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Vol III FEDERATION. no 4 
 
 The present issue of Federation is the fourth number of Volume III, whose first 
 number was issued in June. 1903. 
 
 The Federation has felt the awkwardness of commencing its publication year at a date 
 different from that of its fiscal year, and for this reason two supplement numbers of Vol- 
 ume III are now in press, and Volume IV should issue during the calendar and fiscal year 
 1905. 
 
 This issue of Federation contains matter so cognate with that of the supplementary 
 numbers that they are all put on the press at the same time. 
 
 This very number, for instance, makes use of material which was collated for its second 
 supplement. 
 
 Federation is peculiar among magazines, as a matter of fact, because its contents are 
 the result of this organization's own investigations, almost exclusively. The Federation 
 cannot always foretell the precise period of the issue of its publication, for the reason 
 that the research involved in the preparation of its issues is so variable. 
 
 Moreover, the continuous advance of the Federation's work, unattended by an ade- 
 quate increase of its income, is not favorable to a day and date method of publication. 
 
 While called a Quarterly, Federation undertakes only to issue four times during 
 each fiscal year, and the numbers go to print when, in the progress of its work, the 
 Federation has accumulated material important enough to print. 
 
 The contents of the present number are: 
 I — The Population of New York June i, 1904, and January i, 1905. 
 2 — New York's Jewish Population. 
 3 — Manhattan's Most Populous and Densest Blocks. 
 4 — The Distribution of Nationalities on Manhattan Island. 
 
 5— The Past and Present Religious and Racial Conditions of "Oldest New York." 
 6 — Canvass for Presbyterian Church Extension Committee. 
 
 Supplement i contains: 
 I — "South William Street, the Birthplace of Jewish and Christian Worship." by Mr. J. H. 
 
 Innes, author of "New Amsterdam and Its People." 
 2— The XIV Assembly District, or Stuyvesant's Bowery, as in 1899 and IQ04. 
 
 Supplement 2 will contain: 
 I— The Gains and Losses of Religion in Greater New York. October, 1903-October, 1904, 
 
 tabulated by Denominations, Boroughs, Assembly Districts and Wards. 
 2 — The Forward Movements of Ecclesiastical Bodies in New York during 1904. 
 3— The Leading Sociological Facts of the XXII Assembly District. 
 
FEDERATION. 
 
 THE PRESENT POPULATION OF NEW YORK. 
 
 iMiDllkAiioX of (Jcli)ber, 1903, 
 placed tlie ixjpulation of Greater Xew 
 York at a niiiiiniuni of 3.818.730 per- 
 sons. 
 
 These tis^nres were readied by con- 
 ceding to Xew York, fur the three 
 years June i, 1900, to June i. i<)03, 
 an increase of t^.j per cent, per an- 
 num in ijopulatinn. as thrdui^hnul the 
 decade 1890-1900. 
 
 The figures were therefore of (kite 
 June 1 , i<;Q3. 
 
 r.ulk'tin 7 of the IVrnianent llurean 
 of the Census pkices llie population at 
 that same date at 3.716,139 persons, 
 a difiference of 102.591 persons. 
 
 Adopting the same methods of 
 com])Utation for tlu- date ]u\\v i. 
 i(;o4. k'i-:i)KU.\ rio.x would ])lace the 
 population of tln' cit\ at 3,945,907. 
 while the estimate of the Federal Cen- 
 sus Bureau would he 3.800,1 17. a dif- 
 ference of 136,790 persons. 
 
 It mav be precarious to contest the 
 work of the Census lUireau, but if 
 Fl-:i'F,K,\i io\ liad aceejjted it it woidd 
 
 have been bound to revise all its com- 
 putatie)ns of the past year. Before at- 
 temjjting the latter it therefore inves- 
 tigated the Census figures, and, as af- 
 fecting Xrw \'ork, it cannot accept 
 then), ior reasons which follow. 
 
 I'.ulletin 70 of the Twelfth Census 
 contains on ])age 14 a tal)le of the es- 
 timated pojjulation of Xew York city 
 and its boroughs, as now constituted, 
 from 1790 to 1900. 
 
 The present Census lUireau com- 
 l)Utes the increase of po])ulation from 
 year to year throughout the Cnited 
 States, in cities and in solitudes alike, 
 by the arithmetical method, namely: 
 "The growth in each year is equal to 
 one-tenth the deceimial increase be- 
 tween the two previous censuses." 
 
 The figures of Bulletin Xo. 70 of 
 the Twelfth Census clearly prove that 
 while this method may be accurately 
 applicable to Inmdreds of cities in the 
 Cnited States, it is fallacious to apply 
 it to Xew ^'ork. 
 
 As a matter of fact, the fiuures 
 
 KSIf YORK'S ACTUAL ASD 
 
 'i-ABUE I. 
 BSTIiiATED POPULATIOK FIGUKBS ACCORDIKG TO FEDERA'' 
 CEIISUS METHOD. 
 
 
 Actual- 
 
 _ 
 
 I'opulfttion 
 
 Decennial' 
 
 
 Population 
 
 Decennial 
 
 on baeie of 
 
 Percentage 
 Inc r^aee 
 
 
 at appended 
 
 Increaee 
 
 CeneuB Com- 
 
 
 dates. 
 
 
 putation. 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 5 
 
 1790 
 
 49,401 
 
 
 
 
 1800 
 
 79,216 
 
 29,815 
 
 
 
 1810 
 
 119,734 
 
 40,518 
 
 109,031 
 
 
 1820 
 
 152,056 
 
 32,32? 
 
 160,252 
 
 
 1330 
 
 242,278 
 
 90.!522 
 
 184,378 
 
 
 1840 
 
 391,114 
 
 146,836 
 
 332,500 
 
 
 1860 
 
 696,115 
 
 305,001 
 
 539,950 
 
 
 1860 
 
 1,174,779 
 
 478,664 
 
 1,001 ,116 
 
 
 1870 
 
 1,478,103 
 
 303,324 
 
 1,653,443 
 
 
 1880 
 
 1,911,698 
 
 433,595 
 
 1,781,427 
 
 29.3 
 
 1890 
 
 2,507,414 
 
 595,716 
 
 2,345,293 
 
 31.1 
 
 1900 
 
 3,437,202 
 
 929^768 
 
 3,103jl30 
 
 37.1 
 
 
 Cenou* Compu- 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 tatlon of 
 addltlone 
 
 278,937 
 
 3,716,139 
 
 
 1904 
 
 
 371,915 
 
 3,809,117 
 
 
 1904 
 
 FTOERATION'S 
 
 Estiiaate 
 
 3j945j907 
 
 
 FKDERAL CEISUS 1£ETH0D APPLIKD TO CITIRS 
 
 OF OVER 500,000. 
 
 
 1880 
 
 503,185 
 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 1890 
 
 1,099,850 
 
 596,665 
 
 
 118.6 
 
 1900 
 
 1.698.575 
 
 598^725 
 
 1,696,515 
 
 54.4 
 
 Tfl80 ■ 
 
 ■■ 847,i^r'-■- 
 
 
 PHlLADEU>HIA 
 
 1890 
 
 l,046,964 
 
 199,794 
 
 
 23.6 
 
 1900 
 
 1.293.697 
 ^- 35D-|Bi-8 
 
 246j733 
 
 1.246j758 
 
 23.6 
 
 rBfeo " 
 
 " ~ "ST'.'LDTnS 
 
 1890 
 
 451,770 
 
 101,252 
 
 
 28.9 
 
 1900 
 
 575.238 
 362 >59 -- 
 
 123.468 
 
 533.022 
 
 27.3 
 
 1880 
 
 
 BOB^Ok 
 
 1890 
 
 448,477 
 
 So, 638 
 
 
 23.6 
 
 1900 
 
 560.892 
 
 112^415 
 
 534,115 
 
 25.1 
 
 ItibO 
 
 33sr;3Tr-" 
 
 
 BAtTIS 
 
 ism' 
 
 1890 
 
 434,439 
 
 102,126 
 
 
 30.7 
 
 1900 
 
 508.957 
 
 74,518 
 
 536j565 
 
 17.2 
 
THE PRESENT POPULATION OF NEW YORK. 
 
 show that the geometrical method is 
 more appUcahle to New York than the 
 arithmetical. 
 
 This conclusion will be inevitable if 
 Table I is carefully studied. 
 
 Column 2 of that table gives the 
 actual population of New York at 
 each ten year period from i/go to 
 1900. Column 3 gives each decennial 
 increase from 1800 to igoo for the ten 
 preceding xears. Column 4 gives the 
 population which New York should 
 iiave had, fmm 18 (O onward, if the 
 Census Uureau method were correct. 
 
 It will be found by studying the 
 table that the arithmetical method 
 would place the population below the 
 actual figures at every ten year pe- 
 riod, from 1810 onward, with the ex- 
 ception of the years 1820 and 1870. 
 In both of these years the population, 
 bv the arithmetical method, should 
 have been more than it actually was. 
 
 In other words, in the decade imme- 
 diately preceding the opening of the 
 Erie Canal, with its consequent in- 
 crease of the population of New 
 York, the simple addition process 
 would have given New York a great- 
 er increase than actually occurred, 
 \\hile during the period of the Civil 
 A\'ar the same results would have ob- 
 tained. 
 
 .\fter the Erie Canal was built, 
 however, and New York began to 
 outstrip Philadelphia, the dynamic 
 growth of this city became so pro- 
 nounced that the percentage method 
 of estimating its increase of popula- 
 tion from decade to decade became 
 more rational than the other. 
 
 The figures of Table I permit an 
 easy verification of this statement, 
 but to show the results of the Census 
 method it will suffice to refer only to 
 the figures of 1880, 1890 and 1900. 
 (i) 
 
 Population of New York. 1880 i. 911. 698 
 
 Decennial increase, 1870-1880 433-595 
 
 Population, 1890. should have been, by 
 
 Census method 2,345,293 
 
 Actual population of New York, 1890... 2,507,414 
 
 Shortage by applying Census method, 
 
 1890 162,121 
 
 t2) 
 
 Population of New York, 1890 2,507,414 
 
 Decennial increase, 1880-1890 595.716 
 
 Pojiulation, 1900, should have been, by 
 
 Census method 3.i03.i3o 
 
 .\ctual poiHila 
 
 Shortage by 
 1900 
 
 of New York, 1900.,. 3,437,. 
 )lyiiig Census method, 
 
 334,072 
 
 ■ Column 5, Table I, contains an en- 
 try of the percentage increase of New 
 York for the three decades ending 
 1880, 1890 and 1900. 
 
 The computation is based on the 
 figures of Ikilletin 70, Twelfth Cen- 
 sus. 
 
 It appears therefrom that the per- 
 centage increase of the population of 
 Greater New York has actually risen 
 since 1880. The increase of popula- 
 tion in 1880, above that of 1870, was 
 29.3 per cent. ; in 1890 the increase, 
 above that of 1880, was 31.1 per cent. ; 
 and in 1900 the increase, above that 
 of 1890, was 37.1 per cent. 
 
 What possible justification can 
 there be for applying the arithmetical 
 method to New York city in the face 
 of these facts? 
 
 New York's increase of percentage 
 growth from 1890 to 1900 above that 
 of 1880-1890 was 6 per cent., while in 
 the decade 1880- 1890 is was only 1.8 
 per cent, above the increase 1870- 
 1880; and it certainly is more likely 
 that New York is aclvancing its per- 
 centage increase than that the Census 
 lUireati figures are trustworthy as re- 
 gards New York. 
 
 The death rate of New York has 
 considerably fallen oft" since 1900; im- 
 migration has been at its maximum 
 height ; the nationalities which entered 
 New York during 1890- 1900. in over- 
 whelming numbers, are exceedingly 
 prolific ; and, while there has been a 
 very considerable removal of citizens 
 to the suburbs, everything seems to in- 
 dicate that the percentage growth of 
 the city, unless retarded by things now 
 unforeseen, will be greater during 
 1900-ro than 1 890- 1 900. 
 
 The Bureau's computations of the 
 populations of Chicago, Philadelphia, 
 St. Louis, Boston and Baltimore 
 equally show that the arithmetical 
 method, while applying perhaps to 
 static communities, is not applicable to 
 the centres of congestion in our coitn- 
 try. 
 
 The figures given in Table II show 
 that the Census computation, so far as 
 Chicago is concerned, would have 
 been approximately right in 1900 ; 
 
FEDERATION. 
 
 Philadelphia, however, if there had 
 not been an actual census in 1900. 
 woulfl have been declared by W'ash- 
 ington to have nearly 50.000 people 
 less than it actually had ; St. Louis 
 would have been docked to the extent 
 of 22,000 ; Boston to the number of 
 26,000 ; while Ijaltiniore would have 
 been credited with over 27,000 more 
 than it actually had. 
 
 Chicago is a warning not to apply 
 the geometrical method without pre- 
 liminary caution. Its percentage in- 
 crease during 1880-90 was 118.6, and 
 ihcrc were local conditions, the main 
 one the extent of municipal exten- 
 sion in Cook County, which made it 
 impossible to keep up that percentage 
 increase from 1890-1900. when it fell 
 
 to 544. 
 
 I'hiladelphia, on the other liand. had 
 precisely the same percentage increase 
 during 1890- 1900 as 1880-90, and 
 hence the Census computations would 
 have fallen below the facts ; St. Louis 
 fell from 28.9 to 27.3 ; Boston actually 
 increased from 23.6 to 25.1 ; while 
 lialtimore, through local causes, fell 
 off in the decade 1890- 1900. 
 
 The Census method would have 
 ma<le Baltimore the fourth city in the 
 nation in kjcjo. whereas it actually 
 tin-ned out to be the sixth; and Bos- 
 ton. l)v applying the Census method, 
 should have had over i.ooo ])ersons 
 more than St. Louis, whereas it actu- 
 ally had nearly 15.000 less. 
 
 ()n the other hand Chicago. Phila- 
 delphia and St. Louis, had the percent- 
 
 age increase of the decade ending 1890 
 been applied to the growth of popula- 
 tion in the succeeding decade, would 
 have been given populations larger 
 than were actually found in 1900, and 
 this would have been especially the 
 case in IJaltimore. 
 
 To both New York and Boston, 
 however, the application of the per- 
 centage increase during 1880-90, for 
 the succeeding decade, would actually 
 have done injustice, though the in- 
 justice would not have been as great 
 as in the case of the arithmetical 
 nielhod. 
 
 New ^'ork's increase by the percent- 
 age method would have been 778,805 
 as against 595.716 by the arithmetical 
 method ; but the actual growth of 
 New York was 929.788. Boston, by 
 the arithmetical method, should have 
 grown 85.638 ; by the percentage 
 method 105,840; whereas its actual 
 growth was 1 12.415. 
 
 The arithmetical method, without 
 variations, in other words, is vicious ; 
 but the geometrical method, applied 
 universally, is equally vicious. 
 
 The geometrical method, however, 
 for the present at least, is more ap- 
 plicable to New York city than the 
 method applied in Washington ; and 
 Fedkration will revise none of its fig- 
 ures of October. 1903; and during the 
 year 1904 will place the population of 
 New York, as at June i, 1904, at a 
 minimum of 3.945.907 persons. By 
 January 1, n;05, it will l)e over 4.000.- 
 000 persons. 
 
 MANHATTAN'S MOST POPULOUS AND DENSEST BLOCKS. 
 
 In its canvass of the tenement sec- 
 tion of the Nineteenth Assenibl\- Dis- 
 trict the Federation found in the 
 block bounded by Sixty-first and 
 Sixty-second streets, Amsterdam to 
 West End avenues, between Feb- 
 ruary 4 and March 9. 1897, 3,580 
 peopte, and comparing this discovery 
 with the results of the Police Census 
 of 1895, asserted that this block, 
 though not the densest, was the most 
 populous block on Manhattan Island. 
 
 In the I'olice Census of 1895 the 
 block from Second to Third streets. 
 
 Avenue B to Avenue C, was reported 
 to have a population of 3,532. 
 
 The J'^deral Census of 1900, as 
 tabulated by the Tenement Flouse 
 Department of the city, shows that 
 the dubious honor of having the most 
 ])o])u]ous ])1ock has passed from the 
 .Xineleenth .\ssembly District to the 
 Sixteenth. 
 
 In the block bounded by Second 
 and Third streets. Avenue B to Ave- 
 nue C. in which the Police Census of 
 1895 found but 3,532 people, the 
 F'ederal Census found 4,105 persons. 
 
MANHATTAN'S MOST POPULOUS AND DENSEST BLOCKS. 
 
 and this, by a comparison of all the 
 blocks of the Tenement House Re- 
 port, appears to be the largest popu- 
 lation living- within four streets on 
 Manhattan Island. 
 
 In Mr. Jacob A. Riis' "Battle with 
 the Slum" he says there were 
 "4,254 people in 1900" in the block 
 bounded by Amsterdam and West 
 End avenues, Sixty-first and Sixty- 
 second streets. 
 
 The Tenement House Report as- 
 signs to this same block only 2,872 
 people, or nearly 1,000 less than the 
 Federation found in it in the winter 
 of 1897, and nearly 1,400 less than 
 Mr. Riis assigns it. 
 
 Astonished at the discrepancy be- 
 tween its own and Mr. Riis' figures 
 and those of the Tenement House tab- 
 ulation of the Federal Census, the 
 Federation recanvassed the block in 
 the first week in June. 
 
 In place of 679 families, as tal:)ulated 
 in the Tenement House Report, it 
 found 1.029 families in actual resi- 
 dence and 83 vacant apartments ; and 
 in place of a population of 2,872 a 
 population of 3,797. 
 
 The block. Avenue A — Aven^H' B — 
 First — Second streets, has 3,824. 
 
 This makes the Nineteenth Assem- 
 bly District block the third in popu- 
 lation on Manhattan Island in place of 
 the first. 
 
 The large discrepancy between the 
 Federal Census figures and those of 
 the Federation can perhaps be ex- 
 plained by the comparative coldness of 
 the early weeks of June of this year. 
 The weather of June, 1900, was much 
 warmer ; and it is possible that the ne- 
 groes, who live in such large numbers 
 in the Nineteenth Assembly District 
 block, had already gone to the country 
 for work at seaside and other resorts 
 when the Federal Census enumeration 
 was made. 
 
 The month of June, in other words, 
 is shown by this single instance to be 
 a bad month for ascertaining the real 
 population of New York city, and 
 Federation is glad to have the assur- 
 ance of the Census Bureau that efforts 
 will be made in future to take the 
 Census of cities at such times as will 
 permit a more accurate inventory of 
 the population living within them for 
 the greater part of the year. 
 
 The detailed population of the Nine- 
 teenth Asscmlily District block, as 
 found in June of this vear, is given in 
 the appended talkie. 
 
 POPUIAT IOM 61s t-62d STREETS^ WEST EM TO AtlSTBRDAM AVEMIJE S, JXTiE 1 1904^ 
 Number of'Pamilies ; fathers;" "(column' headed F.) Mothers; (col. headed M.) Children; 
 
 (col. headed 
 
 C.) Boarders ; 
 
 col. headed B) a.id Domestics 
 
 ;(col.}ieaded D 
 
 . ) in 
 
 eacli dwelling 
 
 are given, together with 
 
 the total persons in the families. 
 
 and 
 
 the 
 
 total population 
 
 of the block le a] 
 
 upended at the bottom. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -ftreetj 
 
 Jto., 
 
 Tsma. 
 
 -F. 
 
 rr. 
 
 C. 
 
 u. 
 
 TJ 
 
 Total 
 
 Street 
 
 No. 
 
 rams. 
 
 \JZ\ 
 
 rwr 
 
 rcT~ — 
 
 11 
 
 "Total- ^ 
 
 -^ 
 
 V.sr^- 
 
 ^m- 
 
 ' -g 
 
 7 
 
 -~s 
 
 ^~2T 
 
 "S 
 
 
 -- -44- 
 
 ir.52 
 
 252- 
 
 - ■ -12 
 
 ' H) 
 
 -T2 
 
 — 14- 
 
 -t 
 
 4r 
 
 
 
 203 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 50 
 
 
 250 
 
 20 
 
 14 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 20.5 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 
 45 
 
 
 248 
 
 20 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 11 
 
 27 
 
 71 
 
 
 
 207 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 246 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 23 
 
 9 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 209 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 13, 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 
 244 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 31 
 
 14 
 
 76 
 
 
 
 211 
 
 21 
 
 15 
 
 21 
 
 17 
 
 5 
 
 
 58 
 
 
 242 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 
 19 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 59 
 
 
 
 213 
 
 21 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 
 56 
 
 
 240 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 215 
 
 19 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 27 
 
 6 
 
 
 67 
 
 
 233 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 217 
 
 19 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 13 
 
 
 67 
 
 
 236 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 219 
 
 20 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 
 65 
 
 
 234 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 221 
 
 19 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 
 57 
 
 
 232 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 26 
 
 4 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 223 
 
 20 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 26 
 
 14 
 
 
 74 
 
 
 230 
 
 18 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 225 
 
 20 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 11 
 
 
 62 
 
 
 228 
 
 19 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 22 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 227 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 226 
 
 17 
 
 11 
 
 16 
 
 22 
 
 16 
 
 65 
 
 
 
 229 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 
 46 
 
 
 224 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 231 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 222 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 233 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 ^13 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 
 
 53 
 
 
 220 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 235 
 
 20 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 
 57 
 
 
 218 
 
 19 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 57 
 
 
 
 237 
 
 19 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 23 
 
 13 
 
 
 67 
 
 
 216 
 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 18 
 
 IS 
 
 18 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 239 
 
 21 
 
 12 
 
 21 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 
 68 
 
 
 214 
 
 20 
 
 14 
 
 19 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 67 
 
 
 
 241 
 
 16 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 19 
 
 22 
 
 
 64 
 
 
 212 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 26 
 
 13 
 
 71 
 
 
 
 243 
 
 21 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 42 
 
 13 
 
 
 87 
 
 
 210 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 58 
 
 
 
 245 
 
 18 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 12 
 
 21 
 
 
 53 
 
 
 208 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 22 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 247 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 13 
 
 
 65 
 
 
 206 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 13 
 
 24 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 249 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 34 
 
 5 
 
 
 7Q 
 
 
 204 
 
 20 
 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 9 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 251 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 45 
 
 2 
 
 
 79 
 
 
 200 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 65 
 
 
 W. End 
 
 42 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 Amster 
 
 52 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 44 
 
 
 Ave. 
 
 44 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 82 
 
 dam 
 
 50 
 
 17 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 31 
 
 11 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 58 
 
 Ave. 
 
 48 
 
 17 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 46 
 
 3 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 35 
 
 10 
 
 
 72 
 
 
 46 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 47 
 
 3 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 23 
 
 13 
 
 
 55 
 
 
 44 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 33 
 
 6 
 
 54 
 
 
 . ^ 
 
 52 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 _2i 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 
 _42 
 
 8 
 
 T,'o-2-g' 
 
 P 
 
 '751 
 
 8 
 -9-7^- 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 
 t==\ 
 
 
 nwM 
 
 JTffTOUTIOii OF BLOCK 
 
 T,-y94" 
 
 673 
 
 — T,Y9Y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fl 
 
 iDEI 
 
 IM 
 
 . CENSl 
 
 rS FIGUI 
 
 ^S 
 
 679 
 
 
 
 
 2,872 
 
 
FEDERATION. 
 
 riurt- arc 64 (l\vcllin<i^s in the block, centre of each street that bounds it, 
 
 none of which has less than 40 people: and wliile it contains the lar.c^est popu- 
 
 33 of the 64 dwellings have above 60 lation !i\iiiL:' within four streets on 
 
 people; 13 above 70 people; 3 above Manhattan Island, it is by no means 
 
 80 people each; while one has 90 in- tlie den.^est block in population. A 
 
 mates. The averaj^^e is 59.3 persons to full list of all blocks on Manhattan 
 
 a dwellini":. or 3.4 jjcrsons to a family. Island, with above i.ioo ])eople to the 
 
 If the i>^ vacant apartiuents were acre, is as follows: 
 
 filled with families of the same size the i-opuia Xota- 
 
 whole population of the block \v<iuld tionper tionof 
 
 be 4.079 people, or 36 less than the ^ . ,, . r ,1 r> .• '^"^' '"'''"'''' 
 
 Tenement House Report ascribes to Monroe-Hamilton-Catharine-Market 1,139 7024 
 
 the block bounded by Second and Rivington-Stanton-wniett-Sheriff .. 1,144 1104 
 
 Third streets. Avenue B to Avenue C. Suffoii<-ciinton-Kivington-i5ridge .. 1,162 1336 
 
 The Tenement House Re])ort shows i>ivisio„-K.nroadway-Pike-Rutgers. ,,171 -068 
 
 , If IV 11 TA- • Monroc-Clicrrv-Tefferson-CIinton .. 1.171 7030 
 
 that the Sixteenth Assembly District Rivington-.stant^n-i'itt-Wiiiett .... .,190 1.03 
 
 block has a density of 900 to the acre. KivinKton-stanton-?:ssex-Norfoik .. 1,200 1707 
 
 measurinii- the area of the block to the Kivi.igt..n stanton-.MienOrchard .. 1,281 1704 
 
 NEW YORK'S JEWISH POPULATION. 
 
 The October, 1903, I-'edkkaiio.x dis- whom the I'nited Hebrew Charities 
 
 tributed the population of Greater reckoned that 43,460 remained in the 
 
 New York, as at June 1, 1903. as fol- city. 
 
 lows: .\pl)l\in5;- to the population in Xew 
 
 P'-°f<^*'-''"' '.«93.73o Vo,-]^ lulv I, IQ03. a death rate of 14 
 
 ^Zlh ''!'!'!'''."::::::::::::::::::::::; 'ilToZ ^"^^ -^''^i'^th rate of 34 per thousand, 
 
 ^^' and adding thereto the estimated in- 
 
 Totai 3.818,730 crease from immigration, Dr. Jacobs 
 
 Fedkhatjon's estimate of the Jews figures that the Jewish inhabitants of 
 
 has been interestingly confirmed by a Xew ^'ork, May i. 1904. numbered 
 
 study made by Dr. Joseph Jacobs, and 672, 77(). 
 
 issued in Jezcish Charity for May, He adds that Jcziish Charity has to 
 
 1904. take account of the addition of at least 
 
 Dr. Jacobs has secured from the 50,000 to the Jewish population of 
 
 Board of Health the figures of the in- New York every year, 
 
 ferments in Jewish cemeteries in and Of the 6,653 niarriages celebrated 
 
 around the city, and of marriages cele- by rabbis during 1903. 6.314 were in 
 
 brated by Jewish rabbis. Manhattan, 292 in Brooklyn and only 
 
 In 1903 there were 8,357 interments 47 in the other boroughs, 
 in Jewish cemeteries, and, applying a 1<"i-:i)Eration's estimate of the distri- 
 death rate of 15 per thousand, the bution by boroughs of the Jewish pop- 
 Jewish population would be 557,133- ulation is questioned by Dr. Jacobs. 
 
 This is a minimum estimate ; while and his criticisms are probably well 
 
 the number of Jewish marriages, taken. 
 
 6.653, if attached to the average mar- But Fei)1':r.\ti()n and Jczcish Char- 
 
 riage rate of the city, 9.96 per thou- /7v are as one in placing the Jews of 
 
 sand, would give a population of near- Greater New York at a minimum of 
 
 ly 667,970 Jews. 675,000 persons. Probably 725.000 
 
 Even this larger total is not regard- would be nearer the truth at the pres- 
 
 ed as final by Dr. Jacobs. ent time. 
 
 By a series of refined statistical The Jewish population of New 
 
 processes he reaches the conclusion York city therefore exceeds that of all 
 
 that the Jewish death rate in 1903 was countries of Europe except Austria 
 
 really. 13.50 and the marriage rate and Russia, and aniong the 4,000.000 
 
 10.75. This would make the Jews people of (^,reater New York the Jcw^- 
 
 619.000. But from July i. 1903. to ish population is over 100,000 greater 
 
 May 1. 1904. no less than 59,903 Jew- than among the 44,000,000 people of 
 
 ish immigrants reached New York, of (lermanv. 
 
