Qass. 
 
 / ' / 
 
^ NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 GEN. WASHINGTON'S ARMY 
 
A New Hampshire Lawyer in 
 General Washington's Army 
 
 A Biographical Sketch of the 
 HON. JOHN SULLIVAN, LL.D., 
 
 Major General in the Continental Army 
 
 And an Account of the Expedition under his command 
 
 against the Six Indian Nations in 1779 
 
 By 
 OSCAR E. RISING 
 
 FIRST EDITION 
 
 GENEVA, N. Y. 
 
 PRESS OF W. F. HUMPHREY 
 
 I915 
 

 
DEDICATION 
 
 To THE MEMORY OF MY MoTHER, ArVILLA 
 
 Catherine Rising, who believed when 
 others doubted, and who is now num- 
 bered with the all wise though speech- 
 less dead, this book is lovingly dedi- 
 cated, by her son. 
 
A FOREWORD 
 
 T \ THILE preparing this sketch of General SuUi- 
 V V van's Kfe, I have been dominated by the feel- 
 ing that it behooves the people who live in the 
 Susquehanna, Lehigh, Chemung, Mohawk and Genesee 
 Valleys, to know more about their Revolutionary fore- 
 fathers and the great work that those old fellows in buff 
 and blue did for the advancement of civilization and 
 the planting of the tree of liberty in our soil, the shade 
 of which we of today enjoy. John Sullivan, standing amid 
 his band of 4,000 devoted Continentals, forcing their 
 way out into the wilderness against the savage tribes, 
 is to me, the subhmest spectacle the history of our coun- 
 try furnishes. 
 
 "God bless John Sullivan's heroes of 1779. 
 For their brave deeds of soldier daring, 
 Which broke the chain of the Iroquois line, ^ ^^ 
 And brought the peace we are this day sharing. 
 
 General Sullivan was my maternal grandfather's great- 
 uncle, and therefore I have the honor to be a great-great- 
 grand nephew of the hearty old patriot General. For 
 Col. Hubley's Journal, and General Sullivan's report, 
 as well as the roster of officers, I am indebted to ''General 
 John Sullivan's Indian Expedition in 1779," which was 
 compiled by the late George S. Conover, of Geneva, N. Y., 
 and published by the State of New York in 1887. 
 
 I use this foreword as a medium to convey my thanks 
 to the Reynolds Library of Rochester, N. Y., for allow- 
 ing me the free use of reference works, of which, I regret 
 to say, there are not many, for strange as it may seem to 
 many of my readers, the story of General Sullivan's 
 
Expedition does not fill as large a page in our history, as 
 do the accounts of Burgoyne's invasion, or the siege of 
 Yorktown. 
 
 To some it may seem out of place for one to write of 
 one's own ancestors, but to quote from Goethe: "Happy 
 he who wdth bright regard, looks back upon his father's 
 fathers, who with joy recounts their deeds of grace, and 
 in himself, values the latent link in the fair chain of 
 noble sequences." 
 
 I hand this little book over to the American people, 
 (many of whom are descendants of "Yankee" SulU van's 
 men), in the hope that it may find a few readers among 
 the millions of knowledge seekers in our land. If it 
 succeeds in doing so, I mil feel that my labor in preparing 
 it has not been in vain, and will be entirely satisfied. 
 
 Oscar E. Hising. 
 Rochester, N. Y., April, 1914. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Major General John Sullivan (Frontispiece). 
 
 The Home of General Sullivan at Durham, N. H. 
 
 The Old SulUvan Monument on Newtown battlefield. 
 
 The New Sullivan Monument on Newtown battlefield. 
 
 The Sullivan Memorial at Canandaigua, N. Y. 
 
 Boulder at Fort Sullivan (Athens, Pa.) 
 
 Outline of Fort Sullivan. 
 
 The Marker at Wysox, Pa. 
 
 The Old Athens Academy. 
 
 Standing Stone Rock in the Susquehanna River. 
 
A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 GEN. WASHINGTON'S ARMY 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 Though generations have gone since then, 
 
 And scenes of Ufe are often shifted, 
 We see John SulHvan and his men, 
 
 As mists of a hundred years and more are Hfted. 
 
 ONE day in the year 1723, a young Irishman, accom- 
 panied by a young woman, landed from a small 
 sailing vessel at Berwick, Maine. The young 
 man's name was Owen O'SuUivan, and he was a descendant 
 of Donall O'Sullyvan, Lord of Bearehaven, in the time of 
 *'good Queen Bess." The young woman was his sweet- 
 heart. A few years after their arrival at Berwick, they 
 were married, and took up their residence in Somers- 
 worth. New Hampshire, just across the river from Ber- 
 wick. 
 
 Seventeen years after their arrival in the Colonies, 
 (on the 17th of February, 1740), a son was born to them, 
 whom they christened John. This son grew to manhood, 
 and under his father's tuition received a good education, 
 and took up the study of law, and having qualified himself 
 for the practice of his chosen profession, he "hung out his 
 shingle" in the little town of Durham, in southeastern 
 New Hampshire, and soon became a prominent man in 
 the community. Then the cloud of the revolution 
 appeared on the horizon, and in September 1774, he was 
 chosen as a delegate to the first Continental Congress, 
 then assembling at Carpenter's Hall, in Philadelphia. 
 Upon his return from Congress, he and a friend by the 
 name of John Langdon, led a raid on Fort William and 
 
12 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 Mary at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, from which they 
 carried off all the cannon, and ammunition which consisted 
 of 97 kegs of powder, which they hid under the pulpit 
 of Durham Church. On the 19th of the following April, 
 (1775), the great drama of the revolution opened at 
 Lexington, and on the 17th of June, 1775, the Battle of 
 Bunker Hill was fought, where several cart loads of this 
 powder was used, and while Charles town was wrapped 
 in flames, and the loud hurrahs were resounding over the 
 American lines. Congress was voting the appointment 
 of George Washington as Commander-in-Chief of the 
 Continental Army; at the same time they appointed eight 
 Brigadier Generals, John Sullivan being one of them. 
 Soon after his appointment he proceeded to headquarters 
 at Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 1776 he was put in 
 command of the troops in Canada, but on his arrival 
 at the Sorel River, he found the army just leaving the 
 province. He at once directed General Thompson to 
 attack the British at Three Rivers, but the attack was 
 poorly planned and poorly carried out. He was com- 
 pelled to retreat, and fell back on Crown Point, where 
 soon after General Gates arrived to supersede him. His 
 fiery and independent nature rebelled at finding a junior 
 officer promoted over him, and he hastened away to 
 Congress to offer his resignation, but the President of 
 Congress persuaded him to retain his command, telling 
 him he was too valuable a man to be lost to the service. 
 This appealed to Sullivan's natural vanity, so he with- 
 drew his resignation, and joined the army of Washington. 
 He commanded a few regiments in the battle of Long 
 Island, and withstood the combined attacks, of DeHeister 
 and Clinton, being compelled to face his troops both ways 
 to meet this double enemy. He struggled desperately 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 13 
 
 for three hours to save his troops, but was at last com- 
 pelled to surrender, but was soon exchanged for the 
 British General Prescott. Again joining the army, he 
 was made a Major General, and was put at the head of 
 one of the divisions. 
 
 In the summer of 1777 Sullivan's division was stationed 
 at Hanover, New Jersey, where he planned an unsuccessful 
 attack on Staten Island. For this expedition he was 
 much blamed, and a court of inquiry called to sit on his 
 conduct, but he was honorably acquitted. 
 
 He commanded the right wing of the army at the battle 
 of Brandywine where he suffered a defeat, the loss of two 
 of his aides, and had his own horse shot from under him. 
 He escaped without injury to himself. 
 
 The caution of Washington had prevented any decisive 
 engagement during the early part of the year 1777, but 
 the march of the British toward Philadelphia induced 
 him to hazard a battle. His army met that of Howe near 
 the Brandywine River, and after a long and fierce battle, 
 Howe obtained a decisive victory over the Americans and 
 entered Philadelphia. 
 
 General Sullivan has been blamed, and unjustly so, 
 for the loss of this battle, the brunt of which was borne 
 by his division and that of "Mad Anthony" Wayne, who 
 is best known as the hero of Stony Point. 
 
 The British loss at Brandywine was estimated at six 
 hundred men in killed and wounded, and the fact that the 
 American loss was about one thousand, shows how firmly 
 Sullivan had contested his ground. 
 
 In the early morning of the 4th of October, 1777, 
 the battle of Germantown was fought, where General 
 Sullivan commanded one of the divisions, and throughout 
 the entire "engagement" he conducted himself nobly 
 
14 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 and won new honors", and when his troops, becoming 
 panic-stricken, fled, he tried bravely but in vain, b;* 
 voice and example, to rally them. When the army wen^ 
 into winter quarters at Valley Forge, Sullivan was there 
 and was as ever, ready to bear his share of the hardships' 
 While the American troops were laying at Valley Forg 
 in a half starved, half naked, and wholly wretched condi 
 tion, during the winter of 1777-1778, he became destitute, 
 and asked permission of Washington to return to his 
 New Hampshire home for the purpose of raising funds 
 to meet his pressing personal needs, but the shrewd, far- 
 seeing Washington, seeing the detrimental effect this would 
 have on his tattered soldiery, prevailed on Sullivan to 
 remain until spring, and so great was his love for Wash- 
 ington that he withdrew his temporary resignation and 
 remained. If Gen. Sullivan had not been of too kind 
 and generous a heart to ask for the interest on money 
 that he had loaned, he would not have found himself 
 in so destitute a condition at Valley Forge, but as he 
 thought the people had burdens enough to bear without 
 paying interest on the money that he had loaned, and as 
 he never allowed himself to be guided by — 
 
 The good old rule, 
 
 The simple plan, 
 
 That they should take who have the power, 
 
 And they should keep who can, — 
 
 he acted like the noble man he was and bore the burden 
 of want without a murmur. 
 
 In the month of March, 1778, he was given the com- 
 mand of the army in Rhode Island, where he was retained 
 until the early spring of 1779, when he was offered and 
 accepted the command-in-chief of that picturesque and 
 decisive expedition against the Six Indian Nations,where 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 15 
 
 ^he rendered his name immortal, and of which I will now 
 
 ^3peak. 
 
 , But before we accompany John Sullivan and his men 
 pn their great march into and through the country of the 
 
 "Six Nations, let us take a brief glance at that picturesque 
 
 ^md now almost extinct people, who were, for many 
 centuries ''the brave ordainers of imperial law for western 
 wilds." The once proud and all-conquering Iroquois. 
 
 A GLANCE AT THE IROQUOIS 
 
 The Six Nations were originally the Five Nations, 
 and were composed of the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, 
 Cayugas and Senecas. But in the year 1712, the Tuscaro- 
 ras came north from South Carolina, and begged the privi- 
 lege of "spreading their blankets" among the Five Nations. 
 This was granted them, and they were given land between 
 the Onondagas and Cayugas, but were never allowed to 
 send a sachem to the council fires of their imperious 
 protectors. The English called the league the "Six 
 Nations." The French called them the "Iroquois" and 
 the Dutch, "mingoes." Their own name for their league 
 was "Ho-do-no-sau-nee." "The People of the Long 
 House." They were almost constantly at war with the 
 Hurons upon the North, and the Delawares upon the 
 South, and their conquests extended north into Canada, 
 and as far westward as the Mississippi River. At the 
 zenith of their power they numbered about 25,000 people, 
 and held dominion over all the land of what is now in 
 New York State, with the exception of a strip west of the 
 Genesee River. 
 
 The Mohawks were the door-keepers upon the east, 
 while the Senecas guarded the western door of the "long 
 house." 
 
16 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 At the time of Sullivan's Expedition they had reached 
 a high state of civilization, and lived in well built, and 
 painted log houses. Their villages were surrounded by 
 large fields of corn, squashes, water-melons, beans, cucum- 
 bers, etc., besides large orchards of apple and peach trees. 
 Some of the orchards contained as many as twelve hundred 
 trees, and were of great age, having been planted by the 
 Jesuit Fathers, a century before. At the time of which 
 we write, Joseph Brant, was the great war-chief of the 
 Six Nations, and he led his dusky followers on many a 
 murderous raid, but it is not known for certain that he was 
 in command of the Indians at Cherry Valley. He was a 
 highly civilized Indian and well educated. In his old age 
 he translated the Bible into the Mohawk tongue. He 
 died at a good old age, on his estate in Canada. He was 
 a brother-in-law of *Sir William Johnson, his sister 
 (Molly), being Sir William's squaw-wife. The principal 
 though not the largest village of the Senecas, was Kanada- 
 saga, which stood on the site of the present city of Geneva, 
 N. Y. It contained about 50 well built houses, and was 
 surrounded by large orchards of apple and peach trees. 
 The burial mound of the Senecas, at this place, can still 
 be seen. 
 
 When the army reached here, about sundown of Sept. 
 7th, they found the town deserted by the Indians, (they 
 having fled to Kanandaigua, sixteen miles farther west) 
 and not a living thing in sight, except a male white child, 
 about three years old. General Sullivan took a personal 
 interest in the little waif and had it placed in a large 
 basket on a pack-horse load. It shared all the vicissitudes 
 of the campaign, and was afterwards taken to New 
 
 *NoTE. Sir William Johnson, the founder of Johnstown, N. Y., and his Ma- 
 jesty's Commissioner of Indian Affairs for North America. 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 17 
 
 Windsor, New York, where it soon died of the smallpox, 
 no clue to its identity was ever discovered, but it was 
 doubtless the offspring of some unhappy captive. Sulli- 
 van's raid broke forever the power of the Iroquois, who, 
 as allies of the British, constantly harassed the patriots 
 of Central New York. The redskins were the most 
 dreaded enemy the colonists had to reckon with in the 
 war for our independence, for they had respect for neither 
 the helplessness of women and children, nor the infirmities 
 of age. Often as he hurried to war did the patriot shud- 
 der at the thought of what might happen to his loved ones 
 in his absence. Only too frequently were his worst fears 
 realized as he returned to find his home in ashes, and his 
 wife and children killed, or carried into captivity. In 
 the month of July, 1778, the beautiful valley of Wyoming 
 was laid waste, and on Sunday morning, the 11th of 
 November, 1778, the horrible massacre of Cherry Valley 
 was perpetrated, when the Indians under the leadership 
 of the famous Mohawk chief, Joseph Brant {?) (Thayend- 
 anegea was his Indian name) and the Tories, under the 
 command of that fiend in human form. Colonel Walter 
 Butler, descended upon this thrifty settlement (which 
 was founded in 1740) and murdered the men, women and 
 children, regardless of age or sex. 
 
 It was then that Washington with martial ardor, 
 
 Called Sullivan in haste to go, 
 
 And cross the Indian's forest border, 
 
 And lay his field and orchards low. 
 
 For the Iroquois had lighted, 
 A thousand fires of hate and scorn. 
 From Cherry Valley's homes affrighted. 
 To fair Wyoming's vale forlorn." 
 
 It was Washington's intention to offer the command 
 of this Expedition to Major General Horatio Gates, as 
 
18 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 will be seen by a perusal of the following letter from 
 Washington to the President of Congress : 
 
 (letter of general WASHINGTON TO THE PRESIDENT 
 OF CONGRESS, APRIL 14tH, 1779) 
 
 "The plan of operations for the campaign being deter- 
 mined, a commanding officer was to be appointed for 
 the Indian Expedition. This command, according to 
 all present appearances, will probably be of the second, 
 if not of the first, importance for the campaign. The 
 officer conducting it has a flattering prospect of acquiring 
 more credit than can be expected by any other this year; 
 and he has the best reason to hope for success. 
 
 Gen. Lee, from his situation, was out of the question; 
 Gen. Schuyler was so uncertain of continuing in the army, 
 that I could not appoint him; Gen. Putnam I need not 
 mention. I therefore make the offer of it, for the appoint- 
 ment could no longer be delayed, to Gen. Gates, who was 
 next in seniority, though, perhaps, I might have avoided 
 it, if I had been so disposed, from his being in a command 
 by the special appointment of Congress. My letter to 
 him on the occasion, I believe you will think was con- 
 ceived in very candid and polite terms, and that it merited 
 a different answer from the one given to it. 
 
 G. Washington." 
 
 — But General Gates refused the command of the 
 expedition for the reasons stated in the following reply 
 to Washington's letter, offering him the appointment. 
 
 Lieut. General Washington: 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 "Last night I had the honor of your Excellency's let- 
 ter. The man who undertakes the Indian service. 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 19 
 
 should enjoy youth and strength; requisites I do not possess. 
 It therefore grieves me that your Excellency should 
 offer me the only command to which I am entirely unequal. 
 In obedience to your command, I have forwarded your 
 letter to Gen. Sullivan, etc. 
 
 Horatio Gates, M. G. 
 
 The letter from Washington to Sullivan which Gen. 
 Gates referred to in the above letter, ran as follows : 
 
 "Headquarters, Middle Brook, 
 March 6th, 1779. 
 Major General Sullivan: 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 Congress having determined upon an Expedition against 
 the hostile tribes of the Indians of the Six Nations, the 
 command is offered to Maj. Gen. Gates as Senior officer, 
 but should he decline, it is my wish it should devolve 
 upon you. That no time may be lost by General Gates' 
 nonacceptance, I have put this letter under cover to him, 
 and have desired him to forward it to you, should that be 
 his determination. Should it therefore be sent to you 
 I must request you to set out, as speedily as possible 
 after the rec't of it, to Head Quarters, as the season is 
 already far advanced. Upon your arrival, the whole 
 plan of the Expedition shall be communicated to you, 
 and measures concerted for carrying it into execution. 
 Nothing will contribute more to our success in the quarter 
 where we really intend to strike, than alarming the enemy 
 in a contrary one, and drawing their attention that way. 
 To do this, you may drop hints of an Expedition to Canada 
 by the way of Coos. This will be more readily believed, 
 as a thing of that kind was really once in agitation, and 
 
20 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 some Magazines formed in consequence, which the enemy- 
 are acquainted with. You may also speak of the probabil- 
 ity of a French Fleet making its appearance, in the Spring, 
 in the river St. Lawrence to co-operate with us. It will 
 be a great point gained if we can, by false alarms, keep 
 the force already in Canada from affording any timely 
 assistance to the Savages, refugees and those people 
 against whom the blow is leveled. I would wish you to 
 keep the motive of your journey to Head Quarters a 
 secret, because if it is known that an officer of your rank 
 is to take a command to the westward, it will be im- 
 mediately concluded that the object must be considerable. 
 I am, with great regard. Dear Sir, 
 
 Your most Obedient Servant, 
 
 George Washington." 
 "Major General Sullivan." 
 
 The command of the expedition having been refused 
 by General Gates was promptly accepted by General 
 Sullivan, but the plans for carrying it on was not agree- 
 able to his mind, nor was the number of men destined 
 for it sufficient, in his opinion, to insure its success. He 
 had, early in April, 1779, received from the heads of the 
 quartermaster, and commissary departments, assurances 
 that everything would be in a perfect state of readiness 
 upon his arrival at Easton, Pa., where the main army was 
 mobilized, but on his arrival there he was informed by 
 Brigadier General Edward Hand (who then commanded 
 at that post), that there was not the least prospect of the 
 boats or stores being in readiness in season. Bancroft, in 
 his history of the United States, says that if Sullivan had 
 not spent his time "writing strange theological essays" 
 the expedition would have gotten under way sooner. 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 21 
 
 Now such a statement is absurd. While he was a man of 
 a high order of intellect, and could, doubtless, have writ- 
 ten theological essays, had he been so inclined, it is 
 ridiculous to think that a man of his sound common 
 sense, would have wasted his time in doing so, and more- 
 over at a time when his entire attention was occupied 
 with military affairs. Bancroft also says that * 'Sullivan 
 was so puffed up with the honors of command that it 
 was almost out of the question to deal with him." While 
 it is true that he had a slight streak of vanity and conceit 
 in his nature, he was not a man to be puffed up with the 
 honors of command for it was not the first time that he had 
 had such honors. There were no theological writings 
 found among General Sullivan's papers, after his death, 
 and I do not believe that he ever wrote any. It was the 
 fault of Congress alone that the army did not get started 
 sooner than it did. Lieut. Colonel Adam Hubley, in his 
 journal, says : ''Whilst I revere the merit and virtue of the 
 army I am sorry I am under the necessity of mentioning 
 that there was an unparalleled and unpardonable neglect 
 (and which ought not to pass with impunity), in those 
 whose business it was to supply them (the army) with a 
 sufficient quantity of necessaries to carry them through 
 the expedition, instead of which not more than 22 days 
 flour, and 16 days meat was on hand when it commenced." 
 The Executive Counsel of Pennsylvania agreed to 
 furnish 700 rangers and riflemen, and the President of 
 Pennsylvania (Reed), promised that they would be ready 
 in season, but not a man of them joined the army. The 
 reason for this was, that the quarter-master offered such 
 good wages to boatmen that they all enlisted into the 
 boat service, but this was a mistake, for they had scarcely 
 a hundred boatmen engaged for the army, and only 42 
 
22 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 pack-horsemen, so that Sullivan was obliged to draft 
 900 for boatmen and pack-horsemen. 
 
 This reduced the army to 1,412 men, and from these 
 he had to deduct 150 for cattle drivers and for the artillery, 
 which left him only 1,262 men, and more than a third of 
 them were without a shirt to their backs. With this 
 force he was expected to advance against an enemy which 
 was allowed to be 2,000 strong, and who had been lately 
 reenforced with 700 British troops from Canada. In a 
 letter to Congress sent from Wyoming late in July, 1779, 
 General Sullivan said: '*I need not mention that it is 
 easy for the enemy to act with their whole force against 
 either part of our army before the junction with Clinton 
 is formed, and that common prudence will prompt to 
 this. I have, therefore, nothing to rely on but the ardor 
 and well known bravery of my troops, which I trust 
 will surmount all opposition, but should a defeat take 
 place, and the ruin of the army be the consequence, 
 whether I do or not perish in the action, I call upon the 
 members of Congress to witness to the world that I early 
 foresaw and foretold the danger, and used every means 
 in my power to secure a force suflScient to insure success, 
 but failed to obtain it." 
 
