DIARY OF THE REV. SAMUEL CHECKLEY 1735 EDITED BY HENRY WINCHESTER CUNNINGHAM .1SS. ^7 I'RRSKN'TlOn DY f/^ WITH THE COMPLIMENTS OF HENRY W. CUNNINGHAM, M/y^z^^Ux^ <^ [Uam.. 1°hM-- ^^^, P.O. Box 1216, BOSTON. ^ •:';:. .)^..l«. i'^&^i* # "-^ TT MDCCXXXV. .<«:. The ifew- England V>i2Lxy I Or, ALMANACK For the Year of out Lord CHRIST, I. .7 3 5- fteing the Third Year of 'SifsxtiU, and The Creitipn of the World,— y (5 8 iNoah*s Flood. ' ' ~ 402 J Building of London,, ■■. ' 2842 Vy,^,, ^'^ Settlement of New,EngIand, -— o i s.6r ^' "^uHding of Bojion, ■ ■• o 105' ~' " — . — o 025 %reac Fire in Bofton,' Appli«iSl^tt)i the Horizon of 5 ST ON, m N. E. where the /ft«7j Pole is raifed, and the Sciith Pole is de. JjrclTed equal to an Angle of 4a deg. 25. fnin. North, «iid|i^cridian 4 h. 44 w. Weft of London. r^By a Native of New-England. AND for He Heav'tis tpjie Circuit , kt it [peak The Makers h'jgh Magnificence, who halt HafpacioM, and hit Line ^Hretcht out fofat ^ That Man may knon> he dwells not in his own^ An Ed'fice too large for him tofi'J, Lodgd in a fmaU I'artition, ■ and the ffft Ordain' d for Ufa te his Lord beft knomt* Milton'i Pat. loR. B O STO Ny\n New- England, Printed by T. Fleets for .the Bookfellers-, aftd fold at thefr Shops..! 7 5 5. - ■■ m i T ii f I ' ll ■>!»**»««»— ——i«»tw»lilii»^i i »1 '* « <«ii H « i »>w.*ocirt^ of ^n&&ui)u&ttt& Vol. XII CAMBRIDGE JOHN WILSON AND SON ?SniiJErsttg Press 1909 Gift DIARY OF THE REV. SAMUEL CHECKLEY 1735 DIARY OF THE REV. SAMUEL CHECKLEY, 1735. A short time ago there fell into my hands a copy of The New-Eng- land Diary: Or, Almanack For the Year of our Lord Christ, 1735, that was interleaved and filled with comments by the Rev. Samuel Checkley on various happenings in Boston during that year. There is much in this Diary that has more than a passing interest for the student of old Boston, and it covers a period when the records are surprisingly meagre. Judge Sewall's voluminous Diary had ended six years before, and by a singular fatality both town and church records during the early part and middle of the eighteenth century are either missing altogether, or else so little is recorded that they are of slight value. The records of Mr. Checkley's church, now in the custody of the City Registrar, contain no records of death, a fact that adds value to the burials recorded in this Diary. The Boston selectmen in the very year of this almanac expressed concern at the neglect of the inhabitants to record births and deaths; and Samuel Gerrish, the town clerk, recorded the negligence com- plained of, from which it appears that, for the fourteen months pre- ceeding, "more than 950 births and deaths" had occurred in the town of which no record had been handed in; "which neglect of theirs," he added "may prove to be of ill consequence to their posterity." ^ It is clear, therefore, that when a record of this character, made by an educated man of the dominant class, comes to light, it ought to be printed, that others may benefit by the discovery. From the earliest days, one or more almanacs had been published • Drake's History and Antiquities of Boston, p. 599. 1909] DIARY OF THE REV. SAMUEL CHECKLEY, 1735 271 in New England nearly every year, and found their way into the homes of the people, in many of which they shared with the Bible the distinction of being the only books in the house. Professor Moses Coit Tyler lays stress upon their value to students of early American literature and shows the influence they had upon the thought of the people. In speaking of the Ames almanacs, which continued longer than most others and were perhaps typical of all, he says : Nathaniel Ames made his almanac a sort of annual cyclopgedia of information and amusement, — a vehicle for the conveyance to the public of all sorts of knowledge and nonsense, in prose and verse, from literature, history and his own mind, all presented with brevity, variety, and infallible tact. ... He carried into the 'furthest wildernesses of New England some of the best English literature ; pronouncing there, perhaps for the first time, the names of Addison, Thomson, Pope, Dryden, Butler, Milton ; and repeating there choice fragments of what they had written. And in speaking of these books in general, he adds : Throughout our colonial time, when larger books were costly and few, the almanac had everywhere a hearty welcome and frequent perusal ; the successive numbers of it were carefully preserved year after year; their margins and blank pages were often covered over with annotations, domestic and otherwise. Thus, John Cotton, it will be remembered, used the blank spaces in his almanacs as depositories for his stealthy attempts at verse. So, also, the historian, Thomas Prince, recorded in his almanacs the state of his accounts with his hair-dresser and wig- maker.^ It is doubly interesting, then, in the book before us to find not only personal items jotted down, but also those happenings that were of consequence at the time to all Bostonians, and the exact dates of the funerals of members of the Rev. Mr. Checkley's church and of other prominent citizens. This almanac is one of a series styled "The New-England Diary: Or, Almanack" which began in 1723 and continued through 1738. The author was Nathan Bo wen, though on several title-pages he omits his name and styles himself "a Native of New-England." The numbers from 1723 to 1733 inclusive were printed in Boston by Bar- » History of American Literature, ii. 120, 121, 123. 272 THE COLONIAL SOCIETY OF MASSACHUSETTS [March, tholomew Green who died December 28, 1732, and the next two numbers were probably printed by Thomas Fleet, who certainly printed the last two. The tide-page of this issue for 1735 is interest- ing not only for its quaint facts, but for the quotation of seven lines from Paradise Lost, which shows that its author was one of those New Englanders who had some knowledge and appreciation of Milton's poems. ^ As the number of alnianacs increased, the compilers evidently became keen rivals. Nathaniel Ames took Bowen to task for erratic calculations, and Bowen in his issue for 1730 replied : I have once more ventured into the world, notwithstanding a Repulse I met with the last Year, from a Young Stripling, who under the influence of Mercury, gave his Pen a Latitude beyond that of his Beard ; but let him know That tho' he hath so great a value for the merits of his own per- formance, were I disposed to pick holes in his Coat, I should leave him in a ragged Condition; &ct. Not only in the printed pages for each month, but in the manuscript portions every Sunday is indicated by a letter E. This is the Dominical letter for the year 1735. As the first Sunday in the year came on the fifth day of the month, the fifth letter of the alphabet is used to indi- cate every Sunday during the year. The first owner of the Diary, who wrote the brief daily comments, was the Rev. Samuel Checkley, the first minister of the New South Church in Boston. Checkley's father, also named Samuel, had come from Northampton in England in 1670 to Boston, where he mar- ried in 1680 INIary, daughter of Joshua Scottow. He served at various times as selectman, town clerk, county treasurer, and as a justice of the peace for the county, besides being a deacon of the Old South Church. He died full of years and honors December 27, 1738.^ The son Samuel, born February 11, 1695-96, graduated from Harvard in 1715, and studied for the ministry. On April 23, 1718, the town of Haverhill, Massachusetts, gave him an invitation "to settle among them in the work of the ministry," but he declined the call, possibly because there seemed to be some dissension in the » See remarks of Mr. Charles Francis Adams in 3 Proceedings of the Massa- chusetts Historical Society, ii. 154-170. ^ New England Historical and Genealogical Register, ii. 351. 1909] DIARY OF THE REV. SAMUEL CHECKLEY, 1735 273 church.^ When in 1719 the New South Church was estabhshed on Church Green near the foot of Summer Street, to meet the spiritual needs of the growing southerly section of the town, Checkley was called to become its first pastor. He married January 5, 1720-21 Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. Benjamin Rolfe of Haverhill, who thirteen years before had miraculously escaped when her father and mother were murdered by the Indians.^ Mr. Checkley was esteemed as preacher and pastor, and under his long pastorate of over fifty years his church grew and flourished, and he led the usual life of a Boston minister of the eighteenth century. His church continued as an active factor in the city down to our own time, when the meeting- house on Church Green yielded to the encroachments of business. It numbered among its pastors President Kirkland of Harvard, and the Rev. Dr. Alexander Young, who bore testimony to the fact that the church records were admirably kept during the fifty years of Mr. Checkley's labors.' The Rev. Samuel Checkley delivered the Artillery Election Sermon in 1725. In his Diary under date of June 7 of that year Jeremiah Bumstead says: Mr. Checkly preacht to y^ artillery from 2 Samuel, 22, 35, "he teacheth my hands to war." Not an hour in sermon & last singing.-* Mr. Checkley published the following sermons : ^ * Mirick, History of Haverliill, p. 139. 