LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. MERICA. UNITED STATES S OF AM (\,v V THE INYENTOR'S MANUAL. PRACTICAL ERNEST C. WEBB, SoLiGiTOB OF American and Foreion Patents, AND Counsellor at Law in Patent Causes, OFFICES, No. 22 CLIFF STREET, NEW YORE CITY. NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOE, Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1882, by ERNEST C. Vv-EBB, in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, D. C. ^"^4 3^ ben.).ii.tyri;el Pr.iM-i'Fi;, 74 Maiden Linn:, NrwYoik. INTRODUCTORY. It has been aptly said that "necessity is the mother of invention." Assiiming this to be true, the system of Patent Laws, by which the product of invention is protected, and its exclusive use guaranteed for a specified time to the original discoverer, may well be considered in the light of a guardian to the otherwise helpless offspring of necessity. For centuries the inventor was compelled to work in secrecy and seclusion. Every new machine, every new process in manufacture, met with the strongest opposition, alike from the master workmen and their joiirneymen and apprentices, and in many cases from the Government of the country, in which the new inven- tion first saw the light. The first class, the employers, opposed it,from the fear that its introduction might lessen their profits; the second, the workingmen, from a belief that its application might result in a reduction of wages and a con'espond- ing diminution in the number of hands employed; and the Government officials threw every obstacle in the way, lest the successful working of the new process should diminish the receipts from the taxation imposed upon manufacturers, or for the reason that dangerous dissensions might be created, and thus, the stability of the State be endangered. There existed also, the feeling against what arc termed "Monopolies, "of which we have had so many illustrations in recent times, and these causes working together, engendered their natural results, and made it a matter of the utmost difficulty for any inventor to reap the proper reward for the outcome of his skill and labor. Happily, we live in better times. All civilized nations now seek to encom-age and protect the inventor of any new and useful machine or process, and he may, at moderate cost, so secure himself against all others, that he is almost certain to receive ample compensation. Among no other people has the inventive genius been so widely manifested as among the citizens of the United States, and it is, therefore, peculiarly fitting that our Patent Laws should be, as they are, based on broad and liberal prin- ciples, secm-ing to the inventor absolute protection agamst those who would surreptitiously avail themselves of the fruits of his original conceptions, wrought out, perhaps, by long and weary toil and research, while at the same time the cost of such an invaluable safeguard is placed within the means of all. It has ever been the policy of our Government to encourage invention, and the result of this policy may be seen in the long array of grand discoveries in art, science and mechanics, which have conferred honor upon the American name. It is probable that no field of human labor offers such certain and adequate reward as that of the invention of new and useful machines, processes, or methods of manufacture. The list of American inventors, who have won fame and fortune from the successful working of patented inventions, would fill pages. The names of McCormack, Howe, Morse, Colt, Goodyear, Winans, Whitnej-, Hotchkiss, Edison, and many others, will at once occur to the reader, and they are but types of a large class. It is not always, however, inventions of apparently the first importance which prove the most profitable . The merest trifles sometimes produce almost fabulous sums, and it is in such cases that the protection afforded by a patent is the most quickly felt. While the method of obtaining a patent under the United States Patent Laws is extremely simple, the services of a skilled attorney will in nearly every case be found of incalculable advantage. In many instances the inventor will be saved much useless labor and research by confiding his interests to some reputable solicitor, and the ultimate procurement of the patent sought greatly expedited. It is not the purpose of the author to give in this little volume an elaborate treatise on Patent Law, but rather to place before the reader a plain and concise statement of the means necessary to obtain Patents, Trade-marks, Copyrights, etc., either in the United States or in any foreign country, together with a variety of general information of universal value. New York, February, 1882, ERNEST C. WEBB INDEX. PAGE. Abandoned Applications 12 Admission of the States to the Union, Dates of 37 American Cities, Growth of 41 American Patents * 5 Appeals 13 Applications 10 Area of the States of the Union 37 " " " Territories 38 Argentine Eepuhlic, Population, Principal JManufactures, &c 19 Arguments 14 Armies of the World, The 45 Australia, Population, Principal Manufactures, &c. , 19 Austria and Hungary, Population, Principal Manufactures, &c 19 Belgium, Population, Principal Manufactures, &c., 20 Brazil, " " " " 20 British Guiana, " " " " 20 British India, " " " " 20 Canada, " " " " 20 Capitals of States, and Governors, in 1882 39 Caveats 10 Ceylon 20 Cities of the World, Population in 1882 39 Commencement of the Year 29 Copies of Patents 14 Copyrights 14 Dates of Admission of the States to the Union 37 Day and Night, Length of 39 Denmark and Iceland, Population, Principal Manufactures, &c 21 Design Patents 11 Discoveries, Notable 35 Distances from New York City to Principal Places iu the United States . 43 Divisions of Time 30 Exports of Principal Nations 41 Extensions of Patents 13 Fees, American Patents 15 " Foreign Patents 26 Foreign Patents 19 France, Population and Principal Manufactures of "il General Information 29 Germany, Population and Principal Manufactures of ....... 22 Governors of the States, 1882 39 PAGE. Governors of the Territories, 1882 , . . 3l> Great Britain, Population and Principal Manufactures of ...... 23 Greece 20 (jrrowth of American Cities 41 Imports and Exports of Principal Nations a, ... 41 Index 5 Infringement Suits . 14 Interferences 13 Introductory 3 Italy, Population and Principal Manufactures of .».,.... 24 Labels and Prints 12 Leap Year , ... 31 Navies of the World, The 43 Norway, Population and Principal Manufactures of 25 Notable Events and Discoveries , . ■ ... 35 Organization and Area of the Territories 38 Our Northern Boundary ... 32 Policy of Patent Laws, The .,,,.. 9 Population of the Chief Cities of the World 39 Population of the United States, 1790 to 1880 40 Portugal, Population and Principal Manufactures of 25 Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the United States 38 Prints and Labels . , 12 Railroads of the World 42 Rates of Postage .... 31 Reissue Patents 11 Rejected and Abandoned Applications 12 Rulers of the Principal Nations of the World, 1882 44 Russia, Population and Principal Manufactures of 25 Schedule of Fees, American Patents 15 " " Foreign Patents 26 Spain, Population and Principal Manufactures of 26 Supreme Coui't of the United States, Chief .lustices and Associate Justices of, 1789-1882 40 Sweden, Population and Piincipal Manufactures of 25 Telegraphs of the United States 42 To Ascertain the Length of the Day and Night 29 To Get Correct Time 30 Trade-Marks 12 True Time 30 Value of Standard Money of the Principal Foreign Nations in United States Coin 45 Variations of Time and Distances from New York City to Principal Places in the United States 43 What is a Patent 9 What is Nickel 33 What is Patentable 10 Who May Obtain a Patent 9 PA R T 1. AMERICAN PATENTS. THE INYENTOR'S MANUAL. THE POLICY OF PA TENT LA WS. The true policy of patent laws is to awaken and stimulate the spirit of inven- licn, by liolding forth to the invcniive n.ind an inducement to woik. If an inventor could receive no benefit from the creation of his brain, fewer inventions would be made. Take away the opportunity to make money by the production of son.ething new and useful, and you take away the incentive to invent — and it then foie follows, as a logical sequence, that the intellectual products of the in- ventor must be fostered and protected. Our excellent patent system has been a very potent factor in developing our manufacturing interests and the resources of the country, and it has been well said "If Europe does not amend its patent laws, America will speedily become the nursery of useful inventions for the world." WHA r IS A PA TENT. A patent is in the nature of a contract between the inventor and the Govern- ment, to the eifect, that if the inventor shall disclose his invention to the public by filing a description of the same m such full, clear and exact teims, that anj' person skilled in the art or science to which it apptrtains may be able to make and use the invention so descril ed, then the inventor or his assigns, or legal rep- resentatives shall have the exclusive right to make, use and vend the invention for the term of 17 years; and that at the expiration of this term, the right to make, use and vend the patented invention shall become commion property. It will thus be sem that the true consideration for the grant of a patent is the dis- closure by the inventor, of his invention or discovery, so that the same may at a certain time enure to the benefit of the whole people. WHO MA Y OBTAIN A PA TENT. Any person who has invented or discovered any new or useful art, machine, manufacture or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may, upon application in regular form, and upon the payment of the fees required b}^ law, obtain a patent. 