THE DISTRir.UTIOX OF XATIOXALITTES ON MAX- 
 HATTAX ISLAXD. 
 
 During- 1904 the Federation's Socio- 
 logical Bureau has retabulated the dis- 
 tribution of nationalities on Manhattan 
 Island, given in the Tenement House 
 Department Report of 1903 by wards, 
 in terms of Assembly districts. 
 
 The sixteen nationalities in the 2,504 
 blocks of Manhattan Island have been 
 enumerated by Assemblv districts, and 
 the results appear on the following 
 page. 
 
 The reason for this retabulation is 
 that the Federal Census publishes all 
 the information concerning Xew York 
 in terms of Assembly districts ; hence 
 the Federation has retabulated the 
 matter to make the population data 
 concerning Xew York all cognate. 
 
FEDERATION. 
 
 
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 ASSEMBLY DISTRICTS^ 
 If SO. OP FOURTEENTH ST. 
 
 , KEY 
 
 ^ TO 
 
 ^♦■^nationalities 
 with 10/«of any 
 
 district's popu- 
 lation AND pro- 
 portion OF SAMI 
 
 rl<j*r«^* 
 
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 L«,il 
 
 
 DISTRICTS WITH NATIONALITIES HAVING ABOVE 10% OF THE TOTAL POPULATION. 
 
 
 East Side Assembly Districts South 
 of 14th Street. 
 
 
 East Side Assembly Districts North 
 of 14th Street. 
 
 Assembly Districts 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 14 16 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 ^ 
 
 24 
 
 26 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■30 
 
 32 
 
 .33 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 11.3 
 
 19. 
 .36.3 
 
 .32.2 
 
 11 3,50.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 38!i 1.3!5 
 11.9 .... 
 
 .sole 
 
 31.7 
 
 1517 
 37.7 
 
 23!4 
 .34.3 
 
 32!i 
 
 30.5 
 22. 
 
 18.1 
 
 ioii 
 
 19. 
 
 16^1 
 
 2513 
 
 20 4 
 10.2 
 
 22^2 
 17.5 
 
 
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 Irish 
 
 i^ i 
 
 is! 3 
 59!4 
 
 46!5 
 
 .... 
 
 20.6 
 
 Italian 
 
 
 34.7 
 12.7 
 
 Russian 
 
 51.8 
 
 19.3 
 
 33.6 
 
 .... 15.1 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fifth Avenue Districts- 
 
 West Side Assembly Districts. 
 
 
 5 
 
 25 
 
 27 
 
 29 
 
 31 
 
 1 1 
 
 Sit 
 
 3 
 
 25!4 
 26.3 
 
 15.1 
 11.4 
 37.8 
 
 9 
 
 14.8 
 11.8 
 .30.7 
 
 11 
 
 17.6 
 17.9 
 25.6 
 
 13 
 
 13.4 
 25.7 
 
 15 
 
 11.5 
 25.3 
 33.8 
 
 17 19 
 
 14.6 23.9 
 20 5 11.9 
 38.6 18.4 
 
 
 OQ 
 
 
 26.1 
 18.2 
 15.7 
 
 
 American 
 
 German 
 
 20.3 
 11 1 
 
 18.8 
 
 17.4 
 
 14. 
 
 14.2 
 
 lols 
 
 20. 
 26. 
 11.5 
 
 21.4 
 18 5 
 
 Irish 
 
 Italian 
 
 
 11.2 
 
 21. 
 
10 
 
 FEDERATION. 
 
 2 Trinity Cntirc/t 
 
 3 Sc Pauls Ch 
 
 ^ St Georges Chati 
 
 5 Old Dutch. Cfi.' 
 
 6 MivEngt7)h Ch 
 
 7 JVeivXutch CaLs,. 
 
 8 Presbyt'-'Meer^ 
 
 9 New da. do 
 /O French Churvh 
 
 11 Lutlieran do 
 
 12 NcH^Luth? „ 
 J 3 Calvinu-t „ 
 
 1^ Moravian Meet? 
 
 15 AnabaptLst „ 
 
 16 New Scots „ 
 n Quaker 
 
 18 Jen^s Synagogu 
 
 21 Seci etarys Off^ 
 
 22 CUyHaU 
 
 23 The Triton 
 I 2-« Toor House 
 
 I 25 Exchange 
 
 26 'Sarracks' 
 
 27 Fish Market 
 
 28 Old Slip do. 
 
 29 Fly do. 
 
 30 Tecks dc. 
 
 31 Osw:ego do. 
 22 Towderlloitse 
 33 Jev\rs'Bury? Cr': 
 3A Wind Mill 
 
 35 Tan Yard. 
 
 36 Theatre 
 
 37 Arsenal 
 
11 
 
 THE PAST AND PRESENT RELIGIOUS AND RACIAL 
 CONDITIONS OF OLDEST NEW YORK. 
 
 The only remaining church below 
 Chambers street and east of Broad- 
 way — the John Street Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church, 44 John street, organ- 
 ized 1768 — recently requested the 
 Federation to make a religious and 
 social census of this territory, and the 
 results will be of largest avail to that 
 church, and to the public, it is believed, 
 if a sketch of ecclesiastical events, and 
 of ethnical and sociological conditions, 
 in the period of the city's beginnings, 
 accompanies the inventory, and colors 
 the interpretation, of the present con- 
 ditions of this "Oldest New York." 
 
 Strictly speaking "Oldest New 
 York"" designates the time period 
 1609-64 A. D.. and the section of 
 Manhattan Island lying south of Wall 
 street, east of Broadway. Within 
 these years the Dutch were the mas- 
 ters of jManhattan ; within this area the 
 directors-general made their history, 
 and cramped their largest imaginings 
 of the size and splendor of the future 
 metropolis. 
 
 Many of the bouweries north of 
 Wall street were larger than the whole 
 New Amsterdam area. Of the first of 
 the four Dutch directors-general Jan- 
 vier says : 
 
 That he was engaged in the rather magnificent 
 work of founding what was to be the chief city 
 of the continent was far too monstrous a thought 
 to blast its way to his imaginative faculty through 
 the thickness of his substantial skull. The por- 
 tion of the American continent over which Direc- 
 tor Minuit exercised absolutely undisputed au- 
 thority was not quite the whole of the territory 
 which lies south of the present Battery Place. 
 Within that microscopic principality he ruled; out- 
 side of it he only reigned. 
 
 This area did not even bear the 
 name New Amsterdam : it was "The 
 Manhattoes." 
 
 Director Stuyvesant had larger 
 ideas, but he ran the palisades along 
 Wall street when there were already 
 twelve houses above it. The city to 
 him was ever to lie south of the Singel, 
 and, having built a barricade against 
 the Englishmen, he published a map, 
 in 1653, decreeing that New Amster- 
 dam, then incorporated under that 
 name, should forever remain as he had 
 laid it out. 
 
 West of Broadway there were then 
 but few houses ; the Hudson River ran 
 down Greenwich street ; and from the 
 Bowling Green northward lay a "gen- 
 tle wilderness of orchards and gardens 
 and green fields." The calling list of 
 Dominie Selyns, of 1686, is confined 
 to streets below Wall and east of 
 Broadway, and while the next hun- 
 dred years witnessed the beginnings 
 of the growth of the lower West Side 
 and of the extension of de Heerewegh, 
 the grant of the King"s Farm and 
 the barrier to street building offered 
 by the Collect Pond were still inter- 
 fering with Broadway"s improvement, 
 and diverting population to the East 
 Side. If Broadway had from the first 
 been extended farther north the hous- 
 ing conditions of New York of today 
 would not be so appallingly difficult to 
 solve. Men are a good deal like sheep 
 in following beaten paths, and up the 
 Bowery today the incoming immi- 
 grants flock along that "high road to 
 Boston." of the early maps, to our 
 congested East Side. 
 
 While "Oldest New York" most fit- 
 ly applies to the days of the Dutch, 
 and to the district bounded by Stuy- 
 vesant's map of 1653, it in this article 
 covers the whole period 1609- 1789 
 A. D., or from Hudson's voyage of 
 exploration to the inauguration of 
 Washington ; and the area under re- 
 view is extended from Wall to 
 Chambers street. 
 
 The article presents, in other words, 
 a contrast of religious and racial con- 
 ditions, through both the Dutch and 
 English regimes, with those of today ; 
 and the section contrasted, while not 
 reaching as far northward as the ex- 
 hibited map of 1789, covers the north- 
 ern limit of church extension in that 
 year, excepting only Stuyvesant's 
 chapel at Second avenue and Tenth 
 street and the Flarlem Dutch Church. 
 
 Tttr R.xctal Diversity of Oldest 
 New York. 
 
 The Half Moon was a Dutch vessel 
 in command of an English captain. 
 Adventure and enterprise always 
 
12 
 
 FEDERATION. 
 
 give to cities set by the sea somewhat 
 of the racial variety which Hudson's 
 vessel prophesied for New York. 
 
 It was inevitai)le that New Amster- 
 dam should aii])eal to men of many 
 nations. 
 
 It was a Xew World citw and the 
 possibilities of this unconquered con- 
 tinent, thoug-h dwarfed in their meas- 
 urement by seventeenth century men, 
 as even by native Americans of the 
 last century, were impelling- and al- 
 lurinfT. The limitations of enterprise 
 ashore were driving' the adventurous 
 aboard the privateers, to take the risks 
 of storm and shot ; and to the harbors 
 where English, Dutch and other navi- 
 gators were already pointing the 
 prows of peaceful vessels, to leave and 
 load their cargoes, it was certain, 
 though news was then slowly diffused, 
 that many a landsman's thoughts and 
 face would turn. 
 
 Immigration, moreover, was delib- 
 erately stinuilated by the West India 
 Company. "The company made great 
 efforts to encourage immigration, al- 
 lowing many privileges to the poorer 
 classes of immigrants, and continuing, 
 in diminished form, some of the ex- 
 ceptional advantages granted to the 
 rich men (patroons) who should form 
 small colonies." { Roosc^rlt.) The 
 New Netherland colonial territory 
 was granted and worked for com- 
 mercial dividends, and the West In- 
 dia Company advertised its attrac- 
 tions in Europe as steamship lines do 
 now. This commercial "promotion" 
 of New Amsterdam tended to make it 
 heterogeneous from the first. Plym- 
 outh was a settlement of voluntary 
 emigrants, commercial neither in its 
 beginnings nor in its foreign control ; 
 it was therefore largely homogeneous, 
 boycotting or burning unwelcome ar- 
 rivals out, if not balloting all arrivals 
 in ; but in the case of Xew Amster- 
 dam the West India Company fre- 
 quently vetoed the exclusiveness both 
 of ecclesiasts and directors-general. 
 It knew the raw materials of the col- 
 ony would transnuite themselves via 
 men into money, and Xew Amster- 
 dam became more racial) \- diverse 
 than Boston or Philadeliihia. 
 
 When Director Stuyvesant. for in- 
 stance, declinefl to register the <leed 
 
 given by Teunis Craie to the Portu- 
 guese Jew, Salvador d'Andradi, a 
 complaint was commenced which ul- 
 timately reached the Directors of the 
 West India Company, and on June 
 14, 1656, an order issued, permitting 
 the Jews to establish a "quarter" in 
 New Amsterdam. 
 
 Honorable, Vigorous, Pious, Dear, Faithful: We 
 have seen and heard with displeasure, that, against 
 our orders of the 15th of February, 1655, issued 
 at the request of the Jewish or Portuguese nation, 
 you have forbidden them to trade to F-ort Orange 
 and the South River; also the purchase of real 
 estate, which is granted to them without difficulty 
 here in this country; and we wish it had not been 
 done, and that you had obeyed our orders, which 
 you must always execute punctually and with 
 more respect; Jews or Portuguese people, how- 
 ever, shall not be employed in any public service 
 (to which neither are they admitted in this city), 
 nor allowed to have open retail shops; but they 
 may quietly and peacefully carry on their business 
 as before, and exercise in all quietness their re- 
 ligion within their houses, for which end they 
 must without doubt endeavor to build their houses 
 close together in a convenient place on one or 
 the other side of New Amsterdam — at their own 
 choice — as they have done here. — (Ecclesiastical 
 Records of the State of Nrtv York, p. 352, Direc- 
 tors to Stuyvesant, 14th June. 1656.) 
 
 When Stuyvesant harried the Bap- 
 tists, Lutherans and Quakers to the 
 point of deciding to quit the colony, 
 he was similarly reversed, and rebuk- 
 ingly reminded that the tolerance of 
 the home Netherlands contributed 
 largely to their commercial prosperity. 
 
 * * * Your last letter informed us that you 
 had banished from the Province and sent hither 
 by ship a certain Quaker, John Bowne by name. 
 Although we heartily desire that these and other 
 sectarians remain away from there, yet, as they 
 do not, we doubt very much whether we can pro- 
 ceed against them rigorously without diminishing 
 the population and stopping immigration, which 
 must he favored at a so tender stage of the coun- 
 try's existence. You may therefore shut your 
 eyes, at least not force people's consciences, but 
 allow everyone to have his own belief, as long 
 as he behaves quietly and legally, gives no offense 
 to his neighbors and does not oppose the govern- 
 ment. As the government of this city has al- 
 ways practiced this maxim of moderation and con- 
 sequently has often had a considerable influx of 
 people, we do not doubt that your Province, too, 
 would be benefited by it. — (Ecc. Records, p. 530, 
 Directors to Stuyvesant, April, 1663.) 
 
 The revision of the acts of Xew 
 Amsterdam, in other words, by a 
 commercial company, which gave 
 money making precedence over racial 
 or religious conceptions, greatly in- 
 creased the diversity of New Amster- 
 dam's population. The X^ew England 
 colonies narrowed their membership 
 
"OLDEST NEW YORK"— RACIAL DIVERSITY. 
 
 13 
 
 Church of St Nicholas Reformed 
 Dutch, erected in the Fort in 1642. 
 From drawing by Labadist Trav- 
 elers in 1679. The third church build- 
 ing in New York. First (1628). and 
 second (1633), elsewhere e.xhibited. 
 
 to those who were in complete ac- 
 cord with the local government, but 
 the difference between Stuyvesant's 
 views and those of the Directors whom 
 he represented was often as wide as 
 the sea that separated them, and a re- 
 view by the Old World authorities 
 might reverse the intolerant orders is- 
 sued in the New. 
 
 The conditions of Europe in the 
 seventeenth century impelled many to 
 emigrate, even when they could not 
 take with them a company of kith and 
 kin. Philip Gerard, the first inn- 
 keeper of New Amsterdam, for in- 
 stance, is supposed to have left Paris 
 to escape the unwelcome military 
 service of the Thirty Years War ; and 
 the Scotchman, William Paterson, be- 
 lieved to have been the founder of the 
 Bank of England, and who was a 
 large landholder in this city a few 
 years after the English occupation, is 
 supposed to have left Scotland as a re- 
 sult of the Conventicle Act of 1664. 
 The revocation of the Edict of Nan- 
 tes, in 1685, brought so many perse- 
 cuted Huguenots to the city that they 
 erected a church in 1688. 
 
 The conditions of Europe in the 
 eighteenth century resulted in even 
 larger migration from the Continent 
 and to America. 
 
 New York State and New York 
 city received especial immigration 
 from the Palatinate in the first de- 
 cade. Of this immigration the "Ec- 
 
 clesiastical Records of the State of 
 New York," Vol. Ill, gives a detailed 
 and most interesting account. 
 
 There was little direct migration 
 from the Palatinate to America, most 
 of the Germans who came having first 
 landed in England, and been sent, at 
 British expense, to colonize the Mo- 
 hawk Valley, as a barrier to the in- 
 roads of the French from the north. 
 
 The primary cause of their migra- 
 tion to England is picturesquely stat- 
 ed in a catechism published in London 
 in 1709 : 
 
 The French having made themselves masters of 
 Alsatia and taken all the strong towns on the 
 Lower Rhine some years ago, have almost every 
 year since invaded their country with fire and 
 sword, burning and destroying all before them; 
 more especially, about two years since, the Mare- 
 schal de Villars and his merciless army reduced 
 it to a perfect wilderness, not leaving the poor 
 Palatines so much as a house to hide their heads 
 in, nor hardly clothes to cover their nakedness, 
 so that, laboring under these misfortunes. Her 
 Majesty of Great Britain, out of her Christian 
 clemency and tenderness, invited some thousands 
 of them into England, where they are well pro- 
 vided for. — (Ecc. Records, p. 1818.) 
 
 In June, 1709, there were 6,520 Pal- 
 atines in England, and the increase of 
 their numbers aroused a spirited and 
 protracted debate in the House of 
 Commons. The interest of the labor- 
 ing classes was invoked to stop their 
 incoming, and answering articles were 
 written to prove the foreigners would 
 not "abate the wages of the poor or 
 deprive them of any employment 
 which they had before." 
 
FEDERATION. 
 
 With a vie\v of New Amsterdam 
 
 CA,pitdfr<,m,A Kuuitr DoruluMap 
 
 Court cxy of Harper Brothers. 
 
 But the warmest friends of the Pal- 
 atines, with those who opposed the 
 open door poHcv, were agreed that 
 they should not he concentrated in 
 London and its neighborhood. 
 
 As earlv as 1708, therefore, an order 
 of Council was made for natnralizmg 
 and sending certain of the Palatines to 
 New York. Joshua Kocherthal. a 
 "High German Minister," was sent 
 with them, their passage and his being 
 paid, and for his pastoral care of them 
 a glebe, "not exceeding 500 acres," 
 and a grant of £20, for the purchase of 
 books and clothes, was allowed. At 
 least two separate shipments set sail 
 from England, and the second, arriv- 
 ing in June. 1710. encamped on "Nut- 
 ten Island."' now Governor's Island. 
 Their remaining number was 2,227, 
 hundreds of the 3.000 having died on 
 the stormy passages. 
 
 While their ultimate destination was 
 the Mohawk Valley, the Palatines all 
 remained in New York city for a pe- 
 
 , ( now New-York.) A D . 1 6 5 e. 
 
 fcrV.T yaiaUuuK'ttanua! tgSZ. 
 
 riod, where they became a considera- 
 ble care to the authorities ; and many 
 of them permanently remained here. 
 The Rev. John Frederick Haeger. a 
 missionary of the Society for Propa- 
 gating the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 
 was given pastoral charge of those 
 who were not Lutherans, and in a let- 
 ter of date October 28, 17 10, he de- 
 scribes his services at the City Hall : 
 
 * * * I liavf several times celebrated tlie IToly 
 Communion, at wliich occasion I counted up 600 
 members; of these I instructed fifty-two in the 
 fundamentals of our religion according to the 
 Church Catechism; among them were thirteen 
 Papists. Since my arrival I have married four 
 couples, and by baptism incorporated eight chil- 
 dren into Christ and His Church. Many of the 
 people died at sea, and here, through fever; so 
 that the number of the survivors amount to about 
 two thousand. At present all of the people, ex- 
 cept a few sick ones, who remain here during the 
 winter, have been shipped up the river to a cer- 
 tain tract of land. — (Ecc. Records, p. 1872.) 
 
 In 1718 there were 2.780 Palatines 
 in New "\^)rk State ; and in New York 
 city and places adjacent 150 remained. 
 
•OLDEST NEW YORK"— RACIAL DR'ERSITY. 
 
 15 
 
 Aniono- these was John Peter Zenger, 
 who hecanie an apprentice of, William 
 Bradford, the first printer and pub- 
 lislicr iri the cit\ . In 1734 Zenger, as 
 a representative of tlie people's rights, 
 began to issue a newspaper, in compe- 
 tition with Bradford's Ga.ccftc of 1725, 
 and Zenger's trial and acquittal for 
 libeling Governor Cosby established 
 the liberty of the press in New York. 
 
 A generation later the Palatines 
 were to do another great service to 
 New ^'()rk. for it was from the later 
 I'alatine immigration that the perma- 
 nent ^ establishment of jMethodism in 
 America sprang. 
 
 The very narniwness of the Plym- 
 outh coliinv. moreover, increased the 
 racial diversity of New York. The 
 Englishmen, Richard Smith and F"ran- 
 cis Doughty, for example, in 1642. 
 sought a new home in New Nether- 
 land, because thev were weary of in- 
 tolerant annoyances by the New Eng- 
 landers. 
 
 Many causes thus worked in com- 
 bination, from the very earliest days, 
 to gather on Manhattan Island men of 
 many a nation. 
 
 Of the extent of this diversitv earlv 
 
 visitors made marveling and interest- 
 mg record. 
 
 Eather Jogues, a hVench Roman 
 Catholic priest, rescued in 1644 from 
 the Mohawk Indians, and brought 'to 
 New Amsterdam, reports that he then 
 administered the sacrament of penance 
 to a Portuguese woman and an Irish- 
 maii. A year or two later an Italian 
 priest followed him. Thus in addition 
 to the Dutch, Walloons, Erench, Ger- 
 mans (e. g.. Burger Jorissen), Swedes 
 { e. g., Hage Bruynsen). Danes (e. g., 
 Dirck \'olckertsen ). Scotch (e. g., 
 Andrew Eorrester ) and English (e. 
 g., Thomas Hall and George Holmes), 
 within the first twenty-five years of 
 the city's history at least four other 
 nationalities were represented. Eather 
 Jogues, in fact, says that the director- 
 general told him that eighteen lan- 
 guages were spoken on the island in 
 1644. 
 
 In 1652 the slave trade, whose be- 
 ginnings date from the verv com- 
 mencement of the city, received a spe- 
 cial impetus, and negroes were so rap- 
 idly added that they constituted one- 
 sixth of the population at the time of 
 the Revolution. In 1746 they num- 
 
 L O N Cr E I SLE Iv A N D 
 
 Courtesy of Harper Brothers. 
 
16 
 
 FEDERATION. 
 
 bered 2,444 i'l '^ total jjopulatiun of 
 11.723. 
 
 I'.ctwecii I74<S and 1768 the Scotch 
 and Germans became sufficiently nu- 
 merous to erect and conduct special 
 churches for their respective national- 
 ities. 
 
 -Mike under Dutch rule and I'jii^lish 
 rule, therefore, oldest New York was 
 a comjjosite and heterogeneous popu- 
 lation, and there is every likelihood 
 that the complaint of Governor Don- 
 t^^'ui, in 1684, to the Board of Trade, 
 could have been fitly used by some of 
 his successors : 
 
 For the past seven years there have not come 
 over to these provinces twenty Englisl), Scotch or 
 Irish families. On Long Island the people in- 
 crease so fast that they complain for want of land, 
 and many remove thence to the neighboring prov- 
 inces. Several French families have lately come 
 from the West Indies and from England, and also 
 sexeral Dutch families from Holland, so that the 
 nuniher of foreigners greatly e.xceeds the King's 
 natural born subjects. 
 
 New York is not today an .Ameri- 
 can citv : in Dutch days it was not 
 wholly Dutch ; under hjis^dish rule it 
 was not mainly luif^lish. 
 
 The Pre-Revoi.i-i 1().\.\rv Churches. 
 
 Rxtendiui^: the term "I're-Revolu- 
 tionar\" to llie inauguration of Wash- 
 ing-ton, the followiiiiT coiumunions, 
 now at work in Xew York, originated 
 their activities in "Oldest New York": 
 
 Reformed Dutch, Lutheran, Protes- 
 tant Episcopal, Jewish, Society of 
 I'riends, Presbyterian, P>aptist, Mora- 
 vian, Methodist and Roman Catholic. 
 The churches of these communions, 
 in 1767, as shown by Ratzen's map, 
 W'ere eighteen in number, to some- 
 what less than 20,000 of population. 
 
 In the following year Wesley Chap- 
 el was erected, and eight years later 
 the first Roman Catholic church was 
 incoriwrated. 
 
 Tlie beginnings of nearly all these 
 communions and churches were so 
 correlated with racial conditions that 
 a sketch of them is necessary to a 
 proper understanding of the contrasts 
 of then and now. 
 
 The story will illustrate, at the same 
 time, the struggle for religious liberty. 
 
 Religious work in the New World 
 was far from the thought of Plcndrick 
 Hudson as he sailed past Manhattan 
 Island in lUx); he was after a short- 
 
 cut to East Indian spices. Equally 
 little was it in the thought of .Adrien 
 Ptlock. when he erected the first white 
 man's hal)itations in 1613 and 1614. 
 .\or is there any trace of anything but 
 trade in the history of Fort Manhat- 
 tan, the stockade erected about 1614, 
 and which was displaced by Fort Am- 
 sterdam in 1626. Permanent resi- 
 dence in the New World was not in 
 the thought of the New Y^orkers of 
 i6o<) to 1 62 1. The original fort was 
 a stockade of traders — not a protec- 
 tion for home makers. 
 
 When, however, the W'est India 
 Company undertook a colonial admin- 
 istration of New Amsterdam, religion 
 at once took its proper place in the 
 thoughts of the overseers. 
 
 The Diaconate, in the person of the 
 Ziekentroosters, or comforters of the 
 sick, began work in the same yeai as 
 the builders of the larger fort, 1626; 
 and two years later the Rev. Jonas 
 Michaelius arrived, and in the loft of 
 the horse mill located on the Slyck 
 Stecgh. later "Dirty lane," "Mude 
 street." and Mill street, now South 
 William, most probably at numbers 
 32 to 34, organized the first church on 
 Ylanhattan Island. He there adminis- 
 tered the sacrament, according to the 
 ritual of the Reformed Church of 
 Holland, to about fifty communicants. 
 The loft of the tanning mill was fitted, 
 from the first, for this congregation, 
 and a belfry, in which bells captured 
 from Porto Rico were hung, was at- 
 tached. The belfry shows plainly in 
 Justus Danckers' Amsterdam etching 
 of New Amsterdam as in 1650. The 
 body of the "house of the tanner" is 
 not visible, but the belfry of Christian- 
 ity's New Y'ork beginnings is. 
 
 iMve years after the arrival of 
 Michaelius a simple wooden structure 
 was erected on Perel straat. now Pearl 
 street, and this was the first complete 
 church biu'lding on our island. A par- 
 sonage and stable adjoined. Accord- 
 ing tf) Dr. Corwin, the church occu- 
 pied the lot now known as 100 Broad 
 street, between Bridge and Pearl ; ac- 
 cording to Mr. Albion M. Dyer, the 
 lots now known as 33 to 35 Pearl 
 street ; and according to Mr. J. H. In- 
 nes, the latest and most minute au- 
 thority, 39 and part of 37 Pearl street. 
 
THE EAST RIVER SHORE NEAR THE ■'GRAFT," 16^2. 17 
 
 Enlarged from the Justus Danckers and X'isscher Views of New Amsterdam. 
 
 J K 
 
 H I 
 
 R 
 
 AA. — Houses on the Marckveldt. 
 
 BB. — Houses on the ^Marckveldt Sleegh 
 
 Graft. 
 CC— Rear of the "Five Houses," West I 
 pany. 
 D. — Brewery of West India Company. 
 
 From 
 
 id Be 
 
 G— Q. 
 dia Com- R 
 
 E. — Old Church, 1633, 39-37 Pearl. 
 F. — Old Parsonage. 
 
 Houses of identified citizens. 
 
 Belfry of the Church in the Bark Mi 
 32 and 34 South William .Street. 
 
 and Its People," by J. H. Innes. Copyright, 1902, by Charles Scrib 
 
 ner s Sons. 
 
 
 Sc^U /t, 2J>,r/''-"^ ^''^- 
 
18 
 
 FEDERATION. 
 
 Mr. Innes' map appears to the writer 
 to be conclusive in all particulars. 
 
