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Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2011 with funding from 
 The Library of Congress 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/newarcticcontineOOwhei 
 

 THE 
 
 NEW ARCTIC CONTINENT, 
 
 OB 
 
 WRANGELL'S LAND. 
 
 Rearl before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 
 
 Chicago, August, 1S68. 
 
 £/ 
 
 4. The New Arctic Continent, or Wijangell's Land, 
 discovered August 14, 1867, by Captain Long, of the 
 American Ship Nile, and seen by Captains Raynor, 
 
 Bl^VEN AND OTHERS, "WITH A BRIEF NOTICE OF BARON 
 
 ^Frangell's Explorations in 1823. By William W. 
 lmheildon, of Charlestown, Massachusetts. 
 
 In December, 1867, considerable interest was excited through 
 the country by the announcement by telegraph from San Fran- 
 cisco, of the discovery of a " New Continent in the Arctic 
 Regions," which had received from the discoverer the appro- 
 priate name of " Wrangell's Land," after the distinguished 
 Russian explorer. The discovery was said to have been made 
 
Z B. NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 by one of the whale ships visiting the Arctic Regions through 
 Behring Strait, which had just returned to the Sandwich 
 Islands. It was also stated that the season had been remark- 
 ably mild — one of the most temperate ever known — and that 
 one of the whale ships had been able to penetrate as far north 
 as latitude 83° 30'. The announcement that land had been 
 discovered in the region indicated seemed probable, but the 
 statement of the latitude reached — never having before been 
 attained in any part of the Arctic regions — was received with 
 some incredulity ; in addition to which there was evidently an 
 error in the statement of the longitude as received by the tele- 
 graph. To those who were acquainted with the geography of 
 the region indicated, hardly any reported discovery of land 
 would have been incredible, so uncertain and imperfect was the 
 knowledge of it ; but it might have been considered, as in the 
 present case, a rediscovery, or perhaps a simple confirmation 
 of a general belief. 
 
 When the printed accounts reached us from the Sandwich 
 Islands, it appeare'd that the land reported was first seen by 
 Captain Long, of the American whale ship Nile, of New Lon- 
 don, on the 14th of August, 1867, in clear weather. The west 
 point, which he named " Cape Thomas" (after the seaman who 
 first reported the land), was in latitude 70° 46', longitude 178° 
 30' E. On the morning of the 15th, the ship at 9 o'clock, was 
 eighteen miles distant from its western point. "The lower 
 parts of the land," reports Captain Long, "were entirely free 
 from snow and had a green appearance as if covered with 
 vegetation. There was broken ice between the ship and land, 
 but as there were no indications of whales I did not feel justi- 
 fied in endeavoring to work through it and reach the shore, 
 which I think could have been done without much clanger." 
 
 Captain Long sailed to the eastward, along the land, during 
 the 15th and 16th, and in some places approached it as near as 
 fifteen miles. "On the 16th the weather was very clear and 
 pleasant, and we had a good view of the middle and eastern 
 portions of the land. Near the centre, or about in the longi- 
 tude of 180°, there is a mountain which has the appearance of 
 an extinct volcano. By approximate measurement I found it 
 to be 2480 feet high." 
 
B. NATURAL HISTORY. 6 
 
 Captain Long says he had excellent observations on the 
 16th, and the south-eastern cape which he named Cape Hawaii, 
 he found to be in latitude 70° 40' north, and longitude 178° 51' 
 W. He adds, "it is impossible to tell how far this land ex- 
 tends northward, but as far as the eye could reach we could 
 see ranges of mountains until they were lost in the distance. 
 Captain Bliven, of the whale ship Nautihis, said he saw the 
 land north-west of Herald Island, as far north as latitude 72°. 
 