 Following is a complete roster of oflBcers of Sullivan's 
 division, divided into brigades and regiments. The 4th 
 brigade 1,600 strong, under the command of Brigadier 
 General James Clinton, started in the Mohawk Valley 
 to join Sullivan at Tioga Point (now Athens, Pa.). His 
 march was through an unbroken wilderness. As there 
 were no roads, their provisions were loaded in boats and 
 floated up the small streams, and there the freight, boats 
 and all, were carried by the men to the headwaters of 
 another stream. They had little trouble until they reached 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 23 
 
 Otsego Lake, and from this point they expected less as the 
 outlet of the lake formed the Susquehanna River. But 
 the weather was hot and for many weeks there had been 
 no rain. The river had not water enough to float the 
 boats and for a time Clinton thought he would be obUged 
 to turn back, but just as he was about to give up in despair, 
 he hit upon a scheme which promised success. He caused 
 a dam to be built across the Susquehanna, just where it 
 flows out of Lake Otsego. His soldiers rolled in great 
 boulders from the fields and filled the spaces between with 
 brush and clay so the water could not flow out freely. 
 This caused the lake to rise, and in three wrecks it was six 
 feet above its summer level. The boats were then made 
 ready with the provisions and men aboard, and the dam 
 was torn down. The waters flooded the banks of the nar- 
 row stream and the w^hole brigade was carried down to 
 the place of meeting with Sullivan in safety. 
 
 The Indians along the stream saw this sudden rise of 
 the waters and they were much frightened, no rain had 
 fallen in weeks, and the only way they could account for 
 it was that the Great Spirit had sent the waters to help 
 the pale faces, and they fled in the greatest alarm. 
 
 General Clinton did not meet one armed enemy, and 
 after the junction of his brigade with the rest of Sullivan's 
 division, the combined army numbered about 4,000 men, 
 and 
 
 It was soon to be tested 
 
 Whether the proud Indian league, 
 
 Would at its savage pleasure 
 
 Loose or bind, the lightnings of 
 
 Its burnished tomahawk. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 Roster of Officers of Sullivan's Division, 1779 
 General Commanding, and Staff 
 Major-General John Sullivan, Commander-in-Chief 
 William Pierce, 
 
 Aides. 
 
 Captain Jonathan Dayton, 
 
 Major Adam Hoop, 
 
 Nicholas Van Cortlandt, 
 
 Col. C. Sheriff, Dep. Adjt. General. 
 
 Lieut. Col. Francis Barber, Adjutant General. 
 
 Col. Robert Hooper, Dep. Con. of Transportation. 
 
 Col. Brj^an Bruen, Private Secty. to Gen. Sullivan. 
 
 Col. John Steele, Commissary General. 
 
 Rev. Samuel Kirkland, Chaplain. 
 
 Capt. Daniel Taphan, Con. of Militia Stores. 
 
 Lieut. Benjamin Lodge, Surveyor. 
 
 John Woodman, Asst. Commissary General. 
 
 Col. Henry Antie, Conductor of Boats. 
 
 James Cook, Express rider. 
 
 Dr. Hagan, Surgeon-in-Chief. 
 
 Mr. Brenion, Issuing Con. to Commander-in-chief. 
 
 Capt. John Franklin, 1 
 
 Jehaikim, (Indian) j' Guides. 
 
 Lieut. John Genkins, J 
 
 Lieut. Robert Pemberton, Judge Advocate. 
 
 First Brigade 
 New Jersey Troops 
 William Maxwell, Brigadier General. 
 Andrew Hunter, Chaplain. 
 
 24. 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 25 
 
 Aaron Ogden, Aide-de-Camp, and Captain. 
 
 John Ross, Brigadier Major. 
 
 Nathan Wilkinson, Quartermaster. 
 
 Matthias Ogden, Colonel 1st N. J. Regiment. 
 
 Israel Sherene, Colonel 2d N. J. Regiment. 
 
 Oliver Spencer, Spencer's Regiment. 
 
 Detachment of Cavalry, from E. Sheldon's Regiment. 
 
 Elias Dayton, Colonel 3d N. J. Regiment. 
 
 First New Jersey Regiment 
 Matthias Ogden, Colonel, 
 David Brearley, Lieut. Colonel, 
 Daniel Piatt, Major, 
 Jacob Piatt, Capt. Lieut, and Adjutant, 
 Ephriam Whitlock, Adjutant, ? Staff. 
 
 Peter Trott, 2d Lieut, and Quartermaster, 
 Cyrus Ewing, Surgeon, 
 Cyrus D'Hart, 1st Lieut, and Paymaster, 
 Stephen Ball, Surgeon's Mate, 
 Jonathan Farnan, Captain. 
 Giles Mead, Captain. 
 Alexander Mitchell, Captain. 
 Peter Van Voorhies, Captain and Paymaster. 
 John Holmes, Captain. 
 Aaron Ogden, Captain. 
 William Piatt, Lieutenant. 
 John Hamell, Lieutenant. 
 William Barton, Lieutenant. 
 Absalom Martin, Lieutenant. 
 Ephriam Whitlock, Lieutenant. 
 Eben Burrows, Lieutenant. 
 Johnathan Snowden, Lieutenant. 
 Absalom Bonham, 2d Lieutenant. 
 
Staff. 
 
 26- A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 Samuel Seeley, Lieutenant. 
 Silas Parrat, Lieutenant. 
 John Bishop, Ensign. 
 Aaron Rhea, Ensign. 
 John Geary, Ensign. 
 Asher Levy, Ensign. 
 
 Second New Jersey Regiment 
 Israel Shreve, Colonel, 
 WilHam D'Hart, Lieutenant Colonel, 
 John Ross, Major, 
 
 Luther Halsey, Adjutant and First Lieutenant 
 Derrick Lane, Quartermaster and 2d Lieut. 
 John Peek, Paymaster and Lieutenant, 
 Ebenezer Elmer, Surgeon, 
 Moses G. Elmer, Surgeon's Mate, 
 John N. Cummings, Captain. 
 Samuel Reading, Captain. 
 Johnathan Phillips, Captain. 
 Samuel Henry, Captain. 
 Nathaniel Bowman, Captain. 
 William Helms, Captain. 
 Abraham Appleton, 1st Lieutenant. 
 Samuel Conn, 1st Lieutenant. 
 Samuel Naglee, 1st Lieutenant. 
 Abel Weyman, 1st Lieutenant. 
 Demick Lane, 1st Lieutenant. 
 Samuel M. Sheete, 2d Lieutenant. 
 Jona Rhea, 2d Lieutenant. 
 
 John Shreve (son of Col. J. Shreve), 2d Lieutenant. 
 Benajah Osmun, 2d Lieutenant. 
 Joseph Buck, Ensign. 
 George Walker, Ensign. 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY %1 
 
 Third New Jersey Regiment 
 Elias Dayton, Colonel. 
 John Conway, Lieut. Colonel. 
 John Hollinshead, Major. 
 Joseph I. Anderson, Paymaster and Captain. 
 Samuel Shippard, Adj. and First Lieutenant. 
 Ephraim Darboy, Quartermaster and 1st Lieutenant. 
 Lewis F. Dunham, Surgeon. 
 Robert Henry, Surgeon. 
 Ephraim Tarring, Surgeon's Mate. 
 Wm. Giffard, Captain. 
 Richard Cox, Captain. 
 Jeremiah Ballard, Captain. 
 Joseph I. Anderson, Captain. 
 Seth Johnson, Captain. 
 Nathaniel Teanard, 1st Lieutenant. 
 John Reed, 1st Lieutenant. 
 Nathan Wilkinson, 1st Lieutenant. 
 Edward D. Thomas, 1st Lieutenant. 
 John Rencastle, 1st Lieutenant. 
 Benjamin Horn, 1st Lieutenant. 
 John Blair, 1st Lieutenant. 
 William Kersey, 2d Lieutenant. 
 Jarvis Bloomfield, 2d Lieutenant. 
 Wessel F Stout, 2d Lieutenant. 
 Jas. Rodgers, Ensign. 
 Jas. DeCamp, Ensign. 
 
 Spencer^s New Jersey Regiment 
 Oliver Spencer, Colonel. 
 William S. Smith, Lieutenant Colonel. 
 Peter Taulman, Adjutant and Lieutenant. 
 John Sanford, Paymaster. 
 
6 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 William Beach, Quartermaster. 
 
 Jabez Campfield, Surgeon. 
 
 John Darcy, Surgeon's Mate. 
 
 John McEmen, Ensign and Quartermaster. 
 
 John Burrows, Captain. 
 
 Michael Ericksoriy Sargent in Capt. Burrowes Co. 
 
 James Broaderick, Captain. 
 
 Benjamin Weatherby, Captain. 
 
 John Sanford, Captain. 
 
 Nathaniel Town, Captain. 
 
 Abraham Neely, Captain. 
 
 James Bonnel, Captain. 
 
 John Combs, Captain. 
 
 William Beach, Captain Lieutenant. 
 
 William Bull, Lieutenant. 
 
 Ugal Meeker, Lieutenant. 
 
 Finch Gildersleeve, Lieutenant. 
 
 David Kirkpatrick, Lieutenant. 
 
 Anthony Maxwell, Lieutenant. 
 
 John Stagg, Lieutenant. 
 
 John Orr, Lieutenant. 
 
 Robert Pemberton, Lieutenant. 
 
 Peter Farnham, Lieutenant. 
 
 John Reed, Ensign. 
 
 Second Brigade 
 New Hampshire Troops 
 Enoch Poor, Brigadier General. 
 Jeremiah Fogg, Aide-de-Camp. 
 Elihu Marshall, Brigade Major. 
 Rev. Israel Evans, Brigade Chaplain. 
 Col. Joseph Silley, 1st New Hampshire Regiment. 
 Lieut. Col. George Reed, 2d New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 29 
 
 Lieut. Col. Henry Dearborn, 3d New Hampshire Reg. 
 Major Daniel Whiting, 6th Massachusetts Regiment. 
 *Col. Philhp Van Cortlandt, 2d New York Regiment. 
 
 First New Hampshire Regiment 
 Joseph Silley, Colonel. 
 Jeremiah Oilman, Lieutenant Colonel. 
 William Scott, Major. 
 
 Jeremiah Pritchard, Lieutenant and Adjutant. 
 Benjamin Kimball, Captain and Paymaster. 
 Johnathan Willard, Lieutenant and Quartermaster. 
 Thomas Blake, 2d Lieutenant and Paymaster. 
 Joseph Mills, Lieutenant and Adjutant. 
 John Hale, Surgeon. 
 Amos Morrill, Captain. 
 Jason Wait, Captain. 
 Amos Emerson, Captain. 
 Ebenezer Frye, Captain. 
 Isaac Farwell, Captain. 
 Nathaniel Hutchings, Captain. 
 Simon Sartwell, Captain and Lieutenant. 
 Moody Dustin, 1st Lieutenant. 
 Nathaniel McCauley, 1st Lieutenant. 
 Josiah Monroe, 1st Lieutenant. 
 Daniel Clapp, Lieutenant. 
 William Hutchins, Lieutenant. 
 Asa Senter, Lieutenant, 
 Bazabeel Howe, 2d Lieutenant. 
 Simeon Morrill, 2d Lieutenant. 
 
 ♦Transferred to 4th Brigade Aug., 1779. 
 
 Note — It was this brigade that bore the brunt of the decisive 
 battle of Newtown, fought on Sunday, August 29th, 1779. All of 
 the killed, and most of the wounded, were New Hampshire men. 
 
30 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 Johnathan Perkins, Ensign. 
 Joshua Thompson, 2d Lieutenant. 
 Hubbard Carter, Ensign. 
 Samuel Thompson, Ensign. 
 
 Second New Hampshire Regiment 
 
 George Reed, Lieutenant Colonel. 
 
 Benjamin Titcomb, Major. 
 
 Richard Braum, Quartermaster. 
 
 William M. Bell, Adjutant. 
 
 Jeremiah Fogg, Paymaster and Captain. 
 
 Robert Q. Henry, Surgeon. 
 
 Rev. Ira Evans, Chaplain. 
 
 Caleb Robinson, Captain. 
 
 Janez Carr, Captain. 
 
 Elijah Clayes, Captain. 
 
 William Rowell, Captain. 
 
 Moses Dustin, Captain. 
 
 Enoch Chase, Captain. 
 
 George Aldrich, Captain. 
 Samuel Cherry, Captain Lieutenant. 
 Michael Hait, 1st Lieutenant. 
 Ebenezer Light, 1st Lieutenant. 
 Noah Robinson, 1st Lieutenant. 
 Joseph Potter, 1st Lieutenant. 
 Pelatiah Whittemar, 1st Lieutenant. 
 James Nichols, 1st Lieutenant. 
 George P. Frost, 1st Lieutenant. 
 Luke Woodbury, 2d Lieutenant. 
 Samuel Adams, 2d Lieutenant. 
 William Taggert, 2d Lieutenant. 
 Thomas Tyford, 2d Lieutenant. 
 James Butterfield, 2d Lieutenant. 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 31 
 
 Joshua Merrom, Ensign. 
 Daniel Gookim, Ensign. 
 Caleb Blodgett, Ensign. 
 Geo. Burnham, Ensign. 
 Wm. Twombley, Ensign. 
 Thomas Callis, Ensign. 
 
 Third New Hampshire Regiment. 
 Henry Dearborn, Lieutenant Colonel. 
 James Norris, Major. 
 Nicholas Gilman, Captain and Adjutant. 
 Joseph Boynton, Lieutenant and Adjutant. 
 Joseph Blanchard, 2d Lieutenant and Paymaster. 
 John Hovey, Ensign and Quartermaster. 
 Jacob Hall, Surgeon. 
 Mark Howe, Surgeon. 
 Israel Evans, Brigade Chaplain. 
 Daniel Livermore, Captain. 
 Isaac Frye, Captain. 
 Wm. Ellis, Captain. 
 David McGregor, Captain. 
 Wm. A. Hawkins, Captain. 
 Thomas Simpson, Captain. 
 John Dennitt, Lieutenant. 
 Benjamin Ellis, Lieutenant. 
 Abner, Peminan, Lieutenant. 
 Johnathan Cass, Lieutenant. 
 Dudley T. Chase, Lieutenant. 
 Nathaniel Hoit, Lieutenant. 
 Nathaniel Teanitt, Lieutenant. 
 Johna Cilley, Ensign. 
 Archibald Stark, Ensign. 
 Nathan Weare, Ensign. 
 
I A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 Neal McGaffey, Ensign. 
 Moses Page, Ensign. 
 Bradbury Richards, Ensign. 
 
 Sixth Massachusetts Regiment 
 
 (Alden's) 
 
 Daniel Whiting, Major. 
 
 WiUiam White, Lieutenant and Adjutant. 
 
 James Lunt, Lieutenant and Adjutant. 
 
 William McKundry, Lieutenant and Quartermaster. 
 
 Ezekiel Braun, Surgeon. 
 
 Francis DeBar, Surgeon's Mate. 
 
 Joseph Tucker, Ensign and Paymaster. 
 
 Asa Coburn, Captain. 
 
 Luke Day, Captain. 
 
 Benjamin Warren, Captain. 
 
 John Reed, Captain. 
 
 Daniel Lane, Captain. 
 
 Jonas Parker, Captain Lieutenant. 
 
 James Lunt, Captain Lieutenant. 
 
 Samuel Buffington, Lieutenant. 
 
 Robert Givens, Lieutenant. 
 
 Elijah Day, Lieutenant. 
 
 William Curtis, Lieutenant. 
 
 Eliphalet Thorp, Lieutenant. 
 
 Stephen Carter, Lieutenant. 
 
 Ebenezer Peabody, Lieutenant. 
 
 Luther Trobridge, Lieutenant. 
 
 Richard Bay nail. Ensign. 
 
 Levi Parker, Ensign. 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 33 
 
 Third Brigade 
 
 Pennsylvania Troops 
 
 Edward Hand, Brigadier General. 
 
 Jonathan Snowden, Aide-de-Camp and Lieutenant. 
 
 Capt. Wm. Sprout, Aide-de-Camp and Brigade Major. 
 
 Rev. Wm. Rogers, D.D., Chaplain. 
 
 John Van Anglin, Commissary. 
 
 William Kinnerly, Surgeon. 
 
 Lieut. Col. Wm. Butler, 4th Pennsylvania Regiment. 
 
 Lieut. Col. Adam Hibley, 11th Pennsylvania Regiment. 
 
 Major Dan'l Burghardt, Pennsylvania Gernons. 
 
 Col. Thomas Proctor, Artillery Regiment. 
 
 Major James Parr, Morgan's Riflemen. 
 
 Capt. Anthony Selin, Schott's Rifle Corps. 
 
 Capt. John Franklin, Wyoming Mihtia. 
 
 Capt. Simon Spalding, Independent Wyoming Company. 
 
 Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment 
 
 Wm. Butler, Lieutenant Colonel. 
 
 Thomas Church, Major. 
 
 George Bass, Lieutenant and Adjutant. 
 
 Erkuries Beatty, Lieutenant and Paymaster. 
 
 Peter Sumers, Lieutenant and Quartermaster. 
 
 Charles McCarter, Surgeon. 
 
 George Tudor, Captain. 
 
 William Gray, Captain. 
 
 Henry Booker, Jr., Captain. 
 
 Wm. Henderson, Captain. 
 
 Wm. Cross, Captain. 
 
 Garret Stediford, Lieutenant. 
 
34 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 Wilder Bevins, Lieutenant. 
 ISIatthew Polon, Lieutenant. 
 John Pratt, Lieutenant. 
 Henry Henley, Lieutenant. 
 Andrew Henderson, Ensign. 
 Nathaniel Smith, Ensign. 
 
 Eleventh Pctuisylvania Regiment 
 Adam Hubley, Lieutenant Colonel. 
 Evan Edwards, Major. 
 George Bush, Captain and Paymaster. 
 William Husten, Lieutenant and Adjutant. 
 John JNIahan, Lieutenant and Quartermaster. 
 Thomas Wiggins, Surgeon. 
 Lawrence Keene, Captain. 
 Andrew Walker, Captain. 
 Abraham G. Claypole, Captain. 
 Isaac Sweeney, Captain. 
 Henry Carbury, Captain. 
 Jeremiah Jackson, Captain Lieutenant. 
 Edward Burke, 1st Lieutenant. 
 Septimus Davis, 1st Lieutenant. 
 Wm. McCurdy, 1st Lieutenant. 
 Wni. Lennon, 1st Lieutenant. 
 Jonas Pettigrew, 1st Lieutenant. 
 -Benjamin Street, 1st Lieutenant. 
 Samuel Morrison, 1st Lieutenant. 
 Jacob Weitzcl, "^d Lieutenant. 
 Robert Allison, Ensign. 
 Samuel Reed, Ensign. 
 Henr>' Burley, Ensign. 
 Francis Thornbury, Ensign. 
 William Huston, Ensign. 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 35 
 
 German Battalion 
 Daniel Burchardt, Major. 
 Peter Boyer, Captain and Paymaster. 
 Jacob Royboldt, Ensign and Quartermaster. 
 John Weidman, Lieutenant and Adjutant. 
 Peter Peres, Surgeon. 
 Jacob Bummer, Captain. 
 Frederick Wm. Rice, Captain. 
 Bernard Hubley, Captain. 
 Philip Schramcher, Captain Lieutenant. 
 Jacob Crenes, Lieutenant. 
 Christian G. Swartz, Lieutenant. 
 David Dieffenderfer, Ensign. 
 Christian Cleekner, Ensign. 
 
 Artillery Regiment 
 Nine Pieces 
 t Thomas Proctor, Colonel. 
 Thomas Forrest, Lieutenant Colonel. 
 William Adams, Surgeon. 
 Isaac Craig, Captain. 
 Joseph Rice, Captain. 
 Francis Proctor, Captain. 
 John Brice, Captain. 
 Robert Caltman, Captain. 
 Patrick Duffy, Captain Lieutenant. 
 Warsley Eves, Captain Lieutenant. 
 
 Note — There were 131 fifers and drummers in Sullivan's army, 
 including what was known as "Colonel Proctor's Band of Music." 
 
) A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 Morgan^ s Riflemen 
 One Battalion 
 James Parr, Major. 
 Michael Simpson, Captain. 
 
 Thomas Boyd, Lieutenant. Massacred Sept. 13, 1779. 
 Benjamin Chambers, Ensign. 
 
 Independent Rifle Company 
 Anthony Selin, Captain. 
 Lawrence Myers, Lieutenant. 
 Christian Fraelich, Lieutenant. 
 
 Wyoming Militia 
 John Franklin, Captain. 
 
 Independent Wyoming Company 
 Simon Spalding, Captain. 
 John Jenkins, Lieutenant. 
 
 Fourth Brigade 
 
 New York Troops 
 James Clinton, Brigadier General. 
 Rev. John Gano, Chaplain. 
 John Pratt, Assistant Commissary of Issues. 
 William Popham, Aide-de-Camp. 
 
 Capt. Leonard Bleecker, ) Brigade Majors and Inspec- 
 Major Nicholas Fish, ) tors. 
 Dr. Stephen McCrea, Brigade Surgeon. 
 Col. Philip Van Cortlandt, 2d New York Regiment. 
 Col. Peter Gansevoort, 3d New York Regiment. 
 Lieut. Col. Frederick Weissenfele, 4th N. Y. Regiment. 
 Col. Lemie Dufois, 5th New York Regiment. 
 Volunteer Corps, under Col. John Harper as Captain. 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 37 
 
 Second New York Regiment 
 Philip Van Cortlandt, Colonel. 
 Peine Regnier, Lieutenant Colonel. 
 Nicholas Fish, Major. 
 
 Charles Nukerk, Adjutant and Captain Lieutenant, 
 WilHam Mundy, Quartermaster and 1st Lieutenant. 
 Tunis Van Wagener, Quartermaster and 2d Lieutenant. 
 Robert Provoost, Paymaster and Ensign. 
 Daniel Minena, Surgeon. 
 Charles Graham, Captain. 
 Samuel F. Pell, Captain. 
 Jacob Wright, Captain. 
 Jonathan Hallet, Captain. 
 Abner French, Captain. 
 James Fairlie, Lieutenant. 
 Elihu Marshall, Lieutenant. 
 Gilbert I. Livingston, Lieutenant. 
 Charles F. Wussenfole, Lieutenant. 
 fJohn L. Hardenbergh, Lieutenant. 
 Tjerek Beekman, Lieutenant. 
 Andrew White, Lieutenant. 
 William L. Lenny, Lieutenant. 
 Bernardus Swarthout, Ensign. 
 John Braunn, Ensign. 
 