 The plate on the preceding page 
 shows, according to ]\lr. Innes, both 
 the belfry of the old church and the 
 general appearance and dimensions of 
 the new. In neither of them could 
 there have been any approach to aes- 
 thetics, and Mr. Innes' words con- 
 cerning the horse mill loft can fitly be 
 quoted as applying to both, though 
 Dnminie IJogardus was in charge 
 wiien the church of 1633 was erected: 
 
 I'.utli Dominic Micliaclius and his congregation 
 must have often found themselves contrasting 
 painfully the new conditions surrounding them 
 with the old. Among the men and women who 
 met here to worship, there were those who re- 
 membered the Oudc Kcrk — the old church — of 
 Amsterdam, with its thirty environing chapels, 
 dark with the very richness of their stained glass 
 adornment, and where a score of many branched 
 lustres shed a soft light on the benches of the 
 grave magistrates of the city, and on the marble 
 tombs of great men who had died for their coun- 
 try on land and sea, in the just unfinished war 
 fur Dutch independence; others had memories of 
 the great church of St. Lawrence at Rotterdam, 
 looking down majestically upon the placid canals 
 which environed it. and upon the statue of that 
 giant of intellect, Erasmus; some had listened to 
 the chiming of the four hundred bells of the 
 "New Church" of Delft, or had contemplated with 
 reverence the tomb of William the Silent in that 
 famous edifice; some had worshipped in the cathe- 
 dral of Antwerp, the lofty and solemn Gothic 
 arches of which were a sermon in themselves. 
 Now, from the windows of their unadorned loft 
 over the bark-mill on the edge of Blommaert's 
 \ly. they looked northward over a rough pasture- 
 tield gently sloping up to a low ridge of hills, 
 where the trees which then covered the Pine 
 Street and Cedar Street of today were gradually 
 disappearing under the axes of negro wood chop- 
 pers; looking to the east, between them and the 
 Kast River shore, and upon the broad river itself, 
 and in the Long Island forests beyond, no signs 
 of human life were discernible, unless perchance 
 an Indian canoe or two jiaddled along the shore; 
 only to the southwest, across the narrow swamp 
 which intervened, a few thatched cottages clus- 
 tered around the slowly rising walls of the Fort. 
 — C'New Amsterdam and Its People," J. H. Innes, 
 Clias. Scribner's Sons, 1902, p. 156.) 
 
 For nine years the modest Pearl 
 street structure sufficed for the little 
 congregation, but in 1642 Governor 
 Kieft made up his mind to have a new 
 <iiir, and t<i plant it within the tort. 
 
 The horse mill was now "the ne- 
 groes" plantation," and the "mean barn 
 of a church" on Pearl street was to 
 become a lumber house for the West 
 India C'ompany. 
 
 At the wedding of Dr. Kiersted, the 
 German physician of the colony, in the 
 autumn of 1642, to Dominie Bogar- 
 dus's step-daughter, Director Kieft 
 presented his plan to the happy peo- 
 ple,, "after the fourth or lifth drink; 
 and he himself, setting a liberal exam- 
 ple, let the wedding guests sign what- 
 ever they were disposed to give toward 
 the church. Each, then, with a light 
 head, subscribed away at a handsome 
 rate, one competing with the other, 
 and. altliougli some heartily repented 
 it when their senses came back, they 
 were obliged nevertheless to pay." 
 
 In vain did the people claim that 
 their subscriptions had been procured 
 by questionable methods, and that the 
 Director, against their desires, had 
 placed the church within the fort, 
 where it "cut the wind off from the 
 (grist) mill." 
 
 Kieft and Bogardus, enemies at last, 
 though friends on the wedding day of 
 1642, both perished in the wreck of 
 the I'rincess, in 1647, ^vhen on their 
 way to give account of themselves in 
 Amsterdam : and the people, rid of 
 their unpopular Director, used the 
 church of St. Nicholas throughout the 
 (lays of Dutch domination, and for a 
 quarter of a century after tlie British 
 had taken possession. 
 
 About 1690, however, the British 
 authorities desired to use it exclusive- 
 ly for garrison ])urposes, and from 
 1693 to 1741. when it was destroyed 
 by fire, it was known as "The King's 
 Chapel," and the liturgv of the Church 
 of England supplanted the liturgy of 
 the Church of Holland. It had, how- 
 ever, been meantime rebuilt by Colonel 
 Fletcher. 
 
 After Coll. l-lctcher had obt.iim-a nf the 
 Dutch to build themselves a churcli in the town, 
 lie pulled down tlie old one in the l"<irt. and in 
 
 )KT GEORC.I-: from Water Front. 
 
'OLDEST NEW YORK"— LUTHERANISM'S STRUGLE FOR LIBERTY. 19 
 
 its room built a cliapel for the use of the Garrison 
 and his own family, which chappel, after his re- 
 moval from the Government, remained at some- 
 times neglected, and at times converted into a 
 store house for fire wood till the arrival of his 
 Excellence Brigadier Hunter, who soon repaired 
 and beautified it, and caused divine service to be 
 constantly performed in it by the Reverend Mr. 
 Sharpe, chaplain to the forces; which gave great 
 satisfaction to the Church of England, and espe- 
 cially such who wanted accommodation in Trinity 
 Church, where pews are not to be purchased but 
 at a very high rate, and which now they need not 
 doe, having now a place of worship to resort unto 
 where all degrees are seated without price or re- 
 ward. — (Ecc. Records, pp. 2017-2018, Gov. Hunt- 
 er's Friends to the Bishop of London. 17 14.) 
 
 Spencer Trask, in his interesting 
 account of Bowling Green, ]ntts tlie 
 cost of the original church at $1,000, 
 and the size 72x52, with a height of 
 16 feet. 
 
 Jewish, Lutheran, Baptist and 
 Quaker worship would all have been 
 openly established in New Amsterdam 
 before the English marched into its 
 fort but for the determined opposition 
 of Director Stuyvesant, and the less 
 overt opposition of the clergy. 
 
 As it was, the Dutch Reformed 
 body was the only legal communion 
 when Governor Nicolls took posses- 
 sion of the fort and city. The Lu- 
 therans, October 4, 1653, had peti- 
 tioned for liberty of worship, and 
 Johannes Ernestus Goetwater was 
 sent from Holland in 1656 to look 
 after them. But Stuyvesant deported 
 him, and refused to incorporate a Lu- 
 theran church. The West Lidia Com- 
 pan\' thus sustained his action : 
 
 Honorable, Worshipful, Pious, Dear, Faithful: 
 ^^'e have decided absolutely to deny the request 
 made by some of our inhabitants, adherents of the 
 Augsburg Confession, for a preacher and free ex- 
 ercise of their religion, pursuant to the custom 
 hitherto observed by us and the East India Com- 
 jiany, on account of the consequences arising 
 therefrom; and we recommend to you also not 
 to receive any similar petitions, but rather to turn 
 them off in the most civil and least offensive way, 
 and to employ all possible but moderate means 
 in order to induce them to listen, and finally join 
 the Reformed Church, .ind thus live in sjreater 
 
 TRINITY LUTHERAN CHURCH. 
 
 Broadway and Rector street, 1729. From an old 
 drawing of elevations of churches in New 
 York as in 1 744. 
 
 love and harmony among themselves. — {Ecc. 
 Records, ]i. 324, Directors to Stuyvesant, March 
 12, 1654.) 
 
 From one point of view this de- 
 cision was justifiable; there w^ere only 
 120 houses and i,ooo people in the 
 city, and one church was enough. 
 But Stuyvesant's objections and the 
 West India Company's action were 
 not connected with the overlapping 
 problem. 
 
 The articles for colonization and 
 trade in New Netherland of 1638 had 
 thus spoken on the subject of religion: 
 
 Inasmuch as it is of the highest importance, 
 that, in the first commencement and settlement of 
 this population, proper arrangement be made for 
 Divine worship, according to the practice estab- 
 lished by the government of this country, Relig- 
 ion shall be taught and preached there according 
 to the Confession and formularies of union here 
 publicly accepted in the respective churches, with 
 
 of Today from th 
 
FEDERATION. 
 
 FRANKFORT STREET 
 
 CHURCH. 
 Ccrman Lutheran Church, 
 I'Vankfort and .William 
 streets, 1767; used till 
 182:. Dutch and German 
 churches consolidated 1784 
 owing to destruction of 
 liroadway Dutch Luth- 
 eran Church in tire of 
 1776. Moved to Walker 
 street, 182J. Now in 
 former First Baptist 
 C liurcli, Broome and Eliz- 
 abeth streets, since 1859. 
 
 which every one shall be satisfied and content; 
 without, however, it being inferred from this, 
 that any person shall be hereby in any wise con- 
 strained or aggrieved in his conscience, but every 
 man shall be free to live up to his own in peace 
 and decorum; provided he avoid frequenting any 
 forbidden assemblies or conventicles, much less 
 collect or get up any such; and further abstain 
 from all public scandals and offenses, which the 
 magistrate is charged to prevent by all fitting 
 reproofs and admonitions, and if necessary, to 
 advise the Company, from time to time, of what 
 may occur there herein, so that confusions and 
 misunderstandings may be timely obviated and 
 prevented. — (Ecc. Records, p. 120.) 
 
 In the charter of patroonships of 
 1640 is the following- more explicit 
 direction : 
 
 No other Religion shall be publicly admitted in 
 New Netherland except the Reformed, as it is at 
 present preached and jiracliced by public authority 
 in the United Netherlands; and for this purpose 
 the Company shall provide and maintain good and 
 suitable preachers, schoolmasters and comforters 
 of the sick. — (Ecc. Records, p. 130.) 
 
 When Stnyvesant was installed as 
 Director-General he made oath, as the 
 clergy reminded both him and the Di- 
 rectors of the West India Company, 
 to enforce this regulation. The New 
 Amsterdam clergy were anxious that 
 it should be enforced, and urged the 
 home Classis of Amsterdam to 
 assist them in holding the West In- 
 dia Company to its original instruc- 
 tions. In 1653 Revs. Megapolensis 
 and Drisius are found writing to the 
 Classis of Amsterdam as follows : 
 
 • * • On the 4fh of October last, it hap- 
 pened that certain Lutheran residents here pre- 
 pared and presented a certain request to our 
 Governor (asking for) permission to call a Luth- 
 
 eran Minister out of Holland, and also to organize 
 separately and publicly a congregation and church. 
 This would tend to the injury of our church, the 
 diminution of hearers of the Word of God, and 
 the increase of dissensions, of which we have had 
 a sufficiency for years | ast. It would also pave 
 the way for other sects, so that in time our place 
 would become a receptacle for all sorts of heretics 
 and fanatics. 
 
 Observe that these petitioners have not only 
 twice before made this request of our Governor, 
 but have also addressed letters to their Hight 
 AHghtinesses, the States of Holland, and to the 
 Hon. Directors of the West India Company. 
 Therefore it is our humble and earnest request 
 that your Rev. body will use your influence with 
 the Hon. Directors of the Company, that they 
 may so provide and determine that the project of 
 our Lutheran friends may be rejected, and thus 
 the welfare, prosperity and edification of the 
 church in this place may be promoted. For as 
 long as no other religion than the Reformed has 
 been publicly allowed, all who wish to engage in 
 public worship come to our service. By this 
 means it has happened that several, among whom 
 are some of the principal Lutherans, have made 
 a profession of religion, and united with us in 
 the Lord's Supper. We have communicated these 
 matters to the Hon. Directors (Heeren majores), 
 in whom we have the greatest confidence, but we 
 request your Rev. body occasionally to refresh 
 their memories, less through want of proper atten- 
 tion to the subject, the requested permission 
 should be given. 
 
 Our Governor here is zealous for the Reformed 
 Religion, and would rather relinquish his office 
 than .grant permission in this matter, since it is 
 contrary to the first article of his commission, 
 which was confirmed by him with an oath, not to 
 permit any other than the Reformed doctrine. — ■ 
 (Ecc. Records, pp. 317-318.) 
 
 To this communication the Classis 
 of Amsterdam made reply : 
 
 * • * This grieves us. But you have acted very 
 well and prudently in that you have not only 
 attempted to hinder their purpose through your 
 
'OLDEST NEW YORK"— LUTHERANISM'S STRUGLE FOR LIBERTY. 21 
 
 Hon. Governor, but have also transmitted to the 
 Hon. Directors your complaint, (asking them) not 
 to grant their request. At the same time you have 
 ie(|ucsted our Classis to lend you their helping 
 hand. 
 
 * * * They have notified us that they have 
 refused the request of the Lutherans in every 
 particular, and have resolved to tolerate no other 
 (public) exercise of divine viforship in New Neth- 
 trland except that of the true Refoimed Religion. 
 Hence we do not doubt but that the Reformed 
 Doctrines will remain unembarrassed, and be 
 maintained without being hindered by the Luth- 
 erans, and other erring spirits. — {Ecc. Records, p. 
 323. February 26, 1654.) 
 
 Stnyvesant's prohibition of the Lu- 
 theran worship was therefore on doc- 
 trinal grounds, and the statement of 
 Mr. Roosevelt, in his history of New 
 York, that there was "complete" tol- 
 erance here, is hardly justified. The 
 Synod of Dort had been held only 
 only ten years before the commence- 
 ment of services in the loft of the 
 bark mill, and Ctijus regio, ejus re- 
 Ugio, liberally rendered, "Faith and 
 flag- go together," was applied by 
 Stuyvesant, as afterward by Fletcher, 
 the English Governor. 
 
 But while the Directors of the West 
 India Company sustained Stuyvesant 
 and the clergy in 1654, they evidently 
 designed to hold Stuyvesant closely 
 to the instructions of 1638, which 
 charged the magistrate "to advise the 
 con-:pany from time to time of what 
 (might) occur, so that confusions and 
 misunderstandings (might) be timely 
 obviated and prevented," whenever 
 the "Confession" was threatened. 
 
 On February i, 1656, the Director 
 issued a placat on Conventicles, which 
 went beyond the letter of the instruc- 
 tions of 1638, reading as follows: 
 
 The Director-General and Council have been 
 credibly informed that not only conventicles and 
 meetings have been held here and there in this 
 Province, but also that unqualified persons pre- 
 sume in such meetings to act as teachers, in in- 
 terpreting and expounding God's Holy Word, with- 
 out ecclesiastical or secular authority. This is 
 contrary to the general rules, political and ecclesi- 
 astical, of our Fatherland; and besides, such gath- 
 erings lead to trouble, heresies and schisms. 
 
 Therefore, to prevent this, the Director-General 
 and Council strictly forbide all such public or 
 private conventicles and meetings, except the 
 usual and authorized ones, where God's word, ac- 
 cording to the Reformed and established custom, 
 is preached and taught in meetings held for the 
 religious service of the Reformed Church, con- 
 formably to the Synod of Dort, which is 
 to be followed here, as in the Father- 
 <and, and in the other Reformed Churches 
 of Europe; under a fine of one hundred 
 
 pounds Flemish ($240), to be paid by all who, 
 in such public or private meetings, except at the 
 usual authorized gatherings on Sundays or other 
 days, presume to exercise, without due qualifica- 
 tions, the duties of a preacher, reader or choris- 
 ter; and each tnan or woman, married or unmar- 
 ried, who is found at such a meeting, shall pay a 
 fine of twenty-five pounds Flemish ($60). 
 
 The Director-General and Council, however, do 
 not hereby intend to force the consciences of any, 
 to the prejudice of formerly given patents, or to 
 forbid the preaching of God's Holy Word, the use 
 of Family Prayers, and divine services in the 
 family ; but only all public and private conventicles 
 and gatherings, be they in public or private 
 houses, except the already mentioned usual, and 
 authorized Religious services of the Reformed. 
 And that this order may be better observed, and 
 nobody plead ignorance thereof, the Director-Gen- 
 eral and Council direct and charge their Fiscal, 
 and the inferior Magistrates and Schouts, to pub- 
 lish the same everywhere in this province, and to 
 prosecute transgressors; inasmuch as we have so 
 decreed this for the honor of God, the advance- 
 ment of the Reformed services, and the quiet, 
 unity and welfare of the country generally. — {Ecc. 
 Records, pp. 343-344-) 
 
 That the above placat was displeas- 
 ing to the directors of the West India 
 Com.pany, and that Stuyvesant, 
 whether of his own motion or through 
 the instigation of others, was less tol- 
 erant than the home authorities de- 
 signed him to be, is proven by the fol- 
 lowing: 
 
 We would also have been better pleased if you 
 had not published the placat against the Lutherans, 
 a copy of which you sent us, and committed them 
 to prison, for it has always been our intention to 
 treat them quietly and leniently. Hereafter you 
 will therefore not publish such or similar placats 
 without our knowledge, but you must pass it ever 
 quietly and let them have free religious exercises 
 in their houses. — (£cc. Records, p. 352, Directors to 
 Stuyvesant, 14th June, 1656.) 
 
 Following this letter the Lutherans 
 presented a new petition, October 24, 
 1656, but it was refused on the very 
 same day ; a month later Stuyvesant 
 enforced the placat of February i, by 
 imprisoning William Hallett and Wil- 
 liam Wickendam, Baptists ; and July 
 14, T657, the burgomasters and sche- 
 pens, at the instance of Megapolensis 
 and Drisius, petitioned Stuyvesant and 
 the Council to prohibit Johannes 
 Ernestus Goetwater from carrying out 
 his intention of ministering to the 
 Lutheran congregation, and from de- 
 livering his letters from the Lutheran 
 consistory at Amsterdam. The peti- 
 tion concluded : "We request that 
 measures may be found by which the 
 true Reformed religion may be main- 
 tained and all other sects excluded." 
 
FEDERATION. 
 
 "^- , r; '■!(' i^§^ JuJa t^lT.-';-^^^^ - COF.XTIKS SLIP in the Dutch Til 
 
 li^ioii,'" and here, as in Albany, they 
 recjnired the Lutherans to comport 
 themselves "peaceably and quietly, 
 without giving any offence to the con- 
 gregation of the Reformed religion, 
 v/hich (was) de hooft Kercke — the 
 State church." During the greater 
 part of this second occupation of the 
 city tlie Dutch suspended Fabricius, 
 the Lutheran minister, from exercising 
 the functions of his office, on the 
 ground that he had not a license. 
 
 The tendency of all this was to di- 
 vide the people, and the bitterness of 
 the clergy toward one another was so 
 marked that Rev. Charles Wolley, 
 chaplain of Governor Andros in 1680, 
 says they acted as "shily and unchar- 
 italily as if Luther and Calvin had be- 
 queathed and entailed their violent 
 and bigoted spirits upon them and 
 their heirs forever." 
 
 When the Leislerian reliellion came 
 iis confusions were undoubtedly in- 
 creased by strife in religious matters. 
 
 The English flag was no sooner run 
 up than the Lutherans renewed their 
 petition, and Governor Nicolls. De- 
 cember 16, 1664, gave permission to 
 send for a minister. 
 
 The congregation so established, 
 after migrations, consolidations and 
 separations, is now located in the 
 former Iniilding of the First IJaptist 
 Church, al I'.roome and Flizal)eth 
 streets, and is known as St. Mat- 
 thew's. The first Lutheran church 
 building stood on ground without the" 
 gate of the city, and was destroyed 
 (hu-ing the occupation by the Dutch 
 in 1673. Li lieu of the old church and 
 lot the congregation received by royal 
 decree, on the final return of the Eng- 
 lish, a piece of ground, "four rods 
 square," on the corner of Broadway 
 and Rector street, and by petition to 
 Governor Dongan in 1684 it was ex- 
 empted from taxation like those of 
 the "Caluinest opinion." The new 
 
 That the early Dutch were tolerant 
 to Calvinistic communions other than 
 the Reformed Church of the Nether- 
 lands is proven by the Council minutes 
 of 1641, according to the Presbyteri- 
 ans of Newtown. L. 1.. "free exercise 
 of their religion." 
 
 i'.ut they were intolerant of other 
 equally Protestant Christian concep- 
 tions, and it is a mistake to pedestal 
 them as possessing the comity ideas of 
 the present day. 
 
 Goetwater was at last actually de- 
 ported, and the Directors, in 1658, sus- 
 taining and condemning Stuyvesant's 
 action in the same breath, suggested 
 such modifications to the l)a])tismal 
 fonnulary as would remove the Lu- 
 theran objection to its use. 
 
 Along these lines only did tolerance 
 have any further growth during the 
 Dutch occupation. 
 
 They were men of large mold in 
 many regards, these seventeenth cen- 
 tury directors, dominies, burgomasters 
 and other Christian brethren ; but they 
 did not have twentieth century souls; 
 and the stars in their courses have 
 fought against their most cherished 
 ideals, as against those of Paul Kruger 
 in our day. 
 
 The petition of Mega])olensis and 
 Drisius. in 1657. moreover, contained 
 a sentence of unconscious prophecy : 
 "Strife in religious matters produces 
 confusion in political affairs." 
 
 During the brief restoration of the 
 Dutch to "New Orange," .\ugust 6. 
 1673. to November t6. 1674, they re- 
 stricted the choice of magistrates to 
 "the wealthiest inhabitants, and them 
 onlv of the Reformed Christian re- 
 
'OLDEST NEW YORK"— THE LUTHERANS ADAHTTED. 
 
 23 
 
 COENTIES SLIP, 1904 
 Looking toward the site 1 
 Fort Amsterdam, west ( 
 Produce Exchange. 
 
 church on the Broadway site appears 
 on Rev. John Miller's map of the city. 
 1695, with a parsonage adjoining it 
 on the north. It is also mentioned in 
 a petition for a confirmatory patent to 
 Governor Dongan, who left the city 
 in 1688.— {Ecc. Records, p. 1437.) A 
 new church was dedicated in 1729, 
 but this structure was burned in 1776, 
 and only an outline drawing of its 
 front elevation remains. Money to 
 build the earliest church was raised in 
 part from the South River (Delaware 
 River) colony of Lutherans, a permit 
 having been issued in 1671 by Gov- 
 ernor Lovelace for this purpose. 
 
 The permit papers of St. Mat- 
 thew's, signed by Governor Nicolls, a 
 renewal permit of 1668, after the ar- 
 rival of Jacobus Fabricius to be their 
 minister, and signed by Richard Love- 
 lace, and a building permit of 1671, 
 also signed by Richard Lovelace, have 
 all come to light within the past year, 
 and are in a perfect state of preserva- 
 tion. Of these only the last is to be 
 found in "Ecclesiastical Records of 
 the State of New York." 
 
 A copy of the other documents is 
 before the writer at the present mo- 
 ment, but. in fairness to the owner, 
 who desires to sell them, no direct 
 quotations are made. 
 
 The Federation might fitly be the 
 possessor of them if its resources per- 
 mitted, for they are the first fruits of 
 the enlarged religious liberty that fol- 
 lowed the English occupation, and 
 federation is the next step after lib- 
 erty, as unity is the next after federa- 
 tion. 
 
 The following bears no date but 
 was presented to the authorities dur- 
 ing Dongan's administration : 
 
 The humble Peticon of the Decons of the Lu- 
 trens yr. Church. Humbly Sheweth : — That your 
 Peticoners was and had allowance and Priveledge 
 to build and erect a Church for our publicke 
 youse on Ground without ye Gate of this City and 
 in order thereunto did erect and build thereon; 
 and afterwards when Gour. Colue came was forst 
 to Remove and Breake Down wtt. was erected and 
 built on said Ground, and in Lew thereof, your 
 peticoners was allotted and allowed ye Peice of 
 Ground within ye Gate where ye Erected Church 
 now stands and house adjacent and had a Patent 
 thereon, but it happens to be mislayed. 
 
 Your humble Peticoners most humbly Request 
 a Letter or Patent of Confirmation for ye Prem- 
 ises and for ye Charge thereof shall willingly 
 Compute and pay ye samfe. — (Ecc. Records, pp. 
 1436-1437-) 
 
 The above proves that the Luther- 
 ans had renewed difficulties during 
 the brief reoccupation of the city by 
 the Dutch. The original name of 
 their congregation is said to have 
 been Trinity." It is possible that its 
 earliest building was on the site of the 
 present Trinity Church. ■ 
 
 It was on the site of the Lutheran 
 
 CITY 1 101 1:1.. 1 KlXn N \XI) GRACE PROT- 
 ESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCHES, 1835. Grace 
 Church occupying site, Broadway and Rector 
 streets, of Trinity Lutheran Church, burnt in 1776. 
 
24 
 
 FEDERATION. 
 
 HillStrfrt 
 
 Sicli/i oj the first synagogue erected for the congregatii 
 made from memory by an old resident. 
 
 clnircli l)uil(Iiii_L;- that (Iracc Protestant 
 Episcopal C'luiroh erected its tirst edi- 
 fice in 1805. 
 
 In I7'')7 tlie (iernian Lutherans, 
 who liad i^due out from the Dutch in 
 1750, and occupied a refitted brewery 
 in the ■■Swamp," erected their own 
 structure at Frankfort and W'ilham 
 streets, and the burning- of the i)lace 
 of worship of the Dutch cons^rci^ation 
 in 1776. followed by the hardships of 
 the \Var of the Revolution, led to the 
 uniting of these two congTegations in 
 17S4. In 1801 an English offshoot lo- 
 catc-d at Mott and Cross streets, the 
 parent of St. James' Lutheran 
 C'huri-h, Madison avenue and Seventy- 
 third street. 
 
 In 1O72 the Jewish population of 
 New York was so large that the Jew- 
 ish burying ground, at Oliver and 
 Chatham streets, was accjuired. 
 
 The Jews had before this petitioned 
 for lii)erty of worship to the English 
 authorities, but had been denied. It 
 was not till 1697 that their first syna- 
 grogue was erected. By this time the 
 population of the city was nearing 
 5.000. and the tolerance of the town 
 was cast in larger mold. 
 
 (iovernor Hunter, in a letter of 
 17 1 2. puts the population of New 
 York County, in 1703, at 4,436 per- 
 sons, and in 1712 at 5.840. He calls 
 It an imperfi-ct computation, the peo- 
 ple '■being deterred b\ a superstition 
 that the sickness followed upon the 
 last numbering of the people." 
 
 'Idle third congregation to open 
 public worship in New York was the 
 Huguenot, of 1688. wdiich built its 
 first structure on "Marketfield" street, 
 now New street, in the rear of the 
 present Produce Exchange, to accom- 
 modate the refugees from St. Chris- 
 
 to]^her and Martinique of two years 
 previous. 
 
 The church was built in the street 
 commonly "known by the name of 
 J^etticote Lane, butting northerly to the 
 said street, Southerly to the ground of 
 Jaspar Nissepat Dece'd, Westerly to 
 the ground of Isaac De fforest Dece'd, 
 and Easterly to the Ground of Henry 
 \'an ffeurden. being in Length fforty 
 lught ffoot Nine Inches & in Preadth 
 in the ffront Twenty Seaven feet Sev- 
 en Inches and in the rear Twenty 
 bright foot Six inches, of which 
 breadth on the West side from the 
 frcjnt to the rear is taken olT and re- 
 served three foot & three Inches for 
 a Comon Allev." — {Ecc. Records, p. 
 1528.) 
 
 In 1703 the congregation, now 
 I'Eglise du Saint Esprit, outgrowing 
 the first, erected a new^ building on 
 Nassau street, between Pine and 
 Cedar. 
 
 Lord lornbury. in transmitting the 
 act of assembly, giving them liberty 
 to ac{[uire up to 200 feet square, said 
 the congregation was much enlarged 
 and had "behaved themselves always 
 well toward the Government." Never- 
 theless it was not allowed to incorpo- 
 rate during the days of "Oldest New 
 York." being treated as a "dissenting" 
 congregation. That privilege was con- 
 fined to the Dutch and Episcopal 
 churches, as will later appear. Nor 
 did the church escape desecration dur- 
 ing tile Revolutionary War, wdien it 
 was used as a storehouse. 
 
 ( )riginally the church used the 
 forms of tlie l-"rench ritual, but in 1804 
 it became Protestant Episcopal in all 
 regards. In 1741 the Pine street 
 building was rejjaired ; in 1834 a new 
 structure was erected at Franklin and 
 Church streets; in 1866 yet another 
 building was occupied on West Twen- 
 t\-secoiid street, between Fifth and 
 
 THE FRENCH CHURCH in I'ine Street, corner 
 Nassau. 1703. preceded, 1688, by building on 
 New Street. Congregational, L'Eglise du 
 Saint Esprit now at 45 East Twenty-seventh 
 Street. 
 