2 New England Historical and Genealogical Register, ii. 353. ^ Ibid. ii. 351 note. * New England Historical and Genealogical Register, xv. 204. ♦ * The reason for giving these titles at such length is that no coTnplete Ust of Mr. Checldey's printed sermons has been made and that hitherto the writings of Mr. Checkley and those of his son, the Rev. Samuel Checkley, Jr., have been confused. Thus three sermons have been attributed .to our Mr. Checkley which were really preached by his son, pastor of the Second (or North) Church, as IS proved by the following title-pages: The Character and Hope of the Righteous Consider'd, in a Sermon Preach'd the Lord's-Day after the Funeral of, Madam Lydia Hutchinson, the Virtuous Consort Of Tlie Honourable Edward Hutchinson, Esq; Who departed this Life, July 10. 1748. Aged 61. By Samuel Checkley, A.M. Pastor of the second Church of Christ in Boston. Boston, 1748. The Duty of God's People when engaged in War. A Sermon Preached at the North- Church of Christ in Boston, Sept. 21 . To Captain Thomas Stoddard, and his Company ; 18 274 THE COLONIAL SOCIETY OF MASSACHUSETTS [March, 1. The Duty of a People, to lay to Heart and Lament the Death of a Good King. A Sermon Preach'd August 20th. 1727. The Lord's-Day after the Sorrowful News of the Death of Our Late King George L Of Blessed Memory. Boston, no date. A second edition was printed, also undated. 2. The Death of the godly, and especially of the faithful gospel Minis- ters, the greatest loss to survivers. A Sermon Preached September 17th. 1727. The Lord's-day after the Funeral of the Reverend Mr. William Waldron. Boston, 1727. 3. Mr, Checkley's Sermons to a Condemned Prisoner.^ Boston, 1733. 4. Little Children brought to Jesus Christ. A Sermon Preached in private May 6. And afterwards in pubUck, June 14. 1741. upon a sorrow- ful Occasion. And published at the Desire of One that heard it. Boston, 1741. 5. Prayer a Duty when God's People go forth to War. A Sermon Preach'd Feb. 28. 1744, 5. Being a Day of publick Fasting and Prayer, To ask in particular. That it would please God to succeed the Expe- dition formed against his Majesty's Enemies, &C. Boston, 1745. 6. A Day of Darkness. A Sermon Preach'd before His Excellency WiUiam Sliirley, Esq; The Honourable His Majesty's Council, and House of Representatives, Of the Province of the Massachusetts-Bay, in New England : May 28 ^'^^ 1755. Being the Anniversary for the Election of His Majesty's Council for said Province. Boston, 1755. On Occasion of their going against the Enemy. By Samuel Checkley, A.M. Pastor of said Church. Boston, 1755. The Christian triumphing over Death through Christ. A Sermon Preached Novem- ber 10. 1765. At the second Church of Christ, in Boston; Upon a mournful Occasion. Published with some Enlargements. By Samuel Checkley, jun'r. Pastor of said Clmrch. Boston, 1765. The " mournful Occasion " was the death of " Mrs. Mary Gallop, Widow, aged 37 Years." * The words in the text are those of the half-title, missing in some copies. There were three sermons, each separately paged, but with a continuous register. The titles are as follows : Murder a great and crying Sin. A Sermon Preach'd on the Lord's-Day March 4th. 1732-3. To a poor Prisoner Under Sentence of Death for that Crime. Mercy with God for the chief of Sinners. A Sermon Preach'd on the Lord's Day March 4th To a Prisoner Under Sentence of Death for Murder. Sinners minded of a future Judgment. A Sermon Preached to, and at the Desire of, A Condemned Prisoner, March 18th. 1732-3. Being the Lord's-Day before his Execution. 1909] DIAKY OF THE REV. SAMUEL CHECKLEY, 1735 275 In addition to the above sermons, Mr. Checkley's "Charge" at the ordination on October 29, 1746, of the Rev. WilHam Vinal at Newport Rhode Island, was printed at Newport in 1747 in the Ser- mon preached upon the occasion by the Rev. Joseph Fish of Stoning- ton; * and his "Charge" at the ordination on April 30, 1766, of the Rev. Penuel Bowen as his own colleague-pastor at the New South Church was printed in the Sermon then preached by the Rev. Dr. Charles Chauncy.^ Mr. Checkley became distinguished through his posterity, since his daughter Elizabeth was the first wife of the patriot Samuel Adams and his son Samuel (H. C. 1743) was pastor of the Second Church in Boston, while a daughter of the latter married the Rev. Dr. John Lathrop, pastor of the same church, and from the last named was descended John Lothrop Motley. Boston in 1735 had over 4,000 houses and about 17,000 inhabit- ants; there were nine Congregational and two Church of England churches, with a third (Trinity) just beginning; one Baptist, one French Protestant, and a Quaker Meeting.^ There were five weekly newspapers.* In reading this Diary one is struck by the number of times the author exchanged pulpits, or had other ministers preach in his church, as well as by the distance from which many of them came. In those days it was something of a trip from Boston to Scituate, Barnstable, Haverhill, or Salisbury; yet ministers from all those places as well as from Hampton, New Hampshire; Biddeford, Maine; Lebanon, Connecticut; and from the Connecticut valley filled his pulpit. Of course, many of them had come to Boston on visits, drawn hither for various reasons, and it is only natural that they should have preached for some brother minister while here. The Boston ministers, Thomas Foxcroft, Joseph Sewall, Mather Byles, Joshua Gee, Charles Chauncy, Samuel Mather, Benjamin Colman, William Welsteed, and William Cooper are too well known to need comment here. On March 16 we find the Rev. John Cotton 1 Pages 49-52. 2 Pages 33-36. ^ New England Historical and Genealogical Register, i. 134, ii. 353: Drake, History and Antiquities of Boston, p. 820; Boston Record Commissioners' Re- ports, vol. xxii. p. iv. * Publications of this Society, ix. 9. 276 THE COLONIAL SOCIETY OF MASSACHUSETTS [March, in the New South pulpit. He was a son of the Rev, Roland Cotton of Sandwich and great-grandson of the famous Rev, John Cotton of Boston, He graduated at Harvard in 1710 and was setded in 1714 as the third minister of Newton, where he died May 17, 1757, in his sixty-fourth year. Jackson gives a long account of his youthful accomplishments and virtues and of the anxiety of the people of Newton to secure his services, and prints the laudatory inscription upon his tombstone, which is so long that it is difficult to see how one stone could hold it all.^ Checkley returned this visit, for the entry is found on Friday, September 5: "w* to Newtown pr"i M"" Cotton's Lecture." On June 1 and 29 the Rev. "Ward Cotton of Hampton preached in Boston, He was a younger brother of the Newton pastor, who had preached the sermon at his ordination in Hampton in 1734. On May 25 Checkley preached in the Hollis Street Church and "M*" Eliot" preached for him; and again on October 12 we find Mr. Eliot in his pulpit. This was probably the Rev. Jacob Eliot, who graduated at Harvard in 1720 and was ordained in 1729 as the first pastor of the Goshen Church at Lebanon, Connecticut. His first wife was a daughter of the Rev. John Robinson of Duxbury. Eliot died April 12, 1766, in his sixty-sixth year.^ On June 15 Mr. Green of Barnstable preached in the New South in the afternoon. This was the Rev. Joseph Green, a classmate of Jacob Eliot at Harvard. He had been settled over the East Church at Barnstable in 1725, and continued his ministry there till his death in 1770 at the age of 70, The long inscription on his gravestone ends with the lines : Think what the Christian minister should be, You've then his character — for such was he. ' Four times during the year members of the Gushing family preached for Checkley, and fortunately he has given a designation to each one so that they can be identified, for they were all near relatives. On • History of Newton, p. 252. 2 Sprague, Annals of the American Pulpit, i. 322 note ; Hine, Early Lebanon, p. 153. * Allen, American Biographical and Historical Dictionary; Freeman, History of Cape Cod, i. 362, 566. 1909] DIARY OF THE REV. SAMUEL CHECKLEY, 1735 277 June 8 came "Md Gushing (of Dover)." This was the Rev. Jona- than Gushing of the Harvard Glass of 1712, who, Hke Gheckley, had had a call (in 1716) to a Haverhill church and declined it,^ and had taught school for a year or two at his boyhood home in Hingham. On September 18, 1717, he was settled over the parish at Dover, New Hampshire, at a salary of £90 a year, and in the following month he married his second cousin Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Gushing of Boston. He was minister of that church for fifty-two years and until his death March 25, 1769, and for the last two years had as his colleague the Rev. Dr. Jeremy Belknap. In personal ap- pearance he is said to have been "a large, stout man of dignified appearance," and also that he was "a grave and sound preacher, a kind, peaceable, prudent and judicious pastor, a wise and faithful friend." ^ On July 6 is found the entry in the Diary "M"" Gushing (of Sals- bury)," on August 3 "M"" Gushing (of Haverhil)," and on Novem- ber 16 "M"* James Gushing." The last two items refer to the same man — the Rev. James Gushing (H. G. 1725), who became pastor of the North parish of Haverhill in 1730 and died there May 13, 1764. He was a second cousin of the Dover minister and the son of the Rev. Galeb Gushing of Salisbury, who had filled Gheckley's pulpit on July 6. The latter was the ancestor of Galeb Gushing, the well-known lawyer and statesman. The note under July 20, "M"" Hinsdel p. m.," recalls an interest- ing character, Ebenezer Hinsdale of the Harvard Glass of 1727. He was ordained a missionary to the Indians in 1733, when the Rev. Joseph Sewall preached the ordination sermon.