 Third New York Regiment 
 Peter Gansevoort, Colonel. 
 Marinus Willett, Lieutenant Colonel. 
 Robert Cochran, Major. 
 
 Note — In the year 1790, Lieut. John L. Hardenbergh founded 
 the settlement of Hardenbergh 's Comers, which afterwards became 
 the village (now city) of Auburn, Cayuga County, N. Y. 
 
38 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 Christopher Hutton, Adjutant and Lieutenant. 
 
 Prentive Boman, Quartermaster and Lieutenant. 
 
 Jeremiah Van Rensselare, Paymaster and Ensign. 
 
 Hemlock Woodruff, Surgeon. 
 
 John Elliott, Surgeon's Mate. 
 
 Leonard Bleecker, Captain. 
 
 Henry Tiebout, Captain. 
 
 Thomas DeWitt, Captain. 
 
 Cornelius F. Jason, Captain. 
 
 Aaron Aarson, Captain. 
 
 George Syteg, Captain Lieutenant. 
 
 Wm. Colbrath, Lieutenant. 
 
 William Tapp, Lieutenant. 
 
 Philip Conine, Lieutenant. 
 
 Gerrit Staats, Lieutenant. 
 
 Thomas McClellan, Lieutenant. 
 
 Benjamin Bogardus, Captain. 
 
 Levi Stockwell, Captain. 
 
 Josiah Bay ley. Ensign. 
 
 George T. Denniston, Ensign. 
 
 Samuel Lewis, Ensign. 
 
 Peter Magee, Ensign. 
 
 John Spoor, Ensign. 
 
 D. T. Fonday, Ensign. 
 
 Benjamin Herring, Ensign. 
 
 Gerrit G. Lansing, Ensign. 
 
 Fourth New York Regiment 
 Frederick Weissenfels, Lieutenant Colonel. 
 Jos. McCracken, Major. 
 Israel Smith, Paymaster and Captain. 
 Peter Elsworth, Adjutant and Lieutenant. 
 James Barritt, Quartermaster and Lieutenant. 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 39 
 
 John F. Vasche, Surgeon. 
 
 Saml. Sackett, Captain. 
 
 John Davis, Captain. 
 
 Jonathan Titus, Captain. 
 
 Benjamin Walker, Captain. 
 
 Nathaniel Warton, Captain. 
 
 Theodosius Famler, Captain. 
 
 Edward Duscomb, Captain Lieutenant. 
 
 Joseph Frelick, Lieutenant. 
 
 Peter Van Bunschaten, Lieutenant. 
 
 Abraham Hyatt, Lieutenant. 
 
 Rudolphus Van Houenburg, Lieutenant. 
 
 Thomas Hunt, Lieutenant. 
 
 Silol Gray, Lieutenant. 
 
 Daniel Deniston, Ensign. 
 
 Azariah Tuthill, Ensign. 
 
 Samuel Talmadge, Ensign. 
 
 Ephraim Woodruff, Ensign. 
 
 Fifth New York Regiment 
 
 Lewis Dubois, Colonel. 
 
 Henry Dubois, Adjutant and Captain Lieutenant. 
 
 Henry Dodge, Adjutant and Lieutenant. 
 
 Michael Connally, Paymaster and 2d Lieutenant. 
 
 James Johnston, Quartermaster and Ensign. 
 
 Samuel Coope, Surgeon. 
 
 Eben Hutchison, Surgeon's Mate. 
 
 James Rosekrans, Captain. 
 
 John F. Hamtrach, Captain. 
 
 John Johnson, Captain. 
 
 Philip Dubois Bemis, Captain. 
 
 James Stewart, Captain. 
 
40 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 Henry W. Vanderburgh, Lieutenant. 
 Daniel Birdsall, 2d Lieutenant. 
 James Betts, 2d Lieutenant. 
 Barthol Vanderburgh, Ensign. 
 Francis Hanner, Ensign. 
 
 New York Artillery Detachment 
 (Col. John Lamb's Regiment) 
 
 Isiah Wool, Captain. 
 
 Thomas Machin, Captain. 
 
 Elisha Harvey, Lieutenant. 
 
 End of Roster 
 
 For a faithful and interesting account of the great 
 march of "John Sullivan and his Men" into that primeval 
 wilderness, 
 
 "Where Onondaga and Mohawk brave, 
 
 Oneida, Cayuga and Seneca founded 
 
 That union of Tribes that terror gave, 
 
 Where the Tuscarora war whoop sounded," 
 
 let us turn to the Journal of Lieut. Colonel Adam Hubley. 
 Colonel Hubley, as we have seen, by our perusal of 
 the Roster, was the Commander of the 11th Pennsylvania 
 Regiment, and he tells the story of the great march in a 
 quaint and interesting style. 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 In Which Colonel Hubley Tells the Story 
 
 Sullivan's General Orders 
 "Headquarters, Easton. 
 
 May 24, A.D., 1779. 
 
 WHEN the army shall be fully assembled the fol- 
 lowing arrangements are to take place: 
 Light corps, commanded by Gen. Hand, to con- 
 sist of: Armandt's, Hubley 's, Shott's, 6 Companies of 
 Rangers, Wm. Butler's battalion, Morgan's corps, and 
 all Volunteers who may join the army. 
 
 Maxwell's Brigade consists of: Dayton, Shreeve, 
 Ogden, Spencer, forming right of the first line. 
 
 Poor's Brigade consists of: Cilley, Reed, Scammel, 
 Courtland, and form left of first line. Livingston, Du- 
 bois, Gainsworth, Olden, and form second line of reserve. 
 
 The right of the first line to be covered by 100 men 
 draughted from Maxwell's brigade, the left to be covered 
 by 100 men detached from Poor's Brigade, each flank of 
 the second line to be covered by 50 men detached from 
 Clinton's brigade, the flanking division on the right to 
 consist of Hubley's regiment, and a draught from the line 
 of 100 men, the flanking division on left to consist of the 
 German battalion, and 100 draughted men from the line. 
 
 ORDER OF MARCH 
 
 The light corps will advance by the right of companies 
 in files, and keep at least one mile in front. Maxwell's 
 
 41 
 
42 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 brigade will advance by its right in files, sections, or 
 platoons, as the country will admit. Poor's brigade 
 will advance by its left in the same manner. Clinton's 
 brigade will advance by the right of regiment in platoons,, 
 files, or sections, as the country will admit. All the cover- 
 ing parties and flanking divisions on the right will advance 
 by their left; those on the left of the army will advance 
 by their right. The artillery and pack horses are to 
 march in the centre. 
 
 Should the army be attacked in front while on its march^ 
 the light corps will immediately form to repulse the 
 enemy, the flanking division will endeavor to gain the 
 flanks and rear of the enemy. While the line is forming 
 the pack horses will, in all cases, fall into the position 
 represented on the annexed plan. Should the enemy 
 attack on either flank, the flanking division attacked 
 will form a front, and sustain the attack till reinforced — 
 in which case a part of the light corps is to be immediately 
 detached to gain the enemy's flank and rear, the covering 
 parties of the 2d line to move to gain the other flank. 
 Should the enemy attack our rear, the 2d line will face 
 and form a front to the enemy, the covering parties of the 
 first line will move to sustain it, while the flanking division 
 face about and endeavor to gain their flank and rear. 
 Should the light troops be driven back, they will pass 
 through the intervals of the main army, and form in the 
 rear. Should the enemy in an engagement with the 
 army, when formed, endeavor either flank, the covering 
 party will move up to lengthen the line, and so much as 
 may be found necessary from the flanking division will 
 display outwards to prevent the attempt from succeeding. 
 The light corps will have their advance and flank guards 
 at a good distance from their main body. The flanking 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 43 
 
 division will furnish flank guards, and the 2d line a rear 
 guard for the main army. 
 
 When we find that the light corps are engaged in front, 
 the front of the pack horses halt, and the rear close up, 
 while the columns move in a proper distance, close and 
 display, which will bring the horses in the position they 
 are on the plan for the order of battle. Should the 
 attack be made on either, in flank or in rear, the horses 
 must be kept in the position they are at the commence- 
 ment of the attack, unless other orders are then given. 
 
 John Sullivan." 
 
 This is Colonel Hubley's Journal, just as he wrote it 
 from day to day. 
 
 Wyoming, July 30th, 1779. — Wyoming is situated 
 in the east side of the east branch of the Susquehanna, 
 the town consisting of about seventy houses, chiefly log 
 buildings; besides these buildings there are sundry larger 
 ones which were erected by the army for the purpose 
 of receiving stores, etc., a large bake and smoke house. 
 
 There is likewise a small fort erected in the town, 
 with a strong abatta around it, and a small redoubt to 
 shelter the inhabitants in cases of an alarm. This fort is 
 garrisoned by 100 men, draughted from the western army, 
 and put under the command of Col. Zeb's Butler. I can- 
 not omit taking notice of the poor inhabitants of the town : 
 two-thirds of them are widows and orphans, who, by the 
 vile hands of the savages, have not only deprived some 
 of tender husbands, some of indulgent parents, and others 
 of affectionate friends and acquaintances, besides robbed 
 and plundered of all their furniture and clothing. In 
 short, they are left totally dependent on the public, and 
 are become absolute objects of charity. 
 
44 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 The situation of this place is elegant and delightful. 
 It composes an extensive valley, bounded both on the 
 east and west side of the river by large chains of mountains. 
 The valley, a mere garden, of an excellent rich soil abound- 
 ing with large timber of all kinds, and through the center 
 the east branch of the Susquehanna. 
 
 Wyoming, July 31st, 1779. — Agreeable to orders, 
 marched the western army under the command of Major 
 General Sullivan, from this place to Tioga. 
 
 Took up the line of march about one o'clock p. m., 
 viz., light corps advanced in front of main body about a 
 mile; vanguard, consisting of twenty-four men, under 
 command of a sub-altern, and Poor's brigade (main body), 
 followed by packhorses and cattle, after which one 
 complete regiment, taken alternately from Maxwell's 
 and Poor's brigade (composed the rear guard). 
 
 Observed the country to be much broken and mountain- 
 ous; wood chiefly low, and composed of pine only. I was 
 struck on this day's march with the ruins of many houses, 
 chiefly built of logs, and uninhabited; though poor, yet 
 happy in their situation, until that horrid engagement, 
 when the British tyrant let loose upon them his emissaries, 
 the savages of the wood, who not only destroyed and laid 
 waste those cottages, but in cool blood massacred and cut 
 off the inhabitants, not even sparing gray locks or helpless 
 infancy. 
 
 About 4 o'clock, p. m., arrived at a most beautiful plain, 
 covered with an abundance of grass, soil excessively rich, 
 through which runs a delightful stream of water, known 
 by the name of Lackawanna; crossed the same, and 
 encamped about one mile on the northern side of it, 
 advanced about one-half mile in front of main body; 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 45 
 
 after night fell in with rain — continued until morning. 
 Distance of march this day, 10 miles. 
 
 Sunday, August 1st. — Continued at Lackawanna 
 waiting for the fleet, which, by reason of cohsiderable 
 rapids, was detained until nearly 12 o'clock this day 
 before the van could possibly cross there. In getting 
 through, lost two boats, chief of their cargoes were saved. 
 About 2 o'clock p. m., the whole arrived opposite our 
 encampment, in consequence of which received orders 
 for a march, struck tents accordingly, and moved about 
 2 o'clock p. M. About one mile from the encampment, 
 entered the narrows on the river, first detachment and left 
 column under command of Capt. Burk, to join the right 
 column of light corps, and across the mountain, which 
 was almost inaccessible, in order to cover the army from 
 falling in an ambuscade. Whilst passing through the 
 defile found passage though exceeding difficult and 
 troublesome, owing to the badness of the path; we passed 
 by a most beautiful cataract called the Spring Falls. 
 To attempt a description of it would be almost presump- 
 tion. Let this short account thereof suffice. The first 
 or upper fall thereof is nearly ninety feet perpendicular, 
 pouring from a solid rock, uttering forth a most beautiful 
 echo, and is received by a cleft of rocks considerably more 
 projected than the former, from whence it rolls gradually 
 and empties into the Susquehanna. Light corps passed 
 and got through the defile about 6 o'clock p. m.; arrived 
 about dusk at a place called Quilutimunk, and encamped 
 one mile in front of the place, occupied that night by the 
 main army. 
 
 The main army, on account of the difficult passage, 
 marched nearly all night before they reached their encamp- 
 
46 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 ing ground. Great quantities of baggage being dropped 
 and left lying that night obliged us to continue on this 
 ground. All the preceding day numbers of our pack 
 horses were sent back and employed in bringing on the 
 scattered stores, etc.; distance of march this day about 
 7 miles; fine clear evening. Quilutimunk is a spot of 
 ground situate on the river; fine, open and clear; quantity, 
 about 1200 acres; soil very rich, timber fine, grass in 
 abundance, and contains several exceedingly fine springs. 
 
 Monday, August 2d. — In consequence of the diflScult 
 and tedious march the preceding day, the army received 
 orders to continue on the ground this day, in the mean- 
 time to provide themselves with five days provision, 
 and getting every other matter in perfect readiness for a 
 march next morning at 6 o'clock. Nothing material 
 happened during our stay on this ground. 
 
 Tuesday 3d. — Agreeable to orders took up the line of 
 march at 6 o'clock, a. m. Took the mountains after we 
 assembled — found them exceedingly level for at least six 
 miles. Land tolerable, the timber, viz., pine and white 
 oak, chiefly large. About three miles from Quilutimunk 
 we crossed near another cataract, which descended the 
 mountain in three successive falls, the least of which is 
 equal if not superior to the one already described. Al- 
 though it is not quite so high, it is much wider, and like- 
 wise empties into the Susquehanna, seemingly white as 
 milk. They are commonly known by the name of Butter- 
 milk Falls. 
 
 About 12 o'clock we descended the mountains near the 
 river; marched about one mile on flat piece of ground, 
 and arrived at Tunkhannunk, a beautiful stream of water 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 47 
 
 so called, which empties into the Susquehanna; crossed 
 the same, and encamped on the river about 1 o'clock, 
 p. M. Nothing material happened this day excepting 
 a discovery of two Indians by the party on the west side 
 of the river, Indians finding themselves rather near the 
 party were obliged to leave their canoe, and make through 
 the mountains. Party took possession of the canoe, 
 and brought it to their encamping place, for that evening 
 immediately opposite the main army. Distance of march 
 this day, 12 miles. 
 
 Wednesday 4th. — The army was in motion 5 o'clock, 
 A. M., and moved up the river for three miles, chiefly on 
 the beach, close under an almost inaccessible mountain. 
 We then ascended the same with the greatest difficulty, 
 and continued on it for nearly seven miles. A consider- 
 able distance from the river the path along the mountain 
 was exceedingly rough, and carried through several very 
 considerable swamps, in which were large morasses. The 
 land in general thin and broken, abounds in wild deer 
 and other game. We then descended the mountains, 
 and, at the foot of it crossed a small creek called 
 Massasppi, immediately where it empties into the river. 
 We then continued up the same until we made Van- 
 derlip's farm, discovered several old Indian encamp- 
 ments; one of them appeared to have been very large. 
 
 The land, after crossing Massasppi, was exceedingly 
 fine and rich, the soil very black and well timbered, 
 chiefly with black walnut, which are remarkably large, 
 some not less than six feet over, and excessively high. 
 It is likewise well calculated for making fine and extensive 
 meadows. The main army took post for this night on 
 Vanderlip's farm, and the infantry advanced about one 
 
48 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 mile higher up, and encamped about 1 o'clock p. M., 
 on a place known by the name of Williamson's farm. 
 Distance marched this day, 14 miles; fine clear day, very 
 hot. 
 
 Thursday 5th. — In consequence of orders issued last 
 evening to march this morning at 5 o'clock, we struck 
 tents and loaded baggage. But the boats being consider- 
 ably impeded by the rapidness of the water some miles 
 below our encampment, could not reach us, and we were 
 obliged to halt all night. Did not join us until 9 o'clock, 
 A. M., all which time we were obliged to halt. On their 
 arrival the whole army was put in motion, and as more 
 danger on this day's march was apprehended than any 
 before, the following distribution of the army took place, 
 viz.: the right and left columns of the light corps, con- 
 ducted by Gen. Hand, moved along the top of a very 
 high mountain; main body of light corps, under Col. 
 Hubley's command, with an advance of twenty -four men, 
 moved on the beach several miles on the edge of the 
 water. The main army, followed by the baggage, etc., 
 flanked on their right by four hundred men, who had 
 likewise to take this mountain. Thus we moved for 
 several miles, then arrived in a small valley called Depue's 
 farm; the land very good. Observed and reconnoitered 
 this ground for some distance, it being the place in which 
 Col. Hartley was attacked by the savages last year, on 
 his return from Tioga to Wyoming. The country being 
 fine and open, some loss was sustained on both sides; 
 the savages at last gave way, and Col. Hartley pursued 
 his route to Wyoming without further molestation. 
 Continued our march for about one mile, and formed a 
 junction with the parties on the right flank, ascended a 
 
STANDING STONE ROCK 
 
 In the Susquehanna River, near Standing Stone, Pa. It is about six feet wide, 
 
 twenty-five feet high, and is mentioned in Coh Hubley's JournaL 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 49 
 
 high mountain, and marched for some miles on the same. 
 Land poor, timber but small, chiefly pine, after which 
 descended the mountain nearly one mile in length, and 
 arrived in a fine large valley, known by the name of 
 Wyalusing. The main army took post at this place, and 
 the infantr>^ advanced about one mile in front of them, 
 and encamped about 2 o'clock, p. m. Clear but very 
 warm day; distance of march this day, 103^ miles. 
 
 This valley was formerly called Oldman's farm, occu- 
 pied by the Indians and white people ; together, they had 
 about sixty houses, a considerable Moravian meeting 
 house, and sundry other public buildings; but since the 
 commencement of the present war the whole has been 
 consumed and laid waste, partly by the savages and partly 
 by our own people. The land is extraordinarily calculated 
 chiefly for meadows. The grass at this time is almost 
 beyond description, high and thick, and chiefly blue grass, 
 and the soil of the land very rich. The valley contains 
 about 1200 acres of land, bounded on one side by an 
 almost inaccessible mountain, and on the other by the 
 river Susquehanna. 
 
 Friday, x\ug. 6th. — The boats not arriving before late 
 this day, the army received orders to continue on the 
 gromid. In the meantime to be provided with three 
 days provisions, get their arms and accoutrements in 
 perfect order, and be in readiness for a march early to- 
 morrow morning. A sub. and twenty -four men from my 
 regiment reconnoitered vicinity of camp; returned in the 
 evening; made no discoveries. Rain all night. 
 
 Saturday 7th. — The hea\^ rain last night and this 
 morning rendered it utterly impossible to march this 
 day; continued on the ground for further orders. 
 
50 .4 NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 A captain aiid thirty men from my regiment recon- 
 noitered vicinity of camp; made no discoveries. 
 
 This day received a letter (by express) from His Excel- 
 lency Gen. Washmgton, dated Head Quarters, at New 
 Wmdsor. 
 
 Sunday 8th. — The army moved (in the same order as 
 on 5th) this mornmg at 5 o'clock; crossed Wyalusing 
 creek, and ascendeii an extensive mountain, the top 
 remarkably level; land poor, and timber small. Arrived 
 about 10 o'clock, a. m., at the north end, and descended 
 the same close on the river side, and contmued along the 
 beach for some distance, after which we entered an exten- 
 sive valley or plain, knowii by the name of Standmg Stone; 
 made a halt here for about half an hour for refreshments. 
 This place derives its name from a large stone standing 
 erect in the river inunediately opposite this plain. It is 
 near twenty feet hi height, fourteen feet in width, and three 
 feet m depth. This valley abounds in grass, the land 
 exceedmgly fine, and produces chiefly white oak, black 
 walnut, and pine timber. After refivshment, continued 
 our march aloug the same valley; land not quite so fine. 
 x\rrived about o o'clock, p. m., at a small creek called 
 Wesaukuig; crossed the same, and encamped about one 
 mile beyond it, and innneiiiately on the ri^er. 
 
 Four o'clock, p. m. Smce our arrival at this place 
 some of my officers discoveivil a small Indian encamp- 
 ment, seemingly occupied but a few days since; found 
 near the same a neat canoe, which they brought off. 
 This mornuig the scout (of three men) sent up to Sheslie- 
 qum some days smce, returned without making any 
 discoveries. 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 51 
 
 General Sullivan, on account of his indisposition, came 
 on in the boat. 
 
 Monday, August 9th. — The boats not being able to 
 reach Wesauking, the ground on which light corps en- 
 camped preceding evening. The main body in conse- 
 quence thereof took post and encamped at Standing 
 Stone, about three miles below light corps encampment, 
 for protection of the boats. 
 
 The light corps, on account of their detached situation 
 from main body the preceding evening, and apprehending 
 some danger, being considerably advanced in the enemy's 
 country, for their greater security, stood under arms 
 from 3 o'clock, a. m., until daylight, when they dismissed, 
 with orders to hold themselves in readiness at a moment's 
 warning. Previous to their dismissal my light infantry 
 was sent out to reconnoitre the vicinity of encampment; 
 returned about 7 o'clock, a. m., made no discovery. 
 
 This morning, 9 o'clock, boats hove in sight, in conse- 
 quence thereof received orders to strike tents, and be in 
 readiness for march; main army in the meantime arrived 
 about 10 o'clock; The whole was in motion, marched 
 through a difficult swamp; at north of same crossed a 
 small stream, and ascended a hill; lands poor, and wood 
 but indifferent. About VI o'clock, p. m., descended the 
 same, and entered a small valley; continued about half 
 a mile, when we ascended a very remarkable high 
 mountain, generally known by the name of Break Neck 
 Hill. 
 