10 THE inventor's MANUAL WHA T IS PA TEN TABLE. Anything that is new and useful, or any new and useful improvement on ex - isting devices which has not been known or used by others in this country, and not patented or described in any publication in this or any foreign country before the invention or discovery. THE APPLICA TION. Preliminary to the application for Letters Patent it is sometimes advisable to make what is usually called a "Preliminary Examination." The object of this is to ascertain if the invention forming the basis of the application has been previously patented in this country, by making a careful search through the records of the Patent Office, relating to the subject matter of the invention. After the preliminary questions of determining the patentability of the in- vention have been disponed of, the next step is to prepare the application papers consisting of the specification or description of the invention, the petition pray- ing for the grant of the patent, the oath of invention, and a complete drawing (when admissible) of the device. . GreHt skill and care must be exercised in preparing the specification and claims, as a carelessl}^ drawn specification and claims, not comprehending the full scope of the invention, will invariably subject the inventor, or subsequent owner of the patent, to the necessity of reissuing the patent, and oftentimes to great pecuniary loss. (See division on Reissue patents.) Hence it is absolutely imperative for the inventor to select a careful and experienced attorney to pre- pare the papers upon which his patent will be founded. In order to properly prepare the specification and drawings we require a brief, accurate description of the invention, and a j-ketch illustrating it, when ad- missible. Under the new rules of the Patent Office, models of inventions are not received except when specifically called for by the Examiner in charge of the case, but it is always better for an inventor to make a model, even if it is only a rough one, as it is in most cases of considerable assistance in preparing the ap- plication papers. Models furnished to us for our inspection during preparation of tlie application and prosecution of the case, will be returned when called for. CA VEA TS. The object of a caveat is to protect inventors while they are experimenting to perfect or demonstrate the practicability and utility of the invention. It con- sists of a brief description or specification of the invention, and a drawing illus- trating the same (when possible). These are filed in the confidential archives of the Patent Office and preserved in secrecy, and if application is made within one year from the date they are filed by any other person for a patent conflicting with the invention disclosed by the caveator, notice is immediately sent to the OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. caveator, and he is required to file a complete application for a patent uithiu three months. Caveats can only be filed by citizens of the United States, or aliens v?ho have resided in the United States for one year and have declared their intention to become citizens. REISSUE PA TENTS. [Extract from Sec. 4016, Rev. Stat.'\ Whenever any patent is inoperative or invalid, by reason of a defective or insufficient specification, or by reason of the patentee claiming as his own invention or discovery more than he had a right to claim as new, if the error has arisen by inadvertence, accident, or mis- take, and without any fraudulent or deceptive intention, the Commissioner shall, on the surrender of such patent and the payment of the duty required by law, cause a new patent for the same invention, and in accordance with the corrected specification, to be issued to the patentee, or, in the case of his death or of an assignment of the whole or any undivided part of the original patent, then to his executors, administrators, or assigns, for the unexpired part of the term of the original patent. In a majority of cases the necessity of reissuing a patent is due to the careless- ness or inefficiency of the attorney who prepared the original application papers. Very often the discovery that a patent is inoperative is not made until the manu - facturer of the patented article applies to counsel to institute proceedings against infringers, and it may be then too late to reissue the defective original patent, and obtain anew patent, upon correct specifications and dravpings, which will stand the test of litigation. Reissues cost the applicant from $60 to $100, accord- ing to the labor involved, and no damages can be collected for infringements committed prior to the date of the Reissued Patent. Since 1871, over seven thousand patents have been surrendered and Reissued Patents obtained therefor. We make a SPECIALTY of reissuing defective patents, and will examine patents when requested, and give opinions as to the correctness of the specifica- tions and drawings . DESIGN PA TENTS. A design patent is granted to any person who ha ^ invented and produced any new and original design for a manufacture, bust, statue, alto-relievo or bas-relief; any new and original design for the printing of woolen, silk, cotton or other fabrics ; any new and original impression, ornament, pattern, print or picture to be printed, painted, cast, or otherwise placed on or worked into any article of man - ufacture, or any new, useful and original shape or configuration of any article of manufacture. Design Patents are granted for periods of 3i years, seven years, and fourteen years, as may be specified in the application. Manufacturers and dealers in clocks, silverware, jewelry, carpets, glassware, «&c., will find it largely to their advantage to thus protect their new patterns. 12 THE inventor's MANUAL REJECTED AND ABANDONED APPLICA riONS. Applications for Letters Patent are very often rejected by the Examiners through a misunderstanding of the invention, or from failure of the attorney in charge of the case to properly prosecute it and point out the differences existing between the invention and the references cited as anticipating it. We attend to such cases, and when our services are required, we will, upon request, furnish a power of attorney authorizing us to proceed in the matter. Applications for patents which have been allowed are sometimes abandoned by the failure of the inventor or his attorney to pay the final Government fee within the required time. Cases of this character may be revived, and a patent for the invention secured. TRADE-MARKS. Any person, firm or corporation domiciled in the United States, or located in any foreign country, which by treaty, convention or law affords similar privileges to citizens of the United States, and who is entitled to the exclusive use of any trade-mark, and uses the same in commerce with foieigu nations or with Indian tribes, may obtain registration of the same in the United States Patent Ofiice. Owners of trade-marks for which photection has been sought by regis- tering THEM IN the Patent Office under the Act of July 8, 1870 (declared unconstitutional by the Supieme Court of the United States), may register the same for the same goods, without fee, on compliance with the Statutory re- quirements of the Act of March 3, 1881. Registration of a trade-mark is -prima facie, evidence of ownership. Any person who shall reproduce, counterfeit, copy, or coloraU^ imitate any trade-mark no registered and affix the same to merchandise of substantially the same descrip- tive properties as those described in the registration, shall be liable to an action on the case for damages for the wrongful use of said trade-mark at the suit of the owner thereof; and the party aggrieved shall also have his remedy according to the Course of Equity to enjoin the wrongful use of such trade-mark used in foreign commerce, or commerce with Indian tnbes, as aforesaid, and to recocer compensa- tion therefor in any Ciurt having jurisdiction over Ihid person guilty of such wrong ful act; and Courts of the United States have original and appellate jurisdiction in such cases without regard to the amount in controversy. PRINTS AND LABELS. By the Act of June 18, 1874, it is provided, that prints and labels, such as are usually used by manufacturers to denote th ; name of the manufacturer, OF PRACTICAL INFOKMATIOJM. IS place of manufacture, style, or quality of goods, directions for use, &c., may be registered in the Patent Office, uiul that the certificate of such registration shall continue in force for 28 years. APPEALS. Every application for a pateat, or a reissue of a patent, which has been twice rejected upon the s ime references by the Examiner in charge, is consid- ered as being finally rejected, and in condition for appeal. Three appeals may be taken in such cases from adverse decisions, viz. : First, to the Board of Examiners in Chief; second, to the Commissioner of Patents, who is the chief executive and judicial officer of the Patent Office; and third, to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. In case of an adverse decision of each of these three tribunals, proceedings may be instituted in the United States Courts, to adjudicate the rights of the applicant in the premises. Our fees for prose- cuting appeals are governed by the amount of labor involved, and are subject to special agreement. INTERFERENCES. An interference is a proceeding instituted for the purpose of detfrmining the question of priority of invention between two or more parties, claiming sub- ■ stantially the same patentable invention. This proceeding is in the nature of a trial, both parties being obliged to file statements under oath, called preliminary statements, disclosing the date of his original conception of the invention; of its illustration by drawing or model; of its disclosure to others, and of its comple- tion and of the extent of its use. These statements must be prepared with great care, and competent counsel should be retained, as the parties to the interference will be strictly held to the dates disclosed by their preliminary statements. After these statements have been filed in the Patent Office, the Examiner of Interferences fixes the dates within which each party must take and close his oral proofs. The case is then, upon the conclusion of the testimony on both sides, duly argued before the Examiner of Interferences or submitted for his decision. Either party may appeal from an adverse decision to the Board of Examiners in Chief, and thereafter to the Commissioner of Patents, but no appeal can be taken in interference cases from the decision of the Commissioner of Patents. It will be seen that from the nature of these proceedings, that com- petent and experienced attorneys are required to properly conduct such con- troversies. Our fees in these cases are necessarily the subject of special agreement cor- responding to the amount of labor involved in each individual case. EXTENSIONS OF PA TENTS. Patents can only be extended by Special Act of Congress. Our services may be secured to procure or oppose extensions. THE mVEKTOK S MAJSUAL OPINIONS. We make special examinations