclusive of the wild Indian tribes, did not reach ten thousand souls. There was no trade, in the proper sense of the word. Agriculture was unknown, except in small irrigated areas near the old missions and presidios. Some flocks and herds there were in certain localities, but they roamed at will and grew without man's aid or attention. The principal 128 MEXICAN RULE. 129 1821 TO colonies towns were Nacogdoches, La Bahia, San Antonio, and El Paso, Period ii. where a few Spanish famihes maintained some degree of social exican v\.b. state, surrounded by a filthy and degraded community of worth- less soldiers, idle Indians, and half-caste Creoles. It was at this juncture that the touch of Anglo-American industry and enter- — prise awoke the dormant possibilities of this virgin province, and nursed them into the potent progress of a free and fruitful commonwealth. Even under the Spanish system, grants to persons desiring Spanish to settle colonies were permitted by special concession and under strict conditions. But immigration from the United States was at no time favored, and was positively prohibited in 1819. Edmund Keene, the English statesman, attempted to secure a colony in Texas, but was deterred by the re- strictions imposed by the viceroys, especially in the matter of requiring his colonists to be Roman Catholics ; and the socialist, Robert Dale Owen, also abandoned a similar scheme for the same reasons. In 1820, Moses Austin conceived the idea of settling an American colony in Texas. Austin was born in Connecticut, at Durham, in 1767. He married in Philadelphia, was a merchant at Richmond, Virginia, then engaged in lead-mining in the same State, in Wythe County, where his son Stephen F. Austin was born, November 3, 1793. In 1799, the elder Austin became a Spanish subject by removal to Missouri, which, as part of Louisiana, then belonged to Spain. Moses Austin He there opened lead mines at what is now Potosi, and pros- pered for many years, until changed conditions led him to look for a new home in the southwest. Preparatory to this, he sent Hisprepara- his son Stephen to Long Prairie, in Hempstead County, Arkan- -^^^^^ sas, on Red River, to establish a farm for the purpose of fur- nishing supplies and as a stopping-place on the way to Texas. The information gained by the son convinced him that the pref- erable route was by way of New Orleans or Natchitoches, and Court and Staik\va\ iH' a Mexican House. tion to visit I ^o A COMPLETE HlSTORV OF TEXAS. Period II. Mexican Rule 1821 TO 1836 Visits San An- tonio de Bexar he abandoned the farm project to meet his father at Little Rock, where it was agreed that the latter should go on to Texas, while Stephen proceeded to New Orleans to make preparations for the intended colony. Moses Austin reached San Antonio de Bexar in December, 1820. Antonio Martinez was thengovernor of Texas, and upon Austin's presenting himself and his errand, he ordered the Mexican Jacal or Hut. Baron de Bas- trop aids him 'Oy^^'V** American in no very courteous terms to leave the town and the province at once. Austin prepared to obey, but accidentally met the Baron de Bastrop, an influential citizen, with whom he had some previous acquaintance in the United States, and to whom he explained the situation ; and also mentioned the fact of his passport and citizenship in Missouri in Spanish times. Bastrop at once visited the governor with this information ; a second interview with Martinez was granted, the cabildo was consulted, the usual Spanish formality and delay ensued, and finally Mr. Austin was notified to present his application in due form. He did so, requesting permission to settle three hundred families in Texas ; his memorial was forwarded to Monterey, to General Arredondo, the commandant and superior political chief of the eastern £^^ |{AsrK()i-'s Si(;na nui-: MEXICAN RULE. T^.T Period II. Mexican Rule 1821 TO 1836 Moses Austin' Internal provinces, and he himself set out for his home in Mis- souri, in January, 1821. The exposure of his long journey through the wilderness seriously affected his health, and he died in Missouri very soon after his return from Texas ; not, how- ever, before he received the news that his request to the Spanish government had been granted on January 17, 1821. His last His death desire was that his son should carry out the enterprise, and Stephen F. Austin, then twenty-seven years old, immediately entered upon the work. The grant of permission by the Spanish government to Moses Austin authorized him to introduce three hun- dred families into Texas, and appointed Don Erasmo Seguin to convey the in- telligence to Mr. Austin and to con- duct the colonists into the country. This was what was called an emprcsario grant. Emprtsa in Spanish means an enterprise, undertaking, or contract, and an emprcsario was a contractor for lands to be settled by colonists introduced according to the terms of the contract with the government. Strictly speaking, the Austins Empresarios were the only empresarios, their first colony being introduced under an express contract, while all subsequent ones were gov- erned by the colonization laws, which contained the provisions applicable to all colonial grants. However, all heads of colo- nies founded from 1823 to 1835 are generally spoken of as empresarios. Stephen F. Austin was in New Orleans when notified that Stephen f Seguin was at Natchitoches waiting to execute the commission of the government. He at once went thither, and there first learned of his father's death and dying request to him. He accompanied the commissioner to Bexar, leaving Natchitoches, July 5, 1 82 1, with seventeen companions, and reached the Texas capital on August 10, having travelled what was called the Upper San Antonio Road. Governor Martinez received him kindly, and authorized him to explore the Colorado valley, sound the river and its harbor, and select such location for the Stephen F. Austin suc- ceeds him Austin in Texas Authority given him I Xl A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period II. Mexican Rule 182 1 TO 1836 colony as he should choose. He also requested Austin to furnish a plan for the distribution of the lands, and directed him to take charge of the local government of the colony until other- wise organized. Austin's plan for giving lands to the colonists, which was approved by the governor, was to give six hundred and forty acres to each head of a family and single man over age ; three hundred and twenty acres additional for the wife ; one hundred and sixty acres for each child ; and eighty acres for each slave. He at once explored the Guadalupe, Lavaca, Colorado, and Brazos Rivers, and was satisfied that their fertile Mexican Women of the Lower Class. valleys — especially of the two last named — would furnish pros- perous homes for his three hundred families. He then returned to Louisiana and circulated throughout the Mississippi Valley printed statements of his colonial enterprise and a description of Texas and its advantages. In these circulars he distinctly stated the terms of acquiring lands in his colony. Each settler was required to pay twelve and a half cents per acre for his por- tion of land, and Austin was to defray all expenses of surveying, fees for titles, and charges of every kind. It was considered that the price charged for the land would furnish a fund for conducting the local government of the colony, defence against Indians, aid to poor immigrants, and to reimburse the outlays MEXICAN RULE. ^33 Period II. Mexican Rule 1821 TO 1836 Empresario's compensation and losses he and his father had sustained in founding the enter- prise, to say nothing of reward for their labor. The price was payable in produce of the country in easy instalments, and no part of it was due until the title to the land was received by the settler. It will be seen that there was a very small, if any, margin for speculation to the cmpresario, in this fund. He was to receive under his contract a certain quantity of land, amount- ing to three haciendas and two I'dbors' (sixty-six thousand seven hundred and eighty acres) for each two hundred families actually introduced ; but his contract did not require him to perform all the labors of securing titles, surveying the lands, paying the fees and acting as the governor, judge, and military chief of the colony, all of which Austin did, as we shall see, for many years, and without salary or pay of any kind. In November, 1821, Austin left New Orleans with his first colonists, and arrived on the Brazos at the La Bahia Crossing in December ; he crossed to the west side and, on January i, 1822, camped on a creek in what is now Washington County, which he named New Year's Creek, the name it still bears. He had previously shipped some supplies by the steamer Lively from New Orleans, which were landed at the mouth of the Brazos and buried to await the coming of the colony ; and in November the Lively started with a second cargo of pro\'isions, seed corn, and other necessary articles, but was lost in the Gulf. As soon as Austin had conducted the families to the Brazos, he went to meet the Lively and secure the concealed supplies, but the one never came and the other had been discovered by the Karan- kawa Indians. Additions to-the colony f-ftntinued to arri\'e, some coming across the Gulf to G alveston a nd Velasco, and others by way of Nacogdoches an d the land route. The first settlements First settle- were on th e^ Brazos , and others proce eded to the Colora do. It "*^"*^ was the beginning of Anglo-American ci\ ilization in Texas, and, in spite of hardships and privations, the little colony was hopeful and helpful from the start. Before leaving Texas in the prexious August, Austin had Revolution in heard f)f the revolution of February 24, 1821, in Mexico, the Plan of Iguala, and the successful establishment of Mexican A Greaser, or Lower Type of Mexican. First colonists introduced First troubles 134 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period II. Mk.xican Rule 1821 TO 1836 Austin com- pelled to visit Mexico Austin's ef- forts to secure his contract Imperial colo- nization law Another revo- lution independence by Iturbide ; but it does not seem to have occurred to him or to Governor Martinez that those transactions affected the colonial enterprise in Texas. When in March, 1822, he went to San Antonio to report to the governor the progress of his colony, he learned with surprise and dismay that the changes wrought by the revolution would require him to go to the City of Mexico, in order to secure a confirmation of his rights and authority as a colonial contractor. It was twelve hundred miles in a strange land, but he left his colonists in charge of Josiah H. Bell and at once set out for the capital, tra\'elling in disguise as a poor man to avoid robbery. He reached the city on April 29, 1822, and found the political condition most critical and disturbed. Congress had been in session since February, endeavoring to establish the government on the Plan of Iguala. On May 18, after Austin's arrival, Itur- bide was proclaimed emperor, and affairs were in such confusion that it was a long time before anything definite was accomplished by the visit. Other Americans were in the capital on the same errand, and intrigue was rife on all sides. But Austin was inde- fatigable, intelligent, and prudent, and success was attained. He found that Governor Martinez had no authority to agree to the quantity of land the colonists should receive, and that a colonization law would have to be passed, regulating that and other questions. Mainly by Austin's labor and patience, a general colonization law was framed and in the act of being adopted, when the emperor, in October, 1822, violently dispersed the congress and established a Junta, or royal council, to act as a legislature. The work had to be all done oxer again, but on January 4, 1823, a general law, known as the Imperial Coloniza- tion Law, was adopted by the Junta and approved by the emperor. At last, by the aid of Herrera and Ouintana, the ministers of Iturbide, he procured all necessary papers under the new law, and was ready to return to Texas, when another seri- ous delay arose. The republicans of Mexico, under the leader- ship of Santa Anna, rebelled against the emperor's despotic acts and a fresh revolution broke out, and this of course threatened the validity of all legislation under the imperial government. Austin must wait the result. MEXICAN lU'I.E. 135 In March, 1823, Iturbide was deposed, the congress reas- Period 11. sembled, and the government was placed in the hands of an '-'"5;^ executive power composed of Bravo, Victoria, and Negrete. All acts done under the empire were declared void, so that Austin ^3,5 had to apply to the new government for a renewal of his contract. This was granted on April 11, 1823, and by the same act of Mexican congress the Imperial Colonization L^w of January 4 was sl)s- "^^^^ pended, so that there was no colonization law in force in Mexico Austin's suc- until the National Colonization Law of August 18, 1824, and the state colonization law of Coahuila and Texas, of March 25, 1825, were adopted. During the intervening period Austin was and could be the only cinprcsario in Texas. The success and influence of Stephen F. Austin during his His talents year's stay in the Mexican capital were astonishing. It was then .^^ Mexico that he first exhibited those qualities of diplomacy, statesman- ship, and practical wisdom which so eminently fitted him to become, as he was recognized and declared to be by (ieneral Houston, "The Father^ of Texas." A stranger among a people who instinctively distrusted and secretly despised him, lie conciliated their favor, disarmed their prejudices, and actually enlisted their interest and assistance. Ignorant of the language and laws of the empire, he acquired the one and shaped the f)ther to serve the great objects of his undertaking. In the midst of revolutionary tumult, where defeated royalists, disap- pointed republicans, and scheming imperialists were struggling for supremacy, he moulded the policy and actually inspired the legislation that laid the foundations of the future greatness of his adopted state. He even materially shaped the institutions of the new republic of Mexico. To his friend Ramos Arispe, who His plan for was chairman of the committee on constitution in the Constitu- ^'^^ Mexican Constitution ent Congress of 1823-24, he furnished a draft for a constitution for the federal republic, which draft was the basis for the Consti- tution of 1824, to which Austin, as a loyal patriot in his adopted country, was faithful and true until its provisions were disregarded and its authority was defied by military usurpation. While in the capital, Austin met General James Wilkinson, other Ameri- Hayden Edwards, Robert Leftwich, Green Dewitt, and other *^^"^'" Americans, who were there seeking colonial grants, but none of 136 A CH>MPLKTK HISTORY OF TKXAS. r.-KioP 11. whom succeeded at that time. There were also there the mkxk_vn Ki'-K (;i^^.,.^-,kee chiefs. Bowles, Fieltls, and Nicollet, who were seeking 1S21 permission to locate bands of their tribe in Texas, having been js'L driven from their extensive possessions east of the MississipjM. -— Iturbide gave them a qualified consent to setde in Texas. Austin's re- Austiu left Mcxico for his return on April 28, 1823, clothed turn to Texas ^^ .^j^ ^-^^^ powcr ovcr his coloiiv— legislative, executive, judicial, and militarv — until it should be otherwise ordered. By the terms of his modified contract under the Imperial Colonization Law, his colonists were to receive a greater quantity of land than under the first grant to Moses Austin and the distribution agreed Mexican land upou by Govcmor Martiucz. The land measurements were as fcillows : measurements 1 viird = 3 geometrical feet ^33"^ inches. I /iihoi^ = i.ooo.ixK) square viinis = 177's acres. I lineal league ^= 5000 viinis = 4629 yards, i foot, lo^ inclics — 2 miles, 201 rods, 12 feet, 4-{ inches. 1 square league, called a silio (se-zheo), = 25,ooo,ocx) sciuare zuinis = 442STV(nj acres. I hii'cien'da =■- 5 sifios, or 5 square leagues. Method of dis- Land, for purjioscs of distrilnitiim, was dixided into pasture tributing land . , , , , . , , • • j j .,,1 «. to colonists **•■ grazing lands and farming lands ; it was pro\ided that no colonist pursuing farming should receive less than a /a/K~r' of land, and those pursuing stock-raising should recei\e not less than one .y/V/^ ; and those quantities could be increased to suit the circumstances of the colonists. Large tracts of land in llie hands of individuals or corporations were prohibited, ami the same could be taken awav by the government upon paying the Rules and owucr i\ fair price. Provisions were made for the organization "7*,°. *f* "f towns and cities and the government thereof, and one princi- contract 01 & i colonization pal towu was required to be established in the colony. The enipresario was to receive three hiichndiis and two labors' for each two hundred families introduced, but in no case to exceed three times that quantity, and he was required to settle and cultivate his lands within twelve vears, and to sell two-thirds of them after twenty years. Each colonist was required to occujn- and cultivate his land within two years, or forfeit his right to it ; all tiMs titlus, and duties of any description were abolished for MEXICAN RULE. ^11 182 1 TO 1836 six years, and [ox the next six years the colonists were to pay Pek;odii only one-half the rej,^ular taxes and duties. The sale and pur- ^^»''^":^*<'''-h chase of slaves were forbidden, and the children of slaves born in the empire were free. All the colonists were required to be Roman Catholics and to come from Louisiana, by which was meant the extensive territory ff^rmerly known by that name. These last two provisions were never rigidly enforced. The foregoing regulations were substantially the same that were con- tained in all the subsequent colonization laws of Mexico, under which Texas was settled. Austin reached Texas in the early summer, and in July, 1823, Baron de Bas- the new Mexican governor, Luciano Garcia fcrar-se'-ii ), an- *''°P' ^^''^^y'' ° ^ ^ y> 1 ofAustin's pointed Baron de Bastrop as the commissioner to survey and colony distribute the lands to the colonists. Owing to delays no titles were issued that year, but in 1824 two hundred and forty-seven grants were perfected. During his long absence, Austin's colony had become much Destitution disheartened, and suffered great privation. Thev were almost ^"'^ suffering . 01 J of the first col- destitute of provisions and clothing, seed for planting was hard onists to get and expensive, the men and women wore buckskin gar- ments and lived in the rudest simplicity. Prowling Indians committed frequent murders, and life in the wilderness was r - ^ - . -' fi- ^ n Vjurdened with cares and suf- ferings sometimes almost un- endurable. Game was almost the only source of meat-supply, and the scarcity of that forced the colonists to live on the fat miistajigs or wild horses that roamed the prairie valleys of the rado and the Brazos. " Store- clothes" were unknown, and a travelling peddler was welcomed as a vision of light and beauty by the tired, anxious, and poorly clad women of the log-cabin homes of those pioneer days. But through it all there Their heroic was a gleam of that heroic patience and fortitude that have ho'"fu^ine made the Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-American race the dominant A Colo.nist's Cabin. 1^8 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period II. and permanent factor in peopling and subduing the Webtern H.XICAN uLi. ^.Qj-jj_ There was even a spirit of good cheer, hospitaHty, ^^-^ homely pride, and individual freedom, that made those early jji 5 times sweeter and better than any that have followed the arti- — ficial luxuries and refinements of later years. Settlements in The uncertainty attending Austin's colony during his long delay in Mexico had caused many families to stop in Eastern Texas, near Nacogdoches and along the lower Trinity, and thus began the American settlement of that region. The exact limits of Austin's first colony were not defined, but as finally developed it covered the district between the Lavaca and San Jacinto Riv- ers, extending from the Gulf to the interior as far as what is now Burleson County, including the best portions of the Colorado and Brazos valleys. San Felipe de On July 26, 1823, the town of San Felipe de Austin was established by order of the governor, named for the patron saint of the governor, and the American empresario. It was laid off at a beautiful spot on the Brazos River in what is now Austin County, and was the capital and political centre of the American colonies until 1836. New additions to the colony were constantly arriving, and they were of the better class, — honest, thrifty, Government of Strong, and determined to succeed. Austin organized his gov- e CO ony eminent, appointed alcaldes, published a code of civil and crim- inal laws for his colony, provided for a military force to repel Indians, and all the while was laborious in surveying lands, issuing titles, and exercising the responsible duties of his posi- tion as the practical dictator of the new settlements. Samuel M. Williams was appointed secretary of the local government in 1824, and Horatio Chriesman was the surveyor ; a land oiBce was opened, and the colony was rapidly filled up to the requisite "The Original numlxT of families. The members of this first colony are known as " the Original Three Hundred," and they and their descend- ants have always felt a certain degree of superiority to the " new- comers" who followed in after years. If there be any ground for distinctions among those whose labor and sacrifice founded Texas civilization, the old "Three Hundred" are certainly entitled to the first rank. Austin's colonists hatl sonu- bloody experiences with Indians, Three Hun- dred" MEXICAN RULE. 139 especially the Karan'kavvas, but by dint of courage, vigilance, and pkriod ii. skill they gradually drove off the savages and established a rea- ^^^'-J^ uLh sonable security for their settlements. ^^^^ TO On November 6, 1824, Austin forwarded a petition to Mex- jg^g ico, asking for permission to introduce two or three hundred additional families, and that Galveston be made a port of entry. On February 4, 1825, he sent substantially the same application to the governor of the state ; and, hearing nothing from these petitions, he sent a third to the governor, asking permission to colonize five hundred families. The second petition was granted Austin's sec- by the authorities before the last one was received, but when the °" *^° °"^ request to introduce five hundred families came it was also granted, to include the three hundred already granted ; which made Austin's second colony five hu ndred fam ilies, and the date of the contract June 4, 1825. The new colonists were to be settled on the vacant lands in the old colony, not within the ten leagues reserved along the coast ; and the exact limits were afterwards defined as lying between the San Jacinto River and the old San Antonio Road, to the Signature of Caspar Flores. south of that road. Caspar Flores was appointed the Mexican commissioner to distribute lands to the second colony. This contract was to be completed in six years. On November 20, 1827, Austin secured another contract to Third colony locate one hundred families on the east side of the Colorado Ri\er, above the San Antonio road ; also to expire in six years. On July 29, 1828, he made a fourth contract, for six years, to Fourth colony locate three hundred families in the ten leagues coast reserve, between the Lavaca and the San Jacinto Rivers. This made a total of twelv e hundred families c ontracted for by Stephen F. Austin. His last three contracts were made under the general colonization laws of Mexico and of Coahuila and Texas. He was appointed commissioner to issue the titles in the last colony. The American colonists in the district selected by Austin Prosperity of were now firmly established, and their vigo.' rapidly de\'eloped * ^ '^° °"'^^ the country. New families came every week, and among them many men afterwards distinguished in Texas. In 1826—27 140 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period II. Mexican Rule 1821 TO 1836 Change in Austin's among the immigrants were William H. Wharton, Robert M. Williamson, Francis W. Johnson, David G. Burnet, John H. Moore, Jesse Grimes, William I. Russell, and Henry Smith. In 1828, the State of Coahuila and Texas had adopted a con- stitution and organized its government over the territory including the American colonies in Texas ; so that on February i of that year Austin's powers and duties as legislator, judge, and execu- Austin's Map of Texas. End of empresario system tive in his colonies ceased, and he became like any other em- presario. After the adoption of the national and state colonization laws, and the successful establishment of Austin's and other colonies, immigrants began to come to Texas on their own account ; the empresario system ceased, and, although many other colonial contracts were entered into until 1833, few of them were carried out, and some of them did the country more harm than good. MEXICAN RULE. 141 182 1 TO To gain a complete view of the colonial period, however, it is period ii. proper that the other colonial enterprises should be noticed, and ^"^^^^^ ^^^ their part in the general settlement of Mexican Texas be cor- rectly estimated. 1836 QUESTIONS. What year marked a new era in the history of Texas? How long had it been since the first Europeans landed in Texas ? How long since the first mission was founded in Texas ? By whom had the country been visited during all these years, and for what purpose? What were the condition, population, and pursuits of the province of Texas in 1821 ? What were the principal towns, and by whom inhabited ? What new influence appeared at this time? What had been the attitude of the Spanish government towards foreign immigration, and wliat was it in 1819? What foreigners had previously attempted to plant colonies in Texas ? When did Moses Austin conceive the idea of founding an Ameri- can colony in Texas ? Who was Moses Austin, and give a short sketch of his life previous to that time ? What preparations did he make for coming to Texas ? Who assisted him in these preparations ? When did Moses Austin reach San Antonio de Bexar? Describe what happened to him there. Who assisted him in dealing with the Spanish authorities, and with what result? What did Austin then do, and what became of him ? When was permission to found the colony granted by the Spanish government ? Who succeeded Moses Austin in his colonial enterprise ? By the terms of the permission granted to Austin, how many families were allowed to be introduced, and who was appointed to notify him and to conduct the colonists to Texas ? Explain the Spanish name for this kind of a contract to found a colony. Who were the only real empresa- rios, and explain why? Where was Stephen F. Austin when he was notified of the colonial permit, and describe his subsequent movements ? When did he reach Bexar ? How was he received by the Spanish gov- ernor, and what authority and instructions were given him ? What plan did Austin form for giving lands to his colonists ? What regions did he explore and select for his colony ? What did he then do ? Explain the terms of his proposition to the colonists in regard to acquiring lands. What compensation was he to receive, and what were his duties as the head of the colony ? From what place and on what date did Austin set out with his first colonists ? When did he reach and cross the Brazos River? When and where did he camp, and what stream did he name in honor of that event ? What provisions had he made for supplies for his colony, and what happened to them ? What additions were made to his colony, how did they come, and where were the early settlements made ? When did Austin first hear of the Mexican Revolution of 182 1 ? When 142 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period II. did he first learn of the fact that this revolution required a change in his Me.xicanRule pjjj„s> What did it become necessary for him to do, and why? What 1S21 did he do? Who was left in charge of his colony? When did he reach TO the City of Mexico ? Describe the condition of Me.xican affairs at the time 1836 he reached there, and for some time afterwards. What was Austin's conduct, and what difficulties d^id he meet with ? What law had to be passed in order to permit his colony to proceed, and describe the various delays that occurred before the law was finally passed ? What was the first general colonization law called ? By whom and when was it adopted and approved? What did Austin do under that law, and what event suddenly occurred to again delay him ? What was the result of the sec- ond Mexican revolution, and how did it affect Austin ? When did he finally secure a renewal of his contract by the new government? Explain the exact condition of the colonization laws of Mexico during 1823, 1824, and 1825. What can you say of Austin's conduct and influence in Mexico at this time ? What qualities of tnind and character did he display ? What important laws did he secure ? What connection did he have with the formation of the Mexican Constitution of 1824? What persons from the United States were in the City of Mexico while Austin was there, for what purpose, and with what success ? When did Austin leave the capital on his return to Texas, and with what authority ? Under his new contract, what changes were made in the distribution of lands? Give the table of Spanish measurements for land rendered into English measures. How was the land divided for purposes of distribution ? How much land -could a farmer receive ? How much could a stock-raiser receive ? What provisions were made in regard to large tracts of land in the hands of individuals or corporations ? What, in regard to towns and cities ? What quantity of land was the einprcsario to receive, and upon what condi- tions ? Wliat were the rules as to colonists occupying their land ? What about taxes, tithes, and duties ? What was the law as to slaves ? What, as to religion ? When did Austin reach Texas on his return ? Who was appointed land commissioner for Austin's colony, and when ? Who was then governor of Texas ? How many land titles were issued in 1823 ? How many in 1824 ? Describe the condition of the colonists at this time, — their mode of dress, living, food, privations, and dangers, and how they bore it all. How came Eastern Texas to be first settled by Ameri- cans? What were the territorial limits of Austin's first colony? When, by whom, where, and with what name was the first town laid oft" in Austin's colony? What was the character of the new settlers who con- stantly carne in ? Describe Austin's duties and labors in the government of his colonists. Who was the secretary of the local government, and when was he appointed ? Who was the colony surveyor ? What were the members of this first colony called, and what may be said of them ? What experiences had the colonists with the Indians ? Describe the manner in which Austin obtained permission to introduce his second col- ony, giving the dates, number of families, and the location of the colony. MEXICAN RULE. I 43 What period was allowed for introducing this a^lony, and who was the Pkriod II. land commissioner ? When and for what number of families was Austin's ' '^•'^"^ third colony granted ? Where was it located, and how many years were 1S21 allowed for fulfilling the contract? W^hen was his fourth colony con- 'o tracted for, for what number of families, and where was it located ? How ^_3o many families in all did Austin contract to introduce ? Under what law were his last three contracts made ? Describe the growth and prosperity of his colonies. What distinguished men came in the years 1826 and 1827 ? When did the State of Coahuila and Texas adopt a constitution and establish government over Texas? What effect did this ha\e on Austin's powers and duties ? When and how did the cinpresario system of colonization cease, and what system succeeded it ? Topical Analysis. 1. The condition of Texas in 1821 ; its slow and feeble growth during the preceding two hundred years, so that it was still practically an unset- tled wilderness. Consider the reasons for this. 2. The appearance of a new influence, in the shape of immigration from the United States, Ijringing the more vigorous, liberal, and pro- gressive spirit of English and American civilization. 3. The colonial enterprises of Moses Austin and Stephen F. Austin, begun by the former in 1820, and carried out by the latter in 1821-1823. 4. Revolutionary movements in Mexico in 182 1 and 1823, as affecting the American colonization of Texas. Stephen F. Austin's influence in Mexico in securing laws favorable to colonization, and in framing a re- publican government for Mexico. His great abilities as a statesman, diplomat, and man of afl'airs, as shown at that time. 5. The location, extent, and character of Austin's several colonies, his management and authority as the head of the colonial system. The methods of distributing lands, and the habits, struggles, and dangers of the early settlers. 6. The success of these first attempts at American settlement of Texas, and the causes of the prosperity and jieaceful progress of Austin's colonies, as influenced by the character of the colonists and by the pecu- liar qualities of the euipresario Austin. 7. The early colonization laws of Mexico and of Coahuila and Texas. Point out their special features, provisions, and distinguish between the einpresario system and that which afterwards prevailed. Geography. I. Study the map of the North American continent in the year 1800, so as to be able to point out the territory claimed by the several European nations before the treaty of San Ildefonso ; then trace and iM)int out the changes made by that treaty. 144 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. I'KRioi) II. 2. Trace on the map the changes made by the purchase of Louisiana Mkxk^Kui.e |_jy ^j^g United States in 1803, especially as affecting the boundary of 1821 Texas and Louisiana along the Sabine and Red Rivers. TO 3. Study the location of the neutral ground between the Sabine and '^36 Red Rivers, and trace the boundary of Spanish territory as laid down in the treaty between Spain and the United States in 1819. 4. Locate and trace the limits of Austin's first, second, third, and fourth colonies, and point out the places where the first settlements were made by American colonists. Locate San Felipe de Austin. Note the fact that about this time the Spanish form of spelling Bejar began to be changed to the English form, Bexar, but the pronunciation, Bd-hdr or Ba-ydr, was retained. Gradually, too, the place began to be called simply San Antonio, instead of the full name, San Antonio de Be.xar. Parallel Readings. Scarff's "Comprehensive History of Texas" (1897), especially Paris L and II., Yoakum's original text, and chapters on the Colonial Enter- prises of the Austins, and on the Texas Land System ; Brown's " History of Texas ;" Gayarre's " History of Louisiana," " Louisiana as a Frencli Province," and " Louisiana under Spanish Domination." A I'KKIL ()!• THK PLAINS. CHAPTER VIII. Other Colonies in Texas. IT has been mentioned that while Austin was in the City of Mexico, in 1822-23, he met other Americans who were seeking permission to estabHsh colonies in Texas. Some of these afterwards succeeded in securing the necessary contracts. But Martin de Leon, a native of Tamaulipas, in 1823, pro- cured the informal consent of the commander of the eastern in- ternal provinces to found a colony on the Gaudalupe River, and in 1824 he actually brought some families to that locality. After the adoption of the national and state colonization laws, on Oc- tober 6, 1825, the grant was confirmed for forty-one families ; and in 1829 he secured an additional grant for one hundred and fifty families, whom he introduced. His colony was on the lower Guadalupe, and its capital he named Guadalupe Victoria, being the modern town of Vic- toria. On April 15, 1825, Green Dewitt, of Missouri, secured a contract to locate four hundred families in the district bounded on the east by the Lavaca River and Austin's colony, on the north by the old San Antonio Road, on the south by De Leon's colony, and on the west by a line between the San Antonio and Guadalupe Rivers. He was assisted by James Kerr, and the settlement was begun by establishing the town of Gonzales in August, 1825. Lands were surveyed for the colonists as rapidly as possible, but no families came in 1825. It was the only American settlement west of the Colorado at that time, and suffered greatlv from Indian massacres in its early history, so that it was moved to the Lavaca River for several years, at a point called " Old Station." 10 145 Period II. Mexican Rulk 1S21 TO 1836 Martin de Leon James Kerr. 146 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period II. Mk.xican Rulk 1 82 1 TO 1836 Hayden Ed- wards " Heroes of the neutral ground" Beginning of the troubles On April 18, 1S25, permission was granted Hayden Edwards to settle eight hundred families in Eastern Texas, embracing in his grant the town of Nacogdoches. This was a peculiarly un- fortunate location, for several reasons. It was a district early occupied by the Spaniards, and many old Spanish land titles existed there, — some real and some forged, — and this rendered its settlement by new colonists rather dangerous. Then, many Americans had come into Texas in the past three years, some of them with no definite purpose in y\ew, but most of them intending to go to Austin's colony on the Brazos, which they did not do owing to his absence in Mexico and the uncertainty about his contract. These people had stopped near Nacogdoches and were occupying lands to which they had no titles, and they themselves really had no legal right to be in Texas at all. In addition to these facts, that section lying on the Louisiana ' border and adjoining the neutral 'grozmd had been for years the resort of the most desperate charac- ters in the West. Filibusters, fugitives from justice, adven- turers, Indian traders, globe-trotters, and every kind and grade of desperadoes and outlaws had congregated in that region. Some of them were men of experience, talents, and courage, but the best of tljem were reckless and contemptuous of all restraint, especially from Spanish or Mexican authority. The Indians were near by, and among them were many white leaders and half-breeds whose influence was not salutary upon the savage tribes. Among the most prominent and respectable of this class were Martin Parmer, John Dunn Hunter, Fields, James Gaines, and the noted Ellis P. Bean. It was in such a locality and with such a population to begin with, that Edwards sought to estab- lish his colony. The first trouble arose with the holders or forgers of Spanish land titles, and then Edwards attempted to exercise unwarranted authority in the selection of alcaldes in the municipality. He was (luick-tempered, and did not understand, or despised, the methods of Mexican government, and became inxolved in a bit- ter controversy with the political chief, Saucedo. Edwards was MEXICAN RULE. 147 called away to the United States and left his brother, B. W. Period ii. Edwards, in charge. The latter consulted with Stephen F. Aus- Mex,c_an rule tin and Baron de Bastrop, and upon their advice wrote to Gov- ^^^^ TO ernor Victor Blanco, explaining the troubles and the cause of jg^^ them. Blanco took offence at the letter, and was no doubt preju- — diced by false information. He declared Edwards's contract void and commanded his expulsion from Texas ; neither of which he had any authority to do. Hayden Edwards returned at this time, and the excitement assumed dangerous proportions. In this moment of rage and resentment, Edwards conceived the idea of organizing an open rebellion against Mexico. He made He starts re- an alliance with the Cherokees through John D. Hunter and ^^"'°" Fields, two of their chiefs ; visited and aroused the Americans on both sides of the Louisiana border ; and finally declared for a new republic to be called ' ' Fredonia. ' ' The basis and pur- Fredonia pose of this revolution were declared to be to divide Texas be- tween the Americans and the Indians, and to wage war against Mexico until independence was gained. Whatever injustice had been done to Edwards, this movement was absolutely foolhardy and without the hope of support from the peaceful and conserva- tive Americans in the other colonies. Austin at once denounced it, and called out the militia of his colony to aid the Mexican government in suppressing it. After some violence and a few lives lost, the insurrection was quelled. Hunter and Fields were both killed by the Indians, for insisting upon y,,^f the treaty to help Edwards. This occurred in 1826-27, and was known as the ' ' Fredonian War. ' ' It greatly injured the peaceable settlement of Texas, and served to hasten the hostility between Mexico and her American colonists. From 1825 to 1832, eighteen different emprcsario grants were made by the government of Coahuila and Texas for colonies in Texas, but of that number the fol- lowing were the only ones in which any success was attained in complying with the contracts. Robert Left- ^'^'^tlTcz^v', wich, of Nashville, Tennessee, on April 15, 1825, secured a contract for eight hundred families, which was afterwards car- ried out l)y Sterling C. Robertson and Alexander Thom{)son. 148 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period II. Mexican Rile 1821 TO IS36 Power and Hewitson McMuUen and McGloin Austin and Williams Joseph Vehlein David G. Burnet Galveston Bay and Texas Land Com- pany Increase in population and prosperity It was known as the Nashville colony, or Robertson's Colony, and was situated on the Navasota River between the San An- tonio road and the Brazos and Colorado Rivers. James Power and James Hewitson, two Irishmen, by contract of June 11, 1828, had permission to settle tw^o hundred families on Aransas Bay, in what is now Refugio County. This grant embraced the ten shore lcao;i(cs. They secured a second contract in 1830, for settling families in the territory between the Nueces and Guada- lupe Rivers. John McMuUen and Patrick McGloin, also Irish- men, had a contract dated August 17, 1828, for two hundred families on the Nueces, and their patriotism and piety are pre- served in the name of San Patricio County. In 1 83 1, Stephen F. Austin and Samuel M. Williams ob- tained a concession to settle eight hundred families in the terri- tory east and north of Austin's former colonies. There was great confusion about the boundaries of this colony, creating trouble as late as 1853. Lorenzo de Zavala, on March 12, 1829, was granted a contract to colonize five hundred families near Nacogdoches and along the Sabine westwardly to the Gulf, thence on the Gulf coast for twenty leagues, and back to Nacogdoches. Joseph Vehlein contracted for three hundred families, on Decem- ber 22, 1826, and for one hundred families on November 17, 1828, to be located in Eastern Texas adjoining Zavala's colony, and both his and Zavala's contracts covered a part of Hayden Edwards's old grant. David G. Burnet procured a colonial contract on December 26, 1826, to settle three hundred families on a tract of territory lying beside Vehlein' s colony, along the Navasota and Trinity Rivers and the old San Antonio Road. In 1830, Zavala, Vehlein, and Burnet assigned their contracts to a company in New York, called the Galveston Bay and Texas Lantl Comj)any, which issued a great deal of worthless land scrip, damaging Texas and scandalizing the original emprcsarios. Be- sides the above-mentioned colonies, partial settlements were also made, between 1825 and 1835, under the colonial contracts of Cameron, Beale, Grant and Beale, Padillo and Chambers, Thorn, Wavel, Woodbury, and Wilson. The activity of the colonial period rapidly increased the population and developed the resources of Texas, and but for MEXICAN RULE. 149 the j)olilical troubles brought on by Mexican tyranny and revo- Period 11, , . , . r '1 1 • 1 1 • ' f Mexican Rule lution, the prosperity of the colonies would in a very tew years — have converted the entire province into a peaceable, wealthy, ^ ^^ 1836 and prog;ressi\e community. As it was, there intervened nearly a decade of civil commotion, revolutionary excitement, and finally bloodshed, before the Americans could follow their ap- pointed destiny. QUESTIONS. Who was Martin de Leon ? When and how did he secure his con- tracts to colonize in Texas? How many families did he introduce, where was his colony located, and what town was its capital? When was Green Dewitt's colonial contract ,u:ranted? Where was his colony located, and when and how was it be.s^un ? Who assisted him in planting the colony ? Describe its early troubles and situation, and What occurred in conse- quence. Wlien was permission to found a colony granted to Hayden Edwards, how many families did it include, and where was it to be estab- lished? Describe its location and surroundings, and what difficulties did it encounter in consecjuence of these things ? What was the character of 150 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period II. the people living there and in the country near there ? Give the names L.X1CAN uLb. ^^ ^Y^^ more prominent men who were connected with the early settlement 1S21 and diiihculties of that colony. How did the first trouble arise in Edwards's TO colony? What mistakes did Edwards make in his dealings with the IMe.x- 1830 ican authorities? Who acted for him while he was absent, and what hap- pened while he was gone? W'hat did Governor Blanco do? What did Hayden Edwards do on his return, and what resulted from his conduct ? What sort of revolution and agreement did Edwards and the Indians or- ganize, and what cUd they propose to dp ? What can you say of this move- ment ? What course did Austin and the other American colonies in Texas pursue towards this war? W^hat was the revolution called, and what be- came of it and its principal leaders ? What effect did this trouble have on the settlement of Texas ? How many colonial contracts were made be- tween the years 1826 and 1832? By what government were they made? Were they all successful ? Give an account of the colonial enterprise of Robert Leftwich, — when granted, how known, by whom carried out, and where located. Who were James Power and James Hewitson ? Give an account of their colony, with date of founding, location, etc. Describe McMullen and McGloin's colonial contract and settlement. What county was named by them, and why was it so named? When was Austin and Williams's colony founded, where was it located, and what occurred in reference to it? When did Lorenzo de Zavala secure a colonial grant, for how many families, and where was it located ? When, where, and for how many families did Joseph Vehlein have a colony grant ? When was David G. Burnet's colony contracted for? Where was it located, and how many families did it include? What became of Zavala's, Vehlein's, and Burnet's colonial grants, and what evil resulted therefrom ? When and by whom were other partial settlements in Texas made ? What effect did these various colonial enterprises have on Texas ? What prevented the rapid progress and prosperity of the country ? What occurred before American colonization finally succeeded in Texas ? Topical Analysis. 1. The founding of colonies in Western and Southern Texas, by De Leon, Dewitt, Leftwich, Sterling C. Robertson, Power and Hewitson, and McMullen and McGloin, from 1825 to 1830. 2. Colonization in Eastern Texas, under Hayden Edwards, Zavala, Vehlein, and Burnet, during the same period. 3. Contrast the success of the western and the eastern colonies. In the main the former were prosperous and peaceful, except for outside troubles, such as Indian raids ; while the latter were involved in difficul- ties with the Mexican authorities, domestic quarrels, and bad management of various kinds. Incjuire the causes of this difference. Was it due to the location of the colonies, or to the character of their founders, or to the disposition of the colonists thcni.selves? MEXICAN RULE. 151 4. Irregular and partial culonizatiun by various other contractors. These were mostly prompted by desire for speculations in lands, rather than by the purpose to permanently and peacefully occupy and improve the country. Hence they were generally failures. 5. The gradual approach of a conflict between American and INIexican ideas of life, liberty, and law, brought about by the rapid introduction of colonists from the United States. Period II. Mexican Rule 1821 TO 1836 Geography. Locate on the map the various colonies and colonial grants mentioned in the chapter. The student should be required to trace on a modern county map of the State of Texas the exact location and boundaries of the several colonies above described. Parallel Readings. Scarff's "Comprehensive History of Texas" (1897), especially Parts 1. and II., being the original text of Yoakum's " History," and chapters on the Colonial Period, Fredonian War, and the Texas Land System ; Brown's " History of Texas." Seal on an Old Mexican Land Grant. CHAPTER IX. Political Affairs in Mexico, Coahuila, and Texas. Period II. "W" ■ ^E have seen that the Emperor Iturbide was deposed '"'''— ^^ \/\m ^y ^ revolution led by Santa Anna, Guerrero, Bravo, '' ^' JI. JL Negrete, Guadalupe Victoria, and other republican 18^6 chiefs. This occurred in March, 1823, under a plan of reformation in the government known as the ' ' Act of Casa Progress of Matli. ' ' \' ictoria. Bravo, and Negrete were constituted a trium- Mexico virate, or supreme executive power, and the congress which had been dispersed by Iturbide was reassembled. A new congress was called, which met in August, 1823, and was known as the Constituent Constituent Congress, being the body by which the Federal Con- Concfrcss stitution of 1824 was afterwards formed. All its acts of a gen- eral nature, and which pertained to the form of government pre- ceding the adoption of the constitution itself, were called consti- tutive acts ; and the same terms were applied in describing the acts of the congress or legislature of Coahuila and Texas, after- wards held in that state. Federal repub- Qn January 31, 1824, the Mexican Congress adopted a con- lic created . . i' 1 • i 1 • stitutive act, by which a republican government, federative in form and very similar to that of the United States, was oudined. By this act the provinces of Coahuila, Texas, and New Leon were united as one federal state in the Mexican Union, with its Coahuila and capital at Lcoua Vicario or Saltillo. It was declared that as soon as any one of the provinces thus consolidated should be capable of forming a separate state, and should notify the gen- eral government of that fact, it should have the right to be organized as a free and independent federal state in the Mex- ican federation. Accordingly, in May, 1824, New Leon was separated and admitted into the Union as an independent state ; while in August of that year, the legislature of Coahuila and Texas organized a provisional government for those two prov- 152 MEXICAN RULE. 153 inces, as one federal state, and declared it to be an integral period ii. part of the confederacy as such. The legislature at the same »^^'^;^ time declared that the state so formed was free, independent, TO and sovereign in whatever related exclusively to its internal ^^,5 administration and government, agreeable to the constitutive . "^ Provisions as act of the Mexican Congress of January 31, 1824, and to the to the rights of constitution which should be finally adopted by the United Coahuiiaand r- f n T • Texas States of Mexico. The Federal Constitution was finally adopted on October 4, Sovereign 1824, and it contained the same provisions as to the rights and ^^^.^° ^"^^ '' 1 &> underMexican sovereignty of Coahuila and Texas as had been declared in the Constitution previous acts. Oir March 11, 1827, the State of Coahuila and Texas adopted a state constitution, which also contained the same provisions. As has been before noted, on January 4, 1823, the imperial go\'ernment had adopted a general cokviization lazv, which was declared void by the succeeding republican govern- ment, and was also suspended by the Act of Congress of April II, 1823, which confirmed to Stephen F. Austin his first colo- nial contract. On August 18, 1824, the Mexican Congress passed a national colonization law, and on March 24, 1825, National coio- the legislature of Coahuila and Texas passed a state coloniza- "'^^*'°" ^^^ lion law. Under these two acts all the colonies, except Austin's first contract, were settled in Texas prior to 1836. The provi- sions of those laws are in the main the same, and they were very just, liberal, and wise. Antonio Martinez was the last governor of Texas under Spanish and Spanish rule. When the revolution came. Colonel Trespaliicios ernors^of^°^" was governor for a time, and under Iturbide's brief reign Texas Texas was attached to the captaincy-general of the eastern internal provinces, with headquarters at Chihuahua. Luciano Garcia and Rafael Gonzales were the acting republican governors dur- ing 1823 and 1824, until Coahuila and Texas were united ; after which there was one governor of the whole state, residing Mexican gov- at the capital, which was usually at Saltillo, or Leona Vicario Texas as it was then called. From 1824 to 1835, the successive gc5v- ernors were Victor Blanco, Jose Maria Yiesca, Jose Maria Letona, Francisco Vidauri y Villaseiior, Jose Maria Goribar and Juan Jose Elguezabal' (contesting with each other), Au- '54 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. F'ERIOI) II. MiixicAN Rule 182 1 TO 1 8 -.6 gustin Viesca, and then came the revolutionary councils and pro- visional orovernment of Texas while engaged in the struggle for inde})entlence. After the union of Coahuila and Texas as one state, on F'ehruary i, 1825, Texas was made a political department with a local officer, who was called the ' ' Political POIJTICAL DePARTMF.NTS OF TliXAS. Chief of the Department of Texas," and was appointed by the governor. He was required to reside at Bexar, and had gen- eral political, judicial, and military supervision over the coun- try, subject to the governor of the state. Jose Antonio Saucedo was the first political chief in Texas, and he was a malignant Mexican whose rule was very distasteful to the American colonists. MEXICAN RULE. •55 Period II. MEXICAN RULK In 1832, Texas was separated into two political departments or districts, with the dividing ridge • between the Trinity and the Brazos and San Jacinto Rivers as the line. The eastern district was called that of Nacogdoches, with its capital at that town, while the western was that of Bexar ; and each had a political chief. In 1833, a third district was created, known as the political Political de department of the Brazos. Besides these larger political divi- P^'^^'^ents 1821 TO 1836 OkI(;INAI, MUNK'IPALITIKS OF TEXAS. sions, the inhabitants were divided into iminicipalities for local Municipaifties purposes. These were governed by alcaldes, or municipal mag- istrates, and by common councils in each municipality, called ayiintamientos. In the beginning of Austin's colonies he had control of the formation of the municipalilies in his territory, and was the general head of the entire system. The j)rincipal municipalities in Texas, prior to the revolution of 1835, ^^'^'rc 156 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 1 82 I TO 1836 Judicial dis tncts Period II. tliose of Bcxar or San Antonio, Goliad, Nacogdoches, San Fe- mexicanRule jjp^ ^^ Austin, Brazoria, Mina or Bastrop, Liberty, Matagorda, Gonzales, San Augustine, San Patricio, Victoria, Columbia, and Jonesborough. The names and limits of these municipal organ- izations varied at times, but they constituted the basis of the local self-government of the country. Under a law of the legis- lature of Coahuila and Texas, passed in 1833, Texas was divided into three judicial districts, corresponding to the three political departments, with a judge in each and a supreme judge for the whole territory. Thomas J. Chambers was appointed the su- preme judge, and David G Burnet was the district judge of the department of Brazos, but the system was never put in operation. In the state congress or legislature at Saltillo, Texas at first had two represent- atives and Coahuila ten, which was afterwards changed to Texas three and Coahuila nine representatives. In 1834, Colonel Juan N. Almonte, an intelligent Mexican offtcer, the natural son of the patriot priest Morelos, was sent to Texas to examine and report upon the condition and resources of the country. He reported a total population of twenty-one thousand three hundred ( 21,300) whites and negroes, and fifteen Population of tliousaud three hundred (15,300) Indians. The population, excluding Indians, was distributed as follows : In the district of the Brazos there were eight thousand inhabitants, including one thousand negroes, divided among the municipalities as follows : San Felipe de Austin, twenty-five hundred ; Columbia, twenty- one hundred ; Matagorda, fourteen hundred ; Mina, eleven hun- dred. In the Nacogdoches dej)artment there were nine thousand nine hundred persons, of whom Nacogdoches had thirty-five hundred ; San Augustine, twenty-five hundred ; Liberty, one thousand ; Jonesborough, two thousand ; Anahuac, fifty ; Bevil, one hundred and forty ; Teneha, one hundred ; and some at smaller settlements. In the Bexar district there was a population of three thousand four hundred, which was exclusively Mexican except in San Patricio. This was a falling oft", since 1806, of three thousand. These inhabitants were distrilnited as follows : At San Antonio, twenty-four hundred ; at San F'atricio, six hun- Tho.mas J. Chambers. Texas in 1834 Mexican Rule 1821 TO MEXICAN RULE. I 57 died ; at Victoria, three hundred ; at GoHad, seven hundred. Period ii The resources and commerce showed the following results : Brazos district exported, during the year 1834, five thousand bales of cotton, worth at New Orleans two hundred and twenty- jg^g five thousand ($225,000) dollars ; fifty thousand skins worth fifty thousand ($50,000) dollars ; large herds of beeves and Resources and live stock to Natchitoches, whose value was not estimated ; and ^°'^'"^'''^^ good crops of the cereals w(ire raised and consumed at home. In the Nacogdoches district the annual exports were four hun- dred and seventy thousand ($470,000) dollars, including two thousand bales of cotton, forty thousand skins, and fifty thousand head of cattle ; while the imports were two hundred and sixty- five thousand ($265,000) dollars. The Bexar district had little or no trade, there being annually from eight thousand to ten thousand skins exported, and some supplies imported from New Orleans in exchange. These figures strikingly exhibit the difference between the section colonized by the Americans and the region inhabited by the Mexicans and Spaniards. The total exports and imports of Texas for 1834 amounted to one million four hundred thousand ($1,400,000) dollars, and there was a contraband trade of two hundred and seventy thou- sand ($270,000) dollars additional. Almonte reported one school of forty pupils at Brazoria, a small parochial school at San Antonio, and one or two schools at Nacogdoches and San Augustine. The colonists who were able sent their children to the United States to be educated. On the whole, affairs were Hostility of progressing in Texas peaceably enough, until the government and officials of Mexico began a policy of unfriendly legislation, military interference, and general hostility towards the American colonists ; ultimately denying them their constitutional rights, and threatening them with the most odious and intolerable tyranny. The course of events in Mexico was one of constant and increasing turbulence. Revolution followed revolution, and Revolutions in political factions vied with each other in their disregard of the republican constitution of 1824. After the establishment of a republic under that instrument, Guadalupe Victoria was elected the first president, and assumed office April 15, 1825. From Mexico 15'^ A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. and Federal- ists pkriod II. the first there were two poHtical parties : the Centralists, in favor MiixicANRii-E ^j ,^ centralized despotism or a monarchy ; and the Federalists '^21 or Republicans, in favor of the constitution of 1824 and its y°5 republican principles. There were several attempts at revolution — under Victoria's administration, but they were subdued. Gomez Centralists Pedra'zii, a Centralist, succeeded Victoria in the presidency, defeating Guerrero, one of the strongest Republicans in Mexico. Guerrero, aided by Lorenzo de Zaval'a and Santa Anna, resisted Pedra'zii' s election as fraudulent and illegal, a rex'olution l)roke out, and congress reversed its decision and declared Guerrero the constitutional president, with Bustamente as vice-president. This was on January i, 1829. Guerrero assumed the authority of a dictator, as he claimed in order to crush the power of the Centralists ; but his tyrannical conduct produced another revolu- tion led by Bustamente (bos-ta-men'-ta"), which resulted in the latter assuming power in the capital, while Guerrero fled to Valladolid and was finally captured and shot. In this struggle Santa Anna betrayed Guerrero and supported Bustamente. Spanish inva- In 1 829, cucouragcd by the unsettled condition of Mexico, exico j^p.^j,^ made a last attempt to reconquer the country. A Spanish army of four thousand men, under General Barradas', was landed at Tampico. Santa Anna met him with a resist- ^^^^ ing force by land and sea, and, after a brilliant ■_JB campaign, surrounded and captured the whole in- - ^ \ading army. They were permitted to embark .w;^"'*"' for Spain upon promise that all further claims to sl:-^:**}^' Mexico were abandoned forever. This success made Santa Anna the hero of Mexico, and his popularity became greater than that of any man in .^r the republic. ""■'^gjlp^ Bustamente came into power about the first of ..i=.M..KAi anionio LoHhz thc ycar 1830, and on April 6, i8-;o, he evidenced UI-: Sa.nia Anna. ,.,.,. ^ > o ' his hostility to Texas and to American colonists by Laws against the famous Decree of that date. In that act it was provided American .1 r • i i i colonists 1'^="- "<> foreigner should enter any Mexican territory "by the frontier of the north," — which clearly meant colonists from the United .States, — unless he could exhibit " a pdssport signed by an agent of Mexico in the country from which the individual may MEXICAN RULE. 159 1S21 TO 18.^,6 come." As the Mexican republic had no such agents in the period 11. United States, the decree amounted to a positive prohibition to any American to enter Texas, regardless of all colonial contracts, financial investments, or principles of international justice and friendship. To make the matter plainer, the decree declared that no colonist from ' ' any country adjacent to Mexican terri- tory" shall be permitted to enter the adjoining Mexican states and provinces ; and "all contracts of colonization, the terms of which are opposed to this decree, are consequently suspended." Another article of the decree provided for shipping Mexican increasing convicts to the colonies, which was intended to convert Texas ^^^^^^ op- pression into a penal settlement for the criminal classes of Mexico. There had been, for the last two or three years, signs of growing hos- tility of the Mexican government towards Texas ; but this decree of Bustamente's rendered it impossible that the American colonists should remain quiet any longer in the face of the plain purpose to degrade and ruin them. The decree of April 6, 1830, was to the Texas Revolution what the Stamp Act was to the American Revolution of 1776, and it was a far greater provo- cation than the British tax law. The secret of this extreme measure was perhaps to be found in the fact that, in 1827 and again in 1829, the government of the United States had offered United states to buy Texas from Mexico ; and to the further fact that the inherited freedom and republican spirit of the American colonists along the Trinity, Brazos, and Colorado were a perpetual menace to the corrupt and tyrannical government of the Mexican Repub- lic, falsely so named. Bustamente followed up his decree by establishing garrisons in Texas, closing all the ports but Anahuac, and by other acts of petty annoyance and substantial injury to the Texans, all of which led to the first conflicts and hastened the final outbreak between Texas and Mexico. His tyranny was not confined to the American colonists, however, and gradually the whole nation grew rebellious at his conduct. Santa Anna's hour had come, and he proclaimed a revolt against Bustamente, on January 2, 1832. The latter at first repulsed the forces of the hero of Tam- pico, and Santa Anna changed his plans, bv announcing in favor of the e.xiled president Pedraza, whom he himself had helped Jealousy of Mexico to- . wards the Santa Anna leads a revo- lution l6o A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Pkriodii. to depose in favor of Guerrero, three years before. Bustamente mkxicanRii.k j.^,,^|j^j,(-[ j-j^j^j- i^i^ power had failed, and he agreed to the recall 1S21 y{ Pedraza, who r(?turncd and served out the remaining three TC ,g months of his administration. Pedraza, it will be remembered, — was a Centralist, and Santa Anna, himself a professed Republi- is elected call, had thus won favor with his pohtical foes. The result of his president . .^ , , . 1 • 1 treachery, deceit, and skilful planning was his elevation to the presidency. May i6, 1833, Gomez Farias, who was a sincere rei)ublican, being elected vice-president. No sooner was Santa Anna firmly seated in the executive chair than he threw of? the mask of republicanism, united with the centralists and church party, deposed Farias from the vice- presidency, dissoh'ed congress by force, disarmed the militia, consolidated and strengthened the army as his sole and willing instrument of power, declared himself military dictator, and in the beginning of the year 1836 he abolished the constitution of His despotic 1824, substituting therefor the Plan of Toluca, by which a con- 1.0 ,duct fti 1 11-11-n*' T-« solidated central government was established in Mexico. But 1836 was a fateful year for Santa Anna. Against his increasing despotism, Puebla, Jalisco, Oajaca, and Zacatecas had risen in arms, and had been successively crushed by his brutal soldiery. At last he came to subdue the revolted colonists of Texas, — men whose ancestors had braxed royal tyranny and humbled royal pride since the days of Runnymede. At San Jacinto he paid the penalty of his perfidy to the republicans of Mexico, while he but partially expiated the cruel butcheries of Goliad and Bexar. The story of the rise, progress, and success of that memorable struggle will conclude the history of Texas as a part of the Mexican federation. QUESTIONS. After the Emperor Iturbide was deposed in Mexico, what kind of government was established ? What body was assembled to make laws, and when did it meet? E.xplain the use of the words constituent :^x\A con- stitutive as applied to this body and its acts. When did the Mexican Con- gress adopt a republican form of government, and what was it like? What was done in regard ti) the provinces of Coahuila, Texas, and New Leon? What provision was made as to their future government ? When did New MEXICAN RULE. l6l Leon become a separate state, and what was then done in regard toCoa- Period ii. huila and Texas? What declaration was made in regard to the indepen- Mexican Rule dence of the State of Coahuiki and Texas? When was the Federal Con- 1821 stitution of Mexico finally adopted, and what provisions did it contain as to to Coahuila and Texas ? When did Coahuila and Texas adopt a state ^^3^ constitution, and what provisions did it contain on the same subject? WHien was the general colonization law of the imperial government of Mexico adopted, and when and how was it suspended ? When did the Mexican Congress adopt the national colonization law ? On what date was the state colonization law of Coahuila and Texas adopted ? What Texas colonies were settled under these last two laws ? What can you say of the provisions of those laws ? Who was the last Spanish governor of Texas ? Who succeeded him during the Mexican revolution ? How was Texas governed during Iturbide's reign? Who were the republican gov- ernors of Texas, and in what years did they govern ? When did Coahuila and Texas begin to have one governor for the whole state ? Where was the state capital ? Give the names of the governors of Coahuila and Texas from 1824 to 1835. When was Texas made a political department, and what was the head of the department called ? What were his powers and duties ? Who was the first political chief of Texas, and what was his character ? When was Texas divided into two political districts or de- partments, and where was the dividing line ? What were the two districts called? When was a third district or department created, and what was it called ? What other political divisions of the country and government were there ? How were they governed ? Who was originally at the head of the municipal government of the colonies in Texas ? Give the names and location of the several municipalities of Texas prior to 1835. When was Texas divided into judicial districts, and into how many districts ? Who were the first judges under that system, and how did it operate? What was the representation of Texas in the state congress or legislature, as compared with Coahuila? When and by whom was Texas visited for the purpose of reporting on its condition and resources? What did he report the population of Texas to be in 1834 ? How was this population distributed among the several municrj^alities ? What was the condition of the Bexar district as compared with its population in 1806? What were the commerce and resources of Texas by districts ? What were the total exports and imports of Texas for the year 1834 ? What was the condition of the schools ? What can you say of the general condition of the coun- try at that time ? What was the course of events in Mexico at this period ? Who was the first president of the Mexican Republic, and when did he take his seat? What political parties existed in Mexico at this time, and what did they each favor ? Who succeeded President X'ictoria, and whom did he defeat? What followed this election? When was this? What did Ciuerr^ro do, and what occurred in consequence? What part did Santa Anna play in these revolutions ? What did Spain do in 1829, and what was the result ? Who became famous in consequence of this affair ? When II ]62 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Prkiod II. did Hustaniente come into power, and wliat did he do in regard to the Mk.xkjan Klli-; (-^i^jiiigj-s in Texas and Mexico? Give the terms of the Decree of April 1 82 1 6, 1830. Against whom in particular was this law directed ? What unjust T'> provision did the law contain as to colonial contracts ? What provision '^^36 did it contain about Mexican convicts ? What can you say of the Decree of April 6, 1830, in its influence and effects upon the American colonies in Texas ? What was the real secret of the hostility of the Mexican gov- ernment towards the Texan colonists ? What further tyrannical acts did Bustamente commit towards Texas and the country at large ? What fol- lowed these oppressions, and who took part in the movement ? When was this? What came of this revolution in Mexico, and how did Santa Anna act ? W^hat did Bustamente do, and who succeeded him ? When was Santa Anna elected president of Mexico, and who was elected vice- president at the same time ? As soon as he got in office, what did Santa Anna do? When and by what celebrated P/an did he abolish the con- stitution of 1824? What did he substitute for it? What Mexican states rose in rebellion against Santa Anna's tyranny? What success did they meet with, and what state alone held out again.st him? What can you say of the result to Santa Anna, and the causes of his final failure to subdue the Texans ? Topical Analysis. 1. The formation of a republican government in Mexico modelled after that of the United States. Consider the reasons why it did not suc- ceed, and why revolutions ensued among the people, as brought about by the fact that the Mexican people and their leaders were not educated to the support of free republican government. Contrast the history of the Mexican Republic with that of the American Republic during the early years of bt)th. 2. Study the provisions in the various constitutional acts of Mexico and of the State of Coahuila and Texas, as to the right of Texas to be formed into a separate, independent state when her population and posi- tion should justify it. This was the constitutional right upon which Texas based her subsequent demand to be allowed to establish her own local self-government. 3. The growing hostility of the Mexican authorities towards Ameri- cans, and especially towards the colonists in Texas, as shown by the laws and decrees of iUistamcnte. This was due to the jealousy of the Mexi- cans towards the United States, whom they suspected of wanting to take Texas from Mexico ; and also to the necessary conflict between American ideas of liberty and republican institutions and those of the Mexican people and politicians. 4. The first direct attacks upon the rights and liberties of the Tex- ans in the Decree of April 6, 1830, the law making Texas a penal col- ony, establishment of garrisons in Texas, and tlie blockading of Texas ports. MEXICAN RULE. I 63 5. The revolution in Mexico led by Santa Anna, his temporary defeat, Period II. his final election to the presidency, his overthrow of the Federal Consti- Mexi can Rule lution of 1824, and the establishment of a consolidated despotic govern- 1821 ment. This rendered it certain that no relief would be granted the Tex- to ans against Mexican tyranny. 1836 6. The peaceful and progressive growth of Texas in population, trade, resources, and foreign commerce. The methods of government in early Texas by political chiefs, municipalities, etc. The country was rapidly developing into a strong and prosperous community, but the mis- taken and oppressive conduct of Mexico towards it checked its growth and brought on a revolution. Geography. Trace the boundaries and location of the political departments and municipalities of Texas as they existed from 1825 to 1835. Compare those early divisions with the geography of modern Texas. Parallel Readings. ScarfT's " Comprehensive History of Texas," Vol. I. ; Brown's " His- tory of Texas," Vol. I. ; Brantz Mayer's "Mexico: Aztec, Spanish, and Republican;" H. H. Bancroft's "North Mexican States and Texas;" Winsor's "Narrative and Critical History of America." CONTEMPORANEOUS EVENTS.— 1821-1832. Parallel to Period II. AMERICA. 1821. — President Monroe inaugurated (second term), March 4. 1822. — Dom Pedro declared perpetual protector of Brazil, and later em- peror. United States boundary with Canada established. Iturbide declared emperor of Mexico. 1823. — Iturbide abdicates as emperor. Mexican National Assembly es- tablishes Junta, and Guadalupe Victoria elected President. Joseph Smith originates IMoniwnisni. The " Monroe doctrine" proclaimed by President Monroe. 1824. — Lafayette visits United States. United .States and Great Britain discuss 4:he slave trade. I 64 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period II. 1825. — John Quincy Adams ( National Republican) inaugurated President, Mkxican Rule March 4. Aationa/ Republican and Democratic Republican parties 1 82 1 formed in United States. These were afterwards known respectively TO as the Whig and Democratic parties. 1^30 1826. — Dom Pedro, of Brazil, becomes King of Portugal. John Adams and Thomas JefTerson die same day, July 4. The Panama Conference. Georgia expels the Cherokees. 1827. — Mexico declines to sell Texas to the United States. Oregon boun- dary discussed with Great Britain. 1828. — High protective tarif? law passed by Congress. Southern States protest, and South Carolina legislature adopts Mr. Calhoun's State sovereignty views, known as the NuIIijication doctrine. Boundary between Spain and United States confirmed. 1829. — Spain sends fleet against Mexico. Andrew Jackson (Democrat) inaugurated President, March 4. Henry Clay becomes the leader of his party. William Lloyd Garrison founds Abolition party in United States. Jackson sends in his message against United States Bank. 1830. — Great debate between Webster and Hayne in United States Sen- ate. Doctrine of "nullification" proclaimed by Hayne. The idea that "to the victor belong the spoils" first announced in American politics. Fifth census shows population of 12,866,020. Death of Simon Bolivar, the Liberator of South America. 1831. — Dom Pedro IL ascends throne of Brazil. Disruption of President Jackson's Cabinet. First national nominating political convention held in United States. Treaty between United States and Mexico. 1832. — President Jackson vetoes recharter of United States Bank. New tarif? bill. South Carolina passes the Njillification ordinance. United States possesses Oregon by settlement. New England Anti-Slavery .Society formed. Anti-Mason Society in New York and Pennsylvania. Salt Lake Basin explored by Bonneville. Black Hawk War. GREAT BRITAIN. 1821. — Death of Queen Caroline, wife of George IV. 1822. — Peel, Canning, and Brougham become prominent as statesmen. Parliamentary Reform and Catholic Emancipation leading issues in English politics. Great emigration to Canada and Australia. J823. — British Anti-Slavery Society formed. 1824 — Death of Lord Byron. Westminster Review *i.'^\.^b\v^\\(tA. Daniel O'Connell organizes the "Catholic Association." J825. — Commercial panic in England. Continued agitation of the reform measures and Catholic Emancipation. MEXICAN RULE. I 65 1827. — Frederick, Duke of York, died January 5. George Canning's Period ll. I • • . .• Mexican Rule administration. 1828. — Ministry of the Duke of Wellington. New Corn Law. ^^^i 1829. — Act passed by Parliament removing disabilities of Roman Catho- g^ lies and Protestant Dissenters. This act, however, excluded Jews — from office. 1830. — Death of George IV. and accession of William IV. to the throne, June 26. 1 83 1. — Reform Bill, introduced by Lord John Russell, produces great agitation. Asiatic cholera breaks out in England. 1832. — Reform Bill passed by Parliament, intended to abolish "rotten boroughs" and extend right of voting to the middle and laboring classes. OTHER COUNTRIES. 1822. — Congress of Verona, held to determine what Europe should do with the troubles in Spain, and to promote the Holy Alliance. Greece declares her independence. 1823. — French invade Spain. Leo XI 1., Pope of Rome. 1824. — Charles X. succeeds Louis XVII I. as King of P" ranee. He attempts to re establish despotic government. 1825. — Nicholas I., Emperor of Russia. First voyage by steam from Eng- land to India. 1826. — Ottoman Empire at war with Russia. 1827. — Charles X. begins to render the government of France an absolute despotism. Battle of Navarino, in which England, France, and Russia defeated the Turkish-Egyptian fleet, and secured the indepen- dence of Greece. 1828. — Leo XII. dies, and Pius VIII. succeeds as Pope. 1839. — Peace or Treaty of Adrianople, between Russia and Turkey, by which mutual rights and relations of the two countries were estab- lished, and independence of Greece was recognized. 1830. — Revolution in France. Charles X. attempts to destroy liberty of the press and abolish the chamber of deputies. The people rebel, Charles is forced to resign, and Louis Philippe, the "Citizen King," is chosen his successor. Pope Pius VIII. dies. 1 831. — Gregory XVI. becomes Pope. Mazzini begins his attempt to or- ganize " Young Italy." 1832. — Uprising of "Young Italy" under leadership of Mazzini, but it fails. Death of Goethe and Sir Walter Scott. Causes of the Texas revolu- tion Character of American col- onists lPc^o^ imii. THE REVOLUTION.— 1832-1836. CHAPTER X. Events leading to the Texas Revolution. THE causes which produced the revolution of Texas from Mexico were many and fundamental. Outside the district of Bexar, the inhabitants of this province were mainly from the United States of America, who had inherited the traditions, temper, and political principles of a people naturally tenacious of their own laws and institutions, and educated by centuries of experience to the highest standards of personal freedom and civil liberty. They were engaged in the peaceful pursuits of agriculture, stock-raising, and general industry, .animated by the orderly instincts of their race, and thort)ughly loyal to the great doctrine of local self-government. Above all things, they had the Anglo-American hatred of a government in which the civil was subordinated to the military power, or in which religious faith was permitted to influence political administration. In all these respects the Texans were radically different from the mixed i)oi)ulation beyond the Rio Grande, to whom they were made subject by the unequal alliance 166 THE REVOLUTION. I 67 with Coahuila. It must also be confessed that among the col- pkriod hi. onists there were some lawless and desperate characters, who revolution were ready to embrace every opportunity, however slight, for ~ hostility against the Spanish-Mexican authorities. And there to were others — good and patriotic men — who were impatient of 1836 the connection with Mexico, who heartily despised the Mexican system of government, and who, in their zeal for the indepen- dence of Texas, were unmindful of the real duties and obligations of the colonists to the constitution under which they had assumed citizenship in the new republic. The constitution of 1824 itself, although modelled after that The constitu- of the United States, was far from realizing the well-recognized its defects^ safeguards of justice and equality to which Anglo-Americans are devoted. It entirely omitted those two most sacred institutions of Anglican law and liberty, — trial by jury and the writ of habeas corpus. It provided for the perpetual union of church and state, by requiring every loyal citizen to be a Roman Catholic in reli- gion. It contained provisions for the organization and use of the army, which rendered the military power the leading and supreme department of the government. And it preserved and .perpetuated the most odious feature of the Spanish colonial system, — \}[iQ fueros, or special charters, by which the military, ecclesiastical, and other classes of citizens were exempted from the operation of the general laws, and were permitted to have their rights determined by special laws of their own making, in tribunals selected from their own members. Even had Texas been granted her rights under that constitution, it is impossible that her citizens could long have submitted to its provisions in matters like those above mentioned. At first, however, the colonists did not feel these evils. They Colonists at f 1 ^ 1 i_ 1 J • .lI • • first contented were too far away and too much absorbed m their own mime- ^^^ peaceful diate affairs. They had new fortunes to build in the wilderness ; fields to clear and cultivate ; Indian foes to fight ; families to bring out from the States and to settle and support in the log- cabin homes along the Trinity, Brazos, Colorado, and Gaudalupe. Then, too, for several years they practically had their own government. Under the extensive and liberal terms of his first contract, Austin organized and controlled all the details of his i832 TO 1 53 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Pkriod hi. colonial administration, appointing officers, framing laws, and '^"'^ disnensino iustice among his people ; and the other empresarios had somewhat smiilar authority in their territory. 1 he Mexican government had all it could do to manage its own affairs, amid 1836 the contending factions of revolutionary politics, and for a time the Texans were left to themselves. Injustice to The first example of Mexican injustice was exhibited in the Hayden arbitrary acts of Saucedo and Victor Blanco towards Hayden Edwards's ■' . r^. . colony Edwards, which led to the Frcdonian liar, in 1827. 1 he col- onists did not forget this, but Edwards's own conduct was so rash and ill-advised that the lesson of danger was not fully realized. As the colonists grew in numbers and strength, their essential antagonism to the principles and practices of Mexican politics attracted the attention of the central government, and provoked the hostility of the military and political chiefs who were direct- The state ing its affairs. When, in 1827, the state constitution of Coahuila constitution of ^^^^^ Jq^^ls was adopted, and the state laws took the place of the Coanuila and '^ ' '■ Texas fomicr local self-government of the Texan colonists, which was early in the year 1828, the occasions for conflicts arose and multii:)lied. Bustamente's It was Bustamentc's tyrannical Decree of April 6, 1830, Apri^e 1830^^* 'before noted, that rapidly brought on open rupture with the Mexican authorities. To enforce the prohibition against Amer- icans, contained in that law, he sent troops to Texas and opened custom-houses at Bexar, Nacogdoches, Anahuac, Copano, and the mouth of the Brazos, where duties were collected to support the army of occupation, and other levies were made u[X)n the Jealousy of colonists for the same purpose. This movement on the part of Mexico to- ^r • 1 1-1 r 1 1 wards the Mexico was duc uot Only to jealousy of the growing power and United States; freedom of the Texan colonists, but to a real fear that the prov- ince would be absorbed or seized by the United States. The expeditions of Magee and Long were not forgotten, and, even since the boundary had been settled by the treaty of 18 iq, efforts had been made by the United States to extend their limits farther west and south. In 1825 the American minister was instructed to offer a new boundary. In 1827 he was authorized to offer $1,000,000 for the territory to the Rio Grande, or half that sum to the Colorado. In 1829 the United States again offered THE REVOLUTION. 169 ,000,000 for the country bounded by a line midway between period hi. The Revolution the Nueces and Rio Grande, or a proportional sum for the La- ""^ vaca, the Colorado, or the Brazos as a boundary. These prop- "t~ ositions naturally excited the fears of the Mexican government, ro especially when coupled with the fact that leading statesmen in 1836 the United States had always contended that Texas properly belonged to the Union as a part of Louisiana. As steps towards the military occupation of Texas, in 1831 Military occu- troops were placed at San Antonio and Goliad (La Bahia) ; jg*j^°"° Colonel Piedras was stationed at Nacogdoches with three hun- dred and fifty men ; Colonel John D. Bradburn at Anahuac with one hundred and fifty ; and Colonel Domingo Ugartachea estab- lished the fort of Velasco at the mouth of the Brazos, with one hundred and thirty men. Ellis P. Bean, with a small force, occupied Fort Teran on the Neches. General Mier y Teran, a most arbitrary tyrant, was in command of the whole department, with headquarters at Monclova. Of these, Bradburn, a traitorous Bradburn's American, was the most troublesome. He began by declaring *''^e^'^'=*^ martial law, violating the persons and property of citizens, and finally he closed all the Texas ports except Anahuac. This would ruin Austin's, Dewitt's, and Robertson's colonies, as it left them without the means of exporting or im- porting anything in their territory. During the previous year, in order to settle the land titles of colonists who had continued to come to East Texas in spite of Bustamente's decree, the gov- ernment of Coahuila and Texas had sent its offi- cials, Madero and Carbajal (kar-va-haF), to sur- \'ey and allot the lands ; and Madero established the municipality of Liberty, with its proper civil government. Bradburn dissolved that munici- pality by military order, instigated, no doubt, by the same influences that controlled Saucedo and „ .,, ,„.^„„ Branch 1. Archer. Blanco against Hayden Edwards in 1827. On December 16, 1831, a meeting of the colonists was held at Brazoria, and Branch T. Archer and George B. McKinstry were sent to Anahuac to induce Bradburn to reopen the ports. They convinced him of their determination to have the desired I/O A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. I'liRIOn 111. Thk Revolution 1832 10 1836 Imprisons distinguished Texans Uprising of the people Battle and capture of Ve- lasco, June 26, 1832 Texans loyal to Constitu- tion of 1824 relief, and he finally acceded. But in the spring of 1832, on account of their resistance to his arbitrary acts, he arrested and imprisoned at Anahuac, William B. Travas, Patrick C. Jack, Sam T. Allen, Monroe Edwards, and other citizens, and threatened to send them to Mexico for military trial. William H. Jack sought the release of his brother and companions, was refused, and at once raised a force to rescue the prisoners, h'rancis W. Johnson commanded this relief party, aided by Warren D. C. Hall and Thomas H. Bradley. They were soon joined by another force under Captains John Austin, H. S. Brown, George B. McKinstry, and William I. Russell. March- ing to Anahuac, they demanded the release of the captive citi- zens ; Bradburn promised to comply, violated his agreement, and a violent conflict ensued. While this was in progress, Piedras came from Nacogdoches to aid Bradburn, but, on arriv- ing at Anahuac and learning the facts, he released the prisoners and sent Bradburn to Mexico under arrest. In the meanwhile the news spread, and Brown, McKinstry, John Austin, Charles B. Stewart, and others went to Brazoria, where they raised volunteers to go to Anahuac and deliver the men from custody. This force prepared to sail from Velasco, when they were forbidden to do so by Ugartachea, who was in command there. They determined to capture the Mexican fort at that point, and on June 26, 1832, the first preliminary batUe of the Revolution was fought at Velasco. It resulted in a \'ictory for the colonists, there being a loss on their side of se\'en killed and twenty-seven wounded, while the Mexicans lost fifty-two dead and seventy wounded. Ugartachea and his men were per- mitted to return to Mexico. And yet these were not the acts of revolutionists. The news of Santa Anna's revolt against the tyranny of Bustamente, and his defence of the Constitution of 1824, had reached Texas, and during the trouble at Anahuac, on June 13, 1832, the assembled force of Texans held a meeting and adopted resolutions drawn by Robert M. Williamson, in which they declared their devotion to the Federal Constitution of 1824, their opposition to Busta- mente' s despotic violation of its provisions, and their allegiance to .Santa Anna as its defender and cliampion, which he then THE REVOLUTION. 171 Period III. The Revolution 1832 TO 1836 claimed to be. In July, 1832, General Mexia (ma-he'-a) visited Velasco, bringing with him Stephen F. Austin,- who was return- ing from the legislature at Saltillo. Mexia was the trusted lieu- tenant of Santa Anna, and the cause of the recent events was explained to him. At the same time the citizens and aywita- 7nientos of Brazoria and San Felipe de Austin adopted resolutions expressive of their loyalty to the constitutional gov- ernment of Mexico, and Mexia returned apparently well satisfied with the Texans. The last of July, 1832, a meeting was held at Nacogdoches for the purpose of compelling Colonel Piedras to declare in favor of Santa Anna and the constitution. Among those who took part in the movement were Phil. A. Sublett, Isaac W. Burton, Henry W. Augustin, John W. Bullock, Asa M. Edwards, Hayden H. Edwards, Almazon Huston, Alexander Horton, Asa Jarman, Isaac D. Thomas, William Y. Lacy, Thomas S. McFarland, and James Bowie. Piedras refused their demands, and on August i, with three hundred men, they attacked his garrison in Nacogdoches and drove him out. He retreated towards San Antonio, was intercepted by Bowie and forced to surrender, when he and three hundred prisoners were sent out of the country. Thus it seemed the Tex- ans were victorious e\erywhere. But the course of events was not encouraging. Since the establishment of the State of The state Coahuila and Texas, the Mexican part '^g'^'^*"^^ of the state, by its majority in the legis- lature, had controlled all legislation, and the policy adopted was not friendly to the American colonies in Texas. In 1830, Letona was elected governor of the state, while Juan Martin Veramendi was made vice-governor. The latter was a Texan, being a citizen of San Antonio, and the father-in-law of James Bowie. This seemed favorable to Texas. Then, Aus- tin's influence in the legislature was most prudent and concilia- RoBERT M. Williamson. (" Three-legged Willie.") Piedras driven out James Bowik. 172 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period 111. The Revolution 1832 TO IS36 Texas seeks separation First popular convention, October 1, 1832 Memorial to Mexican government tory. But on April 28, 1832, the legislature at Saltillo repealed the state colonization law of 1825, and enacted one that con- tained Bustamente' s Decree of 1830, limiting all colonial con- tracts to Mexicans. It, however, contained a few liberal pro- visions as to existing contracts, secured by Austin's influence. It was evident to all observing men, from the recent troubles in Texas, that a separation must be had from the Mexican gov- ernment beyond the Rio Grande, and if the Constitution of 1824 was adhered to, this could be easily and peaceably effected. Bv Austin's influence in 1823, it will be remembered that a proviso had been inserted in the constitutive act of January 4, 1824, passed by the Mexican Congress, by which Texas might establish a separate state government when her citizens saw fit to do so, and should notify Congress of that fact. This provision was re- peated in the Constitution of 1824, in the constitutive act of the state legislature of Coa- huila and Texas, of August, 1824, and in the state constitution of 1827. To this, then, the colonists turned for relief from the difficulties that threatened them. On September 14, 1832, the alcaldes of the municipality of Austin issued a call for the election of delegates by all the people of Texas, to meet at San Felipe de Austin on October i, 1832. This, the first popular convention held in Texas, met and elected Stephen F. Austin president over William H. Wharton. There were fifty-six delegates, rej)resenting sixteen districts and cov- ering the then inhabited portion of the province, except San Antonio. Committees were appointed to prepare memorials to the national and state governments on the following subjects : to secure repeal of tlie Decree of April 6, 1830, prohibiting colonists from the United States, and expressing loyalty to the constitu- tion ; to secure reduction of customs duties on necessary articles of merchandise ; to secure a proper settlement of land titles in Signature of Juan Martin Veramendi. THE REVOLUTION. ^7:^ Period III. The Rkvolution 1832 TO IS36 Eastern Texas ; to provide for the protection of the frontier against Indians ; to secure a donation of land for estabhshing and supporting primary pubHc schools ; to secure the use of the English language except in offtcial communications to the Mex- ican government ; to provide for the granting of lands to Indians from the United States ; for the organization of the militia ; and to petition for a separate state government for Texas. On the last-named proposition the vote stood thirty-six yeas, twelve nays. William H. Wharton and Don Rafael Manchola were appointed delegates to convey the several important memorials to Saltillo, but were unable to go in person. The effects of this meeting were not favorable on the Mexican Provokes the authorities. They were not accustomed to such proceedings, Mex^can^" and to their minds such a popular demonstration was treasonable authorities and seditious. The political chief of Bexar resented it, and the home government of Mexico regarded it as another evidence of the rebellious character of the Texans, so little did it understand the true principles of republican institutions. Santa Anna him- self, to whom the Texans had rallied so loyally, viewed matters differently at that time, and recommended moderation and jus- tice to the colonists. In a letter written by Stephen F. Austin to Ramon Musquiz, political chief of Bexar, on November 15, 1832, the former very plainly rebukes this display of hostility on the part of the Mexican authorities, and he tells Musquiz signifi- cantly : "I give it as my deliberate judgment that Texas is lost if she takes no measure of her own for her own welfare." The spirit of antagonism with which their action was viewed in Mexico, however, was not known to the colonists at large, and they for a time dwelt in peace and hope. The memorials of the first convention were unheeded by the second con- state and central governments but another convention was called ^^"*'°"' ■^p"' . ' I. 1833 to meet at San Felipe de Austin on April i, 1833, to frame a state constitution. It met, and William H. Wharton was elected president, there being the same number of delegates and very much the same delegates, among whom were many of the men signature ok Sam Houston. 174 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. i'kkiou iii. Thk Rkvoi.ution 1832 TO 1836 Memorial and commis- sioners sent to Mexico Stephen F. Austin alone goes Is arrested and im- prisoned Santa Anna refuses the memorial Unconstitu- tional and cor- rupt acts of the state legisla- ture who figured prominently in the subsequent history of the revolu- tion. A new and notable character in the assembly was Sam Houston, a delegate from Nacogdoches, who was made chairman of the committee to frame a state constitution, while David G. Burnet was at the head of the committee to frame a memorial to the Mexican government. The convention was in session two weeks, adopted a constitution for the proposed state of Texas, a memorial setting forth their motives and purposes, and appomted Stephen F. Austin, Dr. James B. Miller, and Don Erasmo Seguin commissioners to lay both instruments before the Mex- ican government at the capital. Of the commissioners appointed, Austin alone went to the City of Mexico, leaving Texas soon after the convention. In the capital he found matters in almost as much confusion as on his former visit. Santa Anna had been elected president, and was planning for the overthrow of the constitution ; revolution was rife, cholera was raging in the city, and he was confronted on all sides with danger and delay. He finally, on November 25, 1833, secured the repeal of the odious portion of the col- onization decree of 1830 ; but, despairing of success in securing further concessions, he started home and wrote a letter to the municipality of Bexar, recommending that the Texans form a separate state government in anticipation of the refusal of their memorial by the central authorities. This letter was forwarded to the capital, and, being considered treasonable, Austin was arrested at Saltillo and carried back to Mexico as a prisoner. He was imprisoned on February 13, 1834, ^^^ kept in close confinement for three months. He was released from strict con- finement in May, but kept a prisoner until October, when Santa Anna heard his memorials from Texas and refused them all, except the repeal of the colonization decree of Bustamente. He was detained at the capital, however, and Santa Anna deceived him with a pretence of finally agreeing to the separation of Texas from Coahuila. 1 he legislature of Coahuila and Texas which met in January, 1833, declared its allegiance to the federal constitution, but its acts were themselves violative of all principles of free government. Among other things a \v\v was passed denying the right of peti- THI': REVOLUTION. 