 This mountain derives its name from the great height, 
 of the difficult and narrow passage, not more than one 
 foot wide, and a remarkable precipice which is immediately 
 perpendicular, and not less than 180 feet deep. One 
 miss-step must inevitably carry you from top to bottom 
 
52 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 without the least hope of chance of recovery. At north 
 end of same entered a mountainous and beautiful valley 
 called Sheshecununk. General Sullivan, with a number 
 of officers, made a halt here at a most beautiful run of 
 water, took a bite of dinner, and proceeded on along the 
 valley, which very particularly struck my attention. 
 Any quantity of meadow may be made here; abounds with 
 all kinds of wood, particularly white oak, hickory, and 
 black walnut; the ground covered with grass and pea 
 vines; the soil in general rich. About 4 o'clock, p. m., 
 arrived on the bank of the river; the whole encamped in 
 a line on the most beautiful plain; consists chiefly in 
 meadows, the grass remarkable, thick and high. On our 
 arrival here made discoveries of some new Indian tracks, 
 places on which fire had just been, and fresh boughs cut, 
 and prepared as if the place had just been occupied a few 
 hours before our arrival. Distance of march this day, 
 93^ miles. 
 
 Tuesday, August 10th. Set in with rain, and boats 
 not reaching this place before 9 o'clock this morning, 
 army received orders to continue on the ground until 
 further orders. Men drew and cooked two days provi- 
 sions. 
 
 One regiment from each of the brigades attended General 
 Sullivan. The general and field officers of the army 
 whilst they were reconnoitering the river and ground 
 near Tioga branch, about three miles above this place, 
 returned without any discoveries worthy of remark, about 
 4 o'clock, p. M. 
 
 Wednesday, August 11th. — ^Agreeable to orders the 
 army moved this morning at 8 o'clock, a. m. in the usual 
 order. Light corps moved half an hour before the main 
 
»■ 
 
 «::.. 
 
 " "**""""""■ " " "" "' AMt> ABATIS, ■I.'- -■ -aef 
 
 ^i^iii 
 
 
 The boulder that marks the north point of Fort Sulhvan, at Tioga Point, 
 (Athens, Pa.) placed by the Tioga Point Chapter, D. A. R., in 1902. 
 
OUTLINE OF FORT SULLIVAN AT TIOGA POINT 
 
 (Now Athens, Pa.) 
 
 I, 2, 3, and 4, Blockhouses 
 
 M — Marker shown on reverse page. 
 
 Drawn by I. C. King, 1914, from details furnished by the autht 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 53 
 
 army, took post on the banks of the river near the fording 
 place. On the arrival of the main army and boats, Col. 
 Forest drew up his boat at the fording place, and fixed 
 several six pounders on the opposite shore to scour the 
 woods and thickets, and prevent any ambuscade from 
 taking place. In the meantime the light corps marched by 
 platoons, linked together, on account of the rapidity of 
 the water, and forded the same, and effected a landing 
 about 9 o'clock; they immediately advanced about one 
 hundred yards from the river, and formed a line of battle, 
 in or(Jer to cover the landing of the main army, which 
 was safely effected about 10 o'clock, a. m., after which 
 came on pack horses, cattle, etc., covered by a regiment 
 which composed the rear guard. About half past ten 
 o'clock the whole moved in following order. 
 
 Previous to our arrival on the flats we had to pass about 
 one and a half mile through a dark, difficult swamp, which 
 was covered with weeds and considerable underwood, 
 interspersed with large timber, chiefly buttonwood. We 
 then entered the flats near the place on which Queen 
 Esther's palace stood, and was destroyed by Col. Hartley's 
 detachment last fall. The grass is remarkable thick and 
 high. We continued along the same for about one mile, 
 and arrived at the entrance of Tioga branch into Susque- 
 hanna about 1 o'clock; we crossed the same, and landed 
 on a peninsula of land which extends towards Chemung, 
 and is bounded on the east by Susquehanna, and on the 
 west by Tioga branch, and continued up the same for 
 about two miles and a half and encamped. This penin- 
 sula is composed of excellent meadow and upland; grass 
 is plenty, and timber of all kinds, and soil in general good; 
 distance of march this day, three miles. Since our arrival 
 a scout of eight men was ordered up to reconnoitre Che- 
 
54 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 mung, and endeavor to make discoveries of the number of 
 savages, and their situation, if possible. 
 
 Thursday, August 12th. — Tioga Plain. This being 
 a plain calculated to cover the western army during the 
 expedition to the northern part of it, a garrison for that 
 purpose is to remain until our return. Sundry works 
 for the security of the same are now erecting about two 
 and a half miles distant from where Tioga branch empties 
 into the Susquehanna, and where the two rivers are about 
 190 yards distant from each other; these works extend 
 from river to river. 
 
 Capt. Cummings with his scout (sent out last evening) 
 returned this day at 11 o'clock, a. m., made several dis- 
 coveries at Chemung; an Indian village twelve miles 
 distance from this place; in consequence of which a 
 council of war sat, and determined an expedition should 
 immediately take place for the reduction of the same. 
 The army (two regiments excepted) received orders to 
 be in readiness for an immediate march. Eight o'clock, 
 p. M., the whole were in motion, and proceeded for 
 Chemung. 
 
 August 13th, 1779. — Eight o'clock, p.m., the army 
 having marched last evening in the followmg order, viz.. 
 Light corps, under command of Gen. Hand, led the van, 
 then followed Gens. Poor and Maxwell's brigades, which 
 formed main body, and corps de reserve, the whole under 
 the immediate command of Maj. Gen. Sullivan. The 
 night being excessively dark, and the want of proper 
 guides, impeded our march, besides which we had several 
 considerable defiles to march through, that we could 
 not possibly reach Chemung till after daylight. The 
 morning being foggy favoured our enterprise. Our pilot, 
 on our arrival, from some disagreeable motions he felt. 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 55 
 
 could not find the town. We discovered a few huts, 
 which we surrounded, but found them vacated; after 
 about one hour's march we came upon the main town. 
 The following disposition for surprising the same was 
 ordered to take place, viz : Two regiments, one from the 
 light corps, and one from main body, were ordered to 
 cross the river and prevent the enemy from making their 
 escape that way, should they still hold the town. The 
 remainder of the light corps, viz., two independent 
 companies, and my regiment, under command of Hand, 
 were to make the attack on the town. Gen. Poor was 
 immediately to move up and support the light corps. 
 We moved in this order accordingly, but the savages 
 having probably discovered our scouting party the 
 preceding day, defeated our enterprise by evacuating the 
 village previous to our coming, carrying off with them 
 nearly all their furniture and stock, and leaving an empty 
 village only, which fell an easy conquest about 5 o'clock 
 A. M. The situation of this village was beautiful; it 
 contained fifty or sixty houses, built of logs and frames, 
 and situate on the banks of Tioga branch, and on a most 
 fertile, beautiful, and extensive plain, the lands chiefly 
 calculated for meadows, and the soil rich. 
 
 The army continued for some small space in the town. 
 Gen. Hand, in the meantime, advanced my light infantry 
 company, under Capt. Bush, about one mile beyond the 
 village, on a path which leads to a small Indian habita- 
 tion, called Newtown. On Capt. Bush's arrival, there he 
 discovered fires burning, an Indian dog, which lay asleep, 
 a number of deer skins, some blankets, etc.; he im- 
 mediately gave information of his discoveries, in conse- 
 quence of which the remainder part of the light corps, 
 viz.: the two independent companies, and my regiment, 
 
56 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 under Gen. Hand's command, were ordered to move some 
 miles up the path, and endeavor, if possible, to make 
 some discoveries. We accordingly proceeded on in the 
 following order, viz: Captain Walker, with twenty- 
 four men, composed the van, the eleventh regiment, 
 under my command, after which the two independent 
 companies, the whole covered on the left by Tioga branch, 
 and on the right by Capt. Bush's infantry company of 
 forty men. In this order we moved somewhat better 
 than a mile beyond this place. The first fires were 
 discovered when our van was fired upon by a party of 
 savages, who lay concealed on a high hill immediately 
 upon our right, and which Capt. Bush had not yet made. 
 We immediately formed a front with my regiment, 
 pushed up the hill wdth a degree of intrepidity seldom to 
 be met with, and under a very severe fire from the savages. 
 Capt. Bush, in the meantime, endeavored to gain the 
 enemy's rear. They, seeing the determined resolution 
 of our troops, retreated; and, according to custom, 
 previous to our dislodging them, carried off their wounded 
 and dead, by which means they deprived us from coming 
 to the knowledge of their wounded and dead. The 
 ground on the opposite side of the mountain or ridge, 
 on which the action commenced, being composed of 
 swamp or low ground, covered with underwood, etc., 
 favored their retreat, and prevented our pursuing them, 
 by which means they got off. 
 
 Our loss on this occasion, which totally (excepting two) 
 fell on my regiment, was as follows, viz: two captains, 
 one adjutant, one guide, and eight privates wounded, 
 and one sergeant, one drummer, and four privates killed. 
 Officers' names: Captain Walker (slight wound). Captain 
 Carberry, and Adjt. Huston (I fear mortal). 
 
THE OLD ATHENS ACADEMY 
 Which stands near the site of "Fort Sullivan" at Tioga Point, (Athens, Pa.). 
 Built in 1798, nineteen years after the expedition. 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 57 
 
 After gaining the summit of the hill, and dislodging 
 the enemy, we marched by the right of companies in eight 
 columns, and continued along the same line until the 
 arrival of General Sullivan. We then halted for some 
 little time, and then returned to the village, which was 
 instantly laid in ashes, and a party detached to cross the 
 river to destroy the corn, beans, etc., of which there were 
 several very extensive fields, and those articles in the 
 greatest perfection. Whilst the troops were engaged in 
 this business, Gens. Poor and Maxwell's brigades were 
 fired upon, lost one man, killed, and several wounded. 
 The whole business being completed, we returned to the 
 ruins of the village, halted some time and received orders 
 to return to Tioga plain, at which place we arrived at 
 8 o'clock, considerably fatigued. Lest the savages 
 should discover our loss, after leaving the place, I had the 
 dead bodies of my regiment carried along, fixed on horses, 
 and brought to this place for interment. The expedition 
 from the first to the last continued twenty-four hours, 
 of which time my regiment was employed, without the 
 least intermission, tv/enty-three hours; the whole of our 
 march not less than forty miles. 
 
 Saturday, August 14th. — ^This morning 10 o'clock, 
 A. M., had the bodies of those brave veterans, who so 
 nobly distinguished themselves, and bravely fell in the 
 action of yesterday, interred with military honors (firing 
 excepted). Parson Rogers delivered a small discourse 
 on the occasion. 
 
 Was employed a greater part of the day in writing to 
 my friends at Lancaster and Philadelphia, which were 
 forwarded the same evening. 
 
 Sunday 15th. — Agreeable to orders of yesterday, 
 seven hundred men were ordered to march on the grand 
 
58 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IX 
 
 parade for inspection, and to be furnished with ammuni- 
 tion and eight days provision, for the purpose of marching 
 up the Susquehanna and meeting General CUnton, who 
 is now on his march to form a jimction with this army. 
 
 Two o'clock, p. M., a firing was heard on the west side 
 of Tioga branch, immediately opposite our encampment. 
 A number of Indians under cover of a high mountain, 
 advanced on a large meadow or flat of ground, on which 
 our cattle and horses were grazing. Unfortunately, two 
 men w?re there to fetch some horses, one of which was 
 killed and scalped, the other slightly wounded, but got 
 clear. One bullock was likewise killed, and several 
 public horses taken off. My regiment was ordered in 
 pursuit of them; we accordingly crossed the branch and 
 ascended the mountain, marched along the summit of 
 the same for upwards of two miles in order to gain their 
 rear; but the enemy having too much start got clear. 
 After scouring the mountains and valleys near the same, 
 we returned, much fatigued, about 5 o'clock, p. m. 
 
 Monday 16th. — The detachment under General Poor's 
 command agreeable to orders, moved this day, 1 o'clock, 
 p. M., up the Susquehanna for the purpose of forming a 
 junction with Gen. CliDton. 
 
 Several of our continentals alarmed the camp by firing 
 off several guns about 1 o'clock m the morning, in conse- 
 quence of which light corps stood under arms. Several 
 patrols were sent out to reconnoitre the front of encamp- 
 ment, returned near day-break, but made no discoveries — 
 alarm proved premature. Gen. Hand, being ordered 
 with the detachment under Gen. Poor, the command of 
 light corps devolved on me during his absence. 
 
 Tuesday, 17th. — Seven o'clock, p. m., a firing was 
 heard about five hundred yards immediately in front of 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 59 
 
 light corps' encampment. A party of fifty men was im- 
 mediately detached to endeavor to find out the cause of 
 it; returned at 8 o'clock, p. m.; reported that a party 
 of Indians, eleven in number, had waylaid a few pack 
 horsemen, who were just returning with their horses from 
 pasture; that they had killed and scalped one man, and 
 wounded another; the wounded man got safe to camp, 
 and the corpse of the other was likewise brought in. 
 
 An alarm was fired by a continental about 11 o'clock, 
 p, M., but proved false. 
 
 Wednesday, 18th. — In order to entrap some of those 
 savages who keep sneaking about the encampment, the 
 following parties ordered out for that purpose, and to 
 be relieved daily by an equal number until we leave this 
 ground, viz: one subaltern and twenty men on the 
 mountain opposite the encampment; one subaltern and 
 twenty men on the island, about a mile and a half above 
 the encampment, on Tioga branch, and one subaltern 
 and twenty men in the woods, about one and a half 
 immediately in front of light corps' encampment, with 
 orders to waylay and take every other means to take them. 
 
 This day, by particular request of several gentlemen, 
 a discourse was delivered in the Masonic form, by Dr. 
 Rogers, on the death of Captain Davis of the 11th Penn., 
 and Lieutenant Jones of the Delaware regiments, who 
 were, on the 23d of April last, most cruelly and inhumanly 
 massacred and scalped by the savages, emissaries em- 
 ployed by the British king, as they were marching with 
 a detachment for the relief of the garrison at Wyoming. 
 
 Those gentlemen were both members of that honour- 
 able and ancient Society of Freemen. A number of 
 brethren attended on this occasion in proper form, and 
 the whole was conducted with propriety and harmony. 
 
60 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 Text preached on this solemn occasion was the first 
 clause in the 7th verse of the 7th chapter of Job, "Remem- 
 ber my life is but N\and." 
 
 Thursday, 19th. — Nothing remarkable this day. 
 
 Friday, 20th. — This day arrived Lieut. Boyd, of 
 Col. Butler's regiment, with accounts of Gen. Clinton's 
 movements on the Susquehanna, and that a junction 
 was formed by him with Gen. Poor's detachment, 
 Chokoanut, about thirty -five miles from this place. 
 Rain very heavy chief part of the day. 
 
 Saturday, 21st. — The detachments under Gens. Clin- 
 ton and Poor, on account of the very heavy rain yesterday, 
 did not reach this encampment as was expected. 
 
 Sunday, 22d. — This day, 10 o'clock, a. m.. Gens. 
 Clinton and Poor's detachments, with about two hundred 
 and twenty boats, passed light corps' encampment for 
 the main army, about one and a half miles in their rear. 
 On their passing, they were saluted with thirteen rounds 
 from the park; the light corps being likewise drawn up, 
 and received them in proper form, with Col. Proctor's 
 music, and drums and fifes beating and playing. 
 
 Monday, 23d. — This day a most shocking affair hap- 
 pened, by an accident of a gun, which went off, the ball 
 of which entered a tent in which was Capt. Kimball, of 
 Gen. Poor's brigade, and a lieutenant; the captain was 
 unfortunately killed, and the lieutenant wounded. 
 
 Gen. Clinton, having formed a junction with the army 
 at this place yesterday, the following alterations in the 
 several brigades were ordered to take place, viz: Col. 
 Courtland's regiment to be annexed to General Clinton's, 
 Colonel Older to General Poor's, and Colonel Butler's 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 61 
 
 regiment, with Major Parr's corps, to General Hand's 
 brigade. 
 
 Tuesday, 24th. — This day employed hands to make 
 bags for the purpose of carrying flour; hands employed 
 all day and night in this business. 
 
 Agreeable to orders a signal gun was fired for the whole 
 army to strike tents, 5 o'clock, p. m., and marched some 
 distance in order to form the line of march. Seven 
 o'clock, p. M., another signal was fired for the army to 
 encamp in proper order, and to be in readiness for an 
 immediate march. Col. Butler's regiment, with Major 
 Parr's riflemen, joined light corps, and encamped with 
 them this day, 7 o'clock, p. m. 
 
 Colonel Shrieve took command of Fort Sullivan this 
 day agreeable to orders. Flying hospital and stores 
 were moved this day to the garrison. 
 
 Wednesday, 25th. — This morning was entirely devoted 
 to packing up and getting everything in readiness for an 
 immediate march. A heavy rain fell in at 11 o'clock, 
 continued greater part of the day, which prevented our 
 movements. 
 
 Thursday, 26th. — The army not being perfectly ready 
 to march at 8 o'clock, a. m., agreeable to yesterday's 
 orders, the signal gun for march was not fired until 11 
 o'clock, when the whole took up the line of march in the 
 following order, namely, light corps, commanded by 
 Gerneral Hand, marched in six columns, the right com- 
 manded by Colonel Butler, and the left by myself. Major 
 Parr, with the riflemen, dispersed considerably in front 
 of the whole, with orders to reconnoitre all mountains, 
 defiles, and other suspicious places, previous to the arrival 
 of the army, to prevent any surprise or ambuscade from 
 taking place. The pioneers, under command of a cap- 
 
62 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 tain, subaltern, then followed after, which preceded the 
 park of artillery; then came on the main army, in two 
 columns, in the center of which moved the pack horses 
 and cattle, the whole flanked on right and left by the 
 flanking divisions, commanded by Colonel Dubois and 
 Colonel Ogden, and rear brought up by General Clinton's 
 brigade; in this position the whole moved to the upper 
 end of Tioga flats, about three miles above Fort Sullivan, 
 where we encamped for this night. 
 
 This day disposed of one of my horses to Mr. Bond, 
 Captain, on account of his indisposition, obtained leave 
 to continue either at Fort Sullivan, or go to Wyoming, 
 until the return of the regiment from the expedition. 
 
 Friday, August 27th. — On account of some delays 
 this morning army did not move until half past eight 
 o'clock, A. M. Previous to the march the pioneers, under 
 cover of the rifle corps, were advanced to the first and 
 second defile, or narrows, some miles in front of our 
 encampment, where they were employed in mending and 
 cutting a road for the pack to pass. The army marched 
 in same order of yesterday, the country through which 
 they had to pass being exceedingly mountainous and rough, 
 and the slow movements of the pack considerably im- 
 peded the march. About 7 o'clock, p. m., we arrived 
 near the narrows, at the lower end of Chemung, where 
 we encamped in the following order; light corps near 
 the entrance of the defile or narrows, and in front of some 
 very extensive corn-fields, some refugee Tories, now 
 acting with the favour of the main army, about one mile 
 in our rear, and immediately fronting the corn-fields. 
 After camping had an agreeable repast of corn, potatoes, 
 beans, cucumbers, watermelons, squashes, and other 
 vegetables, which were in great plenty, (produced) from 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 63 
 
 the corn-fields already mentioned, and in the greatest 
 perfection; distance of march this day, six miles. 
 
 Saturday, August 28th. — Fore part of this day being 
 employed by the general and principal officers of the army 
 in reconnoitering the river and finding out some fording 
 place for the artillery, pack horses, and cattle to cross, 
 to gain Chemung, the defile or narrows mentioned in my 
 yesterday's journal being so excessively narrow, and, 
 indeed, almost impracticable for them to pass. 
 
 The following disposition for the marching of the army 
 took place accordingly, namely: The rifle corps, with 
 General Maxwell's brigade, and left flanking division of 
 the army, covering the park, pack horses, and cattle, 
 crossed to the west side of the river, and about one and a 
 half mile above recrossed the same, and formed a junc- 
 tion on the lower end of Chemung flats with the light 
 corps. Generals Poor and Clinton's brigades, and right 
 flanking division of the army, who took their route across 
 an almost inaccessible mountain, on the east side of the 
 river, the bottom of which forms the narrows already 
 mentioned. The summit was gained with the greatest 
 difficulty; on the top of the mountain the lands, which 
 are level and extensive, are exceedingly rich with large 
 timber, chiefly oak, interspersed with underwood and 
 excellent grass. The prospect from this mountain is 
 most beautiful; we had a view of the country of at least 
 twenty miles round; the flne, extensive plains, inter- 
 spersed with streams of water, made the prospect pleasing 
 and elegant from this mountain. We observed, at some 
 considerable distance, a number of clouds of smoke arising, 
 where v/e concluded the enemy to be encamped. 
 
 Previous to the movement of the army this day, a 
 small party of men were sent across the river in order 
 
64 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 to destroy some few Indian huts, which were immediately 
 opposite our encampment. Before the business was quite 
 effected they were fired upon by a party of Indians, who, 
 after giving the fire, immediately retreated; the party 
 executed their orders, and all returned unhurt to the 
 army. 
 
 The scout sent out last evening to reconnoitre the 
 enemy near Newi:own (an Indian village so called) , returned 
 this day, and reported they discovered a great number of 
 fires, and that they supposed, from the extensive piece 
 of ground covered by the fires, the enemy must be very 
 formidable, and mean to give us battle. They likewise 
 discovered four or ^\e small scouting parties on their 
 way towards this place, it is supposed to reconnoitre our 
 army. Since our arrival here a great quantity of furni- 
 ture was found by our soldiers which was concealed in the 
 adjacent woods. After forming the junction above 
 mentioned we took up the line of march, and moved to 
 the upper Chemung toXNTi, and encamped about 6 o'clock, 
 p. M., for this night. Distance of march on a straight 
 course, about two miles. 
 