to determine the covelty of: any inventiou either before or after a patent has been obtained, and furnish a written opinion relating thereto. We also examine into the title of any patent, and furnish ab- stracts of title thereof. Our charges in these matters are moderate, and are based upon the amount of work done. AGREEMENTS, COPIES OF PATENTS, ETC. Assignments, agreements, co-partnership articles, licenses and other papers relating to patents prepared, and recorded when necessary. Copies of patents and other official papers procured. Our charges in these matters are moderate, and depend upon the time given to each case. INFRINGEMENT SUITS. Suits for infringement of patents are brought in Federal Courts, and are in the nature of an application to the Court for an injunction to restrain the con- tinued unlawful use of the patented invention, and for damages for such use. Infringements of trade-marks may also be stopped by injunction in the same way. Our services can be secured to prosecute or defend suits relating to patents and trade-marks, at reasonable rates. COPYRIGHTS. Any citizen of the U. S., or resident therein, who shall be the author, in- ventor, designer, or proprietor of any book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print, or photograph or negative thei-eof, or of a painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, and of models or designs int.jnded to be peifected as works of the fine arts, shall, upon obtaining a copyright there- for, have the sole liberty of priming, reprinting, publishing, completing, copy- ing, executing, finishing and vending the same, and in the case of a dramatic composition, of publicly performing or representing it, or causing it to be per- formed or repiesented by others. And authors may reserve the right to drama- tize or to translate their own works. Every applicant for a copyright must state distinctly the name and residence of the claimant, and whether right is claimed as author, designer, or proprietor. No affidavit or formal applicaiiou is required. A printed copy of the title of the book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print, or photograph, or a description of the imint- OF PKACTICAL INFORMATION. ing, drawiDg, cliromo, statue, statuary, or model or design for a work of the fine arts, lor which copyright is desired, must be sent by mail or otherwise, prepaid, addressed "Librarian of Congress, Washington, D. C." This must be done before publication of the book or other article. Within ten days after publication of each book or other article, two com- plete copies must be sent, prepaid, to perfect the copyright, with the address, "Librarian op Congress, Washington, D. C." Without the deposit of copies above required the copyright is A'oid, and a penalty of $25 is incurred. No copyright is valid unless notice is given by inserting in every copy pub- lished, ''Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year , by , in the office oftJie Librarian of Congress, at Washington,'' or at the option of the person enter- ing the copyright, the words: "Copyriglit, 18 — , by " The law imposes a penaltj^ of $100 upon any person who has not obtained copyright, who shall insert the notice "Entered according to Act of Congress," or "Copyright," or words of the same import, in or upon any book or other arti(;le. Each copyright secures the exclusive right for twenty-eight years. Six months before the end of that time, the author or designer, or his widow or chil- dren, may secure a renewal for the further term of fourteen years, making forty two years in all. Any copyright is assignable in law, but such assignment must be recorded in the office of the Librarian of Congress within sixty days from its date. Copyrights cannot be granted upon trade-marks, nor upon labels intended to be used with any article of manufacture. If protection for such prints or labels is desired, application must be made to the Patent Office, where they can be registered. Copyrights may be secured through this" office for a moderate fee in excess of the regular Government charges. SCHEDULE OE EEES FOR obtaining TJ. S. PATENTS, ENTERING COPYRIGHTS AND REGISTERING TRADE-MARKS, PRINTS AND LABELS, AND PREPARING ASSIGNMENTS, ETC., INCLUDING GOVERNMENT PEES IN EACH CASE. Preparing and prosecuting an application for Letters Patent, for a mechanical invention in a case involving an ordinary amount of labor. $25 00 First Government fee .... 15 00 Second " " 20 00 Total $60 00 Of this amount, forty dollars is payable when the papers are pj-epared and ready to tile in the Patent Office. The second Government fee of twenty dollars, may be paid at any time within sit months of the date of allowance of the appli- cation. 16 THE inventor's MANUAL SCHEDULE OF FEES, ^TC .—Continued. Preparing and prosecuting an application for Letters Patent for a design . $ 15 00 Government fee for design patent, for three and one-half years ... 10 00 Total $25 00 Government fee for design patent, for seven years, fifteen dollars, mak- ing a total of ■. $30 00 Government fee for design patent, for fourteen years, thirty dollars, making a total of $45 00 Preparing and prosecuting application for the reissue of a patent in any case involving an ordinary amount of labor $30 00 Government fee 30 00 Total $60 00 Procuring and entering a copyright . $5 00 Government fee 1 00 Total $6 00 Preparing and prosecuting application for registration of a trade mark . $10 00 Government fee 25 00 Total ! ... $35 00 Preparing and prosecuting application for registrition of a print or label in ordinary cases $6 00 Government fee 6 00 Total $12 00 Preparing and recording an assignment of a patent, trade-mark, print, label or copyright $5 00 Government fee usually 1 00 Total $6 00 Preparing and filing an application for a caveat, usually $12 00 Government fee 10 00 Total $22 00 With the exception noted, all the fees in each case are -payable in advance, that is to say, when the papers are complete and ready to file. Our services in preparing contracts and licenses, and in prosecuting appeals, interferences and infringemeat suits, are always the subject of special agree- ment. PA R T II. FOREIGN PATENTS, FOREIGN PA TENTS. ARGENTINE BEPUBLIG. POPULATION 3,500,000— PRINCIPAL MANUFACTURES, PONCHOS, ROPES, SADDLE- CLOTHS, MOROCCO, LEATHER AND WOODEN WARE. Two kinds of patents are granted, viz: Patents of Invention and Patents of Importation. The term varies from one to ten years, and the invention must be worked within one year from the date of the grant. Very few patents are taken out, as the cost is large and the term limited to a few years. A U8TBALIA. POPULATION 1,800,000— PRINCIPAL MANUFACTURES, GLASS, PAPER, CLOTH, OIL- CLOTH, DYES, BEER, STARCH, SOAP, CIGARS, PIANOS, SAFES, AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, ENGINES, CARRIAGES, BRUSHES, LEATHER, WOOLEN CLOTHS, SUGAR, WINES, LIQUORS. Each of the separate Australian Colonies of New South Wales, Victorin, Queensland, South and West Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania, have inde- pendent Patent Laws. Patents may he obtained in each Colony, and remain in force for a period of from seven to fourteen years. During the life of the patent the patentee or owner of the patent has the exclusive right to make, use and sell the invention. Special information relating to patents in these Colonies, and cost thereof, will be furnished at our office. AUSTRIA AND HUNGARY. POPULATION 34,904,435 — principal manufactures, iron, chemical prepara- tions, GLASSWARE, LOOKING GLASSES, HEMP AND FLAX, WOOLEN AND COTTON FABRICS, TOBACCO, JEWELRY, MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, ETC. Patents may be obtained by foreigners, as well as natives, and one applica- tion is suflacient for the whole Austro-Hungarian Empire. The invention must be worked in Austria or Hungary within a year of the date of issue of the patent, and at some time during every two years thereafter. The term of a patent is limited to 15 years, but they are usually taken out for one year, and renewed from year to year upon payment of a small renewal tax. Foreigners are no longer required to prove pobsession of a corresponding patent in some other country, and patents are now renewed, upon payment of the 20 THE IJS'VENTOK'S MANUAL, taxes, without requiring proof of the actual working of the invention in the Kingdom. Patents for designs are not granted to U. S. citizens. BELGIUM. POPULATION 5,336,185— PKINCIPAL MANUFACTURES, LINEN, LACES, DAMASK, WOOLENS, COTTON GOODS, HOSIERY, CARPETS, MACHINERY, FIRE-ARMS, IRON, ETC. Any person may obtain a patent, hut when the applicant is not the inventor, he had better obtain the inventor's consent to the application in writing, and keep it for his own protection. Three kinds of patents are granted, viz.: (1.) Patents of Invention; (2.) Patents of Importation; and (3.) Patents of Improvement. A patent of invention is granted to the inventor, provided he makes appli- cation in Belgium before applying m any other country. Patents of importation are granted to any person who has previouslj^ applied fnr or obtained a foreign patent. Patents of improvement are granted for modifications of any invention described in a prior Belgian patent granted to the same person. No separate annuities have to be paid on patents of improvement, and they remain in force during the life of the origioal patent. Patents of invention are granted for a period of twenty years; patents of importation remain in force during the life of the foreign patent; and patents of improvement during the life of the original Belgian patent. Usually, patents are secured for the term of one year, and thereafter renewed from year to year, upon payment of the annual tax. Design Patents. — Printed or woven designs for textile fabrics, and similar goods, may be patented in Belgium. BRAZIL, BRITISH GUIANA, BRITISH INDIA, CEYLON, GREECE AND MEXICO. Patents for mechanical inventions may be obtained, but are very rarely applied for by American inventors. Information furnished upon application to our office. CANADA. POPULATION 8,906,810— PRINCIPAL MANUFACTURES, FLOUR, LUMBER, FURNI- TURE, HARDWARE, PAPER, CHEMICALS, SOAP, BOOTS AND SHOES, COTTON AND WOOLEN GOODS, STEAM ENGINES, AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, COARSE CLOTHS (homespun), FLANNELS, BED LINEN, BLANKETS, CARPETS AND TWEEDS, LEATHER, SADDLERY AND HARNESS, TOBACCO, MACHINERY, NAILS, GUNPOWDER, CARRIAGES, PIANOS, HATS