^ He seems to have gone at once to the Gonnecticut valley, where he entered with zeal into the work of a pioneer. He was chaplain of the troops stationed at Fort Dummer, and later built a grist mill near by. In ^753 the town of Hinsdale was incorporated and he was its first town clerk. He died January 6, 1763, at the age of 57, and on his gravestone he is called "Gol."" The Rev. Paul Goffin (H. G. 1759) of Wells, * Mirick, History of Haverhill, p. 138. 2 J. S. Gushing, Gushing Genealogy, p. 34; J. Scales, Historical Memoranda of Dover, N. H. ^ Sprague, Annals of the American Pulpit, i. 280 note. * H. Ghild, Gazetteer of Cheshire Gounty, New Hampshire; New England Historical and Genealogical Register, ii. 208. 278 THE COLONIAL SOCIETY OF MASSACHUSETTS [March, Maine, kept a journal of a tour to the Connecticut River in the summer of 1760, and on July 25 of that year wrote: Rode alone to Deerfield dined with Rev. Ashley, then waited on Col. Hinsdale. This man with Joseph Seecomb and Mr. Parker, was ordained a Missionary in Boston, Hinsdale was sent westward ; the other 2 went East. All this must have been done long before the war of 1755. Hinsdale did not preach long. The Town and Fort near Fort Dumma, is now called Hinsdale, after the said Hinsdale. The Fort he built at his own Cost. . . . Col. Hinsdale has 30 acres english grain fit for the Sickle.^ Coffin staid over night at the house and next day Madam Hinsdale and he went in a row boat three miles to hear IVIr, (afterwards Judge) Simeon Strong preach. On December 7 another man from western Massachusetts preached for Checkley, the Rev. Robert Breck. Son of the Rev. Robert Breck ^ of Marlborough, he graduated at Harvard in 1730 and was settled for two or more years at Windham, Connecticut, when he received a call to the church at Springfield. This he declined because certain rumors and stories regarding his belief w^ere rife in the parish; but in 1735 he was again called, accepted, and was installed, and con- tinued as pastor till his death April 23, 1784, at the age of 71, by tact and judicious conduct of life living down all prejudices and becoming much loved. ^ One famous INIiddlesex County minister officiated for Checkley, for on November 23 is found the item "old M"" Hancock." This was the Rev. John Hancock, who was settled over the parish in Lexington from 1698 to 1752, the latter part of the time having as his colleague his son, the Rev. Ebenezer Hancock. He was familiarly known as "Bishop Hancock," because he had presided over so many ministerial councils and ordinations in Middlesex County.* On November 9 is the entry "M'-Willord (of Biddiford)." This was the Rev. Samuel Willard of the Harvard Class of 1723, long settled at Biddeford. He was the father of Joseph Willard, the Presi- dent of Harvard College. 1 New England Historical and Genealogical Register, ix. 340, 341. 2 See p. 214, above. ^ Sprague, Annals of the American Pulpit, i. 385. * Paige, History of Cambridge, p. 572; Hudson, History of Lexington, pp. 53, 71, 84. 1909] DIARY OF THE REV. SAMUEL CHECKLEY, 1735 279 Checkley also notes the ordination of the Rev. Joseph Stimpson of Charlestown over the South Precinct Church of Maiden, on Sep- tember 24. Corey's History of Maiden gives a pathetic tale of this man's poverty and struggles. On October 5 is the entry "M"" Cambell a. m." This was prob- ably the Rev. Othniel Campbell of the Harvard Class of 1728, a resident of the town of Plympton.* In 1738 he is found on the council of ministers and elders, mostly Plymouth County men, who settled the dispute between the Rev. John Robinson and the people of Duxbury. On December 21 Mr. Checkley's pulpit was filled in the morning by a classmate at Harvard, John Cleverly, a singular man. He had studied for the ministry, but probably never was ordained, and about this period preached for a few years in New Jersey, at Elizabeth and Morristown. His ministrations not being successful, he retired from the pulpit and lived at Morristown somewhat of a hermit, unmarried, and in straitened circumstances, till his death on December 31, 1776, at the age of 81.^ In addition to the annual Fast on March 27, Mr. Checkley makes mention four times of fasts that were held in Boston during this year. First on May 22 "at old Ch: " meaning probably the First Church. Next on June 24 "At our Ch:" and here he gives more than a brief line and speaks of the preaching and praying both morning and afternoon, showing that the people evidently gave up a whole day to these fasts. The other two were those at the Rev. Mr. Welsteed's New Brick Church on August 26, and at Charlestown on September 23. In each case Checkley gives as the object of these fasts "the Revival of religion." Late in the previous year, Jonathan Edwards's sermon entitled A Divine and Supernatural Light, Immediately im- parted to the Soul by the Spirit of God, had started a revival in the Connecticut valley which was the forerunner of " the Great Awaken- ing" that came when George Whitefield visited New England in 1740. It has generally been supposed that the influence of the earlier revival did not reach as far as Boston. "The excitement," writes Palfrey, "which in Massachusetts had been confined to towns on or near Connecticut River, ceased after about six months." ^ And the * New England Historical and Genealogical Register, xliv. 251. 2 F. Hatfield, History of Elizabeth, N. J., pp. 338, 367, 568, 572, 629. ^ History of New England, v. 7. 280 THE COLONIAL SOCIETY OF MASSACHUSETTS [March, Rev. Alexander McKenzie says, "But Boston was yet to feel its power." ^ The term "revival of religion" had been in use for a generation or so in New England, and church fasts were common at that period; but perhaps the fasts mentioned by Mr. Checkley indicate the influence in Boston of the movement begun by Edwards. The annual Thanksgiving Day for 1735 came on Thursday, November 13, and Checkley notes that he preached all day. lie also records that July 4 was Commencement at Cambridge and that it was a rainy day with northeast wind. That life in the days of the horse and the chaise was not without its excitements and even dangers, is shown by an accident that is thus recorded in the Weekly Journal of Monday, July 7: On Friday last the Day of the Commencement at Cambridge, a Person belonging to Milton, being mounted on his Horse, and riding homewards, was met by a Chaise which run against his Leg, and broke the same so dangerously, that his Life is in great hazzard. * Memorial History of Boston, ii. 231. Dr. McKenzie's account, it must be confessed, is somewhat confusing. He says: The new life began to appear in 1734, under the powerful preaching of Jonathan Edwards, at Nortliampton. It spread to the surrounding towns. It aroused the interest of the Boston churches. Dr. Colman wrote to Dr. Edwards for an account of the work, which was given in a letter long afterward published in London. The Boston ministers' kept their people interested, and circulated among them Dr. Edwards's letter and several sermons which had been influential in tlie movement. The remarkable interest in the valley of the Connecticut was not of long continuance ; partly, it would seem, because so many had quickly felt the new life, and had come under its control, or turned away from it. But Boston was yet to feel its power. Edwards's letter to Colman was dated November 6, 1736, and was printed in abstract in the Appendix to the Rev. William Williams's Duty and Interest of a People, among whom Religion has been planted, to Continue Stedfast and Sin- cere in the Profession and Practice of it, published at Boston in 1736. The letter was printed in full in London in 1737 under the title of A Faithful Narrative of the Surprizing Work of God in the Conversion of Many Hundred Souls in North- ampton, and the Neighbouring Towns and Villages of New-Hampshire in New- England. This was reprinted in Boston in 1738. The London editors speak of "the Neighbouring Towns and Villages of New-Hampshire in New-England." This natural error was corrected by the Boston editors to "the Neighbouring Towns and Villages of the County of Hampshire, in the Province of the Massa- chusetts-Bay in New-England." At the time when Edwards started his movement, Whitefield was an under- graduate at Oxford. He first came to Georgia in 1738 and to Boston in 1740. 1909] DIARY OF THE REV. SAMUEL CHECKLEY, 1735 281 Among the most important items in the Diary are the burials recorded, and most of them were of Checkley's parishoners or neigh- bors. Unfortunately, however, he failed in many cases to give more than the surnames, so that identification is difficult; but extracts from the New England Weekly Journal for that year throw light upon many of the items. January 18, "old Cap*^ Bennet buried." This was John Bennet, styled a blacksmith, and probably in his early days a mariner, who had a dwelling-house at the South End, and seems to have owned a rather large piece of land stretching from Orange Street to the water.