* » ^ '• The De Vinne Press certifies that this copy is one of an edition of five hundred copies printed on antique laid paper in the month of November, 1895. ®o.1 _, JfyamefJ (Jrmaba tráete. (Jto. 1 <& ÍLtÜCX «Written on ócfofier *, 1589 Capíaín CuefTar of 1 2>t &))pamii§ &rmtitxx %\a (Plajee^ ($ín$ (J>0% II (Recount tng 0t¿ (ttJteaoBenf ures ín 3réfano ano . (gtcf$mon& #- €b. 1895 H Copyright, 1895, by George H. Richmond & Co. ¿%6 Qtofc S~\N the 28th and 29th days Ly of May, 1588, the Invin- cible cArrnada set sail from the mouth of the Tagus under the command of the TDuke of Me- dina Sidonia, to conquer Eng- land, dethrone Elizabeth, and restore the Apostolic Roman Catholic faith. It met con- trary winds, and was driven back to Spain. A second time it put forth, and on July 22d sailed from Corunna. In eight viii (ttofe days a favour able wind brought the San Martin, the flagship, which had lagged behind to guard the slowest vessels, in sight of the English coast. On Julyjist, Howard and T)rake attacked the Spanish fleet; from that day on there was a constant running fight up the Channel to Calais, where the Spaniards anchored on (wCfiSSj) (faflrAlR) (r*GrAT&¿S) í J^ 8g Capí a $racf 0. ($0. 1 should be long, because of the very great hardships and misfortunes that I have under- gone since the Armada sailed from Lisbon for England, from which God in His Infi- nite Mercy has delivered me. As I have found no opportu- nity for more than a year to write to your Majesty, I have not done so until now that God has brought me to this land of Flanders, whither I came may be twelve days ago in com- pany with the Spaniards who escaped from the ships that were wrecked off Ire- land, Scotland, and Shetland. There were more than twen- feefí er of Captain Ctxdfav 3 ty of them, the largest in the fleet, and on board was much of the choicest infantry, captains, ancients, colonels, and other officers, also many gentlemen and persons of quality ; and out of them all — and there were more than two hundred — not five es- caped all told. Some were drowned and the rest who were able to swim ashore were killed by the English garrisons which the Queen keeps in Ireland. By com- mitting myself verily to God and to the Holy Virgin, I es- caped from the sea and from these enemies, together with 4 JJpam00 (ftrmafca ZxacfB. (fro. 1 three hundred odd soldiers who also were able to save themselves and swim ashore. With them I went through great misfortunes. Barefoot and naked all the winter, I spent more than seven months in mountains and woods and amongst savages, for in that part of Ireland where we were wrecked they are all such. It does not seem to me right to refrain from telling your Majesty, nor to keep back the injustice and griev- ous injuries which some sought to do me so wrong- fully, and without any fail- feefter of Capíaín Cueffar 5 ure on my part to do what it was my duty to do. From this God delivered me, though I was condemned to a shameful death, as your Majesty knows. For, observ- ing the severity with which orders were given to carry out the sentence, I demand- ed with much boldness and indignation to know the cause why such injury and insults were done to me, seeing that I had served the King as a good soldier and loyal subject on every occa- sion and in every fight which we had with the enemy's fleet, from which my galleon §kpanít>$ $rmafca $racf 0. (tto. 1 always carne off having fared very ill with many men killed and wounded. I asked that a copy of the orders should be given to me, and that in- quiry be made of the three hundred and fifty men who were on the galleon, and that if any one should lay blame on me, they should cut me in four quarters. They would not listen to me, nor to many gentlemen who interceded for me, answering that the Duke at that time kept his cabin and was very unhappy and did not want anybody to speak to him. For besides the ill-success he always had feefter of Capf am Cueffar 7 with the enemy, on the day of my tribulation he had been told that the two galleons, San Mateo and San Felipe, those from Portugal, on board which were two colonels, Don Francisco de Toledo, brother to the Count of Or- gaz, and Don Diego Pimental, brother to the Marquis of Ta- vara, had been destroyed and sunk, and almost all hands drowned. For this reason the Duke kept himself in his cabin, and his Council- ors did acts of injustice right and left in order to correct his neglect, disregarding the lives and honours of those JJpaní00 @rmaba £racf e. (Tto. 1 that were not to blame, and that is so public that every- body knows it. The galleon San Tedro, aboard which I was, sus- tained much hurt from some big cannon balls that the enemy shot into her on every side, and though repairs were made immediately as well as could be done, some hole still remained undiscovered and much water leaked in. And after the hard fight that we had off Calais on the eighth of August, which was the last of all, and contin- ued from morning till seven o'clock at night, our fleet was £eíf et of Capitán Cueffar 9 drawing off — I don't know how to put it — and the en- emy's fleet was following at our stern to drive us away from the English coast, and after we had retreated and were out of danger — it was now the tenth of August — and saw that the enemy held off, some of our ships began making repairs and patching their injuries ; and on that day, for my sins, I was tak- ing a little rest, for I had not slept or taken time to attend to the necessities of life for ten days, when my scoundrel of a mate, without saying anything to me, hoisted sail 10 J$pant60 $rmaba £ vacíe, (tío. 1 and put out in front of the Admiral's ship a matter of two miles, in order to go on with our repairs, just as other ships had done, and just when he was lowering the sails to see where the galleon leaked, a tender came along- side, and word was given me from the Duke that I should go to the Admiral's ship. Thither 1 went, but before I got there, an order was given that I and another gentle- man, Don Christobal de Avila, who was captain of a victu- aler that had gone much fur- ther ahead than my galleon, should be put to death in dis- £ef t er of Captain Cueffar 1 1 grace. When I heard this se- vere sentence I thought to burst into a passion, asking all to bear witness to the gross injustice that was done me, since I had served so well, as could be seen by written proofs. Of all this, the Duke heard nothing, for he was, as I say, shut up in his cabin. My lord Don Francisco de Bovadilla was the only one who gave or- ders on board the fleet, and everything was directed by him and some others, and their doings are well known. He commanded me to be brought to the Judge Advo- 12 JSpanísf} ®rmcrt>a $mcf 6. ©o. 1 cate's ship in order that what- ever he saw fit should be inflicted upon me. Thither I went, and although the Judge Advocate, Martin de Aranda, for that was his name, was severe, he listened to me and made inquiry about me in secret and found that I had served your Majesty like a good soldier, and therefore he did not dare to execute upon me the order that he had received. He wrote to the Duke about it, and said that unless he received orders from him in writing signed by his own hand he would not execute the sentence, be- £eff et of Cbpt am Cueffar O cause he saw that there was no cause for it, and that 1 was guilty of nothing. And to- gether with his, I wrote a let- ter to the Duke which made him think well of the mat- ter, and he sent answer to the Judge Advocate that he should not execute the sen- tence upon me, but upon Don Christobal, whom they hanged with great cruelty and insult, considering that