AND CAPS, SEWING MACHINES. Patents are only granted to the inventor or Ms legal assigns. The full term is fifteen years, but the patent is usually taken for five years, and thereafter renewed. OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 21 When the invention can be so illustrated, a model must be filed before the patent can be obtained. When the invention relates to a composition, samples or specimens must be furnished. The model can only be 18 inches in its greatest dimensions, and when admissible, from the nature of the case, a working model is required. The invention imiM he worked in Canada within two years from the date of the application, and thereafter arrangements must be made to keep the invention "on sale," so that any person desiring to purchase or use it, maybe able to obtain the patented article, or the products thereof. Inventions which have been patented in the United States or other countries, cannot be patented in Canada, unless the application is filed within one year fioin the date of the earliest foreign patent for the same invention. And, if during this same period, any person in Canada shall manufacture and sell the invention previously patented in any foreign country as stated, then such manu- facturer shall have the right to continue such manufacture and sale unrestricted, but this rule does not apply to persons who shall only commence to manufacture after the application for a Canadian patent has been filed. Caveats. — Caveats may be filed to protect inventions not entirely perfected. They remain in force for one year, and the proceedings and requirements are substantially the same as in the United States. DENMABK AND ICELAND. popcjlation 1,912,142 — principal manufactures, silk, linen, woolen and cotton goods, leather, laces, gloves, straw hats, sail cloth, thread, paper, soap, glass, earthenware, plated-ware, iron-ware, saltpetre, gunpowder, arms, repined sugar, tobacco, soda, potash, brandt and malt liquors. Any person may obtain a patent. The term of a patent cannot exceed twenty years and rarely exceeds three years. The invention must be worked during each year of the life of the patent. FRANCE. POPULATION 36,905,788 — principal manufactures, silk, jewelry, bronzes, SURGICAL and PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENTS, BOOKS, LACES, CABINET FURNI- TURE, embroideries, iron, cutlery, hardware, PORCELAIN, EARTHEN- WARE, WATCHES, LEATHER, WOOLENS, LINENS, COTTONS, GLASSWARE, PAPER, SUGAR, TOBACCO, WINES. Any person may obtain a patent, but when the invention has been pre- viously patented abroad, it is advisable to make the application in the name of the "author of the invention already patented abroad," or his legal assigns. THE INVENTOR S MANUAL The full term of a patent is 15 years, but they are usually taken out for one year, and renewed from yem^ to year, by payment of an annual tax of about $22. The invention must be worked in France within two years of the date of issue of the patent, and during every two years thei-eafter. Patents of addition for improvements on any invention previously patented in France, may be ob- tained by the same person. JSTo patents are granted for medicinal preparations, patent medicines, or remedies of any kind. Design Patents. — Patents are granted for designs for new shapes or forms, and for patterns, pi'inted, woven, or otherwise produced upon or in any material, such as iron, wood, glass, paper, leather, woven fabrics, etc. GJSRMAJSrr. POPULATION 42,737,360— PRINCIPAL MANUFACTURES, WOOLENS, SILKS, PAPER, CABINET FURNITURE, TOYS, IRON AND STEEL, GOLD AND SILVERWARE, GLASSWARE, LEATHER, MATHEMATICAL AND ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS, CLOCKS, BEER, WINES, SUGAR. Patents are granted to the first applicant, whether he is the inventor or not, provided the invention has not been published in printed form in any country be- fore the date of the application. But it is usually safer for the applicant, if he is not the inventor, to obtain the inventor's consent in writing, before making the application, and preserve it in case his right to obtain the patent should afterwards be questioned. The duration of the patent is 15 years, but patents are usually taken for one year and renewed by payment of an annual tax. Patents of addition are granted for alterations or improvements in any invention previously patented in Germany. Such patents are continued in force by the prolongation of the original patents to which they relate, and no separate annuities are required. The law requires that the invention must be worked in Germany within three years from the date of the grant, but this does not mean that it must be manufac- tured in Germany, as the provisions of the Patent Act will be fully complied with if the patented article is placed on the market and advertued for sale in the Empire, although it may have been manufactured elsewhere . Persons who deliberately manufacture or sell a patented article, without the consent of the patentee or owner of the patent are liable to a fine of 5,000 marks (about $1,800), or to imprisonment for one year, in addition to payment of dam- ages to the party aggrieved. Designs. — Ornamental designs may be protected by registration. OP PRACTICAL INFORMATION. GREAT BRITAIN. POPULATION 31,028,338— PRINCIPAL MANUFACTURES, COTTON, AVOOL, SHODDY, WORSTED, FLAX, SILK, IRON, STEEL, COPPER, BRASS, AGRICULTURAL IMPLE- MENTS, GLOVES, PAPER, BEER, HATS, GLASS, POTTERY, SOAP, LACE, IRON SHIPS, LINEN, WHISKEY, COMBS, STEAM ENGINES, FLANNEL, ETC. Who May Obtain a Patent. — A British Patent can be obtained either by the true inventor, or by a person to whom the invention has been communi- cated. In the first case, the applicant declares himself to be the true and first inventor, and in the second case, that the invention is a communication. Any person (not a resident in Great Britain) becoming acquainted witli an invention, can obtain a perfectly valid British Patent therefor, by communicating it to a person residing in Great Britain {for instance, to a Patent Solicitor in London, through a Patent Solicitor in Neio York), and the real inmntor has no remedy whatever afterwards, unless fraud can be very clearly proved. Hence, if an American inventor desires to obtain a British Patent for his invention, he should make the application before his invention becomes public in this country. Duration of Patent .vn^d Territory Covered. — British Patents are granted for the term of fourteen years, subject to the payment of a stamp duty of £50 before the expiration of three years, and £100 before the expiration of seven years. A British Patent covers Great Britain, Ireland, the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man. Validity of Patent as . Affected by Prior Publication or Use. — " A valid British Patent cannot be obtained, if, prior to the application for " the same, the invention has become public, in Great Britain, by means of " books or otherwise; but the amount of information given by the prior pulilica- " tion, whatever may be its nature, must, in order to avoid a subsequent patent, " be equal to that requii'ed to be given by a specification — that is to say, it must " be enough to enable the public to carry the invention into practical use. Pub- " lication or use in a foreign country does not affect the validity of a British " Patent." The printed copies of American specifications issued by the U. S. Patent Office, do not reach England until about six montlis after the date of the American Patents. The Ofiicial Gazette of the U. S. Patent Office, published Aveekly, and containing the claims of patents, and partial illustrations of the inventions re- ferred to in such claims, reaches England in about two weeks after its date, but this publication rarely contains information sufficient to invalidate a British Patent granted subsequently, and before the complete specifications of the American Patent are received at the library of the English Patent Office. "Working. — The invention does not have to be worked within the Kingd m, and may be imported. The Application. — The applicant may take the patent out at once by pay- ing the full cost ($350.00), or he may proceed by three or four steps, and thus grad- uate the payment of the fees. For instance, he may file, first, what is called a 24 THE inventok's maistual provisional specification. This protects his invention for a period of six months, during which time the specification is considered confidential and Ic&pt secret. If he proceeds in this way the proceedings would be as follows: 1st Step. — Application for provisional protection (cost $75, payable in ad- vance), ^nd Step. — Notice to proceed (cost |37.50, payable within four months of the date of application), ^rd Step. — Sealing (issue of patent), (cost $63.50, payable within five mo7it7is of the date of application). Ath Step. — Filing final specification (cost $75.00, ^m?/rt5?e within six months of the date of application). Or he can file a complete instead of a provisional specification, and then the pro ceedings would be the same as above, except that the 4th step would be omitted, and the cost of the first would be |125 instead of $75. Designs. — Useful and ornamental designs may be protected by registration. The following classes of articles of manufacture and substances to which designs maybe applied, can be registered: Articles composed wholly or chiefly of metal, wood, glass, earthenware, bone, ivory, j9apie?'