* The paper of INIonday, January 20, states : On Wednesday last died here Capt. John Bennet in the 89th year of his Age; A Gentleman well known and respected among us; and was decently Interr'd on Saturday last. January 23, "Richard Flood buried." This man, too, was a mari- ner, and lived near the New South Church. He owned a house and land near the Bull WTiarf; and Samuel Adams administered upon his estate.^ January 29, "old M"" Cunningham buried." This was Andrew Cunningham, a Scotchman, who was a resident of Boston as early as 1G84, and lived on Newbury (now Washington) Street near the corner of Essqx. He was the founder of his family in Boston and died January 27, 1735, aged 81.^ March 13, "M'" Burgain buried." This was Robert Burgain, mariner. April 16, "M^ Allen dy'd," and April 19 "M-" Silence Allen buried." The Weekly Journal of April 21 states : " Last week died Mr. Silence Allen, Cordwainer, a Person well known and respected among us." He had married January 20, 1692, Esther, daughter of Enoch Wis-^ wall of Boston,* and had been admitted to full communion with the New South Church May 7, 1727. April 23, "Cap* Arthur Savage buried." He was a man of some consequence in the town and has already been referred to 1 Suffolk Probate Files, no. 6672. * Ibid. no. 6677. ' New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Iv. 305, Ixi. 303. * Ibid. xl. 59. 282 THE COLONIAL SOCIETY OF MASSACHUSETTS [March, in our Transactions.^ The Weekly Journal of Monday, April 28, stated : On Wednesday last the Remains of Arthur Savage, Esq ; whose Death we mention'd in our last, were decently Interr'd. We are inform'd that he has left a Legacy 25 1. per Annum for some term of Years, to the Poor of the Town of Boston. May 24, "Madam Oliver buried." This was Governor Belcher's sister and she was of sufficient social prominence in the town to have her death noted in any diary. The Weekly Journal of Mon- day, May 26, said : On Wednesday Morning died and on Saturday last was decently and honourably Interred, Madam Elizabeth Oliver, Relict of the late Honour- able Daniel Oliver Esq ; and Sister to His Excellency Governour Belcher. June 4, "Cap* Dorby buried." The Weekly Journal of Monday, June 2, said: "Yesterday died in an advanced Age Capt. Eleazer Darby of this Place." June 9, "Deacon Powning buried." This was Daniel, the son of Henry and Elizabeth Powning, in his 74th year, who had been dis- missed from the Old Church, and on August 7, 1720, was admitted to full communion in the New South. The Weekly Journal of Mon- day, June 9, speaks of him as follows : " On Friday last died here Mr. Daniel Pounding, Deacon of the New South Church; and who for many Years has had the care of the Powder-House." Sewall mentions him several times, and on Jaimary 20, 1719-20, mentions a visit to his mother, who must have flattered the Judge, for he records: "Mrs Powning will be 90. years old next February; I gave her two Crowns, which she very kindly received. Is very hard of hearing, very loansome, spake very well of my Match." July 15, "M"- John Fitch buried." The Weekly Journal of Mon- •day, July 14, records: "On Thursday last died here Mr. John Fitch, only son of the Hon. Col. Thomas Fitch, in the 26*^*^ year of his age." He had received his A.B. at Harvard in 1727, his AM. in 1730, and had married Martha, daughter of Anthony Stoddard.^ ' Publications, vi. 47. ^ Tliis Anthony Stoddard — he married Martha Belclier, a sister of the Madam Oliver whose burial is recorded by Mr. Checkley — who was born in 1678, who graduated at Harvard College in 1697, and who died in 1748, should not be confused with his first cousin, the Rev. Anthony Stoddard, who was also born 1909] DIARY OF THE REV. SAMUEL CHECKLEY, 1735 283 September 3, "Madam Palmer buried." The Weekly Journal of Tuesday, June 2, has : " On Thursday night last died here Madam Palmer, the virtuous Consort of the Hon. Judge Palmer, and we hear is to be Interred tomorrow." It is probably her house, near Fort Hill, that Checkley records as having been struck by lightning on July 28. November 15, "M"^ Luce buried." The Weekly Journal of Tues- day, November 18, makes brief mention of this death : " On Monday night last Mrs. Elizabeth Luce, the consort of Mr. Peter Luce, died in a Convulsion Fit after a very short illness." The Boston News- Letter of November 14 states that she was "Sister to Col. Estes Hatch." December 2, "INI'" Jn*' Davenport buried." This was the son of Addington and Elizabeth Davenport. He graduated at Harvard in 1721, married in 1733 Abigail, daughter of Thomas Hutchinson, and died on November 27, 1735, at the age of 32. The Weekly Journal of Tuesday, December 2, has: On Thursday last died here much lamented, INIr. John Davenport, in the Prime of Life, he had an Education at Harvard College, and was for Some Years, a beloved Tutor in that Society — we hear he is to be interr'd this Day. Mr. Checkley mentions two other burials that are worthy of note. April 19, "Rev^ M-" Tayler's wife of Milton buried." John Taylor graduated at Harvard in 1721, was ordained over the church in Milton in 1728, and continued there till his death in 1749. He married April 9, 1730, Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. Nathaniel Rogers of Ports- mouth, New Hampshire, who was probably a sister of the wife of the Rev. Joshua Gee of Boston. April 1, "D-- Colmans Daug"" Turil buried at Medford." This was Jane, daughter of the Rev. Dr. Benjamin Colman of the Church in Brattle Square, who was born in 1708 and married at the age of eighteen to the Rev. Ebenezer Turell, pastor of the church in Med- in 1678, who also graduated at Harvard in 1697, but who died in 1760. The grandfather of Mrs. Fitch was Simeon Stoddard, whose sister Lydia married Samuel Turell and became the mother of the Rev. Ebenezer Turell mentioned in the text. Hence Turell, who graduated at Harvard only six years before Fitch, and Anthony Stoddard, the father of Fitch's wife, were first cousins. 284 THE COLONIAL SOCIETY OF MASSACHUSETTS [March, ford, who has been immortalized by Holmes in his poem entitled "Parson Turell's Legacy." ' Mrs. Turell died on March 26 at the early age of twenty-seven, leaving an infant son who died the follow- ing year. IMr. Turell did not long remain a widower, for the Weekly Journal of Tuesday, October 28, stated that " On Thursday Evening last the Rev. Mr. Turell of Medford, was married to Mrs. Lucey Davenport, daughter of the Hon. Judge Davenport of this Town." He thus became a brother-in-law of the John Davenport whose burial took place on December 2, and the two men had been classmates at Harvard. The severity of the cold and the great quantity of snow that fell might well have made 1735 an "old fashioned winter," and a suffi- cient comment on the extent to which the cold got into the buildings is Mr. Checkley's entry for Sunday, January 19: "It was so cold a Lords Day that the water for Baptism was considerably frozen." March seems to have been a particularly stormy month with every kind of weather from thunder and lightninor to snow. On June 14 is found this item: "in some places there have been this week con- siderable frosts (& some Ice) which much hurt and Spoild the Eng- lish Grain;" and again, on October 30, occurs the record of such a severe snow storm and cold that a man was found frozen to death. During the year several casualties of local importance are men- tioned, such as the striking by lightning on April 7 of the ball on the steeple of the Old South Church, and on June 28 of the drowning of the only son of Robert Hadwin, a lad twelve or thirteen years of age. He had gone in swimming just below the Common and had ventured beyond his depth. On July 7 is recorded the burning of Dr. Rand's "Still House," but the New England Weekly Journal of Monday, July 14, gives the building a slightly different name : " On Monday last a fire broke out at' the South End of the town in a small building improved by Dr. Rand for boiling Varnish &ct. which was soon burned to the Ground but the Fire did no other damage." The owner of this building was probably Dr. Isaac Rand (1718-1790) of Charlestown and the "father of the much more celebrated Dr. Isaac Rand of Boston.^ * See also p. 220, above. * " Wyman, Genealogies and Estates of Charlestown, ii. 785-786; Thacher, American Medical Biography, ii. 13-16. 