 From the great quantities of corn and other vegetables 
 here and in the neighborhood, it is supposed they intended 
 to establish their principal magazine at this place, which 
 seems to be their chief rendezvous, whenever they intend 
 to go to war; it is the key to the Pennsylvania and New 
 York frontier. The corn already destroyed by our 
 army is not less than 5,000 bushels upon a moderate 
 calculation, and the quantity yet in the ground in this 
 neighborhood, is at least the same, besides which there 
 are vast quantities of beans, potatoes, squashes, pumpkins, 
 etc., which shared the fate of the corn. 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY Q5 
 
 Sunday, August 29th, — This morning at 9 o'clock the 
 army moved in the same order of the 26 ; the riflemen were 
 well scattered in front of the light corps, who moved with 
 the greatest precision and caution. On our arrival near 
 the ridge on which the action of the 13th commenced 
 with light corps, our van discovered several Indians in 
 front, one of whom gave them a fire, and then fled. We 
 continued our march for about one mile, the rifle corps 
 entered a low marshy ground which seemed well calcu- 
 lated for forming ambuscades; they advanced with great 
 precaution, when several more Indians were discovered 
 who fired and retreated. Major Parr, from those cir- 
 cumstances, judged it rather dangerous to proceed any 
 further without taking every caution to reconnoitre 
 almost every foot of ground, and ordered one of his men 
 to mount a tree and see if he could make any discoveries; 
 after being some time on the tree he discovered the 
 movements of several Indians (which were rendered 
 conspicuous by the quantity of paint they had on them), 
 as they were laying behind an extensive breastwork, 
 which extended at least half a mile, and most artfully 
 covered with green boughs and trees, having their right 
 flank secured by the river, and their left by a mountain. 
 It was situated on a rising ground — about one hundred 
 yards in front of a difiicult stream of water, bounded on 
 the marshy ground already mentioned on our side, and 
 on the other, between it and the breastwork, by an open 
 and clear field. Major Parr immediately gave intelli- 
 gence to General Hand of his discoveries, who im- 
 mediately advanced the light corps within about three 
 hundred yards of the enemy's works, and formed in line 
 of battle; the rifle corps, under cover, advanced, and 
 lay under the bank of the creek within one hundred yards 
 
66 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 of the lines. Gen. Sullivan, having previous notice, 
 arrived with the main army, and ordered the following 
 disposition to take place: The rifle and light corps to 
 continue their position; the left flanking division under 
 command of Colonel Ogden, to take post on the left flank 
 of the light corps, and General Maxwell's brigade, some 
 distance in the rear, as a corps de reserve, and Colonel 
 Proctor's artillery in front of the light corps, and im- 
 mediately opposite the breastwork. A heavy fire en- 
 sued between the rifle corps and the enemy, but little 
 damage was done on either side. In the meantime. 
 Generals Poor and Clinton's brigades, with the right 
 flanking division, were ordered to march and gain, if 
 possible, the enemy's flank and rear, whilst the rifle and 
 light corps amused them in front. Col. Proctor had 
 orders to be in readiness with his artillery and attack the 
 lines, first allowing a suiBBcient space of time to Generals 
 Poor, etc., to gain their intended stations. About 3 
 o'clock, p. M., the artillery began their attack on the 
 enemy's works the rifle and light corps in the meantime 
 prepared to advance and charge; but the enemy, finding 
 their situation rather precarious, and our troops deter- 
 mined, left and retreated from their works with the great- 
 est precipitation, leaving behind them a number of 
 blankets, gun covers, and kettles, with corn boiling over 
 the fire. Generals Poor, etc., on account of several 
 difficulties which they had to surmount, could not effect 
 their designs, and the enemy probably having intelli- 
 gence of their approach, posted a number of troops on 
 the top of a mountam, over which they had to advance. 
 On their arrival near the summit of the same, the enemy 
 gave them a fire, and wounded several officers and soldiers. 
 General Poor pushed on and gave them a fire, as they 
 
THE OLD SULLIVAN MONUMENT 
 
 On the Newtown battlefield, near Elmira, Chemung Co.. N Y Thisnicture 
 
 shows Its condition in the go's. No trace of it now remains 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 67 
 
 retreated, and killed five of the savages. In course of 
 the day we took nine scalps (all savages) and two prison- 
 ers, who were separately examined, and gave the following 
 corresponding account; that the enemy were seven 
 hundred men strong, viz: five hundred savages, and two 
 hundred Tories, with about twenty British troops, com- 
 manded by a Seneca Chief, the two Butlers, Brandt, and 
 M'Donald. 
 
 The infantry pushed on towards Newtown; the main 
 army halted and encamped near the place of action, near 
 which were several extensive fields of corn and other 
 vegetables. About six o'clock, p. m., the infantry re- 
 turned and encamped near the main army. 
 
 The prisoners further informed us that the whole of 
 their party had subsisted on corn only for this fortnight 
 past, and that they had no other provisions with them; 
 and that their next place of rendezvous would be at 
 Catherines town, and Indian village about twenty-five 
 miles from this place. 
 
 Distance of march (exclusive of counter-marches) 
 this day, about eight miles. 
 
 Monday, August 30th. — On account of the great 
 quantities of corn, beans, potatoes, turnips, and other 
 vegetables, in destroying of which the troops were em- 
 ployed, and the rain which set in after part of the day 
 obliged us to continue on the ground for this day and 
 night. The troops were likewise employed in drawing 
 eight days provisions (commencing 1st day of September). 
 The reason of drawing this great quantity at one time 
 was (however inconsistent with that economy which is 
 absolutely necessary in our present situation, considering 
 the extensive campaign before us, and the time of conse- 
 quence it will require to complete it), the want of pack 
 
68 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 horses for transporting the same, and in order to expedite 
 this great point in view, are obliged to substitute our 
 soldiery for carrying the same. 
 
 From the great and unparalleled neglect of those per- 
 sons employed for the purpose of furnishing the western 
 army with everything necessary to enable them to carry 
 through the important expedition required of them, 
 General Sullivan was at this early period under the dis- 
 agreeable necessity of issuing the following address to the 
 army, which was communicated by the commanding 
 oflBcers to their corps separately, viz : 
 
 GENERAL SULLIVAN 's ADDRESS 
 
 "The commander-in-chief informs the troops that he 
 used every effort to procure proper supplies for the 
 army, and to obtain a sufficient number of horses to 
 transport them, but owing to the inattention of those 
 whose business it was to make the necessary provision, 
 he failed of obtaining such an ample supply, as he wished, 
 and greatly fears that the supplies on hand will not, 
 without the greatest prudence, enable him to complete 
 the business of the expedition. 
 
 "He therefore requests the several brigadiers and 
 officers commanding corps to take the mind of the troops 
 under their respective commands, whether they will, 
 whilst in this country, which abounds with corn and 
 vegetables of every kind, be content to draw one half 
 of flour, one half of meat, and salt a day. And he desires 
 the troops to give their opinions with freedom and as 
 soon as possible. 
 
 "Should they generally fall in with the proposal, he 
 promises that they shall be paid that part of the rations 
 which is held back at the full value in money. 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 69 
 
 **He flatters himself that the troops who have dis- 
 covered so much bravery and firmness will readily consent 
 to fall in with a measure so essentially necessary to 
 accomplish the important purpose of the expedition, 
 to enable them to add to the laurels they have already 
 gained. 
 
 "The enemy have subsisted for a number of days on 
 corn only, without either salt, meat, or flour, and the 
 general cannot persuade himself that troops, who so far 
 surpass them in bravery and true valour, will suffer them- 
 selves to be outdone in that fortitude and perseverance, 
 which not only distinguishes but dignifies the soldier. 
 He does not mean to continue this through the campaign, 
 but only wishes it to be adopted in those places where 
 vegetables may supply the place of a part of the common 
 ration of meat and flour, which will be much better than 
 without any. 
 
 '*The troops will please to consider the matter, and 
 give their opinion as soon as possible." 
 
 Agreeable to the above address, the army was drawn 
 up (this evening) in corps separately, and the same, 
 through their commanding ofiicers made known to them, 
 and their opinions requested thereupon, when the whole, 
 without a dissenting voice cheerfully agreed to the request 
 of the general, which they signified by unanimously 
 holding up their hands and giving three cheers. 
 
 This remarkable instance of fortitude and virtue 
 cannot but endear those brave troops to all ranks of 
 people, more particularly as it was so generally and 
 cheerfully entered into without a single dissenting voice. 
 
 Tuesday, August 31st. — Took up our line of march 
 in usual order at 9 o'clock, a. m. ; marched about four 
 miles and a half through a broken and mountainous 
 
70 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 country, and an almost continuous defile on the east 
 side of Cayuga branch, the west of the same for that dis- 
 tance was an excellent plain, on which large quantities 
 of corn, beans, potatoes, and other vegetables stood, 
 and were destroyed by us the preceding day. We then 
 crossed Cayuga branch, where it forks with a stream of 
 water running east and west, and landed on a most beauti- 
 ful piece of country remarkably level. On the banks 
 of the same stood a small Indian village, which was im- 
 mediately destroyed. The soldiers found great quanti- 
 ties of furniture, etc., which was buried, some of which 
 they carried off, and some was destroyed. About 2 
 o'clock, p. M., we proceeded along the path which leads 
 to Catherines town (an Indian village), and leaves the 
 Cayuga branch on its left. About 5 o'clock, p. m., we 
 encamped on a most beautiful plain, interspersed with 
 marshes, well calculated for meadows. Wood chiefly 
 pine, interspersed with hazel bushes, and great quanti- 
 ties of grass; distance of march this day, 10 miles. 
 
 Wednesday, September 1st. — About 9 o'clock, p. m., 
 whole army moved together in good order, on a level 
 piece of gi'ound. About 11 o'clock, a. m., we entered an 
 extensive hemlock swamp, not less than six miles through; 
 the path though almost impassible, owing to the number 
 of defiles, long ranges of mountains, ravine after ravine, 
 Interspersed with thick underwood, etc. The infantry, 
 with the greatest diflSculty, got through about half past 
 nine o'clock, p. m. The remainder of the army, with the 
 pack horses, cattle, etc., were chiefly the whole night 
 employed in getting through. 
 
 As the infantry were approaching Catherines town we 
 were alarmed by the howling of dogs and other great 
 
THE MARKER AT WYSOX, BRADFORD CU., PA. 
 
 Near the site of the Indian village of Wesauking. Placed by the Geo. Clyner 
 
 Chapter, D. A. R. in 1908. 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 71 
 
 noise. A few of the riflemen were dispatched in order 
 to reconnoitre the place. In the meantime we formed in 
 two soHd colunms, at fixed bayonets, with positive orders 
 not a man to fire his gun, but to rush on in case the enemy 
 should make a stand; but the riflemen, who had been sent 
 to reconnoitre the town, returned with the intelligence 
 the enemy had left it. We then immediately altered 
 our position on account of the narrowness of the road, 
 and marched in files through the first part of the town, 
 after which we crossed the creek; in a field immediately 
 opposite, where there stood a number of houses also, 
 where we encamped, and substituted the timber of the 
 houses in room of fire- wood. On our arrival, we found 
 a number of fires burning, which appeared as if they had 
 gone off precipitately. This day's march completed 
 12 miles. 
 
 Thursday, Sept. 2d. — The dismal situation of our 
 pack horses and cattle, of which several were killed by 
 falling into ditches, and several otherwise disabled in 
 getting through this horrid swamp last evening, pre- 
 vented our march this morning. The fore part of this 
 day was entirely employed in collecting them, which, 
 from their scattered and dispersed situation, was attended 
 with the greatest difficulty. 
 
 We this morning found an old squaw, who, we suppose, 
 by reason of her advanced age, could not be carried off, 
 and therefore was left to our mercy. On examining her, 
 she informed us that the Indians, on our approach last 
 evening, went off very precipitately; that the women and 
 children had gone off in the morning to take shelter in 
 some mountains, until the army had passed them; that 
 Colonel Butler promised he would send back some war- 
 riors, who should conduct them bye-ways to some place 
 
72 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 of safety. She further adds, that, previous to the squaws 
 going off, there was great contention with them and the 
 warriors about their going off; the former had determined 
 on staying and submitting to our generosity; the latter 
 opposed it, and informed them that, by such a step, 
 the Americans would be able to bring them to any terms 
 they pleased; whereas, did they go off, they would have 
 it in their power to come to more favourable terms, 
 should a treaty of any kind be offered. 
 
 Catherines to"v\Ti is pleasantly situated on a creek, 
 about three miles from Seneca lake; it contained nearly 
 fifty houses, in general, very good — the country near is 
 very excellent. We found several very fine corn-fields, 
 which afforded the greatest plenty of corn, beans, etc., 
 of which, after our fatiguing march, we had an agreeable 
 repast. After getting everything in perfect readiness, 
 we took up our line of march at 7 o'clock this morning. 
 The roads from this place for about one mile were rather 
 diflScult and swampy. We then ascended a rising country, 
 which was, in general, level, excepting a few defiles which 
 we had to pass, but were by no reason dangerous or 
 difficult. The lands are rich, abounding with fine, large, 
 and clear timber, chiefly white oak, hickory, walnut, 
 and ash; bounded on the left for about three miles with 
 excellent marsh or meadow ground, after which proceeds 
 the beautiful Seneca lake, which abounds with all kinds 
 of fish, particularly salmon, trout, rock, that which 
 resembles perch, as also sheep-head. 
 
 Previous to our leaving this place, the squaw which 
 was taken here, was left, and a hut erected, of which she 
 took possession. A quantity of wood was also gathered 
 and carried to the hut for her use; she was also provided 
 with a quantity of provisions. All these favours had such 
 an effect on her that it drew tears from her savage eyes. 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 73 
 
 It is about three miles in breadth, and about forty 
 miles in length. Upon the right, though considerably 
 up the country, is another delightful lake, called Kayuga 
 lake; abounds with all kinds of fish also, and is about 
 forty-six miles in length. 
 
 We proceeded along this beautiful country about twelve 
 miles, and encamped near a corn-field, on which stood 
 several Indian cabins; bearing between the light corps 
 and main army an advantageous ravine, and bounded 
 on our left by Seneca lake. 
 
 Previous to our arrival here the Indians who occupied 
 the cabins already mentioned, probably discovered our 
 approach, pushed off precipitately, leaving their ket- 
 tles with corn boiling over the fire. During our march 
 that day we discovered several trees with the following 
 characters newly cut on them by those savages commanded 
 by Brandt and the Butlers, and with whom we had the 
 action on the 29th ultimo. 
 
 Saturday, Sept. 4th. — On account of the rain this 
 morning the army did not move until 10 o'clock, a. m. 
 We passed through a delightful level country, the soil 
 of which very rich, the timber fine and large, interspersed 
 with hazel bushes, fine grass and pea vines. On our 
 march we discovered several fires burning, which fully 
 intimated some of the savages were not far off in front of 
 us. We destroyed several fields of corn, and, after a 
 march of thirteen miles, we encamped in the woods, in the 
 front of a very large ravine, and about half a mile from 
 Seneca lake. On account of some difficulties with the 
 pack horses, etc., the main army did not reach so far as 
 the infantry, and encamped about two miles in their rear. 
 
 Sunday, Sept. 5th. — About 9 o'clock this morning the 
 army moved through a country much the same as yester- 
 
74 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 day. About 12 o'clock we arrived at Canadia, about 
 three miles from the last encampment, where we encamped 
 for this night. Previous to our arrival we entered several 
 corn-fields, and furnished the men with two days allow- 
 ance of the same. The riflemen, who were advanced, 
 retook a prisoner who was taken last year by the savages 
 on the east branch of the Susquehanna. An Indian, who 
 lay concealed, fired, but without effect on our riflemen, and 
 immediately fled. 
 
 On examining the prisoner, he informed us that Brandt, 
 with near a thousand savages, including Butler's rangers, 
 left the town last Friday, seemingly much frightened and 
 fatigued — that they were pushing for Kanandauaga, an 
 Indian village, where they mean to make a stand and give 
 us battle. He further informs us that, exclusive of a 
 considerable number of savages killed and wounded in 
 the action of the 29th, seven Tories were killed; that all 
 their wounded, with some dead, were carried in canoes 
 up the Cayuga branch — that they allow they sustained a 
 very heavy loss in that action. 
 
 Canadia is much the finest village we have yet come to. 
 It is situated in a rising ground, in the midst of an exten- 
 sive apple and peach orchard, within half a mile of Seneca 
 lake; it contains about forty well finished houses, and 
 everything about it seems neat and well improved. 
 
 Monday, Sept. 6th. — The fore part of the day was 
 entirely employed in hunting up our horses and cattle, 
 a number of which were lost. About 2 o'clock w^etook 
 up our line of march, and moved about three miles^ 
 where we encamped on a beautiful piece of wood land 
 (interspersed with vast quantities of pea vines, which 
 served for food for our horses), our rear covered by the 
 lake, our flank by considerable ravines. 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 75 
 
 On the fourth, while on our march, several officers' 
 waiters, who had delayed in the rear, lost the path along 
 which the army moved, and, towards night, found them- 
 selves near an Indian village, which had been previously 
 evacuated. They found a quantity of plunder, which they 
 brought off, first putting the town in flames. A captain 
 and a party, on missing, being sent in pursuit, and fell 
 in with them as they were returning to the encamping 
 place occupied by the army the preceding day, and con- 
 ducted them safe to the army at Canadia. 
 
 An express from Tioga, where packets, etc., for the 
 army, arrived this day at head-quarters — received several 
 letters from my friends. 
 
 Tuesday, Sept. 7th. — At half past seven o'clock the 
 army moved and arrived at the head of the lake about 
 2 o'clock, p. M. The country we passed through was 
 exceedingly fine, and chiefly along the water for eight miles 
 and a half. 
 
 About 3 o'clock, p. m., the rifle and infantry corps 
 crossed at the mouth of the lake, about knee deep, and 
 not above thirty yards wide. On our arrival on the 
 opposite shore, we immediately entered a dangerous and 
 narrow defile, bounded on the left by the head of Seneca 
 lake, and on our right by a large morass and flooded at 
 intervals, well calculated to form an ambuscade. From 
 every circumstance, both as to intelligence and the great 
 advantage the enemy might have had from its situation, 
 we fairly expected an attack. However, we moved through 
 in files, supported by the two flanking divisions, and gained 
 the other side. The main army then crossed, and took 
 our place. We then moved through a second defile, 
 as difficult as the first, and formed again until the main 
 army possessed themselves of the same ground we had 
 
76 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 just left. We then marched and passed a third defile, 
 and formed in a corn-field, near a large house, which was 
 beautifully situated on the head of the lake, and generally 
 occupied by Butler, one of the savage leaders. 
 
 The light corps, flanked by two flanking divisions, 
 received orders to move and gain the rear of the town. 
 The main army took the path, and marched immediately 
 in front of the same; but the enemy no doubt having 
 previous notice of our moTcments, had abandoned the 
 toWTi, which we entered about dusk, leaving behind them 
 a number of bear and deer skins, and also a fine white 
 child of about three years old. 
 
 This town is called Kanadasaga, and appears to be one 
 of their capital settlements; about it is a fine apple or- 
 chard and a council house. There was in the neighbour- 
 hood a great quantity of corn, beans, etc., which, after 
 taking great quantities for the use of the army, we totally 
 destroyed; burned the houses, which were in number 
 about fifty, and girdled the apple trees. Distance of 
 march this day, about 12 miles. 
 
 Wednesday, Sept. 8th. — This day we lay on our 
 ground; the rifle corps, with several other parties, were 
 detached down the lake to destroy a small village, called 
 Gaghsiungua, and a quantity of corn, etc., in this neigh- 
 bourhood, and the army prepared for a march early 
 tomorrow morning. 
 
 Various opinions prevailed among many officers about 
 our proceeding any further on account of our provisions; 
 but General Sullivan, with a number of officers, nobly 
 resolved to encounter every difficulty to execute the 
 important expedition, and determined, notwithstanding 
 the horrid neglect in not furnishing us with provision, 
 horses, etc., sufficient to enable us to carry through the 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 77 
 
 expedition, even to proceed on with the scanty pittance, 
 and accompHsh the arduous task of destroying the whole 
 Seneca country. 
 
 Thursday, September 9th. — On account of a number 
 of pack horses which had gone astray and could not be 
 found, the army did not march at 6 o'clock agreeable to 
 yesterday's orders. A command of fifty men, under a 
 captain, returned from this place to Tioga to escort the 
 sick and those who were not able to proceed without 
 retarding the march of the army, which is now under the 
 necessity on account of our wants to be as expeditious 
 as possible to complete the expedition; all those pack 
 horses which were lame, or otherwise reduced, likewise 
 returned. 
 
 About twelve o'clock the army marched; their first 
 route was over bushy land, interspersed with remark- 
 ably wild high grass, and appeared to have been formerly 
 cleared. We then descended into an extensive maple 
 swamp, which was very rich, and well calculated for 
 meadow. After marching several miles, we came to a 
 creek, known by the name of Flint Creek, which the 
 whole, excepting Clinton's brigade, crossed, and encamped 
 on a plain which had just been occupied by the enemy but 
 a few days before for the same purpose. Distance of 
 march, seven miles. 
 
 The rifle corps who yesterday went to destroy Gaghsiun- 
 gua this evening returned. They report it was a fine 
 town, well improved, with a great quantity of corn near 
 the same; likewise, an abundance of beans, water 
 melons, peaches, and all kinds of vegetables, the whole of 
 which they totally destroyed. 
 
 Friday, Sept. 10th. — ^At 8 o'clock this morning the army 
 took up their line of march in the usual order. Their 
 
78 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 route, about four miles, continued through the swamp, 
 which, in some places, was miry, and difficult for pack 
 horses, otherwise the foot would not have been much 
 retarded. We then arrived on very fine ground for march- 
 ing, which, to all appearance, was old cleared fields, as 
 they contained a great quantity of wild grass as high as 
 the horses in many places. The land contained in this 
 manner (alternately having a strip of wood between) 
 for about four miles, when we arrived at a lake (the name 
 I could not learn), which appeared to be a mile wide, and 
 six or seven miles in length. We marched half a mile 
 along this lake, and came to the mouth, which we crossed; 
 the water was not knee deep, and about thirty yards over; 
 but it narrowed so fast that, about twenty yards from the 
 mouth, it was not in width more than five, but much deep- 
 er. We then moved up a fine country from the lake, 
 and in half a mile came to Kanadalaugua, beautifully 
 situated town, containing between twenty and thirty 
 houses, well finished, chiefly of hewn plank, which we 
 immediately burned, and proceeded about half a mile 
 on our right, where we found a large field of corn, squashes, 
 beans, etc. At this place we encamped, but were very 
 badly off for water, having none but what we sent half a 
 mile for, and that very bad. The Seneca country, from 
 its extreme flatness, having no good springs, which is 
 extremely disagreeable for a marching army. Distance 
 of march this day, 9 miles. 
 