he was a gentleman and known to many. God was pleased to deliver me on account of my innocence, which your Majesty can readily learn or will have learned from many 14 JJpcmí60 (ftrma&a £racf 0. (tto. 1 persons who were witnesses of it. The Judge Advocate always showed me much kindness. I stayed aboard his ship, in which we under- went all the terrors of death; for from the storm that sprang up it leaked so much that it was full of water all the time, and we could not keep it pumped dry. We had no succour, nor any help except in God; for the Duke still stayed below, and the whole fleet went scattered before the storm in such manner that some ships went to Ger- many, others put to the isl- ands of Holland and Zealand, £etf er of Captain Cueffar *5 falling into the hands of our enemy, some went to Shet- land, others to Scotland, where they were wrecked and burned. More than twenty were lost off Ireland, with all the flower and chivalry of the fleet. As 1 have said, the ship on which I went belonged to the Levantine Squadron, and two other large ships kept us company, in order to help us if they could. On board one of them was Don Diego Enriquez, the hunchback, a colonel. He was unable to double Cape Clear in Ireland, on account of the bad storm that rose in front, and was 1 6 JJpcmísíJ (ftrmaba $racf 0. (Tto. 1 obliged to put for land with those three ships, which, as I say, were very big, and to cast anchor more than half a league from land, where we remained for four days without making any repairs, nor could we do so ; and on the fifth, up came a great storm upon our beam, in terrible hurly- burly, so that our cables could not hold, nor were the sails of any use; and with all three ships we were driven on a sandy beach surrounded on every side by great rocks, a most terrible spectacle; and in the space of one hour all the ships were dashed to pieces, £eft et of Captain Cueffar 17 and not three hundred men escaped. More than a thou- sand were drowned, and among them many persons of rank, captains, gentlemen, and others. Don Diego died there more pitifully than ever was seen in this world; for, in fear of the boisterous waves that swept over the ship, he took his tender, which had a deck, and he together with the Count of Villafranca's son and two others, Portuguese gentlemen, taking more than sixteen thousand ducats' worth of jewels and crowns, got down below the deck of the tender, and had the hatch- 1 8 JJpamefl $rmafca £racf 0. Qto. 1 way fastened down over them and calked. Then immedi- ately over seventy men who were still alive threw them- selves from the ship on to the tender, and while that was struggling to make its way to shore, a great wave came over it, which sunk it and washed off all hands that were on it. And straightway the tender went tossing with the waves hither and thither, until it reached the beach, where it stuck fast upside down, and by this mishap the gentlemen who got under the little deck perished within. After the tender had been aground a feeffer of Capí aín Cueffar 19 day and a half, some savages came to it and rolled it over in order to take out some nails and bits of iron, and breaking the deck they took out the dead men. Don Diego Enri- quez breathed his last in their hands. They stripped him and took the jewels and money that there were, let- ting the bodies lie there with- out burial. And because it is a matter for wonderment and true beyond doubt, I have wished to tell it to your Maj- esty, and also that people in Spain might know in what manner that gentleman died; and, moreover, as it would 20 J5pant0($ ®rmafca $mcffi. (tto. 1 not be just not to tell my good hap and how I got ashore, I go on. I commended myself to God and to our Lady, and went aft to the top of the ship's poop, and from thence I looked about on the great spectacle of woe. Many men were sinking in the ships ; others, throwing them- selves into the water, went down and never came up ; some were on rafts and water- casks; captains threw their gold chains and their money into the sea, and some gen- tlemen I saw clingingto spars ; others left on the ships cried £etf er of Capí am Cueffar 21 aloud, calling upon God ; and some were swept offby waves which took them right out of the ships. And as I was staring at this horror, I knew not what to do or what part to take, for I cannot swim, and the waves and the storm were very great; and on the other hand, the land and the beach were full of enemies who were going about skipping and dancing for joy at our misfortune. Whenever any of our men reached land, two hundred savages and other enemies rushed upon them and stripped them of everything 22 Jípaníef) @rmafca £ tad 0. (tto.l they wore, leaving them stark naked, and without any pity beat them and ill used them. All this could be plainly seen from the wrecked ships, and not a single good thing on any side did I see. I went up to the Judge Advo- cate — may God have mercy on him — he was very sad and downcast, and I bade him try to do something that might help save his life before the ship should break up com- pletely, as it could not last more than ten minutes; and in fact it did not. Most of the people aboard and all the captains and officers had been feeffer of Captain Cueffar 23 drowned before I cast about for a means to save my life. I got on a plank which had broken off the ship, and the Judge Advocate followed me, laden with crowns which he carried sewed into his doub- let and hose ; but there was no way to loose this plank from the side of the ship, for it was fastened by some big iron chains, and the waves and floating spars beat against it, and inflicted upon us the pangs of death. I tried an- other means of rescue, and that was to catch hold of a scuttle-board as large as a good-sized table, which the 24 JípaníeíJ ®tmafca £ tad e. (tto.1 mercy of God happened to bring to my hand ; but when I tried to get on it I sank six fathoms under water, and swallowed so much that I was almost drowned. When I came up I called to the Judge Advocate and managed to pull him on the scuttle- board with me; but as we were getting clear of the ship, a monstrous wave came up and swept over us so hard that the Judge Advocate could not hold on, and the wave carried him with it, and he was drowned. As he went down he shrieked aloud, call- ing upon God. I could not feeff er of Captain Cueffar 25 help him, because when the board was left with the weight on only one side, it began to twirl around with me, and at that moment a log of wood almost broke my legs, but I mustered up courage, and climbed well up on the scut- tle, praying to our Lady of Ontañar. Four waves came, one after the other, and without my knowing how nor being able to swim, they carried me ashore, where I landed ; but 1 could not stand up, for I was all bruised and bleeding. The enemy and savages who were on the beach stripping all those who 20 JJpcmtelJ (grmafca £racf 0. (tto. 1 had succeeded in swimming ashore, seeing my plight, legs, hands, and linen hose all bloody, did not touch me nor did they come up to me, and so I crawled along, little by little, as best I could. I passed many Spaniards completely naked without any clothes on at all, shivering with the cold, which was very severe. The night came upon me in this dreary place, and I was obliged to lie down upon some rushes in the field in spite of the pain I suffered ; and then a gentleman came up to me, naked, a very gen- tle youth. He was so fright- £etf er of Captain Cueffar 27 ened that he could not speak, not even to tell me who he was. At that hour, which was about nine o'clock at night, the wind died down and the sea was becoming calm. I