175 Period III. The Revolution 1832 TO 1836 tion to citizens. In March, 1833, the legislature changed the capital from Saltillo to Monclova, which provoked a revolution in Coahuila. During the same session the most reckless and corrupt laws were passed, disposing of the public lands, — eleven hundred leagues being granted to one person and four hundred leagues to another. These lands were all in Texas, and it seemed to be the purpose to plunder the Texans before they succeeded in separating themselves from Coahuila. When the next legislature met in January, 1S34, at Monclova, the people of Sal- tillo had revolted against the change of capital, and organized another legislature at that point, appointing Jose Maria Goribar' governor of the state. The Monclova party appointed as their governor Juan Jos^ Elguezabal', and civil war was threatened between the two factions. The matter was finally referred to Santa Anna, who decided in favor of Monclova as the capital and that a new election must be held, which resulted in the election of Augustin Viesca, the last governor of the state. But these disputes had practically destroyed the con- stitution and government of the state, and the Texans considered themselves released from the union with Coahuila by the revolutionary conduct of the latter. During the year 1834, by the Pla)i of Cuernavaca, Santa Anna established his despotic power ; several of the states revolted against him, and he subdued them by force, Zacatecas being the last to surrender. General Martin Perfecto de Cos was placed in command of the eastern internal provinces, revolution again broke out in Coahuila, the army was marched thither, the legislature was End of the dispersed by troops, and Governor Viesca fled to Texas. On g°^"""^^"' °'' ' ■' ^ ' Coahuila and April 21, 1835, the government of Coahuila and Texas ceased Texas Gail Borden. Jdun p. Kdrden. t832 TO I 76 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Pkriod III, forever. Coahuila was conquered by Santa Anna and Cos, and ^"''' there remained in all Mexico no territory free from the tyranny of the sword except Texas, to whose subjugation the attention of the government was now to be directed. 1836 During the exciting and rapid developments of the past three years, many able and remarkable men had appeared upon the Able men arena of public action in Texas. Perhaps in no country and at among early ^^^^ ^j^^^^ ^^.^^ there cvcr displayed such a collection of talented, Texan patriots '^ ■' ' versatile, and vigorous characters as figured in the rise and progress of the Texas Revolution. All of those who took part in the stirring transactions of the times were notable men, but Branch T. somc of them should be especially mentioned. Branch T. Archer should probably receive the name of the " Father of the Revolution," as to his efforts, more than to any one man, was due the first impulse that awakened the colonists to the danger of their situation and the necessity for their firm and united action. He was a native of Virginia, quick, fiery, determined, and brave, and his tireless zeal inspired the co-operation of all Other dis- \vho fell within its influence. Then there were the Whartons, I'aderl William H. and John A., both men of commanding abilities, ready resources, and large ambitions ; the Jacks, Patrick C. and William H. ; the Bordens, Gail, Gail, Jr., Thomas H., P. P., and John P. ; David G. Burnet, Thomas J. Chambers, S. Rhoades Fisher, Robert M. Williamson, Adolphus Sterne, Henry Smith, Sterling C. Robertson, Jesse W^hite, James B. Miller, Robert R. Peebles, Thomas and William Menefee, Clai- borne West, W. D. C. Hall, Abner Kuykendall, Samuel High- smith, Oliver Jones, Bartlett Sims, Francis W. Johnson, Henry S. Brown, George B. McKinstry, James B. Patrick, Collin McKinney, Rezin P. Bowie, John Caldwell, and an innumerable Travis, Bowie, array of their patriotic followers. There was that triumvirate of heroes — William B. Travis, Ben R. Milam, and James Bowie — whose matchless courage has made old Bexar immortal. Others there were whose services became conspicuous as the drama developed ; and there was one, but lately come, whose name is Sam Houston identified with all that followed. Sam Houston was a native of Virginia, born in 1793, — the same year with Stephen F. Austin, — reared in Alabama and Tennessee, spending part of his boy- THE REVOLUTION. 177 hood among the Cherokee Indians ; he was afterwards distin- guished as a brave soldier under General Jackson. He became successively adjutant-general, congressman, and governor of Tennessee, retired to voluntary exile among the Cherokees at Fort Gibson, in 1829, where he lived and loved an Indian wife, until he came to Texas in Decem- ber, 1832, settling first at Nacog- doches, where he at once became a leader by the commanding quali- ties of his natural ability and the valuable attainments of his varied experience. On August 31, 1835, after two years and a half of captivity in Mexico, Stephen F. Austin re- turned to Texas. During his ab- sence many and important events had transpired, new and ambitious men had come to the front, and some there were who were not always mindful of his sufferings, sacrifices, and labors for Texas. He returned to find the Revolution rapidly approaching matu- rity, and to realize that the state he had founded by wisdom and courage was soon to take her place among the independent nations of the earth, although many who now so valiantly es- poused her cause were strangers to her birth in the wilderness. Sam Houston (aged lliirty-five). In Indian costume, witli sword of San Jacinto. Pkkiod III. The Revolution 1832 TO 1836 Austin's re- turn to Texas QUESTIONS. What can you say of the causes that produced the Texas Revolu- tion? What was the general character of the population of Texas in 1832? What of their political and social habits and traditions? How about tlie population of Mexico in these respects ? Describe the several classes of people in Texas who.se inclinations were in the direction of revolution from Mexico. W'hat fundamental defects existed in the Mex- ican Constitution of 1824, as compared with that of the United States? Why did not the Texans become sooner dissatisfied with Mexican rule? 10 178 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period III. What were the powers and duties of Austin and the early enipresatHos f ' """^ What was the first example of Mexican injustice towards the Texas col- '"'^ '.i_ " onists, and what did it produce ? What followed upon the growth and '^^32 strength of the American colonists in Texas? When and how did the Mexican system of laws and institutions first begin to bear upon the Texans? What brought on the open rupture with the Mexican author- ities ? What steps did Bustamente adopt to enforce his decree ? What motive besides hostility to Texans prompted Mexico's tyrannical con- duct? Describe how this was brought about. Give an account of the acts of the United States in reference to Texas. What steps were taken by Mexico towards the military occupation of Texas? What persons figured most prominently in these movements? Describe the acts of Bradburn, and their effect on the colonies. What occurred in Eastern Texas at this tirne, in the municipality of Liberty f When and where did the colonists hold their first meeting to protest against Bradburn' s con- duct? What did it do, and with what result? Wliat occurred in the spring of 1832? Describe what was done by the colonists to relieve the prisoners. What followed at Anahuac ? Describe what movement this affair caused among the other colonists, giving the names of the persons concerned. When and where was the first conflict of the Texas Revolu- tion had, and with what result ? Explain exactly the feelings and attitude of the Texans at this time towards the Mexican government. WHien and where was a meeting held by the colonists to declare their position, what resolutions were adopted, and who drew them up ? W^hat distinguished Mexican officer visited Texas at this time, and who came with him? What action was taken by the Texans while he was in Texas? Describe what occurred at Nacogdoches in July, 1832. Who took part in this moveiuent? What followed? What had been the policy and conduct of the state legislature of Coahuila and Texas towards the colonists in Texas since the establishment of the state government ? What occurred in 1830 that seemed favorable to Texas? What influence did Austin exert in the legislature ? Describe the important acts of the legislature in 1832. What became evident to all thinking men at this time? What provisions existed for accomplishing this peaceably ? W'hen, where, and how was the first poputar coiivcntio7i of the Texas colonists called to meet, and for what purpose ? Describe this convention, who presided over it, how many delegates were present, and what did they do? Give the substance of the Memorial to the Mexican government adopted at this meeting. W^ho were appointed to carry the Memorial to Mexico, and with what result? What effect did this meeting have on the Mexican authorities, and why? What was Santa Anna's advice at this time? What were Austin's views on the subject, and when and how did he express them ? How was this first Memorial treated by the government ? When and where was the second convention of colonists called to meet, and for what purpose ? Who was elected president of it, and how was it comjKJsed? What new and notable man ajipeared in this convention. THE REVOLUTION. Ijg and from what municipality did he come ? At the head of what commit- Period ill. tee was he placed ? What man, afterwards distins^uished, was chairman „ ""^ 1 " ,• 1 1 • Revolution of the committee to frame a Mcmonal f How long did the convention sit, and what did it do? Who were appointed commissioners to Mexico? ^^32 Of these, which one actually went to Mexico? Describe the condition ^° of affairs in the Mexican capital when he arrived there. What did he _A succeed in securing, and what did he then do? What letter did he write, what became of it, and what happened in consequence ? Describe Aus- tin's imprisonment in Mexico. What did Santa Anna do with the Texas Memorials ? What course did he pursue towards Austin ? What did the legislature of Coahuila and Texas do in 1833? What can you say of its acts ? What occurred in reference to the state capital ? What character of legislation was passed in regard to the public lands, and for what pur- pose ? When did the next legislature meet ? Describe what occurred as the result of the dispute between Saltillo and Monclova. What became of this controversy? Who was the last governor of Coahuila and Texas? What was the result of the disputes that had arisen in regard to the capital, and liow did the Texans feel in reference to the state government? When and how did Santa Anna establish his despotic power? What occurred among the Mexican states ? What occurred in Coahuila? Who was placed in command of the eastern internal provinces ? When and how did the government of Coahuila and Texas come to an end ? What became of Governor Viesca ? What was the situation then in Mexico, and what position did Texas occtipy ? What can you say of the early public men of Texas who came to the front during these events ? Who was the "Father of the Revolution"? What can you tell about him? Name some of the other distinguished and influential men of those days. W'ho was Sam Houston? When did he come to Texas? Give a sketch of his life prior to this. When did Stephen F. Austin return from his captivity in Mexico ? What had occurred in his absence ? What condi- tion of affairs did he find in Te.xas on his return ? Topical Analysis. I. Consider the necessary and fundamental causes of the Texas Revolution, as follows : (a) The essential difTerence between the American colonists in Texas and the Mexican population beyond the Rio Grande, as found in their respective social and political instincts, traditions, and institutions. The former were the product of Anglo-American civilization as worked out through centuries of liberty regulated by law ; the latter was the result of the Spanish colonial system, with its tyrannical and arbitrary decrees, its mixture of church, state, and army, and its violent disposition to resort to lawless revolutions for remedies against e.xisting evils. [b) The radical defects of the Mexican Constitution of 1824, which, though republican in form and name, was without the customary safe- I So A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period III. cryards of political and personal liberty as known to the English and ^"•^ American constitutions. The Constitution of 1824 was framed by the — central government, and the several states of the Mexican federation '^32 derived their existence and powers from the federal authority ; while '^'^ that of the United States was framed by the States or the people, and the ^^•^ federal government derives all its powers from the States, or from the body of the people composing them in severalty. (c) The rapid growth and strength of the American colonies in Texas, with their fundamental hostility to the Mexican system, excited the fear and jealousy of Mexico, and provoked the government to acts of tyranny which the colonists could not endure. (d) The several invasions from the United States, beginning with Magee's expedition ; the fact that the Texas colonies were composed of former citizens of the American Union ; and the repeated attempts of the United States to buy all or a part of Texas, — all created a violent jealousy on the part of Mexico, and a real fear that Texas would be seized by the United States. This led to unfriendly acts towards the colonists. 2. The open and actual causes of the Revolution, as shown : {a) By the Decree of April 6, 1830, prohibiting further immigration from the United States, and practically violating and annulling all the colonial contracts in Texas. ((5) By making Texas a penal colony for Mexican convicts, requiring the colonists to be disarmed, closing the ports on the Gulf, so as to destroy the trade of the colonies, quartering troops in Texas and levying taxes on the people to support them, and arbitrarily arresting citizens of Texas for protesting against these wrongs. (c) By discriminating against Texas in not allowing her proper repre- sentation in the state legislature of Coahuila and Texas, so that her people were placed at the mercy of the Mexicans beyond the Rio Grande. {d) By the acts of the state legislature in denying the right of petition, in squandering the public lands, and in requiring all persons charged with offences to be carried to Mexico for trial. (e) By refusing Texas her constitutional right to have a separate government, which was guaranteed to her by repeated provisions of the federal and state constitutions, and which right had been freely given to New Leon at an early date. (/) By imprisoning for three years the commissioner from Texas, who went to Mexico to present her Memorial and request for constitu- tional rights. 3. As long as the empr-esario system existed, under which the col- onists enjoyed local self-government, these influences tending to a rupture with the government were not felt. But when the state government was established, in 182S, matters rapidly approached a crisis. 4. The first meetings and declarations of the colonies were strictly in favor of tlie Constitution of 1824, and they simply demanded their rights under that instrument. It was only when that Constitution was violated THE REVOLUTION. l8l and overthrown, that they assumed tlie attitude of revokition and resistance. 5. The first revolutionary meetings in Texas, — their members, pro- ceedings, and character. 6. The public leaders of the Texas Revolution, — their ability, firm- ness, and courageous devotion to freedom. 7. Stephen F. Austin's relations to the events of those times. He was a sincere patriot and lover of liberty, but his long and intimate inter- course with Mexican affairs led him to seek a peaceable rather than a revolutionary solution of the difficulty, until he was convinced that revolution was inevitable. Period III. The Revolution 1832 TO 1836 Parallel Readings. Scarff's "Comprehensive History of Texas" (1897), Vol. I. ; Brown's " History of Te.xas," Vol. 1. ; Williams's " .Sam Houston and the War for Texas Independence." Cc-^-t^ SiGNATIIRE OK BHN R. MiLAM. CHAPTER XI. The Outbreak of the Revolution ; Consultation called ; The Campaign of 1835. ri'Kioi) 111. Rkvolution IS32 vo 1836 s t '\ ANTA ANNA'S detention of Austin in Mexico for so long had two motives. It deprived the colonists of his patriotic aid and counsel in their difificulties ; and it operated to hold the great empresario as a hostage for the good behavior of the Texans. Austin in his absence had been elected to the legislature, in 1834, with Oliver Jones and Vasquez as his colleagues, and no doubt his presence during the troubles in Coahuila would have been valuable. But his captivity was a far greater incumbrance to the struggling patriots, by reason of the fact that fear for his safety prevented them from taking any decisive step towards declaring their hbcrties or securing their independence. In all the halting counsels and timid temper displayed during the trying events of 1834 and until the summer of 1835, ^^'^ \^^■^^y read the anxiety of the colonists for their imprisoned chief. During the discussions and plans that preceded actual revolution, there were two parties in Texas, known as the war party and the peace party. The oijM.K jcNi-.s. former was led by such men as the Whartons, Henry Smith, Branch T. Archer, William B. Travis, Bowie, WiUiamson, Edward Burleson, J. B. Patrick, Asa Hoxey, and Alexander Horton. They were in favor of active and aggressive measures, looking to separation and inde- pendence from Mexico. The conservative or peace party was in favor of delil)c'ration, caution, and constitutional remedies for existing evils, at least until relief failed to be thus attained, and the colonies were in a position to act justly on the defensive. 182 THE REVOLUTION. I 8 All thinking men had come to the conclusion that war was in- Period in. Thk Revolution evitable, and it was simply a question of how best to proceed, in order to be prepared for it when it came, and having due " regard always for the safety of Colonel Austin in Mexico. There to was a very small faction in favor of absolute submission to Me.xi- 1836 can tyranny. The plans of Santa Anna towards- Texas were by this time Santa Anna's matured and pretty well understood. He had created a cen- gu^e'rVexaT tralized despotism beyond the Rio Grande, and it was his pur- pose to invade Texas, disarm her citizens, establish an army of occupation, expel all Americans, annul all colonial contracts, and reduce the country to a military dependency of Mexico. To accomplish these ends General Cos was placed in command at Matamoros, as military and civil governor of Coahuila and Texas, and a large force was prepared to march into Texas. To resist the threatened invasion and secure their freedom, Texans organ- , T. 1 • . ^ ize to resist the lexans, early m 1835, began to organize Coiiumttces of t;-.e invasion Safety in the several municipalities. This movement was started in Mina (Bastrop), imitated by Gonzales and Robertson's colony, and during the summer it spread to all the other municipalities. On June 22, a meeting was held at San Felipe, and Captain W. B. Travis with a small force was sent to drive the Mexicans under Tenorio out of Anahuac, where ex- cessive duties were being collected to support the army of invasion. The expedition was successful, and Tenorio and his men were sent out of the coun- try with their arms and effects. Public meetings were held everywhere to discuss the situation and to prepare for defence. Even in Bexar, such men as , . , 1^ ^ ' JOSE Antonio Navarro. Navarro, Cassiano, Seguin, Zambrano, and other patriotic Mexicans, joined in the general movement to uphold Texas Mexi- the rights and liberties of Texas. In all such assemblies the '^^"^■'°'" o revolution uniform expression was that all the Texans askeci was their rights under the Constitution of 1824, to which every munici- pality declared its allegiance. At San Felipe, on July 14, 1835, the political chief of caiisforagen- Brazos, J. B. Miller, held a joint meeting of the delegates from "f" '°"'''''*" 1 84 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Pkkiod hi. The Revolution 1832 TO 1836 The peace con- ference Order for the arrest of lead- ins Texans the jurisdictions of Austin and Columbia, at which resolutions were passed in favor of calling a general consultation of delegates from all Texas, to consider the state and necessities of the coun- try, and a committee was appointed to arrange for such a con- vention. In the same month a similar meeting, with the same action, was held on the Lavaca and Navidad. During the first half of 1835, the colonists suffered much from Indian hostilities, and the anxiety and loss from this source added to their distress and deepened the general gloom. On July 17, three days after the meeting which had declared for a general consultation, another conference was held at San Felipe, in which only eleven men took part. It was intended to be conciliatory, and appointed D. C. Barrett and Edward Gritton as messengers of peace to Colonel Ugartachea at San Antonio ; but nothing came of the mission. The meeting was self-constituted, and represented nobody but the individuals composing it. At this time there came to Texas a noble exile from Mexico, whose subsequent services identified liim with the cause of independence. Lorenzo de Za\ala, who had been the friend of Santa Anna and governor of the State of Mexico, had become dis- satisfied with the course of events under his former companion in arms, was appointed Minister to France, and instead sought refuge in Texas, where he had lands on the San Jacinto River. Being specially desirous of capturing Zavala, Santa Anna, in July, sent Tenorio to Texas to seize and bring him to Mexico, including in the order of arrest Travis, Johnson, Williamson, Mosely Baker, Carbajal, and Zanibrano, all of whom had been conspicuous in the recent mox'ements among the colonists. It was this order and the attempt to execute it that aroused the Texans to their real danger. In July, also, Ugartachea occupied San Antonio with five hundred troops, and the Mexican vessel El Correo attacked Anahuac, was captured by the Texas schooner San Felipe, and the crew sent to New Orleans as pirates. In August a large meeting was held at Columbia, which reiterated the call for a general consultation, and Zavala issued a spirited address to the THE REVOLUTION. 185 Period III. The Revolution 1832 TO 1836 Militia organized same effect. From these various efforts it was decided to hold an election on October 5, for delegates to attend a General Con- sultation of Texas, to be assembled at San Felipe on October 16. In the meanwhile, James B. Miller and Henry Rueg, the political chiefs of Brazos and Nacogdoches, began to organize the militia in their departments, and men's minds hardened into the con- viction that a desperate struggle was approaching. Sam Hous- ton was elected commander of the troops at Nacogdoches, com- panies originally organized and experienced in Indian warfare were recruited for more regular service, and both Mexico and Texas were gathering strength for the coming shock. The I St of September, Austin returned from his enforced Austin takes exile, was enthusiastically and affectionately received, ioined in ^^^ '°, ^ ' J J 1 i general move- the appeal for a consultation, was elected chairman of the com- ment mittee of safety at San Felipe, and entered into the great enter- prise of defending with warlike valor what he had established by peaceful toil. Renewed demands were made by the Mexicans for the de- livery of the leaders of what they termed treasonable rebellion, and such delivery was made the condition of peace and security to the colonists. Of course, peace at such a price was indignantly rejected. In September, Ugartachea sent a force under Castinado to Gonzales, to take by force a cannon belonging to the citizens. News of the threatened seizure was sent to the nearest neighbors, while Captains Albert Martin and George W. Cottle organized and led the citi- zens of Gonzales to the ciefence of their prop- erty. Castinado arrived on September 28, and camped near town. Very soon Edward Burle- son from Bastrop, Robert M. Coleman and John H. Moore from the Colorado and La- vaca, Ben Fort Smith from Columbia, Allen, Goheen, Williamson, and John J. Linn, were marching from different points with men to aid Gonzales in her resistance. On October 2, 1835, the Texans attacked Casti- nado in his camp, defeated him and drove his command towards John J. Linn. 1^5 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. pkriod 111. San Antonio. In this action Colonel John H. Moore com- ''"^ manded the Texans, with T. W. E. Wallace as lieutenant- — colonel. This was the first battle of the actual revolution, and 1832 , , TO war was at last upon the country. 1.S36 Six hundred additional Mexican troops were marched into San Antonio in October, to reinforce the garrison there. Goliad Mexicans IkuI already been occupied by the Mexicans, and early in Octo- fortify San An- |^^j Georoe M. CoUiuosworth organized a company on the lower tonio de Bexar ' ° ° "^ _ _ ^ -^ Colorado and moved on that historic fort to dislodge the enemy. Ben Milam When rteariug the place, they met Ben Milam, who had escaped from Saltillo after the dissolution of the government there, and Capture of La was endeavoring to reach his friends in Texas. He at once Bahia.october j,,;,^^.^} tj^^^jj- ranks. Captains Smith and Allen ioined the com- 9, 1835 J ' -' mand, coining from Gonzales, and on the night of October 9 they seized the old fort of La Bahia which con- trolled the town of Goliad, capturing the small garrison in charge, with a large quantity of military stores, arms, and some artillery. The capture of La Bahia broke the communication between Bexar and the Gulf, which the Mexicans were never able afterwards to restore, and the attempt to do so lost Santa Anna the battle of San Jacinto. Up to this time it had been the policy of the leaders, under Austin's advice, to act on the defensive. Inde- pendence, although in every man's mind, was not GuoRGK M. Collingsworth. y^^ definitely proposed. But to make a proper defence of Texas it was necessary to control the principal points of military value. It was therefore considered of first importance to occupy San Antonio, and capture or expel the strong garrison stationed there. Heretofore the various municipalities had been acting in their local capacities, without any central authority to direct general oj)erations. San Felipe was regarded as the capital, and Stephen F. Austin was looked General coun- to as the practical head of all movements. But now, at his sug- cil formed ,. , .... . , , ^ . gcstion, each municipality appointed one member from its conv mittee of safety, to form a general council for the control of affairs, and R. R. Roy.il was elected president of this new body, which left Austin more at libertv to act with the forces in the field. THE REVOLUTION. 187 Cos was now in command at San Antonio, with about twelve Period hi. The Revolution hundred men, and Ugartachea was despatched to the Rio Grande for reinforcements. ~r~ 1832 The Texan forces at Gonzales were organized into a small TO army, and on October 11, 1835, Austin was elected to the chief 1836 command, with the title of General. His staff were W. D. C. Hall, adjutant ; David B. Macomb, assistant adjutant ; Peter Austin elected W. Grayson and William T. Austin (no relative of the General), ^°'"'"^" ^'" ° aides ; William H. Wharton, judge-advocate. A regiment of three hundred men was formed, with John H. Moore, colonel ; Ed\yard Burleson, lieutenant-colonel ; and Alexander Som- ervell, major. Milam was placed in command of the scouts. This little band marched towards San An- tonio, and on October 20 camped on the Salado, fourteen miles east from the town and fort. Here it remained for a week, and was visited by Hous- ton, Rusk, John A, Wharton, Branch T. Archer, , _^- «v and other delegates of the Consultation, who came ^'^^^'^s^^X. on from San Felipe ; the meeting of the Consulta- ^. nl i ^^^^ tion having been postponed until November, owing I J/A '\ '^ to the absence of so many delegates in the army. By liyj "^ y' request of the soldiers, all delegates were urged to 5|^ , / leave the army and attend to their duties in the Con- eq^v^kd Burlfson sultation, and they all set out for San Felipe as soon as the force removed from the Salado to the mission L' Espada, nine miles below San Antonio, on the river. Austin now had between six and seven hundred men, and had been waiting further additions ; but he determined to move nearer to Bexar. On October 27, he sent Bowie and Fannin with ninety men to reconnoitre. They selected the mission Con- cepcion, about one and a half miles from town, and disposed their men in a strong position on the river, with the stream and timber as a protection. At sunrise, on the 2Sth, the enemy's Battle of con- cavalry rode onto the Texan pickets under Henry Karnes, and btr'28°"i'8 '^^° drove them in. It was very foggy, and when the troops were finally able to see the position of the enemy, it was discovered that the Mexicans had practically surrounded them. Fannin and Bowie at once rallied and arranged their men so as to co- 1 88 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period III. operate effectively. The Mexican infantry came up in force '""^ in front, and the cavalry invested the Texan flanks. At eight REVOLUTIUN ' ■' • 1 r 1 T- — o'clock the batde opened from the side of the lexans, and was TO soon general and fierce along the whole line. The enemy began 1836 firing grape and canister from a six-pounder about eighty yards from the Texan right flank. It was silenced by the Texan rifles Texan victory jn a fcw miuutes, and by a brilliant movement was captured and turned on the Mexicans. The engagement lasted thirty minutes, and the Mexicans lost about sixty killed, many of them officers, and as many wounded, while the Texan loss was one man killed. The Mexican force engaged was about four hundred, and the Texans were ninety in number. This is known as the battle of Concepcion, and it had ended before Austin with the main body of the army arrived from L' Espada. Texan army After the victory of Concepcion, Austin moved his army, A^uonfo ^" ^^^^^ nearly a thousand strong, to the head of the San Anto- nio River, east of the town, and, after various demonstrations intended to secure a surrender of the place, the Texans took their j)osition on the west bank of the river, at the " Old Mill," about half a mile north of the main plaza in San Antonio. The town, or rather combination of town, fort, and mission, was situated on the San Antonio River and San Pedro Creek, which were about six hundred and fifty yards apart. The town lay between the two streams, — the San Pedro on the west and the San Antonio on the east, — -with a remarkably deep bend outward of the latter, into which the town extended ; and just across the Description of rivcr, cast, was the Alamo Mission and Fort. The main part of ,8^" " °"'°'" the city was built around the t^o plazas, — the main and military squares, — which were divided by the church of San Fernando, priests' houses, and a small row of buildings. One main street ran along the north side of these squares, extending through the town and east of the ri\'er to the Garita, or lookout and powder house, a mile or more from the plazas, and the only bridge across the river was at the crossing of this street. The surround- ing country is mostly level, with eminences on the west at the Alazan and on the north at the old mill. The houses were all built of stone ^x\(\.- adobe, with thick walls, flat, parapeted roofs, fronting directly on the street, and admirable for defence. There THE REVOLUTION. 189 Period HI. The Revolution 1832 TO 1836 was a system of irrigation ditclies, or acequias, all through the town and country between the San Antonio and San Pedro. Cos had strongly fortified the place, had excellent artillery, and was well equipped for resisting a siege ; while the Texans had only a few very inferior cannon. The days passed away, and nothing was done beyond an occasional skirmish, and one spirited engagement on November 28, led by Colonel Bowie, known as the "Grass Fight," in which the Mexicans lost about fifty killed and wounded, and seventy head of horses were captured. The delay caused many of the volunteers to leave the army, and the siege seemed likely to fail. On Novem- ber 21, General Austin issued an order to prepare for the storming of Bexar, but certain influences among the men caused them to oppose the movement, and he coun- termanded the order the next day. It is significant that Milam, Bowie, and Travis were absent from the army at that time, engaged in scouting towards the Rio Grande. But some valuable acquisitions were being made to the Texan forces, and the call for volunteers was being responded to, not only in Texas, but in the United States, where men and su|)plies were raised to aid the struggle against Mexico. Gen- eral Rusk was now with the army, and " Deaf" Smith was be- ginning his valuable service as a scout. General Houston was General Hou- at San Felipe, and he was accused of writing letters to officers at Bexar, calculated to produce dissatisfaction and dissension among the gallant men who were gathered there, and who con- stituted the only army Texas had. General Houston did not believe that San Antonio could be taken without cannon, and he Map of San Antonio de Bexar and its Envi- rons, ETC. ston's views of the siege of Bexar 190 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period III. Thi- Revolution 1S32 TO 1836 Austin resigns the command Succeeded by Edward Bur- leson The New Or- leans Grays Adoi.piil's Stkrnk Ben Milam leads the storming of Bexar, Decem- ber 5, 183s was opposed to the policy of making a stand so far from the supporting line of the American settlements. In the latter opinion he was probably correct ; but that he was wrong in the first, Milam and Johnson demonstrated within a few days. On November 24, Austin and Wharton were notified that the Consultation had elected them, with Branch T. Archer, commis- sioners to the United States to solicit aid for the struggling col- onists. They resigned at once from their positions in the army, and Colonel Edward Burleson was elected to the chief com- mand in place of General Austin ; Francis W. Johnson was made adjutant, but General Burleson retained the same aides his predecessor had. On November 21, the first volunteers from the United States joined the Texan army at San Antonio. These were the two companies of the Grays, from New Orleans, commanded by Captains Robert C. Morris and Breese. These troops were raised by the efforts of Adolphus Sterne, aided by the generous support of William Christy and other citizens of New Orleans. They brought many army supplies with them, and their coming greatly en- couraged the people and soldiers of Texas. After Austin's departure from the army, the plan which he had proposed of storming the town grew in favor. The Texan force had decreased in numbers by inaction, but those left were determined and brave. Milam had returned, and. on December 4 he resolved to end the matter by an appeal to the men. Drawing a line, he took his place on one side of it, ex- claiming, "Who will follow old Ben Milam?" Three hundred soldiers responded. The storming party was divided into two divisions, one commanded by Milam, aided by Captain Morris, and the other by Francis W. Johnson, aided by Colonels Austin, Grant, and Brister. Just before daylight, on December 5, they entered the suburbs, and moving rapidly, one command along Acequia Street and the other along Soledad Street, they ap- l)roachcd the viajji plaza ; the first division occupied the house of Im (larza, while the second seized the W-ramcndi house. These two buildings were a block from the main plaza and near THE REVOLUTtON. 191 Period III. The Revolution ' 1832 TO 1836 .1- OR I'l.AN SHOWING OPERATIONS AND LOCALITIES OF TeXANS IN THE STORMING OK Bexar. (Both ancient and modern buildings and streets are shown, and the doited lines indicate route of Texaiis in the siege.) 192 A COMPLETE HISTORY OE TEXAS. I'KRion 111. The Rkvoi.ution TO 1836 the fight the pn'es/s' /loi/sc which faced ihat />/asa on the north side. The Zambrano Row and Navarro s house were farther around to the west and south, near the military plaza, which was defended by a redoubt a block west of those buildings. Barricades and forti- fications protected all the streets near the plazas, and most of the houses were garrisoned by Mexican soldiers. A battery at the Description of Alamo could shcU the town, and the enemy's artillery was every- the locality ^here well disposed. The first day's fight was slow but desper- ate, — the Texans using their rifles, while the Mexicans kept up Progress of a deadly fire from their cannon and breastworks. During the night of the 5th both sides were busy strengthening their posi- tions, the Mexicans firing all night, and on the 6th the Texans were able to use their small cannon to better effect, while they extended their line and fortified themselves in trenches. The Mexicans occupied the tops of the houses near the plazas, and from the parapet walls directed a terrible volley at Milam's men, while a continual cannonade was kept up from the Alamo and the batteries at the entrances to the main and military squares. Great danger was experi- enced in passing from house to house, and the storming force was not able to keep up com- munications as well as they wished, but towards evening they advanced from the Garza house to a building near the main plaza. On the 7th the con- flict continued much the same, the Texans steadily gaining ground. But at three o'clock that afternoon. Colonel Milam, in passing to Johnson's position in the Veramendi house, was instantly killed by a shot in the head. Francis W. Johnson succeeded to the command, with Robert C. Morris next in authority. At ten o'clock that night the Navarro house was taken, being a material advance towards the plaza. On the morning of the 8th Zambrano Roiv was seized by the Texans, after a desperate resistance by the enemy, the storming party forcing their way by tunneling through the thick stone walls and fighting from room to room. This was accomplished by the companies of Llewellyn, English, Crane, and Landrum, and a detachment of the New Orleans Grays, those troops being i^ ■> Bkn R. Milam. Death of Ben Milam THE REVOLUTION. 19: Period III. The Rkvolution 1^32 TO 1836 now commanded by William G. Cooke. At ten o'clock on the night of the 8th the priests house was stormed and captured. The enemy had been strengthened that day by Ugartachea with a large force, and that night they kept up a furious firing against every point of the Texan position. But at nine o' clock on the morning of the 9th, General Cos sent a flag of truce to Colonel Johnson, and surrendered San Antonio to the Texans, agreeing to leave Texas with his officers at once, and never again to take up arms against the Constitution of 1824. All -f.?"''''" his men were to be permitted to go or stay as they pleased, but the battalion of convict soldiers was required to be taken back to Mexico by General Cos. All stores, arms, and military property were delivered to General Burleson for the Texan army, and all prisoners on both sides were re- leased. Thus, on December 9, 1835, Bexar had fallen, and the Mexican invaders were driven from Texas soil. The loss on the Texan side in the storming of Bexar was very trifling. Colonel Milam being the only one killed outright, while about thirty were wounded. The Mexicans were said to have had about one hundred and fifty killed and wounded. It is a remarkable fact that this desperate undertaking was accom- Losses in the plished by a volunteer force of three hundred men under a sub- ^'°'''"^"e ordinate officer, while the commanding general and main body of the army remained in camp. About the time the siege of Bexar began, a small conflict Lipantitian occurred at Lipantitian, near San Patricio, on the Nueces. This was on November 4, Captain Westover commanding the Texans. The Mexicans were defeated and retired from the country. The campaign of 1835 had ended, and the results were of Results of the incalculable value to Texas. Had the capture of Bexar been ^^"^p^'S" °'^ postponed, as General Houston advised in November, until the following March, the Mexicans would have overrun the whole country west of the Brazos before money, arms, or troops could have been collected ; before a government could be put in oper- ation ; before a single volunteer could come from the United States ; before the colonists could have organized any but the 13 William C. Cooke. November 4, 1835 194 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 18^12 I'liRioD HI. most disordei'lv and feeble resistance. As it was, not a Mexican „ ^"^ soldier was in Texas at the close of December; Bexar, Goliad, Revolution _ ' ' and Gonzales were held by Texan troops ; the provisional gov- ernment had been organized, and its agents were in the United • '■^o^ States enlisting substantial aid and generous sympathy every- where ; \'olunteers were coming from all the colonies and from the patriotic towns and cities of distant States, while practical steps were being taken to equip an army and navy capable of coping with the Mexican invasion, which it was certain would soon attempt the subjugation of Texas. None of these things could have been accomplished but for the patriots of Goliad and Gonzales, and the heroes of Lipantitlan and Bexar, in the campaign of 1835. QUESTIONS. What were Santa Anna's motives for detaining Austin as a prisoner in Mexico? To what position was Austin elected during his absence, and who else was elected with him ? How did his captivity aflfect the col- onists ? What two parties were there in Texas at the time of the Revolu- tion, and what were their views on the subject ? W^hat was the general conclusion of all thinking men ? W^hat were Santa Anna's plans for con- {}uering Texas? W^hat did the Texans do towards organizing for resist- ance and freedom? Describe the Tenorio incident. What about public meetings? What was the sentiment in Bexar? W1iat was the uniform sentiment in all the public meetings? When, where, and by whom was the first meeting held suggesdng a "Consultation"? W' here else and when were other meetings held for the same purpose ? What occurred at tliis time in regard to the Indians ? What can you say about the meeting held by the "peace party" in July, 1835? Who came to Texas from Mexico at this time, and why ? What had been his career in Mexico ? What did .Santa Anna do towards securing his arrest and return to Mexico, and who else were included in the order of arrest ? What effect had the order in Texas? What occurred in July? What in August? What was decided ujion ? What was done towards organizing the militia ? Who was elected commander at Nacogdoches ? When did Austin return from Mex- ico, and what did he do in Texas ? Wliat condition did Mexico propose as the basis of peace, and how did the Texans receive it ? W^hen and where was the first battle of the Revolution fought ? Describe the events leading to the battle and capture of Gonzales. What place did tiie Mexicans fortify and reinforce ? What steps did the Texans take to capture that point ? THE REVOLUTION. 195 TO 1836 What man, afterwards distinguished, joined the Texans at this time ? I )e- Period Hi. scribe the capture of La Bahia or Gohad, and what was the importance of „ "^ ' . ' . Revolution that event ? What was the purpose of the Texans at that time ? Describe what took place in regard to organizing a central council, and who was the ^^^^ president of it? Who was in command of the INIexicans at San Antonio, and what did he do ? Describe the organization of the Texan army at Gon- zales. Who were the various officers ? What did the army do ? Who vis- ited it in camp, and what occurred ? Where did the army then go ? When was this, and what was the size of the Texan forces? Describe the battle of Concepciott, and how it happened. When was this ? Where did Austin then move to ? Describe the location, surroundings, and plan of San Anto- nio de Bexar in 1835. What was the Grass Fight, when and how did it occur? What order did Austin issue on November 21, and why was it not executed? What reinforcements did the Texans receive at this time ? Where was General Houston, and what were his views as to the situation at Bexar ? What can you say of them ? What changes occurred in the army on November 24, and why? When did the first volunteers from the United States join the army, who were they, and by whose influence were they raised? What occurred after Austin left the army? Who called for men to storm Bexar, and descril^e what happened ? How was the storming party divided and commanded ? Describe the locality involved in this storming. Explain the course of the Texans on entering the town. Describe the storming, giving the progress of the fighting each day, and explaining the movements of the Texans. Who finally won, and when ? What were the terms of the surrender ? What were the losses on each side, and what was the result of the Texan victory? Who was killed on the Texan side, how, and who succeeded him in the command? Give the names of the principal officers and troops engaged in the storming of Bexar. When, where, and by whom was the battle of Lipantitlan fought, and with what result ? What were the results and importance of the campaign of 1S35, and explain the value of what was accomplished by the Texan army in that campaign ? Topical Analysis. 1. The progress of the Revolution, as shown in the public meetings, committees of safety, general council, and final call for a " General Con- sultation of all Texas." Note the times and places of the various meet- ings. 2. Santa Anna's attempt to arrest citizens of Texas and carry them to Mexico for trial for political ofTences. This precipitated the actual break- ing out of the war. 3. Capture of Gonzales (the first battle of the Revolution), followed by capture of Goliad and the marcii on San Antonio, being the beginning of the campaign of 1S35. 96 A COMPI.ETF. HISTORY OF TEXAS. rKRlOD III. Thk revolution 1832 TO 1836 4. Continuation of tlie cainpais;n, battle of Concei)cion, the Grass Fight, Lipantitlan, and the storniin.i^ of Bexar. Mexicans driven out of Texas. 5. Importance and vaUie of the cainpais;n of 1S35. Geography. The student should locate the se\eral ymmicipalitics of Texas as they existed in 1835-6, as they formed the first political institutions of the colonies and were afterwards adopted as original counties at the organiza- tion of the permanent government of the Republic. Trace the route of the Texan army in the campaign of 1835, and locate the battles of Gon- zales, Goliad, Lipantitlan, Concepcion, the Grass Fight, and siege and storming of Bexar. Parallel Readings. Scarfif's "Comprehensive History of Texas" (1897), Vol. I. ; Brown's "History of Texas," Vols. I. and 11.; Williams's "Sam Houston;" I'Vancis \V. Johnson's "History of Texas," MS.; Crane's "Life of Houston." SUTNATURK Ol'' Jl'AN Nl'roM rClsNO Sl'til'IN. CHAPTER XII. The Consultation ; The Provisional Government ; Preparations for War. T HE General Consultation of all Texas, called to meet Period hi. for October i6, 1835, did not organize on that day revolution owing to the absence of a quorum, many of the dele- "T" gates being with the army at Gonzales. The organi- to zation was postponed to November i, and on that date, there '"'^36 still being a number absent, the proceedings were deferred until November 3, — Austin's birthday. The general council, or cen- The Consuita- tral executive committee, which had been previously formed by !!°" ** ^f " . Felipe, No- the municipalities, had been up to that time the only government vember 3, 1835 for all the colonies, and it had not been able to do much. It had a delicate and difificult question to deal with, in satisfying the Cherokee and Cushatta Indians, who were becoming very The Indian • restless and even clamorous about their settlements in Eastern ^'^° ^"^ Texas. They had built villages and engaged in farming, to some extent, near Nacogdoches and along the Neches and Trinity, and they were anxious to have the titles to their lands confirmed. In a critical moment like this it would not do to incur their hostility, and ex'cry effort was made to pacify them. Both Austin and Houston wrote to them in October, 1S35, assuring them that their lands and rights would be pro- tected ; and they were invited to send a representative to the Consultation. The council managed to keep up a weekly mail through Early newspa- Texas and to the United States. The Telegraph was published ^"^ ^"'^ '"^'•' weekly by Raker and Borden at San Felipe, and "The Emi- grant's Guide" was about starting at Nacogdoches ; so that the colonists were kept informed of passing events. The council also appointed Sims Hall army contractor, and Thomas F. McKin- ney financial agent to contract a loan of one hundred thousand 197 198 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period III. The Revolution 1832 TO 1836 Thomas F. McKinney. Independence deferred dollars in New Orleans. These acts were regular and appar- ently necessary, and the action of the council was afterwards approved by the Consultation. The Consultation finally met on November 3, fifty-five dele- gates being present, representing thirteen municipalities. Branch T. Archer was elected president of the body, and a committee was appointed, with John A. Wharton as chairman, to prepare a declaration of the causes which impelled the colonists to take up arms against Mexico ; while another committee, of which Henry Millard was chairman, was appointed to draft a plan for a pro- visional government for Texas. The question of whether the colonists should declare their absolute independence came up and was warmly discussed. Perhaps all the delegates wished for such action and believed it would soon come, but it was not then thought to be prudent and wise to so declare. The motion for a Declaration of Independence was defeated by a \'ote of fifteen yeas to thirty-three nays. John A. Wharton led the debate in favor of independence, while D. C. Barrett led the opposition to it. Houston also opposed an immediate decla- Deciaration of ration of independence. The declaration of grievances reported grievances |^^. ^j^^ committee and adopted, set forth fully all the despotic and unconstitutional acts of the Mexican government, as they have appeared in the history of the preceding ten years, and declared for the Constitution of 1824. The plan of the provi- sional government, agreed upon on November 13, provided for the election by the Consultation of a provisional governor and lieutenant-governor, and an acKisory council composed of one member from each municipality. Henry Smith was elected governor and James W. Robinson lieutenant-governor. It was desired to elect Austin provisional governor, but he was with the army at San Antonio, and it was thought that his services would be more valuable as one of the commissioners to the Tnited States, to which position he was appointed, with Branch T. Archer and William H. Wharton. Wharton at first declined, ior the reason that he was in favor of declaring the absolute independence of Texas. He argued that anything short of Provisional government organized William H. Wharton THE REVOLUTION. 199 Pkriod III. The Revolution 1832 TO 1836 He was, how- such a declaration would accomplish nothing ; that all Mexico would unite against Texas, no matter what was done ; and that nothing could be expected from the United States in the way of men, money, or sympathy so long as the colonists oc- cupied the position of a revolted province of Mexico, still claiming allegiance to the Mexican constitution, ever, at last prevailed upon to accept the posi- tion of commissioner, upon the assurance that what he desired would very soon be accom- plished. In December the commissioners set out for the United States. The Consultation provided for a commander- in-chief of the army, and Sam Houston was elected to that rank, while the organization of a regular army of eleven hundred and twenty men was ordered, and one hundred and fifty Rangers on the frontier. A loan of one million dollars was authorized ; all land commissioners were suspended and no further land titles could be issued ; the fraudulent and illegal land grants made by the legislature of Coahuila and Texas were declared void ; and it was solemnly enacted that the Chero- kee and other friendly Indians should be secured in the titles and peaceable possession of their lands in Eastern Texas. The Consultation adjourned on November 14 to meet March i, 1836, the adjourned meeting to be composed of the same delegates unless the council should order an election for new delegates. As soon as the provisional government began operations, an Quarrel be- unfortunate hostility arose between the governor and the coun- cil. It would be a waste of time to undertake to decide who was right in the various controversies that arose, or to enter into the details of their differences. The continual disagree- ment between Governor Smith and his council paralyzed the government, and prevented the organization of the army for a month. It progressed to the point of the most violent and abusive language on both sides, and finally resulted in the council adopting a resolution deposing the governor, although he still claimed and continued to exercise such authority as he Henry Smith. Cherokees guaranteed their lands tween g v- ernor and council 200 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. I'KKioi. III. could. The plan of the provisional government provided that ^"'^ the commander of the army should be "subject to the eov- Revoi.ution ■' ' ° — - ernor and council," but as the latter could never agree among TO themselves, General Houston was powerless to do anything. 1836 The spectacle of this disgraceful controversy disgusted every- I)ody, discouraged the colonists, and well-nigh drove away the Ks.'isastrous svmpathy and aid of the outside world. It was but another effects example of the folly, so often demonstrated in modern times, of placing the military operations of a revolutionary war under the control of a political government. Organization At last, on December 13, General Houston secured such ac- t e army ^^j^^^ from the govcmor and council as enabled him to proceed Land bounties to organize a regular army. The council declared that all sol- diers in the regular army should receive six hundred and forty acres of land as a bounty, which was afterwards increased to eight hundred acres ; all volunteers in the war against Mexico should receive six hundred and forty acres ; and all persons who sht^uld leave Texas in her then condition forfeited their lands entirely. Houston issued a proclamation, setting forth these inducements and calling for soldiers to enter the service, but the continual conflict in the provisional government greatly retarded all his efiorts. indep;nc';nce Meanwhile, the sentiment in favor of the declaration of ab- Goiiad,^De- solute independence from Mexico grew apace among the people. ccmber 20, 1835 In November and December public meetings were held in Na- cogdoches and Brazoria, which adopted resolutions to that effect, and on December 20, at Goliad, ninety-two citizens drew up, adopted, and signed a declaration ' ' that the former province and department of Texas is, and of right ought to be, a free, sovereign, and independent state." Major Ira Ingram got up this movement, and he was aided by Captain Philip Dinimitt's volunteer company and the citizens of Goliad. Thirty-one out of the ninety-two signers belonged to the Irish colonies of San Patricio and Refugio. The Mataino- About this time the country was agitated by the scheme of ros expedition ... j o j an expedition to capture Matamoros. Dr. James Grant, who owned \aluable estates in Northern Mexico, seems to have started this scheme, and it was favored bv Colonels P^rancis W. THE REVOLUTION. 20I Period III. The Revolution 1832 TO 1836 council Johnson and J W. Fannin. The soldiers were idle and rest- less, and there was a desire to engage in some sort of desperate enterprise against Mexico. General Houston and Governor Smith were opposed to the expedition, but it seemed impossible to prevent the volunteers who had gathered in the west from taking part in the movement, and to preserve the enthusiasm of the men the Matamoros raid was partially authorized by the commander-in-chief. The council was wholly committed to the Aided by the expedition, and in January, 1836, it went so far as to ignore General Houston's authority by appointing Johnson and Fannin as agents to raise troops and prosecute an independent war- fare on Mexico. This was clearly beyond the powers of the council, amounted to setting aside the general of the regular army, and it led to most serious conse- quences. All the confusion and disaster that fol- lowed in the spring of 1836 were traceable to this Matamoros scheme and the arbitrary action of the council in regard to it. The troops were stationed throughout the western country under separate ciiiefs, the soldiers were in doubt as to what would be the next move, the otiticers were involved in con- troversies wilh the government and with each other, and what should have been a united and well orgau- ized army under one competent commander became a disorganized and discordant force, made up of widely scattered detachments engaged in pushing the individual plans of their several leaders. The fall of the Alamo and the massacre at Goliad were among the terrible results of such a policy. The financial condition of Texas at this time was very critical. The people were poor and the provisional government had no funds. Private aid came from many sources in and out of the province. Mobile and New Orleans being especially generous in their contributions. The finance committee of the council recommended a system of taxation and customs duties which would provide necessary funds for the future ; but what was needed then was money and supplies -to conduct the war, and these must be had at once. A public loan was the only remedy,' Fr.'\ncis W. Johnson. Financial con- dition of Texas 202 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. pERion III. Thi-; Revolution 1S32 TO 1836 Mexico pre- pares a srcond invasion of Texas Volunteers from Alabama and Georgia Houston's orders in the west and for the negotiation of this the people looked to their com- missioners in the United States. In November, 1835, Mexico sent two war-ships, the Bravo and the Monte ziana, to the Texas coast, and began to do great harm to the importation and exportation of merchandise in Texas. In the interior of Mexico extensive preparations were made for the second invasion to subdue the Texans. A large army was collected at San Luis Potosi in November and Decem- ber, to be led to Bexar by Santa Anna in person ; Urrea was sent to defend Matamoros and to march thence to Goliad ; Cos was at Laredo, where he had been joined by Sesma with fifteen hundred fresh troops, so that, unknown to the colonists, the storm was gathering" beyond the Rio Grande. On December 25, 1835, General Houston removed his head- quarters to Washington, on the Brazos, where he met two com- panies of volunteers from Alabama under Colonel Wyatt ; while about the same time the famous Georgia Battalion, under Major William Ward, arrived at San Felipe. Houston had been industriously trying to concentrate the regular troops at Goliad and Refugio, and the supplies at Copano and Matagorda on the coast. On December 30 he ordered all volunteers to gather at Copano and to remain there for further orders. These dispositions were all upset by the- Matamoros excitement in January, and San Antonio was left practically undefended by the departure of men from there to join that expedi- tion. On January 8, General Houston set out for the west, having appointed Colonel Travis chief of the recruiting service, and ordered Colonels T. J. Rusk. J. K. Allen, and A. Hor- . ton to report at headquarters. At this time General Houston expressed himself as convinced that absolute independence was the only course for Texas to pursue, and almost at the same date General Austin wrote to Houston from New Orleans, expressing the same conviction. Houston reached Goliad on January 16, ordered the command of Colonel R. C. Morris to proceed to Refugio, and on the 17th All XANm.R IldKTON THE REVOLUTION. 20' Period III. The Revolution 1832 TO 1836 San Antonio practically abandoned Matamoros expedition continues to he sent Bowie with thirty men to Colonel Neill at San Antonio, with orders to destroy the fortifications there and retire with the artillery to Goliad, as the position could not be held with the small force then there. Captain Smith was also directed to raise a hundred men and go to San Antonio ; it having been learned that a Mexican force of one thousand men were marching on that place. Neill replied that he had no teams to move the cannon, and therefore did not destroy the fortifications. Only eighty men were now left at Bexar, and Governor Smith assumed the authority to remove Travis from his position as recruiting ofificer, and sent him to San Antonio with a small command. Travis called for men and money. Of the latter there was none, and the former were few to respond in the disordered condition then prevailing. Meanwhile, the Matamoros expedition was being still nursed by Grant, Fannin, and Johnson, supported by the council, and it operated as a counter-movement to anything attempted by disorganize the commander-in-chief. Houston reached Refugio and learned ^^^ ^''™^ that no supplies had been gathered at Copano, as he had directed. On January 20, Colonel Francis W. John- son arrived at Refugio and informed General Hous- ton that the council had deposed Governor Smith, arid had appointed Colonel Fannin and himself agents to raise troops and supplies and invade Mexico by taking Matamoros. Houston's con- duct was simple and natural. One branch of the provisional government had assumed to destroy the other, thereby practically destroying itself It had ignored the military organization estab- lished by the Consultation, by superseding the com mander of the army with independent agents of its own, and all discipline, unity, and intelligence of action were rendered impossible. General Houston at once returned Washington and reported the facts to Governor Smith. By a previous order of the council. General Houston, John Forbes, and John Cameron had been appointed to make a treaty with the Cherokee Indians and their associate bands, for the purpose of carrying out Xhe solemn promise made by the Con- JoHN Forbes. to Treaty with the Cherokees 204 A COMTLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Pkriod 111. Thk KlCVOI.lTlON IS32 TO Santa Anna marches to Texas sultalR)!! in reference to securing the Imlians in the title to their lands. By order of the gtnernor, General Houston was granted a furlough until March i, and directed to proceed on his mission to the Indians. He and Forbes went to Chief Bowles's village, and, on I'ebruary 23, 1836, entered into a treaty in acci>rdance with the action of the Consultation. Tliis treaty was never formally ratified by the go\'ernment of Texas. Turning now to Mexico, we find Santa Anna at Sallillo in January, 1S36, whence, on the ist of February, he set out for Texas at the head of six thousand men. He reached the Rio Cirande on the 12th, and sent General Jose Urrea to Matamoros, whence the latter, on February iS, marched with about seven hundred men to attack Johnson and Grant at San Patricio, arriving tht^re on the 27th. Santa Anna's generals in this expedition, besides Urrea, were Filisola, Sesma, Gaona, Tolsa, Castrillon, Andrade. Woll, and Cos. Marching from the Rio Grande in February, Santa Anna's army reached the heights of the Alazan, overlooking San .\ntonio, on the 23d, — the spot where the " Repub- lican Army of the North" had so signally routed l^lisondo in 18 13. The recovery of Bexar by the Mexicans was about to begin. Texas was not well prepared for the ensuing conflict, but her ]ieople felt no fear, trusting in the bravery of their men and the justice of their cause. The commissioners to ihe I'nited States had met with reasonable success Austin matle a great speech in Louis\ille, Kentucky, which was widely circulated and aroused much sym- pathy and enthusiasiu for the struggling colonists. *."()lonel William Christy, of New Orleans, was the faithful friend and helper of Texas in this crisis, and bv his aid the commis- Sccurcsaioan sioiiers securcd a loan of two liundred thousand dollars, — ten per cent, in cash and the balance in instalments, — and another cash loan of fifty thousand dollars. The iK'ople at large, however, seemed strangely indiflterent to the approaching danger, and it was with the greatest difficulty tlu'y could be aroused. This was largely due to the general disgust at the provisional government and its unseemly discords, Will I A ,1 IHKls 1 ' Austin n the United States General apathy in Texas THi: RKVOI.UTION. ^05 vv iiich continued to paralyze the army and dishearten everybody. im-kiod hi. Thk Revolution In spite of this continual trouble between the governor and the "'*' council, some good measures were adopted, which formed the ~ basis for the subsequent legislative system of the Republic and ,0 State. One notable act of patriotism in those times was the gift ''^36 by Thomas J. Chambers of ten thousand dollars, for support- ing an army of reserve which he was authorized to raise and organize. As a result of the general and growing sentiment in fa\-or of Election the absolute independence of Texas from Mexico, on December general con^ 10, 1835, the council had passed an ordinance providing for an vention to de- election to be held throughout Texas on February i, 1836, to 'l^nde^pendence select delegates to a general convention to be assembled at Washington on March i, for the purpose of forming and declar- ing an independent government for Texas, destined to place her among the sovereign republics of the world. To that declaration and its vindication on the field of battle we have now come. QUESTIONS. VV^HK.N' did the General Consultation finally organize, and what caused the delay? Prior to that time what sort of government did the colonies have, and what difficult question did it have to deal with? E.x- l)lain what was done in regard to the Indians. What did the central exec- utive council do in regard to the mails, army contracts, and negotiating a loan ? What publications were issued in Texas at that time ? What did tlie Consultation do in regard to the council's acts? How many delegates were there in the Consultation, and how many municipalities were repre- sented? Who was elected president, and what committees were ap- pointed? What action was taken in regard to a Declaration of Indepen- dence ? Who led the two sides in the debate on that question ? What kind i)l declaration was adopted, and what did it contain? When was the plan of provisional s^overiiment adopted, and what was that plan ? Wlio were elected provisional governor and lieutenant-governor? Why was Austin not elected governor, and to what position was he appointed by the Consultation ? Who else was appointed with him ? Explain the position and action of William H. Wharton. What provision was made in regard to the army, and who was elected commander-in-chief? What other important acts did the CcMisultation pass ? When did it adjourn, and when and how was it to assemble again ? What controversy arose RKVOl.rXION 206 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. pHRion 111. at this time between the governor and council, and explain the progress '^"'■' and effects of this quarrel ? When did General Houston finally begin to organize the army, and what provisions were made for donating lands to J ^32 the soldiers? What progress was made in the direction of independence, '^ what meetings were held, and when, where, and by whom was a decla- -"* ration of independence actually adopted? Who constituted a large part of the signers of that declaration ? What scheme was agitated at this time ? Who originated and favored it ? Who opposed it ? What did the council do in the matter, and with what result? Explain the disastrous consequences of that scheme. What was the financial condition of Texas then, from whence was private aid received, and what was necessary to raise money? When and how did Mexico do injury to Texan commerce? What preparations were made for a second invasion of Texas ? Explain. . General Houston's movements and plans at this time. What troops came to Texas to aid the Revolution? What effect did the Matamoros expedi- tion have on the army ? When did Houston go to the W^est, and what orders did he give? What views did he and General Austin entertain at that time in regard to independence ? When did Houston reach Goliad, ar.d what orders did he issue? Explain how they were executed, and wiiat was the situation at .San Antonio ? W^hat was being done in regard t ) the Matamoros expedition, and by whom? What occurred at Refugio, and what did General Houston do, and why? Explain the relations and treaty with the Cherokee Indians at this time. When and by whom was the treaty made, and what were its provisions? Describe Santa Anna's movements in January and February, 1836. Who were his generals in the invasion of Texas ? When did the ^Mexican army reach .San Antonio ? What success had the Texas commissioners in the United States ? What great speech did Austin make, and with what result? What citizen of New Orleans rendered valuable aid to Texas ? What loans were made to Texas, and on what terms ? What was the condition among the people at large, and wiiy? \\1iat good measures did the council adopt? What notable act of patriotism occurred at that time ? W'hen was an election for a general convention ordered, for what purpose, and when and where was it to meet ? Topical Analysis. 1. The General Consu/hifioii ^t San Felipe, November 3, 1835. Or- ganization of a provisional government. Declaration of grievances adopted instead of declaration of independence. Commissioners to the United States ajiixjinted, to secure a public loan and general sympathy and aid. 2. The organization of the army, scarcity of men and means, and difficulties of the situation. Land bounties granted the soldiers. Volun- teer troojis from the United States. 3. Tlie Matamo7'os Expeditioji, and its disastrous influence and results in the ensuing campaigns of 1835-6. THE REVOLUTION. 207 TO 1836 4. The quarrel between the governor and council, and its paralyzing effects upon the army and the people. 5. Treaty with the Cherokee Indians, by which they were solemnly promised secure title and peaceable possession of their lands in Eastern '°32 Texas, in consideration of their remaining neutral in the fight l^etween Mexico and Texas. 6. Second invasion of Texas by a Mexican army, led l)y Santa Anna in person. 7. Growth of sentiment in favor of absolute independence, and the calling of a general convention for that purpose. Geography. The student should familiarize himself with the locations of the various points of interest in this period of the history ; such as San Felipe, Goliad, Gonzales, Refugio, San Patricio, San Antonio, and the various rivers in that region. Parallel Readings. Scarff's " Comprehensive History of Texas" ( 1897), Vol. 1. ; Brown's "History of Texas," Vols. I. and II.; Williams's "Sam Houston;" Francis W. Johnson's "History of Texas," MS.; Crane's "Life of Houston." Bible ok Colonki. \V. B. Travis (found in the Alamo). CHAPTER XIII. The Independence of Texas Declared ; Campaign of 1836; Fall of the Alamo; Battle of the Coleto ; Massacre at Goliad. 1832 T iKRioi) III. l^^^HE first Constitutional Convention of Texas met at old „ '"'■■ I Washineton on the Brazos, on March i, 1836. It Kkvoi.ltion m ^ 'J contained fifty-eight members, comprising most of the men then prominent in Texas and many who after- i^3^ wards became so. Among the leading members were Sterling C. Robertson, Bailey Hardeman, George C. Childress, Charles B. First consti- Stewart, James B. Collinsworth, Edwin Waller, Thomas J. Rusk, tutionaicon- j^^, Antonio Navarro, ColHn McKinnev, Albert H. Latimer, vention, •' ' • ' March i, 1836 William Menefee, Richard Ellis, Stephen W. Blount, Matthew Its leading Caldwcll, W. C. Crawford, Sam Houston, Lorenzo de Zavala, members Qeorge W. Smvthe, Claiborne West, B. B. Goodrich, M. B. Menard, Jesse Grimes, James G. Swisher, A. B. Hardin, Elijah Stapp, Robert Potter, R. M. Coleman, William Morley, S. Rhoads Fisher, Samuel A. Maverick, Andrew Briscoe, and John W. Moore. James Kerr and John J. Linn were members, but did not arrive in time to participate. Richard Ellis, of Red River, was elected president, and H. S. Kimball, secretary. Declaration of On the uext day, March 2, a Declaration of Independence adopted, *"'^* ^^'''^ unanimously adopted and signed by the members present, March j, 1836 the absentees signing as they came in. The Declaration was prepared by a committee composed of George C. Childress, Collin McKinney, Edward Conrad, James Gaines, and Bailey Hardeman. The convention spent no time in investigating the difficulties of the provisional government, but simply demanded the books and papers and took charge of affairs. On March 4, General Houston was elected to the supreme command of all the military forces then or thereafter in the service of the new gov- ernment. Houston was a delegate from Refugio, ha\ing been 20S THE REVOLUTION. 209 Period III. The Revolution 1832 TO 1836 Bailey Hardkman. elected from there, instead of from his home in Nacogdoches. All able-bodied persons between the ages of seventeen and fifty were declared liable to military duty, and provisions were adopted to compel their service. Liberal land bounties were likewise offered to the soldiers. Those then in the army, and who should continue to the end of the war, should receive twelve hundred and eighty acres ; for six months' service, six hundred and forty acres ; for three months, three hundred and twenty acres ; and all new recruits serving six months, or to the end of the war, nine hundred and sixty acres. An appeal to the people of the United States for aid in money, supplies, and troops was published. On March 16-17, a permanent constitu- tion for the Republic of Texas was adopted, modelled after that of the United States, with some provisions borrowed from the various State constitutions of the American Union. It provided for a president, vice-president, and congress composed Constitution of two houses ; and a temporary government, called the govern- ment ad interwi, was to be established until a regular election could be held. The constitution was to be submitted for ratification to a vote of the people, at an election to be held on September I, at which time also the first perma- nent ofificers and members of congress were to be elected by popular vote. On the 17th the convention elected David G. Burnet president ad interim ; Lorenzo de Zavala, vice-president ; Samuel P. Carson, secretary of state ; Bailey Hardeman, secretary of the treasury ; Thomas J. Rusk, secretary of war ; Robert Potter, secretary of the navy ; and David Thomas, attorney-general. On the following day the convention adjourned, its labors having been thoroughly harmonious. The headquarters of the govern- i4 of the Repub- lic of Texas adopted in convention, March 16, 17, 1836 Government ad interim David G. Burnet. 2IO A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period III. The Revolution 1832 TO 1836 Military situa- tion at the opening of the campaign of 1836 James B. Bonham ment ad interim were removed to Harrisburg, on Buffalo Bayou, and General Houston had already set out, on March 6, for the scene of active operations in the west. At the commencement of the campaign of 1836, the military situation in Texas was as follows : Francis W. Johnson was at San Patricio, while Dr. James Grant and Robert C. Morris were scouting for horses west of the Nueces. Fannin had marched from Copano, by way of Refugio, to Goliad, where he was sta- tioned with his regiment composed of the Lafayette and Georgia battalions under Majors Wallace and Mitchell, with Fannin as colonel and William Ward as lieutenant-colonel. The plan was, that as soon as Grant returned to San Patricio, he and Johnson would join Fannin at Goliad. At San Antonio there were about one hundred and fifty men, under the four notable leaders whose names are imperishably linked with the bloody memories of Bexar. William B. Travis, a native of North Carolina, was in command. He was a lawyer by profession, twenty-eight years old, of indomitable courage, fine physical bearing, and great personal attraction. There was James Bowie, originally of Georgia, as desperate and dangerous a foe as lived in those deadly days, — but withal a kind-hearted and chivalrous man, — a duellist, a filibuster, a pirate and slave-trader with Lafitte, a skilful Indian fighter, and now a devoted defender of Texan liberty. Lately there had come from Tennes- see to Texas, and to the little band at San Antonio, the famous Davy Crockett, — the bear- hunter, the politician and ex-congressman, the former friend and subsequent caricaturist of Jackson and Van Buren, — who "ever with a frolic welcome took the sunshine and the thunder. ' ' And there was the quiet and soldierly James B. Bonham, from South Carolina, whose cool daring was concealed beneath a surface of kindly reserve. These men and their loyal comrades were des- David Crockett ' From oil-paintins^ by W. H. Huddle. THE REVOLUTION. 21 I tined to make the Alamo as immortaLLn-riie calendar of historic heroism as Leonidas and his three hundred had rendered the mountain pass of northern Greece. It should be borne in mind that, in what followed, most of the events in different places occurred without the knowledge of what was passing elsewhere. Communication was slow and difficult in those days, and the scattered detachments of Texan soldiers fought their battles and met their fate in entire isolation from each other and from the great body of the colonists east of the Colorado. As we have seen, Urrea reached San Patricio from Matamoros on the night of February 27, and immediately assaulted the town. The Texans, numbering about a hundred, were nearly all killed, a few were captured, and Colonel Johnson and three others escaped and made their way to Refugio. Urrea had nearly a thousand men, and, learning that Grant was absent with a scout- ing party, he sent out a force to capture him. On March 2, at the Agua Dnicc Creek, twenty miles from San Patricio, the Mexicans ambushed "Grant's party and killed all of them, includ- ing Colonel R. C. Morris, except Grant and Reuben R. Brown, who escaped and fled with the horses. They were pursued for several miles, and Grant was finally lamed and shot to pieces by the Mexicans, while Brown was captured and lived to relate the story of the butchery. Urrea, having thus disposed of two leaders in the famous Matamoros expedition, now turned his attention to the remaining one at Goliad. Fannin, having occu- pied Goliad early in February, fortified the town and began collecting men and supplies for its defence, rechristening old La Bahia as Fort Dejia^icc. His means of transportation and sub- sistence were scarce, and he had great difificulty in maintaining his force. When he heard of the fate of Johnson and Grant and Urrea' s advance on Refugio, Fannin sent Captain King with twenty-eight men to remove some families who were at that mission. King reached Refugio on March 12, where he was immediately besieged by Urrea' s cavalry and took refuge in the old mission, sending a messenger to Fannin for aid. The mes- sage reached Goliad at midnight the same date, and F^annin at once sent off Major Ward with one hundred men to King's relief. Period HI. The Revolution 1832 TO 1836 Isolated na- ture of the war move- ments Urrea cap- tures San Patricio Grant killed at Agua Dulce Creek Fannin at Goliad Sends Kin? and Ward to Refugio A rOMPI.ETK HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period 111. Thk Revolution 1S32 TO 1836 King's com- pany Cuptured and shot Battle at Re- fugio Mission. Ward escapes Houston at Gonzales. Or- ders Fannin 10 retreat The Texans besieged in the Alamo, February 24, 1836 Description of the Alamo Ward reached the mission on the 13th, and next day Mexican reinforcements arrived. It was intended to return to Fannin on the 14th, but, hearinij of the Mexican increase of force, King took a few men from the mission and went to reconnoitre. He lost his way and wandered around for two days, when his jiarty were all captured and shot. The same morning King left the mission (the 14th), Ward, becoming alarmed by tiring in the direction the party had gone, started after them with his com- mand. They came on the enemy, eight hundred strong, and retreated to the mission, where a desperate battle ensued, — the Mexicans losing two hundred killed and wounded. The follow- ing night. Ward and his men escaped fi\)m the mission and marched to X'ictoria. Meanwhile, on March 11, General Houston had reached Gonzales, and the same day sent a despatch to Fannin, at Goliad, to abandon that place, blow up the fort, and retire to X'ictoria on the Guadalupe. Fannin recei\'ed this order on the 14th. and at once sent runners after Ward and King, while he prepared to evacuate Fort Defiance. His fatal delay in waiting for the return of his officers and men from Refugio led to the tragedy that o\-ertook his command a few davs later. We return now to the little garrison at Bexar. As has been stated, Santa Anna reached San Antonio with the advance of his army, on February 23. The Texans took refuge in the Alamo Mission, on the east side of the river, driving as they went a herd of some fifty beeves. Santa Anna at once sent a flag of truce and demanded the surrender of the place. Travis an- swered with a cannon-shot. The blood-red flag of "No quarter to rebels !" was hoisted over the church of San Fernando in the town, and the siege of the Alamo began February 24, 1836. The same day Travis issued and sent to the people a pathetic appeal for help, in which he declared, " I shall ne\-er retreat or surrender. ' ' The enemy, after losing several men by the Texan rifles, succeeded in erecting a battery three hundred yards south of the entrance to the mission, and another at the powder-house to the southeast. The mission, as then constructed, covered con- siderable space, and fully garrisoned would have been invincible. It lay along-side the northern angle of the great bend in the river, THE REVOLUTION. 21 about two hundred yards or more from the eastern bank and facing obliquely towards the town on the west. There was first the mission church, which is all that now remains, a building of stone, with walls five feet thick, narrow, deeply embrasured windows and heavily barred doors, fronting the west. It was constructed in the form of a cross, with the longer end in front and the arms in the rear, there being two small rooms in front Description of on either side of the entrance. The body of the structure then had no roof, l)ut the two front rooms were closed in, and a room Period HI. The RliVOLUnoN 1832 TO 1836 Plan ok the Alamo.' Oil the north side towards the rear was roofed in with stone and used as a powder magazine. Adjoining the church on the northwest was the convent yard, about a hundred feet square, enclosed with stone walls sixteen feet high and three feet thick, strengthened by an embankment on the inside half the height of the walls. Along the west side of this yard and beyond to the north ran the row of priests' cells and hospital rooms, built of adobe, two stories high, eighteen feet wide, and one hundred and ninety-one feet long. Just west of the convent yard was the main area or quadrangle of the mission, containing two or three ' From Corner's " History of .San Antonio," by permission. 214 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. I'KKUUl 111. THIi Rkvolution 1832 TO i3.-,6 acres. It was oblong from north to south, being about four hundred and ninety feet long and two hundred feet wide. Its southern end thus projected about sixty feet beyond the south line of the church, and at a distance of about a hundred feet from the front of that building. This large area was enclosed with a stone wall eight feet high and thirty-three inches thick, and along Description of its west sidc ou the inside was a row of buildings or stalls used the Alamo j^^ vaHous purposcs. lu the south end of it were some rooms against the wall, used as barracks and prison, and about midway of this side was a gateway or porte-cochere, with a room on either side of it, that being the real entrance to the mission. Across the triangular open space in front of the church a stockade of heavy cedar logs had been built, running diagonally from the southeast corner of the large area to the southwest corner of the church, thus protecting the entrance to the latter. On the north side of the convent yard was a sally-port defended by a redoubt. There were two large acequias running around the mission on the west, north, and east sides, with a branch from the larger one entering the main quadrangle, running along its west side and furnishing water to the fort. For the defence of this extensive fortification Travis had taken one hundred and forty-five men with him into its walls. He had fourteen pieces of artillery. Some of the guns were placed in the church, at its south, east, and north windows, on raised platforms, so as to command the openings. They did but little good there, as the assault of the Mexicans was finally di- rected to other parts of the mission. Other cannon were stationed at the main entrance to the mission, at the stockade, at the sally- port and redoubt of the convent yard ; and it is believed that one of the best guns was mounted on a raised platform near the centre of the large enclosure. Santa Anna continued to erect batteries on all sides of the mission, and kept up the cannonading from day to day and some- times at night. Not much damage was done to the fort, except a breach in the northern wall of the large area. No assault was attempted until the final storming. At dawn on March i. Cap- lain Albert Martin, with thirty-two men from Gonzales, entered the fort. In the last days of Fel)ruary, Travis sent Captain Plan of defence by Travis Santa Anna bombards the mission thp: rp:volution. 215 Bonliam to Goliad with an appeal to Fannin to come to his aid. period in. Thk Revolution Bonham returned on the 3d, bringing the news that Fannin "''' would come. The latter did in fact start on February 28, with ~ three hundred men and four pieces of artillery, but his wagons to broke down a few miles out from Goliad, and he abandoned the 1836 attempt. On March 3, Travis sent his last message to Texas and the .world, and to a friend in Washington County he ad- Travis's last dressed a pathetic note, in which he said : ' ' Take care of my "^^^^^^^ ^° ^ ■' Texas and little boy. If the country should be sa\ed, I may make him a the world splendid fortune ; but if the country should be lost and I should perish, he will have nothing but the proud recollection that he is the son of a man who died for his country." On March 2, Santa Anna's entire army had arrived, and he Santa Anna's had not many short of ten thousand men at San Antonio. Dur- °'^'^^. """^ •^ the siege ing the eleven days of the siege, the Texans, by repeated sallies from the walls and by the unerring aim of their rifles, had killed quite a number of the enemy, forcing them to keep at a safe distance. On the 4th, at a council of war held by the Mexican commanders, it was decided to carry the Alamo by storm, the morning of the 6th being selected as the time for the assault. Between midnight and day on that Sunday morning the The final Mexican infantry was formed into three columns, under the im- g^jg*^ ' mediate command of General Castrillon. One column was to enter the breach in the northern wall of the large enclosure ; the other two were to approach from the south, — one of them to attack the main entrance of the mission, the other to storm the church. The assault was so timed as to reach the walls at day- light. Santa Anna and his staf? were stationed south of the mission at the old bridge across the river, surrounded by the regimental bands. At the signal of a single bugle-note the Mexican columns advanced in the dead stillness of the Sabbath dawn. No sound but the tramp of the assaulting host was heard until the guns of the little garrison opened from the fort. Then all the bands at the bridge broke forth in the shrill and terrible strains of the dcgiiello (da-gwal-yo), — the music of merciless murder. The approach was so rapid that the artillery of the Texans did little or no service. But when the enemy reached T^^.H^ '^"^" -' gle 01 the the breach on the north they were driven back by the deadly Texans i6 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period IK. The Revolution 1S32 TO 1 8^,6 Death of Travis No quartei rifles of the defenders, aided by the cannon that commanded the area from within. The column that attacked the southern gate- way was more successful and effected an entrance. The Texans fought with incredible bravery and inflicted terrific slaughter. Travis was probably killed near the northwest angle of the large area, as his body was found lying near the cannon there. After the outer walls were carried by the Mexicans, the gairison sought refuge in the inner buildings, and were killed as they were over- powered. No prisoners were taken and no quarter was asked SlEGK OF THE AlAMO. Death of Bowie The desperate fight in the barracks and church or given. Bowie had been injured by a fall, and was in bed in an upj)er room in the southwest corner of the convent yard. There he was found and was shot to death, with his smoking pistols in his hands and more than one dead Mexican near his couch. As the heroic men were driven into the barracks and towards the church, the struggle became more furious and des- perate. Volleys of musketry were followed by bayonet charges on the part of the enemy, while the Texans fired as rapidly as they could, and then clubbed their muskets or used their bowie knives in hand-to-hand conflicts. Retreat was impossible, and each hero fell where he was brought to bay. The bloodiest struggle occurred in the long barracks or row of priests' cells in THE REVOLUTION. 21 Period III. The Revolution 1832 TO 1836 the convent yard, and the dead were piled thick in front of it. Crockett was killed in one of the rooms near the main entrance, on the south side of the large area. His body was found alone, but many a slaughtered Mexican lay around him. Where Bon- ham died is not known. The church was the last point taken. The assault upon it had been at first repulsed, but it was finally carried by a terrible Last stand effort. Here the few remaining Texans continued the conflict, ^^rch" *Tex and, firing from the upper platforms, did fearful execution. Here ans aii slain they were all despatched, and the Alamo was in the hands of Santa Anna's army. In thirty minutes one hundred and eighty- ^' ^ ! BlgT - •HM it*t<«^ The Alamo. (Restored.) two Texans had killed and wounded over five hundred of their foes, and had died to a man with their guns in their hands. And behold the grim irony of their isolation ! They fell with the flag of the Constitution of 1824 floating over their heads, while four days before the banner of a free republic had been unfurled on the Brazos ! The defence of the Alamo is unparalleled in the history of The heroic na- desperate and unyielding valor, inspired by the purest and loftiest -r^J^an defence patriotism. But the most melancholy feature connected with that immortal combat is, that it was a mistaken and fruitless sac- rifice of noble human lives. As was said of another marvellous exhibition of heroic courage : " It was glorious, but it was not war !" By nine o'clock the reduction was complete. Santa 2l8 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. I'ERion III. Till-; Revolution 1832 TO 1836 The news at Gonzales The "Run- away Scrape. Character cf troops at Gonzales Fannin leaves Goliad for Vic- toria, March 19, 1836 Is attacked by Urrea on the Coleto Anna then appeared upon the scene, and by his orders the dead bodies of the Texans were piled up in the church and burned. The charred bones and half-consumed bodies were left there, to be collected and buried in the church of San Fernando, a year afterwards, by Colonel John Seguin, mayor of San Antonio. When General Houston reached Gonzales on March 11, the news of the fall of the Alamo had arrived there, and a scene of grief and terror was enacted. Women and children, many of them widows and orphans by the butchery at San Antonio, were wild with fear of the approaching Mexicans. It was then that the universal panic began which, spreading afterwards as Hous- ton retired to the east, was known among the old settlers as the ' ' Runaway Scrape. ' ' General Houston found at Gonzales about three hundred militia, and a hundred more came in soon. But these were raw troops, unorganized and incapable of resisting Santa Anna's large invading army, now ready to proceed to the interior, to say nothing of Urrea' s thousand men then on the Guadalupe. Houston decided to retire to the Colorado, expecting Fannin, to whonrwe have seen he sent a peremptory order on the nth, to join him with the force then at Goliad. Fannin delayed his departure from the latter place until the i8th, when he learned that Refugio had been captured and that Ward had fled towards Victoria. He at once prepared to leave Goliad, dismantling his fort, burying such of the cannon as could not be taken, and on the 19th he set out for Victoria. He had about three hundred and fifty men, ten pieces of artillery, and some ox wagons. His line of march lay over the prairie towards the Coleto Creek, ten miles from town. In the afternoon he halted to rest in a de- pression of the prairie, about three miles from the Coleto. This was an unfortunate delay and was opposed by Fannin's officers. After an hour's stop, as he started to move on, Urrea' s cavalry came in sight and rode between the Texans and the creek, while a heavy infantry force approached from the rear, completely surrounding Fannin's men. Undismayed, he prepared for bat- tle. The wagons were meissed in the centre, a hollow square three lines deep was formed around them, and the artillery was placed at the corners. The Mexicans advanced rapidly and THE REVOLUTION. 219 fiercely, but were driven off by the Texan rifles. Charge after period hi. The Revolution charge was repelled by the gallant square, and dead men and ^"^' riderless horses soon covered the prairie. There was no water t~ . 1832 to sponge the cannon, and they became useless early in the to action. Night came on, and the Mexicans drew around the little 1836 band, out of range, while a hundred Campeachy Indians crawled through the long grass and kept up a murderous fire upon the Texans until dark. Then the flashes from their guns enabled Fannin's marksmen to silence them, and many a dead Indian was afterwards found with a rifle-bullet in his head. The night a dismal night that followed was one of dense darkness and deep gloom#in the Texan camp. There was no water, and it was discovered that the provisions had been left at Goliad. There were sixty wounded men whose injuries and sufferings could not be relieved, and the red camp-fires of the watchful enemy gleamed all around them in the distance, while the shrill cries of Urrea's sentinels broke the stillness of the dreary darkness. The proposition to retreat was discussed and rejected, because the men would not leave their wounded comrades. At daylight, Urrea received three or four hundred fresh troops with two pieces of artillery. The battle commenced again, and the enemy's cannon did such The batUe con- deadly work upon the men and wagons that it was decided to ^Ith^^ °" surrender if honorable terms were offered. Fannin opposed it, but he and three officers met a like number from the Mexican lines. Written articles of capitulation were drawn up and signed Fannm sur- by both sides, and the Texans laid down their arms. By the w"i,^en arti^"^ terms agreed upon the men were to be treated as prisoners of cies of capitu- war, the officers were to have their arms and property restored to them, and they were all to be paroled and sent to the United States as soon as arrangements could be made for that purpose. This was the distinct understanding, as embodied in the written instrument and as stated by the Mexican officers at the time. This battle is known as the daff/c of f/ir G;/("/'t> among the Texans, and as that of the Encinal or Perdido bv the Mexicans. The Losses in the loss on Fannin's side was sc\en killed and sixty wounded, some of whom died ; while the Mexicans lost between two and three hundred killed and wounded, they having about fifteen hundred men in battle. The prisoners were marched back to Goliad and 220 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period III. The Revolution 1832 TO 1836 Santa Anna orders the exe- cution of the prisoners The massacre of Goliad, March 27, 183G The survivors The prisoners nearly all vol- unteers from the United States Disheartening effect of these tragedies on the Texans guarded in the old church of Espiritu Santo. On the 25th, Major Miller and eighty-two volunteers from the United States, who had been captured at Copano, were brought to Goliad ; and on the same day Major Ward and his men, who had surrendered at Victoria, were also brought in. There were thus in the hands of Urrea about four hundred and forty-three prisoners. Several days passed in apparent hope among the Texans. Ar- rangements appeared to be in progress for sending them to Copano and thence to New Orleans. But on March 26, Urrea being absent, Santa Anna sent an order from San Antonio to Lieutenant Portilla that the prisoners should all be instantly shot. This he claimed to do under an act of his congress, dictated by himself, requiring all rebels taken with arms in their hands to be executed as pirates. On Palm Sunday, March 27, 1836, the Texajis were marched out in squads and shot like dogs, those who fled being pursued and murdered without mercy. Miller's command was spared, and the physicians and attendants to the number of eight were also omitted from the execution. Senora Alvarez, a humane Mexican lady, — the same who saved Reuben Brown's life at San Patricio, — secreted and saved two or three officers ; while in the wholesale butchery twenty-seven men succeeded in getting away from the massacre. Three hundred and thirty were victims of this cruel and treacherous slaughter. Fannin and Ward were shot separately from the men, and the latter died denouncing his murderers. Nearly all the Goliad prisoners were volunteers from the United States. Fannin himself was originally from Georgia, and Ward had but lately come with his battalion from that State. Among those who perished were the soldiers composing the New Orleans G^'ays, under Captain Pettes ; the Mustangs of Kentucky, under Captain Duval ; a company from Louisville, Kentucky, and Huntsville, Tennessee, under Captain Bradford ; Captain King's company from Georgia ; and the Red Rovers from Alabama, under Captain or Doctor Shackelford. These were in addition to Ward's battalion. The campaign of 1836 had thus far been one of fearful tragedy to the young republic, and the feelings of horror and terror pro- duced by its bloody work drove the colonists in panic-stricken 1832 TO ^ THE REVOLUTION. 