ii irt) o t 
 
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 NEW YORK: 
 
 D. & J. SADLIER & COMPANY, 
 
 31 & 33 Barclay Street. 
 
librarTdTcongress;" 
 
 Shelf-..:./ 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 1R?^(i 
 
D. & J. SADLIER & CO.'S 
 
 Preparatory History 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 D. & J. SADLIER & CO, 
 
 81 & 83 Barclay Street. 
 
CoPYRrGHT, 1886. 
 
 D. & J. SADLIER & CO. 
 
 ^\']% 
 ^\^ 
 
 "Electrotypes' by Smith & McDougal, 8a Beekman street, New Vork. 
 
PRE FAC E 
 
 rr^HIS text-book, prepared in accordance with the 
 -■- latest conclusions of the most eminent historians 
 of America, has been arranged in catechetical form, 
 because that was deemed the best for youthful pupils. 
 The advantage of the narrative form, however, is also 
 secured by the summary, which follows each lesson, 
 and serves to impress the principal events treated 
 therein upon the pupil's mind. 
 
 The answers are short and in language intelligible 
 to the most youthful student ; the geographical defini- 
 tions at the beginning of every lesson have been added 
 at the suggestion of an experienced and successful 
 teacher of history, and it has been thought well to add 
 to these a brief outline of the great authors from 
 whom quotations are made. 
 
 The prominent part which Catholics have had in 
 the history of our country has been amply and justly 
 treated. 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 Times of peace have been treated more fully than 
 times of war ; and many curious facts and incidents 
 have been introduced, in the endeavor to make the 
 study of history attractive to the beginner. 
 
 The numerous and beautiful illustrations, for many 
 of which they are indebted to Messrs. Harper & 
 Brothers, who have supplied them from Lossing's 
 Cyclopedia of United States History, are indicative of 
 a similar wish on the part of the publishers, who in- 
 deed have spared no trouble or expense in their desire 
 to make this in every way a model text-book. 
 
LESSON 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 l._Pre-Historic Period of America. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 
 LE.SOX I -Discovery of Amei-ica by Christopher Columbus. 
 ^ n —Other Great Discoverers of America. 
 Chronological Table of the Fifteenth Century. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Lesson I.-Spanish Explorers. 
 II —French Explorers. 
 - Ill'— English Attempts at Colonization. 
 Chronological Table of the Sixteenth Century. 
 
 PART III. 
 
 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Lesson L— Settlement of Virginia. 
 
 II —Settlement of New England. 
 .< Ill'-Colonization of New France ; the Jesuits. 
 .< IV -Settlement of New York and New Jersey. 
 
 v'.-Settlement of Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, 
 and the Carolinas. 
 i< VT —Explorations of the Jesuits. 
 . VIL-New France and New England at the close of 
 
 the Seventeenth Century. 
 Chronological Table of the Seventeenth Century. 
 
VI CONTENTS. 
 
 PART IV. 
 
 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Lesson I, — Queen Anne's War. King George's War. 
 " II. — French and Indian War. 
 
 " III. — French and Indian War (concluded). 
 
 " W.— The Eevolution. 
 
 *' V. — The Revolution (continued). 
 
 " YI. — The Revolution (continued). 
 
 " VII. — The Revolution (concluded). 
 " VIII. — Catholics and the American Revolution. 
 Chronological Table of the Eighteenth Century. 
 
 PART V. 
 
 NINETEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Lesson 1. — From Jefferson's to Buchanan's Administration. 
 II.— The Civil War. 
 '• III.— From 1865 to 1886. 
 Chronolosrical Table of the Nineteenth Century. 
 
PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD. 
 
 LESSON I, 
 
 AMERICA BEFORE 1492. 
 
 Pre'his-tor-ic. Relating to a 
 time before that described in 
 history. 
 
 P6t'ter-y. Earthen-ware glazed 
 and baked. 
 
 Mi'ca. A mineral that can be 
 cleaved into elastic plates of 
 extreme thinness. 
 
 Ob-sid'i-an, A kind of glass 
 produced by volcanoes. 
 
 Norse'men. Inhabitants of 
 ancient Norway and Swe- 
 den. 
 
 Vinland [mneland). This name 
 was given because of the wild 
 grapes found there. 
 
 Vikings {mek'ings). Pirates. 
 Their name came from Vik, a 
 Norse word meaning Inlet, be- 
 cause they used toharbortlieir 
 boats in inlets on the coast. 
 
 Behring {beering) Strait. A 
 body of water which separates 
 Asia from North America, 
 and connects Behring Sea 
 and the Arctic Ocean. 
 
 1. What is History? 
 
 A record of events ; the story of the past. 
 
 2. What is the pre-historic time of a country ? 
 
 A time of which so little is known as to make it 
 impossible for its history to be Avritten. 
 
 3. What is the pre-historic time of America ? 
 All that before the year 1492. 
 
8 PRE-HlSTOllIC PEKIOD. 
 
 4. Was America inhabited during that time » 
 It is certain that the valleys of the Mississippi, Ohio, 
 and Missouri rivers, and the region bordering on the 
 Gulf of Mexico, were peopled for centuries. 
 
 MOUND AT MARIETTA, OHIO. 
 
 5. What name has been given to the people who built 
 in this region ? 
 
 Mound-builders. 
 
 6. How did they or their ancestors reach America ? 
 
 It is not positivel}'^ known, but it is thought from 
 Asia {aij'she-a) by way of Behring {beer'ing) Strait. 
 
AMERICA BEFORE 1493. 9 
 
 7. Why are they called Mound-builders ? 
 
 Because of the great number of artificial hillocks of 
 earth which they built, especially in Ohio. 
 
 8. For what purpose did these mounds serve ? 
 
 For religious rites, for burial places, for defense, 
 and for posts of observation. 
 
 9. When opened, vrha.t was found in them ? 
 
 Pottery, often executed with much talent and skill, 
 and an immense number of pipes, curiously carved to 
 represent animals, birds, and human beings. This 
 fact shows that the Mound-builders * were great 
 smokers. 
 
 10. What else was found in the 
 mounds ? 
 
 Tools and ornaments made 
 of stone, shell, mica, copper, 
 mixed with silver, and obsidian. 
 
 11. What knowledge do we 
 gain from this ? 
 
 That the Mound- 
 builders were trad- 
 ers, for the mica 
 must have been 
 brought from the 
 Alleghanies ; the 
 copper from the 
 shores of Lake Supe- 
 rior ; the pearls and 
 shells from the Gulf ; and"' 
 tlie obsidian from Mexico. vase pound in Missouri. 
 
10 PKE-HISTOKIC PERIOD. 
 
 12. What were the Mound-builders once believed to have 
 been? 
 
 A civilized race who had mysteriously vanished. 
 But they are now thought to have been only the an- 
 cestors of the Indians. 
 
 13. What is one proof of this? 
 
 The fact that some mounds have been found to con- 
 tain articles brought to America by the white men. 
 
 14. What is another proof of this ? 
 
 When the French missionaries first visited the tribes 
 about Lake Superior, in the seventeenth century, they 
 found them using copper tools like those found in the 
 mounds. 
 
 15. Had not the Indians lost all traces of civilization at 
 the time of Columbus ? 
 
 By no means. In the southern part of the United 
 States there were powerful tribes who dwelt in fortified 
 towns, tilled the ground, and built their temples on 
 mounds. 
 
 16. What became of these more cultured tribes ? 
 
 Many were destroyed, and those that remained grad- 
 ually gave up their tedious arts when they found that 
 their wants could be supplied more easily through 
 barter with the whites. 
 
 17. What people lived in New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, 
 and Colorado during the pre-historic time ? 
 
 The Cliff-dwellers. 
 
 18. Why are they called Cliff-dwellers ? 
 
 Because they made their homes in the rocks. They 
 were still more civilized than the Mound-builders. 
 
AMERICA BEFOEE 1492. 11 
 
 19. Were Columbus and his companions the first white 
 men that came to America ? 
 
 About the year 1000, the Norsemen, or Vikings 
 (veek'ings), visited the coast of North America. 
 
 20. At what part did they land ? 
 
 It is not positively known, but is thought to have 
 been on the coast of New England. They named the 
 spot Yinland, on account of the grapes they found 
 there. 
 
 21. Had Columbus heard of the Norwegians' discovery'? 
 
 It is far from probable that he ever did so. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 I. North America was certainly peopled during many centu- 
 ries of its pre-historie jjeriod by races whom we call Mound- 
 builders and Cliff-dwellers. They were once believed to have 
 been an entirely distinct race from the North American Indian, 
 but as science progresses there is a growing belief that they 
 were merely the predecessors of the Indians whom Columbus 
 found here. 
 
 II. The Indians were not all savage at the time of the dis- 
 covery by Columbus. In Ohio and the southern portion of the 
 United States, they were semi-civilized. 
 
 III. The Norwegians visited some spot on the North Amer- 
 ican coast which they called Vinland, five centuries before 
 Columbus, but it is very improbable that he ever heard of this 
 expedition. 
 
PART I. 
 FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 LESSON" I. 
 
 CHRISTOPHER COL-UMBUS. 
 
 Genoa. A famous city of Italy, 
 on the Mediterranean Sea, 
 said to have been founded be- 
 fore Rome. 
 
 Te De'um {day' urn). An old 
 and celebrated Catholic hymn 
 composed by St. Ambrose at 
 the baptism of St. Augustine. 
 
 I. Did Europeans in the fifteenth century know the true 
 shape of the earth ? 
 
 No ; they believed it to be a flat surface with the 
 ocean lying about its edges. Only a few learned men 
 supposed it to be a sphere, and even they tliought it 
 much smaller than it really is. 
 
 2. How many continents did these few learned men believe 
 there were ? 
 
 Only one, and one great ocean ; and tliey thought 
 that by sailing across the Atlantic one would in time 
 reach India. 
 
 3. Why were they so anxious to find a water-way to 
 India ? 
 
 Because of the gold and gems and precious stuffs 
 which India contained, and which had to be then 
 brought to Europe by long Journeys on land. 
 
CHEISTOPHER COLUMBUS. 
 
 13 
 
 4. What great invention helped to assist the learned in 
 their studies ? 
 
 The art of printing which placed information, which 
 
 CHBISTOPHER COLUMBUS. 
 
 up to this had existed only in costly manuscripts, 
 within the reach of the student. By means of books, 
 too, new ideas and discoveries Avere made widely known. 
 
 5. What was one result of these new ideas in regard to 
 the shape of the earth ? 
 
 Christopher Columbus, a navigator, resolved to sail 
 
14: FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 westward across the Atlantic and see if he could not 
 reach the shores of India. 
 
 6. Where was Columbus born ? 
 
 It is believed in Genoa/ of humble parentage. After 
 devoting a few years to education, he went to sea, at 
 the age of fourteen. 
 
 7. What was his character ? 
 
 Pure and noble ; in every way worthy of his genius. 
 His principal motive in undertaking the voyage was to 
 bear the light of the Gospel to heathen nations. 
 
 8. To whom did Columbus apply for ships and men for 
 the voyage ? 
 
 First, to the magistrates of the city of Genoa 
 {geu'o-ah), who refused to grant them. 
 
 9. To whom did he apply next ? 
 
 To the king of Portugal, Avho likewise refused to aid 
 him. He then turned to Spain, which was at that 
 time the wealthiest and most powerful nation. 
 
 ID. What was the result here ? 
 
 At last, after many years of effort, his perseverance 
 was rewarded. Queen Isabella's enthusiasm was 
 kindled, and she declared that she would aid Colum- 
 bus in his great enterprise even though she should be 
 obliged to pawn the crown jewels to do so. 
 
 II. Why did she think this last would be necessary ? 
 Because the Moorish wars had exhausted her treas- 
 ury. But she was not forced to this step, as she suc- 
 
 ' Calvi (kal'me), a town of Corsica, has lately claimed the honor of having 
 been the birth-place of Columbus. 
 
CHKISTOPHER COLUMBUS. 
 
 15 
 
 ceeded in raising the required sum in another way. 
 Columbus bore one eighth of the expenses. 
 
 12. Who helped to bring the queen to this decision ? 
 
 Juan Perez (lioo'dn'pd'rWi), a true friend of Colum- 
 bus. He was superior of the Franciscan monastery 
 of La Eabida at Palos {pah' Ids). 
 
 ISABELLA THE CATHOLIC. 
 
 13. From whom did Columbus get the money for his part 
 of the expenses ? 
 
 From some rich merchants named Pinzon {j^een- 
 fhon). 
 
 14. Did Columbus find it easy to enlist a crew ? 
 
 By no means. The most daring seamen shrunk 
 from venturing into unknown seas upon what seemed 
 to them a wild cruise. 
 
16 FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 15 How did he finally succeed ? 
 
 The Pinzons, men of great influence, offered to sail 
 on the expedition and furnish one of the vessels. This 
 had great effect upon the sailors, and in a short time 
 the ships were manned. 
 
 16. How did Columbus and his men prepare for their 
 voyage ? 
 
 By the confession of their sins and reception of 
 Holy Communion in the monastery of La Rabida, on 
 the morning before their departure. 
 
 17. When did he set sail ? 
 
 Early in the morning of August 3, 1492. 
 
 18. How many ships comprised the squadron ? 
 
 Three : the Santa Maria {sahn'tah mah-ree' -ah = 
 Holy Mary), the Pinta, and the Nina. The Santa 
 Maria was the only one with a deck, and it was com- 
 manded by Columbus. 
 
 19. Describe the voyage. 
 
 The ocean was tranquil, and the trade-winds, which 
 blew all the time from the east, assisted them on their 
 westward course. 
 
 20. What w^ere these trade-winds afterwards called ? 
 
 "Winds of mercy," because they aided in the dis- 
 covery of the new world. 
 
 21. Continue to describe the voyage. 
 
 After they had sailed for sixty days and discovered 
 no land, the men grew mutinous, and some even pro- 
 posed to throw Columbus into the sea, and return to 
 Spain with the story that he had fallen overboard. 
 
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. 
 
 17 
 
 22. How did Columbus act ? 
 
 With great wisdom and tact. Sometimes he en- 
 couraged them witli hopes of the fame and riches 
 which should accrue from the expedition — at others he 
 threatened them with punishment if they jaresumed to 
 disobey him. 
 
 23. What did he finally declare ? 
 
 That it was nseless for them to murmur ; that he 
 was determined to persevere in the enterprise he had 
 undertaken, until, by God's blessing, he should accom- 
 plish it. 
 
 24. Hq-w did they learn they were nearing land ? 
 
 They picked up a hawtJiorn branch with berries on 
 it, so fresh as to show it had not been long plucked 
 from the tree, and a carved staff. 
 
 25. Who was the first to see land ? 
 Columbus himself, at 10 o'clock 
 
 of the night of October 11, saw a 
 light moving on the shore. At two, 
 on the morning of Friday, October 
 13, 1492, a sailor on the Pinta an- 
 nounced that he saw land. 
 
 26. Ho^v did Columbus land ? 
 Attired in a complete suit of 
 
 armor, with crimson over it, and 
 
 bearing the Spanish flag. He was 
 
 I attended by the officers and gentle- 
 
 jmen of the expedition and a portion 
 
 of the crew. 
 
 27. What was his first act upon 
 
 BAKNEB OP TBTB EXPE- ' . '^ 
 
 DiTioN. reaching the shore ? 
 
18 FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 He sank on his knees and intoned the Te Deum. 
 After this act of thanksgiving to Almighty God, he 
 formally took possession of the new land in the name 
 of God for Ferdinand and Isabella. 
 
 28. How did the Indians receive the Spaniards ? 
 
 With the greatest delight. They ran from house 
 to house crying out, " Come and see the jjeople from 
 heaven ! " 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 I. Towards the close of the fifteenth century, owing to many 
 reasons and principally to the great invention of printing, 
 knowledge became more widely spread. The science of geog- 
 raphy, especially, began to advance. Up to this time the shape 
 of the earth had been thought to be square, but now it was 
 declared to be round. 
 
 Christopher Columbus, a navigator, became so convinced of 
 the truth of this theory that he resolved to go upon a voyage of 
 discovery, and sailing round the world, reach the shores of 
 India. 
 
 II. The kindness of Isabella, the Catholic, enabled him to 
 put this plan into execution after many disappointments. Fol- 
 lowing a westward course, he discovered America on October 13, 
 1492. 
 
 III. Landing with great state, he took possession in the name 
 of Our Lord Jesus Christ for the Spanish monarchs. The 
 Indians regarded the Spanish with deep reverence, and imagined 
 they had descended from heaven. 
 
OTHER GREAT DISCOVERERS OF AMERICA. 
 
 19 
 
 LESSON II, 
 
 OTHER OREAT DISCOVERERS OF AMERICA. 
 
 Bahama ipa-Jidy' mah) Islands. 
 Oue of the four groups of 
 islands which comprise the 
 West Indies. They lie off 
 the coast of Florida, from 
 which they are separated by 
 the Gulf Stream. 
 
 Hayti {hay'te). One of the 
 group of West India islands 
 known as the Greater Antilles 
 (ahn'-teel). 
 
 Ou'ba. Another of the Great 
 Antilles group. 
 
 Barcelona (bar-se-lo'na). The 
 second in importance of the 
 
 cities of Spain. It is situated 
 upon the eastern coast, on 
 the Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 Isabella. The first Christian 
 settlement made in America. 
 It is now but a ruin, hidden 
 within a dense forest. 
 
 Vallado'lid {'oaV yah-do-leed'). A 
 Spanish town of some ii'.i- 
 portance in the time of Co- 
 lumbus, now greatly reduced. 
 
 Ha-van'a. The capital of Cuba, 
 and most important com- 
 mercial city of the West 
 Indies. 
 
 1. Where did Columbus land ? 
 
 On oue of the group of islets now called the Bahama 
 {ba-hdy'mah) Islands ; but which one is not positively 
 known. He called it San Sal'vador = Holy Saviour. 
 
 2. What did he call the natives ? 
 
 Supposing the land he had reached to be India, he 
 called the natives Indians, which name has ever since 
 been applied to them. 
 
 3. How did he treat them ? 
 
 With great kindness. He made them presents of 
 colored caps, hawks' bells, strings of glass beads for 
 their necks, and other trifles, which delighted them 
 beyond measure. 
 
20 FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 4. What did Columbus do next ? 
 
 He cruised about the Bahama Islands for some days, 
 and then sailed further on and discovered Cuba, Hayti 
 (Jtay'te), and other West India islands. 
 
 5. What name did he give to Hayti ? 
 
 Hispaniola {his-pan-i-o'la = Little Spain). He 
 built a fort on it and placed several of his men there. 
 
 6. When did he set sail for Spain ? 
 
 In January (1493), taking with him nine of the 
 natives. After landing in Spain, his journey to the 
 court was like a triumph. 
 
 7. Where and how did the king and queen receive him ? 
 
 At Barcelona (bar-se-lo'na), with every mark of 
 honor. They arose to receive him, and ordered him 
 to be seated in their presence ; a rare honor in the 
 stately Spanish Court. After he had finished his re- 
 cital, the Te Deum was sung by tlie royal choir. 
 
 8. Did Columbus return to the New World ? 
 
 He did, with a great fleet. A number of Dominican 
 missionaries accomi^anied him, to labor for the conver- 
 sion of the Indians (1493). 
 
 9. What did Columbus do during this voyage ? 
 
 He founded the first Christian settlement in the Xew 
 World, at a spot in Hayti, which he called Isabella. 
 Here the first Catholic church in America was erected. 
 
 10. When was it dedicated ? 
 
 On the Festival of the Epiphany (1494). 
 
 \ 
 
OTHER GEEAT DISCOVERERS OF AMERICA. 21 
 
 II, What other great discoverer did Spain send out in 
 1497? 
 
 Amerigo Vespucci {am-a-ree'go ves-poot'shee), an 
 Italian, after whom America was named. He discov- 
 ered the mainland of South America ; but, like Co- 
 lumbus, thought it was Asia he had reached. 
 
 AJTERIGO VESPUCCI. 
 
 12. What did he name the land he had discovered ? 
 "The Land of the Holy Cross/' 
 
 13. How did it happen that America received his name } 
 He wrote some letters about his discovery ; and, as 
 
 everybody was eager to read these, they were printed. 
 The man who printed them was a geographer, and he 
 wrote a little book in which he suggested that the new 
 land be named for Amerigo. 
 
22 FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 14. What was the consequence ? 
 
 As no one proposed any other name, the name of 
 America began to be placed on maps and used in 
 books, and thus came to be the recognized name of 
 the New World. 
 
 15. What great discoverers did England send out in the 
 same year (1497) ? 
 
 John and Sebastian Cabot {cdb'ot), who discovered 
 the mainland of North America. 
 
 16. What did Sebastian Cabot do the following year ? 
 
 He made another voyage and sailed along the North 
 American coast from Labrador to Florida. It was 
 upon these voyages that England based her claim to 
 the North American coast. 
 
 17. What honor belongs to Sebastian Cabot ? 
 
 That of having been the first to discover that Amer- 
 ica was a wholly new continent, lying between Europe 
 and Asia. 
 
 18. Did Columbus himself ever reach the mainland of 
 America ? 
 
 Yes, on his third voyage (1498), he reached the 
 mainland of South America ; and on his fourth and 
 last, that of North America (1503). 
 
 19. Did Columbus ever know that America was a new^ 
 continent ? 
 
 It is probable that he died in the belief that it was 
 Asia to which he had led the way. 
 
 20. How^ was Columbus treated in his latter years ? 
 This illustrious man, who gave to Spain a new 
 
OTHER GREAT DISCOVERERS OF AMERICA. 23 
 
 world, suffered great ingratitude from his couutry- 
 men, and even from King Ferdinand. 
 
 21. When and where did he die ? 
 
 On Ascension Day, 1506, at Valladolid {yal-yah-do- 
 leed); two years after his generous patroness, Queen 
 Isabella. 
 
 22. Where do his remains rest ? 
 In the cathedral at Havana. 
 
 SUMMARY, 
 
 I. Columbus had landed upon one of the Bahama Islands. 
 After cruising about and discovering Cuba, he returned to Spain, 
 carrying with him nine of the natives. 
 
 II. He was received with every mark of respect by Ferdinand 
 and Isabella at Barcelona. The same year, he set out upon an- 
 other voyage, taking with him Dominican missionaries to labor 
 among the Indians. 
 
 III. In 1497, Spain sent out Amerigo Vespucci, and England 
 the Cabots. The former discovered the mainland of South Amer- 
 ica ; the latter that of North America ; and upon their voyages, 
 England afterwards based her claim to its Atlantic coast. It 
 was Sebastian Cabot who first discovered that America was a 
 wholly new continent. 
 
 IV. On his third voyage, Columbus himself reached the main- 
 land of South America, and on his fourth and last, that of 
 North America, but it is probable that he died in the belief that 
 it was the shore of Asia he had reached. 
 
 V. After sustaining the most ungrateful treatment from his 
 countrymen, and even from Ferdinand, to whom he had given 
 a new world, the illustrious navigator died at Valladolid on 
 Ascension Day, 1506. 
 
24 FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 1435.— Birth of Columbus. 
 
 1437. — Invention of printing. 
 
 1484. — Columbus applies to the magistrates of Genoa. 
 
 1486. — Columbus applies to Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. 
 
 1492. — Columbus sails from Palos, and discovers America. 
 
 1493. — Columbus returns to Spain, and sails a second time for 
 America. 
 
 1494. — Dedication of the first Catholic Church in America, at 
 Isabella, Hayti. 
 
 1497. — The Cabots discover North America. Amerigo Ves- 
 pucci discovers South America. 
 
 1498. — Third voyage of Columbus. The Cabots explore the 
 Atlantic coast. 
 
PARTT II. 
 SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 LESSON I. 
 
 SPANISH EXPLORERS. 
 
 Isthmus of Darien (dd-re-en). 
 A neck of land which joms 
 North and South America. 
 It is now called the Istlimus 
 of Panama (pan-a^mah), and 
 a canal is building through 
 it to connect the Atlantic 
 Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. 
 
 Magellan {ma-jel' lan^) Strait. 
 It se[)arates the mainland of 
 South America from the 
 island of Tierra del Fuego 
 {te-er'rah del fway'-go). It 
 is about 300 miles in length, 
 and difficult of navigation. 
 
 Mississippi. Two Indian words 
 combined, meaning ' ' whole 
 
 river." It was thus called 
 because many streams unite 
 to form it. 
 
 St. Augustine {aw' gus-teeit). 
 This became the oldest town 
 in the United States when 
 Florida was ceded to tluem 
 by Spain in 1819. Its balmy 
 air makes it a delightful win- 
 ter resort, especially for in- 
 valids. 
 
 Santa Fe {san'tafay — Holy 
 Faith). The second oldest 
 town in the United States, 
 and capital of New Mexico. 
 It is situated 7000 feet above 
 the level of the sea. 
 
 I. Name the principal Spanish explorers of the sixteenth 
 century. 
 
 OJeda {o-hay'da), Ponce de Leon {2)on'thay day 
 lay' on), Bal-bo'a, Magellan {hna-j el' Ian), Qoxtez (cort'ez), 
 de Soto {deh so'to), and Coronado. 
 
 ■ In Spanish, Mah-hel'yan. 
 
26 
 
 SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 2. Where did these Spaniards extend their explorations ? 
 
 In the region to which Columbus had led the way. 
 Ojeda sailed from Cuba to the Isthmus of Darieu and 
 settled it (1510). 
 
 PONCE DB LEON IN THE ST. JOUn'S KIVBB. 
 
 3. What did Ponce de Leon discover ? 
 
 Florida, when in quest of a Fountain of Youth, 
 which, it is needless to say, he did not discover. 
 
 4. Why did he call the new land Florida ? 
 
 Because he happened to discover it on Easter Sun- 
 
SPANISH EXPLOEERS. 27 
 
 day, a day which the Spaniards call Pascua Florida 
 {pas'koo-ahflo-ree'thah = Flowery Easter). He was 
 so delighted with the beauty of its shores that he gave 
 it the name of Florida, or Flowery (1512). 
 
 5. What did Balboa discover ? 
 
 The Pacific Ocean. When near Darien he had 
 heard from an Indian youth of a great sea which lay 
 to the south, beyond mountains and forests. 
 
 6. What did he do in consequence ? 
 
 With a small band of soldiers he set out southward, 
 and finally reached a mountain from whose summit, 
 the Indian guides told him, he should' be able to see 
 the unknown ocean. 
 
 7. What did he then do ? 
 
 He told his men to remain at its foot, and ascended 
 alone to its summit. When he beheld the ocean he 
 fell upon his knees and praised God. Then descend- 
 ing, he waded into the ocean and took possession of it 
 for his king (1513). 
 
 8. What was it called for some years after ? 
 The *' Sea of the South." 
 
 9. What did Magellan do ? 
 
 He sailed along the Atlantic coast of South America, 
 around its southern limit, and passing through the 
 strait which bears his name, entered the Sea of the 
 South (1520). 
 
 10. What did Magellan call it ? 
 
 The Pacific Ocean, because he found it so much 
 calmer than the boisterous Atlantic. 
 
28 SIXTEEISTTH CEKTURY. 
 
 11. Did Magellan keep on across the Pacific ? 
 
 He did, and at last reached the East Indies. His was 
 the first vessel to ever reach them from the westward. 
 
 12. What became of him ? 
 
 He was killed upon one of the islands, but his men 
 kept on, and sailing round the Cape of Good Hope, 
 reached Spain, and thus proved that the world is round. 
 
 13. What did Cortez do ? 
 
 He explored and conquered Mexico (1621). 
 
 14. What did de Soto discover ? 
 The Mississippi Eiver (1541). 
 
 15. What region did Coronado explore ? 
 
 All that along the coast of the Gulf of California. 
 He even crossed the Eocky Mountains, and explored 
 what is now the State of Colorado (1540). 
 
 16. What was the result of this expedition ? 
 
 The Franciscans at once journeyed into the newly- 
 discovered region, and converted many Indian tribes 
 to the true faith. 
 
 17. Which is the oldest town in the United States ? 
 
 St. Augustine {aw-gns-teen') in Florida, founded by 
 the SjDaniards under Menendez [md-nen' deth) , (1565). 
 
 18. Which is the second oldest town? 
 
 Santa Fe {san'fd fay = Holy Faith), also founded 
 by the Spaniards (about 1583). 
 
 19. How did Christianity progress in the New World 
 during the Spanish conquest ? 
 
 The ardent and devoted missionaries, Dominicans, 
 Franciscans, and Jesuits, achieved much, but their 
 y\o\\. was made doubly hard by the Spaniards' cruel 
 
SPANISH EXPLORERS. 29 
 
 treatment of the natives, which aroused hostility in 
 them. 
 
