Class _^7-^ Rook. ( ^ /4 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTEKIOR BULLETIN 7>7 UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY :n^o. 171 WASHINGTON GOVERNMKNT PRINTING OFFICE 1900 UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES D. AVALCOTT, DIRECTOK BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES AND OF THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES WITH AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF ALL IMPORTANT CHANGES OF TERRITORY (SECOND EDITION) BY V HEISTRY G^ANNETT WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1900 .an CONTENTS. Pago Letter of transmittal v^ CiTAPTER I. — Boundaries of the United States, and additions to its territory. . . 11 Boundaries of the United States - . 11 Provisional treaty with Great Britain 12 Treaty with Spain of 1798 12 Definitive treaty with Great Britain 12 Treaty of London, 1794 12 Treaty of Glient 13 Arbitration by King of the Netherlands 17 Treaty with Great Britain, 1842 18 Webster- Ash burton treaty with Great Britain, 1846 20 Additions to the territory of the United States 21 Louisiana purchase 21 Florida purchase 23 Texas accession 24 First Mexican cession 25 Gadsden purchase 28 Alaska purchase 27 Hawaiin Islands 29 Porto Rico, Guam, and Philippine Islands 29 Chapter II. — The public domain, and an outline of the history of changes made therein 30 Cessions by tHe States 30 Territory northwest of the river Ohio 33 Territory south of the river Ohio 35 Louisiana and the territory acquired from Mexico 36 Chapter III. — The boundary lines of the States and Territories 38 Maine 38 New Hampshire 46 Vermont 51 Massachusetts 53 Rhode Island 70 Connecticut 71 New York 76 New Jersey 82 Pennsylvania 84 Delaware 86 Maryland 88 District of Columbia 91 Virginia 94 West Virginia 98 North Carolina 98 South Carolina 1 02 5 6 CO NT K NTS. Page. CiiAiTKK 111. — Tin- liciiiinliuy lilies nf llic States ;iinl Terriluries— Contimieij. (ieor^ria KCi Florida |(»7 A lahaiiia lOH Mississipj)! KM) IiOiii8iaiia I Ki Ti'xas J 11 ArkanwiH 1 1 'J Tcinu'ssee 114 Kentucky 116 Ohio 116 Indiana 117 Illinois 119 Michigan 119 Wisconsin 120 Missouri 122 Iowa 1 23 Minnesota 124 Kansas 1 25 Nebraska 126 North Dak( )ta and South Dakota 127 Oklahoma 128 M( )ntana 129 Wyoming 130 Colorado 130 New Mexici > 131 Utah 131 Arizona 132 Nevada 132 Idaho 134 Oregon 135 Washington 136 California 136 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Plate I, II. Boundary l)etween New York and Canada in St. Lawrence River 14 III. Boundary between New York and Canada in Niagara River 14 IV. Boundary between United States and Canada in St. Clair and Detroit rivers 16 V, VI. Boundary between Michigan and Canada through St. Marys River 16 fMaine, showing British and United States claims ^^ ' lExtract from Disturnell's map, 1847 / VIII-XII. Boundary between Maine and Canada 20 XIII. Boundary between Maine, New Hampshire, and Canada. 20 XIV. Map of the United States, showing accessions of territory . 22 XV, XVI. North boundary of Massachusetts 48 XVII, XVIII. Boundary between Vermont and New York 52 XIX. Bomidary between Massachusetts and Rhode Island 5S XX. Boundary between Massachusetts and Connecticut 6-4 XXI. Boundary between Rhode Island and Connecticut 70 XXII. Boundary between Connecticut and New York 74 XXTTT /Historical diagram of New York | ^ iHistorical diagram of Virginia / XXIV. Northeast boundary of New Jersey 80 XXV. Western and southern boundary of New York 82 XXVI-XXX. Boundary between Virginia and West Virginia 94 XXXI, XXXII. Boundary between Virginia and Kentucky 96 XXXIII. Boundary between Virginia, Tennessee, and North Caro- lina 98 XXXIV-XXXVI. Boundary between North Carolina and Tennessee 100 XXXVII /Historical diagram of Georgia \ "iHistorical diagram of Mississippi / -v^^ Y^ YTTT /Historical diagram of Louisiana \ „ IHistorical diagram of Texas - / XXXTX /Historical diagram of Arkansas ) , iHistorical diagram of Ohio i XL-XLII. Boundary between Kentucky and Tennessee 114 XLIII. Historical diagram of Indiana - 118 XLIV. Historical diagram of Ulmois 118 y J -y fHistorical diagram of Michigan i ^„ IHistorical diagram of Wisconsin / XLVI. Historical diagram of Missouri 122 ^ J YjT /Historical diagram of Iowa \ . .^ , iHistorical diagram of Minnesota / IHistorical diagram of Minnesota. fHistorical diagram of Kansas — iHistorical diagram of Nebraska -jT-T VIII /Historical diagram of Kansas \ ^ ,-,„ 'iHistorical diasram of Nebraska / 7 ILLU8TKAT1UNS. ., ... V I IV (Hii'torifal diaj^min of Nortli ]>Hk«»(a and Soiitli Dakota | llli.slorical ,'rain of Oklalioma Territory / I j Historical ( lUiHtorical < I I /Historical ( Uli.Mtorical < l.n. Historical . I I , I I Historical ( iimraiii of New Mcxic ia^iraiii of Utali iaj^raiii of Arizona ia;,'rani of Nevada . . . ia;L,'raiii of Idaho iajjrain of ()re>;(jn lllisturical diagram of \\'asliin<^'toii f IL'H l.TJ 134 I'M LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Washington, I). C. , April 14-, 1900. Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a sketch of the boundaries of the United States, the several States, and the Territories, as defined by treaty, charter, or statute. Besides giving the present status of these boundaries I have endeavored to present an outline of the history- of all important changes of territory, with the laws appertaining thereto. The work constitutes a revised and enlarged edition of Bulletin No. 13, published in 1885. Very respectfully, HLenry Gannett, Geograj)her. Hon. C. D. Walcott, Director United States Geological Survey. BOUNDARIES OF TilE UNITED STATES AND OF THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES, WITH AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF ALL IMPORTANT CHANGES OF TERRITIHIY. By Henry Gannett. CHAPTER I. IIOTTNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES, AND ADDITIONS TO ITS TERRITORY. BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Provisional Treaty with Great Britain. The original limits of the United States were first definitely laid down in the provisional treaty made with Great Britain in 1782. The second article of that treaty defines its boundaries as follows : From the northwest angle of Nova Scotia, viz, that angle which is formed hyaline (Ira/rn due north from the source of St. Croix river to the highlands ; along the High- lands which divide those rivers that empty themselves into the river St. Lawrence, from those which fall into the Atlantic Ocean, to the northwesternraost head of Con- necticut River ; thence down along the middle of that river to the forty-filth degree of north latitude ; from thence, by a line due west on said latitude until it strikes the river Iroquois or Cataraquy (St. Lawrence) ; thence along the middle of said river into Lake Ontario, through the middle of said lake until it strikes the commu- nication by water between that lake and Lake Erie ; thence along the middle of said communication into Lake Erie, through the middle of said lake until it arrives at the water communication between that lake and Lake Huron ; thence along the middle of said water communication into the Lake Huron ; thence through the middle of said lake to the water communication between that lake and Lake Superior ; thence through Lake Superior northward of the Isles Royal and Phelippeaux to the Long Lake ; thence through the middle of said Long Lake, and the water communication between it and the Lake of the Woods, to the said Lake of the Woods ; thence through the said lake to the most northwestern point thereof, and from thence on a due west course to the river Mississippi ; thence by a line to be drawn along the middle of the said river Mississippi until it shall intersect the northernmost part of the thirty- first degree of north latitude. South by a line to be drawn due eaat from the determina- tion of the line last mentioned, in the latitude of thirty-one degrees north of the Equator, to the middle of the river Apalachicola or Catahouche; thence along the middle thereof to its junction with the Flint River; thence strait to the head of St. Mary's River ; and thence down along the middle of St. Mary's River to the At- lantic Ocean. East by a line to be drawn along the middle of the river St. Croix, from its mouth in the Bay of Fundy to its source, and from its source directly north to the aforesaid highlands which divide the rivers that fall into the Atlantic Ocean from those which fall into the river St. Lawrence ; comprehending all islands within twenty leagues of any part of the shores of the United States, and lying between lines to be drawn due east from the points where the aforesaid boundaries between Nova Scotia on the one part and East Florida on the other, shall respectively touch the Bay of Fundy and the Atlantic Ocean ; excepting such islands as now are, or heretofore have been within the limits of the said province of Nova Sootia. 11 12 BOUNDARIES OF THK UNITKD STATES. [boluITL TUKATY WITH Sl'AIN ov 17!>8. The boundary between the United States and the Spanish Posses- sions, known as tlio Floridas, is reallirnied in the treaty between the Tnitod Stattis and Spain, made in 1795, in the foliowiug terms: Tbf soutlHTii hoiiiidan of tln! I'liitcd StiitcH, wliicL «lividtH their territory from the Spanish tolonii^M of E.-ist and West Elorida, sliall l»o dcHi;;nated liy a line heginninj; on the river Missi.ssipjii, atthonorthernniosljiart of tho thirty-first degree of latitude nijrth of the e(]nator, which from Mkmk.c Hliail bo drawn due east to thf niiddh- of the riv(M- Apahiihicohv or Catalioiirhe, th«!nf0 along the inid<11o thereof to ita Jnnction will) the I'lint; Ihenee Htraight to the head t>f St. Mary's Hiver, and thence down tiie middle thereof to the Athinti<^ Oci-an. DEFINITIVK TijKATY with GRKAT BlUTAlN. The definitive treaty of peace with Great Britain, concluded Septem- ber 'A, 1783, defines the boundaries of the United States in terms similar to those of the provisional treaty. The northern boundary became at once a fruitful source of dissension between the two countries. From tlie time of the conclusion of i)eace almost to the present day this line has been the subject of a series of treaties, commissions, and surveys for the purpose of interpreting its terms. The following is in outline a history of the settlement of this boundary : Treaty of London, 1794. The fourth article of the treaty of London, signed November 19, 1794, provided that — Whereas it is uucertaiu whether the river Mississippi extends so far to the north- ward as to be intersected by a line to be drawn due west from the Lake of the Woods in the manner mentioned in the treaty of peace between His Majesty and the United States, etc., the two i)arties will proceed by amicable negotiation to regulate the boundary line in that quarter. This matter was not settled, however, until 1818. The fifth article of the same treaty makes provision for settling another doubtful i)oint, as follows : Whereas doubts have arisen what river was truly intended under the name of the river St. Croix mentioned in the said treaty of peace, and forming a part of the boundary therein described, that question shall bo referred to the final decision of commissions to bo appointed in the followiug manner, viz. Here follow pro\isions that His Majesty and the President of the United States should each appoint a commissioner, and that these two coniniissioTiers should agree on a third, or, they failing to agree on the third, he was to be chosen by lot in their presence. Which was the true St. Croix liiver had been a matter of controversy between the governments of Massachusetts and Nova Sootia since the year 17C4. The commissioners ai)poiMted under the foregoing provisions decided, on the 25th of October, 1798, the river called Schoodiac and the north- ern branch thereof (called Ghej)utnaticook) to be the true river St. Croix, and that its source was at the northernmost headspring of the northern branch aforesaid. A monument was erected at that spot under the direction of the commissioners. (See Memoirs of Northeastern Boundary, Gallatin, pages 7, 8.) GANNETT.] NORTHEEN BOUNDARY. 13 Treaty of Ghent. By the treaty of peace concluded at Ghent, December 24, 1814, it was agreed to provide for a final adjustment of the boundaries described in the treaty of 1783, which had not yet been ascertained and determined, embracing certain islands in the Bay of Fundy and the whole of the boundary line from the source of the river St Croix to the most north- western point of the Lake of the Woods. By article 4 provision was made for a board of commissioners to settle the title to several islands in the Bay of Passamaquoddy, which is a part of the Bay of Fundy, and the island of Grand Menan in the said Bay of Fundy. The fifth article made provision for a board of commissioners to settle the boundary from the source of the river St. Croix northward to the highland which divides those waters that empty themselves into the river St. Lawrence from those which fall into the Atlantic Ocean, thence along said highlands to the northwesternmost head of Connecti- cut River, thence down along the middle of that river to the forty-fifth degree of north latitude, thence due west on said latitude until it strikes the river Iroquois or Cataraquy (St. Lawrence). The sixth and seventh articles provided for commissioners to con- tinue the line to the northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods. (For further details see treaty. Statutes at Large, vol. 8, pages 220-2.) It was provided by this treaty that in case any of the boards of com- missioners were unable to agree, they should make separately or jointly a report or reports to their respective Governments stating the points on which they differed, the grounds on which they based their respective opinions, etc. These reports were to be referred to some friendly sovereign or state for arbitration. The first and third boards of commissioners above mentioned came to an agreement, and those portions of the boundary were thus finally set- tled ; but the commission appointed under the fifth article, after sitting nearly five years, could not agree on any of the matters referred to them, nor even on a general map of the country exhibiting the boundaries respectively claimed by each party. They accordingly made separate reports to their Governments, stating the points on which they differed and the grounds upon which their respective opinions had been formed. The first of these commissions awarded Moore, Dudley, and Freder- ick Islands to the United States, and all other islands in Passamaquoddy Bay, and the island of Grand Menan, to Great Britain. The following- is the text of the report of the third of these commis- sions which had under consideration that portion of the northern boundary between the point where the forty-fifth parallel of north lati- tude strikes the St. Lawrence and the point where the boundary reaches Lake Superior: 14 BOUNDAKIKS oK VRK TXTTED STATES. [uvi.L.ni. Deciaion of the coiimiissiuiierH iind«y \\u' Nijinatiin- of our ininiHtcr of forcij^ii aHiiirH ; theucTatiou8 to measure the observed latitude in order to mark out the boundary from river Connect icut along the parallel of the forty-fifth degree of north latitude to the river Saint Lawrence, named in the treaties Iroquois or Cataraquy, in such a manner, however, that, in all easels, at the j)lace called Rouse's Point tho territory of the Uni- ted States of America shall extend to the fort erected at that ])laci', and shall include said fort and its kilomctiical radius {rayon kilometrique). • #»»■«• • However disposed the Goveninient of the United States might have been to acquiesce in the decision of the arbiter, it had not the power to change the boundaries of a State without the consent of the State. Against that alteration tiie State of Maine entered a solemn protest by the resolutions of 19th January, 1832. And the Senate of the United States did accordingly refuse to give its assent to the award. The arbitration of the King of the Netherlands having failed, fruit- less negotiations ensued for a period of eleven years. Unsuccessful at- tempts were made to conclude an agreement preparatory to another arbitration. The subject became a matter of great irritation, collisions occurred in the contested territory, and for a time it seemed certain that the controversy would residt in war between the two jwwers. In 1842, however, Great Britain gave unequivocal i)roof of her desire for the i)reservation of peace, and an amicable arrangement of the matter at issue, by the special mission of Lord Ashburton to the United States. The subject of this mission wiis the settlement, not only of the northeastern boundary, but the northern boundary west of the Rocky Mountains. Regarding this object of his mission. Lord Ashburton's instructions gave as the ultimatum of the English Government the boundary as above claimed (p. IG), and, naturally, liis mission had no result, as far as this portion of the boundary was concerned. An agreement was reached, however, in regard to the northeastern boundary, which, the consent of the State of Maine having been ob- tained, was embodied in the treaty concluded August 9, 1842. Treaty with Uueat IJritain, 1842. The following is the text of the portion of this treaty relating to the boniulaiy: Article L It is hereby agreed and decLarcd that the line of boundary shall be as follows : Boginuing at the monuuieut at the source of the river St. Croix, as desig- U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 171 PU VII NORTHERN BOUNDARY OF MAINE, SHOWING UNITED STATES AND BRITISH CLAIMS. PORTION OF DISTURNELL'S MAP OF SOUTHWESTERN BOUNDARY, 1847 (SEE PAGES 25-26). 20 norNDARIK^^ «>K TnK rNITKD STATES, [iii-i.i..l71. terHectinii with tho fori y-iiiiil h iiarulltl of north l:ilittiJ«, aud iihui^ that |>arallel to the Rocky MoiintaiiiN. It boiii;; iiiKhiNlood that all I lie water coiiuiiunicatioiiH and all the usuul |)orts^<>H ah)ii;r the lino from Lakt; Snjii'i ior tu tho Lake of the WoocIh, and also Grand I'ortajjc, from tho shore of Lake Hiiperior to the Pigeon Kiver, as now actually used, shall be free aud open to the use of the citizens and subjects of both countries. « * * • ••» I* Articlk VII. It is further agreed that the chanuels in the river .St. Lawrence, on both sides of the Long Sault islands, and of Uarnhart Island ; the channels in t he river Detroit, on both sides of the island IJois Blanc, and ])etween that island and both the American and Canadian shores, and all the several channels aud jijissages between the various islands lyiug near the junction of the river .St. Clair with the lake of that name, shall be equally free and open to the ships, vessels, and l)oat8 of both particB. Between 1843 aud 184() there was considerable iiefjotiation regard- ing the boundary west of the Kooky Mountains, resulting finally in the Webster-Ashburton treaty, which defined the boundary as far west as the straits of Juan de Fuca. The following is that portion of the treaty which defines the boundary. WEliSTKR-ASIIlJUinOX TlIKATY WITH (jiUEAT JiUlTAIN, 184tj. Article I. From the point on the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude, where the boundary laid down in existing treaties and couventions between the United Stat«a and Great Britain terminates, the line of boundary between the territories of the United States aud those of Her Britannic Majesty shall be continued westward along the said forty-niuth parallel of north latitude to the middle of the channel which separates the continent from Vancouvei-'s Island, aud thence southerly through the middle of the said channel, aud of Fuca's Straits to the Pacific Ocean : Provided, however, That the navigation of the whole of the said channel and straits sooth of the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude remain free and open to both parties. Abticle II. From the point at which the forty-nintli parallel of north latitude shall be found to intersect the great northern branch of the Columbia River, the nav- igation of the said branch shall be free aud open to the Hudson's Bay Company, and to all British subjects trading with the same, to the point where the said brauch meets the main stream of the Columbia, and thence down the said main stream to the ocean, with free access into and through the said river or rivers, it being understood that all the usual portages along the line thus described shall, in like manner, be free and open. In navigating the said river, or rivers, British subjects, with their goods and produce, shall be treated on the same footing as citizens of the United States; it be- ing, how^ever, always understood that nothing in this article shall be construeil as preventing, or intending to prevent, the Government of the United States from making any regulations respecting the navigation of the said river or rivers not incousistent with the present treaty. The above treaty extended the line westward from the Rocky Mount- ains to the Pacific along the forty-ninth parallel of latitude. This set- tled the northern boundary with the exception of the islands and pas- sages in the straits of Georgia and of Juan de Fuca, the English claim- ing that the boundary should properly run through the Kosario strait, the most eastern passage, while the United States claimed that it should naturally follow the Strait of Haro. This matter was finally settled by a reference to the Emperor of Ger- many as an arbitrator, who decided it in favor of the United States on U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 171 PL. VIII ^X^ e^ rs. Pres^ucA ^-^« BOUNDARY BETWEEN MAINE AND CANADA. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 171 PL. IX BOUNDARY BETWEEN MAINE AND CANADA. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 171 PL. 69'i5' ■^r. . /luer , ■♦7°I0' BOUNDARY BETWEEN MAINE AND CANADA. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 171 PL. XI BOUNDARY BETWEEN MAINE AND CANADA. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 171 PL. Xlt BOUNDARY BETWEEN MAINE AND CANADA. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 171 PL. XIII COOS BOUNDARY BETWEEN MAINE, NEW HAMPSHIRE AND CANADA. GANNETT.] LOUISIANA PURCHASE. 21 the 21st of October, 1872, thus liually disposing of our boundary with Great Britain. ADDITIONS TO THE TERRITORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LOUISUXA PURCHASE. The entire basin of the Mississippi, with much of the coast region of the Gulf of Mexico, which was subsequently known as the territory of Louisiana, was originally claimed by France by virtue of discovery and occupation. In 1712 France made a grant to Antoine de Crozat, of the exclusive right to the trade of this region. As this grant makes the first, and indeed, the only, statement of the limits of this vast region, as they were understood by France, a portion of it is here introduced. We have by these presents signed with onr hand, authorized, and do authorize the said Sieur Crozat to carry on exclusively the trade in all the territories by us pos- sessed, and bounded by New Mexico and by those of the English in Carolina, all the establishments, ports, harbors, rivers, and especially the port and harbor of Dauphin Island, formerly called Massacre Island, the river St. Louis, formerly called the Mississijipi, from the seashore to the Illinois, together with the river St. Philip, forraerlj' called the Missouries River, and the St. .leromc, formerly called the Wabash (the Ohio), with all the countries, territories, lakes in the laud, and the rivers empty- ing directly or indirectly into that part of the river St. Louis. All the said terri- tories, countries, rivers, streams, and islands we will to be and remain comprised under the name of the government of Louisiana, which shall be dependent on the General Government of New France and remain subordinate to it, and we will, moreover, that all the territories which we possess on this side of the Illinois be united, as far as need be, to the General Government of New France and form a part thereof, reserving to ourself, nevertheless, to increase, if we judge proper, the extent of the government of the said country of Louisiana From this it appears that Louisiana was regarded by France as com- prising the drainage basin of the Mississippi at least as far north as the mouth of the Illinois, with those of all its branches which enter it below this point, including the Missouri, but excluding that portion in the Southwest claimed by Spain. It is, moreover, certain that the area now comprised in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho was not included. Crozat surrendered this grant in 1717. On November 3, 1762, France ceded this region to Spain, defining it only as the province of Louisiana. A few months later, on February 10, 1763, by the treaty of peace between Great Britain, France, and Spain, the western boundary of the former's possessions in the New World was placed in the center of the Mississippi River, thus reducing the area of Louisiana by the portion east of the Mississippi River. Thus by these two treaties France disposed of her possessions in North America, dividing them between Great Britain and Spain. The limit set between their possessions was given as the Mississijipi, the river Iberville, and lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain. Great Britain then proceeded to subdivide her share of this terri- 22 BOFNDAUIKS (»K TMK UNITED STATER. [m'i.i,.171. tory. The area south of a iiicridiaii throii^'li Ihe mouth of Va/oo Kiver and west of Apahit-hicohi Kixcr she ealleStateof Louisiana. Meantime, the insurrection spread eastward in West Florida, and, althoujjh put down by Spanish authorities, the movement received the sympathy of th(! Tnited States, which passed a seciet act authorizing the President, nnder certain specified contingencies, to use force in taking jtossession of the Floridas. In 1.S12 that portion of West Florida lying between Perdido and Pearl rivers was annexed to the Territory of ]\Iississipi)i. This purchase settled these contlicting claims. The following is the clause in the treaty with Spain ceding the Flor- idas which detlnes the cession: AuT. 2. Hi8 Catliolic Majesty codes to the United States, in lull property and sov- ereignty, all the territories wliicli belong to him, situated to the eastward of the Mississippi, known by the name of Kast and West Florida, the adjacent islands dependent upon said pi'ovince, et. The next acquisition of territory was that of the Tvei)nblic of Texa.s, which was admitted as a State on December l**.), 181."». The area which Texas brought into the Union was limited as follow.s, as defined by the liepublic of Texas, December 10, 183G: Beginning at the mouth of the Sabine River and running west along the Gulf of Mexico three leagues from land to the mouth of the Rio Grande, thence up the jirin- cipal stream of that river to its source, thence due north to the forty-second degree of north latitude, thence along the boundary line as defined in the treaty between Spain and the United States, to the beginning. GANNETT.] FIRST MEXICAN CESSION. 25 FIRST MKXK'AN (KSSION. lu 1848 a further addition was made to our territory by the treaty of Guadakipe-Hidalgo. This added to the country the area of California, Nevada, Utah, aud parts of Colorado, Arizona, and I^^ew Mexico, while the Gadsden purchase, which was effected in 1853, added the remainder of Arizona and another part of New Mexico. The treaty of Guadaliipe- Hidalgo was concluded February 2, 1848, and proclaimed July 4, 1848. The clauses in it defining our acquisition of territory are as follows : Article V. The boundary line between tlie two Republics shall commence in the Gulf of Mexico, three leagues from land, opposite the mouth of the Rio Grande, otherwise called the Rio Bravo del Norte, or opposite the mouth of its deepest branch, if it should have more than one branch emptying into the sea; from thence up the middle of that river, following the deepest channel where it has more than one, to the point where it strikes the southern boundary of New Mexico; thence westwardly along the whole southern boundary of New Mexico (which runs north of the town called Paso) to its western termination; thence northward along the western line of New Mexico until it intersects the first branch of the river Gila (or if it should not intersect any branch of that river, then to the point on the said line nearest to such branch, and thence in a direct line to the same) ; thence down the middle of the said branch and of the said river until it empties into the Rio Colorado ; thence across the Rio Colorado, following the division line between Upper and Lower California, to the Pacific Ocean. The southern and western limits of New Mexico, mentioned in this article, are those laid down in the map entitled, "Map of the United Mexican States as organized and defined by various acts of the Congress of said Republic, and constructed according to the best authorities. Revised edition. Published nt New York, in 1847, by J. Dis- turnell; " of which map a copy is added to this treaty, liearing the signatures and seals of the undersigned plenipotentiaries. And in order to preclude all difficulty in tracing upon the ground the limit separating Upper fiom Lower California, it is agreed that the said limit shall consist of a straight line drawn from the middle of the Rio Gila, where it unites with the Colorado, to a point on the coast of the Pacific Ocean, distant one marine league due south of the southernmost point of the jjort of San Diego, according to the plan of said port made in the year 1782, by Don Juan Pautoja, second sailing master of the Spanish fleet, and published at Madrid in the year 1802, in the atlas to the voyage of the schooners Sutil and Mexicana; of which plan a copy is hereunto added, signed, and sealed by the respective plenipotentiaries. Much difficulty followed in the interpretation of this treaty. A joint commission of the two Governments was formed, consisting of a com- missioner and a chief surveyor from each. They were instructed that any decision upon the interpretation of the treaty must be agreed to unanimously. The most important question coming before the commis- sion for decision concerned the location and extent of the south bound- ary of New Mexico. Here, unfortunately, the Disturnell map left room for broad difference in opinion. The town called Paso is incorrectly located upon the map to the extent of nearly half a degree of latitude, or, in other words, the parallels of latitude are misplaced to this extent, so that if the position of the south boundary of New Mexico be accepted with reference to the nearest parallel of latitude, it is half a degree farther north than it would be if its position were measured from the town of Paso. 26 ROUNDARTKS OF TUT. UNITED !=5TATKR. [Bn,i,.171. Ill the ahseiicc of tlici'liicf smxcyoi' the otlicr llucr incmlxTs of the coimiiissiou, iiu'liuliii^ Mr. .1. il. Uiirlletl, riiitcd .Stat<'s coiiiinis.sioiier, agreed to accept the position of the south boundary of New Mexico as sliowu by the projection lines of the iiuip; to run a line in this latitude .i tlejjrees west from the Rio Grande, and from the end of this line to run north until a branch of Gila liiver was intersected. In accordance with this decision a durable monument was erected on the bank of the Rio Grande, in latitude .'JL*'^ 2L", and the line was run a deforce and a half to the westward. At this time the chief surveyor arrived, learned what had been done, and made a virjorous protest against this interpretation of the map. Thisi)rotest, backed by Major Kmory, the chief astrono- mer, caused a sudden stopi»age of the work of running the line and the repudiation of the agreement by the United States Government. Nego- tiations followed, but no agreement was reached until in 1853 the whole matter was taken out of court by the Gadsden purchase. (JADSDE> PUUCHASE. Subsequently, on December 30, 1853, a second purchase was made of Mexico, consisting of the strip of land lying south of the Gila liiver, in New Mexico and Arizona. The boundaries as established by this, known as the Gadsden purchase, were as follows: Article I. TLe Mexican Republic agrees to designate the following as her true limits with the United States for the fntiire: Retaining the same dividing line be- tween the two Califomias as already defined and established, according to the fifth article of the treaty of Guadalnpe-I lidalgo, the limits between the two Rejiublics shall be as follows: Beginning in the (inlf of Mexico, three leagues from land, ojtposite the mouth of the Rio Grande, as provided in the fifth article of the treaty of Guadalnpe- Hidalgo ; tlience, as defined in the said article, u]) the middle of that river to the point where the parallel of 31*^ 47' north latitude crosses the same; thence due west one hundred miles ; thence south to the parallel of 31' '20' north latitude ; thence along the said parallel of 31^ 20' to the one hundred and eleventh meridian of longitude west of Greenwich; thence in a straight line to a ])oint on the Colorado River twenty English miles below the junction of the Gila and Colorado rivers; thence up the middle of the said river Colorado until it intersects the present line between the United States and Mexico. In the year following a commission was appointed for surveying and marking this line, under the United States commissioner, Maj. W. H. Emory. The line was run and marked in the year 1855, and the rej^ort was transmitted in the following year. As settlement increased in the territory which this line traverses the fact was developed that the line was insufliciently marked. Some of the monuments had disappeared and in many places there were great extentsof country in which no monuments had ever been placed, so that the necessity became apparent for rerunning and marking of the line. For this purpose a commission was created in 1801, the United States members of which were Col. J. W. Barlow and Capt. 1). 1). Gaillard, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., and Mr. A. T. Mosman of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. Under this commission the line GANNETT.] GADSDEN PUKCHASE ALASKA. 27 was recovered from the original monuments as far as possible, and between these monuments was rerun and fully and durably marked. The report, with maps, profiles, and illustrations of the monuments, was published in 1899. ALASKA PURCHASE. Alaska was purchased from Russia, the treaty of purchase having been signed on March 30, 18G7, and proclaimed June 20, 1867. The boundaries of the territory are described in the accompanying quota- tion from the treaty : Commencing from the southernmost point of the island called Prince of Wales Island, which point lies in the parallel of 54" 40" north latitude, and between the one hundred and thirty-first and one hiiudred and thirty-third degree of west longi- tude (meridian of Greenwich), the said line shall ascend to the north along the channel called Portland Channel as far as the point of the continent where it strikes the fifty -sixth degree of north latitude; from this last-mentioned point the line of demarkation shall follow the summit of the mountains situated parallel to the coast as far as the point of intersection of the one hundred aud forty-first degree of west longitude (of the same meridian); aud, finally, from the said point of intersection the said meridian line of the oue hundred and forty-first degree in its prolongation as far as the Frozen Ocean. IV. With reference to the line of demarkation laid doAvn in the preceding article it is understood — 1st. That the island called Prince of Wales Island shall belong wholly to Russia (now, by this cession, to the United States). 2d. That whenever the summit of the mountains which extend in a direction par- allel to the coast from the fifty-sixth degree of north latitude to the point of inter- section of the one hundred and forty-first degree of west longitude shall prove to be at the distance of more than ten marine leagues from the ocean, the limit between the British possessions aud the line of coast which is to belong to Russia, as above mentioned (that is to say, the limit to the possessions ceded by this convention), shall be formed by a line parallel to the winding of the coast, and which shall never exceed the distance of ten marine leagues therefrom. The western limit within which the territories and dominion conveyed are con- tained passes through a point in Behring's Straits on the parallel of 65" 30' north latitude at its intersection by the meridian which passes midway between the islands of Krusenstem or Ignalook and the island of RatmanofF or Noonerbook, and proceeds due north without limitation into the same Frozen Ocean. The same western limit, beginning at the same initial point, proceeds thence in a course nearly southwest through Behring's Straits and Behring's Sea, so as to pass midway between the northwest point of the island of Saint Lawrence and the south- east point of Cape Choukotski to the meridian of one hundred aud seventy-two west longitude; thence from the intersection of that meridian in a southwesterly direc- tion, so as to pass midway between the island of Attore and the Copper Island of the Kormandorski couplet or group, in the North Pacific Ocean, to the meridian of one hundred and ninety-three degrees west longitude, so as to include in the terri- tory conveyed the whole of the Aleutian Islands west of that meridian. The consideration paid for Alaska was $7,200,000 in gold. There is no possibility of a misinterpretation of the language of the above treaty concerning the portion of the boundary running along the one hundred and forty-first meridian from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to the neighborhood of the coast near Mount St. Elias, and in 28 HnlNDARIES OK THK FNITKI) STATKS. (Hri.i,.l71. HM-eiit y<>iirs points 111)011 this Itoiindary, notalily at the ciossiii^' of the Yukon, lisive hovu estaljliHhod liy the l-iiitcd States and ('siiiadian sur- veyors by astronomic means and marked. Concern ill",' tlie reiiiainiii};" jiortion of th(! boundary, however, from the ii(Mj,'hl>orhood of Mount St, iCIias soutlieastward teeii known that the coast of this part of Alaska is extremely broken, containing many liords extending far inland, and that no continuous range of mountains jiarallels the coast. It was for many years tacitly admitted by both sides that the second alternative of the treaty, that the boundary should follow a line 10 marine leagues distant from the coast and following its windings, should be the one finally adopted when the question of marking the boundary arose. This position was taken by the I'liited States and consistently followed from the time of the ac(iiiisitioii of tlie territory to the i)re8eut. All maps, United States and Canadian, agreed on it Many acts of sov- ereignty were iierformed by the Tnited States within this territory, no question being raised by theC'anadian authorities, and the claim of the United States to a strij) of territory 10 marine leagues in width from the main coast was universally admitted by the Canadian authorities. The discovery of gold in the basin of the Yukon, in Canada, and the fact that the only feasible means of access to this region lay through United States territory, made it extremely desirable for Canada to possess a port or ports on this coast as the starting points of routes to the Yukon mines, and it was only when this necessity ap])eared that any (piestion arose concerning tlie interpretation of the detinition of limits in the treaty. The claim made by the P»ritisli (rovernment, before a joint commis- sion on the boundary, on behalf of Canada, in August, 1.SU8, was that this portion of the boundary, instead of i)assing up Portland Canal, should pass up Pearse Canal, connecting with Portland Canal, up wlii(di it follows to the summit of the mountains nearest to the coast, and then siiouhl follow them, regardless of the fact that they do not form a con- tinuous range, crossing all the. inlets of the sea up to Mount St. 1^'lias. This, of course, was refused by the United States commissioners. A proposition made by the British commissioners to refer the matter to arbitration was also refused by the United States commissioners, on the ground that there was nothing to arbitrate, since the territory in (piestion was in the possession of the United States, and liad been tor many years without disjmte, such possession being in full accord with the terms of the treaty. The commission was then dissolved, the only outcome being an agreement that tlie summits of White and Chilkoot passes and a point upon the Chilkat, above Pyramid Harbor, were tem- porarily adoi)ted as points upon the boundary. GANNETT] HAWAII POKTO EICO GUAM PHILIPPINES. 