"OLDEST NEW YORK"-THE OLD GARDEN STREET CHURCH. 
 
 25 
 
 Sixth avenues; and finally, in 1900, 
 the new church on East Twenty-sev- 
 enth street, near Fourth avenue, was 
 l)uilt and dedicated. There were Hu- 
 guenot men of note among the earhest 
 settlers ; one of them. Dr. Johannes La 
 Montague, was the adviser of Director 
 Kieft ; and the accomplished Michael- 
 ius. for their benefit, read the com- 
 munion service and manuscript ser- 
 mons in French ; but the Huguenot 
 worship became independent only 
 after the English assumed control. 
 Thus there were for a time three litur- 
 gies in use in the Church of St. Nicho- 
 las — the Dutch, the Anglican and the 
 Huguenot. 
 
 L'Eglise du Saint Esprit has alwavs 
 been alert in its ministry' to French 
 immigrants, and its most recent enter- 
 prise, and one of its best, is the Hu- 
 gutnot Home, 250 West Fifty-fourth 
 street, which gives a shelter to French 
 girls. 
 
 Governor Dongan's report to the 
 Board of Trade, in 1684, already 
 quoted, throws light upon religious 
 conditions also. He says : 
 
 Every town ought to have a Minister. 
 
 Nevv" York has, first, a Chaplain belonging to the 
 I'ort, of the Church of England; secondly, a 
 Hutch Calvinist; thirdly, a Erench Calvinist; 
 fourthly, a Dutch Lutheran. Here bee not many 
 of the Church of England; few Roman Catholicks; 
 abundance of Quakers, preachers men and Women 
 especially; Singing Quakers; Ranting Quakers; 
 Sabbatarians; Anti-Sabbatarians; some Anabap- 
 tists; some Independents; some Jews; in short 
 of all sorts of opinions there are some; and the 
 most part of none at all. 
 
 The Great Church which serves both the Eng- 
 lish and the Dutch is within the Fort, which is 
 found to be very inconvenient; therefore I desire 
 that there may bee an order for their building 
 another, ground already being layed out for that 
 purpose, and they wanting not money in store 
 where with all to build it. 
 
 The most prevailing opinion is that of the 
 Dutch Calvinists. 
 
 It is the endeavor of all persons here to bring 
 up their Children and servants in that opinion 
 which themselves profess; but this I observe, that 
 they tal<e no care of the conversion of their 
 slaves. 
 
 Every Town and County are obliged to main- 
 tain their own poor, which makes them bee soe 
 careful that no vagabonds, beggars, nor idle per- 
 sons are suffered to live here. 
 
 I'lut for the King's natural-born subjects that 
 live on Long Island and other parts of the Gov- 
 ernment I find it a hard task to make them pay 
 their Ministers. — {Ecc. Records, pp. 879-880.) 
 
 Governor Dongan was himself a 
 Roman Catholic, and left New York 
 immediately on hearing of the replace- 
 
 OLD GARDEN STREET DUTCH CHURCH, 
 '693. 
 41-51 Exchange place. "Adorned with a small 
 organ," the first in New York, a gift from Gov. 
 Burnet, 1727. Church restored 1766 and occu- 
 pied till 1807. Used for earliest services of Trin- 
 ity Church, and installation of Wm. Vesey, first 
 rector. Known as "South Church," 1769-1813. 
 Congregation now Madison avenue and Thirty- 
 ninth street. 
 
 ment of the co-religionist, James H, 
 by his daughter Mary and her con- 
 sort, William, Prince of Orange. In 
 Dongan's own house there was a pri- 
 vate chapel, and here the first mass in 
 Manhattan's history was celebrated. 
 The charter which he gave to the peo- 
 ple is the basis of the civic rights of 
 New Yorkers today, and it is but 
 justice to say that this Roman Catholic 
 Governor was broader minded than 
 some of his reactionary Protestant 
 successors. A full century was to pass 
 before the barriers to Roman worship, 
 which became especially statutory in 
 1700, were fully removed. 
 
 The French Huguenot church was 
 built while Dongan was yet Governor, 
 and the English authorities, who had 
 confessed the equity of the ownership 
 of the Church of St. Nicholas by the 
 congregation which had so sacrificed 
 to build it, were now anxious to have 
 its exclusive use. 
 
 In 1692, therefore, four years after 
 Dongan departed, the "Dutch Calvin- 
 ist" church bought lots on Garden 
 street, east of Broad. 
 
 A petition for a free site had been 
 presented to Governor Dongan in 
 1688, accompanied by a petition for a 
 charter. Neither was acted upon. 
 February 27, 1692, a lot on the north 
 
FEDERATION. 
 
 side of Garden street, 180 feel front, 
 84 feet deep and 175 feet "on the back 
 end," was conveyed by Samuel JJayard 
 on a yearly rental of one shillins^- 
 
 The proposition of building- a 
 church outside the fort had orii,dnate(l 
 as early as 1680, among the Dutch 
 themselves. i)ut thev were then divided 
 among themselves, the majority hold- 
 ing that it should be erected by volun- 
 tary subscription, others standing for 
 a public tax. 
 
 December 3. 1687. the voluntary 
 plan was adojited, the subscriptions 
 maturing July i. 1688, i68y and 1690: 
 and (|ualitied persons were appointed 
 to "'repair to the residences of the re- 
 spective members" of the congrega- 
 tion, and inquire what each was will- 
 ing to contribute "for such a necessary 
 and (jod pleasing work." 
 
 it was the great growtli of the city 
 under English rule which gave success 
 to the ])uiUling of this church. There 
 were at most 1.500 people in .\cw 
 .\msterdam ; jjut the Bolting Act of 
 1678 increased the dwellings <it .\e\v 
 N'ork. in sixteen years, from 3S4 t<i 
 083: the vessels of the export trade 
 from 18 to 123: the cattle slaughtered 
 tenfold; and the re\enues of the cit\- 
 froiu 2.000 to 5.000 pcnuids. The de- 
 cree of granting New ^'ork a monop- 
 oly in grinding tlour and in packing 
 lioth it and its ])roducts for export, 
 was furnishing occupation to two- 
 thirds of the increased population. 
 The beaver of Xew Amsterdam's 
 arms and the fur trade were not as 
 successful promoters of population as 
 the added barrels of Xew ^'ork's arms 
 of 1682 and the flour trade. Stuvves- 
 ant's map of 1653, with iln' useless 
 palisades along the Singcl, or Wall 
 street, as the northenmiost boundarv. 
 was already outgrown. '\'hvvv church- 
 es were not enough: and tlu- Dutch 
 church moved "uptown" to 41 to 51 
 l^xchangc place. 
 
 The. .new structure was occujjied in 
 1603. and was used for three-quarters 
 of a century : then, in 1766. it was re- 
 stored, and it was one of the few 
 churcbes escaping desecration during 
 the Revolutionary War. During its 
 restoration the congregation used a 
 later "uptown" building of the Col- 
 legiate Church, the Xassau street, or 
 
 "Low Dutch," church: and this in 
 turn found hospitality in the "High 
 Dutch" building after the war. 
 
 In the year of the opening of the 
 old Garden Street Dutch Church, and 
 but five years after the departure of 
 Cicjvernor Dongan. the Church of 
 h^ngland became the "Established" or 
 colonial Church. 
 
 That the English had been thirty 
 years delayed in carrying out the in- 
 tentions which they cherished from the 
 first in this regard is shown bv the 
 secret instructions to Governor XicoUs 
 of 1664. 
 
 These instructions apj^lied immedi- 
 ately to Xew England, and to Xew 
 Netherland when conquered. 
 
 The commissioners negotiating for the Dutch sur- 
 render were to be very careful "not to say or do 
 anything to excite suspicion that they intended to 
 make any alteration in their Church Government, 
 or to introduce any other form of worshipp among 
 them than what they have chosen." ♦ * ♦ 
 "They must frequent their churches and be pres- 
 ent at their devotions," though they were also 
 to have a chaplain of their own, "orthodox in 
 his judgement and practice, who in your own 
 families will read the Booke of Common I'rayers 
 and perform your devotions according to tlic 
 form established in the Church of Englaiul, ex- 
 cepting only in wearing the surplesse, which hav- 
 ing never been seen in those countries, may con- 
 veniently be foreborne at this time." 
 
 The commissioners were to be wary against any 
 who seemed to side with them too soon in refer- 
 ence to "the establishing the Booke of Common 
 Prayer, and it may be the Episcopacy itself." 
 Such might be invited to the devotions of the 
 commissioners as led by their chaplain; but "you 
 shall let them know that you have no order from 
 us, to make the least attempt, or to encourage 
 alteration in the way they profess of religion till 
 you have made some jirogress in your less difficult 
 business." (Ecc. Records, p. 545.) 
 
 The English sought first of all to 
 scjlidify the political adherence and 
 loyalty of the people. Unlike the 
 Dutch in directness, thev kept in abey- 
 ance their plans for an established 
 church, and the subsequent religious 
 confusions of the English crown de- 
 layed them far beyond their original 
 |)lan. 
 
 The Duke's laws of 1665 specified : 
 "ICvery inhabitant shall contribute 
 to all charges, both in church and 
 state, whereof he doth or mav receive 
 benefit, according to the equal propor- 
 tion of his estate." And to prevent 
 scandalous and ignorant pretenders to 
 the ministry from entering themselves 
 as teachers, all ministers were to be 
 
•OLDEST NEW YORK"— LEISLER'S REBELLION. 
 
 2T 
 
 authenticated by compeient ecclesias- 
 tical authority, "upon which testimony 
 the governor shall induce the said 
 minister into the parish that shall 
 make presentation of him as duly 
 elected by the major part of the inhab- 
 itants (being) householders." 
 
 The actual connection of the gov- 
 ernment with the support of the Dutch 
 services in the Church of St. Nicholas, 
 however, was much less vigorous than 
 these laws might have led its ministers 
 to hope ; their salaries soon fell into 
 arrears, and had to be supplemented 
 by special voluntary contributions, the 
 most liberal of which came from Cor- 
 nelius Steenwyck, the second wealth- 
 iest man in the city, and so favorably 
 disposed to the Dutch Church that he 
 afterward deeded to it a great part of 
 his property. Jacob Leisler, the leader 
 of the rebellion of 1689, was another 
 of these voluntary subscribers. 
 
 By 1668 things had reached such a 
 pass that Megapolensis, who is said 
 to have advised Stuyvesant to surren- 
 der the city to the English, had not 
 "the resolution to continue longer," 
 though hoping that circumstances 
 would alter. 
 
 The West India Company stigma- 
 tized him as "chicken hearted" at the 
 approach of the English, and long 
 withheld 2,000 florins, which were due 
 him before the change of government. 
 
 By 1669 he had found that the Eng- 
 lish were as little ready to assist him 
 as the West India Company : 
 
 We have several times spoken to our Governor, 
 hut he answers, if the Dutch will have divine serv- 
 ices their own way, then let them also take care 
 of and support their own preachers, and thus 
 nothing is done for our salary. Time must show 
 how it will turn out with us; meanwhile, we shall 
 do our duty and attend to our service. I trust 
 that God, who has hitherto taken care of me from 
 my youth, when I relinquished Popery, and was 
 thrust out at once from my inherited estate, will 
 also henceforth take care of me during the short 
 remainder of my life. I am now sixty-five years 
 old and have been a preacher about forty years. 
 Of this time I have been twenty-seven years here, 
 and the remainder in North Holland. But a 
 thought often occurs to me, and troubles me. It 
 is. What will become of the congregation here, 
 when I and Dominie Drisius are dead? Since 
 they care so little for a decent support of their 
 preacher, I cannot see how they will procure an- 
 other. — (Ecc. Records, p. 602, Megapolensis to the 
 Classis of Amsterdam, April 27, 1669.) 
 
 In 1670 appeal was made to Gov- 
 ernor Lovelace to put the support of 
 
 the church upon the rates, but all that 
 he did was to promise to 
 
 "take care that there shall be duely and Justly 
 paid unto the said minister or his order, the- 
 Value of one thousand gilders, Hollands money, 
 each Yeare; and Likewise that he shall have the 
 accommodation of a convenient dwelling howse,. 
 Rent free, Together with his Provision of fire 
 Wood Gratis." (^Ecc. Records, p. 670.) 
 
 Governor Andros was instructed to 
 put the Duke's laws of 1665 into oper- 
 ation on his arrival in 1674; and for a 
 time it seemed likely that many of the 
 wealthiest people of New Orange, 
 which again had become New York, 
 principally on the "points of freedom, 
 of religion and pressing in time of 
 war," would leave it, departing with. 
 their families and property. 
 
 It was not a good time to start up 
 strife in political affairs by interfering. 
 with religion. One of the articles of 
 agreement at this second occupation, 
 was that the Lutherans should support 
 their own poor. The Reformed Dutch, 
 had pulled down their church ; if it 
 was to be rebuilt they should bear the 
 whole burden. 
 
 The Government therefore content- 
 ed its sense of ecclesiastical propriety 
 by paying the salary of the Anglican 
 chaplain of the forces, and allowing 
 the Dutch church to continue to raise 
 the minister's salary bv a semi-ofificial 
 tax. 
 
 But for the rebellion of Jacob Leis- 
 ler it is ciuestionable whether the Eng- 
 lish would have advanced the idea of 
 establishment, in connection with the 
 Church of England, within the seven- 
 teenth century. 
 
 Immigration from England, as is 
 shown by Governor Dongan's report 
 to the Board of Trade of 1684, was 
 exceedingly meagre ; and the number 
 of people in New York who were 
 natural-born subjects of the King was 
 so small that, even had the governors 
 all been Protestants and zealous 
 churchmen, they would have felt that 
 the cautionary advice of the secret in- 
 structions of 1664 still held good. 
 
 It was not till 171 1 that the Dutch 
 began to keep their church books in 
 terms of pounds, shillings and pence, 
 instead of guilders, and not before 
 that period were the Dutch thorough- 
 ly Anglicized in political adherence^ 
 not to speak of religious attitudes. 
 
FEDERATION. 
 
 As late as 1680 Di>niinie Xieuwen- 
 huysen hoped that the civil authori- 
 ties would "yet lend a hand to the 
 support of the relig^ious services and 
 ministers"; but in i6go, the rebellion 
 of Leisler having: meantime occurred, 
 Rev. Henry Selyns was entirely will- 
 ing to waive the matter of official sup- 
 port, the need of the hour being- that 
 "their Majesties" would "send over 
 someone to take chart;:e of this gov- 
 ■ernnient who can heal the rupture, re- 
 move the cause of dissension and 
 tran(|uil!ize the community. Other- 
 Avise." he added, "we have resolved to 
 relinquish everything and return to 
 Holland, or else, like Elias. hide our- 
 selves in the wilderness, and adminis- 
 ter the service of Christ ultra Gara- 
 niaii/os ct Indos." (Ecc. Records, 
 VV- "55 'i"*^ 1009.) 
 
 The Leislerian rebellion l)roke out 
 immediately after the departure of 
 Governor Dong^an. Dongan was a 
 Roman Catholic, and England had 
 just passed through the revolution 
 which dei)osed James TT and seated 
 William of Orange and r^Iary on the 
 throne. 
 
 Leisler claimed that his purpose 
 -was to secure New York against the 
 su]>porters of James TT, and when 
 Colonel Ingoldsby arrived, Leisler 
 h.eld the fort against him, claiming 
 that he did not know whether Ligolds- 
 by's soldiers were enemies or neutrals 
 to the cause of the TVotestant Revo- 
 lution. 
 
 Jacob Leisler was a former deacon 
 of the Dutch Church. 
 
 Tie was at first democratic and 
 commanded the confidence of many 
 of his fellow churchmen ; but speedily 
 became so dictatorial as to lose even 
 the sympathy of his own pastor. 
 Dominie Selvns ; and his leading op- 
 ])onent was Nicholas P.ayard. an elder 
 then in the service of the Dutch 
 Church. 
 
 T.eisler was probably at first sincere 
 in thinking that the city was in dan- 
 ger of jiassing into hands unfavora- 
 ble to William of Orange and Mary, 
 but he so identified honest opposition 
 with insincerity and intrigue that his 
 later convictions were a mania. 
 
 Governor Sloughter's secret in- 
 structions as to liberty of conscience, 
 
 written in England, were as explicit 
 as Leisler himself could have made 
 them, and the Test Act, suspended by 
 James II in 1685, and leading to the 
 Revolution of 1688, was brought over 
 bv Sloughter and introduced into New 
 York. 
 
 Leisler claimed to the last that his 
 aim was "the establishment of the 
 present government and the strength- 
 ening of the country against all for- 
 eign attempts," and however much he 
 erred, his forgiveness of his enemies 
 on the gallows, and his tender wish 
 that the people would. "Christian-like, 
 be charitable to the distressed fami- 
 lies" of Milborne, his son-in-law, and 
 himself, conduced to the quieting of 
 the community. Though "Nothing be- 
 came his course in the world like his 
 leaving of it," the better citizens were 
 not in the mood to fall asunder in 
 religious contention, and Governor 
 Fletcher, arriving the year after Leis- 
 ler's execution, in his first address to 
 the Assembly recommended that "pro- 
 vision be made for the support and 
 engagement of an able minister." 
 
 No attention was paid to this first 
 recommendation, but the Governor 
 renewed attention to it on every pos- 
 sible occasion, and meantime assisted 
 the Dutch clergy in getting back their 
 
 TIIK FIRST TRINITY CHURCH. 1698. En- 
 larged 173s and 1737- "The situation of our 
 Churcli is very pleasant, between two views 
 on eminent ground. We have a large bury- 
 ing-place adjoining round it in good fence, 
 and adorned with rows of lime trees, which 
 will make a pleasant shade in a little time." — 
 (The Vestry, 1709.) 
 
'OLDEST NEW YORK"— GOVERNOR FLETCHER. 
 
 29 
 
 congregations and recovering their 
 arrearages of salary. 
 
 April lo, 1693, Fletcher's purposes 
 came out into the daylight, when he 
 said to the Assembly : 
 
 There are none of you but who are big with 
 the privileges of Englishmen and Magna Charta, 
 which is your right; and the same law doth pro- 
 vide for the religion of the Church of England. — • 
 (Ecc. Records, p. 1054.) 
 
 The Assembly were ready to pro- 
 ceed to enact the suggestions of the 
 Governor if they could have a guar- 
 antee that the minister to be chosen 
 could be of any Reformed Protestant 
 faith. 
 
 In answer thereto the Governor re- 
 minded them that he had the power 
 of vetoing any ministerial appoint- 
 ment, by authority from the throne, 
 which entrusted to him the collating 
 or suspending of any minister of any 
 creed within the colony. 
 
 September 22, 1693, ^" ^ct was 
 finally passed which provided for 
 raising, within and for the city and 
 county of New York, 100 pounds "for 
 a good, sufficient Protestant minis- 
 ter," to be called, inducted and estab- 
 lished, and for the choosing of "ten 
 vestrymen and two church wardens" 
 to lay this reasonable tax on the peo- 
 ple." {Ecc. Records, p. 1076.) 
 
 The vestrymen and wardens were 
 to be chosen by vote of the freehold- 
 ers, and the first election was held in 
 1694. Only three of the twelve 
 chosen were Episcopalians. 
 
 One of the wardens was Nicholas 
 Bayard, Leisler's main opponent. In 
 the following year only one Episco- 
 palian was elected, but that new ves- 
 try took the first steps to call Rev. 
 William Vesey as minister. Though 
 they were nearly all Dutch, they had 
 already recognized the futility of op- 
 posing the Governor's purposes, and 
 the possible advantages, by way of 
 the incorporation of their own con- 
 gregation, which might accrue by ac- 
 cording to them. Ciijtts regio, ejus 
 religio, had been applied when the 
 Dutch owned the city; and men ac- 
 customed to handling large afl^airs 
 recognized that it could be applied 
 with equal fairness by the English; 
 something, moreover, had to be done 
 to avert such democratic extrava- 
 gances as Leisler had been guilty of. 
 
 The Assembly, however, opposed 
 the Governor, the Council and the 
 City Vestry. They declared that the 
 Act of 1693 did not limit the choice 
 of a minister to the Church of Eng- 
 land. For their misunderstanding 
 the Governor was certainly not re- 
 sponsible: his address of April, 1693, 
 acquits him of all indirection. 
 They had provided for a connection 
 of Church and State: he had told 
 them he meant "the Church of Eng- 
 land"; if they did not understand 
 him, the vestry, albeit mainly Dutch, 
 understood him perfectly 
 
 In the second vestry chosen Jacob 
 van Cortlandt had replaced Nicholas 
 Bayard. Five days after the objec- 
 tion of the Assembly to Vesey 's ap- 
 pointment. Bayard, Van Cortlandt 
 and two other members of the Dutch 
 Church, all of them military officers, 
 were appointed a committee, by the 
 congregation in Garden street, to pe- 
 tition the Governor for the incor- 
 poration of their church. The peti- 
 tion was prepared and presented June 
 19, 1695, and succeeded in the follow- 
 ing year; and there can be no doubt 
 that the committee and the Governor 
 understood one another also. 
 
 Meantime Fletcher used his collat- 
 ing power to the satisfaction of the 
 Dutch Church, by giving it power to 
 send for a colleague of Dominie 
 Selyns. The completion of the Gar- 
 den Street Church, by the building 
 of a tower, was delayed in view of 
 the pending incorporation; and the 
 arrearages due Dominie Selyns were 
 only in part discharged, in order that 
 money might remain in the treasury 
 for legitimate incorporation expenses. 
 
 The third city vestry, chosen Janu- 
 ary 14, 1696, contained six Episco- 
 palians and six Reformed Dutch, an 
 exact balance for the business in 
 hand. Following their election, 
 March 16, 1696, a petition was pre- 
 sented to the Governor by ten persons, 
 among whom were three of the new 
 vestry, to be allowed to purchase a 
 small piece of land, "Eyeing without 
 the North gate of the said Citty, be- 
 twixt the King's Garden and the bury- 
 ing Place, and to hold the same in 
 mortmain, and thereon to build the 
 said church" for the use of the "Prot- 
 
30 
 
 FEDERATION. 
 
 estants of the Church of England." — 
 {Ecc. Records, p. 1134.) 
 
 The Dutch received their charter 
 May II, 1696, and May 6. 1697. Trin- 
 ity had hers, both signed by (lovernor 
 Fletcher. Trinity was designated in 
 this charter to receive yearly the iioo 
 raised by taxation, the election of its 
 vestry was committed to its own com- 
 municants, and (lovernor Fletcher dis- 
 armed much of the criticism by his 
 own large donations to the building of 
 the church. iJoth charters were sub- 
 sequently amended and confirmed, the 
 Dutch by the Legislature of the col- 
 ony in 1753. and of the State in 1784 
 and 1805; Trinity's in Lord ("orn- 
 bury's administration. 
 
 The Dutch corporation bore the 
 name. "The Ministers, Elders and 
 Deacons of the Reformed Protestant 
 Dutch Church of the City of New 
 Yorke"" ; and Trinity the title "The 
 Rector and Lihabitants of our said 
 City of New Yorke, in communion of 
 ■our Protestant Church of England 
 now Established by our Laws." 
 
 The Dutch Church recognized that 
 it could not get gifts from the English 
 crown ; it was content to be a corpora- 
 tion that might receive legacies, and 
 live an independent existence, and its 
 authorities so appreciated the action of 
 the Governor that he was presented 
 with silver plate to the value of £75 or 
 £80. There were four churches in the 
 city, but only two of them incorpora- 
 ted, '{"he ILiguenot and Lutheran 
 churches were dissenters, tolerated but 
 not timeless. 
 
 Domine Sel_\ns wrote of the incor- 
 poration : "This is a circumstance 
 which promises large advantage to 
 God's church and (|uiets the formerly 
 existing uneasiness." 
 
 Trinity was further favored by Gov- 
 ernor P'letcher by a grant of the King's 
 Garden and the King's Farm. 
 
 The succeeding governors, especial- 
 ly Bellomont and Nanfan, sided with 
 the remnants of the Leislerian faction. 
 and endeavored to undo Fletcher's 
 acts; but in the end. with Cornbury's 
 assistance, every plan of Fletcher was 
 established. 
 
 Fletcher had chosen thc])sychological 
 moment with rare skill, and the p'lpn- 
 kir part\- was unable to withstand the 
 
 support which the leading Dutch and 
 English citizens unitedly accorded to 
 his purposes. 
 
 .\fter Lord Cornlntry's arrival the 
 imperfections of the early legislation 
 were cured by an act passed by the 
 local assembly. 
 
 This act, of June 27, 1704, gave 
 Trinity its permanent title to 
 
 "a certain tract of land, bounded easterly upon 
 tlie street commonly called Broad-way, continuing 
 in Breadth, on the West side of the said street, 
 three hundred and ten foot or thereabouts, from 
 the northeast corner of the ground commonly 
 called the Queen's Garden, to the land of John 
 Hutchins, Esq.; thence by a straight line along 
 the north side of the said Burying Place, continu- 
 ing to Low Water Mark of Hudson's River; 
 thence by a Line southward along the said River 
 three hundred ninety and five foot, all English 
 measure; and from thence by the line of the said 
 Garden easterly to the jilace where it begun." 
 (Ecc. Records, p. 1563.) 
 
 It was further enacted that the said 
 church and premises should l)e forever 
 set apart and separate for Episcopa- 
 lian religious uses, and that the pa- 
 tronage should belong to the church- 
 wardens aiul vestrymen of the church. 
 
 It is interesting to note that Nicho- 
 las Bayard, who took such a promi- 
 nent part against Leisler and in the 
 securing of the Dutch charter, was 
 one of three who voted, in June. i68o, 
 to build the Garden Street Dutch 
 Church by a public tax. The Leisler- 
 ian re])ellion, in whose course Bay- 
 ard's life was saved and his reputation 
 restored ])y the b^nglish authorities, 
 made him willing, fifteen years later, 
 in order to save the state from sedi- 
 tion, to apply, even at his own expense 
 and that of his Dutch fellow believers, 
 the state tax principle, which had 
 l)een their own in earlier days. 
 
 I'letcher was the creator of Trinity, 
 liaAard of the Collegiate corporation. 
 
 Leisler's assumption of authority, 
 which at first threatened to sow dis- 
 sension among the Protestant com- 
 munions, had thus so ended as to 
 draw them closer together, and though 
 the Dutch had lost the church in the 
 fort, and now saw a new liturgy 
 linked to the law. they showed no op- 
 position whatever to the erection of 
 the ■"uptown" church of the "estab- 
 lisbeil" order. Trinity Church held 
 many of its services before its first 
 structure, occupied for the first time 
 
•OLDEST NEW YORK"— SEVENTEENTH CENTURY CHURCHES. 
 
 31 
 
 m 1698, was read)-, in the old (jarden 
 Street Church, and there was the fin- 
 est fraternal feeling between the old 
 established cominunion and the new. 
 
 When V'esey was inducted into the 
 charge of Trinity the ceremony took 
 place in the Garden Street Dutch 
 Church, and two Dutch ministers took 
 part therein. 
 
 In i6y8. therefore, there were five 
 Christian churches, of four commun- 
 ions : the King's Chapel in the fort ; 
 the Ludieran congregation ; the Hu- 
 guenot Church just outside the fort ; 
 the Garden Street Dutch Churcli ; and, 
 most northerly and newest of all. Trin- 
 ity, at its present location. 
 
 A year earlier the first Jewish syna- 
 gogue was erected, in Mill street, now 
 South William, probalil}- at Nos. 20 
 
 Crosby street, and its present monu- 
 mental synagogue, Shearith Israel of 
 the Spanish-Portuguese congregation, 
 is at Central Park West. 
 
 The seventeenth centur}- thus closed 
 with six places of worship on Manhat- 
 tan Island. The population of the city 
 was then about 5,000. In Bellomont's 
 report of 1698 the population of the 
 city and county is placed at 4.937. of 
 whom 780 were negroes. By 1732 it 
 had risen to 8,632, of whom about 
 i,6co were slaves, and three more 
 communions and four churches had 
 been added. 
 