22 1 flight towards Eastern Texas. But the rage and resentment that period hi. possessed the gathering troops under Houston nerved them to r^volio-ion such a pitch of excitement that it was with difficulty they could be restrained from sacrificing their army in vain resistance against the approaching foe. A time came, however, and right speedily, 1836 when their valor and vengeance should find satisfaction in a decisive and glorious victory over the butcher of the Alamo and Goliad. QUESTIONS. When and where was the first Constitutional Convention held in Texas ? How many delegates composed it, and give the names of the leading members ? Who were president and secretary of the convention ? What did the convention do on March 2, 1836? Who prepared the Declaration of Independence ? What did the convention do in regard to the command of the army? W^hat district did Houston represent in this convention? Describe what provisions were made in regard to military service, land bounties, etc. When was a permanent constitution for the Republic of Texas adopted by the convention, and after what was it modelled ? What officers of government did it provide for? What provi- sion was made for a government until an election should be held ? When was the constitution to be ratified by the people and permanent officers elected ? What was the temporary government called ? Give the names of the officers of the government ad infei'iin, and how were they elected ? When did the convention adjourn ? WHiere did the government ad interim establish its headquarters, and \\ hen did General Houston start for the west? Describe the military situation at the beginning of tiie campaign of 1836. Who was William B. Travis ? Who was James Bowie ? Who was David Crockett ? Who was James B. Bonham ? Describe the characters of each of these men. Where were they at that time ? What did they afterwards do? What is necessary to be borne in mind in reference to the events that followed in that campaign ? Describe w hat occurred at San Patricio and Agua Dulce Creek. When did those events occur, and who took part in them ? When did Fannin occupy Goliad, and what did he do there? W'hat did he call his fort? What occurred in regard to sending relief to Refugio Mission? Describe the subsequent events in relation to the commands of King and Ward. When did Gen- eral Houston reach Gonzales, and what message did he send to Colonel Fannin ? Why did Fannin not obey this order, and to what did his delay lead ? What did the Texans at San Antonio do on the arrival of Santa Anna at that place ? What did Santa Anna do, and what reply did the Texans make? What then occurred ? On what date was this? Describe Rhvolition 22 2 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period 111. the nioveiiieiits and acts of Travis and of the enemy after this. Give a ^"^ description of the Alamo Mission as it then existed, and make a sketch of its ground plan. What part of it now remains? Describe the church '^32 or chapel as it was in 1836. Describe the surrounding buildings, enclo- ^" sures, etc. How many men had Colonel Travis to defend the Alamo, ■3 and what arrangements did he make for the defence ? What did Santa Anna continue to do, and with what results ? WHiat occurred in the last days of February and on March i ? When did Bonham return to the fort, and with what news ? What effort did Fannin make to go to the rescue of the Alamo, and how came he to fail ? When did Travis send his last message, and what letter did he write about his little boy? When did Santa Anna's entire army arrive, and how many men had he then ? What losses had he sustained? When was it decided to storm the Alamo ? What date was fixed for the storming ? Describe the beginning of the assault, giving the plan of the Mexican attack. Describe the open- ing scenes of the battle. What occurred at the breach in the north wall ? What, at the southern gate-way? How did the Texans fight? Where was Travis killed? When the outer walls were carried, where did the Texans retire, and describe what happened there? Where and how was Bowie killed? Describe the retreat to the inner works, and the character of the struggle. Where was the bloodiest fighting? Where were Crockett and Bonham killed ? Where was the last stand made by the Texans? Describe the final struggle and slaughter. How long did the storming of the Alamo last ? How many men had the Texans. and how did they die ? How many Mexicans were killed ? What flag floated over the Alamo at the time, and what can you say of this incident? What may be said of the defence of the Alamo ? What was done with the dead bodies of the Texans, and by whose order? When and by whom were their remains afterwards buried, and where ? What eftect did the news of the fall of the Alamo produce at Gonzales ? What was the "Runaway Scrape"? How many and what character of troops were collected at Gonzales? What did General Houston decide to do, and what did he expect? What was Fannin doing meanwhile at Goliad? When did he finally decide to leave that place, and what steps did he take in that direction ? When did he finally leave, and for what place ? Describe his movements and what occurred, until the battle began with Urrea's troops. How did Fannin arrange his men, and what was the progress of the battle until night? Describe the scenes, events, and surroundings of the night that followed. W'hy did the Texans not retreat that night ? What occurred on the Mexican side at daylight next morning? What was the result of the battle when renewed? What was decided by the Texans, and what was Fannin's position on that question ? By whom were the terms of surrender agreed upon, and what were those terms? Were they verbal or written ? What is that battle called ? What were the losses on both sides ? When did it occur ? How many Mexicans were in the fight ? How many Texans were taken prisoners, and what TO 1836 THE REVOLUTION. 2 2^ was done with them after the battle? What other Texan prisoners were I'eriod ill. brousrht to Goliad at that time, and how many Texans in all were then in ^ ' -' Revolution Urrea's hands? What happened for several days? What order was received on March 26, and by whom was it executed? When did the ^°32 massacre of the Texan prisoners at Goliad occur ? Describe the deed. How many were shot, how many escaped or were spared ? W^hat noble woman saved several Texans ? How were Fannin and Ward executed ? Where were inost of these men from ? Give the names of the troops who thus perished. What had been the character and results of the campaign of 1836 thus far? What effect did these things have on the Texans? Topical Analysis. 1. The first Constitutional Convention in Texas, at W^ashington on the Brazos, March i, 1836. Adopts a Declaration of Independence for the Republic of Texas, frames a constitution, organizes a government ad interim, and provides for the ratification of the constitution by the people, and the election of a permanent government. Provisions for an army. 2. The campaign of 1836. The military situation in the west, at Bexar, San Patricio, Refugio, Goliad, and Gonzales. General Houston's plan of campaign. 3. The heroes of the Alamo, — Travis, Bowie, Crockett, and Bonham. 4. Fannin at Goliad. His delay in obeying Houston's orders, by reason of attempting to relieve King and Ward at Refugio. Urrea's advance on San Patricio. The battle at Refugio Mission. Capture and killing of Dr. Grant at Agua Dulce, and slaughter of King's command. Escape of Ward. 5. The siege and fall of the Alamo. The desperate and heroic struggle of Travis and his men. 6. The battle of the Coleto, and the massacre of Texan prisoners at Goliad. Disastrous results of the campaign thus far. Geography. Study the geography of Western Texas between the Colorado and the San Antonio Rivers, and in the neighborhood of San Antonio, Goliad, San Patricio, Refugio, Victoria, and Gonzales, so as to understand the exact locations and relative situations of those places. Study also the original plan of the Alamo and its location. Parallel Readings. Scarff's " Comprehensive History of Te.xas" (1897), Vol. T. ; Brown's "History of Texas;" W^illiams's "Sam Houston and the War for Independence ;" Corner's " History of San Antonio de Bexar ;" Crane's "Life of Sam Houston." CHAPTER XIV. General Houston's Retreat; Battle of San Jacinto; Close of the War. 1832 TO plan of cam- paign A Period III. "1^^ FTER the barbarities at San Antonio and Goliad, Thh f 1 Santa Anna seemed to think that he had practically Rkvoi.ltion ^^i^^ ^ ■' conquered Texas, and that he had only to complete the subjugation by easy stages. He divided his army J836 into three columns. The first, under Gaona, was to march to Nacogdoches by the old Comanche trail and the upper crossing Santa Anna's of the Trinity; the second, under Sesma, was to advance to Bastrop on the Colorado, and thence to San Felipe ; and the third, under Urrea, after scouring the country between Victoria and Galveston, was ordered to cross the Colorado at Matagorda and march to Brazoria. The point of concentration of the sec- ond and third columns was evidently at the mouth of the Brazos, or i)erhaps at Anahuac, whence it was expected the Mexican ])resident and his victorious troops could embark for Vera Cruz. He leaves Santa Anna himself was to personally direct the operations of the army of occupation, and for that purpose he set out with F"ilisola from Bexar, on March 31, accompanied by two battalions and five pieces of artillery, to join Sesma' s column. Houston's re- Meanwhile, General Houston left Gonzales in llames, on the treat to the • 1 c ivt i • i i • r Colorado night ot March 13, with about three hundred men and a tram of fleeing and homeless women and children. The weather was wretched ; the rain poured in torrents, the roads were quagmires, the prairies were trackless seas of water, the streams were swollen and swift, and the dull and lowering skies covered everything like a pall of gloom and despair. The " Runaway Scrape" had begun in earnest, and the frightened colonists, seeing in Hous- ton's retreat and the removal of the government to Harrisburg the sure signs of Mexican conquest of the whole country, fled in wild confusion, sjireading dismay and dread ex-erywhere they 224 THE REVOLUTION. 225 came. The wretchedness and desperation of those times were frightful, and the women and children suffered most. The great- est terror was caused by some cowardly deserters, who left the army and ran through the country, even to Eastern Texas, circu- lating the most outrageous accounts of the size of Santa Anna's forces and the retreat of the Texan troops. Houston reached. Burnham's Crossing on the Colorado, near Texan army at the present town of Columbus, on March 17, and at once sent William T. Austin to the mouth of the Brazos for artillery. It Period III. The Revolution 1832 TO IS36 Map showing Route of the Armies from Gonzales to San Jacinto. was his purpose to make the Colorado his line of defence, ex- pecting reinforcements from Eastern Texas and some news of Fannin. On the 19th, Houston crossed to the east bank of the river and marched down stream a few miles to Season's Crossing, where he remained until the 26th. On the day the Texans left Mexicans Burnham's, Sesma and Woll reached the Colorado with about l^^'^^^]''' Colorado seven hundred men, and stopped on the west side two miles above Beason's. Houston then had about twelve hundred men and could have easily defeated Sesma, but he waited for his artillery and for information from Goliad. On the 25th the story of the battle of the Coleto reached the Colorado, and that event had left Urrea free to join Sesma or to march to the rear of the 15 226 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAg. Period III. The Revolution 1832 TO 1836 Houston re- tires to the Brazos Dissatisfac- tion at his course P.t the Brazos San Felipe burned Santa Anna concentrates his army on the Brazos Texan army by a flank movement lower down the river. A battle with Sesma at that point would also no doubt have con- centrated the entire Mexican force on the Colorado, and this would have brought on the decisive struggle farther from the base of supplies and troops in the settlements of the east than was deemed prudent. A victory would not have been final and a defeat would have been destructive. At any rate, for these or other reasons. General Houston decided to retire to the Brazos, and he began his retreat on the evening of March 26. His action provoked great criticism and almost mutiny in his army. The soldiers were anxious to fight, and they knew they could whip the enemy just in front of them, and to fall back under the circumstances was considered by many to be the height of folly, not to say cowardice. Some of the ofificers shared this feeling, notably Captains Mosely Baker and Wylie Martin, who then and afterwards were unsparing in their condemnation of General Houston. But he pursued his own course, reaching the Brazos at San Felipe on the 27th. From there he marched up the river, and this strange and unexplained movement excited open rebellion on the part of Baker and Martin, and they refused to go. Baker, with one hundred and twenty men, stayed at San Felipe, while Martin took his company below to guard the crossing at Fort Bend. The rains and floods continued, and the experiences of the troops in the Brazos bottoms were dreary indeed. Houston reached Groce's Ferry, and remained there and at Donoho's, both near the present town of Hempstead, until April 14. On March 29, Captain Baker had burned the town of San Felipe, as he always claimed, by Houston's orders. In the first days of April, Vice-President Zavala and Secretary of War Rusk joined the army. While the Texans were thus scattered up and down the Brazos, Santa Anna was gathering all his forces towards the same locality. He countermanded Gaona's march to Nacog- doches and directed him to join Sesma, who had advanced from the Colorado to San Felipe. Gaona reached the latter place on April 17, having been lost in coming from Bastrop. Urrea had also been ordered to come from west of the Colorado to join his THE REVOLUTION. 227 Period III. The Revolution 1832 TO 1836 Crosses the river Burns Har- risburg forces with Sesma, Gaona, Tolsa, and Woll on the Brazos, where a final victory was expected. But when Santa Anna reached San FeHpe in person on April 7, and found that Houston had gone up the river, he thought the Texan army had concluded to get out of his way and give him free course to overrun the country. He sent word to Urrea to proceed on his original route to Matagorda, and, leaving Sesma to await Gaona' s de- layed arrival, he took about one thousand men and one cannon and tried to cross the Brazos. Baker was still at San Felipe and gallantly disputed the passage, so that Santa Anna went below and effected a crossing at Fort Bend, in spite of Martin's defence there. Pushing on down the river and through the bottoms, he reached Harrisburg on the 15th, whence the gov- ernment had barely escaped towards Galveston Island. He burned the town on the i6th, and marched to the town of New Washington, on Galveston Bay, where President Burnet and family were just leaving in a boat in full view of the enemy, and escaped unharmed because Almonte would not permit the sol- diers to fire on account of the ladies. Learning of Santa Anna's movejiients from his scouts, on the Houston pre 14th Houston left Donoho's to follow him. Baker had rejoined fjfj^,^^;^ the army, but Martin's conduct was such that he was sent to the Trinity to guard the families there against Indi- ans. It was just as the little army was leaving the Brazos that there came to them two can- non, the first artillery they had possessed in this campaign, — the generous gift of the citizens of Cincinnati, — known afterwards as the "Twin Sisters," and used effectively at San Jacinto. Santa Anna was now separated from his army, and had placed himself in a trap by entering the narrow peninsula below Harrisburg, into which the Texan army now hurried to catch and hold him fast. Buffalo Bayou was reached on the i8th. Deaf Smith brought in a captured courier with despatches, from whicli it was rendered certain that Santa Anna was in front of them. Houston made the men a speech Erastus Smith. 228 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period III. The Rkvohtion 1832 TO 1836 which set them wild with enthusiasm and tilled their souls with righteous vengeance, as he bade them ' ' Remember the Alamo ! Remember Goliad !" On the 19th, by rafts and in rickety boats, the army was crossed over the Bayou two miles below Harrisburg, marched r..L .cidoi Sai, JncintO Miu.i-kN Map of Rkgion near San Jacinto Battle-Ground. nearly all night, and at sunrise on the 20th they were halted on the borders of the heroic field of San Jacinto. The scene of this encampment was picturesque and beautiful. In the rear lay the deep and sluggish waters of Buffalo Bayou, skirted by groVes of live-oaks, whose vivid green was sobered by the soft THE REVOLUTION. Hkriod III. Thk Revoluiion 1832 TO IS36 gray moss that hung in festoons from the giant trunks antl spreading limbs ; in front, for two miles, stretched the rolling surface of a fertile prairie, covered with tall, waving grass, and interspersed with small clumps of trees ; while beyond this lay the Gulf marshes of the San Jacinto Bay, treacherous and miry, and covered with a thick growth of rank verdure and swampy timber. The wet and late spring was now ripening into early summer, the atmosphere was soft and balmy, the trees and grass were fresh and fragrant, and the whole scene was full of those sights and sounds that make life sweet and hope strong in human breasts. Almost immediately in front of the Texan camp there Texan camp were two small groves of live-oaks, a few hundred yards distant ; while the whole ground in front for a length of five hundred yards rose above the level of the camp, and to the top of this rise there ran a skirt of timber from the Bayou, about midway, reaching to near the top where the level of the prairie began. Santa Anna was then at New Washington on the upper arm of Galveston Bay, and his route of escape by Lynch' s Ferry would neces- sarily bring him past the Texan camp. The Mexicans proceeded towards the Ferry on the way to Anahuac, on the 20th, and coming upon a part of the Texan camp soon after- wards, a sharp skirmish ensued, after which the enemy withdrew towards the San Jacinto and camped. In the afternoon. Colonel Sid- ney Sherman, with a small force of cavalry, went out to reconnoitre, and became engaged with the Mexican infantry, which for a while seemed about to develop into a battle, but the Texans withdrew Cavalry fight successfully. In this action Mirabeau B. Lamar first displayed °" pri2o, 13 his bravery and skill, which resulted in his being placed in com- mand of the cavalry next day. The Mexican army spent the night in extending their lines and erecting fortifications of packs and baggage, with an opening in the centre for the artillery. Nothing occurred on the 21st until the afternoon. It was Cos brings re- a bright and beautiful day, and the two armies lav i" expectant '" °J^^I"^!! ^ &• -' -^ I to Santa Anna Sidney Sherman. 230 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period 111. This Revolution 1832 TO 1836 Vince's bridge Houston's plan of attack The Mexican position The battle. April 21, i8j6 impatience waitin": for the result. At nine o' clock in the morn- ing, General Cos arrived from the Brazos, bringing to Santa Anna five hundred of Sesma's choice troops, which increased the Mexican force to about fifteen hundred men. They came b)- Vince' s bridge, o\er an arm of the Bayou by that name, and Houston at once sent Deaf Smith to destroy the bridge, so as to prevent any further reinforcements from that direction, or the escape of the enemy by that route. At half-past three o'clock in the afternoon, General Houston paraded his troops in their position, and arranged to attack the Mexican camp. The location of the Texan camp, with the protection given by the timber and the nature of the ground as before described, enabled Houston to make his dispositions for the attack with- out being seen by the enemy. He divided his army into four divisions. On the extreme right the cavalry was placed, under command of Colonel Lamar ; next towards the left came the infantry, under Millard ; then the "Twin Sisters," under Hock- ley ; Colonel Burleson with the first regiment occupied the cen- tre ; and the second regiment, under Sidney Sherman, formed the lefl wing. The troops advanced to the edge of the pro- jecting neck of timber at the top of the rise in front of their camps, while the cax'alry went to the front to draw the atten- tion of the enemy. Santa Anna's cavalry was on his left wing, his infantry and artillery in the centre, behind fortifications of boxes and baggage, while his extreme right had been extended so as to reach the timber along the San Jacinto. The Texan army had no band, its only martial music being a drum and fife, and to the air of "Will you come to the bower?" it formed its line of batde. At four o'clock the com- mand " F"orward" was given along the whole line. The men adxanced rajMdly, and Houston had difficulty in making them hdUl their fire until near enough to do execution. When at p(»iiU-l)lank range, the two cannon were wheeled, and poured their contents into the barricades of the Mexican centrci while the Texan soldiers dashed headlong upon the startled camp, delivering a destructive volley at close quarters. Santa Anna's army seemed to be taken by surprise. He himself was asleep in his tent, and the soldiers were lying about in confusion. But THE REVOLUTION. 231 I'eriod III. The Revolution 1 832 TO 2^2 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. I'liKion 111. when those terrible words — "Remember GoHad ! Remember '^"'"' the Alamo !" — smote on their ears, they endeavored to form in Revolition -^ line and stem the Texan charge. It was useless. Castnllon w as shot dead while trying to rally his men. Santa Anna in 1S36 terrified haste mounted a swift horse and fled towards Vince's bridge, now destroyed. The Texans were too eager to reload often, and, in their furious haste to wreak vengeance for past outrages, they clubbed their muskets and drew their bowie Mexican de- kuivcs. At first uo quarter was given. The route was com- ^^^^ plete and the slaughter terrific. The intensity of the rage and violence of the victorious colonists were something fearful. After the battle, many dead Mexicans were found into whose heads the heavy knixes had been struck with such force as to shatter their skulls like panes of glass. The few Texans who were injured received their wounds from the first scattering volley, fired by the enemy as the barricades were reached and over- thrown. The rout and The fugitives ran in wild terror over the prairie and into the boggy marshes of the San Jacinto, and were pursued and killed or driven into the mud and water and drowned. In thirty minutes it was all over. The inhuman butchery of Travis, Bowie, Crockett, Ward, and Fannin had been terribly avenged, but not without regard to the usages of civilized war. Almonte rallied about four hundred men and formally surrendered, their Mexican jiycs and rights as prisoners being respected. But six hundred losses in the ii- »»• 1 ii',/-ii ■, , ■, . battle ^I'l^i thirty Mexicans lay dead on the field, two hundred and eight were wounded, and seven hundred and thirty prisoners were taken, a very few having escaped, most of whom were afterwards captured, including Generals Santa Anna and Cos, Colonel Almonte, and several other officers. Large quantities of arms, army stores, camp equipage and mules and horses w^ere also taken, and eighteen thousand one hundred and eighty-four dollars in money, three thousand dollars of which were at once Texan losses votccl to the uavy. The number of men engaged on the Texan side in the battle of San Jacinto was seven hundred and forty- three, and their loss was six killed and twenty-fi\'e wounded, (icneral Houston was painfully and seriously wounded, his ankle being shattered by a ball in the first volley fired by the Mexi- THE REVOLUTION. Period III. The Revolution 1832 TO 1836 cans. That night was one of unbounded joy and uproarious celebration. The men were simply wild with the intoxication of victory and the sense of freedom at last gained, after so much suffering, such tragic losses, such sickening suspense, and oft- times despair. Next day, James A. Sylvester, a sergeant in Wood's com- Capture of pany, with six others, was scouting for prisoners on Vince's ^^"^^ ^""^ Bayou. Sylvester, while separated from the others, came on a man concealed in the tall grass. He was dressed like a common soldier, but wore a fine linen shirt with studs in the bosom, which convinced Syl- vester that he was in disguise. When the others came up, they started to camp with the prisoner, a distance of eight miles, the captive walking part of the way and riding behind Joel W. Robinson the remainder. When they reached the Texan camp, Sylvester con- ducted the strange man to where General Houston was lying under a tree, talking with General Rusk. As the party passed some Mexican prisoners, the latter exclaimed in Spanish, "The President," "General Santa Anna." This was the first intimation of his identity. As soon His interview as Sylvester reached Houston and Rusk, Santa Anna stepped ^^^ ^^^^^ forward, and with dignity stated his name and rank, and demanded the treatment of a prisoner of war. A con- \ersation of nearly two hours ensued. At first Moses Austin Bryan, a youth about grown, acted as interpreter ; then General John A. Wharton and Vice- President Zavala came up, and the latter interpreted for a while, when General Rusk asked Santa Anna if he would like to have Almonte sent for, to which the prisoner gladly assented, and Almonte translated the greater part of the interview. After the first exchange of courtesies between Houston and Santa Anna, General Rusk did most of the talking on the part of the Texans. A warm discussion was had between JoKL VV. KuBlNSON. with Houston Moses Austin Br^an. 234 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. rKKiop 111. The RkVOLI'TION 1832 10 Sant.\ .\nn.\'s SAuni.i Armistice agreed upon Treaty of peace Changes in the Texas army and government him and the Mexican coniniancler as to the massacre of Fannin's men, the responsibility for which Santa Anna denied, but did not dispute Urrea's treaty with Fannin. At last Santa Anna said lie wanted to end the war and would order Filisola to retire from Te.xas with the army, to which Rusk replied that Filisola would not obey him. The prisoner said his otticers and men would obey any order he mii^ht issue. "Then," said Rusk, "order them to surrender." With great dignity and spirit Santa Anna responded : "I am but a single Mexican, and you can do with me as you please ; but I will do nothing that would be disgraceful to me or my nation." The cap- tive president was much exhausted, mentally and physically, and asked for opium, which was given him. He finally addressed a note to Gen- eral Filisola, directing him to retire to San An- tonio, and to order Gaona to do the same, while Urrea should retreat to Victoria, and all hostili- ties should be suspended until further orders, pending an armistice which had been agreed upon between him and Generals Rusk and Houston. These orders were at once sent off to the Mexican commander, and the war practically ceased. As soon as the news of the \ictory reached GaUeston Island, President Burnet and his Cabinet came to the camp on the San Jacinto, reaching there April 28. The outline of a treaty of peace had already been draw n up by Rusk and Houston, and was submitted to Burnet. On Meiy 5, General Houston was granted leave of absence to go to New Orleans for treatment of his wound, and Rusk was appointed to the com- San 1 a Anna's Cane. ^^^■^^^V ^^W|^( Sama Anna's Eielu-IiLass. mand oi the army, while Colonel M. R. Lamar was made secretary of war. Lamar and the secretary of the na\y, Robert THE REVOLUTION. 235 Potter, were opposed to treating with Santa Anna, holding him period hi. to be a miscreant outside the pale of civilized warfare, and revouttion entided only to be shot as a murderer. A violent controversy T~ arose as to the standing and treatment to be accorded the pris- to oner, which did not end without further serious trouble extend- 1836 ing over several months. But on May 14, 1836, a treaty was finally signed between Santa Anna and David G. Burnet, as Terms of the presidents of their respective republics, by the terms of which jg^g*^' ^^'''' Santa Anna pledged himself never again to take up arms against Texas, and to use his influence to end the war ; all hos- tilities should cease on land and water, and the Mexican troops must immediately evacuate Texas ; all property should be respected, captured property to be restored ; and all prisoners held by the Mexicans must be ex- changed for an equal number of Mexicans held by the Texans. On the same date a secret treaty was made, by which Santa Anna was to use all his inHu- cnce in Mexico to secure a recognition of Texan in- dependence and the establishment of the boundary at the Rio Grande. The government ad interim had estab- lished itself at Velasco on May 8, and the treaties were ~ , ■' . . Thomas J. Rusk. executed at that port. The Mexican army, amounting in all to about seven thousand troops, continued its retreat to the Mexicans Rio Grande, and in the early part of June they all retired beyond that river. Meanwhile, great numbers of volunteers were constantly Arrival of arriving from the United States, and the enthusiasm produced by the victory of San Jacinto brought troops from Eastern Texas ; so, that when the enemy's last column crossed into Mexico, there were enough men in the recruited Texan army to have driven out the invaders had they delayed their departure. In following the exciting operations of the army on land in The Texas the campaign of 1835-36, it must not be forgotten that Texas "^^^ also had a small and efficient navy in the Gulf. Early in the year 1836, the government succeeded in procuring three armed vessels, — the Invincible, the Brtdus, and the Independence, — which did valuable service in destroying Mexican commerce and securing supplies for the army. Other small vessels were after- 236 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 1832 TO I'KRioD 111. wards added, and the Texan navy was an important factor in , ^""^ some of the events that followed under the Republic. RlAOLUTlON _ '^ Having declared and achieved by the test of heroic battle her sovereign independence, the new Republic prepared to 1836 assume her place among the nations of the world, and to main- tain a government suited to the needs and capacities of her great territory and her growing population. QUESTIONS. What plan of campaign did Santa Anna adopt for the further con- quest of Texas, after the fall of the Alamo and the massacre at Goliad ? At w hat point did he intend to centre and complete his final campaign ? When did he leave Bexar, and with what general and forces? When and under what circumstances did General Houston leave Gonzales? Describe the condition of the weather, roads, and surroundings. Describe the " Runaway Scrape," and its progress. W^ho caused a great part of this general panic? When and at what point did Houston reach the Colorado River? What did he do there, and what were his plans? Describe his movements on the Colorado. When did the Mexicans reach that river, and under what oflficers? How many men had Houston at that point, and explain why he did not fight the Mexicans then and there? What did Houston decide to do, and what effect did his conduct at that time have upon the officers and men? When did he reach the Brazos, and what disposition was made of the Texan army at that river ? Where did Houston go with the main body of the army, and what were the experiences of the troops on the Brazos ? When and by whom was the town of San Felipe burned ? W' ho joined the Texan army on the Brazos, and when ? What was Santa Anna doing meanwhile ? Explain the movements of the several divisions of the Mexican army. What did Santa Anna think and do? Wlio prevented his crossing the river at San Felipe, and where did he finally cross? Where did he then go, and describe what happened at those places? Describe Houston's plans and movements as soon as he heard of Santa Anna's course. What gift did the Texan army receive at this time ? What was Santa Anna's situation at this juncture ? When did the Texans reach Buffalo ]5ayou, and describe their subseciuent movements until they reached the field of San Jacinto? Describe the scene and surroundings of the Texan camp at the latter place. Where was Santa Anna then? Describe his movements, and the cavalry fight on April 20. Wiio distinguished himself in that action? What did the Mexicans do that night? What occurred in the forenoon of the 2 1 St? What reinft^rcements did the Mexicans receive? How did THE REVOLUTION. 237 they come ? What did Houston at once do, and for what purpose ? What occurred at three o'clock in the afternoon? How did Houston arrange his troops for the attack, and give the names and disposition of the Texan troops ? How did they advance ? How was the Mexican ^832 army phiced ? Describe the battle of San Jacinto, giving the several ^° events in its progress. What can you say of the impatience and violence ^ •^ of the Texans? What became of the Mexicans after the rout began? What did Colonel Almonte do ? What were the Mexican losses in killed, wounded, and captured, and who were included among the captives? What property was also captured by the Texans ? How many men had the Texans in this battle, and what was their loss? Who was wounded on the Texan side? What occurred that night? Describe the circum- stances of the capture of Santa Anna. Describe the interview of Santa Anna with Houston and Rusk when he was brought into camp, giving the substance of what was said, the persons present and participating, etc. What was Santa Anna asked to do, and what did he reply? What did he finally do towards ending the war? Where was the Texan govern- ment at that time, and what did its officers do when they heard of the victory at San Jacinto? What treaty was outlined, and by whom? What changes occurred in the army and cabinet ? W^hat controversy arose in regard to Santa Anna, and what position did Colonel Lamar and Secre- tary Potter take in the matter ? When and by whom was the final treaty of peace signed, and what were the terms of that treaty? What secret treaty was made at the same time ? Where were these treaties signed, and why at that place ? When did the Mexican army finally leave Texas ? What had occurred during this period in regard to the Texan army ? What can you say of the Texas navy during the war for Texan indepen- dence ? What did the new Republic now prepare to do ? Topical Analysis, 1. Santa Anna's plan of campaign for the further conquest of Texas, the disposition of his army, and his movements in the advance from San Antonio. 2. Houston's retreat from Gonzales to the Colorado, and then to the Brazos. The reasons for these movements, and the criticism and opposi- tion they caused in the Texan army. 3. Santa Anna's advance across the Brazos and down to Harrisburg and New Washington. The situation this movement placed him in, cut off from the main body of his army and liable to be hemmed in on a peninsula. 4. Houston's rapid march from the Brazos to Harrisburg and across Buffalo Bayou to the field of San Jacinto. His position of advantage there, being such as to cut oflf Santa Anna's return up the Bayou, or his escape across Lynch's Ferry to Anahuac. The IVIexican army was caught in a pocket, and a battle was inevitable. 2 3^ A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Periop III. Thk RkVOLV'TION IS32 TO IS36 5. The battle of San Jacinto. Its desperate and \ iolent character, under tlie inspiration of Texan vengeance and the know ledge that the issue involved tiie salvation of Te.xas. The disparity in numbers, and in lo.sses, between the two armies. The completeness of the victory. 6. The end of the war, the treaty of peace, and the future prospects of the young Republic. Geography. Study particularly the route of the two armies from Cionzales to San Jacinto. Study also the plan of Santa Anna's campaign and the routes his several generals were expected to pursue. Locate and understand clearly the battle-field of San Jacinto. Parallel Readings. Williams's " Sam Houston and the War for Indejiendence ;" Crane's " Life of Sam Houston ;" Brown's " History oi Te.xas ;" Scarf?'s " Com- prehensive History of Te.xas" (1897). Monument to Burnkt and Siikrman TilK RKVOLUTIUN. 239 CONTEMPORANEOUS EVENTS.— 1832-1836. Parallel with Period III. AMERICA. 1332.— Morse originates the telegraph. 1333.— Andrew Jackson inaugurated President for his second term, March 4. Santa Anna president of the Mexican repubhc, April 18. First successful American locomotive— the " Arabian"— built. Clay's compromise tariff. Jackson removes the deposits from the bank of the United States. 1834. —The IVhiiT party in the United States organized, to succeed the National Republican party. Growing hostility between North and South on slavery and States'-rights issues. 1 835.— The second Seminole Indian war. Colt's revolving pistol patented. 1836.— Arkansas admitted into the Union, June 15. Congress refuses to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia. United .States treas- ury issues the " specie circular." United .States debt extinguished. Michigan admitted to the Union. Territory of Wisconsin created. The Me.xican republic ends. GREAT BRITAIN. 1833.— The Reformed Parliament meets. Daniel O'Connell in parlia- ment. Slavery abolished in the British colonies. Edmund Kean and Wilberforce died. 1834. — New Poor Law passed. System of national education begun. Agitation by O'Connell in Ireland. Houses of Parliament burnt. Ministry of Sir Robert Peel. 1835. — Death of James Hogg, the " Ettrick Shepherd." Municipal Cor- porations Act passed, restoring local government to towns, wliich liad been taken away in the fourteenth century. 1836. — Act passed allowing Dissenters civil marriage. General Registra- tion Act. Continued agitation in Ireland. EUROPE. 1833. — Donna Maria, Queen of Portugal. Isabella II., Queen of Spain. 1834.— Death of Lafayette. Monasteries abolished in Portugal. 1835. — Ferdinand I., Emperor of Austria. Death of Humboldt. 1836. — M. Thiers, first minister of Louis Philippe in France. Death of Charles X. of France and Abb^ Siey^s. Period III. The Revolution 1832 TO 1836 periob TO. THE REPUBLIC.-1836-1846. ¥¥ CHAPTER XV. Government at Velasco Volunteers from the United States Hostility to Santa Anna Events following San Jacinto ; Troubles in the Army ; First General Election ; Organization of the Permanent Government. T 'HE government having been established at Velasco, the course of events was for a time somewhat confused and disorderly. Some changes had taken place in the composition of the Cabinet. Lamar was now secretary of war ; Samuel P. Carson being disabled by sickness, James B. Collinsworth was secretary of state ; and David Thomas having been accidentally killed, Peter W. Grayson was attorney-general. Meanwhile the volunteers from the United States and else- where continued to arrive, until June i, 1836, the army had increased to nearly twenty-five hundred men, and many of them were not of the most conservative and obedient character. Among the prominent new arrivals were General Felix Huston, a Mississippi lawyer who had raised and brought with him a command of five hundred men from that State ; General Thomas J. Green, also at the head of a band of volunteers ; J. Pinckney Henderson, and General Memucan Hunt. Nearly all the new- comers were ambitious and adventurous, and their zeal seemed proportioned to the litde they had had to do with preceding events. The hostility to Santa Anna which had been so em- phatically expressed by Lamar and Potter rapidly extended to 240 THE REPUBLIC. !4I Period I\'. The Republic 1 87,6 1846 many officers in the army, and the freshly arrived troops were especially anxious for his trial and execution as a murderer. The captive president of Mexico had been brought to Velasco, and on June i he was placed on board the Invincible to be sent to Vera Cruz, in accordance with the treaty. But Thomas J. Green, Generals Hunt, Huston, Henderson, and others stirred up such a tumult against letting him go that President Burnet was compelled to submit to his being brought ashore. It was then proposed to try him by court- martial. President Burnet vigorously resisted these violent acts, and his opposition aroused such resent- ment that there was an organized movement in the army against the President, which accused him of starving the soldiers and demanded all sorts of arbi- trary relief. Burnet was firm but powerless, and the civil power for a time seemed in danger of being over- thrown by the military. To add to the difficulty, some of the old officers, like Colonel Millard, took sides with the mutineers, and it was known that the secretary of war sympathized with them, at least in regard to Santa Anna. General Houston was then at Natchi- toches, and he wrote a most positive protest against the conduct of the army and the proposed trial of Santa Anna. The latter was finally sent for safe-keeping to the plantation of Dr. Phelps, at Orozimbo on the Brazos. Sometime before that General Rusk had asked to be relieved of the chief command of the army, and suggested General Felix Huston as his successor. President Burnet, about July i, instead appointed Colonel La- mar, a most unfortunate.' selection under the circumstances. The army rebelled against the appointment, and, upon the question being submitted to a vote of the soldiers, they decided by a large majority that they would not accept Lamar, but preferred to retain Rusk in immediate command, with Sam Houston as real commander-in chief. Lamar did not take his defeat with good grace, but at last he saw that the army would not receive him and he retired. The vacancy created in the Cabinet by his appointment had changes in the been filled by Colonel Alexander Somervell, and during tlie 16 GfNKRAI. I'^ELIX HlSTON. President Burnet resists attempt to kill Santa Anna Insubordina- tion in the army government 24: A 'COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 1836 TO 1846 Isaac W. Bur ton's notable feat Period IV. Slimmer otlicr changes occurred in the government. John A. phe Republic \Yharton became secretary of the navy instead of Robert Potter ; Barnard E. Bee succeeded Bailey Hardeman as secretary of the treasury, the latter having died ; William H. Jack became sec- retary of state, to succeed James B. Collinsworth ; while Peter W. Grayson having been appointed commissioner to the United States, the office of attorney-general remained vacant for most of the time until the regular government was installed. The army was unemployed, except as above stated, during the months following San Jacinto, except the one notable feat of Captain Isaac W. Burton, who with a company of Rangers cap- tured three Mexican vessels in the harbor of Copano, which was rather more of a naval than a military exploit, and was certaifily a novel performance for mounted Rangers. The news of the battle of San Jacinto reached the City of Mexico on May 15, the day after Santa Anna had signed the treaty at Velasco. By that time the Mexican troops were all leaving Texas, and, notwith- standing several attempts were made during the sum- mer to send a second invading army into Texas, nothing was accomplished in that direction. The ru- mors of invasion, however, served to keep the Texans uneasy and to necessitate some preparations to meet it. Mexico repudiated Santa Anna's treaty and de- clared she would never recognize Texan independence. In June, 1836, Manuel Flores and other Mexican agents renewed their efforts to organize and excite the Indians in Eastern Texas against the colonists, and they did succeed in stirring up enough hostility among the Cherokees, Caddos, and Cushattas to render the situation a dangerous and delicate one. But for the presence of United States troops on the eastern border, there might have been serious trouble. During the war for Texan independence in 1835-36, the United States government had jireservcd strict neutrality. An- drew Jackson was President, and his sympathies were with the struggling patriots, but the law of nations required him to main- tain an attitude of perfect impartiality as between the two con- Gknerai. Barnard E. Hee. Indian hostilities Attitude of United States THE REPUBLIC. 243 Period IV. The Republic 1836 TO 1846 Protection against In- dians by American tending parties. Mexico complained bitterly of the volunteers who were allowed to join the Texan army from the United States, but the government was powerless to prevent them from leaving, so long as they did not actually march out in military array. But there was one thing the United States did do. During the war it was known that the Indians along the Trinity and next to Louisiana were being influenced by Mexican agents to rise and massacre the families of the men who were struggling for liberty troop at San Antonio, Goliad, and San Jacinto. The nearness of these tribes to the United States territory, and the instincts of hu- manity and justice required that the United States, as a neutral power, should keep the Indians from such an uprising, and accordingly General Edmund P. Gaines was stationed with troops on the Louisiana frontier, to watch and quell any outbreak among the Indians in East Texas. At the request of the Texan government, in the summer of 1836, he performed the same service, making his headquarters at Nacogdoches. As soon as the victory of San Jacinto had rendered their independence secure, the Texans were anxious to have the new government recognized by the United States, and, if possible, to be annexed to the American Union. Movement The commissioners who had been sent to the United States in *°^Y- ^ ^"' nexation to December, 1835, were not accredited as diplomatic agents to the United states American government, but were merely representatives commis- sioned to solicit the sympathy and aid of the people of the United States, which they did most successfully. These gentlemen — Texan com- Austin, Wharton, and Archer — returned to Texas in June, 1836 but on May 30 President Burnet had appointed James B. Collins worth and Peter W. Grayson as commissioners to the govern- . . Recognition of ment at Washington City, to secure the recognition of Texan Texan inde- independence, to enlist the influence of that government with pendence by ,, . . . ... . . , , , ... the United Mexico in procuring a similar recognition by the latter republic, states Indian War Danck. missioners to Washington !44 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period 1\'. Thk Republic TO 1846 Early politics aiitl to suggest that the annexation of Texas to the United States would be most acceptable to her citizens, upon certain terms which were to be explained by the commissioners. The news of the success of the struggle in which Texas was engaged was received with general rejoicing in the United Sates, and on June 18, 1836, Henry Clay offered a resolution in Congress to recog- nize the independence of the new Republic. This, however, was postponed, and it was not until March i, 1837, that the United States finally recognized Texan independence. The subject provoked political controversy, and the agitation was the beginning of the exciting and bitter struggle that occurred over annexation eight years later. During the discussion of the question of recognition, Henry M. Morfitt was sent by the United States to investigate and report on the condition and resources of Texas. He reported favorably, stating that the population was about fifty-eight thousand, of whom thirty thousand were white, three thou- sand six hundred and seventy were Mexicans, five thousand were negroes, and twenty thou- He estimated the public debt at one million two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. On July 23, President Burnet issued his proclamation for the first regular election, to be held September i, 1836, to ratify the constitution of the Republic, elect the first permanent ofificers of the Republic and members of the First Congress, and at the same time the people were to vote on the question of annexation to the United States. Politics in Texas then and for many years afterwards, were entirely personal. There were no great party Issues, and no important public measures and policies upon which political divisions could be organized. Men rallied around their favorite candidates from motives of personal attachment, or because they admired their position on some question of local and temporary concern. A man's personal popularity and suc- cess in winning and holding friends were the secrets of his leadeishiij, and strong personal friendships begat equally strong Moses Austin Biyan. Lewis demons George W. Petty. .\ (".ROii- OF Old Texans. sand Indians. First regular election in the Republic THE REPUBLIC. 245 personal hatreds. Hence the difficulty of correctly estimating Period iv. the real character and merits of the public men of those days, ^^ ^ublic and the danger of accepting the opinions of their contempora- ^^ ries, unless their personal attachments are known and made JS46 proper allowance for. In the election of 1836 there were two of these personal par- Austin and ties,- — the A us f/?i pa r/j' and the Wharton party. The former was parttes°" not strictly an Austin party, for all the people loved and revered Stephen F". Austin, but his immediate, personal friends felt that injustice had been done him on account of his position in regard to the war with Mexico and the early declaration of Texan inde- pendence, and that such injustice was largely due to the ambi- tious intrigues of John A. and William H. Wharton. Resent- ment against the Whartons produced personal opposition to them among Austm's closest followers, and it was an aiiti- Wharton rather than an Austin party. The Whartons espoused the candidacy of Henry Smith for the first presidency, and their influence rather than his own gathered a few followers around him. Austin was not a candidate in the sense of seeking the office, but he could not prevent the use of his name, although he took no part whatever in the canvass. The new-comers and Position of the the volunteers in the army took but little interest in the personal ^l?!'/^!!," „„^ ■' r new-comers animosities of the Wharton and anti-Wharton factions. They had known but little of General Austin, as he had been absent in the United States since most of them came to the country, and his services as the real founder and father of Texas were not felt nor appreciated by them. To them General Houston was the central figure in the Revolution, whose success they con- sidered had been won by his valor and skill, and as the " hero of San Jacinto" his military fame, as so often happens, outshone the less sensational achievements of civil life. Besides, Houston was a skilful politician, adroit, dramatic, popular in his speech and manner, and trained in a State where politics and public speaking had reached the position of a fine art. So he was brought out as a candidate, apparently against his wishes, by public meetings at Columbia, Nacogdoches, San Augustine, and elsewhere. The Wharton party, finding thev could not elect Sam Houston ' •' o . ^ elected first Smith, threw their influence'to General Houston. In the election president 246 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. I'KRioD IV that followed Houston received four thousand three hundred thk kki'l:blic ^nd sevcnty-four votes, Smith seven hundred and forty-five, 1836 TO 1846 First Congress lJI^ «6ac^: I'lRST Capitol 01 I.UMHIA, 1836, lira Houston's Cabinet First Judici- ary of the Re- public and Austin live hundred and eighty-seven. Mirabeau B. Lamar was elected Vice-President, in consequence, it was said, of Hous- ton's complimentary mention of him in the report of the battle of San Jacinto. The First Congress met at Columbia, to which place the capital had been removed from Velasco, on October 3, and the President and Vice-President elect were in- stalled on October 22, 1836. The vote for annexation was almost unanimous, while the constitution was also adopted by a large vote, but the proposed authority to Con- gress to amend it was defeated. President Houston appointed as his Cabinet, Stephen F. Austin, secretary of state ; Henry Smith, secretary of the treasury ; Thomas J. Rusk, secretary of war; S. Rhoads Fisher, secretary of the navy ; James Pinckney Henderson, attorney-general ; Robert Barr, postmaster-general. Congress organized with Ira Ingram as speaker of the house, and Richard Ellis was president pro tern, of the senate, in place of Vice-President Zavala, until Vice-Presi- dent Lamar was inaugurated. Zavala died on November 15 following his retirement from office. James B. Collinsworth was elected chief justice of the Supreme Court by Congress, and Shelby Corzine, Benjamin C. Frank- lin, Robert M. Williamson, and James W. Robinson were elected judges of the four judicial districts of the Republic, who, together with the chief justice, constituted the Supreme Court. District attorneys and county judges were also elected by Congress, and the vari- ous county and local officers had been chosen at the election on Septenil)er i. These all assumed their duties in December. jAMiis B. Collinsworth. TO THE REPUBLIC. 247 William H. Wharlon was appointed minister to the United pkriodiv. States. The vacancy in the command of the army, caused by "^ ^^lblic the appointment of General Rusk to the* ^^ war department, left General Felix Huston at the head of the army, and soon after- wards efforts were made, in view of war with 'Mexico, to induce the distinguished General James Hamilton, of South Caro- lina, to become commander-in-chief of the Texan forces. The first permanent government of the „ , ,. r 11 -1 1 General James Ham- Repubhc was now fully organized, and ilton. its labors in meeting the severe demands made upon it furnish another illustration of the capacity of the Anglo-Americans for self-government. QUESTIONS. Where was the government established after the battle of San Jacinto? What changes took place in the officers of the government? What can you say of the volunteers who continued to arrive from the United States ? Give the names of the most prominent among them, and what position did they assume towards Santa Anna ? Where was he at that time, and what occurred in regard to him, and how was it brought about? Describe what happened between President Burnet and the leaders of this movement. What position did General Houston take, and what did he do on the subject? What was finally dtme with Santa Anna at that time ? What occurred in reference to the command of the army? What changes occurred in the government at that time? What singular and notable feat was performed by Captain Isaac W. Burton at Copano? When did the news of the battle of San Jacinto reach the Mexican capital, and what was done in Mexico? When, by whom, and where were attempts made to excite Indian hostilities ? What Indians were concerned in this movement, and what prevented an outbreak among them? What was the attitude of the United States during the Texas Revolution ? What did that government do in regard to pre- venting Indian hostilities along the eastern frontier of Texas? What American officer commanded the troops for that purpose, and what did he do in the summer of 1S36? Where were his headquarters? What were the Texans anxious for as soon as their independence was secured. 2J.8 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. pkkiod IV. and what steps did the government of the RepubUc take towards that TnK Replbi.ic ^^^-^ ^^ho were sent to the United States, and with what instructions? 1S36 How was the news of Texan success received in the United States, and 1 o what occurred in the American Congress ? When was that, and when '^46 did the United States finally recognize Texan independence? What efTect did the discussion of the subject have in the United States ? Who was sent to Texas, for what purpose, and give the substance of his report in reference to the population and public debt of the Republic ? When was the proclamation for the first regular election issued in Texas? When was the election to be held, and for what purposes ? What was the nature of politics in Texas then and for many years afterwards? Describe how men took sides in political campaigns. What difficulty did that condition of affairs create in regard to judging the public men of those days? In the election of 1836, what two political parties were arrayed against each other? Explain the relations and feelings which existed between Austin's friends and the Wharton party. What candidate for the presidency did the Whartons support? What was Austin's attitude towards the campaign ? What was the position of the army and the new- comers, and whom did they favor? What were Houston's qualifications as a politician, and how was he brought into that campaign ? What did the Wharton party then do ? What was the result of the election ? Who was elected Vice-President, and why? When and where did the First Congress meet, and when did the inauguration of the new government take place? What was the result of the vote on annexation and the constitution? Whom did President Houston appoint to his Cabinet? How did Congress organize? What distinguished patriot died soon afterwards? Who was elected chief justice of the Supreme Court, and who were his four associates? How was the Supreme Court then con- stituted and elected ? What other officers were elected at this time, and by whom ? When did all the officials assume their places ? WHio was appointed minister to the United States ? Who became commander of the army, and what distinguished American officer was solicited to accept that position ? Topical Analysis. 1. The first troubles of the government of the Republic, growing out of the desire to execute Santa Anna. 2. The arrival of distinguished volunteers from the United States, and their somewhat meddlesome disposition to interfere with the govern- ment. Beginning of insul)ordination in the army. 3. Efforts of the Texan government to secure recognition of its inde- pendence by the United States, with the ultimate object of annexation. 4. The political agitation in the United States, caused by the discus- sion of the question of Texan recognition and annexation. Delay in recognizing Texan independence. THK REPUBLIC. 249 5. The friendly action of the United States in protecting Texas from Period iv. Indian hostilities during the Revolution. Its effects in exciting the enmity ^^ ep ublic of Mexico towards the American government. 1836 6. The first regular election in the Republic of Texas. The personal to nature of early Texas politics. The Aus/iii and W/iarton parties. '"46 General Houston's attitude, and the causes of his political strength in that campaign. 7. The organization of the first permanent government of the Republic. Names of the first officers, and a general outline of the government. Geography. Locate Velasco, Copano, Orozimbo, Columbia, and the country inhabited by the Cherokees, Caddos, Cushattas, and other Itidian tribes in Eastern Texas. Parallel Readings. Scarft"'s "Comprehensive History of Texas" (original text of Yoa- kum's "History"), Vol. I. ; Brown's "History of Texas;" Williams's "Sam Houston and the War for Texan Independence;" the several works on Texas by Foote, Kennedy, and Mrs. Holly ; Benton's "Thirty Years' View;" Crane's "Life of Sam Houston;" Jere Clemmon's " Bernard Lyle." Old Colt's Revolver, i CHAPTER XVI. Period IV. 1 HE Republic i'836 TO 1846 Release of Santa Anna Difficulties of the new gov- ernment Indians Public debt and poverty Land scrip pnd titles Houston's First Administration; Land and Financial Policies ; Indian and Army Troubles ; Elec- tion of President Lamar. ONE of the first acts of President Houston was the release of Santa Anna. Already the unwise and violent con- duct of certain persons in holding the Mexican chief a prisoner, in direct violation of the treaty made with him, had lost all the advantages to be derived from holding him at all. Houston visited him at Orozimbo, and soon afterwards sent him to Washington city, where he was kindly treated by President Jackson, and the United States government sent him to Vera Cruz, where he landed February 23, 1837. His pop- ularity for a time was gone, but his abilities for thriving in the troubled politics of Mexico erelong brought him again to the head of affairs in that distracted country. The responsibilities and difificulties that confronted the first administration of the permanent governmenr of the Republic of Texas were enormous and complicated. There was the whole machinery of regular republican institutions to be devised, con- structed, and put in operation. The threats of continued war and invasion from Mexico required the support of an army and navy suitable to maintain the independence and security of the country. The frontier was harassed by hostile Indian tribes, many of whom lived in dangerous contact with the best settled portions of the Republic, and among whom the agents of Mexico were continually plotting and urging murderous outbreaks against the American settlers. To provide for all these necessities there was not a dollar in the public treasury, and a public debt of more than a million dollars had already accumulated against the government. Quantities of layid scrip — that is, paper authorizing the holder to locate and secure title to a section or less of land, 250 THE REPUBLIC. 25 I at not less than fifty cents an acre — had been issued to meet the Period iv. expenses of the late war and of the provisional governments ^^ _ehlbli theretofore existing ; but owiner to the uncertain future of the ^^^" . . . TO country and its independence, and the great confusion m land ^g^^ titles arising from the various grants, bounties, and contracts made in Texas since its colonization, this scrip was very difficult to sell and commanded a very low price, and the multitude of it which continued to be issued rendered it practically worthless in a short time. In addition to these necessary evils, there existed another, Ambitious and 11 T-1 . f 11 c 1 1 turbulent men most trymg and dangerous. 1 he country was luU 01 reckless and ambitious men, many of whom had no patriotic interest in the welfare of the new government, and whose presence in Texas was but recent and prompted by motives of personal and selfish gain. Some of these were lying in wait to secure legislation from the Texan Congress, by which they might put on foot large schemes of speculation, calculated to defraud the public and dis- grace the government. Most of them, however, had joined the Troubles in army, which was now quartered on the Lavaca, as volunteers, and there they stirred up all sorts of wild and mutinous move- ments, which soon converted the army into a turbulent and lawless mob, threatening the safety and stability of the civil authorities of the Republic. We have seen how this same influ- ence had defied President Burnet at Velasco and clamored for the blood of Santa Anna. It was not long in finding other ob- jects for its visionary and reckless ambitions. The old scheme Matamoros • T.T '11 expedition of an expedition against Matamoros was revived, and prepara- revived tions for the invasion of Mexico were openly advocated. At a time when that country was torn with civil strife and unable to continue the war ; when the United States had been asked to use their influence to secure peace and the recognition of Texan independence ; and when Texas was utterly without means to maintain her own government and defend her own territory with respectable success, — it was proposed to incur the expense of a useless and dangerous raid beyond the Rio Grande, destroy all hopes of Mexican recognition, and invite a renewal of barbarous hostilities. We shall see the disastrous effects of these enter- prises on the subsequent fortunes of the young Republic. A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period IX . iHfc; Republic 1S36 TO IS46 An OLD-TiMbc Texas Ran(;er Money panic of 1837 Confusion in land system Land bounties But President Houston met these demands upon his capacity and patience with firmness and wisdom. His pohcies were well defined. He favored peace and good faith with the Indian tribes, which his intimate knowledge of Indian character, his personal influence with them, and his respect for their rights, enabled him to secure more successfully than any other of the early executives of Texas. At the same time he recognized the fickle and dangerous temper of the tribes and the influence of the Mexican agents among them, and hence maintained a strong Ranger force to watch and subdue them as occasion demanded. His administration, while not free from some Indian outrages, was able to prevent any general hostility among them, and the murders committed were generally the result of local and temporary causes. Houston was opposed to all schemes for financial speculation and Jiaf money. The pov- erty of the government and the worthlessness of land scrip led Congress to favor the issuance of treasury notes to a large amount, thus flooding the country with paper monev that could not be redeemed, and would become practically valueless. The United States, in 1837, suffered a terrible financial panic, due very much to the same causes, and he tried to save Texas from a similar experience. He vetoed the most hurtful acts passed by Congress on this and other subjects, and, although some of the bills were passed over his veto, he managed to control legislation to a certain extent in the interest of the public credit. The land system of Texas was in a disorderly condition. The Consultation, in November, 1835, had suspended all land operations of every description, and no further titles could be extended. In the last days of the legislature of Coahuila and Texas, great frauds had been committed and large quantities of land were voted away without any regard for the laws. The provisional government had declared these acts void, and the Constitution of the Republic also pronounced them null and \()id. But under the provisional go\ernment and the govern- THE REPUBLIC. 253 ment ad interim extensiv^e bounties had been granted to soldiers Period iv. and volunteers in the army, and it was necessary that these ^""^ Republic lands should be located, surveyed, and patented to the true '^-5° TO owners. Many of the colonists who were in Texas before the jg.g Revolution had not received their portions of lands, and were — anxious for their titles. The Constitution of the Republic pro- General land vided for the recognition of all these valid claims, and that a general land office should be established, in order to properly conduct the business of locating, surveying, and patenting the lands. All heads of families living in Texas on March 2, 1836, were to receive a league and labor of land (four thousand six hundred and five acres), and all single men a third of a league ; and this was afterwards extended to persons who arrived between March 2 and August i, 1836, who served in the army and were honorably discharged, or died prior to December 14, 1837. These grants of land were called headrights of \\\ft first class. It will be readily seen that there was great room for fraud President and speculation in managing the details of this extensive and °"^ °" ' & & vetoes complicated system ; and President Houston favored the most land bills rigid safeguards against such dangers. He vetoed several land bills passed during his first administration, which were some of them passed over his veto and led to much fraud and litigation afterwards. In regard to the foreign relations of the Repub- lic, Houston advocated a dignified and independent course, seeking the recognition of all the leading- powers, the establishment of commercial relations with all of them, including Mexico, and a course of wise, conservative, and honest national policy that would strengthen the government at home and make it respected abroad. He was in favor of annexation to the United States, and William H. Wharton and mfmican hint. Memucan Hunt were both sent to Washington to secure that object. But after much delay the American gov- Annexation to ernment confined itself to recognizing Texan independence, on declined March i, 1837, and declined the proposition of annexation. Houston then believed that Texas should withdraw her offer and wait for developments, meanwhile maintaining a friendlv Init 254 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period IV. dii^nihed attitude towards the Union. The course the United thk repiklic gi-gfgg i^^^ taken, in placing troops at Nacogdoches to protect 1336 the colonists from the Indians during the Texan Revolution and 1°.^ afterwards, had offended Mexico. There were also other causes 1 040 — for ill feeling between the two governments, growing out of Mexican depredations on American commerce, and in October, 1836, all diplomatic relations between the two nations ceased for several months. Reiationswith Jamcs Pinckncy Henderson was appointed minister to Great nat'ion"" Britain and France, and while he did not succeed in securing an absolute recognition of independence, he did negotiate commer- cial treaties with those two governments, by which they estab- lished trade with Texas and sent their agents to represent them in the new Republic. In the management of foreign relations, the secretary of state, Stephen F. Austin, was invaluable, as his great tact, conservatism, and prudence peculiarly fitted him for the post, and his unselfish patriotism inspired all he did. But the Republic, whose foundations he had laid, was all too soon Death of ste- to be deprived of his aid in the completion of its fabric. Over- p en . us in ^^.qj.],^.^| j^y j.|^g pressing duties of his office, and exposing himself to the inclement weather, his health, already impaired, gave way to an attack of pneumonia, and after a very short illness he died at Columbia, December 27, 1836, at the early age of forty-three His public and years. His life had been one of incessant activity, great suf^er- private char- . , , . n i i r i i • acter and "''8'^ ^"^ cxposures, and of unparalleled usefulness to his race services and couutvy. He was never married, and the wealth of devo- tion, fidelity, and zeal which most men bestow upon their fam- ilies he lavished upon the child of his genius and labor, — the magnificent commonwealth whose dawning destiny his dying eyes were permitted to behold. President Houston announced his death in a bulletin which began with the truthful statement : "The Father of Texas is no more." Amid universal sorrow and the highest honors official grief could award, he was buried at Peach Point, near the mouth of the river on whose banks just fourteen years before he had planted the first American colony in Texas. Turbulence of Early in his administration, Houston was confronted with the disorderly and rebellious spirit of the army, camped on the THE REPUBLIC. 255 Lavaca and Navidad. The troops were in command of General Felix Huston, whose military attainments were few, but whose reckless and turbulent conduct among his men provoked them to great disorders, and often to violence among themselves. He and other leaders favored an expedition into Mexico, and he came to Congress to secure aid for that enterprise. While he was absent, President Houston seijt the secretary of war to the Lavaca and furloughed all the soldiers except a small command, sending the most of them to their homes in the United States and elsewhere. Thus the government was relieved of a great expense and a menace to its safety, and the country was spared the further development of the second Matamoros expedition. General Huston, deprived of his military mob, not long after- wards returned for a while to the United States. Prior to these events, however, in February, 1837, he had challenged and shot Albert Sidney Johnston, who had been sent to relieve him of the command. Upon his final departure, Johnston assumed control of the remaining troops. During the spring and summer of 1837, the Texas navy sustained serious loss in the capture, by Mexican vessels, of the Independence and the Invincible. William H. Wharton, late Texan minister to the United States, having resigned in favor of Memucan Hunt, was returning home on the former vessel and was captured and taken prisoner to Matamoros. His brother, John A. Wharton, went to his relief, proposing to exchange thirty Mexican prisoners for him ; but he, too, was seized and thrown into prison. Both the brothers soon escaped, and about a year later they both died within a few months of each other. Throughout the two years of Hous- ton's first administration there was more or less trouble with the Indians, necessitating continual activity by the Rangers. Some daring murders were committed by roving bands, and thefts of horses were frequent. Among the leading officers in the Ranger service at this time were Edward Burleson, John H. Moore, R. M, Coleman, Henry George B. Erath. Period IV. The Republic TO 1846 Disbanded by President Houston General Felix Huston Texas navy Captivity and death of the \Vhartons Indian raids The early Rangers 256 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. I'KKIOD 1\'. Tmi-; Repibi.ic 1S36 TO IS46 First, Second, and Third Congresses Capital at city of Houston < H.i) Caim roi. Commis- sioners to locate a new capital Important early laws W. Karnes, George B. Erath, William M. Eastland ; and Gen- eral Rusk took an active part in many of the Indian campaigns. In the summer of 1838, Vicente Cordova, a Mexican agent, attempted to stir up a rebellion among the Indians and Mexicans in Eastern Texas ; but this was speedily suppressed, although Cordova remained for some time on the upper Brazos and Trinity, to encourage the Indians to war and outrage against the Texans. Houston's first term extended from the date of his inaugu- ration, October 22, 1836, to December 10, 1838. During that period the First and Second Congresses and a part of the session of the Third Congress were held. The first session of the First Congress met at Columbia on October 3, 1836, and adjourned on December 21. By one of its acts the capital was moved to the new town of Houston, founded at the head of Buffalo Bayou by the brothers A. C. and John K. Allen. The second session of the same Congress met in Houston May i, 1837, and remained in session until June 13. The Second Congress was elected the first Monday in September, 1837, ^"d President Houston called them to meet in special session on September 26, which lasted until the end of December. A second session was held the ist of May, 1838^ and continued about a month. The Third Congress met No- vember 5, 1838, and continued in session until the close of January, 1839. By an act of the first session of the Second Congress, October 17, 1837, commissioners were to be appointed to select a permanent capital for the Re- public, to be located between the Gua- dalupe and Trinity Rivers, not more than one hundred miles north of the upper San Antonio Road, nor south of a line from the Trinity to the Guadalupe, crossing the Brazos at Fort Bend. There were many laws passed by these Congresses during the first jjrcsidential term ; Ijut the most important general laws stra- Henderson, Robert A. Irion ; secretary of war, Thomas J. Rusk, William S. Fisher, Barnard E. Bee, George W. Poe, and George W. Hockley ; secretary of the treasury, Henry Smith ; secretary of the navy, S. Rhoads Fisher, William M. Shepherd ; attorney- general, J. Pinckney Henderson, Peter W. Grayson, John Bird- sail, Albert S. Thruston ; comptroller, Elisha M. Pease, Frank R. Lubbock ; postmaster-general, Robert Barr ; commissioner of land office, J. P. Borden ; minister to United States, W. H. Wharton, Memucan Hunt, Anson Jones ; minister to England and France, J. Pinckney Henderson. James B. Collinsworth, the first chief justice, having died in the summer of 1838, Presi- dent Houston appointed John Birdsall to the vacancy. 17 tion 258 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Pkriod IV. Thk Kkpihlic 1S36 TO IS46 Early life at the capital kKsir)i:N-CE oi' (while the Public debt Commerce President' Houston, 1S36 capilol was being built). President not eligible for re- election Candidates for second presi- dent The mode of life of the President and his Cabinet and Con- gress was of the simplest kind. The President's house at Hous- ton was a log cabin, with a puncheon floor in one room and a dirt floor in the other. The building used for a capitol was a cheap frame house, unfinished, and its leaky roof subjected the Congress to frequent and involuntary baths. There were very few people in the new town, and they dwelt in tents and shanties ; but among them were ladies and gentlemen of education and refinement, so that the rude simplicity of this infant capital was enlightened by many of the graces and charms of intellectual and social intercourse. On the whole, the first administra- tion of the Republic was a success, and its results compare most favorably with those of the first government of the American colonies after the revolution of 1776. At its close, in December, 1838, the public debt of all descriptions was $1,942,000 ; there were outstanding $739,789 of treasury notes, worth from fifty to sixty-five cents on the dollar ; and the receipts from the customs duties for the year 1838 were $278, 134. A fair trade had been established with Mexico along the Rio Grande, and there was really very little to fear from that country in its then condition. Commercial relations had been secured with the leading European powers, and the United States were friendly and favorable to annexation when the time should arrive. The only trouble was with the Indians, who were kept hostile by the Mexican agents who were active among them. The govern- ment was very poor, but its prospects were hopeful. The Constitution forbade the re-election of a president of the Republic to succeed himself ; so that President Houston could not be a candidate at the re-election in September, 1838. The regular term of a president was fixed at three years, but the first executive was limited to two years. In the canvass for the second presidency, Vice-President Mirabeau B. Lamar, James R. Collinsworth, and Peter W. Grayson were the candidates. During the summer Grayson committed suicide in Tennessee, THE REPUBLIC. 259 and Collinsvvorth was drowned in Galveston Bay, — by many also period iv. The Rkpublic TO 1846 supposed to be a suicide. This left Lamar without opposition, and he was elected by a vote of 6995 out of a total poll of 7247. ^^3° David G. Burnet was elected Vice-President over Albert C Horton and Joseph Rowe, by a majority of 776. President Lamar was inaugurated on December 10, 1838, the Third Congress having been already in session since Novem- ber 5. On December 14 the new President appointed his Cab- President inet, as follows : secretary of state, Barnard E. Bee ; secretary of cabinet war, Albert Sidney Johnston ; secretary of the navy, Memucan Hunt ; secretary of the treasury, Richard G. Dunlap ; attorney- general, John C. Watrous. The Congress elected Thomas J. Rusk chief justice of the Supreme Court, who resigned in 1841, and was succeeded by John Hemphill. The policies of the newly-elected executive, as outlined in His policies his inaugural address and as deduced from his well-known views, were to be the reverse of those pursued by his predecessor. Their nature and results we shall soon see. QUESTIONS. Describe the circumstances attending: the final release of Santa Anna and his return to Mexico. What difficulties met the first adminis- tration of the government of the Republic ? What troubles existed with the Indians? What was the financial condition of the country? What was latid scrip, and what difficulties arose from this source? What can you say of the dangers arising from the schemes of ambitious and turbu- lent men ? What was the condition of the army ? What old scheme for invading Mexico was revived at this time, and to what did these influences lead? How did President Houston meet these difficulties? What were his policies in regard to the Indians, public finances, and the land system? What financial troubles existed in Texas and the United States at that time? What confusion and difficulty arose in regard to land titles, and what was done to remove them ? What land grants were made by the Constitution of the Republic? What bills did President Houston veto, and with what result? What was Houston's policy as to foreign and commercial relations and annexation ? W^hen did the United States recognize Texan independence, and what was done in regard to annexa- tion? What state of feeling existed between Mexico and the United States, and what caused it? What occurred in consequence? When 26o A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period IV. vvas that? Who was appointed minister to Great Britain and France, TnK Rkpuhlic .^j^j ^.],.jt^ ^\[^] j^g succeed in doing? Who managed the foreign relations 1S36 of the Republic at that time, and what can you say of him? When, at TO what age, and where did he die ? What can you say of his public and 1846 private life and services? Describe what honors were paid him by the government and people. Where was he buried ? Describe the troubles that arose in the Te.xan army. Who led this movement ? What did the President do in regard to the army ? What can you tell about General Feli.x Huston? Who assumed command of the army as his successor? What occurred to the navy in the spring and summer of 1837 ? What two distinguished men were captured by the Mexicans at that time, and under what circumstances? What became of them soon afterwards? What was the condition of Indian affairs during Houston's first administration? Who were some of the noted officers in the Ranger service of those times ? Who tried to arouse the Indians to warfare against the Texans ? Between what dates was Houston President the first time? What Congresses met during his administration, and give the dates and places of meeting of each of those Congresses ? Where was the capital of the Republic then, and who founded the town? When were commissioners appointed to locate the permanent cajiital, and within what limits was it to be located? Give a list and outline of the most important laws passed during Houston's first presidency. Give the names and official positions of the various persons who held office in President Houston's Cabinet during his first term. Who were the first and second chief justices of the Supreme Court of the Republic, and when were they elected or appointed ? Describe the residence of President Houston at that time, and the general mode of domestic and social life at the first capital of the Republic. What were the general results of the first administration as to finances, commerce, and Indian affairs ? W^hat were the constitutional provisions as to re-election of the President, term of office, etc. ? Who were can- didates for second President of the Republic? What became of two of them ? Who were elected second President and Vice-President of the Republic? Who were candidates for Vice-President? When did the election occur, and what was the vote? When was President Lamar inaugurated? What Congress was then in session? Who were the members of Lamar's first Cabinet ? Who was elected chief justice of the Supreme Court, how long did he hold the office, and who succeeded him ? What were Lamar's policies as compared with those of his predecessor? Topical Analysis. I. President Houston's first administration. Difficulties of the new government, as follows : (a) The inauguration of a new and complete system of republican institutions. (d) Indian depredations and threats of invasion from Mexico. THE REPUBLIC. 26l (c) Heavy public debt and impoverished condition of the country. Period IV. (d) Great confusion in land titles, owing to issuance of /and scrip, ^^'^ Republic frauds in procuring bounties, and general spirit of reckless 1836 speculation. to (e) Turbulence in the army, caused by ambitious and reckless men, ^'^46 who revived the scheme of an expedition to invade Mexico, and promoted insubordination among the soldiers. Policies of President Houston in dealing with these questions, as fol- lows : (a) Peace with foreign nations, including Mexico, and the promotion of commercial intercourse abroad. {d) A firm but friendly attitude towards the Indians, supported by a vigorous Ranger service on the frontier. (c) Recognition by the United States, with annexation to the Ameri- can Union, if possible. (d) Opposition to all financial schemes for increasing the public debt, issuing yJ^?/ money, or flooding the country with worthless land scrip, and speculative land enterprises. (r) Opposition to all schemes for invading Mexico, and a determina- tion to quell the turbulence of the army and its reckless leaders. Important events of this administration : (i) Final release of Santa Anna and his return to Mexico. (2) Independence of Texas recognized by United States, but annex- ation declined. Commercial treaties with United States, Great Britain, and France. (3) Death of Stephen F. Austin, John A. Wharton, William H. Whar- ton, Peter W. Grayson, and James B. Collinsworth. (4) Foundation of the land system of the Republic ; general land office and board of land commissioners established. (5) Continued troubles with Indians, who were excited to hostility by Vicente Cordova and other Mexican agents. The Texas Rangers organized under their first great captains. (6) The army disbanded by indefinite furlough, to prevent its lawless conduct. Revival of the " Matamoros Expedition" scheme. (7) Movement to- prevent issuance of worthless land scrip and treas- ury notes. (8) Town of Houston founded and capital established there. Ap- pointment of commissioners to locate the permanent capital. First, Second, and part of the Third Congresses held their sessions at Houston. (9) Passage of laws authorizing a five million dollars' public loan, organizing a complete judicial system, dividing the Republic into counties, establishing eleven land districts, establishing post-offices and post-roads, for scctioniziH}^ the public lands, organizing the Ranger service on the frontier, and providing for establishing the boundaries of Texas. i- I'.kxak in ]Sy and run the boundary of Texas is true that President Lamar issued proclamations forbidding these demonstrations, but his personal conduct and sympathies neutralized his public warnings. Early in 1840, an attempt was made to run the boundary line Attempts to fix between the United States and Texas on the Louisiana border. The Sabine and Red Rivers were adopted as the eastern boun- dary, which threw a strip formerly belonging to Miller County, Arkansas, into Texas. The northern boundary was left unde- cided. By the act of December 19, 1836, of the First Congress of Texas, the northern boundary was fixed as the forty-second degree of latitude, which would include New Mexico as part of the Republic, but there was no authority for any such claim. New Mexico was a separate province of Mexico long before Texas was attempted to be settled, and no pretence had ever 2 70 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. I'lCRion 1\'. THli RKPIIBLIC 1836 TO 1846 The Texan navy Sent to aid revolution in Yucatan Gloomy finan- cial prospects President La- mar retires New schemes Military roads ' Franco- Texan Land Company." been made that it was included in the territory of Texas. The claim set up to that country by some persons in 1840-41 in- volved the Republic in great trouble and expense. During- the year 1840, by the efforts of General James Ham- ilton, in connection with the Texan ministers, Great Britain, France, and Belgium recognized Texan independence, and com- merce rapidly increased with Europe in consequence. The Texan navy had been greatly enlarged and strengthened since the Revolution, but it had cost the government a great sum of money. During the first nine months of 1839, sixty thousand dollars were spent on it, and the estimated naval appro- priations for the year beginning September i, 1839, were nearly half a million dollars. This costly armament, not being needed, was placed in ordinary, — that is, retired from service by an act of the Fourth Congress. But in the spring of 1840, Yucatan, a province of Mexico, being in a state of insurrection, sent an agent to Texas to solicit aid, and President Lamar, in June, 1840, placed the best part of the Texan navy in the service of that distant and alien country, where it remaineci for two years, most of the vessels being lost altogether. At the close of the second year of the administration the sit- uation was gloomy indeed. The financial distress was alarming. No loan had been secured, the public expenses were enormous, the issues of government notes were nearly worthless, and there seemed no relief. The Congress which met in November, 1840, did the best it could by cutting down appropriations nearly sixty- six per cent., but it could do nothing with the condition of the finances. In December, President Lamar, on account of sick- ness, retired from the active duties of office, and left Vice-Presi- dent Burnet to act as chief executive. At the beginning of the year 1841, notwithstanding the im- poverished state of the treasury and the sad experience of the two years past, new and magnificent schemes w^ere set on foot. A great military road from the Nueces to Red River was put under construction, supported by land bounties ; and another from Austin to Santa F^, New Mexico, six hundred miles through a savage wilderness, was j)rojected. In February the ' ' Franco- Texan Land Company" came near getting its gigantic scheme THE REPUBLIC. 271 of fraud throiio:h Congress, which would have given to that cor- poration three miUion acres of the best land in Texas, free from taxation until 1849, and exempt from all import duties for twenty years. This tremendous monopoly was understood to have the endorsement of the administration, but it was fortunately de- feated in the Senate. In the spring of 1841, President Lamar became enamored of a project to extend the jurisdiction of Texas over New Mexico. Santa Fe had long been a great trading post between St. Louis and Mexico, and its rich commerce would undoubtedly have been of great value to the poverty-stricken Republic. But the peaceable or forcible acquisition of that territory was out of the question at that time. Congress was asked to endorse and sup- port the expedition, but refused, and the President then under- took it on his own responsibility. The Santa Fe expedition was disguised as a peaceable, commercial undertaking, but its whole organization showed it to be a military, filibustering enterprise, intended to occupy New Mexico, amicably if possible, violently if necessary. The expedition started from near Austin on June 21, 1841, under command of General Hugh Mc- Leod, with two hundred and seventy men divided into companies, a full military equipment and supplies, and accompanied by adventurers of every description and citizenship. Jose Antonio Navarro, William G. Cooke, and Richard F. Brenham went along as commissioners from the Republic, while George W. Kendall, of the New Orleans Picayune, was the historian of the expedi- tion. After being lost for days in the canons and arid plains of the upper Pecos and Rio Grande, and being reduced to a diet of snakes and lizards to keep from starving, they reached San Miguel, New Mexico, in August. They were all made prisoners by Armijo (ar-me'ho), the governor of the province, and sent on foot two thousand miles to the City of Mexico, which place they reached after untold sufferings and cruelties and many deaths from violence and small-pox. It re- quired the best efforts of the United States and England to secure the release of the prisoners, and the expense of the venture was paid for by more promissory notes of the Republic of Texas. Period IV. The Republic i'836 TO 1846 The " Santa Fd Expedi- tion" pro- jected It sets out from Austin, June 21, 1841 11 McLeuI). Captured by Armijo, and prisoners sent to Mexico 2-2 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Pi-RioD IV. The end of the administration was drawing near, and with it thk rkplblic j.j^g government itself seemed on the verge of dissolution, but in 1836 j-j^g midst of it all Acting- President Burnet declared : "Texas 1846 proper is bounded by the Rio Grande ; Texas as defined by the — sword may comprehend the Sierra del Madre. Let the sicord do its proper work. ' ' Financial ruin Th.e proimssory uotes had done their "proper work," and .epu ic ^^,]^gj^ ^j^g Sixth Congress assembled on November i, 1841, the government was financially wrecked. The expenses for the year .had been $1,176,288, and the receipts $442,604, mostly in gov- ernment paper taken for taxes and duties. The national debt had grown beyond computation, and was variously estimated at from seven to twelve viillions. The debt represented dollars in good money ; the receipts were in promissory notes worth from ten to twenty cents on the dollar. Period of La- President Lamar' s administration began December 10, 1838, istration ' '^"^ ended December 12, 1841. During that period there were two entire Congresses and parts of two others. The Third Con- Third, Fourth, gress was iu session when he was inaugurated, and continued Sixth Con- '"^bout thrcc months. The Fourth Congress met at the new gresses Capital, Austiu on the Colorado, on the first Monday in Novem- ber, 1839, and was in session until February, 1840. The gov- ernment paid twenty-one thousand dollars in treasury notes for seven thousand one hundred and thirty-five acres fronting three, miles on the east bank of the Colorado, on which the new cap- ital was located, the city tract proper being six hundred and forty acres. The Fifth Congress met at Austin on the first Monday in November, 1840, and adjourned on February 5, 1 841. The Sixth Congress met November i, 1841, and ad- journed February 5, 1842. Important Thc legislation of these several bodies, during Lamar's term of ofifice, was extensive and much of it highly beneficial. It comprehended the foundation of our whole system of laws of 'Common property rights and judicial procedure. On January 29, 1840, the Fourth Congress adopted what is called the Common Law of Lni^Iand, with certain modifications. This identified the legal and judicial institutions of Texas with that great and vener- able system of jurisprudence by which the English-speaking race legislation Law" adopted THE REPUBLIC. 2 73 everywhere is governed. The modifications in it were mainly period iv. those affecting the property rights of husband and wife, in which the Spanish Civil Law was retained ; and also the establishment ^ -^ of the law of homestead exemptions, borrowed from the Spanish jg.g law and founded upon the preservation of the family home as the necessary element of all social and political prosperity. In the Modifications (• 1 !• 1 • • 1 . . ii • X from Spanish matter of pleadmg and practice m the courts, too, the ancient "civiiLaw" and technical forms of the Common Law were abolished, and the litigant was required to state the facts of his case without regard to forms of action or distinctions between law and equity. But it was in the field of educational enterprise that President Foundation of Lamar and his Congresses are entitled to special admiration and orfree pubiTc gratitude. He was the father of the great system of free public education schools supported by a landed endowment,. which has ever been the pride of Texas. As far back as May ii, 1829, the legisla- Eariyde- ture of Coahuila and Texas had provided for compulsory free ^3"^^ °"^ education in a limited number of schools, on the Lancastrian or Monitorial plan. The Declaration of Texan Independence had complained of the failure of the Mexican government to establish and maintain a system of free education by bounties from the public domain, as one of the grievances of the colonists. The Constitution of the Republic commanded that ' ' it shall be the duty of Congress, as soon as circumstances will permit, to pro- vide by law a general system of education. ' ' But it remained President La- for President Lamar to put these demands into execution. In ^^l. e a er r 01 the system his inaugural he was eloquent in his advocacy of liberal aid to in Texas public education, and his efforts secured the first laws on the subject. The Act of January 26, 1839, appropriated three Lands granted leagues of land in each county, to found a primary school or J^nfyersItTer academy, and fifty leagues were required to be surveyed and set and free apart for the endowment of two colleges or universities. An act of the Fourth Congress, February 5, 1840, provided further for the location of these lands by the county commissioners, and for receiving and holding other property for school purposes ; and gave an additional league of land in each county to be sold and the proceeds applied to the purchase of necessary scientific apparatus for schools. Thus was begun that wise and liberal ^"^ "t^thi policy of public support to the free schools and the University policy 18 274 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Pkriod IV. Thk Repibi.ic 1836 TO 1846 General re- sults of the administra- tion were good Growth and prosperity of the Republic Commercial activity Election of September, Sam Houston elected Presi- dent second time of Texas, which has been the most consistent and meritorious feature in the whole subsequent history of the government. All of President Lamar's mistakes — and they were errors of judg- ment rather than of motive — can be readily forgiven him in the contemplation of his zeal and wisdom in the interest of the highest function of a free government, — the universal enlighten- ment of its citizens. During the three years of his administration many new counties were organized and their boundaries defined ; several important industries incorporated and encouraged ; a general bankruptcy law adopted, to enable unfortunate men to rebuild their fortunes ; and, outside the reckless financial and foreign policy of the government, the general results of his administra- tion were good. In spite of the poverty and distress of the times, the Republic rapidly filled up with immigrants, domestic and foreign trade increased immensely, and Texas was gradually learning to export more and import less of the articles of con- sumption. In 1836 there was but one newspaper in the Re- public ; in 1840 there were over a dozen, and their columns showed ability, thought, and hopeful energy throughout the country. Foreign nations had sent their representatives to the new court, while foreign vessels in considerable numbers whitened with their sails the harbors of Galveston, Velasco, Matagorda, and Copano, and small steamers plied the Brazos, the Trinity, and even the Colorado. But the blight of financial distress touched every interest, and there was no remedy but a change in the government. In the election of September, 1841, Sam I louston and David G. Burnet were the candidates for the presi- dency. Houston, since his retirement from the executive chair, had been a member in the Fourth and Fifth Congresses, and had opposed most of the reckless schemes of the administration. He was now regarded as the only man to save the country from its ruinous condition. Burnet was universally respected as a inire patriot and an able man, but his identity with the disastrous jxilicics of the past three years assured his defeat. At the election, Houston received 7915 votes and Burnet, 3619. For Vice-President, Edward Burleson received 6141 \()tes and Miniucan Hunt, 4336. THE REPUBLIC. 