29 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. The Republic of Hawaii, comprising eight islands in the Pacific, vol- untarily joined the United States in 1898. PORTO RICO, UlIAM, AND PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. The latest accession of territory made by the United States were the islands taken from Spain following the war of 1898. These were relin- quished to the United States by the treaty of peace of December 10, 1898. They were as follows : Cuba, sovereignty over which was relinquished by Spain and assumed by the United States. With Cuba was included the Isle of Pines and the islets scattered around the Cuban coast. Porto Eico and other Spanish West India islands which were ceded to the United States. The island of Guam, in the Ladrones. The Philippine Islands, which comprise all the islands lying within the following line, as defined in the words of the treaty : A line running from west to east along or near the twentieth parallel of north latitude, and through the middle of the navigable channel of Bachi, from the one hundred and eighteenth (118th) to the one hundred and twenty-seventh (127th; degree meridian of longitude east of (Jreenwich : thence along the one hundred and twenty-seventh (127th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich to the par- allel of four degrees and forty-five minutes (4^^ 45') north latitude; thence along the parallel of four degrees and forty-five minutes (4° 45') north latitude to its intersec- tion with the meridian of longitude one hundred and nineteen degrees and thirty- five minutes (119^' 35') east of Greenwich; thence along the meridian of longitude one hundred and nineteen degrees and thirty five minutes (119° 35') east of Green- wich to the parallel of latitude seven degrees and forty minutes (7° 40') north; thence along the parallel of latitude seven degrees and forty minutes (7° 40') north to its intersection with the one hundred and sixteenth (116th) degree meridian of lougitude east of Greenwich; thence by a direct line to the intersection of the tenth (10th) degree parallel of north latitude with the one hundred and eighteenth (118th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich; and thence aloug the one hundred and eighteenth (118tb) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich to the point of beginning. For the Philippines the sum of $20,000,000 was paid by the United States to Spain. CHAPTER II. THE PUBI.IC DOMAIN AND AN OUTLINE OF THE IIIS- TOIIV OF CHANGES MADi: THEREIN. CESSIONS BY THE STATES. At the time the Constitution wa>s adopted by the orij^inal thirteen States, many of them possessed unoe(;ni)ied territory, in some cases en- tirely detaelied and lyin^ west of the Ap[)ahichiaii Mountains. Thus, Georgia included the territory from its i)resent eastern limits westward to the Mississippi River. North Carolina possessed a narrow strip ex- tending from latitude 35° to 3Go 30', approximately, and running west- ward to the Mississip])!, including besides its own present area that of the present state of Tennessee. In like manner, Virginia possessed what is now Kentucky, while a number of States, as Pennsylvania, New York, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, laid claim to areas in what was after- ward known as the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio, a region which is now comprised mainly in the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michi- gan, and Wisconsin. These claims were to a greater or less extent con- flicting. In some cases several States claimed authority over the same area, while the boundary lines were in most cases very ill-defined. The ownership of these western lands by individual States was op- posed by those States which did not share in their possession, mainly on the ground that the resources of the General Government, to which all contributed, should not be taxed for the protection and development of this region, while its advantages would inure to the benefit of but a favored few. On this ground several of the States refused to ratify the Constitution until this matter had been settled by the cession of these tracts to the General Government. Moved by these arguments, as well as by the consideration of the conflicting character of the claims, which must inevitably lead to trouble among the States, Congress passed, on October 30, 1779, the following act: Whereas the appropriation of the vacant lands hy the several States during the present war will, in thi^ opinion of Congress, be attended with great niiscliirfs : There- fore, Resolved, That it bo earnestly recommended to the State of Virginia to reconsider their lato act of a.s8enil)ly for opening their land oflBce; and that it bo recommended to the said State, and all other States similarly circumstanced, to forl>ear settling or issuing warrants for unappropriated lands, or granting the same during the contin- uance of the present war. 30 GANNETT] CESSIONS BY STATES. 31 This resolution was transmitted to the different States. The first to respond to it by the transfer of her territory to the General Government was New York, whose example was followed by the other States. These cessions were made on the dates given below : New York, March 1, 1781. Virginia, March 1, 1784. Massachusetts, April 19, 1785 Connecticut, September 13, 1786. The Connecticut act of cession reserved an area in the northeastern part of Ohio, known as the Western Reserve. On May 30, 1800, Con- necticut gave to the United States jurisdiction over this area, but with- out giving up its property rights in it. South Carolina, August 9, 1787. North Carolina, February 25, 1790. Georgia, April 24, 1802. The following paragraph from the deed of cession by New York defines the limits of its cession to the General Government : Now, therefore, know ye, that we, the said James Duane, William Floid, and Alex- ander M'Dongall, by virtue of the power and authority, and in the execution of the trust reposed in us, as aforesaid, have judged it expedient to limit and restrict, and we do, by these presents, for and in behalf of the said State of New York, limit and restrict the boundaries of the said State in the western parts thereof, with respect to the jurisdiction, as well as the right or pre-emption of soil, by the lines and in the form following, that is to say : a line from the northeast corner of tho State of Penn- sylvania, along the north bounds thereof to its northwest corner, continued due west until it shall be intersected by a meridian line to be drawn from the forty-fifth degree of north latitude, through the most westerly bent or inclination of Lake Ontario; thence by the said meridian line to the forty-fifth degree of north latitude ; and thence by the said forty-fifth degree of north latitude ; but if, on experiment, the above-described meridian line shall not comprehend twenty miles due west from the most westerly bent or inclination of the river or strait of Niagara, then we do, by these presents, in the name of the people, and for and on behalf of the State of New York, aud by virtue of the authority aforesaid, limit and restrict the boundaries of the said State in the western parts thereof, with respect to jurisdiction, as well as the right of pre-emption of soil, by the lines and in the manner following, that is to say : a line from the northeast corner of the State of Pennsylvania, along the north bounds thereof, to its northwest corner, continued due west until it shall be intersected by a meridian line, to be drawn from the forty-fifth degree of north latitude, through a point twenty miles due west from the most westerly bent or inclination of the river or strait Niagara ; thence by the said meridian line to the forty-fifth degree of north latitude, and thence by the said forty-fifth degree of north latitude. The deed of cession by Virginia gives no limits, further than to specify that the lands transferred include only those lying northwest of the river Ohio. The following paragraph from the deed of cession by Massachusetts gives the limits of the area ceded : * * * We do by these presents assign, transfer, quitclaim, cede, and convey to the United States of America, for their benefit, Massachusetts inclusive, all right, title, and estate of and ia, as well the soil as the jurisdiction, which the said Com- Bull. 171 3 32 H(HNI'\KIKS nv TTIV T'XTTKD lAlls. [iiri.i. 171. nionwoHllh Imtli to (1hi li^irilory or trad of connlry witliiii llu- liniilB of MaANachii- HpttH cliiiitiT Hitiiut^^ and lyin^ wi-kI of the following; liiii;, tliitt In to hp\, a meridian lino to Ik- drawn fnnn tin-, forty-liftli dj^^^roo of north latitndf through Ihc wcstt-rly hiMit or inclination of Lako Ontario, thonco hy tho Haid nHiidian linr to thci moHt Houthcrly sido lino of the tfiritoiy (iontaincd in the MasHachnw^ttf 'liarti-.r ; hut if on fxpfrinifnt tho uhovi^-doHcriht'd inoridian line hIiuII not coinpnOienf' twonty uiUch dn»< woKt from tho most westerly hent or inclination of the river or Btrait of Niagara, then we do hy these presents, by virtue of the power and authority aforesaid, iu the name and on behalf of the said Commonwealth of MaHSiichiisetts, transfer, quitclaim, cede, and convey t-o the Unitod States of America, for their biMiefit, Massachnsettn inclusive, all riglit, title, and estate of and in ;i8 well the soil ji« the Jurisdiction, which the said Coniniouwealth hath to the territory or tract of country within the limits of the Massachusetts charter, situate and lyin;^ west of the followinj; line, that is to say, a meridian lino to be drawn from the forty-tifth dcjrree of north latitude through a point twenty miles due west from the most westeily hent or inclination ni the river or strait of Niagara; thence by the said meridian lini- t" tlit^ most southerly side line of the territory contained in the Ma8sachu8<'tts charter afoiegaid. The following clause from the act of the legislature of Connecticnt. authorizing the cession, defines its limits : Jie it enacted • * • That the delegates of this State, or any two of them, who shall be attending the Congress of the United States, be, and they are hereby, directed, authorized, and fully empowered, iu the name and behalf of this State, to make, ex- ecute, and deliver, under their hands and seals, an ample deed of release and cession of all the right, title, interest, jurisdiction, and claim of the State of Connecticut to certain western lands, beginning at the completion of the forty-first degree of north latitude, one hundred and twenty miles west of the western boundary line of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, as now claimed by said Commonwealth, and from thence by a line drawn north, parallel to and one hundred and twenty miles west of the said west line of Pennsylvania, and to continue north until it comes to forty-two degrees and two minutes north latitude. Whereby all the right, title, interest, juris- diction, and claim of the State of Connecticut to the lands lying west of said line to be drawn as aforementioned, one hundred and twenty miles west of the western bound- ary line of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, as now claimed by said Common wealth, shall be included, released, and ceded to the United States in Congress as- sembled, for the common use and benefit of the said States, Connecticut inclusive. The cession of South Carolina was described as follows : * * * All the territory or tract of country included within the river Mississippi and a line beginning at that part of the said river which is intersected by the southern boundary Hue of the State of North Carolina, and ctmtinuing along the said boundary line until it intersects the ridge or chain of mountains which divides the eastern from the western waters, then to be continued along the top of said ridge of mountains until it intersects a line to be drawn due west from the head of the southern branch of Tugaloo River to the said mountains ; from thence to run a due west course to the river Mississippi. The State of North Carolina fjedod— The lands situated within the chartered limits of the State, west of a line beginning on the extreme height of Stone Mountain, at the place where the Virginia line inter- sects it ; running thence along the extreme height of the said mountain to the place where the Watauga Kiver breaks through it; thence a direct course to the top of the Yel- low Mountain where Uright's road crosses the same ; thence along the ri^ fi.n.i.. 171. i. The belt or zone lyitiff north of the MiwHHachuHettK cJaini, extend- ing thence to the ('anuda line and went to the MiNsiNKi|)|)i Kiver, was claimed to have been obtained by the treaty of peace of Great Britain, September 3, 1 7S;i. 5. At the cession by the state of Virginia, both Massachusetts and New York chiinied the Erie purchase of about 'MVt s(|uare miles, which was subsequently bought by Pennsylvania and added to that State. From this territory were formed the following States: Ohio, Indiana, IllinoiH, Michigan, Wisconsin, that part of Minnesota eastof the Missis sippi Kiver, and the northwest corner of Pennsylvania. In 1787 a bill for its provisional division into not less than three nor more than five States was passed by Congress. In this bill the limits of the proposed States were defined, corresponding in their north and south lines to the boundaries of Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana, as at pres- ent constituted. The foUowing gives the text of the clause defining these boundaries : CONFKDEKATE CONGRESS — AN ORDINANCE FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE TERRITORY OF THE UNITED STATES NORTHWEST OF THE RIVER OHIO. Article f). There shall be formed iu the said territory uot less than three nor more than five States ; aud the boundaries of the States, as soon as Virginia shall alter her act of cession and consent to the same, shall become fixed and established as follows, to wit: The western State, in said territory, shall be bounded by the Mississippi, the Ohio, and the Wabash River ; a direct line drawn from the Wabash and Post Vincents, due north, to the territorial line between the United States and Canada ; and by the said territorial line to the Lake of the Woods and Mississippi. The middle State shall be bounded by the said direct line, the Wabash from Post Vincents to the Ohio, by the Ohio, by a direct line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami to the said territorial line, and by the said territorial line. The ea.stcrn State shall be bounded by the last-mentioned direct line, the Ohio, Pennsylvania, and the said ter- ritorial line: Provided, however, And it is further understood and declared, that the boundaries of the.so three States shall be sulyoot so far to be altered, that, if Congress shall hereafter find it expedient, they shall have authority to form one or two States in that part of the said territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan. Passed July 13, 1787. The provisions of this bill seem, however, never to have been carried out. A provisional government was instituted in 1788. By act of May 7, 1800, Congress divided this territory into two territorial gov- ernments, the divisional line being a meridian passing through the mouth of the Kentucky Kiver and extending thence northward to the Canada border. The eastern portion became the "Territory Northwest of the Kiver Ohio," and the western portion, Indiana Territory. On November 29, 1802, the State of Ohio, comprising most of the former, was formed and admitted into the Union, while the remnant of it was added to Indiana Territory. In 1805, all that portion of Indiana Territory lying north of a parallel OANNETT] TERRITORY SOUTH OB' RIVER OHIO. 35 through the most southerly bend of Lake Michigan and east of a meridian drawn through the same point became the Territory of Michigan. The boundary between these territories was subsequently very much changed, as will appear in the sequel. By act of February 3, 1809, Indiana Territory was again divided, and the Territory of Illinois was created from the part lying west of the Wabash River and a meridian running through the city of Vincennes, extending thence to the Canada line. In 1816 Indiana, and in 1818 Illinois, were admitted to the Union as States, each with its boundaries as constituted at present. By the same act the Mississippi Eiver was made the western boundary of the Territory of Michigan, thus making it include all the balance of the original North- west Territory after the formation of the three States of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. The act of 1834 added to Michigan Territory the land between the Missouri and White Earth Rivers on the west and the Mississippi River on the east. Wisconsin Territory was formed in 1836 from the portion of Michigan Territory west of the present State of Michigan. On January 26, 1837, Michigan was admitted into the Union, with its present boundaries. In 1838 all that portion of Wisconsin Territory lying west of the Missis- sippi River and a line drawn due north from its source to the interna- tional boundary (that is, all that part which was originally comprised in the Louisiana purchase) was made the Territory of Iowa, and in 1848 Wisconsin was admitted as a State, with its boundaries as at present constituted. This appears to leave the area which is now the northeastern part of Minnesota, lying east of the Mississippi River and a line drawn due north from its source, without any government until the formation of Minnesota Territory, in 1849. TERRITORY SOUTH OF THE RIVER OHIO. The "Territory South of the River Ohio" was bounded on the north by the present northern bounda,ry of Tennessee, on the south by the thirty-first parallel of latitude, on the east by the States of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, and on the west by Mississippi River. The different cessions from the States which made up this region are as follows: 1 . The area ceded by North Carolina, which extended from 36^ 30' north latitude southward to 35°, and from the western boundary line of 36 1{\\ the Statr of 'rt'iiuesset'. -. Tliearoa ciMlcd by South Caiolina, w hich loniMMl a narrow belt, 12 or II inih's in width, lyinj; south <»f the t liirty-liltli i»araiU'i, and extending; Ironi her western boundary to tlu' Mississippi i{i\t*r. It is donl)tfnl whetiicr under the terms of the original (diarters Soutli Oarolina pos scssed tliis strip, oi' whether it was not inclinleil in the ])ossessions ol ( leorj^ia. .i. The area ceded by Georgia, which comprised most of the region of the i>resent States of Alabama and ]\Iississi])pi, north of the tliirty-first ])arallel. Tennessee was admitted as a State in 179G. In 171>.S Congress orgaui/ed the Territory of Mississi])])i, wliich was originally a small, rectangular area, bounded on the west by the Mississippi Wiver, on the north by a paralhd through the mouth of the Va/.oo Kiver; the l)oundary on the east was the river Chattahoochee, and on the south the thirty- tirst parallel of north latitude. This area was subsequently enlarged so as to include the whole of what is now Mississippi an«l Alabama, with the exception of a strip along the (4ulf coast, which was at that time claimed by Spain. In 1817 the Territory was divided, aud the eastern portion was made into Alabama Territory. Subseijuently the two Territories were admitted as States. LOUISIANA AND THE TERRITORY ACQUIRED FROM MEXICO. The Louisiana purchase was eli'ected in 1803. lu 1804 it was divided into two parts, that portion which now comjjrises the State of Loui- siana being orgauized as Orleans Territory, while the balance remained as the Louisiaiui Territory. The State of liouisiana, comprising most of the Territory of Orleans, was admitted to the I'nion in ISIi', and iu the same year it was enlarged by the addition of the portion lying between the Mississippi and Pearl rivers, in the southeastern part. In the same year the name of Tjouisiana Tenitory was changed to Missouri Territory. In 181!> Arkansaw Territory was created, and in 1830 it was adndtted as a State. In ISl'O the State of Missouri was formed from another i)ortion of Missouri Territory, and in 1S3() the boundaries of tliis State were en larged to their present limits, lu 1834, as was stated above, that por- tion of this Territory lying north of the State of Misscmri and east of the Missouri and White Karth rivers was attached to the Territory of Michigan. In 183(1 this portion was transferred from tlie Territory of Michigan to the Territory of Wisconsin. In 1838 it was transferred to GANNETT.) SUBDIVISION OF MEXICAN CESSIONS, 37 the Territory of Iowa. lu 1845 the State of Iowa was created, and in 1846 its boundaries were enlarged. In 1849 the remainder of the Ter- ritory was transferred to Minnesota Territory. Minnesota was ad- mitted as a State on May 11, 1858, with its present boundaries. Meantime Texas had been admitted to the Union, and by the treaty of Guadahipe-Hidalgo and the Gadsden purchase, we had acquired from Mexico all the area west of the northern part of Texas and south of the forty-second parallel. Furthermore, our northern boundary had been established on the forty-ninth parallel to the Pacific Ocean. Out of this great western region were carved the following Territories : Oregon Territory, which was formed in 1848, and which extended from the parallel of 49° north latitude southward to latitude 42°, and from the Pacific Ocean east to the summit of the Rocky Mountains. California, which was admitted as a State in 1849, with the same lim its which it possesses at present. Utah Territory, which was formed in 1850, and which extended from the forty-second parallel southward to the thirty-seventh, and from the California boundary line eastward to the Eocky Mountains. New Mexico, which comprised all the country lying south of Utah to the boundary line of Texas and Mexico, and from the California bound- ary eastward to the boundary of Texas. Nebraska Territory, which was formed from Missouri Territory in 1854. It comprised the country from the forty-ninth parallel down to the fortieth and from the Missouri and White Earth Rivers west to the summit of the Rocky Mountains. Kansas Territory, formed by the same act as the last, comprised the country lying west of Missouri to the boundary of New Mexico and Utah, and from the south boundary of Nebraska to the thirty-seventh parallel. Indian Territory then had its present limits. "Washington Territory was formed in 1853 from a part of Oregon, its southern boundary being Columbia River and the parallel of 40° north latitude, and its east line being the summit of tlie Rocky Mountains. Oregon was admitted as a State in 1857, with its boundai ies as at present established. The portion cut off from Oregon Territory was placed under the territorial government of Washington. Dakota Territory was formed in 1861. As originally formed it com- prised all that region between its present eastern and southern bound- aries, while its western boundary was the summit of the Rocky Mount- ains. The Territory of Nevada was organized from the western portion of the Territory of Utah in 1861. As originally constituted, its eastern line was the meridian of thirty-nine degrees of longitude west from Washington, and its southern boundary was the parallel of thirty-seven degrees of latitude. It was admitted as a State in 1864, its eastern 88 UOI'NDAKIKS (IK TIIK I'MTKI) STA'I'KS. [i»ri.i,. 171. Itoiiiidaiy Ix'iiif; iiiiulc lln* tliiity-c j^lilli ■rA^K^^. |kiii.i.. 171. I'iNcatiiwiiy Harbor uioutti uforeHaid NortlicuHtwurdH uloiig the Sea OoutttH lo Haguda bucke ami up the Kivcr Jhoreof to Kynybequy Kiver uiid through the tjauic into the hciid*' thereof uud into the Laude Northweutwards until! one hundred and twt'uty niylta bee euded being accoiiipted from the luoulh of Sagadahocke aud from the period of oue hundred and twenty niylen afonnaid to croHHe ovir Laude to the one huudred aud twenty uiylea end formerly reckou<(l upp iuto the Laude from PiHcata way Harbor through Newichewauocke Kiver and also the Northe halfe of the Ih1 of Bald Mountain ; thence same course, three hundred sixteen rods, to the top <>t Bickford Mountain ; thence same course one hundred and ninety-three rods, to a stone monument, on the north side of the road, leading from Porter to Eaton. At this point the variation of the needle was found to be nine degrees forty-five minutes west ; thence north eight degrees five minutes east, seven hundred and forty- four rods, to Cragged Mountain ; thence same course, sixty-seven rods, to the comer of Eaton ; thence same course, seven hundred eighty-seven and an half rods, to the corner of Conway ; thence same course, six hundred ten and an half rods, to a stone monument, on the south side of the road, leading from Browufield to Conway Center; thence north eight degrees east, eight hundred seventy-one rods, to a stone monument on the south side of the road leading from Fryeburg Village to Conway. At this point the variation of the needle was found to be ten degrees west ; thence same course, four rods, to a stone monument on the north side of the same road ; thence north eight degrees fifteen minutes east, one hundred two rods, to Saco River; thence same course, eighteen rods, across said river; thence same course, six hundred forty-four rods, to a stone monument on the road leading to Fryeburg Village, on the north side of the river. This monument is marked as before described, and is about eight feet high above the ground ; thence same course, one hundred forty-two rods, to Ballard's Mill Pon«l ; thence same course, sixty-one rods, six links, across said pond; thence same course, three hundred forty- four rods, to a stone monument on the east side of Chatham road ; thence same course, six hundred ninety rods, to Kimball's Pond ; thence same course', one hundred sixty-six rods, across said pond ; thence same course, sixty rods, to a stone monument on the meadow.' Thence same course, nine hundred forty rods, to the cor- ner of Bradley and Eastman's grant ; thence same course, six hundred and ninety rods, to a stone monument on the east side of the Cold River road. This stone is marked as 'From this point the line was resurveyed in 1858, vide p. 44. GANNETT.] MAINE. 43 before described, but is not more than two feet above the ground. Thence same course, one thousand five hundred forty rods, to the corner of Warner and Oilman's location, a pile of stones. At this point the variation of the needle was found to be ten degrees twenty-three minutes west ; thence same course, four hundred and fifty rods, to to]) of Mount Royce ; thence same course, eight hundred ninety-eight rods, to Wild River ; thence same course, eight rods, across said river; thence same course, seven hundred sixty-five rods, to a stone monument on the north side of the road leading from Lan- caster to Bethel; thence same course, one hundred rods, to Androscoggin River; thence same course, eighteen rods, across said river ; thence north eight degrees ten minutes east, four thousand one hundred sixty-two rods, across ten streams, to Chick- walnepg River; thence same course, two thousand five hundred rods, to a stone monument on the north side of the road leading from Errol to Andover. This stone is marked "N. H." and " M.," thence same course two hundred ten rods to Cambridge River, thence same course eight rods across said river, thence same course five hun- dred sixty-seven rods to Umbagog Lake, thence same course thirty-four rods across a cove of the same, thence same course ten rods across a peninsula of the same, thence same course two hundred twenty-five rods across a bay of said lake, thence same course two hundred six rods across a peninsula of the same, thence same course one thousand one hundred sixty-five rods across the north bay of said lake to a cedar post marked " N." " M.," thence north eight degrees east seven hundred fourteen rods to Pond brook; thence same course two hundred twenty -five rods to a stone monument on the south side of the Margallaway River, thence same course ten rods across said river, thence same course one hundred sixty-two rods to a spruce, corner of the college grant, thence same course two hundred sixty- four rods to Margallaway River a second time. At this point the variation of the needle was found to be eleven degrees forty- flve minutes west ; thence same course ten rods across said river, thence same course two hundred and ninety rods to same river a third time, thence same course ten rods across said river to a monument made with three stones on the north side of said river, about two feet high and not marked, thence same course four hundred forty- four rods to corner of township number five, in second range, in Maine, thence same course one thousand eight hundred six rods to the north corner of the same township, thence same cojirse four hundred and sixty rods to a branch of Little Diamond River, thence same course three hundred fifty rods to another branch of the same, thence same course two thousand one hundred twenty rods to a branch of the Margallaway River, thence same course three hundred thirty-two rods to another branch of the same, thence same course four hundred rods to a steep mountain called Prospect Hill, thence same course nine hundred and twenty rods to Mount Carmel, sometimes called Sunday Mountain, thence same course four hundred rods to a perpendicular precipice, thence same course five hundred and forty rods to a branch of Margalloway River, thence same course two hundred and sixty rods to a branch of the same, thence same course three hundred forty-six rods to a second steep precipice, thence same course one hundred eighty-six rods to a branch of Margallaway River, thence same course two hundred forty-two rods to another branch of same river, thence same course seventy-eight rods to a beaver pond, thence same course one hundred twenty-six rods to a yellow birch tree on the highlands which divide the waters that run south from those that ruu into the St. Lawrence, being the northern extremity of the line and one hundred and twelve miles two hundred and thirty -three rods from the head of Salmon Falls River. Found said tree marked on the east side "M. E. 1789," and on the west " N. H. N. E. ;" also "M. 54." To these marks we added " N. H.," "N. E.," and "M. E.," "1828,""E. H.," "A. M. M.," "1828," and stones were piled round the same and marked. The whole course of the line from the Androscoggin River was re-marked by spot- ting the old marked trees and crossing the spots and marking others in the course. And the line as above survey and described we agree to be the true boundary Una of 44 HolM) AKIKS t»K TIIK rNITKI) STATKS. Iiui,i..l71. Hai<] StateH. And th«i abovpi-dogcribed inarkn and inoniimcntH wo eHtablJHh to dcsig- nalr IIj« sajne, and that tin; Maul liiu- InTfalft-r icin;Mn tin- honndary line iM-twft'n tin- States, unliMH tb«* li-gislatiin^ of citbci' iStatc sbali, at tbo lirNt KC8Hion affi r \l\o t^xecu- tion of this agrocniciit, diRa|»|)rovi' of the Nainv. WILLIAM KIN(;. KlIFIIS McIM'IHK, CininniHHvtnerit of Mainf. ICIIAHOI) HARlLK'rT, JOHN W. WEKKS, ('oinini«8ionerH of A'eit' Hampshire. NOVEMBKR LS, 1828. The legislature of Maine approved of the commiNsioners' report Feb- ruary 2S, 1829, and requested the governor to issue hitj jiroclamation accordingly. The same action was taken by the legislature of New Hampshire, July 1, 1829. (For Report of Commissioners, see Laws of Maine, 1828-'9, under head of Resolves of the Ninth Legislature of the Stat« of Maine, pages 39-43.) Between 1828 and 1858, considerable portions of the aniost unbroken forests through which the line of 1827-'28 was marked were cleared. Extensive forest fires often swept large tracts of this territory, and, a« a consequence, the marks of the 1827-'28 survey for a distance of nearly eighty miles — which by that survey was mainly fixed by blazed trees, — only seven stone posts having been set in this distance — were obliter- ated, so that there remained scarcely a vestige of the original line. The lands having become valuable, and litigation in many cases being immi- nent, the legislatures of the two States in 1858 provided by enactment for another survey from Fryeburg to the Canada line — which was made the same year. The line as then surveyed is as follows, viz : Commencing at au iron post* situated on the line run in accordance with the "Treaty of Washington, of August 9, 1842," as the boundary between the Unit«d States and the province of Canada, at the corners of the States of Maine and New Hampshire. On the south face of said post are the words -'Albert Smith, U. S. Comssr. " ; on tlie north face, " Lt. Col. I. B. B. Eastcourt, H. B. M. Comssr." ; on the west face, "Boundary, Aug. 9, 1842"; on the east face, " Treaty of Washington." To the marks are addfd on the southern half of the west face, " H. O. Kent." A large flat stone was placed on the southi-rn face of the monument and marked " ISiVM— N. H., Me.," on either side of a line cut in said stone bearing the direction of the State's line, viz, south, 8 degrees west. From this point the line is south 8 degrees west, 17 rods, 7 links to a large yellow birch stub, the northern terminus of the former survey ; thence 126 rods to a beaver pond ; thence 7-5 rods to the northwesterly branch of the Margallaway, known as Kent River ; thence 242 rods to another branch of the Margallaway ; thence 1% rods to a certain steep precipice perpendicular on its southern face ; thence 346 rods to a branch of the Margallaway River ; thence '460 rods to another branch of the same ; thence 540 rods to a precipice, the southern side of Mount Abbott ; thence 400 rods to the summit «The position of this post is given in Hitchcock's (Jeological Stirvey of New Hamp- ■hire, MfoUows, viz, latitude, 45° 18' 23".33 ; longitude, 71° 5' 40".5. GANNETT.] MAINE. 45 of Mount Carmel ; thence 920 rods, and acrosa four streams, to the summit of Prospect mil. On this distance we marked a yellow birch tree " H. O. Kent, September 20, 1858," and the names of the remainder of the party ; thence 400 rods to another branch of the Margallaway ; thence 3'S2 rods to the Little Margallaway River; thence '2,120 rods across Bosebuck Mountain to a branch of said river. On this distance at the north- west corner of township No. 5, range 3, in Maine, we marked a white birch tree, "N. II. M.," and on its north and south sides, "IV, III." Thirty rods from the summit of Bosebuck Mountain, and on its northern slope, we erected a stone monument marked " N. M."; thence 3,")0 rods to the Little Diamond River or Abbott Brook ; thence 4G0 rods to the northwest corner of township No. 5, range 2, in Maine. On this distance we found an ancient yellow birch tree marked " 17K9-35, M." To these marks we added " 1858 " ; thence l,80fi rods to the southwest corner of the same township. Ou this distance, at the northeast corner of Dartmouth College, second grant in N. H., we marked a large yellow birch tree "Me., J. M. W., 1858; N. H.,H. O. K."; thence, and across an open bog, 444 rods to the north bank of the Margallaway River, to a white maple tree marked "N. H. M."; tbence 10 rods across said river to a large pine tree marked " M." " N, H." ; thence and across a second open bog 290 rods to the same river and to a large elm stub ; thence 10 rods across said river ; thence 264 rods to a spruce post marked " M." "N. H.", "W. L.", " D. C", being the southeast corner of Dartmouth College, second grant; thence 162 rods to the Margallaway River; thence 10 rods across said river to a stone monument on its southerly side, standing about 3 feet above the ground and marked " M." " N. H." ; thence to the original line tree nearest to the clearing of the home farm of Z. F. Durkee, esq. The course of the line the entire distance from the iron post at the national boundary to this point hears south eight degrees west ; thence across said clearing, the old line marks being gone, south 1 1 degrees and 30 minutes west, 168 rods, to the old crossed trees in the woods south of Pond Brook ; thence from Pond Brook south eight degrees west, 714 rods to the north bog of Umbagog Lake and to a cedar tree marked " M." "N." To this we added "1858." On this distance near the corner of Errol and Wentworth's location, which is a ce- dar post in a pile of stones, we marked a maple tree "M. 1858," " N. H. 1858"; thence south ten degrees and thirty minutes west 1,165 rods, across the north bay of said lake to the old marked trees on the southern shore ; thence south eight degrees west 206 rods across the peninsula to a cedar tree marked "M." "N. H." A large stone, also, on the lake shore was marked " M," "N. H."; thence same course 225 rods, across a bay of said lake; thence same course 10 rods, across a peninsula; thence same course 34 rods across a cove ; thence same course 567 rods to Cambridge River; thence same course 8 rods, across said river to a white maple stub ; thence same course 210 rods to a stone monument on the north side of the road leading from Andover, Me. , to Colebrook, N, H. ; thence same course to the north edge of the burnt land in Grafton and Success; thence south 11 degrees west across ten streams and the Chick walmpy River, or Silver Stream, to the old line trees bearing the crosses, easterly of the south end of Success Pond ; thence on the same course south 10 degrees west following the old mark to an ash tree bearing the original cross, standing a few rods north of the house of the late Daniel Ingalls, in Shelburne ; thence south 11 degrees west to a stone monument, by the road on the north side of the Androscoggin River, and to the north bank of said river, the whole distance from the stone monument near Umbagog Lake to the north liank of the Andro- scoggin River, being 6,662 rods ; thence south 11 degrees west 18 rods across said river ; thence same course 100 rods, crossing the track of the Grand Trunk Railway to a stone monument on the north side of the road leading from Lancaster, N. H., to Bethel, Me. ; thence same course, 765 rods to a iemlock tree on the south bank of Wild River ; thence south 66 degrees 30 minutes west 34 rods on an offset of the old sur- vey along said south bank to the old line trees ; thence following the old line trees 46 HnlNDAKIKS oK TH K INITKI) STATKS. [Bri.i..l71. hoiiili 11 degro«58 wtwt, passing tho southoiiHt corruT of Sholbnriie, 898 roils to the top of Mount Koyci', the whole distance being 1,881 rxIh. One uiilu north of the summit of Mount Roj'ce we marked a beech tree " N. H." '* M.," 18r)8 ; thence to a large stone marked " N. H." " Me."; thence south 10 degrees 15 minutes west to a stone monu- ment on tlie euHt side of the Cold River roa, house of Mr. Eastman, the whole distance being 1,190 rods; thence l,6;i0 rods to a stone monument standing in the meadow 60 rods north of the north shore of Kimball's pond, in Fryeburg. But as the towns of Fryeburg and Stowe have erected no durable monument on the State's line at their respective corners, wedeemedit advisable, under our instructions, to proceed so far south as at least to pass the said corner and to complete the work at some well-defined monument of the old survey. This course bore from the monument to and across an open bay south 12 degrees west; thence on the old trees south 9 degrees west 100 rods; thence on the old line south 10 degrees 30 minutes west to a stone monument erected by us near the liouse of Jounet Clay, in Chatham, and on the north side of the road leading from Stowe to Chatham Corners; said monument is marked "M." "N. H." 1858; thence on the old line south 11 degrees west to the road leading from North Fryeburg to Chatham, at which point we placed a stone monument ; thence south 11 degrees west to the north- west corner of Fryeburg, being a stake in a pile of stones in a piece of low ground, southerly of the house of Captain Bryant, and to the old monument, 60 rods north of Kimball's pond. On the bank north of said corner, on the south side of the road, and near Captain Bryant's house, we placed a stone monument marked "M." "N. H. 1858." The different courses laid dowu in the foregoing iei)ort are the bear- ings of the compass in 1858 when placed on the line established in 1828. (See Legislative Journal of New Hampshire, 1859, i)ages 7<)4-767.) In 1874 the line between Maine and New Hampshire was resurveyed and marked. ( Vide Hitchcock's Geology of New Hampshire, Vol. I, p. 173.) NEW HAMPSHIRE. The first charter of Virginia, granted in ICOG, inchided the territory of the present State of New Hampshire {vide p. 38), as did the charter of New England, granted in 1020 {vide p. 39), and the grant to Capt. John Mason and Sir Ferdinando (lorges of 1(;22 {vide p. 30). The president and coancil of New ICnghmd made a grant to Capt. John Mason in 1629 as follows, viz: #•#♦••• CxANNETT] NKW HAMPSHIRE. 