 The first of them was the meeting 
 house of the Society of Friends in Lit- 
 tle Green street, between Maiden lane 
 and Liberty, built in 1703. Stuyves- 
 ant had bitterly opposed the Quakers ; 
 
 th William Street, the Birthplace of Christian Wor- 
 ship, T628. Nos. 32 and 34, at extreme left; and of 
 Jewish Worship, first synagogue, at Nos. 22 and 20, 
 turn of street, left hand, 1697. 
 
 and 22. South William street was 
 thus the birthplace both of*- Christian 
 and Jewish worship in New York. 
 Th.e first synagogue in Mill street was 
 a wooden structure, but in the same 
 year that the Dutch Iniilt their Nassau 
 street church. 1729. it was succeeded 
 by a stone building on "the" same site. 
 In 1833 the congregation moved to 
 
 Kear of 22 and 20 South William Street, paved with 
 stones of mill in existence about time of erection of 
 first Jewish synagogue, 1697. Some of these stones 
 now in possession of Shearith Israel Congregation, 
 Central Park West and Seventieth Street. 
 
 l)ut three years before the English oc- 
 cupied New York, John Bowne, of 
 Flushing, Imilt a house, yet standing, 
 which was at once used for a meeting, 
 and about the time when the Collegi- 
 ate Church and Trinity were incorpo- 
 rated the Flushing Quakers built a 
 plain wooden meeting house, which also 
 remains to this dav, and is tlie oldest 
 
FEDERATION. 
 
 BOWNE HOUSE, FLUSHING, ERECTED 1601. 
 
 The oldest extant meeting place in ("ireatcr New 
 Vark. 
 
 churcli IjuildiiiL;- within the limits of 
 Greater Xew York. 
 
 The persecution of the Quakers did 
 not cease with the overthrow of the 
 Dutch. They were fined hy Andros 
 for s(>leiuni/.in}4- inarriat^es according 
 to their own rites, and in 1687 Dongan 
 imposed continuous penahies upon 
 them for "not goeing in amies." 
 
 The first Quaker buikhng in Man- 
 hattan is gone, and the street on whicli 
 it stood is now known as Liberty 
 Place. It served the society till 1794. 
 when a meeting house was built in 
 Liberty street, followed in 1802 by a 
 brick building on the same site. In 
 1827 the society moved to Henry 
 street; 1840 to Orchard street, near 
 Walker ; and last to Stuyvesant 
 Square, where it still remains. 
 
 Tlie Presbyterians made history for 
 themselves on Long Island much 
 earlier than on Manhattan Island. 
 
 A recent document of the Presby- 
 tery of New York claims that Ricii- 
 ard Denton preached occasionally in 
 the Church of St. Nicholas between 
 1644 and 1658. Denton was then 
 ministering to the Presbyterian people 
 on Long Island. 
 
 In 1707 Lord Cornbiu-y was (lov- 
 ernor. He possessed the .same power 
 as his ])redecessors of licensing minis- 
 ters to ])reach. 'Hiis power he in- 
 voked at all times, and if llie apjilicaiU 
 was not persona _<[m/(/ to the whimsical 
 Governor, he was autocratic in his re- 
 fusals. He at times exercised his au- 
 thority even against the clergy of the 
 Church of luigland. In 1707 Francis 
 Mackemie, a Presbyterian minister, 
 applied to him for a permit to preach 
 
 in the Garden Street Church. This 
 was refused, and the private house of 
 William Jackson was substituted as a 
 l^lace of meeting. Mackemie was im- 
 mediately arrested and tried ; but was 
 ac(iuitted by the jury. The Presbyte- 
 rian saints, undaunted, persevered, 
 and organized a congregation in 1718, 
 which, till its own Wall street building 
 was completed for use, worshipped in 
 the City Hall, adjoining on the east. 
 
 September 19, 1720, they presented 
 to Governor lUirnet a petition for in- 
 corporation. Their church had been 
 erected at their own charge, on what 
 was Stoutenburgh's Garden in Wall 
 street, between Wall and Pine, nearly 
 opposite the northerly end of the mod- 
 ern New street. The property was 
 held by trustees, and the petition of 
 these trustees was for the creation of a 
 "body ])olitick or corporat by the 
 name of the Ministers, Elders and 
 Deacons of the Presbyterian Church 
 in the city of New York." (Ecc. Rec- 
 ords, p. 2173.) 
 
 Simultaneously, however, a petition 
 against the incorporation by some dis- 
 affected Presbyterians was presented 
 to Peter Schuyler, President of the 
 Council ; and Trinity Church also ob- 
 jected. The result was that the peti- 
 tion, imacted on, was sent across sea, 
 and the title to the new building, till 
 after the Revolution, became vested in 
 a foreign corporation, the Church of 
 Scotland. In 1748, as a consequence 
 of W'hitefield's arousing evangelistic 
 addresses, the Presbyterian Church 
 was enlarged. During the Revolu- 
 tionary War it was used as a barracks, 
 and was not reopened till 1785. In 
 
 •RIENDS' .MEETINC.-nOUSE. FLUSHING, 
 
 1 696. 
 L- oldest e-xistin.B cinirch biiililing in Greater 
 New York. 
 
"OLDEST NEW YORK' 
 
 -BAPTIST BEGINNINGS. 
 
 33 
 
 FIRST PRESB\TERI\N CHURCH, Wall 
 Street, head of New btreet (1718), as rebuilt, 
 1810; removed, 1S44. 
 
 1810 it was rebuilt, and when the 
 present structure, Fifth avenue and 
 Eleventh street, was erected, in 1844, 
 was removed, stone by stone, to Jersey 
 City, where it still stands at Washing- 
 ton and Sussex streets. 
 
 On February i, 171 5, a house in 
 Broad street, "between the house of 
 John Michel Eyers and Mr. John 
 Spratt, was registered for an Anabap- 
 tist meeting house within this city" ; 
 and on January i, 1720, Nicholas 
 Eyers (Brewer) rented a house from 
 Rip Van Dam to be a public meeting 
 house for the Baptists. Governor 
 Burnet, in 1721, therefore, gave 
 Eyers a license as a dissenting minis- 
 ter, according him all the privileges 
 granted to Protestants who "scruple 
 the Baptising infants," by the English 
 act of 1690. (Ecc. Records, p. 2188.) 
 
 It is claimed that the congregation 
 of 1721 were Arminian Baptists. 
 
 Seven years later, in 1728, the first 
 Baptist church was erected on Golden 
 Hill, or John street, between Clifif and 
 Gold. This first church was closed, 
 however, in 1732, and the society was 
 dissolved. In 1745 a new society was 
 organized in a private house, in con- 
 nection with the Baptist Church of 
 Scotch Plains. In 1759 it erected a 
 church on Gold street, south of Fulton, 
 which, like the Dutch, Presbyterian 
 and Quaker buildings, was desecrated 
 during the Revolutionary War. serv- 
 ing as a stable for the British Cavalry. 
 It had been enlarged in 1773, when a 
 
 parsonage was added; and in 1784 the 
 church was incorporated under the 
 general laws of the State of New 
 York. In 1802 it was rebuilt, the 'so- 
 ciety occupying during the reconstruc- 
 tion the French church, of a hundred 
 years earHer, on Pine street. In 1841 
 the congregation removed to Broome 
 and Elizabeth streets; 1871, to Thirty- 
 ninth street and Park avenue, and, 
 finally, 1892, to Broadway and Seven- 
 ty-ninth street, the present location. 
 
 It is claimed that General Washing- 
 ton was baptized Ijy John Gano, the 
 first minister of the First Baptist 
 Church, during the Revolutionary 
 War, in the presence of forty-two wit- 
 nesses. Mr. Gano was a brigade 
 chaplain and on the staff of Washing- 
 ton, and witnessed the surrender of 
 Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown. His 
 bravery was such that he was known 
 as the "fighting chaplain." 
 
 By 1729 the Dutch needed a second 
 building, and the site chosen was on 
 Nassau street, immediately north of the 
 new Huguenot Church of 1704. The lots 
 ran from Crown, now Liberty street, 
 to Little Queen, now Cedar street, 
 and the main entrance was on Liberty 
 street, with two side doors on Nassau 
 street. In 1764, over fifty years after 
 the Dutch adopted English reckoning 
 in ecclesiastical bookkeeping, the Eng- 
 lish language was introduced in the 
 services of this church, and to accom- 
 modate the growing congregation gal- 
 leries were erected, which led to 
 the closing of the two Nassau street 
 doors, and their replacement by two 
 side doors at the Liljerty street en- 
 trance, under the l)elfr}-. While the 
 Declaration of Independence was 
 being read, brigade bv Ijrigade. to 
 
 THE WALL STREET PRESBYTERIAN 
 t'TIURCH, nnd the Second Trinity Church, 
 
FEDERATION. 
 
 
 THE NEW DUTCH CHURCH (after 1767 the 
 "Middle" Clnirch), 1729, Nassau and Liberty 
 Streets, running through to Cedar, imme- 
 diately north of the Huguenot Church on 
 Pine. ' Tn 1748 Professor Kahn says it "has 
 the only clock in the town." In its tower 
 Benjamin Franklin, when on his way to the 
 Albany Continental Congress, 1754, made ex- 
 periments with electricity. Side entrances on 
 Na-isau and front on Uibcrtv. 
 
 Wasliini^ldii's arm}, July <;. i 77(), tlic 
 bells of the Xassau Sired or "Mid- 
 dle" Dutch Cluireli. as it was then 
 called, were merrily pealed ; hut they 
 were soon after silenced for fourteen 
 long years, and during the Revolution 
 no church suffered so severely. It 
 served both as a prison and as a riding 
 school, but July 4, 1790, it was again 
 reopened, and the bells, which had 
 been removed for safety to Carlisle, 
 Pa., rang out the glad tidings of the 
 new era of civil and religious freedom. 
 
 In 1729. therefore, when the city 
 had about 8,000 people, there were ten 
 churches : King's Chapel in the fort ; 
 the Mill Street Synagogue; the old 
 Garden Street Church ; the new Lu- 
 theran Church on Broadway ; Trinity 
 Church ; the Wall Street Presbyterian ; 
 the Huguenot Church, Pine street; the 
 Nassau Street Dutch Church : the 
 Little Green Street Meeting House 
 and the P>aptist Church on Golden 
 Hill. 
 
 A century had passed since the 
 horse mill loft was ample for the 200 
 pioneers of New Amsterdam ; there 
 was now a church for everv 800 peo- 
 ple in New York. The Dutch Re- 
 
 formed had two ; the Established, or 
 I'Lpiscopalian, Church had two, and had 
 finally received, a quarter century be- 
 fore, the 62 acre endowment gift of 
 the King's Farm ; the French had one ; 
 the Scotch the Wall Street Church; 
 and the Lutherans, Baptists, Quakers 
 and Jews each had one. 
 
 Within the next half century eleven 
 more churches, among them four of as 
 many new denominations, and two of a 
 new language, were to be established, 
 and when \\'ashington was inaugu- 
 rated the Roman Catholics were occu- 
 pying St. Peter's, at Barclay and 
 Church streets. The population had 
 risen to 20,000 ; shrunk to 10,000 dur- 
 ing the war ; regained all the loss ; and 
 now approached 30,000 — the figure it 
 reached in 1791 — when the First 
 Amendment to the Federal Constitu- 
 tion was adopted, with its epochal in- 
 fluence upon the relations of Church 
 and State. 
 
 The first ecclesiastical event of the 
 years 1729-89 was the enlargement of 
 Trinity Church in 1735; and it was 
 again enlarged two years later. In 
 
 THE MinnUE DUTCH tHUKt II. Xassau and 
 Liberty, as enlarged in 1764, following intro- 
 duction of the English language in worship. 
 The addition of galleries closed the Nassau 
 Street doors, the side doors under the belfry 
 taking their place. Used as a prison and riding 
 school during the Rev. War ; reopened July 
 4, 1790; leased to New York Post Office 1844, 
 and sold 1861. l^sed as Post Office till 1875. 
 Site now occupied by Mutual Life Insurance 
 Building. New Middle Church erected on 
 northwest corner Fourth Street and Lafayette 
 Place, 1839; present building, northwest cor- 
 ner Seventh Street and Second Avenue, 
 erected 189J. 
 
"OLDEST NEW YORK"— THE MORAVIANS. 
 
 35 
 
 1,8 iE»|i i£iiii^ Kj;;;;; |i;iiji t m i.« ,, ;, 
 
 ' : «" • \ \ , .• /;-:'-' ► " • - 
 
 he Churches^ of New York as They Were in the Years 1742-1744, from "A Map of the City and 
 Environs," drawn by David Grim m 1800, when in the seventy-sixth vear of his age, "who had 
 at this time a perfect and correct recollection of every part of the same." 
 
 1741 the King's Chapel in the fort was 
 burned, and it does not appear to have 
 been rebuilt. L'Eglise du Saint Esprit 
 was repaired in the same year. 
 
 In 1750 the German Lutheran 
 Church in the Swamp, already alluded 
 to, was organized. With the com- 
 mencement of this church, as of the 
 Alethodist and Moravian, the Palatine 
 immigration had much to do. The pe- 
 tition for organization bears date 
 April 4, 1750, and it was granted the 
 same day by Governor Clinton. The 
 petitioners described themselves as 
 High Germans, varying from the 
 other congregation "on the account of 
 their Constant use and practice of their 
 Religion in the Low Dutch Way." 
 For the sake of "Very many ancient 
 people, as well as young Ones, most of 
 them poor, likewise in respect of their 
 tenderness of Conscience," who could 
 not be brought over "to learn their 
 Language or Exercise of Religion in 
 the Low Dutch way," they therefore 
 petitioned for liberty to call a godly 
 and worthy minister of their own reli- 
 gion and language, and to collect con- 
 tributions for a church. 
 
 Their first church was erected near- 
 ly opposite the north end of Cliff street. 
 
 The correspondence of Gualterus 
 Du Bois with the Classis of Amster- 
 dam, in 1741, records his fear of the 
 Herrenhutters, against w4iom he de- 
 clares that he has taken "a firm 
 stand."" This was a year when the 
 town was again alarmed, and need- 
 lessly, by a supposed Papist plot. The 
 negroes were suspected of conspiring 
 with Ury, a dissenting minister 
 charged with being a Catholic priest, 
 to burn the city. That many of the 
 negroes were Roman Catholics is cer- 
 tainly true, for among them were 
 sailors from the West Indies, and they 
 
 died with crucifixes in their hands. 
 Twenty-nine of them were executed, 
 and four white persons. But the sus- 
 picion of a Roman Catholic plot was 
 altogether as groundless as at the time 
 of the Leislerian rebellion. The imag- 
 inations of men were greatly excited 
 about that time by a severe earth- 
 quake, and perhaps the shock of it 
 still remained in dispositions which 
 feared the Moravians. 
 
 In any event time has wrought 
 strange changes, for while the negro 
 Catholics executed in 1741 w^ere from 
 the ^^''est Indies, there are today in 
 New York city many West Indian 
 Protestants, the results of the very 
 Moravian missionary spirit which Du 
 Bois so timorously feared. 
 
 Count Zinzendorf visited New York 
 in 1 741, when on his way to Pennsyl- 
 vania, and following his visit unde- 
 nominational work was carried on by 
 the Moravians in four of the present 
 five boroughs. When, by acts of Par- 
 liament in 1747 and 1749, the Mora- 
 vian Church was recognized by the 
 Church of England as a Protestant 
 Episcopal Church, the Moravians 
 were encouraged to come to America, 
 and the way was opened to organize a 
 congregation in New York. 
 
 In 1752 they built at 103 and 105 
 Fulton street, then Fair street. The 
 congregation had been organized De- 
 cember 27, 1748. This original 
 church was unmolested during the 
 war. A second edifice was erected on 
 the Fair street site in 1829; removal to 
 the southwest corner of Houston and 
 Mott came in 1845, ^"^ in 1869 the 
 present building, southwest corner of 
 Lexington avenue and Thirtieth 
 street, formerly the Protestant Episco- 
 pal Church of the Mediator, was oc- 
 cupied. 
 
FEDERATION. 
 
 SECOND MORAVIAN C 
 1752. First removed. 1845 
 Street. 
 
 I I.DINCt, 103 and 105 Fulton, iS^g ihi^ni.i 
 and !Mott Streets; 1S69, Lexington .\veniR 
 
 ind Thirtieth 
 
 In 1752 Trinity built the first of it.s 
 chapels, St. George's (since 1849 at 
 Stuyvesant s(|uare), (M1 the corner of 
 Beekman and Cliff streets. It became 
 independent in 1811. and was rebuilt, 
 with Trinity's hel]i after tlic hre nf 
 1814. With the exception of the tem- 
 porary German Lutheran Church, it 
 was the most northerly church of its 
 day. 
 
 in 1756 the Wall Street Presbyte- 
 rian Ghurch suffered from a secession 
 
 ST. GEORGE'S CIIAI'ELOF-E.\SE. Beekni.-ui 
 and Cliff Srects, 175^. the first of Trinity's 
 Chapels. Independent congregation. 181 1; 
 church burnt 1813, and rebuilt with Trinity's 
 assistance. Removed 1849 to Stuyvesant 
 Square. 
 
 which formed, under the name 
 "Scotch I'resbyterian L"hurch," a 
 branch of the Associate Reformeil 
 ('hui\-h. The divergence was liturgic 
 rather than doctrinal. In 1838 this 
 communion reunited with the Presby- 
 ter)- of New York. The Scotch Pres- 
 byterian Church, Central Park and 
 West Ninety-sixth street, is the suc- 
 cessor ()\ the secession of 1756. The 
 
 fiS^i^ki^. 
 
■OT.DEST XEW YORK"— BARON STEUBEN'S CHURCH. 
 
 37 
 
 first place of worship was in Cedar 
 street, near Ilroadway, and w^as still 
 occupied at the time of the Revolu- 
 tion. 
 
 In 1758 the Reformed Dutch body 
 encouraged and recognized a Calvin- 
 istic church for Germans. Their 
 building was on Nassau street, be- 
 tween Maiden Lane and John, and in 
 1765 they were strong enough to build 
 a more substantial edifice on the same 
 site, which lasted till 1822. Baron 
 Steuben was an honored member of 
 this church, as was John Jacob Astor. 
 The congregation is still in existence, 
 and treasures as a most precious his- 
 torical relic the monumental tablet of 
 1795 in memory of Baron Steuben. 
 It was removed in 1822 from the Nas- 
 sau street structure to K) and 21 ?^or- 
 syth street, and again in 1897 to the 
 present building, which stands on the 
 north side of East Sixty-eighth street, 
 between Second and First avenues. 
 
 In 1766 the old Garden Street 
 Dutch Church was restored, and in 
 view of the l)uilding of a third Dutch 
 church, on I'\ilton street, became 
 known as the "Soutli" Church. In 
 1807 an entirely new liuilding was 
 erected, which five years later became 
 the property of a consistory independ- 
 
 Tlie above monument in tlit- Retormed 
 Church. 353 E^st Sixty-eighth Street, organ- 
 ized 175S, has the following inscription: 
 
 "Sacred to' the Memory of Fred'k Will'm Aug. 
 Baron Steuben, a German. 
 
 "Knight of the Order of Fidelity; Aid-de-Camp 
 to Frederick the Great. King of Prussia; 
 Major General and Inspector General in the 
 Revolutionary \\'ar. 
 
 "Kstcemed, respected and supported by_ Wash- 
 ington, he gave military Skill and Discipline 
 to the Citizen-.Soldiers, who (fulfilling the 
 rtecrees of Heaven), achieved the Indepen- 
 dence of the United States. 
 
 "The highly polished manners of the Baron were 
 graced by the most noble feelings of the 
 heart: 
 
 "His hand, op-irn "as day for melting Charity,' 
 closed only in the strong grasp of Death. 
 
 "This memorial is inscribed by an .American, who 
 had the honor to be his Aid-de-Camp, the 
 happiness to be his Friend. 
 "Ob. 1T9.S." 
 
38 
 
 FEDERATION. 
 
 SECOND ('..\I<I)1-:X N| Kl-:i-.r, ..,• -'South" 
 Dutch Church. 41 to 51 Excliange I'lace, 180-. 
 Independent of Collegiate Church, 1812; burnt 
 in fire of 1835. Two congregations then form- 
 ed, one now extinct, other South Reformed 
 Church, Madison Avenue and Thirtv-ninth 
 Street. 
 
 ent of the Middle and the North 
 fhurcli. Following- the fire of 1835, 
 which destroyed the second Garden 
 Street edifice, the con.i^reg-ation divided. 
 One hranch, last located on Washing- 
 ton Square, is extinct; but the other, 
 and older, still known as the South Re- 
 formed Church, after abandoning sites 
 on Murray street and on Fifth avenue, 
 at Twenty-first street, is located at 
 Madison avenue and Thirty-ninth 
 street. 
 
 In the }-ear of the improvement of 
 the South Dutch Church, 1766, Trin- 
 ity built its second chapel, the beauti- 
 ful St. Paul's of today ; and the Brick- 
 Presbyterian Church became a near 
 neighbor in 1768. Both churches 
 were then "in the fields," even more 
 so than the Lutheran church of 1767. at 
 I'^rankfort and William; for po])ula- 
 tion had followed the lines of least re- 
 sistance, like the early street making 
 of the city. The Dutch never intend- 
 ed to open Broadway above Ann 
 street; the Highway of the city was 
 to run from tliat point eastward to 
 the bouweries ; and while St. George's, 
 at Beekman and Clifif streets, had a 
 large i)opulation about it. the Brick 
 Church, at Beekman and Nassau, was 
 ••in the fields." Mr. J. H. Innes be- 
 lieves that Park Row was not the orig- 
 inal connection of Ann street and the 
 Bouwerie, but a diagonal cross cut. 
 which followed the abandonment of 
 
 the Common Pasture, whose south- 
 east corner was formed by Ann and 
 Nassau streets. This, and the fact 
 that Pearl street was the fashionable 
 residential neighborhood, threw the 
 l)re-Revolutionary population east of 
 William, and delayed openings and 
 improvements west of Broadway. 
 
 The Brick Church was originally 
 organically connected with the Wall 
 Street Presbyterian Church on the col- 
 legiate plan, and it was not until 1809 
 that they were separated. 
 
 The lot on the corner of Beekman 
 and Nassau streets was granted by 
 the corporation on the perpetual lease 
 of £40 a year, and the plot was then 
 known as "The Vineyard." It is now 
 occupied by the Potter and old 
 ••Times" buildings. 
 
 During the Revolutionary War the 
 Wall Street Church was converted 
 into a barracks and the Brick Church 
 into a hospital. By the courtesy of 
 Trinity Church St. George's Chapel 
 and St. Paul's Church were placed at 
 the disposal of the two Presbyterian 
 congregations during the repair of 
 their own edifices. 
 
 The Brick Church moved directly 
 from its old location to its present site 
 at Fifth avenue and Thirty-seventh 
 street in 1856, and effort was at that 
 time made to retain it permanently on 
 its downtown site, but while the Brick 
 Church undertook to raise what was 
 
 ST. I'AUJ/S CHAPEL, 1766, fronting toward 
 Hudson River, then in view, as in case of 
 First Trinity Church. 
 
•OLDEST NEW YORK"— METHODISM'S SOURCES. 
 
 BRICK I'KI-:SBYT]-:RIAX CIUKCII, Nassau 
 and IJeekinan Streets, 176S; used till 1S56. 
 
 then regarded as half of the requisite 
 permanent endowment, the Presby- 
 tery could not undertake to raise the 
 other half, and Presbyterianism, like 
 the Dutch Reformed, Lutheran, Jew- 
 ish, Quaker, Baptist and Moravian 
 commtmions, no longer retains title to 
 the site of its beginnings. 
 
 This costly honor is confined to the 
 Protestant Episcopal, the Roman 
 Catholic and the Alethodist churches, 
 though the Reformed Church retains a 
 nexus with the last of its churches 
 down town by preserving- the historic 
 Fulton Street Prayer Meeting-. The 
 Roman Catholics have such a constitu- 
 ency down town that they are sure to 
 stay ; Trinity, it is to be hoped, will 
 never remove, and the John Street 
 Methodist Church is vested in a lioard 
 of trustees elected by the General Con- 
 ference of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, and is the Mecca of American 
 Methodism. 
 
 The years 1766- 1768 were phenom- 
 enal in their prosperity, and saw not 
 only the restoration of the South 
 Dutch Church, the building- of St. 
 Paul's, the Frankfort Street Lutheran, 
 and the Brick Presbyterian churches, 
 but the commencement of ^lethod- 
 ism's ministry to the city. 
 
 The connection of Methodism with 
 the expatriation of the Palatines has 
 alreadv been alluded to (p. 15), and 
 the relation of the John Street Meth- 
 odist Church to the present study has 
 been so intimate that the full account 
 of its beg-innings, from the pen of Dr. 
 Ezra S. Tipple, in The Christian City, 
 September, 1901, with but slight 
 abridsrments, is here inserted. 
 
 Commencing with an account of 
 the persecution of the Palatines, Dr. 
 Tipple says : 
 
 In the year 1709, Queen Anne, hearing of their 
 distressed condition, sent a fleet to Rotterdam &nd 
 hrought about seven thousand of them to Eng- 
 land. About three thousand of this number were 
 sent to New York, ultimately settling in Penn- 
 sylvania, North Carolina and Maryland. Of the 
 remaining four thousand a few families remained 
 in England, but the most of them settled on the 
 estate of Lord Southwell in the county of Lim- 
 erick, Ireland. There were about seven hundred 
 and fifty families that took up land in Ireland, 
 being allowed eight acres of ground tinder lease, 
 for each man, woman and- child, at five shillings 
 lier acre, and the Government, in order to en- 
 courage the Protestant interest in the country, en- 
 gaged to pay their rents for twenty years. It also 
 supplied each man with a musket called a "Queen 
 Anne" to protect himself and his family. These 
 people were industrious and thrifty. They had 
 brought from Martin Luther's land numerous theo- 
 logical works and were great lovers of the Bible 
 — many of the old Palatines used to have their 
 Bibles buried with them — but not having any re- 
 ligious teacher among their number, and under- 
 standing little or no English, they ceased attending 
 luiblic worship and, after a time became "emi- 
 nent for drunkenness, cursing, swearing and the 
 utter neglect of religion." They knew the form 
 of godliness, but nothing of its life. 
 
 For forty years they were without religious 
 teaching, but one day, the 17th of March, 1749, 
 the voice of a Methodist preacher was heard in 
 Limerick and the seed which he sowed fell upon 
 good ground. 
 
 To Robert Swindells, a favorite of John Wes- 
 ley, who had gone over with him on the occasion 
 of his second visit to Ireland, is due the credit 
 of establishing ;Methodism throughout the county 
 
 r 
 
 /* 
 
 rr: rF^ ^ 
 
 
 THE OLD RIGCIXC LOFT, in Horse and Cart 
 Lane, used by Baptists 1745 (Ennis) and 
 Methodists 1768 (Disosway) for earliest serv- 
 ices of these conmiunions, now 120 William 
 Street. 
 
40 
 
 FEDERATION. 
 
 WESLEY CHAl'EL, 44 John 
 Street, 1768, the first iNIetho- 
 dist Church in America. Used 
 till 1817. Site still occupied 
 by building of 1841. Property 
 conveyed to be site of Metho- 
 dist meeting house "forever." 
 
 of Liiiicritk, l)ut he was not the only preacher 
 in Ireland at that time; Thomas Williams was a 
 fellow laborer, and when some of the Palatines 
 heard him in Limerick, they said "This is like the 
 jireaching we used to hear in Germany," and gave 
 him an invitation to visit their settlements. It was 
 not long thereafter before every village of the 
 Palatines had heard a new interi)retation of the 
 Gospel of Jesus Christ. In a few months a so- 
 ciety was formed of which Thomas Walsh — the 
 first fruits of street preaching in Ireland — a 
 Methodist evangelist, second only to Wesley him- 
 self "for seraphic piety, sanctified enthusiasm in 
 the glorious work of winning souls to Christ, and 
 genuine apostolic success," was a member. 
 