was wet to the skin and half dead with pain and hunger, when two men came by, one with some weapon and the other with a great iron axe in his hands, and walked up to me and my companion. We lay still, as if nothing had been the mat- ter with us, and they had compassion on seeing us, and without saying a word cut down some rushes and grasses 28 J$pant00 ®rmafca £racfe. (tío. 1 and covered us up very well. Then they went to the beach to break open and loot the chests and whatever else they found, and in this they were assisted by over two thou- sand savages and English- men who were stationed in the garrisons round about. By managing to lie quiet a little, I fell asleep, until in the best of my slumber, about one o'clock in the morning, I was woke by a great noise of people on horseback, more than two hundred, who were on their way to pillage the ships. I turned to call my comrade to see if he feeffer of Capf am Cueffar 29 slept, and found that he was dead, at which I was very sad. I learned afterward that he was a gentleman of quality. There he lay on the field with more than six hun- dred other bodies which the sea had cast up. The crows and the wolves fed upon them, and there was nobody to bury any of them, not even poor Don Diego Enriquez. At daybreak I began to go a little at a time in quest of a monastery of monks, in order to get well there as best 1 might. I reached the place with much pain and suf- fering, and found the monas- 30 JJpaníefJ @rmaba $ratf 0. QJo. 1 tery torn down, the church and holy images burned, and everything destroyed, and twelve Spaniards hanged within the church by the English Protestants, who went about looking for us in order to kill all those who had escaped the hazard of the sea. All the monks had fled to the mountains for fear of the enemy ; for they would have killed them too if they had caught them, as is their usage, not leaving a church nor a hermitage standing, for they have pulled them all down and turned them into drinking-sties for cows and feeft er of Capí am Cueffar 3i pigs. I write this in such de- tail that your Majesty may learn the adventures and hardships that I have seen, for your Majesty may occupy yourself a little by way of amusement after dinner in reading this letter, for it might almost seem to be taken out of some book of Knight Er- rantry. As I found nobody in that monastery except the Spaniards dangling from the iron grates in the church win- dows, I went out very quick and took a path that led through a wood. After I had gone along it about a mile, I met a woman, a wild savage, 32 Jípant00 $wtaba £ratf 0. (tto. 1 more than eighty years old, who was driving five or six cows to hide them in the wood, so that the English who had come to lodge in her village should not take them. When she saw me she stopped, and recognizing me said, "You Spain?" 1 told her by signs that I was, and that I had been wrecked on the ships. She had much pity upon me and began to cry, making signs to me that we were near her cabin and that I should not go thither, because many of the enemy were there, and they had cut off the heads of many Span- £eft er of Capitán Cud far 33 iards. All this was trial and tribulation for me, because I was all alone and badly lamed by a log that had al- most broken my legs in the water. Finally, by the old woman's advice, I made up my mind to go back to the beach where the ships had been wrecked three days be- fore. There were troops of people going about there, loading the spoils upon carts and carrying them to their huts. I did not dare show myself nor go up to them, lest they should strip off the wretched linen garments I had on my back, or murder 34 J5pcmí00 (formaba £rarfe. (tto. 1 me ; and then I saw two poor Spanish soldiers come along, naked as on the day they were born, moaning and calling to God to help them. One had a bad cut on his head, which he got when they stripped him. I called to them from where I was hid, and they came up to me and told me of the cruel deaths and tortures that the English had inflicted upon more than a hundred Span- iards whom they had cap- tured. I had sorrow enough for this news, but God gave me strength, and after I had commended myself to Him feeff er of Captain Cueffar 35 and to His blessed Mother, I said to the two soldiers, " Let us go to the ships where those people are plundering ; perhaps we shall find some- thing to eat and drink, for I am surely starving to death." And going thither we saw dead bodies — and great pain and pity it was to see them — for the sea was still throw- ing them up, and more than four hundred lay stiff upon the sand. We recognized some of them, among others poor Don Diego Enriquez; and in spite of my forlorn con- dition, I could not bear to pass him by without burying }6 JJpaníef) ®rmaba £racf 0. (tto. 1 him, and so we dug a hole in the sand by the water's edge. There we laid him with an- other much honoured captain, a dear friend of mine ; and we had hardly finished covering them with earth when some two hundred savages came up to see what we were do- ing. We told them by signs that we had buried these men there so that the crows should not eat them, as they were our brothers. Then we set out to look for some- thing to eat along the beach, for the sea had cast up some biscuits, when four savages rushed up to me to tear the feeff er of Captain Cueffar 37 clothes off my back ; but an- other man, when he saw them begin to maltreat me, took pity on me, and sent them off. He must have been a man of rank, because they obeyed him. Then, by the grace of God, he lent as- sistance to me and my two companions, and took us away from there, and tarried a long time with us until he put us on a road that went away from the shore and led to a village where he lived. He told us to wait for him there, for he would soon come back and show us our path for some way on. This 38 JJpcmí00 @rmaba ítacf 0. (Jto. 1 road was very stony, and I could not stir nor take a step forward because I was bare- foot and half dead with pain in my leg which had a very deep cut. My poor compan- ions were naked and stiff with cold, which was very bitter ; and as they could not bear it nor be of any help to me, they went ahead along the road, and I remained there praying to God for help. He came to my aid, and I began to walk, little by little, and reached a high place from whence I could see some straw huts. I went toward these through a dell, feeff er of Capfain Cueffar 39 and entered a wood; and af- ter I had gone the distance of two musket-shots through it, a man over seventy years old came out from behind some rocks, and with him two young men carrying arms, one an Englishman and the other a Frenchman, and also a very pretty girl of twenty, all of whom were going to the shore to plun- der. When they saw me walking through the trees they came toward me, and the Englishman, running up, cried, " Surrender, you Span- ish coward !'' and made a cut at me with his knife, trying to 40 JJpcmtsf} $rmafca tract 0. (tto. 1 kill me. I parried the blow with a stick 1 had in my hand, but he succeeded in hitting me and cut me in the right leg. He would have struck me again if the old savage and his daughter, who was probably the English- man's mistress, had not come up. I bade him do what he would with me, since fortune had vanquished me and taken away my arms in the sea. They separated him from me, and the savage stripped me even to my shirt. Under it I wore a gold chain worth more than a thousand reals. When they saw this they £eft er of Captain Cueffar 4i were delighted and rummaged through my doublet thread by thread. In this I carried forty-five gold