47 All that part of the main land in New England lying t pon the sea coast, beginning from the middle part of Merrimack River, and from thtnce to proceed northwards along the sea-coast to Piscataqna River, and so forwards up within the said river and to the furthest head thereof, and from thence north west \Aards until three score miles bo finished from the tirst entrance of Piscataqna River and also from Merrimack through the said river and to the furthest head thereof, and so forward up into the lands westward until three score miles be finished, and from thence to cross overland to the three score miles, and accompted to Piscataqna River, together with all islands and islets within 5 leagues distance of the premises and abutting upon the same, or any part or parcel thereof, &c. , * * * which said portions of lands * * * the said Capt. John Mason, with the consent of the president and council, intends to name New Hampshire. * * * In 1635 the grant of 1629 was confirmed by a supplementary grant, of which tbefoUowing is an extract, viz: All that part of the Mayn Land of New England aforesaid, beginning from the middle part of Naiimkeck River, and from thence to proceed eastwards along the Sea Coast to Cape Anne, and round about the same to Pischataway Harbour, aud soe for- wards up within the river Newgewanacke, aud to the furthest head of the said River aud from thence northwestwards tin sixty miles bee finished, from the first entrance of Pischataway Harbor, and alsoe from Nanmkecke through the River thereof up into the land west sixty miles, from which period to cross over land to the sixty miles end, accompteii trcjm Pischataway, through Newgewanacke River to the land northwest aforesaid; and alsoe all that the South Halte of the Ysles of Sholes, all which lauds, with the Consent of the Connsell, shall from boncefoi'th b'j called New-hanipshyre. And al«oe ten thousand acres more of land on the southeast part of Sagadihoc at the mouth or entrance thereof — from henceforth to bee called by the name of Massonia, vtc. * ' * After the death of Oapt. John Mason (in December, 1635), the affairs of the colony coming into bad condition, they sought the protection of Massachusetts in 1641 and enjoyed it till 1675, when Robert Mason, a grandson of John Mason, obtained a royal decree, under which, in 1680, a colonial government was established. But no charter was given to the colony, and its government was only continued during the pleasure of the King. The following is an extract from the commission, or de- cree, issued by the King in 1680: Province of New Hampshire, lying and extending from three miles northward of Merrimack River or any part thereof into ye Province of Maine. In the year 1690 the province of New Hampshire was again taken under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts Bay, but was again separated ill lii92. [For a history of the boundary between New Hampshire and Maine, cide Maine, p. 41.] The controversy already referred to arising between the provinces of Xew Hampshire and Massachusetts Bay not only involved the settle- ment of the boundary between New Hampshire and Maine, 3ut also that between New Hampshire and Massachusetts, and, as before stated [vide Maine, p. 41), the commissioners appointed by the two provinces hav- ing been unable to agree, New Hampshire appealed to the King, who Bull. 171 4 48 HdlNDAIilKS (H-' I'lIK I NI'I'KD ^TATK^. [iui.i..l7i ordered that the boninlaries Hliould be settled by a board iA' coiniuiK Hioners appointed from the neij^'hboriiij? colonies. The board met at Ilanii)t()ii in 17.37, and Kubniitteo 5f l;?^;:!^'^ _- --—— - X 1 < < u. — J -I _i < I N t- z ~ : 1 o H 1 — ■ ■'" W < D J I z < o o > z 5 H C — I ^.^— I u $ ^ =- IT o — — n: o OC CO t- z o (/I in tn Q UJ < < I u 2 u z IT $ p. •..."- I Co^ z z i in u z > -— -'"'^ u D cr Q o L- Z _l D It ^"^ (0 Vs - V? ?i Vt * GANNETT.] TSTEW HAMPSHIRE. 49 shire and Massachusetts to ascertain, run, and mark the line between the two States, under the proceediuys of whicli Kew Hampshire asserted her claim to a due west line, conformable to the decree of 1740, it being apparent by a survey made by the commissioners that the original liue was north of west. This the Massachusetts commissioners refused to do, alleging that they were oidy empowered to ascertain and mark the original line. On March 10, 18'i7, the legislature passed a resolution providing for the erection of durable monuments to preserve the boundary line between the States of Massachusetts and New Hamjjshire, as the same ha>d been run and ascertained by the commissioners, and monuments were erected accordingly. ( Mde Resolves of Massachusetts, 1827.) In 1885 the Joint commis>ioii appointed by the States of New Ham}*- shire and Massachusetts re-ran and marked the curved portion of the boundary, following the course of Merrimac River, changing it only to a trifling extent. This commission was, however, unable to agree upon the boundary west of Pawtucket Falls. This matter dragged along until finally in 1894 this commission, together with a commission representing Vermont, agreed to maintain the Hazen line, and this line was re-traced and re-nuirked from Pawtucket Falls to the northwest corner of ]\Iassachusetts. Under the decree of the King of 1740 the province of New Hampshire claimed jurisdiction as far west as the territory of Massachusetts and Connecticut extended, thus including the present State of Vermont. New York claimed all the country west of the Connecticut, under the charters of 1664 and 1674 to the Duke of York. A bitter controversy ensued. The following papers serve to throw some light on the matter: Letter from the Governor of Xeiv Hampshire to the Governor of New York. PoKTSMOUTH, November 17, 1749. * " * I think it my duty * ^ " to transmit to your excellency the descrip- tion of New Hampshire as the King has determined itin the words of my commission. " * * In consef^nence of His Majesty's determination of the boundaries between New Hampshire and Massachusetts, a surveyor and proper chainmen were appointed to run the western line from 3 miles north of Pautucket Falls, and the surveyor upon oath has declared that it strikes Hudson's River about 80 poles north of where Mohawk's River comes iuto Hudson's River. B. WENTWORTH. (See State Papers of Vermont, Slade, 1, page 10.) The following is a description of the bounds of New Hampshire given to Governor Benning VVentworth, of province of New Hampshire, by George II, July 3, 1741 : George the Second, by the Grace of (iod, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, &c. To our tri(8ty and well-beloved Benning Wentworth, esqr., greetinfj: Know you that we, reposing especial trust and confidence iu the prudence, courage, and loyalty of you, the said Benning Wentworth, out of our especial grace, certain •^)0 UnlNDAIilKS UK TIIK INTIKI) STATKS. [bh.l.ITI. kno'K'ledge, aud ineer motion, have tboiigbt fit to constitute and appoint, and hy theHO prPscntB do constitnte and appoint you, the said Dunning Wentworth, to be oiii governor and comniandor-in-cbief of our province of New HanipHJiire, within our do millions of Now England in America, bounded on the south side by a similar curve line pursuing the course of Merrimac River at three miles distance, on the north side thereof, beginning at the Allantick Ocean aud ending at a point 0 cliainn, to a monument erected for the southwest comer of the State of Vermont, l)y Smith Thomp- son, Simon De Witt, and George Tibbitts, commissioners on the part of New York, and Joseph Beeman, jr., Henry Olin, and Joel Pratt second, commissioners on the part of the State of Vermont, which monument stands on the brow of a high hill, descending to the west, then northerly in a straight line to a point which is distant 10 chains, on a course, south :?r> degrees west, from the most westerly comer of a lot of land distin- guished in the records of the town of Pownal, in the State of Vermont, a.s the fifth division of the right of Gamaliel Wallace, and which, in the year 1814, was owned and occupied by Abraham Vosburgh ; then north .35 degrees east to said corner and along the westerly bounds of said lot, 30 chains to a place on the westerly bank of Haeick River, where a hemlock tree heretofore stood, noticed in said records as the most northerly corner of said lot; then north 1 degree and 20 minutes west, 6 chains to a monument erected by the said commissioners, standing on the westerly side of Hasick River, on the north side of the highway leading out of Hasick into Pownal, and near the northwesterly corner of the bridge crossing said river; then north 27 degrees and 20 minutes east, :W chains, through the bed of the said river, to a large roundish rock on the northeasterly bank thereof; then north 2r) degrees west, 16 chains and 70 links; then north 9 degrees west, 18 chains and GO links, to a vthite- oak tree, at the southwest corner of the land occupied in 1814 by Thomas Wilsey; then north 11 degrees east, 77 chains to the north side of a highway, where it is met by a fcnce dividing the possession of said Thomas Wilsey, jr., an«l Emery Hunt; then north 46 degrees east, 6 chains ; then south 66 degrees east, 26 chains and 25 links ; then north 9 degrees east, 27 chains and 50 links to a blue-slate stone, anciently set up for the southwest corner of Bennington ; then north 7 degrees and :iO minutes east, 46 miles 43 chains and 50 links to a bunch of hornbeam saplings on the south bank of Poultney River, the northernmost of which was marked by said last-mentioned com- missioners, and from which a large butternut tree bears north 70 degrees west, 30 links, a largo hard niajiJe tree, south 2 chains and 86 links, and a white ash tree on the north side of said river, north 77 degrees east. Which said several lines from the monument erected for the southwest comer of the State of Vc^rmout were established by said last-mentioned commissiouers, and were run by them, as the magnetic needle pointed, in the year 1814, then down the said Poultney River, through the deepest channel thereof to East Bay; then through the middle of the deepest channel of East Bay and the waters thereof to where the same communicate with Lake Champlaiu ; then through the deepest channel of L.ike Champlain to the eastward of the islands called the Four Brothers, and the westward of the islands called the Grand Isle and Long Isle, or the Two Heroes, and to the west- U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 171 PL. XVII BOUNDARY BETWEEN VERMONT AND NEW YORK. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 171 PL. XVIII BOUNDARY BETWEEN VERMONT AND NEW YORK. GANNETT.] VERMOTSTT MASSACHUSETTS. 53 ward of the Isle La Motte to the line in the 45th degree of north latitude, established by treaty for the boundary line between the United States and the British Dominions. (See Kevised Statutes of New York, Banks & Brothers, sixth edition, Vol. I, pp. 122-123.) This line was changed in 1876 by a cession of a small territory from Vermont to New York, described as follows, viz : All that portion of the town of Fairhaven, in the county of Rutland, and State of Vermont, lying westerly from the middle of the deepest channel of Ponltney River as it now runs, and between the middle of the deepest channel of said river and the west line of the State of Vermont as at present established. (Ratilied by Congress AprU7, 1880.) MASSACHUSETTS. The territory of Massachusetts was included in tlie tirst charter of Virginia, granted in 1606, {Vide Virginia p., 94) and in the charter of New England, granted in 1620, ( Vide Maine p. 39.) In 1628 the council of Plymouth made a grant to the governor and company of Massachusetts Bay in New England, which was confirmed by the King, and a charter was granted in 1629, of which the following are extracts : * * * Nowe Knowe Yee, that Wee * * * have given and granted * * * all that Parte of Newe England in Amirica which lyes and extends betweene a great River there commonlie called Monomack River, alias Merrimack River, and a certen other River there, called Charles River, being in the Bottome of a certen Bay there, comonlie called Massachusetts alias Mattachusetts, alias Massatnsetts Bay, and also all and singuler those Landes and Hereditament whatsoever, lying within the Space of Three EnglisheMylesqn the South Parte of the said River called Charles River, or of any or every Parte tJiereof. And also all and singuler the Landes and Heredita- ments whatsoever, lying and being with the space of Three Englishe Miles to the southward of the sonthermost Parte of the said Baye, called Massachusetts, alias Matta- chusetts, alias Massatusetts Bay — and also all those Lands and Hereditaments what- soever, which lye and be within the space of Three English Myles to the Northward of the saide River, called Monomack, alias Merrymack, or to the Norward of any and every Parte thereof and all Landes and Hereditaments whatsoever, lyeing within the Lymitts aforesaide, North and South, in Latitude and Bredth, and in Length and Longitude, of and within all the Bredth aforesaide, throughout the Mayne Landes there from the Atlantick and Westerne Sea and Ocean on the East Parte, to the South Sea on the West Parte. * * * Provided alwayes, That yf the said Landes * ♦ * were at the tyme of the graunting of the saide former Letters patents, dated the Third Day of November, in the Eighteenth yeare of our said deare Fathers Raigne aforesaide, actuallie possessed or inhabited by any other Christian Prince of State, or were within the Boundi\s Lymitts or Territories of that Southern Colony, then before graunted by our saide late Father » * » That then this present Graunt shall not extend to any such partes or parcells thereof » * * but as to those partes or parcells * » * sbal be vtterlie voyd, theis presents or any Thinge therein conteyned to the contrario uot- wistanding * * » The charter of New England was surrendered to the King in 1635. ( Vide Plymouth Colony Laws, p. 333.) 54 ROI'NDATUKS OF Til K TNITKI) STATES. [Bri.i..l71. The charter of 1G29 was canceled by a ju(l{i:meiit of the hiirli court ol chancery of Enghind, June 18, 1G84. {Vide C. & C, p. 942.) In the year 1G80, Peuiaquid and its dependencies were annexed to the New Eny;land goveriwnent. {Vide Maine, ]>. 40.) In IGOl a new charter was granted to Ma^sacliusetts Bay, whicli in- (hided Plymouth Colony and the Provinces of Maine and Nova Scotia. The following are extracts from this charter: • " * Wee " • * do will and ordeyue that the Territories and Collonyen Comiiiouly called or Kuown by the uanies of the CoUony of the Massachusetts Bay and Collouy of New Pljmouth the Province of Main the Territorie called Accadiaor Nova Scotia aud all that tract of Laud lying betwtene the said Territories of Nova Scotia aud the said Province of Main be erected Vnited and Incorjjorated • • • into oue reall Province by the Name of Our Province of the Massachusetts Bay iu New England. • • * All that parte of New England in America lying and extending from the great* River comouly called Monomack als Merrimack on the Northpart and from three Miles Northward of the said River to the Atlantick or Western Sea or Ocean on the South [lart And all the Lands and Hereditaments whatsoever lying within the limitts afore- said and extending as farr as the Outermost Points or Promontories of Laud called Cape Cod and Cape Mallabar North and South aud in Latitude Breadth and iu Length and Longitude of aud within aU the Breadth and Compass aforesaid tliroughout the Main Land there from the said Atlantick or Western Sea and Ocean on the East parte towards the South Sea or Westward as far as Our Collonyes of Rhode Island Conuecticutt and the Narragansett Conntrey all alsoe all that part or porCon of Main Land beginning at the Entrance of Pescataway Harbour and soe to pass vpp the same into the River Nowickewanuock and through the same into the furthest head thereof and from thence Northwestward till One Hundred and Twenty miles be iHrnished and from Piscataway Harbour mouth aforesid North-East- ward along the Sea Coast to Sagadehock and from the Period of Oue Hundred and Twenty Miles aforesaid to crosse over Laud to the One Hundred aud Twenty Miles be- fore reckoned up into the Land from Piscataway Harbour through Newickawannock River and alsoe the North halfe of the Isles and Shoales togather with the Isles of Cap- pawock and Nantukett near Cape Cod aforesaid and alsoe [all] Lauds and Heredita- ments lying and being in the Couutrey and Territory coiTionly called Accadia or Nova Scotia And all those Lands and Hereditaments lying and extending betweene the said Couutrey or Territory of Nova Scotia and the said River of Sagadahock or any part thereof And all Lands Grounds Places Soiles Woods aud Wood grounds Havens Ports Rivers Waters and other Hereditaments and premisses whatsoever, lying withiu the said bounds aud limitts aforesaid aud every part and parcell thereof aud alsoe all Islands aud Isletts lying within tenn Leagues directly opposite to the Maiu Laud within the said bounds. » • » (For an account of the settlement of the boundary between the Dis- trict of Maine, formerly a i^art of Massachusetts, see Maine, p. 41.) The present northern boundary of Massachusetts was settled in 1741. ( For history, see New Hampshire, p. 48.) The boundary line between Massachusetts and Khode Island was for more than two hundred years a question of dispute, and was, in some respects, the most remarkable boundary case with which this country has had to do. Twice the case went to the Supreme Court of the United States, and in one of these suits Daniel Webster and Rufus Choate were employed as counsel for Massachnsptfs GANNETT.] MASSACHUSETTS. 55 As early as 1642 the line between the two colonies was marked in part by isfathaniel Woodward and Solomon Saffrey, who set up on the plain of Wrentham a stake as the commencement of the line between Massachusetts Bay and Rhode Island. This stake was by them sup- posed to mark a point 3 miles south of the Charles River. The report of these commissioners has not been found, but frequent reference is made to their survey in the recoi'd of the subsequent con troversies and litigations. In 1710-'ll commissioners appointed from Massachusetts and Rhode Island agreed upon the north line of Rhode Island. The action of the commissioners was approved by the legislatures of both colonies. The agreement was as follows, viz : That the stake set up by Nathaniel Woodward and Solomon Saffrey, skillful, ap- proved artists, in the year of our Lord 1642, and since that often renewed in the lati- tude of 41° 55', being 3 English miles distant southward from the southernmost part of the river called Charles River, agreeable to the letters patent for the Massa- chusetts Province, be accounted and allowed on both sides the commencement of the line between the Massachusetts and the colony of Rhode Island, from which said stake the dividing line shall run, so as it may (at Connecticut River) be 2| mOes to the southward of a due west line, allowing the variation of the compass to be 9'^ ; which said line shall forever, «fco. {Vide Howard's Reports, S. C, Vol. 4, p. 631, et aeq.) In 1719 this line was run by commissioners appointed for the purpose. Subsequent investigation has shown that this line was run in a very irregular manner. ( Vide R. I. Acts, May, 1867, page 6, et seq.) The line between Massachusetts and the eastern part of Rhode Island was fixed by commissioners in 1741, from the decision of whom the col- ony of Rhode Island appealed to the King, who, in the year 1746, affirmed their decision fey a royal decree. The following is a record of the proceedings in council, together with the royal decree. fCounoil Office. Council Register. Geo. II, No. 8, p. 204.J At the Court at Kensington the 29th day of July 1742. Present. The Bangs Most Excellent Majesty, Arcbbpii of Canturbury, Earl of Pem- broke, Lord President Earl of Winchelsea, Lord Privy Seal Earl of Grantham, Duke of Bolton, Earl of Cholmondelly, Duke of Rutland, Earl of Wilmington, Marq» of Tweedalo, Earl of Bath, Visco* Lonsdale, Mr. Chancellor of the Exche^"^, Lord Dela- ware, Sr Charles Wager, Lord Bathurst, Sr. WiUiam Younge, Lord Monsore, Sr John Norris, Mr Speaker Thomas Winnington Esq., Mr. Vice Chamberlin, George Wade Esq. Upon reading this day at the board the humble Petetion and appeale of the Gov- ernor and company of the English of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations in New England in America from several particular parts of the determination of the commissioners appointed by his Majesty to settle the Boundary's of the said colony Eastwards with the Province of Massachusetts Bay, and humbly praying that a day may be appointed for hearing said appeal, and that the particular parts of the said commissioners determination appealed from may be reversed, and such other det«r- 56 BOlNUAlilKS OK TIIK I'NITKI) STATES. [luu.ITI. iiiiiiiifion made inBteitd tliereof as shall he aj^rtiealilo to the tnu^ constrnctiou of the HonndiiryH coiitaiiicd in th«; Royal Charter uinltr which the IVtioiiiiN claim, It ia ordered by his Majesty in Council that the Haid Petition and ajijieal (a copy whereof is hereunto annexed). Be and it is hereby referre«l to the Hij;ht Ihuiorable the Lord of tlie coinuiittee of council for hearinj^ aj>peals from the rianlationsto hear the same, and report their o]>inion thereupon to bin MajcMty at the Board. A true copy. I. B. LENNARD. Collated with the original entry in the Council Register, 18 Jan'y, 1845. ROBT. LEMON. It^onncil Office. Council Re^ster. Geo. II, No. 8 p. 2.35.) At the Coukt of Kensington, //i«; If)*/! day of Sept. 1742. Present, The Kings most Excellent Majesty Archbp of Cauturbury, Lord Delmar Lord Chancellor, Mr Vice Cbamberlin, Duke of Richmond, Mr. Chancellor of the Ex- chequer, Duke of Newcastle, Harry Pelhani Esq. Earl of Wiuchelsea, Thomas Wiu- uington E.sq Earl of Wilmington George Wade Esq. Lord Cartaret. Upon reading lliis day at the Board the humble Petition and appeale of His Ma- jesty's Province of the Ma-ssachusetts Bay in New England from the determination of tJH^ commissioners appointed by His Majesty to setth; the Boundary of the Colony of Rhode Island Eastwards, with the said province of Massachusetts Bay and hum bly praying that a day may be appointed for hearing the said appeale and that the determination of the said conunissioners may be reversed, and such other determiua- tiou made instead thereof as shall be agreealtle to the pttioners claim exhibited Itefore the said commissioners — It is ordered by his Majesty in council that the said pel ition and appeale (a copy whereof is hereunto annexed) Be and it is hereby referre«l to the Right Honorable the Lords of the committee in council for hearing appeal.s from the Plantations to hear the same and report their opinion thereupon to His Ma- jesty at the Board. A true copv. I. B. LENNARD. Collated with the original entry in the Council Registry, 18 of Jan'y, 184r). ROBT. LEMON. lOrdttred in Oonncil, d.ited 28th Mny, 1746. Council office. Conncil Resi.ster. Geo. II, No. 10, p. 493.] At the Court of Kensington, the 28tA day of May 1746. Present the Kings Most Excellent Majesty in Council Upon reading at the Board a Report froui the Right Honourable tbe Lord of the committee of council for hearing appeals from the Plantations dated the 11th of De- cember 1744 in the words following vizt. Your Majesty having been pleased by Your Order in council of the '29th of July 1742 to refer unto this committee the humble petition ami ai)i>eale of the Governor and company of the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations in New England in America, from several particular jtarts of the deterniiuatioii of the com- missioners appointed by your Majesty to settle the Boundarys of said colony ea.stwards with the Province of Massachusetts Bay and humbly praying that the particular parts of the said commissioners determination ai)pealed from may be reversed, and such other determinations made instead thereof, as shall be agreeable to tbe true construc- tion of the Boundarys continued in the Royal Charter under which the petitions claim — and your Majesty having been also pleased by another order in council of the 15th of September 1742, to refer unto this committee, the humble Petition and ap- peal of yonr Majesty's Province of the Massachusetts Bay in New England parte of GANNETT.] MAS8ACHU8ETT8. 57 the said determiuation of the said commissioners, and humbly praying that the same may be reversed and set aside and that instead thereof Your Majesty will be gra- ciously pleased to give such judgement and determinations as shall be agreeable to the petitioners claim exhibited before the said commissioners. The Lords of the committee iu obedience to your Majesty's said orders of Reference, have met several times, and taken both the said Petitions of Appeale into their consideration, and hav- ing examined into the Proceedings of the said commissioneis, do find that they pro- nounced thei r judgements or determination on the 30th of June 1741 in the words fol- lowing: The court took into consideration, the charters, Deeds and other Evidences, Claims Pleas and allegations produced and made by party refering to the controversy before them and after mature advisement, came to the following Eesolutions: That there is not any one Evidence proving that the Water between the Main Land on the East, and Rhode Island on the West, was ever at any time called Naragansett Rirer, that though there be evidence that the place where the Indian called King Philip lived near Bristol, was called Pawcouoket, and that another place near Swanzey was called Sowams or Sowamsett, yet no evidence has been produced of the extent of the Pawcouoket country to Seaconk, or Pawtucket River, as it runs to the line of the late Colony of the Massachusetts Bay, for tho' there be some evidence that the In- dians at enmity with King Philip, or with other Indians in enmity with him, lived on the west side of the said River, and that the Indians subject to King Philip, or in amity with him, lived on the East side of the said River there is no Evidence that ell the Indians subject to, or in amity with King Philip, lived in the Pawcouoket Country. That the Province not having produced the Letters Patent, constituting the council of Plymouth, nor any copy thereof, the Recital of said Letters Patent iu the deed from the council of Plymouth, to Bradford and his associates, is not sufficient evidence against the Kings Charter. That the council of Plymouth being a Corpora- tion, could not create another corporation, and that no Jurisdiction within the Kings Dominions in America can be held by Prescription or on the Foot of Prescription. That the determination of the bouudarys of the colony's of Rhode Island and New Plymouth by the Kings Commissioners in the year 1664 appear to have been only a tem- porary order for preserving the Peace on the Borders of both Colouys without deter- mining the Rights and Titles of either. Upon the whole nothing appears whereby the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence plantations can be barred or hindered from ex- tending their Jurisdiction Eastward towards the Province of the Massachusetts Bay according to the true intents and meaning of their charter. But some dispute having arisen between the Partys as to the true construction and meaning thereof, the court is of opinion. That the Narragansett Bay is and extendeth itself from Point Judith in the west to Seaconet Point on the East and including the Islands therein, layeth and extendeth itself unto the mouth of the River which runnith towards the town of Providence and that as it so lies or extends, it has and may be considered as having one Eastern Side at the Eastern coast of^the said Bay runs up northerly from Seconets. Point, — and one other North Eastern Side from near Mount Hope to Bullocks Neck, as the said Bay runs up North Westerly towards the Town of Providence and that the laud adjacent to the said North Eastern and Eastern Coasts and including within the following lines and the said Bay are within the Jurisdiction of the Colony of Rhode Island ; Vizt on the North East side of the said Bay — one line running from the south west corner of Bullocks Neck, Northeast three Miles. One other line run- ning from the Northeast extremity of the said line until it be terminated by a line three miles Northeast from tho northeasternmost part of the Bay on the west side of Rumstick Neck, and one other line from the termination of the west line to the Bay at or near Towoset Neck, running so that it touch the North East extremity of a line running three miles North East from the North East corner of Bristol Harbour, and on the Eastern side of the said Bay ; One line from a certain point on the Eastern side of the said Bay opposite to the southernmost part of the Shawmuts Neck, and rj8 H. (mM.i..l71. four hniidred and forty Koda to tl» Sonthwards of tho Month of Fall KiviT ruiiiiiuj; EiiBt three niiloH ; One other line riinniu}; I'mni the EiiHtornuioHt extremity ot t\u- Maid lino till it be terminated by thoEaati-rnmoHteiid of a line three milcH Eawt from the East- ernmoBt part of a cove in the said Bay wliicli is to the Hoiithward of Na\v Raid sliorfi extendcth ifwll IVoiii till' inonlli of Hjiid Full Kiver, and from the point wlicrc^ tlio saiil four liundn-d iitui forty ro() both States aprepd upon a eonvj'iitional liiHi, and ask«'(l that a decree of tlie United States au])reme ( -ourt should eonlinn tlu^ same, whitth prayer was granted, and tlie line was thus finally eHtablished by a decree rendered in the December term, 18G1, which is as follows, viz: Bofjiiininp at Burnt Swamp Corner (so called), in Wreuthani, iu latitndn 42*^ 01' 08" north, longitude 71'^ 23' 13" west of Greenwich, being the northeasterly comer of Khodo Island. Thence in a straight line to the center of a stouo monument in the division line, between Attleborough and Pawtucket, on the easterly bank of the Bluckstone River, being in latitude 41° 53' 36" north, longitude 71° 23' 14" west. Thence easterly, by the northerly line of the town of Pawtucket, to a point where said line intersects the highest water mark on the easterly side of Farmer's or Seven Mile River, which point ia shown on accompanying sheet marked "A," and designated as "Bound No. 1," being in latitude 41° 53' 54" north, longitiule 71'^ 20' 40'' west. From Bound No. 1 the line runs southerly, following the highest water mark on the easterly side of Farmer's or Seven Mile River, as designated in said sheet marked "A," to its junction with the highest water mark on the southerly and easterly side of Ten Mile River, at a point designated as " Bonnd No. 3." From Bound No. 3 the line runs southerly, following the highest water mark on the .southerly and easterly side of said Ten Mile River, as shown on sheet marked "A," to a point designated as "Bound No. 13," said last point being at the most southerly bend of Ten Mile Rivor in said line of highest water mark. The lino of "highest water mark" as shown on sheet A is defined by offsets at right angles to straight lines shown on said plan in blue ink, from Bound No. 1, and jiassiug through points designated as bounds numbered 2 to 13, inclusive. From Bound No. 13 the line runs southeasterly, being a straight line to the center of a stone pier iu the middle of Runnin'a River, on the north side of the road leading by Luther's store. Thence through the center or middle of said Runnin's River as the same is at low water at a point when such line intersects the dividing line between Barrington and Seekonk, being in latitude 41° 46' 28", longitude 71° lit' 23". Thence northeasterly, following the dividing line between Barrington a^d See- konk, to a point at the northerly extremity of the dividing line between Baningtor and Swanzey, in latitude 41° .36' 34", longitude 71° 19' 30". Thence in a straight line southeasterly to the center of a copper bolt in King's Rock, so called and well known, near an ancient monument on said King's Rock, be- ing on the west side of the road leading from Warren to Swanzey. This i^oint is in bititude 41° 45' 22".98, longitude 71° 16' 35".75. From King's Rock the lino follows the dividing liuo between Warren c ;d Swanzey to Mount Hope Bay, running in a straight line southeasterly to a point on the Birch Swamp Farm, in latitude 41° 45' 08", longitude 71° 15' 58". 5. Thence in a straight line to Mount Hope Bay, passing through the center of a copper bolt in a bowlder, in line of extreme high water at Toweset, to low-water line of said bay. This bolt is in latitude 41° 42' 4.5".27, longitude 71*^ 13' .54". 70. From Toweset the line runs southeasterly, crossing Mount Hope Bay, to the westerly end of lino dividing Fall River and Tiverton, wlu'ic the same intersects low-water line of said Mount Hope Bay. Thence easterly, following said dividing line between Fall River and Tiverton, pass- ing through the middle of a town way on the north side of farm belonging t20.3 feet north of the line of 1848, and 129 feet south of the same.J A full and de- tailed description may be found in Rhode Island acts. May, 1867, p. 6 et seq. Also, viae Senate Document No. 14, Massachusetts, 1848, for a full account of this controversy. In 1713, commissioners from the Province of Massachusetts l>ay and Colony of Connecticut settled a line between Massachusetts and Con- necticut. By this line certain northern frontier towns were given to Massachu- setts, viz: Woodstock, Suflfield, Eulield, and Somers. In 1749 the leg- islature of Connecticut passed a resolution that, inasmuch as the line had not been ai^jjroved by the King, and that the two colonies had no legal right to transfer territory without the confirmation of the Crown, the contract was void, and these towns were again taken under the jurisdiction of Connecticut. Massachusetts appealed to the King, and the claims of Connecticut were fully established. (Sec HoUister's His- tory of Connecticut, Vol. II.) In 1791 Massachusetts and Connecticut appointed commissioners to establish the boundary between them, but they were unable to agree. In 1803 commissioners were appointed to complete the line, a com- promise having been made concerning the line between the town of Southwick and the towns of Sufiield and Granby (the cause of the dis- agreement of the former commissioners). The agreement made was as follows, viz : That the lino should begin from a station 8 rods south of the southwest corner of West SpringlieUl, and thence run west to thi' large ponds, and thence southerly l)y those ponds to the ancient south line of Westfield, and from thence on said south line to the ancient southwest corner of Westlield; and from thence Jiortherly in the ancient west line of Westfield to the Btation iu said west line made by commissiouort in the year 1714, and from thence to the southwest corner of Granville. (See Mass Special Laws, Vol. Ill, page 234.) In 1803 the commissioners surv^eyed and marked the boundary be- tween their respective States. > z z < < J o 1- (T - _ < Q I GANNETT.] MASSACHUSETTS. 65 Their report, which was adopted, is as follows, viz: Begiuning at the northoiist corucr of SufiBeld and the southeast corner of West Springfield, on the west bank of Connecticut River, at a point 7.0 links northward of the center of a small valley running into said river, said point being between a small butternut tree, marked M. C, standing on the south, and a small crooked white oak, marked M., standing on the north, about two feet distant from each other, and then run north 82° 45' west 1 chain to a stone monument erected by us there ; in the same course 22 chains 25 links to a stone monument on the stage road from Springfield to SuflBeld, and said course continued would pass two feet north of Smith's house; thence north 82° west 82 chains 3 links to a stone monument on the middle road from SuflSeld to Springfield ; then in the same course 13 chains 30 links to a large black or red oak tree, marked on the east side C, and on the west side M., being an ancient bound ; thence north 77° 4' west 134 chains 42 links to a stone monument on the road from Feeding Hills meeting-house to Suffield ; thence in the same course 4 chains 21 links to a pine stump — an old monument ; thence north 79° 48' west 102 chains 80 links to a stone monument on the road from Westfield to SuflSeld, called the back street ; thence north 81° 30' west 61 chains 20 links to a stone monument at an old stump and stones, the ancient southwest corner of West Springfield ; thence south 5° west 2 chains to a stone monument in the line run by commissioners in 1714 ; thence north 85° west 167 chains 33 links to a stone monument at the middle pond, 22 links east of low -water mark, being at the center of a little valley running into said pond ; thence on the eastern shore of said pond, as the same runs southerly, to a sluice way or outlet from said pond to the south pond ; thence southerly on the east shore of the south pond as the same runs to a stone monument at high-water mark on the south corner of said pond, being the south end of the most southerly bay thereof, from which the point of land beyond the bay on the east side of the pond bears north 29° east, and the high point beyond thehay on the west side of the pond is north 3° 30' east ; then south 10° 20' west 24 chains 78 links to a stone monument at the southeast corner of Southwick, in the ancient south line of Westfield, from which the highest peak of Manatick Mountain bears south 42° 30' west; thence south 87° 30' west 33 chains 86 links to a heap of stones in a hedge, being an ancient monument in the south line of Westfield and the north- west comer of SuflBeld, adjoining Granby ; thence in said ancient south line of West- field the same course to a stone monument at a white oak stump, an old monument, the southwest corner of Southwick, being 174 chains 36 links; thence north 10*^ 20' east 212 chains 84 links to a stone monument erected by us, at a place in the ancient west line of Westfield, where commissioners in 1714 established the monument called the Crank monument; thence north 82° 17' west 137 chains to a stone monument erected by us at the east road from Granby to Granville ; in this course, at the distance of 86 chains 20 links from the Crank monument, we passed between two pillars of stones 45 links south of one and 13 links north of the other, both said to be the south- east corner of Granville ; thence on the same course 61 chains 40 links to a stone mon- ument erected by us on the Granby turnpike road; thence in the same course 44 chains to a white-oak'* tree, marked by commissioners in 1717, and which we marked M on the north side and C, 1803, on the south side; thence north 84° 24' west 5 chains 13 links to a stone monument erected by us on the west road from Granby to Gran- ville; thence in the same course 200 chains 37 links to a white elm stump and stones on the west bank of Valley Brook, so-called, a monument, made by commissioners in 1717 in this course three monuments are mentioned by said commissioners, which we do not find; thence north 85° 7' west 60 chains 15 links to a stone monumeut erected by us at a new road near the east bank of Hubbard River; thence the same course 2 chains to dry hemlock tree with stones about it on the west side of said river near a small fall and a rock on the east side of said river stooping towards it more than 2 * Oak-tree boi ndary at Granville, marked in 1717. 