1909] DIARY OF THE REV. SAMUEL CHECKLEY, 1735 285 July 29 must have been a day of excitement, for in the early morn- ing came the attempt to poison the Scarlet family. The Weekly Journal of August 4 gives a vivid picture of this "horrid Attempt [that] was made here" last Tuesday "to poison Mr. Humphry Scarlet of this Town, Victualler, his Wife and two Children" by two negroes in their employ, a man named Yaw and a boy named Casar, who put lumps of "Arsenick" or ratsbane into a skillet of chocolate that was being prepared for breakfast. The long examination of these negroes is interesting, and their attempt to entangle a young negro woman in their crime met with a sudden end when she testified that she had herself been slighdy poisoned by tasting the chocolate left in the skillet. The sequel is thus related in. the Weekly Journal of Tuesday, September 2: On Fryday last the two Negroes (lately mentioned) belonging to Mr. Scarlet, who were try'd a few days before at the Assizes held here, & found Guilty of putting Poison into a Skillet of Chocolate, with a design to Poison the Family, had their Sentence given them, which is this, They are to sit on the Gallows for the Space of one Hour, with a Rope about their Necks, and the End of it thrown over the Beam, after which they are to be Whip'd 39 Lashes each on the bare Back at the Carts Tail, between the Gallows and the Prison. Later in the day came a tragedy near the water front. An attempt was made to open and clean an old well about thirty feet deep on Minot's Tee to the Long wharf, which had long been out of use, and into which had run sewage and other filth. ^ As the work progressed one of the workmen, John Torke of Boston, a married man between thirty and forty, was lowered into the well and as he descended seemed somewhat affected by the gas and was raised to the surface where the fresh air revived him. He then made a second attempt, going further down, and became too much overcome to assist himself in getting out, when John Mack Nobb, a young sailor from a neigh- boring vessel, went down on the rope; but on his reaching Torke the additional weight sent them both to the bottom, where the gases suffocated them past resuscitation. Having spoken of church fasts and thanksgiving, let us now turn our attention to secular celebrations. Of these there were certainly * New England Weekly Journal of August 4. 286' THE COLONIAL SOCIETY OF MASSACHUSETTS [March three, and probably four, in honor of the royal family. The birth- day of Queen Caroline occurred on March 1. Though neither the News-Letter nor the Weekly Journal mentions this event in 1735, yet no doubt it was observed ; and if so, its celebration was presum- ably not unlike the one three years earlier, thus recorded in the Weekly Journal of Monday, March 6, 1732: Wednesday last being the Anniversary of the Birth of her most gracious Majesty Queen CAROLINE, who then enter'd the 50th Year of her Age, the same was observed here with Demonstrations of Loyalty and joy. In the Evening there were Illuminations, particularly his Excellency's Seat was finely Illuminated with several hundred Lamps. Next in order came the accession to the throne of George II on June 11, thus reported in the Weekly Journal of Monday, June 16, 1735: Wednesday last being the Anniversary of the happy Accession of our most gracious Sovereign King GEORGE the Second, to the Throne, when his Majesty enter'd the Ninth Year of his Reign, the same was observed here- with the greatest Demonstrations of Loyalty and Joy : At Noon the Guns at his Majesty's Castle William, on board his Majesty's Ship Scarborough, and other Ships in the Harbour were discharged: His Excellency our Governour & several other Gentlemen were elegantly entertain'd at Dinner, by Capt. Durell,^ on board the Scarborough : And in the Afternoon the Regiment of Militia in this Town were mustered, and being drawn together in a Body on the Common, were reviewed by his Excellency, attended by a great Number of the principal Gentry in Town & Country, and Officers paying the proper Standing Salute as they pass'd along. After which his Excellency, and his honourable Attendants, repair'd to a spacious Tent prepared for them on the Common, from whence his Excellency Review'd the Regiment in their March out of the Field, the Officers handsomely performing the proper Salute. The Regiment passing thro' the Main Street, repair'd to King-Street, where, after performing the Manual Exercises, Firing three Rounds, and giving three loud Huzza's, an innumerable Company of Spectators joining with them, (his Excellency viewing them from the Balcony of the Council Chamber,) each Company was drawn off and dismiss'd : And the Even- ing concluded with abundant Expressions of Loyalty & Joy. » Capt. Thomas Durrell. See Publications of this Society, viii. 244. 1909] X)IARY OF THE REV. SAMUEL CHECKLEY, 1735 287 The third royal celebration took place on October 11 in honor of the King's coronation, and is thus described in the News-Letter of Thursday, October 16: Last Saturday being the Anniversary of His Majesty's Coronation, the same was observed by the Discharge of the Guns at Castle William ; those on board His Majesty's Ship Scarborough, &c, with other Demon- strations of Loyalty and Rejoycing. Closely following the coronation came the King's birthday on October 30, and this, in spite of the snow and cold, was celebrated by a bonfire and fireworks on Dorchester Neck, and one poor fellow, losing his way in the storm, was frozen to death. In the Weekly Journal of Tuesday, November 4, we read : Thursday last the 30th of October, being the Birth Day of His Majesty King GEORGE the Second, our most gracious Sovereign, when His Majesty entred the Fifty third Year of his Life, the same was observed here with all possible Demonstrations of Loyalty and Joy. At Noon the Guns were discharged at His Majesty's Castle William, and His Excel- lency's Troop of Guards, with two other Troops from the County were muster'd on the Occasion, and drawn up in King-Street. At Night His Excellency's Seat, with divers others, were finely Illuminated on this joyfull Occasion. The account of this affair in the News-Letter of November 6 con- cludes as follows: A large bonfire was made at Dorchester-Neck, and many curious Fire- Works play'd off; but by reason of thick Weather and a great Fall of Snow, the Splendor thereof was much diminish' d, being scarce visible in Town. The same Night, one Joseph Green of this Town, a labouring Man, who had been employed the Day before to assist in erecting a Mast for the Bonfire at Dorchester Neck, lost his Way as he was going from the Fire to some House or Barn, and the next Morning was found dead in the Snow.* ^ In these days such a death seems extraordinary. The following extract is taken from the Boston Evening Post of Monday, January 24, 1737: Friday last one Richard Williams, a Chimney-Sweeper at the South End of the Town, was found in his Bed froze to Death, where in all probability he had lain since Tuesday Night, having never been seen by the Neighbours since that Time. 288 THE COLONIAL SOCIETY OF MASSACHUSETTS [MarcH, Shortly after this, on November 5, came a similar celebration at the same place, it being the anniversary of the famous Gunpowder Plot of 1605 in which Guy Fawkes was the active figure; and this day too was followed by fatalities, for four young men crossing the harbor in a canoe were drowned. The Weekly Journal of Tuesday, Novem- ber 11, says: On Wednesday last being the 5th of November, the Guns were fired at Castle William, in Commemoration of the happy and remarkable Deliverance of our Nation from Popery and Slavery, by the Discovery of the Gun Powder Plot in the Year 1G05 ; and in the Evening there were Bonfires, and other Rejoycings. The same Evening four young Men of this Town went in a Canoe (as we are informed) to see the Bonfire on Dorchester Neck, and have not been heard of since; which makes it fear'd they were drowned in their return home. A further account of this fatality is contained in the News-Letter of Thursday, November 20 : Four Youths that went over from this Town, in a small Boat, to Dorchester Neck, to see the Diversions There in the Evening after the 5th Instant, having not been heard of for some Time after. People had various Conjectures- concerning them; but it was most generally tho't they were drowned in their return Home ; and accordingly it now appears that they were, the Bodies of two of them having been found, one on Monday and the other on Tuesday last; The Name of one was John Darling,^ an Apprentice belonging to Mr. Salt the Cooper, and Son of Mrs. Darling a Widow in Charlstown ; the other's Name was John Hem- menway of this Town, an Apprentice to Mr. Joseph Hill, Rope-maker: The Bodies of the other Two are not yet found. This anniversary had been celebrated since the early days of the colony, and as the eighteenth century advanced the celebrations be- came more boisterous and the turbulent spirits of the community caused the authorities much anxiety. At first there v/ere processions in which effigies of the Pope and the Devil were carried about the streets and finally burned, but near the time of the Revolution, when * In the Weekly Journal of November 25, the name given is James Darling. This is correct. He was the son of George and Abigail (Reed) Darling. See Wyman, Genealogies and Estates of Charlestown, i. 27G. 1909] DIARY OF THE REV. SAMUEL CHECKLEY, 1735 289 popular feeling against the English ran high, the images of unpopular officials like Governor Hutchinson, General Gage, and others were added. Just how early these celebrations began in New England is hard to say, but Judge Sewall speaks of one in 1685 as if it were a regular occurrence, for he says : Mr. AUin preached Nov!" 5. 1685 finished his Text 1 Jn? 1. 