275 On December 13, 1841, General Houston was inaugurated Period iv. for his second term as President of the Republic, and at once "^ _epubli entered upon the difificult task of restoring the broken and dis- '^^6 TO ordered affairs of the government. jg^g QUESTIONS. Who was Mirabeau B. Lamar, what was his age when elected Presi- dent, and what can you say of his talents, character, and administration ? How did his theories on public questions compare with those of General Houston? What were the principal features of his public policy, as shown in his messages to Congress? What results followed from the pursuit of these measures? What eflfect did they have on Lamar's administration, and what single service redeemed the misfortunes of his government? What condition existed among the Indians at the time of Lamar's inauguration as President? Explain the situation and attitude of the Cherokees, — their history, rights, and claims in Texas. Who was their principal chief, what was his character, and how did he feel on the subject? Who were in communication with the Indians, and for what purpose? What happened in March, 1839? Describe what occurred in July of the same year, the negotiations with the Indians, and the final results of the Cherokee War. What can you say of the causes and merits of that war? What was the result of the Indian policy thus inaugurated? When, where, and under what circumstances did the "Council House Fight" occur? Describe that fight. When and by what Indians was a bloody raid made through the country ? What occurred at Linnville and Victoria? Who pursued the Indians, and with what results? When, where, and by whom was the "Plum Creek Fight" fought? What further operations were had against the Indians in that year? When and by what Congress was a law passed for locating the permanent capital of the Republic ? What were the provisions of that law ? Who were the commissioners and agent appointed under it, and what was done ? When was the capital removed to Austin? Describe the various laws and changes made in regard to the seal, coat of arms, and flag of Texas. Give a description of the seal, arms, and flag finally adopted by the Republic. What flags were used by the Texans at San Jacinto and the Alamo? What did President Lamar propose in regard to a national bank, and what disposition did Congress make of his suggestion ? What did he then do ? Describe the condition of Texas finances in November, I.S39, — amount of outstanding treasury notes, loans, receipts from revenue, expenses, and public debt. How did the expenses compare with the preceding and succeeding administrations? What occurred in 1839 in reference to land certificates, and what was done to remedy it ? What qd A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period 1\'. was occurring in Mexico at this time ? When, where, by whom, and on The Republic ^.j^^^ account was the battle of Alcantra fought? What followed that 1836 battle? What " Republic" was formed at that time, who were its officers, TO what were its purposes, and what did the leaders do in Texas ? Describe 1846 what occurred in the summer of 1840 in regard to an expedition to Mexico. What Texans took part in this expedition? Describe their experiences. When, where, between whom, and with what results was the battle of Saltillo fought ? VV^hat did Texas do at this time towards securing peace and recognition from Mexico, with what result, and why ? W^hat was done in 1840 towards running the boundary line between Louisiana and Texas? Describe the condition of the Texas boundaries at that time. What claim was laid to New Mexico by some persons, and what can you say of that claim ? By whose efforts and when did Great Britain, France, and Belgium recognize Texan independence? What were the condition and cost of the Texas navy at that time ? Wliat was done with it by the Fourth Congress ? What did President Lamar do with the navy in June, 1840, and what became of most of the vessels? What was the financial condition at the end of the year 1840? W^hat did Congress do to relieve the situation ? What occurred to the President at that time ? What new schemes were put on foot in the early part of the year 1841? What can you say of the "Franco-Texan Land Company" and its projected monopoly? What was the "Santa Fe Expedition," and when and how did it originate? Who undertook it? WHien and whence did it set out, under whose command, with what force, and accompanied by whom ? Describe the adventures, capture, and fate of this expedition. What was the condition of the government at the close of Lamar's administration? What did Acting-President Burnet declare ? What was the state of the finances at that time ? Give the amounts of expenses, receipts, public debt, etc. When did Lamar's administration begin and end? What Congresses were in session during that period, and give the places of their meeting and dates of assembling and adjourn- ing of each? Describe the terms and location of the purchase of the location for the permanent capital. What was the general character of legislation during this administration? What great system was then founded ? Describe the adoption of the Common Law, and how modified ; what features of the .Spanish Civil Law were retained, etc. What special and new legal changes were instituted as to homestead, pleading, and practice in the courts, etc. ? In what particular field of enterprise was this administration distinguished? Give a sketch of the early legislation of Mexico and Texas on the subject of public education. Who was really the father of the Texas educational system ? Describe the various provi- sions that were made by law for founding that system during his admin- istration, gi\ing the dates of each act of Congress. What can you say of this policy, and of its effect upon President Lamar's fame and memory? Describe the general results of his administration. What were the condi- tion, growth, comnu-rcial activity, and foreign relations of the Republic? THE REPUBLIC. 277 What general blight rested on the country, and what was necessary to Period IV. remove it? Who were candidates for President and Vice-President at the ^"^ Republic election in September, 1841 ? What can you say of Houston and Burnet? 1836 Give the result of the vote at that election. When was President Hous- to ton inaugurated for his second term of office ? ^^4^ Topical Analysis, 1. President Lamar's administration, Deceml)er 10, 1838, to December 12, 1841. His policies the reverse of those of his predecessor, in the following respects : {a) Opposition to annexation of Texas to the United States. (b) Unrelenting war on the Indians, and their expulsion from Texas. {c) Alliance with revolutionary schemes in Mexico, and filibustering expeditions to invade that country. (d) Extension of Texas boundary to include New Mexico. {e) Aid to Yucatan in her revolt against Mexico. (y) Establishment of a national bank, and the issuance of irredeem- able paper money and treasury notes. (^'•) A generally expensive and extensive administration of the gov- ernment. 2. Important events of his administration : (rt ) The Cherokee War in Eastern Texas, expulsion of the Cherokees, and a general Indian war on the frontier, accompanied by murderous raids of Comanches and Kiov\as as far as Linnville and Victoria. (d) "Council House Fight" at San Antonio; battles of "Plum Creek," "Battle Creek," and other Indian encounters with Texas Rangers. {c) Location of permanent capital of the Republic at the city of Austin. Adoption of national seal, arms, and flag. (d) Expensive navy developed, placed tfi oj'dinary, and finally sent to Yucatan. (r) Defeat of national banking scheme, increase of public debt, expenses, and outstanding treasury notes. Loan from United States Bank. Forgery of land certificates. Travelling land board. (/) Revolution in northern Mexico, " Republic of the Rio Grande" formed, filibustering expeditions from Texas to aid the revolutionists. Battles of Alcantra, .Saltiilo, Matamoros, and Monterey. Mexico refuses peace. {g) Attempt to fix boundaries of Texas. Claim laid to New Mexico. (//) "Santa F6 Expedition;" is captured in New Mexico, and prisoners sent to the Mexican capital. Their release secured only after long delay and difficulty. (/) Military roads projected fr.om the Nueces to Red River, and from Austin to Santa Fe. The corrupt scheme of the "Franco-Texan Land Company." 2/8 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS, 1836 TO 1846 Period IV. ij) Adoption of the "Common Law" of England, modified to some The Republic extent by Spanish " Civil Law." Homestead exemption, and abolition of forms of action and distinction between tazu and equity in the practice of courts, adopted. (X-) Educationat System of Te.xas founded ; policy of land donations to schools and University adopted ; and the liberal endowment of a great system of free public instruction established, — entitling President Lamar to lasting gratitude and renown. (/) Organization of many new counties, general growth and prosperity of the Republic, increased immigration, commercial activity, and foreign trade. (w) Financial distress and enormous public debt, threatening the destruction of the government. The Third, Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Congresses sat during Lamar's administration. («) Re-election of Sam Houston as President, defeating David G. Burnet. Edward Burleson elected Vice-President. Geography. Locate the country claimed and inhabited by the Cherokee Indians in Texas ; the places where the several Indian battles mentioned in this chapter occurred ; the scene of the expeditions and battles in Mexico which are described; the route of the "Santa F6 Expedition;" the boundaries of Texas as claimed and sought to be established during Lamar's administration. Parallel Readings. ScarfT's "Comprehensive History of Texas," Vol. I. ; Brown's "His- tory of Texas;" Foote's "Republic of Texas;" Kendall's "Santa Y€ Expedition ;" Bancroft's " His- ico ;" Williams's "Sam Hous- pendence ;" Crane's "Life of Scrap- Book ;" Gouge's Mirabeau B. Lamar" of Texas Geography." " Fiscal (1S57); tory of Arizona and New Mex- ton and the War for Inde- Houston ;" Baker's "Texas History of Texas;" "Life of Fulmore's "Chart of History Tomb of General M. B. Lamar, Kichmoiid, Te.\as. CHAPTER XVIII. Period IV. Thk Republic 1836 TO 1846 Houston's sec- ond adminis- tration one of Houston's Second Administration ; Financial Reform ; Mexican Hostilities ; Indian Treaties ; New Colonial Contracts. PRESIDENT HOUSTON'S first administration had been one of construction ; his second was one of rccon- strnction. The results of the three years since he left the executive office were such as to render his second labor more difficult than the first. To aid him in the work he selected able and experienced men. His various Cabinet and executive appointments during his second administration were as follows : secretary of state, Anson Jones ; secretary of war reconstruction and navy, George W. Hockley, George W. Hill ; secretary of the treasury, William H. Daingerfield, James B. Miller ; attorney-general, George W. Terrell, Ebenezer Allen ; treasurer, Asa Brigham ; comptroller, Frank R. Lubbock, James B. Shaw ; auditor, Charles Mason ; commissioner of general land office, John P. Borden, Thomas William Ward ; minister to the United States, James Reiley, Isaac Van Zandt, J. Pinckney Henderson ; minister to France, Ashbel Smith ; minister to Belgium, the Netherlands, and Hanse Towns, W. H. Daingerfield ; secretary of legation to the United States, Charles H. Raymond. It was during this administration that there were developed Personal in their fullest intensity the personal issues that divided men into ^° ' '*^^ Houston and rt^/ZZ-Houston parties, and the influence of which runs through all the politics of Texas from that time even to the breaking out of the civil war in 1861. In his message to Congress in December, 1841, the Presi- His public dent outlined his policies as in the main the same as during his former term and directly opposed to those of President Lamar. 279 Thomas \Vm. Ward. •So A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Pkriod IV. The Rkcublic TO IS46 Financial plans Isaac \an Zandt Congress adopts his recommenda- tions Exchequer bills Destruction of old notes Reduction of salaries He recommended friendship and treaties of peace with the Indians, with a Hne of trading posts along the frontier, protected by small garrisons ; the absolute suspension of all attempts to meet the outstanding obligations and debts of the Republic, until their amount and nature could be fixed, and there was some certainty of paying them ; the issuance of not more than $350,000 of exchequer bills, to take the place of the "red- backs," as the old promissory notes were called, — these ex- chequer bills to be secured by 1,000,000 acres of the Cherokee lands and by the customs revenues of the government, to be received for duties and taxes only at par, and to be cancelled as fast as they were received ; the reduction of all expenses and cutting down of taxes one-half, to be paid only in coin or par paper ; and a public loan of $300,000. He deprecated all connection with Mexican revolutionists, and advised a friendly attitude of armed neutrality towards that country. Congress at once adopted the spirit of these reforms to a considerable extent. It provided, on January 19, 1842, for the issuance of $200,000 of exchequer bills, secured by the customs receipts, and that these bills should be received only at par for taxes and duties. It did not base these issues on landed security, as the President had advised, nor did it reduce taxes ; so that the exchequer currency fell for a while to fifty cents on the dollar. This was due also to the fear that the government might refuse to receive the bills for duties and taxes, as had just been done with the treasury notes issued in the past five years. It was further pro- vided that all bills received by the government, and all of the old notes, bonds, and obligations of the Republic then in the hands of the government, should " be cancelled, burned up, and utterly destroyed." Congress repealed the law authorizing the $5,000,000 loan, and declined to authorize any further loans in any amount. It cut down all salaries more than half, and itbolished many useless ofifices. At the organization of the Re|)ublic in 1836, the public salaries were fixed very high, — the President's was $10,000 a year, — and a multitude of un- necessary olificials were recjuired to run the government. These THE REPUBLIC. 28 I were now unsparingly reduced. The beneficial results of this pkriod iv. legislation are apparent from the financial records of the times. ""^ j^^piulic The expenses of Lamar's three years' term of service were ^^° $4,855,215, while those of Houston's second terra were $51 1,082. jg.5 The salaries of the public ofificials at the capital for the year 1840 — were $174,200 ; for 1841, $173,506 ; for 1842, $32,800. But with all the wisdom thus displayed in regard to the finances, the Sixth Congress was not free from the insanity of the times when it came to dealing with Mexico. The news of the fate of the Santa Fe prisoners reached Austin on January 18, 1842, and great were the sorrow and indignation of the people. Congress at once passed a bill extending the boundaries Absurd action of Texas to include the Californias, New Mexico, Chihuahua, ° °"sress Sonora, and parts of Sinaloa, Durango, Coahuila, and Tamau- lipas, — a territory as large as the then American Union, and containing a population of 2,000,000 Indians and Mexicans. Houston promptly vetoed this astounding act, but so great was Houston's the feeling that it was passed over his veto. Aside from the ^^*° utter absurdity of the declaration, it was a reckless and dan- . gerous provocation to Mexico at a time when Texan citizens were prisoners in her hands, and when their release as well as permanent peace were being sought through the mediation of foreign nations. But Mexico was already aroused by the Mexico expedition to Santa Fe and the aid to Yucatan in the previous ^^°^^ °^'^' '■ " tive hostility year. Besides, it was necessary that she should make some active movement showing her continued claim to Texas. It had been six years since San Jacinto, and the young Republic was fast taking its place among the independent sovereignties of the world. Foreign nations were beginning to think and to say that Mexico's claim was growing stale, if not entirely forfeited. Santa Anna had again seized the presidency, and at the begin- santa Anna's ning of the year 1842 declared he "would plant his eagles on ^°^^* the banks of the Sabine." General Arista, in command at Monterey, issued a proclamation on January 9, 1842, inviting Texans to return to their allegiance, and declaring his purpose to reconquer the lost province. On March 5, General Rafael Vasquez, with five hundred J"^^^*"" ^y * Vasquez, men, appeared at vSan Antonio. The small garrison left the March, 1842 282 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Pkriod I\'. Thk Rkpl'bi.ic 1836 10 1S46 Houston's call for troops in Texas Soldiers assemble at San Antonio Houston's plan Blockade of Mexican ports Troubles with the Texas navy Ordered to be sold town, and he took possession for two days, returning to the Rio Grande on the 7th. About the same time small parties of Mex- ican troops entered Goliad and Refugio, but they did no dam- age, and left in- a few days. These movements were probably intended merely to evidence Mexico's claim to the country, but they excited the people of Texas. The President issued a call for troops on March 10, and published a letter of defiance in reply to Santa Anna's boasting utterances. A force of some three hundred men assembled at San Antonio ; but, as the Mex- icans had retreated to the Rio Grande, it was not considered advisable to follow them. There was a dispute as to the com- mand of these troops, the men preferring Colonel Edward Burle- son (the Vice-President), while General Alexander Somervell, by virtue of his rank in the militia, was assigned to the command by the President. The men were disbanded on April 2. Mean- while the levies and volunteers had swelled the number of men at Bexar to nearly thirty-five hundred, and there was great dis- satisfaction that they were not permitted to march at once into the enemy's country. The fact appears to be, that while Hous- ton publicly humored the demand for war and invasion, he was determined not to go beyond defending the territory and inde- pendence of Texas ; and in the subsequent events it is likely General Somervell acted under his secret instructions to that effect. On March 26, 1842, the President declared a blockade against all Mexican ports, from the coast of Tobasco to Brazos Santiago. The Mexican navy had been destroyed in the French war, and this blockade could have been easily enforced if the Texas navy had been on hand to execute it ; but the vessels had been sent to Yucatan in the fall of 1841, and did not return until May, 1842. Commodore Moore then took them to the mouth of the Mississippi for repairs. President Houston ordered Moore to bring the navy to the Texas coast for blockading purposes. He refused, on the ground that he had contracted debts for the repairs of the ships and had pledged his honor not to take them away until the amount was paid. On January 16, 1843, Hous- ton procured a secret act of Congress for the sale of the navy, and soon aherwards sent James Morgan and William Bryan as THE REPUBLIC. 283 commissioners to bring the vessels to Galveston. But Commo- dore Moore had been offered rich spoils if he would return to Yucatan and aid in the rebellion going on there. He per- suaded the commissioners to let him go, and one of them went with him. President Houston at once suspended Moore and proclaimed him and his men pirates, requesting the vessels of all foreign nations to treat them as such, and to seize and return the vessels to the Texan government. Moore served his little fleet with brilliant success at Campeachy, and roughly handled all vessels that came in his way. Houston's acts pro- voked great indignation among the Commodore's friends and at Galveston. The act for the sale of the navy was repealed on February 5, 1844, and the vessels, having returned, were laid up in ordinary. Four of them remained at the date of annexation, and were transferred to the United States navy. As late as 1857, Congress appropriated money to pay the ofificers for the five years succeeding annexation. Thus ended the history of the Texan navy. It had a gallant career, but, as with the army on land, insubordination impaired its use- fulness. The alarm produced by the occupation of San Antonio by Vasquez, in March, 1842, excited fears for the safety of the cap- ital at Austin, and the President decided to return the seat of government to Houston. The records were not then removed on account of the opposition of the citizens. But in December, 1842, Houston sent Captain Thomas I. Smith to bring away the papers and archives of the various departments. He succeeded in entering the town on December 30, at night, and loaded three wagons with boxes of records. He was discovered and fired upon with a cannon, a Mrs. Eberly touching off the piece. Smith escaped with his loads as far as Brushy Creek, where he camped. Next morning he found himself surrounded by a com- pany of men from Austin, under command of Captain Mark B. Lewis, with a cannon planted squarely in front of his wagons. He was compelled to haul the records back to Austin, where they remained until delivered to President Anson Jones at the Annexation Convention in that city, in 1845. This episode was known as the " Archive War." Period IV. The Republic TO 1846 Commodore Moore's insub- ordination and removal Indignation against Presi- dent Houston Fate of the navy Capital removed to Houston " The Archive War" 284 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period IV. The Republic .1836 TO 1846 Houston's message on relations to Mexico To provide for the threatened renewal of hostihties by Mexico, and to decide upon what course should be pursued in regard to that country, the President convened the Sixth Congress in special session at Houston, on June 27, 1842. In his message to that body he did not assume the responsibility of advising an invasion of Mexico. He stated that he did not believe there was any real danger of a serious attempt on the part of Mexico to subjugate Texas, but that the policy of that country would be to harass the frontier, excite the Indians, and make predatory Mks. Eberly firing the Cannon. General Davis at Corpus Christi Fight with Mexicans on the Nueces incursions into Texas ; and that some remedy must be adopted to prevent these evils. He called attention to the fact that many volunteers and militia-men had responded to his call for troops, and were then on the Nueces and at other points, waiting to be employed in active operations, or to be disbanded ; and he left with Congress the decision of what should be done. In May, the President had sent General James Davis to Corpus Christi, to take command of the volunteers and militia gathering there, but with orders to make no advance without authority. The men gradually left, until in June Davis had only one hundred and ninety-two men. He was attacked on the Nueces, on June 7, by Canales, with seven hundred men and one piece of artillery ; THE REPUBLIC. 285 Period IV. The: Republic 1876 TO 1846 Act of Con- gress for active war, and appointing Houston dictator but the Texans repulsed the enemy, who soon afterwards retired. These recent events had caused such a feeHng that the Congress passed a bill providing for an offensive war against Mexico, appointing the President commander-in-chief with dictatorial powers, and appropriating 10,000,000 acres of land to defray the expenses. President Houston vetoed the bill for several reasons given by him. One was that he was opposed to dicta- torial powers being conferred upon any person in a free govern- ment ; another was that to prosecute a successful war of invasion would require at least five thousand men, with all necessary military funds, supplies, and equipments, and the Re- public had no money to put such an army in the field. The 10,000.000 acres appropriated would re- quire agents to sell it, and no provision was made for their pay ; and the land itself would bring but little, as the Republic had already issued great quantities of land scrip which had no sale except at nominal prices. As he said, the whole bill was like ' ' a reso- lution to appropriate ten million acres of blue sky, and conferring dictatorial powers on the north wind. ' ' This veto provoked unbounded and violent criticism of the President. He was accused of having secured the passage of the bill, in order to make popularity by refusing Houston .1 [ 1 1 • 1 -^ vetoes the bill the powers conferred upon him by it. Threats of revolution and even assassi- nation were freely indulged in, and the storm of abuse was terrific. He bore it calmly and fearlessly, and the excitement gradually subsided, although the bitter- ness of this and other events in his career at that time never entirely passed away. The Congress at this special session Change in time changed the time for the meeting of the ° '"^^'"S" 'm , -""~^., , •m ^ I i 'jc » i ^L ^^^^H^^ James Davis. tk Violent feeling against him in consequence ■/ Sam Houston. regular sessions to the first Monday in December of each year. Meanwhile the Mexicans were not idle. On September 11, Congress Mexican invasion under 1842, General Adrian Woll, with an army of fourteen hundred General woii, 1 (- A • 11 • r 1 September, men, appeared at ban Antonio and took possession of the town, 1842 2 86 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Pkriod IV. Thk Rfpubi ic 1836 TO IS46 Texans rally at San Antonio Battle of the Salado, Sep- tember 18, 1842 capturing the officers of the district court then in session. A few Texans escaped and spread the news throughout the country. In a few days the miUtia, Rangers, and volunteers gathered from the Brazos to the Lavaca, and under the leadership of such men as Captains John C. Hays, Matthew Caldwell ("Old Paint"), Henry E. McCuUoch, Ewan Cameron, James Bird, and John R. Baker, they rallied towards San Antonio to the number of two hundred and two men. On September 18, they succeeded in drawing Woll's force out of the town, and a battle occurred on the Salado, six miles from Bexar. The Mexicans numbered about a thousand infantry and four hundred cavalry, and they had two pieces of artillery. The Texans held the enemy in close fight for several hours, and WoU at sunset drew off. Next day he retreated towards the Rio Grande, having lost severely in killed and wounded. While the battle of the i8th was in progress. Captain Nicholas Dawson, with fifty-three volunteers from Fayette County, approached from the east to join Hays and Caldwell on the Salado. They were cut oH and surrounded by Mexican cavalry in the prairie, and after a desperate struggle, in which they could accomplish but little because the Mexicans kept out of range of their rifles and used a cannon, they surrendered, after half of them had been killed. The Texans were shot down without mercy after their surrender. Only two men escaped, fifty-one were killed, and ten were taken prisoners. This is known as " Dawson's Massacre," and the dead bodies The "Dawson of the slaiu Were stripped and left in the prairie, where they were found next day by Caldwell's scouts. After Woll's retreat, Cald- woii's retreat 'wcll and his mcu followed him on the 20th, and reinforcements came in to the number of two hundred and twenty, under Jesse Billingsley, W. J. Wallace, and John H. Moore. The Mexicans, however, made good their escape, leaving their carts and bag- gage, and crossed the river at the Presidio del Rio Grande. The Tfexans returned to San Antonio, meeting on the way three hundred volunteers under Colonel Ed. Burleson. On the 25th they were disbanded, Burleson advising them to go home and get ready for a vigorous campaign into Mexico. This second Mexican invasion within the year aroused the monl'ment to Dawson and his MliN AND MlKR Prisoners, La (Jraiige, Texas. and escape Texans disband THE REPUBLIC. 187 most intense war spirit in Texas, and preparations for a counter invasion of Mexico were extensively made. After the called session of Congress adjourned, in July, 1842, the President issued a proclamation removing the temporary seat of govern- ment from Houston to Old Washington, on the Brazos, where it remained until the Annexation Convention in 1845, when it was brought back finally to Austin. As soon as the Woll invasion was known, President Houston called out two regiments of militia, who, together with the volunteers, were to constitute an army for active operations against Mexico, and General Somer- vell was assigned to the chief command. The latter was not acceptable to the men, because it was not believed that he was in sympathy with the war party, and his subsequent conduct proved that he was not, or that he was controlled by secret instructions from Houston not to advance beyond the Rio Grande. A considerable number of troops, mostly volunteers, assembled at San Antonio in October and November, and a regiment was organized with James R. Cooke as colonel. Chief- justice Hemphill was adjutant-general of the entire force, and William G. Cooke, quartermaster-general. On November 22 they set out for the Rio Grande, and after a most disagreeable march, during which the dissatisfaction against Somervell in- creased, they reached Laredo on December 8. The town had been vacated by the Mexican garrison, and the command was marched to a point three miles down the river and camped. The weather was cold, the men had scant clothing, few blankets, and nothing to eat, and their murmurings became loud and frequent. Somervell refused to cross the river, but marched down stream to the mouth of the Salado River, nearly opposite Guerrero. All who wanted to go home had been invited to do so at Laredo, and two hundred had accepted the invitation, leaving about five hundred men now in the party. They crossed the river on December 15, and camped near Guerrero for two or three days. On December 19, the commander ordered them to prepare to return to Gonzales and be disbanded. Three hundred of them refused to obey, and, organized into companies under the chief command of Colonel William S. Fisher, they prepared to conduct a campaign on their own account. The I'kriod IV. Thk Republic 1836 TO 1846 Capital re- moved to Old Washington, on the Brazos Army to invade Mexico General Somervell Beginning of the " Mier Expedition" Reaches Laredo Dissatisfac- tion Crosses the Rio Grande Colonel W. S. Fisher organ- izes an inde- pendent force At Mier (88 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Pkriod IV. The Republic 1836 TO 1846 Siege of Mier decided upon The siege of Mier, Decem- ber 25 26, 1842 The Texans surrender Desperate escape at the " Hacienda Salado" Lost in the mountains Recaptured Other two hundred, including the more prudent and conservative, returned to Texas. Fisher's party descended the river in boats and by land until they reached the Mexican town of Mier, and on December 23 crossed the river and entered the town. After levying contributions on the inhabitants, they brought away the alcalde and the priest as hostages and returned to the Texas side of the river. Two days later they learned that General Ampudia had occupied Mier with two thousand troops. The Texans de- cided to cross over and give the Mexicans a battle. Meanwhile disputes had arisen among them, and several of the best men went home, including Captains Hays, Ben and Henry E. McCulloch, Tom Green, and Ephraim M. McLean. On Christmas night, 1842, this little band, leaving forty-two men to guard the camp on the Texas side of the river, crossed the Rio Grande and the Alcantra River, which skirts the walls of Mier, and entered the town, effecting a lodgement in some houses near the/i/rt^a. It was a repetition of the siege of Bexar under Milam and Johnson, but with a different result. Ampudia' s strong force resisted desperately, and the fight was conducted in the streets, from the housetops, and with volleys of grape and canister from the Mexican artillery. It lasted nearly eighteen hours, during which the Mexicans lost over six hundred killed and wounded, while the Texans had sixteen killed and mortally injured. At last Fisher's men were persuaded to surrender, under written promise that they would be humanely treated and soon exchanged. Instead of this, the prisoners were tied to- gether in pairs and driven on foot towards the City of Mexico. The majority of these captives reached the Hacienda of the Salado, between Saltillo and San Luis Potosi, on February 10, 1843. Next morning, led by Captain Ewan Cameron, they rose against their guards, and after a deadly struggle, in which five of them were killed, they routed the guard, consisting of nearly two hundred men, and escaped, well armed and mounted. There were about one hundred and ninety-three liberated pris- oners, and they started at once for the Rio Grande. But leaving the road, they became lost in the mountains, several perished from hunger and thirst, and only four finally reached home. The others were recaptured on February 19, and carried back to THE REPUBLIC. :89 the Hacienda of the Salado. Santa Anna ordered them all to be shot at once, but the humanity of the officers modified this barbarity, so as to shoot only every tenth man. On March 26, 1843, the prisoners were drawn up in line, blindfolded, and a jar containing one hundred and seventy beans, of which seventeen- were black and the remainder white, was held above their heads. As the roll was called, each man stepped forward and, thrusting his hand into the jar, drew out a bean. If it was black, his Period IV. The Kkpuulic 1836 TO 1846 Drawing of the black beans DRAWIM-. 1111 |!l Aik r.l.ANS A 1 IIai II doom was sealed ; but if zvhitc, he was spared for the uncertain cruelties of continued captivity. The seventeen men were exe- cuted, and the others were marched on to the Mexican capital. On the way, at Huehuetoca (wa-wa-to-ca), came an order for Captain Ewan the immediate execution of Captain Ewan Cameron, who headed ^'^^'■°" the break for liberty at the Hacienda ; and this gallant Scot was taken out and shot. The others were carried to the strong Prisoners of castle of Perote (pa-ro'-ta), on the road from Mexico to Vera ^^°^^ Cruz, where they found other Texan prisoners, waiting for death 19 >90 A COMPLETE HISTOKY OF TEXAS. Period 1\'. The Rkpi'blic 1S36 10 1846 Troubles in Eastern Texas or release. This unfortunate invasion of Mexico is known as the " Micr Expedition," and of its members who joined in the battle at Mier only about thirty-five lived to return to Texas. It was, however, the last but one of the desperate and hopeless ventures in which so many heroic lives were sacrificed in mistaken efforts of valor and patriotism.' While these warlike events were happening in the West, a dangerous civil feud broke out in the East, in the old munici- uand forgeries pality of Tcueha, mainly in Shelby County. The ' ' heroes of the neutral ground" were not all dead, and from smuggling and filibustering they haci turned their attention to forging land titles and setting up fraudulent squatters' claims to large and valuable tracts in Eastern Texas. The confusion of land titles in that region was great, owing to the many conflicting grants from the days of Hayden Edwards's " Fredonian War" down to the Feud between reccut acts of the district land boards. In 1842, one Charles W. Jackson, a fugitive from justice from Louisiana, ran for Congress in Shelby County. He was defeated, and he ascribed his defeat to certain persons interested in land frauds, which he at once declared he would expose to the general land office. One Joseph Goodbread, a leader of the other faction, threatened to run him Jackson and Goodbread ' I''()rty-one of the Texans who remained at the river during the siege of Mier escaped, but Major George W. Bonnell was captured and shot. There escaped from Mier ten of the Texans ; sixteen were killed or died from wounds received in the siege ; in the struggle for liberty at the Hacienda Sahido, five were killed, including Dr. Richard F. Brenham ; seventeen drew black beans and were shot ; Captain Cameron was executed at Huehuetoca ; five perished in the mountains after their escape from tlie Ifacioida ; four reached Texas ; thirty-five died in the prison of I'erote ; fourteen were released at various times ; eight escaped from the City of Mexico. The seventeen who drew the fatal beans were L. I.. Cash, James D. Cocke, Robert H. Dunham, Captain William M. Eastland, Robert Esty (brother of Mrs. David G. Burnet), Robert Harris, Thomas E. Jones, Patrick Mahan, James M. Ogden, diaries Roberts, William Rouen. J. E. .Shepherd, J. W. N. Thompson, James N. Torrey, Turnbull, Henry Whaling, and Martin Carroll Wing. There were confined in the Castle of Perotc?, besides the Mier prisoners, the survivors of the Santa I'Y- I':xpedition who were captured in New Mexico, those captured at San Antonio by General Woll in 1S42, and the men who survived the Daw.son ■Nhissacre .-muI were taken prisoners l)y the Mexicans. THE REPURIJC. 291 out of the country, and Jackson shot Goodbread dead in Shelby- ville. When Jackson's trial came on, the court-house was filled with armed men, and the judge would not attend the court. The excitement spread and assumed dangerous proportions. Jackson organized an armed force which he called the Rcgida- to7's, while his opponents formed into an equally violent organiza- tion called the Moderators, and a deadly vendetta was declared in East Texas. More than fifty men were killed from time to tors" time, and in 1844 the two factions were drawn up in battle array at Shelbyville. President Houston sent General Smith to dis- perse the lawless bands, which he succeeded in doing without bloodshed ; but for many years afterwards the feud broke out now and then, and more than one citizen held the title to his lands by virtue of his readiness to defend it with his rifle. This desperate civil strife was known as the "War of the Regulators and Moderators. ' ' Since his second election, President Houston had been so engrossed with the affairs of the government that he had but little time to devote to the Indian problem. But he had not abandoned his plan of making a general treaty with all the tribes, by which the line of the frontier would be defended, trading posts established, and the rights of both parties fixed and respected within the agreed limits. In pursuance of that plan he appointed Joseph C. Eldridge commissioner of Indian af- fairs. A partial treaty was made in the winter of 1842-43 with the Wacos, and representa- tives of several of the smaller tribes visited tlie President to have friendly talks. In March, 1843, Houston sent Eldridge, with Hamilton P. Bee and Thomas Torrey, to see all the tribes on the Brazos, upper Trinity, and as far north as the Comanche headquarters in the Indian Terri- tory, to solicit their head chiefs to meet him in a general council for the purpose of entering into a treaty of peace and trade. The point selected for this nneting was Bird's Fort, on the west fork of the Trinity, being about twentv-tvvo miles west of where Dallas now stantls, and the date Period IV. The Republic 1836 TO 1846 " War of the Regulators and Modera- Houston's Indian policy- Treaty with Indians attempted Fol T ON THl \Vl Sll KN BoRDLk 292 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 1836 TO 1846 Adventures of Eldridge, Bee, and Torrey Meet with rep- resentatives of several tribes Pay-hay yuc-co Period IV. was August lo. The latter part of March the commissioners The Republic ^^^ ^^^ from Washington, accompanied by Acoquash, head chief of the Wacos, a party of Delaware guides and interpreters, a pack train with supplies and presents for the Indians, and car- rying with them two Comanche children, captured three years before in the Council House Fight at San Antonio. They pro- ceeded up the Brazos and then north to a point on the upper Trinity, probably in what is now Wise, or Jack County, where they met representatives of the Waco, Tawakana, Towash, lonie, Keechi, Caddo, Bedais, Biloxi, Delaware, and Anadarko tribes, all of whom promised to attend the council. They were delayed here a month, but pushed on north to find the Comanches. Finally, about the ist of August, they reached the village of Pav-hav-vnc-co, the head chief of the Comanches, near where Fort Sill is now located. A council of the tribes was held August 9, and it came near decreeing the death of the Texan commissioners. As it was, Pay-hay-yuc-co declined to enter into the treaty, and the commissioners were alloweci to depart in peace. The date for the meeting of the council had now passed, and it was necessary to fix a new date and send word to the other tribes. This was done, and after considerable delay and some adventures they reached Bird's Fort, to find that President Houston had awaited their coming until it was con- cluded they were lost, and had returned to Washington. George W. Terrell and E. H. Tarrant, however, were there to represent the government, and on Sep- tember 29, 1843, a treaty was negotiated with the several tribes before named. A divitling line between the white settle- ments and the Indian grounds was agreed upon, along which trading posts were to be estal)lished. This frontier line ran from the present site of Fort Worth, by way of Comanche Peak in Hood County, south past the location of the old San Saba Mission to the Rio Grande, and the Indians agreed to keep to the west of it. Treaty finally negotiated, September 29, 1843 Mai- simwiNf; Frontier in 1843 and 1873. (Solid lines and nags .show frontier and trading posls in 1843; dotted lines the border in 1873.) THE REPUBLIC. 293 There was one more ' ' expedition' ' to attest the restless and reckless spirit of those days, and it was authorized by the government. In the spring of 1843, Colonel Jacob Snively set out from Texas, with one hundred and eighty men, to capture a richly-laden wagon-train that was said to be on the way from Missouri to Santa Fe. He reached the Arkansas River in May, and learned that the train was ai)proaching under escort of United States dragoons, while a large Mexican force was near by to receive and guard it to Santa Fe. Sni\ely came in con- tact with the Mexicans on May 20 and killed seventeen of them, Period IV. The Republic 1836 TO 1846 Snively's expedition A.N ULU-TIME SlAGE-CoACH. United States troops capturing eighty prisoners and large supi)lies. Here seventy of the party returned to Texas under Captain Chandler. On June Captured by 30, Captain Cooke, of the United States army, captured Snively's command, one hundred and seven men, alleging that they were on the soil of the United States, and disarmed them. Fifty of the men went to Missouri with Cooke's dragoons, and the others overtook Chandler's party, with whom they reached Fort Bird on August 6. In the midst of these stirring scenes on both borders, en- Growth, livened by an occasional outbreak of turbulence at home, Texas P''°spe"ty. •' _ and public was. nevertheless growing rapidly in [population, and the financial economy 294 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS, Period IV. The Republic 1836 TO 1846 Revival ot colonization contracts Peters's Colony Fisher and Miller's, Cas- tro's, and Mer- cer's colonies Irregularity of Mercer's Col- ony contract Diplomatic correspond- ence with Mexico and United States condition had vastly improved. The public debt was not in- creased a dollar ; the exchequer bills were brought up to some- thing like par ; the old " red-backs" had been entirely lost sight of ; and the receipts of the government exceeded its expenses. The total cost of Houston's three years' administration was $416,058, and there was a balance in the treasury of $5058. The system of colonization contracts had been abolished by the Consultation in 1835, but it was revived by an act of the P'ifth Congress, passed January 4, 1841, under President Lamar's administration. The first colony contract under that law was made with W. S. Peters, Daniel S. Carroll, and eighteen others, and it was modified afterwards by additional families and an extension of time. This was known as Peters's Colony, and by the general terms of the contract six hundred and forty acres were to be given to each head of a family, and three hundred and twenty acres to each single man, subject to requirements as to actual settlement and improvements. Peters's Colony was located in the district of country lying one hundred miles scjuare just south of Red River. Under the same law and other acts of Congress, similar colonies were established. Among the princi- j)al ones of these were Fisher and Miller's Colony, on the Llano and San Saba Rivers ; Henri Castro's, in 1842,- between the Rio Grande and Medina Ri\'ers and along the Arroyo LIvalde ; and that of Charles Fenton Mercer, on the upper Trinity. Mercer's Colony contract was signed by President Houston on January 29, 1844, when Congress had but a few days before repealed the law authorizing such contracts, and the repealing bill was then in the President's hands for approval. On January 30 he vetoed the bill, and the same day it was passed over his veto. His conduct provoked much criticism, and the Supreme Court of the United States, forty years afterwards, held the contract to be unlawful and void. A great feature of Houston's second administration was the diplomatic correspondence and intrigues, looking to peace with Mexico and annexation to the United States ; but this subject is s(j intimately interwoven with the acts of the succeeding adminis- tration that it will be postponed to the next cha])ter, in order to treat that tcjpic as a continuous and intelligent whole. THE REPUBLIC. 295 Houston's second term as President began on December 13, Pkriod iv. 1 84 1, and ended December 9, 1844. During that period the ""^ _iip) A friendly attitude of armed neutrality towards Mexico, and non- interference with re\olutionary movements in that country. (r) Suspension of all attempts to pay public obligations until their amount was ascertained and payment could be certainly provided for. {d) A public loan of 1300,000, and issuance of 1350,000 of exchequer THE REPUBLIC. 299 bills, secured by 1,000,000 acres of Cherokee lands, and receivable at par Period iv. J. J ,. J . The Rkpublic for duties and taxes. (e) Reduction of all expenses, and cutting down taxes one-half, 1836 payable in coin or paper at par with coin. to 2. Principal events of the administration : ^"4o {a) Reforms by Congress in the direction indicated by the President ; but the exchequer bills, not being secured by the lands as he had advised, rapidly depreciated. Salaries and expenses reduced. {d) Passage of a bill to extend territory of Texas to include California, New Mexico, and a large part of Northern Mexico. Vetoed by the Pres- ident, and passed over his veto. Beginning of Houston and «;///- Houston politics. {c) Renewal of hostilities by Mexico, in two invasions of Texas, — one by Vasquez, in March, 1842, and the other by Well, in September, 1842. Texans aroused. Battle of Salado, September 18, 1842. Mexicans driven out of Texas. Dawson's Massacre. {d) Passage by Congress of bill for active war against Mexico, and declaring Houston dictator. Vetoed by the President. {e) Blockade of Mexican forts declared, but not enforced, because the Texan navy was absent at Yucatan. The President's troubles with the navy, resulting in its final disuse. (/) Removal of the capital from Austin to Houston, causing the "Archive War," and afterwards to Washington, on the Brazos, where it remained until annexation. Change in time for meetings of Congress. (^) Texan troops march to Rio Grande. Dissatisfaction with General Somervell. The " Mier E.xpedition" organized, December, 1842. (//) Siege of Mier, capture of Texans, escape at Hacienda Salado, recapture, drawing of the black beans, and execution of the Texans. "The prisoners of Perote." (/) The " War of the Regulators and Moderators" in Eastern Texas. (7) Treaty with Indians, September 29, 1843, by which the western frontier was established. {k) "Snively's Expedition,"— the last of the filibustering schemes. (/) Revival of colonization contract system. Peter's, Eisher and Miller's, Castro's, and Mercer's colonies. Repeal of the law. [in) Diplomatic negotiations looking to peace with Mexico and annexation to the United States. («) I^lection of Anson Jones and Kenneth L. Anderson, fourth Pres- ident and Vice-President of the Rtpublic, September 2, 1844. Geography. Locate the routes and places mentioned in connection with Vas- quez's and Woll's invasions, " Dawson's Massacre," Battle of the Salado, the "Mier Expedition," the Hacienda Salado, Castle of Perots, and "Snively's Expedition." Trace the boundaries of Texas iis they woulc ^OO A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period IV. have existed under the act of the Sixth Congress, January, 1842. Locate The Kepuhlic ^i^^^ several trading posts and the Hue of frontier as estabUshed by the 1836 Indian treaty of September 29, 1843. TO 1S46 Parallel Readings. Scarff's "Comprehensive History of Texas," Vol. I.; Brown's "History of Texas," Vol. II.; Williams's "Sam Houston;" Crane's "Life of Houston;" Green's " Mier Expedition;" "A Prisoner of Perots ;" Raker's "Texas Scrap-Book ;" Gouge's "Fiscal History of Texas;" Kennedy's "Republic of Texas;" Foote's "Te.xas and the Texans ;" Mrs. Holly's "Texas;" Anson Jones's "Reminiscences." Brigham's San J ai in ro Monument. CHAPTER XIX. Annexation; Diplomacy and Politics; Anson Jones's Administration ; Texas Annexed to the United States. Period IV. The Republic 1S36 TO 1846 Annexation of Texas dis- cussed in THE annexation of Texas was more fruitful of political interest in the United States than in the Republic of Texas. By the purchase of Louisiana in 1803, it was claimed by many of the ablest statesmen in the Union that Texas rightfully belonged to the United States. In 1843, Andrew Jackson charged President Monroe and his secretary of state, John Ouincy Adams, with having deliberately adopted the Sabine instead of the Rio Grande as the western boundary United states of Louisiana, in the treaty of 18 19, when Spain was perfectly willing to concede the latter stream as the dividing line between the two countries. With those who thus believed that Texas had been improperly surrendered, her incor- poration into the Union was always spoken of as ;r- annexation. As we have seen, President John Quincy Adams, through Mr. Clay as secretary of state, offered to buy Texas from Mexico in 1S25, 1827, and 1829. But the course of events in the United States rapidly intro- duced new issues into the problem. New England has always been opposed to the acquisition of new territory by the Union. Her statesmen bitterly resisted the purchase of Louisiana in 1803, the admission of that State in 181 1, the admission of Missouri in 1820, the annexation of Texas in 1844, the reoccupation of Oregon at the same time, and the Mexican war in 1846-48, by which the whole Pacific slope was added to the national domain. This antagonism was originally and pri- marily due to the narrow and selfish views of that region, which has never yet been willing to surrender its former supremacy acquired when the population of the Union was confined to the Atlantic seaboard. The spirit of the North and East has always Anson Jones. Attitude of New England towards exten- sion of the Union ^02 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Tkriod IV. I IlK Repi'hi.ic 1836 TO IS46 Her provin- cialism and Anglo-mania Abolitionism Effect of this influence on annexation of Texas Texas with- draws the proposition Attitude of Great Britain towards Texas been provincial as affecting their relations to the great country lying beyond the Alleghanies and south of the Ohio River, and coIo7iial as influencing their feelings towards American institu- tions and ideas in general. The intellectual, social, and political tone of New England has always been as thoroughly English as when its people were colonists of the British crown and paid homage to the petty magnificence of their imported Tory governors. Accordingly, as soon as the Anti-Slavery Society in London began its godly attempts to meddle with the affairs of Christendom, the Abolition Party of Boston, in ready imitation, organized its moral protectorate over the consciences of the American people, and prepared to wage war upon the property of the Southern slave-owner and the Consti- tution of the Republic. The acquisition of more slave territory was a crime which both Mr. Ouincy and Mr. Adams declared, in 181 1 and in 1844, dissolved the Union and released the New England States from their allegiance to the Constitution. Secession was then considered by those statesmen to be necessary and justifiable, in order to destroy slavery ; but in 1861 it became treasonable and rebellious, if resorted to to protect the constitutional property rights of the slave- holding States. The jealousy of the East and North, aided by the fanatical opposition of the Abolitionists, raised up a determined resistance to the annexation of Texas, so that, under a pretext of the fear of a war with Mexico, the request of the newly-formed Republic for annexation, in 1836, was rejected. President Houston withdrew the proposition in 1838, and it was not renewed until 1842, and on July 6, 1843, under Houston's second administration, the whole question was again formally withdrawn by the Texan government. In the interval the relations between Texas and Great Britain had become quite close and interesting. England had several reasons for not wishing to see the Republic become a part of the American Uni(Mi. Mexico owed her a very large sum, and the people and resources of Texas would aid materially in helping to discharge the debt. Hence there were strong grounds for desir- ing that Mexico should regain and hold the revolted province. ■ N Ji)M-S. THE REPUP.LIC. ^^J But if thai was not to be, Texas as a separate nation would furnish a profitable commercial ally for Great Britain, as well as a field for extending the views of English philanthropists on the subject of slavery. Influenced by one or all of these considera- tions, England exerted herself to aid the Texans in procuring peace with Mexico, and in preventing annexation to the United States. In October, 1842, President Houston issued a letter to all the great powers, asking their intervention to compel Mexico either to declare peace and recognize the independence of Texas, or to prosecute a regular war for her subjugation, in accordance with the rules of civilized nations. Sir Robert Peel, in England, and M. Guizot, in France, received this letter favorably, and at once the London government took steps to bring about an understanding between Texas and Mexico. The United States also interested themselves in seeking a solution of the troubles. Finally, in June, 1843, a tem- porary armistice was declared between Santa Anna and Houston, and the following September, Samuel M. Williams and George W. Hockley were sent as Texan commissioners to draw up a general armistice looking to permanent peace. The agreement was concluded on February 14, 1844, and returned to the Texan govern- ment. Houston promptly rejected it, because it spoke of Texas as " a department of Mexico." Soon afterwards Santa Anna declared hostilities reopened. Meanwhile, England's intimate association with the Texan government excited the jealousy of the United States. The Southern States of the Union were fearful that Great Britain would succeed in establishing or gaining control over a powerful non-slaveholding territory to the south of the United States, and even the North did not relish the idea of a foreign monarchy gaining a foothold in America. The annexation feeling grew rapidly in the United States, and Texas was assured that the question would be decided favorably. President Tyler, who had always been in favor of the movement, in his message to Congress, on December 5, 1843, rejected as idle Mexico's threats of war in case the American government annexed Texas, I'rriod IV. The Rkpuhi.ic 1836 TO IS46 Houston's address to foreign powers Its reception abroad Jon Texas rejec s terms of peacj Jealousy of United States excited to- wards Eng- land Growth of annexation sentiment in United States John Tyler 304 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. l'i:Ri<>n I\'. Tm-: Rkpihi.ic 1836 TO 1S46 John C. Calhoun. Treaty of annexation signed, April 12, 1844 Rejected by United States Senate Campaign of 1844 between Polk and Clay Whiles. JA.M1.S K. 1-ULK. and declared emphatically that the United States would not permit any European power to assume control over the destinies of the young Republic. This, of course, meant England, and the national pride was aroused in favor of annexation. In Jan- uary, 1844, J. Pinckney Henderson was sent to Washington to aid Mr. Van Zandt in bringing about a successful issue of the matter. John C. Calhoun was secretary of state in ;. Tyler's Cabinet, and in the annexation of Texas he saw a great advantage to the slave States. He there- fore earnestly seconded the President's efforts. A treaty of annexation was signed on April 12, 1844, by Messrs. Henderson and Van Zandt for Texas, and John C. Calhoun for the United States. It was at once sent to the Senate for ratification. But a presi- dential campaign was approaching, and Martin Van Buren was a candidate for the Democratic nomination, while Henry Clay was the accepted choice of the They both declared themselves opposed to annexa- tion, and their influence defeated the treaty in the Senate, on June 8, by a vote of sixteen to thirty-five. Texas withdrew her minister from Washington and prepared to conduct her future destiny to suit herself. But the people of the United States were now thor- oughly aroused. Clay and Van Buren had defeated the treaty, but their victory ruined them both. The Whig and Democratic Na- tional Conventions had met in May, before the rejection of the treaty in the Senate. Clay was nominated for the presidency by the Whigs, but the influence of Tyler, Calhoun, and other Democratic leaders defeated Van Buren, and nominated James K. Polk for President, and George M. Dallas for Vice- President. The campaign war-cry was: "Polk and Dallas, Oregon and Texas," and it won at the polls in November by a majority of sixty-five electoral votes. Clay lost the ambition of his life, but the Union had gained the right to invite into its fold an independent Hknry Clay. THE REPUBLIC. 305 empire, whose sovereignty had been won by the valor and patri- otism of American colonists. Texas, however, had made her last offer to join the United States. President Jones in none of his communications to the Ninth Congress made any reference to the subject of annexation, and the world was given to understand that it would require a very plain and pressing invitation to induce the Republic to surrender her separate existence for a place among the American States. The invitation was not long in coming. But at last, warned no doubt by the result of the recent elec- tions in the United States, General Herrera, the new President of Mexico, released Jose Antonio Navarro, who was a Santa Fe prisoner, and sent him to Texas to conclude a treaty of peace, with a recognition of Texan independence, provided the Republic should not afterwards be annexed to the American Union. Pre- liminary articles to that effect had been drawn up on May 19, 1845, and submitted to the Texan government on June 2. Before this action, however, the American Congress had passed a Joint Resolution providing for the annexation of Texas. It passed the House on February 25, 1845, by a vote of one hundred and twenty to ninety-eight, and the Senate on March i, by a vote of twenty-seven to twenty-five, and the same day President Tyler had the gratification of signing this realization of his earnest hopes and labors. The Resolution was received by President Jones from Wash- ington, and on May 15 he called a Convention of sixty-one dele- gates to meet at Austin on July 4, to decide what should be the response of the people of Texas ; and at the same time he con- vened a special session of the Ninth Congress, for the purpose of expressing the will of the existing government, as provided for in the Resolution. The latter body, on June 23, gave its approval to the Resolution and to the calling of the Convention. On June 4, the President had issued his proclamation, informing the people of the proposed treaty with Mexico, and inviting their decision between the two alternatives thus presented to them. The Convention met on July 4 and remained in session until August 27, during which time it framed a new Constitution for the State of Texas, and accepted the terms of annexation offered Period IV. The Republic 1836 TO 1846 Texas indiffer- ent and silent Mexico pro- poses peace and recogni- tion of Texan independence American Con- gress passes annexation resolution, March i, 1845 Convention called inTexas to consider the question Texas Con- gress ap- proves it Constitutional Convention of 1845 3o6 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period IV. THK RliPl'HI.lC 1S36 TO IS46 General elec- tions ordered to vote on these matters Method of annexation Disposition of the affairs of the Republic Colonial contracts annulled by the United States. The Constitution framed by this Conven- tion was adopted and signed by the delegates on August 27, 1845, and is known in poHtical history as the Constitution of 1845, being the second instrument of organic law under which Texas was governed, omitting the articles of provisional govern- ment adopted by the Consultation in November, 1835. The Constitution was submitted for ratification by a vote of the people, at an election held on the second Monday in October, 1845, at which time, also, the question of annexation was to be voted on. This election was not by ballot, but viva voce, — that is, by the open, verbal declaration of the person voting at each ])olling place. The result was to be proclaimed on the second Monday in November following, and the Constitution, if adopted, was to go into effect as soon as a State go\'ernment was organized under it. As soon as the Constitution was adopted l)y the j)eople, it was made the duty of the President to issue his proclamation calling for an election to be held on the third Monday in December, 1845, to choose a governor, lieutenant- governor, and legislature for the State of Texas ; and as soon as the President was informed of the acceptance of the Constitution by the Congress of the United States, he was to convene the newly-elected State legislature, which should then proceed to declare the result of the election for governor and lieutenant- governor, install them in ofifice, elect United States Senators, and provide for the election of Representatives to the United States Congress ; the legislature was also to provide for the transfer to the United States of all property belonging to the Republic, and formerly used in its public defence as an inde- pendent nation. It was further provided that the laws and officers of the Republic should continue until the new State government was organized, and that the first general election in the State of Texas should be held on the first Monday in November, 1847, ^nd on the same date every two years there- after, until otherwise ordered by the legislature. The Conven- tion of 1845 also passed an ordinance declaring certain colonial contracts made by the President of the Republic null and void, and refpiiri ng suits to be brought to cancel and forfeit them, saxing the rights of actual settlers. THE REPUBLIC. 307 '<"- 1 ■■<■.:,; All the acts thus required were properly performed. On October 10, 1845, the Constitution and annexation were adopted by a vote nearly unanimous. At the election for State officers, held in December, James Pinckney Henderson was elected first governor of Texas over James R. Miller, the vote being : Hen- derson, 7853 ; Miller, 1673 ; and Albert C. Horton was chosen lieutenant-governor over Nicholas H. Darnell. On December 29, 1845, the Congress of the United States accepted the new- State Constitution, and this date has been declared by the Su- preme Court of the United States to be the true date of the annexation of Texas to the American Union, although the State government was not organized until February 16, 1846. The Joint Resolution of the American Congress, under which Texas was to be annexed, adopted March i, 1845, contained substantially the following provisions : All questions of boundary with other nations were to be submitted to adjustment by the United States ; the new State Constitution was to be sub- mitted to Congress for acceptance on or before January i, 1846 ; Texas should cede to the United States all property owned and connected with the public defence, such as arsenals, barracks, navy and navy-yards, arms, fortifications, and magazines ; Texas should retain all funds, debts, taxes, and dues belonging to the Republic, and all of her public lands, but all such funds and lands should be first subject to the payment of the debts and liabilities of the Re- public, and such debts should in no event become a charge against the United States ; new States, not exceeding four in number, in addition to said State of Texas, might afterwards be created out of the territory of said State, with its consent, and be entitled to admission to the Union under the provisions of the Federal Constitution ; all new States formed out of such territory lying north of thirty-six degrees, thirty minutes, north latitude (known as the Missouri Com- Pkriod IV. The Republic 1836 TO 1846 Date of annex- ation, Decem- ber 29, 1845 Provisions of the Joint Res- olution for an- nexation Tkxan Annexation, 1S43. Public debt of the Republic New States -,o8 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. PKRion IV. This Rki'ublic 1836 TO 1846 Annexation the voluntary act of Texas promise Line), should be admitted to the Union without slavery, but those lying south of that line could be admitted with or without slavery, as they should choose. Upon these terms Texas became one of the United States. It was her own free and deliberate act, without compulsion, be- cause her independence and peace were assured by the Mexican government if she refused annexation, and the alliance with F"rance and Eneland would have established her commercial \ >,\, -^ '"^^_-^\ \'^'y - M>^- fruin 'M GiTi-iiwii-h SO Map showing Territorial Changes after Annexation, 1S45. Credit for the success of the movement pros])erity. Since the rejection of the treaty in June, 1844, her people had made uj) their minds to pursue an independent career, and it was only the force of influences brought to bear upon them by their leaders that finally secured the acceptance of the conditions offered by the United States. The credit for the final triumjjh of the annexation policy is due to Presidents Hous- ton and Jones. The former was always an annexationist, and the latter labored earnestly to the same end from the time he was minister to the United States in 1836. It required the most skilful diplomacy to accomplish the purpose without sacrificing the jjride and position of Texas. Houston as chief executive and Jones as his secretary of state managed it most admirably. tween Hous- ton and Jones THE REPUBLIC. 3O9 They played upon the jealousies of the United States, the slavery pkriod iv. interests of the South, the national pride of the North, the force '"^ _|!^ubl of the "Monroe doctrine," and the fears that Texas would fall ^^-5° TO into the lap of Great Britain. At times it suited their designs to jg^g oppose annexation, but in the end they witnessed the attainment of their ambition. In after years these two men became political Hostility be enemies, and there was much bitterness between them, in which the credit of this great work was disputed by their friends ; but truth compels a recognition of their mutual services in bringing about the incorporation of the Republic of Texas into the Ameri- can Union of States. Anson Jones's administration began on December 9, 1844, Administra- and ended February 16, 1846. During that period there was ,o°„"° Init one Congress, the Ninth, which met in regular session the first Monday in December, 1844, and adjourned February 3, 1845, and again convened in special session on June 16, which continued until June 24. Aside from the usual legislation neces- sary to perfect the laws and run the government, there was no incident of special importance in the acts of the Ninth Con- gress. The country was at peace, both at home and abroad ; state of the the population was rapidly increasing, there was the prospect '^"""'"'^ of early annexation to the kindred States of the North, and the finances were so improved that the Republic's paper was at par, while there was a cash balance in the treasury sufficient to operate the government' for two years without a dollar of additional receipts. During the fourteen months of President Jones's administra- President tion, the following were the principal executive officers of the cTbinet Republic : secretary of state, Ashbel Smith, Ebenezer Allen ; secretary of war and navy, George W. Hill, William G. Cooke ; secretary of the treasury, William B. Ochiltree, John A. Greer ; attorney-general, Ebenezer Allen ; treasurer, Moses Johnson ; comptroller, James B. Shaw ; commissioner of the general land office, Thomas William Ward ; auditor, Charles Mason ; min- ister to France, Great Britain, and Spain, Ashbel Smith, George W. Terrell ; minister to the United States, James Reiley, David S. Kaufman ; secretary of legation at Washington, William D. Lee. 3IO A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period IV. Oil February i6, 1846, amid the booming of cannon and the HE ^uBLic j-^-,jj-,g.j(_.^j smiles and tears of Texan patriots, the flag of the Re- ■5 public with its single star was lowered, the broad banner of the TO . . 1X46 American Union was unfurled, and President Jones declared in tones at once solemn and sad : ' ' The final act in this great drama is now performed : the Republic of Texas is no more !" QUESTIONS. What interest did tlie annexation of Texas arouse in the United States ? What had been claimed by some persons in regard to Texas belonging to the United States? What position did Andrew Jackson take on the subject ? What did those who held this view call the annex- ation of Texas ? What efforts were made to purchase Texas from Mexico? What was New England's attitude towards the acquisition of new territory, as shown by her position in reference to Louisiana, Mis- souri, Texas, Oregon, and the Mexican War ? What caused this antago- nism to the extension of the Union ? What can you say of the provincial spirit of the North and East? What of their colonial altitude towards England in all matters touching American interests? What connection was there between the Abolition party in the North and a similar move- ment in England ? What inconsistency characterized the position of New England statesmen in 181 1 and 1844 and in 1861 ? What effect did these influences exert upon the question of the annexation of Texas ? What occurred in 1836 on this subject ? When did Texas withdraw her propo- sition for annexation, and when was it renewed ? When was it again with- drawn ? Explain fully the relations that grew \\\\ at that time between Great Britain and Texas, and the reasons for such relations. What was England's attitude towards annexation? When did President Houston issue his address to the great powers, and what was it? How was it received abroad ? When was an armistice declared between Texas and Mexico, who were sent from Texas to draw up articles of permanent peace ? When was an agreement concluded, and why was it rejected by the Texan government ? What effect did the intimacy between Texas and England produce in the United States, and why ? What message did President Tyler send to Congress, and when was this? When and whom did the Texan government send to Washington for the purpose of promoting annexation ? What distinguished Southern statesman aided the mo\'ement, and why ? When and by whom was a treaty for annexa- tion concluded ? What was done with it in the United States Senate, and explain what pL-rsonal antl political influences caused this result ? When THE REPUBLIC. 3I I and by wliat vote was the treaty rejected? What effect did this haxe on r-iuion iv Van Buren and Clay? Explain the action of the Whig and Democratic thk Rkpublic National Conventions in 1S44. What was the campaign war-cry of the o^ Democrats, and what was the result of the election ? What was the atti- ^^ tude of Texas at that time, as shown by President Jones's conduct ? What 5^45 did the Mexican government do looking towards peace with Texas? When were preliminary articles drawn up for that purpose ? When did the American Congress adopt the Joint Resolution for the annexation of Texas, and by what vote in each House ? What action was taken in Texas upon receipt of this Resolution, and with what results ? When, where, and how long did the Constitutional Convention of 1845 sit, and what did it do? When was the Constitution adopted and signed by the delegates ? When was it to be submitted to a vote of the people for rati- fication, how was the election to be held, and explain the methods by which the result was to be declared, officers elected, and the State gov- ernment inaugurated ? What was to be done in regard tC the property belonging to the Republic, and the continuation of its laws and officers? When was the first general State election to be held after annexation, and how often thereafter ? What was done in reference to colonial contracts of the Republic ? When did the first election for State ofificers occur, who were the candidates for governor and lieutenant-governor, and what was tile popular vote ? When did the Congress of the United States accept . the State Constitution, and from what date did legal annexation occur ? When was the State government put into actual operation? Give at length the several provisions of the Joint Resolution for the annexation of Texas. Explain that portion of it referring to new States and slavery. What can you say of the manner in which Texas came into the American Union ? To whom is the credit due for that event ? What did it require, and explain how it was accomplished ? What can you say of the rela- tions of Sam Houston and Anson Jones towards annexation? When did I'resident Jones's administration begin and end? What Congress met during that period? When did it meet and adjourn? What was the condition of the country and the state of public finances ? Who were the principal executive officers during Jones's administration? Describe the scene when the Texas Republic came to an end, and what were President Jones's last words on that occasion? Topical Analysis. T. The annexation of Texas as a political issue in tiie United .States, luulL-r which considef : {a) The attitude of New England and the Northern States in oi)po- sition to all acquisitions of new territory, due to their narrow and selfish desire to retain supremacy ; their coloiial dependence on English ideas and sentiments for all their pt)litical and social principles, and their fanat- ical views in regard to the abolition of slavery. - 1 2 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period IV. ((^) The position of the leaders of the two great political parties,— The Republic Whig and Democratic,— both Clay and Van Buren being opposed to j'gTg annexation. F"irst treaty defeated in Congress on June 8, 1844. ■J■^J {c) The influence of England's relations towards Texas, whereby the 1846 jealousy of the United States was excited. The North feared that Texas — would fall into the hands of a foreign monarchy, and thus violate the Monroe doctrine ; while the South feared the formation in the southwest of a large and powerful nation opposed to slavery. {d) The rapid growth of annexation sentiment in 1844, resulting in the nomination and the election of Polk by the Democrats on that issue. Clay being defeated on account of his opposition to it. {e) Joint Resolution for annexation adopted by American Congress, March i, 1845. (/) Final acceptance of the Texas Constitution by Congress, on De- cember 29, 1845, from which date Texas became one of the United States. 2. Annexation as an issue in Texas, under which consider : (i) Proposition for annexation adopted by popular vote at election in September, 1836, and tendered to United States. Not accepted by the latter. (2) Proposition withdrawn by Te.xas in 1838. (3) Renewed in 1842, and again withdrawn July 6, 1843. (4) Treaty for annexation concluded between United States and Texas, April 12, 1844 ; rejected by United States Senate, June 8, 1844. (5) Texas determines to make no further efforts in that direction, and is on the point of making a treaty of recognition, peace, and independence with Mexico, May-June, 1845 ; is also on intimate friendly relations with Great Britain. (6) Accepts the Joint Resolution for annexation by act of Ninth Con- gress, June 23, 1845, by vote of State Convention, July-August, 1845, and at popular election, October 10, 1845. (7) Adopts State Constitution, October 10, 1845, elects State officers, Deceml)er, 1845, and organizes State government, February 16, 1846. 3. The provisions of the Joint Resolution for annexation, as follows : ((? ) All boundary questions submitted to adjustment by United States ; all i)ul:)lic property of the Republic ceded to the United States ; all taxes, dues, debts, lands, and i>ublic funds to be retained by Texas, but to be first applied to payment of tlie i)ublic debt of the Republic, for wliich the United States should in no event become liable. {b) New States, not to exceed four, in addition to State of Texas, may be created out of the territory of the Republic, with the consent of Texas, and be entitled to admission to the Union. {c) But no new State formed out of such territory lying north of the Missouri Compromise Line should be admitted to the Union with slavery. THE REPUBLIC. Geography. 313 Period IV. The Republic Trace carefully the boundaries and extent of the territory claimed by 1S36 Texas at the date of annexation. Note the changes in the territory of the to United States resulting from that event. ^^4^ Parallel Readings. Scarff's "Comprehensive History of Texas" (1897) ; Brown's " His- tory of Texas;" Williams's "Sam Houston;" Crane's "Life of Hous- ton ;" Draper's "Civil War in America," Vol. I., and "Civil Conflict ;" Greeley's "American Conflict ;" Von Hoist's " Constitutional and Politi- cal History of the United States;" Benton's "Thirty Years' View;" Blaine's "Twenty Years in Congress ;" Davis's "Rise and Fall of the Confederate States;" McPherson's "History of Political Parties;" Johnston's "American Politics ;" W'insor's "Narrative and Critical His- tory." ¥¥ CONTEMPORANEOUS EVENTS.— 1836-1845. Parallel to Period IV. AMERICA. 1836. — Continuation of Seminole War in United States. The Democrats elect Martin Van Buren President. Arkansas admitted to the Union, June 15. Central Constitution adopted in Mexico, and Bustamente elected President. 1837. — President Van Buren inaugurated, March 4. Seminole War con- tinues. Great financial panic in United States. Rebellion in Canada. 1838. — End of Canadian rebellion. Revolution in Mexico under Mexia, who was captured and shot by Santa Anna. The French declare war against Mexico, capture Vera Cruz, and dictate terms of peace. 1839. — Revolt in Northern Mexico, led by Canales, to establish the " Re- public of the Rio Grande." 1840. — Sub-treasury bill passed by American Congress. The Il7/ii;s elect William H. Harrison President. .Sixth census shows [xjpula- tion of 17,069,453. Union of Upper and Lower Canada. 1841. — President Harrison inaugurated, March 4 ; died, April 4 ; suc- ceeded by John Tyler, Vice-President. Tyler vetoes United .States Bank bill and all his Cabinet except Daniel Webster resign, Septem- ber II. Revolution and civil war in Mexico ; Pta// of Tacubaya, for new Constitution, with Santa Anna as temporary ruler. 314 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 1846 I'KRioD IV. 1842. — luid of Seminole War. " Ashburton Treaty" between Great Brit- The Republic ^Jj^ ^^j^d ^Tnited States, establishing the Maine boundary. The " Dorr 1836 Rebellion" in Rhode Island. 1843. — Santa Anna disperses the INIexican Congress, declares himself dictator, and proclaims the " Bases of Political Organization" as his Constitution. 1844. — Great political agitation and campaign in United States over the question of Texan annexation. James K. Polk (Democrat) defeats Henry Clay (Whig) for President. First telegraph established in the United States between Baltimore and Washington. Joseph Smith, the Mormon leader, killed ; succeeded by Brigham Young. Santa Anna involved in a revolutionary struggle in Mexico with Paredes ; is defeated, imprisoned at Perots, and exiled to Cuba (May, 1845). 1845. — President Polk inaugurated, March 4. Annexation question still agitated. Judge Joseph Story died, September 10. General Herrera acting President of Mexico ; declares war against United States, June 4. Texas annexed to Union, December 29. GREAT BRITAIN. 1837. — Victoria succeeds to the throne, aged eighteen, Jime 21. 1838. — X'ictoria crowned Oueen, June 28. Death of Lord Eldon. Da- guerrotype process discovered. 1839. — Anti Corn Law League formed by P.ichard Cobden. Chartist agitation, (iold discovered in Australia. 1840. — Oueen Victoria married to Prince Albert, of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Fel)ruary lo. Penny postage system adopted. 1841. — Prince of Wales born, November 9. London Punch founded. 1843. — Daniel O'Connell prosecuted by the English government. "Young Ireland" movement grows in strength. The Thames tunnel opened. 1845.— Death of Sydney Smith and Thomas Hood. Railway mania and panic. Failure of the potato crop in Great Britain and Ireland. Gun-cotton invented. Lord Rosse's great telescope erected. OTHER COUNTRIES. 1836.— Death of Charles X., late King of France. M. Thiers prime min- ister of Louis Philippe. Louis Napt)leon attempts a revolution at .Strasburg. 1837.— liiMclemic of cholera on the continent of Europe. Winter palace at St. Petersburg burnt. THE REPUBLIC. 315 1839. mark 1838.— Death of Talleyrand, May 17. The Pope prohibits the slave-trade. Charles VIII., King of Den- Abdul-Medjid, Sultan of Turkey. 1840. — Frederick William IV., King of Prussia. Remains of Napoleon I. brought back to France from St. Helena. Quadruple Treaty be- tween England, Austria, Prussia, and Russia to protect the Sultan of Turkey. Reign of the Khedives in Egypt, under the suzerainty of Turkey. Louis Napoleon attempts another revolution at Boulogne ; is imprisoned for six years. 1842. — ^The French take Tahiti. Great fire at Hamburg. 1843. — Site of ancient Nineveh discovered by Botta. The Queen of Spain (Isabella II.) declared of age, and ascends the throne. 1844. — Joseph Bonaparte died, July 28. 1845. — Sir John Franklin's last expedition to the Arctic regions. Period IV. The Republic TO 1846 IPcriob ID, FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD.— 1846-1861. ¥¥ CHAPTER XX. The New Government; The Texas Land System; Henderson's Administration; Boundary Question; Churches in Texas. State Consti- tution of 1845 T HE State Constitution of 1845 has been regarded by many able jurists and statesmen as superior to any of those since adopted. The convention that framed it was an exceptionally strong body of men, — they com- posed the ablest and wisest citizens of Texas. Thomas J. Rusk was president of the convention, James H. Raymond, secretary, and the roll of its members contains the names of nearly every man then and afterwards prominent in the affairs of Texas, in peace and war. The Constitution began with a " Bill of Rights," setting out certain fundamental rights of person and property which should never be invaded by the government. In its general features it was similar to all .State constitutions. It required the State to be divided into representa- tive and senatorial districts, the members of the lower house of the legislature never to exceed ninety or to fall below forty-five ; while the senators should never be more than thirty- three or less than nineteen. The hirst Legislature should contain sixty-six representa- ti\es and nineteen senators. Ministers of the gospel, TiioMAb J. kusK. or priests of any denomination, were declared ineli- 316 FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 17 Period V. First 1'eriod OF Statkhood 1S46 TO 1 86 1 gible to cither house of the legislature. The legislature was to meet every two years. On the subject of slavery, it was provided that offences against the persons of slaves should be punished the same as if against white persons ; the importa- tion of slaves for the purpose of traffic and merchandise was forbidden ; the legislature was required to pass laws compelling masters to provide for and treat their slaves humanely, and no slavery slave should be emancipated without the consent of his owner. ^ „. '■ _ Duelling and Duelling was prohibited, and divorces could not be granted by divorce the legislature. Banking corporations could not be char- tered, nor any private corporation be created except by two-thirds vote of both houses of the legislature. The homestead exemption was fixed at two hundred acres in the country, and in towns and cities as a lot or lots not exceeding in value two thousand dollars ; and the legislature was authorized to pro\'ide for the exemption from taxation of two hundred and fifty dollars' worth of personal property belonging to a family, and from forced sales a reasonable quantity of such property. It was provided that all property owned by the husband or wife at the time of the marriage, and all acquired afterwards by gift, devise, or descent, should be the separate property of each ; while all property otherwise Community acquired during marriage, by either husband or wife, should be ertat^T^*^^^^ community property. On the subject of education, it was declared to be the duty PubUc educa- of the legislature to make pro\'isions for the support of public free schools by taxation on property ; and one-tenth of the annual income of the State derived from taxation was required to be set apart as a perpetual school fund, never to be diverted or used for any other purpose. All the public lands that had been granted to the counties for school purposes were forbidden to be sold or disposed of, except by lease not to exceed twenty years. A general land office for the whole State was established at the capital, where all titles from the go\'ernment must be registered. The Constitution contained many other wise and practical l)rovisions, which ha\'c not l)cen improved upon by the constitu- tion-makers of later times. J. PiNCKNKV HkNDER- SON. General land office ,t8 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Pkriod V. First Period OF Statehood 1846 TO IS6I Texas land system The First Legislature of the State had a very difficult task to perform, in remodelling the laws and institutions of the govern- ment to suit the changed conditions brought about by annexa- tion. It was no longer necessary to maintain an army, navy, postal system, and other institutions of an independent nation ; but the details of domestic legislation were many and impor- tant. Texas, unlike any other American State, had her own public lands, and . their domain was immense. It was /'^'""^-^^^^ estimated at the time of annexation / / F*"*""^ \ that the extent of the una])propriated / iw .^9% «!SSf \ public lands was nearly 185,000,000 were besides this acres claimed by der fraudulent and it was necessary to stated, the land sys- JOHN HkMPHII.L. and there millions of acres, many various persons un- illegal titles, which recover. Briefly tem, as then exist- RovALL I. Wheeler. Abnkr S. Lipscomb. THE OLD SUPREME COURT. ing under laws passed by the previous governments, was as follows : The lands granted to \'arious persons by the Republic Headrights consistcd of hcadrights, bounty^, and donation grants. Hcad- rt's^hls were those lands which had been granted to the original colonists by virtue of their contracts of settlement, and those afterwards granted to immigrants by the laws of the provisional government, the government ad interim, and the Congresses of FIRST PERI(')n OF STATFIIOOt). 3^9 the Republic. These were divided into four classes. Head- rights of the first class, as has been already stated, consisted of the lands granted to colonists under the colonization laws of Coahuila and Texas ; to persons residing in Texas at the date of the Declaration of Independence ; and to volunteers who arrived and served in the army between March 2 and August i, 1836, who were honorably discharged or died before December 14, 1S37. In this class, heads of families were entitled to a league and a labor' of land (four thousand six hundred and five acres), and single men over seventeen years old were entitled to one- third of a league, and if they married before December 14, 1837, they would receive a league and a labor'. Headrights of the second class included lands granted to immigrants who arrived in Texas after the Declaration of Independence and before October i, 1837. Under this class, heads of families were entitled to twelve hundred and eighty acres, and single men to six hundred and forty acres, provided they remained and performed their duties as citizens for three years. Under this class were also included all persons who served in the army j)revious to March i, 1837, 'i"*^ whose families were in Texas on January i, 1840. They were to receive twelve hundred and eighty acres. Headrights of the third class were certificates issued to immigrants arriving between October i, 1837, ^"<^1 January i, 1840, and to single men permanently residing in the Republic who became seventeen years old prior to January i, 1840. In this class, heads of families received six hundred and forty acres and single men three hundred and twenty acres. Fourth class headrights were those granted to immigrants who came after January i, 1840, and before January i, 1842. They received the same quantities of land as the third class. In order to make up the full quantities of land to which colonists and immigrants were entitled under the laws granting headrights, additional certificates were issued, known as Augmentation Cer- tificates. There were certain special grants, of a league and a labor' and a third of a league of land, issued to the heirs and repre- sentatives of the men who fell at the Alamo, Goliad, and other battles of the Revolution, which were classed by the authorities Period V. First Period OF Statehood 1846 TO I86I First class headrights Second class Third class Fourth class Donation headrights 320 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Pkriof) V. First I'kri<)i> OK STATKHOOI) 1S46 TO I86I Bounty lands Land scrip William E. Ochil- TREK. " Eleven league grants" Pre-emption lands as headrighls, although, strictly speaking, they should have been described as donation lands. There were also donated to the survivors of those early struggles, certificates for six hundred and forty acres of land, known as Donation lands. Then there were the Bonnty certificates, being those issued to soldiers in the army of the Revolution, — three hundred and twenty acres for three months' service ; six hundred and forty acres for six months ; nine hundred and sixty for nine months ; and twelve hundred and eighty acres for twelve months or more. There were also large quantities of land scrip which had been issued and sold at fifty cents an acre, to pay the debts of the Republic ; each of such certificates calling for six hundred and forty acres of unlocated land. In after years came rertificates granted to encourage irrigation, improve- ments of rivers, boring artesian wells, and building railroads. Many fraudulent and fictitious certificates I had been issued under the Republic, and it was a ■i very delicate and difficult task to detect and reject them. Various means were used for this purpose, such as travelling land boards, local and district boards, and, finally, the Constitution of 1845 required persons holding certificates not yet approved to file suits on them in the district courts on or before July i, 1847, or be thereafter forever debarred. The ' ' eleven league grants, ' ' so often spoken of in Texas land history, were acquired under the Mexican government. The State Colonization Law of 1825, of Coahuila and Texas, and the Federal Colonization Law of 1824, of Mexico, provided that a person might acquire not more than one league of irrigable land, four leagues of arable land not irri- gable, and six leagues of pasture land, — making in all eleven leagues. There were no such grants by any government of Texas after she began her Revolution. The last Congress of the Republic, by the act of January 22, 1845, created what were known as Pre-emption titles to land, — that is, where any person "should settle upon and improve any portion of the vacant, unappropriated public domain, he was entided to three hundred and twenty acres including his im- provements, provided he proved up his claim, surveyed the FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 321 Tkriod V. First Perioe) OF Statehood 1846 TO I86I First State ad- ministration, J. Pinckney Executive officers land, and applied for a patent in three years from the date of settlement, or the date of the law. This feature of our land system was continued with modifications in all subsequent legis- lation, until all pre-emption laws were repealed by the act of March 7, 1889. The first governor, J. Pinckney Henderson, was a native of North Carolina, and came to Texas in June, 1836. As we have seen, he filled many and diiificult positions, at home and abroad, under the Republic, and was a man of varied talents as well as a Henderson, fine lawyer. Albert C. Horton, the lieutenant-governor, was an governor officer in the Revolution, and was with Fannin at Goliad, but was cut of? at the battle of the Coleto and escaped the massacre. Governor Henderson appointed the following gentlemen to the offices which were at his disposition under the Consti- tution : David G. Burnet, secretary of state ; John W. Harris, attorney-general ; John Hemphill, chief justice, and Abner S. Lipscomb and Royall T. Wheeler, associate justices of the Supreme Court ; William G. Cooke, adjutant-general ; Thomas William Ward, commissioner of the general land office ; James Loxe, William E. Jones, R. E. B. Baylor, M. P. Norton, O. M. Roberts, William B. Ochiltree, John B. Jones, and John T. Mills, district judges for the several judicial districts in the order named. The legislature elected James B. Shaw, comptroller, and James H. Raymond, treasurer. On February 21, 1846, Sam Houston and Thomas United states J. Rusk were elected the first United States Senators from Texas, Houston drawing the short term, so that he was re-elected on December 15, 1847. By the terms of the annexation Resolutions, Texas was al- lowed two Representatives in the Congress of the United States, and the legislature divided the State into two districts, with the Trinity River as the line. On March 30, 1846, an election was held for the Congressmen from Texas, and David S. Kaufman was elected in the Eastern district, and Timothy Pilsbury in the Western, the former being a native of Pennsylvania and the latter of Maine. The State constituted a Federal judicial district, and Federal judge John C. Watrous was appointed the first Federal judge. He 21 R. K. B. Baylor. First Congressmen 322 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period V. First Period OF Statehood 1846 TO I86I Texas politics in 1846 Boundary question Complications on the slavery issue Missouri Com- promise Line as affecting Texas was afterwards asked to resign, and an unsuccessful attempt was made to impeach him. PoHtics prior to that time, as has been said, were purely personal in Texas, and it was yet some years before party lines were drawn on the issues that governed political affairs in the United States. But so far as Texans then took an interest in Federal politics, they were nearly all Democrats. It was the Democratic party, under Polk, Calhoun, and Dallas, that had brought Texas into the Union, and naturally her citizens rallied around its standard. One of the serious questions that arose under the first State administration, and which continued to vex the government for several years, was that of the northern boundary of Texas. That had been fixed by the First Congress of the Republic as extending to the forty-second parallel of north latitude, v/hich included New Mexico, or the territory of Santa Fe, as it was called. Mexico did not recognize any such claim, nor did the United States, except in an indirect way. In the annexation Resolutions, it will be remembered, there was a provision that four new States might be formed out of Texas territory, but that any such new State lying north of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north latitude would only be admitted to the Union as a free State, — that is, without slavery ; which was a recognition that a portion of Texas lay north of that line. That line was known as the Missouri Compromise Line, having been agreed upon in 1820, when Missouri was admitted into the Union, as the northern limit of slave territory west of the Mississippi River. Now', Texas might never form any new States, in which case part of her territory would lie north of the slavery line, and the Abolitionists would have no power to prevent slaves in that part of the State. In other words, the Missouri Compromise Line was abolished so far as Texas was concerned, unless new States were formed out of her territory lying north of that line. This condition of things made it the desire and interest of the anti- slavery party in the United States to shove the northern boundary of Texas as far south as possible. Again, when the war broke out between the United States and Mexico in 1846, in conse- quence of the annexation of Texas, a bill was introduced in FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 323 Congress to provide funds for that war. A Mr. Wilmot, of Period v. Pennsylvania, offered an amendment to the bill, providiner that "1^^ eriod -^ ' ' 1 .n> OF bTATEHOOD slavery should never be permitted in any portion of the territory ~ which might be acquired by the war. This was known as the to Wilmot Proviso, and the bitter tight over its adoption in the end 1861 broke up the old political parties and prepared the way for the Civil War fifteen years later. It was defeated, but it definitely wiimot divided the country into North and South on the slavery ques- tion. Texas was interested in the Wibnot Proviso in this way : Relation of When the Mexican War was ended and the question of the (,uest^io° boundary between Texas and other Mexican territory acquired by the war came up for settlement, if the doctrine of the Proviso prevailed, there would be another strong reason among the anti- slavery party for narrowing the boundaries and reducing the territory of Texas as much as possible ; and the United States had reserved the right, by the terms of the annexation, to adjust all questions of boundary. If the foregoing facts are borne in mind, they will explain nearly all of the political events that followed in Texas and the United States. Shortly after annexation United States troops occupied New Dispute as to Mexico, and preparations were begun to organize it into a terri- tory of the Union. Governor Henderson at once protested to the secretary of state, Mr. Buchanan, who replied that it was merely a military movement until peace was declared with Mexico. Another thing was, that by the terms of annexation -Attitude of the Texas was to hold her public lands subject to the debts of the Republic, and those debts were never to become a charge against the United States. There was no way to enforce this agree- ment against Texas, unless the United States should occupy enough territory belonging to Texas to force some settlement of the debts ; and no doubt this had something to do with the action of the United States in regard to New Mexico. Governor Henderson's term of office began February 16, Henderson's 1846, and ended December 21, 1847. During a part of this time, as will be seen, he was absent in the Mexican War, and Lieutenant-Governor Horton was the acting governor. Under this administration there was only one legislature, the regular session of the First Legislature, which met February 16, 1846, New Mexico United States administra- tion A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Pkriod V. First Perioii OF Statehood 1S46 TO I86I Indian affairs First census of Texas Public debt Beginning of real progress Religious en- terprise Catholics Count Far- and adjourned May 13, 1846. It passed many necessary laws and organized a great number of new counties. Under the Re- public, new counties could not be created except upon very strict conditions, and this had been very inconvenient for the growing interests of the people. There were no serious troubles with the Indians at this time. An occasional outrage and a few desperate tights by the Rangers comprised the history of Indian affairs. In 1847, the first census of Texas was taken by counties. There were then reported 100,508 white population, 35,267 negro slaves, making a total of 135,775, exclusive of Indians and Mexicans. The Indians were estimated at 30,000. The total public debt of Texas on January r, 1848, all of which was incurred under the Republic, was $11,050,201.51. As will be seen, this was afterwards cut down or scaled to $5,528,195.19. The social, moral, and material growth of the State, under the encouragement of a settled destiny and assured peace, now began in earnest. It must not be supposed, however, that during all these years of war, sacrifice, and uncertainty there was no moral and religious influence thrown around the strug- gling jiatriots and suffering citizens of early Texas. Pious faith in (iod and the ministers of His holy word have always accom- panied the footsteps of American pioneers, and it was not differ- ent in Texas. The Missions were closed in 1793, but in after times, when the Americans held sway, they were permitted to be used by the few jiriests who remained in the country, and around their altars there still gathered the remnants of the Mex- ican population, while in the sacred ground near their portals rude graves marked the last resting-place of pious Catholics. Father Henry Doyle, among the Catholic colonists of San Pa- tricio, and Father Muldoon on the Brazos in the early days visited the scattered homes of the settlers, married their young men and maidens, baptized their converts, and soothed the dying hours of such as succumbed to the pri\'ations of the wil- derness. After the Revolution, Galveston was erected into a See and Bishop Odin was placed in charge. The cathedral there was built in 1848. In 1837, the Count Farnese, from Eu- n^pe, visited the Texan government, and proposed to have the FIRST FKRIOD OF STATEHOOD. 