crowns which had been given me at Co- runna by the Duke's orders for two months' pay. When the Englishman saw that I had a gold chain and money, he wanted to keep me pris- oner, thinking that he would be offered a ransom for me. I told him that I had nothing to give, as I was only a poor soldier, and that 1 had got that gold aboard ship. The girl was very sorry to see the ill usage they did me, and en- treated them to give me back 42 JJpanteíJ $rmaba $racf 0. (Jto. 1 my clothes and do me no more harm. They all went back to the savage's cabin, and I was left under the trees, bleeding fast from the cut that the Englishman had given me. I put on my doublet and coat. They had even taken away my shirt and some precious relics which I wore in a little jacket of the brotherhood of the Holy Trinity, and which had been given to me at Lis- bon. The girl took these and put them around her neck, making signs to me that she wished to keep them, and tell- ing me that she was a Chris- tian, and so she was — like feeffer of Captain Cueffar 43 Mahomet. They sent a boy to me from the hut bearing a poultice made of herbs to put on my wound, also milk, but- ter, and a piece of oaten bread for me to eat. I poulticed myself and ate. Then the boy went with me along the road, pointing out the direc- tion in which I ought to go, and keeping me away from a village which was in sight of the road, where many Span- iards had been killed, and not a single man on whom the inhabitants could lay hands had escaped. The French- man was the cause of doing me this good turn, for he had 44 JJpaníefJ (ftrmafca £racf 0. (tío. 1 been a soldier at Terceira, and he was very sorry to see me so maltreated. When the boy turned to go back, he bade me keep straight on to some mountains that seemed to be some six leagues from us, behind which lay a friend- ly country that belonged to a great lord who was a good friend to the King of Spain, and who harboured all the Spaniards that came to him, and was very kind to them, and had taken in more than eighty of the men from our ships who had gone to him naked. At this news I plucked up courage some- fceff tx of Captain Cueffar 45 what, and stick in hand started to walk as best I could, striking north for the moun- tains that the boy had point- ed out. That night I came to some huts where they did me no harm because there was a young man there who knew Latin, and God was pleased that owing to the ne- cessity of the occasion we should understand one an- other in that language. I told him my misfortunes. The Latin scholar took me into his hut for the night, and gave me medicine and some supper and a place on the straw to sleep. In the 46 J5pame0 ®rmaba trade. ®o.1 middle of the night his father and brothers came home laden with the spoils of our things, but the old man did not mind that they had taken me into his house and had treated me well. In the morning they gave me a boy and a horse to take me over a mile of road which was so bad that the mud was up to the horse's pasterns. After we had gone past it by a bow- shot we heard a great noise, and the boy said to me, mak- ing signs, "Save yourself, Spain," for that is what they call us. "Many Saxons are coming on horseback, and £eff er of Captain £ueffar 47 they will kill you unless you hide. Come here quick ! " They call the English Saxons. We hid in the cleft of some rocks, where we lay safe with- out being seen. There were more than one hundred and fifty of them on horseback, and they were going all along the coast to rob and kill all the Spaniards that they could find. God delivered me from them, but as we went on our way we met more than forty savages on foot who wanted to murder me, for they were all Protestants, but they did not do it because the boy who was with me told them 48 J|pam&0 @rmaba $racf 6. Qto. 1 that his master had captured me and I was his prisoner, and that he was sending me on horseback so that I might get well. All this did not suffice to secure my going on in peace, for two of those robbers seized me and gave me half a dozen blows, bruis- ing my back and arms, and stripped me of everything I had on, and left me naked as when I was born. By the Holy Baptism that I received, this is true. Then, seeing myself in this plight, I gave thanks to God, supplicating His Divine Majesty to fulfil His will upon me, for that feetf et of Capí am Cueffar 49 was my will also. The sav- age's boy then turned to go home with his horse, weep- ing to see me so naked, beaten, and cold. I besought God very earnestly to take me where I might confess myself and then die in His grace. Then I plucked up courage, being in the worst extreme of misfortune that ever a man was, and covered myself with some fern leaves and a bit of an old mat, and protected myself from the cold the best I could. I jour- neyed on, little by little, in a direction they had pointed out, in search of the lands of 50 Jlpamefl ®rmafca trade. (Tto.1 that chieftain with whom the other Spaniards had taken refuge, and I came to that peak which they had point- ed out as a mark. There I found a lake around which there were some thirty huts, all completely empty, and I looked about for a place to spend the night. Having no- where to go, I went up to the biggest cabin, as that seemed the best place to take shel- ter in for the night, for all of them were deserted and empty. As I was going in the door I saw there many bundles of oats, which are made into the bread that £etf et of Captain CuefPatr 5i those savages usually eat, and I thanked God that on them I had a good place to sleep, when of a sudden 1 saw three naked men get up at one side, and come forward and stare at me. It gave me a start, for I thought without doubt they were devils, and they knew no better what I could be, wrapped up in my mat and leaves. They were so fright- ened that they did not speak to me, nor I to them, and I could not see them distinctly, for the hut was rather dark; and being much confounded I exclaimed, "Oh, Mother of God, be with me and deliver 52 Jipante*} $rma&a $rocf 0. (tto.l me from all evil." When they heard me speak Span- ish and call on the Mother of God, they also exclaimed, "Holy Virgin, be with us." Then I was reassured, and went up to them and ask- ed if they were Spaniards. They answered, "Yes, we are, for our sins. Eleven of us together were robbed of everything on the beach, and naked as we were we went to look for some place where Christians dwelt, and on the way we met a troop of the enemy, who killed eight of us. The three of us here es- caped into a wood which was feeftet of Captain Cueffar 53 so thick that they could not find us, and that night God led us thither to these huts, and here we stayed to re- cover from our fatigue, al- though there were no people and nothing to eat." I told them always to commit themselves to God and to be of good cheer, for we were in the neighbourhood of friends and Christians, for I had in- formation of a village that was about three or four leagues away from us, which belonged to my Lord Ruerque (O'Rourke), where many of the wrecked Spaniards had taken refuge, and that al- 54 Jfr&nt00 (formaba £tad 0. (tto.1 though I was very badly used up and wounded we should start on our journey thither the next day. The poor fel- lows were delighted, and asked me who I was. I told them that I was Captain Cu- ellar. They could hardly be- lieve it, for they thought I was drowned, and rushed up to me and hugged me almost to death. One of them was a sergeant and the other two common soldiers. And as this tale is ludicrous, and true as I am a Christian, I have written it all out for your Majesty's diversion. I buried myself