9. mentioned not a word in Prayer or Preacliing that I took notice of with respect to Gun-powder Treason. . . . Although it rained hard, yet there was a Bonfire made on the Comon, about 50 attended it. Friday night [November 6] being fair, about two hundred hallowed about a Fire on the Comon. ^ Most of the almanacs mentioned the day, as .this very one of Bowen's, where against November 5 is found "Powder Plot;" and Ames's almanac for 1735 has under November the lines — Gun Powder Plot We ha'nt forgot. In his issue for 1740 Ames says: Now for the Old Plot, the POPE goes to Pot The curst Pope stands in the Way, or I had told you the Day. What Heaven decrees, no Prudence can prevent. And in the issue for 1746 we read: Powder-Plot is not forgot; 'T will be observed by many a Sot. In the issue of 1767 he has so much to say about the growing political troubles that he merely adds the line — "Powder plot most forgot;" while in the issue for 1772 his allusion brings in the name of Captain Preston of the British troops engaged in the Boston Massacre : To burn the Pope, is now a joke, for a design he miss't on, to sap that mansion which dares pension Your famous Butcher Preston!'^ » Diary, i. 102, 235, 368, 462, 2 S. Briggs, Essays, Humor and Poems of Nathaniel Ames, pp. 139, 440. 19 290 THE COLONIAL SOCIETY OF MASSACHUSETTS [March, Dr. Nathaniel Ames the younger in his Diary under November 5, 1765, says, "Pope Devil and Stampman exhibited together." ^ Captain Francis Goelet, a New York merchant visiting Boston in 1750, was evidently amused and impressed by what he saw on Pope Nio-ht, for he records in his Journal: After dinner went with some of the Comp^ to ye North End the Towne Bo* Some Limes &c where we saw the Devil and the Pope &c Carried ab* by the Mob represented in Effegy very drole soone after see two more, but the Justices feareing some Outrages may be Committed Put a Stop to them.^ It seems that as the custom grew, in Boston there became two rival processions, one from the North End and one from the South End, each carrying images of the Pope and the Devil, and that they marched towards each other and had a skirmish in which the mob joined and the victorious band then burned both sets of images. In 1765 the popular leaders of the town put a stop to this useless cjuarrel, pacified the two factions, formed them into a Union, and brought to an end the noisy and turbulent celebration. This Union observed the day in a quieter manner with a supper at night; and in this was a nucleus that was of service to the patriots in the approaching struggle.^ John Boyle mentions this same occurrence : 1765, Nov. 5. A Union established between the South and North End Popes. Capt. ]\I*' Intosh on the Part of the South, and Capt. Swift, on the Part of the North. It has heretofore been tlie Practice on the even'g of the 5th of November, for the two Popes to engage, by which means many Persons have been greatly maimed. This Union and one other more extensive, may be looked upon as the only happy Effecte arising from the Stamp Act. This Union was undoubtedly hastened by the fatalities of the year before, for Boyle in his Journal for November 5, 1764, says: A Child of Mr. Brown's at the North-End was run over by one of the Wheels of the North-End Pope and Killed on the Spot. Many others were wounded in the evening.* 1 Dedham Historical Register, ii. 27. ^ New England Historical and Genealogical Register, xxiv. 61. ' Palfrey, History of New England, v. 339; Snow, History of Boston (1825), p. 263. * John Boyle's Journal, p. 87. For these extracts from this unprinted Journal, 1909] DIARY OF THE REV. SAMUEL CHECKLEY, 1735 291 This accident impressed others, for John Rowe mentions it in his Diary, as well as the fact that it took place in the forenoon : 1764 Nov. 5. A sorrowful accident happened this forenoon at the North End— the wheel of the carriage that the Pope was fixed on run over a Boy's head & he died instantly. The Sheriff, Justices, Officers of the Militia were ordered to destroy both S^ & North End Popes. In the afternoon they got the North End Pope pulled to pieces, they went to the SO End but could not Conquer upon which the South End people brought out their pope & went in Triumph to the Northward and at the Mill^Bridge a Battle begun between the people of Both Parts of the Town The North End people having repaired their pope, but the South End people got the Battle (many were hurt & bruised on both sides) & Brought away the North End pope & burnt Both of them at the Gallows on the Neck. Several thousand people following them, hallowmg &ct. Several years ago Mr. Albert Matthews ^ made some mention of the observances of Pope Day and quoted from articles in Boston newspapers of 1821 written by some man who remembered the celebrations of the day, though it is probable that after the outbreak of the Revolution the day was less frequently celebrated m New Eno-land.^ Perhaps the one place where it lingered longest is m the old^town of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, which clings to many an ancient custom, and there even to the present time something is done on the evening of November fifth, though the performance has changed to the blowing of horns and the carrying about of pumpkin lanterns by boys, none of whom know the origin of the celebration,* and even the name has been changed to Pork Night John Albee of New Castle, New Hampshire, in 1892 bore testimony to the survival of the custom in Portsmouth up to that year, saying that he had been a resident of New Castle for the preceding twenty- six years and that he remembered a celebration in that town each of those years.^ He also furnished clippings from two of the local news- papers which told of the doings of 1892, as follows: owned by a member of the Palfrey family, I am indebted to Professor George L. Kittredge. 1 Letters and Diary, p. 67. 2 I am indebted to Mr. Matthews for aid in the preparation of this paper. 3 Publications of this Society, viii. 90, 91, 92 104. * Dialect Notes, i. 18, 217. « Journal of American Folk-Lore, v. 335. 292 THE COLONIAL SOCIETY OF MASSACHUSETTS [March, The celebration of the anniversary of Guy Fawkes' night on Saturday by the young people of this city was not so extensive as in former years, no doubt owing to the condition of the streets, but nevertheless small bands paraded the streets and made the early part of the evening hideous with music ( ?) from the tin horns they carried for the occasion. Some carried the usual pumpkin lanterns. The ringing of door-bells was also extensively indulged in. Very few of the paraders knew that the celebration was in keeping of the old English custom of observing the anniversary of the discovery of the famous gunpowder plot to blow up the House of Commons.^ Chaps in tliis city had their annual blow-out on Guy Fawkes' night, and in parts of the city the toot of the horns was something terrific. Some grotesque pumpkin lanterns were seen, and altogether the celebration was evidently enjoyed by the boys. Portsmouth is not alone in this pecuUar observance, for down at Marblehead the night of the 5th of November is remembered by a huge bonfire on the neck, around which the chaps with horns dance in fantastic glee. The blaze Saturday night on the M. N. was a bigger one than usual. It 's a queer custom the youths of Portsmouth and Marblehead have.^. In the early times the day was observed in most of tte large New England towns as well as in Boston, and there are many casual references to it. The Rev. Samuel Deane of Portland makes men- tion of it twice in his Journal : " 1770 November 5 Several popes and devils tonight;" "1771 November 5 No popes nor devils here to- night at my house." ^ The Rev. Ezra Stiles speaks of it at New- port in 1771, saying "Powder Plot, — Pope &et carried about;" and again on November 5, 1774, he says, "This Afternoon three popes &ct. paraded thro' the streets, & in the Evening they were consumed in a Bonfire as usual — among others w^ere Ld. North, Gov. Hutchinson & Gen. Gage." * John Adams, attending court at Salem on Wednesday, November 5, 1766, says : Spent the evening at Mr. Pynchon's, with Farnham, Sewall, Sargeant, Col. Saltonstall &ct. very agreeably. Punch, wine, bread and cheese, 1 Portsmouth Republican News, Monday, November 7, 1892. 2 Portsmouth Daily Evening Times, November 7, 1892. 3 Journals of the Rev. Thomas Smith and the Rev. Samuel Deane, pp. 329, 331. * Literary Diary, i. 182, 470. 1909] DIARY OF THE REV. SAMUEL CHECKLEY, 1735 293 apples, pipes and tobacco. Popes and bonfires this evening at Salem, and a swarm of tumultuous people attending.