 Wesley's care for the Irish converts was most 
 marked. During his life he visited Ireland no 
 fewer than twenty-one times, his last visit being 
 in 1789, when he was eighty-six years of age. 
 
 In 1752 he held his first Conference in Ireland, 
 and there is a tradition that the one who must 
 ever be regarded as the founder of Methodism in 
 New York city was converted during a sermon 
 wiiich he heard Mr. Wesley preach at that time. 
 I'our years later Mr. Wesley came again, and for 
 the first time visited Ballingran, the home of 
 Philip Embury and of Barbara Heck, two names 
 forever associated with Methodism, both in New 
 York and on the American continent. Ballingran 
 w-as a small village, containing a handful of serious 
 minded people, contented and happy, vintil, their 
 leases having expired, their landlords, by exorbi- 
 tant rents, forced them to seek bread elsewhere, 
 some of them in distant parts of Ireland, but the 
 greater number in .\nierica. 
 
 The .\'c7t' York Mercury of .\ugust i8th, 1760, 
 contained the following announcement: "The ship 
 Perry, Capt. Ilogan, arrived here on Monday last, 
 in nine weeks from Limerick, in Ireland, with a 
 number of Germans, the fathers of many of them 
 having settled there in 1710; but not having suffi- 
 cient scope in that Cduntry, cliose to try their tor- 
 tune in -America." 
 
 There is little doubt that this was the ship Oy 
 which Philip Embury and his cotni)anions came to 
 America. The voyage lasted sixty-three days, only 
 three days less than that of the Pilgrims. 
 
 It was on the loth of August, 1760, w-hen 
 Philip Embury, his wife Mary Switzer, to whom 
 he had been married about one and a half years; 
 two of his brothers and tlicir families, Peter 
 
 .Switzer. iirobably brother of his wife, Paul Heck 
 and liarbara, his wife. Xi^^r Tettler, Philip Mor- 
 gan, and a family of DulmaKcs. landed in the city 
 of New York. 
 
 When Wesley, on the occasion of his seventh 
 visit to Ireland, held a conference at Limerick for 
 the second time, among those recommended for 
 the itinerancy was Philip Embury. For some rea- 
 son he was not appointed to a circuit, being ])laced 
 on the reserve list, to be made use of should a 
 vacancy arise. It is supposed that, not being 
 among those appointed, he determined to get mar- 
 ried, and act on occasion as a local jireacher. His 
 marriage took place in the Rathkeale church in 
 November, 1758. "It is more than probable that 
 had Embury been appointed to a circuit at that 
 conference, America would never have recognized 
 in his honored name the founder of the Methodist 
 Ejjiscopal Church." 
 
 It is not unlikely that he established some religi- 
 ous service upon landing, and perhaps in his home 
 in Barracks Street he held a class, but meeting 
 witli little encouragement he joined tin- Lutherans. 
 
 In -August. 1765, there arrived a second party 
 of Palatine emigrants, among whom were friends 
 and relatives of Embury and Barbara Heck. 
 These had probably been Methodists in Ireland, 
 though likely all were not members of the society 
 at r.allingran. Many of the Palatines, who ac- 
 companied Embury from Ireland had, by this 
 time, lost even the form of godliness. Several of 
 the second company which arrived had but little 
 res]>ect for religion and gave themselves up. to- 
 gether with those whose faith had grown cold, 
 to various sinful amusements. One evening in 
 October, 1766, a large company of them had as- 
 sembled and were playing cards, as usual, when 
 Barbara Heck suddenly entered, and hot with 
 indignation, seized the cards, threw thcni iiit<j the 
 fire, and with words of rebuke upon licr lips hur- 
 riedly left the astonished company. She went di- 
 rectly to the house of Philip Embury, and, with 
 the authority of an ancient prophetess, summoned 
 him to his duty. Her words have become histori- 
 cal; "Philip, you must preach to its, or we shall All 
 go to hell, and God will require our blood at your 
 hands." Embury tried to excuse himself, but she 
 parried all his excuses, bidding him, in lieu of a 
 more suitable place and of a larger congrega- 
 tion, to preach in his own lunise and to his own 
 
••OLDEST NEW YORK"— METHODISM'S BEGINNINGS. 
 
 people. Her earnestness was irresistible, and be- 
 fore she left the carpenter of Barracks Street had 
 consented to preach once more. 
 
 In October, 1766, in a house on Barracks Street, 
 afterward Augustus Street, now City Hall Place, 
 the first Methodist congregation gathered to hear 
 the Gospel preached. The house was not large; it 
 was a small cottage of one story with a door and 
 window in front, but it was quite large enough 
 to hold all the people who came to listen to the 
 sermon preached that day by the man who had 
 been summoned to his task by a serious minded, 
 enthusiastic woman. The congregation was not 
 large — not as many jieople as Paul preached to on 
 Mars Hill; there were only five persons present, 
 Barbara Heck, Paul Heck, John Lawrence, Mrs. , 
 Embury and Betty, a colored servant. These five 
 made up the audience to which Philip Embury ex- 
 riounded the word of life and conduct, that Octo- 
 ber day, in 1766. That was the beginning of a 
 work which now embraces the world. 
 
 It was not long before the congregation had so 
 increased, under the faithful ministrations of the 
 now thoroughly awakened Embury, that larger 
 quarters were required. A large upper room in 
 the same street, about ten doors from the bar- 
 racks, was hired. 
 
 Early in 1767, the congregation had become too 
 large for the "upper room," and had hired the 
 far famed "Rigging Loft" in the Ilorse-and-Cart 
 -Street, now William Street, and not far from the 
 site on which the first INIethodist church in the 
 New World was soon to be built. This "Rigging 
 Loft" was of good dimensions, being sixty feet 
 long by eighteen feet in width. A desk and 
 benches were provided, and here services were 
 held on Sunday morning at six o'clock, again in 
 the evening; a little later on Thursday evening 
 also. 
 
 Embury bad not long been preaching in this 
 ^'Rigging Loft," when he and the members of the 
 congregation were startled one night by the un- 
 looked for appearance of a military gentleman, 
 dressed in the uniform of a British officer, wear- 
 ing a green shade over his right eye. He quickly 
 made himself known as a Methodist; told them 
 that he had been converted under Wesley at Bris- 
 tol some three years before; that he was now a 
 barracks master at Albany, and that, having heard 
 of the new society in New York, he had come 
 for the inir]iose of uniting with them in worship, 
 and, if desired, of speaking to them from time t'l 
 time. Captain Thomas Webb, appointed local 
 preacher by John Wesley, stands rexi only t> 
 Embury in the jilanting of American MctlnHliMii. 
 The testimony is general to the effectiveness of 
 Captain Webb's preaching. Immense crowds came 
 to hear him, and the distinguished officer, who had 
 been in the siege of Louisburg, where he lost his 
 eye, who had scaled the heights of Abraham at 
 Quebec with Wolfe, and who had been there 
 wounded in his right arm as Wolfe died on thai 
 memorable field "victorious — preaching in his rcKi 
 mentals, his sword lying on the desk, made tlu- 
 "Rigging Loft" a place eagerly sought. There 
 must have been an eminent power and natural elo- 
 quence in the preaching of this zealous man. John 
 Adams, the towering figure of the American Revo- 
 lution, while attending the Continental Congress 
 in Philadelphia, 1774, gives this testimony: 
 
 "In the evening I went to the :Methodist meet- 
 ing and heard Mr. Webb, an old soldier, who 
 
 first came to America in the character of a quar- 
 termaster under General Braddock; he is one of 
 the most fluent and eloquent men I ever heard. 
 He leads the imagination and adjusts the passions 
 very well and expresses himself with great pro- 
 priety." 
 
 With Embury and Captain Webb both preaching, 
 and with a curious and inquiring people throng- 
 ing the "Rigging Loft," a new meeting place be- 
 came a necessity. Captain Webb may have sug- 
 gested it. but it is more than likely that the faith- 
 ful woman who had aroused Embury to action 
 was the impelling cause in the building of the new 
 church. 
 
 This good woman had watched the progress of 
 the new society, called into existence by her 
 fidelity, with growing interest, and convinced of 
 the importance of a permanent house of worship, 
 she took the matter to the Lord for direction and 
 received from Him the assurance, "I, the Lord, 
 will do it." 
 
 The site of the building was obtained on the 
 south side of John Street, between Nassau and 
 William Streets. At first it was leased, but the 
 following day a deed of sale was given, probably 
 for some technical purpose, as another deed of 
 sale is dated November 2, 1770. The property was 
 obtained from Mrs. Mary Barclay, widow of the 
 Rev. Henry Barclay, who succeeded Rev. William 
 \'esey as the second rector of Trinity Church. 
 The deed was issued to Rev. Richard Boardman 
 and others: release dated November 2, 1770. This 
 deed secured the property for "a Methodist 
 preaching-house forever," where Methodist doc- 
 trines only were to be preached. Providentially a 
 copj' of the subscription paper and a list of the 
 subscribers is preserved until the present day. 
 
 "A NUMBER OF PERSONS, DESIROUS TO 
 WORSHIP GOD IN SPIRIT AND TRUTH, 
 COMMONLY CALLED METHODISTS (UN- 
 DER THE DIRECTION OF THE REVD. MR. 
 WESLEY), WHOM IT IS EVIDENT GOD 
 HAS BEEN PLEASED TO BLESS IN THEIR 
 MEETINGS IN -NEW YORK, THINKING IT 
 WOULD BE MORE TO THE GLORY OF GOD 
 AND THE GOOD OF SOULS HAD THEY 
 A :M0RE convenient place TO MEET IN, 
 WHERE THE GOSPEL OF JESUS CHRIST 
 MIGHT BE PREACHED WITHOUT DISTINC- 
 TION OF SECTS OR PARTIES: .\ND. AS 
 
 TIE OLD 1!UFWI:K>". which became the Five 
 Points Mission. ".\ handful of Methodist 
 women made tin- I'ivc Points decent." 
 (Jacob A. Riis.) 
 
42 
 
 FEDERATION. 
 
 PHILIP EMBURY IS A MEMBER AND 
 HELPER IN THE GOSPEL, THEY HUMBLY 
 BEG THE ASSISTANCE OE CHRISTIAN 
 FRIENDS, IN ORDER TO ENABLE THEM 
 TO BUILD A SMALL HOUSE FOR THE PUR- 
 POSE, NOT DOUBTING BUT THE GOD OF 
 ALL CONSOLATION WILL ABUNDANTLY 
 BLESS ALL SUCH AS ARE WILLING TO 
 CONTRIBUTE TO THE SAME." 
 
 Then follow the names of the subscribers, 
 together with the amounts subscribed. Thomas 
 Webb heads the list with £30, or $7500, a pound 
 at that time being equivalent to $2.50. There 
 are two hundred and fifty-nine subscriptions in all, 
 some being additional amounts to the same name. 
 The second name on the list is William Lvipton, a 
 merchant prince, w-hose motto was "the church 
 first and then my family," about the only man of 
 wealth belonging to the infant church. He gave 
 $50.00. James Jarvis, a hatter by trade, gave the 
 same amount; Henry Newton, a bachelor, who 
 took particular care of the preachers, seeing "that 
 they behaved well and wanted nothing," made 
 several subscriptions. 
 
 Other names appcarins are those of Cliarlts 
 White, the treasurer of the board during the 
 Revolutionary War, who also furnished the candle- 
 sticks used in the meeting house; John Staples, 
 a Prussian, who first introduced the sugar refining 
 business into this country, and whose famous 
 sugar house in Liberty Street was the place in 
 which the British confined the American prisoners 
 during the Revolutionary War; Thomas Brinkley, 
 a soldier during the War of the Revolution, and 
 one of the guard who watched over Major Andre 
 and conducted him to the i)lace of execution. 
 
 Several clergymen are found on the list; Samuel 
 Auchmuty, the successor of Dr. Barclay as the rec- 
 tor of Trinity Church; John Ogilvie, his assistant. 
 at one time missionary to the Mohawk Indians, a 
 portrait of whom, executed by the distinguished 
 artist Copley, hangs in the vestry office of 
 Trinity Church; Charles Inglis, also assistant to 
 Dr. .\uchmuty, and on his decease chosen rector of 
 Trinity Church. Several vestrymen and wardens 
 of Trinity Church were among the subscribers; 
 Elias Desbrosses (Desbrosses .Street is called after 
 him): Edward I.aiglit. David Clarkson. Gabriel 
 
 SECOND JOHN STREi:r M l-yi'IK )1)1S T CHURCH, 
 1817, 44 John Street, uitli Ikhiscs fur rent adjoining. 
 Used till 1841. 
 
 Ludlow, Joseph Reade — all likewise had streets 
 called after them. There are physicians on the 
 list, merchants, lawyers and statesmen: Philip 
 Livingston, president of the Provincial Congress 
 in 1775, one of the signers of the Declaration of 
 Indei)endence; Theodore Van Wick, alderman; 
 Thomas Jones, recorder of the city ; John H. Cru- 
 ger, mayor from 1757 to 1765; James Duane, a 
 member of the old Congress and first mayor of the 
 city under the government of the State of New 
 York, also first Judge of the United States Dis- 
 trict Court under the present Constitution of the 
 United States. The poor also subscribed; those 
 who could not give money, gave work. Two curi- 
 ous entries in the list are those of Rachael, who 
 gave nine shillings, and Margaret, seven shillings. 
 It is probable they were colored servants. Their 
 subscriptions must be considered among the chief- 
 est of them all. 
 
 Money was received from other places; Mr. 
 Wesley sent £50 from England, Captain Webb 
 brought $80 from Philadelphia, which the Metho- 
 dists there gave as a token of Christian affection. 
 The total cost of the building was about $1,500. 
 It was called Wesley Chapel — the first church to 
 which the name Wesley was given. 
 
 In New York there were no "churches" except 
 such as were established by law, and dissenters 
 could not build regular churches. To avoid this 
 legal difficulty a fireplace and chimney were put in 
 the new building, which constituted the house a 
 dwelling place. * * * The seating capacity of the 
 building was about seven hundred. The dedica- 
 tion sermon was preached October 30, 1768, by 
 the man who had assisted in its construction, tlie 
 carpenter-preacher, Philip Embury. 
 
 The first Methodist Parsonage — it was called 
 the Preachers' House, for parsons were scarce — 
 stood somewhat in front of the chapel. 
 
 Like his ^Master, the founder of Methodism 
 despatched his evangelists in couples: Boardman 
 and Pilmoor, Asbury and Wright, Rankin and 
 Shadford, Demster and Rodda, Whatcoat and 
 V'asey. Francis Asbury is the colossal genius of 
 .\merican ^Methodism. He stands next to John 
 Wesley in popular esteem and veneration. He 
 was but a mere boy, when, in 1771, he stood upon 
 the Western continent, and, like Cortez, planted 
 his standard and took the land for his King. 
 
 He landed at Philadelphia, where he and 
 Wright were "received like angels of God." A 
 few days later, as he records in his Journal, he 
 started for New York. The following day, Tues- 
 day, November 13, he preached for the first time 
 in New York, his text being i Cor. ii., 2: "I de- 
 termined not to know anything among you, save 
 Jesus Christ, and Him crucified." 
 
 That was the beginning of his relations with 
 New York Methodism, and to the day of his death 
 he was a faithful shepherd of the souls in the 
 metropolis. His name ajipears many times in the 
 "Old Book," but at intervals, as he was in New 
 York only occasionally, his parish being the whole 
 .American continent. 
 
 His travels are without a parallel. It is said 
 that during his forty-five years of ministry on this 
 continent, he preached 16,425 sermons, besides 
 giving innumerable lectures and exhortations, and 
 that he traveled 270,000 miles, more than ten 
 times the circumference of the globe, for the most 
 part along the worst of roads and on horseback. 
 .411 honor to Francis Asbury. 
 
•OLDEST NEW YORK' —METHODISTS GREET WASHINGTON. 
 
 4» 
 
 After a time John Street Church was so 
 crowded tliat another meeting house was built; 
 this was in 1789, in Forsyth Street. 
 
 Forsyth street was then known as 
 Second street. Like the John Street 
 Church, the Forsyth Street Church re- 
 mains to this day at its original loca- 
 tion, and it is the only Christian 
 church in the Eighth Assembly Dis- 
 trict, whose 98 acres today contain 
 nearly three times as many people as 
 were on the whole of Manhattan 
 Island in 1789, and are the most 
 crowded area in the world. 
 
 Wesley Chapel was rebuilt in 1817, 
 and the present structure dates from 
 1841. 
 
 During the Revolutionary War 
 Wesley Chapel was for a short time 
 used as a hospital, but the close resem- 
 blance of its ritual to that of the 
 Church of England, and the loyalty of 
 Bishop Asbury to King George, soon 
 brought about a release of the build- 
 ing and the resumption of services. 
 
 Foremost of all the religious bodies 
 in America, however, to greet the new 
 political order were the Methodists, 
 whose bishops presented an address 
 to Washington soon after his inaugu- 
 ration in this city. In reply thereto 
 Washington uttered the memorable 
 words, whose spirit, happily, has not 
 departed from the thought of many of 
 his successors, and was re-echoed but 
 recently by President Roosevelt in 
 Washington : 
 
 "It shall be my endeavor to mani- 
 fest the purity of my inclinations for 
 promoting the happiness of man- 
 kind, as well as the sincerity of my 
 desires to contribute whatever may 
 be in my power toward the civil and 
 religious liberty of the American 
 people. '-^ * It always affords me 
 satisfaction when I find a concur- 
 rence of sentiment and practice be- 
 tween all conscientious men in ac- 
 knowledgments of homage to the 
 Great Governor of the Universe, and 
 in professions of support to a just 
 civil government. * * I shall al- 
 ways strive to prove a faithful and 
 impartial patron of genuine, vital re- 
 ligion," 
 
 In 1769, on Horse-and-Cart lane, 
 now William street, the "North" 
 Dutch Church was erected, to be used 
 
 NORTH DT-TCIT CHURCH, 1769. in Horse 
 and Cart Lane, now William Street, between 
 Fulton and Ann Streets. Bviilt for English 
 services: used as hospital during war. Re- 
 opened 1784- Used till 1875. Fulton Street 
 Prayer Meeting, No. 113, on site of old Con- 
 sistory Room, chapel erected 1869. 
 
 exclusively for English services. The 
 property extended from Fulton to Ann 
 street, on the west side of William. 
 The building was used as a hospital 
 during the war, but reopened in 1784, 
 and its use continued till 1875. On 
 the site of its old consistory building, 
 at the west end of the church, the 
 present meeting place of the Fulton 
 Street Prayer Meeting was erected in 
 1869. The lots were a part of the leg- 
 acy of John Harpendinck, who, in 
 1676, resided in High street, and left 
 his interests in the "Shoemaker's 
 Farm" to the Dutch Church by his will 
 of February 7, 1723. 
 
 This legacy alone more than justi- 
 fied Dominie Selyns' expectations of 
 advantage to the church by its incor- 
 poration in 1696, for it is today the 
 firm financial foundation of the Col- 
 legiate Church. Against this bequest, 
 as against Fletcher's and Cornbury's 
 benefaction to Trinity Church, cov- 
 etous litigation has spent itself in 
 vain. 
 
 During the terrible struggle of the 
 Revolutionary War the churches of 
 New York suffered severely. 
 
 The only ones, outside the Estab- 
 lished churches, which were allowed 
 to remain open, were the High Dutch, 
 in Garden street; the Moravian, and 
 
44 
 
 FEDERATION. 
 
 SECOND TR1NIT\ CHIKCH. 1-88; rcbuil 
 after great fire of i;-6. I'resent buildinj 
 erected 1846. 
 
 the Methodist: aii'l ilu- liu'-iiini;- cf 
 Trinity's first stnicturr and the Dutch 
 Lutheran ( Inirch, in tlic "reat fire of 
 1776, fiirthtT rcducc<l tlie available 
 places of worslii]). 
 
 In 1779 ■'^'•'^ "i*-''i formed a ])rayer 
 meeting society which convened stat- 
 edly in private houses until after the 
 close of the Revolution, and led, in 
 1785, to the formation of the first As- 
 sociate Presbyterian Church of New 
 York. Lots were purchased, 1787, on 
 Nassau, near Maiden lane, and a 
 church was erected, whose successor 
 is the Fourth I'resliyterian ("hurch. 
 now located at West I'jid avenue and 
 Ninety-first street. 
 
 The great fire of 1776 jmrncd both 
 the Lutheran (liureh of 1729 and 
 Trinity's first structure. Trinity re- 
 built in 1788. and again in 1846. but 
 the Ltitherans never reoccupied their 
 old site. A year before the fire a sec- 
 ond meeting house of the Society of 
 Friends was o])ened in I 'earl street 
 near ( )ak. This is now loeated at T46 
 East Twentieth street. 
 
 Roman Catholicism was su]Ji)ressed 
 by law during the whole pre- Revolu- 
 tionary period. In the seventeenth 
 century this was no great hardship, 
 for it is said there were only nine 
 Catholics in the city in ](H)f,. I'.ut in 
 1755 the law was most unkind to the 
 Acadians. and in \y(>i, we find the 
 loyal followers of the faith compelled 
 to go to Philadel])hia for their con- 
 
 fessions. The law of 1700, in relation 
 to "Popish Priests and Jesuits," was 
 not repealed till 1784. and the natu- 
 ralization oatli was required till 1806. 
 
 When the Revolution closed and 
 New York became the nation's cap- 
 ital, the ministers of Catholic coun- 
 tries — Don Diego di Gardoqui, the 
 S])anish Minister ; De Crevecoeur, the 
 French Minister, and others — at once 
 assisted the establishment of a Roman 
 congregation. The bTench embassy 
 was fitted with a complete private 
 chapel, and afforded services for many 
 citizens. St. I'eter's. the oldest Roman 
 Catholic church in the city, was or- 
 ganized in 1783 with twenty com- 
 municants in the house of the Span- 
 ish Minister, who secured $10,000 of 
 .Spanish funds for purchasing its lots 
 from Trinity and commencing its 
 building. Mexico also assisted the 
 enterprise most liberally, and in 1786 
 a church, which was used till 1836, 
 when it was rebuilt, was erected at 
 Barclay and Church streets. Over 
 the altar there yet hangs a Mexican 
 painting which was given to it in the 
 earliest days, and St. Peter's is now 
 undergoing a sumptuous renovation, 
 through a special gift of about 
 $60,000. 
 
 A map of 1789 preserves a list and 
 the locations of all the churches then 
 in existence, and it is herewith repro- 
 duced and amended to show, chrono- 
 logically, the locations of all the 
 churches originating l)etween 1609 
 and 1789 A. D. 
 
 Sites which were no longer used at 
 the time of the Revokition are desig- 
 nated b\- letters of the alphabet, and 
 those then occupied are numbered in 
 the historical order of their use. 
 
 The streets on the map of 1789 bear 
 the names tlie\- then bore. (Opposite 
 is placed a map of the same area of 
 ■"Oldest New York" as it is today. 
 
 There were within it in 1789 4 
 Dutch Reformed churches ; i Luthe- 
 ran ; 4 Protestant Episcopal ( includ- 
 ing the Fhiguenot Church) ; i Jewish; 
 2 Quaker; 4 IVesbyterian ; i Baptist; 
 1 ■NLoravian ; 2 ^k'thodist and I Ro- 
 man Catholic church — twenty-one in 
 all. among about 30.000 of population. 
 Tbrei' churches were using the Ger- 
 man language exclusivelv ; one the 
 
•OLDEST NEW YORK"-TRINITY AND WALL STREET. 
 
 45- 
 
 Dutch tongue ; one the French ; one 
 employed both Dutch and Enghsh ; 
 and the Jewish and Roman rulirics 
 were followed as today. 
 
 The struggle for tolerance ended 
 with the adoption of a clause in the 
 Constitution of the State of New 
 York, in 1784, which forbade religious 
 discriminations by the State ; and a 
 general act of the same year provided 
 for the incorporation of religious so- 
 cieties. 
 
 Trinity and the Collegiate Church 
 were the only religious corporations 
 possessing the inherent right to receive 
 legacies and realty in "Oldest New 
 York." and both of them had largely 
 profited thereby. 
 
 The power to collate ministers to 
 their appointments remained undis- 
 turbed in the hands of all the English 
 governors to the very last. The re- 
 sults of its use, by Lord Cornbur}-, in 
 the case of the Dutch minister, Freer- 
 man, run through hundreds of pages 
 of the "Ecclesiastical Records." The 
 connection of Church and State, while 
 far more satisfactory than in the 
 Dutch and early English days, was an 
 invasion of conscience and a detriment 
 to effective religious work. Religion 
 could not become truly civic in days 
 when a part of the citizens were de- 
 nied the right of following the leader- 
 ship of the Spirit in their souls. The 
 problems of many religious commun- 
 ions in New York would today be 
 much simpler if their pre-Revolution- 
 ary churches had been allowed to in- 
 corporate. Some churches, now nearly 
 two centuries old, are today struggling 
 for the endowments that might have 
 come with earlier freedom of incor- 
 poration. 
 
 Withal, however, every New York- 
 er, anxious for the triumph of spiritual 
 over material ideas of life, must re- 
 joice that Governor Fletcher's and 
 Governor Cornbury's actions have 
 planted Trinity Church, impregnable, 
 at the head of Wall street for all time 
 to come. 
 
 No one can overestimate the ap- 
 peal of that church, and its surround- 
 ing, silent yard, sacred with the min- 
 gled dust of patriots and statesmen, 
 to the throngs M^ho pass it by, and to 
 
 those who, in Wall and the adjacent 
 streets, are shaping the commercial 
 conquest of the world by America. 
 
 Though neighboring buildings, on 
 all sides, out-tower its spire, the mes- 
 sage of Trinity's churchyard and pul- 
 pit will sound through all the centu- 
 ries of New York's future life : 
 
 Memento mori — Remember the life beyond! 
 Love and Serve — Remember to help the living! 
 
 But Trinity's endowment alone 
 makes this a certainty. The same in- 
 stinct that led the subjects of Director 
 Kieft to protest against the fort church, 
 because it "cut the wind off from the 
 mill," might long ago have covered 
 the site of the King's Garden and the 
 adjacent burying ground with mills 
 of Mammon, but for its defense by a 
 co-operation so powerful. Two-thirds 
 of the Queen's Farm endowment have 
 slipped from Trinity's hands through 
 its unrestrained lending and giving to 
 churches in all parts of the land, a 
 policy which, commenced in 1708, was 
 abandoned only in 1868, during the 
 present rectorate. and in 1847 ^^^^ 
 1854 a strong effort was actually made 
 to extend Pine street through the 
 churchyard to connect with Albany 
 street, a gain of land that would have 
 smirched the civic spirit of the city 
 forever. To avert the danger. Trinity 
 needed to invoke the memories of two 
 centuries, and the co-operation of all 
 communions and cliurches that had 
 
 THIRD TRINITY CHURCH, 1846, Before Its 
 Steeple Was Overtopped by Skyscrapers. 
 
FEDERATION. 
 
 had an early common interest in its 
 God's-acre. 
 
 This co-operation was gladly given, 
 and the resting place of the great 
 Federalist, as well as the monument 
 of patriotic Americans^ is now safe 
 
 from disturbance for all time to come. 
 Never was the ministry of Trinity 
 and its cha])els more devoted and sym- 
 pathetic than today. Mr. Riis has re- 
 ferred, in "The' Battle With the 
 Slum." to its opposition to the anieli- 
 
 "O LETTERS AND NUMERALS DESIGNATING CHL'RfH LOCATIONS ON ^L\PS. 
 (1789 Map Key at left end of line; Map of Today at right end.) 
 