66 HAKIKS <»K THK TNITKI) STATES. [Bri,L.171. rcMlH U> » iiiuiiiiiiuMit «rectt> chains to a stone monument erected by as at a heap of stones about an elm tree standing on the west bank of 8andy Brook, a monument made by said former commissioners, who mentioned in their report a monument in this course, which we do not find ; thence north 82° 11' west '.ir>7 chains 150 links to a stone monument erected by us on the road from Marlborough to Norfolk ; thence same course 38 chains 20 links to a monument made by said former commissioners on the west bank of Whiting River, near falls, being a heap of flat stones on a large rock ; thence north 82*^ 9' west 219 chains to a stone monument at the end of Greenwood Turnpike road ; in this course said former commissioners marked two trees, which we do not find : thence in the same course 161 chains 75 links to a stone monument at the Burrell Road, so-called, leading from Canaan to Suflfield ; thence in the same coarse 49 chains to an elm tree, with stones near it, on the east bank of Housatonic River, about six rods west from a chestnut stump and stones, a monument made by said former commissioners, who also marked a white oak tree in this course which we not find ; thence north 82° 52' west 20 chains 50 links to a stone monument erected by us at the road leading from Salisbury to Sheffield, called Wetany Road; thence in the same course 119 chains 50 links to a stone monument erected by us at the road from Salisbury to Sheffield, near Ebenezer Fletcher's house ; thence on the same course 211 chains 35 links to a stone monument erected by us at the mountain rood from Salisbury to Sheffield ; thence on the same course 28 chains 4 links to a monument established by said former commissioners at the foot of the mountain, being a heap of stones on a large rock, 20 links long on the northeast-erly side, 5 feet high on the southerly side, and which we marked 1803 on the southerlj' side ; thence north 85° 30' west 147 chains 20 links to a stone monument erected by us on the road from Salisbury to Mount Washington ; thence on the same course 81 chains HO links to a large heap of stones, the oblong corner bounds, so-called between the Stat« of Connecticut and New York. • •••*•• The oonises of said line as before given, and here by us are according to the present state of Magnetic needle, which we observed to vary 5° west of north. (See Private Laws of Conn., vol. 2, pages 1540 to 1544.) ABSTRACT OF REPORT OF COMMISSION OF 1803 ON BOUNDARY BETWEEN MASSACHU- SETTS AND CONNECTICUT WEST OF THE CONNECTICUT RIVER. Beginning at a point on the west bank of Connecticut River, in latitude 42° 01' 52".10, longitude 72° 37' 03".46, and running north 82° 45' west 22 chains 25 links; thence north 82° west 95 chains 33 links ; theuce north 77° 4' west 138 chains 63 links ; thence north 79° 48' west 102 chains 80 links ; thence north 81° 30' west 61 chains 20 links ; thence south 5° west 2 chains; thence north 85° west 167 chains 33 links to a stone monument at the middle pond, 22 links east of low-water mark, lat- itude 42° 02' 11", longitude 72° 45' 45". 07 ; thence southerly along the east shore of said pond, and also south pond, to a stone monument at high-watermark, at the south comer of said south pond ; thence south 10° 20' west 24 chains 78 links to a stone monament at southeast comer of Southwick, which is in latitude 42° 00' 11".96, lon- * Boundary stone in west front of Granville. GANNETT.] MASSACHUSETTS,, 67 gitude 72° 46' 24".23 ; thence south 87° 30' west 208 chains 22 links to a stone monu- ment at the southwest corner of Southwick, which is in latitude 41° 59' 51". 89, lon- gitude 72° 49' 25".47; thence north 10° 20' east 212 chains 84 links, to a stone monu- ment at the northwest corner of the Southwick Jog, which is in latitude 42° 02' 12".39, longitude 72° 49' 13".51 ; thence north 82° 17' west 242 chains 40 links to a white oak tree, marked by commissioners in 1717, which is in latitude 42° 02' 15". 84, longitude 72° 52' 47". 74 ; thence north 84° 24' west 205 chains 50 links; thence north 85° 7' west 62 chains 15 links ; thence north 82° 52' west 109 chains 35 links to a stone monument in latitude 42° 02' 17".03, longitude 72° 58' 22".52 ; thence north 82° 52' west 275 chains 91 links ; thence north 81° 45' west 70 chains ; thence north 81° 50' west 328 chains 74 links to a stone monument, which is in latitude 42° 02' 31". 11, longitude 73° 07' 35".94 ; thence north 82° 11' west 395 chains 50 links; thence north 82° 9' west 430 chains ; thence north 82° 52' west 140 chains to a stone monument on the road from Salisbury to Sheffield, which is in latitude 42° 02' 58". 11, longitude 73° 22' 55".27 ; thence north 82° 52' west 239 chains 39 links ; thence north 85° 30' west 239 chains to the northwest corner of Connecticut, which is in latitude 42° 02' 58 '.54, longitude 73° 30' 06".66. According to the survey of the cession of Boston Corners, by Massa chusetts to New York, in 1855, the south boundary of Massachusetts from the northwest corner of Connecticut to the southwest corner of Massachusetts is as follows, viz : A line running north 89° 08' 4" west, 40 chains, by the true meridian. The courses of the line of 1803 are magnetic, with the variation as at that date: i. e., 5° west. The latitudes and longitudes in the foregoing are taken from the Borden Trigonometrical Survey of Massachusetts of 1843. In 1826, the line between Massachusetts and Connecticut east of the Connecticut River was run by commissioners appointed from each State. An abstract of the commissioners' report is here given : Abstract of report of commissioners of 1826. — The commissioners first made the following survey : Commencing at the northeast comer of Connecticut, at a large pile of stones erected by commissioners of 1734 ; thence running due west on the latitude of 42° 3' north to the west line of Woodstock, 15 miles 169 rods 15 links. (This is hereafter referred to as the " first line of latitude.") Thence north 3° west 54 rods 19 links to an old pine tree, the reputed northeast corner of Union ; thence due west 25 miles 168 rods to Connecticut River. (This line is hereinafter referred to as the " second line of latitude," and the second line of lati- tude is 54 rods north of the first.) These lines of latitude were compared with the ancient survey, monuments, evidence, etc., of the line run by the commissioners of 1713 ; the said lines of latitude were found to vary in sundry places therefrom. Therefore, in order to conform as near as possible to the line of 1713, the line was run as follows, viz : Beginning at the northeast comer of Connecticut and running west on "first line of latitude" 1,702 rods and 4 links to the road to the Merino road ; thence in a direct line 1,372 rods 20 links to the road leading from Muddy Brook, so called, by Pennel May's to Southbridge j this point is 21 rods 10 links north of the " first line of latitude " ; thence in a direct OS HolNDARIKS OK TIIK INFTKI) STATKS. [bii.i. 171 line. '>(i(h()ik«'(tl is point is liO unls ami 5 links iiortli of "lirst line ot latitude"); thence in adirec;t liuo 054 rods IS links to the road leading from West Woodstock by Abel Mason's to Soutiibridj^e (this jtoint is 1() rods and \i\i links north of " first line of latitude"); thencre in a dire(;t line 1,247 rods to the road ieiwl- in^ from Union by Aslier Bodfjen's to Hollan STATKS. [Rri.1,.171 45".r)S,lonfrit>i(le73oiC'17".()8. [ See RovisodStatnlesof New York, 1875, pap:(' IL'U; also])lat of survey of liostoii ('oniorin l.S53.a copy of whieli is on lile ill ollice of clerk of House of lie))ieseiit{ilives at VVashington, D.C.J RHODE ISLAND. The present State of Rhode Jshind was settled by Itoger Williams and other immiffrants, who left Massachnsetts Bay and establislied themselves at Providence in 10.%. In 1(»43 a j)atent was jjranted for the Providence Plantation, from which the following are extracts, viz: • ••••••• Aiul wLcras there is a tract of land in the continent of America aforesaid, called by the name of the Narraganset Bay, bordering northward and northeast on the patent of the Massachnsetts, east and sontheast on Plymouth patent, south on the ocean, and on the west and northwest by the Indians called Narigganneucks, alias Narragansets, the whole tract extending about 25 English miles unto the Peqiiot River and country; and wheras divers English inhabitants of the towns of Providence, Portsmouth, and Newport, in the tract aforesaid, » * • have represented their desire, * * "we ■ * • do * * * give, grant, and confirm to the aforesaid inhabitants of the towns of Providence, Portsmouth, and Newport a firm and absolute charter of incor- poration, to bo known by the name of the incor{)oration of Providence Plantations, in the Narraganset Bay, in New England. * • » In 16C3 Charles II granted a charter to Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, of which the following is an extract : * • * "All that parte of our dominiones in New -England, in America, conteyneing the Nahautick and Narragansett Bay, and conntryes and partes adjacent, bounded on the west, or westerly, to the middle or channel of a river there, commonly called and known by the name of Pawoatuck, alias Pawcawtuck river, and soe along the sayd river, as the greater or middle sfreame thereof reacheth or lyes npp into the north countrye, northward, iinto the head thereof, and from thence, by a streight lyne drawn due north untill itt meets with the south lyiio of the Massachusetts Collony; and on the north, or northerly, by the aforesayd south or southerly lyne of the Massa- chusetts Collony or Plantation, and extending towards the east, or eastwardly, three English miles to the east and north-east of the most eastern and north-eastern parts of the aforesayd Narragansett Bay, as the sayd bay lyeth or extendeth itself from the ocean on the south, or southwardly, unto the mouth of the river which runneth to- wards the towne of Providence, and from thence along the eastwardly side or banke of the sayd river (higher called by the name of Seacnnck river), up to the ffalls called Patuckett ffalls, being the most westwardly lyne of Plymouth Collony, and soe from the sayd ffalls, in a streight lyne, duo north, untill itt meet with the aforesayd line of the Massachusetts Collony ; and bounded on the south by the ocean." And in par- ticular, the lands belonging to the townes of Providence, Pawtuxet, Worwieke, Nus- quammack, alias Paweatnck, and the rest upon the m.aiu land in the tract aforesayd together with Rhode Island, Blocko Island, and all the rest of the islandH and banks in the Narragansett Bay and bordering upon the coast of the tracts aforesaid (Ffish- ers Island only exce])ted). » * » (For history of the northern and eastern boundaries see Massa- chusetts, p. 54.) In 1703 substantially the present w^estern boundary was settled by an agreement made between the commissioners from the two colonies of Rhode Island and Connecticut, viz: "A straight line from the month U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 171 PL. XXI u -"•n 1 f ■» (T LJ "" 1- O O li. z y (t °--.n -J r~ LI J (0 o U) J D. ^ I o 2 J ^1 o 1 z -2 I tc §UJ 1- D CD 1 It __ o IT < z 1- u: z 1- D ^ H 0^ — " > 3 o J u J _-—-""' o J o z iD > z •^.._ J — — o J z 1- f- z z !C i - --o o £ W I Q. (- ir o Z I *** .^**>>.^ ^^**» ^-/^ ^""^^ "t j f \ ■> / I T V/^^ N ';> w '^o 1 «- / •^S ) vi 1 1 \ IV / 1 / ^ V vP / 1 O \ V* I / / ^^ y 1- / h-^ R BOUNDARY BETWEEN RHODE ISLAND AND CONNECTICUT GANNETT] RHODE ISLAND COTSTNECTICUT. 7l of Ashawoga River to the southwest corner of the Warwick purchase, and thence a straight north line to Massachusetts. The line of 1703 was actually run by Rhode Island, and is still known as the Dexter and Hopkins line. The two colonies disagreeing, Rhode Island appealed to the King, and the agreement of 1703 was finally established in 1726. Tn September, 1728, commissioners from the two colonies met and ran the line. (For agreement of 1703 and 1728, decisions of English council, etc., see R. I. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. III.) In 1839 commissioners were appointed by Rhode Island and Connecti- cut to survey and ascertain the line and erect monuments. The following line was established, viz: Beginning at a rock near the mouth of Ashawoga River, where it empties into Pawcatuck Eiver, and from said rock a straight course northerly to an ancient stone heap at the southeast corner of the town of Voluntown, and from said rock southerly in the same course with the aforesaid line, until it strikes Pawcatuck River. From the southeast corner of Voluntown a straight line to a stone heap at the southwest comer of West Greenwich ; from thence a straight line to the southwest corner of the ancient town of Warwick, and which is now a corner of the towns of Coventry and West Greenwich ; from thence a straight line to the northwest corner of the town of Coventry ; thence a straight line to the northeast comer of Sterling ; thence a straight line to the southwest comer of Burrillville, and thence a straight line to a stone heap upon a hill in the present jurisdictional line between the States of Massachusetts and Rhode Island, and at all of said comers, excepting said Warwick corner, we have erected monuments of stone, marked R. I. and C, and have also placed similar monuments on all the principal roads crossing the line, and at other suitable places. And we have caused the ancient monument which was erected at the Warwick cor- ner in November, 1742, to be reset and a large heap of stones to be made around it. Said monument is marked with the letter C. on one side, and on the other RHODE. ISLAND and the traces of other letters and figures. [Extract from Commission- er's Report. See R. I. Acts and Resolves, Jan. 1846, pages 12, 13, 14.] The above was ratified in 1846. CONNECTICUT. The title by which the people of Connecticut held the country was founded on the old patent granted by Robert, Earl of Warwick, in 1631, to Lord Say and Seal, Lord Brooke, Sir Richard Saltonstall, and others, associated under the name of the Plymouth Company. In 1630 the Plymouth Council made a grant of Connecticut to the Earl of Warwick, their president. This was confirmed by King Charles in 1631, and on the 19th of March, in the same year, the Earl conveyed his title to the Plymouth Company, as before stated. (Dwight's Conn., p. 19, et seq.) 7 'J BOimDARTES OK TTIK T^NTTKD STATES. [nru.lTl. A cluirtcr was {,nantod by Cliarlcs II to Ooimecticut in 1GG2, of which ■ho following is an extract, viz: • •••••» Wc • • • do givo, graiil iind coiifiriii unto the Hjiid Governor and Cofiipaiiy, and Ihrir Hiicceseors, all that jiart of our DoniinionH in New P^iigland in Aun-riea IxMinded i>n the oast by Narraganset River, couiinonly called Narragannel IJay, where the Baid river falletli into the sea, and on the north by the line of the MaHNachnsettH planta- tion ; and on thoBonth by the sea ; and longitude &h the lino of the MaHaachusetta Colony, running from oast to west, that is to say, from the said Narragansett Bay on the east, to the south sea on the west part, with the islands thereunto adjoining. " * • * * * » . » [C. and C, p. 25()-7.] Previous to this time the two colonies of Connecticut and New Haven had continued separate, but under this, charter they were united and the charter was accepted Ai)ril 20, 1GC5. (C. and C, p. 252.) The Duke of York having been granted a charter in 16G4, by which the lands west of the Connecticut Eiver were embraced in his jurisdic- tion, the question of boundary immediately arose. About this time Col. Kichard Nichols, George Cartwright, esq., Sir Kobert Carr, and Samuel Maverick, esq., had been appointed commis- sioners by the King, and clothed with extraordinary powers, to determine all controversies in the colonies. The matter was referred to them, who, after a full hearing, determined that the southern boundary of Connect- icut was the sea (Long Island Sound), and its western, Mamaroneck River, and a line drawn north-northwest from the head of salt water in it to Massachusetts. The territory south and west of these lines was declared to belong to the Duke of York. ( Vide Dwight's Connecticut, pp. 159 et seq.) This decision, in effect, decided upon a line 20 miles east of the Hud- son River as the boundary, having for a starting point a place on Ma- maroneck River. In 1G74 the Duke of York received a new charter in substantially the same terms as that of 16G4. New controversies concerning jurisdiction led to a new agreement, by which it was stipulated that a tract of land on Long Island Sound, the bounds of which were described as con- taining Gl,440 acres, should be permanently set ofi" to Connecticut by New York on condition that the former, in exchange, should set off to New York a territory of like extent and of uniform w idth from the tract on the Sound to the south line of Massachusetts. This agreement was sanctioned by a royal ordinance of the King, and in 1G84 the tract on the Sound was surveyed and set off to Connecticut. The western boundary of Connecticut was run in 1G85 by Major Gould, Mr. Barr, and Mr. Selleck, and ratitied by both parties. {Vide Dwight's Connecticut, p. 199.) For various reasons the survey of the equivalent lands was not made at that time. In 1725 commissioners were appointed on both sides to fix the line, GANNETT] • CONNECTICUT. 73 this being the fifth set ai)pointe(l for the same purpose, uoue of which had been able to come to an agreement. The commissioners of 1725, however, entered into articles of agree- ment settling the manner of the survey. They, however, ran only the line bounding the tract on Long IvSland Sound. For some cause action was then suspended until 1731, when the com- missioners of 1725 surveyed and set off the oblong or equivalent terri- tory to New York, defining and marking its boundary, which was to remain forever the dividing line between the respective States (then colonies). The line was substantially as at present, and is as follows, viz: Beginning at Lyon's Point, in the moutli of a brook or river called Byram'e River, where it falls into Long Island Sound, and running thence up along said river to a rock at the ancient road or wadiug-place in said river, which rock bears north twelve degrees and forty-five minutes east, five hundred and fifty rods from said point ; then north twenty-three degrees and forty-five minutes west, two thou- sand two hundred and ninety -two rods; then east-northeast, thirteen miles and sixty- four rods, which lines were established in the year one tliousand sev«n hundred and twenty-five, by Francis Harrison, Cadwaller Golden, and Isaac Hicks, commissioners on the part of the then province of New York, and Jonathan Law, Samuel Eells, Roger Walcott, John Copp, and Edmund Lewis, commissioners on the part of the then colony of Connecticut, and were run as the magnetic needle then pointed; then along an east-northeast continuation of the last-mentioned course, one mile, three- quarters of a mile, and twenty-one rods, to a monument erected in the year one thousand seven hundred and thirty-one by Cadwaller Golden, Gilbert Willett, Vin- cent Matthews, and Jacobus Bruyn, jr., commissioners on the part of said province, and Samuel Eells, Roger Walcott, and Edmund Lewis, commissioners on the part of said colony, which said monument is at the southeast corner of a tract known and distinguished as the oblong or equivalent lands ; then north twenty-four degrees and thirty minutes west, until intersected by a line run by said last-mentioned commis- sioners, on a course south twelve degrees and thirty minutes west, from a monument erected by them in the south bounds of Massachusetts, which monument stands in a valley in theTaghkanick Mountains, one hundred and twenty -one rods eastward from a heap of stones in said bounds, on the top or ridge of the most westerly of said mountains ; then north twelve degrees and thirty minutes east from a monument erected by said last-mentioned commissioners at said place of intersection, and stand- ing on the north side of a hill, southeasterly from the easternmost end of the long pond, along the aforesaid line to the aforesaid monument erected in the south bounds of Massachusetts — being the northeast corner of the oblong. (See Revised Statutes of N. Y., 1881, Vol. I, pages 128-9.) For more than a century no controversy arose, but subsequent to 1850 questions of jurisdiction were raised, and in 1855 Connecticut made a proposition for a new survey. Several sets of commissioners were appointed, but no agreement being reached, finally, in 1860, pursuant to an act of the legislature of New York, the line was run by the New York commissioners, Connecticut not being represented. The first section of the act of the New York legislature is as follows, viz: 1. The commissioners appointed by the governor to ascertain the boundary line be- tween the States of New York and Connecticut are hereby empowered and directed 74 BOFNDAUTKS oF TUT. TTNTTKl) STATES. [nou.m. to survey and mark, with suitable iiionnineDts, the said line between the two State* atJijTcd by the aurrey o/ 1731. The following is an abstract of the engineer's report of the line ran under direction of the commissioners from New York, the Conuecticat <5«)muiissiouer8 declining to be present or assist, viz: Beginning at the northwest comer of Connecticut, at the monument erected by the commissioners of New York and Connecticut in ] 731, lati- tude 420 02' 68".54, longitude 73° 30' 0G".06; thence south 11^ 20' we^t, 464 chains, to the ''47th mile monument; thence south 12° 34' west, 239 chains, 67 links, to the 44th mile monument point; thence south 11° 33' west, IGO chains 99 links, to the 42d mile monument; thence south 13° 16' west, 161 chains 24 links, to the 40th mile monument point; thence south 120 21' west, 398 chains 21 links, to the 35th mile monument; thence south 12° 32' west, 158 chains 96 links, to the 33d mile monu- ment; thence south 11° 44' west, 243 chains 37 links, to the 30th mile monument ; thence south 12° 27' west, 161 chains 32 links, to the 28th mile monument ; thence south 10° 56' west, 160 chains, to the 26th mile monument point ; thence south 11° 39' west, 320chains 11 links, to the 22d mile monument; thence south 12° 18' west, 163 chains 17 links, to the 30th mile monument ; thence south 11° 49' west, 159 chains 9 links, to the 18th mile monument; thence south 12^19' west, 157 chains 15 links, to the 16th mile monument; thence south 10° 11' west, 161 chains 7 links to the 14th mile monument ; thence south 10° 61' west, 313 chains 41 links, to the 10th mile monument point; thence south 12° 24' west, 156 chains 71 links, to the 8th mile monument ; thence south 10° 19' west, 169 chains 28 links, to the 6th mile monument point ; thence south 12° 10' west, 164 chains 42 links, to the 4th mile monument; thence south no 44/ west, 158 chains 99 links, to the 2-mile monument; thence south 140 10' west, 109 chains 41 links, to the Ridgefield angle monument ;» thence south 25° 8' east, 213 chains 39 links, to the 4th mile monument on the east line of the oblong between the Wilton and Ridgefield angles ; thence south 24° 48' east, 167 chains 63 links, to the 2-mile monument ; thence south 24° 14' east, 167 chains 28 links, to the Wilton angle mon- ument, or southeast corner of the oblong as set off by the commission- ers of 1731 ; thence south 67° 45' west, 138 chains 76 links, to the south- west comer of the oblong, and being where the survey of 1725 termi- nated ; thence south 65° 44' west, 90 chains 87 links, to a point consid- ered the original 12th mile moiinment point ; thence south 06° 56' west, 241 chains 93 links, to a point called the 9th mile monument; thence south 66° 45' west, 319 chains 12 links, to the 6th mile monument point ; tlience south 66° 25' west, 398 chains 40 links, to the angle at the Duke's 'The niil«* monuments referred to are those, at that time remaining, which were established by the Connecticut and New York commissioners of 1731. "The entire distance from the Massachusetts line to Ridgefield angle is 52 miles 35 rods, a diflference of only 5 rods from the survey of 1731. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 171 PL. XXII 2 < I BOUNDARY BETWEEN CONNECTICUT AND NEW YORK. GANNETT.] C(1NNE0TICTTT. 75 Trees ; thence south 23° 38' east, 172 chains 93 links, to a point which is west-southwest and distant 32 rods from the chimney in the old Clapp house ; thence south 24P 21' east, 224 chains 78 links, to a point opposite the old William Anderson house ; thence south 24° 19' east, 173 chains 7 links, to the great stone at the ancient wading place on Byrom River; thence south 17° 45' west, 12 chains 60 links, to a rock in the river which can be seen at low tide, in which there is a bolt ; thence south 27° west, 55 chains 19 links ; thence south 7° 20' east, 13 chains 45 links ; thence south 12° 10' east, 16 chains 13 links ; thence south 2° 40' east, 9 chains 4 links ; thence south 28° 25' east, 9 chains 54 links; thence south 18° 40-' east, 4chains 77 links; thence south 11^55' west, 6 chains33 links ; thence south 58° 10' west, to where it falls into the sound. (See report of the commissioners to ascertain and settle the boundary line between the States of New York and Connecticut, February 8, 1861, in which will also be found a complete account of this controversy.) In 1880 commissioners were appointed by Connecticut and New York. Their report was ratified in 1880. These commissioners reported as follows, viz : We agree that the boiindary on the land constituting the western boundary of Con- neoticnt and the eastern boundary of New York shall be and is as the same was de- fined by monuments erected by commissioners appointed by the State of New York, and completed in the year 1860, the said boundary line extending from Byram Point, formerly called Lyon's Point, on the south, to the line of the State of Massachusetts on the north. And we farther agree that the boundary on the sound shall be and is as follows : Beginning at a point in the center of the channel, about 600 feet south of the ex- treme rocks of Byram Point, marked No. 0, on appended United States Coast Survey chart ; thence running in a true southeast course 3^ statute miles ; thence in a straight line (the arc of a great circle) northeasterly to a point 4 statute miles due south of New London Light-House ; thence northeasterly to a point marked No. 1, on the annexed United States Coast Survey chart of Fisher's Island Sound, which point is on the longitude east three-quarters north, sailing course down on said map, and is about 1,000 feet northerly from the Hommock or North Dumpling Light-House ; thence fol- lowing said east three-fourths north sailing course as laid down on said map, easterly to a point marked No. 2 on said map ; thence southeasterly to a point marked No. 3 on said map ; so far as said States are coterminous. (See Revised Statutes of New York, 1881,Vol., I, pagel36.) The above agreement concerning these boundaries between Connec- ticut and New York was confirmed by the Congress of the United States on February 26, 1881. (See Revised Statutes of United States, 1881.) (For the history and present location of the eastern boundary of Con- necticut, vide Massachusetts, p. 61 , and Rhode Island, p. 70 . For the northern boundary, vide Massachusetts, p. 64.) Under the charter of 1662 Connecticut claimed a large western ter- ntory. Subsequent to the Revolution, however, in 1786, 1792, 1795, and 1800, she relinquished all title to any land west of her present boundary. 7(') HorNDAKIKS OK TMK TNTTKI) STATES. [mM,i..l71 NEW YORK. The territory inchuU'd in llu' picsi^nt Stat4'- of New York was em- braced in the French and English j;rant.sot IGO.'iand lOOG. The Dutch, however, in 1G13 established trading posts on the Hudson liiver and chiiined jurisdiction over the territory between the Connecticut and Del- aware Rivers, which they called New Netherlands. The jioverninent was vested iu "The United New Netherland Company," chartered in 1616, and then in " The Dutch West India Coini)any," chartered in 1621. In 1664 King Charles II of England granted to his brother, the Duke of York, a large territory in America, which included, with other lands, all that tract lying between the west bank of the Connecticut Kiver and the east bank of the Delaware. The Duke of York had previously purchased, in 1663, the grant of Long Island and other islands on the New England coast, made in 1635 to the Earl of Stirling, and iu 1664, with an armed fleet, he took possession of New Amsterdam, which was thenceforth called New York. Tliis conquest was confirmed by the treaty of Breda, in 1667. The following is an extract from the grant of 1664 to the Duke of York: All that parte of the maiue land of New Euglaud boginulug at a certaiiie place called or knovvue by the name of St. Croix next adjoyniug to New Scotland in Amer- ica and from thence extending along the sea coast unto a certain place called Pctua- quine or Pemaquid and so up the River thereof to the further head of ye same as it tendeth northwards and extending from thence to the River Kinebequi and so up- wards by the shortest course to the River Canada northward and also all that Island or Islands commonly called by the several! name or names of Matowacks or Long Island scituate lying and being towards the west of Cape Codd and ye narrow Hig- ansetts abutting upon the maine land between the two Rivers there called or kuowne by the severall names of Conecticutt and Hudsons River togather also with the said river of Hudsons River and all the laud from the west side of Conecticutt to ye east side of Delaware Bay and also all those severall Islands called, or knowne by the names of Martin's Vinyard and Nantukes otherwise Nantuckett togather with all ye lands islands soyles harbours mines minerals quarryes woods marshes waters lakes tfishings hawking hunting and Howling and all other royalltyes proflitts commodi- tyes and hereditaments to the said severale island lauds and premisses belonging and appertaining with theire and every of thoiro appurtenances and all our estate right title interest beuelitt advantage claime and demand of in or to the said lands and premises or any part or parcell thereof and the revercou and revercons remainder and remainders togather with the yearly and other ye rents revenues and i)rotfitts of all and singular the said premisses and of every part and parcell thereof to have and to hold all and singular the said lands islands hereditaments and premisses with their and every of their appurtenances. In July, 1673, the Dutch recaptured New York and held it until it was restored to the English by the treaty of Westminster, in February, 1674. The Duke of York thereupon, to perfect his title, obtained a new U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 171 PL. XXlll HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF NEW YORK. 1 L L. i/ 1 N D. i H 1 J f^ P E J^ W E ST / ^ VIRGINIA /^ N N. J) vtoif (/^. J. ( / -\ Qut off /^^"^ ^x/^/ / > V 1863 I 1 N A^ -/tejnnesse E _.^' /■'N.CAROL HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF VIRGINIA. GANNETT.] NEW YORK. 77 grant, in substantially the same terms as that of 1664 (C. and 0., p. 1328), of which the following is an extract, viz: * » » » * » » All that part of the main land of New England, beginning at a certain place called or known by the name of Saint Croix nexe adjoining to New Scotland in America, and from thence extending along the sea-coast into a certain place called Petuaquim or Pemquid, and so up the river thereof to the furthest head of the same as it windeth northward and extending from the river of Kinebequ and so upwards by the shortest course to the river Canada northwards ; and all that island or isl- ands commonly called by the several name or names of Matowacks or Long Islands, sitnate and being toward the west of Cape Cod and the narrow Higansuts abutting upon the main land between the two rivers there called or known by the several names of Connecticut and Hudson Rivers, together also with the said river called Hudson's River, and all the lands from the west side of Connecticut River to the east side of Delaware Bay ; and also all those several islands called or known by the names of Martin Vinyard and Nantukes, otherwise Nantackett. » • » » • • « By these grants to the Duke of York and the conquest of the Dutch possessions in America, it will be seen that Kew York originally had a claim to a much larger territory than is now included in her limits. The successive changes in her extent may be sketched as follows, viz; In 1664 the Duke of York sold the present State of New Jersey to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. In 1682 the Duke of York sold to William Penn his title to Delaware and the country on the west bank of the Delaware, which had been originally settled by the Swedes, then conquered by the Dutch, and which had by them been surrendered to the Duke of York. In 1686 Pemaquid and its dependencies were annexed to the Ifew Eogland government by a royal order, the Duke of York having ac- ceded to the throne of England. By the charter of 1G91 to Massachusetts Bay, all claim to any part of Maine was extinguished, and the islands of Isantucket, Marthas Vineyard, and others adjacent (hitherto known as Duke's County, New York), were annexed to Massachusetts Bay. The territory west of the Connecticut River to Mithin about 20 miles of the Hudson River, now forming a portion of Massachusetts and Con- necticut, were, by agreements and concessions made at various periods, surrendered to those States respectively. In 1781 New York released to the General Government all the lands to which she had claim west of a meridian extending through the west extremity of Lake Ontario, and in 1790 she gave up all claim to the present State of Vermont and consented to her independence. By these successive reductions New York was left with substantially her present boundaries. (For the history and settlement of the eastern boundary of New York, vide Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, ante pp. 52, 68, and 72.) The northern boundary was settled by the treaty of peace in 1783 Bull. 171 6 7s HOI'NDAKIKS (»K TIIK rNlIKh STATKS [mi.i,.171. aiid by the coiumissiou uuder the Hixth article of the treaty ol (Iheut. {Vide -p. ];i.) The boundary between New York and New Jersey was plainly stated in the grant by the Duke of York to Berkeley and Carteret. ( \^ide New Jersey, p. 8l'.) In 1711) attempts were made to have the line run and marked, bot nothing,' seems to have been done to settle the matter permanently till ITGO, when commissioners were appointed by the King, who fixed on substantially the present line. {Vide R. S. N. J., 1821, pp. 29-34.) In 1772 this line was confirmed by the legislatures of both colonies, and commissioners were appointed to survey and mark the same. This line was as follows, viz : A direct and straight line from the fork or branch formed by the junction of the stream or waters called the Machackamack with the river Delaware or Flshkill, in thf latitude of 41" 21' 87", to a rock ou the west side of the Hudson River, marked by the said surveyors iu the latitude of 41° — said rock was ordered to be marked — with the following words and figures, viz: "Latitude 41° north ;" and on the south side thereof "New Jersey"; and on the north side thereof "New York"; also, to mark every tree that stood ou the line with five notches and a blaze on the northwest and southeast sides thereof, and to put up stone monuments, at 1 mile distance from each other, along the said line, and to number such monuments with the number of miles; the same shall be from the before-mentioned marked rock on the west side of Hudson's River, and mark the words "New Jersey" on the south side, and the words "New York" on the north side, of every of the said monuments. (See R. S. of N. J., 1821, pp. 29-34.) The above was confirmed by the king in council September 1, 1773. In the year 1833 commissioners were appointed by New York and New Jersey for the settlement of the territorial limits and jurisdiction of the two States. In the following year the commissioners made the following agree- ment, which was ratified by each State and confirmed by Congress, viz : UNITBD STATES STATUTES AT lARGB. TWENTY-THIRD CONGRESS, SESSION I. 1834. AN ACT f^vin-; llie consent of CongreBS to an agreement or compact entered into between the State of New York and the Statu of New Jersey, respecting the ton-itoria) limita and jurisdiotion of said States. Akticlk first. The boundary line between the two States of New York and New Jersey, from a point in iJic middle of Hudson River, opposite the ])oint on the west shore thereof, in the forty-fiiKt degree of north latitude, as heretofore ascertained, and marked, to the main sea, shall be the middle of the said river, of the bay of New York, of the waters between Statcn Island and New Jersey and of Raritan Bay, to the main sea ; except as hereinalter otherwise i>articiilarly mentioned. Article second. The State of New York shall retain its present jurisdiction of and over Bedloe's and Ellis's Islands, and shall also retain exclusive jurisdiction of and ov«'r the other islands lying in the waters above mentioned and now under the jurisdiction of that State, Article tuird. The State of New York shall have and enjoy exclusive jurisdiction of and over all the waters of Hudson River lying west of Manhattan Island and to the south of the mouth of Spuytenduyvel Crook ; and of and over the lands covered by the said waters to the low-water mark on the westerly or New Jersey side thereof; sub- GANNETT.] NEW YORK. 79 ject to the following rights of property and of jurisdiction of the State of New Jer- sey, that is to say : 1. The State of New Jersey shall have the exclusive right of property in and to the land under water lying west of the middle of the bar of New York, and west of the middle of that part of the Hudson River which lies between Manhattan Island and New Jersey. 2. The State of New Jersey shall have the exclusive jurisdiction of and over the wharves, docks, and improvements made and to be made on the shore of the said State ; and of and over all vessels aground on said shore, or fastened to any such wharf or dock, except that the said vessels shall be subject to the quarantine or health laws, and laws iv relation to passengers, of the State of New York, which now exist or which may hereafter be passed. 3. The State of New Jersey shall have the exclusive right of regulating the fisheries on the westerly side of the middle of said waters: Provided, That the navigation be not obstructed or hindered. Article fourth. The State of New York shall have exclusive jurisdiction of and over the waters of the Kill Von Kull between Staten Island and New Jersey to the westernmost end off Shorter's Island in respect to such quarantine laws, and laws relating to passengers, as now exist or may hereafter be passed under the authority of that State, and for executing the same; and the said State shall also have exclusive jurisdiction, for the like purposes, of and over the waters of the sound from the west- ermost end of Shorter's Island to Woodbridge Creek, as to all vessels bound to any port in the said State of New York. Article fifth. The State of New Jersey shall have and enjoy exclusive jurisdic- tion of and over all the waters of the sound between Staten Island and New Jersey lying south of Woodbridge Creek, and of and over all the waters of Raritan Bay lying westward of a line drawn from the light-house at Prince's Bay to the mouth of Mat- tavan Creek ; subject to the following rights of property and of jurisdiction of the State of New York, that is to say : 1. The State of New York shall have the exclusive right of property in and to the land under water lying between the middle of the said waters and Staten Island. 2. The State of New York shall have the exclusive jurisdiction of and over the wharves, docks, and improvements made and to be made on the shore of Staten Isl- and, and of and over all vessels aground on said shore, or fastened to any such wharf or dock ; except that the said vessels shall be subject to the quarantine of health laws, and laws in relation to passengers of the State of New Jersey which now exist or which may hereafter be passed. 3. The State of New York shall have the exclusive right of regulating the fisheries between the shore of Staten Island and the middle of said waters : Provided, That the navigation of the said waters be not obstructed or hindered. » » ♦ * # » » In 1876 commissioners were appointed to re-locate the land boundary between New York and New Jersey, and replace monuments that may have become dilapidated or removed, or to erect new ones, etc. ( Vide Rev. of N. J., 1877.) The above commissioners found in some cases a slight discrepancy between the origiual marks and the verbal description thereof, and the legislatures of each State ordered that the original monuments should be considered the true boundary. {See acts of New York, 1880, and acts of New Jersey, 1881.) 