* Coffin gives an excellent account in much detail of the way the day- was celebrated in Newbury and says that the last celebration was in 1775, the principal cause of its discontinuance being an unwillingness to displease the French, whose assistance was deemed so advanta- geous at that time. As the observance of the day at Newburyport was probably typical of those in other large New England towns, it is interesting to quote what Coffin says of it : In the day time, companies of litde boys might be seen, in various parts of the town, with their little popes, dressed up in the most grotesque and fantastic manner, which they carried about, some on boards, and some on little carriages, for their own and others' amusement. But the great exhibition was reserved for the night, in which young men, as well as boys, participated. They first constructed a huge vehicle, varying at times, from twenty to forty feet long, eight or ten wide, and five or six high, from the lower to the upper platform, on the front of which, they erected a paper lantern, capacious enough to hold, in addition to the lights, five or six persons. Behind that, as large as life, sat the mimic pope, and several other personages, monks, friars and so forth. Last, but not least, stood an image of what was designed to be a representation of old Nick himself, furnished with a pair of huge horns, holding in his hand a pitchfork, and otherwise accoutred, with all the frightful ugliness that their ingenuity could desire. Their next step, after they had mounted their ponderous vehicle on four wheels, chosen their officers, captain, first and second lieutenant, purser and so forth, placed a boy under the platform, to elevate and move round, at proper intervals, the moveable head of the pope, and attached ropes to the front part of the machine, was, to take up their line of march through the principal streets of the town. Some- times in addition to the images of the pope and liis company, there might be found, on the same platform, half a dozen dancers and a fiddler, whose • Hornpipes, jigs, strathspeys, and reels Put life and mettle in tlieir heels,' together with a large crowd who made up a long procession. Their custom was, to call at the principal houses in various parts of the town, ring their bell, cause the pope to elevate his head, and look round upon the audience, and repeat the following lines. 1 Works, ii. 201. 294 THE COLONIAL SOCIETY OF MASSACHTJSETTS [MARCH, * The fifth of November, As you well remember. Was gunpowder treason and plot; I know of no reason Why tlie guupowder treason Should ever be forgot. When the first King James the sceptre swayed, This hellish powder plot was laid. Thirty-six barrels of powder placed down below All for old England's overthrow : Happy the man, and happy the day • That caught Guy Fawkes in the middle of his play. You'll hear our bell go jink, jink, jink ; Pray madam, sirs, if you '11 something give. We '11 burn the dog and never let him live. We'll burn the dog without his head. And then you 'II say the dor; is dead. From Rome, from Rome, the pope is come, All in ten thousand fears ; Tlie fiery serpent's to be seen, All head, mouth, nose and ears. The treacherous knave had so contrived, To blow king parliament all up alive. God by his grace he did prevent To save both king and parliament. Happy the man, and happy the day. That catched Guy Fawkes iu the middle of his play. Match touch, catcli prime, In the good nick of time. Here is the pope that we have got, The wliole promoter of the plot. We '11 stick a pitclifork in his back And throw him in tlie fire.' After the verses were repeated, the purser stepped forward and took up his collection. Nearly all on whom they called, gave something. Esquire Atkins and Esquire Dalton, always gave a dollar apiece. After peram- bulating the town, and finishing their collections, they concluded their evening's entertainment with a splendid supper; after making with the exception of the wheels and the heads of the effigies, a bonfire of the whole concern, to which were added, all the wash tubs, tar barrels, and stray lumber, that they could lay their hands on. With them the custom w^as, to steal all the stuff. But those days have long since passed away.^ \Mien we read such accounts as this, what wonder is it that towns should pass ordinances against bonfires on the night of November fifth? Even as early as 1753 these celebrations had caused enough » History of Newbury, pp. 249-251. 1909] DIARY OF THE REV. SAMUEL CHECKLEY, 1735 295 anxiety for the Province to pass "An Act for further preventing all riotous, tumultuous and disorderly Assemblies or Companies of Persons, and for preventing Bonfires in any of the Streets or Lanes within any of the Towns of this Province." ^ Finally, in many places all the sport was obliged to take place in the day time. And in Boston, where just before the Revolution the two rival processions with hostile intentions towards one another created such a tumult, lead- ing citizens used their influence to unite the two factions and then subscribed money for a supper and a more peaceful entertainment for the would-be participants. And so this old New England cele- bration gradually died out except in Portsmouth and possibly one or two other places, and even there it has undergone so great a change that none of its original features are left, and few if any of the par- ticipants know the significance of the day or even its old-time name. DIARY 2 JANUARY II ] 2 fair pleasant warm. 3 Rain w^ E. and S.E. » Massachusetts Province Laws, iii. 647, 997, iv. 78, 617; v, 87, 459, 1122. 2 On the first page is written in ink : Rev. Mr. Checkley of Boston appears to have been the author of the notices entered in this Almanac. M.A.S. May 4, 1837. The top of the volume has been trimmed, thereby cutting off a few entries. Where these are undecipherable, square brackets are used. There are no entries on the following days: January 15, February 18, 19, March 6, 19, July 8, October 8, November 8, 24, 26, December 17, 18. The word "fair," and that only, is entered on the following days: February 26, March 25, May 7, June 10, 16, 21, July 3, 21, August 6, October 7. The words "fair pleasant," and those only, are entered on the follo\ving days: February 6, 7, 10, 27, March 22, 26, April 17, 18, May 5, 6, 14, 16, 26, 27, 28, June 25, 26, 27, July 19, 22, 24, 30, August 11, 15, 16, 18, 25, September 6, 12, 13, 15, 20, October 2, 10, 18, 22, November 5, 10, 22, 25. The following days are labelled "hot," "cold," "cool," "dry," "moderate," "seasonable," "cloudy," or in some such indefinite way: January 6, 7, 10, 24, 25, March 8, 10, 11, 12, April 9, 11, 21, 30, May 1, 9, 10, 21, 31, June 5, 7, 13, July 17, August 21, 23, 30, September 4, 18, 23, 29, 30, October 17, November 3, 4, 11, 29, December 6, 11, 13, 23. 296 THE COLONIAL SOCIETY OF MASSACHUSETTS [March, 4 fair warm. 5 E.^ pr«i all day. W'^ N.E. Snow and Stormy at night. 8 fair & cold 9 fair very cold. 11 fair warm & pleasant. , 12 E. Sac* pr*! all day — moderate 13 Rain w^ S.E. 14 fair warm. 16 Cloudy p.m. pretty much rain Even: 17 fair very high wind & Extream cold. 18 very cold Day old Cap* Bennet ^ buried. 19 E. M"" Foxcroft. A.M. Snow very Stormy & cold p.m. the water for Bap™ frozen. This Day (being Lords Day) it began to Snow before morning Service was over and increas'd very much. The afternoon was very Stormy it Snow'd fast & wind blew very hard at N.E. The storm increased towards Even : — & the night following it raind & blew as hard as I allmost ever knew it. The next Day fair very cold and Slippery. Several vessells cast away in the Storm a Lords day night. It was so cold a Lords Day that the water for Baptism was considerably frozen. 20 fair very cold & Slippery 21 fair more moderate. 22 fair pleasant, flurry of Snow Even : then very cold. 23 Extream cold Richard Flood ^ buried. 26 E. pr^ all Day. Cloudy, some Small rain & foggy. 27 Cloudy foggy. Nieg'' Barter's Daughter buried. 28 fair pleasant. Cloudy Even : little Snow in night. 29 fair pretty cold old M'" Cunningham * buried. 30 fair cold Day. 31 pleasant. FEBRUARY 1 fair a.m. Cloudy p.m. w*^ E. Snow at night very Stormy the most snow we've had this winter. 2 E. pr^ all Day. Wet Snow a.m. not very cold. 3 Some Snow. & some rain, w*^ S.E. 4 Cloudy, then fair moderate 5 fair & cold. § pleasant moderate weather. » See p. 272, above. ^ g^g p 281, above. * See p. 281, above. * See p. 281, above. 1909] DIARY OF THE REV. SAMUEL CHECKLEY, 1735 297 9 E. Sac* : pr^ all day 11 fair cold. 12 fair. Cloudy p.m. Snow at night about 3 inches deep. 13 fair. Exceed: cold p.m. & Even : 14 Exceed Smart cold last night & to day. moderate at Even: 15 Wet Snow good part of day W^ S.E. 16 E. Chang'd w^^^ M^" Chauncy. a.m. fair pleasant 17 Rain last night, foggy & rain to day 20 fair pleasant Cap* Goold's Kinswoman buried. 21 fair pleasant Spring like weather. 22 fair pleasant — but raw East : W^ 23 E. Changed w*^^ M"^ Gee a.m. pleasant 24 Cloudy foggy M^ Nicholson's Child buried. 25 Rain. W^^ S.E. James Ferguson buried much rain at night and High wind. 28 Cloudy, raw E. Wind. MARCH \ 1 rain w^^ E.S.E. A.M. fair & very warm p.m. 2 E. prd all Day. fair A.M. Cloudy p.m. rain Even: w^ N.E. 3 w^ N.E. Cloudy foggy. & rain 4 Cloudy, then fair and windy. 5 wind last night Exceed : high at South. • 7 Little Snow in morning. 9 E. Sac* pr^ all day. very Smart cold. 13 fair. Windy p.m. & Even looks like Storm M"" Burgain^ buried. 14 Little rain, fair p.m. 15 Several Showers p.m. Light^ & very hard Thunder. This day we had Several Thunder Showers, they rose from the west and northwest very black, it raind very hard and hail'd. Thunderd & Lightned often & one Clap exceeding hard. 16 E. M"" John Cotton ^ all day. fair pretty cold. 17 Snow all day & very Stormy, as much Snow as has fell at a time this winter This morning about 7 a Clock it began to Snow, wind at South and then came north, it Snow'd all day. & was very Stormy w^ at N. West as much Snow fell this day as has at one time this winter, it was a moist heavey Snow but if light & dry would have been (it is Judgd) a foot deep 18 fair & cold. Several flurrys of Snow w^^ wind towards Even: » See p. 281, above. ^ See p. 275, above. 