 Captain Ray nor, of whale ship Reindeer, in a letter of No- 
 vember 1st, 1867, to the editor of the "Pacific Commercial 
 Advertiser," gives an account of this land, "lying in the midst 
 of the Arctic Ocean, hitherto but little known." He says, 
 " this land has hitherto been considered to be two islands, one 
 of which is marked on the English maps as Plover Island, 
 which is laid down to the W. S. W. of Herald Island. The 
 other is simply marked ' extensive land with high peaks.' On 
 my last cruise [the one just terminated] I sailed along the south 
 and east side of this island for a considerable distance, three 
 different times, and once cruised along the entire shore, and by 
 what I considered reliable observations, made the extreme 
 south-west cape to lie in north latitude 70° 50' and east longi- 
 tude 178° 15'. The south-east cape I found to lie in north lati- 
 tude 71° 10', and west longitude 176° 40'. The south coast 
 appears to be nearly straight, with high rugged cliffs and en- 
 tirely barren. The north-east coast I have not examined to 
 any extent, but it appears to run from the south-east cape in a 
 north-westerly direction for about fifteen or twenty miles and 
 then turns to the north and north-east. I learned from Captain 
 Bliven that he traced it much farther north, and has seen others 
 who traced it to north of latitude 72°. I think there is no 
 doubt that it extends much farther to the north, and that there 
 is another island lying to the east of it, say in longitude 170° 
 west, and to the north-east of Point Barrow, with a passage 
 between it and the land I have just described. ... I 
 would add that the south-west cape of this island described 
 above, lies seventy-five miles distant from the Asiatic or Sibe- 
 rian coast." 
 
 According to Captain Long's observations it will be seen 
 that the extent of the discovered land from east to west, is 2° 
 
4 B. NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 39' of longitude, equal to about fifty geographical miles ; but 
 according to Captain Raynor's observations its extent is equal 
 to 5° 5' of longitude, or nearly one hundred and three geo- 
 graphical miles, or about one hundred and twenty statute 
 miles. So also if the statement of Captain Bliven is to be 
 received (and there appears to be no reason why it should not 
 be received) the extent of the land from the south-east cape 
 (Cape Hawaii, of Captain Long) to the north as far as re- 
 ported by Captain Bliven and others, must be at least one 
 hundred miles and probably more. 
 
 The season of 1867, is reported as already stated, to have 
 been remarkably mild. Captain G. H. Soule, of whale ship 
 St. George, says "this season is the most remarkable ever 
 known by the whalemen for the scarcity of ice and the good 
 weather prevailing during the first and middle parts of the 
 season. Otoken, a very intelligent native of Indian Point, 
 told me they had two months south wind last winter [1866], 
 which I think accounts for the openness of the season." Other 
 captains report "whales very scarce." Captain J. B. Winslow, 
 of the bark Tammerlane, says the weather was fine in August 
 and September ; whales scarce ; took seven ; of the third 
 whale he took he speaks as follows : "The third whale we took 
 was a stunner, and deserves special mention. It was the big- 
 gest whale, by at least one quarter, that I ever saw alongside a 
 ship. My third mate kept a tally of what turned out at the 
 cooler, and it yielded three hundred and ten barrels and nineteen 
 gallons. It was not so fat as some we caught. I have taken 
 whales that made two hundred and fifty barrels of oil, but 
 never before saw one that would compare in size with this. I 
 think it must have been one of the original whales that Noah 
 had charge of, which has been growing ever since.""* 
 
 *In regard to the reported scarcity of whales, the following statement will 
 show how the matter stood in 1867, as compared with the previous years : 
 
 The number of vessels refitting at the Sandwich Islands in 1867, was 75 
 
 Having sperm oil in barrels, 1940 
 
 " whale " " " 52050 
 
 Averaging to each vessel, in barrels, 720 
 
 Total amount of whale-bone, 11313 lbs. 
 
 Number of vessels in 1866, 76 
 
 Average number of barrels to each 680 
 
 Total amount of whale-bone, 10980 lbs. 
 
 Showing an excess of forty barrels of oil to each vessel, in 1867 over 1866, and 
 an excess of whale-bone. 
 
B. NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 Baron Wrangell, in his explorations along the coast of Si- 
 beria, in March, 1823, was visited in camp by a Tschuktschi 
 chief, whom he represents as " a very civilized person in his 
 way," and who drew for him with a piece of burned wood, an 
 outline of the coast in the neighborhood of Cape Schelagskoi. 
 "He farther assured us," says Baron Wrangell, "in the most 
 positive manner, that there was no other island along the coast. 
 When I asked him whether there was any other land to the 
 north beyond the visible horizon, he seemed to reflect a little, 
 and then said that between Cape Schelagskoi and Cape North, 
 there was a part of the coast where, from some cliffs near the 
 mouth of a river, one might in a clear summer's day descry 
 snow-covered mountains at a great distance to the north, but 
 that in winter it was impossible to see so far. He said that 
 formerly herds of reindeer sometimes came across the ice of 
 the sea, probably from thence, but that they had been fright- 
 ened back by hunters and by wolves ; that he had himself once 
 seen a herd returning to the north in this way, in the month of 
 April, and that he had followed them in a sledge drawn by two 
 reindeer for a whole day, until the rugged surface of the ice 
 forced him to desist. His opinion was that these distant 
 mountains were not an island, but an extensive land similar to 
 his own country. He had been told by his father that a 
 Tschuktschi elder had once gone there with a few followers, in 
 large baidais, or boats made of skins, but what they found 
 there, or whether they ever returned, he did not know. Still 
 he maintained that the distant northern land was inhabited, 
 and adduced as a proof of it that some years ago a dead whale 
 had been found at Arautan Island [on the coast near by], 
 pierced by spears pointed with slate ;* and as the Tschuktschi 
 do not use such weapons, he supposed that the whale must 
 have been wounded by the inhabitants of the northern land." 
 Baron Wrangell's position when he received this information 
 was in latitude 70° 3' and longitude 171° 3' East. 
 
 A few da} r s after this, Baron Wrangell started with sledges 
 over the ice, with a view to reach or discover this northern 
 land. Following along the coast for a day or two, on the 13th 
 of March, he left the shore and proceeded in a N. N. E. direc- 
 
 *The people of the Aleutian Islands use similar spear heads it is stated. 
 
6 B. NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 tion. With the usual difficulties of cold, wind, storm and ice 
 hummocks, he continued on until the 23d, about ten days, 
 having sent his sledges back excepting two. According to his 
 reckoning he reached latitude 70° 51', longitude 175° 27'. His 
 distance from the coast was one hundred and five wersts or a 
 little more than sixty geographical miles. At the extreme 
 point of his journey, Baron Wrangell says, "we climbed one 
 of the loftiest ice-hills, affording an extensive view towards the 
 north, and from thence we beheld the wide immeasurable 
 ocean spread out before our gaze. It was a fearful and mag- 
 nificent spectacle. Fragments of ice of enormous size were 
 floating on the surface of the agitated ocean, and were dashed 
 by the waves with awful violence against the edge of the field 
 on the farther side of the channel before us. . . . With 
 a painful feeling of the impossibility of overcoming the obsta- 
 cles which nature opposed to us, our last hope now vanished of 
 discovering the land which we still believed to exist ; and we 
 saw ourselves compelled to renounce the object for which we 
 had striven through three years of hardship, toil and danger. 
 We had done, however, all that duty and honor demanded ; 
 and any farther attempts being totally hopeless, I determined 
 to return." At this time being in latitude 70° 51', longitude 
 175° 27' E., Baron Wrangell was less than sixty miles from 
 the westerly point of the discovered land as reported by Cap- 
 tain Ray nor. 
 
 A few days later, early in April, 1823, Dr. Kyber, companion 
 of Baron Wrangell, became acquainted with some Indian 
 chiefs, who spoke much of a "more northern land, the lofty 
 mountains of which were visible on very clear days from a 
 place which they called Jakan, and which they described with 
 tolerable minuteness." On the 8th of the same month Cape 
 Jakan was reached and found to be in latitude 69° 42', longi- 
 tude 176° 23' E., by reckoning from the previous day. "We 
 gazed long and earnestly on the horizon, in hopes, as the at- 
 mosphere was clear, of discerning some appearance of the 
 northern land which the Tschuktschi affirm that they have seen 
 from this place, but we could discover nothing of it." Subse- 
 quently M. Matiuschkin made another attempt, with the con- 
 sent of Baron Wrangell, to reach the northern land over the 
 
B. NATURAL HISTOKY. i 
 
 ice, with three sledges and provisions for fifteen days. He 
 started from the shore in latitude 69° 28', longitude 177° 44' E., 
 on the 9th of April, but succeeded only in getting about six- 
 teen wersts or about eleven miles from the coast, on account of 
 the breaking up of the ice and the many open spaces. 
 