-mac7ie, or other solid substances; paper-hangings, carpets, floor-cloths, oil-cloths, shawls, yarn, thread or warp, woven-fabrics, lace and other articles. The term of the copyright varies from one to five years. ITALY. POPULATION 26,801,154— PRINCIPAL [MANUFACTURES, SHIP BUILDING, MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, SILKS, EARTHENWARE, STRAW-GOODS, ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS, MACARONI, ETC. Any person may obtain a patent, whether he is the inventor or not. The duration of the patent is limited to 15 years, and it may be secured for periods varying from one to fifteen years. If the patent is granted for a term not exceeding five years, the invention must be worked in Italy within one year from the date of the patent. If the term exceeds five years, the invention must be worked within two years, and during every two years thereafter. Medicines are not patentable. Infringers are liable to a fine of about $100, and may be assessed damages, and the articles made by them in infringement of the patented invention can be confiscated. Patents op Addition. — Are granted at any time during the life of a patent, for modifications of an invention patented in Italy, and the annual taxes paid on the original patent keep the patent of addition in force. Designs. — Ornamental designs can be protected by registration. OP PRACTICAL INFORMATION. IfOli WAY. POPULATION 1,806,900 — PRINCIPAL MAJSTUPACTURES, LIQUORS, CLOTHS, SILKS, COTTON, LEATHER, TOBACCO, SUGAR, METALS, PAPER. Any one can obtain a patent. The term is limited to 10 years, and is fixed by the Government in each case. The invention must be worked in Norway w^ithin one year from the date of the patent. POBTUQAL. POPULATION 4,745,024— PRINCIPAL MANUFACTURES, COTTON, WOOL, SILK, PAPER, CHEMICALS, EARTHENWARE, PORCELAIN, LACE, COPPER AND TINWARE, RIBBONS, EMBROIDERIES, HATS, SOAP, GLASS, TOBACCO. Duration of patents limited to 15 years. Granted to the first inventor or importer. May be first procured for 5 years, and thereafter prolonged to the full term of 15 years, by paying an additional Government fee. The invention must be worked at some time during the first half of the term, and the working must be public at certain stated times. RUSSIA. POPULATION 88,399,808 — principal manufactures, woolen goods, silk, cotton, linen, leather, tallow, candles, soap, sugar and metallic wares. Patents are granted for three, Jive or ten years, at the option of the applicant But the patent cannot be extended or prolonged beyond the original term. No patents are granted for inventions adapted only to Government uses. Patents of Importation are limited in duration to the term of the prior foreign patent. The invention must be worked within the Empire at some time during one- fourth of the term. SWEDEN. POPULATION 4,429,713 — principal MANUFACTURES ABOUT THE SAME AS NORWAY. The term of a patent is fixed by the Government in each case, and never exceeds 15 years. The application should be made in the name of the inventor, if possible. The invention must be wo^iced at some time within two years from the date of the grant. 26 TPiE inventor's manual. SPAIN {including GXIBA). POPULATION 18,209,471 — principal manufactures, cotton, metallic wares, SILK, woolen and LINEN GOODS, LEATHER, FIRE-ARMS, GLASSWARE, SUGAR, MOLASSES, COFFEE, WAX, TOBACCO AND SEGARS. Patents may be obtained by any one. The term cannot exceed 20 years, but the patent may be taken out for one year, and extended from year to year, by paying an annual fee or tax to the Government. The invention must be worked within tioo years from the date of issue of the patent. SCHEDULE OF FEES FOR OBTAINING LETTERS PATENTS IN THE PRINCIPAL FOREIGN COUNTRIES, INCLUDING ALL GOVERNMENT FEES AND TRANSLATIONS IN EACH CASE AND THE COST OF DRAWINGS. Argentine Republic j Patent of Invention $1,000 00 i " " Importation 1,500 00 f Now South Wales 300 00 I Victoria 300 00 Australia \ Queensland 300 00 I Tasmania 250 00 I South and West Australia 300 00 L New Zealand 200 00 Austria and Hungary 100 00 Belgium and Holland 75 00 Canada 50 00 Denmark and Iceland 150 00 France 100 00 Germany 100 00 Great Britain 250 00 Italy 100 00 Norway 200 00 Portugal 250 00 ( 3 years - • • 300 00 Eussia-^5 " . . . , 350 00 ( 10 " . 550 00 Sweden 350 00 Spain, including Cuba 100 00 Information relating to patents in other foreign countries, furnished upon application, and special terms made when patents for the same invention are applied for in more than one country at the same time . PA R T III. GENERAL INFORM A TION. GENERAL INFORMA TION. COMMENCEMENT OF THE YEAR. By the reformation of the calendar by Pope Gregory XIII., the year began on the first of January, and, consequently, whenever and wherever the new STYLE of reckoning time was adopted, then and there the year commenced on this day. Previous to the use of the Gregorian Calendar, the years had different days of beginning at various times in the same and different countries, and occasionally at the same time in the same country. In most countries it began on one of the following days : Christmas-day, the 25th of December. Circumcision-day, the 1st of January. Lady-day, the 25th of March. Easter-day, the day of the Eesurrection of our Lord. In England, in the seventh, and so late as the thirteenth century, the year began on Christmas-day; but in the twelfth century the Anglican Church com- menced the year on the 25th of March, as did also the civilians of the fourteenth century. This continued until 1752, the time of adoption of the new style. By this it appears that two modes of reckoning the commencement of the year have generally existed in Great Britain and its colonies, causing what are called the CrviL, Ecclesiastical, or Legal, Yeab, and the IIistokical Year. The last named of these has commenced on the 1st of January for a long period of time. In New York, under the Dutch, the new style was used ; but the English, in 1662, introduced the old style, which continued till 1752, when the new style was restored. In Canada, new style was uniformly employed; and old style in New Eng- land. Hence, early dates seem to be given differently, according to the place of the writer's residence. In order to prevent, as far as possible, the occurrences of error by the use of the two styles, it is usual to give the dates prior to 1752, thus: l^ January, 1675. TO ASCERTAIN THE LENGTH OF THE BAY ANB NIGHT. At any time of the year add 12 hours to the time of the Sun's setting, and from the sum subtract the time of rising for the length of the day. Subtract 30 THE inventor's MANUAL the time of setting from 13 hours, and to the remainder add the time of rising next morning for the length of the night. These rules are equally true for apparent time. TO GET COBRECT TIME. When the shadow cast by the Sun reaches the noon-mark, set the clock at the time given in calendar pages of most almanacs in the column of " Sun at ISToon-mark," and it will be exactly right. If a meridian line is used instead of a noon-mark, the passing the lines by the Sun's centre is the moment for setting the clock. Any skilful surveyor can make a noon-mark or meridian lines of small brass or copper wires. In doing so, he must allow for the variation of the magnetic needle from a true or astronomical north and south line. TRUE TIME. Two kinds of time are used in almanacs — clock or mean-time in some, and a'pparent or sun-time in others. Gloc1c-X\me is always right, while sun-time, varies everyday. People generally suppose it is twelve o'clock when the Sun is due south, or at a properly-made noon-mark. But this is a mistake. The Sun is seldom on the meridian at twelve o'clock. In most almanacs the time used is clock-time, and the time when the Sun is on the meridian or at the noon mark, is usually given for every day in the year on each calendar page. This affords a ready means of obtaining correct time, and for setting a clock by using a noon- mark, adding or subtracting as the Sun is fast or slow. DIVISIONS OF TIME. A Solar Bay is measured by the rotation of the earth upon its axis, and is of different lengths, owing to the ellipticity of the earth's orbit and other causes ; but a mean solar day, recorded by the time-piece, is twenty-four hours long. Aq Astronomical Day commences at noon, and is counted from the first to the twenty-fourth hour. A Civil Day commences at midnight, and is counted from the first to the twelfth hour, when it is recounted again from the first to the twelfth hour. A Nautical Day is counted as a Civil Day, but commences, like an Astronomical Day, from noon. A Calendar Month varies in length from 28 to 31 days. A Mean Lunar Month is 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes, 2 seconds, and 5.24 thirds. A Year is divided into 365 days. A Solar Tear, which is the time occupied by the Sun in passing from one Yernal Equinox to another, consists of 365.24244 solar days, or 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 49. 536 seconds. A Julian Year is 365 days. A Gregorian Year is 365.2425 days; every fourth year is Bissextile, or Leap-Year, and is 366 days. The error of the Grego- rian computation amounts only to one day in 3571.4286 years. OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 31 LEAP TEAR. Every year the number of which is divisible by four without a remainder is a leap-year, except the last year of the century, which is a leap-year only when divisible by four hundred without a remainder. Thus the year 1900 will not be leap-year. RATES OF POSTAGE. Letters, prepaid by stamps, 3 cts. each ^ oz. or fraction thereof, to all parts of the United States; forwarded to another Post OiBce without charge, on request of the person addressed; if not called for, returned to the writer free, if endorsed with that request. If the stamp is omitted, the letter is forwarded to the Dead Letter Office, and returned to the writer. For Registering letters the charge is 10 cts. additional. Drop or Local letters 2 cts. eacli* i oz. prepaid. Stamped Postal Cards, furnished only by Government, 1 ct. each; if anything except a printed address slip is pasted on a postal card, or anything but the address written on the face, letter postage is charged. Postage on all News- 2oapers and Periodicals sent from newspaper offices to any part of the United States, to regular subscribers, must be paid in advance at the office of mailing. Second Glass Matter. — Periodicals issued at regular intervals, at least four times a year, and having a regular list of subscribers, with supplements, sample copies, 2 cents a pound; periodicals, other than weekly, if delivered by letter- carrier, 1 cent each; if over 2 oz., 2 cents each. Third Glass Matter, not exceeding 4 pounds. — Printed matter, books, proof- sheets corrected or uncorrected, unsealed circulars, inclosed so as to admit of easy inspection without cutting cords or wrapper, 1 cent each for 2 ounces. Fourth Glass Matter, not exceeding 4 pounds, embracing merchandise and samples, excluding liquids, poisons, greasy, inflammable or explosive articles, live animals, insects, etc., 1 cent an ounce. Postage to Canada and British North American Possessions, 3 cts. per '^ oz., must be prepaid; otherwise, 6 cts. Foreign Postage. — To France, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Denmark (including Iceland and the Faroe Islands), Egypt, Spain (including the Balearic Isles, the Canary Islands, the Spanish Possessions on the northern coast of Africa, and the Postal establishments of Spain upon the western coast of Morocco), Great Britain (including the Island of Malta), Greece, Italy, Norway, the Netherlands, Portugal (including Madeira and the Azores), Roumania, Russia, Servia, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunis, Wallachia and Turkey, for prepaid letters, 5 cts. per ^ oz. Unpaid letters, 10 cents. Postal cards, 2 cts. each. Newspapers, not over four ounces, 2 cts. each. Books, other jDrinted matter, patterns, legal documents, photographs, etc., 2 cts. for each 2 ozs. Registration fee on all Guinea (British), 10 cts ; India (British), Italian mail, 10 cts. ; news- papers 4 cts. each. Money, in sums not exceeding $50, can be sent with safety through the principal Post Offices of the United States, by bujdng P Q. Money Orders: THE INVENTOR S MANUAL Fees, for not exceeding $15, 10 cts. ; $15 to $30, 15 cts. ; $30 to $40, 20 cts. ; $40 to $50, 25 cts. To Canada. To Ger-many. On Money Orders not exceeding $10 20 cts 25 cts. $10 to $20 40 " .... 