 20. What was the consequence ? 
 
 Many o;^ the missionaries suffered martyrdom. 
 Among these were the Dominican Fathers, Cancer and 
 Tolo'sa ; the Franciscan Fathers, Corpa, and several 
 others ; and the Jesuit Fathers, Segura and Martinez. 
 
 21. Who was the great defender of the Indians against 
 their oppressors ? 
 
 Bishop Las Casas {las kd'sds), who labored among 
 the Indians for sixty years. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 I. The Spaniards who were the first to discover, were also the 
 first to colonize America. Ojeda led a colony to Darien; de 
 Leon discovered, named, and located a colony in Florida ; Bal- 
 boa fought his way to the discovery of the Pacific Ocean, which 
 Magellan, seven years later, entered through the strait which 
 he discovered, and which bears his name. 
 
 II. Cortez subjugated Mexico, and the fame of the riches 
 found by him there stimulated Coronado to seek for another 
 such country to the north. He explored the region along the 
 Gulf of California, and crossed the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 III. His search proved unsuccessful, and he returned to 
 Florida, but the Franciscans at once set off for the new region 
 and converted many tribes to the true faith. 
 
 IV. The Spaniards treated the Indians with great cruelty. 
 The oppressed natives found their only defenders in the mission- 
 aries, especially in Bishop Las Casas, who devoted his life and 
 energies to them for sixty 'years. 
 
 V. The missionaries were frequently sacrificed to the hostility 
 which the Spaniards had aroused by their cruel treatment, and 
 before the close of the seventeenth century the soil of the New 
 World had been sanctified by the blood of martyrs. 
 
30 
 
 SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 LESSON II. 
 
 FRENCH EXPLORERS. 
 
 Francis I. of France. This 
 king may be ranked among 
 the great French monarchs. 
 He was a great patron of 
 literature and art. 
 
 Ne-wfoundland (riu- fund-land). 
 A name at first applied to all 
 the land discovered by the 
 Cabots ; but later, only to the 
 island of that name which 
 lies off the coast of Labrador. 
 
 Strait of Belle (Bell) Isle. 
 This strait separates the coasts 
 of Newfoundland and Lab- 
 rador, and affords an outlet 
 
 to the waters of the St. Law- 
 rence. 
 
 Gaspe (gas'pay) Bay. An in- 
 let of the Gulf of St. Law- 
 rence. 
 
 St. Lawrence River. The most 
 important river of Canada, 
 and the outlet of the great 
 lakes. Named after St. Law- 
 rence, who was martyred at 
 Rome in the third century. 
 
 Huguenot (JivJ ge-not). Name 
 given to French Protestants 
 during the religious wars of 
 the sixteenth century. 
 
 1. What great explorers did France send out during the 
 sixteenth century ? 
 
 Verrazano {ver-raht-saW no) in 1524 ; and Cartier 
 {har'te-ay') in 1534. 
 
 2. Who was Verrazano ? 
 
 An Italian navigator in the service of Francis I. of 
 France, who sent him out in command of four ships, 
 " to discover new lands." 
 
 3. What part of America did he explore ? 
 
 All the Atlantic coast from North Carolina to New- 
 foundland (nu'fnnd-land). He then returned to Eu- 
 rope without leaving any colony in the New "World. 
 
FRENCH EXPLORERS. 
 
 31 
 
 4. Who was Car- 
 tier? 
 
 A hardy French 
 sailor, and a pious 
 Catholic. He 
 reached New- 
 foundland, e n- 
 tered the strait of 
 Belle Isle, planted 
 the cross on the 
 shore of Gaspe 
 {gas' pay) Bay, and 
 sailed up the St. 
 Lawrence Kiver 
 
 (1534). FKANCIS I. 
 
 5. What did he suppose the St. Lawrence to be ? 
 
 The long-sought-for passage to India. He named 
 the great and beautiful stream the St. Lawrence, in 
 honor of the martyr. 
 
 6. Did he establish any colony in the new land ? 
 
 He did not, either on this voyage or on his second, 
 which occurred the following year (1535). 
 
 7. What was the consequence of these explorations ? 
 France claimed all the Atlantic continent north of 
 
 Florida, with the exception of a strip of Atlantic 
 coast, and called it Canada, or New France. 
 
 8. Where was the first successful French colony estab- 
 lished in America ? 
 
 In Canada, by French Catholics led by Cartier 
 (1541). 
 
32 
 
 SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 9. How did the 
 French Catholics 
 treat the Indians? 
 
 With unvary- 
 ing kindness. 
 They addressed 
 them as ''broth- 
 ers/' or "chil- 
 dren," and won 
 their hearts by 
 becoming their 
 companions and 
 friends. 
 
 10. What •were 
 most of the 
 
 VBRRAZANo. Ffench colo- 
 
 nists ? 
 
 Fur-traders. Tliey did not seek to buy land from 
 the Indians and settle down to an agricultural life, as 
 the English afterwards did, but roved through the 
 great forests, hunting and trading. 
 
 II. Where else in America were French colonies founded 
 about this time ? 
 
 In Florida, by French Huguenots, but they all 
 proved failures. It was by Catholics that the splendid 
 career of French colonization in America was begun 
 and carried on. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 I. Thirty-two years passed after Columbus' great discovery, 
 belofs France attempted any explorations in the New World. 
 
ENGLISH ATTEMPTS AT COLONIZATION. 
 
 33 
 
 Then, in 1534, she sent out Verrazano, and ten years later, 
 Cartier, who explored Canada, to which, in consequence, France 
 laid claim. England later asserted a prior claim, and a terrible 
 war ensued, 
 
 II. French Catholics, led by Cartier, settled in Canada in 
 1541 ; they were mostly fur-traders, and renowned for their kind 
 treatment of the Indians. 
 
 LESSON III. 
 
 ENGLISH ATTEMPTS AT COLONIZATION. 
 
 Queen Elizabeth. A great sov- 
 ereign whose virtues were by 
 no means equal to her talents. 
 She is noted for the cruelty 
 with which she persecuted 
 Catholics, especially priests. 
 
 Ro'a-noke Island. An island 
 off the coast of North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 Bilc'ca-neer'. A robber upon 
 the sea ; a ])irate. 
 
 1. In the sixteenth century, •was the name North Amer- 
 ica in use ? 
 
 Hardl}^ at all. Only South America received the 
 name of America at this time. North America was 
 called Florida by the Spaniards and New France, or 
 Canada, by the French. 
 
 2. What other great nation began to colonize the New 
 World in the sixteenth century ? 
 
 The English, who had never lost sight of the fact 
 that the Cabots had been the first to discover the main- 
 land of North America. 
 
 3. What part of the New World did they now lay claim 
 to? 
 
 All the Atlantic coast between Canada and Florida. 
 
34 SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 They gave this vast regiou the name of "Virginia," 
 in honor of Queen Elizabeth, who liked to be called 
 the "Virgin Queen." 
 
 SIR WALTER RALEIGH. 
 
 4. What great Englishman is renowned for his efforts to 
 colonize Virginia ? 
 
 Sir Walter Ealeigh {raw'le), who is said to have first 
 attracted Elizabeth's favor by casting his mantle over 
 a muddy spot upon which she had to tread. 
 
 5. What did the queen bestow on Raleigh ? 
 A large grant of lands in Virginia. 
 
ENGLISH ATTEMPTS AT COLONIZATION, 35 
 
 6. When did he send out the first colony ? 
 
 In 1585, under Ralph Lane. It located on Roanoke 
 Island, off the coast of what is now North Carolina. 
 
 7. What became of it ? 
 
 It proved a failure, and the colonists returned to 
 England in ships furnished by Sir Francis Drake, who 
 chanced to stop at the Island on his way to England. 
 
 8. Who was Sir Francis Drake ? 
 
 A famous English buccaneer, who carried on a con- 
 tinual warfare against the Spaniards in America. 
 
 9. When did Raleigh send out a second colony ? 
 
 In 1587, under Grovernor White, whose grand- 
 daughter, Virginia Dare, was the first English child 
 born in the New World. 
 
 ID. What was the fate of these colonists ? 
 
 Governor White returned to England for supplies. 
 He was detained for three years, and when he returned, 
 the colonists had vanished. 
 
 11. What had become of them ? 
 
 They were slaughtered by the Hatteras Indians, 
 with a fevv^ exceptions, who were incorporated into the 
 tribe. The fate of Virginia Dare has remained a 
 mystery. 
 
 12. What was the principal result of these efforts at colo- 
 nization ? 
 
 Potatoes and tobacco were introduced into England. 
 Both are said to have become known through Sir Wal- 
 ter Raleigh ; of whom it is related that as he sat smok- 
 ing one day in his room, some one threw a pail of 
 water over him, supposing him to be on fire. 
 
36 SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 13. What illustrious martyrs suffered in Virginia during 
 the i6th century? 
 
 Father Segura and his companions, who were put to 
 death by the Indians when attempting to convert them 
 to Christianity (1578). 
 
 14. What was the state of colonization in North America 
 at the close of the i6th century ? 
 
 The Protestant colonies, both English and Hugue- 
 not, had failed ; so that the only permanent settle- 
 ments within the limits of what is now the United 
 States, were the Sj)anish ones of St. Augustine and 
 Santa Fe. 
 
 SUMMARY, 
 
 I. Tlie name North America was hardly in use at all during 
 the 16th century. The Spaniards called the country Florida, 
 and the French, New France, or Canada. 
 
 II. The English made no effort to colonize the New World 
 until almost a century after the discoveries of the Cabots. 
 Then, principally owing to the efforts of Raleigh, who received 
 a large grant of land in Virginia, which name then represented 
 the Atlantic coast from Canada to Florida, two colonies were 
 sent out, both of which proved failures. The principal result 
 of these attempts was the introdueticm of tobacco and the potato 
 into England. 
 
 III. During the IGth century the soil of Virginia drank the 
 blood of martyrs ; Father Segura and his companions having 
 suffered ciiiel deaths atthe hands of the Indians while engaged 
 in missionary work. 
 
 IV. At the close of the 16th century, the Protestant colonies, 
 English and Huguenot, had failed ; and the Spanish settlements 
 of St. Augustine and Santa Fe were the only permanent ones 
 within the limits of what is now the United States. 
 
ENGLISH ATTEMPTS AT COLONIZATION". 37 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 1500. — Columbus sent back to Spain in chains. 
 
 1502. — Bishop Las Casas comes to America. 
 
 Columbus makes his fourth voyage to America. 
 
 1504. — Death of Queen Isabella. 
 
 1506. — Death of Columbus. 
 
 1510. — Darien settled by Ojeda. 
 
 1512. — Florida discovered by Ponce de Leon. 
 
 1513. — Balboa discovers the Pacific. 
 
 1520. — Magellan discovers the strait of that name. 
 
 1521. — Conquest of Mexico by Cortez. 
 
 1524. — North American Atlantic coast explored by Verrazano. 
 
 1534. — Exploration of Canada by Cartier. 
 
 1540. — Coronado explores the coast of the Gulf of California. 
 
 1541. — The Mississippi discovered by De Soto. 
 
 Cartier brings out a French colony to Canada. 
 
 1549. — Martyrdom of Fathers Cancer and Tolosa in Florida. 
 
 1562. — French Iluv.uenot colony settled in Florida. 
 
 1565. — St. Augustine founded. 
 
 1578. — Martynlom of Father Segura and companions in Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 1580. — Father Augustine Ruyz penetrates the wilderness 
 north of New Mexico. 
 
 1582. — Santa Fe founded, Franciscans convert the Indian 
 tribes of New Mexico. 
 
 1584. — Sir Walter Raleigh receives a grant of lands in Vir- 
 • ginia from Elizabeth. 
 
 1585. — Raleigh sends out the first English colony. 
 
 1587. — Raleigh sends out a second colony. 
 
 1597. — Martyrdom of Father Corpa and his companions in 
 Florida. 
 
PART III. 
 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 LESSON I. 
 
 SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 Jamestown. Named in honor 
 
 James I. of England. Son of 
 
 Mary, Queen of Scots. He 
 was king of Scotland when 
 Elizabetli left him the crown 
 of England, and in this way 
 the two countries were united 
 under one crown (1603). 
 
 of King James. It has long 
 been a ruin. 
 Virginia. This state is some- 
 times called the Old Do- 
 minion, because the first 
 permanent settlement was 
 made within its limits. 
 
 1. What did King James I. of England do in 1606 ? 
 
 He granted a charter to two companies formed in 
 England, that gave them the whole region of Vir- 
 ginia, which, as has been said, extended from Florida 
 to Canada. 
 
 2. What were the names of these two companies ? 
 
 The London Company, and the Plymonth Com- 
 pany. The king directed the London Company to 
 take the southern half, and the Plymouth Company 
 the northern half, of Virginia. 
 
 3. When did the two companies send out colonies ? 
 
 About the same time, in 1G07, The Plymouth 
 
SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 39 
 
 Colony settled in what is now the State of Maine, and 
 proved a failure ; the London Colony settled in what 
 is now the State of Virginia, and made there the first 
 permanent English settlement in North America. 
 
 4. At what 
 place was the set- 
 tlement made ? 
 
 At James- 
 town, on the 
 James River 
 
 (iGor). 
 
 5. Was it suc- 
 
 cesstul ? 
 
 The location 
 was unhealthy, 
 to start with ; 
 besides Avhich, 
 they had de- 
 layed so long 
 on the voyage 
 out, that seed- 
 time was past 
 for that year when they arrived at their destination. 
 
 6. What was the consequence ? 
 
 The colony suffered terribly from disease and hunger, 
 added to which was the fear of hostile Indians. One 
 half of the hundred colonists died, among them Cap- 
 tain Gosnold, one of its most influential men. 
 
 7. To whom did the colony owe its preservation ? 
 
 To Captain John Smith. Through his exertions 
 
 CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. 
 
40 
 
 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 food was procured from the Indians, and liouses built. 
 Smith displayed wonderful tact and resources in liis 
 treatment of the savages. 
 
 8. What anecdote does he relate of himself in his 
 writings ? 
 
 He says that when exjjloring the Chickahominy 
 
 River, he was cap- 
 tured by Indians, 
 and that he saved his 
 life by showing them 
 a pocket - compass. 
 They then took him 
 to their king, Pow- 
 hatan {poiv-hd-tcin'), 
 who decreed his 
 death. 
 
 9. Continue. 
 
 The savages had, 
 he asserts, already 
 laid his head uj)on 
 the block, and were 
 about to beat out his 
 brains, when Poca- 
 hontas {poc-a-hon' tas), the king's daughter, laid her 
 liead upon his, and thus saved him. 
 10. What was the consequence ? 
 
 Powhatan and his tribe became friendly to the 
 colonists. Pocahontas especially, brought them pro- 
 visions, and befriended the colony by e\5ery means in 
 her povwer. 
 
 POCAHONTAS. 
 
SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 41 
 
 11. What became of Pocahontas ? 
 
 She was converted to Christianity, and wedded 
 John Eolfe, who took her to England, wliere she cre- 
 ated a great sensation. Just as she was about to sail 
 for Virginia she died, leaving one son, from whom 
 some of the best families in Virginia have their 
 descent. 
 
 12. What occurred in 1609 ? 
 
 Captain Smith was obliged to return to England for 
 surgical aid, in consequence of a severe gunshot 
 wound, and he never returned. 
 
 13. What ensued ? 
 
 Deprived of its strong guiding spirit, ruin came 
 upon the colony. The Indians refused to furnish any 
 more provisions, and what is known as the starving 
 time ensued. 
 
 14. From whence did help come ? 
 
 Two ships from the Bermuda Islands stopped at 
 Jamestown and took on board the little band of sur- 
 viving colonists, to convey them to England. But 
 before they reached the mouth of the James River 
 they met a vessel coming from England with supplies, 
 so they returned. 
 
 15. What was planted in Virginia in 1612 ? 
 Tobacco, whose cultivation was attended with so 
 
 little outlay and so much profit that it threatened the 
 existence of the colony. The planting of corn was 
 neglected, and the colonists remained dependent on 
 the Indians for food. 
 
42 
 
 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 1 6. What law was passed in regard to this ? 
 
 Every farmer was forced to plant a certain extent of 
 land with corn, or suffer the confiscation of all his 
 tobacco. 
 
 17. What resulted from the cultivation of tobacco ? 
 
 Instead of becoming a town or city, the colony 
 
 stretched out into 
 immense tobacco 
 plantations. To- 
 bacco even served 
 as currency, and 
 objects for sale 
 were declared to 
 worth so many 
 pounds of tobacco, 
 according to their 
 value. 
 
 18. What reached 
 Jamestown in 1619 ? 
 
 SEA! OF VIRGINIA. A Dutch mau- 
 
 •of-war, having on board negro slaves. The colonists 
 purchased twenty of these, and thus was laid the foun- 
 dation of slavery in the colonies. 
 
 19. Who succeeded Powhatan as chief of the Indian 
 tribes ? 
 
 His brother, Opecancanough {o-pe-han-ka7i' 0). He 
 •pretended great friendship for the whites ; even ac- 
 cepted a house from them, and took the greatest de- 
 ■light -in locking and unlocking its door. 
 
SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 43 
 
 20. What resulted from his apparent friendliness ? 
 
 The colonists were lulled into fancied security, and 
 pursued their peaceful labors with no thought of 
 harm. But on March 22, 1622, at mid-day, when the 
 men were in the fields, the treacherous chief attacked 
 the settlement, and almost in one hour 34:7 whites 
 were slain, 
 
 21. What ensued ? 
 
 The English attacked the Indians, and were victo- 
 rious. Twenty-two years later Opecancanough made 
 another attack on the whites. This time he was cap- 
 tured, and shot by the soldier who was detailed to 
 guard him. 
 
 22. What did Virginia gradually become ? 
 
 One of the proudest and wealthiest of the colonies. 
 It obtained the right to govern itself through a legis- 
 lature called the House of Burgesses (1619). 
 
 23. How did the Virgiriians live at this later period ? 
 
 The upper class usually dwelt upon immense plan- 
 tations, in stately mansions ; owned many slaves, and 
 dispensed generous hospitality. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 I. In 1606 James I. granted charters to two companies, the 
 Plymouth and the London, entitling them to hold land in Vir- 
 ginia. The Plymouth Company sent a colony to New England. 
 It proved a failure. The London sent a colony to what is now 
 the state proper of Virginia, which succeeded after many hard- 
 ships. 
 
 XL Captain Jolm Smith was its mainstay, and after he re- 
 turned to England the colony endured all the hori'ors of famine, 
 so that this period in its history is known as the starving tune. 
 
44 
 
 SEVEISTTEENTH CENTUKY. 
 
 Fortunately, just as they were about to return to England sup- 
 plies arrived. 
 
 III. An important event in the history of the colony was the 
 culture of tobacco, begun in 1613. Slavery was introduced in 
 1619. In 1622 the Indians surprised the whites and massacred 
 347 of them. The English then attacked the Indians and were 
 victorious. 
 
 IV. Virginia gradually grew into a successful and aristo- 
 cratic colony, governing itself through its own legislature, 
 called the House of Burgesses. 
 
 LESSON II, 
 
 SETTLEMENT OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 Mount Desert' Island. An 
 
 island on the coast of Maine, 
 40 miles southeast of Ban- 
 gor. 
 
 Jesuit. A priest who is a mem- 
 ber of a religious society of 
 that name, founded in 1534, 
 by St. Igna'tius Lo yo'la. 
 
 Port Roy'al. A place in Nova 
 Sco'tia, settled and named 
 by the French in 1605. It is 
 now called Annapolis. 
 
 Massachu'setts. An Indian 
 word meaning "at or near 
 the great hills. " Motto-With 
 the sword she seeks quiet 
 peace under liberty. 
 
 New Hampshire. Named from 
 
 the county of Hampshire, 
 England, whence many of 
 the settlers came. 
 
 Sa'lem. A Hebrew word mean- 
 ing peace. 
 
 Bos'ton. Named for the town 
 of Boston in Lincolnshire, 
 England, from whence many 
 of the settlers had come. 
 
 Rhode Island. Thought to 
 have been named from the 
 Isle of Rhodes, in the Medi- 
 terranean Sea. Motto — Hope. 
 
 Oonnect'icut, An Indian name 
 which means, "Land on a 
 long tidal river." Motto — 
 He who transplanted still 
 sustains. 
 
 I. Was the name New England in use at this time ? 
 It was not. The region which comprises it was then 
 known as North Virginia. 
 
SETTLEMENT OF XEAV ENGLAND. 45 
 
 2. Where was the first settlement made in this region ? 
 At St. Saviour's, on Mount Desert Island, by Jesuit 
 
 missionaries (1612). 
 
 3. Why was it founded ? 
 
 In order to effect the conversion of the Abenaki 
 Indians, who had expressed a desire to have Christian- 
 ity made known to them. 
 
 4. Under what circumstances was the sacrament of bap- 
 tism administered for the first time in New England ? 
 
 Father Peter Biard, the founder of the mission, one 
 day came upon an Indian who hekl in his arms his 
 dying child, while his companions stood by in silent 
 sympathy. The Jesuit Father approached and bap- 
 tized the child, who recovered. 
 
 5. What happened to the St. Saviour's settlement ? 
 
 It was destroyed in 1613, by Captain Argall, a sort 
 of buccaneer in the English service, on the pretence 
 that it had been made within English jurisdiction, 
 without authority. 
 
 6. What was done with the members of the colony ? 
 Some were sent upon the ocean in an open boat to 
 
 reach Port Royal, in Nova Scotia, if they could ; 
 others were carried to Virginia and placed in prison, 
 where they were badly treated. . 
 
 7. Did the Indians lose their Christianity ? 
 
 On the contrary, thirty years later, this powerful 
 tribe sent to Quebec to petition that a priest be granted 
 to them. In response to their prayer. Father Druil- 
 lettes {(IriL'ee'yef) was sent among them, and his labors 
 were crowned with the greatest possible success. 
 
SETTLEMENT OF NEW ENGLAND. 47 
 
 8. What occurred in 1614 ? 
 
 The name of New England was given to the region 
 now comprised in the States of Maine, IS^ew Hamp- 
 shire, Massachusetts, Ehode Island, Connecticut, and 
 Vermont. 
 
 9. Who came to settle in New England in the year 1620 ? 
 A band of English Puritans, who had been driven 
 
 out of their own country by persecution. They called 
 themselves " Pilgrims." 
 
 10. Where did the Pilgrims land ? 
 
 On the coast of Massachusetts, at a place which 
 Captain John Smith, several years before, had named 
 Plymouth (plim'ufh). Plymouth Eock, the first land 
 upon which they set their feet, is deeply reverenced 
 by New England people. 
 
 11. How did the Plymouth colonists prosper? 
 
 They had landed in mid-winter, and in consequence 
 suffered severely upon that bleak coast. Before the 
 sj^riug came, many of their number had perished from 
 hardship and lack of food. 
 
 12. What did the colonists find in an Indian hiding-place 
 in the ground ? 
 
 Ears of Indian corn, yellow, red, and blue speckled, 
 which served them as seeds. The harvest which re- 
 sulted, saved them from the terrible experience of the 
 settlers in Jamestown. 
 
 13. Who visited the Pilgrims in 1621 ? 
 
 Massasoit {mas-sas'soit), the chief of the neighboring 
 Indians. He conceived a friendship for the whites. 
 
48 
 
 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 which never faltered, and the treaty of alliance which 
 he formed with them remained unbroken for more 
 than fifty years. 
 
 14. Were the Puritans tolerant in religious matters ? 
 
 They were so intolerant that all who differed from 
 
 them on such mat- 
 ters were driven 
 from the colony. 
 Thus, in 1623, Mr. 
 Wheelwright, a 
 minister, was ban- 
 ished and went to 
 New Hampshire, 
 where he founded 
 a settlement at 
 Exeter. 
 
 15. Who came to 
 Massachusetts in 
 the year 1 628 ? 
 
 Another band of Puritans from England, Avho 
 founded a settlement at Salem, This was called the 
 Massachusetts Bay Colony. 
 
 16. Who came from England to join them the following 
 year ? 
 
 Eight hundred more colonists, along with "Win- 
 throp, who had been appointed governor of the 
 colony (1629). 
 
 17. How did Boston come to be founded ? 
 
 Governor Winthrop visited the spot on which it now 
 stands, which was then called Tri-mountain, on ac- 
 
 MASSACHUBETTS. 
 
SETTLEMENT OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 49 
 
 count of its three hills. He was so charmed with the 
 situation that he at once began a settlement, and the 
 next year it was decreed that Tri-mountain should he 
 thenceforth called Boston. 
 
 1 8. What two notable occurrences took place in Boston ? 
 
 The first money coined within the limits of the thir- 
 teen colonies was struck in its mint (1652). Up to 
 this time, wampum, or shell beads, the money of the 
 Indians, had served as currency. The first newspaper 
 was also published 
 there. It was 
 called the Neios 
 Letter (1704). 
 
 19. What noted 
 man first settled in 
 Rhode Island ? 
 
 Eoger Williams, 
 who was banished 
 from Massachu- 
 setts Bay Colony 
 in 1636, and 
 founded a settle- 
 ment in Rhode 
 Island. He called 
 
 it Providence, and practiced religious toleration to all 
 save Roman Catholics. 
 
 20. When was Connecticut founded ? 
 
 By a band of emigrants from Massachusetts (1635). 
 
 21. What did Massasoit do a few years before his death ? 
 He brought his two sons to Plymouth, and insisted 
 
 SEAL OF BHODE ISLAND. 
 
50 
 
 SEVENTEENTH CENTUKY. 
 
 112)011 the whites giving them English names. Accord- 
 ingly, the Indian youths received the names of Alex- 
 ander and Philip. 
 
 22. Who succeed- 
 ed Massasoit ? 
 
 Alexander. He 
 renewed the treaty 
 made by his fa- 
 ther, but' shortly 
 after, the English, 
 suspecting him of 
 hostile intentions 
 against the colony, 
 arrested him, to 
 convey him to 
 Plymouth, to an- 
 swer the charge. 
 
 23. What was the consequence ? 
 
 On the way thither, the young Indian king died, 
 after an illness of a few hours. His wife declared that 
 the English had poisoned him, but the latter main- 
 tained that he died of a fever brought on by rage and 
 mortification ; and his brother Philip succeeded him, 
 
 24. In what did this event help to involve the colonists ? 
 In a terrible war, known as King Philip's War, 
 
 which began in the year 1675, and was marked by the 
 most savage cruelty on both sides. 
 
 25. What became of Philip ? 
 
 He was shot by a deserter from his camp, who had 
 joined Captain Church, the white leader. His head 
 
 SEAL OP CONNECTICUT. 
 
SETTLEMEXT OF NEW EXGLAXD. 
 
 51 
 
 KING PHILIP. 
 
 was carried to 
 Plymouth, and his 
 wife and little son 
 were sold into slav- 
 ery at Bermuda. 
 
 26. How did the 
 New England colo- 
 nists support them- 
 selves ? 
 
 At first by farm- 
 ing and hunting; 
 but by degrees a 
 number of indus- 
 tries were intro- 
 duced ; and they 
 ijegan to export 
 fish cured with salt of their own manufacture. 
 
 27. Where was a settlement made in New Hampshire in 
 
 1629? 
 
 At Portsmouth, 
 by an English col- 
 ony, under John 
 Mason. 
 
 28. To what col- 
 ony was New Hamp- 
 shire united in 1641 ? 
 
 To the Massa- 
 chusetts Colony, of 
 which it remained 
 a dependent until 
 1680, when it was 
 made a separate 
 
 SEAL OF NEW HAMPSHIEE. 
 
 royal province. 
 
52 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 I. The first settlement in New England was St. Saviour's 
 mission, founded on Mount Desert Island, by Jesuit missiona- 
 ries, in order to effect the conversion of the Abenaki Indians. 
 The mission was destroyed by the buccaneer Argall, from Vir- 
 ginia, under the pretense that it had been founded within Eng- 
 lish territory without due authority. 
 
 II. The first settlement in Massachusetts was made in 1620, 
 at Plymouth, on the shores of Cape Cod Bay, by English Puri- 
 tans who had suffered religious persecution at home. As they 
 had passed some time in exile in Holland, they called them- 
 selves " Pilgrims." They were extremely intolerant in religious 
 matters, and banished Mr. Wheelwright, who settled in New 
 Hampshire, and Roger Williams, who settled in Rhode Island. 
 
 III. In 1628, another band of Puritans arrived from Eng- 
 land, and settled at Salem. From this centre colonies spread 
 over the adjacent region. 
 