80 BOUNDAKIKH OK THK TNTTKI) STATES. [bii,i..171. Ill 1881 a joint commission of tlie two Stsitcs was appointed tor tho purpose of retraeinj^ and remarkinfj^, in a permanent manner, this boundary. This work was completed in a thorough manner in 1883. In 1887 a Joint commission of the two States was apixiinted to deter- mine and mark the boundary between the two States, through Karitan Bay. This commission came to an agreement, the terms of which are as follows : Fir>it. From "Great Bods light-house,"' in Karitau Bay, north, twenty tlegrecs six- teen minutes west, true, to a point in the middle of the waters of Arthur Kill, or Staten Island Sound, equidistant between the southwesterly comer of the dwelling house of David C. Butler, at Ward's Point, on Staten Island, in the State of New York, at the southeasterly corner of the brick building on the lands of Cortlandt L. Parker, at tho intersection of the westerly lino of Water street with the northerly line of Lewis street, in Perth Aniboy, in the State of New Jersey. Second. From "Great Beds light-house" south, sixty-four degrees and twenty-one minutes east, true (S. 64° 21' E.), in line with tho center of Waackaack or Wilson's beacon, in Monmouth County, New Jersey, to a point at tho intersection of said line with a line connecting "Morgan No. 2" triangulation point, U. S. Coast and Geo- detic Survey, in Middlesex County, New Jersey, with the "Granite and Iron beacon," marked on the accompanying maps as " Homer stone beacon," situated on the "Dry Romer shoal;" and thence on a line bearing north, seventy-seven degrees and nine minutes east, true (N. 77° 9' E.), connecting "Morgan No. 2" triangula- tion point, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, in Middlesex County, New Jersey, with said "Romer stone beacon" (the line passing through said beacon ainl continuing in the same direction), to a point at its intersection with a line drawn between the " Hook beacon," on Sandy Hook, New Jersey, and the triangulation point of the U. S. Geodetic Survey, known as the Oriental Hotel, on Coney Island, New York; then southeasterly, at right angles with the last mentioned line to the main sea. Third. The monumental marks by which said boundary line shall be hereafter known and recognized are hereby declared to be as follows: 1. The "Great Beds light-house." 2. A permanent monument marked "State boundary line New York and New Jersey," and to be jilaced at the intersection of the line drawn froni the "Great Beds liglit-liouse" to "Waackaack or Wilson's beacon," Monmouth County, New Jersey, and the line drawn from "Morgan No. 2" triangulation point, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, in Middlesex County, New Jersey, to "Romer stone beacon." 3. Eight buoys or spindles, to be marked like the permanent monument above mentioned, and placed at suitable intervening points along tho line from the said permanent monument to the "Romer stone beacon." 4. Tho "Romer stone beacon." In the year 1774 commissions were appointed by New York and Penn- sylvania to fix the beginning of the forty-third degree of north latitude GANNETT.] "NEW YORK. 81 on the Mohawk or western branch of Delaware Eiver, which is the northeast corner of Pennsylvania, and to proceed westward and fix the line between Pennsylvania and New York. These commissioners reported in December of the same year that they fixed the said northeast comer of Pennsylvania, and marked it as follows, viz : On a small island in the said river they planted a stone marked with the letters and figures, New York, 1774, cut on the north side thereof; and the letters aud fig- ures, latitude 42° variation 4° 20', cut on the top thereof ; and in a direction due west from thence on the west side of the said branch of Delaware, collected and placed a heap of stones at the water mark ; and proceeding further west four perches, planted another stone in the said line marked with the letters and figures, Pennsyl- vania, 1774, cut on the south side thereof, and the letters and figures, latitude 42° variation 4° 20', cut on the top thereof, and at the distance of eighteen perches due west from the last-mentioned stone marked an ash tree. The rigor of the season pre- vented them running the line farther. Nothing further seems to have been done until 1786-'7, when com- missioners were appointed to finish the work thus begun {see Gary & Biorden's Laws of Pennsylvania, Vol. Ill, page 392), and the lines were run and monuments erected. The line was ratified in 1789, and is as follows, viz : Beginning at a point in Lake Erie, where the boundary line between the United States and Great Britain is intersected by a meridian line drawn through the most westerly ben+ or inclination of Lake Ontario ; then south along said meridian line to a monument in the beginning of the forty-third degree of north latitude, erected in the year one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, by Abraham Herdenbergh and William W. Morris, commissioners on the part of this State, and Andrew Ellicott and Andrew Porter, commissioners on the part of the State of Pennsylvania, for the purpose of mark- ing the termination of the line of jurisdiction between this State and the said State of Pennsylvania ; then east along the line established and marked by said last-men- tioned commissioners to the ninetieth mile-stone in the same parallel of latitude, erected in the year one thousand seven hundred and eighty-six, by James Clinton and Simeon DeWitt, commissioners on the part of this State, and Andrew Ellicott, commissioner on the part of Pennsylvania ; which said ninetieth mile-stone stands on the western side of the south branch of the Tioga River ; then east along the line established and marked by said last-mentioned commissioners, to a stone erected in the year one thousand seven hundred and seventy-four, on a small island in the Delaware River, by Samuel Holland and David Rittenhouse. commissioners •n the part of the colonies of Pennsylvania and New York, for the purpose of marking the begin- ning of the forty-third degree of north latitude ; then down along said Delaware River to a point opposite to the fork or branch formed by the junction of the stream called Mahackamack with the said Delaware River, in the latitude of forty-one degrees, twenty-one minutes and thirty-seven seconds north ; then in a straight line to the termination on the east bank of the Delaware River of a line run in the year one thousand seven hundred and seventy-four, by William Wickham and Samuel Gale, commissioners on the part of the then colony of New York, and John Stevens and Walter Rutherford, commissioners on the part of the then colony of New Jersey. {See Revised Statutes of New York, 1881.) The meridian line forming the western boundary of New York was surveyed and mapped in 1790 by Andrew Ellicott, as United States commissioner (Pa. Archives, Vol. XII — Map), and the latitude formerly 82 BOUNDAUIKS OF TIIK TfNITKD STATKS. (Bri.L.l71. inscribed on the monnnient on Lake Erie, fixinpr the western boniulary, was 42° IG' 1',i". The icport of tlx^ <'oniniissioner has not Imm-ji fonnd. Jn ISG.l Dr. Peters, director of Hamilton CoUeg^e Observatory, nnder the directions ol" tli<'Kegents<>f tlie University oi ^Ni-iw Yoik,e run across the peninsula from Oape Henlopen to Chesapeake Bay, etc. The decree of Lord Hardwick says, touching the position of Cape Henlopen, " that Cape Henlopen ought to be deemed and taken to be situated at the place where the same is laid down and described in the map or plan annexed to the said arti- cles to be situated, and therefore his lordship doth further order and decree that the said articles be carried into execution accordingly," etc. In Hazard's Annals of Pennsylvania, p. 6, is found the following, viz: " The cape now called Henlopen was then called Comelis." William Penn directed that Oape Henlopen be called Oape James. ( Vide Hazard's Pennnsylvania, p. 606 ; also vide Act of union of the territories to Pennsylvania.) The foregoing statements explain the seeming Incongruity between the base line across the peninsula and the position of Oape Henlopen as laid down on all modern maps. MARYLAND. The territory comprising the present area of Maryland was included in the previous charters of Virginia, notwithstanding which, in the year 1632, Lord Baltimore received a royal grant of the province of Maryland, whose boundaries are defined in the following extract : All that part of the Peninsula or Chersonese, lying in parts of America, between the ocean on the east and the Bay of Chesapeake on the west ; divided from the res- idue thereof by a right line drawn from the promontory or headland called Watkins Point, situate upon the bay aforesaid, near the River Wighco on the west unto the main ocean on the east, and between that boundary on the south unto that part of the Bay of Delaware on the north, which lieth under the fortieth degree of north latitude from the equinoctial, where New England is terminated ; and all the tract of that land within the metes underwritten (that is to say), passing from the said bay, called Delaware Bay, in a right line, by the degree aforesaid, unto the true meridian of the first fountain of the River Pattowmack ; thence verging towards the south unto the farther bank of the said river, and following the same on the west and south unto a certain place called Cinquack, situate near the mouth of said river, where it disembogues into the aforesaid Bay of Chesapeake, and thence by the short- est line unto the aforesaid promontory or place called Watkins Point, so that the whole tract of land divided by the line aforesaid, between the main ocean and Wat- kins Point unto the promontory called Cape Charles, may entirely remain forever excepted to us ****** . By an examination of the limits laid down in this charter, and a com- parison with the several charters of Virginia and the charter and deeds GANNETT.] MARYLAND. 89 to William Penn, it will be seen that there was a conflict of boundaries on both sides of the Maryland grant. The history of the long controversy with Pennsylvania has already been given {vide Pennsylvania, p. 85, and Delaware, p. 87). Virginia on the south claimed the territory under her charters, and for a time seemed disposed to assert her claim, notwithstanding we find in 1638 a procla- mation by the governor and council of Virginia recognizing the prov- ince of Maryland, and forbidding trade with the Indians within the lim- its of Maryland without the consent of Lord Baltimore previously ob- tained {vide Bozman's Maryland, vol. II, p. 586). Virginia's claim was finally given up by a treaty or agreement made in 1658. (For a fuD account vide Bozman's Maryland, p. 444 et seq.) In 1663 the Virginia assembly ordered a survey of the line between Virginia and Maryland on the peninsula, and declared it to be as fol- lows, viz : From Watkins Point east across the peninBola. They define Watkins Point To be the north side of Wicomicoe River on the Eastern shore and neere unto and on the south side of the streight limbe opposite to Patuxent River. ( Vide Hening's Virginia, vol. II, p. 184.) In 1668 commissioners were appointed by Maryland and Virginia to fix the boundary across the peninsula. The commissioners were Philip Calvert, esq., chancellor of Maryland, and Col. Edmund Scarbrugh, his majesty's surveyor- general of Virginia. Their report is as follows, viz: * * * After a full and perfect view taken of the point of land made by the north side of Pocomoke Bay and south side of Annamessexs Bay have and do conclude the same to be Watkins Point, from which said point so called, we have run an east line, agreeable with the extreamest part of the westermost angle of the said Watkins Point, over Pocomoke River to the land near Robert Holston's, and there have marked certain trees which are so continued by an east line running over Swansecutes Creeke into the marsh of the seaside with apparent marks and boundaries * » » Signed June 25, 1868. ( Vide Md. Hist. Soe. Coll. of State papers, volume marked 4 L. C. B., pp. 63-64.) Virginia, by the adoption of her constitution of 1776 (see Article 21), relinquished all claim to territory covered by the charter of Maryland, thereby fixing Maryland's western boundary as follows : Commencing on a true meridian of the first fountain of the river Pattawmack, thence verging towards the south unto the farther bank of the said river and follow- ing the same on the west and south unto a certain place called Cinquack, situate near the mouth of said river where it disembogues into the aforesaid bay of Chessopeake, and thence by the shortest line unto the aforesaid promontory or place called Watkins Point, thence a right line to the main ocean on the east. (See charter of Maryland.) The foregoing are substantially the present boundaries ; but from that time up to the present a controversy has been going on concerning them. In 1786 a compact was entered into between the States of Maryland and Virginia, but as this referred more particularly to the navigation 90 ROITNOAUIKS (»K THK HNITKI) STATKS. [bii.i.ITI and exercise of jnri««lictioii on the waters of CbeHapeake Bay, the Po- tomac and Poconiokt^ Rivers, they are not given here. ( Vide Heuing's Va., Vol. XII, p. 50.) From 1821 to 1858 frequeut legislatiou took place in regard to this bomidary. In the last-named year commissioners were appointed by Maryland and Virginia, respectively, who, with the assistance of Lieut. N. Mich ler, United States Engineers, surveyed the lines. In 18G0 the governor of Virginia, under a resolution of the legisla- ture, appointed and sent an agent to England to collect records and documentary evidence bearing on this question. The rebellion ensuing, nothing further was done until 1867, when legislation again commenced. The question of this boundary was referred to arbitrators by an agreement made in 1874, each State binding itself to accept theii* award as final and conclusive. J. S. Black, of Pennsylvania ; William A. Graham, of North Caro- lina, and Charles A. Jenkins, of Georgia, were appointed arbitrators. William A. Graham having died, James B. Beck, of Kentucky, was appointed in his stead. The arbitrators made, in 1877, the following award, viz : Beginning at the point on the Potomac River where the line between Virginia and West Virginia strikes the said river at low-water mark, and thence following the uieanderings of said river by the low-water mark to Smith's Point, at or near the mouth of the Potomac, in the latitude 37° 53' 8" and longitude 76° 13' 46" ; thence crossing the waters of the Chesapeake Bay, by a line running north 65° 30' east, about nine and a half nautical miles to a point on the western shore of Smith's Island at the north end of Sassafras Hammock, in latitude 37° 57' 13", longi- tude 76° 2' 52" ; thence across Smith's Island south 88° 30' east five thousand six hundred and twenty yards to the center of Horse Hammock, on the eastern shore of Smith's Island, in latitude 37° 57' 8", longitude 75° 59' 20" ; theuce south 79° 30' east four thousand eight hundred and eighty yards to a point marked "A" on the accompanying map, in the middle of Tangier Sound, in latitude 37° 56' 42", longitude 75° 56' 2:3", said point bearing from James Island light south 54° west, and distant from that light three thousand five hundred and sixty yards; thence south 10° 30' west four thousand seven hundred and forty yards by a line di- viding the waters of Tangier Sound, to a point where it intersects the straight line from Smith's Point to Watkins Point, said point of intersection being in latitude 37° 54 21", longitude 75° 56' 55", bearing from James Island light south 29° west and from Horse Hammock south 34° 30' east. This point of intersection is marked " B" on the accompanying map. Thence north 85° 15' east six thousand seven hundred and twenty yards along the line above mentioned, which runs from Smith's Point to Wat- kins Point until it reaches the latter spot, namely Watkins Point, which is in lati- tude 37° 54' 38", longitude 75° 52' 44". From Watkins Point the boundary line runs due east seven thousand eight hundred and eighty yards to a point where it meets a linernnning through the middle of Pocomoke Sound, which is marked "C" on the accompanying map, and is in latltnde 37° 54' 38", longitude 75° 47' 50" ; thence by a line dividing the waters of Pocomoke Sound north 47° 30' east five thousand two hundred and twenty yards to a point in said sound marked "D" on the accompany- ing map, in latitude 37° 56' 25", longitude 75° 45' 26" ; thence following the middle GANNETT.] MARYLAND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 91 of Pocoinoke River by a line of irregular curves, as laid down on the accompanying map, until it intersects the westward protraction of the boundary line marked by Scarborough and Calvort, May p. 234.) It will be seen that the latter part of this line is the present line be- tween West Virginia and Kentucky. (For the history of the settlement of the boundaries between Virginia and North Carolina, vide North Carolina, vide p. 100.) In 1779 Virginia and North Carolina appointed commissioners to run the boundary line between the two States west of the Allegheny Moun- tains, on the parallel of 36° 30'. The commissioners were unable to agree on the location of the parallel ; they therefore ran two parallel lines two miles apart, the northern known as Henderson's, and claimed by North Carolina, the southern known as Walker's line, and claimed by Virginia. In the year 1789 North Carolina ceded to the United States all territory west of her present boundaries, and Tennessee being formed from said ceded territory, this question became one between Virginia and Tennessee. Commissioners having been appointed by Virginia and Tennessee to establish the boundary, their report was adopted in 1803, and was as fol- lows, viz: A due west line equally distant from both Walker's and Henderson's, beginning on the summit of the mountain generally known as White Top Mountain, where the northeast corner of Tennessee terminates, to the top of the Cumberland Mountain, where the southwestern comer of Virginia terminates. In 1871 Virginia passed an act to appoint commissioners to adjust this line. Tennessee, the following year, in a very emphatic manner, passed a resolution refusing to reopen a question regarding a boundary which she considered " fixed and established beyond dispute forever." (See acts of Tennessee, 1872.) Up to 1783 Virginia exercised jurisdiction over a large tract of coun- try northwest of the Ohio Kiver. But by a deed executed March 1, 1784, she ceded to the United States all territory lying northwest of the Ohio Eiver, thus making her western boundary the west bank of the Ohio Eiver. On the 31st of December, 1862, the State of Virginia was diWded, and 48 counties, composing the western part of the State, were made the new State of West Virginia. By an act of Congress in 1866, con- sent was given to the transfer of two additional counties from Virginia to West Virginia. In 1873 and 1877 commissioners were appointed by each State to determine the true boundaries between the two States, and the General \)S liOUNDAlUKS <»K TlIK TNITKI) STATES. [iiuu..l71. Government was asked to detail oflBcers of engineers to act with said commissioners in surveying and iixing the line. Until their report is at hand, the boundary can only be found by fol- lowing the old county lines. In view of the expectation of such iej)ort at an early day, it has not been thought best to go into an examination of the old county lines. WEST VIRGINIA. This State was set off from Virginia on December 31, 1862. It was originally formed of those counties of Virginia which had refused to join in the secession movement. It was admitted to the Union as a separate State, June 19, 1863. It originally contained the following counties: Barbour, Boone, Braxton, Brooke, Cabell, Calhoun, Clay, Doddridge, Fayette, Gilmer, Greenbrier, Hampshire, Hancock, Hardy, Harrison, Jackson, Kanawha, Lewis, Logan, Marion, Marshall, Mason, McDowell, Mercer, Monongalia, Monroe, Morgan, Nicholas, Ohio, Pen- dleton, Pleasants, Pocahontas, Preston, Putnam, Ealeigh, Randolph, Eitchie, Eoane, Taylor, Tucker, Tyler, Upshur, Wayne, Webster, Wetzel, Wirt, Wood, Wyoming. In 1866 it was enlarged by the two counties of Berkeley and Jefferson, transferred from Virginia. Its boundary with Virginia is made up of boundary lines of the border counties above enumerated ; and can be defined only by reference to the laws by which these counties were created. In the constitution of 1872, after a recapitulation of the coun- ties which were transferred from Virginia to West Virginia, is found the following clause defining the boundaries upon the south and west : The Siifkte of West Virginia includes the bed, bank, and shores of the Ohio River, and 80 much of the Big Sandy River as was formerly included in the Commonwealth of Virginia, and all territorial rights and property in and jurisdiction over the same heretofore reserved by and vested in the Commonwealth of Virginia, are vested in and shall hereafter be exercised by the State of West Virginia ; and such parts of the said beds, banks, and shores as lie opposite and adjoining the several counties of this State shall form parts of said several counties respectively. (For a history of the boundaries of West Virginia, vide Pennsylvania, p. 86; Maryland, p. 89; Virginia, p. 95.) NORTH CAROLINA. In the year 1663 the '• first charter of Carolina" was granted, which, two years later, in 1665, was enlarged by the " second charter of Caro- lina." GANNETT.] NOETH CAROLINA. 99 The foUowiug extracts from these two charters define the boundaries : Charter of Carolina, 1663. » » * All that territory or tract of ground, soituate, lying and being within our dominions of America, extending from the north end of the island called Lucke Islaud, which lieth in the Southern Virginia seas, and within six and thirty degrees of the northern latitude, and to the west as far as the south seas, and so southerly as far as the river Saint Matthias, which bordereth on the coast of Florida, and within one and thirty degrees of northern latitude, and so west in a direct line as far as the south seas aforesaid. » » • Charter of Carolina, 1665. * * * All that province, territory, or tract of land, scituate, lying or being in our dominions of America, aforesaid, extending north and eastward as far as the north end of Currituck River, or inlet, upon a strait westerly line to Wyonoke Creek, which lies within or about the degrees of thirty-six and thirty minutes, northern lat- itude, and so west in a direct line as far as the south seas. » » » This is an extension of the charter of 1663, by which its northern boundary was removed from the approximate latitude of 36° to 36° 30', on which parallel it is now approximately established. Although the exact year in which the division of the province of Carolina into the two provinces of North and South Carolina appears somewhat uncer- tain, I find it generally put down as 1729. The division line between the two provinces, North and South Carolina, appears to have been established by mutual agreement. In the constitution of North Carolina of 1776 this line is defined as shown in the subjoined extract : The property of the soil, in a free government, being one of the essential rights of the collective body of the people, it is necessary, in order to avoid future disputes, that the limits of the State should be ascertained with precision ; and as the former temporary line between North and South Carolina was confirmed and extended by commissioners appointed by the legislatures of the two States, agreeable to the order of the late King George II in council, that line, and that only, should be esteemed the southern boundary of this State ; that is to say, beginning on the sea side at a cedar stake, at or near the mouth of Little River (being the southern extremity of Brnnswic County), and running from thence a northwest course through the bound- ary house, which stands in thirty-three degrees fifty-six minutes, to thirty-five de- grees north latitude, and from thence a west course so far as is mentioned in the charter of King Charles II to the late proprietors of Carolina. Therefore, all the territory, seas, waters, and harbours, with their appurtenances, lying between the line above described, and the southern line of the State of Virginia, which begins on the sea shore, in thirty-six degrees thirty minutes north latitude, and from thence runs west, agreeable to the said charter of King Charles, are the right and iDroperty of the people of the State, to be held by them in sovereignty, any partial line, with- out the consent of the legislature of this State, at any time thereafter directed or laid out in anywise notwithstanding. On December 2, 1789, the legislature passed an act ceding to the United States its western lands, now constituting the State of Tennes- see. On February 25, 1790, the deed was offered, and on April 2 of the same year it was accepted by the United States. lUO BOUNDAKIKS OK THK UNITED STATKS. Iuull.171. In the Revised Statutes tbe north and south boundaries of the State are chiimed to be as follows: The northern boundary, the parallel of 360 30'; the southern boundary, a line running northwest from Gto&t Island on the coast in latitude 33° 66' to the parallel of 35°, and thence along that parallel to Tennessee; while the western boundary is the Smoky Mountains. It is strange that the Revised Statutes should con- tain such a statement of the boundary lines when it is thoroughly well known that it is incorrect, especially as regards the southern boundary. In the case of the northern boundary the intention has been from the earliest colonial times down to the present to establish a line upon the parallel of 30° 30'. This is found to be the wording of every legislative act relating to it, and the errors of this boundary are due simply to errors in surveying and location. The following brief and comprehen- sive sketch of the north and south boundary lines of this State, and of the various attempts made to locate them, is taken from Professor Kerr's "Geologj^ of North Carolina," vol. 1, page 2: "The first and only serious attempt to ascertain the northern boundary was that made in 1728, by Col. Wm. Byrd, and others, commissioners on the part of the two colonies, acting under Royal authority. From the account given by Byrd of this undertaking, it appears that they started from a point on the coast whose position they determined by observation to be in 36° 31', north latitude, and ran due west (correcting for the variation of the compass), to Nottoway River, where they made an offset of a half mile to the mouth of that stream, again running west. The line was run and marked 242 miles from the coast, to a point in Stokes County, on the up- per waters of the Dan River (on Peter's creek) the North Carolina commissioners accompanying the party only about two-thirds of the distance. Beyond this point, the line was carried some 90 miles by another joint commission of the two colonies in 1749 ; this sur^^ey, terminating at Steep Rock Creek, on the east of Stone Mountain, and near the present northwest comer of the State, was estimated to be 329 miles from the coast. In 1779 the line was taken up again at a point on Steep Rock Creek, de- termined by observation to be on the parallel of 36° 30' (the marks of the previous survey having disappeared entirely), and carried west to and beyond Bristol, Tenn- essee. This last is known as the Walker line, from one of the commissioners of Vir- ginia. These lines were run and the latitude observations taken with very imperfect in- struments, and the variation of the compass was little understood, so that it was not possible to trace a parallel of latitude. The line, besides, was only marked on the trees and soon disappeared, and as the settlements were very scattered the loca- tion soon became a matter of vague tradition and presently of contention and litiga- tion, so that ill 1858, at the instance of Virginia, commissioners were appointed to re- locate the line from the end of the Byrd survey westward, but for some reason they did not act. In 1870 commissioners were again appointed by Virginia and similar action asked on the part of this State ; and the proposition waa renewed in 1871, but ineffectually, as before. In all these numerous attempts to establish the line of divis- ion between the two colonies and States, the intention and the specific instructions have been to ascertain and mark, as the boundary of the two States, the parallel of 36° 30'. The maps published towards the end of last century bj' Jefferson and others gi\e that parallel as the line, and the biU of rights of North Carolina claims that ''all the territory lying between the line above described (the line between North and South Carolina) and the southern line of the State of Virginia, which begins on the sea shore in 36° 30' north latitude, and from thence runs west, agreeably to the GANNETT.] NORTH CAROLINA. 101 charter of King Charles, are the right and property of this State." Bnt it appears from the operations of the United States Coast Survey at both ends of the line that the point of beginning on Currituck Inlet, instead of being, as so constantly assumed, in latitude 36° 30', or as determined by the surveyors in 1728, 36° 31' is 36° 33' 15", and the western end (of "the Walker line," of 1779, at Bristol, Tenn.) 36° 34' 25.5". It is stated in Byrd's Journal that the variation of the compass was ascertained to be a little less than 3° W. [The magnetic chart of the United States Coast Survey would make it 3° E.] And no account is given of any subsequent correction, and if none was made at the end of the line surveyed by him the course would have been in error by nearly 3°, as the amount of variation in this State changes a little more than 1° for every 100 miles of easting or westing. So that the northern boundary of the State as run is not only not the parallel of 36° 30', but is far from coincident with any parallel of latitude, and must be a succession of curves, with their concavities northward and connected at their ends by north and south offsets. The southern boundary between this State and South Carolina and Georgia was first established by a joint colonial commission in 1735 to 1746. The commissioners run a line from Goat Island on the coast (in latitude 33° 56' as supposed) NW to the parallel of 35°, according to their observations, and then due west to within a few miles of the Catawba River, and here, at the old Salisbury and Charleston road, turned north along that road to the southeast corner of the Catawba Indian Lands. This line, resnrveyed in 1764, was afterwards (in 1772) continued along the eastern and northern boundaries of the Catawba lands to the point where the latter intersects the Catawba River ; thence along and up that river to the mouth of the South Fork of the Catawba, and thence due west, as supposed, to a point near the Blue Ridge. This part of the line was resurveyed and confirmed by commissioners under acts of as- sembly of 1803, 1804, 1806, 1813, 1814, and 1815, and continued west to and along the Saluda Mountains and the Blue Ridge to the intersection of the ** Cherokee boimd- ary " of 1797, and thence in a direct line to the Chatooga River at its intersection with the parallel of 35°. From this point the line was run west to the Tennessee line, be- tween this State and Georgia, in 1807, and confirmed and established by act of 1819. The boundary between this State and Tennessee was run, according to the course designated in the act of 1789, entitled "An act for the purpose of ceding to the United States certain western lands therein described" (the State of Tennessee) ; that is, along the crest of the Smoky Mountains, from the Virginia line to the Cataluche River (in Haywood County), in 1799, under act of 1796. It was continued from this point to the Georgia line in 1821. The commissioners who completed this line, at the date last- mentioned, instead of following their instructions, diverged from the crest of the Smoky (Unaka) Mountains at the intersection of the Hiwassee turnpike, and run due south to the Georgia line, thereby losing for the State the valuable mining region since known as Ducktovm. And as to the southern boundary, the point of beginning on Goat Island is inlatitude 33° 51' 37", as shown by the Coast Survey, and instead of running from Goat Island northwest to latitude of 3.5° and thence along that parallel, it appears, from the South Carolina Geographical State Survey of 1821-'25, that the course from the start- ing point is N. 47° 30' W., and instead of pursuing the parallel of 35° it turns west about 10 miles south of that line, and then on approaching the Catawba River, turns northward pursuing a zigzag line to the forks of the Catawba River, which is about 12 miles north of that parallel ; and from this point to the mountains the boundary Une (of 1772) runs, not west, but N. 88° W., bringing its western endabout 17 miles too far north, and reaching the (supposed) parallel of 35° at a distance of about 130 miles east oif the Catawba River. The loss of territory resulting from these singular deviations is probably between 500 and 1,000 square miles. The following extract firom the constitution of 1796, of Tennessee, 102 l{(>rNJ)AKIKS OF THK UNITED STATES. (uuLL.m. defines the eastern boundary of that State, which is the western boand- ary of North Carolina, as it was intended to be run and marked : Bfgmning oa the extreme height of the Stone Monntain at the place where the liue of Virgiuia intersects it in latitude thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north ; running thence along' the extreme height of the said mountain to the place where Watauga River breaks through it ; thence a direct course to the top of the Yellow Mountain, where Bright's road crosses the same ; thence along the ridge of said monnt«in between the waters of Doe River and the waters of Rock Creek, to the place whore the road crosses the Iron Mountain ; from thence along the extreme height of said mountain to where Noli chucky River runs through the same ; thence to the top of the Bald Mountain; thence along the extreme height of said mountain to the Painted Rock on French Broad River ; thence along the highest ridge of said mountain to the place whore it is called the Great lion or Smoky Mountain ; thence along the extreme height of said mountain to the place where it is called Unicoi or Unaka Mounfain between the Indian towns of Cowee and Old Chota ; thence along the main ridge of the said mountain to the southern boundary of this State as de- scribed in the act of cession of North Carolina to the United States of America. In 1879 the legislature passed an act to appoint commissioners to make a survey from the northeast corner of Georgia westward. This point of commencement is common to North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. In 1881 the legislature passed another act, providing for the appoint- ment of a commissioner, who should act with commissioners from Vir- giuia, South Carolina, Georgia, or Tennessee, to re-run and re-mark the boundaries between North Carolina and the other States. SOUTH CAROLINA. The territory included in the present State of South Carolina was included in the charter of Carolina, which also embraced what is now the State of Georgia. ( Vide North Carolina, p. 99.) In 1729 the province of Carolina was divided, forming the two prov- inces of North Carolina and South Carolina. In 1732 the extent of South Carolina was reduced by the charter of Georgia. ( Vide Georgia, p. 103.) (For a history of the settlement of the boundary between North Car- olina and South Carolina, vide North Carolina, p. 99.) By the charter of Georgia the line between South Carolina and Geor- gia was to be the Savannah River, to the head thereof. In 1762 difl&cul- ties having arisen, concerning the interpretation of the charter, as re- garded the head of the Savannah, and also the title to the lands south of the Altamaha River, Georgia made complaint to the King, who issued a proclamation in 1763 giving the lands between the Altamaha and Saint Mary's Rivers to Georgia. The question of the boundary on the Savannah, however, remained unsettled until 1787, when a conven- SANNBTT.] SOUTH CAROLINA GEORGIA. 103 tion between the two States was held at Beaufort, S. C, to determine the same, and the line was fixed as at present. The following is an extract from the articles of agreement : The most northern branch or stream of the river Savannah from the sea or month of such stream to the fork or confluence of the rivers now called Tugaloo and Keowa, and from thence the most northern branch or stream of the said river Tugaloo till it intersects the northern boundary line of South Carolina, if the said branch or stream of Tugaloo extends so far north, reserving all the islands in the said rivers Savannah and Tugaloo to Georgia ; but if the head spring or source of any branch or stream of the said river Tugaloo does not extend to the north boundary line of South Carolina, then a west line to the Mississippi, to be drawn from the head spring or source of the said branch or stream of Tugaloo River which extends to the highest northern latitude, shall forever hereafter form the separation, limit, and boundary between the States of South Carolina and Georgia. (Laws of the United States, Vol. I, p. 466.) In the same year South Carolina ceded to the United States a nar- row strip of territory south of the North Carolina line, which she claimed, about 12 or 14 miles wide, and extending to the Mississippi Eiver ; this strip now forms the northern portion of Georgia, Alabama, and Missis- sippi. Georgia being thus increased in extent northwardly, the line between the two States is clearly expressed in the code of South Caro- lina, as follows, viz : The Savannah River, from its entrance into the ocean to the confluence of the Tug- aloo and Keowa Rivers ; thence by the Tugaloo River to the confluence of the Tugaloo and Chatooga Rivers; thence by the Chatooga River to the North Carolina line in the thirty-fifth degree of north latitude, the line being low-water mark at the south- em shore of the most northern stream of said rivers, where the middle of the rivers is broken by islands, and middle thread of the stream where the rivers flow in one stream or volume. GEORGIA. Georgia was included in the proprietary charter granted to the lords proprietors of Carolina in 1663 and 1665, for which a provincial charter was substituted in 1719. In 1732 the charter of Georgia as an independent colony was granted by King George II, of which the following is an extract : All those lands, countrys, and territories situate, lying and being in that part of South Carolina, in America, which lies from the most northern part of a stream or river there, commonly called the Savannah, all along the sea-coast to the southward, unto the most southern stream of a certain other great water or river called the Al- tamaha, and westerly from the heads of the said rivers, respectively, in direct lines to the south seas. This charter was surrendered in 1752 and a provincial government established. (C. & C, p. 369 et seq.) In 1763 the territory between the Altamaha and Saint Mary's Rivers was added to Georgia by royal proclamation. ( Vide South Carolina, p. 102.) 