325 Roman Cathfjlic faith adopted as the established rehi^ion of the Repubhc. He represented that it would be the means of se- curing immediate peace with Mexico, and would greatly promote the interests of the country. Hut he little understood the spirit of the Texan patriots. They had battled for and won the in- herited institutions of Anglo-American freedom, not the least of which was religious liberty, and they were ncjt likely to surrender any of them so soon. Besides, the Protestant churches already had a firm foothold in Texas. Of these, the Baptists were per- haps the first to commence organized work, although the Meth- odists were here about the same time. In 1825, Elder Joseph Bays, a Baptist, visited Austin's Colony and preached on the Brazos. In 1829, Thomas Hanks, of the same denomination, l^reached at the same place, and Thomas J Pilgrim, also a Baptist, established the first Sunday-school at San Felipe. In 1833, a Baptist church was organized in Austin's Colony, and in 1837, Rev. Z. L. Morrell established another at Washington on the Brazos. Isaac Reed, in 1838, founded the Union Baptist Church near Nacogdoches, and the following year churches were organized at Independence and in Austin and Fayette counties. The Union Baptist Association was formed at Austin on October 8, 1840 ; the same year a church was es- tablished at Galveston, and the next year at Houston. In 1843 the Sabine Association was formed, with five churches represented. In 1845, Baylor University, at Independence, was chartered under Baptist auspices, and the following two years associations of churches were formed in various parts of the State. The Bap- tist State Cc^nvention was organized at Anderson, in Grimes County, in 1848. At that time there .were reported to be eleven associations of the missionary Baptists, and three of the anti-mission, with one hundred and fifty-one churches and ten thousand members. Rev. Henry Stephenson, of the Methodist Church, arri\ed in Austin's Colony in 1824. Rev. Alexander Thompson came to Rol)ertson's Colony in 1830, and did much to organize Meth- odism in that region for years afterwards. A camp-meeting was held and a church organized near San Augustine in 1833, and a Pkriod V. First Period OF Statehood 1846 TO I861 Protestants Baptists and Methodists Baptist asso- ciations and colleges Rui'US C. Bl'rleson. Early Meth- odist churches and institu- tions of learning 326 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period V. First Period OK Statehood 1846 TO I861 Early Pres- byterians in Texas Episcopal church Christians Masons similar action was held in Austin County in 1834. In 1837, the Methodist Church sent three missionaries to Texas, — Revs. Mar- tin Ruter, R. Alexander, and Littleton Fowler. In December, 1840, the Texas Annual Conference was organized at Ruterville, by Bishop Waugh, but in 1844 it divided into two conferences, called the Texas Conference and the East Texas Conference. In 1850 there were two hundred and eighty-six Methodist min- isters in Texas, and twelve thousand three hundred and thirty- six members. The Presbyterians began their labors as early as 1834, t>y the preaching of Rev. P. H. Fullenwider. In 1838, Rev. Hugh Wilson organized a church at San Augustine, and another at Independence ; and the same year churches were organized at Galveston and Houston. In 1840, the Brazos Presbytery was organized at Gay Hill, in Washington County. The Cumber- land Presbyterians did their first work in Texas in 1828, by Rev. Sumner Bacon. In 1833, '^ church was organized in Red River County by Rev. Milton Estell, and one near San Augustine in 1836. The first presbyteries were formed near San Augustine in 1837, on Red River and the Colorado in 1841, and the Synod was organized at Nacogdoches in 1842. The Synods of the Brazos and Colorado were organized in 1849 and 1853. The Protestant Episcopal Church sent its first preacher to Texas in 1838, and built a church in Galveston in 1842, with Rev. Benjamin Eaton as rector. In 1843, Rev. Charles Gillette supplied the church at Houston. In 1844, Texas and Arkansas formed a bishopric under Rev. G. W. Freeman. The Diocese of Texas was organized at Matagorda, January i, 1849. The Christians or ' ' Campbellites' ' were earnest workers in the days of the Republic, but few reliable facts have been pre- served as to their labors and leaders. In 1850, there were in Texas, according to the United States census, of all denomina- tions of Christian churches, 63,571 members, owning church property worth $204,930. The first Grand Lodge of Masons in Texas was organized in Houston on December 20, 1837. Among its members were Sam Houston, Thomas J. Rusk, Anson Jones, Adolphus Sterne, A. S. Thruston, William G. Cooke, and Thomas G. Western. FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 327 The public free school system, owing to the scattered and I'kriod v. , . 1 .1 J- -J i-^- • i- • First I^eriod scanty population and the disorganized conditions existing prior ^^. s,atehood to annexation, had not yet been inaugurated ; but a number of ~^ private schools, academies, and colleges, generally under religious to control, had been chartered and were in successful operation. 1861 Men's minds were turning to peace and the prosperous rewards of intelligent toil ; and yet they were not altogether done with Early schools war, l)rought on by the very cause that had secured their future tranquillity and progress. QUESTIONS. What can you say of the State Constitution of 1845, and of the men who framed it? How did it begin, and what were its general features? Give an outline of the oiganization of the legislative department of the government under that Constitution. How many representatives and senators were there in the First Legislature ? Who were ineligible to the legislature, and how often did it meet ? What provisions did the Consti- tution contain in regard to slavery? What, in reference to duelling and divorce ? What, in regard to banks and private corporations ? What was the homestead exemption ? What other exemptions were provided fur ? What provisions were made in reference to the property of husband and wife ? What provisions were made for public schools ? What, as to a general land office ? What difficult and important work had the First Legislature of the State to perform ? How did Texas differ from the other States in the matter of her public lands ? What amount of public land had she at the time of annexation? Into what general divisions were lands granted to individuals by previous governments divided ? How were Iicadr!_ii/ifs classified ? What grants were included in headrights of the ftrsf class f What, in the second class? Third class f Fomih class? What special grants were made to persons on account of certain mili- tary services ? How are those grants classified ? What were the botmty cciiificafes ? What can you say of land scrip ? What, of irrigation and other imj^rovement certificates? What difficulties arose in regard to land certificates issued by the Republic, and what methods were adopted to remedy them? What was meant by an "eleven league grant," and explain how it originated? When did such grants cease? When were prc-emplion titles originated, and explain their nature? How long were prc-ciiipfion lands recognized by the government, and when were they abolished ? Who was the first governor of the State of Texas, from what State did he come to Texas, when, and what had been his career in Texas ? Who was the first lieutenant-governor, and what can you say of him ? Whom did Governor Henderson appoint to the various offices Ol' ^28 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period V. uiickr liis control? What officers did the legislature elect? Who were First Pkriod the first United States Senators, when elected, and for how long? How bTAihJHuoD ,-,^3„y Representatives had Texas in Congress at that time, how was the 1846 State divided for that purpose, and who were the first Congressmen TO elected? Who was the first Federal judge in Texas, and what can you 1861 gjjy yf him? W'hat was the condition of politics in Texas then, and for several years afterwards? What was one of the first serious public (juestions that arose in Texas ? How had the northern boundary been fixed by the Republic ? What provisions were contained in the Annexa- tion Resolutions in regard to new States, and explain how those provisions affected the Texas boundary question, slavery, and the Missouri Compro- mise ? What effect did this condition of things have in the United States ? What was the IVihnoi Proviso, when, for what purpose, and with what result was it introduced in Congress? Explain how it affected Texas. What happened in New Mexico shortly after annexation ? W^hat did Texas do in regard to it ? Explain the motives that actuated the United States in that matter. During what period was Henderson governor of Texas ? Where was he during part of that time, and who was governor then? W^hat legislature sat in his administration, and between what dates ? What work was accomplished by it ? What was the condition of Indian affairs at that period ? When and how was the first census taken in Texas, and what did it show as to the population ? What was the amount of the public debt, January i, 1848, and how was it afterwards reduced? What can you say of the growth and prosperity of the State at that time? What influence contributed largely to the early civilization of the State? Who were the first religious teachers in Texas? When did the regular mission work of the Catholics end? l)e.scril)e the subsequent labor of the priests among the early colonists. When and by whom was the See of Galveston established ? When, through whom, and with what representations did the Catholics propose to make their church the estab- lished religion of Texas ? Why was the proposition rejected ? What two Protestant denominations were pioneer missionaries in Texas? When and by whom did the Baptists first commence their work? Give an account of the early Baptist churches, associations, conventions, colleges, and preachers, and what was the condition of the denomination in 1848? When and by whom did the Methodists begin their labors in Texas? Ciive an account of their early organizations and institutions, and what was their condition in 1850? When and V)y whom did the Presbyterians commence religious work in Texas ? Give the dates, names, and localities of their early organizations. When did the Episcopal Church send its first preacher to Texas? When, where, and by whom were its early labors conducted? When did the Christians or " Campbellites" begin work here? WMiat were the number and wealth of all Christian churches in Texas in 1850? When and where was the first Grand Lodge of Masons organized in Texas, and who were among its members' W'hat can you say of the early schools of Texas? FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 329 Topical Analysis. 1. The government of Texas as organized under the Constitution of 1845. Consider the principal provisions of that Constitution on legis- lative department, slavery, duelling, divorce, banks, private corporations, homestead exemptions, community and separate estate of husband and wife, public education, and land office. 2. The Texas land system. Peculiar position of Texas as owner of 185,000,000 acres of her own public lands. General division of land grants into Hcadrighfs, Bounty, and Donation lands. Four classes of headrights. " Eleven league grants." Irrigation, railroad, and other improvement certificates. Land scrip. Pre-emption lands. 3. Governor Henderson's administration ; inauguration of the State government ; the First Legislature. Election of United States Senators and Congressmen. Early politics. 4. The first serious public question, — the Northern boundary, involv- ing title to New Mexico and other territory north. Considerations of Federal politics affecting that question, such as the probable formation of new States that might lie north of the Missouri Compromise Line ; the Wittnot Proviso ; the desire of the United States to hold New Mexico as a means of forcing Texas to pay her public debts. 5. The population, progress, and increasing prosperity of Texas. 6. Early religious enterprise in Texas as shown in the labors of the Catholics, Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, and Chris- tians. Early establishment of the Masonic order. Geography, Locate the territory involved in the dispute between Texas and the United States as to the Northern and North-western boundary. Parallel Readings. Scarff's "Comprehensive History of Texas" (1897), Vol. I., Chap. XIX.; Vol. II., Part III.; Brown's "History of Texas," Vol. II.; Blaine's " Twenty Years in Congress ;" Draper's " Civil War in America," Vol. 1. ; Benton's "Thirty Years' View." mSjfS^' ' '< ' ''LJ * -^ -■;'.". I Mill, Period V. First Period ov Statehood 1846 TO I86I Capito}. at Washington. CHAPTER XXI Period V. FiKST Pkkiod 111- SfATliHOOD 1846 TO I86I Mexico pre- pares for war President Herrera's friendly overtures A revolution in Mexicj United States troops in Texas The Mexican \A/ar; Administrations of Governors Wood, Bell, and Pease ; The Boundary and Public Debt ; Railroads ; Public Schools ; Indians. "W''W"EXICO had threatened that she would regard the ■ %# I annexation of Texas as a declaration of war by the ^ w.^ United States, and, as soon as the resolutions for annexation passed Congress, the Mexican minister at Washington demanded his passports and left the capital. In November, 1845, Mr. John Slidell had been sent as the Ameri- can minister to Mexico to try and adjust the difficulty that was foreseen would arise from annexation. But his arrival in the Mexican capital, on December 6, preceded but a few days one of those political revolutions to which that country had become accustomed. The Mexican president, Jose Joaquin de Herrera, was friendly to the independence of Texas, and, as we have seen, sul)niitted a proposition to the Texan government to recognize that independence if the Republic would agree to remain a sep- arate nation. Herrera's liberal and friendly views did not suit the excited temper of the Mexican people, and General Paredes (piir-a-daz) at once organized a revolution and forced Herrera to resign in his favor. This was on December 29, 1845. Min- ister Slidell at once withdrew from the capital, but was not furnished his passports until March 21, 1846. On April 18, 1846, Paredes ordered the army on the Rio Grande to take the initiative in bringing on actual hostilities. Meanwhile, anticipating trouble, ill the fall of 1845, General Zachary Taylor had been stationed with troops at Corpus Christi, in Texas, to be ready for any emergency. The feeling between the United States and Mexico had not been friendly for a long Mexico owed the American government over eight time. 330 FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 331 Period V. First Period OF Statehood 1846 TO I86I million dollars for depredations committed on the persons and property of American citizens, and the attempt to collect it had produced considerable friction. The annexation of Texas ren- dered war inevitable. On January 13, 1846, Taylor was directed to march to the mouth of the Rio Grande, opposite Matamoros. This would necessitate his crossing the Nueces, which Mexico claimed as the northern boundary of her territory, and was re- garded by her as an invasion of Mex- ican soil. The war was now on, and it was only a question of time and opportunity when the first hostilities should occur. On April 25, 1846, General Taylor's troops being in camp on the east bank of the Rio Grande opposite Matamoros, a small force of Mexicans crossed the river and at- tacked the United States dragoons, capturing a number of men and officers and killing sixteen American soldiers. Thus Mexico began the actual attack and shed the first blood. Already, two small companies of Texan Rangers, under Rangers and Captains Samuel H. Walker and John T. Price, had joined in°xexas'^'^ Taylor's command, and were with it when hostilities commenced. After the affair of April 25, General Taylor called on the gov- ernor of Texas for four regiments of troops, two to be mounted and two on foot. These troops did not arrive in time to take part in the first battles. On May 8, 1846, was fought the first Paio aio, May real battle, at Palo Alto, on Texas soil, about eight miles north- Rggaca^de la east of Brownsville, and next day that of Resaca de la Palma, Paima, May still in Texas, four miles north of Matamoros. The Americans ^' ' '* were victorious in both bfittles, the Mexicans retreating across the river, evacuating Matamoros and falling back towards the Sierra Madre in the direction of Monterey, their rear being fol- k)wcd and harassed by the American ca\alry. It is not possible here to give a history of the Mexican War. Map showing disputed Terkitoby between Nueces River and Rio C.rande, 1846. 132 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period V. First Period OF Statehood 1846 to iti6i Nothinjj more than a brief statement of the part Texan troops took in it will be attempted. On May 9, 1846, the Texas legis- lature granted Governor Henderson leave of absence to take command of all the Texan troops in the army. Prior to this President Polk had offered to Sam Houston and Thomas J. Rusk commissions as major-generals in the United States army, which Map of General Taylor's Campaign. Texas officers and troops in the Meitican War they declined on account of their duties in the Senate. Gov- ernor Henderson at once joined the army, and commanded the Texan soldiers for the first year of the war, with the rank of major-general. On his staff were M. B. Lamar, Edward Bur- leson, Henry L. Kinney, and Edward Clark. Texas contributed to this war, first and last, about eight thousand men. The first troops to arrive in response to General Taylor's call was a regi- ment of infantry under Colonel Albert Sidney Johnston, in which August Buchel commanded a German company. Then came a regiment of mounted men under Colonel John C. Hays, in which Samuel H. Walker was afterwards lieutenant-colonel and Michel Chevallie was major. Ben McCulloch also had a company of scouts attached to this regiment. Next to join was Colonel George T. Wood's mounted regiment, in which William R. Scurry was major and P. Hansborough Bell was an officer. After the battle of Monterey there was an armistice for two months, and most of the men re- j..,,N c. Havs. turned home. ' But "Mike" Chevallie organized a Period V. First Period OF Statehood 1846 TO I86I FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 333 mounted battalion composed of the companies of Walter P. Lane, Robert H. Taylor, G. W. Adams, and G. K. Lewis. Ben McCulloch raised a company and joined again just before the battle of Buena Vista. Among the other Texan of^cers not mentioned above, and who served to the end, were M. T. Johnson, Shapley P. Ross, Samuel Highsmith, John S. Gillett, Henry W. Baylor, Hamilton P. Bee, R. A. Gillespie, Henry E. McCulloch, Jacob Rol)erts, Ephraim M. Daggett, Isaac Ferguson, Tom Green, Preston Witt, Alfred M. Truitt, John S. Ford, and Alexander E. Handley. All these commands behaved most gallantly from Monterey to Chapultepec, and the name of Jack Hays's Texas Rangers became a synonym for bravery, skill, and daring wherever heroic courage is recognized and admired. Captain R. A. GillesjMe was killed at the battle of Monterey, and the uallant Samuel H. Walker lost his life in the siege ■ ^ Sam Highsmith of Huamantla ( wii-mant-la), near the close of the war. (in Santa Anna's uniform.) After the war was over, in 1848, 1849, and 1S50, the United States employed some of these men to defend the fron- tier against Indians, among whom may be mentioned Henry Noted Ranger E. McCulloch, John S. Ford, Sam Highsmith, William A. A. "p'"'"" Wallace, Jerome B. McCown, and John J. Grumbles. ^A'* y^io zidn, ^ V' \ j',P focatcpitl Mat (IK Gr.Ni^KAi. Scon's Campai(;n. On September 14-16, 1847, the City of Mexico was captured Capture of by the American army, and on February 2, 1848, a final treaty '^^ ° of peace was signed at the village of Guadalupe, four miles from A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Pkriod V. First Pfriod 1)1' Statkhood 1846 TO 1 86 1 Second State election, No- vember, 1847 The candi- dates for governor Governor George T. Wood's ad- ministration, 1847 1849 tlie City of Mtxico, known as the treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalqo. By its terms the United States became possessed of the territory out of which have since been formed Cahfornia, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, a large part of New Mexico, and parts of Wyoming and Colorado. The election for the second governor of Texas took place the first Monday in November, 1847. The candidates for the office were George T. Wood, Isaac Van Zandt, Dr. J. B. Miller, and Nicholas H. Darnell. Mr. Van Zandt died of yellow fever at Houston during the During his had •^ At- made speeches advo- cating the division of Texas into four States, his motive being no doubt to give greater strength to the South Map showing Anni iions to I'nitkd States made bv Annexation of Texas AND Mexican War. in the Senate of the United States, in view of the gathering troubles over the slavery question. Colonel Wood had l)een a gallant officer in the Mexican War, which was not yet ended, and this gave him great popularity. He was elected governor, re- ceiving 7154 votes, while Miller received 5106 votes, Darnell 1276, and there was a scattering vote of 121 2. The candi- dates for lieutenant-governor were John A. Greer, E. H. Tarrant, and Edwin Waller, and Mr. Greer was elected. Governor Wood was inaugurated on December 21, 1847, the .Second Legislature being then in session. The following officers served in his administration : W. D. Miller, secretary of state ; attorney-general, first John W. Harris and afterwards H. P. fIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. Brewster ; comptroller, James B. Shaw ; treasurer, James 11. Raymond ; commissioner of land office, Thomas William Ward ; adjutant-general, John D. Pitts ; auditor, J. M. Swisher. At this election David S. Kaufman and Timothy Pilsbury were re-elected to Congress, and two years later Kaufman was again elected, but Volney E. Howard succeeded Pilsbury. As the general subjects of legislation, politics, and public progress were very much the same, and were closely connected for the next several years, until 1857, it will be best to here state the results of the successive elections and discuss the history of the period as a whole. At the election in November, 1849, P. Hans- borough Bell, who had served with distinction among the Te.xan troops, both at home and in Mexico, was chosen governor, defeating Governor Wood and John T. Mills. The vote stood : Bell, 10,310 ; Wood, 8764 ; Mills, 2632. John A. Greer was re-elected lieutenant-governor. The ofificers under Governor Bell's two administrations were as follows : secretary of state, James Webb, Nicholas H. Darnell ; attorney-general, A. J. Hamilton, Ebe- nezer Allen ; land commissioner, George W. Smyth ; adjutant- general, C. L. Mason, John S. Gillett, Ben Hill. The treasurer, comptroller, and auditor were not changed. Governor Bell was re-elected in 1851, defeating M. T. Johnson, John A. Greer, B. H. Epperson, and T. J. Chambers. The total vote cast was 28,300. J. W. Henderson was elected lieutenant-gov- ernor. In 1853, Elisha M. Pease was elected governor, receiving 13,091 votes out of a total of 36,152, and defeating William B. Ochiltree, George T. Wood, Lemuel D. Evans, T. J. Chambers, and John W. Dancy. -David C. Dickson was elected lieutenant-governor. Governor Pease was re-elected in 1855, there being a total vote of 46,339, of which he received Period V. First PERion OF Statehood 1846 to 1861 GKuKoii T. Wool). Governor P. H. Bell's first administra- tion, 1849-1851 Governor Bell's second administra- tion, 1851 1853 Governor E. M. Pease's two adminis- trations, 1853- 1857 P. H. Bell. 3^ A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period V. First Pkriop OK STATKHOOI) 1846 TO 1861 Ei.iSHA M. Peasr. Congressmen, 1851 1861 First political conventions in Texas 26,336, and Hardin R. Runnels was elected lieutenant-gov- ernor. These figures of the votes cast at the several elections, from 1847 to 1855, show how rapidly the State increased in population. During Pease's two administrations Edward Clark was sec- retary of state, James Willie and Thomas J. Jennings were attorney-generals, Stephen Crosby was land com- missioner, and the other executive olificers were the same as under preceding governors. Governor Pease was a native of Connecticut and came to Texas in 1835. He was secretary of the Consulta- tion, and afterwards of the Council of the provisional government ; had been comptroller under the Re- ])ublic, and served in both houses of the legislature after annexation. He was a lawyer by profession, and his administration, from 1853 to 1857, showed him to be a most liberal, practical, and progressive executive. During his administrations most of the public buildings and institutions at Austin were established and completed, and the State assumed its full functions as a commonwealth. In the Eastern Con- gressional district, in 1851, Richardson Scurry was elected to succeed David S. Kaufman, who died in Washington. In 1853, in the same district. George W. Smith was elected to Congress, and in 1855 Lemuel D. Evans succeeded Smith. In 1857, John H. Reagan de- feated Malcolm D. Graham for Congress in the Eastern district, and was re-elected in 1859. In the Western district, in 1853, Governor P. H. Bell was elected to Con- gress, and was re-elected in 1855. He was succeeded in 1857 by Guy M. Bryan, and in 1859 A. J. Hamilton defeated T. N. Waul. The first political conventions held in Texas were in connection with Congres- sional elections in the Eastern district, beginning in 1851. There was no regular con\cntion in the Western district until 1859, David S. Kaufman. FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. Period V. First Period OE Statehood 1846 TO 1861 (iUY M. Bknan. wlien General Waul was nominated. There were five legisla- tures from 1847 to 1857, being the Second to the Sixth Legis- lature inclusive, and the labor accomplished was varied and useful. The growth of the State and the settlement of her boundaries and finances, in 1S50, gave rise to many new sub- jects of legislation, and required a liberal policy to promote the development of her resources, in which respect the several legislatures proved themselves equal to the task. Under Governor Wood's administration, in 1847- 49, the boundary question continued to attract atten- tion. The United States still kept troops in New Mexico in spite of Governor Wood's protests. Finally, the legislature having created a judicial dis- trict including that territory, the governor sent Judge Spruce M. Beard and other civil officers to hold court there. The military authorities ignored this action, and ordered an election for organizing New Mexico into a territory of the United States. The same trouble continued under Governor Bell's first administration Another serious cjucstion was that of the public debt handed The public down from the days of the Republic. As we have seen, it was nearly twelve millions of dollars. While Texas was an indepen- dent nation, the receipts from the custom- houses had been pledged to help pay the debt, but now that source of revenue be- longed to the United States. A large part, if not all, of the obligations repre- sented by the public debt had been ob- tained by the creditors of Texas at from ten cents on the dollar to eighty cents, and now the holders of the obligations were demanding the full face value of them. Texas insisted that the claims should be scaled, that is, cut down so as to represent the fair value of what the claimants had paid for them. If this was done the debt would not amount to over five millions of dollars. 22 debt question T. J. Ji;nninl.s. Proposition to scale First Period OF Statehood 1846 TO •j'lS A COMPLEtE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period V. The boundary dispute was at last settled by the famous Com- promise Measures of 1850, as adopted in the Congress of the United States. By the terms of the " Boundary Bill," as it was called, passed by Congress in 1S50, the United States offered 1861 to pay Texas ten million dollars in stock, bearing five per cent, interest, due in fourteen years, for ninety-eight thousand three Compromise hundred and eighty square miles of territory then claimed by measuresof .j^^.^.^^ j^^ j^^^^, Mcxico, it being Understood that Texas should 1850, settling "^ boundaries release any and all claims against the United States of e\'ery Terms of the description ; but the United States was to hold back five million emen doHars of this stock, to pay the debts of Texas which had been secured by the customs revenues of the Republic. After a bitter opposition the legislature passed a bill in No\'ember, 1850, ac- cepting the proposition, and the boundary dispute was disposed of, except the question as to which fork of the Red River was meant in I he original treaty of 18 19 between Spain and the Greer Coumy United States. That issue remained to be settled in after years in the famous Greer County case, in the Supreme Court of the United States, decided March 16, 1896. Settlement of The pul:)lic debt, however, was not settled until 1855, when ''" "^ '^ * laws were finally passed by both the United States and Texas, under which the United States agreed to pay $7,250,000 to cancel the debt of Texas, instead of the $5,000,000 of stock which had been retained in 1850, the money to be distributed ratably among the creditors. Thus Texas was free from debt and had $1,575,000 of I'liited States bonds in the treasury, besides $2,000,000 of the bonds that had been set apart as a special fund for the public free schools, on January 31, 1854. Taxes re- Since the leceipt of the $5,000,000 from the United States in payment for the claim to New Mexico there had been no State taxes collected in Texas ; but Governor Pease, in his message to the legislature in the* fall of 1855, called attention to the fact tliat the bonds in the treasury could not last always, and recom- mended that they be applied to some permanent and useful ]Mir|)ose and that taxes l)e restored. First legisia- On January 16, 1850, the legislature appropriated four public s^c'hoois 1*^'''.^'"«^'^ <'f ''"^ntl each to all the new counties that had been created since 1839, for the endowment of the public schools. FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. v5v5^ Four years later, on January 31, 1854, the first law was passed period v. to organize a general system of public free schools in the State, ok Statehood tliat being the same law that appropriated the two million dollars "T". of United States bonds as the foundation of a school fund. to This, too, was the era of the first railroad enterprises in 1861 Texas. As early as 1846, public meetings had been held in some sections of the State to favor the building of a railroad Railroad through Texas. In February, 1850, a resolution was passed by ^" erpnses tlie legislature, authorizing the United States to build a National railroad through the State to the Pacific Ocean, granting a right Pacific raii- of way overall public lands ; and, if the road should run througli ^^^^^ the State from Marshall to El Paso, all lands within ten miles of the right of way on either side were to be divided into sections of six hundred and forty acres, and every alternate section was donated to the United States for the construction of the road. The lands thus described were to be reserved from sale or loca- tion for any other purpose. This resolution expired in 1851, and nothing was done under it ; but it was the origin of the "Pacific Reservation," afterwards revived. The first railroad First railroads really projected in the State was the Galveston, Harrisburg, and San Antonio road. It was organized by General Sidney Sher- man and others in 1853, and was first constructed from Harris- burg, on Buffalo Bayou, twenty miles to Stafford's Point. A little later it was extended to Richmond, and in i860 it had reached a point near Columbus. The Houston and Texas Central Railroad was begun in 1853-54, by Paul Bremond and other citizens of Houston. It was first built from Houston to Cypress, then to Courtney, Hempstead, Navasota, and in 1861 it reached Millican. Between 1856 and i860 the Texas and New Orleans road was run from Houston to Liberty, Beaumont, and Orange. About the same time the Gulf, West Texas, and Pacific road w-as built from Port Lavaca to Victoria. On Jan- uary 30, 1854, by an act of the Fifth Legislature, in Governor Pease's first administration, was begun the system of land grants to aid in the construction of railroads. That act provided that System of land any railroad comiiany that would construct and i:)Ut in runnincj grants m aid -' ' ■' ' "="01 railroad order twenty-five miles or more of road, could have surveyed construction, thirty-two sections of public land for every mile of road so 340 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Pkriod V. First I'ecriod OK Statehood 1S46 TO 1861 constnictcd, tlic land to be surveyed in square sections of six hundred and forty acres each, and every alternate section was donated to the railroad company, while the other sections were appropriated to the public free schools of the State. There were many requirements to be complied with in order to get the benefit of this law ; but this feature of giving railroads sixteen sections of land for every mile of road constructed was continued in all the subsequent legislation of the State, until there were no more lands to give. By that system the State encouraged the Map showini. Ti-kk 11 i >riai. (. 11 am.i.s in Uniiid Siaiks, 1S45-1S53. Two opposing policies as to land grants to railroads building of railroads, got its public lands surveyed and sec- tionized free of expense, 0])ened u]) a market for the wild lands, and secured for its public schools the most magnificent landed endowment in the world. At the time that poli(-y was begun, in 1S54-55, there was a strong party in Texas in fa\or of the State using the jMiblic lands to build, eciuij), and own its own railroads, leasing them out or charging track-hire to con^peting com])anies ; but the donation policy carried the day, and the State has adhered to it ever since. It is worthy of note that in 1853 a law was passed regulating freight and jxissenger rates on railroads, and requiring FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 341 serves estab- lished in Texas every railroacl company that accepted aid from the State to Period v. 1 -.1 j.\ 1 t- First Period comply with the regulations. ^,.. s, a rHHooD In 1850, as was required by the Constitution, an election "T", was held to locate the State capital for the next twenty years. to Austin was selected over Tehuacana Hills. 1S61 During the years from 1847 to 1857 there were frequent Indian raids in the west, and the Rangers were kept busy pro- Indian raids tecting the frontier. By the terms of annexation the control of the Indians properly belonged to the United States ; but Texas was forced to defend her people against the hostilities of the tribes, because the Federal government could not or would not do it. In 1854, desiring to give the Te.xas Indians a home in Indian re the State, the legislature set apart two large districts of country as reserves for the tribes, and placed them at the disposal of the United States. One of these, called the Brazos Reserve, was located on the upper Brazos near Fort Belknap ; the other, called the Comanche Reserve, was about sixty miles distant from the Brazos Reserve, on the Clear Fork of the Brazos. Agents were put in charge of these reservations ; but it seemed impossible to keej) the Indians from raiding into the white set- tlements. Te.xas was prosperous and progressive ; but the events that Progress were transpiring elsewhere were destined soon to draw her people into the gathering storm of Federal politics. QUESTIONS. What did Mexico do upon the adoption of tlie Annexation Resolu- li) Thii public fl't'<^/ question. Finally settled in 1855, by scaling the debt to ji^7, 250,000 from |i2, 000,000. [c) Beginning of landed endowment of the public free school sys- tem, by acts of January 16, 1850, and January 31, 1854, and donation of $2,cK)0,ooo of United States bonds. (d) Inauguration of railroad enterjjrises, and the first act of the legis- lature (January 30, 1854) by which alternate sections of public lands were donated to aid railroad construction ; being the beginning of the system of land subsidies to railroads by the State. (<■) Attempt to settle the Indians on Reserves on the Upper Brazos, so as to control their hostile movements. FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 345 Geography. Trace the disputed territory claimed by Mexico lying between the Nueces and the Rio Grande. Locate the routes of campaign of Generals Taylor and Scott in the Mexican War, pointing out the places of the l^rincipal battles. Locate and trace the region known in later years as " Greer County," and point out the disputed boundaries claimed by the United States and Texas. Trace and locate the territory in New Mexico sold by Texas to the United States in 1850. Trace the lines of railroads built in Texas prior to 1861. Period V. First Period Statehood OI' 1846 TO I86I Parallel Readings. Scarff's " Comprehensive History of Texas" ( 1897), Vols. L and IL ; Brown's " History of Texas," Vol. II. ; Wilcox's " History of the Mex- ican War ;" Jenkins's " History of the Mexican War ;" Rose's " Life of Ben McCulloch," "Life of Samuel H. Walker." CHAPTER XXII Early Politics in Texas; Campaign between Runnels and Houston; Runnels's and Houston's Adminis- trations ; the Secession Convention ; War. Period V. KiRST PlSRIOIi ' '!■ StATKIIOOI) 1846 TO 1 86 1 Early politics of the State Attitude to- wards Federal questions P i 11^ ^; ^ ^y IT" 9Pf 'P tJr Kansas- Nebraska bill OLITICS, in the sense of a division of the people on party lines and principles of government, did not exist in Texas until 1854 and 1855. At the time of annex- ation, and for several years afterwards, as has been stated, most of the people of Texas were Democrats^ not from any special devotion to the doctrines of that party, but because it was the means of bringing Texas into the Union. The candi- dates for the \arious offices came out voluntarily, or were brought out by petitions, mass-ineetings, or the personal efforts of their friends. But alter the defeat of the ]\'i7iiiof Proviso, in 1846, the Co))ipromisc Measures of 1850, and the growing bitterness of sectional feeling between the North and South on tlie slavery question, the Texans were forced to take sides in Federal politics, which of course extended to State politics. In the course of the slavery agitation in the United States the Whig party had been split to pieces in 1848, and finally destroyed in 1852. Out of its fragments was created the Know-Nothing or American party, to which were also added many Democrats who could not agree with some of the measures proposed by their party. In 1854, the so- callfd Kansas-Nebraska bill came un in Congress, being a bill to organize the two Territories named, lea\ iiig the inhabitants of each to decide for themseh'es whether or not slavery should exist. This was in accordance with the policy of that wing of tlie Democratic party which advocated the doctrine of what was called S(] natter Soz'e re/on ty, or Non-inter- ference, holding that Congress had no authority to control a new 3-i6 FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. \M Period V. First Period OK Statehood 1846 to 1S61 Sam Hous- ton's position Know- State or Territory on the subject of slavery, but that the citizens of the locality must govern their own institutions in that regard. Both Kansas and Nebraska lay north of the Missouri Compromise Line, and the passage of the bill mentioned amounted to abol- ishing that line entirely. This measure was supported almost solidly by the Southern Democrats in Congress, but Senator Sam Houston, from Texas, voted against it. This action on the part of General Houston was regarded by Texas Democrats as placing him out of harmony with his party, and his influence was correspondingly weakened in the State. That strong personal following which he was always able to command was not alto- gether broken by his vote on the Kansas- Nebraska Bill, but it Nothing party was very much diminished. In 1855, the Know-Nothing party made its appearance in Texas. It was a secret oath-bound organization, and its main principles were supposed to be opposition to Roman Catholics and to the easy naturalization of foreigners, and in favor of the election of none but native-born, Protestant citizens to office. It claimed the name of the American party, but the fact that its members professed to ' ' know nothing' ' when asked about their purposes gave it the name of Knoic- Nothing party. This organization was not origi- nally an anti-slavery party, but the Whig party being dead, and the Democrats who were opposed to the extension of slavery and the extreme States' -rights doctrine, being driven out The political of their own party by the force of recent events like the Kansas- Nebraska Bill, many old Whigs and discredited Democrats drifted into the Know-Nothing party. It was so in Texas. Many men v\ho had always been good Democrats, and who still professed to be so, were suspected of being secretly members of, or in sympathy with, this new political faction. In the State campaign of 1855, when Governor Pease defeated David C. Dickson for governor, the latter was understood to belong to the Know- Nothings. Among the prominent men who were supported by the Know-Nothing party were Lemuel D. Evans, John Han- cock, and A. J. Hamilton, who claimed to be Union Democrats. In 1857, the candidates for governor were Hardin R. Run- The campaign nels and General Sam Houston. Houston was still in the United °^'^57 Jamks H. Bell. situation in Texas, 1855 548 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. f'KRIOD V. First I'eriod OK Statkhood 1846 TO 1 86 1 C^ LliMUEL D. FVA.SS. Judiciary election Slavery agita- tion alarms the South Action of Texas legisla- ture, 1858 States Senate, but his views were such as to render his re-election doubtful. It was feared by the regular Democratic party in Te.xas that the Union Democrats and Know-Nothings would combine to elect him governor, and so it was decided to hold a State Democratic Convention to nominate candidates for State offices. This was the first political State convention ever held in Texas. It met in Waco, in the summer of 1857, and nomi- nated Runnels for governor and Frank R. Lubbock for lieutenant-governor. Jesse Grimes was candidate for lieutenant-governor on the ticket with Houston. \ It was a most exciting campaign, and resulted in the C election of the regular Democratic nominees. The total vote cast was 56,180, of which Runnels received 32,552 and Houston 23,628. Inihe fall of 1856, Abner S. Lipscomb, associate justice of the Supreme Court, died, and Oran M. Roberts was elected to fill the \acancy. On November 9, 1857, Chief Justice John Hemphill was elected to the United States Senate, 10 succeed Thomas J. Rusk, who committed suicide July 30, 1857. Royall T. Wheeler, associate justice, was elected to the vacant chief-justiceship, and James H. Bell was elected associate justice to fill Wheeler's place. It should be mentioned that in 1850 the Constitution was amended, so as to require all judges to be elected by the people, instead of being appointed by the governor, as had been the case be- fore. The continued agitation of the sla- very question in the United States, ami the disposition shown by the Abolition- ists of the North to disregard the Con- stitution, laws, and judicial decisions, in their fanatical war upon the sla\ e interests of the South, greatly alarmed the people of the Southern States ; and in 1858 the legislature of Texas passed a resolution authorizing the governor to appoint delegates to meet delegates from the other SoutlKin States, whenever it Jessh Grimks. FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 349 should be deemed advisable to hold a convention for the purpose of considering the matter. During- 1857, 185S, and 1859 there were several serious tights between the Indians and Rangers on the frontier, the Comanches being especially troublesome. It was impossible to keep them on the Rcsetvcs, and in August, 1859, they were all removed by the United States to the Indian Terri- tory ; whence, however, they still continued to make raids into Texas for twenty years. General Houston's term as United States Senator expired on March 14, 1859. Ex-Governor J. Pinck- ney Henderson was elected to succeed him, but being in feel:)le health, he died in a few months, and Gov- ernor Runnels appointed Matthew Ward until the legislature met, in the fall of 1859, when Louis T. Wigfall was elected to the Senate. He and his col- league. Judge Hemphill, serxed until the War between the States broke out in 1861. In 1857, the same convention tliat nominated State officers at Waco ])ut forward Guy M. Bryan for Congress in the Western district, who was elected and served one term, being succeeded in 1859 by A. J. Ham- ilton, who defeated General Waul, the Democratic nominee. Judge John H. Reagan was the Congressman in the Eastern district from 1857 to 1861. During Governor Runnels's adminis- tration, the notorious Mexican outlaw, Juan Cortina, began his depredations on the Rio Grande frontier. Colonel Robert E. Lee, then commanding the United .States troops in Texas, drove him back into Mexico, in which service Colonel Jchii .S. Ford rendered effective aid with his body of Texas Rangers. Governor Runnels's administration extended from December 21, 1857, to December 21, 1859, and during that period the executixe officers f)f the State government were as follows : Period V. First Pkriod OF StATFlHOOD 1846 TO I86I Loiis T. Wkm-ali. Congressmen Cortina's raids on the Rio Grande John S. Ford. Executive officers of Runne's's ad- ministration, 1857-1859 350 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period V. Imrst Pkkiod OK Statehood 1846 to 1861 University of Texas en- dowed Campaign of 1859, Runnels and Houston Hakdin K. Runnels. Houston le- fcats Runnels Troubles on the RioGrande border T. S. Anderson, secretary of state ; C. R. Johns, comptroller ; C. H. Randolph, treasurer ; F. M. White, commissioner of the general land office ; Malcolm D. Graham, attorney-general. In the legislature which met in November, 1857, under Governor Runnels, an act was passed providing for the estab- lishment of the University of Texas, granting to it one hundred thousand dollars of United States bonds and one section in every ten surveyed for the railroads. Nothing, however, was done under this law towards actually organizing the institution. In 1859, Governor Runnels and General Houston were again candidates for governor. There had been a change in public sentiment since the last election. The increasing violence of the slavery agitation, with the prospect of war and a dissolution of the Union, made calm and conserva- tive men cautious and fearful. The extreme and hot- headed elements all over the country were advo- cating all sorts of filibustering schemes, such as Lopez's expedition to Cuba and that of Walker to Nicaragua. It was even proposed by a few rash men in the South to reopen the African slave-trade. No considerable nimiber of respectable persons believed in any such enterprises, but men's minds were in- flamed and their passions aroused, and the dread of unknown dangers caused all prudent men to pause and think. The Democratic party was held respon- sible for all these troubles, on account of its position on the slavery and States' -rights questions, and it lost strength by reason of them. The majority of two years before was re\'crsed. Out of 64,027 votes cast, Houston received 36,257, and Run- nels, 27,500. F. R. Lubbock was a candidate for re-election as lieutenant-governor, but he was defeated by Edward Clark, who ran on the same ticket with Houston. Governor Houston's administration was compelled to deal with serious troubles on the Mexican frontier along the Rio Grande, and also on the north-western frontier. The United States troops had been withdrawn to a large extent, and this left the border to be protected entirely by Rangers. But a greater trouble than Indian wars was approaching. The rapid FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 351 course of political events in tlic United States, rcsultino- in the election of Abraham Lincoln in i860, and the sercss/o/i of South Carolina on December 20, i860, brought the country face to face with Civil War. In January, 1861, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, and Louisiana followed the example of South Carolina, and seceded from the Union. In a message to the legislature, in January, 1861, Governor Houston op- posed Secession, and advocated seeking relief from threatened dangers by an appeal to the Constitution and fidelity to the LInion. The movement, however, had gone too far to be checked, and Texas had no choice but to go with her sister States of the South. On December 3, i860, a committee at Austin, composed of William P. Rogers, George M. Flour- noy, and O. M. Roberts, prepared and published an address to the people of Texas, calling a convention of delegates to meet at Austin on January 28, 1861. .,, Governor Houston was opposed to this method of procedure and to the whole movement. Accordingly, on De- cember 7, i860, he called a s[)ecial session of the legislature to convene on January 21, 1861 ; so that the legislature would meet several days l^efore the convention. The go\'ernor sent in his message, in which he expressed the .iiltfEHI^:^ belief that all the evils complained of by rthe South could be settled in the LInion ^ and without resorting to Secession. But v?i v^ the legislature, by a two-thirds vote, fe'4^ recognized the convention that had been ^^■|^ .-y called, and declared it had full power to ^^HA^'^I act for the people. ^^^K V/ The Secession Convent io)i met in Aus- ^^^ ' tin on January 28, 1861, with one hundred georgk m. Fi.ot'RNOY. J^iiid eight delegates present, and others afterwards came in. Oran M. Roberts was elected president of the Con\'ention. A committee was ap- pointed to notify Governor Houston of the organization. He replied, stating that the recognition of the Conxcntion as a legal body by the legislature commended it to his consideration ; that Period V. FiKsi Period ov Statehood 1846 TO I86I Governor Houston calls the legislature The Secession Convention Dealings with the governor 15: A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period V. First Prriop OK STA TEHDOn 1S46 TO IS6I Ordinance of Secession pass d, Feb- ruary I, 1861 County W. S. Ol.DHAM Secession rat- ified by the people Confederate States or- ganized General Twiggs sur- renders arms and forts whenever the people should have decided the question of Seces- sion, he would submit to their will ; for, said he, " Their fate is my fate, their fortune is my fortune, their destiny is my destiny, be it i)rosperity or gloom ; as of old, I am with my country." An Ordinance of Secession from the United States of America was adopted by the Convention, by a vote of one hundred and sixty-six yra-y and seven nays, on February i, 1861. The seven delegates who voted against the ordinance were Thomas P. Hughes, of Williamson County ; A. P. Shuford, of Wood George W. Wright, Lemuel H. Williams, and Wil- liam H. Johnson, of Lamar County ; James W. Throckmorton, of Collin County ; and Joshua A. Johnson, of Titus County. The governor and lieu- tenant-governor and judges of the Supreme Court were present when the vote was taken, the presi- dent, of the Convention being one of the justices of the Supreme Court. The Convention then ap- pointed a Conunittce of Safety to attend to impor- tant matters, and elected delegates to attend the meeting of the delegates from the other Southern States then assembled at Montgomery, Alabama. The delegates from Texas thus elected were John H. Reagan, W. S. Oldham, William B. Ochiltree, John Hemphill, Louis T. Wigfall, and Thomas N. Waul, and they at once proceeded to Montgomery. On February 5, the Convention took a recess to March 2, to await the result of a vote of the people on the Ordinance of Secession, which was had on February 23. Secession was carried by a large majority, and in the meanwhile the provi- sional government of the Confederate States of America had l)een organized at Montgomery, Alabama, with Jefferson Davis as President, and Alexander H. Stephens as Vice-President. During the recess of the Conx'cntion, the Committee of Safety had managed to make an arrangement with General Twiggs, who commanded the United States troops in Texas, by which he surrendered all arms, forts, arsenals, and munitions of war in the State. General Twiggs was afterwards dismissed from the army for his conduct in that affair. FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 353 Period V. F"iRST Period OF Statehood 1S46 to 1 86 1 Notwithstanding Governor Houston had declared his will- ingness to abide the vote of the people, his whole conduct and his official utterances showed clearly that, if possible, he would like to avoid the result and in some way overturn the action of the Secession Convention. The Convention adojited the ex- isting State Constitution, with such changes as were necessary to accommodate the government to its new relations with the Confederate States. On March 14, 186 1, an ordinance was passed by the Convention requiring all the State officers to take the oath of allegiance to the new government, and the governor, lieutenant- governor, and executive officers at Austin were noti- fied to appear in the convention hall, on March 16, at mid-day, and take the oath ; and the offices of such as did not appear were to be declared vacant. This was intended to force a direct and final settle- ment of Governor Houston's attitude towards the new order of things. It was a shrewd and sum- mary manner of compelling him to submit or vacate the governorship. The time arrived, and he did not appear, L. . ,— . T- J J r~'^ t deposed, and leutenant- Governor Edward Clark was succeeded by present and took the oath, and was de- Edward ciark clared to be the acting governor of the State. This action produced violent excite- Great mcnt in Austin, and was denounced by all the leading Union men as wholly re\'olutionary. The whole movement was indeed a 7'cvolntion, and one that could not be stayed by any number of protests. The people were fully aroused and committed to the step that had been taken, and Governor Houston simply mistook the situation when he sought to delay and debate the issue. The matter was brought up in the legislature on March 20, and that body by a vote of fifty-two to twelve sustained the action of the Convention. 23 Thomas N. VVal'i.. Houston excite- ment in Texas Edward Clark. 154 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. First Period ()!■ Statkhooij 1846 TO Period V. The Convention passed ordinances providing for a Ranger force under John S. Ford, John R. Baylor, and Edwin Waller, to protect the frontier ; for declaring Texas one of the Con- federate States of America ; for dividing the State into six Con- 1S61 gressional districts, the members of the Confederate Congress to be elected in November, 1861 ; and on March 26, 1861, it finally adjourned. Go\ernor Houston was inaugurated on December 2 1 , 1859, and he was deposed, as it was called, on March 16, _ / I 1861. The lieutenant-governor, Edward Clark, filled out the unexpired term until the election and qualifica- tion of Governor Lubbock, in the following winter. The executive officers of the State government during Houston's and Clark's administrations were the same as under that of Governor Runnels, except that E. W. Cave, , „,. ,, „,,., „ Hird Holland, and C. S. West were successively secretary John k. i>a\ h>r. ' -^ -^ of state ; and George W. Flournoy was attorney-general. Civil war The War between the States was now assured. On April 1^1861 1--14. 1 86 1, Fort Sumter was seized by the citizens of South Carolina. Its fall was the signal for the call for troops, both North and South, and Texas, along with the other Southern States, was plunged into the four years' struggle that rent the I'nion from 1861 to 1865. QUESTIONS. Wjien did political differences on part}' lines first appear in Texas? To what i:)olitical party did most Texans belong at the time of annexa- tion and for several years afterwards, and why? How were political candidates brought out in those days? What events led Texans to take an interest in Federal politics and to divide on those questions? Describe the course of events among political parties in the United States from 1.S48 to 1854. What became of the old Whig party, and what party was built up on its ruins? What was the k'misas- Nebraska Bill, when was it agitated, and explain its i)olitical significance? What was the doctrine ( if squatter soverei,i^)ily .^ What was the situation of Kansas and Nebraska with reference to the Missouri Compromise Line, and the effect of the bill for organizing those territories in 1854? What was the attitude of the .Southern Democrats in Congress on that measure? What position FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. ^CC did Sam Houston take, and what effect did it have upon his poUtical Period V. First Pkriod OF Staikhooi lS6l standing at home ? When did the Knoiv- Nothing party appear in Texas, and what were its doctrines ? How did it get that name ? What was its position on the slavery question, and by wliom was it supported and '"^46 composed ? W' hat figure did that party cut in the State campaign of 1855 in Texas? W^hat prominent men in Texas were favored by the Kno"iv- Nothings, and what did those men claim to be ? Who were the candidates for governor in 1857 ? What did the Democrats decide to do, and why? When, why, and where was the first political State nomi- nating convention held in Texas? What did it do? Who were the opposing candidates for lieutenant-governor in that campaign? How did the campaign progress and result? (iive the vote. Explain the changes that took place in the Supreme Court and in the United States Senatorships from Texas in 1856 and 1857. Wlien and how did Thomas J. Rusk die? WHien and how were judges made elective in Texas? Wiiat actions on the part of the Northern people and Abolitionists alarmed tile Southern States? What did the Texas legislature do on the subject in 1858? What occurred among the Indians in 1857-59, and what became necessary in consequence ? When were the Indians removed from Texas by the United States government, and to what place ? Did that end the Indian troubles in Texas? When did General Houston's term in the United States Senate expire ? Who succeeded him, and what soon hap- jiened to his successor ? Who then filled the place ? Who were the United States Senators from Texas until the War broke out in 1861 ? Who were the Texas Congressmen from 1857 to 1861 ? What notorious Mexican bandit made raids on the Rio Grande during those years ? What United States officer drove him out of Texas ? Who commanded the Texan Rangers in those troubles on the border ? When was the first act passed providing for the establishment of the University, and what endowment was granted it at the same time ? What was done under that act ? Who were the candidates for governor in 1859 ? What change had occurred in public sentiment since 1857, and what caused it? What rash and dangerous schemes were set on foot at that time ? What can you say of the proposition made by some persons to reopen the African slave-trade ? What effect did all these things ha\'e on the Democratic party in Texas ? W^hat was the result of the campaign and election of 1859? Who were candidates for lieutenant-governor, and who was elected ? What serious troubles on the border and frontier did Governor Houston have to deal with? What greater trouble was approaching? Explain what events happened in the United States in i860 to hasten a civil war. When did South Carolina secede from the Union? What other States followed her example, and when ? What message did Gov- ernor Houston send to the legislature in January, 1861 ? What can you say of the situation at that time, and of the course Texas was compelled to pursue ? When and by whom was the first movement made in Texas 356 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period V. towards Secession ? What was the nature of the movement ? What was First Period Houston's position on the subject, and what did he do in regard to it? What views did he express in his message to the special session of the 1846 legislature? What action did the legislature take in regard to the Con- ^° vention that had been called ? When and where did the Secession Con- vention meet ? How many delegates were present, and who was elected President ? What committee was appointed, and what did Governor Houston reply to them ? When was the Ordinance of Secession adopted, and by what vote? Give the names and residences of those who voted against it. What State officers were present when the ordinance was adopted ? What important committee was then appointed ? W' hat dele- gates were elected by the Convention ? Give the names of the delegates thus chosen. When and for what purpose did the Convention take a recess? When was the Ordinance of Secession voted on by the people of Texas, and with what result ? Meanwhile, what had happened at Montgomery, Alabama ? What arrangement did the Committee of Safety make during the recess in regard to United States arms, munitions, and forts in Texas? Who was the United States officer who made this ar- rangement, and what happened to him in consequence of it? What were Governor Houston's attitude and disposition towards the Convention and its action ? What did the Convention do in regard to the State Constitu- tion? When did the Convention pass the ordinance requiring State offi- cers to take the oath of allegiance to the new government ? What notice was served on the governor and other officers at Austin, and what was to be the result of not complying with the notice ? What were the pur- pose and effect of this action as affecting Governor Houston ? What did he do in response to the notice, and what followed ? What effect did this produce at Austin ? What can you say of the whole movement of Secession, and the futility of attempting to prevent or defeat it? When was the matter brought up in the legislature, and what action did that body take ? What ()ther important ordinances did the Convention adopt ? When did it finally adjourn ? What was now assured ? What event was the signal for the War to begin, and when and where did it occur ? Topical Analysis. I. Political events in the United States, tending to sectional feeling and disruption of the Union on the slavery question : {a) Defeat of the Wilmot Proviso m 1846, the adoption of the Coin- promise Measures \\\ 1850, and the Kansas- Nebraska Bill in 1.S54, all serving to intensify the slavery agitation and to widen the breach between the North and South. {b) The death of the Whig party in 184S-52, succeeded by the Knoiv- Nothinfr or American jiarty, composed of discredited Democrats, old Whigs, and other disaffected elements, many of whom gradually com- FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 157 First Period OF Statehood TO 1861 l)ined with the Frce-Soilers, the Black Republican party, Abolitionists, ^Period V. and other factions opposed to slavery, to form the National Republican party. \c) The organization of societies in the North to set at defiance the ^^4^ Constitution and laws of the Union, in the liberation and protection of fugitive slaves ; the passage of personal liberty laws in many Northern States, by which the Fugitive Slave laws of the United States were t>penly nullified ; the Di'ed Scott decision by the United States Supreme Court, which was purposely misquoted and misconstrued to serve the jiurpose of lawless Abolitionists ; and the final nomination and election of Abraham Lincoln by the Republicans, upon a platform that avowedly threatened the constitutional rights and integrity of the slaveholding States. ((/) The secession of Southern States in December, i860, and Jan- uary, 1 86 1. 2. Political events in Texas preceding and leading to the war : ((?) The introduction of Federal issues into State politics in 1853-54. Trior to that time nearly all Texans were Democrats simply because the Democratic party had brought Texas into the Union. Candidates were selected and elected on purely personal grounds. {b) General Houston's opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill in 1854 practically drove him out of the Democratic party in Texas, and his great personal popularity carried with him a great many others, thus threatening the integrity and strength of the party. (c) The advent of the Know-Nothing party in 1855, which gathered to it all the elements dissatisfied with the policy and principles of the Democracy, including many leading men. [d] The campaign of 1857, between Runnels and Houston, for gov- ernor, resulting in the election of Runnels by nearly ten thousand ma- jority. In that year the first State political nominating convention was held by the Democrats, at Waco, and nominated Runnels for governor and Lubbock for lieutenant-governor. Houston was defeated on account of his disaffection to what was considered the faith of loyal Southern Democrats. {e) The increasing violence of the extreme States' -rights and slavery advocates, together with such wild and reckless schemes as the Lopez expedition to Cuba, the Walker expedition to Nicaragua, and the pro- posed revival of the African slave-trade, — for all of which the Democrats were held responsible, — produced a great reaction in public sentiment l:)etvveen 1857 and 1859. (/) The second exciting campaign between Runnels and Houston, in 1859, resulting in the election of Houston by nearly ten thousand ma- jority, completely reversing the vote of two years before. {g) Calling of a State Convention to consider what action Texas should take in regard to Secession, December 3, i860. Special session ;58 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. F'ERIOD V. FlKSI I'HRIOl) Ul StA lEHOOD 1846 TO 1 86 1 M'lNi;.Ml-.M 10 I IIOMAS J. Rusk. of legislature, January 21, 1861, recognizes the validity of the call and the authority of the Convention to be assembled. (//) Secession Convention meets, January 28, 1861, adopts Ordinance of Secession, February i, 1861, seven votes in the negative. Governor Houston declares that he will abide the decision of the people, but avoids recognizing the authority of the Convention. The Convention requires all State officers to take the oath of allegiance to the new government ; Houston refuses, and his office is declared vacant, the lieutenant-gov- ernor, Edward Clark, succeeding him as governor, March 16, 1861. (z) Te.xas Convention sends delegates to Montgomery, Alabama, where the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America was organized, February 9, 1861. (y) The "Committee of Safety" of the Convention secure from Gen- eral Twiggs the delivery of all United States property in Texas. (X') Ordinance of Secession ratified by the people, February 23, 1861 ; the Convention organizes Ranger service to protect the frontier, declares Te.xas one of the Confederate States, provides for electing Senators and Representatives in the Confederate Congress, and finally adjourns, March 26, 1 86 1. 3. Other important events : ((/) Suicide of Thomas J. Rusk, July 30, 1857 ; succeeded in United States Senate by John Hemphill. {b) Final removal of Indian tribes from Texas to Indian Territory, August, 1859. {c) (jeneral Houston retires from the Senate, March 14, 1859 ; suc- ceeded by J. Pinckney Henderson, who died in a few months, and was succeeded by appointment of Matthew Ward until the regular election of Louis T. Wigfall. {d) The raids of Juan Cortina on the Rio Grande, beginning in 1.S58. (r) I'^irst art to establish University of Texas, and donating to it one hundred tliousand dollars of United States bonds, with every tenth .section of lands surveyed by railroads, November, 1857. No action was had under this law towards inaugurating the institution. Parallel Readings. .Srarff's "Comprehensive nist^)ry of Texas," \'ol. II., Part III., "Political History of Texas," by O. M. Roberts; Draper's "Civil War in America;' Stephens's "War Between the States ;" Davis's " Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government ;" Greeley's " American Conflict ;" Blaine's " Twenty "\'ears in Congress;" \'on Hoist's " Conslilutional and Political History;" May's "Life of L. Q. C. Lamar;" Andrews's "History of United States; Johnston's "American Politics." FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 359 CONTEMPORANEOUS EVENTS.— 1846-1861. Parallel to Period V. AMERICA. 1846. — Congress of United States declares war with Mexico, May 13. General Taylor crosses the Rio Grande, May 18. "Bear Flag" insurrection in California. Iowa admitted to the Union. The "Wil- mot Proviso" proposed, to exclude slavery from newly acquired terri- tory. Increase of agitation on slavery and sectional issues. Tariff law passed by Democrats, for revenue only. River and harbor bill vetoed as unconstitutional. Treaty with Great Britain, establishing the Oregon boundary. Smithsonian Institution founded. Several revolutions in Mexico, during which six men held the presidency, resulting in Santa Anna becoming President, December 6. 1847 — Battle of Buena Vista, February 22-23.. General Scott captures Vera Cruz, March 29. Battle of Cerro Gordo, April iS. Battles of Contreras, Churubusco, and San Antonio, August 19-21. Capture of Chapultepec, September 13, and entry into the City of Mexico, September 16. Salt Lake City founded by the Mormons. Reformed Constitution adopted in Mexico, restoring the Federal Republic ; Santa Anna is deposed, leaves the country, and Pena-y-Pena becomes President. 1848. — Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, signed February 2, completed I\Iay 20, by which peace, boundaries, and price of ceded territory were settled between Mexico and United States. Wisconsin admitted to the Union. "Free-Soil" party formed. " Barn-burners" and Aboli- tionists in New York State. Gold discovered in California. Zachary Taylor elected President. The annexation of Texas and the accjuisi- tion of new territory by the Mexican War revived and intensified slavery and sectional agitation. 1849. — President Taylor inaugurated, March 4. Great rush of gold hunters to California, where a State government is organized. Death of Edgar A. Poe. Cliff dwellings discovered in Colorado. 1850 — Democratic policy of " scjuatter sovereignty" and "non-interfer- ence" proclaimed. "Boundary bill" passed by Congress, estaljlish- ing upper bounds of Texas, Sejitember 9 ; accepted by Texas, De- cember 13. Discovery of Grinnell's Land and the Northwest passage. Death of President Taylor, succeeded by Vice-President I'illmore, July 9. Clay's "Compromise Measures" adopted. California ad- mitted to the Union. Wm. H. Seward proclaims the "higlier law" doctrine. Fugitive Slave Law passed. Death of John C. Calhoun. Seventh census of United States shows pt)pulation of 23,191,876, First Pkkiod oi- Statkhood 1846 TO I86I -<()Q A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. PiiRiooV. 1851. — Continued agitation of slavery and sectional issues in United FIRST P.iR.OD g^^^^g ()!•- bTATEHOOD -;— 1852. — Franklin Pierce elected President. Death of Henry Clay and ■^ Daniel Webster. Dissolution of the Whig party, and rise of the Qg " Know-Nothing" or American party. Publication of " Uncle Tom's — Cabin" adds to the slavery discussions. 1853. — President Pierce inaugurated, March 4. Gadsdoi PiDx/iase by United States from Me.\ico, December 30. Revolution in Mexico ; Santa Anna returns and is made dictator ; Flan of Ayulta ; Santa Anna flees the country ; universal chaos. 1854. — Kansas-Nebraska Bill passed by Congress in May. New Repub- lican party formed. Reciprocity treaty between United States and Canada. Commodore Perry makes treaty with Japan. Troubles begin in Kansas. Internal improvement bill vetoed as unconstitu- tional. 1855. — Activity of "Free-Soil" party. Long contest for election of Speaker of lower house of Congress, lasting three months. Grow- ing violence in Kansas. Suspension bridge at Niagara completed. " Bessemer process" for making steel patented. Provisional govern- ment in Mexico ; Comonfort as President. 1856.— James Buchanan elected President. P'ree-State convention in Kansas ; the State is refused admission to the Union. The Brooks- Sunnier incident in VV^ashington. A constitutional convention in Mexico ; radical reforms proposed ; rupture with Spain. 1857. — President Buchanan inaugurated, March 4. The Died Scott deci- sion by United States Supreme Court. Civil war in Kansas. Low tariff law jiassed. LTnsuccessful attempt to lay the Atlantic cable. Liberal Constitution adopted in Mexico, March 11 ; suspended December i, and Comonfort declared dictator ; Benito Juarez begins the "War for Reform," which lasted until i860. 1858. — Minnesota admitted to the Union. Atlantic cable completed. Continuation of the war and revolution under Juarez, in Mexico ; Comonfort deposed by Zuloaga, and the Constitution suspended until i86u. 1859.— John Brown's raid in Virginia ; he is captured, tried, and hanged at 1 larper's Ferry, December 2. Oregon admitted to the Union. Death of Washington Irving. Miramon, President of Mexico ; is succeeded by Zuloaga ; Juarez continues the war for liberty and reform. i860.— Abraliam Lincoln elected l'resi(k'nt. .South Carolina secedes, December 20. Japan sends ambassador to United States. Oil wells discovered in Pennsylvania. Prince of Wales visits United States. Great Eastern crosses the Atlantic. Lighth census of United States FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 361 shows population of 31,443,322. The Liberals under Juarez triumph in Mexico ; Miramon flees the country. 1861. — President Lincoln inaugurated, March 4. Jefferson Davis elected Provisional President of Confederate States, February 9. Fort Sumter fired on and captured, April 12-14. Kansas admitted to the Union. Territory of Dakota organized. Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia secede and join the Southern Confederacy. Juarez elected President of Mexico ; great reforms instituted ; clergy sup- pressed ; church and .State separated ; church property (1375,000,000) confiscated. Spain, France, and Great Britain claim large indemnities from Mexico,, and occupy Vera Cruz to enforce their demands. Period V. "iRST Period F Statehood 1846 to 1861 GREAT BRITAIN. 1846. — Repeal of the Corn laws and reduction ot tariff. Famine in Ireland. 1847. — Death of Daniel O'Connell. Roman Catholic hierarchy estab- lished in Fngland. 1848. — Renewal of the (rZ/rtr/MV agitation. Income-tax riots in London. 1849. — Cholera in London. Livingstone in Africa. Conijuest of the Punjab by the English. 1850. — Death of Wordsworth and Sir Robert Peel. Submarine telegraph between France and England. 1 85 1. — Gold digging begins in Australia. London Great Exhibition opened. 1852. — Death of Duke of Wellington and Thomas Moore. 1853. — English fleet enters the Dardanelles. 1854. — The Criiiieaii 11 ar, between Great P.ritain, I'rance, Turkey, and Sardinia on one side, and Russia on the other. l.atties of Alma, Balaklava, and Inkerman. Siege of Sebastopol begun. Crystal Palace, at Sydenham, opened. 1 855. ^Battles of Redan and the Malakoff. Fall of Sebastopol, .September. 1856. — End of Criiiira/i II a/; Treaty of Paris. Death of Sir Wm. Hamilton. 1857. — The Sepoy J///////!' in India. Relief of Lucknow. 1858.— Government of India transferred to the Briti.sh crown. T'irst Atlantic cal)le. Jews' Relief Act passed. Right of .search at .sea abandoned by l-".ngland. 1859. — Death of Lord Macaulay, DeQuincey, and Leigh Hunt. i860. — Prince of Wales visits America. i85i — Famine in India. Great Britain recognizes the Confetlerale .States as a belligerent power, June 15. '•52 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. mrstTek.od other countries. ()!• StA TliHOOD -~, 1846.— Polish Republic crushed by Russia and Austria. Pope Gregory '^ XVI. dies, and is succeeded by Pius IX., who favors liberty in the ijench occupy Rome. Russia invades Hungary. 1850.— North German parliament at Erfurt. 1851. — Coiip-iV Hat in France, December 2. Louis Napoleon seizes the government, and is elected President for ten years. 1852. — X'ictor Hugo banished from France ; Louis Napoleon elected emperor, as Napoleon III. 1853. — Russia occupies Moldavia and Wallachia, principalities of Turkey, and thus leads to the Crimean War. Napoleon III. marries Eugenie de Montijo. Count Cavour, as Prime Minister, accomplishes great reforms in Italy. French fleet enters the Dardanelles. 1854. — Crimean War begun. Dogma of the Immaculate Conception promulgated at Rome, hnke dwellings discovered in Switzerland. 1855. — The fall of Sebastopol. Death of Emperor Nicholas of Russia. Universal Mxposition at Paris. 1856. — End of the Crhnean Jl'ar, Treaty of Paris. Ale.xander II. crowned Emperor of Russia. 1857. — Mount Cenis tunnel begun. Canton, China, taken by French and English. 1858. — Great eru|)tion of Vesuvius. 1859.— War between France and Austria. P>attles of Montebello, Magenta, and Solferino. Lombardy surrendered by Austria. Death of Alexander von Humboldt and Prince Metternich. i860. — Garibaldi begins his campaign for the liberation of Italy. Prattles of Palermo and Melazzo. i86i. — William !., King of Prussia. Rise of niliilism and emancipatitm of the serfs in Russia. Garil)aldi succeeds in freeing Naples, Italy, and Sicily, and founds the new kingdom of Italy, with Victor Em- manuel as king. Death of Cavour. ll^crio^ m. THE CIVIL WAR, OR CONFEDERACY.-1861-1865. ¥¥ CHAPTER XXIII. Civil Government in Texas during the War; Military Operations on the Coast and Frontiers ; Texans in the Confederate Armies. URING the period of the war between the United and civil govern- I I the Confederate States, the civil government of Texas 3^^ was necessarily feeble and its important acts were few. Nearly every able-bodied man in the State was in the army for the greater part of the time, and the few old men and boys who were exempt from service busied themselves in taking- care of the homes and cultivating the fields of the absent soldiers. The necessaries of life became scarce, the anxiety of the times was intense, and the waiting families at home listened daily for the news of the deadly conflict, in which many a brave Texan fell fighting for the Stars and Bars. The usual State elections were held in Noveml)er, 1 86 1, and November, 1863. At the former election F"rank R. Lul:)bock was elected governor, defeating Edward Clark by a vote of 21,854 ^^ 21,730, while T. J. Chambers received 13,759 votes. John M. Crockett was elected lieutenant-governor. In 1863, Pendleton Murrahwas elected governor and Fletcher S. Stockdale lieutenant-governor. These two ad- ment in Texas during the war j64 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period VI. iiiiiiisliatiuns were chiefly concerned in raising, organizing, and Civi'l"war providing for troops to serve in the armies of the Southern Con- ■~7 federacy. Various conscript acts were passed, requiring men to TO IS65 Map showing the Seceding States that formed the Southern Confederacy (Darker shade shows original secession ; lighter shade shows subsequent secession.) Conscript acts cnlist as soldicrs, and martial law was declared and attempted to he enforced at different times. These things produced consid- erable dissatisfaction, and the history of those times in Texas discloses a good many arbitrary acts on the part of the State government, which, however, were perhaps unavoidable in the general state of war then prevailing throughout the country. At the close of his term of office. Governor Lub- bock went to Richmond, Virginia, where he was ap- pointed an aide on President Davis's staff, in which position he served to the end of the war, being with Mr. Davis when the latter was captured. Upon the organization of tiie go\ernment of the Confederate States, in i86i, Judge John H. Reagan was ap[)ointed postmaster-general in the President's Cabinet, which John H. Rea- phicc he Continued to occupv until the fall of the government, (ian in the . , ' ■ & ' acting also as secretary of the treasury towards the close of the war. He, too, was willi the President when ca])tured. I'l-.NDI.KTON Ml Confederate Cabinet THE CIVIL WAR, OR CONFEDERACY. ;65 phriod vi. The Civil War 1861 TO 1865 John H. RiiAtiAN. At the election for Confederate congressmen from Texas, in November, 1861, John *A. Wilcox, C. C. Herbert, Peter W. Gray, Frank B. Sexton, Malcolm D. Graham, and W. B. Wright were elected. In 1863, Wilcox, Sexton, and Herbert were re-elected, and A. M. Branch, John R. Baylor, and S. H. Morgan were the others selected. Wilcox having died during his second term, Stephen H. Darden was elected to the vacancy. The legislature, in the fall of 1861, elected Louis T. Wigfall and Williamson S. Oldham Confederate States Senators from Texas. O. M. Roberts having resigned from the Supreme Court, early in 1862, to go in the army, George F. Moore was elected to the xacancy. Chief Justice R. T. Wheeler having died in 1864, O. M. Roberts was elected chief justice, and at the same. time Reuben A. Reeves was elected associate justice, to succeed James H. Bell. The Confederate government es- tablished two Federal judicial districts in Texas, of which Thomas J. Devine and William Pinckney Hill were the judges. On July 26, 1863, at his home in Huntsville, at the age of Death of Sam seventy years, died General Sam Houston. His advent to Texas in 1832 had been followed by thirty years of active, earnest, and patri- ^g^ otic service to his adopted country, — as J^^f a feeble province struggling for liberty f -*» »r -" and independence ; as a free Republic, l)eset with difificulties and threatened with dissolution ; as an American common- wealth among her sox'ereign sisters in the Union. His declinino- years were sad- dened by the loss of confidence of his fellow-citizens, and his life went out amid the roar of ci\il strife and the doubtful struggle of discordant States. It would require \olumes to relate the services of the Texan Texas troops troops in the ffreat Civil War. That belontrs to the wider field '" \ ^ on e - r " '^ erate armies of American history. In proportion to population, Texas fur- Gh.NKKAL John B. Hood. 366 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period VI. The Civil War 1861 TO IS65 7Z their own citizens and affairs by creating a United States citizen- ship superior in its rights of person and property to citizenship in the several States. These were the Thirteenth and Fourticnth Amcnduioits, passed respectively in F^ebruary and June, 1865, and were supposed to contain the practical results of the Civil War. In order for the amendments to become a part of the Constitution, they would have to be adopted or consented to by three-fourths of the States, and it required the votes of some of the Southern States to make up the necessary three-fourths. Here was a dilemma. The lately seceding States were still in the Union, and hence had the right to vote on the adoption of the amendments ; it was absolutely certain that, if those States were allowed to express their true and intelligent choice, they would never assent to the proposed changes, and yet it was necessary to secure enough of the Southern States to carry the amendments. What was to be clone ? RccoJistruction was the method proposed, but there was great difference of opinion as to the course to be pursued in reconstructing the State govern- ments of the South. ' President Johnson determined to adopt the plan of simply punishing the most prominent leaders in the late war by de- priving them of all civil rights, and then he would appoint pro- visional governors in the Southern States and invite the people of those States to call conventions, reorganize their governments, and resume their former places in the Union. This was called Presidential Reconstruction, and it proved a failure so far as accomplishing the purposes of the North was concerned. The Southern States had never been without their regular constitu- tional go\ermuents ; there had been no destruction of their usual republican forms of government requiring to be reconstructed, and hence, when they were forced by military j)ower to carry out the President's plan of reorganization, they simply re-enacted their former laws and constitutions and remained the same States they had always been, and unanimously opposed to the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments. This was inevitable, and it was right and proper, if the theory of the Northern states- men was correct, that the seceding States had never left the Union. But it did not serve the end the North had in view in Period VII. Recon- struction 1865 TO 1874 A serious dilemma Reconstruc- tion proposed Plan of Presi- dential RecoHr struction A failure in its operation Why it was a failure ;74 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period V'll. Recon- struction i'865 TO 1874 Plan of Con- gressional Re- construction Inconsistency of the method A. J. IIAMII.T A.J. Hamilton, provisional governor waging the war. To carry out the Republican ideas of go\'ern- ment, the negro must be freed and clothed with all civil and political rights as a citizen of the United States, and a new defi- nition of citizenship must be made, so as to give the Federal government power to override the States in enforcing the newly created rights of the recent slaves. Presidential Reconstruction evidently would not accomplish the purpose, and so -Congress, ruled by the most violent of the radical Republicans, took hold of the matter in 1867 and 1868. Congressional Reconstniction, as the methods pursued by Congress were called, consisted in placing the Southern States under the absolute and arbitrary control of the military power, disfranchising enough of the intelligent white citizens who had taken part in the war to place the Union men and negroes in the majority, and then adopting such State Constitutions and laws as would force upon the people the adoption of the amendments and the doctrines and institutions of the Northern Republicans. And it must be remembered that all these reconstruction meas- ures were passed through Congress while the Southern States had not a Senator or Representative in that body, not- withstanding it was constantly asserted that the Union had ne\er been dissolved and that the South had not in fact seceded. The foregoing is necessary to be understood in order to explain the history of those times and to fol- low intelligently the course of events in Texas. After the close of hostilities in April, 1865, there was a period of two or three months when the State had no government of any kind. Soldiers were re- turning home, some fleeing to Mexico, and everything was chaos and gloom. On June 19, 1865, General Gordon Granger, of the United States army, assumed military command over Texas, declared all that had l)cen done by the State government since 1861 null and void, and proclaimed the freedom of the negroes. In July, Presi- dent Johnson appointed A. J. Hamilton provisional governor of Texas, and he began the performance of his duties on the 25th of thai month. According to the jilan of Presidential Recon- THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD. v3/0 Period VII. Recon- struction 1865 TO 1874 struction before explained, a State Convention was called to amend the Constitution and reorganize the government. It met February 7, 1866, and adopted the Constitution of 1845, in force at the time of Secession in 1861, with certain amendments, thereby ignoring all that had been done by the Secession Con- vention. One of the amendments to the Constitution was to increase the judges of the Supreme Court from three to five. It was provided by the Convention that a general election should be held on the last Monday in June to choose all the State, district, and county officers, and members of the legisla- ture, and for the ratification of the amendments to the State Constitution. Before adjourning, the conserva- tive members of both parties in the convention agreed upon James W. Throckmorton as a proper candidate for governor, and George W. Jones for lieutenant- governor. George F. Moore, Richard Coke, Stockton P. Donley, A. H. Willie, and George W. Smith were also agreed upon for the new Supreme Court judges. At the election in June, 1866, Throckmorton and Jones were elected, receiving about forty-nine thousand votes as against about twelve thousand for E. M. Pease and L sey, the opposing candidates, and the gentlemen above named were elected to the Supreme Court. On August 9, the legislature met, and the new State officers were installed. O. M. Roberts and David G. Burnet were elected United States Senators from Texas ; and in the election held in the fall of 1866, members of Congress from the State to the Thirty-ninth Congress, then in session, and to the Fortieth Congress, were chosen. The members elected to the Thirty- ninth Congress were George W. Chilton, B. H. Epperson, A. M. Branch, and C. C. Herbert, from the four districts in the order named ; and the same gentlemen were also elected to the Fortieth Congress, except George W. Chilton, in whose stead James M. Burroughs was chosen. The legislature passed quite a number of needed laws for the Acts of the protection of the frontier against Indians and to restore the pros- ^^'^ ^^"'^^ perity of the State. The people were hopeful and industrious. Peace and the government moved smoothly, and nothing was wanting to P''°'"*^^ Throckmorton. Lind- Senators and Representa- tives in Con- gress elected, 1866 o/ 76 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. TKRion VII. Recon- struction 1865 TO 1874 Disturbing elements in the country " Carpet- baggers" and " Scalawags" Texas refused representation in Congress Use of the military Governor Throckmorton removed E. M. Pease, governor Supreme Court make Texas again a thriving State in the Union, except the removal of the United States soldiers and the admission of her Senators and Representatives in Congress. But neither of these events happened. The new order of things did not suit the Republican party. The country was full of soldiers and Northern j)oliticians who came with the army, and their influence was a continual source of trouble between the recently emancipated negroes and their former masters. The old Union men of Texas, who had opposed Secession and claimed to be the " truly loyal" citizens, were very much dissatisfied to see the government once more in the hands of the men they had resisted in 1861. There was much bitterness of feeling on both sides, and men's minds were not favorable to a harmonious settlement of existing differ- ences. The Northern Republicans who came South after the war were called "Carpet-baggers," and the native Union men and Republicans were called "Scalawags." These terms indi- cate the odium in which the Reconstructionists were held by the Southern people, and such epithets did not increase the prospect of peaceful times. In this condition of things, Congress took the reconstruction of the Southern States out of the hands of the President, and proceeded to inaugurate the measures known as Congressional Reconstruction, above described. The Senators and Representa- tives from Texas, like those of the other late Confederate States, were refused admission to Congress. Military governments were established throughout the South. On March 19, 1867, General P. H. Sheridan, in command of the military department which included Texas, issued an order placing General Charles Grififin in command of the district of Texas. Governor Throck- morton gave such aid as was requested of him in carrying out the new plan of reorganization ; but on July 30, 1867, General Sheridan, by military order, removed him from the governorship, "as an impediment to reconstruction," and appointed Elisha M. Pease in his place. All ofificers were remo\'ed by the mili- tary power, and their places filled with those supposed to be in sympathy with the methods of Congressional Reconstruction. The Supreme Court as thus changed consisted of E. J. Davis, C. Caldwell, Amos Morrill, A. H. Latimer, and Livingston thp: reconstruction period. Lindsey. No man could hold an office, or participate in any of the elections that were to be held, unless he could take the " Iron-Clad Oath," as it was called. This oath was to the effect that the person taking it had not taken part in the late Rebellion, or given aid thereto ; which, of course, disfranchised nearly all the white voters in the State, The " Freedmen's Bureau" was established in Texas and the other Southern States, — being a military court composed of United States officers, whose special duty it was to protect the negroes in their recently acquired rights, and a great many rights that they had not acquired. In oj^position to these measures there was organized among the Southern people what was called the " Ku-Klux Klan," a mysterious secret organization, whose members would parade at night through the towns, on horseback and fully armed, clad in long white or black robes, with masks on their faces and high peaked hats,— claiming to be the returned spirits of dead soldiers who fell in the late war. Their formidable and ghostly array produced great terror among the negroes, and there is no doubt it had a wholesome effect to restrain an ignorant and deluded race of lately emancipated slaves, whose worst passions were being aroused by unprincipled white politicians. In some local- ities, however, in the South, the Ku-Klux and other lawless bands who assumed their name and garb did not confine them- selves to mere displays of mysterious power. Many cruel out- rages were perpetrated in their name, and the organization became a menace to the peace and order of society. It is not b(.'lieved, however, that such lawless acts were ever committed to any great extent in Texas. A convention was called to meet at Austin, June i, 1868, to frame a new State Constitution, in accordance with the recon- struction measures of Congress. In selecting delegates to that convention, nearly all the white citizens of Texas were prevented from voting by the " Iron-Clad Oath ;" and it was understood that Governor Pease and those acting with him proposed to still further disfranchise the Democrats of the State, by unjust rules and requirements in the registration of voters. This called out from General Winfield S. Hancock, then in command of the department at New Orleans, his famous order and letter, in Period VII. Recon- struction 1865 TO 1874 " Freedmen's Bureau" "Ku-Klux Klan" Their methods Lawless acts Reconstruc- tion conven- tion of 1868 White citizen: disfranchised General W. S. Hancock's letter -.yg A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Pkriod vii., which he rebuked such an attempt, and declared that the legal recon- voters of Texas must have their rights respected and their votes STRUCTION . . . — recorded. The Reconstruction Convention met at the appointed To^ time. Edmund J. Davis was elected president, and the leading 1S74 men in it were A. J. Hamilton, Morgan C. Hamilton, A. P. McCormick, C. Caldwell, Arvin Wright, and Lemuel D. Evans. The Hamilton brothers, A. J. and Morgan C. , were on opposite sides in the issues that arose in the con- yB" i\. vention ; the former being liberal and just in his desire to protect the men who had taken part in the war, while the latter was extreme and radical in the purpose to completely destroy their influence in the govern- ment (jf the State. The Reconstruction Convention lasted from June I, 1868, until February 6, 1869, and it never did actually adjourn, nor was the Constitution ever finally MoKt.A.N C. Hamilton. 