50 " " " $20 to $30 60 " .... 75 " " $30 to $40 80 " ....$100 " $40 to $50 $100 " ....$125 •' Newspapers and other printed papers. Postal Cards and registered articles unpaid or insufficiently prepaid will not be forwarded. Other articles, when unpaid or insufficiently paid, will be charged as unpaid letters, after deducting the value of the stamped envelopes or postage stamps employed. Gold and silver money, jewels, or precious articles, or any other article liable to customs' duties, are excluded from the mails. To the following, postage must be prepaid : To West Indies, except those on the Postal TfTnion, 5 cts. ; Ascension Island, 15 cts. ; Aspinwall direct, 5 cts., ma St. Thomas, 15 cts. ; Bahamas, 15 cts. ; Bolivia, Chili, 17 cts. ; China, 17 cts. ; U. S. of Columbia, direct, 5 cts., X)m St. Thomas, 13 cts. ; Ecuador, 17 cts. ; Fiji Islands, 5 cts. ; Greytown, 5 cts. ; Hawaiian Kingdom, 6 cts. ; Honduras, ma St. Thomas, 13 cts. ; Madagascar, 28 cts. ; Mexico, 10 cts. ; Morocco, 15 cts. ; Navassa, 5 cts. ; Newfoundland, 5 cts. : New South Wales and New Zealand, direct, 12 cts., ma Southampton, 15 cts., via Brindi&i, 19 cts.; Nicaragua, 5 cts.; Panama, 5 cts.; via St. Thomas, 13 cts.; Paraguay, Patagonia and Peru, 17 cts.; Queensland, 12 cts.; Salvador, 10 cts., via St. Thomas, 13 cts.; Santa Marta, 13 cts.; Shanghai, 5 cts.; Siam, wa Brindisi, 19 cts.; St. Bartholomew, 13 cts.; Tripoli, 5 cts.; Uruguay, by sailing vessel, 5 cts., by steam, via Brazil, 27 cts. ; Venezuela, 10 cts., ma St. Thomas, 13 cts. ; Victoria, 12 cts. ; Zanzibar, 10 cts. UB NORTHERN BO UNDARY. Not one in a thousand, perhaps, of the 50,000,000 of people living in the United States, knows how their country is bounded on the line between the United States and the British Territory. It will be interesting, therefore, to know how the northern boundary has been traced and marked. The work is now completed, except as to the Territory of Alaska, ceded by Russia to us under the treaty of 1867. Ever since the Treaty of Ghent we have been establishing our northern boundary with Britain until a year or two ago, when the work was finally completed by a joint commission, consisting of Major Donald R. Cameron, Royal Artillery; Captain S. Anderson, Royal Engineers; and Captain A. C. Ward, Royal Engineers, for Great Britain, and Archibald Campbell and Captain W. J. Twining, United Slates Army, for our Government. The commission experience(? difficulty in discharging their duties, from the errors committed by former commissioners. In April, 1870, while engaged in locating a military reservation for a post near Pembina, our engineers discovered that the commonly received boundary line between the British possessions and the United States at that place was 4,700 feet south of the forty -ninth parallel, and if run on west from such an initial point would throw the fort of the Hudson Bay Company at Pembina into the United States. Here was indeed a difficulty, and the officers OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 33 at once communicated the facts to their Government. The President, General Grant, sent the informatioa to the British Government, and Great Britain requested the consent of the United States to occupy the fort of the Hudson Bay Company until the matter could be determined. Of course, such a reasonable request was at once granted. The President then sent a message to Congress recommending the establishment of a joint commission to fix the true boundary line between the two countries, and Congress assented, appropriating $100,000 by joint resolution to carry out the work. The appropriation was not available until 1872, when the work was begun, as above stated, by a joint commission of the two Governments. The northern boundary is marked by stone cairns, iron pillars, wood pillars, earth mounds, and timber posts. A stone cairn is 7| feet by 8 feet, an earth mound 7 feet by 14 feet, an iron pillar 8 feet high, 8 inches square at the bottom, and 4 inches at the top; timber posts 5 feet high and 8 inches scjuare. There are 383 of these marks between the Lake of the Woods and the base of the Rocky Mountains. That portion of the boundary which lies east and west of the Red River Valley is marked by cast-iron pillars at even-mile intervals. The British placed one every two miles and the United States one between each British post. Our pillars, or markers, were made at Detroit, Mich. They are hollow iron castings, three-eighths of an inch in thickness, in the form of a truncated pyra- mid, 8 feet high, 8 inches square at the bottom and 4 inches at the top, as before stated. They have at the top a solid pyramidal cap, and at the bottom an octagonal flange one inch in thickness. Upon the opposite faces are cast in letters, two indies high the inscriptions, " Convention of London," and " October 20, 1818." The inscriptions begin about four feet six inches above the base, and read up- ward. The interiors of the hollow posts are filled with well-seasoned cedar posts, sawed to lit, and securely spiked through spike-holes cast in the pillars for the purpose. The average weight of each pillar when completed is eighty-five pounds. The pillars are all set fourteen feet in the ground, with their inscription faces to the north and south, and the earth is well settled and stamped about them. For the wooden posts well-seasoned logs are selected and the portion above the ground painted red, to prevent swelling and shrinking. These posts do very well, but the Indians cut them down for fuel, and nothing but iron will last very long. Where the line crosses lakes, monuments of stones have been built, the bases being in some places eighteen feet under water, and the tops pro- jecting eight feet above the lake's surface at high-water mark. In forests the line is marked by felling the timber a rod wide, and clearing away the under- brush. The work of cutting through the timbered swamps was very great, but it has been well done, and the boundary distinctly marked by the commissions the whole distance from Michigan to Alaska. WHAT 18 NICKEL? Since the convenient five-cent coin which, in common talk, is called "a nickel," has come into general circulation, the question above is asked, either mentally or orally, hundreds of times every day, and but few get an intelligent 34 THE inventor's manual. answer. In China and India a wLite copper, called pack tong, has long been known, and has been extensively used both there and in Europe for counterfeit- ing silver coin. About the year 1700 a peculiar ore was discovered in the copper mines of Saxony, which had the appearance of being very rich, but in smelting it yielded the copper, and the miners called it kupfer-nickel, or false copper, a name given it from its yellowish- red color. Nickel only occurs in the native state in meteoric stones, in which it is always present in association with the iron which forms the principal part of these masses. It is found in tolerable abundance in Saxony, Westphalia, Hun- gary, Sweden, etc., where it occurs in combination with arsenic. The metal is largely used for the purpose of making German silver and other alloys. In 1754 Constadt announced the discovery of a new metal in kupfer-nickel. It was in combination with arsenic, from which he could relieve it only in parts. The alloy of nickel and arsenic which he obtained was white, brittle and very hard, and had a melting point nearly as high as cast-iron. It was not until 1833 that pure nickel was obtained by analj'sis of German silver, which had for a number of years been produced at Suhl, in Saxony. Its composition was ascer- tained to be copper 10 parts, zinc 5, and nickel 4. If more nickel be used the alloy is as white as silver and susceptible of a very high polish, but becomes too brittle and hard to be hammered or rolled, and can be worked only by casting. Pure nickel is a white metal which tarnishes readily in the air. Unlike silver, it is not acted on by the vapor of sulphur, and even the strong mineral acids attract it but slightly. Nickel has the hardness of iron, and, like it, has strong magnetic properties, but cannot be welded and is soldered with difficulty. Pure nickel has heretofore been used chiefly for plating, for which purpose its hardness and power to resist atmospheric influences admirably adapt it. Within the last year the French have succeeded in rolling the metal into plates, from which spoon and other table furniture may be pressed. Nickel bronze, which consists of equal parts of cop- per and nickel, with a little tin, may be cast into very delicate forms, and is sus - ceptible of a high polish. Mines of nickel are worked at Chatham, Conn., and Lancaster, Pa., and it is said to be found at Mine La Motte, Mo., and at several points in Colorado and New Mexico, where but little attention is paid to it. It is extensively mined in Saxony and in Sweden, but the late discovery of a new ore (a silicate of nickel) in New Caledonia will probably suspend the use of the arsenical ores, and yet bring nickel into common use. Switzerland, in the year 1852, made a coin of German silver, which is identical in composition with our nickel coin. The United States made nickel cents in 1856, and eight jf-ears later coined the five-cent pieces. Belgium adopted it in 1870, and Germany in 1873. England has lately coined pennies for Jamaica, but at home she and France adhere to the clumsy copper small change. Several new processes have recently been introduced for the use of nickel in plating, and it is probable that its use in the mechanic arts will soon be widely extended. Its application to many purposes of use and ornament oifers an inviting field to the inventor, and it seems probable that research in this direction will amply repay the first discoverers of new methods. OF PRACTICAL INFOUMATION. 