104 HorWDAUIKS OK 'I'lIK rNITKI) SIATKS. |iit'LL.ni. In the constitution adopted by Georgia in 1798 tlu'. l>oiin(larie» are Jeclarc'd. The following is an extract therefrom : The limits, boundaries, jurisdictions, and authority of the Stat« of Georgia do, and did, and of right ought to extend from the sea or mouth of the river Savannah along tlie northern branch or stream thereof, to the fork or confluence of the riveri* now calh'd Tugalo and Keowee, and from thence ah)ng the most northern branch or stream of the said river Tugalo, till it intersect the northern boundary line of South Caro- lina, if the said brunch or Ktreani of Tugalo extends so far north, reserving all the islands in the said rivers Savannah and Tugalo to Georgia ; but if the head, spring, or source of any branch or stream of the said river Tugalo does not extend to the north boundary line of South Carolina, then a west line to the Mississippi, to be drawn from the head, spring, or source of the said branch or stream of Tugalo River, which extends to the highest northern latitude; thence down the middle of the said river Mississippi, until it shall intersect the northernmost part of the thirty-first degree of north latitude, south by a line drawn dueeastfrom the termination of the line last men- tioned, in the latitude of thirty-one degrees north of the equator, to the middle of the river Apalachicola or Chatahoochee ; thence along the middle thereof, to its junc- tion with Flint River ; thence straight to the head of Saint Mary's River, and thence, along the middle of Saint Mary's River, to the Atlantic Ocean, and from thence to the mouth or inlet of Savannah River, the place of beginning, including and com- prehending all the lands and waters within the said limits, boundaries, and jurisdic- tional rights ; and also all the islands within twentj' leagues of the sea-coast. In 1802 Georgia entered into articles of agreement and cession with the United States, whereby Georgia ceded to the United States the lands west of her present boundaries, and the United States ceded to Georgia that part of the South Carolina cession of 1787 which lies east of the present western boundary of Georgia. The following extracts show the limits of the two cessions : The State of Georgia cedes to the United States all the right, title, and claim which the said State has to the jurisdiction and soil of the lands situated within the bound- aries of the United States, south of the State of Tennessee and west of a line begin- ning on the western bank of the Chatahouchee River where the same crosses the boundary line between the United States and Spain ; running thence up the said river Chatahouchee, and along the western bank thereof to the great bend thereof, next above the place where a certain creek or river, called " Uchee" (being the first con- siderable stream on the western side, above the Cussetas and Coweta towns), empties into the said Chatahouchee River; thence in a direct line to Nickajack, on the Ten- nessee River; thence crossing the said last-mentioned river, and thence running up tho said Tennessee River and along the western bank thereof to the southern bound- ary line of the State of Tennessee. • •••••• The United States • • » cede to the State of Georgia • • • the lands • • * situated, south of the southern boundaries of the States of Tennessee, North Carolina, and South Carolina, and east of the boundary line herein above described as the eastern boundary of the territory ceded by Georgia to the United States. For a history of the boundary between Georgia and South Carolina, vide South Carolina, p. 102. The history of the boundary between North Carolina and Georgia has already been given {vide North Carolina, p. 101). It may be proper, how- ever, to add that this line (the thirty-fifth degree of north latitude) was fixed b> the cession above detailed, from the United States to Georgia U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 171 PL. XXXVII / T E N N. r'^ N. CAR. A\ R K. / CO 1 r \ ^4 \s- CAR. 1 CO y \. ^ \ R 7 d (/ C fi ! n '^ T 802 \ "^ \ C/1 ■V Yi" / / _- ^ / ^ 7^ ^t -0 -t) r 1 \ ^ A> F ^ A \ HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF GEORGIA. HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF MISSISSIPPI. GANNETT.] GEORGIA. 105 of that part of the South Carolina cession east of the present western boundary of Georgia. A long controversy ensued between Georgia and North Carolina, with no results, however, until in 1810 Georgia empowered her governor to employ Mr. Andrew Ellicott to ascertain the true location of the thirty- fifth degree of latitude. Ellicott did so, and the point fixed by him was acquiesced in. ( Vide Cobb's Georgia Digest, p. 150.) The boundary between Georgia and Tennessee was established in 1818, and is as follows, viz : The thirty -fifth parallel of north latitude, begin- ning and ending as follows : Beginning at a point in the true parallel of the thirty-fifth degree of north latitude, as found by James Cormack, mathematician on the part of the State of Georgia, and James S. Gaines, mathematician on the part of the State of Tennessee, on a rock about two feet high, four inches thick, and fifteen inches broad, engraved on the north side thus : " June Ist, 1818 ; var. 6J east," and on the south side thus : " Geo. 35 North ; J. Cormack," which rock stands one mile and twenty-eight poles from the south bank of the Tennessee River, due south from near the center of the old Indian town of Nicka- jack, and near the top of the Nickajack Mountain, at the supposed comer of the State of Georgia and Alabama ; thence running due east, leaving old D, Ross two miles and eighteen yards in the State of Tennessee, and leaving the house of John Ross about two hundred yards in the State of Georgia, and the house of David McNair one mile and one-fourth of a mile in the State of Tennessee, with blazed and mile-marked trees, lessening the variation of the compass by degrees, closing it at the termination of the line on the top of the Unicoi Mountain at five and one-half degrees. ( Vide C. Stat, of Tenn., pp. 243-244.) The boundary between Georgia and Florida was fixed by the treaty of 1783, between the United States and Great Britain, substantially as at present, viz: Commencing in the middle of the Apalachicola or Cata- houche River, on the thirty -first degree of north latitude; thence along the middle thereof to its junction with the Flint Eiver; thence straight to the head of Saint Mary's River, and thence down along the middle of Saint Mary's River to the Atlantic ocean {vide Treaty of 1783). This boundary was afl&rmed by the treaty of 1795 between the United States and Spain, and commissioners were appointed to run the entire line between the United States and the Spanish territory. ( Vide Treaty of 1795.) In 1819 Spain ceded the Floridas to the United States. In 1822 Flor- ida was made a Territory and in 1825 was admitted into the Union as an independent State. In 1826 CongTCSs took action as indicated below : UNTTM) STATES STATUTES AT LARGE, NINETEENTH CONGRESS, SESSION I, 1826. A2T ACT to anthorize the President of the United States to nm and mark a line dividing the Territory of Florida from the State of Georgia. The line shall be run straight from the junction of said rivers Chatahoochie and Flint, to the point designated as the head of Saint Mary's River. This boundary line was long unsettled, a controversy arising concern- ing the true point to be considered to be the head of the Saint Mary's 106 BOUNDARIES OK TIIK UNITED STATES. (itiiJ.lTl. River, as (icorgia contcndud that the point lixed ui>on l)y the Spanish and American coinniissioners under the treaty of 1795 was incorrect. This line was run in 181*5 by the (leneral Land Ollice. In 1859 commissioners were appointed by Georgia and Florida to rerun the line. Florida ratified their report in 1861, and Georgia in 1800. The detailed rei)ort of the commissioners is not at band, but the line is declared in the statutes of Georgia as follows, viz: From a point on the western bank of the Chattahochee River in the 3l8t degree of north latitude; theuce along the line or limit of high- water mark to its junction with the Flint River; thence along a certain line of survey made by Gustavus J. Orr, a surveyor on the part of Georgia, and W. Whitner, a surveyor on the part of Florida, beginning at a four-and-aft tree, about four chains below the present junction ; thence along this line east, to a point designated thirty-seven links north of EUicott's Mound on the St. Mary's River; thence along the middle of said river to the Atlantic Ocean. ( Vide Code of Ga., 1873, p. 7.) This line is also given in the code of Florida, and differs in one re- spect, viz, from the thirty-first degree of north latitude down the middle of said river to its confluence with the Flint River, etc. ( Vide Code of Florida, 1872.) The line between Georgia and Alabama was fixed by the act of ces- sion of Georgia to the United States in 1802. In 1822-'25, Georgia desiring to have the line run from the Chatta- hoochee to where it strikes the Tennessee line, appointed commissioners for that purpose, and requested the co-operation of Alabama and the United States, both, however, failing to take action. The Georgia com- missioners ran the line from Nickajack, on the Tennessee line, to Mil- ler's Bend, on the Chattahoochee. (For a history of the controversy con- cerning this line, vide laws of Georgia, 1822-'24-'25-'26.) Alabama protested against the above line and made repeated efforts to reopen negotiations concerning it, to all of which Georgia sturdily refused to accede, until finally, January 24, 1840, the legislature of Alabama passed the following joint resolution, viz: Resolved, That the State of Alabama will, and do, hereby accept, as the true dividing line between this State and that of Georgia, the line which was run and marked out by the commissioners of Georgia in 1826, beginning at what is called Miller's Bend, on the Chattahoochee River ; thence along said marked line to Nickajack. The line is given in the code of Alabama in the following words, viz : The boundary line between Alabama and Georgia commences on the west side of the Chattahoochee River at the point where it enters the State of Florida; from thence up the river, along the western bank thereof, to the point on Miller's Bend next above the place where the Uchee Creek empties into such river ; thence in a di- rect line to Nickajack. (See code of Alabama, 1876, p. 189.) In James's Hand-book of Georgia, 1876, p. 121, is the following de- scription of the western boundary of Georgia, viz : From Nickajack the line between Georgia and Alabama runs south 9° 30' east to Miller's Bend, on the Chattahoochee River, about 146 miles; theuce down the western bank of the river at high-water mark to its junction with Flint River, at a point now four chains below the actual jnaction, latitude 30° 42' 42", longitude 80^ 53' 15". FLORIDA. 107 FLORIDA Florida was originally settled by the Spaniards, and was held as a Spanish province nearly two hundred years. In 1762 it was ceded by Spain to Great Britain, who divided it into the two provinces of East and West Florida, separated by the Apalachicola River, with a northern boundary substantially as at present. {Vide Fairbanks' History of Florida.) In 1783 Great Britain retroceded Florida to Spain, and the northern boundary was fixed by the treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain signed in the same year. Spain, however, claimed the territory as far north as the parallel of latitude of the mouth of the Yazoo River. Previous to this, in 1763, France had ceded Louisiana to Spain, which Spain retroceded to France in 1800, and in 1803 France ceded the same to tbe United States, who claimed that the eastern boundary of the said province of Louisiana, so often ceded, was the Perdido River, while Spain claimed it to be the Iberville River and Lakes Maurepas and Pont- chartraiu. The controversy arising from the difference of interpreta- tion of these various treaties and cessions was terminated by the treaty of Washington in 1819, whereby Spain ceded to the United States the provinces of East and West Florida. Un March 30, 1822, by an act of Congress, the territory ceded to the United States by Spain was made the " Territory of Florida," embrac- ing the same extent as does the present State. On March 3, 1845, Florida was admitted into the Union as an inde- pendent State. (For a history of the northern boundary of Florida wde Georgia, p. 105.) In 1831 Congress passed an act relating to the boundary between Florida and Alabama, of which the following is an extract: AN ACT to ascertain and mark the line between the State of Alabama and the Territory of Florida, and the northern boundary of the State of Ulinois, and for other purposes. Tbat the President of the United States be, and he is hereby, authorized to cause to be run and marked the boundary line between the State of Alabama and the Ter- ritory of Florida, by the surveyors-general of Alabama and Florida, on the thirty- first degree of north latitude. ( Vide U. S. Stat, at Large, Vol. IV, p. 479.) In 1847 the agreement of commissioners previously appointed by Flor- ida and Alabama was ratified, and the line is described as follows, viz: Commencing on the Chattahoochee Eiver near a place known as "Irwin's Mills" and runniugwcst to the Perdido, marked throaghcmt by blazes ou the trees, and also by mounds of earth thrown up on the linis at distances of one mile, more or less, from each other, and commonly known as " Ellicott's Line," or the "Mound Line." ( Fide Florida Code, 1873, p. 100.) This line was run in 1799-1800 by A. Ellicott. The line was retraced, remeasured. and marked in 1853-54. Bull. 171 8 1U8 HOCNDAKIKS OK TIIK TNITKIt STATK!^, |iit'M,.171. The liuo between the two States is piven in j^enenil tciniK in the Florida Code as follows, viz : Commoucing at the iiiouth of the Pcrdido River, from tbence up tbo middle of said rivor to wbore it iuterst-ctH tlii^ Houtb bouiidary line of ibc Stal^ of Alabama and tbe tbirt.y-lir«t (logren of noHb Irilitiidf : fbfMi diii' ciiMt to Ibo Clmttaboocboe Rivor. ALABAMA. In 1798 the LJniled States foinu'd tin* Tenitoiy ot Mississippi, includ- ing— All tliat tract of country bounded on tbo west by tbe MibsiBBippi, on the nortb by a line to be drawn due cast from tbe mouth of tbe Yasous to tbe Chattahoucbee River, on tbe east by tbe Chattahoucbee River, and on tbe south by the thirty-first degree of north latitude. {Vide U. S. Stat, at Large, Vol. I, p. 549.) In this act was a clause reserving the right of Georgia and of indi- viduals to the jurisdiction of the soil thereof. South Carolina and Georgia having ceded to the United States their claim to territory west of their i)reseut limits, the General Government, in 1804, by an act of Congress, annexed the tract of country lying north of Mississippi Territory and south of the State of Tennessee, and bounded on the east by Georgia and west by Louisiana, to the Terri- tory of Mississippi. {Vide D. S. Stat, at Large, Vol. II, ]>. 305.) Also in 1812 the United States added to Mississippi Territory all the lauds lying east of Pearl River, west of the Perdido and south of the thirty- first degree of latitude. ( Vide U. S. Stat, at Large, Vol. II, p. 734.) By these additions the Territory of Mississippi was made to comprise what is now included in the two States of Alabama and Mississippi. On March 8, 1817, by an act of Congress the Territory of Alabama was formed from the eastern portion of the Territory of Mississippi, with the following boundaries, viz : Beginning at the point where the line of the thirty-first degree of north latitude intersects tbe Perdido River ; thence east to tbe western bouudary line of tbe State of Georgia; thence along said line to tbe southern boundary line of the State of Ten- nessee; thence west along said boundary line to the Tennessee River; thence up the same to tbe mouth of Bear Creek; thence by a direct lino to the uorthwest corner of WaHliingtou County ; tbence due south to the Gulf of Mexico ; thence, eastwardly, in- cluding all the islands within leagues of the shore, to tbe Perdido River; and thence up tbe same to the begiiming. ( Vide U. S. Stat, at Large, Vol. Ill, p. 37L) On December 14, 1819, Alabama was admitted as an independent State, with the above boundaries. It was, however, made the duty of the surveyor of the public lands south of Tennessee and the surveyor of lauds in Alabama Territory to run and cut out the line of demarca- tion between the two States of Alabama and Mississippi, and if it Bhould appear to said surveyors that so much of the line designated as OANNETT] ALABAMA MISSISSIPPI. 109 running (Itie sontli from tliti noithwest corner of Washington County to the Gulf of Mexico .should encroach on the counties of Wayne, Greene, and Jackson, in the State of Mississippi, then the same should be altered so as to run in a direct line from the northwest corner of Washington County to a point on the Gulf of Mexico 10 miles east of the mouth of the River Pascagoula. ( Vide U. S. Stat, at Large, Vol. Ill, p. 490.) This line was run and marked in 1820. (For the history of the boundaries between Alabama and Georgia vide Georgia, p. lOG. For the history of the boundaries between Ala- bama and Florida OT^e Florida, p. 107.) The boundary between Alabama and Tennessee is the thirty-fifth par- allel of north latitude {vide North Carolina, p. 101); from Nickajack {vide Georgia, p. 104) west across the Tennessee Eiver, and on to the sec- ond intersection of said river by said parallel. ( Vide Alabama Code, 1876, p. 189.) The boundary between Alabama and Mississippi was to be run by surveyors, under the act of admission of Alabama. The report of said surveyors is not at hand, but the line as laid down in the Mississippi Code is as follows, viz : Beginning at a point on the west bank of the Tennessee Eiver, six four-pole chains south of, and above, the mouth of Yellow Creek ; thence up the said river to the mouth of Bear Creek; thence by a direct line to what was formerly the northwest corner of Washington County, Alabama ; thence in a direct line to a point ten miles east of the Pascagoula Eiver, on the Gulf of Mexico. ( Fide Mississippi Code, pp. 48, 49). MISSISSIPPI. (For the early history of the extent of Mississippi Territory vide Alu- bama, p. 108.) On December 10, 1817, the western part of the Mississippi Territory was made a State and admitted into the Union, with the following boundaries, viz : Beginning on the river Mississippi at the point where the southern boundary of the State of Tennessee strikes the same ; thence east along the said boundary line to the Tennessee Eiver; thence up the same to the mouth of Bear Creek; thence by a direct line to the northwest comer of the county of Washington ; thence due south to the Gulf of Mexico ; thence westwardly, including all the islands within six leagues of the shore, to the most eastern junction of Pearl Eiver with Lake Borgue; thence up said river to the thirty-first degree of north latitude; thence west along said de- gree of latitude to the Mississippi Eiver ; thence up the same to the beginning. {Vide U. S. Stat, at Large, Vol. Ill, p. 348.) (For further information concerning eastern boundary, vide Alabama, p. 108.) In 1819 the line between Mississippi and Tennessee was run by com- missioners. Their report is not at hand. In 1833 the legislature of 110 BOUNDAKIKS nK '|'HK TNITKI) STATES. [BWLum. Tenueesee iiassed an act establinhiiiff "ThonipKon'H line." The detailw of "Thompson's line" have not been iouml. In IS.'iT Ihe line was again run by commissioners from the two States, and ratiiied by the legis- latures. The commissioners' report was as follows, viz: Commencing at a point on the west bank of the TenuenHee, River six four-pole chains eonth, or above the mouth of Yellow Cretik, and about threc-quartere of a mile north of the line known as "Thompson's line," and twenty-six chains and ten links north of Thompson's line at the basis meridian of the Chickasaw surveys, and ter- minating at a point on the east bank of the Mississippi Kiver (opposite Cow Island) 8izt«en chains north of Thompson's line. (See Laws of Tenneseee, 1837, p. 27.) The boundaries were fixed by the act of Congress admitting the State of Mississippi, as follows, viz : Commencing at the most eastern junction of Fearl River with Lake Borgne, thence up said Pearl River to the thirty-first degree of north latitude, thence west along said degree of latitude to the Mississippi River, thence up the same to the point where the southern boundary of Tennessee strikes the same. (See U. S. Laws, vol. 6, p. 175.) Mississippi claims to the middle of the Mississippi River, where the river forms her western boundary. (See Eev. Stat., 1857.) LOUISIANA. The original territory of Louisiana was acquired from France (see p. 21). In 1804, a portion of this, comprising the area of the present State of Louisiana, with the exception of the southeastern portion im- mediately adjoining the present State of Florida, was organized into a territory under the name of Orleans, while the balance of the Louis- iana purchase retained the name of Louisiana Territory. On April 30, 1812, the Territory of Orleans was admitted as a State under the name of Louisiana, and at the same time the name of the Territory of Louis- iana was changed to Missouri Territory. In the same year the limits of the State were enlarged in the southeast to its present boundaries. The following act defines the Territory of Orleans : All that portion of country ceded by France to the United States, under the name of Louisiana, which lies south of the Mississippi territory, and of an east and west line to commence on the Mississippi River at the thirty-third degree of north latitude, and to extend west to the western boundary of the said cession, shall constitute a Territory of the United States, under the name of the Territory of Orleans. (Eighth Congress, first session.) The following clause from the act admitting Louisiana defines its original boundaries : Beginning at the mouth of the river Sabine, thence by a line to be drawn along the middle of said river, including all islands, to the thirty-second degree of latitude; thence due north to the northernmost part of the thirty-third degree of north lati- tude; thence along the said parallel of latitude to the river Mississippi ; thence down U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 171 PL. XXXVIII HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF LOUISIANA. I C II i I N /E w fi c d II c t i n ^ E }x I CO 7850 HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF TEXAS. 112 IJorNDAItlKS OK TIIK rMTKI) STATKS. [i.ri.i. 171. Imiidrcdtli di-^roo of longitudo iutoraocta Iho ]»;uallol of tliirly-Hix arallel of north latitude; and Ihcnco west with said thirty-second degree of north latitudes to the KiotJrande. (Thirty-tifth t'on^., iirst session.) The bomidary line of Texas is as follows: Beginning in the (iulf of Mexico, at the outlet of Sabine Lake, the line passes northward through the middle of Sabine Lake and up the middle of Sabine Kiver to the point where said i-iver intersects the i)arallel of 313*^ ; thence north along the merjdian of that point of intersection to the point where said meridian intersects Red River; thence up Red River to the one hundredth meridian west of Greenwich; thence north on said meridian to the parallel of 30° 30'; west on said parallel to the meri- dian of 103° west of Greenwich; thence south on said meridian to the l)arallel of latitude of 32°; thence west on that parallel to its point of intersection with the llio Grande; thence down the mid-chanuel of the Rio Grande to its mouth. That portion of the east boundary between Red River aud the Sabine was run and marked by a Joint commission of the United States and Texas in 1841. The boundary lines between Texas and New Mexico were run and marked in 1859-00, under the Department of the Interior. ARKANSAS. The Territory of Arkansas, or Arkansaw, as it was originally spelled, was formed on March 2, 1819, from a part of Missouri Territory. The following clause from the act establishing it defines its limits in part: All that part of the Territory of Missouri which lies south of a line beginning on the Mississippi Kiver at thirty-six degrees north latitude, running thence west to the river St. Francois, thence up the same to thirty-six degrees thirty minutes north latitude, and thence west to the western Territorial boundary lino, shall, for the pur- poses of a Territorial government, constitute a separate Territory and be called the Arkansaw Territory. In 1824 an act was passed by Congress fixing the western boundary of the Territory. This was as follows: AN ACT to lix the western boundary lino of the Territory of Arkansas, and for other purposes. The western boundary line of the Territory of Arkansas shall begin at a point forty miles west of the southwest comer of the State of Missouri aud run south to the right bank of the Red River, and thence down the river and with the Mexican boundary to the line of the State of Louisiana Four years later, in 1828, the following act was passed defining its southern boundary : AN ACT to authorize the President of the United States to run aud mark .i line dividing the Territoi-y of Arkansas from the State of Louisiana. Commencing on the right bank of the Mississippi River at latitude thirty-three degrees north aud running due west on that parallel of latitude to where a line running due north from latitude thirty-two degrees north on the Sabine River will intersect the same. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 171 PL. XXXIX . " * N S A J 1 M 1 S S U R 1 s s. ^-^ ^^ \ 1 ^- r \ ^^ct action i Reduction •V 7 824r\ ['^^'^^ ^\0 • ""■ TS28 "^^^-v^^^l TERRITORY ' ^ 4 Co / / 4 S \\ L. HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF ARKANSAS. M C H, / /d ■^x<^7 V ^5 •z. o \\ 1 o /| ^ 1 — ^ _^ -^v / K Y. r ^ / HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF OHIO. GANNETT.l ARKANSAS. 113 The south boundary was originally run in 1823, and again in 1843-45, by a joint commission of the two States of Arkansas and Missouri. The same year the following treaty changed materially the western line of the Territory, i)lacing it in its present position: TUEATY WITH THE CHEROKEE INDIANS MAY 28, 1828. Au'i'ici-E 1. The western Louiidary of Arkansas shall be, and the same is, hereby defined, viz : A line shall be run, commencing on Red River at the point where the Eastern Choctaw line strikes said river, and run duo north with said line to the river Arkansas; thence in a line to the southwest corner of Missouri. The Eastern Choctaw line, referred to above, starts on the Arkansas River ''one hundred i^aces west of Fort Smith, and thence due south to the Red River." (Treaty with Choctaw Nation, January 20, 1825.) This part of the west boundary was run and marked in 1825, and that part from Fort Smith to the southwestern corner of Missouri in 1831. The entire western boundary was resurveyed and re-marked in 1877. Arkansas was admitted as a State June 15, 1836. The following extracts from the enabling act, and from various con- stitutions, give statements of the boundaries, differing slightly from one another, but, for the most part, only in wording: CONSTITUTION OF AHKANSAS, 1836. Beginning in the middle of the main channel of the Mississiiipi River on the parallel of 36 degrees north latitude; running from thence west with the i^arallel of latitude to the Saint Francis River ; thence up the middle of the maiu channel of said river to the jjarallel of thirty-six degrees thirty minutes north; from thence west to the southwest corner of the State of Missouri ; and from thence to be bounded on the west to the north bank of Red River, as by acts of Congress and treaties heretofore defining the western limits of the Territory of Arkansas, and to be bounded on the south side of Red River by the Mexican boundary line to the northwest corner of the State of Louisiana; thence east bj'the Louisiana State line to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River; thence uj) the middle of the maiu channel of said river to the thirty-sixth degree of north latitude, the point of beginning. Again, in the enabling act for Arkansas, 1836 (Twenty-fourth Con- gress, lirst session), the boundaries are found to be defined as follows: Beginning in the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River, on the parallel of thirty-six degrees north latitude, running from thence west, with the said parallel of latitude, to the St. Francis River; thence up the middle of the main chan- nel of said river to the parallel of thirty-six degrees thirty minutes north ; from thence west to the southwest corner of the State of Missouri ; and from thence to be bounded on the west, to the north bank of Red River, by the line described in the first article of the treaty between the United States and the Cherokee Nation of Indians, west of the Mississippi, made and concluded at the city of Washington, on the twenty-sixth day of May, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty-eight; and to be bounded on the south side of Red river by the Mexican boundary line to the northwest corner of the State of Louisiana ; thence east with the Louisiana State line to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River; thence up the middle of the main channel of the said river to the thirty-sixth degree of north latitude, the point of beginning. 114 IJOl'NDAKIKS <>K 'IIIK I'NITKI) STATKS. [mi.i..l71. In the constitution of 18G4 the boundaries are Uelined as Ibllows: Hogiiiniiifj in tlic iiiiddlf of the MiHsisHippi liiver, on the parallel of thirty-Hix (Icf^rot'H north latitndi-, to the St. Frantis ]{iver; tliencc np the middle of the main channel of eaid river to the i>arallel of thirty-six degrees thirty minutes n{' tlio county of Aiij;usta. Augusta County was lornied in 1738. In 1 7(1'.) IJotctourtCounty was created from a ])ortion of Augusta County; in 1772, Fincastlc from liotc^tourt: in 177(5, Kentucky from I'incastlc The boundaries of all these counties may l)e found in Ihming's Laws of Virginia, \'o]s. I to IX. In 1780 \'irginia ])assed an act giving her consent that the county of Kentucky, within her jurisdiction, should be formed into a new State. Accordingly, June 1, 1792, Kentucky was admitted into the Tnion, with substantially lier i)resent boundaries. \>y the cession of 178i, by Virginia to the United States, of the terri- tory northwest of the Ohio River, this river became the northwest boundary of the State of Kentucky. The western boundary, the i\Iississii)i)i, was fixed by the treaty of peace in 1783. (For a history of the boundary between Kentucky and ^'irginia and West Virginia, vide Virginia, p. 9U ; for the boundary between Kentucky and Tennessee, vide Tennessee, p. 115.) OHIO. Ohio was tlie first State formed from the original territory northwest of the river Ohio. It was admitted as a State on November UJ), 1802, with limits given in the enabling act as follows : Bounded on the east by the Pennsylvania line, on the sonth by the Ohio River, to the mouth of the Great Miami Kiver, on the west by the line drawn due uortli from the month of the Groat Miami aforesaiil, and on th(! north by an east and west line drawn through the southerly extreme of Lake Micliijran, running east after inter- secting the due-north line aforesaid, from the month of the Great Miami until it shall intersect Lake Erie or the territorial line; and thence with the same through Lake Erie to the Pennsylvania line aforesaid : Provided, That Congress shall be at liberty at any time hereafter either to attach all the territory lying east of the line to be drawn due north from the mouth of the Miami afore8airovidod always, and it is hereby fully un- derstood and declared by this convontiou, tliat if I L L . - 1 i ^ i COL.j \ Y 1 - \ M 1 ! o i ^^ A N S A S 7 \ \ 1 • i HISTORICAL Diagram of Wisconsin. GANNETT.] WISCONSIN. 121 the month of tlie Menomouee; thence throngh the middle of the main channel of said river to that head of said river nearest to the Lake of the Desert; thence in a direct line to the middle of said lake ; tlience throngh the middle of the main channel of the Montreal River to its mouth ; thence with a direct lino across Lake Superior to where the territorial line of the United States last touches said lake northwest; thence on the north with the said territorial line to the White Earth River, on the west by a line from the said boundary line following down the middle of the main channel of White Earth River to the Missouri River, and down the middle of the main channel of the Missouri River to a point due west from the northwest corner of the State of Missouri, and on the south from said point due east to the northwest corner of the State of Missouri ; and thence with the boundaries of the States of Missouri and Uliuois as already fixed by acts of Congress. (Twenty-fourth Congress, first session.) In 1838 all that part of tlie territory lying west of the Mississippi and a line drawn due north from its source to the international boundary — that is, all that part which was originally comprised in the Louisiana purchase — was organized as the Territory of Iowa. (See Iowa, p. 123.) On August 9, 1846, an enabling act for Wisconsin was passed giving the boundaries as follows: Beginning at the northeast corner of the State of Illinois, that is to say, at a point in the center of Lake Michigan where the line of forty -two degrees and thirty minutes of north latitude crosses the same; thence running with the boundary line of the State of Michigan, through Lake Michigan, Green Bay, to the mouth of the Menomo- uee River; thence up the channel of said river to the Brule River; thence up said last-mentioned river to Lake Brule ; thence along the southern shore of Lake Brule in a direct line to the center of the channel between Middle and South islands in the Lake of the Desert; thence in a direct line to the headwaters of Montreal River, as marked upon the survey made by Captain Cramm ; thence down the main channel of the Montreal River to the middle of Lake Superior ; thence through the center of Lake Superior to the mouth of the Saint Loiiis River; thence up the main channel of said river to the first rapids in the same, above the Indian village, according to Nicollet's map ; thence due south to the main branch of the river Saint Croix ; thence down the middle of the main channel of said river to the Mississippi; thence down the center of the main channel of that river to the northwest corner of the State of Illinois; thence due east with the noithern boundary of the State of Illinois to the place of beginning. (Twenty -ninth Congress, first session.) On March 3, 1847, a supplementary act for the admission of Wiscon- sin was passed by Congress, in which the western boundary of the I^roposed State was changed as follows: That the assent of Congress is hereby given to the change of boundary proposed in the first article of said constitution, to wit : Leaving the boundary line prescribed in the act of Congress entitled "An act to enable the people of Wisconsin Territory to form a constitution and state government, and for the admission of such State into the Union," at the first rapids in the river St. Louis; thence in a direct line south- wardly to a point fifteen miles east of the most easteily point of Lake St. Croix; thence due south to the main channel of the Mississippi River or Lake Pepin; thence down the said main channel, as prescribed in said act. (Twenty-ninth Congress, sec- ond section.) On May 29, 1848, Wisconsin was admitted into the Union. The boundary between this State and Minnesota from St. Louis to St. Croix River was surveyed and marked in 1852, under the General Laud Office. I'J'J 15(H NDAKIKS OF IJIK I'NITED STATKS. [Bti.j..l7l, "MlSSorin. The uaine of tlie I'eniturv of Luuisiuiiii was chaiigcAl in isii' to Mis- souri, by act of Congress. At tliat time the Territory eoini)iised all of the ()rit corner, the same as at present. Boundaries are defined as follows: Boginniuj; in the iiiiddlo of the Mississippi River, on tho parallel of thirty-six tlej^rees of north latitndt^; thence west along that parallel of latitndo to the Saint Francois Kiver; tliuneo ni) and following the conrsn of that river, in the middle of the main channel thereof, to the parallel of latitude of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes; thence west along the same to a point where the said ])arallel is intersected by a meridian line passing through the middle of the mouth of the Kansas Kiver where the same empties into the Missouri River; thence from the point aforesaid north along the said meridian line to the intersection of the parallel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the river Des Moines, making the said line to correspond with the Indian boundary line; thence east from the point of intersec- tion last aforesaid along the said j)arallel of latitude to thy the middle of the main channel of the Missouri River and on the north by the present northern boundary line of the State, as established by the constitution, when tho same is con- tinued in aright line to the west, or to include so much of said tract of land as Con- gress may assent. This was ratified by Congress in the following act: AN ACT to extend ihb western boundary of the State of Missouri fo tbo Missouri River. That when the Indian title to all the lands lying between the State of Missouri and the Missouri River shall bo extinguished, the .jurisdiction over said lands shall be hereby ceded to the State of Missouri, and the western boundary of said State shall be then extended to the Missouri K'iver. (Twenty-fourth Congress, lirst session.) The north boundary of Missouri was surveyed and marked in part in 1810, and the remainder in 1850, under the General Land Office. The western boundary was run and marked, from the mouth of Kansas Kiver to the southwestern corner of the State, in 1.S23. The territory remaining after the formation of the State bore the name of Missouri for many years thereafter. Meanwhile, however, it U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY JLLETIN NO. 171 PL. XLVl HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF MISSOURI. GANNETT.] MISSOURI IOWA. 123 was reduced by the formation of several Territories which were carved from its area. In 1834 the part north of the State of Missouri and east of Missouri and White Earth rivers was annexed to the Territory of Michigan. (For further history of this portion, vide Michigan, p. 119; Iowa, below; Minnesota, p. 124; and Dakota, p. 127.) In 1854 Kansas and Nebraska Territories were formed, absorbing the remainder. ( Vide Kansas, p. 125, aud Nebraska, p. 126.) The following are the boundaries of Missouri as at present established : The east boundary is the raid-channel of the Mississippi Eiver from the mouth of the Des Moines to its point of intersection with the thirty- sixth parallel of latitude; the south boundary begins at the latter point and runs west on the i^arallel of 3G degrees of latitude to the Saint Francis River, thence up the mid-channel of that river to tlie parallel of latitude 39° 30', thence west on that parallel to its intersection by a meridian passing through the middle of the mouth of the Kansas River; the west boundary is the last-mentioned meridian as far north as the mouth of the Kansas River, thence it follows northwestward the mid- channel of the Missouri River to the parallel of latitude passing through the rapids of Des Moines River, which is approximately the parallel of 40° 35'; the north boundary is the last-mentioned parallel as far east as Its point of intersection with the Des Moines River, whence it follows the mid-channel of the Des Moines River southward to its mouth. IOWA. Iowa was organized as a Territory on July 3, 1838, being formed from a portion of Wisconsin Territory. The limits were detined as follows in the act creating it : All that part of the present Territory of Wisconsin which lies west of the Mississippi River and west of the line drawn due north from the headwaters or sources of the Mississippi to the Territorial lino. (Twenty-fifth Congress, second session. See Wis- consin, p. 115.) The following clause from an act passed in 1839 is supplementary to the above act : AN ACT to define and establish the eastern boundary line of the Territory of Iowa. That the middle or centre of the main channel of the river Mississippi shall he deemed, and is hereby declared, to he the eastern boundary line of the Territory of Iowa, so far or to such extent as the said Territory is bounded eastwardly by or upon said river. (Twenty-fifth Congress, third session.) Iowa was admitted to the Union on March 3, 1845. As originally constituted the limits of the State were quite different from those which it has at present. The following extract from the enabling act gives the original limits : That the following shall be the boundaries of the said State of Iowa, to wit: Beginning at the mouth of the Des Moines River at the middle of the Mississippi ; thence by the middle of the channel of that river to a parallel of latitude passing through the mouth of the Maukato, or Blue Earth River; thence wtst along the 124 BOUNDARIKS OK TIIK rNIT?:D STATES. [Bri.i.ni. B.'iid parallel of latitude to a point wIhto it is intorsecti'il by a meridian lino, sovon- tceii dof^rees and thirty niiimtt's west of the meridian of Washington City; thence due Buuth to the northern boundary line of the State of Missouri; thence eawtwardly following that boundary to the point at which the sauio intersects the Des Moines Rivor; thence by the middle of the ciiannel of that river to the place of beginning. (TAventy-eighth Congress, Si'cond session.) On December 28, 1840, an act was passed changing the boundaries of the State and giving it its present limits. The following extract from the act defines the boundaries as at pres- ent constituted : Heginniug in the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River, at a point due east of the middle of the mouth of the main channel of the Des Moines River; thence up the middle of the main chauntd of the said Des Moines River to a point on said river where the northern boundary line of the State of Missouri, as estab- lished by the constitution of that State, adopted June twelfth, eighteen hundred and twentj', crosses the said middle of the main channel of the said Des Moines Kivcr; thence westwardly along the said northern boundary lint- of the State of Mis- souri, as established at the time aforesaid, until an extension of said line intersect the middle of the main channel of the Missouri River, to a point opposite the middla of the main channel of the Big Sioux River, according to Nicollet's map; thence up the main channel of the said Big Sioux River, according to said map, until it is intersected by the parallel of forty-throe degrees and thirty minutes north latitude; thence east along said parallel of forty-three degrees and thirty minutes, until said parallel intersect the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River; thence down the middle of the main channel of said Mississippi River to the place of beginning. Its northern boundary was surveyed and marked in 1852, under the General Land Office. MINNESOTA. The Territory of Minnesota was organized on March 3, 1840, and originally comprised the j)ortion of the former Territory of Iowa, out- side of the limits of the present State of Iowa, extending east to the west boundary line of Wisconsin. The terms of the act creating this Territory, so far as they relate to its boundary, are as follows: All that part of the territory of the United States which lies within the following limits, to wit: Beginning in the Mississippi River, at the point where the line of forty-three degrees and thirty minutes of north latitude crosses the same ; thence running due west on said line, which is the northern boundary of the State of Iowa, to the northwest corner of the said State of Iowa; thence southerly along the west- ern boundary of said State to the point where said boundary strikes the Missouri River; thence up the middle of the main channel of the Missouri Rivor to the mouth of the White Earth River; thence up the middle of the main channel of the White Earth River to the boundary line between the possessions of the United States and Great Britain to Lake Superior ; thence along the western boundary line of said State of Wisconsin to the Mississippi River; thence down the main channel of said river to the place of beginning. (Thirtieth Congress, second session.) Minnesota was admitted as a State on May 11, 1858, with the same boundaries which it has at present. These are given in the enabling act as follows : Beginning at the point in the center of the main channel of the Red River of the North where the boundary line between the United States and the British Possessions U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 171 PL. XLVII NEBRASKA HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF MINNESOTA. HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF IOWA. GANNETT.] MINNESOTA KANSAS. 