 IV. In 1675, the English became involved in a cruel war, 
 known as King Philip's ; and which was not brought to a close 
 until two years after the death of Philip, whose head was 
 brought to Plymouth in 1676, and occasioned great rejoicing. 
 
 V. In 1629, a permanent settlement was made at Ports- 
 mouth, in New Hampshire. 
 
SETTLEMENT OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 53 
 
 LESSON III. 
 
 COLONIZATION IN NEV\^ FRANCE — THE JESUIT 
 MISSIONARIES. 
 
 Que-bec'. Its name is an 
 Indian word, meaning The 
 Narrows. 
 
 Lake Champlain. A lake one 
 hundred and thirty miles 
 long, separating the States 
 of New York and Vermont. 
 
 ^rchbishop Spalding (1810- 
 1872). Archbishop of Balti- 
 more, and a most profound 
 writer, chiefly on theological 
 subjects. 
 
 Lake George. Situated in the 
 eastern part of New York. 
 
 1. What great explorer reached New France in 1603 ? 
 
 Samuel de Champlain {sliam-plane) , who has been 
 justly called the 
 "Father of New 
 France." 
 
 2. What did he ex- 
 plore ? 
 
 The coast of No- 
 va Scotia, where he 
 planted a settlement 
 at Port Royal, and 
 the upper St. Law- 
 rence. He founded 
 Quebec in 1G08, and 
 discovered the great 
 lake which bears his 
 name in 1609. 
 
 CHAMPLAIN. 
 
 3. What else did he discover ? 
 
 The Lake of the Blessed Sacrament (now Lake 
 
54 SEVEN'TEEIS'TH CENTUET. 
 
 George), the Ottawa River, and Lakes Huron and 
 Ontario. This last he named Lake St. Louis. 
 
 4. By -what -was his pathway marked ? 
 
 By great crosses of white cedar. Champlain was a 
 devout Catholic, and cherished an ardent desire to see 
 the Indians converted to the faith. " The salvation 
 of a soul," he says in the opening words of his account 
 of his voyages, "is of more value than the conquest 
 of an empire." 
 
 5. What did Champlain become ? 
 
 The first Governor-Greneral of Canada. 
 
 6. How did Champlain treat the Indians ? 
 
 He continued the same wise policy which the first 
 French colonists had commenced ; treating them as 
 companions and equals, and winning their hearts by 
 kind and just treatment. 
 
 7. What tribe did the French fail to conciliate ? 
 
 The Iroquois {er-o' kwah) . By espousing the cause of 
 the Hurons, who were at war with the Iroquois, the 
 French offended this fierce and haughty tribe. 
 
 8. Of what was the Iroquois tribe composed ? 
 
 Of five nations : the Senecas, Oneidas (o-ni-das), 
 Onondagas (on-on-dah'gas), Cayugas (ki'oog-gas), and 
 Mohawks, who had formed a confederacy during the 
 preceding century. They occupied the region which 
 now forms the central part of the State of New York. 
 
 9. Who reached New France in the seventeenth century ? 
 The Jesuits, to begin that wonderful career of mis- 
 sionary labor, exploration and heroism which has ex- 
 
COLONIZATION IN NEW FRANCE. 55 
 
 cited tlie enthusiastic admiration of every historian of 
 America, both Protestant and Catholic. 
 
 10. To what region was the name Nevy France given at 
 this time ? 
 
 To the interior of the continent, while New England 
 was only a strip along the sea-coast. It was into this 
 great unknown region tliat the missionaries, Jesuit 
 and Franciscan, now penetrated in their zeal to win 
 the savages to the faith. 
 
 11. Mention some of their achievements. 
 
 They explored the great lakes, and raised the cross 
 from point to point through the wilderness of the 
 
 west. 
 
 12. Name the most celebrated of these first missionaries. 
 Fathers Breboeuf {bra-huf), Daniel, Lallemant {lal- 
 
 mahn), and Jogues. 
 
 13. Where was their missionary centre ? 
 
 At. St. Mary's, on the outlet of Lake Superior into 
 Lake Huron. Here in one year three thousand Indians 
 were welcomed by the missionaries. As the fame of 
 the missions began to spread, Indians from remotepoints 
 began to appear at them. 
 
 14. What can you say of Father Jogues ? 
 
 On his way from Quebec to the Huron country, he 
 was captured by a band of Mohawks and conveyed to 
 the territory of the Five Nations. It was thus that 
 the first missionary entered the State of New York. 
 
 15. What did he do during his captivity ? 
 
 '' As he roamed through the stately forests of the 
 
56 SEVEJfTEENTH CENTUKY. 
 
 Mohawk Valley, he carved the name of Jesus and the 
 figure of a cross on the bark of the trees, and took 
 possession of the country in the name of God." 
 
 i6. What was his fate ? 
 
 He was rescued from captivity by the Dutch, but 
 having returned to the Moliawks and endeavored to 
 establish a mission among them, he suffered death at 
 their hands (1646). 
 
 17. What was the fate of Father Br^bceuf ? 
 
 After twenty years of labor among the Hurons, he, 
 too, was captured by the Iroquois, along with Father 
 Lallemant. After being subjected to horrible torture, 
 both suffered death at the stake (1649). 
 
 18. How many did the Christian Hurons number at 
 Father Br^boeufs death? 
 
 Eight thousand. Archbishop Spalding has justly 
 named him "the Apostle of the Hurons, and the 
 Xavier of North America." 
 
 19. What effect had the noble example of the mission- 
 aries in France ? 
 
 It kindled a holy zeal in many hearts. The Jesuits 
 gained numbers of recruits, many of whom came from 
 the ranks of the nobility ; and the Hospital Sisters 
 and Ursuline Nuns set out for the wilds of Canada to 
 civilize and educate the Indians. 
 
 20. Who was the Marquis de Gamache (gam-ash')? 
 
 A young French noble who entered the Jesuit order, 
 and devoted his fortune to founding the first college 
 at Quebec (1635). 
 
COLONIZATION OF NEW FRANCE. 57 
 
 21. What can be said of the Quebec College ? 
 
 It is the oldest college north of Mexico. It is now 
 the Laval University. 
 
 22. What took place in 1648? 
 
 The Abenaki Indians, in Maine, having sent a 
 petition to Quebec for a priest, Father Druilettes was 
 sent among them, and his labors were rewarded by the 
 conversion of the entire tribe. 
 
 23. Mention some of the benefits conferred upon the colo- 
 nies by the missionaries. 
 
 They introduced the culture of the vine, the orange, 
 and the sugar-cane at the South ; discovered the salt- 
 sj)rings of New York and the oil-springs of Pennsyl- 
 vania, and were the first to work the copper mines of 
 Lake Superior. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 I. The greatest French explorer who succeeded Cartier in 
 Canada, was Samuel de Chaiiiplain, who founded Quebec (1G08), 
 and discovered the great lake which bears his name (1609). He 
 was tiie first governor of Canada. 
 
 II. He brought missionaries to the New World wlio gained 
 the aft'ections of the Catholic Hurons, and converted large 
 numbers of them. But the Fi'ench turned the haughty Iroquois, 
 a confederacy of five nations, against them by espousing the 
 cause of the Hurons. Their territory, the central portion of 
 New York, remained sealed against the missionaries, until at 
 length Father Jogues, being taken prisoner in 1641, was carried 
 thither, and then for the first time the forests of the Mohawk 
 Valley heard the name of God in the solitary chant of the cap- 
 tive priest, and had His Holy Name carved upon their trees. 
 
 III. Before the iniddle of the seventeenth century, Fathers 
 
58 
 
 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Jogues, Breboeuf, Daniel, and Lallemant had been martyred 
 by the savage Iroquois. 
 
 IV. Their noble example awakened a holy zeal in many hearts, 
 especially in those of the rich and great. Courtiers and soldiers 
 joined the Jesuits; high-born maidens and women took their 
 place in the ranks of the Hospital Sistei*s and Ursuline Nuns to 
 toil for the salvation of the Indians. 
 
 Y. Among these recruits to the cause of religion was the 
 young Marquis de Gamache, who founded with his fortune the 
 College of Quebec, now the Laval University, the oldest college 
 north of Mexico. 
 
 L E S S N I Y 
 
 SETTLEMENT OF NENA^ YORK AND NEW JERSEY. 
 
 New York. Named after the 
 Duke of York, brother of 
 Charles II. of England ; after- 
 wards James II. Motto — 
 "Excelsior." 
 
 Dutch East India Company. 
 An association of Dutch mer- 
 chants in the East India 
 trade, formed Iti 1602. 
 
 Hudson River. Called by the 
 Indians "The River of the 
 Mountains." Named Hud- 
 son River by the English, in 
 honor of its discoverer. 
 
 Manhattan Island. So named 
 by the Dutcli after a tribe of 
 Indians whom they found 
 there, called Mana-hat'ans. 
 
 New Amsterdam. Named from 
 
 Amsterdam, one of the chief 
 cities of Holland. 
 
 Fort Orange. Named for the 
 Prince of Orange. 
 
 New Netherlands. Named 
 after Holland, which was 
 called the Netherlands, or 
 low country. 
 
 Dutch West India Company. 
 A company of Dutch traders, 
 founded in 1622. They pos- 
 sessed a monopoly of trade 
 in the New Netherlands, 
 wliich consequently yielded 
 tliem an enormous profit. 
 
 New Jersey. At first called 
 ' ' The Jerseys. " Named from 
 the Isle of Jersey, in the 
 English Channel. 
 
SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY. 59 
 
 I. What white men were the first to enter the State of 
 New York ? 
 
 Champlain had just entered from the north, by way 
 of the great lake which bears his name, when Henry 
 Hudson entered it through the Bay of New York, in 
 his ship, the "Half-Moon'' (1G09). 
 
 HENBY HUDSON. 
 
 2. Who was Hudson ? 
 
 An Englishman, in the employ of the Dutch East 
 India Company. 
 
 3. How far up did he sail ? 
 
 In the hope that the great stream which bears his 
 name would afford a northwest passage to India, he 
 ascended it as far as Albany, when he found that he 
 could proceed no further. 
 
60 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 4. What did he call the Hudson ? 
 
 "The Great North Eiver of New Netherlands.'' 
 But instead the river has immortalized his name, and, 
 in the Dutch settlements along its shores, legends of 
 the hardy Dutch sailor are told to this day. 
 
 5. Relate one of these. 
 
 It is believed that he and his crew haunt the hills, 
 and when the crash of thunder is heard during the 
 storms, it is said, in the villages below, that "^Heinrich 
 Hudson and his crew are playing at ninepins." 
 
 6. What was the consequence of Hudson's discovery ? 
 Holland laid claim to the land along the " Great 
 
 Eiver," and called it New Netherlands. 
 
 7. Where was the first settlement made in New York ? 
 
 On Manhattan Island, where New York City now 
 stands. It was called New Amsterdam (1614). 
 
 8. Where was the next made? 
 
 At Fort Orange, near the present site of Albany 
 (1615). In a few years trading-j^osts were erected all 
 along the river, whither the Dutch came to purchase 
 otter, beaver, and bear skins f:om the Indians. 
 
 9. What was founded in Holland in 1621 ? 
 
 The Dutch West India Company, who purchased 
 Manhattan Island from the Indians, in 1626, for the 
 sum of twenty-five dollars. Under their care New 
 Amsterdam began to grow into a flourishing town. 
 
 10. What did this company do ? 
 
 In order to induce persons of wealth and influence 
 to settle in the new land, they gave some men of this 
 
SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY. 01 
 
 description permission to found each a colony of fifty 
 persons on lands which they purchased from the In- 
 dians. On these huge tracts, each owner was "lord 
 of the manor," independent of the colonial govern- 
 ment. 
 
 11. What were these great proprietors called? 
 Patroons. They were only forbidden to engage in 
 
 the woolen manufacture, because that was a monopoly 
 of the Dutch West India Oomj^any. 
 
 12. Where did the Dutch found new settlements ? 
 
 On Long Island, Staten Island, and at Bergen, 
 in what is now 
 Xew Jersey 
 (102 0). AH 
 this region was 
 embraced by 
 Xew Nether- 
 lands. 
 
 13. How long 
 did Dutch rule 
 continue in Ne^v 
 York? 
 
 DUTCH HOUSE EN NSW AMSTERDAM. 
 
 For almost forty years. Many of their festivals and 
 custom^s still survive, such as " Santa Clans' Visit" at 
 Christmas time, and the practice of paying New Year's 
 calls. 
 
 14. How did Catholicism progress in New York during 
 this period ? 
 
 It steadily increased. Devoted missionaries, chief 
 of whom was the celebrated Father Dablon, replaced 
 
63 SEVENTEEKTH CENTURY. 
 
 the martyred Father Jogues, among the Iroquois. 
 Under the benign influence of Christianity, these 
 tribes, who had possessed a terrible reputation for cru- 
 elty, became gentle and peaceful in character, and 
 throughout the Valley of the Mohawk, Christianity 
 soon reigned supreme. 
 
 15. Where was the first mass said in New York ? 
 
 In a log chapel, built in a single day, on the site of 
 the present city of Syracuse (1G55). 
 
 16. What became the chief missionary centre ? 
 Caughnewaga (Jcaw-Jic-ioa'ga), on the Mohawk River. 
 
 Here a church and schools were erected. 
 
 17. Who has been called "The Lily of the Mohawks?" 
 
 Catharine Tehgahkwita {te-gah-we' tali) , an Indian 
 maid of that tribe famed for her sanctity. 
 
 18. What occurred in 1664 ? 
 
 An English fleet appeared before New Amsterdam, 
 and ordered it to surrender. The governor, Peter 
 Stuyvesant {sti'ves-a?it), refused to do so, but the in- 
 habitants surrendered it, in spite of '" Headstrong 
 Peter, ^' as they called the governor. 
 
 19. What did the English do as soon as they obtained 
 possession of the city ? 
 
 They changed the name to New York, in honor of 
 the duke of that name, to whom it had been given by 
 the king, and appointed Colonel Nichols governor. 
 
 20. Who was appointed governor in 1683 ? 
 
 Colonel Thomas Dongan, an Irish Catholic. In the 
 
SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY, 63 
 
 same year, lie organized the first legislative assembly 
 which ever met in New York. 
 
 21. What was its first act ? 
 
 A proclamation of freedom of conscience. This 
 glorious measure remained in force until 1688, when 
 the Catholic King James II. was driven from his 
 throne by a rebellion of his Protestant subjects. New 
 York came under 
 Protestant rule, 
 and Catholicism 
 Avas proscribed. 
 
 22. What became 
 of the converted In- 
 dians P 
 
 Many of the Iro- 
 quois tribe re- 
 moved to Canada, 
 where, to this day, 
 they have retained 
 their nationality 
 and their faith. 
 
 SEAI. OF NEW TOBK. 
 
 23. What was said of New York w^hen it was taken by 
 the English ? 
 
 That there were eighteen different languages spoken 
 within its limits. It would appear as though it were 
 marked out from the first to be a cosmopolitan city. 
 
 24. What did the Duke of York do in regard to what is 
 now New Jersey ? 
 
 He sold it to two English noblemen, Sir George 
 Carteret and Lord Berkeley. The former's portion 
 
64 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 was called East Jersey, and the latter's West New Jer- 
 sey, but the new colony was known as "The Jerseys" 
 for many years. 
 
 25. Why was the name of Jersey given ? 
 
 In honor of Sir George Carteret, who had been gov- 
 ernor of the Isle of Jersey, in the English Channel. 
 Carteret named the first English settlement in the 
 
 new colony Eliz- 
 abethtown, in 
 honor of his wife 
 (1665). The 
 next settlement 
 was made at 
 Newark (1666). 
 
 26. Who •was 
 appointed the 
 first governor of 
 East Jersey ? 
 
 Philip Car- 
 teret, cousin of 
 J^Mi^s n. Sir George. It 
 
 is recorded of him, that upon landing at Elizabeth- 
 town, he marched from the landing-place with a hoe 
 on his shoulder — thus signifying his intention of be- 
 coming a planter with the people. 
 
 27. What did Lord Berkeley do with his portion of Ne^v 
 Jersey ? 
 
 He sold it to two Quakers, who made a settlement 
 at Salem. 
 
 28. What occurred in 1682 ? 
 
SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY. 65 
 
 William Penn, with eleven other Quakers, purchased 
 the entire territory of New Jersey, and made Robert 
 Barclay, a young Scotch Quaker, its governor, beneath 
 whose rule it became prosperous. 
 
 29. What happened in 1702 ? 
 
 New Jersey was svirrendered to the crown, who 
 placed it under the rule of the Governor of New York. 
 In 1738, it was 
 once more made a 
 free colony, and 
 so remained until 
 the Eevolution. 
 New Jersey was 
 the scene of no 
 stirring event, but 
 enjoyed undis- 
 turbed peace and 
 prosperity, and, to 
 quote a traveler's 
 words, " there was 
 not a poor body 
 nor one in want in all its borders." 
 
 30. Who troubled the commerce of the colonies in the 
 17th century ? 
 
 Pirates. One of the worst of these was Captain 
 Teach, better known as Blackbeard, who added to the 
 natural ferocity of his appearance by wearing a lighted 
 match-end around his head when he went into action. 
 
 31. What privateer was sent against the pirates in 
 161S? 
 
 SEAL OP NEW JERSEY. 
 
66 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY, 
 
 Captain William Kidd, who, failing to win the fame 
 and fortune he sought by destroying the pirates, 
 turned pirate himself, and was captured and hanged 
 at London. 
 
 32. What was current long after his death ? 
 
 Legends of the great treasure which he had concealed 
 at some point along the coast, and for many years 
 credulous men dug in the sands, hoping to find Kidd's 
 gold. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 I. Samuel de Champlain was explorinc^ the lake which bears 
 his name, when Henry Hudson's ship, the "Half Moon," as- 
 cended the Hudson River (1609). 
 
 II. The Dutch laid claim, in consequence, to the land along 
 the Hudson River, and called it New Netherland. The first 
 settlement within its limits was made at New Amsterdam, where 
 New York city now stands. 
 
 III. In 1626, the Dutch West India Company founded per- 
 manent settlements in New Netherlands, which they purchased 
 from the Indians. New Amsterdam grew into a thriving town. 
 
 IV. Under the liberal Dutch rule, Catholicism grew rapidly. 
 Missionaries, who had replaced the martyred Father Jogues, 
 won the cruel Five Nations to the faith, and made them gentle 
 and peaceful. 
 
 The first mass was said where Syracuse now stands, in 1655, 
 in a log cabin, built by pious, zealous hands, in a day. 
 
 V. In 1664, an English fleet appeared before New Amster- 
 dam and summoned it to surrender. The Dutch governor, 
 Stuyvesant, refused, but the inhabitants insisted upon yielding 
 the town to the English, who changed its name to New York. 
 
 VI. In 1683, Colonel Thomas Dongan, an Irish Catholic, was 
 appointed governor. Under his rule, the first legislative assem- 
 
SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY. 67 
 
 bly was convened, whose first act was to proclaim religious tol- 
 eration. 
 
 VII. In 1688, a Protestant rebellion against the English Cath- 
 olic king, James 11. , deprived him of his throne, which was be- 
 stowed on the Dutch Protestant prince, William of Orange, his 
 son-in-law. With Protestant rule came religious intolerance ; 
 Catholicism was proscribed in the colony of New York, Many 
 of the Catholic Iroquois departed, and sought a home in Cana- 
 dian forests, where, to this day, many villages exist which have 
 preserved the faith. 
 
 VIII. The Duke of York sold that portion of New Nether- 
 lands, now forming the State of New Jersey, to two English 
 noblemen. Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. It was 
 named New Jersey, in honor of Carteret, who had been governor 
 of the Isle of Jersey, in the British Channel. The former's por- 
 tion was West New Jersey and the latter's East New Jersey, but 
 they were commonly known as The Jerseys. 
 
 IX. Gradually the Quakers purchased the Jerseys, until in 
 1682, they had acquired the whole region. They made Robert 
 Barclay governor, beneath whom it became prosperous. 
 
 X. In 1702. New Jersey was ceded to the crown, who united 
 it with New York. In 1738, it was once again made a free col- 
 ony, and so remained until the Revolution. 
 
 XI. Piracy troubled the commerce of the colonies sorely dur- 
 ing the seventeenth century. The most noted of these pirates 
 were Blackbeard, and Kidd, a privateer who had turned pirate 
 upon failing to find any pirates to conquer. The most energetic 
 measures were taken against pirates by all the colonies, and 
 before the close of the century, the evil was pretty well rooted 
 out. 
 
68 
 
 SEVEIfTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 LESSOT^ V. 
 
 MARYLAND, PENNSYLVANIA, DELAWARE, AND 
 THE CAROLINAS. 
 
 Charles I. Son of James I. 
 He was a good man, but an 
 unwise king. Parliament i-e- 
 belled against him, and after 
 a reign of twenty-five years, 
 put him to deatli. 
 
 Henrietta Maria. A Frenchi 
 princess, wife of Charles I. 
 
 Heron Island. A small island 
 in Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 St. Mary's. Situated near 
 the entrance of the Potomac 
 into Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 Delaware. Named from Lord 
 de la Warre, governor of Vir- 
 ginia. Motto: "Liberty and 
 Independence." 
 
 The Thames {term) River. The 
 
 principal river of England, 
 on which London is situated. 
 
 Pennsylvania. Named after 
 William Penn, and the only 
 State in the Union that is 
 named after its founder. 
 
 Philadelphia. This means 
 "brotherly love." 
 
 North and South Carolina. 
 Named after Charles I. of 
 England. Motto: "Ready 
 to give life and property." 
 
 Charleston. Named after 
 Charles IL 
 
 Madagas'car. An immense 
 island, larger than France, in 
 the Indian Ocean, off the 
 coast of Africa. 
 
 1. By whom and for what purpose was Maryland 
 founded ? 
 
 By Lord Baltimore, as a refuge for English Catholics, 
 who at that time suffered persecution in their native 
 land. 
 
 2. Why was it called Maryland ? 
 
 In honor of Henrietta Maria, the wife of Charles I., 
 then King of England, and a devout Catholic. 
 
 3. In what ships did the colonists come and where did 
 they land ? 
 
 Led by Leonard Calvert, Lord Baltimore's brother. 
 
MARYLAND, PENNSYLVANIA, DELAWARE, ETC, 69 
 
 the three hundred emigrants sailed in ''The Ark" 
 and "The Dove," and landed on St. Clement^s Island 
 (now Heron Island), on the Feast of the Annunciation 
 (1634). 
 
 4. By whom were they accompanied ? 
 
 By several English Jesuits, among them the cele- 
 brated Father White, who, in his description of the 
 
 CECIL, LOBD BALTIMOBB. 
 
 Potomac River, declares that " the Thames itself is a 
 mere rivulet to it." 
 
 5. Where did they finally locate ? 
 
 On the banks of a small river, which they called St. 
 
70 
 
 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Mary's Eiver, they founded their settlement, which 
 they called also St. Mary's. 
 
 6. What did they call themselves ? 
 " Pilgrims of St. Mary's." 
 
 7. What did 
 Father White 
 say when the 
 colony was 
 founded ? 
 
 " The finger 
 of God is in 
 this." 
 
 8. What 
 proved the truth 
 of these words ? 
 
 The career 
 of the colony, 
 while it was 
 ruled by Cath- 
 olics, proved 
 the truth of his words, for Christian peace and toler- 
 ance characterized it. 
 
 9. What else can be said of the Maryland Catholic 
 colony ? 
 
 It approached the nearest to independence and self- 
 government of any of the colonies. The king ex- 
 acted of it only two Indian arrows every year, and 
 one-fifth of its gold and silver. 
 
 10. What was it called ? 
 
 " The Land of the Sanctuary," because all Christian' 
 
 CHARLES I. 
 
MAEYLAND, PENNSYLVANIA, DELAWARE, ETC. 71 
 
 were tolerated there. This drew to it the Quakers 
 who had been banished from the New England colo- 
 nies, and Puritans wdio had been driven ■ from Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 11. How were the Indians treated by the Maryland colo- 
 nists ? 
 
 With kindness 
 and justice. They 
 were paid for their 
 lands in cloth, 
 tools, and trinkets, 
 and converted and 
 civilized by means 
 of the missions, 
 that were soon es- 
 tablished for that 
 purpose, 
 
 12. What can be 
 said of the Mary- 
 land Indians ? 
 
 Their gentle and pacific character rendered the mis- 
 sionaries' task comparatively an easy one. It may be 
 added that the Maryland colony remained free from 
 the warfare with the Indians which troubled the other 
 colonies. 
 
 13. What was the fate of the Maryland colony ? 
 
 The Puritans gradually assum.ed power there, and 
 finally gained com.plete control, wiiereupon they abol- 
 ished religious toleration, and deprived Catholics of 
 civil rights. 
 
 SEAL OP MARYLAND, 
 
SEVEXTEEXTH CENTURY. 
 
 14. What became of the missionaries ? 
 
 They were sent to England as prisoners. Father 
 
 White, after labor- 
 ing for ten years 
 in the colony, was 
 sent thither in 
 chains, and suf- 
 fered a long and 
 c r n e 1 imprison- 
 ment. This intol- 
 erance continued 
 until after the 
 Revolution. 
 
 15. How did the 
 Maryland colonists 
 
 SE4L OP DELAWARE. HVC ? 
 
 Like the Virginians, they did not dwell in towns, 
 but on large plan- 
 tations, and en- 
 gaged in the cul- 
 ture of tobacco, 
 which served as 
 currency. 
 
 16. Where was 
 the next settlement 
 made ? 
 
 I n Delaware, 
 near the site of 
 the present city 
 of Wilmington 
 (1638). It was 
 
 SEAL OP PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
MAEYLAND, PEJS'NSYLVANIA, DELAWARE, ETC. 73 
 
 named New Sweden, but had only a brief existence, 
 being subjugated by the Dutch from New Amsterdam 
 {1()55). 
 
 17. When 
 Pennsylvania 
 tied? 
 
 was 
 set- 
 
 In 1643, by 
 Swedes and Finns, 
 and in 1682 by 
 English Quakers 
 under William 
 Penn, who found- 
 ed Philadelphia 
 (1683). 
 
 i8. How did Penn 
 treat the Indians ? 
 
 By his kindness he 
 
 SEAl. OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 SBAL OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 established the most friendly re- 
 lations with them, 
 and in c o n s e- 
 quence, Pennsyl- 
 vania, like Mary- 
 land, remained for 
 a long time at 
 peace with the red 
 men. 
 
 19. Did Penn pro- 
 fess religious toler- 
 ation ? 
 
 He did, and per- 
 sisted in granting 
 
74 
 
 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 it to Catholics in spite of the bitter opposition of his 
 colonists. 
 
 20. What disturbed the peace of Pennsylvania ? 
 
 The difficulty of settling the line which divided it 
 from Maryland. The matter was carried to England, 
 and settled by a grant of half the land between Ches- 
 apeake Bay and the Delaware, to Penn. The present 
 boundary was fixed by two surveyors, Mason and 
 Dixon, in 1767. 
 
 21. When was North Carolina settled ? 
 
 In 1653, by a band of emigrants from Virginia, 
 under Roger Green. 
 
 22. South Caro- 
 lina ? 
 
 In 1682, when 
 the city of 
 Charleston was 
 founded (named 
 after Charles 
 II.). 
 
 23. What be- 
 came the princi- 
 pal industry in 
 South Carolina ? 
 
 The culture 
 of rice. And in 
 this way. One 
 of the Charles- 
 ton colonists thought that the patch of rich land in 
 the back of his garden resembled soil which he had 
 seen bearing rice in ^.ladagascar. Shortly after a ship 
 
 CHABLES n. 
 
EXLORATIONS OF FRENCH MISSIOJfARIES. 75 
 
 from Madagascar anchored in distress near Charleston ; 
 he procured a bag of rice for seed from the captain, 
 which he planted, and raised an abundant harvest. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 I. Maryland was settled in 1634, by a Roman Catholic 
 colony sent by Lord Baltimore. They settled at St. Mary's, 
 and established the most friendly relations with the gentle 
 Maryland Indians, who were easily won to the faith by the cele- 
 brated Father White, and other Jesuits, who accompanied the 
 colonists. 
 
 II. The religious toleration extending to all Christians won 
 for Maryland the name of the Land of the Sanctuary ! and drew 
 to it persecuted Puritans from Virginia and banished Quakers 
 from New England. But the Puritans gradually assumed the 
 reins of power, and then displayed the foulest, blackest ingrati- 
 tude, by abolishing religious toleration, and sending the mis- 
 sionaries to languish in English prisons. 
 