 In this town a dog was hung up, with a string of wam- 
 pum round his neck, on a tree, curiously decorated and 
 trimmed. On inquiry, I was informed that it was a 
 custom among the savages before they went to war to 
 offer this as a sacrifice to Mars, the God of war, and 
 praying that he might strengthen them. In return 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 79 
 
 for those favors, they promise to present him with the 
 skin for a tobacco pouch. 
 
 Saturday, Sept. 11th. — ^Agreeable to orders we took 
 up our hne of march this morning precisely at 6 o'clock. 
 We moved through a thicket and swamp near one mile 
 before we gained the main path. The infantry, on ac- 
 count of this difficult swamp, could not possibly march 
 in the usual order, without being considerably dispersed. 
 We moved along this path for about three miles, after 
 which we ascended a rising ground; the country remark- 
 ably fine and rich, covered chiefly with pine, oak, and 
 hickory timber. At intervals we crossed considerable 
 clear fields, with remarkably high, wild grass. About 
 1 o'clock we descended into a most beautiful valley, 
 within one mile of an Indian village, known by the name 
 of Anyayea, situate on a fine plain, within about half 
 a mile of Anyayea lake, which is but small and very beauti- 
 ful, and abounds with all kinds of fish. This town con- 
 tains about twelve houses, chiefly hewn logs. About it 
 are several large corn-fields, and a number of apple and 
 other fruit trees. We encamped about two o'clock for 
 this day, after completing a march of thirteen miles. 
 
 Sunday, Sept. 12th. — In order to expedite our march, 
 and prevent the enemy from making off with their effects 
 from Jenese, their capital, and last town in the Seneca 
 country, it was determined a garrison of fifty men, with 
 those soldiers who were not very able to march, should 
 continue at this post, in order to guard our stores, viz., 
 ammunition and flour, until our return. 
 
 The rain having set in very heavy this morning, we 
 could not move until about twelve o'clock. We then 
 began to march, but, on account of a defile which we had 
 
80 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 to cross, could not march in the usual order. After pass- 
 ing the same, we took up our line of march as usual, and 
 ascended a rising j^iece of ground. After marching about 
 five miles, we came to a lake, which we crossed at the 
 mouth, being about knee deep, and about ten yards over. 
 We then ascended another rising piece of ground, com- 
 posed of exceedingly fine, rich land, with large oak and 
 hickory timber, and at intervals, with marsh or swamp, 
 well calculated for meadow ground. After arriving 
 within half a mile of Kanaghsas, a small Indian village, 
 which was previously destined for this day's march, 
 night set in, and the main army being at least a mile 
 in our rear, we received orders to encamp for this night, 
 which was in the woods, and exceedingly ill calculated 
 for that purpose, no water being nearer than half a mile. 
 This day's march completed twelve hours. 
 
 After we encamped, Lieutenant Boyd, of the rifle corps, 
 some volunteers, and as many riflemen, made up six and 
 twenty in the whole, were sent up to reconnoitre the town 
 of Jenese, having for their guide an Oneida Indian, 
 named Hanjost, a chief of that tribe, who has been 
 remarkable for his attachment to this country, having 
 served as a volunteer since the commencement of the 
 war. 
 
 Monday, Sept. 13th. — This morning before daylight 
 we left; the general beat, on which the tents were immedi- 
 ately struck, and in half an hour the army marched into 
 the toWTi of Kanaghsas, which contained ten houses, 
 situate on a flat near the head of a small lake. The 
 flat contained a great quantity of corn, and vegetables 
 of all kinds, which were remarkably well tended. At 
 this place we halted, to draw provisions, viz., beef (half 
 allowance), and to destroy the town, corn, etc. 
 
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GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 81 
 
 Four men of Lieutenent Boyd's party this morning 
 returned, bringing information of the town of Gagsuqui- 
 lahery (which they took for Jenese — being abandoned. 
 About 12 o'clock we were alarmed by some Indians 
 firing and giving chase to Mr. Lodge and a few men who 
 went forward to survey. They wounded a corporal, 
 who died next day, and chased them until one of our camp 
 sentinels fired on them and stopped their career. 
 
 Lieutenant Boyd having retired from the town of 
 Gaghsuquilahery to await for the arrival of the main 
 army, which was detained longer than he expected, he 
 sent back two men to know the cause; these two men had 
 not gone far before they discovered a few Indians ahead. 
 They then retired and informed Lieutenant Boyd, who 
 immediately, with his party, gave chase, and followed 
 them within about two miles and a half from the main 
 army, where a body of savages, of at least four or five 
 hundred, lay concealed, and probably intended giving 
 the main army (the ground being favorable on their side), 
 a fire, and push off according to custom, who immediately 
 surrounded him and his party. He nobly fought them 
 for some considerable time; but, by their great superiority, 
 he was obliged to attempt a retreat, at the same time 
 loading and firing as his party ran. 
 
 The Indians killed, and in the most inhuman manner, 
 tomahawked and scalped six that were found. Nine of 
 the party have got safe in; but Lieutenant Boyd and 
 Hanjost (the Indian already mentioned), with seven 
 others, are yet missing, one of whom we know is a prisoner, 
 as one Murphy, a rifleman of the party, who made his 
 escape, saw him in their possession. This Murphy is a 
 noted marksman, and a great soldier, he having killed and 
 scalped that morning, in the town they were at, an Indian, 
 
82 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 which makes three and thirtieth man of the enemy he 
 has killed, as is well known to his officers, this war. 
 
 There being a swamp or morass totally impassable for 
 our horses, in front of Kanaghsas, the infantry and rifle 
 corps passed over, and ascended the hill, wherein Indians 
 lay, in hopes to come up mth them; but they had fled, 
 leaving behind them upwards of one hundred blankets, 
 a great number of hats, and many other things, which we 
 took, and then halted until the main army arrived, they 
 having first been obliged, in order to enable them to move, 
 to throw a hedge over the morass. 
 
 The whole then took up their line of march, and pro- 
 ceded to the town of Gaghsuquilahery, through the finest 
 country I almost ever saw, without exception. Before 
 dusk we arrived within sight of the town. The Indians, 
 having thrown themselves in a wood on the opposite 
 side, the following disposition for an attack was im- 
 mediately ordered to take place, viz.; the infantry, 
 with the artillery, to push on in front; General Maxwell's 
 brigade, with the left flanking division, to endeavour 
 to gain the enemy's right; General Poor's brigade to move 
 and gain their left; the right flanking division, and two 
 regiments from General Clinton's brigade to move round 
 Poor's right flank; the infantry to rush on in front, 
 supported by the remainder of Clinton's brigade. We 
 then moved forward, and took possession of the town 
 without opposition, the enemy flying before us across a 
 branch of Genesee river, through a thicket, where it was 
 impossible for us to follow, we not being acquainted with 
 the country, and night having set in. We received orders 
 to encamp, after making a march of eight and a half 
 miles, 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 83 
 
 Tuesday, Sept. 14th. — Previous to our march this 
 morning parties were ordered out to destroy the corn, 
 which they did, plucking and throwing it into the river. 
 About 11 o'clock we took up our line of march and pro- 
 ceeded for Jenese, the last and capital settlement of the 
 Seneca country; the whole crossed a branch of the Jenise 
 river, and moved through a considerable swamp, and 
 formed on a plain the other side, the most extensive 
 I ever saw, containing not less than six thousand acres 
 of the richest soil that can be conceived, not having a 
 bush standing, but filled with grass considerably higher 
 than a man. We moved up this plain for about three 
 miles in our regular line of march, which was a beautiful 
 site, as a view of the whole could be had at one look, and 
 then came to Jenise river, which we crossed, being about 
 forty yards over, and near middle deep, and then ascended 
 a rising ground, which afforded a prospect which was so 
 beautiful that, to attempt a comparison, would be doing 
 an injury, as we had a view as far as our eyes could carry 
 us of another plain, besides the one we crossed, through 
 which the Jenise river formed a most beautiful winding, 
 and, at intervals, cataracts, which rolled from the rocks, 
 and emptied into the river. 
 
 We then marched on through a rough but rich coimtry, 
 until we arrived at the capital town, which is much the 
 largest we have yet met with in our whole route, and en- 
 camped about the same. 
 
 At this place we found the body of the brave but 
 unfortimate Lieutenant Boyd, and one rifleman, mas- 
 sacred in the most cruel and barbarous manner that the 
 human mind can possibly conceive; the savages having 
 put them to the most excruciating torments possible, 
 by first plucking their nails from their hands, then spear- 
 
84 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 ing, cutting, and whipping them, and manghng their 
 bodies, then cutting off the flesh from their shoulders 
 by pieces, tomahawking and severing their heads from 
 their bodies, and then leaving them a prey to their dogs. 
 We likewise found one house burned, in which, probably, 
 was a scene as cruel as the former. 
 
 This evening the remains of Lieutenant Boyd and the 
 riflemen's corpse were interred with military honors. 
 Mr. Boyd's former good character, as a brave soldier, 
 and an honest man, and his behaviour in the skirmish of 
 yesterday (several of the Indians being found dead, and 
 some seen carried off), must endear him to all friends of 
 mankind. May his fate await those who have been the 
 cause of his. Oh! Britain, behold and blush. Jenise 
 town, the capital of the Seneca nation, is pleasantly 
 situated on a rich and extensive flat, the soil remarkably 
 rich, and great parts well improved with fields of corn, 
 beans, potatoes, and all kinds of vegetables. It con- 
 tained one hundred and seven well finished houses. 
 
 Wednesday, Sept. 15th. — This morning the whole 
 army, excepting a covering party, were engaged in destroy- 
 ing the corn, beans, potatoes, and other vegetables, 
 which were in quantity immense, and in goodness un- 
 equaled by any I ever yet saw. Agreeable to a moderate 
 calculation, there was not less than two hundred acres, 
 the whole of which was pulled and piled up in large heaps, 
 mixed with dry wood, taken from the houses, and con- 
 sumed to ashes. About 3 o'clock, p. m., the business was 
 finished, and the immediate object of this expedition 
 completed, viz., the total ruin of the Indian settlements, 
 and the destruction of their crops. The following is a 
 part of the orders issued this day, viz : 
 
 "The commander-in-chief informs this brave and reso- 
 lute army that the immediate objects of this expedition 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 85 
 
 are accomplished, viz: total ruin of the Indian settle- 
 ments, and the destruction of their crops, which were 
 designed for the support of those inhuman barbarians, 
 while they were desolating the American frontiers. He 
 is by no means insensible of the obligations he is under 
 to those brave officers and soldiers whose virtue and forti- 
 tude have enabled him to complete the important design 
 of the expedition, and he assures them he will not fail 
 to inform America at large how much they stand indebted 
 to them. The army will this day commence its march 
 for Tioga." 
 
 Previous to our leaving Jenise, a woman with a child 
 came in to us, who had been taken prisoner last year near 
 Wyoming, and fortunately made her escape from the 
 savages. She, with her bantling, was almost starved for 
 want of food; she informs us that the Indians have been 
 in great want all last spring — that they subsisted 
 entirely on green corn this summer — that their squaws 
 were fretting prodigiously, and continually teasing their 
 warriors to make peace — that by promises by Butler and 
 his minions, they are fed up with great things that 
 should be done for them — that they seem considerably 
 cast down and frightened; and, in short, she says distress 
 and trouble seem painted on their countenances. Dis- 
 tance of march this day, six miles. 
 
 Thursday, Sept. 15th. — After destroying several 
 corn-fields, we took up our line of march about 11 o'clock, 
 A. M., and proceeded towards Kanaghsas. Previous to 
 our arrival there, parties were ordered out to reconnoitre 
 the woods, and gather the bodies of those soldiers who fell 
 in the skirmish of the 13th. Fourteen, including those 
 six mentioned in my journal of the 13th, were found, 
 and buried with military honors. The sight was most 
 
86 A HEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 shocking, as they were all scalped, tomahawked, and most 
 inhumanly mangled. Amongst those unfortunate men 
 was Hanjost, the volunteer Indian, who fared equally 
 with the rest. About six o'clock we arrived at Kanaghsas, 
 and encamped. We found several corn-fields, which 
 were immediately laid waste. Our march this day, 9 
 miles. 
 
 Friday, Sept. 17th. — About 5 o'clock this morning the 
 general beat, the tents were struck, and the line of march 
 taken up about 6 o'clock. We arrived at Anyeay about 
 12 o'clock, being the place our stores, with a garrison, was 
 left. It was not with little satisfaction that we found 
 everything safe. W^e were not without our apprehensions 
 about them, on account of the intelligence we were fearful 
 the enemy might have collected from the unfortunate 
 prisoners who fell in their hands on the 13th. We en- 
 camped in the same order and on the same ground as on 
 the 11th inst. 
 
 Saturday, Sept. 18th. — This morning about 8 o'clock 
 the army moved; the rear was ordered (before they left 
 the ground) to kill all such horses as were unable to move 
 along, lest they should fall into the enemy's hands. 
 On our route we fell in with several Oneida Indians (our 
 friends), who seemed much rejoiced at our great success 
 against the Seneca nations. We arrived about 6 o'clock, 
 p. M., at the east side of the Kanadauga lake, where we 
 encamped, after completing a march of thirteen miles 
 and a half. 
 
 Sunday, Sept. 19th. — The army moved at eight o'clock 
 this morning in the usual order; excepting a few obstruc- 
 tions they met with passing through several swamps, 
 they marched remarkably steady. On our route we were 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 87 
 
 met by an express from Tioga, who brought a number 
 of letters and papers informing us of Spain declaring war 
 against Great Britain. They also brought us the agree- 
 able intelligence of a good supply for the army having 
 come on to Newton (about twenty miles above Tioga), to 
 meet us. This agreeable intelligence conspired to make 
 us exceedingly happy, as we had not only been a long 
 time entirely in the dark with respect to home news, 
 but the disagreeable reflection of half allowance was 
 entirely dispelled. We pursued our march until we 
 arrived at Kanadasaga, which was about dusk. When 
 the infantry got up; we encamped on the same ground, 
 and in the same position, as on the 7th, after completing 
 a march of fifteen miles. 
 
 Monday, Sept. 20th. — The greater part of the day was 
 employed at head-quarters in holding a council in conse- 
 quence of the intercession made by sone Oneida Indians 
 (our friends) in favour of the Cayuga tribe, who had been 
 for some time past in alliance with the Senecas, and acted 
 with them, and are now desirous to make peace with us. 
 The council determined no treaty should be held "^^th 
 them and a command of five hundred infant ry^ with Major 
 Parr's rifle corps, were immediately detached and sent 
 to Cayuga lake, on which their settlement lay, with orders 
 to lay wait and destroy their towns, corn, etc., and receive 
 none of them but in the characters of prisoners of war. 
 Col. Smith, with two hundred men, was also dispatched 
 down the north side of the Seneca lake in order to finish 
 the destruction of Gausiunque, an Indian village about 
 eight miles below Canadasaga. Colonel Gainsworth, 
 with one hundred men, was likewise detached, and sent 
 to Fort Stanwix for some business, from whence he is to 
 
88 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 proceed to head-quarters on the north river, and join the 
 main army. 
 
 About 4 o'clock, p. m., the army took up their Une of 
 march, and moved steadily. About half past five they 
 reached and crossed the outlet of Seneca lake, and en- 
 camped about one mile beyond the same. 
 
 Tuesday, Sept. 21st. — The army marched this morning 
 about eight o'clock, and continued moving steadily until 
 we passed Canadia about two miles, where we encamped, 
 near the lake. Previous to our marching this morning. 
 Colonel Dearbourn, with a command of two hundred men, 
 marched to destroy a town on the north side of Cayuga 
 lake, distance of march this day, 13 miles. 
 
 Thursday, Sept. 23d. — About 8 o'clock this morning 
 the army marched, and arrived at Catherines town about 
 2 o'clock, p. M., where we made a small halt. We found 
 at this place the old Indian squaw who was left here on 
 our march up the country. General Sullivan gave her 
 a considerable supply of flour and meat, for which, 
 tears in her savage eyes, she expressed a great deal of 
 thanks. During our absence from this place a young 
 squaw came and attended on the old one; but some 
 inhuman villian who passed through killed her. What 
 made this crime still more heinous was, because a manifesto 
 was left with the old squaw positively forbidding any 
 violence or injury should be committed on the women or 
 children of the savages, by virtue of which it appears 
 this young squaw came to this place, which absolutely 
 comes under the virtue of a breach of faith, and the 
 offender ought to be severely punished. 
 
 I went to view, in company with a number of gentle- 
 men, a very remarkable fall of water, which is about one 
 mile above this place. Its beauty and elegance surpass 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 89 
 
 almost anything I ever saw. The fall is not less then two 
 hundred feet. About 3 o'clock the army moved about 
 three miles further, and ehcamped on a plain at the en- 
 trance of the great swamp, after completing a march of 
 thirteen miles and a half. 
 
 Friday, Sept. 24th. — This morning precisely at 8 
 o'clock the army moved, and continued their route 
 through the hemlock swamp mentioned in the 1st inst., 
 meeting with much fewer obstructions than we expected, 
 owing to the very dry weather which we had had for this 
 month past. After passing through the same we came to 
 a fine open country, and soon arrived at Kanawaluhery, 
 where there was a post established with a reinforcement 
 of stores, which was a most pleasing circumstance, as 
 the last was issued, and that at half allowance at Kana- 
 dasaga. On our arrival, the garrison saluted with the 
 discharge of thirteen cannon, which complement was 
 returned them by the army. 
 
 Saturday, Sept. 25th. — In consequence of the acces- 
 sion of the King of Spain to the American alliance, and the 
 generous proceedings of the present Congress in augment- 
 ing the subsistence of the officers and men of the army, 
 General Sullivan ordered five head of the best cattle, viz: 
 one for the use of the officers of each brigade, with five 
 gallons of spirits each, to be delivered to them respectively, 
 thereby giving them an opportunity of testifying their 
 joy on this occasion. 
 
 In the evening the whole was drawn up and fired a 
 feu-de-joie, thirteen cannon being first discharged. The 
 infantry then commenced a running fire through the whole 
 line, which, being repeated a second time, the whole army 
 gave three cheers, viz: one for the United States of 
 America, one for Congress, and one for our new ally, 
 the King of Spain. 
 
90 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 The army being then dismissed, General Hand, with 
 the officers of his brigade, attended by the officers of the 
 park or artillery, repaired to a bowery, erected for that 
 purpose, where the fatted bullock was served up (dressed 
 in different ways), the whole seated themselves on the 
 ground around the same, which afforded them a most 
 agreeable repast. The officers being very jovial, and the 
 evening was spent in great mirth and jollity. 
 
 After dinner the following toasts were drank, the drums 
 and fifes playing at intervals. 
 
 1st. The thirteen states and their sponsers. 
 
 2d. The honourable, the American Congress. 
 
 3d. General Washington and the American Army. 
 
 4th. The commander-in-chief of the western expedi- 
 tion. 
 
 5th. The American navy. 
 
 6th. Our faithful allies, the united houses of Bourbon. 
 
 7th. May the American Congress, and all her legisla- 
 tive representatives, be endowed with virtue and wisdom, 
 and may her independence be as firmly established as the 
 pillars of time. 
 
 8th. May the citizens of America, and her soldiers, 
 be ever unanimous in the reciprocal support of each other. 
 
 9th. May altercations, discord, and every degree of 
 fraud, be totally banished the peaceful shores of America. 
 
 10th. May the memory of brave Lieutenant Boyd, 
 and the soldiers under his command, who were horribly 
 massacred by the inhuman savages, or by their more 
 barbarous and detestable allies, the British and Tories, 
 on the 13th inst., be ever dear to his country. 
 
 11th. An honourable peace with America, or perpetual 
 war with her enemies. 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 91 
 
 12th. May the kingdom of Ireland merit a stripe in the 
 American standard. 
 
 13th. May the enemies of America be metamor- 
 phosed into pack horses, and sent on a western expedition 
 against the Indians. 
 
 An express with dispatches for General Sullivan, 
 from Philadelphia, arrived this morning, by whom I 
 received a packet enclosing the commissions for my 
 oflBcers. 
 
 About 11 o'clock, A. M., the command under Colonel 
 Dearbourn, who left us the 21st of June to proceed to 
 Cayuga lake, returned, bringing two squaw prisoners; 
 he having, in his route, destroyed several to\\Tis and a 
 great quantity of fine corn. 
 
 Monday, Sept. 27th. — The detachment ordered to 
 march yesterday moved this morning up Tioga branch 
 to an Indian village, about twelve miles from this place, 
 with orders to destroy the same. 
 
 Coleman and Caldwell, two of my soldiers, after wander- 
 ing for seven days in the wilderness, found and joined us 
 at this place. They subsisted, during their absence, 
 on the hearts and livers of two dead horses which they 
 found on the path along which the army had marched. 
 
 At dusk, this evening, the detachment which marched 
 this morning returned, after destroying a considerable 
 quantity of corn, beans, and other vegetables, sixteen boat 
 loads of which they brought with them for the use of 
 the army; they also burned a small village. 
 
 Tuesday, Sept. 28th. — Several coromands were ordered 
 out this day, viz., one up and the other do\\ai the Tioga 
 branch, for the purpose of destroying corn, etc., of which 
 there was a great quantity left on our march towards the 
 Seneca country. 
 
92 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 All the lame and sick soldiers of the army were this 
 day ordered to go to Tioga in boats, and the pack horses 
 least able for other duty. 
 
 Colonel Butler, with his command, after laying waste 
 and destroying the Cayuga settlements, and corn, etc., 
 of which there was a great quantity, returned, and joined 
 the army about 10 o'clock this morning. 
 
 Wednesday, Sept. 29th. — The army marched this 
 morning about 8 o'clock, and continued moving steadily 
 until we passed Chemung about one mile, where we 
 encamped on the same ground, and in the same position, 
 as on the 27th. The two commands ordered out yester- 
 day morning returned, and joined the army at this place 
 about 9 o'clock, p. m., after destroying large quantities 
 of corn, beans, and other vegetables. 
 