125 crosses the same ; tbeuce up the iiiuiu chauuel of said river to that of the Bois des Sioux River; theuce up the maiu chauuel of said river to Lake Traverse ; thence up the center of said lake to the southeiu extremity thereof; thence in a direct line to the head of Big Stone Lake ; thence through its center to its outlet ; thence by a due south line to the north line of the State t)f Iowa; thence east along the northern boundary of said State to the main channel of the Mississippi River; thence up the main channel of said river, and following the boundary line of the State of Wiscon- sin until the same intersects the Saint Louis River; thence down said river to and through Lake Superior, on the 1)oundary line of Wisconsin and Michigan, until it intersects the dividing line between the United States and the British Possessions; thence up Pigeon River, and following said dividing line, to the place of beginning. The western boundary line, from Big Sioux Eiver to Minnesota River, was surveyed and marked in 1859-60, under the General Land Office. KANSAS. The Territory of Kansas was organized on May 30, 1854, from a part of Missouri Territory. The following clause from the act of organiza- tion defines its limits : Section 19. All that part of the territory of the United States included within the following limits, except such portions thereof as are hereinafter expressly exempted from the operations of this act, to wit : Beginning at a point on the western bouudarj'^ of the State of Missouri, where the thirty-seventh parallel of north latitude crosses the same ; thence west on said parallel to the eastern boundary of New Mexico ; thence north on said boundary to latitude thirty-eight; thence following said boundary westward to the east boundary of the Territory of Utah, on the summit of the Rocky Mountains; thence northward on said summit to the fortieth parallel of latitude; thence east on said parallel to the western boundary of the State of Missouri ; thence south with the western boundary of said State to the place of beginning, be, and the same is hereby, created into a temporary government by the name of the Territory of Kansas. A portion of this Territory was given up to Colorado at the time of its formation in 1861. ( Vide Colorado, p. 130.) Kansas was admitted into the Union on January 29, 1861, with its present boundaries, which are thus defined in the enabling act: The said State shall consist of all the territory included within the following boundaries, to wit: Beginning at a point on the western boundary of the State of Missouri where the thirty-seventh parallel of north latitude crosses the same ; thence west on said parallel to the twenty-fifth meridian of longitude west from Washing- ton; thence north on said meridian to the fortieth parallel of latitude; thence east on said parallel to the western boundary of the State of Missouri; thence south with the western boundary of said State to the place of beginning. The south boundary was surveyed and marked by Col. J. E. Johnston, in 1857. This line was subsequently retraced and re-marked by deputy surveyors, in the extension of the public land surveys. The western boundary was surveyed in 1872, under the General Land Office. The north boundary, which is the base Hue for the sixth principal meridian, was run by deputy surveyors of the General Land Office, 1855-59, the initial point, on the Missouri river, having been determined by Capt. Lee, U. S. topographical engineer. Bull. 171 10 126 BOUNDARIES C)V THK UNITED STATES. [bcll.171. NEBRASKA. The Territory of Nebraska was formed on May 30, 1854, from the nortliwt'storn i)art of Missouri Territory. Its limits, as orifjiiially coustituted, are deliued as follows in the act of orj^anization : Beginning at n }>oint in the Missouri River where the fortieth paruUel of north latitude crosses the same; thence west on said parallel to the east boundary of the Territory of I'tah, on tin' suiuniit of the lii)cky Mountains; thence on said sumuiit northward to the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude; thenco east on said parallel to the western boundary of the Territory of Minnesota; thence southwary its intersec- tion with the twontj'-seventh degree of longitude west from ■Washington ; thence north along said twenty-seventh degree of west longitude to a i)oint formed by its intersection with the forty-third degree of north latitude; thence east along said forty-third degree of north latitude to the Keyapaha River; thence down the middle of the channel of said river, with its meanderings, to its junction with the Niobrara River; thence down the middle of the channel of said Niobrara River, and following the meanderings thereof, to its junction with the Missouri River; thence down the middle of the channel of said Missouri River, and following the meander- ings thereof, to the place of beginning. (Thirty-eighth Congress, first session.) In 1870 an act was passed to redefine a portion of the boundary between Nebraska and the Territory of Dakota, the pertinent portion of which is as follows : That 80 soon as the State of Nebraska, through her legislature, has given her consent thereto, the center of the main channel of the Missouri River shall be the boundary line between the State of Nebraska and Territory of Dakota, between the following points, to wit: Commencing at a point in the center of said main channel, north of the west line of section twenty-four in townshiji twenty-nine north, of range eight east of the sixtli principal meridian, and running along the same to a point west of the most tiortherly portion of fractional section seventeen, of township twenty-nine north, of range nine east of said meridian, in the State of Nebraska, as meandered and shown by the plats and surveys of said sections originally made and now on file in the General Land Office. (Forty-first Congress, second session.) The west boundary ou the twenty- fifth degree of longitude west of Washington, between latitudes 40° and 41°, the south boundary on the forty-first parallel from the twenty-fifth degree of longitude to the U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 171 PL. XLVIII HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF KANSAS. HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF NEBRASKA. GANNETT] NEBRASKA NORTH AND SOUTH DAKOTA. 127 twenty- seventh degree, and the west boundary on the twenty-seventh degree of longitude, between the forty-first degree and the forty-third degree, were surveyed and marked in 1869, under the General Land Office. In 1882 an act was passed transferring to this State from Dakota a small area lying between the Keyapaha Eiver and the forty-third par- allel of latitude. The following is the act in question : Be it enacted, * * * That the northern boundary of the State of Nebraska shall be, and hereby is, subject to the jirovisions hereinafter contained, extended so as to include all that portion of the Territory of Dakota lying south of the forty -third parallel of north latitude and east of the Keyapaha River and west of the main channel of the Missouri River. (Forty-seventh Congress, first session.) The north boundary, from the Keyapaha River westward, was sur- veyed in 1873. In 1893 the part of this boundary east of Keyapaha Eiver was surveyed and the remainder resurveyed. All this was done under the General Land Office. NORTH DAKOTA AND SOUTH DAKOTA. The Territory of Dakota was organized on March 2, 1861, from parts of Minnesota and Nebraska Territories. The following from the act of organization defines its original limits: All that part of the territory of the United States included within the following limits, namely : Commencing at a point in the main channel of the Red River of the North where the forty-ninth degree of north latitude crosses the same ; thence up the main channel of the same and along the boundary of the State of Minnesota to Big Stone Lake ; thence along the boundary line of the said State of Minnesota to the Iowa line ; thence along the boundary line of the State of Iowa to the point of intersection between the Big Sioux and Missouri rivers; thence up the Missouri River and along the boundary line of the Territory of Nebraska to the mouth of the Niobrara or Running Water River ; thence following up the same, in the middle of the main channel thereof, to the mouth of the Keyapaha or Turtle Hill River; thence up said river to the forty-third parallel of north latitude; thence due Avest to the present boundary of the Territory of Washington; thence along the boundary line of Washington Territory to the forty-ninth degree of north latitude ; thence east along said forty -ninth degree of north latitude to the place of beginning, be, and the same is hereby, organized into a temporary government by the name of the Territory of Dakota. (Thirty-sixth Congress, second session.) In 1863 the Territory of Idaho was formed, its area having been taken from Washington, Dakota, and Nebraska. ( Vide Idaho, p. 134.) In 1882 a small area was transferred to Nebraska. ( Vide Nebraska, above.) In 1877 that part of the west boundary between latitudes 43° and 45° was surveyed and marked, under the General Laud Office. On November 2, 1889, the Territory of Dakota was divided into North and South Dakota, and each was admitted as a State. The fol- lowing extract from the enabling act defines the boundary between these States : The area comprising the Territory of Dakota shall *" ' " be divided on the line of the seventh standard parallel produced due west to the western boundary of said Territory. 12H HOUNDAKIKS (tK TIIK UNITKD STATKH. [Bii.L.in. Tho boundary line l)ftwoon tlio two States was survcyod in lSOl-92, under the General Laud Otlice. OKLAHOMA. The Territory of Oklahoma was organized under an act passed May 2, 1890, from the western part of the Indian Territory. Its limits as originally constituted were as is set forth in tlie following act: Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Jiepresentatires of the I'lnted Staten of America in Congress assembled, Sec. 1. That all that portiDu of the United States now known as the Indian Territory, except bo much of the Maiut- an is actually occnjiied hy the Five Civilized Tribes, and the Indian tribes within the Qnajtaw Indian Agency, and except the unoccupied part of the Cherokee Outlet, together with that portion of the United States known as the Public Land Strip, is hereby erected into a temporary government by the name of the Territory of Oklahoma. The portion of the Indian Territory included in said Territory of Oklahoma is bounded by a line drawn as fol- lows: Commencing at a point where the ninety-eighth meridian crosses the Red River; thence by said meridian to the point where it crosses the Canadian River; thence alonj^ said river to the west line of the Seminole countrj'; thence along said line to the north fork of the Canadian Kiver ; thence down said river to the west line of the Creek country ; thence along said line to the northwest corner of the Creek country ; thence along the north line of the Creek country to the ninety-sixth merid- ian; thence northward by said meridian to the southern boundary line of Kansas; thence west along said line to the Arkansas River; thence down said river to the north line of the laud occupied by the Ponca tribe of Indians, from which point the line runs so as to include all the lands occupied by the Ponca, Toukawa, Otoe and Missouria, and the Pawnee tribes of Indians until it strikes the south line of the Cherokee Outlet, which it follows westward to the east line of the State of Texas; thence by the boundary line of the State of Texas to the point of beginning. The Public Land Strip which is included in said Territory of Oklahoma is bounded east by the one hundredth meridian, south by Texas, west by New Mexico, north by Col- orado and Kansas. Whenever the interest of the Cherokee Indians in the land known as the Cherokee Outlet shall have been extinguisheil and the President shall make jtroclamation thereof, said outlet shall thereupon and without further legisla- tion become a part of the Territory of Oklahoma. Any other lands within the Indian Territory not embraced within these boundaries shall hereafter become a part of the Territory of Oklahoma whenever the Indian nation or tribe owning such lands shall signify to the President of the United States in legal manner its assent that such lands shall so become a part of said Territory of Oklahoma, and the President shall thereupon make proclamation to that effect. The lands embraced within the limits above set forth comprised the present Territory of Oklahoma, with the exception of an area on the north known as the Cherokee Strip, and provision was made for its incorporation, without additional legislation, Avithin the Territory when- ever the Indian title to it should be extinguished. This was done and the strip was added to the Territory by proclamation of the President, issued in September, 1893, giving Oklahoma its present limits. These difler from those above set forth only in a part of the northern bound- ary, which now corresponds with the south boundary of Kansas from the ninety-sixth meridian west. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 171 PL. XLIX HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF NORTH DAKOTA AND SOUTH DAKOTA. HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF OKLAHOMA. GANNETT.] MONTANA. 129 MONTANA. The Territory of Montana was organized May 26, 1864, from a portion of Iclalio. Its limits, whicli have been changed but slightly, are given in the following extract from the organizing act: That all that part of the territory of the United States included within the limits to wit: Commencing at a point formed by the intersection of the twenty-seventh degree of longitude west from Washington with the forty-fifth degree of north lati- tude; thence due west on said forty-fifth degree of latitude to a point formed by its intersection with the thirty-fourtli degree of longitude west from Washington ; thence due south along said thirty-fourth degree of longitude to its intersection with the forty-fourth degree and thirty minutes of north latitude; thence due west along said forty-fourth degree and thirty minutes of north latitude to a point formed by its intersection with the crest of the Rocky Mountains ; thence following the crest of the Rocky Mountains northward till its intersection with the Bitter Root Mountains; thence northward along the crest of said Bitter Root Mountains to its intersection with the thirty-uintli degree of longitude west from Washington; thence along said thirty-ninth degree of longitude northward to the boundary line of the British pos- sessions; thence eastward along said boundary line to the twenty-seventh degree of longitude west from Washington; thence southward along said twenty-seventh degree of longitude to the place of beginning, be, and the same is hereby, created into a temporary government by the name of the Territory of Montana. (Thirty- eighth Congress, first session. ) In 1873 Congress, under the erroneous impression that a portion of Dakota remained west of Wyoming, and adjoining Montana, passed an act to attach it to Montana. As, however, no such detached area could by any possibility have existed, the compilers of the Eevised Statutes sought to give the act effect by shifting a portion of the southern bound- ary of Montana from the parallel of 44° 30' to the continental water- shed, thereby reducing Montana's area. The following is the act referred to : AN ACT to readjust the western boundary of Dakota Territory. That all that portion of Dakota Territory lying west of the one httndred and elev- enth meridian of longitude which, by au erroneous definition of the boundaries of said Territory by a former act of Congress, remains detached and distant from Dakota proper some two hundred miles, be, and the same is hereby, attached to the adjoining territory of Montana. (Forty-second Congress, third session.) The boundaries of Montana are as follows: Beginning at the inter- section of the twenty-seventh meridian of longitude with the boundary line between the United States and the British possessions, it follows said meridian south to the forty-fifth parallel of latitude, thence west on this parallel to the thirty-fourtli meridian, south on the thirty-fourth meridian to the point where that meridian intersects the continental watershed, thence westward and northwestward, following the line of the continental watershed and the summit of the Bitter Root range, to its intersection with tlie thirty-ninth meridian; thence north on the thirty-ninth meridian to the boundary line between the United States and British possessions and east on that boundary line to the point of beginning. 180 i5(»rNi)Ai;i Ks oK •nil-: rMTKi) siwiks. (ntu.iTi. The cast h()uiil' IMontaiia was sur\«'.v«'-8(>, uikIci- the (Icneral LandOllice. That portion of the west boundary between the crest of the Bitterroot Mountains and the ( 'anada line was surveyed and marked in l.Sl)8-0i>, under the I'nited States (leulo.nical Survey. Montana was admitted as a State on November 8, 1881), with the ahove bouuihiries. WYOMING. Wyoming' was organized as a Territory on .luly 25, 1S(>8, from an area previously comprised in the Territory of Idaho. Its limits, wliich are the same as originally constituted, are detined in the following clause froju the act creating the Territory: That all that part, of the I'uited States described as follows: C'oiuiiieucing at tlio intersection of the twenty-seventh nieridiau of lonyitndi; west from Wiishiu;;toa with the forty-tilth degree of north latitude, and running thence west to the thirty- fourth meridian of west longitude, thence south to the forty-first degree of north latitude, thence east to the twenty-seventh meridian of west longitude, and tiienee north to the i)lacc of beginning, be, and the same; is hereby, organized into a tempo- rary government by the name of the Territory of Wyoming. (Fortieth Congress, second session.) Wyoming was admitted as a State on July 10, 1890, with the above boundaries. The south and west boundaries were surveyed and marked in 1873, under the General Land Office. COLORADO. Colorado was organized as a Territory on February 28, 1801, with' the limits which it has at present, being made from i)ortions of Utah, New Mexico, Kansas, and Nebraska. On August 1, 1870, it was admitted as a State. The following clause from the enabling act gives its limits: AN ACT to enable tho people of Colorado to form a constitution and State govemmeut, and for the ailmission of sueh State into the T''^nion on an equal footing with the original States. Sec. 2. That the said 8tate of Colorado shall consist <>f all the territory included within the following boundaries, to-wit: Commencing at .'ipoint formed bythe inter- section of the thirty-seventh degree of north latitude with the t wenty-fiftli degree of longitude west from Washington ; extending thence due west along said thirty -sev- enth degree- of north latitude to a point formed by its intersection with the thirty- second degree of longitude west from Washington; thento due north along said thirty-second degree of west longitude to a point formed by its inter.section Avith the forty-first degree of north latitude; thence due east along said forty-first degree of north latitude to a point formed by its intersection with the twenty-fifth degree of longitude west from Washington ; thence due south along said twenty-fifth degree of west longitude. (Thirty-eighth Congress, first session.) The south boundary of Colorado was run and inarked in 1868 and 1874, and the west boundary in 1878-70. The latter line was retraced and remarked in 1885. All this was under the General Land Office. U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 171 PL. L HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF NEW MEXICO. OREGON! I M 1 N G D HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF UTAH. GANNETT.] NEW MP^XICO UTAH. 131 NEW MEXino. New Mexico was organized as a Territory on December 13, 1850. Its original area formed a part of the region transferred by Mexico to the United States by the treaty of G-uadahipe-Hidalgo and by Texas. It was subsequently enlarged by the Gadsden Purchase. The formation of Colorado Territory in 1861 and of Arizona in 1863 reduced its area to its present limits. ( Vide Colorado, p. 130, and Arizona, p. 132.) The following clause from the act creating the Territory gives its original limits: Section 2. And be it further enacted, That all that portion of the territory of the United States bounded as follows : Beginning at a point in the Colorado Eiver, where the boundary line with the Republic of Mexico crosses the same; thence eastwardly with the said boundary line to the Rio Grande; thenco following the main channel of said river to the parallel of the thirty-second degree of north latitude ; thenco east with said degree to its intersection with the one hundred and third degree of longi- tude west of Greenwich; thence north with said degree of longitude to the parallel of thirty-eighth degree of north latitude ; thence west with said parallel to the sum- mit of the Sierra Madre ; thence south with the crest of said mountains to the thirty- seventh parallel of north latitude; thence west with said parallel to its intersection with the boundary line of the State of California ; thence with said boundary line to the place of beginning — be, and the same is hereby, erected into a temporary govern- ment by the name of the Territory of New Mexico. (Thirty-first Congress, first session.) The present boundaries of New Mexico are as follows : Beginning at the point of intersection of the one hundred and third meridian of longi- tude west of Greenwich with the thirty-seventh parallel of latitude; running thence south to its point of intersection with the thirty-second parallel of latitude; thence west on this parallel to its intersection with the Rio Grande; thence southerly down the main channel of the Rio Grande to its point of intersection with the boundary line between the United States and Mexico; thence with this boundary to its intersec- tion with the thirty-second meridian of longitude; thence north along this meridian to the thirty-seventh parallel of latitude, and so along that parallel to the point of beginning. The west boundary of New Mexico was run and marked in 1875, under the General Land Office. UTAH. Utah was organized on September 0, 1850, from territory acquired from Mexico by the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo. Its limits originally extended from the eastern boundary of California to the Rocky Moun- tains, and from the thirty-seventh to the forty-second parallel. This area was reduced by the formation, in 1861, of the Territories of Nevada {vide p. 132) and Colorado {see p. 130), and in 1864 and 1866 by the extension eastward of the limits of the State of Nevada {vide p. 133). 132 Hol'NDAKIKS (iK THK TNITKI) STATKS. [Bri.i.m. Tin- Inllowiiij; is ;m cxtiact iVoin the act creating the Territory. All that jtiirt <•(" tlio territory of tlin I'nited StatcB incliidod witliiii the following limits, to wit: IJomuh-d y llie Territory of On-^^on, and on the rast hy tin- Hiininiit of tho liocky Mountains, and on thewouth hy the Ihirty-Hcvcnth parallel of north latitnde, he, and the Hanic \n herehy, creat«st corner of the Territory of Colorado joins the northern houndary of the Territory of New Mexico to the southern boundary line of said Territory of New Mexico he, and the same is hereby, erected into a temporary government by the name of the Territory of Arizona. (For limits of the piece cut oft' and added to Nevada, see that State.) The present boundaries of Arizona are as follows: Beginning at the point of intersection of the thirty-seventh parallel of latitude with the thirty-second meridian of longitude; thence south along this meridian to its intersection with the boundary line between the United States and Mexico; thence with this boundary to the Colorado River; thence up the middle of the main channel of the Colorado Kiverto its point of intersection with the thirty-seventh meridian of longitude; north on this meridian to its intersection with the thirty-seventh parallel; and eastward along the thirty-seventh parallel to the point of beginning. NEVADA. Nevada, as originally constituted on March 2, 1861, was formed from territory taken from Utah. Its western boundary was made to conform to the eastern boundary of California [vide California, p. 136); its north- U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 171 PL. LI HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF ARIZONA. HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF NEVADA. GANNETT] NEVADA. 133 eni bouudaiy was, as uow, tlie forty-second parallel ; the eastern was the meridian of 39°, and the southern the parallel of 37°. By the enabling act the eastern limit was extended to the thirty-eighth meridian. It was admitted as a State October 31, 1864, with above limits as modified by the enabling act, and in 1860 its eastern limits were still further extended to longitude 37°, and its southern line established as at pres- ent, the latter addition having been made from Arizona. In the act organizing the Territory the boundaries are defined as follows : Beginning at the j^oint of intersection of the forty-second degree of nortli latitude ■with the thii'ty-ninth degree of longitude west from Washington ; thence running south on the line of said thirty-ninth degree of west longitude until it intersects the northern boundary line of the Territory of New Mexico ; thence due west to the dividing ridge separating the waters of Carson Valley from those that flow into the Pacific; thence on said dividing ridge northwardly to the forty-first degree of north latitude ; thence due north to the southern boundary of the State of Oregon ; thence due east to the place of beginning. (Thirty-sixth Congress, second session.) The following is the text of that portion of the enabling act relating to boundaries : Sec. 2. That the said State of Nevada shall consist of all the territory included within the following boundaries, to wit: Commencing at a point formed by the intersection of the thirty-eighth degree of longitude west from Washington with the thirty-seventh degree of north latitude; thence due west along said thirty-seventh degree of north latitude to the eastern boundary lino of the State of California; thence in a northwesterly direction along the said eastern boundary line of the State of California to the forty-third degree of longitude west from Washington; thence north along said forty-third degree of west longitude and said eastern boundary line of the State of California to the forty-second degree of north latitude; thence due east along the said forty-second degree of north latitude to a point formed by its intersection with the aforesaid thirty-eighth degree of longitude west from Wash- ington; thence due south down said thirty-eighth degree of west longitude to the place of beginning. (Thirty -eighth Congress, first session.) The following act makes the addition to its area from Arizona referred to above : AN ACT coucerning the boundaries of the State of Nevada. That, as provided for and consented to in the constitution of the State of Nevada, all that territory and tract of land adjoining the present eastern boundary of the State of Nevada, and lying between the thirty-seventh and the forty-second degrees of north latitude and west of the thirty-seventh degree of longitude west of Wash- ington, is hereby added to and made a part of the State of Nevada. Sec. 2. That there is hereby added to and made a part of the State of Nevada all that extent of territory lying within the following boundaries, to wit: Commencing on the thirty-seventh degree of north latitude at the thirty-seventh degree of longi- tude west i'rom Washington, and running thence south on said degree of longitude to the middle of the river Colorado of the West; thence down the middle of said river to the eastern boundary of the State of California; thence northwesterly along said boundary of California to the thirty-seventh degrqp of north latitude; and thence east along said degree of latitude to the point of beginning. (Thirty-ninth Con- gress, first session.) Bull. 171 11 134 BOUNDARIES OK Tm-: IGNITED STATES. [bii.i..171. Tlio ]»iosent limits of Nevada areas lollows: Tlic castboimdary is tho Ihirty-sovoiitli iiK'ridian oC l()ii;iitu(le,ext«Mid- iiig I'loiii tlie rorty-secoiid ])aralli'l ol" lalitudt; souliiward to its inter- section with the middle of the Colorado Kiver; thence following the mid-channel of the Colorado lliver down to the i)oiiit where it intersects the thirty-lifth parallel of latitude; the southwest bouiulary is the arc of a great circle running from the last-mentioned point and the])ointof intersection of the one hundred and twentieth degree of longitude west of CJreenwich with the thirty-ninth parallel of latitude; the west bound- ary is the one hundred and twentieth degree of longitude west of Greenwich; the north boundary is the forty-second parallel of latitude. The north boundary was surveyed and marked in 1873, and the west boundary, from latitude 42"^ south to Lake Tahoe and thence southeast to Colorado Eiver, in latitude 35'^, in 1872, under the General Land Oftice. Between 1890 and 1899 the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, under an appropriation by Congress, ran a new line from Lake Tahoe to Colorado River, diflering widely in some i)laces from the former line. At this writing this line has not yet been accepted as the boundary. IDAHO. The Territory of Idaho was formed March 3, 18G3, from parts of Wash- ington, Dakota, and Nebraska. Its original limits, which included, besides the present territory, all of Montana and Wyoming, Avere given as follows in the act organizing the Territory: That all that part of the territory of the United States included within the follow- ing limits, to wit: Beginning at a point in the middle channel of the Snake River where the northern houndary of Oregon intersects the same; then follow down said channel of Snake River to a point opposite the mouth of tiie Kooskooskia, or Clear- water River; thence due north to the forty-ninth parallel of latitude; thence east along said parallel to the twenty-seventh degree of longitude west of Washington; thence south along said degree of longitude to the northern boundary of C(dorado Territory ; thence west along said houudary to the thirty-third degree of longitude west of Washington; thence north along said degree 1o the forty-second parallel of latitude; thence west along said parallel to the eastern boundary of the State of Ore- gon; thence north along said boundary to the ^ilace of beginning. (Thirty-seventh Congress, third session.) From this were formed Montana in 18(!4 {I'idc Montana, p. 329), and Wyoming {vide Wyoming, p. 130), in 1808, thereby reducing this terri- tory, with the small addition made in 1873 {vide Montana, p. 129), to its present limits. The present boundary line of Idaho is as follows: Beginning at the intersection of the thirty-ninth meridian with the boundary line between the United States and the British Possessions, it follows said meridian south until it reaches the summit of the Bitter Boot Mountains; thence southeastward along the crest of the Bitter Root range and the conti- nental divide until it intersects the nunidian of thirty-four degrees of longitude; thence southward on this meridian to the forty-second parallel U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 171 PL Lll MONTANA Reduction 18 64 W Y M I N G Reduction 1 86i N E V A D u Vjr A H ! C L O R A D HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF IDAHO. GANNETT] IDAHO OREGON. 135 of latitude; thence west on this parallel of latitude to its intersection with a meridian drawn through the mouth of the Owyhee Eiver; north on this meridian to the moutli of the Owyhee River; thence down the mid-channel of the Snake River to the mouth of the Clearwater; and thence north on the meridian which passes through the mouth of the Olearwater to the boundary line between the United States and the British Possessions; and east on said boundary line to the place of beginning. On July 3, 1890, Idaho was admitted as a State, with the above limits. The west boundary of Idaho, from the mouth of Clearwater River to the forty-ninth parallel, was surveyed and marked in 1873-74. The longitude of this line has been determined by the United States Geo- logical Survey to be 117° 02' 34". The west boundary, from the mouth of Owyhee River south to the Nevada boundary, was surveyed and marked in 18G7. Its longitude has been determined as 117° 01' 56" by the United States Oeological Survey. Both these lines were run under the General Land Office. OREGON. Oregon Territory was organized August 14, 1848. The grounds of our title to its area are obscure. In treating with Great Britain for the establishment of our northern boundary west of the Rocky Mountains this region was claimed on three grounds — that of discovery and occu- pation, the Louisiana purchase, and cession from Spain. On which of these grounds we succeeded in having the boundary established on the forty-ninth parallel will never be ascertained, and is of little moment. The Territory as originally established extended from the forty-second to the forty-ninth parallel, and from the Pacific Ocean to the crest of the Rocky Mountains, with boundaries defined in the organizing act as follows : All that part of the territory of the United States which lies west of the summit of the Rocky Mountains, north of the forty-second degree of north latitude, known as the Territory of Oregon, shall be organized into and constitute a temporary govern- ment by the name of the Territory of Oregon. (Thirtieth Congress, first session.) In 1853 the Territory was reduced by the formation of Washington Territory {vide Washington, p. 136), and on February 14, 1859, it was admitted as a State with its present boundaries. These are defined below in an extract from the State constitution : Beginning one marine league at sea due west from the point where the forty-second parallel of north latitude intersects the same ; thence northerly, at the same distance from the line of the coast lying west and opposite the State, including all islands within the jurisdiction of the United States, to a point due west and opposite the middle of the north ship channel of the Columbia River; thence easterly to and up the middle channel of said river, and where it is divided by islands, up the middle of the widest channel thereof, and in like manner up the middle of the main channel of Snake River to the mouth of the Owyhee River; thence due south to the parallel 136 BOUNDARIKS oF THE UNITED STATES. [bci.l.ITI. of latitude forty-two tlfgrcos iiordi ; thciiuo wost aloii;; Hui, with its limits as above defined. CALIFORNIA. California was admitted to the Union on Sei)tember 9, 1850. Its area was taken from territory acquired from Mexico by the treaty of (luade- lupe-llidalgo. Its limits, as defined in the State constitution, are as follows : Commencing at the point of intersection of forty-second degree of north latitude with the one hundred and twentieth degree of longitude west from Greenwich, and running south on the line of said one hundred and twentieth degree of wesst longi- tude until it intersects the thirty-ninth degree of north latitude ; thence running in U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 171 PL. Llll Y OM > ^ ^ HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF OREGON. M I N G HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF WASHINGTON. GANNETT.] CALIFORNIA. 137 a straight liue in a southeasterly direction to tlie river Colorado, at a point "where it intersects the thirty-fifth degree of north latitude; thence down the middle of the channel of said river to the houndary line between the United States and Mexico as established by the treaty of May 30, 1848; thence running -west and along said boundary line to the Pacific Ocean, and extending therein three English miles; thence running in a northwesterly direction and following the direction of the Pacific coast to the forty-second degree ol' north latitude; thence on the line of said forty- second degree of north latitude to the jilace of beginning. Also all the islands, harbors, and bays along and adjacent to the Pacilic coast. The northern boundary was surveyed and marked in 1868-69, under the General Laud Office. INDEX Page. Alabama, adTuission of 108 boundary between Florida and 107-108 boundary between Georgia and 106 boundary between Tennessee and 108 boundaries of 108 formation of 36 Alaska, boundaries of 27-28 Alaska purchase, account of 27-28 Alexander, Robert, work of 115 Alexander, W. B., grant to 39 Arizona, formation and boundaries of . . . 38, 132 historical diagram of 132 Arkansas, boundaries of 112-1 14 formation and admission of 36, 113 historical diagram of 112 Ashburtou, Lord, reference to 16,18 Asbburtou treaty. /See "Webster-Ashbnr- toi) treaty. Baltimore, Lord, grant to 88 Barlow, J. W., reference to 26 Barr, , reference to 72 Bartlett, J. R., reference to 26 Beck, J. B., reference to 90 Belcher, , reference to 48 Berkeley, John, reference to 77 Berkeley, John, and Carteret, George, grant to 82 Black, J. S., reference to 90 Bonaparte, N., sale of Louisiana by 22 Brooke, Lord, reference to ' 71 California, admission of 37, 136 boundaries of 136-137 Calvert, Philip, and Scarbrngh, Edmund, report of 89 Canada, maps showing boundary between United States and 14, 16, 18, 20 Carr, Robert, reference to 72 Carteret, George, reference to 77 Carteret, George, and Berkeley, John, grants to 82 Cartwright, George, reference to 72 Cherokee Indians, treaty with 113 Choate, Rufiis, reference to 54 Colorado, formation, admission, and boundaries of 38, 130 Connecticut, boundary between Massa cbusetts and 64-68 boundary between New York and 72-75 boundary between Rhode Island and. 70 71 cession to General Government by . . . 