 A. — Dutch Church in the loft of the Bark Mill, 32 and 34 South William street, 1628. 
 B. — The first church building on Manhattan Island, 39 and 37 Pearl street, 1633. Reformed Dutch. 
 C. — Church in Fort .\msterdam, used by Dutch 1642-1693, and by English garrison 1693-1741. 
 D. — Lutheran Church, building "outside ye Gate," circa 1671; destroyed, 1674. 
 E. — Huguenot Church, west side of New street, below Beaver, 1688. 
 F.— New Lutheran Church, Broadway and Rector street, preceding 1684, when 
 probably immediately following 1674. 
 I. — Old Garden Street Church, 41 to 51 Exchange place, 1693. — G. 
 -Trinity Church, the present location, 1696. 
 
 -Jewish Synagogue, 20 and 22 South William street, 1697. — H. 
 -First Friends' Meeting House, Liberty place, i7«2. — I. 
 5- — Pine Street Huguenot Church, 1703. — J. 
 
 6. — Wall Street Presbyterian Church, 1718, head of New street.— K. 
 G. — .Xrminian Baptist Church, Cliff street, between Golden Hill and Ann street. 
 
 ted from taxes, and 
 
'OLDEST NEW YORK"— ITS REMAINING CHURCHES. 
 
 47 
 
 orative tenement house law of twenty- 
 five years ago; but the days are now 
 past when churches bid their wor- 
 shippers and workers to think only of 
 "the home over there," and the Ad- 
 vent lectures in St. Paul's, of 1904, 
 identified religion with completeness 
 
 CHAMBERS 
 
 of life in all its aspects. Trinity, St. 
 Paul's. Old John Street, the Fulton 
 Street Meeting, St. Peter's ! May 
 their roof trees long abide, and their 
 ministry ever receive and impart 
 larger measures of the Christ that is 
 to be ! 
 
 KEY TO LETTERS AND NU:\IERALS DESIC.NATING CHURCH LOCATIONS ON MAPS. 
 
 (17S9 Map Key at left end of line; Map of Today at riglit end.) 
 
 7. — Nassau Street, or Middle Dutch, Church, 1729, Nassau street, fronting Liberty, and running through 
 to Cedar.— M. 
 H. — German Lutheran Church, head of Cliff street, 1750. — N. 
 
 S. — Moravian Church, 103 and 105 Fulton street, 1752. — O- 
 
 9. — St. George's Chapel-of-Ease, Beekinan and Cliff streets, 1752- — P- 
 ID. — Cedar Street Presbyterian Church, now Scotch Church, 1756. — Q. 
 
 II. — Reformed German Church, Nassau, between John street and Maiden lane, 1758. — R. 
 12. — First Baptist Church, Gold street, soutli of I'ulton, 1759. — S. 
 
 13.— St. Paul's Chapel, 1766. — 2- 
 
 14.— German Lutheran Church, Frankfort and William streets, 1767. — T. 
 15. — Brick Presbyterian Church, Nassau and Beekman streets, 1768. — U. 
 16. — Wesley Chapel, or John Street Methodist Church, 44 John street. 1768. 
 17. — North Dutch Church, William street, between Ann and Fulton streets. 1769. 
 18. — -Second Friends' Meeting House, corner Pearl and Oak streets. i775- — V- 
 19. — Associate Presbyterian Church, Nassau, between Fulton and John streets, ; 
 
 terian Church. — W. 
 20. — St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church, Barclay and Church streets, 1785. 
 21. — Forsyth Street Methodist Episcopal Church, 1789. 
 
 — 3- 
 — 4- 
 
 now Fourth Presby- 
 
 — S- 
 —6. 
 
48 FEDERATION. 
 
 PRESEXT RI-JJGlorS AND R.\C[.\L CC )XnTTI()XS. 
 
 In the section of tlic city south of 
 Chambers street the Census of 1900, 
 according to its retabulation by the 
 Tenement Ifouse Department, found 
 16,293 persons. In 1855 there were 
 23.553; in 1865, 14.413: ii^ 1867, 23,- 
 637- 
 
 Of the population in 1900, 8,803 
 were in the First Ward, whicli hes 
 south of Liberty street from the East 
 to the North River ; 902 in the Second 
 Ward, east of Broadway, from Lib- 
 erty to Spruce and l-'erry streets ; 
 1,763 in the Third Ward, west of 
 Broadway, Liberty to Chambers 
 streets, and the l^alance. or 4.825 per- 
 sons, in the southern ])()rtion of the 
 Fourth Ward, or from Spruce and 
 Ferry to Chanil:)ers street and east of 
 Park Row. 
 
 The popuhition of Xew York at the 
 time of Washington's inauguration 
 was between 20.000 and 30,000, as 
 above stated, and despite all the losses 
 below Chambers street, through the 
 erection of commercial and manufac- 
 turing establishments, "Oldest New 
 York" yet contains more people than 
 at the close of the Revolutionary W^ar. 
 when there were only 10,000, as 
 against 16,293 persons today. 
 
 It should be remembered, of course, 
 that the habitable area in this region 
 has greatly increased since that time. 
 through the filling in of the w^ater 
 front on both the North and East Riv- 
 ers. Some of the lial)ital)lt' area has 
 been wholesome! \- reduced 1)\- the ex- 
 tension of Chambers street, and the 
 other ameliorati(')ns ot' the \'"\\v Points 
 locality. 
 
 W^ithin the section of this area now 
 under consideration, namely, south of 
 Chambers and east of Broadwaw the 
 Federation's census of 1903 fotmd 
 over 1.560 families, having in them 
 aliove 6,345 persons. Information 
 was declined or was unobtainable after 
 four visits in about thirty families. 
 
 The Federation's visitors possess no 
 coni])elling authority, and hence their 
 failure to secure the returns in some 
 of these families. Nevertheless their 
 work was successful in 98 per cent, of 
 the cases. 
 
 The region, moreover, is a ])articu- 
 
 larly difficult one to cover, on account 
 of the janitors' families living some- 
 times in the basements and sometimes 
 under tlie very roof of large office 
 buildings. 
 
 The mere finding of all of these 
 families is a matter of considerable 
 difficulty, and as the amount supplied 
 to cover the whole district was small, 
 it is probable, though all possible pains 
 were taken, that homes on the top of 
 office buildings, or with office build- 
 ings on top of them, were missed. 
 
 The families visited and contribut- 
 ing full information, however, supply 
 some astonishing facts. 
 
 In the treatment of the information 
 gathered the section is divided into 
 three parts, as shown on the chart : 
 
 .Section "A," it will be noted, prac- 
 tically corresponds with the area of 
 Stuyvesant's map of 1653. When the 
 city was surrendered to the English in 
 1664, there were in this section a max- 
 imum of 1,500 persons. Within this 
 same area a year ago there were 1.337 
 persons in the families giving com- 
 
 CHAM3£ffS 
 
•OLDEST NEW YORK"— THE RACES OF TODAY, 
 
 49 
 
 plete information. It is likely that in 
 the eight families declining informa- 
 tion, in the families missed, and the 
 households running above nineteen 
 persons (the limit of the Federation's 
 electric tabulating machines as at 
 present set), there was a sufficient 
 balance to bring the figures up to 
 those of September 8, 1664. As 
 many south of Stuyvesant's Singel 
 as when the English colors were 
 hoisted, and nearly 4,000,000 outside 
 of it ! As many west of the line of 
 the Palisades down Greenwich 
 street, on ground filled in since 
 1755, as in the New Amsterdam that 
 became "New Yorke" in 1664! And 
 more people arriving at Ellis Island 
 every day than then in the whole 
 city ! 
 
 In 1678 there were 384 houses in 
 the city; the 315 families visited in 
 the Federation's census of 1902, in 
 Section "A," show 181 addresses; 
 and the other "houses" are innumer- 
 able. 
 
 When Stuyvesant surrendered the 
 city the Dutch were the most nu- 
 merous nationality both in language 
 and religion, and appended is the ut- 
 terly contrasted count of last year. 
 It is given both by sections and by 
 streets or blocks of sections. 
 
 The most numerous communion 
 of 1664 thus shows only a single 
 family today; the Lutheran has 19; 
 
 the "established" church that suc- 
 ceeded the Dutch, and which is per- 
 manently established as the richest 
 Protestant communion of the city, 
 both by the grant of the King's 
 Farm and the pronounced benevo- 
 lence of its large constituency, has 
 twice as many, while the Baptists 
 and Jews, then prohibited, have 
 each four families ; the Methodists 
 and Presbyterians, both of subse- 
 quent local origin, are more largely 
 represented than the Reformed 
 Dutch ; two communions, un- 
 dreamed of by Stuyvesant, the 
 Greek Orthodox and the Congrega- 
 tionalists, have each as many as the 
 Dutch ; the Protestants who have no 
 creedal preferences outnumber every 
 communion except the Protestant 
 Episcopal ; and the Roman Catho- 
 lics outnumber all others combined 
 in the very "Oldest New York." 
 
 In Section "B," where the Friends 
 and Moravians originated their 
 work, and throughout the whole of 
 the "Oldest New York" of this arti- 
 cle, they had no adherents among 
 the families visited last year; but 
 the Christian Alliance creed has a 
 following of one family in this sec- 
 tion, and the African Alethodists. 
 who date as a communion from 
 1796. have one. This section, the 
 birthplace of Quaker, Presbyterian 
 Baptist, Moravian and Methodist 
 
 JOHN STREET DISTRICT. 
 
 BY DEHOKI^ATIO^ 
 
 
 
 PROTfeSTAST FAMILIES 
 
 
 
 
 All others 
 
 
 Tier. 
 
 
 Bl 
 
 C5 El 
 
 E4 U Ul 
 
 U2 PI Rl U5 
 
 XI 
 
 X5 
 
 Total 
 
 Cl 
 
 C2 
 
 Hl H4 
 
 
 A 
 
 307 
 
 4 
 
 1 38 
 
 l9 14 
 
 3 1 20 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 110 
 
 193 
 
 T 
 
 4 '0 
 
 
 B 
 
 134 
 
 5 
 
 26 
 
 1 21 8 
 
 15 2 6 
 
 p. 
 
 
 
 76 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 C 
 
 1,119 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 40 11 
 
 1 12 1 10 
 
 _z_ 
 
 2 
 
 101 
 
 996 
 
 13 
 
 8 1 
 
 
 TOTAL 1,S60 
 
 yy 
 
 1 85 
 
 1 80 33 
 
 S 20 4 36 
 
 13^ 
 
 ~5~ 
 
 287 
 
 1.243 
 
 14 
 
 15 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 BY NATlONAtm 
 
 ■ 
 
 497 
 
 American 
 
 9 
 
 1 47 
 
 13 20 
 
 1 9 17 
 
 ^r 
 
 ^T 
 
 120 
 
 375 
 
 "^" 
 
 2 
 
 
 11 
 
 Canadian 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 Englieh 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 Scotch 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Weloh 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 440 
 
 Irleh 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 3 3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 430 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 107 
 
 German 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 53 1 
 
 2 6 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 81 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 5 
 
 Austrian 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 Dutch 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Swl8S 
 
 
 
 fi 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 Norwegian 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 1 
 
 10 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 Swedish 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 4 
 
 10 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Danleh 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 Rueslan 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 3 
 
 Hungarian 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 Polish 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 Finnish 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 9 
 
 French 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 356 
 
 Italian 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 356 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 Spanish 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 Grecian 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 Chinese 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 19 
 
 Colored 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 110 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,560 
 
 T6TAL 
 
 F~ 
 
 
 1 80 33 
 
 2 20 4 36 
 
 r3~ 
 
 ~s~ 
 
 
 1,S43 
 
 rr" 
 
 15 1 
 
 
 For Ke 
 
 y to I^otations 
 
 
 Accom 
 
 i^anying List. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
50 
 
 FEDERATION. 
 
 FKAXKI.IX Snl'ARl-: ]"ifty Years Ago. 
 
 public worship, is more largely Prot- 
 estant than Roman Catliolic, and 
 tlie Lutherans have 2t to 26 Prot- 
 estant Episcopal families. 
 
 In Section "C" the Lutherans are 
 first with forty families, the Episco- 
 palians second with 21, and next 
 among- non-Roman communions are 
 the Greeks, with 13. I'.ut tlic whole 
 non-Roman group nuinl)cr only 123 
 while the Roman Catholics have 996 
 families ; and among the non-Roman 
 is a Chinese Confucianist. 
 
 In the whole of ^'Oldest New 
 ^'ork" there are 1,243 Roman Cath- 
 olic families, or 79.6 per cent, of the 
 whole population canvassed ; 287 
 Protestant families ; the Greeks 
 have 14 families, the Jews 15, and 
 the Confucianists one pronounced 
 adherent. There are but 2 openlv 
 Agnostic families. 13 who do not 
 know whether they are Agnostics or 
 believers, and more Protestants who 
 have no denominational choice than 
 of any communion except the Prot- 
 estant Episco])al and Lutheran. 
 
 iVmong the whole 1,560 families 
 nine Protestant communions, with a 
 total of 236 families, have a sj^ecified 
 following, and of these the Prcncsl- 
 ant Episcopal claim 85 and the Lu- 
 theran 80 — a miniature of the fol- 
 lowing of the two leading Protest- 
 ant communions in the city at large. 
 
 The detailed distribution of na- 
 tionalities as between Sections "A" 
 and "B" has not been tabulated. 
 Suffice it to say that "A" has not 
 families of eighteen differing Ian 
 guages. but in all likelihood has in- 
 dividuals of even more than blather 
 Jogues rejjorted in 1644. 
 
 There are among the 307 com- 
 pletely canvassed families in '"A." 49 
 where the nationalities of the father 
 and mother are different, and 18 
 among the 134 families in "B." 
 
 I n the whole of "Oldest Xew York" 
 there are only two families wherein 
 the mothers are natives of the Hol- 
 land that held the city to 1664. The 
 region as a whole is 31.8 per cent, 
 native white, 1.3 per cent colored 
 and 66.9 per cent, of foreign parent- 
 age. It is thus more American than 
 the city as a whole, in which the 
 corresponding percentages, in 1900, 
 were 21.5 per cent, native white, 1.8 
 per cent, colored and 76.7 per cent, 
 of foreign parentage. In the Bor- 
 ough of Manhattan the correspond- 
 ing figures were 16.9 per cent, native 
 white, 1.9 per cent, colored, and 81.2 
 per cent, of foreign parentage. 
 
 The families, with native born 
 mothers, number 497; next are the 
 Irish, with 440; next the Italians, with 
 356; and next the Germans, with 107. 
 Each of the 19 other nationalities has 
 less than 100 families. The Italians 
 are the only segregated nationality ; 
 most of them live in blocks under the 
 shadow of the Brooklyn Bridge, and 
 in streets which were brilliant, in 
 "Oldest Xew York's" closing days, 
 with the equipages of Washington. 
 Italian families are in the block 
 bounded by Pearl, Cherry, Roosevelt 
 and Oak streets, the site of the second 
 Quaker meeting house, and the resi- 
 dence of Washington, until he found 
 it too far up town and moved to lower 
 Broadway. 
 
 The Cireeks are mainly in I'herry 
 and Roosevelt streets. 
 
 Of the Protestants families. 287 in 
 all, including the U5, Xi and X5's of 
 the i)rece(ling lists, 120 are American, 
 81 Cierman, 15 colored, 13 Swedish, 
 TO English, lo Irish, 7 Xorwegian and 
 6 hVench, and there are eleven other 
 nationalities, with 25 families in all, 
 having five families or vmder apiece. 
 
 Of the 1,243 Roman Catholic fami- 
 lies 430 are Irish, 375 American, 356 
 Italian. 25 German. 24 English, and 
 there are 10 other nationalities, with 
 29 families in all. with under 10 fami- 
 lies apiece. There arc 4 colored Ro- 
 man Catholic families. 
 
•OLDEST NEW YORK"— THE OLD STREETS TODAY 
 
 51 
 
 Seven of the 15 Jewish famihes are 
 Russian, and every Russian family is 
 Jewish ; two of the three Hungarian 
 famihes are Jewish and the other Ro- 
 man Cathohc ; two of 5 Austrian fam- 
 ihes are Jewish ; and there are i 
 French, i German and 2 American 
 Jew^ish famihes. 
 
 All of the Greek Orthodox families 
 are of Grecian motherhood. 
 
 The two Agnostic families are Irish 
 and German. 
 
 The 356 Italian families are solidly 
 Roman Catholic ; but onl}- 2 of the 9 
 French families. There are three of 
 the latter which are Presbyterian. 
 
 The Protestant Episcopal church 
 has families of 9 nationalities : the 
 Lutheran of 8 ; the Presbyterian of 7 ; 
 
 the Methodist of 6; but the Protest- 
 ants who do not specify a creedal pref- 
 erence are of 10 nationalities, and 
 nearly half of them are of American 
 parentage. 
 
 The 4 Dutch Reformed families are 
 of Scotch, Welsh, Austrian and Swiss 
 motherhood ; and the two Dutch fam- 
 ilies belong, one to the Lutheran 
 church (Dutch Lutheranism has been 
 foreordained to persist) and the other 
 to the Lmspecified Protestant class. 
 
 The adherence of the Protestant 
 families in "Oldest New York," in 
 other words, is a call to the catholic 
 spirit, which is so happily awaking in 
 American Protestantism. 
 
 The Christ whom these people will 
 follow is not a tribal Christ Imt the 
 
 
 LOCATIOS OF 
 
 FAMILIES 111 
 
 jom 
 
 STREET CANVASS 
 
 BY 
 
 STREETS 
 
 AND 
 
 BLOCKS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Section "A" 
 
 
 
 PROTESTANT 
 
 FAMILIES 
 
 
 
 
 
 ROM 
 
 CATH. 1 CHURCH LESS PROTESTANTS 
 
 
 
 
 Key 
 
 to 
 
 Notationt 
 
 at foot 
 
 of 
 
 sheet 
 
 
 
 &C. 
 
 V.Key 
 
 V. 
 
 Kei 
 
 to N 
 
 jta 
 
 tlcna 
 
 
 
 F*m« 
 
 Streets 
 
 
 Bl 
 
 Bl 
 
 u 
 
 Ml 
 
 PI 
 
 Rl 
 
 U5 
 
 XI 
 
 C5 
 
 E4 
 
 ^ 
 
 Total 
 
 CI 
 
 C2 HI 
 
 M. 
 
 El 
 
 U Ml 
 
 M2 
 
 PI 
 
 Rl 
 
 U5 
 
 XI 
 
 81 
 
 Beaver Street 
 
 
 
 "nr 
 
 ^r 
 
 if" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 — r- 
 
 
 18 
 
 Brldfee Street 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 27 
 
 Broad Street 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 Broadway 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 Coenties Slip 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Kxchanee Place 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 • 13 
 
 Front Street 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Hanover Square 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 Moore Street 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 New Street 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 9 
 
 Old Slip 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 68 
 
 Pearl Street 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 49 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 • 14 
 
 South Street 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 31 
 
 Stone Street 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i^ 
 
 
 5 
 
 South William 
 
 Stree 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 27 
 
 Wall Street 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 • 17 
 
 Water Street 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 William Street 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 Whitehall Street 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 315 
 
 
 
 4" 
 
 "38" 
 
 T9" 
 
 T4~ 
 
 ""3" 
 
 "IT 
 
 "2F 
 
 TT 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 117 
 
 1J3 
 
 1 4 
 
 ~r 
 
 
 "6 3" 
 
 
 
 
 "19" 
 
 ""8" 
 
 Sec_tion 
 
 6 Ann' Street 
 
 5 Beelman Street 
 2 £ roadway 
 
 7 Burling Slip 
 
 6 Cedar Street 
 5 Cliff Street 
 
 1 De Peye'.er Street 
 
 1 Front Street 
 
 8 Fulton Street 
 
 2 Gold Street 
 
 8 John Street 
 
 5 Liberty Street 
 11 Maiden Lane 
 23 Nassau Street 
 
 9 Pearl Street 
 5 Pecl£ Slip 
 
 8 Pine Street 
 
 1 Piatt Street 
 14 SouU-i Street 
 4 Wall Street 
 1 Water Street 
 
 9 William Street 
 
 —TIT 
 
 Bl Baptist 
 
 El Episcopalian 
 
 U Lutheran 
 
 Ml Methodist 
 
 PI Preshyterlan 
 
 Rl Reformed Dutch 
 
 U5 Undenominational 
 
 XI Unspecified 
 
 C5 Congregaticnal 
 
 E4 Christian Allianc* 
 
 M2 African Methodist 
 
 CI Roman Catholic 
 
 C2 Greek 
 
 HI Hebrew 
 
 5 26 22 B"^T" 
 
 "5—2- 
 3 2 
 
 8 1 1 84 
 
 Soc_tlcn "C" Comprises 1, 
 of tV.V fellies canvi^BEed, 
 out of 1 ,560. It is not 
 tabulated by streets, but 
 by blocks, and only the 
 blocks with churchless 
 Protestant faniilies are 
 here given. See Kap . 
 
 •Streets adde 
 raostly ainoe 
 
 to Witer front 
 
52 
 
 FEDERATION. 
 
 OOJ 
 
 CO r-i r 
 
 Ol OJ ri rH CM 
 
 <0 CO > 
 CM C- 
 
 rH iH o rvj >J 
 
 O r^ lorMojiHOjC 
 
 <0 CM lO . 
 
 CM rS <0 lO — I 
 
 G ^ji .n 
 
 3 u 
 
 sr 
 
 c c; c rt d 
 
 ] n d u to . 
 i.o!rH*>iniiiB<->r-.^-rtUMCCr-icoOO(d 
 
 B<<ICO«)t.ii)3oo*ci3-rtl,4^P.Uj:3oo 
 <JoHtOt»i-.C)<WJ5WKW(i,P»iMWOCJ oti 
 
 u <i U V o 
 
 fl< o o w o 
 
 Clirist who would draw all men unto 
 him. Xor is He a creedal Christ — 
 Truth without Life and Leadership, 
 but the Christ of Example and of In- 
 spiration as much as of Authority. 
 
 The placats and prohibitions alike 
 of Dutch and lilnglish days are an- 
 achronized bv today's conditions; can- 
 not tolerance add fraternity and asso- 
 ciational effort to itself in this new 
 and better time? Without them even 
 Trinity's large resources will hardly 
 suffice to shepherd the scattered and 
 straying sheep of its own flock in 
 '■( )l(lrst Xew York" ; with them the 
 "Old John Street" Methodist Church 
 has \et before it a noble work. 
 
 The ]:)roof of this, however, is cu- 
 tuulative. and a new feature of it will 
 a])pear in the next section. 
 
 Educational Coxditio.xs. 
 
 In Section ".V" 52 of 307 families 
 are without a church home; in "B" 32 
 of 134; in "C." yg of 1.119. in all 183 
 of 1.560 families. 
 
 Of wdiat creed and race are these 
 churchless families? Ninety-seven are 
 I'rotestant; 70 Roman Catholic: 4 
 Circek ; 1 1 Jewish, and i a Confucian- 
 ist. 
 
 That is to say 33.8 per cent, of the 
 Protestants; 5.6 per cent, of the Ro- 
 man C_'atholics ; 28.5 per cent, of the 
 ( ireeks and 74 per cent, of the Jew^s 
 are without regular places of worship 
 — "the most socializing of all habi- 
 tutles." 
 
 Of what beliefs are the churchless 
 IVotestants? Of every belief yet rep- 
 resented ii] "Oldest New York." ex- 
 cept the Congregationalist and Chris- 
 tian Alliance. 
 
 The largest group are the creedless 
 Protestants. 31 families, practically all 
 of this group; next the Lutherans, 
 with 28 of their 80 families ; next the 
 F.piscopalians. with Q out of 85; then 
 the Methodists, with 6 of 33. The 
 balance is contributed to by the Bap- 
 tists. African Methodists. Presl)yte- 
 rians and Reformed Dutch. 
 
 The nearest Ltitheran Church on 
 Manhattan Island is the first Lu- 
 tluran church in the city. St. Mat- 
 thew's, in liroome street, but it is 
 too remote to reach down to the 
 scene of its beginnings ; the Brook- 
 
•OLDEST NEW YORK"— FRATERNAL ASSOCIATES. 
 
 lyn churches on the Heights are 
 practically nearer. 
 
 But they have their own neigh- 
 borhood to care for. 
 
 It may not be denominational, but 
 it is at least practical, and it is not 
 anti-tolerant to say that the care of 
 these churchless families must be 
 with the churches that are yet on 
 the ground. If the old Frankfort 
 Street Lutheran Church were yet 
 there it would have a constituency 
 for service, if not for support ; but it 
 is gone, and there are no symptoms 
 of its return. It would, therefore, 
 be a civic service if the churches 
 that are on the ground should "al- 
 lure" these Lutherans, in the cath- 
 olic spirit of today, not for the pur- 
 pose of "matriculating" them in this 
 or that faith, as the West India 
 Company charged the Dutch of 1628 
 to do, but for the purpose of exhib- 
 iting Christian neighborliness. And 
 if existing rubrics are not magnetic 
 enough to do this successfully, why 
 not employ at least occasionally the 
 rubrics to which the Lutherans are 
 accustomed, and be content with 
 making these Christian neighbors 
 into "fraternal associates" of the 
 Methodist or Protestant Episcopal 
 body? By this is meant that they 
 could be enrolled and ministered to 
 in churches of other rubrics and 
 creeds without formally abandoning 
 their childhood faith. 
 
 It was fraternal to the highest de- 
 gree when St. Paul's and St. 
 George's were opened to the church- 
 less Presbyterians and Dutch after 
 the Revolutionary War ; and when 
 Trinity's officials subscribed for the 
 erection of the John Street Metho- 
 dist Church ; but the Lutheran 
 church of then is now razed to the 
 ground, and "time makes ancient 
 good uncouth." 
 
 Next to the Lutheran churchless 
 constitutency stand the Episcopa- 
 lians and Methodists, i. e., the 
 churchless families of the commun- 
 ions that are yet on the ground. The 
 John Street Methodist Church can- 
 vass has furnished Trinity with the 
 list of the 8 churchless Episcopa- 
 lian families, and they were scat- 
 tered over such a verv wide area 
 
 that it is hardly likely they would 
 have been otherwise discovered. 
 When Washington was inaugurated 
 the workers of 18 Protestant 
 churches were visiting the area of 
 "Oldest New York" ; now there are 
 but three such churches, and it must 
 be that they cannot well do without 
 one another's help. John Street has 
 helped Trinity to discover the un- 
 churchless Episcopalians, and Trin- 
 ity, which helped John Street to com- 
 mence its worship, can help it in its 
 work by a similar reporting of the 
 churchless Methodists within the 
 field of St. Paul's and the main 
 church. 
 
 In 35 out of 36 of the Unspecified 
 Protestant families there are bap- 
 tized persons, and even in 8 of the 
 13 families unwilling to call them- 
 selves Protestant, and in one of the 
 Agnostic families. 
 
 There are baptized persons in 
 every one of the 85 Episcopalian 
 families, in 78 of the 80 Lutheran, 
 and in all of the families of the 
 other Protestant communions except 
 the Baptists. 
 
 Sixty-three of the Protestant fam- 
 ilies have children of Sunday School 
 age, who are not in Sunday School, 
 and there were 107 of the 287 Prot- 
 estant families without a Bible. 
 
 The public school is better at- 
 tended than the Sunday School, ex- 
 cept among the Episcopalians and 
 Methodists, which have churches in 
 the field. 
 
 Nearly half of the Italian families 
 are neglecting the secular education 
 of their children, and over 200 of 
 them have children out of Sunday 
 School. Next to them the Ameri- 
 cans are most largely culpable in 
 this respect. 
 
 The detailed educational tables 
 give much additional information. 
 Here are some of the facts shown : 
 
 1. 144 Italian families with chil- 
 dren 3 to 7 years of age — the kinder- 
 garten age — out of public school ; 
 167 out of Sunday School. 
 
 2. 122 American families with 
 children 3 to 7 years out of school ; 
 140 out of Sunday School. 
 
 3. Altogether 381 out of school ; 
 439 out of Sunday School. 
 
54 
 
 FEDERATION. 
 