 Thursday, Sept. 30th. — This morning about 8 o'clock 
 the army moved. About 2 o'clock they arrived at Tioga 
 plains, near Fort Sullivan, where the whole formed in 
 regular line of march, and moved into the garrison in 
 the greatest order, when we were received with military 
 honours, the garrison turning out with presented arms 
 and a salute of thirteen rounds from their artillery, which 
 complement was returned them from the park of artillery 
 with the army. 
 
 Colonel Shrieve, governor of the garrison, had an ele- 
 gant dinner provided for the general and field officers 
 of the army. We regaled ourselves, and great joy and 
 good humor was visible in every countenance. Colonel 
 Proctor's band, and drums and fifes played in concert 
 the whole time. 
 
 Friday, Oct. 1st. — This morning the horses belonging 
 to the officers of the brigade were forwarded to Wyoming. 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 93 
 
 We also sent our cow which we had along with us the whole 
 expedition, and to whom we are under infinite obligations 
 for the great quantity of milk she afforded us, which 
 rendered our situation very comfortable, and was no 
 small addition to our half allowance. 
 
 This afternoon Colonel Brewer, General Sullivan's 
 secretary, set off to Congress with the dispatches, which 
 contained a relation of the great success of the expedition. 
 
 Saturday, Oct. 2d. — This day the commander-in- 
 chief made an elegant entertainment, and invited all the 
 general and field officers of the army to dine with him. 
 
 In the evening, to conclude the mirth of the day, we 
 had an Indian dance. The officers who joined in it 
 putting on visors (alias Monetas). The dance was 
 conducted and led off by a young Sachem of the Oneida 
 tribe, who was next followed by several other Indians, 
 then the whole led off, and, after the Indian custom, 
 danced to the music, which was a rattle, a knife, and a 
 pipe, which the Sachem continued clashing together and 
 singing Indian the whole time. At the end of each, the 
 Indian whoop was set up by the whole. 
 
 Sunday, Oct. 3d. — Agreeable to the orders of yester- 
 day, the garrison of Fort Sullivan this day joined their 
 respective corps, and the fort was demolished. The 
 stores and other baggage with the park of artillery were 
 put on board the boats, and every other matter put in 
 perfect readiness to move with the army, on their route 
 to Wyoming, tomorrow morning at 5 o'clock. 
 
 The young Sachem, with several Oneida Indians, 
 relatives and friends of the unfortunate Indian Hanjost, 
 who bravely fell with the party under command of the 
 much lamented Lieutenant Boyd on the 13th ult., who 
 
94 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 faithfully acted as guide to the army, left us this day, well 
 pleased (after bestowing some presents on them), for their 
 native place, the Oneida country. 
 
 The German regiment, which composed a part of the 
 flanking divisions of the army, was this day ordered to 
 join and do duty with the third Pennsylvania brigade, 
 commanded by Gen. Hand. 
 
 Monday, Oct. 4th. — This day about 8 o'clock the army 
 took up their line of march. We arrived at Wessaukin 
 about 6 o'clock in the evening, after completing a march 
 of fifteen miles. On account of the rain, marching was 
 rather disagreeable this day. 
 
 On my arrival at this place I received a letter, with 
 some newspapers, etc., from his excellency. President 
 Read, which contained agreeable news, etc. 
 
 Wednesday, Oct. 6th. — About 8 o'clock this morning 
 the whole embarked again, and moved, paying no atten- 
 tion to order down the river. 
 
 Thursday, Oct. 7th. — Embarked about 6 o'clock, and 
 kept on steadily until we arrived at Wyoming. About 
 3 o'clock, p. M., the whole army landed and encamped 
 on the same ground, and in the same order, as on the 
 30th of July. 
 
 Thus, by the perseverance, good conduct, and deter- 
 mined resolution of our commander-in-chief, with the 
 assistance of his council, and the full determination of 
 his troops to execute, have we fully accomplished the great 
 end and intentions of this important expedition; and I 
 flatter myself we fully surpassed the most sanguine expec- 
 tation of those whose eyes were more immediately looking 
 to us for success. 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 95 
 
 The glorious achievements we have exhibited in extend- 
 ing our conquests so far, and, at the same time, render 
 them so very complete, "^all make no inconsiderable 
 balance even in the present politics of America. Its 
 future good consequences I leave to the eloquence of 
 time to declare, which will, in ages hence, celebrate the 
 memory of those brave sons who nobly risked their lives, 
 disdaining every fatigue and hardship, to complete a 
 conquest, the rear good effects and advantages of which 
 posterity will particularly enjoy. 
 
 Whilst I revere the merit and virtue of the army, I 
 am sorry I am under the necessity of mentioning that 
 there was an unparalleled and unpardonable neglect 
 (and which ought not to pass with impunity), in those 
 whose business it was to supply them with a sufficient 
 quantity of necessaries to carry them through the expedi- 
 tion, instead of which not more than twenty -two days 
 flour, and sixteen days meat was on hand when it com- 
 menced. And, although the army possessed a degree of 
 I'irtue, perhaps unparalleled in the annals of history, 
 in undertaking an expedition on half allowance, which 
 was in every instance hazardous and imperious, yet, 
 had we not been favored with the smiles of Providence, 
 in a continuation of good weather, the half allowance 
 itself would not have enabled us to perform what, from 
 that circumstance, we have. 
 
 End of Col. Hubley's Journal. 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 General Stjllivan Tells the Story 
 
 THE chronicle of his expedition against the Iro- 
 quois in 1779 — The Devastation of the Genesee 
 Country. 
 
 *Teago, Sept. 30, 1779. 
 
 Sir: In mine of the 30th ultimo to His Excellency 
 George Washington, and by him transmitted to Congress, 
 I gave an account of the victory obtained by this army 
 over the enemy at Newtown, on the 29th of August. I now 
 do myself the honor to inform Congress of the progress 
 of this army, and the most material occurrences which 
 have since taken place. 
 
 The time taken up in destroying the corn, in the 
 neighborhood of Newtown, employing the army near two 
 days, and there appearing a probability that the destruc- 
 tion of all the crops might take a much greater length 
 of time than was first apprehended, and being likewise 
 convinced, by an accurate calculation, that it could not 
 be possible to effect the destruction of the Indian country 
 with the provisions on hand, which was all I had in store, 
 and indeed all I had pack horses to transport from Teago; 
 in this situation I could think of but one expedient to 
 answer the purposes of the expedition, which was to 
 prevail if possible, on the soldiers to content themselves 
 with half a pound of flour and the same quantity of fresh 
 beef per day, rather than leave the important business 
 unfinished. I therefore drew up an address to them, a 
 copy of which I have the honor to enclose you, which 
 
 (*Tioga Point (Athens, Pa.) 
 
 96 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 97 
 
 being read, was answered by three cheers from the whole 
 army. Not one dissenting voice was heard from either 
 officer or soldier. I had then on hand, from the best 
 calculation I could make, twenty-two pounds of flour and 
 sixteen pounds of beef per man; the former liable to many 
 reductions by rains, crossing rivers and defiles; the lat- 
 ter much more so, from the almost unavoidable loss of 
 cattle, when suffered to range the woods at night for their 
 support. I w^as, however, encouraged in the belief, that 
 I should be enabled to effect the destruction and total 
 ruin of the Indian territories by this truly noble resolu- 
 tion of the army, for which, I know not whether the public 
 stand more indebted to the persuasive arguments which 
 the officers began to use, or to the virtuous disposition 
 of the soldiers, whose prudent and cheerful compliance 
 with the requisition anticipated all their wishes, and 
 rendered persuasion unnecessary. 
 
 I sent back all my heavy artillery on the night of the 
 30th, retaining only four brass three pounders, and a 
 small howitzer; loaded the necessary ammunition on 
 horseback, and marched early on the 31st for Catherine's 
 Town. On our way we destroyed a small settlement 
 of eight houses, and a town called Konowhola, of about 
 twenty houses, situated on a peninsular at the conflux 
 ot the Teago and Cayuga branches. We also destroyed 
 several fields of corn. From this point Colonel Dayton 
 was detached with his regiment and the rifle corps up the 
 Teago about six miles, who destroyed several large fields 
 of corn. The army resumed their march, and encamped 
 within thirteen miles and a half of Catherine's Town, 
 where we arrived the next day, although we had a road 
 to open for the artillery, through a swamp nine miles 
 in extent, and almost impervious. We arrived near 
 
98 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 Catherine's Town in the night, and moved on, in hopes 
 to surprise it, but found it forsaken. On the next morn- 
 ing an old woman belonging to the Cayuga nation was 
 found in the woods. She informed me that on the night 
 after the battle of Newtown, the enemy, having fled the 
 whole night, arrived there in great confusion early the 
 next day; that she heard the warriors tell their women 
 they were conquered and must fly; that they had a great 
 many killed and vast numbers wounded. She likewise 
 heard the lamentations of many at the loss of their con- 
 nections. In addition to this, she assured us, that some 
 of her warriors had met Butler at this place and desired 
 him to return and fight again. But to this request they 
 could obtain no satisfactory answer, for, as they observed, 
 "Butler's mouth was closed." The warriors who had 
 been in the action were equally averse to the proposal, 
 and would think of nothing but flight, and removal of 
 their families; that they kept runners on every mountain 
 to observe the movements of our army, who reported 
 early in the day on which we arrived, that our advance 
 was very rapid; upon which all those who had not been 
 before sent off, fled with precipitation, leaving her without 
 any possible means of escape. She said that Brandt had 
 taken most of the wounded up the Teago in canoes. I was, 
 from many circumstances, fully convinced of the truth 
 and sincerity of her declaration, and the more so, as we 
 had, the day we left Newtown, discovered a great number 
 of bloody packs, arms and accoutrements, thrown away 
 in the road, and in the woods each side of it. Besides 
 which, we discovered a number of recent graves, one of 
 which has been since opened, containing the bodies of 
 two persons who had died by wounds. 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 99 
 
 These circumstances, when added to that of so many 
 warriors being left dead on the field, a circumstance 
 not common with Indians, were suflficient to corroborate 
 the woman's declaration, and to prove what I before 
 conjectured, that the loss of the enemy was much greater 
 than was at first apprehended. I have never been able 
 to ascertain, with any degree of certainty, what force 
 the enemy opposed to us at Newtown, but from the best 
 accounts I have been able to collect, and from the opinion 
 of General Poor, and others, who had the best oppor- 
 tunity of viewing their numbers, as well as from the 
 extent of their lines, I suppose them to have been 1,500, 
 though the two prisoners, whom I believe totally ignorant 
 of the number at any post but their own, as well as of 
 the enemy's disposition, estimate them only at eight 
 hundred, while they allow that five companies of rangers, 
 all the warriors of Seneca, and six other nations, were 
 collected at this place. In order to determine their 
 force with as much accuracy as in my power, I examined 
 their breastworks, and found the extent more than half a 
 mile. Several bastions ran out in its front to flank the 
 lines in every part. A small block-house, formerly a 
 dwelling, was also manned in the front. The breastwork 
 appeared to have been fully manned, though I supposed 
 with only one rank. Some parts of their works being 
 low, they were obliged to dig holes in the ground to cover 
 themselves in part. This circumstance enabled me to 
 judge the distance between their men in the works. 
 A very thin scattering line, designed, as I suppose, for 
 communicating signals, was continued from those works 
 to that part of the mountain which General Poor ascended, 
 where they had a very large body, which was designed, 
 I imagined, to fall on our flank. The distance from the 
 
100 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 breastwork to this was at least one mile and a half. From 
 thence to the hill in the rear of our right, was another 
 scattering line of about one mile, and on the hill a breast- 
 work with a strong party, destined, as it is supposed, to 
 fall on our rear. But General Clinton being ordered so 
 far to the right occasioned his flank to pass the mountain, 
 which obliged them to abandon their post. From these 
 circumstances, as well as from the opinions of others, 
 I cannot conceive their numbers to be less than what 
 I have before mentioned. 
 
 The army spent one day at Catherine's destroying 
 corn and fruit trees. We burnt the town, consisting of 
 thirty houses. The next day we encamped near a small 
 scattering settlement of about eight houses and two days 
 after reached Kendaia, which we also found deserted. 
 Here one of the inhabitants of Wioming, who had been 
 last year captured by the enemy, escaped from them 
 and joined us. He informed us that the enemy had left 
 the town in the greatest confusion three days before our 
 arrival. He said he had conversed with some of the 
 Tories on their return from the action at Newtown, who 
 assured him they had great numbers killed and wounded, 
 and there was no safety in flight. He heard Butler 
 tell them he must try to make a stand at Kanadasaga; but 
 they declared they would not throw away their lives in 
 vain attempt to oppose such an army. He also heard 
 many of the Indian women lamenting the loss of their 
 connections and added that Brandt had taken most of 
 the wounded up the Teago in water crafts which had been 
 provided for that purpose in case of necessity. It was 
 his opinion that the King of Kanadasaga was killed as he 
 saw him go down but did not return and gave a descrip- 
 tion of his person and dress corresponding with those of 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 101 
 
 one found on the field of action. Kendaia consisted of 
 about twenty houses which were reduced to ashes, the 
 houses were neatly built and finished. The army spent 
 a day neatly at this place, in destroying corn and fruit 
 trees of which there was a great abundance. Many of the 
 trees appeared to be of great age. On the next day we 
 crossed the outlet of the Seneca Lake and moved in three 
 divisions through the woods to encircle Kanadasaga, 
 but found if otherwise abandoned. A white child of 
 about three years old, doubtless the offspring of some 
 unhappy captive, was found here and carried with the 
 army. 
 
 A detachment of four hundred men was sent down on 
 the west side of the lake to destroy Gothseunquean and 
 the plantations in the same quarters; at the same time 
 a number of volunteers under Colonel Harper, made a 
 forced march towards Cayuga Lake and destroyed 
 Schoyere while the residue of the army were employed 
 in destroying the corn at Kanadasaga of which there 
 was a large quantity. This town consisted of fifty houses 
 and was pleasantly situated. In it we found a great 
 quantity of fruit trees which were destroyed with the 
 town. The army then moved on and in two days ar- 
 rived at Kanandaque, having been joined on the march 
 by the detachment sent along the Seneca Lake which 
 had been almost two days employed in destroying the 
 crops and settlements in that quarter. At Kanadaque 
 we found twenty -three very elegant houses mostly finished 
 and in general, large. Here we also found very extensive 
 fields of corn, which having been destroyed, we marched 
 for Hannayaye, a small town of ten houses, which we 
 also destroyed. 
 
102 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 At this place we established a post leaving a strong 
 garrison, our heavy stores and one field piece and pro- 
 ceeded to Chinesee, which the prisoners informed us was 
 the grand capital of the Indian country, that Indians 
 of all nations had been planting there this spring; that 
 all the Rangers and some British had been employed in 
 assisting them in order to raise sufficient supplies to sup- 
 port them while destroying our frontiers, and that they, 
 themselves, had worked three weeks for the Indians 
 when planting. This information determined me at all 
 events to reach that settlement, though the state of my 
 provisions, much reduced by unavoidable accidents, 
 almost forbade the attempt. My flour had been much 
 reduced by the failure of pack horses and in the passage 
 of creeks and defiles; and twenty-seven of the cattle had 
 been unavoidably lost. We however marched on for the 
 Chinesee town and on the second day reached a town of 
 twenty-five houses, called Koneghsaws. Here we found 
 some large corn fields which part of the army destroyed 
 while the other part were employed in building a bridge 
 over an unfordable creek between this and Chinesee. 
 
 I had the preceding evening ordered out an officer with 
 three or four riflemen, one of our guides and an Oneida 
 chief to reconnoitre the Chinesee town, that we might, if 
 possible, surprise it. Lieutenant Boyd was the officer 
 entrusted with this service, who took with him twenty- 
 three men, volunteers from the same corps, and a few 
 from Colonel Butler's regiment, making in all twenty- 
 six, a much larger number than I had thought of sending, 
 and by no means so likely to answer the purpose as that 
 which had been directed. The guides were by no means 
 acquainted with the country, mistook the road in the night, 
 and at daybreak fell in with a castle six miles higher up 
 than Chinesee, inhabited by a tribe called Squatchegas. 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 103 
 
 Here they saw a few Indians, killed and scalped two, 
 the rest fled. Two runners were immediately dispatched 
 to me with the account and informed that the party were 
 on their return. When the bridge was almost completed 
 some of them came in and told us that Lieutenant Boyd 
 and men of his party were almost surrounded by the 
 enemy; that the enemy had been discovering themselves 
 before him for some miles; that his men had killed two 
 and were eagerly pursuing the rest; but soon found them- 
 selves almost surrounded by three or four hundred Indians 
 and rangers. Those of Mr. Boyd's men who were sent to 
 secure his flanks fortunately made their escape; but he 
 with fourteen of his party and the Oneida chief being in 
 the centre, were completely encircled. The light troops 
 of the army and the flanking divisions were immediately 
 detached to their relief; but arrived too late, the enemy 
 having destroyed the party and escaped. 
 
 It appears that our men had taken to a small grove, 
 the ground around it being clear on every side for several 
 rods, and there fought till Mr. Boyd w^as shot through the 
 body, and his men all killed except one, who, with his 
 wounded commander was made prisoner. The firing 
 was so close, before this brave party were destroyed, 
 that the powder of the enemy's muskets was driven 
 into their flesh. In this conflict the enemy must have 
 suffered greatly, as they had no cover, and our men were 
 possessed of a very advantageous one. This advantage 
 of ground the obstinate bravery of the party, with some 
 other circumstances, induced me to believe their loss 
 must have been very considerable. They were so long em- 
 ployed in removing and secreting their dead, that the 
 advance of General Hand's party obliged them to leave 
 one alongside the riflemen, and at least a wagon load of 
 
104 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 packs, blankets, hats and provisions, which they had 
 thrown off to enable them to act with more agility in 
 the field. Most of these appeared to have appertained 
 to the rangers. Another reason which induces me to 
 suppose they suffered much was the unparalleled tortures 
 they inflicted upon the brave and unfortunate Boyd, whose 
 body, with that of the equally unfortunate companion, 
 was found at Chinesee. It appeared that they had whip- 
 ped them in the most cruel manner, pulled out Mr. 
 Boyd's nails, cut off his nose, plucked out one of his eyes, 
 cut out his tongue, stabbed him with spears in sundry 
 places, and inflicted other tortures which decency will 
 not permit me to mention; lastly, cut off his head, and 
 left his body on the ground with that of his unfortunate 
 companion, who appeared to have experienced nearly 
 the same savage barbarity. The party Mr. Boyd fell 
 in with, was commanded by Butler, posted on an advan- 
 tageous piece of ground, in order to fire upon our army 
 when advancing; but they found their design frustrated 
 by the appearance of this party in their rear. 
 
 The army moved on that day to the castle last men- 
 tioned, which consisted of twenty-five houses, and had 
 very extensive fields of corn, which being destroyed, we 
 moved on the next day to Chinesee, crossing in our route 
 a deep creek and the Little Seneca river; and after march- 
 ing six miles we reached the Castle, which consisted of 
 128 houses, mostly large and elegant. The town was 
 beautifully situated, almost encircled with a cleared fiat, 
 which extended for a number of miles, covered by the 
 most extensive fields of corn, and every kind of vegetable 
 that can be conceived. The whole army was immediately 
 engaged in destroying the crops. The corn was collected 
 and burned in houses and kilns, so the enemy might not 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 105 
 
 reap the least advantage from it, which method we have 
 pursued in every other place. Here a woman came to us 
 who had been captured at Wioming. She told us the 
 enemy evacuated the town two days before; that 
 Butler at the same time went off with three or four hun- 
 dred Indians and rangers, as he said, to get a shot at our 
 army. This was undoubtedly the party which cut off 
 Lieutenant Boyd. She mentioned they kept runners 
 constantly out, and that when our army was in motion, 
 the intelligence was communicated by a yell, immediately 
 on which the greatest terror and confusion apparently 
 took place among them. The women were constantly 
 begging the warriors to sue for peace, and that one of the 
 Indians had attempted to shoot Colonel Johnson for the 
 falsehoods by which he had deceived and ruined them; 
 that she overheard Butler telling Johnson that it was 
 impossible to keep the Indians together after the battle 
 of Newtown; that he thought they must soon be in a 
 miserable situation, as all their crops would be destroyed, 
 and that Canada could not supply them with provisions 
 at Niagara; that he would endeavor to collect the war- 
 riors to assist in the defense of that fort, which he was of 
 opinion this army would lay siege to, and the women 
 and children he would send to Canada. After having 
 destroyed this town, beyond which I was informed there 
 was no settlem.ent, and destroyed all their houses and 
 crops in that quarter, the army having been advancing 
 seventeen days with the supply of provisions before 
 mentioned, and that much reduced on the march by 
 accidents, and the Cayuga country being as yet unpene- 
 trated, I thought it necessary to return as soon as possible 
 in order to effect the destruction of the settlements in 
 that quarter. The army therefore began its march to 
 Kanadasaga. 
 
106 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 I was met on the way by a sachem from Oneida and three 
 warriors, one of whom I had sent from Catherine's with 
 a letter, a copy of which I have the honor to enclose to 
 Congress. They delivered me a message from the war- 
 riors of that nation respecting the Cayugas; copies of 
 that and my answer I also enclose from this place. I 
 detached Colonel Smith with a party down the west side 
 of the Lake to destroy the corn which had not been cut 
 down, and to destroy anything further which might be 
 discovered there. I then detached Colonel Gansevoort 
 with one hundred men to Albany to forward the baggage 
 of the York regiments to the main army, and to take with 
 him such soldiers as were at that place. I directed him 
 to destroy the lower Mohawk castle in his route, and 
 capture the inhabitants, consisting of six or seven families 
 who were constantly employed in giving intelligence to 
 the enemy, and in supporting their scouting parties 
 when making incursions on our frontiers. When the 
 Mohawks joined the enemy, those few families were 
 undoubtedly left to answer such a purpose and to keep 
 possession of their lands. The upper castle now inhabi- 
 ted by Orkeskes, our friends, he was directed not to dis- 
 turb. With him I sent Mr. Deane, who bore my answer 
 to the Oneidas. 
 