 III. This intolerance prevailed until after the Revolution. 
 
 IV. In 1638 Delaware was settled, on tlie site of Wilmington, 
 by Swedes and Finns. New Sweden's existence was brief ; it 
 was soon subjugated by the Dutch, from New Amsterdam. 
 
 V. Pennsylvania was settled in 1682 by Quakers, under Wil- 
 liam Penn, who founded Philadelphia. Penn exercised religious 
 toleration, even towards Catholics, in spite of the opposition of 
 his colonists. 
 
 VI. North Carolina was settled in 1653 by emigrants from 
 Virginia ; South Carolina, in 1683, when the city of Charleston 
 was founded. 
 
76 SEVENTEENTH CENTUKY. 
 
 LESSON VI. 
 
 EXPLORATIONS OF FRENCH MISSIONARIES IN 
 THE LATTER HALF OF THE 17TH CENTURY. 
 
 George Bancroft (1800—). A 
 native of Massachusetts, and 
 the greatest historian Amei'- 
 ica has yet produced. 
 
 Washington Irving (1783- 
 1859). One of the greatest 
 and most popular of Ameri- 
 can prose writers. He was a 
 native of New York. 
 
 Mackinaw. A village of Michi- 
 gan, situated on the Isle of 
 Mackinaw, in Lake Huron, 
 near where it connects with 
 Lake Michigan. 
 
 Falls of St. Anthony. Situ- 
 ated in the Mississippi River, 
 in the State of Minnesota, at 
 Minneapolis. 
 
 1. What great missionaries succeeded Breboeuf and his 
 companions ? 
 
 Fathers Allouez [al-loo-ay), Dablon and Marquette 
 {mar-Tcet'), whom Bancroft calls "The Illustrious Tri- 
 umvirate. " 
 
 2. What did Father Allouez do ? 
 
 He explored the shores of Lake Superior and Lake 
 Michigan, and founded missions among the Miamis, 
 Foxes, and other Indian tribes. After laboring for 
 many years, he died among the Miami Indians. 
 
 3. Father Dablon ? 
 
 Peace having been concluded between the French 
 and the Five Nations, he penetrated to their territory. 
 He was warmly welcomed, and soon had the happiness 
 of offering the holy sacrifice among the fierce Iroquois 
 in a log cabin built by willing hands in a day (1655). 
 
 4. What can you say of Father Marquette ? 
 
 He is one of the most glorious figures in our early 
 
78 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 history. After having founded the important mission 
 of Mackinaw, he discovered the Mississippi in its 
 upper course, and in company with Father Joliet de- 
 scended that great stream far enough to ascertain that 
 it emptied into the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 5. What did he call the Mississippi ? 
 
 The " River of the Immaculate Conception.*' 
 
 6. What else did he do ? 
 
 Father Marquette also explored the Missouri, Ar- 
 kansas, Ohio, and Illinois rivers. 
 
 7. Describe his death. 
 
 On his way back to Mackinaw he felt his strength 
 failing, and crossing to Lake Michigan's eastern shore, 
 ' entered the mouth of a small stream there. His two 
 attendants bore him on shore and placed him on a bed 
 •of leaves, and erected an awning of birch bark over 
 him. 
 
 8. Continue. 
 
 Taking a crucifix from his neck, he begged one of 
 his companions to hold it before his eyes as long as he 
 should live. He then uttered his profession of faith, 
 and with his eyes fixed upon the crucifix passed calmly 
 away (1675). 
 
 ,9. Where was his body interred ? 
 
 Near the spot where he died. But soon afterwards 
 it was removed to the Isle of Mackinaw, where it now 
 rests. For long years afterwards, when storms swept 
 ■ over the lake, the Indian boatmen Avere wont to invoke 
 his assistance. They called him the "Angel of the 
 ^Ottawa Mission." 
 
EXPLORATIONS OF FRENCH MISSIONARIES. 79 
 
 10. What other name has been given to Father Mar- 
 quette. 
 
 " The Father of the West." " The West/' declares 
 Bancroft, "will build his monument." 
 
 11. What does the great historian, Bancroft, say of the 
 missionaries' explorations ? 
 
 " The history of the Jesuits' labors is connected with 
 the origin of every celebrated town in the annals of 
 French America ; not a cape was turned or a river 
 entered but a Jesuit led the way." 
 
 12. What glorious tribute does Washington Irving pay 
 the missionaries ? 
 
 " The Catholic priest went even before the soldier 
 and trader ; from lake to lake, from river to river, the 
 missionaries pressed on, unresting, and with a power 
 which no other Christians have exhibited, won to the 
 Faith the warlike Miamis, and the luxurious Illinois. " 
 
 1 3. What great explorer succeeded the missionaries ? 
 
 A Frenchman named Kobert de La Salle {lah sal). 
 He was the first white man to navigate the great 
 lakes, crossing Lake Ontario in the first sail-boat that 
 was seen upon its waters. After many adventures he 
 reached the Mississippi, and gave the name of St. An- 
 thony to the falls in the upper portion of that river. 
 
 14. What did he afterwards do ? 
 
 Later on he descended the Mississippi from St. An- 
 thony's Falls to the Gulf of Mexico, and took posses- 
 sion of the country, which he called Louisiana, in the 
 name of his king (1682). 
 
80 SEVENTEENTH CENTUKY. 
 
 15. What was the consequence of these explorations ? 
 France laid claim to the valley of the Mississippi as 
 
 soon as she learned that the St. Lawrence connected 
 with the Gulf of Mexico, and prepared to colonize 
 Louisiana. 
 
 16. Where was the first permanent settlement made in 
 what is now the State of Illinois ? 
 
 At Kaskaskia, by the French (1683). 
 
 17. In Indiana ? 
 
 At Vincennes, by the French (1690). 
 
 18. In Texas ? 
 
 At Bexar, by the Spanish (1692). 
 
 19. In Louisiana ? ' 
 At Iberville, by the French (1699). 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 I. The great Father Breboeuf and his companions were re- 
 placed by Fathers AUouez, Dablon and Marquette, whom Ban- 
 croft calls "The Illustrious Triumvirate." Father Allouez 
 explored the shores of Lake Superior, and Christianized the 
 Fox and Miami Indians, among which latter tribe he died, 
 after many years of missionary labor. 
 
 II. Father Dablon profited by a peace between the French 
 and the Five Nations, to penetrate to the latter. They received 
 him kindly, accepted Christianity, and the zealous priest soon 
 had the happiness of seeing the holy sacrifice offered in a log 
 cabin completed in one day. 
 
 III. Father Marquette discovered the Mississippi in its upper 
 course, and descended it as far as Arkansas. He also explored 
 the Missouri, Ohio, Arkansas, and Illinois rivers. On his way 
 back to Mackinaw, the mission from which he had set out, he 
 peacefully passed to his reward on the shore of Lake Michigan. 
 His remains rest at Mackinaw. 
 
NEW FRANCE AND NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 81 
 
 IV. He was succeeded by La Salle, who traced the Missis- 
 sippi from the Falls of St. Anthony, which he named, to the 
 Gulf of Mexico. He named the country on its shores Louisiana, 
 and France prepared to colonize it. 
 
 LESSON VII. 
 
 NEW FRANCE AND TSIKW ENGLAND AT THE 
 CLOSE OF THE 17TH CENTURY. 
 
 King William. This was the 
 famous Dutch Prince of 
 Orange, who usurped the 
 throne of James II., the last 
 Catholic King of England. 
 William was the husband of 
 
 Mary, daughter of James II., 
 who abetted her husband in 
 his seizure of the crown. 
 Schenectady. Situated in New 
 York, on the Mohawk River. 
 It is now a flourishing town. 
 
 1. What did the French do after the discovery of La 
 Salle ? 
 
 They began to erect a chain of trading-posts and 
 forts throughout the vast region extending from the 
 St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 2. How did the English regard this proceeding ? 
 
 They resented it extremely, declaring that the 
 French were encroaching upon the English posses- 
 sions. 
 
 3. How, on the other hand, did the English irritate the 
 French ? 
 
 By asserting a claim to the territory now included 
 in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, based on the 
 charter of Massachusetts granted by James I. 
 
 4. Upon what was James the First's right to grant land 
 in North America based ? 
 
83 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 On the discoveries of the Cabots along the North 
 American coast. 
 
 5. What was the result of all this ? 
 
 The relations of the two nations became more and 
 more unfriendly, until at last, in 1689, a war broke 
 out between them which lasted, under different 
 names, and with intervals of peace, for over seventy 
 years. 
 
 6. Mention the names by which the French and Indian 
 War was known at different times ? 
 
 King William's War, Queen Anne's War, King 
 George's War, and the French and Indian War. 
 
 7. When did King William's War begin ? 
 
 In 1689, and was so called because, after the Protest- 
 ant English had driven the Catholic King James II. 
 from his throne, and placed upon it his son-in-law, 
 the Protestant William of Orange, the French insisted 
 upon regarding the English colonists as rebels to their 
 lawful king. 
 
 8. Which cause did the Five Nations espouse ? 
 
 The English, because they obtained supplies of 
 guns, powder, and other necessaries, from them, in 
 exchange for furs. They were, therefore, determined 
 to keep the French and other Indians from sharing in 
 the fur trade of the North and West. 
 
 9. What did the Iroquois do in 1689? 
 
 They descended upon the Island of Montreal, and 
 massacred fifteen hundred of the French. 
 ID. What followed ? 
 The French, who believed the English to have 
 
NEW FEANCE AND NEW ENGLAND. 83 
 
 abetted this attack, sent down a party from Canada, 
 to surprise Schenectady {ske-nek'ta-de), at that time 
 the frontier settlement of New York. 
 
 11. When did they reach it.? 
 
 In the middle of the winter, at night. So secure 
 did the inmates feel, that they found two snow images 
 stationed at the gate for sentinels. They easily cap- 
 tured the fort, and then destroyed it, after having 
 slain many of the inmates. 
 
 12. How did the English retaliate ? 
 
 They sent a fleet of eight vessels, in command of Sir 
 William Phipps, against Port Eoyal, in Nova Scotia, 
 then Acadia. The fort was weak, and surrendered 
 without opposition. 
 
 13. What further measures did the English now take .? 
 
 A congress, composed of delegates from all the colo- 
 nies as far south as Maryland, assembled in New York 
 to deliberate upon the best course to pursue. 
 
 14. What was finally resolved ? 
 
 That an attack be made upon the enemy's two 
 strongholds of Quebec and Montreal. That on Mont- 
 real was to be made by land, that on Quebec by sea. 
 
 15. Was the plan carried out ? 
 
 It was, but both expeditions failed completely. 
 Their only result was to impoverish the colonies. 
 
 16. How long did King William's War continue ? 
 
 Until 1697, when the Treaty of Eyswick {riz-wick') 
 put an end to it. By the terms of this treaty, it was 
 provided that the boundaries of New France and New 
 England should remain as they were. 
 
84 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 17. What excitement raged in New England during the 
 year 1692 ? 
 
 The witchcraft delusion — which began in this way: 
 The daughter and niece of a Puritan minister, named 
 Parris, living in Salem, became ill of a nervous dis- 
 ease, and the puzzled physicians finally decided that 
 they were bewitched. Parris accepted their decision, 
 and began to look about for the sorcerers — and de- 
 clared he had found them in the persons of three old 
 women. 
 
 18. What ensued ? 
 
 The poor old women were promptly arrested. Then 
 the excitement mounted to fever height, and raged 
 for a year, during which twenty persons suffered death 
 for witchcraft. Cotton Mather, a prominent minis- 
 ter, was the most zealous persecutor of those sus- 
 pected. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 I. In consequence of La Salle's explorations, the French pro- 
 ceeded to extend a chain of trading-posts and forts through the 
 vast region extending from the St. Lawrence to the Gulf of 
 Mexico. 
 
 IL The English resented this, and declared that France was 
 encroaching upon the English possessions. In their turn, too, 
 they irritated the French by declaring that the Massachusetts 
 charter granted by James I. gave them a right to the present ter- 
 ritory of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Cabot's discoveries 
 gave the English crown a prior right to North America. 
 
 III. The relations of the two nations became more and more 
 unfriendly. At length they broke out into a war, called King 
 William's War, in 1689. The Iroquois allies of the English de- 
 scended upon the Island of Montreal and massacred fifteen hun- 
 dred French. 
 
NEW FKANCE AND NEW ENGLAND. 85 
 
 IV. The French resolved that their reprisal should fall upon 
 the English, whom they suspected of having instigated the at- 
 tack. Accordingly, they made a midnight descent upon Sche- 
 nectady, then the frontier settlement of New York, surprised it. 
 and slew many of the inmates. 
 
 V. England responded by sending Sir William Phipps against 
 Port Royal, in Nova Scotia, which he captured. A congress of 
 delegates, who met in New York, decided that two expeditions 
 should proceed, one by land against Montreal, and another by 
 sea against Quebec. Both failed, and their only result was to 
 impoverish the colonies ; but King William's War continued 
 until 1697, when the Peace of Ryswick terminated it. 
 
 VI. In 1692, the witchcraft excitement raged in Salem, and 
 twenty persons suffered death for this imputed crime. The 
 most zealous of the persecutors was Cotton Mather, a famous 
 New England minister. 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 1605. — Port Royal (now Annapolis) founded by the French. 
 
 1606. — London and Plymouth Companies chartered. 
 
 1607. — Settlement of Jamestown, Virginia. 
 
 1608. — Quebec founded by Champlain. 
 
 1609. — Champlain discovers Lake Champlain. 
 
 Henry Hudson discovers the Hudson River. 
 1610. — Virginia settlers experience the Starving Time. 
 1611. — Jesuits arrive in New France. 
 1613. — Jesuit mission founded on Mount Desert Island. 
 
 The same mission destroyed by Argall, an English 
 buccaneer. 
 
 New York settled by the Dutch. 
 
 Pocahontas wedded to John Rolfe. 
 1614.— Name of New England given to the six States now 
 
 comprised within it. 
 1615. — Franciscans arrive in New France. 
 1620. — Puritans land at Plymouth. 
 
 Slavery introduced into Virginia. 
 
8G SEVEN'TEEXTH CENTURY. 
 
 1632. — Disastrous Indian outbreak in Virginia, under Opecau- 
 canough. 
 
 1625. — Jesuits arrive in Canada. 
 
 1629. — Portsmouth, New Hampshire, founded. 
 
 1633. — Dutch settle in Connecticut. 
 
 1634. — Maryland settled by Lord Baltimore. 
 
 1635. — Dutch leave Connecticut. English settle at Hartford. 
 Champlain dies at Quebec. 
 
 1636. — Rhode Island settled at Providence, by Roger Wil- 
 liams. 
 
 1637.— Pequod War. 
 
 1638. — Delawai'e settled by Swedes. 
 
 New Haven, Connecticut, founded by the English. 
 
 1639. — St. Mary's Mission founded on Lake Huron, by the 
 Jesuits. 
 
 1640.— Montreal founded. 
 
 1642. — Father Jogues captured by the Iroquois. 
 
 1643. — Father Jogues aided by the Dutch to escape. 
 
 1646. — Father Jogues martyred by the Iroquois. 
 
 Father Druillettes is sent to the Abnaki Indians at 
 their request. 
 
 1648. — Father Daniel martyred. 
 
 1649. — Fathers Breboeuf and Lallemant martyred. 
 
 1650. — Destruction of the Hurons by the Iroquois. 
 
 1653. — North Carolina settled by the English. 
 
 Salt Springs at Onondaga discovered by Father Le 
 Moyne. 
 
 1654. — Penal Laws put in force against Catholics in Mary- 
 land. 
 Jesuit Mission established in the Mohawk Valley. 
 
 1655. — The Dutch, under Stuyvesant, conquer the Swedes in 
 Delaware. 
 
 1664. — New Netherlands taken by the English. 
 
 1665. — New Jersey settled at Elizabethtown by the English. 
 Southern shore of Lake Superior discovered by Father 
 Allouez. 
 
 1666. — Newark, New Jersev, founded. 
 
KEW FRANCE AND NEW ENGLAND. 87 
 
 1668. — Mission of Sault Ste. Marie founded by Father Mar- 
 quette. 
 1669. — Green Bay founded by Father AUouez. 
 1670. — Detroit, Michigan, settled. 
 
 1673. — Upper Mississippi explored by Father Marquette. 
 1675.— Death of Father Marquette. King Philip's War 
 
 begins in New England. 
 1676. — Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia. 
 1682. — Charleston, in South Carolina, founded. 
 
 Penn settles Pennsylvania. 
 1683,— Philadelphia founded by Penn. 
 
 Colonel Dongan made Governor of New York. 
 
 First Legislature meets in New York, and proclaims 
 religious freedom. 
 
 Kaskaskia, Illinois, founded by the Jesuits. 
 1684. — The Mississippi explored to the Gulf of Mexico by La 
 
 Salle. 
 1685. — Settlement in Texas attempted by Tia Salle. 
 1689. — Catholicism proscribed in New York. 
 
 Commencement of King William's War. 
 1690. — Massacre at Schenectady. 
 
 English repulsed at Quebec and Montreal. 
 
 Vincennes, Indiana, settled. 
 1692. — Witchcraft excitement at Salem. 
 1699. — Louisiana settled at d'Iberville. 
 
PART IV. 
 
 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, 
 
 QUEEN ANNE'S 
 
 LESSON I 
 
 AATAR AND 
 WAR. 
 
 KINO OEORGE'S 
 
 Ogdensburg. "The Maple 
 City," situated in New York, 
 oil the St. Lawrence River, 
 about 200 miles northwest of 
 Albany. 
 
 Nova Scotia. Now the pen- 
 insular Province of the Do- 
 minion of Canada. 
 
 St. Simon's Island. A small 
 
 island on the coast of Geor- 
 gia, at the mouth of the 
 Altamaha {awl-ta-ma-liaw') 
 River. 
 Cape Breton {brit'un) Island. 
 Situated in the Atlantic 
 Ocean, off the coast of Nova 
 Scotia, in which Province it 
 is included. 
 
 1. What was passed in New York in the year 1700 ? 
 
 A law against Catholic priests, by which they were 
 forbidden to remain in or enter the Province of New 
 York, under penalty of perpetual imprisonment. In 
 case of escape and re-capture, they were to suffer 
 death. 
 
 2. How long did this law remain in force ? 
 
 Until 1784, after a Catholic power had materially 
 aided the colonies in their struggle for freedom. 
 
QUEEK ANNE'S AND KING GEORGE'S WARS. 89 
 
 3. How long did the Peace of Ryswick last ? 
 
 Until 1702, when the French and Indian War broke 
 out again ; this time under the name of Queen Anne's 
 War. In Europe, it was known as the "War of the 
 Spanish Succession." 
 
 4. Where were hostilities begun in this war in the colo- 
 nies ? 
 
 In South Carolina. The Spaniards being at this 
 time allies of the French, Governor Moore, of that col- 
 ony, undertook an expedition against St. Augustine, 
 which failed. 
 
 5. What did Moore do shortly after ? 
 
 He undertook an exjaedition against the Ap-a-lach'-i- 
 an Indians of Florida, who were Christians, slew eight 
 hundred of them, along with several of their mission- 
 aries, and laid waste their territory (1703). 
 
 6. How many Indians did Moore take captive? 
 
 Fourteen hundred. Some of these he sold for his 
 own profit ; the remainder he employed in cultivating 
 his lands. 
 
 7. What became of the remnant of the Appalachian 
 tribe ? 
 
 The missions which had begun to civilize them hav- 
 ing been destroyed, they led thenceforth a wandering 
 life under the name of Seminoles (Wanderers), lost 
 their faith, and became the terror of the whites. 
 
 8. What did the colonists do in 1710? 
 
 They captured Port Royal, in Nova Scotia, which 
 they called "the hornets' nest," and changed its name 
 to Annapolis, in honor of Queen Anne. 
 
90 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 9. What did England do the following year ? 
 
 She sent a great expedition from England to effect 
 the conquest of Canada. A large force of colonists, 
 and eight hundred Iroquois, joined it, but, notwith- 
 standing this, it failed completely. 
 
 10. What occurred in 1713? 
 
 The Peace of Utrecht, which put an end to the M'ar 
 for a time. By its terms England acquired Hudson 
 Bay, Newfoundland, and Acadia. The limits of this 
 last, however, were so poorly defined as to cause much 
 trouble at a later day. 
 
 11. Did this peace prevail throughout all the colonies ? 
 
 Throughout all except Xew England, where hostili- 
 ties were still kept up between the colonists and the 
 Abenaki Indians. 
 
 12. What horrible act did the English commit in 1724? 
 
 They took an Abenaki settlement, at which a Catho- 
 lic mission had been established, and cruelly put to 
 death Father Easle (ral), a great French Jesuit mis- 
 sionary, who had devoted himself to the Indians for 
 thirty years. 
 
 13. Describe the manner of Father Rasle's death. 
 Pierced by several bullets, he fell at the foot of the 
 
 mission cross. Seven chiefs, who had gathered about 
 him, shared his fate, and the settlement was annihi- 
 lated. 
 
 14. What fort did the French erect in 1731 ? 
 
 Crown Point, on the western shore of Lake Cham- 
 plain, destined to be the scene of many a terrible con- 
 
93 
 
 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 flict in later years. Shortly after, a mission was 
 founded at Ogdensburg. 
 
 15. What took place in 1733 ? 
 
 The settlement of Georgia, the youngest of The 
 Thirteen Original States. It was named Georgia, in 
 honor of King George II., then King of England. 
 The first settlement was made at Savannah. 
 
 16. Who founded it ? 
 General Oglethorpe. 
 
 It was intended as a refuge 
 for unfortunates, 
 especially poor 
 debtors. By the 
 terms of its char- 
 ter, lands and re- 
 ligious toleration 
 were guaranteed 
 to all settlers save 
 Eoman Catholics. 
 
 17. What was 
 the consequence ? 
 
 The colony soon 
 counted among its 
 memb'ers Jews 
 from London, Highlanders from Scotland, and Prot- 
 estants from Austria, called Moravians. 
 
 18. What industry was introduced into the new colony ? 
 
 Silk-raising, which was continued until the Revolu- 
 tion. Oglethorpe took the first silk produced in the 
 colony to England, and the queen had a dress made 
 of it. 
 
 BEAl OP GEORGIA. 
 
QUEEN ANNE'S AND KING GEORGE'S WARS. 93 
 
 19. What happened in 1739 ? 
 
 War broke out between England and Spain, and 
 Oglethorpe undertook an expedition against St. Au- 
 gustine, which failed. 
 
 20. How did the Spaniards retaliate three years later ? 
 They invaded Georgia, and landed, three thousand 
 
 strong, on St. Simon's Island. It would, no doubt, 
 have fared badly with the weak colony, if Oglethorpe 
 had not succeeded in saving it by means of a strata- 
 gem. 
 
 21. What excitement raged in Ne-w York in the year 
 1741? 
 
 That of the Negro Plot. Several fires, wliich are 
 now believed to have been accidental, led the j^eople 
 to believe that a plot existed among the negro slaves, 
 to burn the city and massacre the inhabitants. 
 
 22. What •was the consequence ? 
 
 Though their guilt was never proven, eleven negroes 
 were burned alive, eighteen were hanged, and fifty 
 transported to the West Indies. 
 
 23. What did Oglethorpe do at this juncture ? 
 
 He wrote a letter which convinced the New Yorkers 
 that a Catholic priest was at the bottom of the Negro 
 Plot. In consequence, priests were eagerly sought for, 
 but none being found, a poor schoolmaster, named 
 Ury, was declared to be one, and arrested, tried, con- 
 demned, and executed. 
 
 24. When did the French and Indian War break out 
 again ? 
 
94 EIGHTEENTH CE2!fTUKY. 
 
 In 1744, this time under the name of King George ^s 
 War. 
 
 25. What was its chief event ? 
 
 The capture of the fortress of Louisburg, on Cape 
 lireton Island, by the English (1745). 
 
 26. When was peace restored ? 
 
 In 1748, by the treaty of Aix la Chapelle {dx lah 
 sha-peV). 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 I. The Eighteenth Centim-y opened in New York with the 
 passage of a law against Catholic priests, forbidding them to 
 remain in or enter the Province, under penalty of j^erpeiiial im- 
 prisonment ; and, in case of escape and re-capture, they were to 
 be punished with death. This cruel law was not revoked until 
 1784, after France, a Roman Catholic power, had aided the col- 
 onies in their struggle for freedom. 
 
 II. The Peace of Ryswick lasted only until 1702, when the 
 French and Indian War broke out again. Governor Moore, of 
 South Carolina, began hostilities by leading an expedition 
 against St. Augustine, which failed. Shortly after, he led an- 
 other against the Appalachian Indians, in Florida, who were 
 Christians, slew eight hundred of them, along with several of 
 their missionaries, and enslaved fourteen hundred more. 
 
 III. The missions among them having been destroyed, the 
 Appalachian tribe thenceforth led a wandering life, under the 
 name of Seminoles (wanderers), lost their faith, and became the 
 terror of the whites. 
 
 IV. In 1710, the English colonists took Port Royal, in Nova 
 Scotia, which they called "the hornets' nest," and changed its 
 name to Annapolis, in honor of Queen Anne. The following 
 year, England sent a great expedition to eifect the conquest of 
 Canada, which failed completely. In 1713, the Peace of Utrecht 
 put a formal end to Queen Anne's War. 
 
 V. Hostilities still continued, however, in New England, be- 
 
FKENCH AND INDIAN" WAR. 95 
 
 tween the colonists and the Abenaki Indians. In 1724, the Eng- 
 lish took a settlement at which a Catholic Mission had been 
 established, and cruelly put to death Father Rasle, a great 
 Jesuit missionary who had laboi'ed among the Indians for thirty 
 years. 
 
 VI. In 1783, Georgia was settled, the last of the thirteen 
 Original States. Oglethorpe was its founder, and its charter 
 granted religious toleration, and bestowed lands on all settlers 
 save Roman Catholics. As the colony was founded as a refuge 
 for the unfortunate, especially poor debtors, it soon numbered 
 Jews from London, Highlanders from Scotland, and Moravians 
 from Austria, among its members. 
 
 VII. In 1739, Oglethorpe undertook an expedition against 
 St. Augustine, which failed. Three years later, the Spaniards 
 retaliated by invading Georgia. It would have gone hard with 
 the weak little colony, if Oglethorpe had not succeeded in sav- 
 ing it by a stratagem. 
 
 VIII. In 1741, New York was the scene of wild excitement. 
 It was believed that the negroes intended to massacre the people 
 and burn the city. Although their guilt was not proven, eleven 
 negrr^-s were burned at the stake, eighteen were hanged, and 
 fifty were transported to the West Indies. 
 
 IX. A letter from Oglethorpe inspired the conviction that a 
 priest was at the bottom of a Negro Plot, and, in consequence, 
 priests Avere eagerly sought for. None were found, but a poor 
 schoolmaster, named Ury, was declared to be one, tried, con- 
 victed, and executed. 
 
 X. In 1744, the French and Indian War broke out once 
 more, this time under the name of King George's War, King 
 George II. being then king of England. Its principal event was 
 the capture by the English of the fortress of Louisburg, on Cape 
 Breton Island, surnamed the "Gibraltar of America." The 
 New England troops brought home with them from Louisburg 
 an iron cross, which, at present, stands over the entrance to the 
 library of Harvard College, near Boston. 
 
 XL King George's War lasted until 1748, when peace was 
 established by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. 
 
96 
 
 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 LESSON II, 
 
 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 Pittsburg. The second city of 
 Pennsylvania. It is situated 
 in the western part, at the 
 junction of the Alleghany 
 and Mo-non-ga-he-la rivers. 
 
 Liongfellow, Henry Wads- 
 worth, 1807—1882, was 
 born in Portland, Maine. 
 He stands in the front rank 
 of American poets, and his 
 
 writings are more popular 
 than those of any other. 
 Bay of Fundy. The body of 
 water which separates Nova 
 Scotia from New Brunswick. 
 It is remarkable for its high 
 tides ; the waters rushing in 
 from the ocean with such 
 rapidity as to rise a foot in 
 five minutes. 
 
 1. What had the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle failed to do? 
 It had failed to regulate the boundaries between the 
 
 English and French possessions in North America, so 
 that, after a few years, the trouble on this score began 
 afresh. 
 
 2. What ■was one cause of these troubles ? 
 
 The limits of Acadia, which France had ceded to 
 England in 1713. England insisted that Acadia in- 
 cluded the whole region east of the Penobscot River, 
 while the French maintained that it was limited to the 
 region now known as Nova Scotia. 
 
 3. What was another cause ? 
 
 The building of forts by the French in the Valley 
 of the Ohio, within the limits of territory granted by 
 the English king to a company of Virginia and Mary- 
 land colonists, called the "Ohio Company.^' 
 
 4. What did Governor Dinwiddle of Virginia do upon 
 hearing that the French were doing this ? 
 
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 9*? 
 