deep in the £etf et of Cbpfain Cueffar 55 straw, taking care not to dis- turb it or disarrange it from the way it was ; and, having agreed to get up early in the morning for our journey, we went to sleep without supper, and without having had anything to eat except mulberries and water-cress. While it was still daytime I was already wide awake with a great pain in my legs, and I heard noises and talking, and just then a savage came to the door with a battle-axe in his hand, and looked around at the oats, muttering to him- self. 1 and my companions, who had also waked up, 56 J$j?aní&0 $rmaba $rocf 0. (tto. 1 lay still without drawing a breath, peering attentively through the straw at the sav- age to see what he would do. God willed that he went out and betook himself, with a number of others who had come with him, to work at reaping near the huts, in such a place that it was impossible for us to go out without their seeing us. We lay still, bur- ied alive, talking over what we had better do, and agreed not to get out of the straw or to move from that place as long as those savages and heretics were there; for they belonged to that neighbour- feeffer of Captain Cueffar 57 hood where the people treat- ed the poor Spaniards whom they caught so dreadfully, and they would have done the like to us if they had found us there, where there was no one to help us but God. All day passed in this way, and when night came those wretches betook them- selves to their huts. We waited for the moon to rise, and then, wrapped up in straw and hay, because it was bit- ter cold, we left that dan- gerous place without waiting for daylight. We went on, floundering in the mud, half dead with pain, hunger, and 58 J|pant00 ®rma&a £ racf e. (Tto. 1 thirst. God was pleased to bring us to a land of some safety where we found a ham- let belonging to better people, although they were all sav- ages, yet Christians and kind- ly. One of them saw my wound and in what bad plight I was, and took me into his hut, and he and his wife and children took care of me, and he would not let me go till he thought that I could safely reach the village whither I was going. In that village I found more than seventy Spaniards. They had no clothes and were very ill treated, because the chief was feeff er of Captain Cueffar 59 not there : he had gone to defend a part of the coun- try which the English were coming to attack ; for al- though he is a savage he is a very good Christian and an enemy to the heretics, and always fights against them. His name is Lord de Ruerge (O'Rourke). I reached his house with much difficulty, covered with straw and a bit of mat twined around my body, so that everybody was moved with pity at seeing me. Some of the savages gave me a wretched old cloak full of lice, which I put on and found of some comfort. Next 6o JJpant00 ®rmaba $racf 0. (tto. 1 day, in the morning, some twenty of us Spanish met to- gether at Chief Ruerque's hut, asking them to give us some- thing to eat for love of God, and as we stood begging they informed us that there was a very large Spanish ship on the coast, which had come for the Spaniards who had escaped. At this news, with- out waiting, all twenty of us set out for the place where we were told the ship was. We found many obstacles on the way, but that was a good thing for me, and a mercy that God did to me, in that I did not reach the harbour £eff er of Capiaxn Cueffar 61 where the ship was, as the others that were with me did. The ship belonged to the fleet, and had put into port there in a great storm with the mainmast and rigging in a very bad condition. They were afraid lest the enemy, who were getting ready with great vigour, should burn the ship or do it some other harm, so they made repairs in two days' time, and then, with the people that came in her and those besides whom they picked up, they sailed off and again ran aground on the same coast, and more than two hundred persons were 62 J5pant0í$ @rmaba $racf éú QJo. 1 drowned. Those who es- caped by swimming ashore were captured by the Eng- lish and put to the sword. God was pleased that I alone should be left out of the twenty who went to look for the ship, so that I should not suffer like the others. Blessed be His holy mercy forever for all the mercies He has shown me. Havingthuslostmyway, I was going in great perplexity and trouble when I struck a road and met a clerk in a lay habit walking along, for the priests in that country travel in that way so that the Eng- lish shall not recognize them. feetfer of Captain Cueffar 63 He took pity on me, and ' spoke to me in Latin, and asked me of what nation I was and about the shipwrecks through which I had passed. God gave me grace so that I could answer about every- thing which he asked me in the same Latin tongue. He was so satisfied with me that he gave me to eat from what he carried with him, and set me on a road by which I should get to a castle that was about six leagues from there. He said it was a very strong place, and belonged to a savage chief, a very valiant soldier and a great enemy of 64 JJpcmt00 $rmaba $racf6. (tta 1 the Queen of England and of everything that was hers, a man who would never obey or pay tribute, keeping him- self in his castle and among the mountains that made his stronghold. Thither I went, overcoming many difficul- ties by the way : that which was the worst and did me most harm was that a sav- age met me on the road and by a cheat took me to his hut in a desert valley, and told me that I had to live with him all my life, and that he would teach me his trade, which was a black- smith's. 1 did not know feefter of Captain Cueffar 65 what to answer him, nor did I dare lest he should put me in the forge. On the con- trary, I assumed a cheerful face and went to work at the bellows for more than eight days. The wicked black- smith was pleased with this, for I worked carefully so as not to vex him, and so was the accursed old woman his wife. I was getting very sad and downhearted over this occupation when God came to my help by sending the priest back that way. He was shocked to see me, but the savage would not let me go as he wanted my ser- 66 JJpam00 $rmaba £racf 6. QJo. 1 vices. The priest rebuked him roundly, and bade me not to be troubled for he should speak to the Lord of the Cas- tle whither he had directed me, and should get him to send for me. And so he did the next day, because this chief sent four of his adhe- rents, savages, and a Spanish soldier, for he had with him ten of those who had swum ashore from the wreck. When he saw me without any clothes and dressed in straw, he and all who were with him felt very sorry, and the women wept to see me so ill used. They made me £etf er of Capí am Cueffar 67 amends as well as they could with a woolen blanket af- ter their fashion, and there I stayed three months, turned into a savage just like them. My master's wife was exceed- ingly comely and was very good to me, and one day we sat together in the sun, she and friends of hers and rela- tions. They questioned me about Spain and other places, and finally asked me to look at their hands and tell them their fortunes. I rendered thanks to God, for now that I was become a gipsy among savages, there was nothing further to befall me. I ex- 68 §bpaní6§ $rmaba $racf 0. QJo. 1 amined all their hands, and told them a hundred thou- sand nonsensical things, at which they were mightily pleased, so that no other Spaniard stood so high in their regard as I, and both day and night men and wo- men followed me about inces- santly to have me tell their fortunes, so that I was sur- rounded by such a crowd that 1 was compelled