35 SOME NOTABLE EVENTS AND DISCOVERIES. Almauai-s first printed by Purback, in Vienna, 1457. America discovered by the Northmen A. D. 985 ; by Columbus, 1493, Oct. 13. Anaesthesia discovered 1844. Balloon ascension first made near Lyons, France, 1783. Banlc of Venice, first in Europe, 1171. Bank of England estabUshed 1694. Bank of North America established 1781. Bank of United States, Phila., 1st charter 1791, Feb. 25; 2nd charter 1816; expired 1836, March 3. Boston fli-e 1872, Nov. 9. Loss $73,600,000. Chicago fire, Oct., 1871. Loss, $200,000,000. Constitution ratified by States: 1. Delaware, mianimously, Dec. 7, 1787. 2. Penns.ylvania, vote 46 to 23, Dec 12, 1787. 3. New Jersey, unanimously, Dec. 18, 1787. 4. Georgia, unanimously, Jan. 2, 1788. 5. Connecticut, vote 128 to 40, Jan. 9, 1788. 6. Massachusetts, vote 137 to 168, Feb. 6, 1788. 7. Maryland, vote 63 to 12, April 28, 1788. 8. South Carolina, vote 149 to 73, May 23, 1788. 9. New Hampshire, vote 57 to 47, June 21, 10. Vu-ginia, vote 89 to 79, June 2.'5, 1788. 11. New York, vote 30 to 25, July 26, 1788. 12. North Carolina, vote 193 to 75, Nov. 21, 1789. 13. Rhode Island, by a majority of 2, May 29, 1790. Copyright law first passed by Congi*ess (term 14 years), 1790, May 31. radically amended and extended to 28 years (with renewal for 14 more), 1831. consolidated and i-ecords transferred to Washington, 1870, July 8. Cotton first raised in United States, Virginia, 1621, first exported from U.S. 1747. Cotton gin invented by Eli Whitney, 1793. Education, Bureau of, estabUshed 1867, March 2. Electoral Commission Act app'd 1877, Jan. 29. Electric Light, invented by Lodyguin and Kossloff, Russians, London, 1874. JablochkofE candle successful in Paris streets, 1878. Sawyer-Mann electric lamp. United States, 1878. T. A. Edison's experiments in electric lighting, 1878-80. Emancipation proclamation, 1863, Jan. 1. Engi-aving, Wood, 1423, Line or Steel, 1450. Envelopes first used for letters, 1839. Ether first used in surgical operations, 1844. Express, first American, by AV. F. Haruden, N. Y. to Boston, 1821. Ferries, operated by steam, first used between New York and Brooklyn, 1824. Fire Company, Union, Phila., first volunteer company in America, 1736. Flag, American, lli-st used by Washington at Cambridge, 1776, Jan. 1. legally established by Congress, 1777, June 14. Garfield assassinated July 2, 1881, died Sept. 19, 1881. Gas, illiuninating, first used, Cornwall, Eng., 1792; inU. S., Boston, 1832. Glass first used for windows in England, 674 ; made in Va., 1615 ; Mass., 1639. Gold first discovered in California, 1848. Gunpowder, used by Chinese, A. D. 80. Greek fire used by Byzantines, A. D.668. re-discovered by monk Schwartz, A. D. 1330. Guiteau convicted Jan. 25, 1883. Homoeopathy introduced into the Unite.I States, 1825. Independence, Declaration of, 1776, Jidy 4. Insurance, Fire, first offlce in America. Bos- ton, 1724. Life, first, London, 1773; first in America, Phila., 1812. Marine, A. D. 533 ; first in England about 1598 ; first in America, Phila., 1721. Iron Steamships, first, Great Britain, 1843. Jamestown, Va., first permanent Enghsh set- tlement in America, founded 1607. Kerosene first used f or illimiinating purposes, 1826. Knives, first in England, about 1550. Lee's surrender to Gen. Grant at Appomattox C. H., Va., 1865, AprU 12. Library, first, American, Harvard College, Cambridge, 1638. First subscription, Phila., 1731. Lightning rods, first used by Benj. Franklin about 1753. Lincoln, assassination of, 1865, April 14. London, Great fire of, 1666, Sept. 26. Plague in 1665. Magna Charta signed 1215. Matches, friction, first used, 1829. Monroe Doctrine declared in Pres. Monroes message, 1823, Dec. 2. Musical notes first used 1338; printed, 1503. Needles, modern, first came into use, 1545, Newspaper, first authentic, 1494. fii-st daily, Frankfort Gazette, 1615. first in England, AVeekly Newes, 3623. 36 'HE INVENTOR S MANUAL Newspaper, first French, Gazette de France, Paris, 1631. first attempt at parliamentary report- ing, 1641. first advertisement appeared in 1648. first American, "Publick Occm-rences, Foreign and Domestick," Boston, 1690, Sept. 2.5. Newspaper, first English daily, London, Daily Couraut. 1702. first continuously printed in America, Boston News Letter, 1702. first daUy in United States, " The Penn- sylvania Packet," 1784. Organs, first authentic use of, 755 ; in England, 951. Paper made by Chinese, from silk, 120 B. C; from vegetable fibre A. D. 651; from cotton A. D. 711 ; from rags, 1085. Patent right law, first enacted in U. S., 1790, April 15. Pencils, leaden styles, used A. D. 50. modern, used in England, 1565. Pens, steel, first made, 1803; gold, fii-st used about 1825. Phonograph invented by T. A. Edison, 1?77. Photographs first produced in England, 1802 perfected, 1841. Piano-forte invented in Italy, about 1710. Pilgrims, landing at Plymouth, Mass., 1620, Dec. 21 (commonly called Dec. 22). Pins used in England about 1450; in America, machine-made, 1832. Post-Office first established, between Vienna and Brussels, 1516. Postage stamps first used in England, 1840; in the United States, 1847. Printing : clay tablets used by Assyi'ians and Babylonians, B. C. ■ — Wooden blocks used by Chinese A. D. 952. Block books: Biblia Pauperum, 1420. movable types, L. Coster, of Haarlem, 1423. J. Gutenberg, of Mentz, 1438. First Bible, Faust and Schceffer, 1450. First book printed with date, Latin Psalter, Faust and Schceffer, 1457. First book in English, " History of Troy,"' printed at Cologne, by William Cax- ton, 1471, First book printed in England with date, Caston's " Game and Playe of the Ohesse," 1474. first in America, Escala Espiritual of Chimaco, printed by Juan Hablas, Mexico, 1535. first pi-ess in the United States, at Cam- bridge. Mass., John Daye, 1639. Pyramids first erected, %\W B. C. Railroad, Passenger, first opened in England, 1825, Sept. 2?. Freight- first in the United States, at granite quarries, Quincy, Mass.. 1826. Passenger, fii-st in America, Baltimore and Ohio, 1828. Railroad, Steam, first in New York State, Albany to Schenectady, 16 miles, 1830. Resumption of Specie payments in U. S., act approved 1875, Jan. 14; took effect 1879, Jan. 1. Revolutionary war, beginning, battle of Lex- ington, 1775, April 19. end of, last battle, Combahee, 1782, Aug. 27. preliminary treaty of peace, 1782, Nov. 30. Savannah, first^steamer crossed the Atlantic, 25 days, Savannah to Liverpool, 1819, May 24. Sewing Machine first patented, England, 1755. first complete, E. Howe (American), 1846. Sleeping cars first used, 1858 : Pullman's pat- ent, 1864. Statutes of the United States, first revised and codified, 1873. Steam Engine, boiler discovered by Marquis of Worcester, 1663. Newcomen's engine patented, 1705. Perfected by James Watt, 1773, High pressure engine invented by Ohver Evans (American), 1779. Steam vessels, Papin, France, 1707. Jonathan Hulls, England, 1736. William Henry, Conestoga River, Pa., 1763. I James Rumsey, Bid., 1786. John Fitch, Delaware River, 1786. Robert Fulton, N. Y. to Albany, 1807. Sugar cane first cultivated in U. S., near New I Orleans, 1751, first sugar mUl, 1758. I Telegraph, first electric, Paddington to Dray- I ton, England, 1835. Morse's, invented 1835. j first in operation in America, Washing- I ton to Baltimore, 1844, May 27. submarine cable, first laid between [ Dover and Calais, 1851. first Atlantic cable operated, 1858. Telephone (speaking), A. Graham Bell, first presented Phila. Centennial Exhibition, 1876: practically successful as a telegraph, 1877, May 14. Telescope, invented 1608. Tobacco introduced into England from Vir- ginia, 1583. Vaccination discovered by Dr. Jenner, Eng- land, 1796. OF PEACTICAL INFORMATION. 37 Washington inaugurated first President, 1780, April 30. Watclies first made in Nuremburg, 1477. Waterloo, battle of, 1815, June 18. Yellowstone National Park, Act of Congress, 1871, Feb. 28. Yoi'ktown, surrender of Cornwallis to Wash- ington, 1781, Oct. 19. DATES OF ADMISSION OF THE STATES TO THE UNION, WITH THEIR AREA IN SQUARE MILES AND ACRES. The Thirteen Original States. Ratified the Constitution. Area of the Original States. In Square Miles. In Acres. New Hampshire Massachusetts . . Rhode Island Connecticut New York.. New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland Virginia North Carolina.. South Carohna . . 9,280 7,800 1,806 4,750 47,000 8..320 40,000 2,120 11,124 61, .352 50,704 :J4,ii00 58,000 5,989,200 4,992,000 835,840 3.040,000 30;080,000 5,324,800 39,440,000 1,356,800 7,n9,.360 39,265,280 32,450,560 21,760,000 37,120,000 States Admitted. Date of Act Organizing Territory. Kentucky (Out of Va.) Vermont outof N.H.& n.y. Tennessee (Out of N. C.) Oliio Ordn'eof 1787 Louisiana March 3. 1805 Indiana ' May 7, 1800 Mississippi ' April 7, 1798 Ilhnois j Feb. 3,1809 Alabama March 3, 1817 Maine j (Out of Mass.) Missouri I June 4, 1812 Arkansas March 2, 1819 Michigan Jan. 11, 1805 Florida Mar. 30, 1822 Iowa i June 12, 1838 Texas I (Annexed.) Wisconsin April 20, 1836 California (Fr'm Mexico) Minnesota March 3, 1849 Oregon : Aug. 14, 1H48 Kansas May 30, 1854 West Virginia \ (Oiit of Va.) Nevada i March 2, 1861 Nebraska ' May 30, 18.54 Colorado ! Feb. 28, 1801 j Date of Act Admitting State. Date Admis- sion Took Effect. ' Area of Admitted States and Territories. Ii?.,Sq- : In Acres. Feb. Feb. June Apr. Apr. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Mar. Mar. 4, 1791 18, 1791 1, 1796 30, 1802 8, 1812 11, 1816 10, 1817 3, 1818 14, 1819 3, 1820 2, 1821 Jan Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Sept. May Feb. Jan. Dec. Mar. Feb. Mar. 26, 18.37 3, 1845 3, 1815 1, 1845 3, 1817 9, 18,50 4, 18.58 14, 1859 29, 1861 31, 1862 21, 1864 9, 1867 3, 1875 June 15, 18.36 June Mar. June Nov. Apr. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Mar. Aug. June Jan. Mar. Dec. Dec. Mar Sept. Slay Feb. Jan. June Oct. Mar. Aug. 1, 1792 4, 1791 1, 1796 29, 1802 30, 1812 11, 1816 10, 1817 3, 1818 14, 1819 15, 1820 10, 1821 15, 1836 26, 1«37 3, 1845 2^^, 1846 29, 1845 29. 