 He sent a young Virginian named George Washing- 
 ton to remonstrate with the French. He brought 
 back such alarming accounts of their movements, that 
 the Virginia Assembly resolved to build a fort at a 
 point near the present site of the city of Pittsburg. 
 
 5. Was the fort erected ? 
 
 . It was begun, but while the laborers were at work 
 upon it, the French appeared and drove them away ; 
 then completed the fort for themselves, and called it 
 Fort Du Quesne {dew-kdne), in honor of the governor 
 of Canada. 
 
 6. Where was Washington at this time ? 
 
 He was on his way with a body of troops to protect 
 the laborers engaged in erecting the fort. When he 
 learned that the French had taken it, he marched to 
 within a short distance of it, and erected another, 
 which he called Fort Necessity. 
 
 7. What then happened ? 
 
 The French attacked Fort Necessity with a much 
 larger body of troops than Washington's. After a 
 severe encounter of nine hours, Washington was 
 obliged to yield, but made it a condition of his sui"- 
 render that his little troop should be permitted to 
 march out with the honors of war, retain their stores 
 and baggage, and be allowed to return to their homes 
 (1754). 
 
 8. What did all the colonies do at this juncture ? 
 They sent delegates to Albany, where a congress was 
 
 held to discuss the best way to resist the French. 
 
98 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Several Iroquois chiefs were invited to be present anc 
 their alliance sought. 
 
 9. What did one of the delegates, Dr. Benjamin Franklin 
 urge upon the colonies ? 
 
 The necessity of their uniting. Before he left hii 
 home in Philadelphia, he had printed in his newspa- 
 per a wood-cut which represented a snake cut into 
 thirteen pieces. Each ]3iece bore upon it the initia 
 letter of a colony ; and the inscription beneath tlu 
 picture was "Unite or die." 
 
 ID. What did England do at this juncture ? 
 
 She sent an army of regular troops to America, un- 
 der command of General Braddock. As soon as ht 
 arrived in Virginia, four separate expeditions wen 
 planned against the French. 
 
 11. Mention them. 
 
 One under Braddock himself was to proceed againsi 
 Fort Du Quesne ; a second against Crown Point, on 
 Lake Champlain ; a third against Fort Niagara ; and 
 a fourth against the French forts on the Bay of Fundy. 
 
 12. Describe the expedition against Fort Du Quesne. 
 General Braddock set out with a fine army. He 
 
 knew nothing of Indian warfare, and would take no 
 advice from those who did. Washington, who was 
 one of his staff officers, in vain requested him to place 
 the American troops, who were accustomed to fight 
 against Indians, in front, but he refused. 
 
 13. What w^as the consequence of his refusal ? 
 
 As the splendid army marched on with flags flying, 
 
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 99 
 
 music playing, and arms glittering in the sf nshine, 
 the advance guard was surprised by Indians in a ravine 
 about seven miles from Fort Du Quesne (1755). 
 
 14. What followed ? 
 
 A desperate encounter, in which Braddock was de- 
 feated and killed, and Washington had to assume com- 
 mand and conduct the retreat. 
 
 15. What is said of Washington during this battle ? 
 
 He had two horses shot under him, and four bullets 
 passed through his coat, yet he escaped unhurt. It is 
 said that an old Indian chief declared afterwards that 
 he and his "young braves" had aimed repeatedly at 
 the tall young American, without being able to hit 
 him. 
 
 16. How did the other expeditions succeed? 
 
 That against Fort Niagara accomplished nothing. 
 The one against Crown Point, commanded by John- 
 son, did not take that fortress, but gained a victory 
 over the French, for which Johnson was made a 
 baronet. 
 
 17. What did Johnson do during this expedition ? 
 
 He changed the name of the Lake of the Blessed 
 Sacrament (so named by Father Jogues) to Lake 
 George, in honor of the king. 
 
 18. What did the fourth expedition capture ? 
 
 The French forts near the Bay of Fundy. The 
 whole region between Maine and Nova Scotia, now 
 known as New Brunswick, was subjugated. 
 
100 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 » 
 
 19. What cruel act did the English then commit in Nova 
 Scotia ? 
 
 They banished the French Catholics, called Acadi- 
 ans, from the Province, because they would not take 
 an oath renouncing the Catholic religion (1755). 
 
 20. Describe their expulsion. 
 
 They were ordered to assemble upon one morning 
 at designated places. They obeyed ; whereupon they 
 were informed that they were prisoners of the king of 
 England, who had resolved to remove them from the 
 Province. 
 
 21. Continue. 
 
 They were then, to the number of about 7,000, 
 driven upon English vessels, at the point of the bay- 
 onet. The men and boys went first ; the women and 
 maidens had to wait for other transports. In this 
 way husbands were separated from their wives, chil- 
 dren from their parents, and brothers from their sis- 
 ters. Many families were never reunited after this 
 cruel separation. 
 
 22. What was done with the Acadians ? 
 
 They were distributed among the English colonies 
 along the Atlantic coast from Maine to Georgia ; 
 penniless, and unable to speak the language of those 
 among whom they were landed. 
 
 23. What poet has commemorated this sad event ? 
 
 Longfellow, in ''Evangeline." 
 
 24. What does Bancroft say of the expulsion of the Aca- 
 dians ? 
 
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 101 
 
 ''I know not if the annals of the human race keep 
 the record of sorrows so wantonly inflicted, so bitter 
 and perennial, as fell upon the French inhabitants of 
 Acadia." 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 I. The peace of Aix-la-Chapelle had failed to regulate the 
 boundaries between the French and English possessions, and 
 fresh troubles soon rose. The English declared that Acadia, 
 which had been ceded to them, comprised the entii-e region east 
 of the Penobscot River ; the French maintained that it was 
 limited to the region now known as Nova Scotia. 
 
 II. Moreover, the French began to erect forts in the Valley 
 of the Ohio, within the limits of territory granted to the Ohio 
 Company by the king of England. George Washington was 
 sent to remonstrate with them, but they persisted, and war 
 began. 
 
 III. Braddock was sent out from England with a veteran 
 army, but was defeated and killed, when on his way to capture 
 Fort Du Quesne. Washington, who behaved with extreme 
 bravery and coolness, conducted the retreat (1755). 
 
 IV. A little later in the same year, an English expedition 
 fleet subjugated what is now New Brunswick, and captured the 
 French forts on the Bay of Pundy. The English then expelled 
 7,000 Aeadians or French Catholics from Nova Scotia. 
 
102 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 LESSON III. 
 
 FRENCH AND INDIAN \A/^AR (Continued). 
 
 1. What occurred in 1756 ? 
 
 War was formally declared between France and 
 England, and the latter sent one of her most distin- 
 guished generals, Montcalm {mont-calim), to take 
 command of the French troops in America. 
 
 2. What did the following year witness ? 
 
 A series of successes for Montcalm. At its close the 
 French possessions vastly exceeded the English. 
 
 3. Who became Prime Minister of England in 1757 ? 
 
 William Pitt, under whose able management the 
 tide of success was turned in favor of the English. 
 Louisburg was taken by them, though an expedition 
 against Ticonderoga failed. 
 
 4. What glorious feat did Washington achieve during 
 this campaign ? 
 
 By the aid of Virginia rangers alone, he took Fort 
 Du Quesne, which he re-named Fort Pitt, in honor of 
 the English minister. Upon his return to Virginia, 
 he was received with great honor, and elected to the 
 Assembly. At this time, when his name had already 
 become glorious, he was not twenty-seven years of a.ge. 
 
 5. How^ did the campaign of 1759 open ? 
 
 With the capture of Forts Niagara and Ticonderoga 
 by the English. It was then decided to attack Quebec, 
 which was held by Montcalm. 
 
FRENCH AKD INDIAN WAR. 103 
 
 6. Who commanded the English expedition against Que- 
 bec? 
 
 General Wolfe (wool/). Knowing the strength of 
 "the walled city of the north," he appeared before it 
 with a large force. But it appeared impregnable, and 
 two months went by without anything having been 
 accomplished. 
 
 7. Continue. 
 
 At length he resolved to try and effect a landing 
 above the city. A close examination of the cliff at 
 this point revealed a narrow path. Under cover of 
 night, the English army ascended this, and the morn- 
 ing revealed them drawn up in battle array upon the 
 Plains of Abraham, behind the city (1759). 
 
 8. What ensued ? 
 
 A terrible battle, during which both brave com- 
 manders spurred on their troops by sliowing them ex- 
 amples of the greatest gallantry. At length the battle 
 was won by Wolfe, who fell in the moment of victory. 
 
 9. Relate the manner of his death. 
 
 He was roused from his dying stupor by the cry: 
 "They flee; they flee!" "Who flee?" he asked. 
 "The French," replied the officer in attendance. 
 "Grod be praised!" said Wolfe, "I die happy," and 
 expired. 
 
 10. What was the fate of Montcalm ? 
 
 After having done all that man could do to redeem 
 the day, he fell mortally wounded, and was told that 
 he had but a few hours to live. " So much the bet- 
 
104 
 
 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 ter," gasped the brave soldier, "I shall not live to see 
 the surrender of Quebec." 
 
 II. What did he do further ? 
 
 He advised his successor what plan to pursue, and 
 then desired to be ''left alone luitli God.'' He received 
 
 UOKTCALH. 
 
 the last Sacraments, and lingered until the following 
 morning, when he calmly passed away. 
 
 12. What occurred the following year? 
 Montreal surrendered, with the whole of Canada, 
 and Detroit and Mackinaw. 
 
FRENCH AND INDIAN AVAR. 105 
 
 13. What took place in 1763 ? 
 
 The Peace of Paris^ by the terms of which France 
 agreed to cede to England, Canada, with all the islands 
 in the Gulf and River of St. Lawrence, and all her 
 possessions east of the Mississippi, with the exception 
 of New Orleans. 
 
 14. What had France done a short time before ? 
 
 She had ceded to Spain her possessions west of the 
 Mississippi ; so that her career as an American power 
 was now ended. 
 
 15. What occurred shortly after the Treaty of Paris ? 
 Pontiac^s War, so called because it was headed by 
 
 an Indian chief of that name, who disliked the Eng- 
 lish, and formed a conspiracy to kill them. It ended 
 in the defeat of the Indians ; and so the long French 
 and Indian War came to an end. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 I. In 1756, war was formally declared between France and 
 England, and France sent Montcalm, one of her most distin- 
 guished generals, to command the French troops in America. 
 
 II. At fii'st the tide of success turned in favor of the French, 
 but in 1757, Pitt became Prime Minister of England, and under 
 liis wise management the English began to be successful. 
 
 III. Forts Ticonderoga and Niagara having been captured, 
 an expedition was undertaken against Quebec. The fall of this 
 strong fortress (1759) was "the beginning of the end " of the 
 French and Indian war. 
 
 IV. In 1763, the Peace of Paris was signed. By this treaty 
 France ceded to England, Canada and all her possessions east 
 of the Mississippi, with the exception of New Orleans. The 
 brilliant career of France in North America was now over, and 
 England reigned supreme from Hudson Bay to the Gulf of 
 Mexico. 
 
106 
 
 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 LESSON IV. 
 
 THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 Concord. A town in Massa- 
 chusetts, about eighteen miles 
 northwest of Boston. 
 
 Lexington. A town in Massa- 
 chusetts, six miles east of 
 
 Concord. A small monu- 
 ment was set up on the 
 Green there in 1799, in mem- 
 ory of the first who were slain 
 in the Revolutionary War. 
 
 1. Name the thirteen original colonies. 
 
 New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con- 
 necticut, 'New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela- 
 ware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Car- 
 olina, and Georgia. 
 
 2. What was the principal cause of their revolt against 
 England ? 
 
 The attempt of England to tax them Avithout per- 
 mitting them to be represented in the English Parlia- 
 ment. 
 
 3. What phrase came into vogue at this time in the colo- 
 nies ? 
 
 "No taxation without representation." 
 
 4. What was passed in England in 1765 ? 
 
 The famous Stamp Act, which compelled the Amer- 
 icans to write all their receipts, deeds, mortgages, 
 bonds, and other legal documents, upon stamped 
 paper. 
 
 5. From whom were the American people to procure this 
 paper ? 
 
 From the agents of the English Government only ; 
 
THE KEVOLUTION. 107 
 
 and they had to pay about ten cents for the stamp on 
 each sheet. 
 
 6. Ho'w •was the news of the passage of the Stamp Act 
 received by the colonies ? 
 
 AVith the deepest indignation, which Virginia, the 
 leading colony, was the first to display openly. In the 
 House of Burgesses, the great orator, Patrick Henry, 
 arose and read five resolutions, which asserted the 
 rights of the colonies, and denied the authority of 
 Parliament to tax them. 
 
 7. Hov7 •was the reading of Henry's resolutions received 
 by the House ? 
 
 With intense consternation. A long and violent 
 debate followed, during which Henry exclaimed, in 
 the course of an eloquent speech : *' Caesar had his 
 
 Brutus, Charles I his Cromwell, and George III " 
 
 Here he was interrupted by shouts of "Treason! 
 Treason ! " from different parts of the house, but 
 the fearless orator went on steadily: "may profit by 
 their example. If that be treason, make the most 
 of it." 
 
 8. How did the debate end ? 
 
 With the triumph of Henry. His resolutions, 
 denying the authority of the English Parliament to 
 tax the colonies, were passed. 
 
 9. What was the consequence ? 
 
 All the other colonies were encouraged to show their 
 disapproval of the StamjD Act. When the stamjjs 
 arrived at sea-port towns, the flags were placed at- 
 half-mastj muffled bells were tolled, and the citizens 
 
108 
 
 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 dressed themselves in mourning. In many places, 
 the stamps were seized on their arrival, and hidden or 
 burned. 
 
 10. What took place in New York ? 
 
 Ten boxes of s-tamps were destroyed on their arrival 
 there, and the Stamp Act was printed with a skull 
 
 PA.TBICK HENBT. 
 
 and cross-bones instead of the royal arms, and paraded 
 through the streets under the title of "England's 
 Folly and America's Euin." 
 
 II. What was the consequence of these demonstrations 
 in the colonies ? 
 
 The Stamp Act was repealed in March, 1766, but 
 
THE REVOLUTION. 109 
 
 at the same time Parliament reasserted its right to tax 
 the colonies. 
 
 12. What did the English Parliament do shortly after ? 
 It imposed a tax on all tea, glass, paper, and paint- 
 er's colors, imported into the colonies. 
 
 13. What effect had this proceeding ? 
 
 It roused the indignation of the colonists once more. 
 and they and their families did without the articles 
 on which the tax had been laid. They made tea from 
 raspberry leaves, sage, and other plants, and wore 
 home-spun clothes instead of importing the goods. 
 
 14. What did the English Government at length do ? 
 
 It repealed the tax on all articles, save that of three 
 pence per pound on tea, and several shiploads of it 
 were sent to America, in the hope that the colonists 
 would pay the tax. 
 
 15. What followed ? 
 
 The ships arrived in the harbor of Boston, but the 
 people would not permit the tea to be landed, and 
 tried to have it sent quietly back to London. 
 
 16. Continue. 
 
 This attempt failed ; whereupon a party of forty or 
 fifty men, disguised as Indians, went on board the 
 ships during the night and threw three hundred and 
 forty chests of tea into the water. This proceeding 
 was called the ''Boston tea-party" (1773). 
 
 17. How was it punished by the English Government ? 
 
 By the passage of a bill called the Boston Port Bill, 
 which forbade the landing of any cargoes in that port. 
 
110 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 i8. What followed ? 
 
 By coninion consent it was ordered tliat a congress 
 of delegates should meet at Philadelphia in the follow- 
 ing September. Accordingly, the first Continental 
 Congress assembled in that city on the fifth of Sep- 
 tember (1774). Every colony except Georgia was 
 represented. 
 
 19. What action did Congress take ? 
 
 It put forth a Declaration of Rights, and addressed 
 a petition to the king of England (George III), It 
 also addressed a petition to the people of England, 
 declaring that union with them was the pride and 
 glory of the colonies, but that they would be hewers 
 of wood and drawers of water for no nation in the 
 world. 
 
 20. What was then begun throughout the colonies ? 
 
 Active preparations for war, which now seemed im- 
 minent. A committee of safety was appointed, to call 
 the citizens together whenever circumstances required 
 it. Military stores were collected at different points, 
 and regiments were formed and drilled, under old sol- 
 diers who had fought in the French and Indian War. 
 The men comprising these regiments were called 
 "Minute Men," because they were to be ready at a 
 "minute's warning." 
 
 21. Relate an incident which took place about this time 
 in Boston. 
 
 The British soldiers in that city had repeatedly de- 
 stroyed the snow-slides made by the Boston boys for 
 their sleds. They appealed in vain to the captain of 
 
THE REVOLUTION. Ill 
 
 the troops for redress ; and finally went to the British 
 general and complained. '' What/' said the latter, 
 • ' have your fathers been teaching you rebellion, and 
 sent you here to exhibit it ? " 
 
 "Nobody sent us, sir," answered one of the boys. 
 " We have never insulted nor injured your troops, but 
 they have spoiled our snow-slides, so that we cannot 
 use them any more. Yesterday our slides were de- 
 stroyed once more, and we Avill bear it no longer." 
 
 22. What answer did the English general make ? 
 "You may go, my brave boys, and, be assured, if 
 
 my troops trouble you again, they shall be punished." 
 The general told this incident to Governor Gage, who 
 answered that it was impossible to drive the notion of 
 liberty out of the people, as it was rooted in them 
 from childhood. 
 
 23. HoTV did the first blood come to be shed in the Revo- 
 lution ? 
 
 General Gage, the royal governor of Massachusetts, 
 employed sj)ies to find out where the military stores of 
 the Americans were deposited, and ascertained that it 
 was at Concord. 
 
 24. What were the Americans doing meanwhile ? 
 Keeping a close watch upon the movements of tho 
 
 British troops, lest they should capture these stores. 
 It was agreed that if any large force of the British 
 were preparing to go out of Boston at night, a lantern 
 should be hung in the steeple of the Old North 
 Church, to warn the people in Charlestown of the 
 fact. 
 
112 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 25. Continue. 
 
 A watch was kept in Charlestown for this lantern, 
 and on the night of April 18th, 1775, its light was 
 s?en gleaming from the steeple. In a few moments. 
 
 THE BIGNAL LANTERN. 
 
 mounted messengers were galloping in all directions, 
 to rouse the people. 
 
 26. What was the result ? 
 
 The Britisli force had not gone far on their way 
 
THE EEVOLUTION. 113 
 
 to Concord, when they heard the bells of the country 
 towns begin to ring, and knew the alarm had been 
 given. The commanding officer sent back to Boston 
 for more troops and dispatched Major Pitcairn {pit- 
 kdrn) forward to secure the two bridges in Concord. 
 
 27. What did Pitcairn find when he arrived at Lexing- 
 ton ? 
 
 Sixty or seventy of the Minute Men, commanded by 
 Captain Parker, drawn up on the Green. "Ye vil- 
 lains ! ye rebels ! disperse ! " called out Pitcairn. 
 " Why don't ye lay down your arms ? " 
 
 28. What did Parker say to his men ? 
 
 ''Don't fire unless you are fired on; but if they 
 want a war, let it begin here ! " 
 
 29. Continue. 
 
 Pitcairn discharged his pistol at the little band, and 
 then a volley from his soldiers followed, and seven 
 Americans fell. This was the first blood shed in the 
 American Revolution, April 19th, 1775. 
 
 30. What did the Americans then do ? 
 
 They gave way, and the British resumed their 
 march to Concord. Most of the military stores had 
 been removed to the woods, but whatever was left 
 they destroyed, and then returned to Boston, harassed 
 all the way by a deadly fire from the Americans. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 I. The expenses which the French and Indian War had 
 caused England were made an excuse to tax the colonies. This 
 the colonies did not object to, provided that they were permitted 
 to be represented in the English Parliament. 
 
114 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 II. But England refused to allow them to send representa- 
 tives to Parliament, and declared that it was her right to tax 
 the colonies. This roused angry feelings, and the phrase, "No 
 taxation without representation," came into vogue in America. 
 
 III. In 1765, England passed the Stamp Act, by which every 
 legal document used in the colonies was required to bear a 
 stamp, which cost about ten cents, and could be procured from 
 the agents of the English Government alone. 
 
 IV. The passage of this act called forth such opposition in 
 the colonies, that, after a year, it was repealed. But shortly 
 after, another act was passed imposing a tax on tea, glass. 
 painters' colors, and other articles. The colonies showed equally 
 bitter opposition to these acts, so that all were repealed except 
 that on tea. 
 
 V. Parliament persisted, and the first American Congress 
 was convened at Philadelphia in 1774. As yet there was no 
 idea of separating from England. Congi'ess drew up a Decla- 
 ration of Rights, and presented a petition to the king of Eng- 
 land. It presented another to the English people, declaring 
 that they deemed union with them a great glory and happiness, 
 but that they would be hewers of wood and drawers of water 
 for no nation in the world. 
 
 VI. Relations between the colonies and the mother country 
 became more and more strained, and, at last, on the nineteenth 
 day of April, 1775, the first blood was shed in the Revolution, 
 .upon Lexington Green. 
 
THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 115 
 
 LESSON V. 
 
 THE REVOLUTION (Continued). 
 
 Green Mountain Boys. The 
 
 name came from Vermont, 
 which is formed of two 
 French words, meaning 
 "Green Mountain." New 
 York having laid claim to 
 the territory now comprised 
 in the State of Vermont, in- 
 sisted npon the settlers in 
 that region either re-pur- 
 chasing their lands from 
 New York or losing them. 
 The Vermonters refused to 
 do either, and formed them- 
 
 selves into a force called the 
 Green Mountain Boys, under 
 Ethan Allen. The dispute 
 was ended by the Revolution, 
 in which the Green Mountain 
 Boys took a prominent part. 
 Ti-con-de-ro'ga. A village 
 situated at the outlet of 
 Lake George into Lake 
 Champlain, in the State of 
 New York. The ruins of 
 the old fort of the same 
 name lie two or three miles 
 south of it. 
 
 1. How did the affair at Lexington impress the colo- 
 nists ? 
 
 They felt that the war had begun in earnest, and 
 soon twenty thousand of them encamped around Bos- 
 ton, and kept the British army shut up within that 
 city. 
 
 2, Describe this army. 
 
 It was composed of little armies from different colo- 
 nies ; each independent of the other, and totally 
 ignorant of military discipline. Most of the regi- 
 ments had no uniform ; the men wore their old coats, 
 or were in their shirt-sleeves, and many of them were 
 armed only with fowling-pieces. 
 
116 EIGHTEENTH CENTUEY. 
 
 3. What occurred on May 10, 1775? 
 
 Ethan Allen, at the head of the " Green Mountain 
 Boys," captured the fortress of Ticonderoga, on the 
 "western shore of Lake Champlain, from the British. 
 
 4. What else occurred upon the same day ? 
 
 The second Continental Congress met at Philadel- 
 phia. During its session George Washington was 
 appointed commander-in-chief of the American forces. 
 
 5. What occasioned the next encounter between the 
 English and Americans ? 
 
 There were two hills on the northwest side of Bos- 
 ton, which both sides were anxious to get possession 
 of — Breed's Hill and Bunker Hill. The Americans 
 found out that the English were about to extend their 
 lines and include Bunker Hill, so they determined to 
 be beforehand with them and secure it. 
 
 6. What did they do ? 
 
 They sent Colonel Prescott with a force of one thou- 
 sand men to take possession of it and erect fortifica- 
 tions upon it (June 16, 1775). 
 
 7. Continue. 
 
 Prescott and his men set out, but passed by Bunker 
 Hill in the darkness and ascended Breed's Hill, an 
 eminence much nearer Boston. Here, as they toiled 
 all night erecting earthworks, they could plainly hear 
 the sentinels upon the British men-of-war calling out, 
 at intervals, "All's well !" 
 
 8. What took place in the morning ? 
 
 As soon as the fortifications were discovered by the 
 British commanders, they at once led their troops to 
 
THE REVOLUTION. 117 
 
 attack the Americans. The latter were weary from 
 their toil of the night, were without food or water, 
 and possessed but little ammunition. Yet they calmly 
 awaited the onslaught of the veteran British regi- 
 ments and drove them back twice with heavy loss. 
 
 9. How did it end ? 
 
 Upon the third advance of the British the Amer- 
 icans were obliged to retreat, on account of their lack 
 of ammunition. Their loss Avas 450 in killed and 
 wounded, while that of the British amounted to 1,054. 
 
 10. By Twhat name is this encounter know^n ? 
 
 Although fought on Breed's Hill, it is known as the 
 Battle of Bunker Hill (June 17, 1775). A monument 
 marks the spot. 
 
 11. What great American fell at Bunker Hill ? 
 
 General Joseph Warren, an eminent physician and 
 patriot. AVhen the British General Howe heard of 
 his death, he said that it was equal to the loss of five 
 hundred men to the Americans. 
 
 12. Who arrived in Massachusetts a fevr weeks after the 
 Battle of Bunker Hill ? 
 
 George AVashington, and the day after his arrival 
 he stood beneath a great elm tree in Cambridge (still 
 known as the AVashington Elm) and took command 
 of the American Army (July 3, 1775). 
 
 13. What did Washington think of his army ? 
 
 To quote his own words, he saw before him a mixed 
 "multitude of people, with very little discipline, 
 order, or government." In spite of this, however, 
 
THE EEVOLUTION. 119 
 
 the great soldier did not permit himself to become 
 discouraged, but jDroceeded to organize them into an 
 army. 
 
 14. What else occurred during the month of July ? 
 
 Congress published a statement of its reasons fo. 
 taking up arms ; and Georgia, which had hitherto 
 taken no part in the movement, united with her sister 
 colonies and sent delegates to Congress. 
 
 15. What was attempted in November ? 
 
 Congress ordered Generals Schuyler and Montgom- 
 ery to invade Canada, but owing to the protracted ill- 
 ness of Schuyler, Montgomery, a brave and talented 
 young Irishman, assumed sole command of the expe- 
 dition. 
 
 16. Did he succeed? 
 
 He cajitured Montreal, and then advanced updn 
 Quebec, which he attacked under cover of a heavy 
 snow-storm (December 31, 1775). But while scaling 
 the walls, Montgomery was killed, and the disheart- 
 ened troops retreated. A few months later the Amer- 
 icans were obliged to retreat from Canada, and the 
 British recovered it. 
 
 17. Whom did Congress send to Canada in March, 1776 ? 
 
 Three commissioners, Benjamin Franklin, Samuel 
 Chase, and Charles Carroll of Carrollton, to invite the 
 Canadians to join the united colonies. The embassy 
 failed ; partly on account of some bitterly anti-Cath- 
 olic expressions used by Congress in its address to the 
 British people. 
 
130 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 i8. What did Washington accomplish in the spring of 
 1776? 
 
 By erecting a battery on Dorchester Heights, on the 
 south of Boston, he forced the British to evacuate that 
 city (March 17, 1776). Nearly twelve hundred Tories 
 (as Americans who sided with the English king were 
 called) went with them to Halifax. 
 
 19. What course did the British Government now pursue ? 
 
 It resolved to subdue the colonies at any cost. All 
 trade and intercourse with them was forbidden, and 
 sixteen thousand Hessians (or Germans) were procured 
 for the army at a price of thirty-six dollars for each 
 soldier. 
 
 20. What occurred in June, 1776? 
 
 An English fleet appeared off Charleston, South 
 Carolina, whereujion the Americans hastily erected a 
 f&rt of palmetto logs and earth on Sullivan's Island, in 
 the harbor, and Colonel Moultrie, with 500 men, Avas 
 placed in command of it. 
 
 21. Continue. 
 
 The British opened a heavy fire upon Fort Sullivan 
 (which was afterwards called Fort Moultrie), but the 
 encounter ended in a splendid victory for the Amer- 
 icans. 
 
 22. What brave deed did an American soldier perform 
 during this engagement ? 
 
 Early in the action, the flag which waved over the 
 palmetto fort was cut down by a cannon-ball and fell 
 upon the beach, whereupon Sergeant Jasper at once 
 sprang over the breastwork, recovered the flag, and 
 
THE REVOLUTION. 121 
 
 securing it to a staff, set it up once more, amid a 
 shower of balls from the enemy. 
 
 23. What now began to be felt throughout the colonies ? 
 
 Up to this time the colonies had been in arms for 
 their rights as British subjects, but now a desire for 
 independence began to be felt, which grew stronger 
 and stronger. 
 