298 THE COLONIAL SOCIETY OF MASSACHUSETTS [March, very cold but fair. Several flurries of Snow towards night & in Even: with wind and very cold, the lighthouse boat overset and one man drownd 20 fair. Cloudy Even.. 21 very Stormy it Snowd all day. w'^ E. & N.E. more Snow than has fell this winter at once. Early in the morn : it began to Snow and was very Stormy wind East, it held Snov/ing & was very stormy all day w"^ E. & N.E. as Stormy a Day as we have for years together, and more Snow fell this day than has fallen at once the Winter past. . 23 E. prd for M"- Byles A.M. D"- Sewall pr^ for me A.M. fair. 24 Cloudy then Exeeding stormy all Day : vid : backside ^ Cloudy in the morning then rain and Stormy, the storm increasd all afternoon and Even : it raind it snowd and it haild. and the w^ at N.E. blew as hard as Ever I knew it in my life. Most Houses shook very much and great damage was done to the Wharfs and shipping, the wind and storm abated about midnight. A more terrific storm scarce known. 27 The Annual Fast, pr"^ all day. fair pleasant. 28 fair Springlike weather 29 fair, looks like fowl weather p.m. 30 E. M"" Byles A.M. I pr^ for M^ Chauncy A.M. rain Even wind & Snow 31 Great deal of rain. M^^M^Lorry^ Child buried. N B. more storms of rain Snow and wind this month than all the Winter & for many winters past. APRIL 1 rain in morn: then fair D"" Colmans Daug'" TuriP buried at Medford 2 rain. 3 rain A.M. fair p.m. 4 Cloudy foggy weather. 5 Cloudy foggy a.m. fair p.m. Cap* Homans arrived. 6 E. Sac^: pr'^ all day. fair pleasant. 7 fair pleasant, a.m. rain Thund' & light: p.m. This day in afternoon it came up very Black then raind and haild in midst of which * What follows is written on the other side of the leaf. ' This name is uncertain. It might be "M°Long" or "M^Lorey." On May 2, 1734, Mr. Checkley married "Thomas McLory & Isabella Hood" (Boston Record Commissioners' Reports, xxviii. 186). « See p. 283, above. 1909] DIARY OF THE REV. SAMUEL CHECKLEY, 1735 299 a great deal of Sharp Lightning & hard Thunder. The lightning struck the Ball upon the Steeple of the old South Church but hurt nothing else. 8 fair cool. 10 fair, raw wind. 12 fair warm day. 13 E. M"^ Chauncey. A.M. very warm hazy, 14 fair & very warm, 15 rain. Stormy w'^ N.E. very cold 16 fair. M'" Allen ^ dy'd. 19 fair. M'" Silence Allen buried and Re\^ M' Tayler's wife^ of Milton. 20 E. Chang'd w*^ M' Byles A.M. very hot. 22 warm pleasant. 23 fair pleasant Cap* Arthur Savage ^ buried. 24 raw cold, some rain towards Even: 25 rain, cold Storm w** N.E. 26 rain, cold & stormy w^ N.E. 27 E. M'" Chauncey A.M. I pr^^ for D"" Sewall a.m. very raw cold. & some rain w*^ N.E. 28 rain last night Cloudy to day a.m. fair p.m. 29 very squally and cold, a consider^® frost last night. MAY 2 fair. M'" Greenleafs child buried. 3 fair M"" Hall's Son buried. 4 E. Sac* : pr^ all day. rain morn : fair p.m. 8 fair, raw cold p.m. 11 E. pr^ all day. warm and windy. 12 Cloudy, rain. 13 fair. M"" Jackson buried, a Shower w*^ Light^ and Thunder, at 1 a Clock 15 went to Natick and pr^ Lecture there. 17 fair pleasant, hot weather. 18 E. chang'd w*'^ D"" Sewall a.m. pleasant. Shower p.m. 19 fair M'"^ Webber buried. 20 fair, very windy p.m. 22 Fast at old Ch: for reviv^ of religion* &c 1 See p. 281, above. ^ See p. 283, above. 3 See p. 281, above. * See p. 279, above. 300 THE COLONIAL SOCIETY OF MASSACHUSETTS [March, 23 Stormy w^ at N.E. rain & cold. 24 rain last night and to day. w"^ N.E. very cold. Madam Oliver * buried 25 E. M"- Eliot 2 A.M. I pr^ for M"" Byles A.M. fair weather 29 fair pleasant. M''^ Deming buried. 30 raw E. w^ foggy A.M. M" Hall buried. JUNE 1 E. Sac* M"- Cotton ^ (of Hampton) P.M. little rain. 2 fair, pretty Dry time. 3 foggy then fair. 4 fair & hot. Cap* Dorby * buried. 6 Weather very hot. Deacon Powning dy'd about 5 h. p.m. 8 E. M^ Gushing ' (of Dover) a.m. Weather cooler. 9 fair, dry time. Deacon Powning® buried. 11 Cloudy a.m. little rain. 12 fair pleasant but dry weather. 14 very dry time, and cold for season vid: overleaf. '^ very dry weather for a Consid'® time, and in some places there have been this week considerable frosts ( & some Ice) which have much hurt and Spoild the English Grain. 15 E. M-- Green » (of Barnstable) P.M. 17 dry weather, little Sprinkling. 18 fair, very sharp lightning in Even: & Some rain. 19 fair, hot and dry weather. 20 a Shower p.m. w*^ Thund'" & Light^. 22 E. M' Chauncy a.m. S. w^^ very liigh. 23 Great deal of rain. Thund'" & Light^ p.m. then fair. 24 Fast at our Ch: for Revival of religion, vid: overleaf.' This day was kept by our Church in their turn as Day of fasting and prayer for the Revival of Religion &c M' Abbot prayd & D"" Sewall preachd A.M. M"" Cooper prayd and I preachd p.m. 28 Cloudy looks like a Storm. This Day M"" Hadwins son (a Lad of about 12 years old) was drownd at Bottom of the Couion. 1 See p. 282, above. ^ See p. 276, above. 3 See p. 276, above. * See p. 282, above, s See p. 276, above. « See p. 282, above. ' Wliat follows is written on the other side of the leaf. * See p. 276, above. ^ What follows is written on the other side of the leaf. 1909] DIARY OF THE REV. SAMUEL CHECKLEY, 1735 301 29 E. Sac* : M-^ Ward Cotton * p.m. 30 fair hot. JULY M 3 2 consid'® want of rain. 4 Comencment at Cambridge, some rain. w«^ N.E. 5 Some rain last night. Cloudy drisling to day rain towards Even : 6 E. M"" Cusliing^ (of Salsbury) A.M. Rain last night, and sev- eral hard Showers to day. 7 fair D"" Rand Still House burnt. This Day D*" Rand Still House took fire just before one a Clock & was presently burnt down.^ Sev- eral other Houses in danger but preserv'd. 9 Some rain p.m. little Thund"" & Light^. 10 Mary Jepson came to live w*^ us. 11 Cloudy then fair w^ cool at N.E. 12 Cloudy foggy then fair. 13 E. Changd w*^ M"" Byles A.M. rain w^^ Thund"- & Light^ p.m. & in Even: This Day (being Lords Day) there was a shower with some Thunder & Lightning just before the afternoon service, and towards night & in y® Even : there was abundance of rain Thunder & Lightning. M"^ Loring's Barn (at Hull) burnt by y*^ Lightning about 8 a Clock in Even: and 2 more places Struck with y^ Thunder in that Town. 14 Cloudy, some rain. 15 Some rain a.m. fair p.m. M'' John Fitch ^ buried. 16 fair very hot, 18 very hot. a shower p.m. & Even : w*^ Thund' & Light^. 20 E. D'' Colman a.m. M"" Hinsdel ^ p.m. little rain p.m. 23 Uttle rain then fair. 25 Looks like fowl weather Even: 26 Cloudy. Rain, w^ N.E. 27 E. Sac*: pr'^ all day. little rain a.m. fair p.m. 28 very hot. Rain wind terrible Thunder &c p.m. vid. Mid : ^ This afternoon it came up very black then the wind blew very hard, in midst of which it raind very hard and we had terrible Thunder & Lightning the Thunder struck and did much damage to Deacon WilUams's » See p. 276, above. 2 ggg p. 277, above. ' See p. 284, above. * See p. 282, above. ^ See p. 277, above. " What follows is written on another leaf in the middle of the book. 302 THE COLONIAL SOCIETY OF MASSACHUSETTS [March, House in y Coliion. it also struck Judge Palmer's House and struck down 2 men in the street. The Thunder as Loud as I ever I heard espes : 2 Claps of it. 29 very hot. 2 men dy'd in well on Long wharfe by reason of the Damp &c. This day 2 men lost y"" lives going down into a well on Long Wharfe y® Damp Suffocated and chilled y™ and they were gone at once. This Day M"" Scarlet's negro poisond his Master Mistress and 2 Children by putting Rats bane into y^ Chocolet ^ 31 fair, little rain p.m. AUGUST * 1 fair little rain p.m. very much Light^ at night. This afternoon a Small shower, and in the Even : abundance of Lightning. The Lightning continued greatest part of the night. 2 hot Muggy. Several Showers. 3 E. M'' Cushing ^ (of Haverhil) a.m. Showers p.m. & in y® Even : much rain some Thund"" & gr* deal of Light^. 4 fair pleasant. A Shower just as meeting began p.m. and Towards Even: it came up very black in the N. West. Then raind very hard, with abundance of Lightning and some Thunder but not very hard. 5 fair a.m. rain p.m. w"^ N.E. 7 Cloudy. Great deal p.m. & Even: 8 Cloudy. 9 abund: of rain very Stormy & high tide vid: overleaf.^ This morning it set in for to rain and raind Exceed : hard greatest part of the Day. The wind blew very hard at E. & S.E. The tide was very high did some Damage to wharfs &c as much rain fell to Day as (I think) I ever knew. 10 E. p'"'^ all day. Cloudy. Rain. Rain hard in Even: 12 fair a.m. a Shower p.m. w*^ Thund"^ & Light^. 13 A shower w*^ Thunder & Lightn^ about 5 a Clock in morn : and several showers in the day with Thunder & light^. fair Even: This morn: about 5 a Clock we had a showier with Thunder & Lightning, another shower between 7 & 8 Several afterwards. 14 cool morn: fair pleasant. 17 E pi''^ all day. fair, hot day. 19 Cloudy, some rain p.m. 20 cool morn: fair pleasant. 22 pleasant. » See p. 285, above. == See p. 277, above. • What follows is written on the other side of the leaf. 1909] DIARY OF THE REV. SAMUEL CHECKLEY, 1735 303 24 E. Sac* : pr^ all day. great deal of rain. 26 Fast at M-^ Welsted's for revival of relig : M'" Burd's ^ Child buried. 27 Extream hot. M"" Brattle olivers child buried. 28 very hot. M" Ethelridge buried. 29 fair very hot. 31 E. M"^ Cooper A.M. a Shower p.m. w*!^ Thund-^ & Lightning SEPTEMBER 1 fair pleasant. M"" Bennet buried. 2 fair a.m. very hard shower p.m. Light^ in Even: & then fair 3 cool morn : Madam Palmer ^ buried. 5 w* to Newtown pr