111 • • 1 1 adopted by a vote of the convention or signed by Irregularity of the members. Its proceedings were very irregular and dis- pr^oceedrnes Orderly, and often there was no quorum present. Many mem- bers went home in disgust, and one of these, a colored dele- gate from Galveston, Hon. G. T. Ruby, filed his withdrawal A forcible pro- in tlic following language : ' ' Believing that the present recon- test by a negro . -11 1 1 r • 1 delegate structiou convcutiou has lost, through many oi its members, all regard for dignity and honor as a legislative assembly, and that its continued assemblage will only terminate in disgrace to the entire country, I herewith tender my resignation as a mem- The Constitu- ber hereof, and as a delegate from Galveston County. ' ' The Constitution framed by this body is known as the Constitution of 1869. It lengthened the terms and increased the salaries of all ofificers ; reduced the Supreme Court to three judges, and made all judicial officers appointive instead of elective ; and re- quired all elections to be held at the county seat of each county, Liberal provi- and to last four days. The most meritorious features of this sion for free (^ ^- ^ ^- 1 i-i 1 • • , r t 1 i- r public educa- Constitution were the liberal provisions made for the public free t>on schools. In addition to lands, bonds, and funds belonging to the schools under former laws, it was provided that all receipts from public lands in the future should go to the school fund, and one-fourth of the annual taxes and all of the poll-tax were THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD. 379 appropriated to the schools, — all to constitute a permanent fund, whose interest could be used to support the free-school system. A State superintendent of public instruction was also provided for, and a bureau to encourage immigration. While these events had been occurring in Texas, enough of the Southern States had been reconstructed by Congress to adopt the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments, and a Fif- teenth Amendment, allowing negroes to vote, was passed through Congress in February, 1868, but was not ratified by three-fourths of the States until 1870. The right of suffrage, however, was extended to the recent slaves in Texas by the Constitution of 1869 and the ordi- nances of the military power. In December, 1869, Governor Pease, being dissatisfied with the extreme measures and methods employed in reconstruction, resigned the office of governor, and from that time until the new administration came in. General J. J. Reynolds was the military governor of Texas. In the subsequent political movements in the State, Pease acted with the Hamilton and against the Da\'is party. The election for the State and county officers was held in November, 1869, and E. J. Davis was elected over A. J. Hamilton by the close vote of 39,901 to 39,092. The Constitution was ratified by a large majority. J. W. Flanagan was elected lieutenant-governor. The registration showed the total number of voters in the State to be 135,553, of whom 78,648 were white and 56,905 were negroes ; so that 56,560 voters did not participate in the election. Governor Davis took the oath of office January 17, 1870, for the four years' term created by the new Constitution. The legislature met in February, adopted the Fourteenth and Fif- teenth Amendments, and elected Morgan C. Hamilton to the United States Senate for the term ending March 3, 1871, and also for the term ending in 1877: J. W. Flanagan was elected Senator for the term ending in March, 1875. This go\'ernnient was declared to be merely proxisional until Congress should accept the nevv State Constitution, which it did on March 30, Period VII. Recon- struction 1865 TO 1874 Fifteenth Amendment State election, 1869 The vote Davis's ad- ministration United States Senators elected -.go A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 1865 TO Period VII. 1870, and the Twelfth Legislature met in regular session on ^^^°^- April 26, 1870. STRUCTION . It would be a fruitless and unpleasant task to review the details of the Davis administration. He was personally and 1874 socially a courteous and considerate gentleman, but politically he was as thoroughly unfitted for the head of a constitutional government in a free country as it is possible to imagine. His administration was one of boundless extravagance, disorderly and lawless despotism, increasing disregard of every principle of personal and political libertv, and it brought utter ruin to the best interests of the State and its citizens. He was given enormous power and patronage by the legislature, and he used them in the most reckless and arbitrary manner. He estab- lished a State police, officered by petty tyrants and composed of disreputable adventurers. He assumed the right to declare martial law whenever and wherever J. w. Flanagan. his authority was resisted, and he reduced whole counties and districts to a state of terrorism and outlawry. Finally, the profligate course of public expenditures and the increase of taxes to the verge of confiscation aroused men of all parties to overthrow such a ruinous system of misrule. Non-partisan In September, 1871, a " Non- Partisan Tax- Payers' Conven- convention to . , , 1 1 1 • a • • 11 r 1 secure relief, ^^''"^ ^^'^^ held HI Austm, to protest agamst the abuses of the '27« State government. Besides the prominent Democrats in the State, it contained such men as A. J. and Morgan C. Hamilton, Ex-Governor Pease, George Hancock, and many leading Re- publicans ; and Governor Pease was president of the convention. Disastrous That couvcution ascertained and ])ublished to the world the fact results of the , , 1 • 1 • 1 r Davis govern- ^"'^^ ^'^*^ two legislatures of 1870 and 187 1 had appropriated for "^'="' the exi)enses of the government the enormous sum of $3,752,875, besides subsidies granted to railroads amounting to $14,000,000 ; and the State and county tax was $2.17}^ on each one hundred Revolution in dollars, besides poll, occupation, and license taxes. All these public scnti- , , . • 1 1 ment '''<^ts being cnxulated among the j^eople, as well as the many acts of Governor Davis in \iolation of the Constitution and laws, a revolution in public sentiment began to take jjlace. No elec- tion for iiK-nibers of the legislature was held until November, THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD. 381 1872 ; but the Thirteenth Legislature, which met in January, 1873, had a majority in both houses opposed to Governor Davis. It proceeded to repeal many objectionable laws, and it set aside the grant of $6,000,000 to the Texas and Pacific Rail- road Company, substituting lands therefor, as had always been the policy of the State. A general State election was held in November, 1873, the old method of voting by precincts and on one day only having been restored by the Democratic legislature. Richard Coke and R. B. Hubbard were the Democratic candidates for governor antl lieutenant-governor, against E. J. Davis and Robert H. Taylor, Republicans. Coke received 103,038 votes to Davis's 51,220, and the entire Democratic ticket was elected. As soon as the result was known, Governor Davis declared he would not surrender the office until April 26, that being the date when the Twelfth Legislature met in regular session in 1870 ; when, by law, his term expired in January. Finding that this contention would probably fail him, a method was then adopted to set the entire election aside as illegal, because it had not been held on four days, as provided in the Constitution. To raise this ques- tion, a Mexican named Rodriguez was arrested for illegal voting, and he pleaded in defence that the election at which he voted was not a legal and valid election. In order to settle the point, it was necessary to construe a sentence in the Constitution in which a semicolon was used, and a change in the punctuation might change the meaning. The case came before the Supreme Court, composed then of Judges J. D. McAdoo, Moses B. Walker, and Wesley Ogden, and the court held the election to be illegal and void, basing the decision on the force of the semicolon. Upon such slender threads do the destinies of nations sometimes hang ! That court has always since been called the " Semicolon Court," and to this day none of its decisions are ever cited as good law in the courts of Texas. But the Democrats were not to be cheated of their victory by judicial quibbles over punctuation, nor by the arbitrary claims of Governor Davis. They prepared to assume control of the government to which they had been elected by the people, peaceably, if possible ; forcibly, if necessary. Governor Davis Period VII. Recon- struction i"865 TO 1874 State election of November, 1873 Richard Coke elected gov- ernor Governor Davis resists the result A fictitious law case, ILv pa) Ir Rodri- guez The "Semi- colon Court" and its deci- sion The Demo- crats prepare to seize the government Recon struction TO 032 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period VII. appealed to President Grant for military aid, the capitol was occupied and surrounded by armed men, and a bloody revolution seemed inevitable. But, fortunately, the Federal authorities declined to interfere ; Davis sullenly yielded. Coke was inaug- 1S74 urated. Reconstruction had ended, and on January 17, 1874, Texas was once more a free State in the American Union. QUESTIONS. What terrible event occurred in the United States just at the close of the war, and what was the exact date of jt ? Who succeeded to the presidency, and what struggle at once began ? What was the theory of the Northern Republican leaders in regard to the attitude of the Confed- erate States as to being in or out of the Union ? What did they say about the nature of the Federal Union of the States ? According to this theory, what was necessary to be done with the lately seceding Southern States ? Wiiat two amendments to the Constitution were adopted just as the v\ar was closing ? Describe the practical effect of those two amendments, and when did they pass through Congress. What was necessary to make them part of the Constitution ? What dilemma did this lead to in regard to the Southern States ? What method was proposed to escape this difficulty ? What plan of Rccotistruction did President Johnson propose, and what was it called ? Why did it prove a failure in accomplishing the purpose of the North towards the South ? Explain the practical operations of Presidential Reconstruction as affecting the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments. What was the purpose of the Northern Republicans to- wards the South, and why did they reject the President's plan of pro- cedure? Wiien did Congress take hold of the matter? What was its plan of treating the Southern States called, and explahi in what that plan consisted ? How were the Reconstruction Acts passed tin'ough Con- gress ? What voice had the South in that legislation, and what incon- sistency was involved in the action of the Congress ? When did the war actually cease ? What occurred in Texas for two or three months after- wards ? What was the condition of the country and people ? When and Ijy whom did the United States assume military command over Texas ? What did he do and declare ? When and whom did President Johnson apix)int provisional governor of Texas ? What convention was called to carry out the plan of Presidential Reconstruction, when did it meet, and what did it do? What change was made in the State Constitution in regard to the Supreme Court ? What was provided in regard to holding a general State election ? Who were selected by the conservative men of Rkcon- struction THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD. 383 all iiarlies as candidates for governor and lieutenant-governor? Who Period vii for judges of the Supreme Court? Who were the opposing candidates for governor and lieutenant-governor? What was the result of the election ? When did the legislature and the new officers take their ''^65 seats? Who were elected to the United States Senate? Who were ^" elected as Congressmen in the following fall, and for seats in what _li7 Congresses? What character of laws did the legislature pass? What were the disposition and feelings of the people, and what was the only obstacle to the restoration of peace and prosperity ? Wliat was the feeling of the Republican party at this time ? Describe the condition of the country and the various influences at work to produce trouble. Ex- p\ii'm the meaning of the terms " Carpet-bagger" and " Scalawag." What did Congress do at that time ? What happened to the Senators and Rep- resentatives who had been sent to Washington ? What kind of govern- ments were established in the .Southern States? Who was in command of the military department including Texas, and when did he put Texas under military rule ? Whom did he appoint to command in Texas? What • , was done with Governor Throckmorton, and for what alleged reason ? When was this ? Who was appointed in his place ? What else was done towards placing Texas under military control ? Who constituted the Supreme Court under the new order of things? What was the " Iron- clad Oath," and who were required to take it? What effect did it have ? What was the " Freedmen's Bureau," and what was its alleged object? What peculiar organization arose in the South to counteract these political and social evils? Describe the methods and effect of the " Ku-Klux." What abuses did it lead to in some localities ? When was a State Con- vention called to meet to frame a new Constitution under the plan of Congressional Reconstruction? How were the delegates elected, and what was proposed by the Republicans in order to gain complete mastery of the situation ? W^hat distinguished Federal general rebuked this out- rageous proposition ? Who was President of the Constitutional Conven- tion of 1869? W^ho were some of its leading members? What can you say of the Hamilton brothers in that Convention? How long did that Convention last, and when did it adjourn ? Did it adopt a State Consti- tution ? What can you say of its proceedings ? What protest was filed by a negro delegate? What was the Constitution thus framed called? What were its provisions as to officers, salaries, Supreme Court, and elections ? What were its most meritorious features ? What provisions did it make for free schools ? What new departments of government did it create ? What occurred in the meanwhile in the United States ? Wiiat new amendment to the Constitution was passed through Congress, and when ? When was it ratified by three-fourths of the States ? When was tlie right to vote e.xtended to negroes in Te.xas ? WHien did Governor Pease resign his position as military governor, and why? WMiat govern- ment did Texas then have, and for how long? What was Governor Pease's political attitude afterwards? When did tlie first State election -584 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period VII. occur under Congressional Reconstruction? Who were tlie candidates Rkcon- strixtion for governor and lieutenant-governor, and who were elected ? What was the vote for governor? What was the total registration and vote at that "'^^5 electi(Mi, and what proportion were whites and negroes ? How many ^,° did not vote at all? When did Governor E. J. Davis take his seat, and IZ7 for what length of term ? When did the legislature meet, and what did it do with the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments ? Who were elected United States Senators, and for what terms ? What was the nature of this government, and when and how did it become permanent ? When did the Twelfth Legislature meet ? W^hat was the personal and political character of Governor Davis ? Wliat was the character of his adminis- tration as governor ? What powers were given hiim by the legislature, and how did he use them? What can you say of his "State Police" and his arbitrary acts of despotism ? What finally resulted from his mis- rule ? When and where was a Convention of citizens called to protest against these abuses ? What was it called ? Who was its president, and , • who were among its leading members ? What facts did that Convention ascertain and i)ublish in regard to the acts of the legislatures of 1870 and 1871 ? What effect did their publication have? When was the next election for members of the legislature, and what was the result of that election upon the political composition of the legislature that followed ? What did that legislature do ? When was the next general State election held ? What was the method of holding that election ? Who were the Democratic candidates for governor and lieutenant-governor ? Who were their opponents ? What was the result of the election ? What did Governor Davis at once contend ? What plan did he next adopt to defeat the result of the election ? Explain the famous Rodriguez case, for what purpose it was raised, and the grounds upon which it was decided. \\'ho constituted the Supreme Court at that time, what did they decide, and why ? What has that court always been called, and in what estimation are its decisions held ? What did the Democrats prepare to do ? What did Davis do, and with what result ? Describe what then occurred. When did the Reconstruction Period end in Texas ? Topical Analysis. I. Condition of affairs in the United States at close of the war : {a) Lincoln had been assassinated and Andrew Johnson was Pres- ident. His views did not accord with those of the radical Republicans who controlled Congress. {/)) According to the political theories of the Northern Repulilicans, there had been no Secession, the Union was indestructible, and the Southern States had never left the Union. {c) If this were true, the Southern States clearly nuist be allowed their constitutional rights in the Union and participation in making and changing the Constitution and laws, which would enable them to defeat THE RFXONSTRUCTION PERIOD. 385 the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments. The votes of some of the Period vil. RtCCON- 3TRUCTION Southern States were absolutely necessary to make up the three-fourths of the States required to adopt an amendment. Here was a dilemma between a political theory and a practical demand. ^^^5 (d) It was decided to reconstruct the Southern States, or enough of ^° 1S74 them to pass the Constitutional Amendments, and two methods were _!j tried to accomplish this end. 2. Two plans of Reconstruction attempted : (a) Presidential Reconstruction, according to the plan of President Johnson, which was for the Southern States to simply reorganize their governments. He appointed provisional governors. State conventions were called to frame new constitutions and laws, and then the States were to take their former places in the Union, the more prominent leaders of Secession being temporarily disfranchised. This plan did not work to suit the radical Republicans, because the Southern States simply exer- cised their rights as sovereign States and re-enacted their former constitu- tions and laws, which had in fact never been suspended. So Congress determined to take hold of the matter. [b) Congressional Reconstruction, by which was meant a series of arbitrary and unconstitutional acts passed by Congress -to regulate the affairs of the Southern States, while those States had no voice in Con- gress, notwithstanding they were said never to have left the Union. The general features of the plan were to place the South under military rule, disfranchise most of the respectable white population, so as to place the negroes and Republicans in the majority, and then reconstruct the State governments on Republican lines and adopt the several amendments de- sired. This was the odious system enforced in Texas and the South for several years. 3. Reconstruction in Texas : {a) Presidential Reconstruction ; A. J. Hamilton, provisional gov- ernor ; Constitutional Convention of 1866 ; election of Governor Throck- morton ; comparative peace and the prospect of prosperity. {b') Congressional Reconstruction ; General Sheridan removes Gov- ernor Throckmorton and places General Griffin in command of Texas as a military province ; E. M. Pease is appointed military governor and all officers are placed under military authority; the "Iron-Clad Oath" required of all voters, which disfranchised nearly all the white pojuila- tion ; " Freedmen's Bureau" and military courts-martial rule the country ; rise of " Ku-Klux" to resist these abuses ; Reconstruction Convention of 1868 frames a State Constitution, and E. J. Davis is elected governor in fall of 1869 ; his administration characterized by extravagance, corrup- tion, arbitrary and despotic outrages, a lawless "State Police," and universal disregard of political and personal liberty ; the conservative citizens of all parties organize a movement for a change ; a Democratic legislature is elected in 1872 and a Democratic governor in 1873 ; Davis 25 ;S6 A COMPLETE HISTORV OF TEXAS. Period VII. Recon- struction i'865 TO 1874 attempts to hold the government, with the aid of a corrupt Supreme Court, but is forced to yield ; Democratic government re-established Jan- uary 17, 1874. Parallel Readings. ScarfT's "Comprehensive History of Texas," Vol. II., Part III, O. M. Roberts's " Political History of Texas ;" Brown's " History of Texas ;" " Destruction and Reconstruction," by General Richard Taylor; "Life of L. Q. C. Lamar," by Mays ; Blaine's "Twenty Years in Congress ;" S. S. Cox's "Three Decades of Federal Legislation ;" John Sherman's " Recollections of Forty Years in House, Senate, and Cabinet ;" General Grant's "Memoirs." KanijI-.k Cami- in VVksiekn Tk.xas. THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD. 387 CONTEMPORANEOUS EVENTS.— 1865-1874. Parallel to Period VII. AMERICA. 1866. — Civil Rights bill passed by Congress, April 12. Presidential Reconstruction of Southern States begun. Outrages by " Freedmen's Bureau" and military authorities upon citizens of the South. Rise of " Ku-Klux Klan." Continued war in Mexico. Fenian invasions in Canada. 1867. — Nebraska admitted to the Union, March i. Alaska ceded by Russia to United States. Napoleon III. abandons Maximilian, who is captured and shot by the Mexicans ; Juarez re-elected President. The Dominion of Canada established. 1868. — Attempted impeachment of President Johnson. General Grant elected President. Beginning of Congressional Reeonstrnetioii in the South. Santa Anna and others attempt revolution in Mexico. 1869. — President Grant inaugurated, March 4. Fifteenth Amendment adopted. Pacific Railroad completed. 1870. — Ninth census of the United States shows a population of 38,558,371. 1871. — Treaty of Washington and the Geneva Award. Great fire in Chicago. All the Southern States represented in Congress under the methods of reconstruction, but the white people of those .States not represented. Juarez still President in Mexico. Slavery abolished in Brazil. 1872. — President Grant re-elected, defeating Horace Greeley, the candi- date of the " Liberal Republicans." Great fire in Boston. Death of Juarez in Mexico ; succeeded by Lerdo de Tejada. 1873. — President Grant inaugurated (second term), March 4. England pays United States the Alat)ama claim. Liberal Constitution of 1857, greatly improved, becomes the permanent Constitution of Mexico. Period VII. Rhcon- strixtion 1865 TO 1874 GREAT BRITAIN. 1867. — Fenian agitation in Ireland. New Reform bill passed. Expedition against Abyssinia. 1868. — Death of Lord Brc^ugham. Disraeli resigns, and Ciladstone becomes premier. 1869. — Irish Church disestablished. Suez Canal opened. 1870. — Death of Charles Dickens. Irish land act passed. 1872. — Dutch possessions on the Gold Coast transferred to England. Ballot act passed. Riots at Belfast. ^88 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period VII. 1873. — England paj'S the Alabama claims to the United States. Recon- struction 1865 TO 874. — Gladstone ministry succeeded by Disraeli. Fiji Islands ceded to England. OTHER COUNTRIES. 1874 1866. — Prussia withdraws from Germanic Confederation. "Seven Weeks' War" between Austria, Italy, and Prussia; battles of Sadowa and Lissa. Insurrection in Crete. Vienna North German Confederation formed. 1867. — Hungarian Constitution restored ; Emperor and Empress of Aus- tria declared king and c]ueen of Hungary. Cochin China annexed to France. 1868. — Insurrection in Spain ; flight of Queen Isabella ; temporary Republic established. 1869. — Suez Canal opened. Death of Lamartine. 1870. — Isabella II., of Spain, abdicates ; succeeded by Duke of Aosta as king. Vatican Council declares the infallibility of the Pope. War between France and Prussia ; battle of Sedan ; surrender of Napoleon III. ; Alsace and Lorraine restored to Germany ; battle of Metz and siege of Paris. Revolution in Paris ; a Republic declared ; insurrec- tion of the Comnmne. The German Empire established, December 10. Mount Cenis tunnel completed. King of Italy occupies Rome. 187 1. — King William of Prussia, Emperor of Germany, January 18. Germans enter Paris. Communist revolution in French capital. Thiers elected President of the new French Republic. Rome is made the capital of Italy. 1872.— The German Reichstag expels the Jesuits. Great eruption of Vesuvius. 1873. — Death of Napoleon III. Spain adopts republican government. Exhibition at Vienna. MacMahon, President of France. First recep- tion of foreign ministers by PZmperor of China. Germans evacuate France. Trial of Marshal Bazaine. IPeriob IDIfUll- SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD.— 1874-1897. CHAPTER XXV. Administrations of Governors Coke, Hubbard, Roberts, and Ireland; Prosperity and Progress of the State. THE election of Governor Coke marks a new era in the Beginning of a history of Texas. From that date the methods of "^^ ^^^ orderly government, stable policies, and healthy prog- ress — so long interrupted by the troublous events of the Civil War and Reconstruction — were restored. It is universally true that the annals of a peaceful and pros- perous land are simple and few. The stream runs so smoothly and so swift that, like a ri\'er of which Caesar speaks in his story of the Gallic Wars, we may scarcely tell in which direction it flows. The new State officers were inaugurated at mid- night, January 15, 1874. The scene was dramatic and memorable. The Representative Hall was filled with the two houses of the legislature and assembled citizens ; the corridors without were thronged with the volunteer military company of Austin, — beardless boys in gay uni- forms, with glittering muskets, — while among them moved a few stern and grizzled warriors, whose bravery had been tested on many a bloody field of the Civil War ; below stairs, in the 389 Richard Coke. )90 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period \'III. Second Period of Statkhood 1874 to 1897 The Four- teenth Legis lature dim hallways of the old capitol, was a motley mass of negroes, State police, and desperate politicians, muttering defiance, but cowed by the certainty of disaster ; while on the rocky slopes of Capitol Hill, in the starlit night, sentinels stood in silent watchfulness, as messengers of good or evil tidings came and went in the darkness. But the critical moment passed in peace, and the government of the people claimed and held its own. The new legislature went to work with energy and intel- ligence. They found the State burdened with a debt of neftrly five millions of dollars, and taxes at two dollars and thirty cents on the hundred. The corrupt Twelfth Legislature had voted the International and Great Northern Railroad a money subsidy of ten thousand dollars per mile for six hundred miles of road, secured by State bonds and the interest provided for in advance. The Fourteenth Legislature, which met January 13, 1874, and adjourned May 4, pro\'ided for the payment of four hundred thousand dollars of the pulilic debt, cut down expenses more than one-half, reduced taxes to fifty cents on the dojlar, and dis- posed of the railroad subsidy by a compromise which, although bad enough for the State, was a great deal better than the cjriginal measure. There was a fierce light o\er this compromise. The railroad had secured the subsidy by fraud and bribery, and it clung to it with desperate greed. The State could not aflford to be invohx^d in another re\'olution, and the matter was finally settled by rei)ealing the money subsidy and granting the railroad twenty sections of land per mile, in solid bodies, and exempting it from taxation for twenty-five years. Lawlessness in the State and Indian raids on the frontier were suppressed by small bands of State troops, still called Rangers, and new counties began to l)e formed in the West. ) In September, 1875, a Constitutional Convention was held, which formed a new Constitution, known as the Constitution of /Sj6, which was submitted to a vote of the people and st^ate election, adopted on February 15, 1876. At the same time State officers ^^t^ruary .5, ^^_^^^ elected, "to hold until November, 1878. All the State offi- cers were re-elected, and a Supreme Court was elected, com- Sam iJiiLL .Maxey. Suppression of lawlessness and crime Constitution of 1876 SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 391 Period VIII. Second Period of Statehood 1874 TO 1897 posed of O. M. Roberts, chief justice ; George F. Moore and R. S. Gould, associate justices. A Court of Appeals was also created, to which John P. White, C. M. Winkler, and M. D. Ector were elected. The Supreme Court from January, 1S74, to 1876 was composed of five judges, elected by the people ; and during that period O. M. Roberts was chief justice, while William P. Ballinger, George F. Moore, Thomas J. Devine, Reuben A. Reeves, Peter W. Gray, John Ireland, and Robert S. Gould were associate justices at different times. In November, 1872, six Congressmen had been elected from congressmen, Texas, namely : A. H. Willie and R. O. Mills for the State at '^^' '^^^ large, and W. S. Herndon, W. P. McLean, D. Q. Giddings, and John Hancock. Of these, Giddings had been elected two years before and with difficulty obtained his seat. At the November election, 1874, the same gentlemen were all re-elected to Congress. The legislature in 1874 elected General Sam Bell Maxey to the United States Senate, to succeed J. W. Flanagan on March 4, 1875. General Maxey was re-elected in 1881 and served until 1887. Governor Coke was elected to the United States Senate by the Fifteenth Legislature, which met in April, 1876, but did not take his seat until March 4, 1877. He was re-elected twice, and finally retired from the Senate in 1895. Governor Coke resigned from the governorship in December, 1876, and Lieutenant- Governor Hubbard became the acting governor until the next general election in 1878. The Constitution of 1876 gave to the public schools all that Provisions for had been granted them under previous laws and constitutions, p" "^ ^^ °° ^ " J m Lonstilu- and added one-half of the public domain, continuing the one- tionofi875 fourth of the general revenues and the poll-tax, as provided in the Constitution of 1869. It was also provided that a tax of not more than twenty cents on the one hundred dollars should be levied on all property, to be used in connection with the interest on the permanent school fund, in order to maintain the public schools for not less than six months of each year. It state was further declared that the legislature should estalilish a first- "'versity class University, to be located by a vote of the people, and one RUHAKI) B. HlBllAKU. 392 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. I'KRion \'II1. Skcond Period of Statehood 1874 TO 1897 Federal judges A. P. McCoKMICK Coneressmcn in 1876 million acres of land were donated to it, instead of the tenth sections of railroad lands granted in 1858. The Agricultural and Mechanical College, which had been established near Bryan, was declared to be a branch of the University, and a branch for colored youths was required to be founded as soon as practi- cable. The carrying out of these constitutional provisions and the disposition of the lands granted to the support of public education have engaged the attention of all the legislatures from 1876 to the present time. Since 1858 there had been two Federal judicial districts in Te.xas, and Thomas H. Duval was judge of the Western District, wlyle, since 1872, Amos Morrill was judge in the Eastern, succeeding John C. Watrous. In 1879, by an Act of Congress, the Northern Federal District of Texas was created, composed of counties taken from the Eastern and Western Districts. A. P. McCormick was appointed judge, and places for holding courts were established at Dallas, Waco, and Graham, in the Northern District. About this time, Judge Duval died in the Western District, and E. B. Turner was appointed in his stead, who also died during Mr. Cleveland's first administration, when T. S. Maxey, a Democrat, was appointed to the Federal bench in that district. In the Eastern District, Judge C. B. Sabin, who had succeeded Amos Morrill, died in the fall of 1890, and was succeeded by D. E. Bryant. In 1892, Judge McCormick was elevated from the district judgeship to be one of the judges of the United States Circuit Court of Appeals at New Orleans, and John B. Rector was appointed judge of the Northern District. Later, additional j)laces for holding court in that district were established at P^ort Worth, Abilene, and San Angelo. The Federal judiciary in Texas has in recent years been al)lv and acceptably represented, and the several judges have been highly respected by both the bar and the people at large. In Novem- ber, 1876, there were elected to Congress from the six districts, in the order named, the following gentlemen : John H. Reagan, I). B. Culberson, J. W. Throckmorton, R. O. Mills, John Han- cock, and Gustav Schleicher. SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. ^9j Period VIII. Second Period of Statehood 1874 to 1S97 The Fifteenth Legislature provided for a revision of all the laws of the State, and Governor Coke appointed to that task C. S. West, B. H. Bassett, J. W. Ferris, George Clark, and Samuel A. Willson. They completed the work, and it was adopted in 1879, being known as the Revised Statutes of i8jg. In the year 1876 the "Greenback Party" made its first appearance, and it continued to agitate the politics of the Southern and Western States for several years, reaching its greatest strength in Texas from 1880 to 1884. It advocated the issue by the government of unlimited quantities of paper money, based upon nothing but the faith and credit of the nation. The State Democratic Convention met at Austin on July 17, 1878. The candidates before it for nomination for governor were R. B. Hubbard, J. W. Throckmorton, W. W. Lang, and Thomas J. Devinc. Neither of these gentlemen could get the recjuisite two-thirds vote, and, after several days' struggle, a compromise was made by which Oran M. Roberts, then chief justice of the Supreme Court, was nominated for governor, and Joseph D. Sayers for lieu- tenant-governor. At the ensuing election in November the state election ,-,. . . , , I T-> 1 November, entire Democratic ticket was elected, Rol)- jg g erts and Sayers defeating W. H. Hamman and J. S. Rains, the Greenback candidates for go\'ernor and lieutenant-governor, by over a hundred thousand majority. The Republicans had placed Colonel A. B. ^ ^ Norton and Richard Allen (colored) in V- {\ — >f -' -^^^ ^^^ field, and they received about twenty- five thousand \'Otes. At the same election, George F. Moore was elected chief justice of the Supreme Court, and M. H. Bonner associate justice, this change being required by Judge Roberts's election to the governorship. Reagan, Cul- berson, Mills, and Schleicher were re-elected to Congress, along with Olin Wellborn from the Third District, and George W. Jones from the F"ifth. Mr. Schleicher having died in a few Ok AN M. Roberts. Gkorgk F. Moore. supreme Court Congressmen in 1878 394 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Pi-KioD VIII. months, Culuinl>us Upson was elected to the vacancy in April, skcond 1870. Governor Roberts was re-elected in 1880, with L. T. Pkriod of ' '' _ . . Statehood Storey as lieutenant-govcrnor, defeating- E. J. Davis, Republican, and W. H. Ham man, Greenbacker. At that election all the Congressmen were re-elected. There was much important legislation during Governor Rob- erts's two administrations. When he came into office the finances were somewhat disordered, the public debt had grad- ually increased to over five millions and a half, the expenses exceeded the income, and State warrants were selling at a dis- 1874 TO IS97 Legislation during Gov- ernor Rob- erts's two ad- ministrations Old Cai'ITol at Ausiin. {Burned November, i8Si.) ■' Pay as you go" Cash balance in the treasury count. To remedy these evils, he adopted a policy popularly called "Pay as you go." He accomplished this by reducing all expenses, cutting down the appropriations to the public schools to one-sixth instead of one-fourth of the re\'enues, and by selling the school and public lands at low prices, so as to get them in the hands of private owners who would pay taxes on them. His financial methods proved successful. The State's credit was restored, the schools were taught a longer term for less money than before, and he left a cash l)alance in the treasury of three hundred thousand dollars, after paying all expenses, SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 395 discharging four hundred thousand dollars of the public debt, and reducing iaxes from fifty to thirty cents on the hundred dollars. His administrations were especially noted for activity and improvement in the educational institutions of the State. The Agricultural and Mechanical College was reorganized, the Sam Houston and Prairie View Normal Schools were founded, and the University of Texas was located, organized, and put in operation, most of these events occurring in his second term, from 1880 to 1882. On November 9, 1881, the old capitol was burned, and it was fortunate that already, in 1879, the legisla- ture had provided for selling three million acres of public lands to erect a new State capitol. A contract was finally made by which the land was transferred to a Northern company in exchange for the completed building, the land being valued at one dollar and fifty cents an acre. The capitol was completed under the suc- ceeding administrations of Governors Ireland and Ross. The four years from 1878 to 1882 were prosperous and peaceful. Taxable values increased from two hundred and eighty million dollars to four hundred and ten million dollars, and the popula- tion of the State had grown in proportion. John Ireland and Marion Martin were the Democratic candi- dates for governor and lieutenant-governor in 1882, and they _ were elected in November of that year, defeating George W. Jones and E. W. Morton, the Greenback candidates. The Supreme Court elected in 1882 was com- posed of A. H. Willie, chief justice ; C. S. West and J. W. Stayton, associate justices ; while J. M. Hurt, John P. White, and Samuel A. Willson were elected to the Court of Appeals. The census of 1880 had given Texas eleven Congressmen, and in 1882 the following gentlemen were elected for the several districts, in order : Charles Stewart, John H. Reagan, James H. Jones, D. B. Culberson, J. W. Throckmorton, Olin Wellborn, Pkkiod VHI. SliCOND Period of Statehood 1874 TO 1897 John Ireland. Prosperity and wealth Campaign of 1882 State officers elected Congressmen, 1882 1886 A. H. Willie. ;96 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Tkriod VUI. Skcond Pkriod of Statehood i'874 TO IS97 Democratic victory in United States, Ireland's two administra- tions Free grass and Itntc-cutting Land grants to public institu- tions Creation of many public boards Alamo bought Thomas P. Ochiltree, James F. Miller, R. O. Mills, John Han- cock, S. W. T. Lanham ; and they were all re-elected in 1884, except Mr. Ochiltree and Judge Hancock, who were succeeded by W. H. Grain and Joseph D. Sayers. Governor Ireland was re-elected in 1884, with Barnett Gibbs as lieutenant-governor, again defeating the Greenback candidate, George W. Jones. It was in that year that the Democratic party in the United States elected a President and Vice-President, the first time since 1856. Grover Cleveland and Thomas A. Hendricks were the successful candidates. Governor Ireland's two administrations were prosperous and progressive. His policies differed in some respects from those of his predecessor. He withdrew the public and school lands from sale on the terms before offered, and they were to be sold for two dollars an acre, on thirty years' time. Under the land laws adopted in his first administration, a large stock ranch might and often did inclose smaller tracts of land owned and cultivated by different persons. When the large tract was fenced up for miles, there was great difiiculty in getting in and out through the country. This, to- gether with the regulations against free grazing on public lands, gave rise to a dangerous and lawless jtiactice known as " Fence-cutting." The wire fences were cut and destroyed by persons who considered their rights interfered with by the laws, and the evil became so great as to recjuire a special session of the legislature to suppress it. Two millions of acres of land were granted to the University and public schools ; great improvements were made in the various asylums and penal institutions ; taxes were reduced to seventeen and a half cents on the hundred dollars, and many boards w&Yft created to look after special interests. The ofifice of superintendent of I)ublic instruction was restored during Governor Ireland's first administration. The Alamo was purchased by the State and Main Hrn.mNi;, Univkrsity oi- Tkxas. SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 597 intrusted to the care of the citizens of San Antonio ; the corner- stone of the new capitol was laid with impressive ceremonies on March 2, 1885 ; and the University was formally opened on September 15, 1883, although teaching in some of its depart- ments had begun at an earlier date. The main branch and law department of the University were located, by the election of 1 88 1, at Austin, and the medical department at Galveston. On September i, 1886, Sawnie Robertson was appointed to the Supreme Court, Judge West having retired on account of his health. Period VIII. Second Period of Statehood 1874 to 1897 QUESTIONS. What can you say of the new era inau.sjurated with the election of Governor Coke ? What is universally true of a peaceful and prosiierous land? When were the new .State officers, succeeding Reconstruction, installed? Describe the scene and events attending their installation. In what condition did the Fourteenth Legislature find the affairs of the Slate government? What was the amount of the public debt? What measures were adopted by the legislature to remedy existing evils ? W'hat compromise was effected with the International and Great Northern Railroad ? What was done to suppress lawlessness and protect the fron- tier ? When was a Constitutional Convention held, and what did it do ? When was the new Constitution ratified by the people, and what was done at the same election ? Who were elected State officers at that elec- tion ? How was the Supreme Court constituted by this election ? What otlier court of last resort was created by the Constitution of 1876, and who were elected judges of that court at the election in February, 1876? How was the Supreme Court composed from 1874 to 1876, and give the names of the several judges who sat in that court during that period? How many Congressmen were elected from Texas in 1872, and who were they? Who were elected to Congress in 1874? Who was elected to the United States Senate in 1874? Who in 1876? Who in 1881 ? Who w'ere the Senators until 1895? Explain the various times at which, and terms for which, these gentlemen took their seats in the .Senate. When and why did Governor Coke resign ; who then became governor, and for how long ? What provisions did tiie new State Constitution make for public free schools ? Explain the difference between the permanent and the available school funds. What provisions were made for a State Uni- versity ? What about the Agricultural and Mechanical College ? How ;98 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 1S97 Pkriod VIII. have all those provisions been carried out? How many Federal judges Sf.cond vvere there in Texas from 1858 to that time (1876), and give the names c "^ , „„„ of the judges in the several districts? Who were elected to Congress oTAThHOOD j ct ... — in November, 1S76? What action did the Fifteenth Legislature take for ' "^ revising the laws, and who were appointed for that purpose? What was that revision called? When did the "Greenback Party" make its first appearance, what did it do, and when did it reach its greatest strength in Te.xas ? What did it advocate ? When and where did the State Demo- cratic convention of 1878 meet? Who were candidates for nomination for governor in that convention? Describe what occurred in nominating a candidate for governor, and who was nominated? Who was nominated for lieutenant-governor? What was the result of the November elections in 1878? Who were the candidates for governor on opposing tickets? Who were elected to the Supreme Court at that election, and e.xplain the change that took place in the court? Who were elected to Congress, and what change took place in the Fourth district soon afterwards? Who were candidates for governor and lieutenant-governor in 18S0, and what was the result of the election that year? What Congressmen were elected in 1880? What was the condition of the State's finances when Governor Roberts came into office in January, 1879? What legislation was passed in his administrations affecting the public treasury and pul)lic lands? What policy did he adopt, and with what success? For what were his administrations specially noted ? What educational institutions were developed by him and his legislatures, and in what years? When was the old capitol burned ? What provisions had already been made for a new State capitol ? Explain the contract for that purpose. When was the new capitol completed ? What was the general condition during the four years from 1878 to 1882? What increase took place in taxable values and populati(jn ? Who were the opposing candidates for governor and lieutenant-governor in 1882, and what was the result of the election? How vvere the Su[)reme Court and Court of Appeals constituted by that election ? How many Congressmen did Texas ha\e under the census of iSSo, and who were elected in 1882? Who in 1884? Who were elected governor and lieutenant-governor in 1884, and whom did they defeat? What occurred that year in the Federal elections ? What was the charac- ter of Governor Ireland's two administrations? What were his policies in regard to the public lands ? What trouble arose under the land laws adopted in his first administration ? Explain "fence-cutting," and what was done to stop it? Give an outline of the most important legislation during Ireland's two terms as governor. What State office was restored ? What important historical purchase was made by the State? What interesting public ceremonies occurred, and on what dates ? When, where, and how were the several departments of the State l^niversity located? When were the main and law departments formally opened? What change occurred in the Supreme Court in September, 1886? SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 399 Topical Analysis. 1. Reformation in the State government, to restore it to a soimd, prosperous, and economical basis ; reduction of expenses and taxes ; improvement in educational affairs ; wise and provident management of public lands ; erection of a new State capitol ; opening of the State University ; great increase in population and taxable values. 2. Complete reorganization of the government, under the Constitution of 1876, extending and amplifying all the functions and institutions of the government ; a revision of the statute laws ; developiuent of all the interests and industries of the State and its people. Period VIII. Second Period of Statehood i's74 TO 1897 Parallel Readings. Scarff's "Comprehensive History of Texas" (1897), Vol. II., Part HI.: O. M. Roberts's "Political, Legislative, and Judicial History of Texas, 1845-1895," Part VI. : " F"ifty Years of Material, Social, and General Growth," by Dudley G. Wooten ; Brown's " History of Texas," \'<)1. 11. Agricultikai. and Mkchanical College, Hryan, Texas. Main Building. Ross Hall. CHAPTER XXVI. Administrations of Governors Ross and Hogg; Legislation against Corporations ; The Populist Party. Period VIII. Skcond Phriod of Statkhgod 1874 TO I.S97 fi L. S. Ross Prohibition campaign in 1887 T the November election, 1886, General L. S. Ross and T. B. Wheeler were the Democratic candidates for governor and lieutenant-governor, and they, with the entire ticket, were elected, defeating the Repub- lican and Prohibition candidates by a majority of over one hun- dred and fifty thousand votes. At the same election, R. R. Gaines was elected to the Supreme Court, while Charles Stewart, W. H. Martin, R. O. Mills, D. B. Culberson, Silas Hare, Jo Abbott, C.^B. Kilgore, S. W. T. Lanham, W. H. Crain, L. W. Moore, and Joseph D. Sayers were chosen as the Texas Congressmen. Governor Ross and Lieutenant-Governor Wheeler were re- elected in November, 1888, at which time also John W. Stayton was elected chief justice of the Supreme Court, with R. R. Gaines and John L. Henry as asso- ciate justices, and the same Congressmen were re- elected. Governor Ross's two administrations were singu- larly peaceful, and the whole State was quiet and . prosperous. The new State capitol was completed and dedicated oh May 16, 1888, with great ceremony, there being an international military drill, in which the volunteer com- panies of Texas and other States and regular United States trooi)S took part, to the number of several thousands. In the summer of 1887 there occurred an election on the adoption of a Constitutional Amendment to prohibit the manu- facture, sale, and importation of intoxicating liquors in Texas. The camj^aign which preceded it was intensely exciting and 4 Of J SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 401 aroused great enthusiasm throughout the State. Nearly every leading man in the State took part on one side or the other, and the interest was in some respects more universal than on any public question since the war. The amendment was defeated by a vote of 129,270 for and 220,627 against it. During Gov- ernor Ross's administrations laws were passed requiring the attorney-general to institute legal proceedings to compel rail- roads and other corporations to comply more strictly with their corporate duties and obligations. Texas has ever been most liberal in her encouragement of railroads, and has granted them many millions of acres of land since the first law was passed for that purpose in 1854. They. have been of great benefit to the State, but they have been gener- ously paid for all they have ever contributed to the welfare of Texas. In return, they have not always shown a disposition to comply with the laws or to respect the rights and interests of the people, and when they have had the advantage of the government in any manner they have not failed to improve it to the uttermost. By illegal and fraudulent methods in years past the railroads had obtained large quantities of land to which they were not entitled by law, and under Ross's administrations Attorney-General James S. Hogg was industrious and earnest in his efforts to recover these lands, and to otherwise enforce the laws against the railroads and other corporations. About this time, also, the question of regulating freight rates on railroads began to be discussed, and soon be- came a controlling issue in State politics. Passenger rates had been reduced to three cents a mile, and it was believed that the charges for freight transportation could be justly lessened without injury to the railroads. The formation of combinations between various corporations, in order to create monopolies, called "trusts," was also an evil against which legislation and the action of the government began to be exerted, and likewise the issuance of fictitious bonds and stocks by railroads, so as to absorb all their capital and destroy their usefulness. At this time (1889) the Farmers Alliance, an association originating among the farmers of the State for social and industrial pur- 26 Period VIII. Second Period of Statehood 1S74 TO 1897 Railroad pol- icy of Texas K y. Mills. Regulation of freight rates, " trusts," and fictitious bonds Origin of the " Farmers' Alliance" 402 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period Vlll. Skcond Period of Statehood 1874 TO IS97 poses, l)cg-an to make its influence felt in politics, and it was arrayed on the side of regulating and restraining railroad and other corporations within such limits as to protect the people against unjust and arbitrary acts on the part of those creatures of the government. All these questions entered into the campaign of 1890. At- torney-General Hogg became a candidate for governor, on the proposition that Texas must rule the corporations or they would rule and ruin the people. He was nomi- nated by the Democratic State Convention in August, 1890, George C. Pendleton being the nominee for lieutenant-governor. The entire Democratic ticket was elected in November by a majority of one hun- dred and sixty-eight thousand, and at the same time an amendment to the Constitution was adopted, authorizing the legislature to create a Commission to regulate railroads. At that election the old Con- gressmen were all re-elected except Silas Hare, who ,^_^_ was succeeded by J. W. Bailey, and W. H. Martin, who was succeeded by J. B. Long. The legislature at once established a Railroad Commission to be appointed by the governor, and Governor Hogg appointed on the first Com- mission, John H. Reagan, W. P. McLean, _ _ and L. L. Foster. Judge Reagan was then in the United States Senate, having been elected in 1887 to succeed General Maxey. He resigned from the Senate, and Horace Chilton was appointed United States Sen- U;^s. Senators, ator in his stead, April 25, 1891. Subse- quently, Roger Q. Mills was elected by the legislature to fill out the unexpired term, and was re-elected to a full term in .\_ C • r^ -w -1 ^ IIoKAC K (Mil TON. the Senate m 1893. In 1895, when Sen- ator Coke retired, Mr. Chilton was elected to a full term in the United States Senate. By an amendment to the Constitution, adopted at the elec- tion in 1890, the entire judicial system of the State was reorgan- ized, so far as the higher courts are concerned. By legislation Railroad Commission established 1887- 1897 Reorganiza- tion of the judicial sys- tem in I 8qo SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 403 1874 TO 1897 passed under that amendment there have been created a Supreme Period viii. Court composed of three iud<>es, sittino- at Austin ; a Court of Second ' ... Period of Criminal Appeals, three judges, sitting at Austin, Tyler, and statehood Dallas ; five intermediate Courts of Civil Appeals, sitting at Austin, San Antonio, Galveston, Fort Worth, and Dallas, and composed of three judges each. The Supreme Court, as consti- tuted in 1890, was composed of John W. Stay ton, chief justice, R. R. Gaines, and John L. Henry. Judge Henry resigned in 1893, and Thomas J. Brown was appointed in his place. On July 5, 1894, Chief Justice Stayton died, and Judge Gaines was promoted to the chief-justiceship, while Leroy G. Denman was appointed associate justice. At the election in November, 1894, Chief Justice Gaines and Justices Brown and Denman were elected to the Supreme Bench, and Judge Denman was re-elected in 1896. The Court of Criminal Appeals, in 1891, was composed of J. M. Hurt, W. L. Davidson, and E. J. Simkins. In 1894, John N. Henderson suc- ceeded Judge Simkins, and the whole court as thus constituted was re-elected in 1896. The five Courts of Civil Appeals, as finally constituted in 1893, were composed Courts of Civil as follows : First District, at Galveston, C. C. Garrett, chief ^^^^ ^ justice, F. A. Williams, H. C. Pleasants ; Second District, at Fort Worth, B. D. Tarleton, chief justice, H. O. Head, I. W. Stephens ; Third Dis- trict, at Austin, H. C. Fisher, chief justice, W. E. Collard and W. M. Key ; Fourth District, at San Antonio, J. H. James, chief justice, H. H. Neill, W. S. Fly ; Fifth District, at Dallas, H. W. Light- foot, chief justice, N. W. Finley-, Anson Rainey. In 1895, Judge Head resigned in the Second District and Sam T. Hunter was appointed to the vacancy, and was p ,■ ■ j- regularly elected in 1896. Governor In his first administration. Governor Hogg pursued fear- H°eg's first . '^'^ ^ administra- lessly and consistently the policy laid down in his campaign tion John W. Stayton. Rki'rkn R. Gaines. 404 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period VI II. SliCOND Pkriod of Statehood 1874 TO 1897 Corporations aroused against him Also, the conservative element Democratic State Conven- tion at Hous- ton in August, 189a Divides into two conven- tions and in the platform on which he was elected. Extensive and radical laws were passed for the regulation of corporations, to prevent trusts and monopolies, to prohibit alien ownership of land, and generally to control and abridge the power of large moneyed and corporate interests. This course of conduct aroused great opposition to him in certain quarters. The corpora- tions, of course, would naturally resent the effort to regulate their business and control their exactions. Besides these, very many conservative men objected to the methods pursued by the gov- ernor and his legislatures. It was believed that the continual war and agitation against railroads and corporations were in- juring the State, driving away foreign immigration and invest- ments, and crippling the growth and prosperity of the country. Hence arose a very formidable and determined opposition to Governor Hogg's re-election. The campaign of 1892 began early in May, and it was the most exciting political contest the State had ever witnessed. George Cferk was the candidate of all the elements opposed to Hogg. He was the logical choice of the corporations, and the conservative element sup- ported him, hoping to defeat Hogg and elect some third man less extreme than either of them. On the Clark side the cam- paign motto was "Turn Texas Loose," while the governor's supporters rallied under the banner of "Hogg and the Com- mission." The Democratic State Convention met in Houston in August, 1S92. P>om what had preceded, it was almost certain there would ]>e trouble in that body. There were charges of fraud in the selection of delegates on both sides, the attendance on the convention was unprecedented in magnitude, the weather was intensely hot, and the condition of men's minds and tempers scarcely less so. A disinite arose upon the call of the roll for the election of temporary chairman, indescribable confusion and Sam Houston Normal School, Huiitsville. SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 405 discord ensued, and out of the seething, wrangHng, angry, and Period viii. uncontrollable multitude of delegates two conventions were , ' '"-'-"'^" " PliRIOI) OK organized, called the "Car-stable" and "Turner Hall" con- Statkhood ventions, from the buildings in which they assembled. James 1S74 S, Hogg and M. M. Crane were nominated for governor and '^'^ lieutenant-governor by the " Car-stable Convention," which was _ afterwards generally recognized as the regular Democratic or- Governor ganization, while George Clark and C. M. Rogers were nomi- na°edb°"the nated for the same offices by the ' ' Tui'ner Hall' ' meeting. The regular con- campaign that followed until November was more or less enthu- '^^"^^°" siastic, but the heat of passion subsided, and Democrats began George ciark to realize the folly of such disagreements within the lines of their ^f ^he"oppo- own party. A presidential campaign was in progress, in which sition the Democracy had strong hopes of success, and this served Subsequent very much to reconcile many men to the suj)port of the regular '^^'"P^'S" nominees. The coinage ol It was in this year that the coinage question became an issue ^° *",-.^' V^ -' o> 2 as a political in Texas politics. As a rule, the supporters of Governor Hogg issue in Tex. s favored a decided and explicit declara- tion in favor of the free coinage of silver and gold by the Federal government, at the ratio of sixteen to one ; while the Clark men generally contended for a modified demand for the equal coinage of both metals at such j-atio as would insure their parity and circulation as money at par. Governor Hogg and his ticket were vic- torious at the polls in November, but not medicai. department ok university. by a majority vote. There was another political party, lately organized in Texas, whose candidates re- The Popuiist ceived a large vote. This was the People's Party, or Populists, ^^^ ^ as they came to be called. Their platform of principles was a protest against the conduct of both the Democratic and Repub- lican parties, declared in favor of paper money based on the credit of the government, demanded the government ownership of railroads and telegraph lines, and was generally opposed to the growing evils of the money and corporation interests. Their candidates for governor and lieutenant-governor were Thomas 4o6 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period VIII. Second Period of Statehood i874 TO 1897 Governor Hogg's second administra- tion Congressional elections in 1892 In 1894 L. Nugent and Marion Martin. The vote for governor in No- vember was : Hogg, 190,486 ; Clark, 133,395 ! Nugent, 108,483. In the Federal election in the United States for 1892 the Democrats were successful, electing Grover Cleveland President and Adlai E. Stevenson Vice-President. Governor Hogg's second administration was not materially different from the first, and there was no incident of special im- portance in its history. There was a firm adherence to the policies followed during his former term and on which he had been re-elected. Towards the close of his second administra- tion, however, it became evident that the finances of the State were not in good condition. The government was not able to meet its expenses out of its income, and State warrants could not be paid in cash. Under the census of 1890, Texas was entitled to thirteen Congressmen, and in 1892 the State was reapportioned into that number of districts. At the election in November of that year the following Democrats were elected to Congress from the several districts in the order named : J. C. Hutcheson, S. B. Cooper, C. B. Kilgore, D. B. Culberson, J. W. Bailey, Jo Abbott, George C. Pendleton, C. K. Bell, J. D. Sayers, Walter Gresham, W. H. Crain, Thomas M. Paschal, J. V. Cockrell. In 1894, all these gentlemen were re-elected except Kilgore, Gresham, and Paschal, who were then succeeded by C. H. Yoakum, Miles Crowley, and George H. Noonan (Republican). QUESTIONS. Who were elected governor and lieutenant-governor in 18S6, and by what majority? Who was then elected chief justice of the Supreme Court ? Who were the Congressmen selected ? What State officers and Congressmen were elected in 1888 ? What was the character of Governor Ross's two administrations? When was the new capitol finished and dedicated, and with what ceremonies? What exciting campaign and election occurred in 1887? Describe the nature and interest of that con- test. What was the vote on prohibition ? What laws affecting corpora- tions were passed in Ross's administrations? What has been the policy of Texas towards railroads, and what has heeu llieir disposition and con- SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD, 407 duct towards the State ? What efforts were made by Attorney-General Hogg to recover lands fraudulently acquired by railroads ? What other question at that time began to excite public attention and became a po- litical issue ? What was sought to be done to regulate freight rates on railroads ? What other evils connected with corporations existed and were attempted to be prevented by law? What noted organization sprang up in Texas in 1889, and what were its objects ? How did it figure in politics? How did all these questions afTect the campaign of 1890? Who was the Democratic candidate for governor that year, and what were his views on these public issues? Who was the candidate for lieutenant-governor with him ? What was the result of the election ? Who were the Congressmen elected at that time ? What important com- mission was appointed by Governor Hogg, and whom did he appoint ? What change occurred in regard to Texas's representation in the United States Senate in consequence of this action ? How long did Mr. Chilton hold his seat in the Senate, and who succeeded him ? Explain subsequent elections of United States Senators until 1895. What important constitu- tional amendment was adopted in 1890 affecting the judicial system of the State? Explain the system of higher courts established under that amendment. What changes occurred in the composition of the Supreme Court from 1890 to 1896? How was the Court of Criminal Api)eals con- stituted from 1891 to 1896? Give the locations and designations of the live Courts of Civil Appeals, and the judges composing each, from 1S93 to 1S96. What was Governor Hogg's conduct during his first adminis- tration? What important legislation was enacted at that time? Wiiat effect did these things have upon the political attitude of the corporations and their friends ? What other element was arrayed against the governor and his policies, and why? W^hat influence did this opposition have on the campaign of 1892 in Texas? Who were the opposing candidates for governor, and by what elements were they respectively supported? What were the campaign mottoes ? When and where did the Demo- cratic State Convention meet that year ? Describe what occurred at thai convention. Who were the nominees for governor and lieutenant- governor put out by the two opposing factions ? What developed in the ensuing campaign? What influenced Democrats to stick to their party that year? What Federal issue became an issue at that time in Texas l)olitics? Explain the attitude of the Hogg and Clark men on that cjues- tion. Who was successful at the election in November? What new jiolitical party appeared in that campaign? W^hat was its platform? Who were its candidates ? Give the result of the votes for the several candidates in 1892. Who were elected President and Vice-President in that year? W^hat were the character and policy of Governor Hogg's second administration ? What difficulties arose towards its close ? How many Congressmen was Texas entitled to by the census of 1890? Who were elected to Congress in 1892 ? Who in 1894 ? Period VIII. Second Period of Statehood 1874 to 1897 4o8 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period VIII. Second Pkriod ok Statehood 1874 TO- 1897 Topical Analysis. 1. General prosperity and advancement of the State. 2. Introduction of new political issues and influences, such as : (a) The attempt to restrain the inordinate power and the oppressive exactions of corporations and " trusts." (d) The effort to regulate transportation rates over railroads, and to prevent the fraudulent issuance of stock and bonds as the basis for exor- bitant freight charges. {f) The money question, as involved in the coinage of gold and silver, and the financial policy of the Federal government. 3. These issues disturb the harmony of existing party relations, give rise to political excitement, and tend to disrupt the old political parties and to create new ones, — the object of all the agitation being to find a remedy against the growing power of corporations and combined wealth. Roberts's "Political History," Part III prehensive History of Texas" ( 1897). Parallel Readings. \'ul. II., of Scarff's " Coni- Ham llh.li SciioiiL, {;al\c;Uun. CHAPTER XXVII. Governor Culberson's Administrations ; Campaigns of 1894 and i8g6; Reduction of Public Expenses; General Progress and Prosperity of the State ; Death of Distinguished Men. Period VIII. Second Period of Statehood 1874 to 1897 IN the campaign of 1894, Charles A. Culberson, who was attorney-general during Governor Hogg's two administra- tions, John H. Reagan, John D. McCall, and S. W. T. Lanham were candidates for the Democratic nomination for governor. Of these Mr. Culberson was the youngest, but his service as attorney-general had attested his abilities, while his views on public questions were known to be, in the main, the same as those of his popular predeces- sor. Judge Reagan's career had been one of singu- lar and signal distinction, extending through forty years of eventful and trying experience in high public station, and identified with much that endeared him to the hearts of the people. Mr. McCall had evi- denced his good sense and practical capacity as State comptroller for several years ; while Colonel Lanham had served in Congress with credit and success. After a spirited canvass, the convention met in Dallas in August, and Mr. Culberson was nominated, with George T. Jester for lieutenant-governor. This convention, however, after a considerable debate, abolished the two-thirds rjde in making nominations, which rule had been adhered to in Texas since the first Democratic State convention in 1857. There was also a long and very able debate on the adoption of the plat- form for the Democracy in that campaign. The principal point Debate on the of difference was in reference to the money or coinage question. ^°^*^ '^"^^ One side advocated the adoption of the declaration contained in the National Democratic Platform of 1892, which was understood 409 ChARLI-S a. Cll.nhKbON. Two-thirds rule abolished 4IO A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period VIII. Second Period of Statehood ]S74 TO 1897 Campaign of 1894 Governor Cul- berson's first administra- tion Thomas L. Nugent Special ses- sion on the prize-fight Campaign of i8g6 Universal dis- content and agitation to be in favor of the single gold standard ; while the other favored a declaration for the/r*?^ and unlimited coinage of gold and silver at the ratio of sixteen to one. The gold standard men won the fight amid great enthusiasm. In the ensuing campaign the Democrats were opposed by a Populist and two Republican tickets for State officers. Judge Nugent and Marion Martin were again the Populist candidates for governor and lieutenant-governor, while the Republicans were divided into two factions, called "Lily-Whites" and " Black- and-Tans. " The vote stood: Culberson, 207,167; Nugent, 152,731 ; Makemson (Black-and-Tan), 54,520; Schmitz (Lily- White), 5026. Governor Culberson's first administration was uneventful, but conservative, wise, and stable. He was greatly embarrassed by the financial condition of the State when he assumed control of the government, and it required great caution and economy to conduct affairs so as to avoid serious trouble. At the election in 1894, amendments to the Con- ■ stitution were adopted, making the Railroad Com- mission elective, and authorizing appropriations to support the "Home for Confederate Soldiers." The efforts of the administration were directed towards re- ducing expenses, collecting delinquent taxes, and com- pelling corporations which derive large revenues from the State to pay a reasonable tax for their franchises and business. An incident of the administration was a special session of the legislature, in October, 1895, to pass a law to prevent a notable prize-fght that was threatened at Dallas, to the scandal of the civilization and laws of Texas. The political campaign of 1896, State and Federal, was one of unusual activity and interest. Since the dissensions at the State convention of 1892, two factions had existed in the Demo- cratic party of Texas, mainly on the coinage question, which was strictly an issue of Federal politics. This division also existed to some extent throughout the Union. The growth of the great corporations, and their combinations in the form of "trusts;" the accumulation of vast wealth in the hands of a few persons, SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 411 by that means and the protective tariff ; the controlHng influence of these agencies in shaping the financial pohcies of the Federal government ; the growing discontent of the laboring and agricul- tural masses, especially in the West and South, caused by low wages, low prices, and general depression of business and indus- try, — all these things contributed to produce a wide-spread dis- satisfaction with existing conditions, and a consequent weakening of old party ties, both locally and nationally. The course of President Cleveland during his second administration had dis- gusted and alienated the bulk of his party, and the Democracy Period VIII. Second Period ok Statehood 1874 to 1897 President Cleveland's conduct CONIEUEKATE SoLUlERS' HOME, AuStill, TcxaS. was in danger of great disorganization. It was this state of The Populists affairs that had caused the formation and sudden strength of the Populist party in Texas and elsewhere. In both the pre- ceding State campaigns that political organization had exhibited great vitality and power, under the leadership of Thomas L. Thomas l. Nugent, a man of ability, purity of character, and very plausi- "^^"* ble in his presentation of the new theories of the Populists. His death, in 1895, transmitted the headship of the party in Texas to Jerome C. Kearby, a prominent and able lawyer of Dallas. There were no issues in 1896 of controlling importance in State politics, but, it being the occasion of a presidential election, all interest centred on Federal questions. A state- 412 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period VIII. Second Period of Statehood 1874 to Issues in the national cam- paign of i8g6 W.J. Bryan Free silver platform Bolting Demo- crats Republicans merit of those questions is necessary to an understanding of the situation. The Democratic National Convention met in Chicago on July 7, and the fight between the Free Silver and Gold Standard Democrats was earnest and bitter, the former constituting the great majority of the delegates, while the latter were mostly Northern and Eastern men, led by David B. Hill and William C. Whitney, of New York. A spirited and eloquent debate occurred on the adoption of the party platform, the point of dis- pute being the declaration for "the free and unlimited coinage of both silver and gold at the ratio of sixteen to one, without waiting for the aid or consent of any other nation." In closing that discussion, William J. Bryan, of Nebraska, speaking for the aiifirmative, delivered a speech of phenomenal power and dramatic effect. He had not previously been a candidate for the Presi- dency, but so completely did his address capture the convention, and so thoroughly did it embody the prevailing sentiments of the assembled delegates, that he was nominated on the first ballot. The vote adopting the free silver platform was 628 ayes, 301 nays. The convention refused to indorse Mr. Cleveland's administration by a vote of 357 aj'cs to 564 ?iays. The platform, besides the declaration on the money question, contained declara- tions opposing the issuance of United States bonds in time of peace ; against national banks and bank-notes ; denouncing a protective tariff, but advising that that issue be not agitated until the coinage issue was settled ; favoring an income tax by the general government ; deprecating the unwarranted interference of the Federal authorities in local and State affairs, and the unconstitutional acts of Federal judges ; and the other usual fundamental doctrines of the Democratic faith. The Gold .Standard Democrats, who had been thus defeated in the con- vention, bolted the platform and nominees of their party, and met at Indianapolis on SeptemlxT 2, where they nominated John M. Palmer, of Illinois, and Simon B. Buckncr, of Kentucky, for President and Vice-President. The Republican National Convention met at St. Louis on June 16, and nominated William McKinley, of Ohio, and Gar- rett A. Hobart, of New Jersey, for President and Vice-President. SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 4^3 The platform issued was the usual Republican declaration, favor- ing a high protective tarif!, pensions to Union soldiers, and, on the money question, it proclaimed in favor of " the existing gold standard" until the free coinage of silver could be obtained by " the international agreement of the leading commercial nation's of the world." When this last declaration was adopted, Sena- tors Henry M. Teller, of Colorado, Fred T. Dubois, of Idaho, and other advocates of free silver withdrew from the convention. On July 22, the so-called " National Silver Party" met in St. Louis, composed of many free silver Republicans and some Democrats and Populists. They simply indorsed the Demo- cratic ticket that had been nominated at Chicago. The Populist National Convention met at the same time and place, and after a stormy session, in which the Texas delegation took a leading part, as "middle-of-the-road" Populists (by whom were meant those opposed io fusion with any other party), it indorsed Bryan for President, and nominated Thomas E. Watson, of Georgia, for Vice-President. By a peculiar freak the usual order of pro- ceeding was reversed, and the Vice-President was nominated first. The platform was made up of the characteristic Populist demands on all public questions. Thus, practically, Mr. Bryan was supported by all the ele- ments favoring the free coinage of silver, while Mr. McKinley, directly or indirectly, received the support of all who opposed that policy. In Texas the sentiment was largely one way, — in favor of the Democratic candidate for President ; although the Republicans developed a healthier strength than at any previous period since Reconstruction days. The Populist State Convention met at Galveston on August 5, 1896, and nominated a full State ticket, with Jerome C. Kearby for governor and H. S. P. ("Stump") Ashby for lieutenant- governor. The Democratic State Convention met in Fort Worth on August 18, and the entire list of State of^cers was nominated for re-election, except that Allison Mayficld was put forward to fill the vacancy on the Railroad Commission. The platform contained the customary Democratic declarations, with several demands for legislation on local issues, such as the regulation of official fees, reformation of the criminal laws and procedure, Period VIII. Second Period of Statehood 1874 TO 1897 National Silver Party National Pop- ulist Conven- tion The practical situation State conven- tions of Pop- ulists and Democrats State Demo- cratic platform 414 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period VIII. Second Period ok Statehood 1874 TO 1897 Fusion The canvass in Texas Results of the elections, No- vember 3, 1896 Character of the campaign abolition of the convict lease system, reduction of freight rates, and the enactment of laws for reduction of expenses in the government. The Republican State Convention met at Fort Worth on September 9. It made no nominations for State officers, but appointed an executive committee whose duty was understood to be to work mainly for the Republican national ticket, and, if possible, to secure the Populist support of McKin- ley in exchange for the Republican support of Kearby. The small faction of Republicans called "Lily-Whites," however, did nominate a full State ticket, headed by Henry B. Cline, of Harris County. With the foregoing array of candidates and complications, the canvass until the November elections was necessarily earnest and sometimes confusing. The small fragment of bolting Demo- crats who favored the gold standard generally voted for the Populist candidate for governor, and many of them supported the Republican national ticket. The Populists were badly con- fused and demoralized by the peculiar ticket they had put out at St. Louis, and all kinds of political bargains, fusions, and coalitions were made or attempted to be made during the cam- paign. At the election on November 3, 1896, the entire Demo- cratic State ticket was elected, and the electoral vote of Texas was cast for Bryan for President. The vote for governor stood thus : Culberson, 298,528, Kearby, 238,692 ; for lieutenant- governor : Jester, 306,244, Ashby, 230,863. The vote in Texas for President and Vice-President was as follows : Bryan and Scwall electors, 284,953 ; McKinley and Hobart electors, 160,- 695 ; Bryan and Watson electors, 78,129 ; Palmer and Buckner electors, 4861. The vote in the whole United States showed this result: For McKinley, popular vote, 7,107,822, or 271 electoral votes; for Bryan, popular vote, 6,511,073, electoral votes, 176 ; for Palmer, popular vote, 133,800 ; for Levering, Prohibitionist, 130,683. No national campaign since the War had aroused such univer- sal public interest, and the result was for a long time regarded as very doubtful. The excitement in Texas was not so intense as in the Prohibition canvass of 1887 or the Hogg-Clark contest of 1892, but the activity of all parties was immense, and, although SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 415 the result of the vote in this State was never uncertain, the cam- tkriod viii. paign was conducted with energy and enthusiasm. Perio'^ of The Twenty-fifth Legislature convened in regular session Statehood on January 12, 1897, and L. T. Dashiell, of Leon County, was ' 1874 elected speaker of the lower house. The inauguration ceremo- '^° nies occurred at the usual time, and the governor's message was _i: practical and conservative. He recommended the passage of Twenty-fifth laws in accordance with the platform demands of his party in jan^uary-jmie the recent campaign, and the labors of the body were directed 1897 to the accomplishment of those ends. The regular session was a very stormy and unsatisfactory one, much time being fruitlessly Regular consumed in the discussion of a bill to regulate assignments by insolvent debtors, a bill to reduce and equalize the fees of county ofificers, a bill to abolish what was known as ' ' the fellow-servant doctrine" in the matter of the liability of railroads for personal injuries to their employes, and the deficiency and general appro- priation bills. The session continued the full ninety days allowed by the Constitution, and just as the time expired the governor vetoed the general appropriation bill, for several substantial reasons. This necessitated an extra or special session of the Special legislature, which was accordingly convened the next day. May ^^^^'°" 22. That session also continued for the thirty days permitted by law, adjourning on June 19. Its labors were devoted to fin- ishing the work begun at the regular session. During the two Governor's sessions of the Twenty-fifth Legislature, Governor Culberson ^^'°^^ found it necessary to veto quite a number of the bills passed by the two houses, and in every instance his action was apparently approved by the people of the State, as well as acquiesced in by the legislature itself. The most important acts of a general important nature passed by this legislature were the following : Providing s^"^""^' '^^^ for a uniform system of text-books in the public schools of the State, to take effect in 1898 ; reforming the criminal code and procedure, so as to avoid many technical defects in the trial of criminals and secure more prompt execution of the laws ; a fee bill, to reduce and regulate the official fees of county officers ; giving to foreign corporations the same rights in the manage- ment of their property that are enjoyed by domestic coq^ora- tions ; modifying and limiting the "fellow-servant doctrine" in 4i6 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period VIII. Second Period of Statkhood 1874 ' TO 1897 Constitutional amendments Success and prosperity of Culberson's administra- tions Reduction in expenses Collection of taxes Congressmen Greer County case suits for personal injuries against railroads, and several laws affecting the sale of the public school lands. An act was also passed for the purchase of the battle-field of San Jacinto. Several joint resolutions for amending the Constitution were attempted to be passed, the most important of which was one providing for the issue of bonds and the levy of local taxes for irrigation purposes in the arid counties of the State, which was adopted, and was defeated by a vote of the people in August, 1897. Aside from the general prevalence of ' ' hard times' ' through- out the entire country, and the difficulties arising from financial conditions existing at the time he came into office, the adminis- trations of Governor Culberson have been characterized by thrift, prosperity, and peaceful progress. Texas has, perhaps, suffered less from the general depression than most of the other States for the past several years, and, so far as the administration of the State government could conduce to the happiness, welfare, and advancement of the people and all their interests, it has per- formed its full duty acceptably and creditably. During the period since January i, 1895, there have been great reductions in the general expenses of the government, in official fees, and in the cost of transportation over the railroads by the operation of the Railroad Commission. A large deficiency has been paid oft, the public schools have been improved and their terms length- ened, delinquent taxes have been collected promptly and success- fully, and the whole business and financial aspects of the admin- istration have been healthy, practical, and efficient. At the election of 1896, the Congressmen elected for the several districts in their numerical order were as follows : T. H. Ball, S. B. Cooper, R. C. DeGraffenried, J. W. Cranford, J. W. Bailey, R. E. Burke, R. L. Henry, S. T. W. Lanham, J. D. Sayers, R. B. Hawley (Republican), R. J. Kleberg, J W. Slayden, J. H. Stephens. An important event was the decision of the Greer County litigation, by the Supreme Court of the United States, on March 16, 1896. As has been previously seen, the question involved in that suit was as to which of the two forks of the up])er Red Ri\er was the true boundary, as called for in the treaty of 18 19 SFXOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 417 Period VIII. Second Period of Statehood 1874 to 1897 History of the CHEROKEE STRIP ! . i I HEMPHILL ! // between the United States and Spain, defining and establishing the northern boundary of Texas. If the " Prairie-Dog Town" Fork was decided to be the true Hne of Texas, Greer County belonged to the United States, but if the North Fork was adopted, Texas would own that district of country. As a mat- ter of fact, Texas had been in peaceful possession of the country for many years, had organized a county government there, established and supported courts and public free schools, and case exercised all the jurisdiction that she did over any other county in the State. Even the United States had practically recognized it as part of Texas by placing it as one of the counties of the Northern Judicial District of Texas. But for some reason, not now obvious, the public men of Texas began to agitate the question of title and ownership. After several times attempting to arbitrate the question through joint commissions, there being no tribunal having jurisdiction to try the case, a bill was finally introduced and passed in Congress, at the instance of Texas, conferring special jurisdic- tion upon the Supreme Court of the United States to try a suit between the United States and Texas to determine the title to Greer County. After able argument and years of delay, the case was finally decided adversely to the State upon every proposition and contention that had been urged by the lawyers representing her. This litigation furnishes a Foiiyofthe curious example of a person whose possession and title to land are quiet and undisturbed, rushing into court to remove a cloud from his title, and losing his property by the suit. Greer County contained 1,575,680 acres, and the suit was very expensive to the State. An interesting incident occurred at Galveston on February Battleship 20, 1897, being the presentation of a silver service by the gov- 27 HALL I '^^t'^^^^iAM^ .^ ^ 1 ">S.:p^^_^ •MOTLEY j I I COTTLE I ._L J L._..i l::!: Map showing Territory disputed between United States and Texas, called Creer County. 4i8 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period V'lll. Skconu PHRIOD Ol' Statkhood 1874 TO 1897 Death of dis- tinguished men J. W. Throck- morton Sam Bell Maxey ernor, in behalf of the State, to the United States battleship Texas. This magnificent vessel was one of the first two war- ships built by the government for its new navy, and the honor of the name was appropriately recognized by Texas, amid im- posing ceremonies, at the chief seaport city of the State. While the intelligence and enterprise of an energetic people have kept the State abreast with modern civilization, and their hopeful spirit has conquered all adverse circumstances, many of those who in the past have contributed the wealth of their labor and talents to the up-building of Texas have recently been called from the scenes of their toils and their triumphs. In tlue year 1894, at his home in McKinney, Ex-Governor J. W. Throckmor- ton died, at the age of sixty-nine years. His father was one of the first settlers of Collin County, and he himself had devoted his life largely to the defence and development of Texas. Beginning his services as a Texas Ranger, in the Mexican War, he suc- cessively held high rank as a lawyer, was a prominent ofificer in the War for Secession, negotiated important treaties with the Indians, and became governor of the State in 1866, under the operation of Presidential Reconstruction. In that capacity, he labored wisely and successfully to remove the disastrous effects of the war, and to restore peace and prosperity to his people, until removed by the arbitrary order of a military satrap. He afterwards took a leading part in the projection and extension of the early lines of railway in Northern Texas, and in the general encouragement of immigration and industry in the State. He served several terms in Congress, and to the date of his enforced retirement from active life he was a valuable factor in all great public movements, whether in the field of politics or in the direc- tion of business progress for his State. On August 16, 1895, at Eureka Springs, Arkansas, died General S.- B. Maxey, who had been a distinguished citizen of Texas for over forty years. As a young soldier, he won his first laurels in that war by which Texas secured her independence and peace as one of the United States ; later he came from " Old Kentucky' ' to the land he had fought for, and at once became a leader at the bar, an invaluable assistant of every movement for the advancement of his State and section, and a man of wisdom SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 419 Period VIII. Second Period of Statehood 1874 to 1897 and firmness in every public crisis. When the storm of civil strife swept Texas into the great struggle for Secession, he led her soldiers to battle, and won glory for them and himself in many arduous campaigns. At the close of that conflict he returned to his home at Paris, and lent his aid and counsel to- wards rehabilitating the commonwealth, for which he found his reward, when Texas regained her sovereignty, by his elevation to the United States Senate in 1874, to which position he was re-elected in 1880, and for twelve years he rendered practical services to the State and country that have not been surpassed by any one who has ever held the commission of Texas in the Federal legislature. His later years were spent in scholarly retirement at his home, although on all great questions affecting the policies of the government and the welfare of the people his opinions were sought and fearlessly given, to the end of his life. Ex-Governor John Ireland died at San Antonio, on March John Ireland 15, 1896, at the age of sixty-nine. As State Senator after Reconstruction, judge of the Supreme Court, and governor for two terms, he always displayed that rugged vigor of character, Spartan virtue of firmness and honesty, and a blunt simplicity of purpose that had enabled him, in a life of great labor and sacrifice, to win his way from poverty and obscurity to distinction and usefulness in his adopted State. In the summer of the same year, the University of Texas sustained a serious and painful loss in the death of Professor Leslie Waggener, chairman of its faculty. He was one of the original corps of professors in that insti- tution at its organization, in 1883, and had been chairman of the faculty for a number of years before his death. He was a man of finished and profound culture, intensely loyal to the University, and gifted with a rare practical judgment and plain, common sense method of conducting the affairs of the great institution over which he prjesided that were as useful as they are difficult to duplicate. At his death, the Board of Regents, acting under the authority of a recent act of the legislature, created the ofifice of President of the Universit)', which place they filled by the selection of Leslie Waggener. 420 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period VIII. Professoi' Gcorge T. Winston, late of the University of North Carohna. Period of Statehood On February lo, 1896, Congressman WilUam H. Grain died 1874 in Washington City, aged forty-eight years. Mr. Crain was a ™ native Texan, a man of thorough education, high order of _ natural talent, gifted with great eloquence, graceful and cap- tivating in social life, and very popular among his people. His William H. career for ten years in Congress had amply established his rep- utation for ability, and his loss at so early an age was deeply deplored by his friends and by the State at large. At a special election in the summer of 1896, R. J. Kleberg was elected to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Mr. Crain. Richard Coke On May 14, 1S97, at his home in Waco, Ex-Governor and Ex-Senator Richard Coke ended his days, mourned by the whole people of Texas, and followed by the highest evidences of the esteem in which he was universally held. His distinction was due to a remarkably strong and commanding personality, a vigorous and powerful intellect, and an unbending tenacity of purpose in the pursuit of what he conceived to be right. His first public station of prominence was as judge of the Supreme Court in 1866, under Presidential Reconstruction. When the time came for the final struggle to overthrow the corrupt and ruinous system that had grown up under the Davis administra- tion, he was selected as the most suitable leader of the aroused people of Texas. His firmness in the critical moment of transi- tion to free Democratic government attested the wisdom of the choice, and his administration as governor marked the opening of a new era in the development of Texan Statehood. He was elected to the Senate in 1876, was twice re-elected, and volun- tarily retired in 1895. Closing reflec- Thus, in the short space of three years, several of the most notable and useful men of later Texas histor}' have passed from the stage of action. Their ages were not so advanced as to have rendered them no longer useful, and there is a melancholy sig- nificance in the fact that the generation of our later statesmen seems not so long-lived as that which went before. While these men, whose public service and fame belong to the more recent periods in the devel()|)ment of the .State, are thus being gathered tions SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 421 to their fathers, there remain among us some whose youthful vision saw the sunrise of Hberty and independence at San Jacinto, and whose wisdom and valor contributed to the foundation and support of the first free government in Texas. Such are the venerable Ex-Governors O. M. Roberts and Frank R. Lubbock, and that heroic old statesman and patriot, John H. Reagan. Through long and busy lives they have served their State in many and exalted stations ; they have seen the friends and com- rades of their earlier careers pass into history, and now, from the summit of an honorable old age, they are permitted to view the land their labors and sacrifices have blessed and fostered, and to receive the homage and gratitude of the people whose liberties and hai^piness they have cherished and defended. But erelong it may be truthfully said of them all, — "Their part in all the pomp that fills The glory of the summer hills Is that their arraves are trreen." Period VIII. Second Period of Statehood 1874 TO 1897 QUESTIONS. Who were the candidates for governor in 1894, and give a brief ac- count of each ? When and where did the State Democratic Convention meet that year? Who were nominated for governor and lieutenant- governor ? What important rule was abolished by that convention ? On what subject was there an exciting debate, explain the ciuestion debated, and what was the result ? Who were the candidates of the Republicans and Populists in the campaign of 1894 ? Give the vote for each candidate for governor at the elections of that year. What was the character of Governor Culberson's first administration, what difficulties did he have to contend with, and how did he meet them ? What Constitutional amend- ments were adopted at the election of 1894 ? To what subjects was the attention of the administration mainly directed ? When was a special session of the legislature called by Governor Culberson in his first ad- ministration, and for what purpo.«e ? What was the nature of the political campaign, State and F"ederal, in 1896? What two factions of the Demo- cratic party existed in Texas and elsewhere, since when, and on what issue ? Exi^lain the \'arious causes that had operated to produce discon- tent in the country and disorganization among political parties. To the formation and growth of what party had these things contributed ? Who had been the leader of that party in Texas, when did he die, and who 422 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Pkriod Vlll. Second Period of Statehood TO 1897 succeeded him as the head of the party ? What were the controHing issues in the campaign of 1896? When and where did the Democratic National Convention meet that year, and what exciting contest occurred in it ? On what special question did the debate arise, and what was the result ? Who made a notable speech on that occasion, and to what did it lead ? Who was nominated for Vice-President ? What did the con- vention do in regard to President Cleveland ? Give the main points of the platform adopted by the Democrats. W^hat did the "gold standard Democrats" do? When and where did the Republican National Con- vention meet, and whom did it nominate ? What was its platform ? WHiat occurred among the " silver Republicans" ? What 'convention was held by those who favored the free coinage of silver above all other questions, and what did it do? W^hen and where did the Populist National Convention meet? What part did the Texas delegation take in that meeting ? What did that convention do ? What was its platform ? Practically, how were the people divided in that campaign as between Bryan and McKinley? What was the sentiment in Texas? When and where did the Populist State Convention meet, and what candidates did it nominate? When and where did the Democratic State Convention meet, what nominations did it make, and what platform did it adopt ? What did the Republican State Convention do in that year ? What was the policy of the Republicans in the State campaign ? Explain the po- litical situation in Texas during that campaign; how did the "gold standard Democrats" and the Populists generally vote ? What was the result of the election in November, 1896, as to State officers? Give the vote for governor. What was the vote in Texas for President and Vice- President? What was the vote, popular and electoral, in the country at large ? What can you say of the general character of the campaign of 1896 in Texas? When did the regular session of the Twenty-fifth Legis- lature meet, and who was elected speaker of the lower house ? What did the governor recommend in his message ? What was the general charac- ter of the regular session of that legislature? What measures received its attention? Mow long did it sit, and when and for what purpose did the governor call a special session ? What did that session do, and when did it adjourn? What course did the governor pursue as to several bills passed by the legislature, and how was his action regarded ? Give the subject of the most important laws enacted by the Twenty-fifth Legisla- ture. What important Constitutional amendment was submitted to the peopk- ])y that body? What can you say of the general character and results of Governor Culberson's administrations ? What important things have been accomplished untkr his management ? Who were elected to Congress in 1896? What important law-suit was decided against Texas in March, 1896? Explain what was involved in that suit, how it origi- nated, and the history of the case in its \arious stages. Wliat can you say f)f the necessity of the litigation? How nuich land did Texas lose by that decision ? Wiial interesting incident occurred at Galveston in Feb- SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 423 ruary, 1897 ? What six distinguished citizens of Texas have died in the last three years? Give a sketch of the character and public career of each of tiiem. To what era of Texas history did they belong ? What three eminent men of an earlier era still survive, and what can you say of them ? Topical Analysis. 1. The political campaign of 1896, State and Federal, involving the issues of free coinage of silver, restriction of the power of corporations and moneyed monopolies, protest against unwarranted interference by the Federal government and judiciary in local afTairs, and other funda- mental doctrines of Democracy. 2. The several national political conventions of that year, their plat- forms and candidates. Marked features of the times were the introduc- tion of economic and social questions in politics, general discontent and agitation among the people, and a weakening of old party ties. 3. The .State campaign of 1896, followed by Democratic victory, but attended with more than usual interest and discussion. 4. Governor Culberson's administrations, characterized by financial reforms, economy in public expenses, reduction of official fees, a more systematic collection of taxes, improved school facilities, reforms in crim- inal laws and procedure, and general thrift and conservatism. 5. End of the Greer County litigation, by which Texas lost a large area of valuable territory as the result of a law-suit instigated by the State. 6. Death of eminent men, and reflections thereon. Geography, Study the boundaries claimed by the United States and Texas in the Greer County litigation, and the exact location, size, and nature of the territory involved. Parallel Readings. Roberts's "Political History," Part III., Vol. I., Scarff's "Compre- hensive History of Texas" ( 1897) ; W^. J. Bryan's "The First Battle." Period VIII. Skconu Period ok Statehood 1874 to 1897 TEXAS 253,314 Square Miles FRANCE 204,178 Square Miles Relative Size ok Texas and France. I'hKlOD VIII. Skcond I'liKlOD OF Statkhood I.S74 lO IS97 124 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. CONTEMPORANEOUS EVENTS.— 1874-1897. Parallel to Period VIII. AMERICA. 1874. — Act for resumption of specie payments passed, to take effect January i, 1879. Supplementary Civil Rights Bill passed. Political difficulties in Louisiana between Kellogg and McEnery. United States troops sought to be used to keep the Republican party in power in the South. Tidal wave of Democratic success sweeps the country. 1875.— Prosecution of the "Whiskey Ring." Democrats continue to win in the elections ; lower house of Congress Democratic. 1876.— Colorado admitted to the Union. Centennial Exhibition at Phila- delphia. "Force Bill" passed by Congress. Massacre of Custer's command by Sioux Indians. Presidential campaign between Hayes and Tilden. Civil service reform agitated. Porfirio Diaz deposes Lerdo de Tejada in Mexico by revolution. 1877.— Contest for the Presidency between Hayes and Tilden ; Electoral Commission appointed to decide the contest, which declares Hayes elected, and he is inaugurated, March 4. Great railroad strike. Troops withdrawn from South Carolina and Louisiana. Diaz elected President of Mexico. Greenback party organized in United States. 1878. -Yellow fever epidemic in the Southern States. Gold sells at par in New York. United States pay the fisheries award. The " Bland Silver Bill" passed by Congress. Growth of the Greenback party. 1879. — United States resume specie payments. Democrats pass a free silver bill in the lower house of Congress. Parliamentary fight to repeal Federal election laws. Jeannettc Arctic expedition. Senate passes bill to license women to practice in the Supreme Court. 1880. — Tenth census shows population of 50,155,783. James A. Garfield elected President. Diaz not being eligible to succeed himself, Manuel Gonzales elected President of Mexico. i88i.— President Garfield inaugurated, Marcli 4 ; shot by Guiteau, July 2 ; died .September 19 ; succeeded by Vice-President Chester A. Arthur. Cotton Exhibition at Atlanta. Centennial Celebration at Yorktown, Virginia. 1882. — Execution of Guiteau for tiie nuirder of President Garfield. 1883. — New York and Brooklyn bridge opened. Great strike among telegraph operators. SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 425 1884.— Grover Cleveland elected President, the first Democratic President since 1856. Greely relief expedition rescues seven survivors of the lost explorers. Diaz elected President of Mexico. 