 24. With what result ? 
 
 On the 7th of June, 1776, Richard Henry Lee, of 
 Virginia, expressed the desire of the people, by moving 
 in Congress ''that these United Colonies are and of 
 right ought to be Free and Independent States." 
 
 25. Who was appointed to write the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence ? 
 
 Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia. 
 
 26. When "was the Declaration of Independence adopted 
 by Congress ? 
 
 At two o'clock on the 4th of July, 1776. The thir- 
 teen colonies were declared to be Free, Sovereign 
 AND Independent States, and all connection with 
 Great Britain was dissolved. 
 
 27. Who signed the Declaration of Independence? 
 
 Fifty-six delegates, from the thirteen colonies. 
 The name of John Hancock, of Massachusetts, as 
 President of Congress, headed the list. 
 
 28. What did John Hancock observe after he had signed ? 
 
 '•' We must be unanimous ; there must be no pulling 
 different ways ; we must all hang together.'' 
 
122 EIGHTEENTH CENTUEY. 
 
 29. And what witty answer did Benjamin Franklin make 
 to this ? 
 
 " Yes/^ said Franklin, " we must all hang together, 
 or else we shall all hang separately." 
 
 30. What did Franklin remark when Charles Carroll of 
 Carrollton signed his name ? 
 
 " There go millions ! " 
 
 31. How w^as the news of the Declaration of Independ- 
 ence received by the people ? 
 
 With the greatest joy. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 I. After the battle of Lexington, it was felt that the war had 
 begun in earnest. An army of twenty thousand men, undisci- 
 plined and ill-armed, but resolved to drive out the foe, en- 
 camped about Boston. 
 
 II. In May, 1775, Ethan Allen, at the head of his Green 
 Mountain Boys, captured the fortress of Ticonderoga. The 
 same day, the second Continental Congress met at Philadelphia 
 and appointed George Washington commander-in-chief of the 
 American forces. 
 
 III. The next encounter which took place between the British 
 and Americans was the Battle of Bunker Hill (June 17, 1775). 
 The Americans were obliged, through lack of ammunition, to 
 retreat before the enemy, but proved that they ^ere able to 
 withstand the attack of veteran English soldiers. 
 
 IV. An expedition led by Montgomery, a brave young Irish- 
 man, against Canada, resulted in failure and his death. In the 
 spring of 1776, however, the Americans were encouraged by 
 the success of Washington in driving the British from Boston. 
 
 V. England now determined to conquer the colonies at any 
 cost, and secured the services of sixteen thousand Hessian or 
 German soldiers. 
 
THE REVOLUTION". 
 
 123 
 
 VI. In June of 1776, the English attacked Charleston, but 
 were defeated. Up to this time, the colonies had taken up arms 
 to secure their rights as British subjects, but they now began to 
 feel a growing desire for independence, until on the 4th of July, 
 1776, the Declaration of Independence was adopted by Congress, 
 and all connection between Great Britain and the colonies dis- 
 solved forever. 
 
 LESSON VI. 
 
 THE REVOLUTION (Continued). 
 
 Trenton. The capital of New 
 Jersey, situated on the left 
 bank of the Delaware River, 
 30 miles northeast of Phila- 
 delphia. In 1881 His Holi- 
 ness made it a bishopric. 
 
 Princeton. A town in New 
 Jersey, 11 miles northeast of 
 Trenton. 
 
 Bennington. A town in the 
 southeastern portion of Ver- 
 mont, 37 miles east of Al- 
 bany. 
 
 Stillwater. A village in Sara- 
 
 toga County, N. Y., 24 miles 
 above Albany. 
 
 Monmouth (mon-muth). A 
 central county of New Jer- 
 sey. The battle was fought 
 at the town of Freehold. 
 
 Savannah. The leading com- 
 mercial city of Georgia ; sit- 
 uated on the right bank of 
 the Savannah River. It con- 
 tains a monument "to Greene 
 and Pulaski." General 
 
 Greene was one of the great- 
 est heroes of the Revolution. 
 
 1. What did Washington do after taking Boston from 
 the British .? 
 
 Foreseeing that an attack would soon be made on 
 New York, he proceeded to that city, leaving a garri- 
 son in Boston. 
 
 2. What followed ? 
 
 General Howe, the British commander also pro- 
 
124 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 ceeded to New York, where he was met by large re- 
 inforcements. 
 
 3. What was fought on August 27th, 1776 ? 
 
 The Battle of Long Island. The engagement began 
 upon hills now contained within Greenwood Cemetery. 
 It resulted in a total defeat of the Americans, and 
 Washington was obliged to retreat from Long Island. 
 
 4. What did Captain Nathan Hale undertake and what 
 was his fate ? 
 
 Washington was very anxious to obtain information 
 of the enemy's intentions ; so Captain Nathan Hale, 
 of Connecticut, volunteered to enter the British camp 
 as a spy. . He did so, and learned what he desired to 
 know, but, on the way back, was recognized, arrested, 
 and executed. His last words were : "I only regret 
 that I have but one life to lose for my country." 
 
 5. What was the state of affairs in November ? 
 
 The British had taken New York, and Washington 
 was retreating through New Jersey into Pennsylvania, 
 with a disheartened, half-clad army, which had been 
 greatly reduced in numbers. 
 
 6. How did Washington revive the confidence of the 
 Americans at this critical moment ? 
 
 There were were one thousand Hessian troops quar- 
 tered at Trenton. Washington knew that, according 
 to German custom, these would spend Christmas day 
 in revelry, and sleep soundly during the following 
 night. So, on Christmas night (1776), which proved 
 starless and stormy, he recrossed the Delaware, sur- 
 
126 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 prised the Hessians in the morning, and took them all 
 prisoners. 
 
 7. What battle did Washington gain shortly after this ? 
 
 The Battle of Princeton (January 3, 1777). 
 
 8. What European nation secretly aided the Americans 
 at this time P 
 
 France, always hostile to England. During the 
 winter she sent out 1,000 barrels of powder and 10,000 
 muskets. 
 
 9. What French nobleman fitted out a vessel and joined 
 the Americans in July, 1777? 
 
 The Marquis de La Fayette {mar-hwis du lah fa-et'), 
 in company with Baron de Kalb and ten or twelve 
 other foreign military officers. La Fayette received 
 the commission of major-general from Congress, and 
 became an intimate friend of Washington. 
 
 ID. What British general entered the States from Can- 
 ada in 1777 ? 
 
 General Burgoyne, with a splendid army. He 
 passed along the western shore of Lake Champlain 
 and captured Fort Ticonderoga, and Port Edward on 
 the upper Hudson. 
 
 11. What occurred at Bennington? 
 
 Hearing that there was a large collection of military 
 stores in that town, Burgoyne sent a force to capture 
 it. They were met by General Stark, with a force of 
 New Hampshire militia. 
 
 12. What is General Stark reported to have said to his 
 men before going into action ? 
 
THE REVOLUTION. 127 
 
 "Men ! There are the red-coats. Before night we 
 must conquer them, or Mollie Stark is a widow." 
 Fortunately, the Americans triumphed. 
 
 13. What encounters followed ? 
 
 Two battles at Stillwater ; shortly after which. Gen- 
 eral Burgoyne, with his entire army, surrendered to 
 General Gates (October 17, 1777). 
 
 14. What can you say of this event ? 
 
 It was of the greatest importance to the Americans, 
 and proved to be the turning-point of the Eevolution. 
 It encouraged the American soldiers, and induced 
 France to conclude a treaty of alliance with the 
 United States and promise substantial aid. 
 
 15. Meanwhile how had it fared with Washington in the 
 south ? 
 
 Learning that Howe was about to attack Philadel- 
 phia, Washington set out to meet him, but was de- 
 feated at Brandywine Creek, near Wilmington, Dela- 
 ware, and also at Germantown, now a part of the city 
 of Philadelphia (October, 1777). Cold weather then 
 set in, and A¥ashington led his troops into winter 
 quarters at Valley Forge, twenty miles north of Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 16. Describe the situation of the army at Valley Forge. 
 
 During the dreary winter of 1777 — 78, the situation 
 of the American troops was most deplorable. Food 
 and clothing, even shoes, Avere lacking, and the suffer- 
 ings of both officers and men were terrible. 
 
138 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 17. What event cheered them amid these sufferings ? 
 The recognition by France of the Independence of 
 
 the United States (February, 1778). 
 
 18. What took place in the spring? 
 
 The English, learning of the arrival of French 
 troops, and afraid of being shut up in Philadelphia, 
 evacuated that city, and retreated across New Jersey, 
 followed by Washington. 
 
 19. Where did he engage the enemy ? 
 
 At Monmouth. A long action followed, resulting 
 in victory for the Americans (June, 1778). 
 
 20. Relate an incident which took place at the Battle of 
 Monmouth. 
 
 An American artillery-man, named Pitcher, was 
 killed. His wife, Mary, was carrying water to him 
 from a spring, when she saw him fall ; whereupon she 
 at once took his place and retained it during the day. 
 In reward for her heroism, Washington appointed her 
 a sergeant in the army, and Congress gave her half- 
 pay for life. She was ever afterwards known as 
 " Captain Mollie.'' 
 
 21. What arrived in July, 1778 ? 
 
 A French fleet, under Count D'Estaing {des-tang'), 
 made its appearance in Delaware Bay. 
 
 22. What was now proposed ? 
 
 For the French to besiege the English at Newport 
 by sea, while General Sullivan did so by land. Ac- 
 cordingly, the French fleet sailed for that harbor, and 
 encountered the British fleet, but a terrific storm sep- 
 
THE REVOLUTION. 129 
 
 arated the two, and D'Estaing was obliged to go to 
 Boston to refit his vessels. 
 
 23. What was General Sullivan obliged to do ? 
 
 Thus deserted, he had no choice but to effect a 
 retreat. 
 
 24. What shocking event occurred in July, 1778 ? 
 
 The Massacre of Wy-o'-raing, a settlement in the 
 Valley of the Susquehanna. It was entered by a 
 band of Iroquois Indians, and Englishmen disguised 
 as savages. They found the settlement almost de- 
 fenceless, for the men were with the army. 
 
 25. What followed ? 
 
 The few men who were at home made a gallant de- 
 fence, but were soon overpowered and slain, along 
 with the women and children. The homes of the set- 
 tlers were destroyed, and beautiful Wyoming made 
 desolate. 
 
 26. What city was taken by the British in December, 
 1778? 
 
 Savannah. 
 
 27. What brilliant success at the north counterbalanced 
 this? 
 
 The capture, by General Anthony Wayne, of Stony 
 Point, a fortified elevation on the right bank of the 
 Hudson Eiver, about forty miles from New York (July 
 15, 1779). This was one of the most brilliant achieve- 
 ments of the war, and Congress had a gold medal 
 struck in honor of it. 
 
130 
 
 EIGHTEENTH CENTUEY. 
 
 28. How did the Americans obtain entrance to the fort ? 
 
 By obtaining the countersign from a negro who sold 
 strawberries to the garrison. Every dog in the neigh- 
 borhood had been killed, and they approached it 
 
 GENERAL WATNB. 
 
 towards midnight, in utter silence. Dividing them- 
 selves into two parties, they attacked it at both sides 
 at once, and carried it at the point of the bayonet. 
 
 29. What did the Americans do in the south in the fol- 
 lo'wing September? 
 
 Aided by the French, they attempted to recapture 
 Savannah, but were repulsed with heavy loss. 
 
THE REVOLUTION. 131 
 
 30. Who were among those that fell ? 
 
 Pulaski, a Polish nobleman, who had come to help 
 the Americans in their struggle for freedom. He had 
 been placed in command of an independent corps, 
 called Pulaski's Legion. Sergeant Jasper, the hero of 
 Fort Moultrie, also fell in this engagement. 
 
 31. What had Congress voted in 1777? 
 
 "That the flag of the thirteen United States be 
 thirteen stripes, alternate red and white, and the 
 union be thirteen white stars in a blue field." This 
 is the flag which waves through our land to-day, save 
 that for every State added to the Union a new star 
 has been placed on the flag ; while the strijies still 
 remain thirteen, in honor of the old thirteen colonies, 
 that won their freedom. 
 
 32. Who was the first to raise this flag on an American 
 ship-of-war ? 
 
 Captain Paul Jones, who afterwards became famous 
 for his naval exploits. 
 
 33. Mention one of the chief of these. 
 
 In September (1779), when in command of a small 
 squadron fitted out in France, he gained an important 
 victory over the English frigate Serapis, off the coast 
 of Scotland. 
 
 34. What was his reward ? 
 
 Louis XVI. bestowed upon him the Order of Merit, 
 and Congress gave him a vote of thanks and presented 
 him with a gold medal. 
 
133 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 SUMMARY, 
 
 I. Having garrisoned Boston, Washington proceeded to New 
 York, but was defeated in the Battle of Long Island, and 
 obliged to retreat to New York, and from thence through New 
 Jersey into Pennsylvania. But returning on his course, he sur- 
 prised the Hessians at Trenton on December 26, 1777, and 
 gained a complete victory. 
 
 II. During the summer of 1777, Burgoyne entered the United 
 States from Canada, and took Forts Ticonderoga and Edward, 
 but, defeated at Bennington, and twice at Stillwater, surren- 
 dered with his whole army to General Gates (October, 1777). 
 
 III. In the summer of this year, Lafayette and several other 
 foreign officers joined the Americans. 
 
 IV. After being defeated at Bi'andywine and Germantown, 
 Washington went into winter quarters at Valley Forge. A sea- 
 son of extreme suffering followed, cheered only by the news that 
 France had recognized the Independence of the United States 
 (February, 1778). In the spring, a victory was gained at Mon- 
 mouth by the Americans, and a French fleet arrived. 
 
 V. In December (1778) the city of Savannah was taken by 
 the British. An offset to this, in the north, was the capture of 
 Stony Point, on the Hudson River, by General Anthony Wayne, 
 one of the most brilliant achievements of the war (July, 1779). 
 In September an important naval victory was gained by Paul 
 Jones, off the coast of Scotland. 
 
 VI. In September (1779) the Americans attempted to re- 
 capture Savannah, but were defeated. Among the slain were 
 Pulaski, a Polish noble, who had espoused the American cause, 
 and Sergeant Jasper, the hero of Fort Moultrie. 
 
THE EEVOLUTION. 
 
 133 
 
 LESSON VII, 
 
 THE REVOLUTI 
 
 Newport. One of the capitals 
 of Rhode Island, and a cele- 
 brated summer resort. It is 
 situated on Rhode Island, in 
 Narragansett Bay. 
 
 West Point. Situated on the 
 right bank of the Hudson 
 River, 53 miles north of the 
 city of New York. It is now 
 the site of the United States 
 Military Academy. 
 
 Eutaw Spring. This is a small 
 stream which flows into the 
 Santee River, South Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 ON (Concluded). 
 
 Yorktown. Situated on the 
 right bank of the York 
 River, Virginia, 11 miles 
 from its mouth. 
 
 Annapolis. The capital of 
 Maryland, situated on the 
 Severn River, near Chesa- 
 peake Bay. It is the seat of 
 the United States Naval 
 Academy. 
 
 Charleston. The largest city 
 and chief seaport of South 
 Carolina, situated on a pro- 
 jection of land between the 
 Ashley and Cooper Rivers. 
 
 1. What occurred in May, 1780? 
 
 The city of Cliarleston was captured by the British, 
 who then proceeded to subjugate the whole of South 
 Carolina. 
 
 2. What occurred in the following July ? 
 
 A French fleet and land force, comprising in all six 
 thousand men, arrived at Newport, Rhode Island. 
 
 3. Who commanded the land force ? 
 
 The Count de Eochambeau {ro' sham' ho), who placed 
 himself entirely under the command of Washington. 
 
 4. What base act was committed by General Arnold 
 during this year ? 
 
 He entered into negotiations with the British, and 
 
134 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 offered to betray West Point, the guardian fortress of 
 the Hudson River, into their hands, for the sum of 
 about fifty thousand dollars, and the commission of a 
 brigadier-general in the British army. 
 
 5. What British officer came within the American lines 
 to conclude the bargain with Arnold ? 
 
 Major John Andre, to whom Arnold gave a plan of 
 the fortress, and a statement of its condition. Andre 
 then set off to New York, but in the neighborhood of 
 Tarrytown, almost in sight of the British lines, he 
 met three men whom he thought were British soldiers 
 and accosted as such. 
 
 6. Who were they ? 
 
 Three American soldiers, who at once arrested An- 
 dre, searched him, and found the treasonable papers. 
 
 7. What was the fate of Andre ? 
 
 He was hanged as a spy. Arnold made his escape 
 to the British, and received the price of his treason, 
 but Avas treated Avith universal contempt to the end of 
 his life. 
 
 8. How did the campaign in the Carolinas proceed ? 
 
 With varying success, until at length General Greene 
 defeated the British in the Battle of Eutaw Springs 
 (September, 1781). This closed the campaign in the 
 Carolinas. 
 
 9. Meanwhile what was happening in Virginia ? 
 
 A strong army under Cornwallis was ravaging the 
 country. 
 
THE REVOLUTION". 
 
 135 
 
 10. What did Cornwallis do in the early autumn ? 
 
 He collected his forces and intrenched himself at 
 \'orktown, Virginia. 
 
 11. What was now agreed between Washington and the 
 French commander ? 
 
 To attack Cornwallis in his stronghold. Accord- 
 i ugly, Washington, 
 carefully concealing 
 his design from the 
 enemy, withdrew his 
 army from the Hud- 
 son, and marched rap- 
 idly to Virginia. The 
 French army, under 
 Rochambeau, accom- 
 panied him. 
 
 12. What followed ? 
 An attack upon 
 
 Yorktown by the ailied 
 armies. A siege of ten days followed, after which Lord 
 Cornwallis and his entire army surrendered to Wash- 
 ington (October 19, 1781). This great event termi- 
 nated the Revolutionary Wai\ 
 
 13. How was the news received at Philadelphia? 
 
 At two o'clock A. M. of the following morning, the 
 people in that city were aroused by the watchman's 
 cry: "Past two o'clock, and Cornwallis is taken." 
 Many of them rushed into the street, embraced one 
 another, and wept for joy ; and one old man, the door- 
 keeper of Congress, expired of excessive joy. 
 
 ROCHAMBEAU. 
 
136 EIGHTEENTH CENTUEY. 
 
 14. What did Congress do ? 
 
 It voted the liighest honors to all who had aided in 
 gaining this important victory, and recommended a 
 day of thanksgiving to be observed throughout tlie 
 States. 
 
 15. Where did the victorious generals attend a solemn 
 Mass of Thanksgiving ? 
 
 In St. Joseph's Church, Philadelphia. 
 
 16. Whatvyas concluded in September, 1783? 
 
 The Treaty of Paris, by which England recognized 
 the independence of the United States, which thence- 
 forth were counted one of the nations of the earth. 
 
 17. What took place on November 3, 1783 ? 
 
 The American army was disbanded, and General 
 Washington said farewell to his soldiers. 
 
 18. When did the British evacuate the city of New 
 York? 
 
 On November 25, 1783, after whi'Ch General "\V::sh- 
 ington, accompanied by Governor Clinton, entered it 
 in triumph, and the Stars and Stripes were soon wav- 
 ing where the English flag had floated for so many 
 years. 
 
 19. What did Washington now do ? 
 
 After bidding an affectionate farewell to his brother 
 officers, he set out for Annapolis, where Congress was 
 then sitting, and after resigning his command to that 
 body, set out for his beloved Mount Vernon, on the 
 Potomac Kiver, there to pass, as he thought, the re- 
 mainder of his life in well-earned repose. 
 
THE KEVOLUTION". 
 
 137 
 
 20. What summoned Washington from this retirement ? 
 
 In 1787, he was chosen as president of a National 
 Convention, which assembled at Philadelphia, for the 
 purpose of framing a Constitution for the United 
 
 States. 
 
 21. Who was elect- 
 ed first President of 
 the United States ? 
 
 George Washing- 
 ton (1789), 
 
 22. Who was elect- 
 ed Vice-President ? 
 
 John Adams of 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 23. What city was 
 the seat of government 
 at this time ? 
 
 New Ycrk. Dur- 
 ing Washington's ad- 
 ministration, it was 
 removed to Philadelphia. 
 
 24. What were the principal events during Washington's 
 administration ? 
 
 The Indians who had ravaged the western frontier 
 were effectually checked by General Wayne, and signed 
 a treaty of peace ; and three new States were admitted 
 into the Union : Vermont (March, 1791), Kentucky 
 (February, 1792), and Tennessee (June, 1796). 
 
 25. What important invention was made during Wash- 
 ington's administration ? 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON. 
 
138 
 
 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Eli Whitney's cotton gin, by means of wJiich the 
 seed of the cotton-plant was separated from the fibre. 
 Up to that time it had to be done by hand, and it 
 took a whole day to gin a pound. As soon as Whit- 
 ney's invention was 
 perfected, the culti- 
 vation of cotton in- 
 creased enormously 
 and American cotton 
 supplied the world. 
 
 26. How long did 
 Washington remain in 
 office? 
 
 Eight years, or 
 two terms. He then 
 declined a third 
 term, and retired to 
 his loved Mount Ver- 
 non. He was suc- 
 ceeded in office by 
 John Adams. 
 
 COTTON PLANT. 
 
 27. What mournful 
 event occurred at the close of the i8th century ? 
 
 The death of Washington, which took place in De- 
 cember, 1799, in the sixty-eighth year of his age. 
 His remains were placed in the family- vault at Mount 
 Vernon, where they still rest. 
 
 28. Describe his character. 
 
 He was one of the purest patriots that ever lived. 
 With complete disinterestedness, he devoted himself 
 
THE REVOLUTION". 139 
 
 to liis country, and by his prudence, unerring judg- 
 ment, and unfailing patience, achieved her independ- 
 ence. At his death the nation was plunged in grief, 
 and the House of Representatives pronounced him 
 "first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of 
 his countrymen." • 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 I. The city of Charleston was captured, in 1780, by the Brit- 
 ish, who then proceeded, under Cornwallis, to subjugate the 
 Carolinas. The Americans, however, were soon cheered by the 
 arrival at Newport of a French force under Rochambeau, num- 
 bering six thousand men. 
 
 II. This year (1780) was also signalized by the only act 
 of treachery which stained the Revolutionary War. General 
 Benedict Arnold agreed to deliver West Point, the strongest 
 fortress of the Americans, to the British for the sum of about 
 $50,000, and the commission of a brigadier-general in the Brit- 
 ish army. Major John Andre came within the American lines 
 to conclude the treasonable bargain, but was arrested, tried, 
 and hanged as a spy. Arnold escaped to the British, and re- 
 ceived the reward for which he had stipulated, but met with 
 contempt to the close of his life. 
 
 III. In April, 1781, Cornwallis proceeded to Virginia, leaving 
 a division to defend South Carolina, over which General Greene 
 gained the Battle of Eutaw Spring, in September (1781). As 
 autumn approached Cornwallis fortified himself within York- 
 town, Virginia. Washington withdrew his army from the Hud- 
 son, marched to Virginia, accompanied by the French force 
 lender Rochambeau, and, after a siege of ten days, forced Corn- 
 wallis and his army to surrender. This event virtually closed 
 the Revolutionary War. 
 
 IV. The news of Cornwallis' surrender was received by the 
 people with the greatest joy. A solemn Mass of Thanksgiving 
 
140 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 was celebrated in St. Joseph's Churcji, Philadelphia, and was 
 attended by the victorious generals. 
 
 V. In 1787, Washington was summoned from his loved re- 
 tirement at Mount Vernon, to be president of the National Con- 
 vention, which met at Philadelphia, to frame the Constitution, 
 under which he was chosen first President of the United States 
 (April 30, 1789). The principal events of his administration 
 were the suppression of Indian warfare on the western frontier, 
 and the admission of three new States, Vermont, Kentucky, 
 and Tennessee into the Union. 
 
 VI. After having filled office for two terms, Washington 
 declined a re-election and retired into private life. In Decem- 
 ber, 1799, after a brief illness, he passed calmly away, leaving 
 the nation overwhelmed with grief at his loss. His remains 
 rest at Mount Vernon. 
 
 LESSON VIII. 
 
 CATHOLICS AND THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 Pensaco'la. A city on the 
 western coast of Florida, on 
 a bay of the same name 
 
 James Penimore Cooper. 
 
 1789 — 1851. A great Amer- 
 
 pioneer life and sea stories 
 have never been excelled. 
 Baton Rouge. A city of Lou- 
 isiana, situated on the left 
 bank of the Mississippi 
 
 ican novelist. His tales of River. 
 
 I. What may be said of Catholics during the Revolution ? 
 
 " From the outset of the straggle Catholics did 
 their part on sea and land ; in the ranks and in com- 
 mand ; in the council and in Congress. Every Cath- 
 olic hand, every Catholic heart within the limits of 
 the United States, gave its aid to the cause." 
 
THE REVOLUTION. 141 
 
 2. What treatment had Catholics been subjected to before 
 the Revolution ? 
 
 They had been proscribed, deprived of civil rights, 
 and oppressed with heavy taxes ; and this after set- 
 ting the first example of religious tolerance in the 
 New World. 
 
 3. What did the Revolution inaugurate ? 
 
 A new era for Catholicism. This was probably 
 owing to the fact that the alliance of a great Eoman 
 Catholic power was eagerly sought for and gained by 
 the Americans. 
 
 4. What astonishing occurrence took place in New Eng- 
 land on the arrival of the French ? 
 
 After the French had landed in New England, the 
 selectmen of Boston followed a crucifix through the 
 streets ; a fact which excited the ridicule of the Eng- 
 lish. 
 
 5. What occurred when the French fleet arrived in Nar- 
 ragansett Bay ? 
 
 The law which excluded Catholics from civil rights 
 was repealed. Later, when the French troops were in 
 Philadelphia, Congress attended Mass. 
 
 6. Mention the names of some of the Catholics who par- 
 ticularly distinguished themselves during the Revolutionary 
 War. 
 
 Captain John Barry, who received the first naval 
 commission issued by Congress (1775) ; Moylan, 
 Washington's aid-de-camp, Burke, and Vigo. 
 
 7. What aid did the Catholic Indians furnish ? 
 
 In 1775, Washington wrote to the Catholic Indians 
 
142 
 
 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 of Maine and requested their assistance. All the 
 tribes from the Penobscot River to Gasp6 Bay re- 
 sponded to this appeal. Ambrose Var, the chief of 
 the St. John Indians, served the cause well, and the 
 brave Orono, chief of the Penobscot Indians and a 
 staunch Catholic, received a Continental commission, 
 and fought through the war. 
 
 JOHN BARBT. 
 
 8. What further may be said of Orono ? 
 
 He lived to see priests restored to his village, and 
 religion flourishing. After the restoration of peace, 
 a deputation of the Abenaki Indians waited upon 
 Bishop Carroll and asked for a priest. Their prayer 
 was granted and to this day the Abenaki Indians of 
 Maine have retained their faith. 
 
THE KEVOLUTIOK. 143 
 
 9. What celebrated Irishmen fought in the Revolution ? 
 It is said on reliable authority ''that one-third of 
 
 the active chiefs of the American army were of Irish 
 birth or descent." Generals Montgomery, Sullivan, 
 and Wayne, Colonels Fitzgerald and Butler, were 
 among the most distinguished. It may be added, that 
 of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, 
 nine were either Irishmen or the descendants of Irish- 
 men. 
 
 10. What may be said of the navy ? 
 
 The first blow struck on the water after the war be- 
 gan, was by men of Irish descent, Jeremiah O'Brien 
 and his brothers, who captured the British armed 
 schooner " Margaretta," off the coast of Maine (May, 
 1775), in the name of the United Colonies. Jeremiah 
 O'Brien afterwards received a captain's commission in 
 the Massachusetts navy. 
 
 11. What was the " Margaretta" affair styled by Cooper? 
 " The Lexington of the seas." 
 
 12. What name did the Catholic Captain John Barry 
 receive ? 
 
 That of " The Fathee of the AMERicAisr Navy.'' 
 Under this great commander were trained men who 
 also achieved great distinction : Dale, Decatur, Stew- 
 art, and Murray. 
 
 13. Name some of the most distinguished of the French 
 Catholics who fought in the War for American Independ- 
 ence. 
 
 De La Fayette, the Eochambeaux, father and son, 
 De Lauzun, De Cliartelleaux {shar-tel-lo'},- and De 
 
144 EIGHTEENTH CENTUEY. 
 
 Montmorenci {mon-md-ron-se') ; while among the 
 Irish-French Avho accompanied these, were Counts 
 Dillon, Roche-Fermoy, McMahon, and Dugan. 
 