to ask permission of my master to leave his castle. He would not grant it, but gave orders that no one should disturb me or give me any annoy- ance. £efí er of Cbptciin Cueffar 69 The nature of these savages is to live like beasts among the mountains, some of which are very rugged in the parts of the island where we were cast away. They live in huts made of straw. The men have big bodies, their features and limbs are well made, and they are agile as deer. They eat but one meal a day, and that at night, and their ordi- nary food is oaten bread and butter. They drink sour milk, as they have no other bever- age, but no water, although it is the best in the world. On holidays they eat meat, half cooked, without bread or salt. 70 JJpaníeí) (grmaba £ rods. Q^o.l They dress in tight breeches and goatskin jackets cut short but very big, and over all a blanket, and wear their hair down to their eyes. They are good walkers, and have great endurance. They are always at war with the English who garrison the country there, and both de- fend themselves from them and prevent them from com- ing into their territory, which is all flooded and covered with marshy ponds. Their domain spreads more than forty leagues each way. Their great bent is to be rob- bers and to steal from one £etf er of Captain Cueffar 7i another, so that not a day passes without a call to arms among them. For when the men of one hamlet learn that there are cattle or anything else in another, they go at once, armed, by night, and shouting war-whoops kill one another, and then when the English learn which village has gathered in and stolen most cattle they swoop down on it and take all away; and these have no other help than to fly to the mountains with their wives and flocks, for they possess no other property, neither household stuff nor clothes. They sleep 72 JJpaníe0 $rmafca £racfe. (tto. 1 on the ground, upon rushes freshly cut and full of water or else frozen stiff. Most of the women are very pretty but ill dressed. They wear nothing but a shift and a blanket over it, and a linen cloth much folded on their heads and tied in front. They are hard workers and good housewives after their fash- ion. These people call them- selves Christians; they hear mass and follow the usages of the Catholic Church. Al- most all their churches, mon- asteries, and hermitages have been destroyed by the sol- diers from the English gar- feeff er of Captain Cueffar 73 risons and by their own countrymen who have joined those, for they are as bad as the English. And to sum up, in that country there is nei- ther justice nor right, and ev- erybody does what he likes. These savages liked us very much, for they knew that we were great enemies to the heretics and had come against them, and had it not been for them not one of us would now be alive. We were very grateful to them for this, although they were the first to rob and plunder those of us who reached the land alive. These savages 74 Jípcmíe0 (ftrmafca tracts. ($o. 1 got a great quantity of jewels and money from us and from those thirteen ships of our fleet, for there were many people of great possessions on board them who were all drowned. News of this came to the Lord Governor of the kingdom, who was in the city of Dililin (Dublin), and he straightway set forth with seventeen hundred soldiers to look for the wrecks and for the people that had es- caped, who were near a thou- sand, and were wandering about the country, without arms and without clothes, in the neighbourhood of the dif- feeff er of Captain Cueff at 75 ferent places where the ships had been wrecked. The Gov- ernor captured most of them and hanged them at once, and did other acts of cruelty. He put in prison those who were said to have given us succour, and did them all the evil he could. He took pris- oners three or four chieftains who possessed castles and had received some of the Spanish in them, and then marched all along the coast until he came to the place where I was wrecked, and from thence he made an in- cursion to Manglana's castle, for that was the name of the 76 JJpant00 ®rma&a $racf0. Qto. 1 savage with whom I lived. This chieftain was always a great enemy of the Queen's, and never loved anything that was hers, nor would he obey her, and therefore the Gover- nor wanted very much to take him prisoner. When this chief heard of the great force that was coming against him, knowing he had no means of resistance, he re- solved to fly to the moun- tains, which, in default of an army, was his only safety. We Spanish, who were with him, already had news of the evil that was coming upon us, and we did not know feetfer of Captain Cueffar 77 what to do nor where to turn for safety; and one Sunday, after mass, the chief blazing with anger, his hair hanging down over his eyes, took us apart, and said that he could not entertain any hope of de- fence, and that he had made up his mind to fly with all his people, their flocks and families, and that we must look to what we should do to save our lives. I made an- swer that if he would wait for a little we would quickly give him a reply. I withdrew apart with the eight Span- iards that were with me — they were brave fellows — and 78 Jípcmíefl $rmaba $racf 0. QJo. 1 said to them that they could see clearly all the trials that we had passed, and that one which was coming upon us, and that in order not to un- dergo more it was better to die with honour once for all, and since we had a fair op- portunity we should not wait longer, nor wander fugitives over the mountains, naked, barefoot, in the freezing cold, and since the savage had re- solved to abandon his castle, we nine Spaniards who were there should merrily throw ourselves into it, and defend it to death. This we could well do against twice as feetfer of Captain Cueffar 79 strong a force as that which was coming, for the castle was very stout, and very hard to take unless they should bombard it with artillery; for it is built on a deep lake more than a league wide in some places, and three or four leagues long, and has an outlet to the sea, but even when this is swollen by spring tides there is no pas- sage there. For this reason the castle is safe from attack, and is inaccessible both by water and by the strip of land that runs up to it, because for a league around the vil- lage, which is built on solid 8o §bpan\B§ $rmafca írocf 0. (Ito. 1 ground, lies a marsh deep as a man's chest, so that even the inhabitants cannot get to it except by certain paths. Having well considered all this, we made up our minds to tell the savage that we would man the castle and de- fend it to the death, and we asked him to furnish it as quickly as he could with pro- visions for six months and with arms. The chieftain was so pleased at this and at our courage that he lost no time in supplying the castle with the aid of the chief men of the village, at which all were much gratified. And £ef í et of Captain Cueffar 81 in order to make sure that we should not play him false, he made us take an oath that we would not abandon his castle nor surrender it to the enemy upon any terms or conditions, although we should starve to death, and that we would not open the gates to let in any Irishman, or Spaniard, or anybody at all, until the chief should return in person, as he made no doubt that we would keep our promise. And after all the necessary things had been done, we put the ornaments and fineries from the church into the castle, and some rel- 82 JSpamefl ®rmato Z text** (£o.l ics that were there, and also laid in three or four boat- loads of stones, half a dozen muskets, half a dozen arque- buses, and some other wea- pons. The