 Captain Kellett, of H. B. M. ship Herald, in July, 1849, 
 having passed through Behring Strait and standing along 
 the margin of the ice, discovered a group of islands in latitude 
 71° 20', longitude 175° 16' W., one of which he landed upon 
 and named Herald island. Another island which he reported 
 has not since been seen. Captain Raynor, it will be seen, re- 
 ports another island to the eastward of Herald Island, in lati- 
 tude 70° W. N. W. from Point Barrow. The Russian navi- 
 gator, Sergeant Andreyev, it is stated, reached some land off 
 the coast of Asia, in 1702, which he reported to be inhabited 
 by a people named Kraihai. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 1. Captain Long's positions, 1867, 
 
 West Point, Cape Thomas, Latitude 70° 46', 
 
 Longitude 178° 30' E. 
 
 South-east Point, Cape Hawaii, Latitude 70" 40', 
 
 Longitude 178° 51' W. 
 
 2. Captain Raynor's positions, 1867, 
 
 Extreme south-west Cape, Latitude 70° 50', 
 
 Longitude 178° 15' E. 
 
 South-east Cape, Latitude 71° 10', 
 
 Longitude 176° 40' W. 
 
 3. Captain Bliveu and others traced the 
 
 coast northward to Latitude 72°. 
 
 4. Baron Wrangell's farthest, in 1823, 
 
 over the ice, Latitude 70° 51', 
 
 Longitude 175° 27 E. 
 
 and did not see the land. 
 
 5. Captain Kellett's position, 1849, Latitude 71° 20', 
 
 Longitude 175° 16' W. 
 
 'a 
 
 Since the preceding pages were written, a new edition of the 
 map entitled "Behring Sea and Arctic Ocean, from surveys 
 of the U. S. North Pacific Surveying Expedition, in 1855, by 
 Commander John Rodgers, U. S. N. commanding, and from 
 
 
 
8 B. NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 Russian and English authorities," has been issued from the 
 " Hydrographic Office, U. S. Navy," with "additions to July, 
 1868." The land seen and named by Capt. Long, is laid down 
 upon the map in accordance with his statements ; and a draw- 
 ing is also given of the land, with its elevated points, probably 
 from a sketch made by Capt. Long. " Wrangell's Land," we 
 may here remark, falls about ten degrees westerly of the pres- 
 ent boundary of the United States in the latitude of 70°. 
 
 The new boundary of the United States passes through the 
 middle of Behring Strait, between the Diomede Islands, one 
 degree south of the Arctic Circle, leaving Ratmanov Island on 
 the Russian side and Kreusenstern Island on the American side. 
 From this point it reaches towards the North Pole on the 
 meridianal line of 168° 50' west longitude from Greenwich. 
 From the Diomede Islands it runs in a nearly south-west direc- 
 tion in the North Pacific Ocean, to latitude 50°, in longitude 
 about 168° east. So that, at the present time, the territory of 
 the United States extends in an east and west direction from 
 longitude 67° west (at Eastport, Maine), to longitude 168° 
 east in the North Pacific Ocean (beyond the most westerly 
 island of the Aleutian Group), equal to 125° of longitude, 
 which on the parallel of 45° north latitude would be equal to 
 about five thousand three hundred and three geographical 
 miles, or six thousand one hundred and eighty-seven statute 
 miles. The position at the mouth of Columbia River is nearly 
 in the middle of this line and the central point east and west 
 of the United States territory, it being about the same distance 
 from Eastport to the mouth of Columbia River that it is from 
 the Columbia River to the most western extremity of the 
 Aleutian Islands. 
 
 Although the newly discovered land does not fall within the 
 enlarged limits of the United States, the honor of the dis- 
 covery of it belongs to our countrymen ; and the act of Captain 
 Long in giving the name of Baron Wrangell to it, although it 
 was never seen b}^ him, is a well-deserved compliment to that 
 intelligent and indefatigable explorer and to his country. The 
 propriety of the name is generally admitted, and it has been 
 promptly, in the first instance, adopted by our government in 
 its first official publication — the map above mentioned — and 
 it will no doubt be universally accepted. 
 
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