 14. What did Washington say in his answer to the ad- 
 dress of the Roman Catholics after the Revolution ? 
 
 " I presume that your fellow-citizens will not forget 
 the patriotic part which yon took in the accomplish- 
 ment of the Revolution and the establishment of their 
 government, or the important assistance they received 
 from a nation in which the Roman Catholic faith is 
 professed." 
 
 15. What aid did Spain afford the United States ? 
 
 Spain, another great Catholic power, sent two hun- 
 dred thousand dollars to the struggling patriot army. 
 Later, she sent out cargoes of supplies, and placed at 
 the disposal of the United States, ammunition and 
 supplies at New Orleans. 
 
 16. What more did Spain do when an American envoy 
 went to Madrid ? 
 
 She sent blankets for ten regiments, and made a 
 gift of $150,000 through him. 
 
 17. What aid did Count de Galvez, the Spanish Governor 
 of Louisiana, afford us ? 
 
 As soon as he had been made governor, he at once 
 tendered his aid to us; forwarded the clothing and 
 military stores in New Orleans ; and when the Eng- 
 lish seized an American schooner on the Louisiana 
 lakes, he confiscated all English vessels in reprisal. 
 
 18. Continue. 
 
 Later on, Spain declared war against England, 
 
THE REVOLUTION. 145 
 
 whereupon Galvez took Baton Rouge ; and then, with 
 the assistance of a Spanish fleet, laid siege to the 
 ancient town of Pensacola. The British Governor, 
 Campbell, resisted bravely, but in vain ; Pensacola 
 fell, and British power on our southern frontier was 
 crushed. 
 
 19. Who was the first regularly settled priest in the city 
 of New York ? 
 
 Father Charles Whelan, an Irish Franciscan, who 
 had been chaplain on board the French fleet. His 
 congregation assembled in a loft over a carj^enter's 
 shop in Barclay Street, until St. Peter's Church was 
 built, in the same street, a few years later. In Bos- 
 ton, the Catholics were permitted the use of a school- 
 house on School Street. 
 
 20. What important event occurred in 1789 ? 
 
 His Holiness Pope Pius VI. created Baltimore an 
 Episcopal See, and appointed as its first Bishop Rev. 
 John Carroll, S. J., who was consecrated August 15, 
 1790. His diocese comprised the entire United 
 States. 
 
 21. What did the French Revolution confer upon the 
 United States? 
 
 A great spiritual benefit. Between 1791 and 1799, 
 twenty-three French priests, whom that event had 
 driven from their native land, found a refuge in this 
 country, where the harvest was great and the laborers 
 few. Six of these French joriests became bishops. 
 
 22. What took place upon Christmas Eve, 1799 ? 
 
 The first Mass ever celebrated in the region of the 
 
146 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Alleghanies, was offered by Father Demetrius Gallit- 
 zin, a Russian Prince, who had devoted himself to a 
 missionary career in the United States. He estab- 
 lished the village of Loretto in Western Pennsylvani;i. 
 
 23. What was the condition of Catholicism in the United 
 States at the close of the i8th century ? 
 
 The Catholics had increased to fifty thousand, and 
 the priests numbered between forty and fifty. 
 
 24. What took place in California during the i8th cen- 
 tury ? 
 
 In the year 1769, a band of Spanish Franciscans, 
 led by Father Junipero Serra, penetrated thither and 
 began to establish missions. By the year 1822, twen- 
 ty-one had been erected at various points along the 
 Pacific coast. 
 
 25. Name the principal missions ? 
 
 San Diego, Monterey, San Francisco, Los Angeles, 
 and Santa Barbara. At one time, these missions shel- 
 tered 75,000 Christian Indians, leading peaceful and 
 industrious lives. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 I. Through oiit the Revolution, the Catholics were conspicu- 
 ous for their patriotism. Many achieved distinction, in Con- 
 gress and in council ; in the field and on the sea ; while two 
 great Catholic powers, France and Spain, lent substantial aid. 
 
 II. The Revolution inaugurated a new era for Catholicism in 
 our country. During its last year, the Catholics of New York 
 were permitted the use of a loft over a carpenter's shop in Bar- 
 clay Street, while the Boston Catholics assembled in a school- 
 house on School Street. 
 
THE KEVOLUTIOK. 147 
 
 III. In 1790, Rev, J. Carroll, S. J., cousin of one of the sign- 
 ers of the Declaration of Independence, was consecrated Bishop 
 of Baltimore. His diocese comprised the United States. 
 
 IV. During the 18th century, a band of Spanish Franciscans 
 colonized California. They erected twenty-one missions at vari- 
 ous points along the Pacific coast, which at one period sheltered 
 75,000 Christian Indians, leading peaceful, industrious lives. 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 1700. — Law passed in New York against Catholic priests. 
 Mobile settled by the French. 
 
 1702. — Queen Anne's War begins. 
 
 1703. — Governor Moore of South Carolina attacks St. Augus- 
 tine and fails ; destroys the Indian missions in 
 Florida. 
 
 1710. — Capture of Port Royal by the colonial troops. 
 
 1711.— Great expedition sent by England against Canada. 
 
 1713.— Peace of Utrecht. 
 
 1724.— Death of Father Rasle. 
 
 1731. — Crown Point erected. 
 
 1733. — Georgia settled. 
 
 1739. — Expedition of Oglethorpe against St. Augustine. 
 
 1741. — " Negro Plot " excitement in New York. 
 
 1742. — Spaniards invade Florida, 
 
 1744. — King George's War begun, 
 
 1745. — Capture of Louisburg by the English. 
 
 1748. — Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. 
 
 1753. — Washington sent by Governor Dinwiddle to the 
 French. 
 
 1754. — Fort Necessity taken by the French. 
 
 1755. — Braddock arrives in America ; is defeated and slain. 
 Acadians driven from Nova Scotia. 
 
 1759. — Surrender of Quebec. 
 
 1763.— Peace of Paris. 
 
 1765. — Passage of the Stamp Act. 
 
148 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 1766.— Repeal of the Stamp Act. 
 
 1767. — Tax placed upon tea and other articles. 
 
 1769. — Franciscan Missions established in Upper California. 
 
 1770. — All duties, save that on tea, repealed. 
 
 1773. — Tea thrown into Boston Harbor. 
 
 1774. — Bill passed closing the Port of Boston. First Ameri- 
 can Congress meets in Philadelphia. 
 
 1775. — First blood shed in the Revolution at Lexington ; 
 Battle of Bunker Hill ; Invasion of Canada ; Wash- 
 ington takes command of the army. 
 
 1776. — Embassy to Canada fails ; Boston evacuated by the 
 British ; Attack on Fort Moultrie repulsed ; Decla- 
 ration of Independence ; Battles of Ijong Island 
 and Trenton. 
 
 1777. — Battles of Princeton, Bennington, Brandywine, Still- 
 water, and Germantown ; Arrival of La Fayette ; 
 Surrender of Burgoyne ; Washington encamps at 
 Valley Forge. 
 
 1778.— British evacuate Philadelphia ; Battle of Monmouth ; 
 American Independence recognized by France ; Ar- 
 rival of French fleet ; Massacre of Wyoming ; Cap- 
 ture of Savannah by the enemy. 
 
 1779. — Capture of Stony Point by the Americans ; Great 
 American naval victory won by Paul Jones ; Amer- 
 icans and French repulsed at Savannah ; death of 
 Pulaski. 
 
 1780. — Surrender of Baton Rouge to Count Galvez ; Arrival 
 of second French fleet ; Treason of Arnold ; Execu- 
 tion of Andre. 
 
 1781. — Battles of Eutaw Spring and Yorktown ; Surrender 
 of Cornwallis ; End of the Revolution. 
 
 1783. — Treaty of Peace signed at Paris. 
 
 1784. — Rev. John Carroll, S. J., made Prefect Apostolic in 
 
 the United States. 
 1786.— St. Peter's Church in New York begun, 
 1787. — Constitution of the United States framed. 
 
THE REVOLUTION. 149 
 
 1789. — Washington elected first President of tlie United 
 States ; Georgetown College founded. 
 
 1790. — Dr. Carroll consecrated first Bishop of the United 
 States. 
 
 1791. — Vermont admitted to the Union. 
 
 1792. — Kentucky admitted to the Union. 
 
 1793. — First priest (Father Badin) ordained in the United 
 States. 
 
 1795. — Prince Gallitzin ordained. 
 
 1796. —Tennessee admitted to the Union. 
 
 1797. — John Adams inaugurated. 
 
 1799. — First Mass offered in the Alleghanies ; Death of 
 Washington. 
 
PART V. 
 
 NINETEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 LESSON I. 
 
 FROM JEFFERSON TO BUCHANAN. 
 
 Washington. 
 
 magnificent 
 the capital 
 States. It is 
 District of 
 noted for 
 architecture 
 buildings. 
 •Ghent (gent). 
 of Belgium, 
 
 "The city of 
 
 distances," is 
 of the United 
 
 situated in the 
 Columbia, and 
 
 the beautiful 
 of many of its 
 
 A fortified city 
 famous in his- 
 
 tory. It stands on twenty- 
 six islands, connected by 100 
 bridges. The extent of its 
 cotton manufacture has won 
 for it the name of the ' ' Bel- 
 gium Manchester." 
 Emmettsburg. A village fifty 
 miles northwest of Balti- 
 more, in Frederick County, 
 Maryland. 
 
 1. What took place in the year 1800 ? 
 
 The seat of government was removed from Phila- 
 'delphia to Washington. 
 
 2. Who succeeded John Adams as President ? 
 Thomas Jefferson of Vh'ginia (1801—1809), the 
 
 framer of the Declaration of Independence. During 
 his administration Ohio was admitted into the Union, 
 and a law was passed forbidding the importation of 
 African slaves. 
 
FKOM JEFFERSOlf TO BUCHANAK. 151 
 
 3. What else took place during his administration ? 
 
 The purchase by the United States, for fifteen mil- 
 lion dollars, from France, in 1803, of a vast and un- 
 explored region extending west from the Mississippi 
 River to the Eocky Mountains, called Louisiana, and 
 its exploration by Lewis and Clarke, who carried the 
 American flag across the continent to the Pacific 
 Ocean. 
 
 4. Repeat Napoleon's observation regarding the Louis- 
 iana purchase. 
 
 " This accession of territory strengthens forever the 
 power of the United States, and I have just given to 
 England a maritime rival that will, sooner or later, 
 humble her pride." This prophecy was verified in the 
 war of 1812. 
 
 5. What progress did Catholicism make during Jeffer- 
 son's administration ? 
 
 The Jesuits were restored in the United States 
 (1805) ;■ a Dominican monastery was founded in Ken- 
 tucky (180G) ; the City of New York was erected into 
 an Episcopal See (1808), and the Sisters of Charity 
 were established at Emmettsburg (1809). 
 
 6. What great invention took place during Jefferson's 
 administration ? 
 
 The invention of the steamboat by Eobert Fulton. 
 His first vessel was named the " Clermont,'* and made 
 the trip from New York to Albany in thirty-six 
 hours. 
 
 7. Who succeeded Jefferson as President ? 
 
 James Madison of Virginia, who also served two 
 
153 
 
 KINETEE]SrTH CENTURY. 
 
 terms (1809 — 1817). During his first administration 
 Louisiana was admitted to the Union and Congress 
 declared war against Great Britain (June, 1812), 
 
 ENGLISH BIGHT OF SEARCH. 
 
 8. For what reason ? 
 
 Chiefly on account of England's claiming the right 
 to search American vessels and take from them such 
 seamen as she pronounced to be British deserters. In 
 exercise of this right the British ship "Leopard" 
 
FROM JEFFERSON TO BUCHANAN. 153 
 
 took four men by force from the American frigate 
 " Chesapeake " (1807). 
 
 9. What marked the first year of the war ? 
 
 General Hull's ignominious surrender of the whole 
 of Michigan Territory at Detroit (1813). Several brill- 
 iant American naval victories, however, compensated 
 for this disaster. 
 
 10. Mention some of these. 
 
 Captain Isaac Hull (nephew of General Hull), in 
 command of the frigate '^ Constitution,'" captured the 
 English frigate " Guerriere " [gdre-e-dre) ; and Cap- 
 tain Decatur, in command of the frigate " United 
 States," captured the British frigate "Macedonian" 
 (1812). In a number of minor actions, the Ameri- 
 cans were equally victorious. 
 
 11. What did Commodore Perry gain in September, 
 1813? 
 
 A splendid victory on Lake Erie over an entire 
 British fleet, every vessel of which surrendered to liim. 
 Shortly after, the Americans gained a battle in Can- 
 ada, in which the great Indian chief Tecumseh, the 
 powerful ally of the English, was slain. By this de- 
 cisive victory, Michigan was recovered, and the war 
 ended on the northwestern frontier. 
 
 12. What occurred in August, 1814 ? 
 
 The British entered Washington and burned the 
 Capitol and the president's house. They then pro- 
 ceeded against Baltimore and bombarded Fort Mc- 
 Henry, near that city, for twenty-five hours, but with- 
 out success. During the fire, Francis S. Key, an 
 
154 NINETEENTH CENTURY, 
 
 American detained on board one of the British ships, 
 composed our national song, " The Star-Spangled 
 Banner." 
 
 13. What did the English attempt next ? 
 
 An invasion of the South. Sir Edward Pakenham 
 with an army of 12,000 men, attacked the City of 
 New Orleans, which was defended by General Jack- 
 son, who defeated the British with a loss of two thou- 
 sand men, among whom was their commander. This 
 was the last battle of the war (January 1, 1815). 
 
 14. What had been effected in Europe meanwhile ? 
 
 A treaty of peace between the United States and 
 England, which was signed at Ghent (December 14, 
 1814). The news reached here in the following Feb- 
 ruary (1815), when peace Avas at once proclaimed and 
 caused great joy throughout the country. 
 
 15. V/hat State was admitted into the Union during 
 Madison's second administration ? 
 
 Indiana (1816). 
 
 16. Who succeeded President Madison? 
 
 James Monroe of Virginia (1817 — 1825), whose ad- 
 ministration was known as the '"^era of good feeling." 
 During it five new states were admitted to the Union : 
 Mississippi (1817), Illinois (1818), Alabama (1819), 
 Maine (1820), and Missouri (1821). 
 
 17. What did the admission of Missouri into the Union 
 occasion ? 
 
 The passage of a bill in Congress entitled the " Mis- 
 souri Compromise Bill," by which it was decided that 
 
FROM JEFFERSOJS^ TO BUCHANAN. 155 
 
 with the exception of Missouri, slavery should be 
 thenceforward excluded in the territory north of the 
 parallel 36° 30', and west of the Mississii^pi. 
 
 i8. What arose on the Southern frontier during Mun- 
 roe's administration ? 
 
 Trouble with the Seminole Indians Avho lived within 
 the Spanish territory of Florida, which was quelled by 
 General Jackson. In 1819 Spain ceded Florida to the 
 United States. 
 
 19. Who succeeded Monroe ? 
 
 John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts (1825 — 1829). 
 His administration was one of peace and prosperity 
 and the nation advanced rapidly in population and 
 wealth. The Erie Canal was opened, and the first 
 railroad built. 
 
 20. What occurred on the fiftieth anniversary of the Dec- 
 laration of American Independence ? 
 
 By a strange coincidence, two noted men passed 
 away within a few hours of each other : Ex- President 
 John Adams, father of the President, and Ex-Presi- 
 dent Thomas Jefferson (July 4, 1826). 
 
 21. Who succeeded President Adams ? 
 
 Andrew Jackson of Tennessee (1829 — 1837). Dur- 
 ing his administration an attemj)t to remove the In- 
 dian tribes to west of the Mississippi was fiercely re- 
 sisted by the Seminoles of Florida, under their chief 
 Osceola, who was finally captured and sent to Fort 
 Moultrie. The war still continued for several years, 
 but finally ended in the defeat of the Indians by 
 General Taylor (1837). 
 
156 NINETEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 22. What two new States w^ere added to the Union dur- 
 ing Jackson's administration ? 
 
 Arkansas (1836), and Michigan (1837). 
 
 23. Name the three Presidents who in turn succeeded 
 Jackson. 
 
 Martin Van Buren of New York (1837—1841), 
 whose administration was noted for a severe financial 
 crisis ; Harrison of Ohio, who lived but a short time 
 after his inauguration (1841) ; and Tyler of Virginia, 
 during whose administration Florida was admitted to 
 the Union and Texas was annexed to it. 
 
 24. By w^hom was Tyler succeeded ? 
 
 James K. Polk of Tennessee (1845—1849.) The re- 
 port of his nomination was the first news ever trans- 
 mitted by telegraph in America. 
 
 25. For -what w^as his administration noted ? 
 
 For the war between Mexico and the United States 
 concerning the annexation of Texas, which was con- 
 cluded by the capture of Vera Cruz, and the city of Mex- 
 ico, by General Scott (1847). By the treaty of peace, 
 the United States obtained the whole of New Mexico 
 and Upper California (February 2, 1848). 
 
 26. What three States were added to the Union during 
 Polk's administration ? 
 
 Texas (1845), Iowa (1846), and Wisconsin (1848). 
 
 27. Who succeeded Polk? 
 
 Zachary Taylor of Louisiana (1849), who died a 
 little more than a year after his inauguration. Dur- 
 ing his administration gold was discovered in Call 
 
FROM JEFFERSON TO BUCHANAN. 
 
 lot 
 
 fornia, and au enormous emigration thither was the 
 consequence. 
 
 28. Who succeeded Taylor ? 
 
 Millard Fillmore of New York served the remainder 
 of the Presidential term (1850 — 1853), during which 
 
 GOLD DIGGIKG. 
 
 California was admitted to the Union (1850), and 
 Japan sent an embassy of seventy persons to this 
 country. 
 
 29. Who succeeded President Fillmore ? 
 
 Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire (1853—1857), 
 during whose administration the Bill of the Missouri 
 Compromise was repealed and a treaty negotiated with 
 Japan which greatly promoted commerce with that 
 country. 
 
158 NliS^ETEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 I. The 19th century opened with the removal of the seat of 
 government from Philadelphia to Washington. The foUownig 
 year Jefferson became President. In 1803, Louisiana was pur- 
 chased from France. 
 
 II. In 1812, during Madison's administration, a secoud war 
 broke out with Great Britain, induced chiefly by that nation 
 claiming the right to search American ships and take from 
 thence alleged British deserters. It lasted two years and was 
 ended by the Treaty of Ghent (December 24, 1814). 
 
 III. Monroe's term of office was known as the "era of good 
 feeling." During it the famous Missouri Compromise Bill was 
 passed. John Quincy Adams' administration was noted as a 
 period of peace and prosperity ; Jackson's for the Seminole 
 War ; Van Buren's for a severe financial crisis ; and Harrison's 
 for his sudden death. 
 
 IV. During Tyler's administration, Texas was annexed to 
 the United States. During the administration of his successor, 
 Mr. Polk, a war was waged with Mexico concerning it, which 
 terminated with the capture of the city of Mexico (1847). 
 
 V. Taylor's brief administration was noted for the discovery 
 of gold in California, and the enormous emigration thither 
 which ensued ; Fillmore's for the Japanese Embassy ; and 
 Pierce's for the Repeal of the Missouri Compromise Bill, and 
 the negotiation of a treaty with Japan. 
 
THE CIVIL WAR. 
 
 153 
 
 LESSON II. 
 
 THE CIVIL. WAR. 
 
 of Richmond, Va. Washing- 
 ton's mother dwelt there. 
 Nevr Orleans. "The Crescent 
 City," is the capital of Louis- 
 iana, and situated on the 
 Mississippi Eiver, 100 miles 
 from its mouth. 
 
 Richmond. The capital of 
 Virginia. It is situated on 
 the James River, 100 miles 
 from its mouth. 
 
 Fredericksburg. A town on 
 the bank of the Rappahan- 
 nock River, 65 miles north 
 
 1. By whom was 
 Pierce succeeded ? 
 
 By James B u- 
 chanan of Pennsyl- 
 vania (1857-1861), 
 during whose admin- 
 istration tlie ' ' Slav- 
 ery Agitation" 
 reached its highest 
 point. 
 
 2. What States 
 were admitted to the 
 Union during Buchan- 
 an's administration ? 
 
 Minnesota (1858), 
 Oregon (1859), and Kansas (1861). 
 
 3. Of what was the State of Oregon formed ? 
 
 Of a portion of the territory wliich had been secured 
 to the United States by the boundary treaty of 184G 
 with Great Britain. Its name means "wild rice," 
 which grows in great profusion on the Pacific coast. 
 
 BUCHANAN. 
 
IGO NINETEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 4. Who established the faith in Oregon ? 
 
 Rev. F. N. Blancliet and Eev. Modest Demers, who 
 reached Fort Yancouver in November, 1838, after 
 having traversed the summits of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains. In 1846 Oregon City was erected into a met- 
 ropolitan see, with Rev. F. N. Blanchet as Arch- 
 bishop. 
 
 5. What had been done in Idaho before this ? 
 
 In 1840, Father John de Smet, the greatest Indian 
 missionary of the century, had begun missions in that 
 territory and established thriving missions among the 
 Flatheads and other tribes. After having devoted his 
 life and talents for thirty years to the conversion and 
 civilization of savage tribes, he died at St. Louis in 
 May, 1872. 
 
 6. What occurred in 1859 ? 
 
 ''John Brown's Raid." This was an attempt by 
 Captain John Brown to free the slaves. Having col- 
 lected a small body of men, he seized the United 
 States Arsenal at Harper's Ferry, a village of AVestern 
 Virginia. His attempt, however, was defeated ; he 
 was taken prisoner, and, along with several of his com- 
 rades, tried and executed. 
 
 7. What -was the population of the country during Bu- 
 chanan's administration ? 
 
 By the census of 1860, it was found to number 
 nearly thirty-one and a half millions. 
 
 8. By whom was Buchanan succeeded ? 
 
 By Abraham Lincoln of Illinois (1861-1865), whose 
 election was regarded by the slave states as dangerous 
 
THE CIVIL WAR. 
 
 161 
 
 to the interests of slavery. A few weeks after his elec- 
 tion, South Carolina seceded from the Union (Decem- 
 ber 20, 1860), and her example was soon followed by 
 six other slave- 
 holding states: 
 Mississippi, Ala- 
 bama, Florida, 
 Georgia, Louisi- 
 ana, and Texas. 
 
 9. What did these 
 States proceed to 
 do? 
 
 They formed a 
 union under the 
 title of " The Con- 
 federate States of 
 America, " adopt- 
 ed a Constitution, 
 
 and chose as PreS- Lincoln. 
 
 ident Jefferson Davis of Mississippi, who had won dis- 
 tinction both as a soldier and a statesman, 
 
 10. What other States joined the Confederacy ? 
 Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas. 
 
 11. Where was the first gun fired in the Civil War ? 
 
 At Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, which was 
 captured by the Confederates (April 13, 1861). 
 
 12. Where did the first serious conflict take place ? 
 
 At Bull Run, a small stream in the northeastern 
 part of Virginia. It resulted in a total defeat of the 
 Union forces (July, 1861). 
 
162 
 
 KIJSTETEEIs'TH CEXTURY. 
 
 13. Who was placed in command of the Army of the Po- 
 tomac in the latter part of 186 1 ? 
 
 Major-General George B. McClellan. 
 
 14. What two strongholds in the West were taken by 
 General Grant in February, 1862? 
 
 Fort Henry, on the Tennessee River, and Fort Don- 
 elson, on tlie Cumberland River, Tennessee. 
 
 INTEUNAL APPEARANCE OP FORT SUMTER. 
 
 15. Describe what took place on March 8, 1862. 
 
 Tlie Confederate iron-clad ''Merrimac" attacked 
 the Union squadron in Hampton Roads and destroyed 
 the wooden frigates " Cumberland '' and "Congress." 
 The approach of night compelled her to defer attack 
 ujDon the rest of the fleet until the morning. 
 
THE CIVIL WAK. 
 
 163 
 
 i6. What arrived upon the scene during the night ? 
 
 The flouting battery ''Monitor." In the morning 
 slie steamed alongside the *'Merrimac" and opened 
 fire. The con- 
 test thns begun 
 lasted for two 
 hours, during 
 which the two 
 iron-clads used 
 more powerful 
 guns than had 
 ever before been 
 used in a naval 
 encounter, yet 
 neither p r o- 
 duced the slight- 
 est effect on the 
 other m'clellax. 
 
 17. What ended the contest.? 
 
 At length the " Monitor " sent a shell through the 
 porthole of the " Merrimac/' which wounded several 
 of her crew, whereupon the latter retreated, leaving 
 the victory with the little ''Monitor," or "Yankee 
 Cheese-Box," as the Confederates dubbed her (March 
 9, 1862). 
 
 18. What may be said to have resulted from this import- 
 ant contest ? 
 
 The substitution of iron vessels for wooden ones in 
 the navies of the world. 
 
164 NIKETEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 19. What took place in April, 1862 ? 
 
 Aided by a land force under General Butler, Com- 
 modore Farragut captured the city of New Orleans. 
 
 20. What great political event occurred in 1862 ? 
 
 The President's Proclamation of Freedom to the 
 Slaves (September 22, 1862). 
 
 21. What did General McClellan endeavor to effect dur- 
 ing this year? 
 
 The capture of Richmond, the Confederate Capital. 
 He marched his army to the peninsula formed by the 
 James and York Elvers in Virginia. Here, in April, 
 he began what is known as the " Peninsular Cam- 
 paign." 
 
 22. Who was made commander-in-chief of the Confeder- 
 ate armies in June, 1862 ? 
 
 General Robert E. Lee of Virginia. He at once be- 
 gan a series of engagements known as the " Seven 
 Days' Battles of the Peninsula," which resulted in vic- 
 tory for the Confederates ; except at Malvern Hill, 
 where the Union troops triumphed (July 1, 1862). 
 
 23. What did Lee effect during this campaign ? 
 
 The capture of 10,000 prisoners and the destruction 
 of an immense quantity of military stores. 
 
 24. Where did McClellan's army take up its position 
 after the battle of Malvern Hill ? 
 
 At Harrison's Landing, on the James River. 
 
 25. What course did Lee pursue ? 
 
 He moved rapidly northward. Having gained the 
 second battle of Bull Run, he crossed the Potomac 
 
THE CIVIL WAR. 
 
 165 
 
 into Maryland and encountered McClellan at Antie- 
 tam {an-tee-tam) Creek. One of the severest battles 
 of the war ensued, in which the Union troops were 
 victorious (September 11, 1862). 
 
 BCENE IN PBEDEBICK8BURG. 
 
 26. Whither did Lee retreat ? 
 
 Across tlie Potomac. General McClellan's conduct 
 in permitting this retreat was disapproved, and in tlio 
 following November he was removed from command, 
 and General Burnside was put in his place, who 
 crossed the Eappahannock and took Fredericksburg, 
 but was obliged to retreat with great loss (December, 
 1862). 
 
166 NINETEENTH CENTUEY. 
 
 27. By what event was the beginning of the year 1863 
 signalized ? 
 
 By a victory of the Union troops at Murfreesboro, 
 Tennessee, under General Rosecrans (January, 1863). 
 
 28. What did Lee attempt during this year ? 
 
 An invasion of the Northern States. Once more 
 crossing the Potomac, he marched through Maryland 
 and entered Southern Pennsylvania, but encountered 
 the Union forces at Gettysburg. The terrible battle 
 which followed resulted in the defeat of Lee (July 3, 
 1863), and may be regarded as the turning point of 
 the war. 
 
 29. What occurred the following day ? 
 
 Vicksburg, the largest city of Mississippi, surren. 
 dered to General Grant. Shortly after. Port Hudson, 
 on the Mississippi River, did likewise, and that stream 
 was once more opened to Union troops. This was a 
 great gain. 
 
 30. What important event took place in March, 1864 ? 
 The appointment of General Grant to the command 
 
 of all the Union armies, with the title of lieutenant- 
 general. He at once planned two great movements ; 
 one against Richmond by the Army of the Potomac, 
 under himself ; the other against Atlanta, under Gen- 
 eral Sherman. 
 
 31. What did Grant write to the President at the begin- 
 ning of his campaign in Virginia ? 
 
 '"I propose to fight it out on this line, if it takes all 
 summer," and he persevered accordingly, although far 
 from successful throughout the year. 
 
THE CIVIL WAR. 167 
 
 32. Meanwhile, what did Sherman effect ? 
 
 Having taken the city of Atlanta, he began his 
 famous "March to the Sea" through Georgia, and 
 late in December took Savannah. 
 