chief embraced us and betook himself to the mountains, whither his peo- ple had already gone. And straightway word went all the country round how Man- glana's castle was prepared for defence and would not surrender to the enemy, be- cause it was garrisoned by a Spanish captain and some Spanish soldiers who were in it. Everybody admired our courage, and the enemy was £etf er of Captain Cueff av 8? very angry at what we had done, and marched against the castle with all their forces, some eighteen hundred men, and came within a mile and a half without being able to draw nearer by reason of the water that was all around it. From there they made great threats and hanged two Span- iards, and did other acts of violence in order to scare us. They summoned us many times by a trumpet to quit the castle, saying they would spare our lives and give us safe conduct to Spain. We bade them come nearer the tower, as we could not hear 84 ^jtoní00 ®rmafca trad 0. ($0.1 them plainly ; and always showed that we recked little of their threats and promises. For seventeen days we were besieged. God was pleased to help us, and delivered us from our enemies by means of terrible storms and heavy snows that came upon them in such manner that they were forced to raise the siege and march back to Duplin (Dub- lin), where the Governor had his headquarters and garrison. From thence he sent us a threatening message that we had better look out for our- selves and not fall into his hands, and that he should £etf er of Captain Cueffar 85 come back to our region in good time. We sent him back an answer that made us laugh, and also our chieftain, who no sooner heard that the English had retreated than he returned to his castle and en- joyed quiet thereafter, giving us many presents. He pro- claimed that we were most loyal friends, and offered to put all that was his at our service, and the chief men of the country did the like. He would have given me his own sister in marriage, but I thanked him very much, and contented myself with asking for guides to conduct me 86 J$paníe0 ®rma&a £ rocíe. (Uo.l somewhere where I could find means of getting across to Scotland. He would not give me, nor any of the Span- ish there, leave to go, saying that the roads were not safe. I did not relish such exces- sive friendship, and so made up my mind secretly, with four of the soldiers that were under my command, to set out in the morning, two hours before daybreak, so that no one should stop our going. I was the more determined be- cause the day before one of Manglana's sons had told me that his father would not let me leave the castle till the £eff tx of Captain Cueffar 87 King of Spain sent soldiers after me, and that he intended to imprison me so that I should not escape. At this news I accoutred myself as best I could, and started off with those four soldiers one morning ten days after Christ- mas in the year '88, and I went on journeying over mountains and through waste places, with great hardships, as God knows. After travel- ling twenty days, I reached the coast where Alonso de Ley va, Count de Paredes, and Don Tomas de Granvela had been wrecked, besides so many other gentlemen that a 88 JJpanígfJ (grmaba $racf&. (tto. 1 roll of paper would be needed to give a list of them. I went about among the huts of some savages that dwelt hard by, and they told me most pitiful tales of our people who had been drowned there, and they showed me many ornaments and rich garments that had belonged to them, at which 1 felt great grief, and all the more because I did not find any boat in which 1 could embark to go to Scotland. But one day they told me about a part of the country that belonged to a savage who called himself the Prince of Ocan, where there were feefter of Captain Cueffar 89 some vessels bound for Scot- land. I journeyed there, crawl- ing along the ground, for 1 could not walk owing to the wound on my leg; and as it was a matter of life and death to me, I put all there was in me into going on ; but though I got there as quick as I could, the vessels had already sailed two days before. This was no small grief to me, for I was in a wretched part of the country surrounded by ene- mies, as there were many English stationed at that har- bour, and every day they paid a visit to The Ocan. At this time I was attacked with great 90 JJpaníeí} ®rmaba %,xacf 0. Qto. 1 pain in my leg, so that I could not bear my weight on it at all, and the people warned me to be on the lookout, for there were many English there who would do me great harm, as they had done to other Spaniards, if they should catch me, and especially if they found out who I was. 1 did not know what to do, for the soldiers who came with me had already left me and had gone to another harbour further on to look for a ship, but some women, who saw that I was weak and forsaken, had compassion on me, and took me to their cabins in the feefter of Captain Cueffar 9i mountains, and there they kept me for more than a month and a half, well guarded, and took such good care of me that my wound healed, and I felt in good con- dition to go to The Ocan's village to have an interview with him; but he would nei- ther hear me nor see me, and I was told that he had pledged his word to the Queen's Lord Governor not to keep any Spaniards in his territory, nor to suffer any to go over it. After that the English who were stationed there marched off to make an attack upon some place, and The Ocan 92 ipaní00 ®rmafca $racf 0. (tto. 1 went with them, taking all his fighting men, so that 1 was free to wander about the village, which was made of thatched houses. There were some very pretty girls there with whom I was on friendly terms, and I used to go into their houses sometimes to gossip, until one evening two young Englishmen came in there. One of them was a sergeant and knew of me by name, but had never seen me. They sat down and asked me if I was not a Spaniard, and what I was doing there. I said yes, and that I was one of the soldiers in the com- feeff et of Capf am Cueffar 9? mand of Don Alonso de Lu- 9on, who had surrendered to the English not long before, and that by reason of a wound in my leg I had not been able to leave that place, and that I was at their service and ready to do whatever they should be pleased to com- mand. They bade me wait for them a little while, for I must go with them to the city of Dublin, where there were many Spanish gentle- men of rank in prison. I said that I could not walk, and they sent in quest of a horse to carry me, and 1 told them that I was very content to do 94 JJpaníefJ @tmaba Zxocíb. (lío. 1 their pleasure and to go with them. They entertained no suspicion of this, and began to flirt with the girls. Then the mother of these girls made signs to me to go out by the door, which I did with great agility, and made off, bounding down a ravine until I got into some thick briers, and I pushed through these till the castle of The Ocan was lost to sight. I went on in this way until nightfall, when I came to a large lake, and on the bank I saw a herd of cows. I went toward them to see if there were any- body there who could tell me feetf er of Captain Cueffar 95 where I was, and I met two young savages who were on their way to round up the cows and drive them high up on the mountains, where they and their fathers had taken refuge for fear of the English. I spent two days there with them, and they showed me great hospitality. It was ne- cessary for one of the boys to go to the Prince of Ocan's village to learn the news, and there he saw those two Eng- lishmen, who were going about in great rage looking for me, for some one had given