 I then detached Colonel Butler with six hundred men 
 to destroy the Cayuga country, and with him sent all 
 the Indian warriors who had said if they could find the 
 Cayugas they would endeavor to persuade them to 
 deliver themselves up as prisoners ; the chief of them called 
 Teguttelawana being a near relation to the sachem. I 
 then crossed the Seneca river and detached Colonel 
 Dearborn to the west side of the Cayuga lake to destroy 
 all the settlements which might be found there and to 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 107 
 
 intercept the Cayugas if they attempted to escape Colonel 
 Butler. The residue of the army passing on between the 
 lakes, toward Catherines. Colonel Dearborn burnt in 
 his route six towns, including one which had been before 
 partly destroyed by a small party; destroying at the same 
 time quantities of corn. He took an Indian lad and 
 three women prisoners, — one of the women being very 
 old and the lad a cripple; he left them, and brought 
 on the other two and joined the army on the evening of 
 the 26th. Colonel Courtland was then detached with 
 300 men up the Teago branch to search for settlements 
 in that quarter; and in the space of two days destroyed 
 several fields of corn and burnt several houses. Colonel 
 Butler joined the army on the 28th whereby a complete 
 junction was formed at Conowaloala on the 29th day 
 after our leaving Newtown. Here we were met by plenty 
 of provisions, from Teago, which I had previously directed 
 to be sent on. Colonel Butler destroyed in the Cayuga 
 country five principal towns and a number of scattering 
 houses, the whole making about one hundred in number, 
 exceedingly large and well built. He also destroyed two 
 hundred acres of excellent corn with a number of orchards, 
 one of which had in it 1,500 fruit trees. Another Indian 
 settlement was discovered near Newtown by a party, 
 consisting of 39 houses, which were also destroyed. The 
 number of towns destroyed by this army amounted to 
 40 besides scattering houses. The quantity of corn 
 destroyed, at a moderate computation, must amount to 
 160,000 bushels, with a vast quantity of vegetables of 
 every kind. Every creek and river has been traced, 
 and the whole country explored in search of Indian 
 settlements, and I am well persuaded that, except one 
 town situated near the Allegana, about 50 miles from 
 
108 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 Chinesee, there is not a single town left in the country 
 of the Five Nations. 
 
 It is with pleasure I inform Congress that this army 
 has not suffered the loss of forty men in action or other- 
 wise since my taking the command; though perhaps few 
 troops have experienced a more fatiguing campaign. 
 Besides, the difficulties which naturally attend marching 
 through an enemy's country, abounding in woods, creeks, 
 rivers, mountians, morasses and defiles, we found no 
 small inconvenience from the want of proper guides, and 
 the maps of the country are so exceedingly erroneous 
 that they serve not to enlighten but to perplex. We had 
 not a person who was sufficiently acquainted with the 
 country to conduct a party out of the Indian path by 
 day, or scarcely in it by night; though they were the 
 best I could possibly procure. Their ignorance, doubt- 
 less arose from the Indians having ever taken the best 
 measures in their power to prevent their country's being 
 explored. We had much labor in clearing out the roads 
 for the artillery, notwithstanding which, the army moved 
 from twelve to sixteen miles every day when not detained 
 by rains, or employed in destroying settlements. 
 
 I feel myself much indebted to the officers of every 
 rank for their unparalleled exertions, and to the soldiers 
 for the unshaken firmness with which they endured the 
 toils and difficulties attending the expedition. Though 
 I had it not in command I should have ventured to have 
 paid Niagara a visit, had I been supplied with fifteen 
 days provisions in addition to what I had, which I am 
 persuaded from the bravery and ardor of our troops 
 would have fallen into our hands. 
 
 I forgot to mention that the Oneida sachem requested 
 me to grant his people liberty to hunt in the country of 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 109 
 
 the Five Nations, as they would never think of settling 
 again in a country once subdued, and where their settle- 
 ments must ever be in our power. I, in answer, informed 
 him that I had no authority to grant such a license; 
 that I could not at present see reason to object to it, 
 but advised them to make application to Congress, who, 
 I believed, would, in consideration of their friendly 
 conduct grant them every advantage of this kind that 
 would not interfere with our settlement of the country, 
 which I believed would soon take place. The Oneidas 
 say that as no Indians were discovered by Colonel Butler 
 at Cayuga, they are of opinion they are gone to their 
 castle, and that their Chiefs will persuade them to come 
 in and surrender themselves on the terms I have pro- 
 posed. The army began its march from Conowalohala 
 yesterday, and arrived here this evening. After leaving 
 the necessary force for securing the frontiers in this 
 quarter, I shall move on to join the main army. 
 
 It would have been very pleasing to this army to have 
 drawn the enemy to a second engagement, but such a 
 panic seized them after the first action that it was impos- 
 sible, as they never ventured themselves in reach of the 
 army, nor have they fired a single gun at it on its march or 
 in its quarters, though in a country exceeding well cal- 
 culated for ambuscades. This circumstance alone would 
 sufficiently prove that they suffered severely in their 
 first effort. 
 
 Congress will please pardon the length of this narration, 
 as I thought a particular and circumstantial detail of 
 facts would not be disagreeable, especially as I have 
 transmitted no accounts of the progress of this army 
 since the action of the 29th of August. I flatter myself 
 that the orders with which I was entrusted are fully 
 
110 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 executed, as we have not left a single settlement or field 
 of corn in the country of the Five Nations, nor is there even 
 the appearance of an Indian on this side of Niagara. 
 Messengers and small parties have been constantly 
 passing, and some imprudent soldiers who straggled from 
 the army, mistook the route and went back almost to 
 Chinesee without discovering even the track of an Indian. 
 I trust the steps I have taken with respect to the Oneidas, 
 Cayugas and Mohawks will prove satisfactory; and here 
 I beg leave to mention that in searching the houses of 
 those pretended neutral Cayugas, a number of scalps 
 were found, which appeared to have been lately taken, 
 which Colonel Butler showed to the Oneidas, who said 
 that they were then convinced of the justice of the steps 
 I had taken. The promise made to the soldiers in my 
 address at Newtown I hope will be thought reasonable 
 by Congress, and flatter myself that the performance 
 of it will be ordered. 
 
 Colonel Bruin will have the honor of delivering these 
 dispatches to your Excellency. I beg leave to recommend 
 him to the particular notice of Congress, as an officer who, 
 on this as well as several other campaigns, has proved 
 himself an active, brave, and truly deserving officer. 
 
 I have the honor to be, with the most exalted elements 
 of esteem and respect, your Excellency's most obedient 
 and ever humble servant, 
 
 John Sullivan. 
 His Excellency John Jay, Esq. 
 
 Some of those who w^ere Sullivan's subordinate officers 
 during the Western Expedition, said afterwards that the 
 above report which he rendered to Congress, was a 
 "pompous account of his military peregrinations." 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 111 
 
 While it is an account of his "military peregrinations,'* 
 the word "pompous" should be omitted. True, it 
 is written in the florid style of the 18th century, but we 
 should remember that the revolutionary period was one 
 of great formality and dignity both in manners and speech, 
 and in writing the way he did, Sullivan was only adhering 
 to the custom of his time. 
 
 One reason why he was disliked in certain quarters 
 was on account of his mental caliber, as one authority 
 has said, "Sullivan always had the best intelligence of 
 any man in the army," and we all know that the greater 
 a man is, the greater will be the number of his enemies. 
 Washington always entertained a great regard for him 
 and a man had to possess some pretty sterling qualities 
 in order to gain and hold the friendship of "The father of 
 his country." That Washington was no believer in form- 
 ing quick friendships will be seen by a perusal of the 
 following advice contained in a letter from him to his 
 nephew, Bushrod Washington, written in 1783, in which 
 he advises the young man to be courteous toward all but 
 intimate with few, and let those few be well chosen before 
 you give them your confidence, for true friendship is a 
 plant of slow growth. 
 
 Washington never missed an opportunity to show his 
 esteem for General Sullivan, and he ranked next to 
 Lafayette in his affections. 
 
 An Afterword 
 And now, dear reader, that we have accompanied 
 "John Sullivan and his men" through the picturesque 
 and stirring scenes of the great Indian Expedition let us 
 take a glance at the man who was the commander-in- 
 chief. Let us glance at him as he enters his tent to hold. 
 
112 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 a council of war with his four brigadier generals (Clinton, 
 Maxwell, Poor and Hand), while the army lay in camp 
 on the shores of Conesus Lake. At the time appointed 
 for the council he enters his tent from a tour of personal 
 inspection of the camp. Genial in disposition he salutes 
 each of the officers as he takes his camp stool at the head 
 of the council table. The expression of his sun-burnt 
 face is grave and even anxious. We see a man 40 years of 
 age, 5 feet 9 inches tall, his face is oval in contour and 
 swarthy in color. His eyes are dark brown and his 
 gold-laced hat covers a mass of dark bro\\Ti wavy hair. 
 He is inclined to corpulency which but adds to the grace 
 and dignity of his deportment. He is full of chest, 
 straight as an arrow and as he sits there at the head of the 
 council table, he looks every inch the brave soldier and 
 gallant gentleman, and he is a man who challenges our 
 respect. His father, Owen Sullivan, belonged to an upper 
 class Irish family of ancient lineage, and as we have seen, 
 came from Ireland to the colonies in 1723. All of his 
 sons were men of note, James became governor of 
 Massachusetts, and William Governor of Vermont, 
 John, the third son (and subject of this biography), 
 received a good education from his father, who was a 
 school teacher, and after taking a trip abroad, read 
 law in the office of Judge Livermore of Portsmouth 
 N. H., and a little later established himself in the small 
 town of Durham, N H. He retired from the continental 
 army in the late autumn of 1779 and was at once elected 
 member of Congress, and took his seat in 1780, but left 
 the next year to engage in the practice of law. He served 
 two terms as governor of the State of New Hampshire, 
 and one term was Attorney General of the same State. 
 When the United States District Courts were erected in 
 
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GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 113 
 
 1789, President Washington appointed him judge for 
 the District of New Hampshire. In a letter to the 
 President of Congress, under date of November 9th, 
 1779, General Sullivan says: "It is with the deepest 
 regret I find myself compelled to request from Congress 
 liberty to retire from the Army. My health is so much 
 impaired by a violent bilious disorder, which seized me 
 in the commencement and continued during the whole 
 of the western expedition that I have not the smallest 
 hope of a perfect recovery. My physicians have assured 
 me that nothing but a total release from business, and a 
 particular attention to my health, can restore me; and 
 my own feelings indicate that even this will fall far short 
 of my own wishes and their expectations." Washington 
 endeavored to prevent General Sullivan from retiring 
 from the service, but seeing that "matters were drawing 
 to a happy conclusion" he persisted, and Congress ac- 
 cepted his resignation, accompanying the acceptance, 
 however, with renewed thanks for his meritorious and 
 patriotic services. As we see him bend his steps toward 
 his New England home, and the loving arms of wife and 
 children, his health wrecked by five years service under 
 his country's flag, and his fortunes depleted, as a conse- 
 quence of his neglect of his private affairs, we murmur, 
 "Great and good man, may peace and happiness hover 
 about thy declining years, and the smile of God be on 
 thy last hours." Such was not to be, however, for during 
 the last fifteen years of his life he was hounded by creditors, 
 and even death did not end the rugged chapter of a life 
 of rugged fortunes, for under an infamous statue of that 
 day, his creditors attached the body and held it from 
 burial until Colonel Cilley (he who had moved shoulder 
 to shoulder with him, during the great Indian raid, six- 
 
114 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 teen years before) drew his pistols, and held the officers 
 of the law at bay, while the remains of the good General 
 were committed to the soil of the old Granite State. 
 His death occured on the 23d of January, 1795, from a 
 stroke of apoplexy, at an inn, where he had put up for 
 the night. It is sad to think that a man who had faced 
 death on the fields of Brandy wine and Germantown, 
 at the cannons mouth at Trenton, and in the wilds of the 
 "Genesee country" at last had to die among strangers 
 with none of his own kin around him. General Sullivan, 
 while he was filling the office of District Judge, always 
 traveled about on the back of a fine grey horse, and it was 
 his habit to tell his wife upon leaving home, to attend 
 court, that if she saw his big white horse coming, without 
 him, she would know that he was dead. He left his wife, 
 who survived till 1820, three sons, all graduates of Harvard 
 College, and one daughter. General Sullivan's niece, 
 Margaret Sullivan, was the writer's great-grandmother. 
 General Sullivan was a very positive man, who entertained 
 and freely expressed his sentiments. He never minced 
 words, but always declared himself freely. His ambi- 
 tion and self-confidence were enormous. Born to rule, 
 he was ill-fitted to obey. No doubt he was a little too 
 independent and out-spoken at times, but reader, let 
 us judge him not, for we should remember that he long 
 ago, went — 
 
 "To join the innumerable caravan 
 Which moves to that 
 Mysterious realm where each 
 Shall take 
 His chamber in the silent halls of death." 
 
 and that long ere this, he has been judged by a supreme 
 power, by Him who has said more than eighteen hundred 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 115 
 
 years ago, "Vengeance is mine." He was a lineal descend- 
 ant of Lord Donall O'SuUivan, "O'Sullivan of the Glen's," 
 who was dispossessed of his castles and vast estates, 
 in South Ireland, by Sir Charles Wilmot, and his English 
 forces, in December, 1602. He was a man who was easily 
 excited and quick to anger, but his was not a vengeful 
 disposition, and he was always susceptible to kind words. 
 Like many of his brother officers in the continental army 
 he never received his just rewards from the country he 
 served so well, and the grim reaper, when he came, on 
 January 23d, 1795, found him as poor as the proverbial 
 "church mouse." After the disbandment of the conti- 
 nental army, in 1783, both officers and men strove to 
 secure their pay, which was hopelessly in arrears. Con- 
 gress had voted half pay to the officers for life, and many 
 had agreed to accept a commutation of this in form of 
 full pay for a certain number of years. Certificates 
 for these amounts were issued but in this as in other cases, 
 it was found impossible to procure the money for the 
 purpose from the States. When the disbandment was 
 finally effected, the officers found their certificates depre- 
 ciated in value and the State's indisposed to honor them. 
 They consequently received only a small part of their 
 due and in some cases nothing at all. This deplorable 
 result was due in part to poverty but quite as much to 
 bad faith. The country, at the close of the revolution, 
 was in a most demoralized condition, the result of the long 
 seven years' war and the general collapse of public and 
 private credit, which had accompanied it. 
 
 As a friend of the great hearted and noble-minded 
 Washington, the brave and patriotic Greene, the chival- 
 rous young marquis De Lafayette, and all the noblest 
 statesmen and generals of the revolution, whose esteem 
 
116 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 for him is universally known, and to whom his attachment 
 never wavered, he will be valued for his high integrity, 
 his steadfast faith and his loyal and generous character. 
 Were it necessary I could say much more in praise of 
 General Sullivan, but I think that I have already said 
 enough to show that he was an honest, brave and patriotic, 
 self-sacrificing man and one who deserves to have his 
 name inscribed high on the wall of the temple of fame, 
 as one of the foremost actors in the great drama of the 
 past. The states of New York, New Hampshire, and 
 Pennsylvania, have perpetuated his name by giving it 
 to counties, townships and villages. 
 
 In the spirit land, 
 
 Stands Sullivan's band, 
 
 In that far distant home in glory, 
 
 But through the years, 
 
 A procession appears, 
 
 Far famed in the world's great story. 
 
 The End. 
 
AN APPENDIX 
 
 containing notes, acknowledgments, biographical 
 sketches, etc. 
 
 Biographical Sketch of Lieut. Thomas Boyd 
 
 Lieut. Thomas Boyd, who was massacred near Little- 
 beards Town, on Sept. 13, 1779, was born in Pennsylvania, 
 in 1756, and was, therefore, at the time of his death, in 
 the 23d year of his age. He had enlisted as a Sergeant 
 in Capt. Stephen Bayard's Company from Derry, Pa. 
 in January, 1776, and was transferred to Capt. Matthew 
 Smith's Company in November of the same year, and in 
 January, 1778, was made Captain Lieutenant in the 1st 
 Pennsylvania Regiment. Soon after, with other rifle- 
 men, he was detached from his regiment and joined Col. 
 Butler, and subsequently served under Major James 
 Parr, to whose command he belonged at the time of his 
 death. He was of fine physique, and engaging manners. 
 His younger brother, William, fell at Brandy wine, in 1777. 
 
 The remains of Boyd and Parker, were found by the 
 army the day after the massacre, and buried under a 
 clump of wild plum trees, where they lay in unmarked 
 graves, until 1841. In July of that year, a movement 
 was set on foot by some of the leading citizens of Roches- 
 ter, N. Y., including Henry O'Reilly, editor of the Union 
 (now the Union and Advertiser), to have the remains 
 removed to Mt. Hope Cemetery, which was done with 
 imposing ceremonies. Here they lay until 1903, when the 
 Irondequoit Chapter, Daughters of the American Revo- 
 lution, had them removed to their present resting place, 
 in the extreme northern part of the great city of the dead. 
 
 117 
 
118 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 The writer *s mother sleeps the eternal sleep, less than half 
 a mile away. 
 
 We can thank the Irondequoit Chapter, Daughters of 
 the American Revolution, that from a twenty-five foot 
 steel flag staff, the stars and stripes now float, day and 
 night, over the graves of John Sullivan's men. 
 
 Biographical Sketch of Capt. Simon Spaldinq 
 
 At the terrible bombardment of Wyoming, on June 3C 
 1778, Lieut. Spalding (whose name appears in the roste 
 of oflBcers), commanded a detachment of Ransom' 
 regiment. Almost every shot from the British tor' 
 through the fort, and men fell on every side. A soldier 
 of Spalding's threw himself flat on the ground. "No- 
 body," he said, "can stand this." "Get up my good man," 
 said Spalding cooly. "I should hate to have to run 
 you through. You can stand it if I can" and the man 
 returned cheerfully to his duty. After the war, Captain 
 Spalding was commissioned Brigadier General of the 
 militia of Pennsylvania. He is buried in the little church- 
 yard at Sheshequin, Bradford Co., Pa. 
 
 For the foregoing facts relating to Spalding, I am indebted to 
 Mrs. Chas. C. West, of Sayre, Pa., and Mrs. E. C. Rosenfield, of 
 Towanda, Pa. Both of these ladies are descendants of Captain 
 Spalding.— O. E. R. 
 
 Note — Lieut. Col. Adam Hubley, was born in Lancaster County, 
 Pa. in 1744, the son of Michael and Rosina Hubley. He died in 
 Philadelphia of yellow fever in 1793.— O. E. R. 
 
 Note — Col. "Tory" Walter Butler was killed by an Oneida Indian 
 in 1781 while fleeing from the redskins, he tripped and fell over a 
 log; before he could regain his feet, the Indian was upon him. 
 The inhuman Tory begged for mercy, but the Oneida, shouting in 
 broken English, "Sherry Valley, remember Sherry Valley" buried 
 
GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ARMY 119 
 
 his tomahawk in his brains. Thus passed out of the world, the 
 "Fiend in human form." — O. E. R. 
 
 Note— It is told of General Sullivan's mother, (who was the 
 writer's great -great-great grandmother) that one time when she was 
 in a gathering of ladies (among whom she was a partial stranger) 
 she was questioned about her Irish origin in a slighting manner. 
 The brave and proud little woman, answered "Yes, I came to 
 America to give you judges and generals." — O. E. R. 
 
 Note — General Sullivan was a great lover of horses (so is the 
 J writer), and after the battle of Brandy wine, he remarked that the 
 horse which was shot from under him, there was "the best horse in 
 America."— O. E. R. 
 
 Note— The force that attacked Cherry Valley numbered 800, 
 and consisted of 600 Indians, 150 Tories, 50 British soldiers and four 
 officers. Of Colonel Walter Butler, Brandt said of him that he 
 was "more savage than the savages themselves". — O. E. R. 
 
 Note — For the picture of the marker at Wysox, Pa., and the 
 one of Standing Stone Rock, Pa., my thanks are due to Mrs. Sue R. 
 Mercur, of Towanda, Pa. — O. E. R. 
 
 Note — The Irish family of O 'Sullivan derives its descent from 
 Oliol OUun, King of Munster, who reigned about the year 125 A. D. 
 — O. E. R. 
 
 Note — The Abbe Belmont, who was the historian of the De Non- 
 ville expedition in the summer of 1687, asserts that it was the 
 custom of the Indians "to change their villages every ten years 
 in order to bring themselves near the woods and permit them to 
 grow up again." 
 
 This may have been true during the period of the earHer Indian 
 occupation of Western New York, when perhaps the red man 
 depended more for his subsistence on the chase than the pursuit 
 of agriculture. But certain it is that during the later years of their 
 ownership of the soil their villages were occupied for many years in 
 succession. Such was the case with Kanandasaga, for we learn 
 from the manuscripts of Sir William Johnson, dated at Albany, 
 June 15th, 1754, that "whereas the French have long been endeavor- 
 ing to prevail on the Senecas to come and settle at Irondequoit, 
 
120 A NEW HAMPSHIRE LAWYER IN 
 
 in order to have them nearer to their settlements, the more easily 
 to effect their design of debauching them from the British interest. 
 
 The Commissioners are of opinion that His Honor should insist 
 that the Senecas who at present live very remote from one another, 
 to make a general castle near the mouth of the Seneca river, where 
 they have already begun to build a new castle. 
 
 In 1746, on the recommendation of the Commissioners of Indian 
 Affairs, Sir William Johnson as superintendent, in order to more 
 fully bind them to the "British interests" caused to be erected at 
 Kanandasaga a large stockade fort, whose ruins were visible as late 
 as the year 1845, when the Hon. Lewis H. Morgan of Rochester, 
 N. Y., visited it and made a drawing of its site. 
 
 The theory of the Abbe Belmont could hardly apply to this 
 settlement of Kanandasaga, for we have quite convincing proof that 
 it was continually occupied for more than twenty-five years previous 
 to 1779, when it met the same fate as the other Indian towns at the 
 hands of General Sullivan's invading troops. — O. E. R.