 33. What did General Grant effect in 1865 ? 
 
 The caj^ture of the city of Eichmond (April 3), and 
 the surrender of General Lee (April 9). His surren- 
 der was soon followed by that of the other Confederate 
 Generals, and so the four years' Civil War came to an 
 end. It had been fought to preserve the Union, but 
 it had j)ut an end to slavery as well ; a result which 
 few had anticii3ated. 
 
 34. What shocking event occurred at the close of the war ? 
 The assassination of President Lincoln, while sitting 
 
 in the theatre (April 14, 18G5). The joy of the nation 
 at the close of the war was changed into mourning. 
 But even at this critical moment there was no disturb- 
 ance in the government. Vice-President Andrew 
 Johnson of Tennessee at once assumed the President's 
 place. 
 
 35. What States had been added to the Union during 
 Lincoln's administration ? 
 
 West Virginia (18G3), consisting of loyal counties 
 which had been separated from the State of Virginia ; 
 and Nevada (1864). 
 
 36. What two great American Prelates passed away 
 during the Civil War ? 
 
 Archbishop Kenrick of Baltimore (1863), and Arch- 
 bishop Hughes of New York (1864). Besides doing 
 us efficient service at home, the latter had been the 
 envoy of our government to Europe during the war. 
 
168 l^INETEENTH CE]!fT[JRY. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 I. During Buchanan's Administration the "Slavery Agita- 
 tion " reached its height. The election of Lincoln, a determined 
 opponent of slavery, caused South Carolina to secede from the 
 Union ; an example which was followed by ten other States. 
 
 II. A war to preserve the Union followed. The first gun 
 was fired upon Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, by the Con- 
 federates (April 12, 1861). A few months later they totally de- 
 feated the Union troops at Bull Run. 
 
 III. In the beginning of the year 1862, the memorable naval 
 contest between the "Monitor" and "Merrimac" took place in 
 Hampton Roads, resulting in the victory of the Union "Moni- 
 tor." Upon land, during this year, the Seven Days' Battles of 
 the Peninsula, with the exception of that of Malvern Hill, re- 
 sulted in victory to the Confederates. In the autumn, however, 
 the Union troops won the terrific battle of Antietam Creek. 
 The city of New Orleans was also captured during this year by 
 Admiral Farragut. 
 
 IV. The year 1863 opened with a Union victory at Murfrees- 
 boro, Tenn. In July, the Union troops also won the decisive 
 battle of Gettysburg, which was followed by the surrender of 
 Vicksburg to General Grant. 
 
 V. In 1864, General Grant was made commander-in-chief 
 of the Union armies. He immediately planned a movement 
 against Atlanta, under General Sherman, which resulted in its 
 capture, along with Savannah. A second great movement was 
 directed by himself against Richmond, and resulted in the fall 
 of the Confederate Capital. This was shortly after followed by 
 the surrender of General Lee (April 9, 1865), and so the four 
 years' civil war came to an end. 
 
 VI. The joy of the nation was changed into mourning by the 
 news of the assassination of President Lincoln (April 14, 1865). 
 He was immediately succeeded by Vice-President Johnson. 
 
 VII. During the war, two great American Prelates, Arch- 
 bishops Kenrick and Hughes, passed away. 
 
FKOM 1865 TO 1886. 169 
 
 LESSON III. 
 
 FROM 186S TO 1886. 
 
 New York. The Metropolis of 
 America. Situated mainly 
 on Manhattan Island, at the 
 mouth of the Hudson and on 
 the East River. 
 
 Philadelphia. The chief city 
 of Pennsylvania, situated on 
 the Delaware River, at the 
 
 mouth of the Schuylkill 
 River. 
 Baltimore. The largest city 
 of Maryland, situated on the 
 Patapsco River; It has an 
 extensive foreign and domes- 
 tic trade, and is the largest 
 tobacco market in the world. 
 
 1. What did President Johnson at once issue ? 
 
 A proclamation of amnesty or pardon io all con- 
 cerned in the Rebellion. 
 
 2. What was added to the United States Constitution ? 
 
 An amendment abolishing slavery. 
 
 3. What Acts did Congress pass in spite of the Presi- 
 dent's opposition ? 
 
 Eeconstruction Acts, by v/hich the seceded States 
 ^yere restored to the Union upon certain conditions. 
 
 4. What occurred in 1867? 
 
 The State of Nebraska was admitted to the Union, 
 and the great region of Alaska was purchased from 
 Russia for the sum of $7,200,000. 
 
 5. What occurred in the spring of 1868 .'' 
 
 The hostility between the President and Congress 
 was brought to a crisis by the former's attempt to re- 
 move the Secretary of War. The House of Represent- 
 atives accused or '^impeached " him of violating the 
 law, and demanded his removal from office. 
 
170 
 
 NINETEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 6. With what result ? 
 
 The President was put on trial before the Senate, 
 but acquitted (May 26, 1868). 
 
 7. Who succeeded President Johnson ? 
 
 Ulysses S. Grant, of Illinois (1869-1877), during 
 
 whose adminis- 
 tration all the 
 seceded States 
 were finally re- 
 stored to the 
 Union, and the 
 enormous debt 
 incurred during 
 the war was 
 greatly reduced. 
 
 8. What im- 
 portant event 
 took place during 
 the first year ot 
 Grant's adminis- 
 tration ? 
 
 GEITEBAL GRANT. 
 
 The completion of the Pacific Railway, by which a 
 continuous line of railroad communication between 
 the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans was perfected (18G9). 
 
 9. What important event occurred during the second 
 year of his administration ? 
 
 The adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment to the 
 Constitution, by which the negroes were made citizens 
 and voters (March, 1870). 
 
 10. What took place during the third year? 
 
 The settlement of disputes which had arisen with 
 
FROM 1865 TO 1886. 
 
 171 
 
 England in regard to the damages done during the 
 Civil War by Confederate privateers which had been 
 built or re-fitted in England. This matter was known 
 as the "Alabama Claims/' 
 
 11. How was it finally settled ? 
 
 By an international tribunal, which met at Geneva, 
 Switzerland, and 
 decided that 
 Great Britain 
 should pay the 
 sum of $15,500,- 
 000 in gold, to 
 the United 
 States ; and it 
 was accordingly 
 paid in 1873. 
 
 12. What oc- 
 curred in 1875? 
 
 Pope Pius IX. 
 created the ven- 
 erable John Mc- 
 Closkey, A r c h- 
 bishop of New 
 York, the first American Cardinal. The Beretta was 
 conferred upon him in St. Patrick's Cathedral, in New 
 York, which presented upon the occasion a scene of 
 surpassing grandeur. 
 
 13. What State was admitted into the Union in 1875 ? 
 
 Colorado, the thirty-eighth State. 
 
 CAEDINAL m'CLOSKET. 
 
173 
 
 NINETEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 14. What took place in 1876? 
 
 The Centenuial Celebration of American Independ- 
 ence. A great International Exhibition of arts, prod- 
 uctS;, and manufactures was held at Philadelphia, in 
 honor of the event. It remained open from May till 
 
 November, a n d 
 was visited by vast 
 numbers of people. 
 
 15. What did the 
 next Presidential 
 election create ? 
 
 A great excite- 
 ment, owing to the 
 fact that the votes 
 of the States were 
 closely divided be- 
 tween two leading 
 candidates. Con- 
 gress referred the 
 matter to an Elec- 
 toral Commission, which decided in favor of Euther- 
 ford B. Hayes, of Ohio (1877-1881). 
 
 16. What were the chief events of Hayes' administra- 
 tion? 
 
 The adoption of a pacific jiolicy in regard to the 
 South ; troubles with the Indians, and the establish- 
 ment of a treaty with China (1880). 
 
 17. Who succeeded Hayes? 
 
 James A. Garfield, of Ohio, who, a few months after 
 his inauguration, was shot and mortally wounded by a 
 man named Charles J. Guiteau (July 3, 1881). 
 
 JAMES A. GABPIELD. 
 
FROM 1865 TO 1886. 173 
 
 i8. What may be said of his brief administration ? 
 
 He had adopted a conciliatory policy, aud, as the 
 nation was prosperous and hopeful, another era of good 
 feeling seemed to have begun. 
 
 19. Who took the President's place ? 
 
 The Vice-President, Chester A. Arthur, of New 
 York, who, in the spring of 1885, was succeeded by 
 the Democratic candidate, Grover Cleveland, of New 
 York. 
 
 20. What occurred in 1886 ? 
 
 Pope Leo XIII. created Archbishop Gibbons, of the 
 See of Baltimore, a Cardinal. The Beretta was con- 
 ferred upon him on June 30, when the time-honored 
 Cathedral of Baltimore presented a magnificent and 
 imposing scene. 
 
 21. How does Catholicism stand in the United States at 
 present ? 
 
 Whore, in 1800, Bishop Carroll toiled, the sole 
 bishop, with a few priests, there are now fourteen 
 Archbishops, one of whom is a Cardinal, sixty-three 
 Bishops and Vicars Apostolic, while, according to the 
 latest statistics, the Catholic population numbers eight 
 millions. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 I. Shortly after President Johnson's inauguration, he issued 
 a Proclamation of Amnesty or pardon to all concerned in the 
 late rebellion. 
 
 II. Notwithstanding the opposition of the President, Con- 
 gress passed Reconstruction Acts. This produced hostility be- 
 tween Congress and the President, which finally culminated in 
 the latter's impeachment and trial, at which he was acquitted. 
 
174 KIIfETEEKTH CENTURY. 
 
 III. In 1869, General Grant was inaugurated President. 
 During his administration the Fifteenth Amendment was 
 adopted, and the dispute in regard to the Alabama Claims 
 settled. 
 
 IV. In 1875, Pope Pius IX. created the Most Kev. John 
 McCloskey, of New York, the first American Cardinal. 
 
 V. In 1876, the United States celebrated the Centennial 
 Anniversary of American Independence. 
 
 VI. In 1877, Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, was inaugurated 
 President. His administration was noted for its conciliatoiy 
 measures towards the South. 
 
 VII. In 1881, James A. Gariield was inaugurated President. 
 Within a few months after that event, he was shot and mortally 
 wounded by Charles J. Guiteau, a disappointed office-seeker. 
 
 VIII. Garfield was succeeded by Vice-President Chester A. 
 Arthur, of Kew York, who was succeeded in 1885 by Grover 
 Cleveland, the Democratic candidate, and twenty-second Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 IX. In 1886, His Holiness created the Most Rev, Archbishop 
 Gibl)ons, of Baltimore, a Cardinal. 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 1800. — Capital removed from Philadelphia to Washington. 
 1801. — Jefferson inaugurated President. 
 1803. — Louisiana purchased from the French. 
 
 Expedition of Lewis and Clarke. 
 1805. — Jesuits restored in the United States. 
 1806. — Dominicans found a home in Kentucky. 
 1807. — Fulton's first steamboat, on the Hudson. 
 1809. — Mother Seton establishes the Sisters of Charity at 
 Emmettsburg. 
 
 Madison inaugurated. 
 1812. — War declared against England. 
 
 Detroit surrendered. 
 , Louisiana admitted to the Union. 
 
 1813. — Perry's victory on Lake Erie. 
 
CHKONOLOGICAL TABLE. 175 
 
 1814. — Fort McHenry bombarded. 
 
 Treaty of Peace signed at Ghent. 
 1815. — English defeated at New Orleans. 
 1816. — Indiana admitted to the Union. 
 1817. — Monroe inaugurated. 
 
 First Seminole War. 
 
 Ladies of Sacred Heart in New Orleans. 
 1818. — Illinois admitted to the Union. 
 1820. — Passage of Missouri Compromise Bill. 
 1823. — Western Indian Missions renewed by Jesuits. 
 1825. — John Q. Adams inaugurated. 
 1826. — Death of Jefferson and John Adams. 
 1829. — Jackson inaugurated. 
 1835. — Second Seminole War. 
 1887. — "Van Buren inaugurated. 
 1840. — Indian Missions begun by Father De Smet. 
 1841. — Harrison inaugurated. Dies. 
 
 Tyler inaugurated. 
 1845.— Polk inaugurated. 
 
 Florida and Texas admitted to the Union. 
 1846. — War with Mexico begun. 
 
 Oregon City erected into a Metropolitan See. 
 
 Iowa admitted to the Union. 
 1847. — Capture of Vera Cruz, and surrender of the City of 
 
 Mexico. 
 1848, — Treaty of Peace between the United States and 
 Mexico. * 
 
 Gold discovered in California. 
 
 Wisconsin admitted to the Union. 
 1849. — Taylor inaugurated. 
 1850.— Death of Taylor. 
 
 Inauguration of Fillmore. 
 
 California admitted to the Union. 
 1853. — Pierce inaugurated. 
 1854. — Repeal of Missouri Compromise Bill. 
 1857. — Buchanan inaugurated. 
 1858. — Minnesota admitted to the Union. 
 
176 ]S"INETEEN"TH CENTURY. 
 
 1859. — Oregon admitted to the Union. 
 
 1860. — South Carolina secedes from the Union. 
 
 1861. — Kansas admitted to the Union. 
 
 South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louis- 
 iana, and Florida form a Confederacy ; Jefferson 
 Davis elected President of the Confederacy ; Civil 
 War begun ; Attack on Fort Sumter ; Virginia 
 joins the Confederacy ; First Battle of Bull Run. 
 1863. — Forts Henry and Donelson taken ; Contest between 
 the " Merrimac" and ''Monitor" ; Capture of New 
 Orleans ; Peninsular Campaign ; Invasion of Mary- 
 land by Lee ; Battle of Antietam ; Battle of Fred- 
 ericksburg. 
 1863. — Battle of Murfreesboro ; Battle of Chancellorsville ; 
 Battle of Gettysburg ; Surrender of Vicksburg. 
 Death of Archbishop Kenrick. 
 West Virginia admitted to the Union. 
 1864. — Death of Archbishop Hughes. 
 
 Capture of Atlanta ; Captui-e of Savannah. 
 1865. — Surrender of Confederates. 
 Assassination of Lincoln. 
 Inauguration of Johnson. 
 1867. — Impeachment of President Johnson. 
 Alaska purchased. 
 Nebraska admitted to the Union. 
 1869. — Grant inaugurated. 
 
 Pacific Railway completed. 
 1875. — Archbishop McCloskey created Cardinal. 
 
 Colorado admitted to the Union. 
 1876. — Centennial of American Independence. 
 1877. — Rutherford B. Hayes inaugurated. 
 1881. — James A. Garfield inaugurated ; assassinated. 
 
 Chester A. Arthur inaugurated. 
 1884. — Third Plenary Council of Baltimore. 
 1885. — Grover Cleveland inaugurated. 
 1886. — Archbishop Gibbons, of Baltimore, created Cardinal. 
 
TABLE OF THE PRESIDENTS. 
 
 177 
 
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QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 
 
 N. B. — The writer would suggest that the pupil be permitted to give the 
 answers iu his own language. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 I. WJiat is the Pre-Historic thrie of a country? 
 
 Was America, inhabited during that time ? Who were the 
 Mound-Builders once thought to have been ? What are they 
 now thought to have been ? Who visited America in the tenth 
 century ? 
 
 II. JFJio discovered America in 1492 ? Who was 
 
 Columbus ? Who finally aided him to carry out his great enter- 
 prise ? How did the mariners of Palos regard the journey ? 
 How did Columbus and his companions prepare for their voy- 
 age ? On what day did they sail ? When did they see land ? 
 What did Columbus do upon landing ? 
 
 III. Iflien did Columbus return to S})ain? How 
 
 was he received by Ferdinand and Isabella ? How many voy- 
 ages did he make to the New World ? How was he treated dui*- 
 ing the latter portion of his life ? Where did he die ? What 
 other great discoverer did Spain send out in the fifteenth cen- 
 tury ? What did Amerigo Vespucci discover ? How did Amei*- 
 ica come to receive his name ? What great discoverers did 
 England send out during the fifteenth centuiy ? What did 
 Sebastian Cabot do in 1498 ? What was the result ? 
 
 PART II. 
 
 I. Name the principal Spanish explorers of the 
 sixteenth century. What great missionaiy came to the 
 New World in 1502 ? How did the Spaniards treat the Indians ? 
 Which is the oldest city in the United States ? 
 
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. If9 
 
 II. What great French explorers were sent out by 
 Francis I. of France? What coast did Verrazano ex- 
 plore ? What great river did Cartier discover ? After whom 
 did he name it ? 
 
 III. IFJien tvas the first attempt made to colonize 
 Virginia ? What great Englishman sent out the colony ? 
 Did it succeed ? When did Raleigh make a second attempt ? 
 What was the principal result of these attempts ? 
 
 PART III. 
 
 I. When tvas the first permanent settlement made 
 in Virginia ? Who was the guiding spirit of this colony ? 
 What anecdote does Smith relate in regard to Pocahontas ? 
 What became of Pocahontas ? What formed the currency of 
 Virginia ? What danger arose from the excessive cultivation 
 of tobacco ? How was it cheeked ? 
 
 II. Who founded the St. Savior Mission in 
 Mlaine? Under what circumstances was the sacrament of~ 
 Baptism first administered in New England ? Who settled 
 Massachusetts ? Who were the Pilgrims ? What States were 
 settled in consequence of their religious intolerance ? Who was 
 Massasoit ? Wliat terrible war began in 1675 ? 
 
 III. What great French explorer followed Car- 
 tier ? What city did Champlain found ? Name the most cele- 
 brated of the early French missionaries. Who were the Iro- 
 quois ? What three Jesuits were martyred by them before the 
 middle of the seventeenth century ? 
 
 IV. IJliat did Henry Hudson discover? What did 
 Holland do in consequence ? When and where was Mass first 
 said in the State of New York ? From whom did New York 
 receive its name ? What did the English Revolution of 1688 
 cause in New York ? What did the Duke of York do with 
 New Jersey ? Who afterwards bought the Jerseys ? 
 
180 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 
 
 V. Jflio settled Maryland? What was observed by 
 the Maryland colony ? What resulted from the admission of 
 Protestants into the colony ? Who settled Delaware ? Penn- 
 sylvania ? North Carolina ? South Carolina ? 
 
 VI. Kanie the most celebrated of the Jesuits who 
 replaced Brebceuf and his conij)anions. What did 
 
 Father Dablon do ? Allouez ? What did Father Marquette 
 discover ? La Salle ? 
 
 VII. What did France 2)roceed to erect after the 
 discoveries of 3Iarquette and La Salle? How did 
 
 England view her proceedings ? What war resulted ? How 
 did it terminate ? 
 
 PART IV. 
 
 I. Jfliat nnjiist law was enacted at the heginning 
 of the eigJiteenth century? When did hostilities begin 
 in Queen Anne's War ? How did Governor Moore treat the 
 Christian Indians of Florida ? What terminated Queen Anne's 
 War ? Describe Father Rasle's death. Who settled Georgia? 
 What excitement arose in New York in 1741 ? When did King 
 George's AVar break out ? What was its principal event ? 
 
 II. Jfltat brought on the French and Indian 
 
 War ? Who was sent to remonstrate with the French ? 
 What four great expeditions were undertaken in this war ? 
 What cruel act of the English was immortalized by Long- 
 fellow ? 
 
 III. What famous city was besieged during tJiis 
 
 war ? What were the last words of Wolfe ? Of Montcalm ? ■ 
 When was the Peace of Paris concluded ? 
 
 IV. What caused the colonies to revolt against 
 England ? What act was passed in 1765 ? When did the 
 first American Congress meet ? Where was the first blood 
 shed ? 
 
QUESTIONS FOE EEVIEW. 181 
 
 V. Iflio was (i2)poiiited Coniitiander-in~chief of 
 the American forces? Describe the Battle of Bunker 
 Hill. Whither were Franklin, Chase, and the two Carrolls sent 
 as ambassadors in 1776 ? 
 
 VI. Hotv did November, 1776, find Washington 
 and his army ? What did Washington achieve on the day 
 after Christmas, 1776? What battles were fought in 1777? 
 In 1778 ? Who was Lafayette ? What brilliant exploit was 
 performed by General Wayne ? 
 
 VII. Describe Arnold's treason. Whither did Corn- 
 wallis march after his campaign in the Carolinas ? What did 
 Washington plan in conjunction with the French ? How did it 
 result ? How was the news of Cornwallis' surrender received 
 in Philadelphia ? When did the British evacuate New York ? 
 When was the Constitution framed ? Who was elected the 
 first President ? When did he die ? Who was the second 
 President ? 
 
 VIII. TFJiat can be said of Catholics in the Mevo- 
 lution ? How had they been treated previously ? Name 
 some of the French who fought in the American cause. Some 
 of the Irishmen or descendants of Irishmen. What aid did 
 Spain give ? The Catholic Indians ? Who was consecrated 
 first Bishop of the United States ? How large was his diocese ? 
 
 PART V. 
 
 I. Jf liat ivere the i>7"/nc/^?ff? events which took 
 place during Jefferson- s adrninistratioit ? Who 
 
 succeeded him ? Give some account of the War of 1813. 
 What act was passed during Monroe's administration ? Name 
 the Presidents from Jefferson to Buchanan. What war oc- 
 curred during Polk's administration ? 
 
 II. JFJiat occasioned the Civil War ? Where was the 
 first gun fired ? Name some of the principal Northern vic- 
 tories. Southern. Who was the greatest Northern general ? 
 
181 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 
 
 The greatest Southern ? What closed the war ? What mourn- 
 ful event took place at the close of the war ? 
 
 III. What Acts did Coiiffress _2>a.ss in sjrite of the 
 President's op2>osition? What did the House of Repre- 
 sentatives do in regard to President Johnson ? Who succeeded 
 Johnson ? What took place in 1875 ? What momentous event 
 was celebrated in 1876 ? What did the next Presidential elec- 
 tion cause ? Who became President ? Who succeeded Hayes ? 
 What ended Garfield's administration ? Who succeeded him ? 
 Who succeeded Arthur ? What occurred in 1886 ? 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 
 
 I. Tfliat did the Maryland colonists style them- 
 selves ? What did Father White say of the Potomac River ? 
 What is the only State named after its founder ? Who was 
 C^aptain MoUie ? What was the first news transmitted by tele- 
 graph in the United States ? What does the word Oregon 
 mean ? Who was Virginia Dare ? 
 
 II. Wliat Indian took great delight in locking 
 and unlocking his door? To whom was Pocahontas 
 wedded ? Who named a lake in New York the "Lake of the 
 Holy Sacrament"? Who changed the name to Lake George ? 
 Whom does Archbishop Spalding style the Xavier of North 
 America ? What missionary died on the shore of Lake Michi- 
 gan ? Whom does Bancroft style "The Illustrious Triumvi- 
 rate " ? 
 
 III. How did the Virginia colonists lire? Who 
 
 iliscovered the oil-springs of Pennsylvania ? The salt-springs 
 of New York ? 
 
 IV. iriiat great Spanish missionary devoted him- 
 self to the Indians for sixty years? What Indian 
 chief insisted upon his sons receiving Christian names ? What 
 was caAled "The Hornets' Nest"? 
 
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 183 
 
 V. Wliat tvas the currency of Virginia at one 
 time? How did rice come to be the principal industry of 
 South Carolina ? What received the name of, and who founded, 
 the City of Brotherly Love ? What was held there in 1876 ? 
 What was an industry of Georgia before the Revolution ? 
 When and where was the first newspaper published in the 
 United States ? The first money coined ? 
 
 VI. What was the old name of Boston? Who wrote 
 the Declaration of Independence ? How did Teach, the pirate, 
 add to the terror of his appearance ? 
 
 VII. WJio tvas the first American Cardinal? The 
 
 second ? What name has been given to Quebec ? To New Or- 
 leans ? To Ogdensburg ? To Philadelphia ? Washington ? 
 What great invention was made during Washington's adminis- 
 tration ? 
 
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 A Declaration by the Representatvies of the United 
 States op America, in Congress Assembled, July 4, 1776. 
 
 WJien, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one 
 people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with an- 
 other, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal 
 station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a 
 decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare 
 the causes which impel them to the separation. 
 
 TFe hold these truths to be self-evident — that all men are created 
 equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable 
 rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness ; 
 that, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving 
 their just powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any 
 form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the 
 people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its 
 foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as 
 to them shall seem most likely to eflect their safety and happiness. Pru- 
 dence, indeed, wUl dictate that governments long established should not be 
 changed for light and transient causes ; and, accordingly, all experience 
 hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are suffer- 
 able, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are 
 accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing 
 invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute 
 despotism, it is their right, it is their duty to throw off such government, 
 and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the 
 patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which 
 constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history 
 of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and 
 usurpations, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an absolute 
 tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid 
 world : 
 
DECLAEATIOK OF INDEPENDENCE. 185 
 
 He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary 
 for the public good. 
 
 He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and press- 
 ing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should 
 be obtained ; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to 
 them. 
 
 He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large 
 districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of repre- 
 sentation in the Legislature — a right inestimable to them, and formidable to 
 tyrants only. 
 
 He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfort- 
 able, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole 
 purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 
 
 He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing with 
 manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. 
 
 He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others 
 to be elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, 
 have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the state remaining, 
 in the mean time, exposed to all the danger of invasion from without and 
 convulsions within. 
 
 He Jias endeavored to prevent the population of these states ; for that 
 purpose obstructing the [laws for naturalization of foreigners, refusing to 
 pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions 
 of new appropriations of lands. 
 
 He has obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his assent 
 to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 
 
 He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of 
 their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 
 
 He has erected a multitude of [new offices, and sent hither swarms of 
 officers to harass our people and eat out their substance. 
 
 He has hept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without 
 the consent of our Legislature. 
 
 He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to 
 the civU power. 
 
 He has combined ivitJi others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign 
 to our Constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws, giving his assent to 
 their acts of pretended legislation : 
 
 For quartering large bodies of armed troops among ns ; 
 
 For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders 
 which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states ; 
 
 For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world ; 
 
 For imposing taxes on us without our consent ; 
 
 For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury ; 
 
 For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences ; 
 
 For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, 
 
186 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, 
 80 as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the 
 same absolute rule into these colonies ; v 
 
 For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and 
 altering fundamentally the powers of our governments ; 
 
 For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested 
 with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 
 
 Ite has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protec- 
 tion, and waging war against us. 
 
 He has lilundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, 
 and destroyed the lives of our people. 
 
 Jfc is, at thiji time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to 
 complete the worlss of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with 
 circumstances of cruelty and perflldy scarcely paralleled in the most barbar- 
 ous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 
 
 He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, 
 to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their 
 friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 
 
 He Jias excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored 
 to briug on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, 
 whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, 
 sexes, and conditions. 
 
 In everij starje of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress in 
 the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered only by 
 repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act 
 which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 
 
 Nor have tve been wanting in attention to our Briii-li brcthie::. We 
 have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their Legislature 
 to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them 
 of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have ap- 
 pealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, 
 by the tics of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which 
 would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, 
 liave been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, there- 
 fore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold 
 them, as we hold the rest of mankind — enemies in war, in peace friends. 
 
 We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America 
 in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the 
 world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, iu the name and by the author- 
 ity of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare that 
 these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent 
 states ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and 
 that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, 
 and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free and independent states, 
 they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, estab- 
 
DECLAEATIOX OF IKDEPENDEJs"CE. 187 
 
 lish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states 
 may of right do. And for the support of this declaration, with a firm reli- 
 auce on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each 
 other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 
 
 The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and 
 signed by the following members : 
 
 JOHN HANCOCK. 
 
 Xfw Hampshire. — Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew 
 Thornton. 
 
 Massachusetts Hat/. — SAiiUEL Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat 
 Paine, Eleridge Gerry. 
 
 Rhode J«/fm<?.— Stephen Hopkins, William Ellert. 
 
 Connecticut.— 'RoGWX Pherman, Samuel Huntington, William Wil- 
 liams, Oliver Wolcott. 
 
 Neie 17(i7.-.— William Flotd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, 
 Lewis Morris. 
 
 New tTer.sey .—RicuAKD Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hop- 
 kenson, John Hart, Abraham Clark 
 
 Peiins>/lr<niia. — Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Frank- 
 lin, John Morton, George Cltmer, James Smith, George Taylor, 
 James Wilson. Ghoeg" Ross. 
 
 Delaware. — C^SAR Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Kean. 
 
 3r«)7/7'»Hf?.— Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone. Charles 
 Carroll of Carr( llton. 
 
 Virt/inia. — George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, 
 Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
 Carter Braxton. 
 
 North Carolina. — William Hooper. Joseph Hewes, Johs Penn. 
 
 South Ca rol i na .—'Edwatu) Rutl;;dge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas 
 Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton. 
 
 r>>oi-f/(«.— Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. 
 
\ 
 
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