32 grants and charters in 71-72 Connecticut, map showing boundarj- be- tween Massachusetts and 04 map showing boundary between New York and : 74 map showing boundary between Rhode Island and 70 Crozat, Antoine de, grant to 21 Dakota, formation of 37, 127 Delaware, boundary between New Jersey and 83-84 boundary between Pennsylvania and. 85 grants and settlements in 86-87 north and west boundaries of 87-88 District of Columbia, acts concerning 91-94 Dixon, Charles, and Mason, Jeremiah, work of 85-86 Dnane, James, reference to 31 Ellicott, Andrew, work of 81 Emory, W. H., reference to 26 England. See Great Britain. Fairfax stone, location of 96 Floid, "William, reference to 31 Florida, admission of 105, 106 Florida, boundary between Alabama and. 107-108 boundary between Georgia and 105-106 cession of 107 Florida purchase, account of 23-24 Gadsden purchase, account of 26-27 Gaillard, D. D., reference to 26 Georgia, boundary between Alabama and . 106 boundary between Florida and 105-106 boundary between South Carolina and 102-103 boundary between Tennessee and 105 boundaries of 104 cession to General Government bj-. 33, 104 grants and charters in 103 historical diagram of 104 Ghent, treaty of, provisions of 13-17 Gorges,F., grant to 39 Gorges, F., aud Mason, J., grant to 39 Gould, , reference to 72 Great Britain, treaties with 11, 12, 13-17, 18-21 Graham, W. A., reference to 90 Graham, , work of 85, 86 Guadalupe-Hidalgo, provisions of treaty of 25-26 Guam, acquisition of 29 Hawaii, acquisition of 29 Hazen, R., work of 48 Idaho, admission of 135 139 140 INDEX. I'ngo. Itliiliit, boiindarioH of 134-U."> lorniiition of US, 127, 134 liixtorical (liii);raiii of 134 Illinois, ntlniiHHion of 35, 110 forinatioii aiitl bounilarifa of 110 liiHtoricnl diagram of 11K Indiana, adniiHsion of :i!i, 118 boiindnricH of 118 formation of 34-3.''., 117-118 liistorical dia<;rnni of 118 Iowa, adniiH8ion of 123 boiindaricH of 123-124 formation of 123 bistoi'ical diagram of 124 •loll'or.soii, T., purcbaso of Louisiana by . . . 22 ■iLMikiiis, C. A., reference to 90 tlolinston, J. E., work of 125 Kansas, admission and 1i-'im. CharleH ]). Walrotl. I>ir«clMr. 18<.)(i. 8\ :i pt. in t vul. xxii, 1U74;i KCiX pp.. U-13 pi. XVIII. KiKlitci iilli .\niiiial Kiporl mI IIic IniliJ Slat«M Ooological Survey, 1800-'97. Charli'H \<. Walcott. Diiirtor. 18'J7. (I'arls II anil II I, 1HII8.) 8. Spt.iuGvol. 440 pp., 4 pi. and maps; v, 05:1 pp lU.'i pi. anil uiapH; v, 8G1 |i|i.. 118 pi. anil niajiH; \, 751) pp., lU'J jil. anil niapH; xii, G4'.' pp., 1 pi. ; G4U-1400p|' XIX. Niuotecntli Auniial lii'port nl' tlio United Slati-n Ocolojjical Survey, 18'J7-'i>8, CharleH l> Walnitt, Dinctiir. 18U8. (l'arl« II, III, and V, 18U9.) 8^. pt. in 7 vol. 4'.'2 jij)., 2 maps; v. 958 pp., 172 111. and niapH; v. 785 pp., UU pi. uud niapn; viii, 814 ]ip., 118 pi. and niapn; xvii, 40U |ip., UU jil.aiid niaiis; viii, 051 pp., 11 pi.; viii, 700 jip. XX. Twontictli .\nntial Iti'port oT tin? United StaUsH (ieological Survey, 1898-'99, Cbarlen 1). \\'< cott, Director. 18UU. (Parts II, III, IV, V, and VII, 1900.) 8^ 7 i>t. in 8 vol. 551 pp., 2 mapa; (153 ]ip., liK! ]>1. and niap.i: v, 595 pp., 78 )d. and niapH; vii, UOO pp., 75 pi. and raapo; xix, 198 ]ip., 1 ])l. and nuips; viii, UlC pp. ; xi, 8 14 ]ip., 1 ]il. ; v, 509 pp., 38 pi. and luapa. MOXOGKAPHS. I. Lake Bouneville, by Grove Karl Gilbert. 1890. 4°. xx, 438 pp. 51 pi. 1 map. Price f 1.50. II. Tertiary History of the Grand Canon District, with AtlaA, by Clarence K. Duttxin, Capt., U. S. A 1882. 4°. xi V, 204 pp. 42 pi. and atlas of 24 sheets folio. Price $10.00. III. Geolojiy of the Couistock Lode and the Washoe District, with AtLis, by ( leorgo K. Booker. 1882. 4°. XV, 422 pp. 7 pi. and atlas of 21 sheets folio. Price $11.00. IV. Coiustock .Milling' and :Miner.s, by Eliot Lord. 1883. 4°. xiv, 451 pp. 3 pi. Price $1.50. V. The Coi>per- Bearing Uocks of Lake Superior, by Iwoland Du»jr Irving. 1883. 4°. xvi,464 i>ii 151. 29 pi. and nuiji.s. Price $1.85. VI. Contributions to the Knowledge of tho Older Mosozoic Flora of Virginia, by William Moru- Foutaiue. 1883. 4^. xi, 144 pp. 54 1. 54 pi. Price $1.05. VII. Silver- Lead Deposits of Eureka, Nevada, by Joseph Story Curtis. 1884. 4"". xiii,200pp. IC 111. Price $1.20. VIII. Paleontology of the Eureka District, by Charles Doolittle Walcott. 1884. 4=-. xiii, 298 pp. 24 1. 24 pl. Price $1.10. IX. Brachioi)oda and Laniellibranchiata of tho Karitan Clays and Greensaud Marls of Nb« Jersey, by liobert P. Wliitlield. 1885. 4^. xx,338pp. 35 pl. 1 map. Price $1.15. X. Diuocerata. A Monograph of an Extinct Order of Gigantic Mammals, byOthniel Charles Marsh. 1880. 4^. xviii,243pp. 50 1. 50 pl. Price $2.70. XI. Geological Uistory of Lake Lahontan, a Quaternary Lake of Northwestern Nevada, by Israi 1 Cook Russell. 1885. 4^. xiv, 288 i)p. 40 pl. and maps. Price $1.75. XII. Geology and Mining Industry of Leadville, Colorado, with Atlas, by Samuel Franklin Kamions. 1886. 4°. xxix,770pp. 45 pl. and atlas of 35 sheets folio. Price $8.40. XIII. Geology of the Quicksilver Deposits of the Pacific Slope, with Atlas, by George F. Becker. 1888. 4'^. xix, 480 pj). 7 pl. and alias of 14 sheets folio. Price $2.00. XIV. Fossil Fishes and Fossil Phmtsof the Triassic Uocks of New Jersey and the Connecticut Val- ley, by John S. Newberry. 1888. 43. xiv, 152 pp. 20 pl. Price $1.00. XV. The Potomac or Younger Mesozoic Flora, by AVilliam Morris Fontaine. 1889. 4°. xiv, 377 pp. 180 pl. Text and plates bound sei)arately. Price $2.50. XVI. The Paleozoic Fishes of North America, by John Strong Newberry. 1889. 4°. 340 pp. 53 pl. Price $1.00. XVII. The Flora of the Dakota Group, a Postliumous Work, by Leo Lesquereux. Edited by F. U. Kuowlton. 1891. 4^ 400 pp. CO pl. Price $1.10. XVIII. Gasteropoda and Ccpbalopoihi of the Itaritau Clays and Greensand Marls of New Jersey, by Kobert P. Whitticld. 1891. 4\ 402 pp. 50 pl. Price $1.00. XIX. The Pi-uokce Iron-Bearing Series of Northern AVisconsin and Michigan, by Uoland D. Irving anilC.Il.VanlIi.se. 1«)2. 4'. xi\, 534 pji. 37 jil. Price $1.70. XX. Geology of the Eureka District, Nevada, with Atlas, by Arnold Hague. 1892. 4'. x vii, 419 pp. 8 pl. Price $5.25. XXI. The Tertiary Uhyuchophorous Coleoi>lera of North .\merica, by Samuel Iliiblianl .Scudder. 1893. 4". xi, 200])|i. 18 111. Price 90 cents. XXII. A ^[aniial of Topographii- Methods, by Henry tiaunett, Chief Topographer. 1893. 4 . xiv, 300 pp. 18 pl. Price $1.00. XXIII. Geology of the Green Mountains in Massachusetts, by Iiaphael Pumpelly, J. E. Wolff, and T. Nel.son Dale. 1894. 4'^. xiv, 200 pji. 2.i pl. Price $1..30. XXIV. MoUuscaand Crustacea <»f the Miocene Formations of New Jersey, by Robert Parr Whitfield. 1894. 4°. 195 pp. 24 pl. Price 90 cents. XXV. Tho Glacial Lako Agassiz, by Warren Uphani. 1895. 4°. xxiv, 658 pp. 38 pl. Price $1.70. XXVI. Flora of the Amboy Clays, by John Strong Newberry; a Posthumous Work, edited by Arthur Hollick. 1895. 4°. 200 pp. 58 pl. Price $1.00. XXVII. Geology of the Denver Rasin. Colorado, by S. F. Euimous, Whitman Cross, and George H. Eldridge. 1896. 4°. 556 pp. 31 pl. Price $1.50. ADVERTISEMENT. Ill XXVnr. The MarqiiPtlc Iron-Bearing District of Micliigan, with Atlas, by C. K. Van Hise and W. S. Bayley, including a Chapter on the Republic Trough, by H. L. Smyth. 1897. 4°. 608 pp. 35 pi. and atlaa of 39 sheets folio. Price $5.75. XXIX. Geology of Old Hanip.shire County, Massachusetts, comprising Franklin, Hamp.shire, and Hampden Counties, by Benjamin Kendall Emerson. 1898. 4°. xxl, 790 pp. 35 j)!. Price $1.80. XXX. Fossil Mednsne, by Charles DoolittleAValcolt. 1898. 4''. is, 201 pp. 47 pi. Price $1.50. XXXI. Geology of the Aspen Mining District, Colorado, with Atlas, by Jo.siah Kdward Spurr. 1898. 4°. XXXV, 260 pp. 43 pi. and atlas of 30 sheets folio. Price $3.60. XXXII. Geology of the Yellowstone National Park, Part II, Descriptive Geology, Petrography, and Paleontology, by Arnold Hague, J. P. Iddings, W. Harvey Weed, Charles D. Walcott, G. H. Girty, T. W.Stanton, and F.H.Knowlton. 1899. 4°. xvii, 893 jip. 121 pi. Price $2.45. XXXIII. Geology of the Narragansett Basin, by N. S. Shaler, J. B. "Woodworth, and August F. Foerste. 1899. 4°. xx, 402 pp. 31 pi. Price $1. XXXIY. The Glacial Gravels of Maine and their Associated Deposits, by George H. Stone. 1899. 4^. xiii, 499 pp. 52 pi. Price $1.30. XXXV. The Later Extinct Floras of North America, by John Strong Newberry; edited by Arthur Hollick. 1898. 4°. xviii, 295 pp. 68 pi. Price $1.25. XXXVI. The Crystal Falls Iron-Bearing District of Michigan, by J. Morgan Clements and Henry Lloyd Smyth; with a Chapter on the Sturgeon Kiver Tongue, by William Shirley Bayley, and an Introduction by Charles Richard Van Hise. 1899. 4°. xxxvi, 512 pp. 53 pi. Price $2. XXXVII. Fossil Flora of the Lower Coal Measures of Missouri, by David White. 1899. i'^'. xi, 467 pp. 73 pi. Price $1.25. XXXVIII. The Illinois Glacial Lobe, by Frank Loverett. 1899. 4°. xxi,817pp. 24 pi. Price$1.60. XXXIX. The Eocene and Lower Oligocene Coral Faunas of the United States, witli Descriptions of a Few Doubtfully Cretaceous Species, by T. WaylandVaughan. 1900. 4'=. 263 pp. 24 pi. Price $1.10. Jn preparation : XL. Adephagous and Clavicorn Coleoptera from the Tertiary Deposits at Florissant, Colorado, with Descriptions of a Few Other Forms and including a Systematic List of the Non-Rhyncophorous Ter- tiary Coleoptera of North America, by Siimuel Hubbard Scudder. — Flora of the Laramie and Allied Formations, by Frank Hall Knowlton. BULLETINS. 1. On Hyperstliene- Andesite and on Triclinic Pyroxene in Augitic Rocks, by Whitman Cross, ■with a Geological Sketch of Buflalo Peaks, Colorado, by S. F. Emmons. 1883. 8°. 42 pp. 2 pi. Price 10 cents. 2. Gold and Silver Conversion Tables, giving the Coining Value of Troy Ounces of Fine Metal, etc., computed by Albert Williams, jr. 1883. 8=". 8 pp. Price 5 cents. 3. On the Fossil Faunas of the Upper Devonian, along the Meridian of 76° 30', from Tompkins County, New York, toBradford County, Pennsylvania, by Henry S. Williams. 1884. 8°. 36 pp. Price 5 cents. 4. 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The Viscosity of Solids, by Carl Barns. 1891. 8°. xii, 139 pp. 6 pi. Price 15 cents. 74. The Minerals of North Carolina, by Frederick Augustus Genth. 1891. 8=. 119 pp. Price 15 cent.s 75. Record of North American Geology for 1887 to 1889, inclusive, by Nelson Horatio Darton. 1891. 8°. 173 pp. Price 15 cents. 76. A Dictionary of Altitudes in the United States (Second Edition), compiled by Henry Gannett, Chief Topographer. 1891. 8°. 393 pp. Price 25 cents. 77. The Texan Permian and its Mesozoic Types of Fossils, by Charles A. White. 1891. 8'^. 51 pp. 4 pi. Price 10 cents. 78. A Report of AVork done iu the Division of Chemistry and Physics, mainly during the Fiscal Tear 1889-'90. F. W. Clarke, Chief Chemist. 1891. 8°. 131 pp. Price 15 cents. 79. A Late Volcanic Eruption in Northern California .ind its Peculiar Lava, by J. S. Diller. 1891. 8°. 33 pp. 17 pi. Price 10 cents. 80. Correlation Papers — Devonian and Carboniferous, by Henry Shaler Williams. 1891. 8°. 279 pp. Price 20 cents. 81. Correlation Papers— Cambrian, by Charles DooUttle Walcott. 1891. 8°. 447 pp. 3 pi. Price 25 cents. 82. Correlation Papers— Cretaceous, by Charles A. White. 1891. 8°. 273 pp. 3 pi. Price 20 cents. 83. Correlation Papers— Eocene, by William Bullock Clark. 1891. 8°. 173 pp. 2 pi. Price 15 cents. VI ADVERTISEMENT. 84. CoiTi'liiliuii I'aiMTH— NeiMono, Iiy W. 11. Dull iiiKl (1. 1). llaniH. 1H02. H ■. :i49 jip. :! |.l. rricii 25c(\ iMracI (.'onk UiihhoII. 181f_>. 8\ ;U4 jip. l.'lpl. Price 2r> ri'iits. 86. Correlation rapcrs — Ardican ami AlKOiikiaii, by <^ K. \'aii Him'. IH'J'J. 8'. .'i4'J \>\>. 11' p. Price 25 cents. 87. A SynopHis of Aiiicrican Kossil liruchiopoila, inclinlin;; r.il)lii);;iaiiliy and Synonymy, by Charles Schucliert. 1897. 8^. 464 pp. Price 25 cents. 88. Tlio Cretaceous Foramiuifera of New Jersey, liy Uul'iiM MatliiT ISa^K,. jr. 18'.>8. 8^. h» jiji. G pi. Price 10 cents. 80. Some Lava Flows nf the Western Slope of the Sierra Nevada, (.'alifornia, liy F. Leslie Uansonie. 1898. 8'. 74 pp. lljil. Price 15cent8. 90. A Iteport of Work done in the Division of Chemistry and Pliysics. mainly during; tlie Fiscal Tear 1890-'91. F. W. Clarke, Chief Chemist. 1892. 8''. 77 pp. Price 10 cents. 91. llecord of North American Ccologyfor 1890, by Nelson Horatio Darton. 1891. 8'^. 88 jip. Price 10 cents. 92. The Comprcssibilily of Liquids, by Carl Barus. 1892. 8^. 96 i»p. 29 pi. Price 10 cents. 93. Some Insects of .Sjiecial Interest from Florissant, Colorado, and Other Points in the Tertiaries of Colorado and r tab, by Sainnel Hubbard Scudder. 1892. 8^. :i5 ])p. 3 pi. Price 5 i'ents. 94. The Mccbaiii.sni of Solid Vi.scosity, by Carl PariKs. 1892. 8'. 138 pp. Price 15 cents. 95. Earth(iuakes in California in 1890 and 1891, by Edward Singleton Holden. 1892. 8^. 31 pp. Price 5 cents. 96. I'lie Volume Thermodynamics of Liiiuids, by Carl Barns. 1892. 8^. 100 i>p. IVice 10 cents. 97. The Mesozoic Echinodermata of the United States, by William Bullock Clark. 1803. 8°. 207 pp. 50 pi. Price 20 cents. 98. Flora of the Outlying Carboniferous iSasins of Southwestern Missouri, by iJavid White. 1893. 8°. 139 pp. 5 pi. Price 15 cents. 99. Kecord of North American (Jeology for 1891, by Nelson Horatio Darton. 1892. 8'. 73 pp. Price 10 cents. 100. Bibliography and Index of the Publications of the U. S. Geological Survey, 1879-1892, by Philip Crrveliiig Warnian. 1893. 8^. 495 jip. Price 25 cents. 101. Insect Fauna of the Rhode Island Coal Field, by Samuel Hubbard Scudder. 1893. 8°. 27 pp. 2 pi. Price 5 cents. 102. A Catalogue and Bibliograi)hy of North American Mesozoic Inverleltrata, by Cornelius Breck- inridge Boyle. 1893. 8°. 315 pj). Price 25 cents. 103. High Temperature Work in Igneous Fusion and Ebullition, chieHy in Kelation to Pressure, by Carl Bams. 1893. 8^. 57 pp. 9 pi. Price 10 cents. 104. Glaciation of the Yellowstone Valley north of the Park, by AValtcr Harvey Weed. 1893. 8°. 41 pi>. 4 pi. Price 5 cents. 105. The Laramie and the Overlying Livingston Formation in Montana, by Walter Harvey Weed with Report on Flora, by Frank Hall Knowlton. 1893. 8°. 68 pp. 6 pi. I'rice 10 cents. 106. The Colorado Formation and its Invertebrate Fauna, by T. W. Stanton. 1893. 8''. 288 pp 45 pi. Price 20 cents. 107. The Trap Dikes of the Lake Champlain Region, by James Fiirman Kemp and Vernon Free man Marsters. 1893. 8">. 62 pp. 4 pi. Price 10 cents. 108. A Geological Keconnoissauce in Central Washington, by IsraeU.'ook Kussell. 1893. 8°. 108 pp 12 pi. Price 15 cents. 109. The Eruptive and Sedimentary Rocks on Pigeon Point, Minnesota, and their Contact Phenora ena, by William Shirley Bayley. 1803. S--. 121 ]>]>. 16 pi. Price 15 cents. 110. The Paleozoic Section in the Vicinity of Three Forks, Montana, by Albert tJharles Peale. 1893 8°. 56 i)p. pi. Price 10 cents. 111. Geology of the Big Stone Gap Coal Field of Virginia and Kentucky, by Marins R. Campbell 1893. 8''. 106 pp. 6 pi. Price 15 cents. 112. Earthquakes in California in 1892, by Charles D. Perrine. 1893. 8=. 57 pp. Price 10 cents. 113. A Report of Work done in the Division of Chemistry during the Fiscal Years 1891-'92 and 1892-'?3. F.W. Clarke, Chief Chemist. 1893. 8". 115 pp. Price 15 cents. 114. Earthquakes in California in 1893, by Charles D. Perrine. 1894. 8^. 23 pp. I'rice 5 cents. 115 A (ieographic Dictionary of Rhode Island, by Henry Gannett. 1894. 8°. 31pp. Price 5 cents. 116. A Geograidiic Dictionary of Massachusetts, by Henry Gannett. 1894. 8". 126 pp. Price 15 cents. 117. A Geographic Dictionary of Connecticut, by Henry Gannett. 1894. 8". 07 pp. Price 10 cents. 118. A Geographic Dictionary of New Jersey, by Henry Gannett. 1894. 8^. 131pp. Price 15 cents. 119. A Geological Roconnoissance in Northwest Wyoming, by George Ilomans Eldridge. 1894. 8°. 72 pp. 4 pi. Price 10 cents. 120. The Devonian System of Eastern Pennsylvania and New York, by Churlcs S. Prosser. 1895. 8°. 81 pp. 2 pi. Price 10 cents. ADVERTISEMENT. VII 121. A Bibliography of North American Paleontology, by Charles Rollin Keyes. 1894. 8°. 251 pp. Price 20 ceuts. 122. Kesulta of Primary Triangulation, by Henry Gannett. 1894. 8^. 412 pp. 17 pi. Price 25 cents. 123. A Dictionary of Geographic Position.^, by Henry Gannett. 1895. 8°. 183 pp. 1 pi. Price 15 ceuts. 124. Kevision of North American Fossil Cockroaches, by Samuel Hubbard Scudder. 1895. 8^. 176 pp. 12 pi. Price 15 cents. 125. The Constitution of the Silicates, by Frank Wigglesworth Clarke. 1895. 8°. 109 pp. Price 15 cents. 126. A Miueralogical Lexicon of Fi'aukliu, Hampshire, and Hampden Counties, Massachusett.s, by Benjamin Kendall Emerson. 1895. 8°. 180 pp. 1 pi. Price 15 cents. 127. Catalogue and Index of Contributions to North American Geology, 1732-1891, by Nelson Horatio Dartou. 1896. 8°. 1045 pp. Price 60 cents. 128. The Bear River Formation and its Characteristic Fauna, by Charles A. White. 1895. 8'='. 108 pp. 11 pi. Price 15 ceuts. 129. Earthquakes in California in 1894, by Charles D. Perrine. 1895. 8='. 25 pp. Price 5 cents. 130. Bibliography aud Index of North American Geology, Paleontology, Petrology, and Mineralogy for 1892 and 1893, by Fred Boughton Weeks. 1896. 8^. 210 pp. Price 20 ceuts. 131. Report of Progress of the Division of Hydrography for the Calendar Years 1893 and 1894, by Frederick Haynes Nowell, Topographer in Charge. 1895. 8^. 126 pp. Price 15 cents. 132. The Disseminated Lead Ores ol Southeastern Missouri, by Arthur Winslow. 1896. 8°. 31 pp. Price 5 cents. 133. Contributions to the Cretaceous Paleontology of the Pacific Coast : The Fauna of the Kuoxville Beds, by T. W. Stanton. 1895. 8°. 132 pp. 20 pi. Price 15 cents. 134. The Cambrian Rocks of Pennsylvania, by Charles Doolittle Walcott. 1896. 8^. 43 pp. 15 pi. Price 5 cents. 135. Bibliography and Index of North American Geology, Paleontology, Petrology, and Mineralogy for the Year 1894, by F. B. Weeks. 1896. 8°. 141 pp. Price 15 cents. 136. Volcanic Rocks of South Mountain, Pennsylvania, by Florence Bascom. 1890. 8"^. 124 pp. 28 ])]. Price 15 cents. 137. The Geology of the Fort Riley Military Reservation aud Vicinity, Kansas, by Robert Hay. 1896. 8°. 35 pp. 8 pi. Price 5 cents. 138. Artesian- Well Prospects in the Atlantic Coastal Plain Region, by N.H.Darton. 1896. 8^. 228 I>1>. 19 pi. Price 20 cents. 139. Geology of the (Castle Mountain Mining District, Montana, by W. H. Weed and L. V. Pirsson. 1896. 8°. 164 pp. 17 pi. Price 15 cents. 140. Report of Progress of the Division of Hydrography for the Calendar Year 1895, by Frederick Haynes Newell, Hydrographer in Charge. 1896. 8°. 356 pp. Price 25 cents. 141. The Eocene Deposits of the Middle Atlantic Slope in Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, by Will- iam Bullock Clark. 1896. 8°. 167 pp. 40 pi. Price 15 cents. 142. A Brief Contribution to the Geology and Paleontology of Northwestern Louisiana, by T. Way- laud Vaughan. 1896. 8^. 65 pp. 4 pi. Price 10 cents. 143. A Bibliography of Clays and the Ceramic Arts, by John C. Branner. 1896. 8^. 114 pji. Price 15 cents. 144. The Moraines of the Missouri Coteau and their Attendant Deposits, by James Edward Todd. 1896. 8°. 71 pp. 21 pi. Price 10 cents. 145. The Potomac Formation in Virginia, by W.M. Fontaine. 1896. 8°. 149 pp. 2 pi. Price 15 cents. 146. Bibliography and Index of North American Geology, Paleontology, Petrology, and Miner- alogy for the Year 1895. by F. B. Weeks. 1896. 8°. 130 pp. Price 15 cents. 147. Earthquakes in California in 1895, by Charles D. Perrine, Assistant Astronomer iu Charge of Earthquake Observations at the Lick Observatory. 1896. 8'='. 23 pp. Price 5 cents. 148. Analyses of Rocks, with a Chapter on Analytical Methods, Laboratory of the United States Geological Survey, 1880 to 1896, by F. W. Clarke and W. F. Hillebrand. 1897. 8°. 306 pp. Price 20 cents. 149. Bil>liography and Index of North American Geology, Paleontology, Petrology, and Mineralogy for the Year 1896, by Fred Boughton Weeks. 1897. 8°. 152 pp. Price 15 cents. 150. The Educational Series of Rock Specimens Collected and Distributed by the United States Geological Survey, by Joseph Silas Diller. 1898. 8°. 400 pp. 47 pi. Price 25 cents. 151. The Lower Cretaceous Gryphceas of the Texas Region, by R. T. Hill and T. Wayland Vaughan. 1898. 8°. 139 pp. 35 pi. Price 15 cents. 152. A Catalogue of the Cretaceous and Tertiary Plants of North America, by F. H. Knowlton. 1898. 8°. 247 pp. Price 20 cents. 153. A Bibliographic Index of North American Carboniferous Invertebrates, by Stuart Weller. 1898. 8°. 653 pp. Price 35 cents. 154. A Gazetteer of Kansas, by Henry Gannett. 1898. 8°. 246 pp. 6 pi. Price 20 cents. ^ 155. Earthquakes in California in 1896 aud 1897, by Charles D. Perrine, Assistant Astronomer in Charge of Earthquake Obaervations at the Lick Observatory. 1898. 8°. 47 pp. Price 5 cents. VIII ADVERTISEMENT. l&O. llibliography and Index of North Ainiricuii (Joology, PiiliMinfology, Petrology, «nd Mineralogy for Ibo Year 1897, by Kivd IJoiighloii WfokM. 1898. 8^. 130 pp. Price 15 rciilH. 157. TlioCiuiiHieH, (iabbroSchi.stH. and AMHociatod Kocka of Southwestern Miuuoaota, by Chrint4iplier Webber Hull. 1899. 8\ lliO jip. 'JT j.l. Price 4.1 cents. 158. The MorainpH of Soutlica.sltrii South Dakota and their Attendant Deiwsitw, by JumcH Edward Todd. 1899. 8. 171pp. 'J" pi. I'ricc 2.') cents. 159. The Ceolo^jy of Eastern ikrksli ire County, MassachuHetts, by B. K. Emuruon. 1899. 8=. 139 pp. 9 pi. I'rico 20 centH. 160. A Dictionary of Altitudes in the United States (Third Edition), compiled by Henry Gannett. 1899. 8°. 775 i)p. Price 40 cents. 161. Earth(niakes in California in 1898, by Charles D. Perrine, Assistant Astronomer in Charge of Eartlniuako Observations at the T.ick Observatory. 1899. 8^. 31 jip. 1 pi. Price 5 cents. 162. llibliography and Index of North Anier-ican (jeolog>-, Paleontology, Petrology, and Mineralogy for the Year 1898, l#y Fred Boughton AVeeks. 1899. 8'^. 103 pp. Price 15 cents. 163. Flora of the Montana Formation, by Frank Hall Knowlton. 1900. 8°. 118 pp. 19 pi. Price 15 cents. 164. Keconnaissauec in the liio Craudo Coal Fields of Toxa.s, by Thomas ^Vayland Yaughan, includ- ing a Repoit on Igneous Rocks from the San Carlos Coal Field, by E. C. E. Lord. 1900. S'^. 100 pp. 11 1)1. and maps. Price 20 cents. 1C5. Contributions to the Geology of Maine, by Henry S. Williams and Herbert E. Gregory. 1900. S'^. 212 pp. 14 pi. Price 25 cents. IGG. A Gazetteer of Utah, by Henry Gannett. 1900. 8°. 43 pp. 1 map. Price 15 cents. 167. Contributions to Chemistry and Mineralogy from the Laboratory of the United States Geological Survey, Frank W. Clarke, Chief Chemist. 1900. 8°. 166 pp. Price 15 cents. 168. Analyses of Rocks, Laboratory of the United States Geological Survey, 1880 to 1899, tabulated by F. W. Clarke, Chief Chemist. 1900. 8°. 308 pp. Price 20 cents. 169. Altitudes in Alaska, by Henry Gannett. 1900. 8^. 13 pp. Price 5 cents. 170. Survey of the Boundary Line between Idaho and Montana from the International Boundary t« the Crest of the Bitterroot Mountains, by Richard Urquhart Goode. 1900. 8'=. 67 pp. 14 pi. Price 15 cents. 171. Boundaries of the United States and of the Several States and Territories, with an Ontline of the History of all Important Changes of Territory (Second Edition), by Henry Gannett. 1900. S^. 142 pp. 53 pi. Price 30 cents. In preparation : 172. Bibliography and Index of North American Geology, Paleontology, Petrology, and Mineralogy for the Year 1899, by Fred Boughton Weeks. 173. Synopsis of American Fossil Bryo/oa, including Bibliography and Synonymy, by John M. Nickles and Ray S. Bassler. 174. Survey of the Northwestern Bound.ary of the United States, 1857-1860, by Marcus Baker. 175. Triangulation and Si)irit Leveling in Indian Territory, by C. H. Fitch. — Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Yertebrata of North America, by Oliver Perry Hay. WATER-SUPPLY AND IRRIGATION PAPERS. By act of Congress approved June 11, 1896, the following provision was made : "Providid, That hereafter the re]>orts of the Geological Survey in relation to the gauging of streams and to (lie nietliods of utilizing the water resources may be printed in octavo form, not to exceed one liundred jiages in length anil live tliousaud copies in number; one thousand copies of which shall l)e for tlie ollicial use of the etiological Survey, one thousand live hundred copies shall bo delivered to the Senate, and two thousand live hundred copies shall be delivered to the House of Rep- resentatives, for distribution." Under this law the following i>apers have been published : 1. Pumping Water for Irrigatiim, by Herbert M. Wihson. 1896. 8=. 57 pp. 9 jd. 2. Irrigation near Ph(enix. Arizona, by Arthur P. Davis. 1897. 8^. 97 pp. 31 pi. 3. Sewage Irrigation, by George W. Rafter. 1897. 8^. 100 pp. 4 pi. 4. A Reconnoissance in Southeastern \Yasliington, by Israel Cook Russell. 1897. 8^. 96 pp. 7 pi. 5. Irrigation I'ractice on the (Ireat Plains, by Elias Hranson Cowgill. 1897. 8°. 39 pp. 12 pi. 6. Underground \Yaters of Southwestern Kansas, by Erasmuth Haworth. 1897. 8\ 65 pp. 12 pi. 7. Seepage AYaters of Northern Utah, by Samuel Fortier. 1897. 8°. 50 pp. 3 pi. 8. Windmills for Irrigation, by E. C. Murphy. 1897. 8°. 49 pp. 8 pi. 9. Irrigation near Greeley, Colorado, by David Boyd. 1897. 8°. 90 pp. 21 pi. 10. Irrigation in Mesilla Yalley, New Mexico, by F. C. Barker. 1898. 8=-. 51 pp. 11 pi. 11. River Heights for 1896, by Arthur P. Davis. 1897. 8°. 100 pp. 12. Underground Wafers of Southeastern Nebraska, by N. H. Darton. 1898. 8^. 56 pp. 21 ]>\. K!. Irrigation Systems in Texas, by William Ferguson Hutson. 1898. 8^. 67 pp. 10 pi. 14. New Tests of I*unii>s and Water-Lifts used in Irrigation, by O.P.Hood. 1898. 8°. 91 pp. 1 pi. 15. Operations at River Stations, 1897, Part I. 1898. 8=. 100 pp. 16. Operations at River .Stations, 1897, Part II. 1898. 8^ 101-200 pp. 17. Irrigation near Bakersfield, California, by C. E. Grunsky. 1898. 8-^. 96 pp. 10 pi. ADVERTISEMENT. IX 18. Irrigation near Fresno, California, by C.E.Grunsky. 1898. 8<^. 94 pp. 14 pi. 19. Irrigation near Merced, California, by C. E. Grunsky. 1899. 8°. 59 pp. 11 pi. 20. Experiments with Windmills, by T. O. Perry. 1899. 8°. 97 pp. 12 pi. 21. Wells of Northern Indiana, by Frank Leverett. 1899. 8^ 82 pp. 2 pi. 22. Sewage Irrigation, Part II, by George W. Eafter. 1899. 8°. 100 pp. 7 pi. 23. Water-right Problems of the Bighorn Mountains, by Elwood Mead. 1899. 8'^. 62 pp. 7 pi. 24. Water Resources of the State of New York, Part I, by G. W. Eafter. 1899. 8°. 99 pp. 115 pi. 25. WaterResourcesof the State of New York, Part ir, by G.W. Eafter. 1899. 8°. 101-200 pp. 12 pi. 26. Wells of Southern Indiana (Continuation of No. 21), by Frank Leverett. 1899. 8°. 64 pp. 27. Operations at Eiver Stations for 1898, Part I. 1899. 8°. 100 pp. 28. Operations at River Stations for 1898, Part II. 1899. 8°. 101-200 pp. 29. Wells and Windmills in Nebraska, by Erwin H. Barbour. 1899. 8°. 85 pp. 27 pi. 30. Water Eesources of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, by Alfred C. Lane. 1899. 8°. 97 pp. 7 pi. 31. Lower Michigan Mineral Waters, by Alfred C. Lane. 1899. 8°. 97 pp. 4 pi. 32. Water Eesources of Puerto Rico, by Herbert M. Wilson. 1899. 8°. 48 pp. 17 pi. 33. Storage of Water on Gila River, Arizona, by Jo.seph B. Lippincott. 1900. 8°. 98 pp. 33 pi. 34. Geology and water resources of SE. South Dakota, by J. E. Todd. 1900. 8°. 34 pp. 19 pis. 35. Operations at River Stations, 1899, Part I. 1900. 8=. 100 pp. 36. Operations at River Stations, 1899, Part II. 1900. 8^. 101-198 pp. 37. Operations at River Stations, 1899, Part III. 1900. 8°. 199-298 pp. In preparation: 38. Operations at River Stations, 1899, Part IV. 39. Operations at River Stations, 1899, Part V. TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. When, in 1882, the Geological Survey was directed by law to make a geologic map of the United States, there was in existence no suitable topographic mai) to serve as a base for the geologic map. The preparation of such a topographic map was therefore immediately begun. About one-iifth of the area of the country, excluding Alaska, has now been thus mapped. The map is published in atlas sheets, each sheet representing a small quadrangular district, as explained under the next heading. The separate sheets are sold at 5 cents each when fewer than 100 copies are purchased, but when they are ordered in lots of 100 or more copies, whether of the same sheet or of ditferent sheets, the price is 2 cents each. The mapped areas are widely scattered, nearly every State being represented. About 900 sheets have been engraved and printed; tliej' are tabulated by States in the Survey's " List of Publications," a pamphlet which may bo had on application. The map sheets represent a great variety of topographic features, and with the aid of descriptive text they can be used to illustrate topographic forms. This has led to the projection of an educational series of topographic folios, for use wherever geography is taught in high schools, academies, and colleges. Of this series the first two folios have been issued, viz: 1. Physiographic types, by Henry Gannett, 1898, folio, consisting of the following sheets and 4 pages of descrijitive text: Fargo (N. Dak. -Minn.), a region in youth; Charleston (W. Va.), a region in maturity; Caldwell (Kans.), a region in old age; Palmyra (Va.), a rejuvenated region; Mount Shasta (Cal.), a young volcanic mountain; Eagle (Wis.), moraines; Sun Prairie (Wis.), drumlins; Donald- sonville (La.), river flood plains; Boothbay (Me.), a fiord coast; Atlantic City (N. J.), a barrier-beach coast. 2. Physiographic types, by Henry Gannett, 1900, folio, consisting of the following sheets and 11 pages of descriptive text: Norfolk (Va.-N. C), a coast swamp; Marshall (Mo.), a graded river; Lexington (Nebr.), an overloaded stream; Harrisburg (Pa.), Appalachian ridges; Poteau Mountain (Ark.-Ind. T.), Ozark ridges; Marshall (Ark.), Oz.irk Plateau; West Denver (Colo.), hogbacks; Mount Taylor (N. Mex.), volcanic peaks, plateaus, and necks; Cucamonga (Cal.), alluvial cones; Crater Lake special (Oreg.), a crater. GEOLOGIC ATLAS OF THE UNITED STATES. The Geologic Atlas of the United States is the final form of publication of the topographic and geologic maps. The atlas is issued in parts, or folios, progressively as the surveys are extended, and is designed ultimately to cover the entire country. Under the plan adopted the entire area of the country is divided into small rectangular districts (designated quadrangles), bounded by certain meridians and parallels. The unit of survey is also the unit of publication, and the maps and descriptions of each rectangular district are issued as a folio of the Geologic Atlas. Each folio contains topographic, geologic, economic, and stmctiu'al maps, together with textual descriptions and explanations, and is designated by the name of a principal town or of a prominent natural feature within the district. Two forms of issue have been adopted, a "library edition" and a "field edition." In both the sheets are bound between heavy paper covers, but the library copies are permanently bound, while the sheets and covers of the field copies are only temporarily wired together. Under the law a copy of each folio is sent to certain public libraries and educational institutions. The remainder are sold at 25 cents each, except such as contain an unusual amount of matter, which are priced accordingly. Prepayment is obligatory. The folios ready for distribution are here listed. ADVERTISEMENT. ' Area, ill Price, No. Nllllll' llf Mlll-I't. State. l.iiiiil ng nieriilians. Liiitiling parallels. sqiiure UlilOH. ill ceuti). 1 Livingston MnntAna.. noo-iiio 450-460 3,3M 25 2 Rii'fe'gol'l { Gcorfjia... Tennessee } 85o-85^ 30' 34° 30'-35o 980 25 3 riaocrvillii Caht'iirnia 120° 30'-123o 38" 30'-39o 932 25 4 Kiof^ston n Tennessee 84-5 30'-85o 35° 30'-30o 9U9 25 5 SiU'i-aincllto Calil'ornia 12l'^-121" 30' 38° 30' -390 932 25 6 Clinttanooca Ten Lessee 85°-85o 30< 350-350 30' 975 25 7 rikc'8 I'cak a Colorado.. 105'^-105° 30' 38° 30'-39o 932 25 8 Sewano*' Tennessee Colorado. . 85^ 30'-«6° 106^ 45'-107^ 1.5' 350-350 30' 38° 45'-39o 975 465 25 9 Antliraeite-Crt'st- 50 ocl liiitte. I Virginia .. 1 10 Harpers Ferry . . I West Va.. Maryland. 77° 30'-78° 390-390 30' 025 25 11 Jackson ( Caliioniia Virginia . ■ 120° 30'-121° 38o-38° ;iO' 938 25 12 Kstillville I Kentucky. Tennessee 82° 30'-83° 36° 30'-37° 9.17 25 13 I"'r«'(lcriclvsl)iirj;. . J Maryland. Virginia .. } 770.770 30- 380-38° 30' 938 25 14 Staniitiin < Virginia .. West Va.. } 79°-79° 30' ?80-38° 30' 938 25 15 La.sscu Peak California. 121°-122° 40O-41O 3,634 25 IG KdoxvIIIc ! Tennessee N.Candiiia / 83° 30'-84° 350 30'-36o 925 25 17 MarvBvillo California 121° 30'-122° 390-390 30' 925 25 18 Sma'rtrtvjlle California Alabama.. 1 1210-121° 30' 390-390 30' 925 25 19 Stevenson Georgia. .. Tennessee 1 85° 30'-86o 340 30'- 350 980 25 20 Cleveland Tennessee 84' 30'-85° 350-350 30' 975 25 21 I'ikeville Tennessee 85°-85° 30' 350 30'-36o 969 25 22 McMiunville Tennessee 85° 30'-86° 35° 30'-36o 969 25 23 Nomini •! Maryland . Virginia .. Montana. . } 76° 30' -7 7° 380-38° 30' 938 25 24 Three Forks 111°-112° 450-46° 3,354 50 25 Loudon Tennessee 84°-84° 30' 350 30'-36° 969 25 26 Pocahontas I Morristowu Virginia .. West Va. . } 81°-81° 30' 37°-37° 30' 951 25 27 Tennessee 83°-83° liO' 963 25 28 Piedmont < Maryland . AVest Va.. } 79°-79° 30' 39°-39° 30' 925 25 29 Nevada City : Kevada City.] r 121° 00 25"-121o 03' 45" 39° 13' 50"-39° 17' 16" 11.65 Grass Valley . California- M21°01 35"-I210 05' 04" 390 10' 22"-39o 13' ."iO" 12.09 50 Banner Hill'.. I 120° 57 05"-121° 00' 25" 39° 13' 50"-39° 17' 16" 11.65 30 Yellowstone Na- tional Park: Gallatin I Canj-on 1 Shoshone ( Wyoming. 110°-] 11° 440-450 3,412 75 Lake J 31 Pyramid Peak California. 120°-120° 30' 38° 30'-39° 932 25 32 Franklin | Virginia .. West Va.. \ 1 79°-79° 30' 38° 30'-39° 932 25 33 TJriceville Tennes.see 84°-84° 30' 360-36° 30' 963 25 34 BiK-kliantion West Va.. 80°-80° 30' 38° 30'-39° 932 25 35 (iads0' 28"-46° 02' 54" 22.80 50 39 Truckee California- Tennessee 120°-120° 30' 84° 30'-85° 39°-39o 30' 360-36° 30' 925 963 25 40 Wart burg 25 41 Sonora t'alifornia. 'J'exas 1200-120° 30' 100°-100° 30' 37° 30'-38o 290 30'-30'' 944 1,0.(5 25 42 Nueces 25 43 IJidwelUJar California. 1210-121° 30' 390 30'-40o 918 25 44 Tazewell | Virginia .. West Va . . ' 81° 30'-82° 370-370 30' 950 25 45 Boise Idaho 1160-116° 30' 43° 30'-44° 864 25 46 Richmond Kentucky 84°-84o 30' 37° ;!0'-38° 944 25 47 London Kentucky Colorado.. 84°-84° 30' 106° 8'-106o 16' 37°-37° 30' 39° 22' 30"-39o 30' 30" 950 55 25 48 Tenmile District 25 Special. 49 Koseburj; Oregon . . . 1 230-1230 30' 430^30 30' 871 25 50 Holyoke | Mass Conn ) 720 30'-73o 420-42° 30' 885 50 51 Bi{j Trees California 1200-120° 30' 380-38° 30' 938 25 52 Absaroka : Crandall \ Ishawooa / Wyoming. 109° 30'-110° 440-440 30' 1,706 25 53 Staudingstoue Tennessee 85°-85° 30' 360-36° 30' 963 25 a Out of stock. ADVERTISEMENT. XI Ko. Name of sheet. State. Limitiu>'' tneridiaus. Limitiug parallels. Area, io Price, I square in miles, cents. Tacoma Washing- ton. Fort Benton ■ Montana. . Montana- Colorado. Colorado . Bristol { Virginia. \ Tennessee MenominecSpecial Michigan Little Belt Mts . Telluride Elmoro 122°-122° 30' lioo-llio llO^-lllo 107° 45'-108o 1040-1043 30' 820-82° 30' 87° 44'-88° 09' 470-470 30' 47°-48° 460-470 370 45'-;)8° 370-370 30' 36° 30'-37o 450 44'-45o 55' 812 3,273 3, 295 236 950 957 254 STATISTICAL PAPERS. MineralResourceaof the United States, 1882, by Albert Williams, jr. 1883. 80. xvii, 813 pp. Price 50 cents. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1883 and 1884, by Albert Williams, jr. 1885. 80. xiv, 1016 pp. Price 60 cents. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1885. Division of Mining Statistics and Technology. 1886. 80. vii, 576 pp. Price 40 cents. Mineral Resources ofthe United States, 1886, by David T.Day. 1887. 80. viii,813pp. Price 50cents. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1887, by David T. Day. 1888. 8°. vii, 832 pp. Price 50 cents. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1888, by David T. Day. 1890. 80. vii, 652 pp. Price 50 cents. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1889 and 1890, by David T. Day. 1892. 80. viii, 671 pp. Price 50 cents. MineralResourcesof the United States, 1891, by David T.Day. 1893. 8°. vii, 630 pp. Price 50 cents. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1892, by David T. Day. 1893. 8°. vii, 850 pp. Price 50 cents. MineralResourcesof theUnitedStares, 1803, by David T.Day. 1894. 8°. viii, 810 pp. PriceSOcents. On March 2, 1895, the follovring provision was included in an act of Congress: "Provided, That hereafter the report of the mineral resources of the United States shall be issued as a part of the report of the Director of the Geological Survey." In compliance with this legislation the following reports have been published : Mineral Resources of the United States, 1894, David T. Day, Chief of Division. 1895. 8°. xv, 646 pp., 23 pi. ; xix, 735 pp., 6 pi. Being Parts III and IV of the Sixteenth Annual Report. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1895, David T. Day, Chief of Division. 1896. 8°. xxiii, 542 pp., 8 pi. and maps; iii, 543-1058 pp., 9-13 pi. Being Part III (in 2 vols.) of the Seventeenth Annual Report. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1896, David T. Day, Chief of Division. 1897. 8^. xii, 642 pp.. 1 pi.; 643-1400 pp. Being Part V (in 2 vols.) of the Eighteenth Annual Report. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1897, David T. Day, Chief of Division. 1898. 8°. viii, 651 pp., 11 pi.; viii, 706 pp. Being Part VI (in 2 vols.) of the Kineteenth Annual Report. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1898, David T. Day, Chief of Division. 1899. 8'^. viii, 616 pp.; ix, 804 pp., 1 pi. Being Part VI (in 2 vols.) of the Twentieth Annual Report. The money received from the sale of the Survey publications is deposited in the Treasury, and the Secretary of the Treasury declines to receive bank checks, drafts, or postage stamps; all remittances, therefore, must be by money order, made payable to the Director of the United States Geological Survey, or in currency— the exact amount. Correspondence relating to the publications of the Survey should be addressed to — The Director, United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. Washington, D. C, July, 1900. [Take this leaf out and paste the separated titles upon three of your catalopne cards. Tlie tirst and second titli's need no addition; over the third write that subject under which you would place the booli iu your library.] LIBRARY CATALOGUE SLIPS. United States. Departmrui of the interior. ( U. S. geological survey.) Department of the interior | — | Bulletin | of the | United States I geological survey | no. 171 | [Seal of the department] | Washington | government printing office | 1900 Second title: United States geological survey ] Charles D. Wal- cott, director | — | Boundaries | of | the United States | and of the I several States and Territories | witli an outline of the | his- tory of all important changes of territory | (second edition) | by I Henry Gannett | [Vignette] | Washington | government printing office | 1900 8°. 142 pp. 53 pis. Gannett (Henry). United States geological survey | Charles D. Walcott, di- rector I — I Boundaries ] of | the United States | and of the | sev- eral States and Territories | with an outline of the | history of all important changes of territory | second edition) ] by | Henry Gannett | [Vignette] | Washington | government printing office | 1900 8°. 142 pp. 53 pis. [United States. Department of the interior. {V. H. geological survey.) Bulletin 171.] United States geological survey | Charles D. Walcott, di- rector I — I Boundaries | of | the United States 1 and of the | sev- eral States and Territories | with an outline of the | history of all important changes of territory | (second edition) | by | Henry Gannett | [Vignette] | Washington | government printing office | 1900 8°. 142 pp. 53 pis. [United States. Department of the interior. (U. i>. geological survey.) Bulletin 171.] FJc'IO DEPAKTMENT OF TH3J-Jj!L£Ei4l<>ft> i'^ GTON BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY E '9 ISTo. 171 BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES, STATES, AND TERRITO- RIES, WITH OUTLINE OF HISTORY OF IMPORTANT HHANftF.S rSPAnnd edition).— Gannett ..-jKARYOFI May ' ■'"■ [INGTON PRINTING OFFICE .900 /