1848 9. 1850 11, 1858 14, 1853 21. 1861 19, 1863 31, 1864 1, 1867 1, 1876 9.612 1 45;600 ; 39,964 41,346 33,809 47,156 55,410 50,v22 35,000 65,350 i 52,198 i .50,451 : .59,268 55,045 274,356 53.924 1.57,801 83,.531 95,274 80,891 23,000 112,090 75,995 104,.500 24,115,200 6,151,080 29,184,000 25,576,960 26,461,440 21.637,760 30;i79,840 35,462,400 32,462,080 22,400,000 41,824.000 33,406,720 36,128,640 37,931,520 35,238,800 17.5,587,840 34,511,360 100,992,640 53,459,840 60,9';5,.360 51,770,340 14,720,000 71,737,600 48,(i36,800 66,880.000 38 THE INYEKTOR S MANUAL OEGiiNIZATION AISB AREA OF TERRITORIES.. Territokies. Area of the Territories. Act Organizing Teriitory. In Square Miles. In Acres, New Mexico Utah Washington Dakota Arizona Idaho Montana Wyoming Indian District of Columbia • Alaska Sept. I Sept. Mar. Mar. Feb. iVIar.' May 9, 1850 9, 18.50 2, 18.53 2, 18bl 24, 186.3 3, 1863 26, 1864 July 25, 1868 .lune 30, 1864 .July 16, 1790 JIar. 3, 1791 July 27, 1868 121,201 84,476 69,994 1.50,933 113,016 86,294 143,776 97,833 C8,991 t64 577,390 77,568,640 54,064,640 44,796,160 96,596,480 72,906,304 55,228,160 92,016,640 62,645,120 44,154,240 41,060 365,.529.600 PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. FROM 1789-1883. George Washington .John Adams Thomas Jefferson. James Madison. James Monroe . John Quincy Adam.s Andrew Jat-ksou Martin Van Bin-oji. . Wm. ETenry Ilariisd; John Tyler James Iv. Polk... Zaehary Taylor Millard Fillmore. Franklin Pierce . James Buchanan . Abraham Lincohi Andrew Johnson Ulysses S. Grant Ruthei'ford B. Hayes James A. Garfifld Chester A.Arthur.... Qualified. April 30, 1789 Mar. 4, 1793 Mar. 4, 1797 IVIar. 4, 1801 iVIar, 4, 1805 iVIar. 4, 1809 Mar. 4, 1S13 3Iar. 4, 1817 M.nr. .5, 1821 :War. 4, 1825 Mar 4, 1829 .M.ir, 4, 1833 .War. 4, 1837 Max: 4, 1841 April 6, 1841 Mar. 4, 1845 IVIar. 5, 1849 .lulv 10, 18.50 Mar. 4, 1853 3Iar. 4, 18.57 Jlar. 4, LSUl .Mar. -I, J 805 April 1.3, 1865 Ma.r. 4, 1869 Mar. 4, 1873 l^TnT. 5, 1877 IVlar. 4. 1881 Sept. 20, 1881 Vice-Presidents. Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr George Clinton Elbridge Gerry *John Gaillard Daniel D. Tomplcius John C. Calhoun Martin Van Bin-en Richard M. Johnson.. John Tyler *Samuei L. Southard. . *WilUe P. Mangum George M. Dallas Millard Fillmore.. *Winiam R. King William R. King *David R. Atchison *JesseD. Bright John C. Breckinridge . Hannibal Hamlin Andrew Johnson *Lafayette S. Foster . . . '■'Benjamin F. Wade Schuyler Colfax Henry Wilson *Thomas W. Ferry William A. Wheeler. . . Chester A. Arthur *David Davis Qualified. Jime Dee. March March March March March Nov. March March March March March March March April May March March July March April Dec. March March March April March March March Nov. March Blarch Oct. 3, 1789 3, 1793 4, 1797 4, 1801 4, 1805 4, 1809 4, 1813 25, 1814 4, 1817 5, 1821 4, 1825 4, 1829 4, 1833 4, 1837 4, 1841 6, 1841 31, 1842 4, 1845 5, 1849 11, 1850 4, 1853 18, 1853 5, 1854 4, 1857 4, 1861 4, 1865 15, 1865 2, 1867 4, 1869 4, 1873 22, 1875 5, 1877 4, 1881 14, 1881 *Acting Vice-President and President /?- O . Albany, N. Y 12.01 P.M. Atlanta, Ga 11.18 A.M. Aubm-n, N. Y 11.50 A.M. Baltimore, Md 11.50 A.M. Bangor, Me 12.21 P.M. Boston, Mass 12.12 P.M. Bridgeport, Conn 12.03 P.M. Brooklyn, N. Y 12.00 M. Buffalo, N. Y 11.40 A.M. Burlington, Iowa 10. .51 A.M. Burlington, Vi 12.0.3 P.M. Charleston, S. C 11.36 A.M. Chicago, 111 11.05 A.M. Cincinnati, O 11.18 A.M. Cleveland, O 11.29 A.M. Columbus, O 11.24 A.M. Concord, N. H 12.10 P.M. Council Bluffs, Iowa 10.34 A.M. Davenport, Iowa 10.53 A.M. Dayton, O 11.19 A.M. Denver, Col 9.-57 A.M. Des Moines, Iowa 10.42 A.M. Detroit, Mich 11.24 A.M. Dubuque, Iowa 10.54 A.M. Easton, Pa 11.55 A.M. Elmira; N. Y 11.49 A.M. Evansville, Ind : 11.07 A.M. Fort Wayne, Ind 11.15 A.M. Galveston. Tex i 10.37 A.M. Harrisburg, Pa i 11.49 A.M. ~ " " " ' 12.05 P.M. 11.12 P.M. 10.37 A.M. 10.50 A.M. 10.37 A.M. 10.47 A.M. 11.14 A.BI. 12.10 P.M. 10..55 A.M. 11.05 A.M. 11.04 A.M. Hartford, Conn IndianqpoUs, Ind.. Kansas City, Mo . . . Keokuk, Iowa Leavenworth, Kan . Little Rock, Ark... LouisvUle, Ky Lowell, Mass Memphis, Tenn . . . . Milwaukee, Wis . . . . Mobile, Ala Miles. 145 2 424 1.120 .302 804 913 758 585 639 274 1.389 1,096 709 1,982 1,27'0 776 1,103 76 275 183 113 826 1,343 1,128 1^411 245 1,245 Names of Cities. Montgomery, Ala 11.10 Nashville, Tenn 11 .09 Newark, N. J 11.59 Newburgh, N. Y 12.00 Newburyport, Mass 12.12 New Haven, Conn 12.04 New Orleans. La 10..^ Newport, R. 1 12.11 Norfolk, Va 11.51 Northampton, Mass 12.05 Norwich, Conn 12.07 Ogdensburg, N. Y 11.54 Omaha, Neb 10.32 Philadelphia, Pa 11.55 Pittsburg, Pa Pittsfield, Mass Portland, Me Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Providence, R. I Richmond, Va.^ Rochester, N. "i Sacramento, Cal St. Louis. Mo St. Paul, Minn Salt Lake City, Utah San Antonio, Tex San Francisco, Cal. . Savannah, Ga Springfield, lU Springfield, Mass. . . . Syracuse, N. Y Terra Haute, Ind .... Toledo, O Trenton, N. J Troy, N. Y i 11.58 Utica, N. Y 11.56 Vicksburg, Miss ' 10.53 Washington, D. C 11.48 ■Wheeling, W. Va ' 11.33 Wilmington, Del 11.54 Worcester, Mass 12.10 12.02 12.15 12.00 12.10 11.46 11.43 8..50 10..55 10.44 10.23 8.46 11.32 10..58 12.05 11.51 11,07 11.22 11..54 A.BI. A.M. A.M. ■M. P.M. P.M. A.M. P.M. A.M. P.M. P.M. A.M. A.M. A.M. A.M. P.M. P.M. M. P.M. A.M. A.M. A.M. A.M. A.M. A.M. A.M. A.M. A.M. A.M. P.M. A.M. A.M. A.M. A.M. A.M. A.M. A.M. A.M. A.M. A.M. P.M. Miles. 1,0.56 1,053 10 63 270 77 1,377 185 372 156 140 374 1,406 374 3,183 1,066 1,322 2,476 1,952 3,273 919 1,032 706 58 15] THE NAVIES OF THE WORLD. Argentine Republic . Austria-Hungai-y Belgium Bohvia Brazil Canada (Dominion) . . Chih China Denmark Egypt France Germany Gt. Britain & Ireland Greece No. of Vessels. No. of Men. 6,184 ' ' '840 1,125 50,517 8,051 81,447 652 Italy Japan Mexico Netherlands . . Norway Peru Portugal Roumania — Russia Spain Sweden Turkey United States No. of Vessels. 21 4 105 119 18 37 9 223 138 141 170 146 No. of Men. 11,880 3,944 4,996 4,342 14,648 6,141 6,000 44 THE INVENTOR S MANUAL RULERS OF THE PBINGIPAL NATIONS OP THE WORLD 1882. Governments. Argentine Republic. Austria-Hungaiy . . . Belgium Bolivia Brazil Chili China Colombia Costa Rioa Denmark Ecuador France Germany Alsace-Lorraine Anhalt Baden Bavaria Bremen Brunswick Hambui'g Hesse Lippe Lubeck Mecklemburg-Si 'h werin Mecklemburg-Streiitz . . . Oldenburg Prussia Reuss-Griez Reuss-Schleitz Saxe-Altenburg Saxe-Coburg and Gotlia Saxe-Meiningen Saxe- Weimar Eisenach . Saxony Schaumburg-Lippe i Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt [ Schwarzbm-g-Sondershausen . Waldeck Wurtemberg Great Britain and Ireland Greece Gautemala Haiti Hawatian Islands Honduras Italy Japan Mexico Morocco 1 Netherlands | Nicaragua j Paraguay Persia Peru Portugal Roumania Russia Salvadore Santo Domingo. Servia Julio A. Roca Franz Joseph I Leopold II Nicolas Oampero Pedro II. Alcdntara Anibal Pinto Kwong Shu R. Nuilez Tomas Guard i a Christian IX Jos6 de Vintimilla Frangois P.Jules Grgvy. Wilhelm I P. M. Bai-on Manteuffel. Friedrich Friedrich I Ludwig II Wilhelm I. Ludwig IV G. F. Waldemar Spain Sweden and Norway Switzerland Turkey Egypt United States Uruguay Venezuela Friedrich Franz II. . . Friedrich Wilhelm . . . Peter Wilhelm I Henrich XXII Henrich XIV Ernst Ernst II Georg II Karl Alexander Albert Adolf Georg Giinther III Georg Victor Karl I Victoria I Georgios I J. Rufiuo Barrios Gen. Salomon Kalakaua I M. A. Soto Humbert I Mutsu Hito Manuel Gonzalez Muley-Hassan Willemlll Joaquin Zavala Candido Bareiro Nassr-ed-deen Nicolo Pierola Luis I Karl I. Domnu Alexander II Rafael Zaldivar F. A. de Moreno Milan IV. Obrenovic. Alfonso XII Oscar II Numa Droz Abdul-Hamid-Khan . . Tewfik Pacha Chester A. Arthur F. A. Vidal Guzman Blanco President Emperor Iflng President Emperor President Emperor President President King President President Emperor Oberprasid't . . . Duke Grand Dulce King Burgomasters . . Duke Burgomasters . , Grand Duke — Prince Burgomasters . , Grand Duke Grand Duke Grand Duke. , King Prince , Prince Duke Duke Duke Gi-and Duke King Prince Prince Prince Prince King Queen &E. of I King President President King President King Mikado President Sultan King President President Shah President King Prince Emperor President President Prince King King President Sultan Khedive President President President ^S Date of Accession. June Dee. Dec. June April Sept, Jan. April — 1830 2, 1848 10, 1865 1, 1880 7, 1831 18, 1876 18, 1875 1, 1880 Provisional. Nov. 15, 1863 Sept. 8, 1876 Jan. 30, 1879 Jan. 18, 1871 ■ , 1880 May 22, 1871 April 24, 1852 Mar. 10, 1864 April 20, 1831 Jmie 13, 1877 Dec. 8, 1875 Mar. Sept, Feb. Jan. Nov. July Aug. Jan. Sept. 20, 7, 1842 6, 1860 27, 1853 2, 1861 8, 1859 10, 1867 3, 1853 !, 1853 29, 1873 21, 1860 July Oct. Nov. Nov. 26, 1869 July 17, 1880 May 14, 1845 June 25, 1864 June 20, 1837 June 6, 1863 May 7, 1873 Nov. 25, 1879 12, 1874 29, 1877 9, 1878 13, 1867 1, 1880 Sept. 25, 1873 Mar. 17, 1849 Mar. 1, 1879 April 12, 1878 Sept. 10, 1848 Dec. 23, 1879 Nov. 11, 1861 10, 1866 2, 1855 April 30, 1876 July 23, 1880 July 2, 1868 Dec. 30, 1874 Sep!.. 18, 1872 Jan. 1, 1881 Aug. 31, 1876 June 25, 1879 Sept. 20, 1881 Mar. 17, 1880 Feb. 26, 1879 Feb. May Jan. Feb. Dec. May Mar. OP PRACTICAL INFOKMATION. 45 TEE ARMIES OF THE WORLD. Austria-Hungary. . Argentine Republic Belgium Bolivia Brazil Canada Chili China Colombia Denmark Egypt France Germany Great Britain Greece India, British Italy Japan Strength of Army. War Footing. Footing. 46,277 4,022 16,500 3,000 3.516 700,000 2,600 470,600 419,659 133,720 12,397 58,170 199,577 1,260. 3o: 50. Luxembourg . Mexico Netherlands. Norway Persia." Peru Portugal Eoumania Russia Servia Spain Sweden Switzerland . . Turkey United States Uruguay Venezuela — Strength of Army. War Footing. Footing. 513 22,387 12',750 28,400 13,200 35,733 130,158 787,900 14,150 330,000 36,495 106,102 157,667 26,914 4,060 5,494 160,000 18,000 108,500 75,000 144,668 1,671,674 150,000 400,000 156,970 203,262 618,100 3,759,693 24,000 VALUE OF STANDARD MONET OF TEE PRINCIPAL FOREIGN NATIONS IN U. S MONEY. Austria. Germany. Spain. Florin.. .. 41c. Mark 23c. Peseta. . 19c. Belgium. Great Britain. Sweden. Franc. . .. 19e. Pound Sterling $4 86c. Crown. .. 26c. Denmark. Italy. Switzerland. Crown. .. 26c. Lira 19c. Franc . .. 19c. France. Russia. Franc. ... 19c. Roubles 74c.