1885. — Inauguration of President Cleveland, March 4. Great railroad strike in the Western States. Death of General Grant. Rebellion in Canada under Riel. War in Central America between Nicaragua and Guatemala. 1886. — Labor riots and agitation throughout the United States. Anarchist murders and trial at Chicago. Earthquake at Charleston, South Carolina. Slavery abolished in Cuba. The Constitutional rule for- bidding re-election of President to succeed himself abolished in Mexico. 1887. — Interstate Commerce Bill becomes a law. Centennial of framing of Constitution celebrated in New York. International Fishery Com- mission established. Hanging of the Chicago anarchists. Death of Henry Ward Beecher. 1888. — Benjamin Harrison elected President. Chinese exclusion law passed. Yellow fever in Florida. Diaz re-elected President of Mexico. 1889. — President Harrison inaugurated, March 4. Oklahoma made a territory. Centennial Celebration of the beginning of the United States Government in New York. The Johnstown flood. Difficulties between Germans and Americans in Samoan Islands. Brazil becomes a RepubHc. 1890. — Eleventh census shows population of 62,622,250. Idaho and Wyoming admitted to the Union. War in the West with Siou.x Indians. Sitting Bull killed. 1891. — International copyright law passed. Mob murders members of the Italian Mafia in New Orleans. Heavy financial failures. Trouble with Chili threatened. 1892. — Grover Cleveland elected President. Behring .Sea arbitration treaty concluded. Great strike and riots at Homestead, Pennsyl- vania. Chili apologizes to United States. Diaz re-elected President of Mexico, and is again re-elected in 1894 and 1896. 1893 — President Cleveland inaugurated, March 4. Columbian World's Fair at Chicago. Agitation of the free coinage of silver. General financial distress in the country. Satolli appointed by the Pope apostolic delegate to United States. Difficulties in Hawaii, in which United States declines to exercise protectorate. 1894. — Increasing labor agitation. " Coxey's Army" marclies to Wash- ington. Strike of railway employes against Pullman Car Comjiany. Riots at Chicago, in which Federal troops are u.sed. Utah admitted to the Union. Insurrection in Cuba assumes formidable proportions. Period VIII. Second Period of Statehood 1874 TO 1897 426 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Pkkioi) VIII. 1895. — Income tax law held unconstitutional by Supreme Court. Atlanta SKcoND Exposition. Cuban insurgents organize provisional government. KRiou OF Trouble between England and Venezuela as to boundary : United ^4 TO States asserts the Monroe doctrine as against England's claims. 1896. — Venezuela Boundary Commission appointed. Continued war in ,j^Q_ Cuba. Utah declared eligible to become a State in the Union. Many strikes and failures throughout the Union. Exciting Presidential campaign on the money issue ; William McKinley elected President. Utah declared to be a State in the Union. Nicaragua, Honduras, and Salvador form the Republic of Central America. United States issues |ioo,ooo,ooo of gold bonds. 1897. — President McKinley inaugurated, March 4. General arbitration treaty between United States and Great Britain rejected by the Senate. A treaty for annexation of Hawaii signed and submitted to the Senate. Belligerency of Cuba recognized by United States. GREAT BRITAIN. 1875. — Tennyson's "Queen Mary" published. Prince of Wales visits India. England acquires control of the Suez Canal. 1876. — Queen Victoria proclaimed empress of India. 1877. — Annexation of the Transvaal. 1879 — Great disaster at the Tay bridge. 1881. — Death of Lord Beaconsfield. Irish land league declared illegal. 1882. — War in Egypt. Attempted assassination of the Queen. Assassina- tion of Lord Cavendish and Thomas H. Burke at Phoenix Park, Dublin. Great fire in London. 1883. — The English occupy Egypt, and war in the Soudan w ith El Mahdi ensues. Phccnix Park murderers are executed. 1884. — luigland assumes protectorate over Egypt ; war in the Soudan continues. Part of New Guinea attached to Great Britain. 1885.— Capture of Khartoum by the Mahdi, and death of General Gordon. Another expedition .sent to Soudan. lUirmah annexed to Great Britain. 1886.— The Queen opens Parliament in i)erson, the first time in many years. Gladstone resigns, and Salisbury forms a ministry. 1887.— Fiftieth anniversary of Queen \'ictoria's reign celebraktl by a great jubilee. Stanley goes to Africa. Island of Cyi^rus ceded to Great Britain by Turkey. International Mshery Commission with United States established. 1888.— England annexes the Cook Islands. Parnell Coniniission sits in London. Portuguese blockade the east coast of Africa. 1889.— Great strikes and labor riots in England. SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 427 1890. — Failure of the Baring Brothers. 1892. — Treaty with the United States to arbitrate the Behring Sea dispute. 1893. — Behring Sea Court of Arbitration sits in Paris. 1894.— Gladstone retires to private life ; Roseberry becomes prime minister. 1895 — Lord Salisbury premier. Trouble with Venezuela as to boundary. 1896. — English under Dr. Jamieson invade the Transvaal. War with the Matabeles in South Africa. Alfred Austin made poet-laureate. Agreement to arbitrate the Venezuela matter, at the instigation of the United States. 1897. — Great celebration of the sixtieth anniversary of Queen Victoria's reign. OTHER COUNTRIES. 1874.— G7K/-fl'V/a/'in Spain ; Alphonso XII. ascends the throne. 1876. — Imperial bank of Germany opened. Amnesty to the Communists proclaimed in France. 1877.— First Turkish Parliament assembled. Trial of AU/iilisfs in Russia. War between Russia and Turkey. 1878. — Paris International Exposition. Attempt to assassinate the emperor of Germany. Russian victory at Plevna. Berlin Treaty signed. King Humbert ascends the throne of Italy. 1879.— The Zulus defeat the English in South Africa ; Prince Napoleon is killed. McMahon resigns the presidency of France, and is succeeded by Jules Gr^vy. 1880. —Winter Palace at St. Petersburg is blown up with dynamite. Mont St. Gothard tunnel completed. Jesuits expelled from France. Cologne Cathedral completed, begun in 1228. 1881. — Gambetta premier of France. Alexander II. of Russia assas- sinated ; succeeded by Alexaiucler III. 1882. — Resignation and death of Gambetta. Rebellion in Egypt ; bom- bardment of Alexandria. 1883. — Death of Comte de ChamlK)rd ( Henry V. ) ; Comte de Paris succeeds as the Bourbon claimant to the tiirone of France. English occupy Flgypt. War of El Mahdi in the Soudan. Great eruption of Mount Etna. Coronation of Alexander III. 1884. — England assumes protectorate over Egypt. Continuation of war in Soudan. Cholera in Italy and France. 1885. — Death of Victor Hugo and Alphonso XII. of .Spain. Aljilionso XIII. ascends the throne under regency of Queen Christina. War be- tween Bulgaria and Servia. Congo Free State formed. Jules Gr(5vy re-elected President of France. Burmah anne.xed to British India, Period VIII. Second Period ok Statehood 1874 to 1897 428 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Period VIM. Skcond Pkriod ok Statehood 1874 TO 1897 Nevada WyomiDg Maho Montana l,' M. WasbiiiKloi N. Hanip. Unnda rolorn.lci Maluu ( onn. W. Vir. Maryland Nebraska VrkanaaN S. Carolina raliforni.'i M|..i.i.i|.,.i Miiin.s.tii Kan^ui S. J.-r».-, Mal.ania N. Carolina Virginia VVlw:on«ln c;.-ortrla 45,761 fiO.-Oa 132.159 l«8,4y:i 18-2.71!) :ti:t.767 .1:12,422 :u.i..')i>fi ;<4ii :(!K) ::■(; :>.•!(( :iVl 122 4r2.ia8 mi. OKA 74R.2DN 762,794 l.O42.:l»0 1,0.18.911) ,llH.r,87 1886. — Germany annexes the Samoan Islands. Leopold 11. of Bavaria deposed for insanity. 1887. — President Gr6vy resigns in France ; succeeded by Sadi Carnot. Revolution in Hawaii ; King Kalakaua deposed. 1888. — Emperor William of Germany dies ; succeeded by Frederick 111., who also died during the year, and is succeeded by William II. Papal jubilee at Rome to celebrate the priesthood of Leo XIII. Failure of the Panama Canal Company. 1890. — Prince Bismarck retires from public life. 1891.— Persecution of the Jews in Russia. France annexes the Island of Tahiti. Great earthquakes in Japan. 1892. — Cholera in Russia, Germany, and other countries of Europe. Panama Canal scandals threaten the French government. 1894.— President Carnot assassinated in France. Death of Alexander III. of Russia, and Nicholas 11. ascends the throne. Massacre of Armenian Christians begun by the Turks. War between China and Japan. Death of Louis Kossuth. Execution of anarchists in France and Spain. Hawaiian Republic proclaimed. 1895. — European powers intercede to prevent Turkish cruelties in Ar- menia. Continuation of war be- tween China and Japan ; ends in Japanese victory and independence of Korea. 1896. — War between Italy and Abys- sinia. Insurrection against Spain in the Philippine Islands. War in South Africa. Discovery of the "X" rays by Rontgen. 1897. — 2.000,000 DODiiiATiow ATon ARPA War of Greece against Turkey. AUBA 8q. Mi. l.:i()l>2i; 1,127,(19)1 1 414.9:1:1 i:4.fll7 1.617,947 1,I!.'m.9«ii l.fiMfi.gMI 1,767.51 l,K17..1.i:i 1 .H.'>M,61 1,911,89 2,l)!):t.HJ.9 ■2.192,401 2,2:1.5 2,ilH 9(1 2.679. IHI 3.072, :11H 3,826, :i5l 5,2r>H.I)U 5,997, tell 110.700 97.891) 81,801) 146,080 2,050 70,79.5 96.0:(0 77.6.50 9.565 1 ,270 69,180 9.:m5 58.680 103.925 :):).040 4.990 24.780 12,210 77.510 48.720 5,1,8.50 :(0,570 l,5H.:i6n I6.K10 52,2.50 52,2.50 42,4.50 56,010 42,0.50 .59,475 40,401 56,025 58,915 36,.1.50 264.211 8. .11 5 69,415 41,060 56,650 •l^,215 ■19,170 •1,0(K) ,(XIO 100, POPULATION AND AREA OF THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES. 7'he dotted lines and fitjnrcs reft 3,000, C Uacic line^ tare miles. and figti 2>oi>u beloi' 1,000, ( 300. ( (1(MI,^ CHAPTER XXVIII. General Review; Progress and Development of Texas in Population, Resources, Industry, Educa- tional and Social Life ; Growing In- fluence in Federal Affairs. A RETROSPECTIVE view of Texas history discloses Extent and the extent and importance of the subject. In point ^xarhrsto" of time, it covers a longer period than that of any one of the United States. The first authentic Euro- pean exploration in this territory antedates, by three-quarters of a century, the beginning of English colonization on the Atlantic coast of North America. The actual occupation of the province by the Spaniards began a hundred years before the American Union fairly entered upon its career of constitutional government. But the early settlement and development of Early deveiop- Texas were astonishingly slow and difficult. From 1528 to 1690, ^^^ ^^"^^ it was an unknown and undefined expanse of outlying Spanish territory attached to the Mexican viceroyalty. From the latter date until the end of the eighteenth century it was a field for difficult mission work, precarious military manoeuvres, and alter- nate filibustering expeditions from Mexico and Louisiana. In 1803, the acquisition of the latter country by the United States brought the Anglo-Americans face to face with the Spaniards ; and in 18 10 the beginning of revolutionary movements in Mexico attracted the attention of adventurous pioneers to the rich but undeveloped resources of the region between the Sabine and the Rio Grande. From that time until 1820, successive armed ex- peditions attempted the conquest of the province, to end succes- sively in failure and disaster. In 1 82 1 , the independence of Mexico Era of Ameri- from Spain gave promise of a peaceful and liberal government, and American colonization under the Austins began to lay the foun- dations of a new civilization in the Southwest. For the next ten 429 can coloniza- tion 430 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Character of early settlers Simplicity, hospitality, and courage Capacity for self-govern- ment Poverty of Texas in 1836 years a splendid immigration continued to flow from the United States into Texas, and the basis of a sturdy and enterprising commonweahh was slowly but surely laid in the wilderness. It is a great mistake to suppose, as some have done, that the early settlers of Texas were a lawless and ignorant mob of desperate adventurers and bankrupt refugees from their former homes. That there were among them dangerous and reckless characters is true ; but that these constituted any considerable or influential proportion of the population is extravagantly false. Consider- ing the newness of the country, the hard conditions of its occu- pancy, and the circumstances attending its first settlement, a more conservative, peaceable, and energetic community never peopled any land, than that which built itself up in the wilderness of Texas, from 1822 to 1835. The character and habits of the colonists were simple and severe. Their hospitality was ample but unostentatious ; their code of morals and of social life was rude and primitive, but it was inflexible and unsparing ; their privations were many and their dangers incessant, but their courage was equal to all emergencies, and their constancy and fortitude, blended with a certain serious dignity of purpose, have never been surpassed in the annals of colonial development in a new country. The true spirit and high order of intelligence and virtue of the Texan colonists are fully demonstrated by their conduct during the Revolution from 1832 to 1836, and in the formation and policies of the Republic from 1836 to 1846. A disorderly baud of freebooters and outlaws could never have conceived, much less executed, the military campaigns of 1835 and 1836, or the measures of enlightened civil policy proclaimed l)y the Consultation of 1835 ^"d the Convention of 1836. The Republic of Texas began its career with comparatively few citizens, an empty treasury, a burdensome public debt, general poverty among the people, and an extensive domain abounding in great but undeveloped resources. Its indepen- dence was still threatened by Mexico, but its hopes were brightened by the recognition and friendship of many older and more powerful nations ; while a consciousness of inherent strength and capacity inspired its inliabitants with prophetic pride and patriotic zeal. The real poverty of Texas at that time is at this GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 431 Populaticn and res urces from 1744 to 1834 day but faintly realized. No census of the population had ever been taken, but rouj^h estimates had been made from time to time during the preceding century. In 1744 the white inhab- itants did not exceed 1500 ; in 1765 they had decreased to half that number, and the whole trade and commerce of the province was about $175,000 annually. In 1806 there were in Texas about 7000 whites and reduced Indians, of whom one-third lived in and around San Antonio de Bexar. In 1831 the American immigration had raised the population to about 20,000. In 1834, Almonte visited the country for the purpose of in- specting and reporting on its condition and resources. He reported a population of 21,000 whites, while he estimated the total exports at $r, 080, 000, consisting of cotton, grain, and pel- tries, and the imports at $590,000. In September, 1836, six months after Texas had achieved Population in her independence, Mr. Henry M. Morfit was sent by the Presi- '^^^ dent of the United States to investigate the condition of the new Republic, and he reported as follows : Total estimated popula- tion, 52,670, — consisting of 30,000 Anglo-Americans, 14,200 Indians, 5000 negroes, and 3470 Mexicans. At the date of the Difficulties of inauguration of the first president of the Republic, the whole *^^ Republic country and its people were in a de- plorable state of prostration and pov- - erty ; there were no stable industries of any kind ; transportation was difificult and trade practically suspended ; the country was rapidly filling up with a class of immigrants not so desirable as the original colonists ; while ambitious and reckless men, released from the dangers of war and the incentive of patriotic devotion to the cause of free- dom, instigated many wild and adven- turous schemes. All that the infant governm-ent possessed was a vast landed domain, valued very slightly, but sufificiently tempting to arouse the spirit of cupidity and speculation among the unscrupulous and the improvident. There were practically no schools, but one newspaper had surxived the Revolution, Baylor University, VV.ico. 43^ A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. and the government itself was without a fixed habitation. The next ten years were filled with doubts, debts, and difficulties innumerable, and at times apparently insurmountable ; but the result, wrought amid many perils and privations, culminated in the ultimate redemption of the government from all its embar- rassments, the assured prosperity of a thrifty and increasing population, and its incorporation as a stable commonwealth among the States of the American Union. Annexation Xhc Joiut Rcsolutiou of the Congrcss of the United States for the annexation of Texas was approved March i, 1845. In accordance with its terms a State Constitution was framed and adopted by the Texas Convention, August 27, 1845, was sub- mitted to a vote of the people, together with the question of annexation, in the following October, and, by a vote of 4174 for to 312 against, it was ratified by the people of Texas. On De- cember 29, 1845, the Constitution thus framed and adopted was accepted by the Congress of the United States, and from this last-named date Texas legally became one of the United States of America. The new State government, however, which was elected in December, 1845, did not assume its functions until the following February, 1846. For purposes of practical com- putation we may adopt January i, 1846, as the beginning-point in the history of Texas as an American State, so that on January I, 1896, she closed her first half-century of Statehood. No ofificial census of the Republic was ever taken, and the number of its inhabitants can only be estimated by the popular vote at the successive elections, aided by some attempts that were Popular dec- niatlc at enumerating the population of various countries. The tions, 1836 to , , \ . . ,849 vote at the several elections from 1836 to 1849 was as follows : For first President, September, 1836 5,704 For second President, September, 1838 7,247 For third President, 1841 ii,534 For fourth and last President, 1844 12,689 For first Governor, 1845 9,578 For second Governor, 1847 • 14,767 For third Governor, 1849 21,715 Upon the basis of ten inhabitants for every voter, the elec- tion of 1845 would show a population of 95,780 ; or, taking the GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 433 Population, 1847 Ladies' Annex of S(jL'TU\vb;sTKKN Lnu'er- SITY, Georgetown, Texas. preceding election of 1844 as more nearly representative, the population at the date of annexation would be 126,890, which is no doubt a very liberal estimate. It is more probable that the entire population, including the Indians, did not exceed 100,000. In 1847 a partial enumeration by counties was made, showing 135,777 inhabitants, including 38,729 slaves. These inhabitants were for the most part located in Eastern Texas and along the Trinity, Colorado, and Brazos Rivers from the coast as far inland as the Old San Antonio Road, with a considerable settlement at San Antonio, and a fringe of floating population along Red River and the Rio Grande. There was no city of any size, no trade centre, few roads of the roughest character, no in- ternal trade of much value, and a primi- tive scarcity of all those things that constitute modern civilization in its most vigorous attitude. The Mexican War, which at once broke out in 1846 as the result of annexation, Mexican war retarded further immigration for a time, and it was not until after 1848 that the country began to really develop in its popu- lation and resources. In 1850 the first census was taken, showing a population of 212,592, of whom 154,034 were white and 58,161 were colored. The composition of this inhabitancy was cosmopolitan in a very marked degree, and in that regard it was the prototype of the character of the Texan citizenship of all the subsequent years to the present time. Perhaps no other American State has had so ' unique a blending of nationalities and social types. Although Character of what may be called the staple of the population — that element '^°^^ which gives complexion and a permanent character to social life and customs — has from the first been derived from the Southern States of the American Union, there has always been such a large and influential admixture of immigrants from the North and East, together with a vigorous and healthy foreign colo- nization from Germany, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Bohe- mia, France, and Great Britain, to say nothing of the Spanish 28 First census, 1850 434 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Public debt and boundary questions Greer County Lase th Kapid gro in population 1850 1890 and Mexican influences that originally underlay all the others, that the resultant Texan is a composite citizen of a common- wealth that possesses peculiar excellencies for rapid and liberal growth. When the war with Mexico had ended, February 2, 1848, the way was opened for safe and stable progress in Texas, except for two vexed and unsettled questions. These were the public debt and the boundary dispute. The settlement of the two was more or less inseparable, and the final result was fortunate for Texas. The debt of the Republic was at last fixed at $1 1,050,- 201.50, which by a process of scaling was adjusted at $5,528,- 195.19, and was finally paid off with $8,497,604.95, the ultimate liquidation being consummated in i858.'VThe boundary dispute with the United States was disposed of as p'art of the laiiious""*^ Compromise Measures of September 9, 1850, passed by the 'Congress of the United States, and accepted by Texas on No-..„ vember 25, 1850. By this act Texas surrendered her claim to New Mexico in consideration of the payment by the United [States of $10,000,000 in stock, due in fourteen years, and bear- ing five per cent. interest.sCj'he money thus realized enabled the State to discharge the old debts of the Republic without im- poverishing her current revenues for a series of years, as would otherwise have been inevitable. The adjustment of this trouble- some issue seemed to forever dispose of all controversies in regard to the Texas boundaries, but the Greer County case, involving the location of one part of our northwestern boundary, arose in later years to vex legislatures, congresses, and courts. It was finally decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1896 adversely to the contention of Texas, thus taking away the large territory formerly known as Greer County, /That' controversy involved the construction of the third article of the~" 3— l^i^^^^^—"-?P^^" ^,"^ '^^ United States of February 2£, j8^, as to the true location of the " Red River" therein namecHii, jis constituting part of the limits of the two governments on this cf)ntlnent^^ ■--'">•--■ •--■ "—^ r-.!^^ ..,, , , „ „„^ .-— «■— ~,„>^.-.-.-,. The nipidity in the growth of the population of Texas from 1S50 to 1890 is shown by the following totals of the United States census for the several decades : GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 435 Population, 1850 212,592 Population, i860 604,215 Population, 1870 818,579 Population, 1880 i. 591. 749 Population, 1890 2,235,523 These figures demonstrate that in the decade from 1850 to i860 the inhabitants increased threefold ; from i860 to 1870, despite the ravages and impediments of the great Civil War, the increase was over 33 J^ per cent. ; from 1870 to 1880 the popula- tion was nearly doubled ; and from 1880 to 1890 the increase was seventy-five per cent. The rate of increase in thirty-eight States of the Union during a period of forty years was on an average 39.53 per cent. The great increase in the popular vote at the three State elections since 1890 indicates that there have been large additions to the population in the past six years. Population, The returns show the following results : 1890 1896 Popular vote at the election of 1892 435,467 Popular vote at the election of 1894 422,716 Popular vote at the election of 1896 539.591 A conservative estimate, based on the usual proportion be- tween the voters and the entire population, would give Texas at the present time not less than 3,000,000 of people, being more than fourteen times her population in 1850. According to the census of 1890, the then population was classified as follows : White 1,741,190 Colored 492,837 Indian 766 Chinese 727 Japanese 3 Total 2,235,523 The occupations of the people have not been classified, nor Occupations the ratio between rural and urban populations. There are two °^ ^^^ people cities (Dallas and San Antonio) of more than 50,000 inhabitants, three others of over 25,000, and perhaps six or seven of over 10,000. Farming and stock-raising are of course the leading pursuits of the great mass of the people, but manual and skilled development ^-.5 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. labor is rapidly finding lucrative employment in the larger cities and towns, where the arts of industrial life are fast developing. Under the apportionment of 1890, Texas is entitled to thirteen Representatives in the lower house of the American Congress, and she has thus fifteen votes in the electoral college. Political Prior to the Texas Revolution of 1835-36 the territory of the province was divided into mimicipaUties, each governed by its local officers, after the manner of Spanish- Mexican institutions ; and the country was further divided into three political districts, each ruled by a political chief (ygefe politico), who was in turn responsible to the governor of the state or to the commandant of the military province. The system of county governments was adopted by the provisional government in November, 1835, ^"<^ upon the organization of the Republic in 1836 twenty-three counties were created. This number was increased from time to time, until at the date of annexation in 1845 there were thirty- counties six Organized counties. In 1846 thirty-two new counties were created, and these local governments have multiplied with the growth and necessities of the population until, in 1894, there were two hundred and twenty-six organized counties and twenty- one unorganized. Some of these are larger in area than several of the smaller States of the Union, and they are all quite liberal in dimensions. Area . ' The present area of Texas, according to the official records N. ' of the General Land Office of the State, is 260,901 square miles of land and 3310 square miles of water surface, makiiiL; a total of 1 264,211 square miles, ^bdng about 8.7 per cent, of the entire " ' I ^rea of the United StatGi5;md Tc rritoritsv" This does not include -^! tTie rivers and streams, which arc estimated to cover an addi- )} tional area of 800 square miles. Timber lands The timber lands of the State cover 35,537,067 acres, the bodies of heaviest timber being situated in the eastern and south- eastern part of the State, although there is a liberal supply of forest growth along all the streams in the prairie region. Public lands Under the system of jurisdiction existing while Texas was a l)art of the Mexican federation, the vacant lands within her bor- ders, except as required for Federal purposes, were owned and controlled by the state government of Coahuila and Texas. At GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 437 s6^ Land Office of Texas, Austin. the time of the establishment of Texan independence there was an immense territory of these pubhc lands, exclusive of such as had been titled under the Spanish and Mexican government. It is impossible to determine accurately the amounts and respec- tive dispositions of titles to lands in Texas under Spanish, Mexi- can, or Texan jurisdiction, as the records kept are too meagre and confused. It is roughly estimated that 10,000 000 acics were titled under Spanish domin ition, 25,000,000 acres during Mexican rule, and that the Republic owned at the time of i t_s_orga nization ne arly 150,- 000,000 acres of vac ant pu blic lamK 1 his, 01 course, incUiacd the tcrntoix of New Mexii'o, wliicli was afterwaids cedetl to the I'nited States, being aBout 125,000 square nlile^^^^The history of the manner in which this vast domain has been handled and disposed of by the successive governments of Texas constitutes a separate and very complex subject of historical research and narrative, and cannot be pursued further here. By the terms of the joint resolution for the annexation of Disposition of Texas, further strengthened by the Compromise Measures of ''" 1850, the State of Texas retained the title to all of her vacant public domain. This at once gave her a source of wealth and a means of promoting internal development not enjoyed by any other State in the Union. The many millions of acres which she owned in 1845 have been liberally used to establish and maintain a magnificent system of free public education, including a great University and a complete system of normal schools ; to build railroads throughout her borders ; to endow and provide for the support of her various asylums and charitable institu- tions ; to erect a State capitol, which is one of the largest and finest public structures on the Western continent, and to promote many other measures of necessary and valuable internal im- provements. There are now estimated to be about 4,400,000 acres of unappropriated public lands, which are subject to be acquired 438 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. under the laws regulating homestead donations. This land is exclusive of the large amount of domain held in trust by the State for the benefit of public schools, University, and asylums, and is situated in Western and Northwestern Texas. The lands belonging to the schools. University, and asylums aggregate about 30,000,000 acres, and of these the greater part is subject Products and pursuits to purchase or lease by actual settlers at low rates and on easy terms. 'file extended domain of Texas is such that it combines the products of the temperate and subtropical zones, abounding in the cereals, cotton, sugar, every variety of fruit product, and many things peculiar to Mexico and the lower latitudes. The early setders were chiefly engaged in pastoral pursuits, although the sturdy colonists of Austin and his associate cmprcsarios made considerable progress in farming, cotton and grain being subjects of export in paying (juantities. The sparse population, how- GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 439 ever, and the difficulties of transportation rendered agriculture a precarious and irksome occupation, and the facilities for stock- raising were so favorable and extensive that the great domestic industry from the beginning was that of cattle- and horse-raising, the State having always held the lead in those pursuits. Irriga- tion in the neighborhood of the early Spanish-Mexican settle- ments promoted a certain degree of small agriculture, but it was not until the building of railroads and the opening up of the great black-land prairies of Central, Northern, and Northwestern Texas that farming assumed its present proportions. The inex- haustible fertility of the river-bottoms, when brought in commu- nication with the markets of the seaboard and the oudets by rail to the North and East, readily responded with marvellous crops of cotton and corn, w hile the broad acres of rolling plain through- , out the middle ana northern parts of the State became the gran- ' . arics of the Southwest and the greatest cotton-producing country r_^ ^ .Tn'the w orld. '"^ ~ ^JS After 1850 the growth of these interests was astonishing in Agricuitur^ its rapidity and volume. The following figures for the year 1857 show the progress that was made to that date : Acres planted in cotton 544,495 Acres planted in wheat 196,878 Acres planted in cane 16,080 Acres planted in corn 1,125,500 Total acres in staples 1,882,953 The crop of 1857-58 was estimated to be 425,000 bales of cotton, 25,000,000 bushels of corn, 3,750,000 bushels of wheat, and 11,000 hogsheads of sugar. A comparison of crops by decades shows the following re- sults : Years. 1850 i860 1870 1880 1890 Cotton, Bales. 58,072 431,463 350,628 805,284 1,471,242 Corn, Bushels. 6,928,876 16,500,702 20,554,538 29,065,172 69,112,150 18S9) Wheat, Bushels. 41,729 1,478,345 415,112 2,567.737 4,283,344 440 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Live-stock statistics The production in live-stock and wool for the same periods was as follows : Cattle, number Horses and mules, number Hogs, number Wool, pounds 1850. 61,013 76,760 629,022 131,917 2,761,736 352.698 1.371,532 1,493.738 1870. 2,933.588 424,504 1,202,445 1,251,328 3,387,927 805,606 1,950.371 6,928,619 Census of 1890 - The ccnsus of 1890 discloses the following facts as to the agricultural and pastoral products of Texas : Number of bales of cotton 1,471,242 Pounds of wool, 1889-90 14,917,068 Number of horses on farms 1,026,002 Number of meat cattle on farms 6,201,552 Number of .hogs on farms 2,252,476 Number of sheep on farms, lambs excluded . . 3,454,858 Number of horses on the range 99.838 Number of cattle on the range 2,342,083 Number of sheep on the range 809,329 Cotton crop Mineralogical resources The entire cotton crop for the season of 1894-95 ^^^s 9,901,- 251 bales, of which Texas produced 3, 154,976 bales. The value of the total crop was estimated at $297,037,530, which would make the value of the Texas product for that year nearly $100,- 000,000. The mineralogical resources of Texas have only recently begun to be explored and developed, and of them no accurate or extensive information can be given. Enough is practically known, however, to demonstrate that the mineralogical wealth of the State is not inferior to its other natural funds for the support of the vast population that will soon fill its borders. Coal is found in abundant quantities in various parts of the State, and is being profitably mined at several places, notably at Thurber, on the Texas and Pacific Railway, west of Fort Worth. There are three coal-fields of great extent in Texas, two of which furnish good qualities of bituminous coal and the other a superior grade of lignite. The supply, when fully de- veloped, is ample for all manufacturing and industrial purposes. GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 441 Iron ore has long been known and worked to a limited extent iron ore in Eastern Texas, but within the last few years a new impetus has been given to the mining of this valuable product. Experts pronounce the iron ores of Texas to be in many important re- spects superior to any in the world, and the only impediment to their rapid development is the dif^culty encountered in their reduction, owing to the scarcity of suitable fuel. This want will be met when further progress is made in the mining of our ex- tensive coal-fields. The reports of the State Geological Department show the other miner- existence in profitable quantities and favorable localities of cop- ^ ^ per, lead, silver, gold, manganese, potters' -clay, kaolin, petro- leum, gypsum, hydraulic limestones and lime, cements, marbles and building stones, salt, asphaltum, and jnany refractory ma- terials valuable in the arts. These are all being used, and their production increases year by year. Artesian water is obtainable over a very large area of the State, and the ease with which flowing wells can be constructed renders the problem of water- supply in many otherwise arid regions one whose solution will not be difficult. The mineral resources of the State are as yet in an experimental period of development, and enough has not been done or ascertained to enable an accurate table of statistics on that head. The Fathers of Texas early realized the necessity for rapid Necessity for and easy means of transportation and intercourse between the '^^' "^"^ ^ different portions of the extensive territory included within the limits of the State. These were absolutely indispensable to the settlement and development of so vast a dominion, both for populating and policing the great extent of country and for mar- keting the products of the soil which an industrious citizenship • would naturally evolve. The absence of streams navigable to any profitable degree rendered railroads a prime necessity, and to their construction the ingenuity and providence of the first legislatures were directed. The newness of the country and the almost total want of such internal trade as would support great lines of steam traffic, required substantial inducements to that character of enterprise, aside from any immediate profits to be derived from the transportation business. 442 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. First enter- Fortuiiately, Tcxas possessed the means to offer these induce- pnsesinihat ,^^^.j^[g j^gj- immense tracts of pubHc land furnished a fund for direction * munificent subsidies to railroad construction, and most munifi- cently has that fund been applied to that purpose. In the first years of the State's existence, and even before annexation, spe- cial laws were passed looking to the encouragement of railway- building in Texas, but little of practical progress was made until 1854. In that year the policy of land donations to railroads took shape in the enactment of a general law for the purpose of promoting such enterprises. There were at first two policies proposed. One — which was understood to have for its leading exponent Governor E. M. Pease — was that the State should build and own her own railroads, paying for them in public lands, and then lease them out to competing companies, which would operate them under government regulation and control, paying for their use a reasonable hire, and rendering to the public acceptable service at the lowest practicable rates for trans- Land grants portation. The other plan was a donation of the lands outright to the railroad companies for lines of road actually constructed and put in operation, requiring the companies to survey and sectionize the public lands, the State and the railroads to receive the alternate sections, and the companies being required to alienate their lands within a reasonable term of years. The lat- ter policy was the one finally adopted. Its advantages were that it secured a survey of the public lands without cost to the State, that it made it to the interest of the railroads to settle the country as rapidly as possible so as to bring all the lands into the market, and that it promoted the public revenues by tending to create a constandy increasing taxable wealth in the shaj)e of • lands held by private ownership. Act of Jan. 30, In Govcmor Pease's first administration, by the act of Tanu- 1854, in aid of o 1 £ railroads '^''y 30. io54. the first general law for the encouragement of railroad construction by grants of land was passed. In its gen- eral provisions this law furnished the model and contained sub- stantially the same conditions as were embodied in all subsequent legislation on the same subject, of which there has been a great deal from time to time. It provided that when any comj^any had constructed and put in running order twenty-five miles of GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 443 t railroad, it could have thirty-two sections of public land sur- veyed for each mile of road so constructed, the land to be sur- veyed in square sections of six hundred and forty acres each, and every alternate section was donated to the railroad company, while the intervening sections were appropriated to the perma- ent fund of the public free schools of the State. ^"' RAILROAD SYSTEM OF TEXAS Under these liberal inducements the building of railroads Progress in progressed rapidly until interrupted by the Civil War in 1861. After the restoration of peace and settled order, a renewed actixity characterized this with all other departments of domestic industry, and the results have been most satisfactory. In 1857 there had been incorporated by the State 41 railroad companies, of which 15 had forfeited their charters, and at tbe breaking out of the war in 1861 there were about 300 miles of railway in Texas in detached sections. In 1865 there were 335 miles, 444 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS, I Commerce and Galveston deep water improvements which increased to 583 miles in 1869, and to 711 miles in 1870. In the ten years that followed, to 1880, construction developed with astonishing rapidity, so that at the close of the latter year there were 3293 miles of road. The period between 1880 and 1890 was also most prolific in railroad-building, as in the last- named year there had been completed a mileage of 8709 miles. In 1892 this had increased to 8977 miles ; in 1893 (June) it was 9088 miles ; in June, 1894, it was 9153 miles ; and in June, 1895, it had reached 9290 miles. At the close of the year 1895 there had been an increase of 224 miles for that year, being nearly three times as much increase as that of the next highest State in the Union, — Ohio with 87 miles of new road in 1895. In 1892 there were 52 roads operating lines in Texas ; in 1893, 54 railroads ; on June 30, 1894, there were 58 ; and on June 30, 1895, there were 59. v^Tnder the various laws for do- nating lands to railroad construction, it is estimated that the companies have received from the State the magnificent area of about 35,QOO,,ooo acres, besides many large'^money subsidies and extensive exemptions from taxation and other public chargesZ The growth of railroads furnishes a very fair index to the magnitude of the internal commerce of the State. The foreign trade is difficult to be estimated, as in the movement of freight over the railroad systems it is intermingled with inter-State com- merce, and there is no method for computing such traffic. The largest seaport in the State is Galveston. There is also a very considerable trade at Sabine Pass, Velasco, Aransas, Corpus Christi, Brazos Santiago, and El Paso, besides the land trade at Laredo and Eagle Pass on the Rio Grande. The great commercial enterprise in which Texas, in common with the entire Western country, has been for many years deeply interested is the obtaining of a safe and commodious harbor on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. This has apparently been at last accomplished at Galveston. It has been done by liberal appropriations from the United States government, under what is known as the "jetty system" of engineering. The first work began in 1870, and the amount of money expended and to be expended for the purpose of securing deep water aggregates the 478,000. immense sum of GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 445 The growth of manufacturing industries has been of com- paratively recent date in Texas. The sparsity of population, the distance from the great centres of trade and distribution, and the difficulties and expense of transportation have all been seri- ous impediments to the development of such enterprises. Yet there are many flourishing and profitable factories now in opera- tion, and their number and efficiency are steadily increasing. Cotton- and woollen mills, iron-foundries, salt-works, coal- and iron-mines, cement- and lime-works, rope-factories, cotton-seed- Manufactures The Great Color ado Dam, Austin. oil-mills, flouring- and lumber-mills, tanneries and leather goods factories, and, in fact, every species of manufactory for the con- version of raw material into finished products, are in successful and constantly increasing activity throughout the State. For the two years ending December 31, 1893, there were organized in Texas 6657 manufactories of all kinds, with a total capital of $50,261,620, employing 37,763 operatives, handling $21,927,471 of raw material, and turning out $36,950,864 of finished products. The increase for the three succeeding years has been in still greater ratio, although the exact figures are not now obtainable. AA^ A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Public schools The devotion of Texas to the cause of popular education is historic. The unfriendhness of Mexico to free pubUc education was one of the emphatic grievances alleged in the Declaration of Texan Independence in 1836. By an act of the legislature of Coahuila and Texas of May 11, 1829, decree No. 92, the first law for the establishment of public schools, was enacted. It pro- vided for a system of schools for "mutual instruction on the Lancasterian plan" (monitorial schools) at the capital of each department, and required free instruction for a limited number of poor children, enforcing compulsory education upon parents able to pay tuition. On May 2, 1833, we notice a decree grant- ing four leagues of land to the municipality of Nacogdoches for public school purposes. These were the initiative acts towards public free schools, but evidently the Mexican government did not practically satisfy the demands of the Texas colonists in this direction, as they made it the subject of specific complaint in their Revolution three years later. Beginning of After the Republic was inaugurated, under the presidency of Lamar, the first general law for the establishment and mainten- ance of a system of public instruction was passed, which also contemplated the foundation of two universities. By the act of January 26, 1839, the Congress of the Republic enacted that each county should hav^e surveyed and set apart to it three leagues (13,285 acres) of land, for the purpose of establishing and main- taining a primary school or academy in the county ; and fifty leagues of public lands were required to be set apart to the founding of two universities. By the act of February 5, 1840, an additional league was granted to each county for the purpose of being sold to furnish equipment and apparatus for the schools. The .same act provided for the organization of school districts and communities and the actual inauguration of the system con- tem])lated. After annexation, by the act of January 16, 1850, four leagues of land were appropriated to the new counties that had been formed since 'February 16, 1846, so as to put them on an equal footing with the old counties. On January 31, 1854, $2,000,000 of the bonds received from the United States in payment for the territory of New Mexico were set apart to the public free schools, system GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 447 Ahhui-:!. Smi I H. and the organization of a complete system of free public instruc- tion was provided for. This fund was afterwards invested in railroad bonds to encourage railroad construction, and a great part of it was lost. The alternate sections of lands surveyed by the railroads under the laws for railroad promotion were donated to the schools, and these added immensely to the landed endowment of the public school system. In 1856 the fifty leagues of University lands were authorized to be sold, the proceeds to constitute an available fund for the founding of the institution. In 1858 an act was passed to organize the University, but the approach of the war prevented its organiza- tion at that time. During the war a large sum of money belonging to that institution was diverted to other purposes. In 1866 an act was again passed contemplating the immediate organization of the University, but nothing came of it, and it was not until 1883, under the act of 1 88 1, that it was finally opened, with its main branch at Austin and the medical school at Galveston. s/ In the mean while, by various legislative and constitu- tional proA'isions, large quantities of public domain have from time to time been appropriated to the public schools and University, amount- ing in the aggregate to nearly 40,- 000,000 acres.' ,, These lands and the proceeds of tKe sale and lease of the same constitute the permanent fund of the educational system, while the interest thereon and moneys derived from other sources are the available fund. In addition to the interest on bonds Educational and land notes and rental from leases, the State levies an annual ad valorem school-tax of two mills, devotes one- fourth of the occupation taxes, and an annual poll-tax of $1 to the available school fund. The entire amount of available endowment Thomas D. VVooi kn. 448 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. apportioned school fund for the years 1894-95 was $2,836,- 363.50, and the total receipts by local treasurers, including balances from the previous year, were $3,962,637.51. The disbursements for the same year amounted to $3,675,501.62. Balance on hand, $287,135.89. The University is governed by a Board of Regents composed of eight citizens, residents of different sections of the State, who are appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Senate. The first president of the Board of Regents was the venerable Ashbel Smith, who died in 1886, and was succeeded by Dr. Thomas D. Wooten, who still holds that position. To the intelligent and zealous efforts of these two men— especially of the latter — the institution owes its growth, vigor, and popularity. University By an act of the legislature approved April 10, 1883, 1,000,000 acres of the public-debt land were added to the permanent University fund. Of the various land-grants made to the Univer- sity there remained unsold 2,020,049 acres on December 31, 1891. The permanent fund consists of, — State bonds 1571,340.00 Cash 1,327.21 Total 1572,667.21 The interest on the above sum, rental on leased lands, and matriculation fees, amounting to $53,831.87 per annum, consti- tute the available University fund. Attendance at the University has steadily increased in all the departments, and during the college year beginning in Septem- ber, 1896, there were about 450 matriculates in the main branch at Austin and about 200 in the medical department at Galveston, The institution now has a president, after the manner of the older universities of the country, the first selection to that office being Dr. George T. Winston, late of the University of North Carolina, appointed in June, 1896. ^°'"'=' As important parts of the educational system of Texas are schools , , ■' also two large normal schools at Huntsville and Prairie View, — the former for whites and the latter for colored teachers, — the GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS, 449 Agricultural and Mechanical College near Bryan, and the Deaf and Dumb and Blind Institutes at Austin, the latter being, in part at least, in the nature of public charities. There are very many excellent private schools and colleges in the State, most of them under denominational religious patronage or control. Some of these date from pioneer days, Institution for the Blind. and they are all valuable and potent factors in the intellectual, moral, and social evolution of Texan civilization. Side by side with intellectual culture and enterprise, religious Religious faith and zeal have attended the progress of Texas. In fact, s*""^'^ religion began its ministrations in the wilderness of Mexican Texas before education was much thought of by the struggling colonists. The Methodists and Baptists were the pioneers in the mission field, always excepting those first Catholic missionaries whose silent sacrifices and heroic courage planted the Cross from the Sabine to the Rio Grande before the Anglo-American had set foot west of the Alleghanies. In 1824-25 the first Prot- estant Church services were held among the settlements of Aus- tin's colony, and from that time the advance in religious thought and labor has kept pace with every forward movement in the development of Texas. The results of these years of prayer and preaching, as shown in the present condition of church affairs in the State, may be partially seen in the following table for the year 1894 : 29 Church statistics Taxable wealth, 1850- 1895 a:0 a complete HISTORY OF TEXAS. Xuiiiher of church organizations 6,890 Number of ministers 5.605 Number of members 694,070 Number of church edifices ......... 2,532 Vakie of church property 12,958,882 Number of church universities, colleges, and schools 52 Number of teachers in same 196 Number of pupils in attendance 3.977 Value of property invested in education by churches 11,001,250 The ta.xable values of property of all kinds in Texas, as shown by the assessment rolls, for the past five decades were as follows : 1850, $51,814,615 ; i860, $294,315,659; 1870, $170,473,778; School kor thk Deaf and Dime, .\ustin. 1880, $311,470,736; 1890, $782,111,883. For the five years following 1890 the assessed values were as follows: 1891, $856,202,283 ; 1892, $856,528,600 ; 1893, $886,175,395 ; 1894, $865,120,989 ; 1895, $860,910,567. These figures show a constantly increasing wealth until within the last three years, except for the decade ending in 1870, which was due to the devastating effects of the war and the ra\'ages of Reconstruction, coupled with the destruction of the property in slaves which was enumerated prior to 1864, GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 451 Aside from its administration of educational affairs and its Public strictly governmental functions, the State has been most liberal ^ in providing and maintaining all those public institutions of charity, benevolence, and humanity the existence of which is so characteristic a feature of Christian civilization. From the foun- dation of the State government specific funds were provided for the establishment of the principal eleemosynary institutions for the care of the afiflicted and r destitute members of so- ciety, and as the increasing population of the State has rendered these establish- ments necessary to be ex- tended, the liberality of the people through their legis- latures has kept pace with the demands of the occa- sion. The chief establish- ments of this kind are as follows : The three asylums for the insane, at Austin, San Antonio, and Terrell, with prop- erty and investment valued at $1,082,969 ; the Blind Asylum, which is also a school for the instruction of the blind, at Austin, with property valued at $146,550 ; the Deaf and Dumb Asy- lums, at Austin, one for whites and the other for negroes, with property valued at $193,859 ; the Orphan Asylum, at Corsicana, opened in 1890 ; the House of Correction and Reformatory, at Gatesville, established in 1888. The penal system and institutions of the State are on a very extensive scale, and their development and management consti- tute one of the most expensive, skilful, and successful depart- ments of the government, as well as evidencing a high order of humanity and wisdom. The problem of penitentiary manage- ment was for a long time the most perplexing the State had to deal with. The lease system was practised for a while, but was abandoned in 1883, and now the convicts are employed on State account or by private contract. There are two State peniten- tiaries, one located at Huntsville and the other at Rusk. Forces Main Buildings, Insane Asylum, AusiiiL Asylums Penitentiaries 452 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Public build- ings State capitol Relative growth of Texas among the United States of convicts are worked in some instances outside the prison walls, on farms and railroads, sometimes on private contract, and some- times by the State on its own account, considerable areas of sugar lands owned by the State having been thus profitably farmed. Various industries are prosecuted at the prisons, and the revenues therefrom in the future may prove to be very sub- stantial. The total valuation of penitentiary property and in- vestment reaches nearly five millions of dollars. The various public buildings at the State capital for the use of the government in its several departments are commodious and imposing structures, but the new State capitol is so notable a building that it merits special mention. The old capitol erected in 1856 was destroyed by accidental fire in November, 1881, and for a time the offices of the government were kept in a tempo- rary structure built by the State at the head of Congress Avenue, in Austin. Very soon active steps were taken to build a new capitol suitable in dimensions and grandeur to the dignity and wealth of the State. Three millions of acres of public land had been appropriated for that purpose, and an arrangement was finally consummated by which a syndicate of Chicago capitalists agreed to take the land in exchange for a completed State-house built on the plans and specifications furnished by the State. The structure was finally completed and dedicated by a grand international military drill and display in May, 1888. Its dimensions are as follows : Length, 566 feet 6 inches, in- clusive of porticos. Width, 288 feet 10 inches at widest point. Height, 311 feet from grade-line to top of statue on dome. It contains 258 rooms, and is second only in size to the capitol at Washington, and is the seventh largest building in the world. It is built of red granite from Burnet County, and Texas mate- rials were mainly used in its construction and finish. The progress of Texas in the various departments of life and enterprise that go to constitute the civilization of a common- wealth, during her fifty years of Statehood as an American State, has been most satisfactory and encouraging. By comparison with the achievements of the other communities composing the Union of States, Texas has every reason to be proud of her career. She was the sixteenth State admitted by the Congress of the GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 453 X United States, making with the original thirteen colonial States twenty-nine in the Union at that date. Between 1845 and 1850 two others were admitted, — Wisconsin and California, — antl at the taking of the census of 1850 Texas stood twenty-fifth in popul ation among thr United Stales. In 1S60 she was twenty-third : in i S^p.. she was niiutceiUh ; in iSSo slie had readied elexenth ; and in iSyo she stood se\entli, being l)eaten foT" sixth place by, J\Iassachusetts by only 34S0. ,.' The States ranking her in population in 1890 were in the order named : New York, with a population of 5,997,853 ; Pennsylvania, Company of Texas Ranoers. 5,258,014; Illinois, 3,826,351; Ohio, 3,672,316; Missouri, 2,679,184 ; and Massachusetts, 2,238,943. The recent election of 1896 clearly indicates by the popular votes of the several States that Texas has now a greater population than either Mis- souri or Massachusetts, and the census of 1900 bids fair to place her fourth or fifth in the list of the most populous States in the Union. In proportion to her importance, territorially and otherwise, Attitude of Texas has not, until recent years, exerted the influence abroad ^^'""' ^^*^°''' to which she seemed entitled. This lias been due to many and adequate causes. As has been seen, her real growth as a State did not fairly begin until 1850. The following decade was the Civil War 454 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. D. B. Culberson Texas in the Southern Confederacy Texas in Fed- eral politics of recent years Mills and Reagan largely occupied with the great sectional questions leading up to the War for Secession, and the position of the new State was such as to somewhat restrain her active and prominent partici- pation in the prevailing public issues in Federal poli- ' tics. Texas sustained a peculiar relation to the Union, — having been an independent Republic prior to annexation, — and her statesmen were puzzled by tlie situation in which they found themselves. Notwithstanding this embarrassment, however, her Senators and Representatives in Congress com- manded great respect and exerted considerable influ- ence in the national councils. General Houston ranked among the ablest men at Washington, and was sufBciently prominent to have been mentioned for the presidency in 1856 and in i860. General Rusk was regarded as an exceptionally strong states- man by his colleagues in the Senate, and but for his untimely death no doubt would have become a national char- acter. A. J. Hamilton and John H. Reagan likewise were dis- tinguished in the lower house of Congress. The Civil War, however, put a stop to the further connection of Texas with P^ederal affairs for many years ; but her ablest men, in both civil and military life, were among the recognized leaders of the Southern Con- federacy in the great conflict from 1861 to 1865, and their services shed lustre on the State. It was not until 1874 that Texas resumed her active participation in the affairs of the Union. Since that date her statesmen have won respect and distinction among the great characters of national public life. In the Senate, Sam Bell Maxey, Richard Coke, John H. Reagan, Roger 0. Mills, and Horace Chilton have wielded a use- ful influence and been conceded high rank. Reagan, howe\'er, attained their chief reputation during a long service in the lower house, — the former as a tariff reformer at Joseph D. Savers. Mr. Mills and Mr. GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 455 the head of the Committee on Ways and Means and author of the "Mills Bill," and the latter in connection with the Inter- State Commerce Law and Commission. In the House, David B. Culberson served for twenty years, retiring in 1897. In the latter years of his ser- vice he was chairman of the Judiciary Committee of that body, and enjoyed the reputation of being its ablest lawyer. After his retirement. President Harri- son appointed him one of the commission to codify the penal statutes of the United States. In the same body, Joseph D. Sayers, as the chairman of the Appropria- tions Committee, has achieved a permanent and prac- tical distinction as a wise, prudent, and capable states- man. In the Fifty-fifth Congress, Joseph W. Bailey, one of the young- est members of the House, was the Democratic candidate for the Speaker- ship, and as such became the recog- nized leader of that party, — an honor phenomenal for so youthful a man in years and in public life. In the diplomatic service of the United States, Texas has been twice honored with high stations. Under President Cleveland's first administra- tion, from 1885 to 1889, Richard B. Hubbard was Minister to Japan ; while Alexander W. Terrell was Minister to Turkey during Cleveland's second term, from 1893 to 1897. Seth Shepard, a native Texan and distinguished lawyer of the State, was appointed by President Cleveland one of the justices of the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia upon the organization of that court in 1893. Although her situation and environment ha\'e been such as to preclude her earlier and active prominence in national affairs, in whatever depart- ment of aspiration and effort the sons and citizens Seth Sheparp. A. W. Terrell. 456 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. of Texas have been called upon to display themselves, their conduct and achievements have reflected credit upon the State and been consistent with her heroic history and her prophetic prowess. QUESTIONS. What can you say of the importance and extent of Texas history as compared with that of other portions of the Union ? What was the char- acter of the early settlement of Texas ? Give an outline of its condition and progress during the period up to the year 1821. What important era began in that year, and by whose efforts ? What mistake is often made in regard to the early American settlers of Texas ? What were their real character and liabits? What proves the high character and intelligence of the American colonists in Texas in 1835 and 1836? What was the condition of the Republic when it began its career ? What was the pop- ulation of Texas in 1744, 1765, 1806, and 1831, respectively? Who visited the country in 1834, and what did he find? Who made an investigation and report of the country in 1836, and what did he report? Describe the condition of the country and its inhabitants at the date of the inauguration of the first President of the Repul)lic. What occurred during the next ten years, and with what results? When and by what popular vote was annexation to the United States adopted? When did Texas actually become one of the United States? When did the State government begin operations? What date maybe taken as the beginning-point in the State's history? What was the population of Texas from 1836 to 1849, and explain how you arrive at it? Where was most of the popula- tion located ? What event retarded the growth of the State for several years after annexation ? When was the first regular census taken, and what did it show? What can you say of the character of Texas citizens then and since? What two questions absorbed public attention after the end of the Mexican War? How were they finally settled ? What famous boundary dispute remained unsettled until recent times, and how was it finally disposed of? Give the population of the State for the sexeral decades from 1850 to 1890, both inclusive. What do these figures demon- strate? What has been the popular vote at the several general elections since 1S90, and what does it show ? How was the population classified by the census of 1890? What can you say of the inu-suits and residences of the inhabitants? Prior to the Texas Revolution, how was the country diviiled and governed ? When was the system of county governments adopted, and h(nv many counties existed at the organization of the Republic? How many counties were there in 1845, and how many were GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 457 added in 1846 ? How many are there now ? What can you say of their size ? What is the present area in square miles, and how does it compare with that of the whole Union ? What proportion of this is in timber lands, and where are they mostly situated ? Describe the condition and manage- ment of the public lands under Mexican rule. What proportion of the lands was disposed of under the Spanish and Mexican system? How much land did the Republic own at its organization, and how much was afterwards ceded to the United States ? What became of the public lands after annexation, and what did this enable Texas to do? Explain the gradual growth of agricultural and pastoral pursuits. Give the acreage in cotton, wheat, cane, and corn in 1857. Give the comparative figures on the production of cotton, wheat, and corn for the several decades from 1850 to 1890. Give the live-stock statistics for the same periods. What does the census of 1890 show as to the agricultural and live-stock products of Texas ? What was the cotton crop of Texas for the season of 1894-95, and how did it compare with the entire crop of the world for the same season? What can you say of the mineralogical resources of the State ? What minerals are found in the State, and in what localities ? Why were railroads early recognized as a necessity for the development of the State ? By what means was their construction encouraged by the government, and give an account of the system or policy of land donations to railroads ? Give the number of miles and number of railroad lines in Texas for the years 1857, 1861, 1865, 1870, 1880, 1890, 1892, 1893, 1894, and 1895, respectively. How much public land has been donated to railroad construction ? What can you say of the foreign trade of Texas ? What places are chiefly engaged in foreign trade? What great commer- cial enterprise on the Gulf coast has enlisted much attention, and explain what has been done towards developing it ? What can you say of the growth of manufacturing interests? What number of factories were organized in Texas for the two years ending in 1893, and with what capital invested? What has been the historic policy of Texas towards public education ? Give an account of the early laws and movements in that direction under Mexican rule. When did the Republic begin a liberal policy towards free public schools ? Explain the early legislation on the subject. What laws were passed after annexation for the endowment of the public schools, and to form a fund for that purpose ? Give an account of the present endowment of the schools and University. How is the University governed, and what is its present condition and endowment? What two men have largely aided in its prosperity and development? What other institutions belong to the educational system of the State ? What can you say of the religious growth and institutions of the State ? Give the statistics of the churches and their property and institutions for the year 1894. Wliat were the taxable values of property of all kinds in the State for the five decades ending with 1895? What charitable institu- tions does the State maintain, where are they located, and what is the value of the property of each of them ? Give an account of the peniten- 458 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. tiary system of the State and its cost and value. What can you say of the various public buildings at the capital ? Give a description of the new State capitol. Explain fully the relative growth of Texas in the Union, and her present position as to population and resources. Why did not Texas take a more prominent part in the affairs of the Union prior to 1874? What was the character and influence of her Senators and Repre- sentatives in Congress before the Civil War ? Give a short account of the various Texas statesmen who have won distinction in public life in recent years, and the positions they have held. What has been the uniform character of Texans in all matters in which they have taken part at home and abroad ? Topical Analysis. 1. The relative length, importance, and variety of the events and periods going to make up Texas history, as compared with other States in the Union. 2. The slow development of the country prior to the advent of the American colonists in 1821. Causes for the conditions existing before and after that date. 3. Difficulties of the Republic in the matter of its public finances, the poverty of the people, and the want of material resources. The manner in which these were overcome and the government finally rescued from ruin and ushered into the Union. 4. The effect of the Mexican War in retarding the development of the State after annexation. 5. The beginning of progress and prosperity after 1848, the disi:)Osi- tion of the Public Debt and Boundary ciuestions, and rapid grov\ th of population. 6. The Land System of Texas and the public policy followed in the disposition of the lands belonging to the State. Texas, unlike the other American States, owned a vast public domain, which she was able to devote to the development of internal improvements and educational and charitable institutions. 7. The policy of land donations to railroads, and its results in the growth of such enterprises. 8. The educational endowment of the .State as shown in the large landed and other funds of the schools and University. 9. The charitable institutions, penitentiaries, public buildings, and other institutions of public utility. 10. The growth of the agricultural and jxistoral industries, manufac- tures, mining, and other material resources as exhibited in the statistics from 1850 to 1890. 11. The present relative position of Texas in the Union, her influence and prominence in Federal affairs, and her prospective greatness as an American commonwealth, GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 459 Geography. The student should trace the various changes in the boundaries of Texas, from 1836 to 1896, so as to understand the disposition of pubhc domain from the formation of tlie original territory of the Republic down to the present area of the State. Then the river and railroad systems should be accurately considered, and outline maps of them made. The public lands, their location and disposition should be traced, and the present location of the unappropriated remnant of the public domain should be fixed. The physical divisions of the State into agricultural, timber, and pastoral lands should be traced, the mineralogical resources should be located, the artesian water district outlined, and the region susceptible of irrigation pointed out. The names and locations of the several counties should be carefully studied, and an interesting study can be made of the present county divisions as compared with the Mexican municipalities, old land districts, and original counties of the Republic and at the date of annexation. Unitkd Staths Battlkshii 460 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Table showing Chief Executives and State Elections of Texas from 1691 to 1897 — 206 Years. SPANISH — Domingo Teran. Don Ciaspardo de Anaya. Don Martin de Alarconne. Marquis de Aguayo. Fernando de Almazan. Melchior de Mediavilla. Juan Antonio Bustillos. Manuel de Sandoval. Carlos de Franquis. Prudencia Basterra. Justo Boneo. MEXICAN Trespalacios 1822 Don Luciano de Garcia . . . 1823 Rafael Gonzales ( Coahuila and Texas) 1825 169I TO 1822 — 131 YEARS. Jacinto de Barrios. Antonio de Martos. Juan Maria, Baron de Riperda. Domingo Cabello. Rafael Pacheco. Manuel Muiioz. Juan Bautista el Guazabel. Antonio Cordero. Manuel de Salcedo. Christoval Dominguez. Antonio Martinez. 1822 TO 1835 — 13 YEARS. Victor Blanco 1826 Jose Maria Viesca 182S Jos^ Maria Letona 183 1 Francisco Yidauri 1834 TEXAN — 1835 TO 1846 — II YEARS. Henry .Smith, Provisional Governor 1835 to 1836 David G. Burnet, President rt^/ /;//'<'/-/;« 1836 Sam Houston, Constitutional President 1836 Mirabeau B. Lamar, President 1838 Sam Houston, President 1841 Anson Jones, President 1844 STATE GOVERNMENT SINCE ANNEXATION— 1846 TO 1S97— 51 YEARS. J.Pinckney Henderson George T. Wood . . P. H. Bell P. H. Bell E. M. Pease .... E. M. Pease H. R. Runnels . . . .Sam Houston .... Edward Clark .... F. R. Lubbock . . . Pendleton Murrah . . A. J. Hamilton (Pro- visional) 1S49 to 1 85 1 to 1853 to 1855 to 1857 to 1S59 to I 86 I to 1S63 to 1846 1847 1851 J 853 1855 1857 1859 1861 1861 1863 1865 Pro James W. Throe morton . . E. M. Pease sional) . . . E. J. Davis . . Richard Coke . R. B. Hubbard O. M. Roberts John Ireland . L. S. Ross . J. S. Hogg . . C. A. Culberson k- 1865 to 1866 1S66 to 1867 1867 to 1870 1870 to 1874 1874 to 1876 1876 to 1879 1879 to 1883 1883 to 1887 1887 to 1891 1891 to 1895 1895 to 1899 GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 46 1 General Elections in Texas from 1835 to 1896, Inclusive. In the Consultation of Texas, November 11, 1835, Henry Smith was elected Governor and J. W. Robinson Lieutenant-Governor. The vote in the Consultation was, — For Governor. — Henry Smith, 31 ; Stephen F. Austin, 22. First General Election under Republic, in 1836.-/^(9;- Presi- dent. — Sam Houston, 3585 ; Stephen F. Austin, 551 ; Henry Smith, 144 ; T. J. Green, 42 ; Scattering, 5 ; against Constitution, 223 ; for Constitu- tion, 1836, 3199. Second General Election, 1838. — For President. — 1\I. B. Lamar, 6995 ; Robert M. Wilson, 252. Third General Election, 1841. — For President. — Sam Houston, 7915 ; David G. Burnet, 3616. Fourth General Election, 1844; — For President. — Anson Jones, 6443 ; Edward Burleson, 5054. First State Election, 1845. — For Governor. — J. P. Henderson, 7853 ; J. B. Miller, 1673 ; Scattering, 52. Second State Election, 1847. — /v?;' Governor. — George T. Wood, 7154; J. B. Miller, 5106; N. H. Darnell, 1276; J. J. Robinson, 379; Scattering, 852. Third State Election, 1849. — For Governor. — P. H. Bell, 10,319 ; George T. Wood, 8764 ; John T. Mills, 2632 ; for Amendment to Consti- tution, 15,852 ; against Amendment to Constitution, 3139. Fourth State Election, 1851. — For Govertior. — P. H. Bell, 13.595 ; M. T. Johnson, 5262 ; John A. Greer, 4061 ; B. H. Epperson, 2971 ; T. J. Chambers, 2320 ; Scattering, 100. Fifth State Election, 1853. — f^(^^' Governor. — E. M. Pease, 13,091 ; W. B. Ochiltree, 9178; George T. Wood, 5983; L. D. Evans, 4677 ; T. J. Chambers, 2449 ; John Dancy, 315. Sixth State Election, 1855. — For Governor. — E. M. Pease, 26,336 ; D. C. Dickson, 18,968 ; M. T. Johnson, 809 ; George T. Wood, 226. Seventh State Election, 1857. — For Governor. — H. R. Runnels, 32,552 ; Sam Houston, 28,628. Eighth State Election, 1859. — For Governor. — Sam Houston, 36,227; H. R. Runnels, 27,500; Scattering, 61. Ninth State Election, 1861. — For Governor. — F. R. Lubbock, 21,854; Edward Clark, 21,730; T. J. Chambers, 13,759. Tenth State Election, 1863. — For Governor. — Pendleton Murrah, 17,511 ; T. J. Chambers, 12,455 ; Scattering, 1070. Eleventh State Election, 1866. — For Governor. — J. W. Throck- morton, 49,277 ; E. M. Pease, 12,168. Twelfth State Election, 1869. — For Governor. — E. J. Davis, 39,901 ; A. J. Hamilton, 39,092 ; Hamilton Stuart, 3S0. 462 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. Thirteenth State Election, 1873. — For Governor. — Richard Coke, 85,549 ; E. J. Davis, 42,633. Fourteenth State Election, 1876. — For Governor. — Richard Coke, 150,581 ; Wm. Chambers, 47,719. Fifteenth State Election, 1878. — For Governor. — O. M. Roberts, 158,933 ; W. H. Hamman, 55,002 ; A. B. Norton, 23,402 ; Scattering, 99. Sixteenth State Election, 1880. — For Governor. — O. M. Roberts, 166, lor ; E. J. Davis, 64,382 ; W. H. Hamman, 33,721. Seventeenth State Election, 1882. — For Governor. — John Ire- land, 150,809 ; George W. Jones, 102,501 ; J. B. Robertson, 334. Eighteenth State Election, 1884. — For Governor. — John Ire- land, 212,234; George W. Jones, 88,450; A. B. Norton, 25,557. Nineteenth State Election, 1886. — For Governor. — L. S. Ross, 228,776 ; A. M. Cochran, 65,236 ; E. L. Dohoney, 19,186 ; Scattering, 102. Twentieth State Election, 188S. — For Governor. — L. S. Ross, 250,338 ; Marion Martin, 98,447. Twenty-first State Election, 1890. — For Governor. -]. S. Hogg, 262,432 ; W. Flanagan, 77,742 ; E. C. Heath, 2235. Twenty-second State Election, 1892. — For Governor. — J. S. Hogg, 190,486 ; George Clark, 133,395 ; T. L. Nugent, 108,483 ; A. J. Houston. 1322 ; D. M. Prendergast, 1605 ; Scattering, 176. Twenty-third State Election, 1894. — For Governor. — C. A. Culberson, 207,167; W. K. Makemson, 54,520; J. B. Schmitz, 5026; T. L. Nugent, 152,731 ; J. M. Dunn, 2196; .Scattering, 1076. Twenty-fourth State Election, 1896. — For Governor. — C. A. Culberson, 295,528 ; Clark. 1876 ; J. C. Kearby, 238,692 ; Scattering, 495. GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 463 o MD co^-j ONCyi -t*- 1^ O \0 OOM 0\0l -^ OJ Legisla- ture. :;■ o- ?. 3- ~i -Jy n> Z? 1 c ^ re re re 3 e S 5'^ o £, rvre a. 3s w O •o -" C "^ re a\ 3-« CTco re-^i 3 C Jqre ^? 5' 3 -■c >• ^ >!) K o- ■0 ■ M (T V C P n 3- 3 • O". re J_, ^ fc^ M tn 0^ V ." ^ „ M ^ >_ 00 00 4^ Di INDEX. Abbott, Jo, 400, 406. Abolition party, original secessionists, 302 ; attitude of, towards Texas boun- dary question, 322, 323 ; fanatical and lawless conduct of, 348. Acebedo, Father Antonio, 56. Aceqiiia, 52. Acoquash, a Waco chief, 262. Accjuisition of territory by the United States, attitude of the North and East towards, 301, 302. Actions at law, forms of, abolished, 273. Ad interim, the government of the Re- public, 209, 210. Adaes, mission San Miguel Cuellar de los, 67 ; mission and presidio Pilar de los, 6S, 69 ; the Indian tribe of the, 86. Adaizan family of Indians, 86. Adams, G. W., 333. Adams, John Quincy, an original seces- sionist, 301, 302. Administrations : first presidential, of Sam Houston, 250-258 ; of M. B. Lamar, 263-274 ; second presidential, of Hous- ton, 279-296 ; of Anson Jones, 301-310 ; of Governor Henderson, 307, 321-327 ; of Governors Wood, Bell, and Pease, 334-341 ; principal public questions under the several, 1847-57, 337~34i ! o^ Governor Runnels, 348-350 ; of Gov- ernor Houston , 350-354 ; of Governors Lubbock and l\Iurrah, 363-365 ; of A. J. Hamilton, 374, 375 ; of J. W. Throck- morton, 375, 376 ; of E. M. Pease, 376- 379 ; of General J.J. Reynolds, military governor, 379; of Edmund J. Davis, 379-382 ; of Richard Coke, 389-391 ; of R. B. Hubbard, 391-393 ; of Gran M. Roberts, 393-395 ; of John Ireland, 395- 397 ; of L. S. Ross, 400-402 ; of J. S. Hogg, 402-406 ; of C. A. Culberson, 409-418. Aes, mission Dolores, among the, 67 ; an Indian tribe, 85, 86. African slave-trade, the, proposition to revive, 350. Agricultural and Mechanical College, 392, 395- Agricultural products, 438-440. Aguayo, Marquis de, governor of Coa- huila and Te.xas, 68, 69. Aguayo, mission San Miguel de, 56 ; mis- sion San Jose de, 69. Ahumada, San Augustin de, presidio of, 72. Alabama, volunteers from (1835-36), 202 ; secedes, 351. Alamo, the, history of, 77, 78 ; siege and fall of, 212-218 ; ground-plan and res- toration of, 213, 217 ; burial of the heroes of, 218 ; the flag of, 267 ; pur- chased by the State, 396. Alarcon, expedition of, 41. Alarcon, Martin de, governor of Texas, 67 ; founds San Antonio de Bejar, 68. Alazan, batde of the, 106. Alcaldes, 28, 155. Alcantra, battle at the, 268. Alexander VI., Pope, establishes the "line of demarcation," 5. Alexander, Rev. R., 326. Algonquin family of Indians, 87. Alguazil, 27. Alibamu, or Alabamas, an Indian tribe, 90. Allen, A. C, 256. Allen, Ebenezer, 279, 309, 335. Allen, Colonel J. K., 186, 202, 256. Allen, Richard, 393. Allen, Sam T., 170, 1S5. Alliance, the Farmers', 401, 402. Almazan, General, acting governor of Texas, 69, 70. Almonte, Colonel Juan N., visits Texas and reports population, 156, 431 ; at battle of San Jacinto, 232, 233. 30 465 466 INDEX. Allamira, Marquis de, 72, 75. Amendments : the 13th and 14th, to the United States Constitution, 372, 373 ; the 15th, 379; to State constitution, on prohibition, 400, 401 ; to State constitu- tion, on railroad regulation, 402 ; reor- ganizing the judicial system, 402, 403 ; for a Confederate Soldiers' Home, and an elective railroad commission, 410. Alvarez, Senora, her kindness at Goliad, 220. America, discovery of, and early explora- tions in, 4-21. American colonists forbidden in Mexico, I5^> 159 ■> settlers in Texas, influence of, on the Revolution, 166, 167 ; party, or Know-Nothings, 347. Amichel, the province or land of, 8, 9, 38. Ampudia, General, 28S. Anadarkos, the, an Indian tribe, 89, 292. Anahuac, Colonel Bradburn at, 169, 170; expedition against Tenorio at, 1S3 ; attacked by Mexican vessel of war, 184. Aihi/ysis of 'Fexas history, i. Ana<]uas, an Indian tribe, 89. Anderson, Kenneth L., Vice-President, 295, 296. Anderson, T. S., 350. Andrade, General, 204. Anglo-American colonists, influence of, on the Revolution, 166, 167. Anian, the fabled Straits of, 38. Annexation, suggested by Texas, 244 ; voted for by the people, 246 ; proposed to the United States, 253, 254 ; political agitation respecting, in the United States, 301. 302 ; diplomacy, politics, and negotiations attending, 303-305 ; terms of the joint resolutions for, 305, 308, 309 ; accepted by Texas, 305, 306, 307; hnal scene in, 310; the several steps towards, 432. Afiiichcria, the, 54. Apaches, beginning of the wars with the, 54. 55 ; ill Texas, 62 ; battle between St. Denis and Lipans and, 66; hostility of, under Sandoval, 71 ; seek refuge in the missions, 72 ; ethnology of, 87,^88. Ai)<)daca, viceroy of Mexico, 102, 103, 104. Aranamas, an Indian tribe, 89. Archer, Branch T., activity of, in early revolutionary movements, 169, 170, 176; president of the Consultation, 198; Commissioner to the United States, 198, 199 ; returns to Texas, 243. Archevefjue, L', 63. "Archive War," the, 283, 284. Arcoquisac, mission of, 72. Area of Texas, 436. Arispe, Ramos, 135. Arista, General, 281. Arizona, first explorations in, 40-42. Armijo, governor of New Mexico, 271. Arms, the national coat of, of the Repub- lic, 267. Army, influence of the, in Spanish coloni- zation, 25-34, 47-49 ; the " Republican," of the "North," invasion of Texas by, 105-107 ; first Texan, organized, 187 ; organized by the Consultation, 199 ; disorganization of, by the Matamoros expedition, 201 ; Mexican, prepares to invade Texas, 202 ; Texan, movements of, in the West, under Houston, 202, 203 ; Mexican, reaches San Antonio, 204 ; condition of Texan, at beginning of campaign of 1836, 210 ; Texan, re- treats from Gonzales to the Brazos, 224- 226; Mexican, progress of, from Bexar to New Washington, 224, 226, 227 ; both, meet at San Jacinto, 229-233 ; Mexican, retires from Texas, 235 ; disorderly con- duct of the Texan, 240, 241 ; reckless and dangerous schemes in the, 251 ; is disbanded by Houston, 255 ; raised to repel Mexican invasion (1842-43), 282, 284, 287 ; of United States, Texas troops in the, during the Mexican War, 331- 2,'iz \ t>f the Confederate States, Texas troops in the, 365-367. Arredondo, General, 105, 106, 107, 130. Arrest of Texans, Santa Anna i; sues orders for the, 184, 185. Arroyo Hondo, the, neutral ground -dXowg, 99, 100. Ashby, H. S. P. ("Stump"), 413. Asile, Champs d', French colony of, loS. Asinais, an Indian tribe, 62 ; mission and presidio among the, 67, 69, 85, 86. Asylums, the public, 451. Athapascan family of Indians, 87. Attakapan family of Indians, 88. Audiences, royal, in Spanish times, 27. Augustin, Henry W., 171. Aury, Don Luis, "Commodore," 107, 108. Austin, Captain John, 170. Austin, Mo.ses, 129 ; his colonization en- terprise, experiences, and death, i 29-131. Austin, Stephen F., 129 ; succeeds his father, visits Texas and Mexico, and es- tablishes first American colony, 131-137 ; methods of granting lands by, 132, 136 ; his influence in Mexico, 135 ; limits of his first colony, 138 ; organization of his INDEX. 467 government, 13S ; subsequent colonies of, 139 ; colony of Williams and, 148 ; powers of, in governing his colonies, 167,168 ; his influence on the legislation of Coahuila and Texas, 171, 172; presi- dent of first convention, 172 ; letter of, to Ramon Musquiz, 173 ; commissioner to Mexico, experience and captivity there, 174; returns to Texas, 177; Santa Anna's object in his imprisonment, 182 ; chairman of Committee of Safety at San Felipe, 185 ; his activity and influence, 186 ; elected general of the Texan army at Gonzales, 187 ; his campaign to Bexar, 187-189 ; commissioner to the Ihiited States, 190 ; his views of independence, 202 ; speech of, at Louisville, and his labors in the United States, 204 ; re- turns to Texas, 243 ; party devoted to, in early politics, 245 ; defeated for the - Presidency, 245 ; secretary of state, 246 ; last labors, character, service, and death, 254. Austin, the city of, located and capital moved to, 266, 267 ; government re- moved from, and "archive war" re- sults, 283, 284. Austin, William T., 1S7, 190, 225. -Ayllon, Lucas Vasquez de, 9. Ayuntatniento, 28, 29, 155. Bacon, Rev. Sumner, 326. Bahia, La (see Goliad), presidio of, founded, 69 ; removed, 70 ; captured by Magee's expedition, 105. Bailev, Joseph W., 402, 406, 416, 455. Baker, John R., 286. Baker, Mosely, 184, 226, 227. Baker & Borden, publish first newspaper at San Felipe, 197. BaIl)oa, 6. Ball, Thomas H., 416. Ballinger, William P., 391. Bankruptcy, law for, under the Republic, 274- Banks : project for establishing a national, for the Republic, 267 ; constitutional pro- visions respecting, 317. Baptist church, the, growth of, 325. Barr, Robert, 246, 257. Barradas, General, 158. Barrett, D. C, 184, 198. Barrett, (ieneral, 368. Barrios, governor, 71. Bassett, B. H., 393. Bastrop, Baron de, aids Austin, 130 ; land commissioner, 137. Bastrop (Mina), numicipality of, 183. Battle-field of San Jacinto, description of, 228-230. Battles : at the Bridge of Calderon, 102 ; of Rosillo, 106 ; of the Alazan, 106 ; of the Medina, 107 ; of Velasco, 170 ; of Gonzales, 185, 186 ; of Concepcion, 187, 188 ; at capture of Bexar by the Texans, 190-193 ; of Lipantitlan, 193 ; of San Patricio, Agua Dulce, and Refugio. 211, 212 ; at the Alamo, 215-218 : at the Coleto, 218, 219 ; of San Jacinto, 229- 234 ; of Plum Creek, with Indians, 266 ; of Alcantra, Matamoros, Monterey, and Saltillo (1839-40), 268, 269; of the Sal- ado, 2S6 ; of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, 331 ; of Monterey, 332 ; noted, of the Civil War ( 1861-65 1, 367 ; of Pal- niito Ranch, the last of the Civil War, 368. Bautista, San Juan, mission of, 57, 66. Baylor, Henry W., :si?i- Baylor, John R., 354, 365. Baylor, R. E. B., 321. Baylor University, 325. Bays, Rev. Joseph, 325. Bean, Ellis P., 98, 146, 169. Beans, the drawing of, by the Mier pris- oners, 289. Beard, Spruce M., 337. Season's Crossing, 225. Beaujeu, 14, 15. Bedais, an Indian tribe, 85, 86, 292. Bee, Barnard E., 242, 257, 259, 269. Bee, Hamilton P., 291, 333, 367. Bejar or Bexar, San Antonio de, founded, 68; missions transferred to, 70, 71; captured by Magee's expedition, 106 ; political department of, 154, 155; loy- alty of certain Mexicans at, 183; siege and capture of (1835), 188-193 ; plan of, and environs, 189, 191 ; Mexicans enter (1836), 204; siege of the Alamo at, 212-218. Belgium recognizes Texan independence, 270. Bell, Charles K., 406. Bell, James H., ^48, 365. Bell, Josiah H., 134. Bell, P. Hansljorough, in the Mexican War, 332 ; governor, 335 ; in Congress, 336. Bernardino, .San. mission of, 57. Bernardo, San, Bay of. La Salle lands at, 15. 468 INDEX. Bi.s^elow, Hi)ratio, 109. Billing;sley, Jesse, 2S6. IJiloxis, the, an Indian tribe, 91, 292. " IJiniini," tlie island of, 6. Bird, James, 286. Bird's Fort, 291. Birdsall, John, 257. Biscay, New, kingdom of, 53. Blanco, \'ictor, governor, 153, 168. Blount, Stephen VV., 208. Boards, of land commissioners, 257 ; mul- tiplicity of, created in Ireland's adminis- tration, 396. Bonaparte, Joseph, king of Spain, loi. Bonaparte, Napoleon, sells Louisiana to the United States, 96. Bonds of tlie United States donated to the school fund, 338. Boneo, Justo, governor, 71. Bonham, James B., at Bexar and the Alamo, 210, 214, 215, 217. lionilla, Don Antonio, Brief Compendium of, 75- Bonnell, George W., 290. Bonner, Micajah H., 393. I'orden, Gail, 176, 197. Borden, Ciail, Jr., 176. Borden, John P., 176, 197, 257, 279. Borden P. P., 176. liorden, Th(jmas H., 176, 197. Boundary, between United States and Sjjain on the Louisiana border, 96-98 ; troubles in regard to, 67-100 ; settled by treaty of 1819, 108, 109; of Texas, pro- visions for fixing, 257, 269 ; attempt to extend, over Mexican territory, 281 ; questions of, to be adjusted by Unitecl States, 307 ; issue of, in politics, 322 ; its relation to the slavery question, 322, 323 ; agitation and final' settlement of, 337. 338, 434 ; litigation regarding, in the Greer County case, 416, 417, 434. " Boundary bill," the (1850), 338. Bounties, granted to soldiers by the Con- sultation, 200, 209 ; land, nature of titles, 3''*^, 3 '9. 320. Bowie, James, 171, 176, 182; at Concep- cion, 187. 188; at the "Grass fight," 189 ; sent to relieve San Antonio, 203 ; at San Antonio, 210; his death in the Alamo, 216. Bowie, Kex.in P., 176. Bowles, a Cherokee chief, 136, 264, 265. Bowles, John, son of the above, 265. I'.radburn. John D.. tyrannical acts of, and his expulsion, 169, 170. Bradford, Captain, massacre of, with his men, at Goliad, 220. Bradley, Thomas H., 170. Branch, A. M., 365, 375. Bravo, Nicolas, 104. Bravo, Rio, 55-57, 66. "Bravo," the, Mexican vessel, 202. Brazil, discovery of, 4, 5. Brazoria, first revolutionary meeting at, 169. Brazos, political department of the, 155. Brazos River, early fort and trading posts on, 109 ; first settlers on, 133 ; Hous- ton's retreat to the, 226 ; Santa Anna crosses, 227. Breese, Captain, at the siege of Bexar, 190-193. Brenham, Richard F., 271, 290. Brewster, H. P., 334, 335. Bridge, Vince's, importance of, at San Jacinto, 230. Brigham, Asa, 279. Briscoe, Andrew, 208. Brister, Colonel, at the siege of Bexar, 190. Britain, Great, relations of, to Texas, 254. 270. Brown, Henry S., 170, 176. Brown, Reuben R., 211. Brown, Thomas J., 403. Brownsville, capture of, by General Banks's expedition, 366. " Brutus," the, a Texan war-ship, 235. Bryan, Guy M., 336, 349. Bryan, Moses Austin, 233. Bryan, William, 282. Bryan, William J., nominated for Presi- dent, 412, 413. Bryant, David E., 392. Bucareli, mission of, 76. Buchel, August, 332. Buenaventura, San, mission of, 57. Buffalo Bayou, in the campaign of 1836, 227, 228. Bullard, Captain, 107. Bullock, John W., 171. Bureau, the Freedmen's, 377 ; immigra- tion, established, 379. Burke, R. E.. 416. Burleson, Edward, 182, 185, 187 ; succeeds Austin in connnand at Bexar, 190 ; at San Jacinto, 230 ; in the Ranger service, 255, 264, 265, 266, 286 ; Vice-President, 274 ; defeated for President, 295 ; in the Mexican War, 332. Burnet, David G., 140; colony contract of, 148 ; judge in Coahuila and Texas, INDEX. 469 156; in the convention of 1S33, 174; President ad interim, 209 ; visits San Jacinto and concludes treaty with Santa Anna, 234, 235 ; his troubles with Santa Anna's custody, 241 ; Vice-President, 259 ; in the Cherokee War, 265 ; acting- President, 270 ; his extravagant claims for Texas, 272 ; defeated for the Presi- dency, 274 ; secretary of state, 321 ; United States Senator, 375. iUirnham's Crossing, 225. P>urr, Aaron, 100. Burroughs, James M., 375. Burton, Isaac \V., 171, 242, 266. Bustamente, President of Mexico, 15S, 159; tyrannical conduct and decree of, towards the colonists, 158, 159, 168, 169, 170, 172-174; deposed by Santa Anna, 159, 160. Cabeza de Vaca, adventures of, in Texas, 39, 40, 61. Cabi/do, 28. Cabot, John and Sebastian, 4, 18. Cabral, Pedro Alvarez de, 5. Cabrillo, ir, 42. Caddoan family of Indians, 88, 89. Caddos, an Indian tribe, 89, 242, 262. Cadillac, Governor, 65. Ca/abrcjs, Is/a dt\ early name for Galves- ton Island, 107. Calderon, battle at the Bridge of, 102. Caldwell, C, 376, 378. Caldwell, John, 176. Caldwell, Matthew, 208, 266, 286. Calhoun, John C, favors annexation, 304- Calleja, loi. Cameron, Ewan, 286 ; in the Mier expe- dition, 288, 289. Cameron, John, 203. Campaigns: of Texan army (1835), 187- 193 ; of 1836, situation at the beginning of, 210; progress of, 211-221 ; closing of, at San lacinto, 224-235 ; political, the first, in Texas, 244-246 ; iov the Presi- dency in 1838, 258, 259 ; military, in Northern Mexico ( 1839-40), 268, 269 ; political, of 1844, in the United States, on annexation, 304 ; military, of the Mex- ican War, 331-334 ; pt>litical, between Houston and Runnels ( 1859), 35*^ ; mili- tary, of the Civil War, 365-367 ; politi- cal, of 1869, between Davis and Ham- ilton, 379; between Davis and Coke, 381 ; of 1887, on prohibition, 400, 401 ; of 1892, between Hogg and Clark, 404, 405 ; of 1894, 409, 410; State and P'ederal, in 1896, 410-414. Campbell, Isaac, 267. Canipcachy, name of Lafitte's colony at Galveston, 108. Canales, General, in the Mexican revo- lutionary struggles, 268, 269 ; in Texas, 284, 285. Canary Islands, colonists from, to Texas, Candelaria, mission of, 72. Canoma, a Caddo chief, 89. Cantino, map of, 6. Capital, commissioners to locate a per- manent, 256, 266 ; located at Austin on the Colorado, 266, 267; removed tempo- rarily to Houston, 283. Capitol, the new State, contracted for and constructed, 395 ; ceremonies of laying corner-stone and dedication of, 397, 400 ; description of, 452. Captivity of Stephen F. Austin, objects of, 182 ; of Santa Anna, 233, 235, 240, 250. Carbajal, 169, 184. Carizos, an Indian tribe, 92. "Carpet-baggers," 376. Carroll, Daniel S., 294. Carson, Samuel P., 209, 240. Cartier, Jacques, 13. Casas, Las, the "Universal Protector of the Indians," 27. Cash, L. L., 290. Cassiano, a loyal Mexican, 183. Castinado, at Gonzales, 185, 186. Castrillon, General, 204, 215, 232. Castro, Henri, colony of, 294. Castro, a Lipan chief, 88, 266. Catholic church, the, in New Spain, 29-34; missions, of New Spain, 44 ; missionary labors of, in New Mexico and Texas, 47~57 ; missions, the first, in Eastern Texas, 64, 65 ; colonists required to be- long to, 137 ; citizens required to belong to, 167 ; early priests of, in Texas, 324 ; proposition of Count Farnese to make it the established church of Texas, 324, 325- Cenis, an Indian tribe, 62 ; missions founded among the, 67 ; history of the, 86. Census, of 1847, by counties, 324 ; of 1880, 365 ; of 1890, 406 ; the several, from 1744 to 1890,431-435. Central National Road, projected, 295. 470 INDEX. Centralists, a political party in INIexico, 158, 268. Cerliticates, land, the several kinds uf, 318-320. Chambers, Thomas J., 156, 176, 205, 335, Champs d'Asile, French colony at, 108. Chandler, Captain, in the Snively expe- dition, 293. Character of the early colonists, 429, 430. Charles IV., of Spain, tyranny of, loi. Charles V., Emperor, 26. Cherokees, ethnology of the, 89, 90 ; chiefs of the, in Mexico, 136 ; in the Fredonian War, 147 ; rights of, guar- anteed by the Consultation, 197, 199 ; treaty with (1836), 204; incited to hos- tility by Mexican agents, 242; war with, and final expulsion of, 264-266 ; their rights in Texas, 264. Che\allie, Major Michel, in the Mexican War, 332. Chiefs, Political, under Mexican and Spanish rule, 154, 155. Chiliuahua, early history of, 51-57. Childress, George C, 208. Chilpanzingo, the Congress of, 102. Chilton, George W., 375. Chilton, Horace, 402, 454. Chiricahua Ajxiches, 87, 88. Chriesman, Horatio, 138. Christian or Campbellite church, growth of, 326. Christianity, Spanish methods of propa- gating, 47-53 ; labors of Franciscans and Jesuits in spreading, 49-57 ; spread and growth of, in Texas, 323-326. Christy, W'illiam, 190, 204. Churches : the Catholic, in New Spain, 29-34 ; the early missionary labors of the Catholic, in Mexico and Texas, 47-57 ; union t)f State and, under Mexi- can govenuiient, 167 ; the Catholic, its labors among the Americans in Texas, 324 ; Catholic, i^roposition to make it the State church, 324, 325 ; the Protes- tant, the labor and growth of, in Texas, 325, 326 ; statistics of, 450. Cii)ola, the fabled land of, with its Seven Cities, lu, 37, 38, 41, 42. Cigualan, the land of, 10, 37, 41, 42. Cities, the Seven, of Cibola or (Juivira, lo, 37, 40-42. Citizenship, a new kind of, created by the 141I1 amendment to the United States Constitution, 372, 373. Civi/ Law of Spain, relations of, to the Texas system, 273. Clark, Edward, 332, 336, 350 ; acting governor, 353, 354 ; defeated for gov- ernor, 363. Clark, George, 393, 404, 405. Clay, Henry, attitude of, on annexation, 304, 305- Clergy, members of the, ineligible to the legislature of the Republic, 316, 317. Cleveland, Grover, 396, 406, 411, 412. Coahuila, in early times, 53 ; early mis- sions in, 53-57 ; Spanish name for, 63 ; separation of Texas from, determined upon, 172-174; revolution in, 175. Coahuila and Texas, State colonization law of, 135 ; constitution of, adopted, 140 ; united with New Leon, 152 ; sep- arated into an independent state, 152, 153 ; constitutional provisions in regard to, 153; constitution of, 153, 168; gov- ernors of, 153, 154 ; representation in the Congress of, 156 ; full power of laws of, established in Texas, 168 ; acts of its Congress unfriendly to Texas, 172 ; sep- aration of, decided upon by the colonies, 172-174 ; end of the government of, 175, 176. Coahuila, villa de, 57. Coahuiltecan family of Indians, 89. Coal-fields of Texas, 440. Coat of arms of the Republic, 267. Cocke, James D., 290. Cockrell, J. V., 406. Coinage question, the, in State and Fed- eral politics, 405, 409, 410-414. Coke, Richard, on the Supreme Court, 375 ; elected governor, 381 ; the dramatic scene of his inauguration, 389 ; United States Senator, 391, 402, 454 ; death of, 420. Coleman, Robert M., 185, 208, 255. Coleto, the battle of the, 218, 219. Collard, W. E., 403. College, the Agricultural and INIechanical, 392, 395- Collingsworth, George M., 186. CoUinsworth, James B., 208, 240, 242, 246, 257, 258, 259. Colonial, system, the Spanish, 25-34 ; con- tracts of the Austins, 130-141 ; contracts of the later colonies, 145-149, 264 ; con- tracts declared void (1845), 306. Colonies: English, in America, 18, 19; Dutch, 19, 20; characteristics of the Spanish, in America, 25-34 '. i'^ Texas, under Spanish rule, 129; foundation of, INDEX. 