them some information about me, and they asked 96 Jipante*} $rmafca £racf 6. (Jto. 1 every one who went by if they had seen me. The boy was such a good fellow that he returned to the hut and warned me of what was hap- pening, and I felt it necessary for me to leave them very early in the morning to travel in search of a bishop who lived seven leagues from there in a castle, whither he had fled to seek refuge from the English. This bishop was a very good Christian. He used to go about dressed as a sav- age in order not to be discov- ered, and I assure your Majesty that I could not hold back my tears when I went up to him feefter of Captain Cueffar 97 and kissed his hand. He had twelve Spaniards with him, meaning to help them to cross over to Scotland, and he was greatly pleased at my coming, especially when the soldiers told him that I was a captain. During the six days that I was with him he showed me all the hospitality he could, and had a small boat come with all prepara- tions to take us over to Scot- land, which trip was com- monly made in two days. He gave us supplies for the sea, and said mass in the castle, and spoke with me about some matters concerning the 98 JípaníelJ (Jtmaba Ztad e?. (0o. 1 loss of the kingdom, and how much your Majesty had helped them, and that I should try to go to Spain as fast as I could after landing in Scotland, where he ad- vised me to live with great patience, because almost all the people there were Protes- tants, and very few Catho- lics. The bishop's name was Don Reimundo Termi [?], Bishop of Times [?], a noble and righteous man. May God keep him in his protec- tion, and deliver him from his enemies. On the same day on the morning of which I reached the coast, I put to feefter of Captain Cueffar 99 sea in a wretched pinnace in which there were eighteen of us, and that same day the wind was contrary, and we were obliged by God's mercy to run before it in the direc- tion of Shetland [? Hebri- des], where we reached land in the morning, our boat almost full of water and the mainsail torn. We went ashore and gave thanks to God for the mercies that he had shown us in bringing us there alive; and from there, after two days of good wea- ther, we began our voyage to Scotland, which we reached in three days, not without ioo JSpcmisfJ $rma&a &act 0. (IJo.l danger because the leaky boat took in so much water. I praised God that He had plucked us out of so many great dangers and had brought me to a land where I might perhaps find better safety, for we were told that the King of Scotland would receive all the Spaniards that came to his kingdom, and would give them clothes and ships, so that they might go home to Spain. But everything was just the contrary, for he did not help any one, nor did he give away a crown in alms, in spite of the great need among those who had come feefter of Captain Cuefftur IOI to his kingdom. We had gone to Scotland to seek safety and a way of getting to Spain, and we stayed there for more than six months without any means, in just the condition that we had come in from Ireland and other places. I rather believe that the King had been per- suaded on the part of the Queen of England to surren- der us to her, and if the Cath- olic lords and noblemen of the country — for there are many of them and very no- ble gentlemen — had not es- poused our cause and spoken in our behalf to the King 102 J£panÍÉ$ $rmafca £tatfe. ®o. 1 and in the councils that were held on the matter, without doubt we should have been sold and delivered to the English. For the King of Scotland is nothing; he has no authority, nor even the fig- ure of a king, and does not stir a step or eat a mouthful but by the Queen's orders. And thus there are great dis- sensions among the nobility, and some bear no good will to him, but wish to see him out of the way and your Maj- esty seated on his throne, that you may establish the Church of God, which is in ruins there. This they said to feetter of Captain Cueffar 103 us many times with tears in their eyes, hoping that they will see it when it shall come to pass, and trusting to God that it may be soon. And as I say, these noblemen sup- ported us all the time we were there, and gave us alms freely, and were very kind to us, entertaining great pity for our tribulations, and asked us to have patience and be long- suffering with the people that called us idolaters and bad Christians, and spoke a thou- sand insulting things to us; for if any one should make any answer, they would fall upon him and kill him. It was 104 §ípawíB§ Qtmaba &act 0. (tío A impossible to live or to stay in such a bad kingdom with such a bad king. [The manu- script here is torn and illegi- ble^ . . . A special messenger was sent to the Duke of Parma ... at which his Highness, like a pious prince, was much grieved, and with great dili- gence sought to help us . . . to the King that he should suffer us to depart freely from the country, and to the Cath- olics and friends great grati- tude on the part of his Majesty, together with very friendly letters from him. There was a Scotch trader in Flanders who came forward feefter of Captain Cueffar 105 and agreed with his Highness that he should come to Scot- land for us and take us on board four vessels, with all necessary supplies, and con- vey us to Flanders, and his Highness was to pay five du- cats for each Spaniard that he carried to Flanders. The bar- gain was made with him, and he came for us and took us aboard, without arms and without clothes just as we were, and carried us past the English ports, which rendered our passage safe from all the English fleets and ships. But this did us no good, for the English had made terms with . io6 Jipante*} (^tmaba ZvadB. ($o. 1 the ships of Holland and Zea- land that the latter should put to sea and lie in wait for us at the bar off Dunkirk, and there put us to the sword without leaving a single man alive. And this the Dutch- men did according to orders, for they were on the watch for us a month and a half in the port of Dunkirk, and there, if God had not helped us, they would have captured us all. But God willed that of the four vessels in which wecame, two should escape. These ran ashore, where they split and were wholly wrecked, and the enemy, seeing the feetf er of Captain Cueffar 107 mode of escape we were after, opened a cannonade upon us, so that we were obliged to jump into the water and swim, and we thought to die there. They could not put out to our rescue from the port of Dunkirk in little boats, because the enemy kept up such a brisk fire. Moreover, the wind and waves were very high, so that we were in the greatest danger of perish- ing to a man. Nevertheless, we kept afloat on bits of wood, except some soldiers who were drowned, and also a Scotch captain. I got to land in my shirt, without any io8 JüpaníeíJ @r mafca £rarfe. (tio. 1 other clothes, and some sol- diers from Medina [?] who were there came to my res- cue. It was pitiful to see us enter the city a second time naked to the skin ; and out to sea we saw under our very eyes the Dutch killing 270 Spaniards, who had come in the ship which they captured there off Dunkirk, not leaving but three alive. They are al- ready paying the reckoning, however; for more than 400 Dutchmen have been cap- tured since then and have had their heads chopped off. All this I have made bold to write to your Majesty. feeftet of Captain Cueffor 109 From the City of Antwerp, the fourth of October, in the year 1589. Francisco de Cuellar. [Academy of Hist. Investigation, Salazar, No. 7, page 58.] w 98 fi V* • °*c -7.7* .6* V ^?f¡5 * A ^ %f.V c r- ^o* ¿¿iter- -ov^ ; L*^ 9' > '♦y^.* *?