471 by the Austins, 130-14 1 ; of Martin de Leon, 145 ; of Green Dewitt, 145 ; of Hayden Edwards, 146, 147 ; of Robert Leftvvich ( Nashville), 147, 148 ; of Power and Hewitson, 148 ; of McMullen and McGloin, 148 ; of Austin and Williams, 148 ; of Zavala, Burnet, and Vehlein, 148 ; of Cameron, Beale, Grant, Padillo, and others, 148 ; condition of, in 1834, 156, 157 ; Bustamente's tyrannical con- duct towards the, 158-160 ; attitude of the, leading to the Revolution, 166-177 ! prepare to resist invasion, 183, 184 ; Peters's colony, 294 ; Mercer's, 294 ; other later, 294. Colonists, distribution of lands to the, 136, 137 ; condition of the first, 137 ; under later contracts, 145-149 ; character of, in Edwards's colony, 146 ; prosperity of ( 1834 ), 156, 157 ; from the United States, forbidden in Texas and Mexico, 158, 159 ; political temper of the, leading to the Revolution, 166 168 ; first revolu- tionary meetings of the, 169, 170-174 ; prepare to resist invasion, 183, 184 ; under later contracts, 294 ; character of the early, 429, 430. Colonization, the Spanish system of, 25- 34 ; religion as an element in Spanish, 47-53 ; of Texas, under Spanish rule, 129; by the Austins, 130-139; under Mexican rule, 136-141 ; under later con- tractors, 145-149 ; laws of Mexico, 153 ; decree of April 6, 1830, affecting, 158; laws of Coahuila and Texas, repealed, 172 ; revival of contracts for, under the Republic, 294 ; contracts for, declared void, in 1845, 306. Colorado River, explored by La Salle, 15, 16 ; explored by I)e Leon, 63 ; first set- tlers on the, 133 ; Houston's retreat to, 225, 226. Columbia, meeting at, to call a consultation of the colonists, 184. Columbus, Christoj^her, 4, 5. Comanches, mission of San Saba de- stroyed by the, 72 ; defeat the Spaniards, 73 ; ethnology of the, 91 ; depredations of (1839-41), 265, 266 ; attempt to make treaty with, 291, 292. Commerce, of Texas {1S34), 157; treaty of, with England and France, 254 ; con- dition of, in 1838, 258 ; in 1841, 274. Coiiiinission to regulate railroads, 402. Commissioners, to the Ignited States (1835-36), 19S, 204; to United States, to secure recognition of independence, 243, 244 ; to select permanent cajiital, 256, 266, 267 ; to run boundary line, 257 ; to make Indian treaty, 291, 292. Committees oi safety ( 1835), 183 ; the, of the Secession Convention, 352-354. Covunon Law of England, adopted, 272, 273- Comnmnity property of husband and wife, 317- Compromise, the Missouri, as affecting the Texas boundary, 322, 323 ; measures of 1850, settling Texas debt and bouml- ary, 337 ; the effect of those measures, 346 ; of the International and Great Northern Railroad subsidy, 390. Concepcion, La Purissima, mission of, 67 ; battle at the, in 1835, 187, 188. Conchos, the, an Indian tribe, 55. Confederate States of America, organized, 352 ; Texas senators and congressmen of the, 365 ; Texas troops in the army of, 365. 367- Congress, of Chilpanzingo, 102 ; the Con- stituent, of Mexico, 152, 153 ; of Coa- huila and Texas, representation in, 156 ; the P'irst, of the Republic, 246, 256 ; the Second and Third, 256 ; the Third, P^ourth, Fifth, and Sixth, 272-274 ; efforts of the Sixth, to relieve the finances, 280 ; foolish act of, in claiming Mexican ter- ritory, 281 ; passes a " war bill," which is vetoed, 285 ; time for meeting of, changed, 285 ; the Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth, 295, 306 ; special session of the Ninth, on annexation, 305, 306 ; of the Lhiited States, first representatives in, ■321; Texas members of (1847-51), 335 ; members of, from 185 1 to 1861, 336, 349 ; passes the compromise meas- ures of 1S50, settling Texas debt and boundary, 338 ; action of, affecting slavery and States'-rights ( 1S54), 346, 347 ; of the Confederate States, Texas senators and congressmen in, 365 ; of United States, adopts the 13th and 14th amendments, 372, 373 ; attempts to re- construct the St)uthern States, 373, 374, 376 382 ; members of, elected in 1S66, 375 ; Texas members of, refused ad- mission, 376 ; adopts the 15th amend- ment, 379; members of (1872-76), 391 ; members of, elected in 1876, 392 ; members of, from 1878 to 1882, 393, 394 ; from 1SS2 to 1886, 395, 396 ; from 1 886 to 1890, 400 ; from 1890 to 1896, 402, 406 ; members elected in 1896, 416 ; influence of Texas in, 454-456. 472 INDEX. Congressional Reconstruction, methods and results f)f 374, 376-379. Conrad, Edward, 208. Co/is/i/iu'fi/ Congress oi Mexico, 152, 153. Constitutional, convention, the first (1836), 208, 209 ; convention of 1845, 305, 306 ; provisions (1845), 316, 317; amend- ments, 13th, 14th, and 15th, adopted by Congress, 372, 373, 379 ; conventions of 1866 and 1869, 375, 377-379 ; conven- tion of 1875, 390-391 ; amendments, on prohibition, railroad commission, sol- diers' home, and reorganizing the ju- dicial system, 400, 401-403, 410. Constitutions : the Federal, of 1824, 152 ; of Coahuila and Texas, 153 ; defects of the Mexican, from an American stand-point, 167 ; loyalty of the Texans to that of 1824, 170, 171, 183 ; a State, adopted by the convention of 1833, 174 ; of the Republic, adopted, 209 ; the State, of 1845, 305, 306, 316, 317 ; of 1861, 353 ; of the United States, 13th and 14th amendments to, 372, 373 ; State, of 1866, 375 ; of 1869, 377-380'. the 15th amend- ment to the United States, 379 ; State, of 1876, 390-392 ; amendments to the State, 402, 403, 410. Constitii/ive acXs, 152. Consultation, movements among the col- onies for calling a, I S3- 1 85 ; election for, 185 ; postponed, 187 ; delegates of, visit the army, 187 ; meeting and proceed- ings of, 197-199. Coufen/s, table of, vii-xi. Contracts, colonial, under Spanish laws, 129; under Mexican laws, 136-141 ; of the Austins, 130-141 ; of later colonies, 145-149 ; for colonies, revived under the Republic, 294; colonial, declared void, in 1845, 306. Conventions : the first, at San F'elipe, '72, 173; tlie second, at San Felipe, 173. 174; '1 .general, called for March 1, 1S36, 205; the first constitutional (18^6), proceedings of, 208, 209 ; constitutional, "f '•'^45, 305. 306; the first political, in Te.xas, 336, 337 ; the first State Demo- cratic, in Texas, 348 ; the Secession, 351-353; "f the Southern States at Montgomery, Alabama, 352 ; State con- stitutional, of 1866, 375; State con- stitutional, of 1868-69, 377-379 ; Non- partisan Tax-payers' (1871), 380; Con- .slitutional, of 1S75, 390; State Dem- ocratic (1878), 393; State Democratic (1892), 404, 405; State Democratic (1894), 409, 410; State and National (1896), of all parties, 412-414. Convicts, to be sent to Texas, under the decree of 1830, 159. Cooke, Captain, of the United States army, 293. Cooke, James R., 287. Cooke, Lewis P., 267. Cooke, William G., 193, 271, 287, 309, 321. Cooper, S. B. , 406, 416. Cordero, Governor Antonio, 99, 106. Cordova, Francisco Hernandez de, 7. Cordova, the treaty of, between Spain and Mexico, 104. Cordova, Vicente, a Mexican agent among the Indians, 256, 264. Coronado, expedition of, 10, 11,41,42, 61. Corporations, attempts to restrain and regulate, 401, 402, 404. "Correo," the, captured by the "San Felipe," 184. Cortez, Hernando, conquers Mexico, 7 ; explorations by, 10, 37. Cortina, Juan, a Mexican bandit, raids by, into Texas, 349. Corzine, Shelby, an early district judge, 246. Cos, General Martin Perfecto de, subdues Coahuila, 175, 176 ; military governor of Coahuila and Texas, 183 ; at San Antonio, 187 ; his defence and defeat at San Antonio, 189-193 ; prepares for re- invasion, 202 ; at San Antonio, 204 ; brings reinforcements to Santa Anna at San Jacinto, 230 ; is captured, 232. Cotonames, an Indian tribe, 89. Cottle, Captain George W., 185. Cotton, product of, 439, 440. "Council of the Indies," the, 26-34. Council, the Executive, formed by the municipalities, 186; proceedings of, 197, 198 ; of the Provisional Government, 198 ; troubles between Governor Smith and the, 199,200; favors the Matamoros expedition, 201. "Council-house fight," the (1840), 265. Counties : organized, under the Republic, 257, 274, 436 ; under the State govern- ment, 324, 436 ; Greer, 338, 416, 417, 434 ; lands donated to, for school pur- poses, 273, 274, 338, 339. Courts : the first Supreme, of the Repub- lic, 246 ; a complete system of, adopted, and procedure therein, 257, 272, 273 ; the first Supreme, of the State, 321 ; the Sui^reme, during the Civil War, 365 ; the Supreme, changed in 1866 and INDEX. 473 1869, 375, 378 ; the Supreme, under Re- constructit)n, 376, 377 ; military, in the Suutli during Recon.structit)n, 377 ; the Supreme, known as the "Semicolon" court, 381; the Supreme (1874-80), 391 ; the Supreme, in 1882, 395 ; com- plete reorganization of, in 1892, 402, 403- Grain, William H., 396, 400, 406, 420. Crane, Captain, at the siege of Bexar, 192. Crane, M. M., 405. Cranford, J. W., 416. Crawford, W. C, 208. Creeks, the, an Indian tribe, 60. Crime and lawlessness, the suppression of, 390- Crockett, Davy, at San Antonio and the Alamo, 210 ; his death in the siege of the Alamo, 217. Crockett, John M., lieutenant-governor, 363- Croix, General, 75. Crops, agricultural, statistics of, 439, 440. Crosby, Stephen, 336. Crowley, Miles, 406. Cuba, Lopez's expedition to, 350. Cuellar, San Miguel, de los Adaes, mis- sion of, 67. Cuernavaca, the Plan of, 175. Culberson, Charles A., elected governor, 409 ; his administrations, 410, 415, 416. Culberson, David B., 392, 393, 395, 400, 406, 455- " Cushatta trace," the, a pioneer road of Texas, 91. Cushattas, the, an Indian tribe, 60, 61 ; in Magee's expedition, 105 ; rights of, guaranteed by the Consultation, 167, 199 ; treaty with ( 1836), 204 ; incited to hostility by Mexican agents, 242. Custom-houses, established, 168 ; under the Republic, 257. D. Daggett, Ephraim M., n^,. Daingerfield, William H., 279. Dallas, George M., 304. Dancy, John W., 335. Darden, Stephen H., 365. Darnell, Nicholas H., 307, 334, 335. Dashiell, L. T., 415. Davidson, W^. L., 403. Davis, Edmund J., 367, 376, 378; elected governor, 379 ; character and conduct of his administration, 3S0 ; popular up- rising against his methods, 380, 381 ; resists his defeat for governor, but is compelled to yield, 381, 382 ; candidate for governor, 394. Davis, General James, 284, 285. Davis, Jefferson, 352. Dawson, Captain Nicholas, massacre of his command (1842), 286. "Dawson's Massacre," 286. De Bray, General X. B., 367. De Graftenried, R. C, 416. D' Iberville, 65. De Leon, Alonzo, expeditions of, to Texas, 63, 64 ; founds the first mission among the Tejas Indians, in Eastern Texas, 64. De Leon, Martin, the colony of, 145. De Mezieres, 75. De Mcjnts, the Sieur, 13. De Soto, Ferdinand, 10, 40, 61. De Vaca, Cabeza, Alvar Nuiiez, adven- tures of, in Texas, 39, 40. De Witt, Green, 135 ; the colony of, 145. Debt, the public, in 1836, 250 ; in 1S41, 272 ; provisions for payment of, at an- nexation, 307, 450 ; final settlement of (1850), 337, 338, 434 ; reduction of (1874), 390. Declaration : of grievances against Mex- ico, 198 ; of Independence voted down in the Consultation, 198 ; of Indepen- dence issued at Goliacl, 200 ; of Texan Independence adopted, 208. Decree of April 6, 1830, the, against American colonists, 158, 159 ; provokes the Revolution in Texas, 159, 160, 168- 173- Deep water at Galveston, the jetty system for securing, 444. Delaware Indians, the, 87, 292. Delegates, from the Consultation, visit tlie army, 187 ; from Texas to the Confed- erate States' convention (1861 ), 352. Delgado, Captain, 106. "Demarcation," "the Line of," as fixed by Pope Alexander VI., 5. Democratic party, attitude of, towards annexation, 301-305 ; early allegiance of Texas to the, 322, 346 ; attitude of, on the slavery question, 346-348 ; first ap- pearance of, as an active power in Texas, 347, 348 ; holds its first State convention, 348; defeated in Texas in 1859, 350; elects the Thirteenth Legislature, 381 ; elects the entire State ticket in 1873, 381 ; assumes control of the State, 389- 474 INDEX. 391 ; State convention of (1878), 393; wins tlie national election of 1884, 396; and of 1892, 406 ; its conventions and l)latfonTis in 1896, 410-412. I )enis, Saint, in Texas, 65-67 ; is banished and escapes, 67 ; drives the Spaniards tri>in Eastern Texas, 68. l)ei)artments, the Political, of Mexican Texas, 154, 155. Devine, Thomas J., 365, 391, 393. Dickson, David C, 335, 347. Dimniitt, Philip, 200. Dinmiitt's Point, site of old Fort St. Louis, Diplomatic, relations of the Republic, 253, 254, 270 ; relations between United States and Mexico, 254 ; negotiations for peace and annexation, 294, 301-305. Discovery, general view of, in the Western Hemisphere, 4, 5 ; by the Spaniards in America, 5-13; by the French, 13-18; by the English and Dutch, 18-20 ; by the Spaniards in the region of Texas, 37-44- Disfranchisement of Southern white men, in Reconstruction times, 377. Distinguished men of early Texas, 176, .^77; Districts, the first judicial, 156; judicial, of the Rei)ublic, 246 ; land, 257 ; judges of the fust judicial, of the State, 321 ; I'ederal judicial, 321, 392 ; judicial, of the Confederacy, 365. Dolores, the mission of, in New Leon, 57 ; mission of, among the Aes in Eastern Texas, 67. Donations, of lands for military service, 2UO, 209 ; of lands for public education, 273, 274, 378, 391, 392 ; nature of titles to lands by, 318-320; of lands to build tiie new State cajiitol, 395. Donley, Stcjckton P., 375. Donoho's, an old-time settlement and trading-post, 226. Doyle, l'"atiier Henry, an early priest, 324. Drake, Sir l-'rancis, voyages of, 18. Dubois, i-'red T., in the political campaign of 1.S96, 413. Duelling prohibited, 317. Dunham, Robert H., 260. Dunlap, Richard G., 259. Dutch, the, discoveries and explorations by, in America. 18-20. I 'uval, Captain, massacre of his command, at C.oliad, 220. Duval, Thomas H., a Federal judge, 392. E. Early development of Texas, sU)w and difficult, 429, 430. Eastland, William M., 256, 290. Eberly, Mrs., her exploit in the "archive war," 283. Ector, M. D., 367, 391. Education : conditions of (1834), 157 ; free pubhc, provided for, by the Republic, 273, 274 ; provisions for, in the Constitu- tion of 1S45, 317 ; early private enter- prises for, 327 ; donations of lands to the cause of, 273, 274, 378, 391, 392, 396 ; history of the State's benevolence in providing for, 446-449. Edwards, Asa M., 171. Edwards, B. W., brother of the above, 147- Edwards, Hayden, 135 ; his colony and its troubles, 146, 147, ^168 ; at Nacog- doches, 171. Edwards, Monroe, 170. Egg, a Cherokee chief, 265. Eldridge, Joseph C, 291. Elections : for the General Consultation, 185 ; for a general convention, ordered, 205 ; first regular, of the Republic, 244- 246 ; second general, 258, 259 ; third general, 274 ; fourth general, 295, 296 ; on annexation and adoption of the Con- stitution of 1845, 306, 307 ; first State, 307 ; second State, 334 ; for Congress (1847-48), 335; for^ Congress (1851- 59). 336, 349 ; State, of 1857 and 1S59, 348, 350 ; State and congressional, of 1 86 1 and 1S63, 363, 365 ; State, of 1866, 375 ; of 1869, 379 ; oppressive laws regulating, under Reconstruction, 378, 379 ; State, of 1873, 381 ; of 1876, 390,391 ; of 1878, 393; of 1880, 394; of 1882, 395 ; State and national, of 1884, 396; of 1886 and 1888, 400; of 1890, 402 ; of 1892, 404-406 ; of 1894, 410 ; State and national, of 1896, 414 ; popu- lar vote at the several State {1836-96), 432, 433, 435, 461, 462 ; Tabic of, 460- 462. " Eleven league land grants," the nature and origin of, 320. Elguezabal, luan Jos^, governor of Coa- luiila and Texas, 153, 175. Elisondo, General, 106, 107. Ellis, Richard, 208, 246. El Paso del Norte, early history of, 42 ; founding of, 55. ICmancipation of tiie negroes, 372, 374. INDEX. 475 "Emigrants' Guide," the, an early news- paper, 197. Ei)iprcsario, meaning of, 131 ; end of the system of, 140; powers of an early, 167, 1 68 ; system of contracts by, declared at an end, 257. Encinal del Perdido (Coleto), battle of the, 218, 219. Enconiiciidas, the system of, 30. England, Texas secures a commercial treaty with, 254 ; recognizes Texan in- dependence, 270 ; Common Law of, adopted, 272, 273 ; attitude of, towards annexation, 302, 303. English, Captain, at the siege of Bexar, 162. English discoveries and explorations in America, 18-20 ; Common Law adopted, 272, 273. Enrique, Juan, 63. Episcopal church, growth of, in Texas, 326. l-:])person, B. H., 335, 375. Erath, George B., 256. Escaray, Father, 57. Espada, La, mission of, 71 ; Texan army at, 187. Espejo, Antonio de, 11, 42, 61. Espinosa, Father Felix, 66. Espiritu Santo, Rio del, early name for the Mississippi, 8 ; Bay, 63, 64, 68 ; mis- sion of, 69, 70. Espriella, governor, 71. Estell, Rev. Milton, 326. Estevez, Father Francisco, 57. Estremadura, New, Spanish name for Coahuila, 63. Esty, Robert, 290. Exchequer currency of the Republic, 280. Executive Officers : under President Hous- ton's first administration, 257 ; under Lamar, 259 ; under Houston's second term, 279 ; under Anson Jones, 309 ; under Governor Henderson, 321 ; under Governor Wood, 334, 335 ; under Gov- ernor Bell, 335 ; under Governor i'ease, 335. 336 ; under Governor Runnels, 350 ; under Governors Houston and Clark, 354- Exemption, homestead, 273, 317 ; legal, from forced sales, 317. Expeditions : of Pineda, 7, 8, 37, 61 ; of Ciaray, 7, 9, 37 ; of De Narvaez, 10, 38, 39 ; of Cortez and the Guzmans, 10, 37. 38, 61 ; of Coronado, 10, 11, 41, 42, 61 ; of La Salle, 13-18 ; of De Leon, 63, 64 ; of St. Denis and Ramon, 65-67 ; of Parilla, against the Indians, 72-74 ; Magee's, 105-107; Long's, 109, no; Perry's, 107, 108 ; the Matamoros, 200, 201, 202, 203 ; to Matamoros, revived, 251 ; filibustering, into Mexico (1839-40), 268, 269; to Santa F^, 271 ; to Mier, 287-290 ; Snively's, 293 ; filibustering, to Cuba and Nicaragua, 350. Exploration, general view of, in the Western Hemisphere, 4 ; Spanish, in America, 5-13 ; French, 13-18 ; Eng- lish and Dutch, 18-20 ; early Spanish, in the region of Texas, 37-44 ; extent of Spanish, in 1687, 61,62. Evans, Lemuel D., 335, 336, 347, 378. Fall of the Alamo, the, 215-218. Families, the linguistic, of North American Indians, represented in Texas, 84-93. Fannin, Colonel J. W., at the battle of Concepcion, 187, 188 ; favors the Mata- moros expedition, 201, 203 ; at Goliad, 210; sends relief to Refugio, 211 ; fails to aid Travis in the Alamo, 215 ; leaves Goliad and tights the l)attle of the Coleto, 218, 219; capture and massacre of his command, at Goliad, 220. Farias, Gomez, Vice-President of Mexico, 160. "Farmers' Alliance," the, 401, 402. Earnest, the Count, proposes to make the Catholic church the State church of Texas, 324, 325. Federal, the, government and constitution of Mexico (1824), 152; politics, intro- duced into Texas, 346-348 ; judicial district, the first, in Texas, 321 ; govern- ment attempts to rcconsimct the South, 372-3S2 ; judiciary in Texas, 392 ; elec- tion of 1884, 396 ; election of 1892, 406 ; politics in 1896, 410-414 ; affairs, the in- fluence of Texas in, 454-456. Federalists, the, in Mexico, 158, 268. Felipinas, Nuevas, or New Philippines., early name for Texas, 62. " Fence-cutting," era of, in Texas, 396. Ferdinand VII., loi. Ferdinand and Isabella, 26., Ferguson, Isaac, 333. Fernando, San, villa of, founded, 70. Ferris, J. W., 393. Fiat money, 252. P'ields, a Cherokee chief, 136, 146, 147. 476 INDEX. Fiftc-eiitli amendment, the, to the United States Constitution, 379. l>'ilibusters, on the Sabine frontier, 100 ; from Texas into Mexico (1839-40), 268, 269, 287-290 ; to Cuba and Nicaragua, 350. Fihsola, General, 204, 224, 234. Finances: in 1835-36, 201, 202; of the RepubHc, at its beginning, 250, 251 ; Houston's poHcy towards the, 252 ; condition of ( 1838), 258 ; under Lamar's administration, 267, 270, 272, 273 ; efforts of Congress to relieve the, 280, 281 ; in Houston's second administration, 281, 293, 294 ; at close of Jones's administra- tion, 306 ; in Pease's administration, 338 ; under Governor Coke, 390 ; under Governor Roberts, 394 ; under Governor Hogg, 406 ; under Governor Culberson, 416. Financial, panic of 1837, 252 ; conditions (1838), 258; conditions (1839-42), 267, 270, 272, 273 ; policy of President Hous- ton, 280; results of his policy, 281, 293, 294 ; conditions in 1846, 309 ; policy of Governor Roberts, 394 ; questions in Federal politics, 405. Finley, N. W., 403. Fisca/cs, 27. Fisher, H. C, 403. F'isher, S. Rhoads, 176, 208, 246, 257. Fisher,. William S., 257, 268, 269, 287, 288. Fisher and Miller's colony, 294. Flacco, a Li pan chief, 88. Flag, the, of the Alamo, 217 ; the national, of the RepubHc, 267 ; of San Jacinto, 267. I-'lanagan, J. \V., 379. I'^iores, (iaspar, 139. I'Mores, Manuel, a Mexican agent among the Indians, 242, 264, 265. Florida, disccnery of, 6 ; the Spaniards in, 65 ; secedes, 351. Flournoy. George M., 351, 354. Fly, \V. S.,403. Foncuberta, Fatiier, in the Texas missions, 64. Fonseca, bishop of Burgos and "Patri- arch of the indies," 26, 27. Fori)es, Jolin, 203, 204. I'ord, John S.. 333, 349, 354, 366, 368. I'oreign, relations of the Republic, 253, 254. 258, 270, 302, 303 ; trade, 444. iMireigners, New Spain ruled by, 30, 31. lM)rgery of land titles, 268. Fort IJend, 226, 227. Forts : iit. Louis, built by La Salle, 15-18, 63, 64, 69; Defiance, at Goliad, estab- lished by Fannin, 211 ; Bird's, 291 ; Sumter, fall of, 354. Foster, L. L., 402. Fourteenth amendment, the, to the Lhiited States Constitution, 372, 373. Fowler, Rev. Littleton, 326. France, explorations by, in the Western Hemisphere, 13-18 ; establishes rule in Louisiana, 65 ; cedes Louisiana to Spain, 72 ; regains Louisiana and sells it to the United States, 96 ; commercial treaty with, 254. Franciscan friars, missionary labors of, 49, 50, 55. 56 ; in Texas, 64-67. "Franco-Texan Land Company," the, its fraudulent schemes, 270, 271. Franklin, Benjamin C, 246. Franquis, governor, 71. Frauds, inland titles, 253, 268; attempted by the "Franco-Texan Land Company," 270, 271 ; laws to prevent land, 320. " Fredonian War," the, 146, 147, 168. Free coinage of silver as a political issue, 405, 412-414. " Free grass," 396. Freedmen's Bureau, the, 377. Freeman, Rev. G. W., 326. French, discoveries and explorations in America, 13-18 ; Huguenots, 12 ; claim to Texas, validity of, 18 ; the, in Loui- siana, open trade with Texas Indians, 65 ; seize Spanish forts in Eastern Texas, 68; move to west bank of the Sabine, 71; settlements on Red River, 98; colony under Generals Lallemand and Rigaud, 108. Frontier protection, provisions for, 390. Fucros, meaning of, 30, 167. Fullenwider, Rev. P. H.,326. G. (larhupius, 30. Gaines, General Edmund P., 97, 243. (iaines. Captain James, 105, 146, 208. (jaines, Reuben R.,400, 403. (jalindo. Bishop, visits Te.xas, 57. (ialveston, proliably JMalhado Jslaud, 39, 40 ; early history of, 107, iu8 ; building of the jetties at, to secure deep water, 444. " Galveston Bay and Texas Land Com- pany," 148. Galvez, Jos(5 de, 107. Gano, General R. M., 367. Gaona, General, 204, 226, 234. INDEX. 477 Garay, Francis de, 7, 9, 37. Garcia, Andres, founds El Paso del Norte, 55- Garrett, C. C. , 403. Garrisons established in Texas by Mexico, 159. 169, 170. Garza, De la, house of, in San Antonio, 190-193. Gavira, Father Lorenzo, 53. Geography, the physical, of Texas, xvii. "Georgia Battalion," the (1836), 202; massacre of, at Goliad, 220. Georgia secedes, 351. Gibbs, Barnett, 396. Giddings, D. C, 391. Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 18. Gillespie, R. A., in the Mexican War, 333. Gillett, John S., 333, 335. Gillette, Rev. Charles, 326. . Godoy, Manuel, the "Prince of Peace," 100, lOI. Goheen, Captain, 185. Goliad (see La Bahid), 70, 105, 186; dec- laration of independence at, 200 ; occu- pied by Fannin, 210, 211 ; massacre at, 220. Gomez, Stephen, 9. Gonzales, General, in the Mexican revo- lutionary struggles, 368, 369. Gonzales, Rafael, governor, 153. Gonzales, the town of, founded, 145 ; municipality of, 183 ; battle at, 1S5, 186 ; Texan army organized at, 187 ; Gen- eral Houston retreats from, 218, 224. G()()dl)read, Joseph, in the "Moderator and Regulator War," 260, 291. Goodrich; B. B., 208. Goribar, Jose Maria, 153, 175. Gould, Robert S., 361. Government, the Mexican, character of, as leading to the Texas Revolution, 166, 169 ; of Cijahuila and Texas, de- stroyed, 175, 176 ; the provisional, estab- lished, 198, 199 ; troubles of the pro- visional, 199, 200 ; of the Republic, ad interim, 209, 210 ; flight of, from Har- risburg, 227 ; at \'elasco, 235 ; disor- derly condition of, following San Jacinto, 240, 241 ; the permanent, of the Repub- lic, 246, 247 ; difficulties of the first, 350, 251 ; critical condition of, in 1841, 272 ; of the State, inaugurated, 307. 316-318, 321-324 ; of the Confederate States organized, 352 ; of Texas, during the Civil War, 363-365 ; absence of, at the close of the war, 374 ; during Re- construction, 375-382 ; military, in the South after the war, 376, 377, 379 ; popular democratic, restored in Texas (1874), 389. Governors of Texas (1821-35), 153, 154; Table of, from 1690 to 1896, 460-462. Graham, Malcolm I)., 336, 350, 365. Granbury, General H. B., 367. Grande, Rio, early missions on the, 55-57 ; Presidio del, 66 ; operations on the, during the Civil War, 367. Granger, General Gordon, in command in Texas, 374. Grant, Colonel, at the siege of Bexar, 190. Grant, Dr. James, agitates an expedition to Matamoros, 200, 201, 203 ; campaign and death of, on the Nueces, 210, 211. Grant, President U. S., refuses to aid E.J. Davis, 382. Grants, of public lands, the several kinds of, 318-320 ; of lands, to schools, rail- roads, etc., 339, 340, 378, 391, 392. "Grass fight," the, 189. Gray, Peter W., 365, 391. " Grays," the, from New Orleans, at siege of Bexar, 160, 193 ; massacre of, at Goliad, 220. Grayson, Peter W., 187, 240, 242, 243, 257, 258, 259. Great Britain, Texas negotiates a treaty with, 254 ; recognizes Texan indepen- dence, 270 ; attitude of, towards annex- ation, 302, 303 ; excites the jealousy of the United States, 303. Gregg, General John, 367. Green, General Thomas, 333, 367. Green, Thomas Jefferson, 241. Greenback party, the, 393. Greer County, litigation as to title to, be- tween Texas and the United States, 338, 416, 417, 434. Greer, John A., 309, 334, 335. Gresham, Walter, 406. Griffin, General Charles, military governor of Texas, 376. Grijalva, Juan de, expeditions of, 7, 37. Grimes, Jesse, 140, 208. Grisnold, Bartholomew, 19. Gri/o, the, meaning of, 103. Gritton, Edward, 184. Groce's Ferry, 226. Grollet, one of La Salle's men, 63. C round-plan of the Alamo, 213. Growth of Texas, in population, 432, 434, 435 ; of railroads, 441-444. Grumbles, John J., 333. Guadalupe-Hidalgo, the treaty of 333, 334. 478 INDEX. Ciiiadaliipe, early mission of, 55 ; River, named by De Leon, 63 ; mission of Our Lady of, in P-astern Texas, 67, 76. "Guaranties," tlie "Three," in the Plaji of Ifitia/a, 103. Guerena, Father Marcos, 57. Giicrra, tierra de, meaning of, 47. Guerrero, Vicente, 104, 158. "Guide," the "Emigrants'," an early newspaper, 197. Guizot, M., friendly to Texas, 303. " Gulf, West Texas and Pacific Railroad," 339. Gutierrez, Bernardo, in the " Republican Army of the North," or Magee's ex- pedition. 104-106. Guzman, Diego de, 37. Guzman, Nufio de, 37, 38, 61. H. Habeas Corpus, the writ of, unknown to the Mexican Constitution, 167. Hacienda, meaning of, 136 ; of the Salado, Mier prisoners at, 288, 289. Hall, Sims, 197. Hall, Warren I). C, 170, 176, 187. Hamilton, A. J., 335, 336, 347, 349; pro- visional governor, 374, 375 ; in the con- vention of 1868-69, 378; defeated for governor, 379 ; opposes E. J. Davis, 380. Hamilton, General James, 247, 270. Hamilton, Morgan C, 378 380. Hancock, George, 380. Hancock, John, 347, 391, 392, 396. Hancock, General \\. S., 377. Handley, Alexander M, 333. 1 lanks, Rev. Thomas, 325. Hardeman, Bailey, 206, 208, 242. Hardeman, (JeneVal W. S., 367. Hardin, A. B., 208. Hare, .Silas, 400, 402. La FLirpe attempts to settle in Texas, 68. " Harriet Lane." the, capture of, ^66. Harris, John W., 321, 334. Harris, Robert, 290. Harrisburg, the seat of government, 210; l)urned by Santa Anna, 227. Harrison, General Thomas, 367. Hawley, R. B., 416. Hays, Captain John C. ("Jack"), a noted Ranger, 286 ; in the Mexican War, 332 Head, H. O., 403, Headrights, the several kinds of, 253, 318, 319. Hebert, General P. O., 366. Hemphill, John, 259, 287, 321 ; Lhiited States Senator, 348 ; delegate to Con- federate States' convention (1861), 352. Henderson, J. Pinckney, 240, 241, 246 ; minister to England, 254 ; in Houston's cabinet, 257 ; minister to the United States, 279, 304 ; first governor of Texas, 307 ; his administration, 316-327 ; in the Mexican War, 332 ; United States Sena- tor, and death, 349. Henderson, J. W. ("Smoky"), 335. Hendricks, Thomas A., 396. Henry, John L., 400, 403. Henry, Robert L., 416. Herbert, C. C, 375. Herndon, W. S., 391. Herrera, Jose Joaquin de, 134, 305, 330. Herrera, General Simon D., 99, 105, 106. Hewitson, James, and James Power, col- ony of, 148. Hidalgo, Father Francisco, 57. Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel, the " patriot priest" of Mexico, his career as the father of the Mexican revolution, loi, 102. Highsmith, Samuel, a noted Ranger, 176, 333- Hill, Benjamin, 335. Hill, George W., 279, 309. Hill, William Pinckney, 365. History of Texas, the extent and impor- tance of the subject, 429, 430. Hockley, George W., 230, 257, 279, 303. Hogg, James S., his work as attorney- general, 401 ; elected governor, 402 ; his second campaign and election, 404-406. Hogg, General Joseph L., 367. Holland, Bird, 354. Homestead exemption, adopted, 273 ; in the Constitution of 1845, 317. Hondo, the Arroyo, 99, 100. Hondo River, 63. Hood, General John B., 367 ; his famous brigade, 367. Horton, Albert C, 259, 266, 307, 321. Horton, Alexander, 171, 182, 202. Hostility, first acts of, by Mexico, 158, 159 ; feeling of, by Mexico towards pop- ular meetings in Texas, 173; between Governor Smith and the Council, 199, 200 ; towards Santa Anna after his cap- ture, 240, 241 ; Indians aroused to, by Mexican agents, 242, 250, 264 ; of Mex- ico towards the United States, 242, 243, INDEX. 479 254 ; towards President Houston, caused by his vetoes, 285 ; first act of, in the Mexican War of 1846-48, 331. Houston, .Sani, in the Convention of 1833, 174 ; his previous career and advent to Texas, 176, 177; elected commander at Nacogdoches, 185 ; his views as to the siege of Bexar, 189, 190 ; in the Consul- tation, 198 ; elected commander-in-chief, 199 ; opposed to the Matamoros expedi- tion, 201 ; his movements in the west, 202, 203 ; leaves the army and negotiates an Indian treaty, 203, 204 ; views of, on independence, 202 ; in the Convention of 1836, 208, 209 ; in supreme command of the army, 208 ; his beginning of the campaign, 212 ; retreats to the Colorado and Brazos, 218, 224; his movements until the battle of San Jacinto, 225-228 ; fights and wins that battle, 230-233; is granted leave of absence, 234 ; protests against the treatment of Santa Aima, 241 ; first President of the Republic, 245, 246 ; his cabinet, 246 ; policies of his administration, 252-254 ; his vetoes, 252, 253, 285 ; attitude of, towards an- nexation, 253, 254, 302-305, 308, 309; disbands the army, 255 ; members of his cabinet during his first term, 257 ; rude- ness of his life at Houston, 258 ; in the Congress of the Republic, 274 ; elected President the second time, 274, 275 ; his second administration, 279-296 ; his ex- ecutive appointments and cabinets, 279 ; his policies and their results, 279-281, 293, 294 ; his conduct in regard to the Mexican invasion, 282, 284, 287 ; his troubles with the navy, 282, 2S3 ; vetoes the " war bill," 285 ; establishes a treaty with the Indians, 291, 292 ; issues an appeal to foreign powers, 313 ; elected United States Senator, 321 ; offered major-generalship in the United States army, 332 ; his position on the Kansas- Nebraska bill, and its effect, 347 ; is defeated for governor, retires from the Senate, 348, 349 ; his attitude towards Secession, 351-353 ; is deposed by the convention, 353 ; his death, 365 ; his prominence in Federal pt)]itics, 454. Houston, the town of, founded, 256 ; rude- ness of life at, in early times, 258 ; tlie seat of government moved to, in 1842, 283, 284. Houston and Texas Central Railroad, built, 339. Howard, V'olney E., 335. Hoxey, Asa, 182. Hubbard, Richard P>., 381 ; acting gov ernor, 391-393 ; defeated for governoi in 1878, 393 ; nu'nister to Jai)an, 455. Hudson, Sir Henry, 19, 20. Hughes, Thomas P., 352. Huguenots, the, in South Carolina and F'lorida, 12, 13. Humaiia, an early Spanish explorer, 61. Hunianas, the, an Indian tribe, 55, 62. Hunt, General Memucan, 240, 241, 253, 255, 257, 259. 274- Hunter, John Dunn, 146, 147. Hunter, Sam T., 403. Hurt, James M., 395, 403. Husband and wife, property rights of, under Texas laws, 317. Huston, Almazan, 171. Huston, General Felix, 240, 241, 247, 255. Hutcheson, J. C, 406. Iberville, D', 65. Iguala, the Plan of, 103, 104. Ildefonso, San, the mission of, 57. Immigration, early, 140, 141 ; bureau of, created, 379. Imperial Colonization Law of Mexico, 134, 136, 153. Independence, of Mexico from Spain, 103, 104 ; first symptoms of sentiment for, in Texas, 186 ; views of the Consul- tation in regard to, 198 ; growth of the sentiment for, 200 ; adoption of the Declaration of 11836), 208; recognized by the United States, 244, 253 ; recog- nized by England, Belgium, and France, 270. "Independence," the, a Texan war-ship, 235 ; captured by the Mexicans, 255. Indians, Spanish methods of dealing with, 47-49; "reduced" and "l)rave," 48; early trouljles with, in Northern INIexico, 53-55 ; the Apaches, beginning of wars with, 54, 55 ; the Tobosos, Jumanas, and Tejas, 55, 56; the Tejas, missions founded among, 64-67 ; the Lipans, battle with, 66; of Eastern Texas, missions and presidios among the, 66, 67 ; difficulty of civilizing the tribes of, in Texas, 67 ; early wars with, 70 ; Apaches and Comanches, 72 ; raids by, 73, 74 ; history of the several tribes of, originally dwelling in Texas, 83-93 '•< American, characteristics of, 83, 84 ; troubles of Austin's colonists with, 138, 480 INDEX. 139 ; proceedings of the Consultation in reji;arcl to the Cherokees and allied bands, 197, 199 ; treaty with the Chero- kees and others (1836), 204; incited to hostility by Mexican agents, 242, 250, 256, 264 ; Houston's policy towards, 252, 280 ; raids by, in 1837-38, 255 ; hos- tility of, in 1839, 264 ; war with the Cherokees, followed by general raids, 264-266 ; make a treaty and trading agreement with Houston (1843), 291, 292 ; reservations established for, in Texas, 341 ; fights with (1857-59), 349', are finally removed from Texas, 349 ; protection against, in recent years, 390. Indies, the extent of, under Spanish rule, 26 ; the Council of the, 26-34, Indios rcducidos and bravos, 48. Industrial growth in Texas, 445. Influence of Texas in Federal affairs, 454- 456. Ingram, Ira, 200, 246. Inciuisition, the Holy, in Mexico, 31-34. lutoidancies, the nature and power of, 33. 34- Internal provinces, the, under Spanish and Mexican rule, 33, 34. International and Great Northern Rail- road, compromise of the subsidy to, 390. In/rodiicfion, xiii-xix. Invasion, Santa Anna's plans for, 182 ; colonies prepare to resist, 183, 184 ; prep- arations for, in Mexico, 202 ; Mexican army of, reaches San Antonio, 204 ; is defeated and retires after San Jacinto, 224-226 ; rumors of, in Mexico, 242 ; of Mexico, reckless schemes for, in the Texan army, 251 ; of Mexico, by Texans, 268, 269, 287-290 ; of Texas, by Vasquez and Woll, 28T, 282, 285, 286. " Invincible." the, a Texan war-ship, 235 ; captured by Mexicans, 255. lonies, an Indian tribe, 89, 292. Ireland, Jt)hn, 391 ; governor, 395, 396 ; his death, 419. Irion, Robert A., 257. Irish, the, as colonists in Texas, 148; first to declare for inde]:)endence from Mex- ico, 200. Iron, jiroduct of, in Texas, 441. "Iron-clad Oath," the, in Reconstruction times, 377. lro(|noian family of Indians, 89, 90. Isabella, Ferdinand and, 26. Isleta, origin of tjie town (jf, 42, 43, 55, 92. lUirbide, Agustin de, the career cif, as emperorof Mexico, 102-104, I34. 135, 152. J. Jack, Patrick C, 170, 176. Jack, William H., 170, 174, 242. Jackson, Andrew, attitude of, towards Texas, 242 ; treatment of Santa Anna by, 250 ; his views on annexation, 301. Jackson, Charles W., in the "Moderator and Regulator" war, 290, 291. Jalisco, the state of, revolts against Santa Anna, 160. James, John H., 403. Jamestown, English colony at, 19. Jaranamas, an Indian tribe, 89. Jarman, Asa, 171. Jealousy of Mexico towards the United I States, 168, 169. Jefferson, Thomas, purchases Louisiana, 96 ; sends Philip Nolan to Texas, 98. Jennings, Thomas J., 326. Jester, George T., 409. Jesuits, the, missionary labors of, in Mex- ico and Texas, 50-55. Jesus Maria y Jose, mission of, in Eastern Texas, 65. Jesus, the Society of, labors of, in Mexico and Texas, 50-55. Jetties, system of, at Galveston, to secure deep water, 444. Jironza, Governor, 56. Johns, C. R., 350. Johnson, Andrew, becomes President, 372 ; his method of reconstrueti)ig the South- ern States, 373, 374. Johnson, Francis W., 140 ; at Anahuac, 170, 176 ; order for the arrest of, from Santa Anna, 184 ; at the siege of Bexar, 190-193 ; connected with the Matamoros expedition, 200, 201, 203 ; at San Pa- tricio, 210 ; escapes the battle at that place, 211. . Johnson, Moses, 309. Johnson, M. T., 333, 335. Johnson, William H., 352. Johnston, Albert Sidney, duel of, with General Felix Huston, 255 ; secretary of war, 259 ; in the Cherokee War, 265 ; in the Mexican War, 332 ; in the Civil War, 367. Johnston, General Joseph E., 367. Joint resolutions for annexation of Texas, 3u5-3t>9- Joliet, 13. Jones, An.son, 257, 279 ; elected President, 295; ills administratit)n, 301-310; calls special session of Congress and a con- vention to consider annexation, 305 ; his INDEX. 481 attitude on the subject, 308, 309 ; his tinal address, 310. Jones, George W., 375, 393, 395. Jones, James H., 395. Jones, John B., an early district judge, 321. Jones, Oliver, 176, 182. Jones, Thomas L., 290. Jones, William E., 321. Jordan, Colonel S. W., 268. Jose, San, de los Nazonis, mission of, 67 ; removed to Bexar and called San Juan Capristano, 71. Judicial, districts, the first, in Texas, 156 ; system of the Republic, 246, 272, 273 ; of the State (1845), 316, 321 ; districts, Federal, 321, 392 ; officers made elec- tive, 348 ; districts of the Confederacy, in Texas, 365 ; system of the State, re- organized (1890-93), 402, 403. Judiciary, the first, of the Republic, 246 ; first, of the State, 321 ; made elective, 348 ; of the Confederacy, in Texas, 365 ; the Federal , in Texas, 392 ; reorganiza- tion of the State, 402, 403. Jumanas, the, an Indian tribe, 55, 62. Junta de los Rios, mission at, 55. Jurisprudence, foundations of the Texas system of, 272, 273. Jury trial, unknown to the Mexican con- stitution, 167. K. Kansas-Nebraska bill, the, 346 ; position t)f Sam Houston on, 347. Karankawan family of Indians, 60. Karankawas, ethnology of the, 60 ; on Galveston Island, 107, 108 ; troubles of the colonists with the, 138, 139. Karnes, Henry W., 187, 255, 256. Kaufman, David S. , 309, 321, 335, 336. Kearby, Jerome C. , 411, 413. Kechais or Keechies, an Indian tribe, 89, 292. Keene, Edmund, attempts a colony in Texas, 129. Kemper, Major, in Magee's expedition, 105, 106. Kendall, George W., with the Santa F6 expedition, 271. Kerisas or Carizos, an Indian tribe, 62. Kerr, James, 145, 208. Key, \V. M., 403. Kickapoo Indians, 87. Kilgore, C. B., 400, 406. Kimball, H. S., 208. King, General VV. H., 367. King, Captain, death of, near Refugio, 211, 212. King, Captain, massacre of, with his men, at Goliad, 220. Kingdoms, the early, of New Spain or Mexico, 33. Kinney, Henry L., 332. Kiowan family of Indians, 60. Kiowas, ethnology of the, 60; raids by ( 1840), 266. Kleberg, R. J., 416. Know-Nothing, or A)ncrican, party, origin and purposes of the, 346-348 ; its appear- ance and following in Texas, 347, 348. Koasati or Cushatta, an Indian tribe, 90, " Ku-Klux Klan," the, origin and pur- poses of, 377. Kuykendall, Abner, 176. L'Archeveque, one of La Salle's men, 63. La Bahia ( see 6"o//()'(^/), presidio of, founded at old Fort St. Louis, 69 ; removed, 70 ; captured by Magee's expedition, 105 ; captured by the Texans in 1835, 186 ; occupied by Fannin, 211 ; massacre of Texans at, 220. L'Espada, mission of, 71 ; Texan army at (1835), 187. La Harpe, attempts of, to settle in Texas, 68. La Salle, discoveries and adventures of, 13-18 ; names and fate of his com- panions, 17, 18; survivors of his colony captured by the Spaniards, 63, 64. Labdr, meaning of, 136. Lacy, William Y., 171. Lafitte, Jean, the career of, 108-110. Laguna, Viceroy of Mexico, 62. Lallemand, General, attempts to found a French colony in Texas, 108. Lamar, Mirabeau B., at San Jacinto, 229, 230 ; secretary of war, 234, 240 ; his at- titude towards Santa Anna, 234, 235, 240 ; troubles over his appointment to command the army, 241 ; elected Vice- President, 246 ; elected President, 259 ; his cabinet, 259 ; his policies and the general character of his achninistration, 263, 264 ; his war on the Cherokees, 264, 265 ; sickness forces his retirement, 270 ; authorizes the Santa F^e expe- dition, 271 ; his services to the cause of public education, 273, 274 ; general re- 31 482 INDEX. suits of his administration, 274 ; in the Mexican War, 332. Land, distribution of, under Mexican col- onial system, 136, 137 ; Spanish and Mexican measurements of, 136; lawless acts of legislature of Coahuila and Texas disposing of, 175 ; acts of the Consul- tation in regard to, 199 ; granted to soldiers of the Revolution, 200, 209 ; scrip for, worthlessness of, 250, 251 ; system, confusion and fraud in, 252, 253 ; office, a general, established, 253, 257, 317 ; districts, 257 ; scrip, issued, 257 ; boards, organized, 257 ; forgery of titles to, 268 ; a travelling board to examine titles to, 268 ; donations of, to public education, 273, 274, 338, 339, 378, 391 ; public, retained by the State at annex- ation, 307, 437 ; laws for the disposition of public, 318-320, 437, 438 ; donated to railroads, 339, 340, 442-444 ; disposition of, by the Rcco7istructioH Convention (1868-69), 378, 379 ; donated to edu- cation by the Constitution of 1876, 391, 392 ; donated to build newcapitol, 395; donated to the University, 396 ; impor- tance and value of the public, to Texas, 436-438 ; use of, for support of the edu- cational system, 446-450. Land Company, " (ialveston Bay and Texas," 148 ; " F'ranco-Texan," 270, 271. Landrum, Captain, at the siege of Bexar, 162. Lane, Walter P., 333, 367. Lang, W.W., 393- Language, as the basis of classification of Indian tribes, 84. Lanhani, S. W. T., 396, 400, 409, 416. Larios, Father Juan, an early missionary l>riest, 56. Larios, governor, 71. Las Casas, the " Universal Protector of the Indians," 27. Latimer, Albert H., 208, 376. Lavaca River, named by La Salle, 15. Lawlessness and crime, suppression of, 39<3. Laws : early, of New Spain, 29-34 ; col- onization, of Mexico, 1-54-137 ; of Coa- huila and 'I\xas, take effect in Texas, 140 ; the sexeral, affecting colonization in Mexico and Texas. 153 ; of April 6, 1830, against colonists from the United States, 158. 159, 168-170; of Coahuila and Texas, unfriendly to the colonies, 171. 172; of the Consultation and pro- visional govefnment, 19S-205 ; of the First and Second Congresses. 256, 257 ; of the Third, Fourth, and F"ifth Con- gresses, 272-274 ; the Common, of Eng- land, adopted, 272,273; of the Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Congresses, 295 ; of homestead, exemptions, and marital property, duelling, divorce, slavery, etc. (1845), 317; for disposition of public lands, 318-320, 339, 340 ; conscript (1861-65), 364; election, under Re- construction, 378, 379; passed to restrain and regulate corporations, railroads and "trusts," 401, 404 ; against prize-fights, 410 ; passed by the Twenty-fifth Legis- lature, 415, 416. League, as a land measure, 136. Lee, Colonel Robert E., service of, on the Rio Grande, 349. Lee, William D. , 309. Leftwich, Robert, 135 ; his colony, 147, 148. Legislatures : of Coahuila and Texas, rep- resentation in, 156 ; of Coahuila and Texas, acts of, unfriendly to Texas, 171, 172 ; lawless disposition of lands by, 174, 175 ; end of the, in Coahuila and Texas, 175, 176 ; organization of, under the Constitution of 1845, 316, 317 ; labors of the First, 318-321, 324 ; from 1847 to 1857, 337 ; of 1861, recognizes the Secession Convention, 351-353 ; of 1866, 375, 376 ; the Twelfth, and its cor- rupt acts, 380, 390 ; the Thirteenth, 381 ; the Fourteenth, 390 ; the Fifteenth, 391, 393 ; the Twenty-fifth, 415, 416 ; 7 able of the Speakers of (1846-97), 463. Leon, Alonzo de, expeditions of, to Texas, 63, 64 ; establishes missions among the Tejas Indians, 64. Leon, New, the state of, 152. Leon, Ponce de, 6, 7. Leona Vicario (Saltillol, 152. Letona, Jos^ Maria, governor, 153, 171. Lewis, G. K., 333. Lewis, Mark B., 283. Liberty, the municipality of, established and dissolved, 169. Lightfoot, Henry W., 403. Lincoln, Abraham, effect of his election in the South, 351 ; assassination of, 372. Lindsey, Livingston, 375-377. Linn, John J., 185, 208. Linnvilie, raided by Indians 'i84o\ 266. Lipan Indians, early battle with, 66; ethnology of the, 87. 88 ; in Magee's expedition, 105 ; aid the Rangers, 266. INDEX. 483 Lipantitlan, the battle of, 193. Lipscomb, Abner, 321, 348. Live stock, statistics of, 440. "Lively," the, a steamer, 133. Llewellyn, Captain, at the siege of Bexar, 192. Loan, a public, provided for by the Con- sultation, 199 ; securfed in the United States, 204 ; authorized in Congress, 257 ; from the United States Bank, 268 ; law for, repealed, 280. Long, Dr. James, the expedition of, 109, no. Long, J. B., 402. Lopez, Nicolas, an early missionary priest, 56 ; Father, president of the Texas mis- sions, 75. Lopez's expedition to Cuba, 350. Loreto, Santa Maria de, de la Bahia, or La Bahia, presidio of, 69, 70. Louis, St., Fort, built by La Salle, 15, 16-18, 63, 64, 69. Louisiana, named by La Salle, 14 ; occu- pied by the F^rench, 65 ; ceded to Spain, 72 ; retroceded to France and sold to the United States, 96 ; colonists in Texas required to come from, 137 ; secedes, 351- Love, James, 321. Loyalty of Texas to the Constitution of 1824, 170, 171, 183 ; of certain Texas Mexicans, 183. Lubbock, F'rank R., 257, 279, 348, 350 ; his administration as governor, 363, 364 ; in the Confederate service, 364. Luis, San, early name for Galveston Island, 107 Lynch's Ferry, 229. M. Macomb, David B., 187. Madero, 169. Magee, Augustus W., expedition by, to Texas, 105, 106. Magellan, 9. Mahan, Patrick, 290. Mails, early provisions for, 197 ; under the Republic, 257. Makemson, VV. K., 410. Malhado Island, 39. Manchola, Don Rafael, 173. Manufactures, statistics of, 445. Manzanet, Father, an early missionary priest, 57 ; visits Texas and founds mis- sions, 63-65. Maps : of the physiography of Texas, xviii ; the world in the fifteenth century, 2 ; of 1520, of Gulf of Mexico, 8 ; Ri- bero's (1529), 12 ; of the routes of the early navigators, 19 ; of Cabeza de Vaca's route acro.ss Texas, 39 ; of the north Mexican states in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 43 ; of the ground-plan of an old mission, 51 ; of Coahuila in the seventeenth and eigh- teenth centuries, 56 ; showing ciianges of territory in the eighteenth century, 73 ; of Texas in the eighteenth century, 76 ; of the Indian tribes of Texas, 85 ; of territorial changes ( 1800-03), 97 ; of the "Neutral Ground," 99; Austin's, of Texas, 140 ; of Spanish Texas, 149 ; of the political departments, 154 ; of the original municipalities, 155 ; of San Antonio de Bexar and its environs, 189 ; of the siege of Bexar, 191 ; of the Alamo mission, 213 ; of the routes of the Texan and Mexican armies to San Jacinto, 225 ; of the region near San Jacinto, 228 ; of the battle-field of San Jacinto, 231 ; of territorial changes after annexation, 308 ; of campaigns of the Mexican War, 332, 333 ; of territory acquired by the Mexi- can War, 334 ; of territorial changes (1845-53), 340; of the river system of Texas, 438 ; of the railroad system, 443; Margil, Father, an early missionary priest, 66. Marital property rights in Texas, 317. Marquette, 13. Martin, Captain Albert, 185, 214. Martin, Cristobal, 11. Martin, Marion, 395, 406, 410. Martin, Wylie, 226, 227. Martinez, Governor Antonio, relations of, with the Austins, 130, 131 ; the last Spanish governor of Texas, 153. Martos, governor, 74. Mason, Charles, 279, 309. Mason, C. L., 335. Masons, the first Grand Lodge of, in Texas, 326. Massacre, at the Alamo, 212-218; at Go- liad, 220; of Dawson and his men, 286. Matagorda Bay, La Salle lands at, 15. Matamoros, agitation of an expedition to, 200-203 ; revival of the s< lieme for an expedition to, 251 ; battle at (1839), 268 ; evacuated in the Mexican \^^ar, 331. Mateo. Fort San, 13. Maverick, Samuel A., 20S. 484 INDEX. Maxey, Sam Bell, 367 ; elected United States Senator, 391, 402, 454 ; his death, 418. Maxey, Thomas S., 392. Mayfield, Allison, 413. Measurements of land, Spanish and Mex- ican system of, 136. Mediavilla, Melchor de, governor of Texas, 70, 71. Medina River, named by De Leon, 63 ; battle of the, 107. Meetings, the first revolutionary, 169-174 ; to prepare resistance against Mexico, 183, 1S4 ; for calling a general consulta- tion, 184 ; for conciliating Mexico, 184 ; at Columbia, 184 ; in favor of indepen- dence, 20©. Mejia, General, 171. Memorials of the Texans to the Mexican government, 172-174. Menard, M. B., 208. Mendoza, Antonio de, viceroy of New Spain, 27 ; orders expedition to explore the north, 40, 41. Menefee, Thomas, 176. Menefee, William, 176, 208, 266, 267. Menendez, Pedro de, 12, 13. Mercer, Charles Fenton, colony contract of, 294. Mescalero Apaches, 87, 88. Mexico, early government of, by Spain, 26-34 ; geographical and political divi- sions of, under Spanish rule, 2,2,, 34, 43, 44 ; early Catholic missions in, 49-55 ; condition of, under Spain, 100 ; early loyalty of, to Spain, loi ; revolution in (1810-21), 101-104 ; political parties in, 104 ; independence of, 103, 104 ; coloniza- tion laws of, 134-137, 153 ; Constituent Congress of, 152 ; adopts a republican government, 152; begins unfriendly acts towards Texas, 157 ; progress of revolutions in (1824-35), 157-160 ; tyr- anny of, towards Texas, 158-160 ; de- feats the Spanish invasion, 158 ; attitude of Texas colonists towards, leading to the Revolution, 166-168 ; further acts of tyranny by, 168-177 ; jealousy of, towards the United States, 168, 169 ; memorials of Texas to the government of, 172-174 ; resents popular meetings in Texas, 173 ; Santa Anna becomes dic- tator of, and subdues all the states ex- cept Te.xas, 175, 176 ; prepares for inva- sion of Texas, 183, 202 ; is defeated in campaign t)f 1835, 187-193 ; is defeated in campaign of 1836, 224-236 ; conduct of, after San Jacinto, 242 ; hostility of, to the United States, 242, 243, 254 ; reckless schemes for invasion of, by Texans, 251 ; depredations of, on Amer- ican commerce, 254 ; diplomatic rela- tions of, 254 ; revolutionary movements in (1839-40), 268, 269; filibustering ex- peditions ifrom Texas into, 268, 269, 271, 287-290 ; attempts of Texas to claim territory of, followed by invasions of Vasquez and Woll, 281, 282, 285, 2S6 ; Mier expedition to, 287-290 ; agrees to an armistice, which Texas rejects, 303 ; finally offers peace if annexation is aban- doned, 305 ; revolution in, leads to war with United States, 330 ; progress and results of the war, 330-334 ; City of, captured, 333 ; treaty between United States and, 2,t,2>, 334. Mexico, New, first explorations in, 40-42 ; missions and Indian wars in, 55 ; re- conquered by Vargas, 55 ; claimed by Texas, 269, 270, 281 ; expedition to (1841), 271, 281 ; relations of, to Texas boundary question, 322, 323 ; occupied by United States troops, 323 ; Texas transfers, to United States, 338 ; military operations in, during the Civil War, 366. Mezieres, De, 75. Mier expedition, the, 287-290 ; prisoners of, released, 295. Mier y Teran, General, 169. Miguel, San, de Aguayo, 56 ; San, Cuellar de los Adaes, 67, 68. Milam, Ben R., 176, 186; at the siege of Bexar, 190, 192. Military, power, as an element in Spanish colonization, 25-34, 47-49 ; evils of, in Mexico, 167 ; occupation of Texas, at- tempted in 1831, 169 ; service, bounties for, 200, 209 ; situation at beginning of campaign of 1836, 210; operations of that campaign, 215-221, 224-229 ; roads, projected to Red River and Santa Fe, 270 ; operations attending Mexican in- vasion (1842), 282, 284, 287, 288 ; opera- tions of the Mexican VVar, 331-333 ; service of Texans in the Civil War, 365- 367 ; power, use of, in the South during Rcconstructio7i, 373, 374, 376, 379. Militia, organization of (1835), 185 ; called out to repel Mexican invasion (1842-43), 282, 284, 287. Millard, Henry, 198, 230, 241. Miller, James B., 173, 176, 183, 185, 279, 307, 334- Miller, James F., 396, INDEX. 485 Miller, Major, spared with his men at the (ioliad massacre, 220. Miller, W. D., 334. Mills, John T., 321, 335. Mills, R()ji:er Q., 391-393, 396, 400, 402, 454, 455- Mina (Bastrop), municipality of, 183. Mina, Xavier, expedition of, 102, 107, 108. Mineralogical products of Texas, 440, 441. Ministers of the gospel, ineligible to the legislature under Constitution of 1845, 316, 317- Missionaries, early Catholic, their methods and labors, 48-57 ; Franciscan and Jesuit, 49-51 ; work of, on the R.'o Grande and in Coahuila and Texas, 55, 57 ; visit Texas and found missions, 63- 65 ; failure of, in Texas, 76, 77 ; Prot- estant, in Texas, 324-326. Missions : the Catholic, of New Spain, 44 ; history and operation of, in New Spain and Mexico, 47-57 ; methods of their organization and work, 47-53 ; plan of building them, 51, 52 ; early, on the Rio Grande, 55, 56 ; in Coahuila, Chihuahua, and Texas, 53-57 ; the first, founded in Eastern Texas, 64, 65 ; temporarily abandoned. 65 ; revived and extended by Ramon, 66, 67 ; names of, in Eastern Texas, 67, 71 ; troubles of, with the military, 67 ; San Antonio de Valero, 68 ; San Jos^ de Aguayo, 69 ; La Bahia, 69, 70; mutations of, in Texas, 68-71 ; Ildefonso, San Saba, San Javier, Cande- laria, and Arcoquisac, 72; western, abandoned, 74 ; eastern, abandoned, 77 ; failure of the system, 76, 77 ; the Alamo, siege and fall of, 212-218; of Refugio, battle at, 212 ; end of the old, 324. Mississippi River, the discovery of, 8. Mississippi, the .State of, secedes, 351. Dlissonri Compromise , the, relations of, to Texas, 322, 323. Mitchell, Major, with Fannin at Goliad, 2 TO. Mobile sends aid to theTe.xas Revolution, 201. Mode of life among the early colonists and under the Republic, 258. "Moderators" and "Regulators," war between, in East Texas, 290, 291. Molano, 268. Monclova, early name of, 57 ; dispute be- tween Saltillo and, as to the capital, 175- Money, paper, under the Republic, 252, 270, 272, 280, 393 ; coinage of gold and silver as, a political issue, 405, 409, 410- 414. Monks, early missionary labors of the, 47-57- Monopolies in New Spain, 30-34. Monterey, battle at (1839), 268; battle at (1846), 332. " Montezuma," the, a Mexican war-ship, 202. Monts, the Sieur de, 13. Moore, Commodore, of the Te.xan navy, his troubles with President Sam Hous- ton, 282, 283. Moore, George F., 365, 375, 391, 393. Moore, John H., 140, 185, 186, 187, 255, 266, 286. Moore, John W., 208. Moore, L. W., 400. Moqui Indians, discovery of the land of the, 10, 41. Morelos, Jose Maria, a Mexican patriot, 102. Morfi, Father Juan Augustin, an early mis- sionary priest, 75. Morfitt, Henry M., visits Texas and reports on its condition, 244, 431. Morgan, James, 282. Morgan, S. H., 365. Morley, William, 208. Morrell, Rev. Z. L., 325. Morrill, Amos, 376, 392. Morris, Captain Robert C, at the siege of Bexar, 190-193 ; in the army, 202, 210; killed at Agua Dulce, 211. Morton, E. W., 395. Muldoon, Father, an early priest among the colonists, 324. Municipalities, early, in Texas, 155, 156, 436 ; population of, in 1834, 156 ; organize committees of safety, 183 ; movement among, for calling a consultation, 183- 185 ; form an executive council, 186. Murrah, Pendleton, governor, 363-365. Muskhogean family of Indians, 60. Muskhogees, a tribe of Indians, 90. Musquiz, Ramon, Austin's letter to, 173. "Mustangs," the, a military company, massacre of, at Goliad, 220. " Mystery," the " Northern," 38. McAdoo, J. D., 381. McCall, John D., 409. McConib, David B., 187. McCormick, A. P., 378, 392. McCown, Jerome B., T)})2>- McCuUoch, Ben, in the Rangers, 266 ; in tile Mexican War, 332, 2,2)2) > J" the Civil War, 367. 486 INDEX. McCulloch, Henry E., in the Rangers, 286 ; in the Mexican War, 333 ; in the Civil War, 366. McFarland, Thomas S., 171. McGloin, Patrick, and John McMullen, colony of, 148. McKinley, William, 412. McKinney, Collin, 176, 208. McKinney, Thomas F., 197. McKinstry, George B., 169, 170, 176. McLean, W. P., 391, 402. McLeod, General Hugh, 265, 271. McMullen, John, and Patrick McGloin, colony of, 148. N. Nabadaches, an Indian tribe, 89. Nacogdoches, early mission near, 67, 72 ; mission at, 76 ; an Indian tribe, 89 ; first American settlements at, 138 ; political departmentxif, 155 ; revolutionary meet- ing at, 171 ; prepares for revolution, 185. Nadadores, missions at, 56. Napoleon Bonaparte, sells Louisiana to the United States, 96. Narvaez, Panfilo de, conquers Cuba, 6 ; his expedition in the Gulf of Mexico, shipwreck, etc., 10, 38, 39. Nashville, the, colony, 147, 148. Nassonite Indians, missions among the, 67, 71 ; French settlement among the, 68. Natchitoches, French fort of, moved to west bank of the Sabine, 71. National colonization law of Mexico, 135, 153- National railroad, project for buildmg a, through Texas, 339. National seal, flag and coat of arms of the Republic, 367. Navarro, Jos6 Antonio, 183 ; house of, in the siege of Bexar, 191-193 ; in the Con- vention of 1836, 208 ; in the Santa F^ expedition, 271 ; released and sent to negotiate peace, 305. Navy, the Texan, during the Revolution, 235, 236; losses of, in 1837, 255; ap- propriation for, 257 ; enlarged and sent to Yucatan, 270 ; recalled and ordered sold, 2S2, 283 ; General Houston's troubles with, 282, 283. Nazonis, mission San Jose de los, 67, 71 ; or Nassonites, an Indian tribe, 68, 86. Neches River, visited by La Salle, 16, 17 ; missions founded on and near the, 66, 67 ; mutations of the missions on the, 68-71. Negrete, a Mexican statesman, 104. Negro, the, attitude of the Republican party towards, in 1865, 374. Neill, Colonel, at San Antonio (1836), 203. Neill, H. H., 403. "Neutral Ground," the, established on the Sabine, 68-100 ; effect of, on Ed- wards's colony, 146. New Biscay, 53. New England, attitude of, towards Seces- sion, territorial extension, etc., 301, 302. New Estremadura, 63. New Mexico, first explorations in, 40-42 ; missions and Indian wars in, 55 ; re- conquered by Vargas, 55 ; claimed by Texas, 269, 270, 281 ; expedition to (1841), 271, 281; relations of, to Texas boundary question, 322, 323 ; United States troops occupy, 323, 337 ; Texas finally transfers her claim to, to the United States, 338, 434 ; military oper- ations in, during the Civil War, 366. New Orleans, founded, 65 ; ceded to Spain, 72 ; "Grays," the, a volunteer company that aided Texas in the Revo- lution, 190-193 ; aid from, to Texas, 201. New Philippines, 62, 63. New Santander, 63. New Spain, named, 7 ; extent of, 27, 28 ; character of the government of, 29-34 ; geographical and political divisions of, 23, 34 ; early Catholic missions in, meth- ods, organization, and labors of, 47-57. New states, may be formed out of Texas territory, 307, 308 ; effect of this on the Missouri Compromise line, 322, 323. New Washington, 227, 229. New Year's Creek 133. Newspapers : the first, in Texas, 109 ; the "Telegraph" and " Emigrants' Guide," 197 ; conclition of, in 1840, 274. Nicaragua, Walker's expedition to, 350. Nicollet, a Cherokee chief, 136. Nizza, Marcos de, expedition of, to " Ci- bola," 40, 41. Nolan, Philip, 98. Nombre, de Dios, 56 ; de Jesus Peyotes, 57. Non-interference, the doctrine of, in re- gard to slavery, 346, 347. Noonan, George H., 406. Normal schools, "Sam Houston" and " Prairie View," 365, 448, 449. " North," the " Republican Army of ihe," or Magee's expedition, 105-107. INDEX. 487 North, the, attitude of, towards annex- ation, 301-305 ; the growing bitterness between South and, 346-348 ; the law- less attitude of, towards the South, 348, 349- Norton, A. B., 393. Norton, M. P., 321. Notes, treasury, of the Republic, 252, 257, 267, 26S, 272, 280, 294. Nueces River, named, 63 ; United States troops cross the (1846), 331. Nueva Felipinas, or New Philippines, 62. Nugent, Thomas L., 405, 406, 410, 411. Nunez, Alvar, Cabeza de Vaca, 39, 40, 61. Oajaca, the state of, revolts against Santa Anna, 160. Oath, Governor Houston refuses to take, of allegiance to Secession, 353 ; the " Iron-clad," in Reconstruction times, 377- , . ^ Occupation, of Texas by the Spaniards, 63-70 ; of New Mexico by United States troops, 323 ; of the people of Texas, 435, 436. Ochiltree, Thomas P., 396. Ochiltree, William B., 309, 321, 335, 352. O' Conor, Hugo, governor of Texas, 74. Odin, Bishop. 324. O'Donoju, Don Juan, the last viceroy of Mexico, 104, Office, General Land, established^ 253, 257, 317- Officers, distinguished, from Texas, in the Confederate army, 365 367 ; of the State, removed by military order (1867), 376. Ogden, James M., 290. Ogden, Wesley, 381. Oldham, Williamson S., 352, 365. Olivares, Father Antonio, an early mis- sionary priest, 57, 68. Oiiate, Juan de, 11, 42 ; enters Texas, 61. Ordinances, of the Consultation and pro- visional government, 198-205 ; of Seces- sion, adoi^ted, 352 ; other, of the Se- cession Convention, 353, 354. Oregon, 301, 304. Orleans, New, founded, 65 ; ceded to Spain, 72. Orobio, governor, 71. Otermin, 43, 55. Owen, Robert Dale, attempts a colony in Texas, 129. P. Pacific Railroad, the land "reservation" of the, 339. Pajalates, an Indian tribe, 89. Palmas, Rio de las, 9, 38. Palmito Ranch, battle at, the last of the Civil War, 368. Palo Alto, battle of, 331. Panic, the, following the Alamo and Go- liad massacres, 218, 224. Panuco River, discovered and named, 7- Paper money, 252, 270, 272, 280, 393. Paredes, Father Alonzo, his account of Texas 1 1686), 62. Paredes, President ad interim of Mexico, 330. Parilla, Diego Ortiz, expedition by, aganist the Indians, 72, 73. Parmer, Martin, 146. Parras, Mexico, 53, 54. Parties, political, in Mexico, 104, 157-160 ; two, in Texas, on the subject of revoUi- tion, 182, 183 ; the Austin and Wharton, in early politics, 245 ; struggles of, in Mexico (1839-40), 268; the Houston and anti-Houston, 2-]g ; attitude of ])olit- ical, in the United States, on annexa- tion, 301-305 ; attitude of, on slavery, Secession, etc., in Texas, 346-348 ; the Republican, theories of, in regard to Secession and Reconstruction, 372-374 ; the Greenback, 393 ; State Democratic, divided ( 1892), 404, 405 ; the Populist, 405, 411 ; conventions and platforms of the several, in 1896, 410-414. Paschal, Thomas M., 406. Patacales, an Indian tribe, 89. Patrick, James B., 176, 1S2. Pay-hay-yuc-co, a Comanche chief, 292. Paz, tierra de, or " land of peace," 48. Peace, "the land of" {tierra de paz), 48 ; party in favor of (1833), 182 ; concluded between Santa Anna and Burnet, 234, 235 ; concluded between Mexico and the United States, 2)^2)^ 334. Pease, Elisha M., 257 ; his administrations as governor, 335, 336 ; candidate for goveriMDr, 375 ; appointed provisional governor, 379 ; resigns, 379 ; in the "Tax-payers' Convention," 380. Pecos River, early name of, 56. Pedraza, Gomez, 158-160. Peebles, Robert R., 176. Peel, Sir Robert, friendly to Texas, 303. Penalo-sa, 61, 62, 488 INDEX. Penasco, Father Francisco, an early mis- sionary priest, 57. Pendleton, George C, 402, 406. Penitentiaries, 451, 452. Perdido, Encinal del (Coleto), battle at the, 218, 219. Perez, Colonel, 109. Permanent, government of the Republic established, 246, 247 ; capital, commis- sioners to locate, 256, 266, 267 ; capital, located, and government moved to, 266, 267. Perote, the castle of, prisoners confined in the, 289, 290 ; prisoners of, released, 295- Perry, Captain Henry, m Magee's expedi- tion, 106, 107 ; visits Galveston and makes a fatal expedition to Mexico, 107, 108. Peters, W. S., colony of, 294. Petition, the right of, denied by Mexican government, 174, 175. Pettes or Pettus, Captain, massacred with his men at Goliad, 220. i'helps. Dr., 241. I'liilip II., king of Spain, 26. Pliilippines, New, early name for Texas, 62, 63. Piiysical geography of Texas, xvii. Physiography of Texas, map of, xvii. Piedras, Colonel, a Mexican officer, ex- periences of, in Texas, 169-17 1. Pilar de los Adaes, mission and presidio of, 68, 69. Pilgrim, Rev. Thomas, 325. I'ilslniry, Timothy, 321, 335. I'ineda, Alonzo Alvarez de, 7, 8; map by ( 1520), 37 ; visits the Texas coast, 61. Pinzon, Vicente Yafiez, 4, 6. I 'ills, John I) , 335. i'izarro, 10. I'lacido, a Tonkawa chief, 92. Plan, ground, of the Alamo, 213 ; of San .Antonio de I'exar, 189, 191. J'lau, meaning of, in Mexican revolutions, 103 ; of Ignala, 103, 104 ; of Toluca, i6(j ; of Cuernavaca, 175. Platforms of the several political parties (1896), 411^414. Pleasants, H. C., 403. Hum Creek, l)attle of, an Indian fight, 266. I'of, (jef)rge VV., 257. I'oHic, the State, under E. J. Davis's adiuiiiistration, 380 ; protection by Rangers, 390. Political, affairs in Mexico (1823-35), 152- 160; departments of Texas, 154, 155; chiefs, 154, 155 ; parties in Mexico (1824-35), 157-160 ; influences contribut- ing to the Revolution, 166, 167 ; cam- paign, the first, in the Republic, 244-246 ; campaign of 1838, 258, 259 ; agitation in the United States regarding annexation, 301-305 ; tone and temper of New Eng- land, 301, 302 ; affairs in Texas in 1845, 322 ; conventions, the first, in Texas, 336, 337; affairs (1847-57), 337-341 ; issues in the United States (1854-57), 346-348 ; campaigns of 1857 and 1859, 347-350 ; events leading to the Civil War, 350-353 ; theories of the Republi- can party, respecting Secession and Re- construction, 372-374 ; events in Texas (1865-74), 374-382; events (1S74-86), 389-397; questions (1890-94), 400-406; divisions of early Texas, 436 ; cam- paigns and conventions of 1896, 410- 414 ; influence of Texas in Federal affairs, 454-456. Politics, early, in Texas, 244 ; in the United States, on the annexation of Te.xas, 301- 305 ; in Texas in 1845, 322 ; from 1S47 to 1857, 337-341 ; Federal, i.ssues of, introduced in Texas, 346-348 ; the coin- age question in, 405, 410-414. Polk, James K., elected President on the annexation issue, 304. Population of Texas, in 1834, 156 ; charac- ter of, as influencing the Revolution, 166, 167 ; in 1847, 324 ; from 1744 to 1850, 431-433 ; from 1850 to 1897, 433-435 ; classification of, 431, 435. Populist party, the, 405, 411, 413. Portilia, I.ieutenant, at Goliad, 220. Ports of Texas closed by the decree of April 6, 1830, 159, 169. Portugal, discoveries by, in America, 5. Postal facilities in early times, 197 ; under the Republic, 257. Potter, Robert, 208, 209, 234, 235, 242. Poverty of the early colonists, 201 ; of the Republic, 250, 430, 431. Power, James, and James Hewitson, col- ony of, 148. Pre-emption certificates and titles to land, 320, 321. Presbyterian church, growth of, in Texas, 326. President, the domestic fife of the, under the first administration, 258. Presidential Rcconstnictiou, 373-376 ; elec- tion of 1884, 396 ; election of 1892, 406 ; election of 1896, 410, 414. INDEX. 489 Presidio, meaning of, 52 ; del Rio Grande, 66 ; de los Tejas, 69, 70 ; in Eastern Texas abandoned, 75. Price, Captain John T., in the Mexican War, 331-333- Priests and preachers, ineligible to the legislature, 3.16, 317 ; early labors of, 324-326. "Priests' House," the, in the siege of Bexar, 191-193. Prisoners, of the Mier expedition, fate of, 288-290 ; of the Santa Fe expedition, fate of, 290. Prize-fights, law against, passed, 410. Products, agricultural and mineral, 438- 441. Progress of Texas, Review of, 429-436. Prohibition, constitutional amendment for, defeated, 400, 40T. Proiiunciamctiio, meaning of, 103. Pronunciation, key to, xi. Property, pulilic, ceded to United States, 307 ; of husband and wife, 317 ; of United States surrendered to Texas, 352. Protection of the frontier, 390. Protestant churches, labors of, in Texas, 324-326. Provinces, the Internal, of Mexico or New Spain, 33, 34. Provisional government, of Coahuila and Texas, 152, 153 ; of Texas, established, proceedings and troubles of, 198-200 ; of Texas, at the close of the Civil War, 374, 375- Proviso, the Wilmot, effect of, upon Texas, 323- Public asylums, 451. Public buildings, at the capital, 452. Public debt, 250, 258, 272 ; provision for, at annexation, 307, 434 ; final .settlement of that of the Republic, 337 ; reduction of (1874), 390. Public free schools, provisions for, 273, 274, 446-449- Public lands, 257 ; donated to public schools, 273, 274 ; retained by Texas at annexation, 307 ; constitutional {provi- sions respecting, 317, 378, 379, 391, 392 ; laws for disposition of, 318, 319, 339, 340, 378, 391, 392 ; donated to build a new capitol, 395 ; donated to the Ihii- ver.sity, 396 ; donated to railroads, 339, 340, 441-444 ; the importance and value of, to Texas, 436-438. Public property of the Republic, ceded to the United States, 307 ; of the Ihiited States surrendered to Texas in 1861, 352. Public questions, following annexation, 322 ; from 1847 to 1857, 337-341- Puebla, the state of, revolts against Santa Anna, 160. Pieblo, meaning of, 52. Pueblo Indians, the, first discovery of, 10, 41 ; in Texas, 92. Purissima, La, Concepcion, mission of, 67. Questions, public, following annexation, 322 ; political and public, from 1847 to 1857, 337-341- Quincy, Josiah, an original secessionist, 302. Quintana, a minister under Iturbide, 134. Quivira, the fabled I'and of, 10, 37, 41, 42, 61, 62. R. Railroads, first enterprises for buitding, 339 ; donation of lands for constructing, 339, 34°, 442, 443 ', corrujit subsidies to, 380, 381, 390 ; regulation of, by the State, by law and a commission, 401, 402, 404 ; map of the Texas system of, 443 ; the growth of, in Texas, 441-444. Rainey, Anson, 403. Rains, J. S., 393. Raleigh, Sir Walter, 18. Ramon, Captain Diego, relations of, with St. Denis, 66. Ramon, Domingo, expedition of, with St. Denis, 66, 67. Randolph, C. H., 350. Rangers, provision for, by the Consulta- tion, 199 ; capture of ships by the, at Copano, 242 ; in Houston's first admin- istration, 252 ; service by, against In- dians, 255, 257, 266, m, 341 , 349, 350 ; in the Cherokee War, 264, 265 ; assist in re- pelling the Mexican invasion, 286 ; ser- vice of, in the Mexican War, 331-333 ; service of, against Cortina, 349 ; during the Civil W^ar, 367 ; in recent times, for frontier and ]iolice protection, 390. Ravago, F"elip« de, 74. Raymond, Charles H., 279. Raymond, James H., 316, 321, 335. Reagan, John H., in Congress, 336, 349 ; delegate to convention of Confederate States, 352 ; Postmaster-General of the Confederacy, 364 ; in Congress, 392, 393, 395 ; United States Senator, 402, 454 ; 490 INDEX. railroad commissioner, 402 ; candidate for governor, 409. Rebellion among Indians and Mexicans in Eastern Texas, 256. Reconstniction of the Southern States, the Republican theory of, 372, 373; presi- dential and congressional, methods of, 376-379 ; of Texas, 374-382. Rector, John H., 392. Red River, early settlement on, 68 ; French settlements ou, 68 ; location of, in the Greer County litigation, 416, 417, 434. "Red Rovers," the, massacre of, at Go- liad, 220. Reed, Rev, Isaac, 325. Reeves, Reuben A., 365, 391. Refugio, mission of, the last founded in Texas, 76 ; battle at the mission of, 211, 212. Regidorcs, meaning of, 28. Regulation, of freiglit and passenger rates on railroads, first law for, 340, 341 ; laws passed for, 401, 404. "Regulators" and "Moderators," war between, in Eastern Texas, 290, 291. Reiley, James, 279, 309. Religion, as an element in Spanish coloni- zation, 47-53; spread of, by Protestant missionaries in Texas, 324-326 ; growth and statistics of, 449, 450. Ri'Partbniattos, meaning of, 30. Representatives, in Congress, the first, 321 ; from 1S47-51, 335'; from 1851-61, 336 ; in the Confederate Congress, 365 ; in 1S66, 375; from 1872 76, 391 ; from 1876-78, 392; 1878-82, 393, 394; 1882- 86, 395, 396 ; 1886-90, 400 ; in 1890, 402 ; 1892-^8, 406. Republic, the, of Texas, constitution of, adopted, 209 ; independence of, estab- lished at San Jacinto, 234, 235 ; first regular election in, 244-246 ; politics in, 244, 245 ; difficulties of the first govern- ment of, 250, 251, 430, 431 ; laws' passed by first three Congresses t)f, 256, 257 ; mode of life under, 258; capital of, lo- cated at Austin, 266, 267 ; national seal, flag, and coat of arms of, 267 ; annexed to the United States, 302-309 ; terms of the annexation of, 307 ; last scene in the life of, 310. "Republic of the Rio Grande," attempt to establish the, 268, 269. " Republican Army of the North," the, or Magee's ex|)edition, 105-107. Republican, government, established in Mexico, 152, 153; party in Mexico, 158. Republican party in the United States, its theories in regard to Secession and Reconstruction, 372-374 ; its attitude towards the negro, 374 ; odium of, in the South, in 1866, 376 ; its platforms and conventions in 1896, 410, 412, 413. Resaca de la Palma, battle of, 331. Reservations, Indian, in Texas, 341. Resolutions, joint, of Congress, for an- nexation of Texas, 305-309 ; of 1858, for a convention gf Southern States, 348, 349- Retreat of the Texan army from Gonzales to the Brazos, 224-226. Review, a general, of Texas progress, 429-436. Revised Statutes of 1879, 393- Revolution, rise, progress, and results of, in Mexico ( 1810-22), 101-104 ; methods of a, in Spanish America, 103 ; progress of, in Mexico (1824-35), 157-160; events leading to the Texas, 166-177 ; first popular meetings preparatory to, 169- 174 ; agitation preceding, 182-184 ; first battle of, 185, 186 ; progress of, 197-205, 210-221, 224-236 ; ends in victory at San Jacinto, 234-236; in Mexico (1839-40), 268, 269 ; in Mexico (1845), 330. Rice, Captain James O., 265. Rigaud, General, attempts French colony in Texas, 108. Rio Grande, the, early missions on, 55- 57 ; Presidio del, 66 ; military operations along, during the Civil War, 367 ; "the republic of the," 268, 269. Ripperda, Baron de, 74. River system, the, of Texas, map of, 438. Rivera, General, visits Texas, 70. Roads, military, projected (1841), 270; the "Central National," 295. Roberts, Charles, 290. Roberts, Jacob, 333. Roberts, Oran M., district judge, 321 ; elected to the Supreme Court, 348 ; president of the Secession Conven- tion, 351-353 ; chief-justice, 365 ; United States Senator, 375 ; chief-justice, 391 ; governor, 393 ; his administrations, 394, 395- Robertson, General Felix, 367. Roi)ertson, General Jerome B., 367. Roberts(jn, Sawnie, 397. Robertson, Sterling C., his colony, 147, 148, 176, 183, 208. Robinson, James W., 198, 246. Robinson, Joel VV., 233. INDEX. 491 Rodriguez, ex parte, case of, in the election of 1873, 381. Rogers, CM., 405. Rogers, William P., 351. Rosario, mission of, 76. Rosillo, battle of the, 106. Ross, Lawrence Sullivan, 367 ; governor, 400, 401. Ross, Major, in Magee's expedition, 105, 106. Ross, Colonel Reuben, 268. Ross, Shapley P., 333. Rowe, Joseph, 259. Rowen, William, 290. Royal audiences, in Spanish times, 27. Royall, R. R., 186. Rubi, Marquis de, 74. Ruby, G. T., 378. Rueg, Henry, 185. " Runaway Scrape," the, 218, 224. Runnels, Hardin R., 336 ; governor, 348- 350 ; campaign between him and Sam Houston (1859), 350. Rusk, Thomas, J., 189, 202, 208, 209 ; joins the army, 226 ; at the battle of San Jacinto, 233, 234 ; succeeds to the com- mand of the army, 234 ; resigns, 341 ; secretary of war, 246 ; in the Rangers, 256 ; chief-justice of the Supreme Court, 259 ; in the Cherokee War, 265 ; presi- dent of the Convention of 1845, 316 ; United States Senator, 321 ; offered major-generalship in Mexican War, 332 ; his suicide, 348 ; his influence in the Senate, 454. Russell, William I., 140, 170. Ruter, Rev. Martin, 326. S. Sabin, Chauncey B., 392. Sabine River, Spanish settlements on the, 66, 67 ; mutations of the missions on the, 68-71 ; the French transfer Natchi- toches to the west bank of the, 71 ; troubles between United States and Spain along the, 97-100 ; the " neutral ground" established between Arroyo Hondo and the, 98-100. Safety, committees of, appointed by the municipalities, 183. Saint Denis, expedition of, to Texas and Mexico, 65, 66 ; establishes missions in Eastern Texas, 66, 67 ; is banished and escapes, 67 ; drives the Spaniards from Eastern Texas, 68. Salado, early name for the Pecos River, 56. Salado, Hacienda of the, Mier prisoners at the, 288, 290. Salado, the battle of the, 286. Salaries, official, under the Republic, 280. Salcedo, Manuel de, 105, 106. Saltillo, 53 ; capital of Coahuilaand Texas, 152 ; dispute between Monclova and, as to the capital, 175; battle of (1840), 269. San Antonio de Bexar, founded, 68 ; mis- sions from Eastern Texas transferred to, 70, 71 ; captured by Magee's expe- dition, 106 ; loyalty to Texas of certain Mexicans at, 183 ; Mexican force occu- pies, 184 ; General Cos in command at, 187 ; besieged and captured by the Texans, 188-193 ; map of, and its envi- rons, 189, 191 ; Santa Anna reaches, with army of invasion (1836), 204; military situation at, in the beginning of cam- paign of 1836, 210 ; siege and fall of the Alamo at, 212 218 ; the " Council House fight" at, 265, 266; captured by \'as- quez, 281, 282 ; captured by Woll, 285, 286. San Antonio de Valero, mission of, 68. San Antonio River, missions on the, 69, 70, 71. San Augustine, Florida, founded, 12. San Augustine de Ahumada. in Eastern Texas, 72. San Bernardino, mission of, 57. San Bernardo Bay, La Salle lands at, 15. San Buenaventura, mission of, 57. San Felipe de Austin, founded, 138 ; first convention at, 172, 173 ; second con- vention at, 173, 174 ; meeting at, to call a general consultation, 183, 184 ; con- ciliatory meeting at, 184 ; meeting and proceedings of the Consultation at, 197- 199 ; is burned (1836), 226. " San Felipe," the, captures " El Correo," 184. San Fernando, villa de, founded, 70. San P'rancisco de los Tejas, first Texas mission, founded, 64 ; revived, 67 ; re- moved to San Antonio River, and called San Francisco de IJ JCspada, 71. San Francisco Solano, mission of, 68. San Ildefonso, mi.ssion of, 57, 72. San Jacinto, the battle of, 228-234 ; the flag of, 267. San Javier, mission of, 72. San Jos(5 de los Nazonis, mission of, in Eastern Texas, 67 ; removed to San 492 INDEX. Antonio River, and called San Juan Capristano, 71. San Juan 15autista, mission of, 57, 66. San Juan Capristano, mission of, 71. San Luis, early name for Galveston Island, 107. San Marcos River, missions on the, 72. San Miguel, de Aguayo, 56 ; Cuellar de los Adaes, 67. San Patricio, battle at, 211. San Saba, mission of, 72. San Salvador, mission of, in New Leon, 57- Sandoval, governorship of, 71. Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de, the rise of, 104, 134 ; in the revolution of 1828-33, 158-160 ; the hero of Tampico. 158 ; usurps the government and declares a dictatorship, 160 ; loyalty of Texans to, 170, 171 ; conduct of, towards S. F. Austin, 174 ; declares the Plan of Ciierna- vaca, and subjugates Mexican states, 175, 176; his ol)ject in imprisoning Austin, 182 ; his plans for invading Texas, 183 ; orders arrest of Texans, 184, 185 ; pre- pares army of invasion, 202 ; reaches San Antonio, 204 ; his siege and capture of the Alamo, 212-218; orders Goliad massacre, 220 ; his plans for conquest of Texas, 224 ; his march from San An- tonio to New Washington, 226, 227 ; is defeated at San Jacinto, 230-233 ; cap- tured, 233, 234 ; signs treaties of peace, 235 ; controversy and trouble as to his treatment, 235, 240, 241 ; released from captivity, 250 ; again in power, threatens Texas, 281 ; orders execution of the Mier prisoners, 289 ; his altitude towards annexation, 303, 305. Santa Fe, tlie town of, founded, 11, 42; road to, projected, 270 ; the expedition to ( 1841), 271 ; the prisoners of the ex- I)edition to, 260, 265 ; the territory of, 322, 323. Santa Maria, mission of, 65. Santander, New, or Tamaulipas, 63. Santander, Rio, 9. Santiago, mission of, 57. Santo, Kspiritu, Rio del, early name of the Mississippi, 8 ; Bay, 63, 64 ; mission of, 69, 70. Sauccdo, Jose Antonio, political chief, his troubles with F.dwards's colony, 146, 147, 168; first political chief, 154.' Sayers, Joseph I)., 393. 396, 400, 406, 416, 455. "Scalawags," meaning of the term, 376. Schleicher, Gustav, 392, 393. Schools, in 1834, 157 ; free public, provi- sions for, 273, 274 ; in the Constitution of 1845, 317 ; early private, 327 ; United States bonds donated to, 338 ; lands donated to, 338-340 ; provisions for, in Constitution of 1869, 378, 379 ; in Consti- tution of 1876, 391 ; normal, established, 395, 448, 449 ; growth and endowment of, 446-449. Scott, General VVinfield, his campaign in Mexico, 333. "Scrape," the "Runaway," 218, 224. Scrip, land, worthlessness of, 250, 251 ; land, issued and agents appointed to sell it, 257. Scurry, Richardson, 336, 367. Scurry, William R., 332, 367. ■ Seal, the national, of the Republic, 267. Secession, original attitude of New Eng- land towards, 302 ; of the Southern States, 351, 352 ; convention called in Texas, 351 ; proceedings of the conven- tion for, 351-353 ; convention deposes Governor Sam Houston, 353 ; the vote- on, in the convention, 352 ; adopted by popular vote, 352 ; Republican party's theories as to the effect of, 372, 373. Seguin, Don Erasmo, 131, 174, 183. Seguin, Colonel John N-. 218, 268, 269. " .Semicolon Court," the, 381. Seminoles, an Indian tribe, 90. Senators from Texas, United States, 321, 348, 349, 352, 375, 379, 391, 402; Con- federate States, 365. Separate property of husband and wife under Texas laws, 317. Separation of Texas from Coahuila de- manded, 172-174. .Sesma, General, 202, 204, 224, 225, 227. Settlers, the character of the early, 429, 430. "Seven Cities," the, fable of, 72. "Seven Years' War," in Europe, relations of, to Texas, 72. Sexton, Frank B., 365. Shackleford, Caj^tain or Doctor, at the (loliad massacre, 220. Shaw, James B., 279, 309, 321, 335. Shelby County, "War of the Regulators and Moderators" in, 290, 291. Shepard, Seth, 455. Shepherd, J. L., 290. Shepherd, William I\L, 257. Sheridan, General P. H., in command of military department of Texas, 376. INDEX. 493 Sherman, General Sidney, at San Jacinto, 229, 230 ; projects the first Texas rail- road, 339. Shoshonean family of Indians, 91. Shuford, A. P., 352. Siege, of San Antonio ( 1835), 18S-193 ; of the Alamo, 212-218 ; of Mier, 288. Silver, the free coinage of, as a political issue, 405, 409-414. Simkins, E. J., 403. Sims, Bartlett, 176. Siouan family of Indians, 91. Sitio, meaning of, as a land measurement, 136. Slave-trade, the, proposition to revive, 350. Slavery, prohibited by the colonization laws of Mexico, 137 ; agitation of the question of, as relating to the annexation of Texas, 301, 302 ; provision respecting, in annexation resolutions, 307, 308 ; pro- visions regarding, in Constitution of 1845, 317 ; as affecting the boundary question, 322, 323 ; attitude of political parties on, 346-348 ; lawless agitation against, in the North, 348, 349 ; prohibited by the thirteenth amendment, 372. Slayden, J. W., 416. Slidell, John, United States minister to Mexico, 330. Smith, Ashbel, 309, 447. Smith, Ben Fort, 185, 186, 203. Smith, Erastus ("Deaf"), 189, 227, 230. Smith, Geiieral E. Kirby, 367. Smith, George W., 336, 375. Smith, Henry, 140, 176 ; provisional gov- ernor, and his trouble with the Council, 198-200 ; opposed to the Matamoros ex- pedition, 201 ; candidate for President, 245, 246 ; secretary of the treasury, 246. Smith, Captain Thomas I., 283. Smythe, George W., 208, 335. Snively, Colonel Jacob, expedition of, 293. Social life under the Republic, 258. "Society of Jesus," missionary labors of the, 50-57- Solano, San Francisco, mission of, 68. Solis, Juan Diego de, 6. Somervell, General Alexander, 187, 241, 282, 287, 288. Sosa, an early Spanish explorer, 61. Soto, Ferdinand de, 10, 40, 41. South, the, attitude of, towards annexa- tion, 301-305 ; attitude of, on slavery and States'-rights, 346-348 ; growing hostility between the North and, 346 ; is alarmed by the lawless attitude of the North, 348, 349 ; the States of, secede and form the Confederate States, leading to Civil War, 351-354 ; the Reconstruc- tion of, presidential and congressional, 372-374 ; arbitrary use of military power in, to force Recoustruction, 373-379. South Carolina .secedes, 351. Sovereignty, the doctrine of squatter, 346, 347 ; State, 346-348, 372, 373-. Spain, discoveries and explorations by, in America, 5-13 ; her methods of coloniza- tion and government in her colonies, 25-34 ; her mode of Christianizing the Indians, 47-49 ; the Catholic church of, its early labors in Mexico and Texas, 49-57 ; extent of her occupation of Texas in 1687, 61, 62 ; occupies Texas, 63-70 ; seizes Florida, 65 ; acquires Louisiana, 72 ; retrocedes Louisiana, 96 ; troubles between the United States and, as to boundary, 97-100 ; relations of, to Mexico, 100, loi ; independence of Mexico from, 103, 104 ; treaty between United States and (1819), 108, 109 ; col- onization laws of, 129 ; is finally defeated and driven from Mexico, 158 ; the Civil Law of, in Texas, 273. Spain, New, named, 7 ; extent of, 27, 28 ; character of the government of, 29-34 ; geographical and political divisions of, 33, 34 ; missionary work of the Catholic church in, 47-57. Spanish, discoveries in America, 5-13 ; colonial system, characteristics of, 25- 34 ; explorations in region of Texas, 37-44 ; methods of Christianizing the Indians, 47-49 ; missions in Mexico and Texas, 49-57 ; system of colonizing, de- fects of, 48, 49 ; occupation of Texas, 61-70 ; troops retire to Bexar from the Sabine, 68 ; protest against the French crossing the Sabine, 71 ; settlements in Texas at end of eighteenth century, 75- 79 ; hostility and depredations towards the United States, 100 ; rule in Mexico, effects of, 100; victory over the "Re- publican Army of the North," 107 ; mode of granting lands to colonists, T29 ; land measurements, 136 ; invasion of Mexico defeated (1829), 158 ; Civil Lau\ 273- .Speakers of the Texas legislatures (1S46- 97), Table of, 463. Squatter sovereignty, the doctrine of, 346, 347. St. Louis, Fort, built by La Salle, 15 ; visited by De Leon, 63, 64 ; presidio and 494 INDEX. mission founded at, 69 ; removed from, 70. Standard, the national, of the Repubhc, 267. Stapp, Ehjah, 208. Slate, of Coahuila and Texas, 152, 153 ; colonization law of (1825), 153; col- onization law of, repealed, 172 ; Texas determines to separate from, 172-174; lawless acts of the legislature of, towards Texas, 174, 175 ; the government of, ends, 175, 176: of Texas, is annexed to the United States, 305-308 ; police, under E. J. Davis, 380 ; capitol, new, built and dedicated, 395, 397, 400. State, union 6i Church and, 167. States, new, may be formed out of Texas, 307, 308 ; eflfect of this on A/issouri Comprotnise line, 322, 323 ; the Southern, attitude of, on slavery and States'-rights, 346-348 ; Secession of the Southern, 372- 374- States'-rights, the doctrine of, 346-348. Statistics, of population, 431-435 ; of polit- ical electi(Mi's, 460-462 ; agricultural and mineralogical, 438-441 ; of public lands, 437. 43^ ; t>f railroads, 441-444 ; of manufactures, 445 ; of educational insti- tutions, 446-449 ; of churches, 450 ; of taxaljle wtalth, 450. Statutes, the Revised, of 1879, 393- Stayton, John \V., 395, 400, 403. Steele, (ieneral VVilliam, 367. Ste|)hens, Ale.'iander, 352. Stephens, I. \V., 403. Stephens, J. H., 416. Stephenson, Rev. Henry, 325. Sterne, Adolphus, 176, 190. Stevenson, Adlai K., 406. Stewart, Charles, 395, 400. Stewart, Charles B., 170, 208. Storkdale, Fletcher S., 363. Storey, L. J., 394. Storming, the, (jf Bexar, 190-193; of the Alamo, 215-217. "Straits - Su)rir('s/i,)„s (o Teachers, v., vi. Sumter. I'ort, fall of, 35.^. Superintendent of public education cre- ated, 379. Suppression of lawlessness and crime 39*^. Supreme Court, the first, of the Republic, 246 ; the first, of the State, 321 ; during the Civil War, 365 ; changed in 1866, 375 ; changed again in 1869, 378 ; under Reconstruction, 376, 377 ; in the "Semi- colon case," 381 ; from 1874 to 1880, 391 ; in 1882, 395 ; in later years, 403. Swisher, James G., 208. Swisher, John M., 335. Sylvester, James A., captures Santa Anna, 233- System, the Spanish colonial, 25-34 ; of missionary labor in New Spain, 47-57 ; defects of the Spanish, 48, 49 ; the land, condition of (1837), 252 ; legal and judi- cial, founded, 272, 273 ; the land, pecu- liarities of, 318, 319 ; of public free schools, 339 ; the judicial, reorganized, 402, 403 ; the river, map of, 438 ; the railroad, map of, 443. T. Tables: of the governors (1690-1897), 460; of elections (1835-96), 461, 462; of legislatures and the Speaker in each (1846-97), 463. Tachies, an Indian tribe, 89. Tacomas, an Indian tribe, 89. Tamaquez, an Indian tribe, 89. Tamaulipas, or New Santander, the State of, 63. Taiioan family of Indians, 92. Tarleton, B. D., 403. Tarrant, E. H., 292, 334. Tawakana, or Tehuacana, an Indian tribe, 89 ; in Magee's expedition, 105 ; treaty with, 292. Taxable wealth, statistics of, 395, 450. Taxation, levied on colonists by custom- houses, 168, 169 ; system of, under the provisional government, 201 ; under the Republic, 257 ; exorbitant, under Recon- stritctiott, 380 ; reduction of, 390. Taxpayers' Convention, in 1871, 380. Taylor, Captain, 107. Taylor, Robert H., 2,2>2)< 381. Taylor, General Zachary, in the Mexican War, 330-332. Teachers, Su^je^estions to, v., vi. Teguas, an Indian tribe, 92. Tehuacanas, or Tawakanas, an Indian tribe, 89, 105, 292. Tejanos, an Indian tribe, 89. Tejas, the tribe of the, 38 ; Coronado meets with them, 42 ; the land of the, INDEX. 495 early account of, 55, 56, 62 ; name of V^e.vas derived from, 62 ; visited by De Leon, 64 ; missions founded among tiie, 64-67 ; accompany St. Denis on his ex- pedition to the Rio Grande, 66 ; mission and ]iresidio of, abandoned, and trans- ferred to Bexar, 70, 71 ; further mention of, 85, 86. "Telegraph," the, an early newspaper, 197. Teller, Henry M., 413. Tenorio, driven out of Texas, 1S3 ; sent to arrest Texans, 184. Teran, Don Domingo, governor of Coa- huila and Texas, his expedition, 64, 65. Teran, General Mier y, 169. Terrell, Alexander \V., 455. Terrell, George W., 279, 292, 301. Territory, the North and East opposed to tiie acquisition of, by the United States, 301, 302 ; added by the Mexican War, 334- Terry, B. F., 366. Terry's Rangers, 367. Texas, origin of the name, 62. "Texas," the United States battle-ship, 417, 418. Texas and New Orleans Railroad, the building of the, 339. Texas and Pacific Railroad, land and other subsidies to, 380, 381. Thirteenth amendment, the, to United States Constitution, 372, 373. Thomas, David, 209, 240. Thomas, Isaac D., 171. Thompson, J. W. N., 290. Thomson, Alexander, 147, 325. "Three Hundred," the "Original," the first settlers in Austin's colony, 13S. Throckmorton, James W., governor, 375; removed by military order, 376 ; in Con- gress, 392, 395 ; candidate for governor, 393 ; his death, 418. Thruston, Albert S., 257. Tierra de guerra and tierra de paz, meaning of, 47, 48. Tiguez, an Indian tribe, 92. Timber lands, 436. Titles, land, confusion and frauds in (1836-37), 252, 253; forgery of land, 268 ; the Texas system of land, 318-320. Tlaxcaltecs, in Coahuila, 53 ; brought as colonists to Be.xar, 70. . Tobosos, an Indian tribe, 55. 1 Ti)ledo, General, 106, 107. Tolsa, General, 204. Toluca, the/>/tf;/ of, 160. Tonkawan family of Indians, 92. Tonkawas, the ethnology of the, 92. Topolovampo, attempted .Spanish colony at, 10. Tordesillas, the Convcntio>i of, 5. Torrey, James N., 290. Torrey, Thomas, 291. Towash, an Indian tribe, 89, 292. Trade, in 1834, 157 ; relations with Eng- land and France, 254; in 1840-41, 274; present state of foreign, 444. Trading-posts with the Indians, established in 1843, 292, 293. Travis, William B., imprisoned at Ana- huac, 170 ; favors war, 182 ; commands the expedition against Tenorio, 183 ; order for his arrest, 184, 185 ; in the army, 202 ; sent to San Antonio, 203 ; at Bexar, 210 ; his heroic defence and death in the Alamo, 212-217. Treasury notes of the Republic, issuance and worthlessness of, 252, 257, 267, 268, 272, 280, 294. Treaties : of Cordova, 104 ; of 1819, be- tween Spain and the United States, 108, 109 ; with the Cherokees, 204 ; with Santa Anna at San Jacinto and V'elasco, 234, 235 ; commercial, with England and France, 254 ; with the Indians (1843), 291, 292 ; of annexation, rejected by the United States Senate, 304 ; of Guada- lupe-Hidalgo, with Mexico, 2,2,^^, 334. Trespalacios, Colonel, 109, 153. Trial by jury, unknown to the Mexican law, 167. Tribes, Indian, classification, character, and history of, in Texas, S3-93. Trinity River, visited by De Leon and missions founded near, 64, 65 ; early trading-posts on, 109 ; first settlers on, 138. Troops, Mexican, sent to Texas, to en- force tyranny, 168-170 ; Mexican, occupy San Antonio, 184-186 ; volunteer, from j the United States, to aid the Texas Revolution, 190 ; disposition of the Texas, at the beginning of the campaign of 1836, 210 ; movements of the Mexican and Texas, in that campaign, 224-235 ; LTnited States, work of, on the Texas border, 242 ; called for, to repel Mex- ican invasion (1842-43), 2S2, 284, 287; United States, occupy New ISlexico, 323 ; Texas, in the Mexican War, 331- 333 ■) Texas, in the Civil War, 365-367 ; State, for frontier and police protection, 390- 496 INDEX. Truitt, Alfred M., 333. "Trusts," laws and attempts to suppress, 401. Tumlinson, Captain, in the Rangers, 266. Turner, E. B., Federal judge, 392. Twiggs, General David E., surrenders Federal property to Texas, 352. "Twin Sisters," the, cannon presented to Texas in 1S36, 227. Two-thirds rule in Democratic conven- tions, abolished in Texas, 409. Tyler, President John, attitude of, towards annexation, 303, 304. Tyranny, Mexican, beginning of, towards Texas, 158, 159; continued acts of, lead to the Revolution, 168-177. U. Ugartachea, Colonel Domingo, at Velasco, 169 ; at San Antonio, 184, 185 ; sent for reinforcements, 187. Union, the Mexican, formed, 152, 153 ; of church and state, 167 ; Texas annexed to the American, 305-308 ; Southern States secede from the, 351-353; Civil War of, against the Confederacy, 363- 368 ; troops from Texas in the army of the, 366, 367 ; theories of the Republi- can party in regard to the, 372, 373. Union Democrats, 347, 348 ; men in 1866, attitude of, 376. United States, acquire Louisiana, 96 ; in- cursions from the, into Texas, 98 ; troubles between Spain and, as to boundary, 98-100 ; treaty between Spain and ( 1819), 108, 109 ; first colonists from, to Texas, 130-140; Mexican decree against colonists from, 158, 159 ; influ- ence of immigration from, on the Texas Revolution, 166, 167 ; jealousy of Mexico towards, 168, 169 ; offer to buy Texas, 168, 169 ; first volunteers from, to Texas, 190, 202, 235 ; aid from, to the Revolu- tion, 201 ; volunteers from, killed at Goliad, 220 ; attitude of, during the Texas Revolution, 242, 243 ; prevent Indian uprising in Texas, 243 ; recognize Texan independence, 243, 244, 253 ; an- nexation of Texas to the, voted and proposed by Texas, 246, 253, 254 ; polit- ical agitation in the, on annexation, 301- 305 ; annexation to, accomplished, 305- 308 ; slavery agitation in the, as aiTecting the Texas boundary, 322, 323 ; troops of the, occupy New Mexico, 323 ; war of the, u'ith Mexico, 330-334 ; treaty be- tween Mexico and, 2):;,^^, 334 ; war be- tween the Confederate States and the, 363-368 ; thirteenth and fourteenth amendments to the Constitution of, 372, 373 ; courts of the, in Texas, 321, 392 ; win the Greer County suit, 416, 417 ; rel- ative position of Texas in the, 452, 453 ; influence of Texas in the politics of the, 454-456. University, the State, provided for in 1S39, 273, 274 ; Baylor, 325 ; the State, first act for establishing, 350 ; provided for in Constitution of 1876, 391, 392 ; located and inaugurated, 395, 397 ; lands do- nated to, 396 ; formal opening of, 397 ; endowment and growth of, 448. Upson, Columbus, 394. Urdinola, Captain, 53. Urrea, General Jose, sent to Matamoros, 202 ; marches to San Patricio, 204 ; de- feats the Texans at Agua Dulce and Refugio, 211, 212 ; at the battle of the Coleto, 218, 219 ; his movements in the subsequent campaign, 224, 226, 227 ; is ordered to retire to Victoria, 234. V. Vaca, Cabeza de, Alvar Nufiez, adventures of, in Texas, 39, 40. Valdivia, in Chili, 10. Valero, San Antonio de, mission of, 68. Van Buren, Martin, views of, on annexa- tion, 304. Van Dorn, General Earl, 366. Van Zandt, Isaac, 279, 304, 334. Vara\ a land measure, 136. Vasquez, General Rafael, captures San Antonio, 281, 282. Vehlein, Joseph, colony of, 148. Velasco, battle at (1832), 170. Venados, an Indian tribe, 89. Veramendi, Juan Martin, 171 ; the house of, in the siege of Bexar, 190-193. Verazzani, 13. Vespucius, Americus, 4. Vetoes, of President Sam Houston, 252, 253 ; of Governor Culberson, 415. Viceroys, the powers of the, 27, 28 ; con- dition of Mexico under the, 100 ; the last of the, 104. Victoria, Guadalupe, first President of Mexico, 157, 158. Victoria, the town of, founded, 145 ; raided by Indians (1840), 266, INDEX. 497 Vidauri y Villasenor, Francisco, governor, 153- Viesca, Augustin, the last governor of Coahuila and Texas, 153, 154, 175. Viesca, Jose Maria, governor, 153. ViNa, the meaning of, 52. Villafafie, 12. Vince's bridge, importance of, at San Jacinto, 230. Viscaino, Sebastian, 11, 42. Volunteers, from the United States, to aid Texas Revolution, 190, 202, 235 ; from the United States, massacred at Goliad, 220 ; called for, to repel Mexican inva- sion ( 1842-43), 282, 284, 287. Vote, on the Secession Ordinance, 352 ; of allegiance to the Confederacy, 353 ; in the several State elections (1836-96), 432, 435, 461, 462. W. Wacos, an Indian tribe, 89 ; treaty with, 291. Waggener, Leslie, 419, 420. Walker, Moses B., 381. Walker, Captain Samuel H., in the Mex- ican War, 331-333- Walker's expedition to Nicaragua, 350. Wallace, J. W. E., 186, 210. Wallace, William A. A., 333. W^1!lace, W^ J., 286. W'aller, Edwin, 208, 267, 334, 354. " War," the " land of," meaning of, 47. War : with Indians in Northern Mexico, beginning of, 53-55 ; with Indians in Texas, 71 ; the "Seven Years," in Eu- rope, 72 ; the Fredonian, 146, 147, 168 ; |iarty in favor of ( 1S33-34), 182 ; begin- ning of the, for independence, 185, 186 ; progress of, 1S7, 190, 193, 210, 215-221 ; successful end of, at San Jacinto, 224- 235 ; with the Cherokees, 264, 265 ; general Indian (1839-41), 265, 266; in Northern Mexico (1839-40), 268, 269; with Mexico, threatened (1842), 282, 284, 287; the "archive," 283, 284; against Mexico, bill for, passed and vetoed by Houston, 285; between the "Regula- tors" and "Moderators," 290, 291 ; the Mexican (1846-48), 330-334 ; causes and events leading to the Civil, 346 354 ; service of Texas troops in the Civil, 365-367 ; disorderly state of the country at the close of the Civil, 374. Ward, Matthew, 349. Ward, Thomas William, 279, 309, 321, 335- Ward, Major William, commands the "Georgia Battalion," .202; at Goliad, 210; sent to relieve Refugio, his battle there, 211, 212 ; massacred with his men at Goliad, 220. Washington, New, Santa Anna at, 227, 229. Washington, on the Brazos, old fort at, 109 ; constitutional convention at (1836), 208, 209 ; capital moved to, 287. Watrous, John C, 259, 321, 392. Watson, Thomas E., 413. Waul, General Thomas N., 336, 349, 352, 367. Wealth, the taxable, of Texas, increase in, 395, 450. Webb, James, 335. Wellborn, Olin, 393, 395. West, Charles S., 354, 393, 395, 397. West, Claiborne, 176, 208. Westover, Captain, at Lipantitlan, 193. Whaling, Henry, 290. Wharton, John A., 176, 182, 198, 233, 242, 245, 255- Wharton, General John A., in tlie Civil War, 367. Wharton, William H., 140; commissioner to Mexico, 173 ; president of the second convention, 173 ; in favor of war, 182 ; in the army, 187 ; commissioner to the United States, 190 ; his views in regard to independence, 198, 199 ; returns to Texas, 243; political activity of, 245; minister to the United States, 247, 253, 257 ; captured by the Mexicans, 255 ; his death, 255. Wheeler, Royall T., 321, 348, 365. Wheeler, T. B., 400. Whig party, the, attitude of, towards annexation, 301-305 ; its attitude on slavery, 346 ; its destruction, 346, 347. White, F. M., 350. White, Jesse, 176. White, John P., 391, 395. Whitfield, General, 367 ; his legion, 367. Whitney, William C, 412. Wichitas, an Indian tribe, 89. Wife, property rights of the, under Texas laws, 317. Wigfall, Louis T., 349, 352, 365, 367. Wilcox, John A., 365. Wilkinson, General James, 97, 99, 135. Williams, F. A., 403. Williams, Lemuel H., 352. 32 .^ <^' 498 INDEX. Williams, Samuel M., 138 ; colony of Aus- tin and, 148 ; commissioner to Mexico, 303- Williamson, Robert M., 140, 170, 176, 182, 184, 1S5, 246. Willie, Asa H., 375, 391, 395. Willie, James, 336. Wills, the statute of, adopted, 257. Willson, Sam A., 393, 395. U'i/inot proviso, the, effect of, on slavery and the Texas boundary question, 323, 346. Wilson, Rev. Hugh, 326. Wing, Martin Carroll, 290. Winkler, (ieneral C. M., 367, 391. Winston, (leorge T., 420. Wintuissen, governor, 71. Witt, Preston, 333. Woll, General, 204, 225, 227 ; captures San Antonio, 285, 286 ; is defeated at the battle of the Salado, 286. Wood, George T., in the Mexican W^ar, 332 ; governor, 334, 335. Wooten, Thomas I)., 447. Wright, Arvin, 378. Wright, George W., 352. Wright, W. B., 365. Wyalt, Colonel, in the Texas Revolution, 2U2. Yoakum, C. H., 406. Young, W. C, 366. Ysleta, origin of the town of, 42, 43, 55. Yucatan, Texan navy sent to aid revolu- tion in, 270. Z. Zacatecas, the State of, revolts against Santa Anna, 160, 175. Zambrano, a Mexican patriot loyal to Texas, 183 ; order for the arrest of, 184. "Zambrano Row," the, in the siege of Bexar, 191-193. Zapata, Colonel, 26S. Zavala, Lorenzo de, colony of, 148 ; in Mexico, 158; comes to Texas, 184; efforts to arrest, 184 ; issues an address, 184, 1 85 ; in the convention of 1S36, 208 ; Vice-President of the provisional govern- ment, 209 ; in the army, 226, 233 ; his death, 246. Zavaleta, Juan de, an early missionary priest, 56. Zuni Indians, discovery of the land of the, 10, 41. Zuniga, Espiritu Santo de, mission of (see La Bahia), 69, 70. (