 4. Of Protestant families 44 with 
 children of kindergarten age out of 
 school and Sunday School. 
 
 5. 117 families with children 3 to 
 
 are unconnected with public school, 
 and but 12 with Sunday Schools. 
 
 Summarized the educational sta- 
 tistics are as follows : 
 
 FAMILIES WITH CHIIZlREN OF 
 
 VARIOUS 
 
 AGE-CIASSES 
 
 IN PUBLIC 
 
 SCHOOL AiiD SoT>.DAY-SCHOOL. 
 
 
 By Katlonalitles 
 
 3-7 years 
 Fams P.S 
 
 s.s 
 
 8-11 
 Pams P.S 
 
 S.S 
 
 sr 
 
 44 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 12-13 
 Fams P.S 
 
 S.S 
 
 14-14 
 
 Fams P.S 
 
 S.S 
 
 16-2 
 
 Fania 
 
 31 
 
 
 P.S S.S 
 
 
 Irish 
 German 
 Russian 
 Italian 
 All Others 
 
 104 
 
 22 
 
 5 
 
 176 
 27 
 
 42 
 
 24 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 32 
 
 10 
 
 "54" 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 81 73 
 
 22 20 
 
 3 2 
 
 114 100 
 
 25 22 
 
 84 79 
 43 3y 
 15 14 
 2 2 
 69 59 
 15 14 
 
 48 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 57 24 
 16 8 
 2 
 54 22 
 13 9 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 109 
 88 
 24 
 2 
 61 
 27 
 
 10 18 
 3 5 
 
 1 4 
 
 
 2 1 
 5 5 
 
 
 By Communions 
 
 62 
 
 423 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 94 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 18 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 382 345 
 
 60 54 
 
 313 284 
 3 3 
 
 6 4 
 
 
 166 
 
 44 
 122 
 
 
 
 
 
 228 207 
 
 31 30 
 
 191 172 
 
 1 
 
 5 5 
 
 
 
 96 
 28 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 
 216 106 
 
 39 26 
 
 166 78 
 
 1 1 
 
 4 1 
 
 
 
 71 
 
 27 
 44 
 
 
 
 
 
 311 
 
 62 
 
 242 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 21 33 
 
 7 15 
 13 18 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Protestant 
 HoDian Catholic 
 Greek Catholic 
 Jewish 
 Confucian 
 
 
 Coramunlons by Peru 
 Protestant 
 Roman Catholic 
 Greek Catholic 
 Jewish 
 Confucian 
 
 entages 
 
 29. 
 22. 
 
 0. 
 50. 
 
 0. 
 
 59 
 
 29. 
 9. 
 
 0. 
 0. 
 0. 
 
 382 345 
 
 90. 
 
 90. 
 
 100. 
 
 66. 
 
 166 
 
 74. 
 
 39. 
 0. 
 
 0. 
 
 228 207 
 
 96. 
 
 90. 
 0. 
 
 100. 
 
 90 
 
 90. 
 32. 
 
 0. 
 
 0. 
 
 216 166 
 
 66. 
 47. 
 
 100. 
 25. 
 
 71 
 
 69. 
 
 26. 
 0. 
 
 0. 
 
 311 
 
 il 33 
 
 11. 24. 
 
 5. 7. 
 33. 0. 
 
 0. 0. 
 
 
 7 years are reached by the public 
 school ; 59 by religious schools. 
 
 In the above is shown the oppor- 
 tunity of a Cherry street kindergar- 
 ten, or settlement with kindergarten 
 emphasis. 
 
 The public school lacks the chil- 
 dren of only 37 families, with chil- 
 dren from 8 to II years of age, and 
 there are 345 families with children 
 of this age who are reached by the 
 public school ; but the Sunday 
 School is out of touch with 216 fam- 
 ilies, 191 of them Roman Catholic 
 and 103 of these Italian. 
 
 Of families with children between 
 12 and 13 years, 21 are unreached 
 by the public school, and 207 fam- 
 ilies are in touch with the schools ; 
 while the Sunday Schools might gather 
 138 more families, but only 3 of 
 these are Protestant, and 60 of the 
 Roman Catholics are Italians. 
 
 In the age class 14 to 15 years 104 
 families have already started their 
 children in gainful occupations in 
 preference to continuing them at 
 school, 32 of them Italian and 13 
 Protestant ; and the Sunday School 
 shows 139 families unreached, 116 
 of them Roman Catholic, and 51 of 
 these Italian. Of Protestant fami- 
 lies with children 14 to 15 years, 13 
 
 The public school, whose compul- 
 sory authority ceases at 16 years. 
 surpasses the Sunday School in every 
 particular, in the above summary 
 with the exception of the age classes 
 3 to 7 years and 14 to 15 years 
 where, in the case of the Protestant 
 families, the Sunday School attend- 
 ance is as good as. or better than, 
 the public school atendance. 
 
 The Sunday School has no com- 
 pulsion ; it has only magnetism, the 
 inherent magnetism of religion, and 
 it certainly ought to awaken the 
 second thought of the cynics and 
 carpers, who assert that religion is 
 dying out, to discover that 74 per 
 cent, of the Protestant families with 
 children from 8 to 11 years of age, in 
 "Oldest New York." send their chil- 
 dren to Sunday School, and 90 per 
 cent, of the families with children 
 from 12 to 13 years of age, or but 
 16 per cent, and 6 per cent, less than 
 the public school attendance with 
 compulsory law and truant officers 
 to enforce it. And when Protes- 
 tantism claims 69 per cent, of the 
 families with children from 14 to 15 
 years of age, while the public school 
 retains but 66 per cent., and in the 
 age class 16 to 21 years claims 24 
 per cent, against 11, it cannot be 
 
■OLDEST NEW YORK"— THE TENEMENTS. 
 
 55 
 
 said that, in this part of the town at 
 least, interest in rehgious education 
 ceases with the commencement of 
 economic struggle. 
 
 At the same time the showing of 
 religious education is not all it ought 
 to be in the Protestant, the Roman, 
 the Greek or the Jewish group ; 
 though, so far as the last is con- 
 cerned, it should be remembered 
 that home training, whose investi- 
 gation has not entered into the pres- 
 ent study, has lost less of its old 
 force than in Christian households. 
 
 On the whole, however, religious 
 education is probably as widely dif- 
 fused in "Oldest New York" as in 
 any part of the city, unless it be 
 among the Roman Catholic section 
 of the population, especially its Ital- 
 ian portion. 
 
 The facts of the above tables 
 speak for themselves, and the 
 Roman Church should either reach 
 these families better, or welcome 
 the preservation of their Christian 
 faith in changed form. 
 
 I Housing Conditions. 
 
 One thousand one hundred and 
 eighty-four of the 1,560 families last 
 year visited in "Oldest New York" 
 live in dwellings containing three fam- 
 ilies or over, and fourteen dwellings, 
 not tenements legally, were so pro- 
 nouncedly tenement in their appoint- 
 ments that the visitors, who ordinarily 
 secure housing information only in 
 tenement houses, took the statistics of 
 these fourteen families. 
 
 In Section "A" there is one twelve 
 family tenement, and 41 families liv- 
 ing in dwellings containing from 6 to 
 1 1 families. 
 
 In Section "B" there were no dwell- 
 in ^s with 6 families or over. 
 
 It is in Section "C" that the typical 
 tenements appear in largest quantity, 
 for of the 1,119 families in that tier 
 only 253 live in dwellings containing 
 under 6 families. 
 
 hive hundred and eight families in 
 this section live in houses with over 12 
 families and 291 in dwellings with 
 over 18 families. 
 
 Forty-two of the 287 Protestant 
 famiHes, or Vt are in dwellings with 
 above 12 famiHes apiece, and 466 of 
 
5H 
 
 FKDERATIOX 
 
 ^ff%' 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 
 li.N I KAXC K HALL of the Walton House, 324 
 Pearl Street, whose magnificence was ad- 
 vanced in the British Parliament as an excuse 
 for taxiuK the colonics. 
 
 Ihc 1.243 Ivoman Catholic families, or 
 considerably over 1-3. 
 
 Fifty per cent, of the Greek Catho- 
 lic families are in 12 family tenements 
 and over :| of the Jews. 
 
 The Italians are not only segregated 
 in particular blocks but in particular 
 houses of those blocks. 
 
 Of 356 Italian families. 178, or ex- 
 actly -J, live in tenements containing 
 12 families or over. 
 
 Overcrowding ( two people or more 
 to a room) is practically confined to 
 Section "C" ; Section "B" has none 
 whatever and Section "A" has only 
 one family out of 307. In Section "C," 
 on the other hand, 267 out of 1,119 
 families have over two people to a 
 room, including kitchens. 
 
 Of the Protestant families about 4 
 per cent, are overcrowded ; over 20 
 per cent, of the Roman Catholics and 
 Greeks, and two of the 15 Jewish fam- 
 ilies have over two people to a roouL 
 
 The large percentage of the over- 
 crowding in the Roman Catholic and 
 Greek communions is due respectively 
 to the Italians and Greeks. 
 
 The Italians are not only segregated 
 in particular blocks and houses, but 
 sardined together in particular apart- 
 ments ; 137 of the 356 Italian families 
 have over two people to a room ; and 
 the Greeks are in worse case, 14 of 
 their 16 families having over two peo- 
 ple to a room. 
 
 The housing conditions of the Ital- 
 ians, in fact, were so pronouncedly 
 bad that the Federation, for the wel- 
 fare of the city, was compelled to re- 
 port some flagrant violations of law, 
 which were at once dealt with by the 
 Tenement House Department. 
 
 One family was using its apartment 
 to pluck and dress chickens. 
 
 In this very neighborhood, in Rev- 
 olutionary times, was the "Walton 
 House," the most magnificent man- 
 sion in New York, and so perfectly 
 appointed that its elegance was offered 
 in the Uritish I'arliament as excuse for 
 taxing the colonies. Its site, 324 
 I Varl street, has been covered since 
 1S81 by a dingy tenement, and few 
 who are whirled past it on the "L" 
 realize that next door to it are houses 
 with over 12 famiUes. 
 
 If there is any neighborhood in 
 New York where the "L" is espe- 
 cially detrimental it certainly is in 
 the narrow streets of the old town, 
 where economic conditions still com- 
 pel man}- of the poor to live. The 
 "L," tortuously following the 
 curves of Pearl street, casts shadows 
 that reach almost from step to step, 
 and the trees of yore would find it 
 hard to thrive in the gloom of to- 
 day. 
 
 But the children are also tender 
 plants that need the sunlight, and 
 some day perhaps the subways of 
 the city will be so plenty that the 
 streets, free from the shadow and 
 the roar of continuous steel bridges, 
 can be restored to their original pur- 
 pose. The streets of "Oldest New 
 York" are most of them only broad- 
 ened footpaths, laid out when most 
 of Manhattan Island was thought to 
 have only a farm land future, and 
 when the city was thought to need, 
 like Old \\'orfd cities, cramped in cor- 
 set walls, restriction rather tlian 
 
 HI-: W.\LTON Tl 
 
•OLDEST NEW YORK"— RESIDENCE FIGURES. 
 
 
 
 i ^ •a:o * ^b1 :^ - g -^ 5 « ^ ° " U^ =° ^i 
 
 • o 
 
 < CMIrt, 
 
 1 c-pl 
 
 lW<OC\J'*'^'H01W|CT>|»ON'0 
 
 loo 
 
 pqr^,Nwo,^r| ''^ 
 
 lo lO 
 
 
 ) O 't lO o>|to 
 
 ,lo|iO 
 
 itu 
 
 I fH r-* C^ 10 (7» O 
 
 S" 
 
 CM 
 
 
 I a> c*« to ■* 
 
 I 10 0> 03 0> C\J lO o> I 
 
 lO,tOl iO>rHt») ■^O rH 
 
 »|oj 
 
 ,wf ,■* CO 00 <o tH r-i oj CM pj oj|<o|o .q" ^ i-ilolcvi I'* 
 • «j >u,uj 1^ o^w)/ . OS !Or^ a>|!> -I ,cOj«l p 
 
 ^s 
 
 K 
 
58 FKUHRATIUX. 
 
 freedom of expa.isiun. These streets. Chilclren-s Aid School and the Fn o 
 if thev are to be increasinglv built i^oints ^lission. the House of IndiL^- 
 up wi'th business skyscrapers', need, try. the Mariners Church and the 
 not onlv for the tenement house Transfiguration Church are all do- 
 people who remain there in perma- ing good work among them; but 
 Iient residence, but for the workers Italian work in the contiguous bec- 
 in the office buildings, the maximum ond, Sixth and Ihird Assembly dis- 
 sunlight and maximum space with tricts, in all of which the Italians 
 which the "L" and surface cars both are the leading nationality, needs to 
 at present interfere. be enlarged. They have been driven 
 The permanence of residence of to New York, to a large degree, by 
 familie«^ in .*>^ection "A" is quite pro- the exhaustion of the soil of Sicily, 
 nounced; 54 i)er cent, have been liv- once the granary of Italy, and they 
 ing four vears and over in their cannot live by bread alone, 
 present apartments; in Section ' B Houskholds and Ciiildkkx. 
 the permanence of the families is al- .^.^^^ individuals in the 1.560 families 
 most as high: even in .Sccti<m C ^....^^^j ^^^^^^^,^^^ ^^ follows: 
 one-third of the families have been Persons. 
 in their apartments over four years. j^j ivotestant families 1,067- 
 
 The I'roteStant population is the i, . 43 l<«'nan Catholic families 5.121 
 
 . ti ,-. <■ «U . 1^- l>r.>l^c 14 (.".reek Catholic families ;6 
 
 most stable: ^-,i of the 28, 1 rt tes- ,J y,,,,, f3„i„es ;6 
 
 taut families have been over tour , Confucian family 5 
 
 years in their i)resent home, and but __ 
 
 410 of the 1,243 "f ^be Roman Cath- 1,560 6,345 
 
 olic families. The distrihution 1)\- nationalities 
 
 58 of the 2»J TrotestaiU families ^^as as follows : 
 
 are in their first residence, as a lam- Persons. 
 
 ilv. in New York, but there arc i S7 ■*''" -^"y'"" .[-"-'*« -'-"^s 
 
 , - , • 1 1 • f •! • • J i • . 440 Irish families 1,5°^^ 
 
 Roman Catholic tamihes in then ^^^ German families 4.6 
 
 first residence, of whom 43 arc Ita.- ^.(, uaiian families 1,650 
 
 iatlS. '60 All other nationalities ()i6 
 
 The 1,198 families from whom tull " ' 
 
 housing information was ascer- ''^^° ■•'"*^ 
 
 tained live in 3,706 rooms, an aver- in the American families there were 
 
 age of 3.09 ro(3ms per family. 957 children : in the Italian families 
 
 Over 25 i)er cent, of the rooms are 881 : in the Irish yy2; in the German 
 
 dark, and without any direct access 165: in all the 1,096 families with 
 
 to the open air. Only 26 of these children. 2,970 children. 
 
 1,198 families have a balh. and only l^'our hundred and eleven of these 
 
 29 a private toilet. were of Protestant parentage, 2,500 
 
 501 of the families have access Roman Catholic, 42 Jewish, 14 Greek 
 
 only to hall toilets, and 668 were at Catholic, 3 Confucian. 
 
 the time of the canvass without even C)f the Protestants 172 were Episco- 
 
 these. palian, 104 Putheran, 50 Methodist, 38 
 
 48 families only iiad hot and cold l^resbyterian, 35 Unclassified, and the 
 water in their apartments; 665 had total was brought up by Baptist. Con- 
 to procure water from hall faucets, grcgationalist. Christian Alliance, Af- 
 or from the yard. Nevertheless onlv rican Methodist. Reformed Dutch, un- 
 2(i2 families, (jf whom 130 were Ital- si)ecificd and Agnostic families, to 411 
 ians. were classed by the visitors as Protestant children. 
 dirty. In "Oldest New York," as every 
 It is the coinl)inatioii of the char- where that the Federation has gone, 
 acteristics of the Italians, appearing the number of children in the Jewish 
 practically in all of the tables, which families is higher than in Christian. 
 leads the writer to believe that they The average is 2.8, while the Roman 
 need more than church ministiy. Catholic average is 2, the Protestant 
 
 Their whole standards and habits T.43 and the Greek Catholic i. Here, 
 
 of living need to be raised. The moreover, as in other areas of New 
 
•OLDEST NEW YORK"— INTERMARRIAGE, ETC. 
 
 5» 
 
 York, the Unclassified Protestants 
 have a smaller average of children 
 than Protestants of a particular de- 
 nomination, and the Agnostic average 
 is yet lower. 
 
 In the process of the "Oldest New 
 York" canvass the Federation has tab- 
 ulated intermarriage for the first time 
 in detail. There are 29 families in 
 which a Protestant husband is married 
 to a Catholic wife ; 9 in which a 
 Catholic husband is married to a Prot- 
 estant wife, and one case of Jewish 
 and Protestant intermarriage. 
 
 The change of creed on the part of 
 the children is also for the first time 
 tabulated. There are 3 families in 
 which the children have moved from 
 Protestantism to Catholicism ; 3 in 
 which the movement has been in the 
 reverse direction. There is no case 
 tabulated where the children adhere to 
 a Protestant faith different from the 
 Protestantism of parents ; this, how- 
 ever, is probably due to the classifica- 
 tion of all Protestant families accord- 
 ing to the churches the children are 
 connected with, in case the parents, 
 though of another creed, are not con- 
 nected with any church. 
 
 Two hundred and sixty-eight of the 
 1,560 families visited have boarders 
 and only 39 have domestics. 
 
 There seem to be no families where 
 the children are attending two Sunday 
 Schools. 
 
 In 1,151 of the 1,560 families both 
 parents are living; in 115 the father 
 only is living ; in 289 the mother only 
 and 5 are orphan families. 
 
 In 16 of the 29 intermarriages of a 
 Protestant father and Catholic mother 
 the mother is American by birth ; in 
 1 1 Irish ; in 2 German ; and the inter- 
 marriages of the reverse order are for 
 the most part among the same nation- 
 alities. 
 
 The mother in the only case of 
 Jewish intermarriage was English by 
 birth. 
 
 Nearly one-half of the 39 families 
 with domestics were American ; of the 
 356 Italian families there were none 
 with domestics. 
 
 In the region, therefore, where, in 
 the closing days of "Oldest New 
 York," nearly every prosperous family 
 had its slaves, there are but few today 
 
 who command the assistance of ser- 
 vants in the care of their narrow quar- 
 ters. One characteristic of the old 
 life, however, remains unchanged, 
 namely, that the children, as a rule, 
 follow the faith of the parents. • 
 
 It is this sociological fact, almost 
 everywhere observed, that leads the 
 Federation to report its censuses in 
 terms of family rather than in terms 
 of individuals, and which should 
 lead the churches of "Oldest New 
 York" and of the whole city to co- 
 operate for the welfare of family life. 
 
 No religious communion ought to 
 be prevented, whether it be Protes- 
 tant or Roman Catholic, from deliv- 
 ering its message to individuals and 
 awakening, if it can, a higher re- 
 ligious life in those individuals un- 
 der a new religious attachment than 
 under the old ; but no religious com- 
 munion, on the other hand, ought to 
 be assisted to change the religious 
 adherence of families as wholes. 
 
 This is a principle which should 
 have been followed in the eailiest 
 days of religious history in "Oldest 
 New York" ; had it been followed 
 the Lutherans, Presbyterians and 
 others would not have been in- 
 hibited from public worship as they 
 were by both Dutch and English. 
 
 It is now followed by the Fed- 
 eration in every area where it works, 
 and this study may rightly conclude 
 with the asking and answering of 
 two questions : 
 
 1. Was "Oldest New York" bet- 
 ter than the present "Oldest New 
 York""? 
 
 2. What can be done by the 
 churches in "Oldest New York,' and 
 of the rest of the city, to better its 
 life today? 
 
 AN OLD DUTCH HOUSE 
 
60 
 
 FEDERATION. 
 
 Comparisons and Suggestions. 
 
 That the gfambling: vice infested 
 "Oldest New York" has been shown 
 in the account of the he^inninj:: of 
 the John Street .MethtxUst Church. 
 Xearlv a century earher the Rev. 
 John ' -Miller (the colossal egotist 
 who <lesire<l to he made bishop of 
 the ct'lony, and who per.sonally i)eti- 
 titined f<»r the King's Ivirin) had 
 said: "The .\ew Yorkers are drunk- 
 ards an«l gamblers. This, joined to 
 their profane, atheistical and scoff- 
 ing uKthod <>i discourse, makes 
 their c<<uipany extremely uneasy to 
 .soU-r ami religious men." Gam- 
 bling, as a matter of fact, was more 
 reputable in that olden time than 
 now. Mven Washington kept an ac- 
 count of his winnings. The scale of 
 C"anhel<rs is bigger, but the crow- 
 bar was not then as common*; and 
 invasions of the habit, not alwavs 
 terminating in churches, were sub- 
 ject to restrictions less formal than a 
 duel. 
 
 Tin: Saloon. 
 
 The li«|uor traffic was a blight to 
 '•( )ldest .\ew York," as it still is — 
 esjK'cially to its water front. A 
 fourth of the houses in Stuyvesant's 
 time were devoted to the trade in 
 spirits. The saloons were open on 
 Sundays after church hours as late 
 as 1748; and Wessels' inn was the 
 scene (»f an incident that could 
 hardly happen today. The bidding 
 at auctions was spirited — for cause, 
 and while Miller's account is exag- 
 gerated, the city today is not as 
 i)ibulous as "Oldest New York." 
 The strenuo.sity of life which is nec- 
 es.sary to business todav finds stim- 
 ulants a breaking reed to lean on ; 
 and while the wrath that is gather- 
 ing against the unexpected abomi- 
 nations of the Raines Law is largely 
 righteous, the morale of resistance to 
 the removable evils of the liquor 
 trade is an evolution, and not a hark- 
 ing back to (tther times. 
 
 There are 28 hotels and 229 
 saloons in "Oldest .\cw York" today, 
 87 in "A." iCKj in "JJ," 61 in -C." hi 
 addition there are 36 store and drug- 
 gist licenses. On South street there 
 are JO s;ilo..ns. 
 
 Prisons and Punishment. 
 The penology of "Oldest New 
 York" was largely legalized cruelty. 
 There was some justification for in- 
 flicting the death penalty on those wdio 
 sold liquor to the Indians; but the 
 razor-backed wooden horse, on which 
 tortured criminals were obliged to sit, 
 with leaden weights attached to their 
 feet, must have degraded everyone 
 who looked on ; and the despicable 
 vice of revenge was directly fostered 
 bv allowing anyone — enemies included 
 ■^to wield the whip at the w^hipping 
 post. The advance that has been made 
 by surrounding public executions 
 with secrecy, whereas the Bridewell 
 was as anxious to have a novelty of 
 punishment on view as department 
 stores of now to change their win- 
 dows, marks the difference between 
 Christian and pagan penology. John 
 Howard, whose sympathy with the 
 American Revolution cost him his seat 
 in Parliament, died in the year of 
 Washington's inauguration, and the 
 results of his labors had not then 
 reached "Oldest New York." And if 
 modern progressive legislation has 
 seemed "to have the individual rather 
 than the family in view," let it not be 
 forgotten that the abolition of the 
 Debtors' Prison was a long step 
 toward the welfare of the unit of the 
 social order — the family. 
 
 Slavery and Business Honesty. 
 
 Governor Dongan had a chapel in 
 his house, but he stole a slice of Wall 
 street and pocketed the proceeds ; 
 Governor Fletcher erected a Church in 
 the State, but on the high sea he was 
 in league with piracy ; and the con- 
 science of high finance, if not keener, 
 is no duller today than in many of the 
 days of "Oldest New^ York." 
 
 John Cruger, fitting out the Prophet 
 Daniel for a trip to Madagascar for 
 live freight in 1698, w^as afterward an 
 alderman for twenty-one years, and 
 served four times as mayor. The 
 treatment of men as chattels soiled the 
 commercial standards of "Oldest New 
 York," as the treatment of employes 
 as "hands" makes atheism of many 
 an enterprise of now. "Oldest New 
 York" was not even certain that the 
 black nu'n had souls. An carlv census 
 
•OLDEST NEW YORK"-WAS IT BETTER] 
 
 distributes the population into '"Chris- 
 tians" and "Slaves" — all the whites in 
 the former, all the negroes in the lat- 
 ter. Even Coke had said pagans 
 might properly be held in bondage by 
 Christians, because pagans were the 
 bond slaves of Satan, while Christians 
 were the servants of God. And the 
 time and town were so under the spell 
 of this theory that an act had to be 
 passed (1706) to quiet the fears of 
 people in doubt whereto the conver- 
 sion of slaves, and the baptism of their 
 children, might lead. The act settled 
 it that God required — what men want- 
 ed — "the thing that is past" ; therefore 
 the baptized children followed the es- 
 tate of the earlier generation. Two years 
 later, out of 1,200 slaves in the city, 
 200 were in the catechumen classes 
 of Mr. Neau of the Society for the 
 Propagation of the Gospel, and none 
 of those confirmed as Christians was 
 implicated in the negro insurrection of 
 1712. There is no fouler blot on the 
 pages of "Oldest New York's" history 
 than the breaking on wheels, the 
 hanging in chains, and the burning in 
 slow fire, of the negroes executed in 
 1 74 1, in connection with the so called 
 Papist plot. Official records show 
 that 2,395 slaves came to New York in 
 the years 1721-26 — from the West In- 
 dies, 1,573; from Africa, 822. 
 
 Nor was the attitude of "Oldest 
 New York" to the Indians much bet- 
 ter. Dongan remarked upon it, as 
 upon the attitude of the people to their 
 slaves, and if he was implicated, as 
 was charged, in introducing Jesuit in- 
 struction among the Mohawk Valley 
 Indians, his loyalty to his faith was 
 better than the indifiference of his crit- 
 ics to theirs. 
 
 The potentialities of men — lilack. 
 white, red or brown — are better recog- 
 nized today than in "Oldest New 
 York," and have led to revolutionary 
 changes in political rights. 
 
 Public Spirit. 
 The abstinence of good men from 
 participation in public afifairs todav 
 is a great detriment to the city ; but 
 Talcott Williams has pointed out 
 that the percentage of qualified vot- 
 ers actually voting in the early days 
 of the American citv was smaller 
 
 than now, and civic spirit on the 
 whole has had no decadence. The 
 Tammany Society that was organ- 
 ized just before Washington's in- 
 auguration has indeed deteriorated 
 from its early estate of a simple, 
 serviceable life ; but along with its 
 genius for the organization of a 
 spoils system has gone a genius for 
 Good Samaritan services, undoubt- 
 edly honest in many instances ; and 
 not until its critics, beholding its 
 ministry to the strangers in our 
 gates, the hungry, the homeless and 
 the workless, go and do likewise, 
 with as much of method and with 
 more of the spirit of the early Tam- 
 many, will the hosts who vote solid 
 vote separate. With countless thou- 
 sands in New York those who serve 
 them best, not those who rule them 
 best, are the favorites; and the vi- 
 sion which looks beyond the edge of 
 a ward is perhaps no rarer than the 
 vision that looks beyond the pale of 
 a class. Tammany, at its worst, has 
 not increased the habit of self in- 
 terest ; it became bad by recognizing 
 that it existed and gearing into it 
 for selfish gain. That it existed in 
 "Oldest New York" Aaron Burr was 
 shrewd enough to see. It cannot 
 be credited to Tweed or Croker as 
 creator. It w^ill periodically disap- 
 pear and reappear, probably, for 
 many moons to come. 
 
 But the eyes of the Lord to search 
 out the evil and the good were not 
 as many in "Oldest New York" as 
 now. Tammany does not today, as 
 then, go to the Presbyterian Church 
 for its Fourth of July celebrations ; 
 but the eyes of Presbyterian, Prot- 
 estant Episcopal and many other 
 pulpits, as well as the Argus eyes of 
 the press, are on it ; and good never 
 had better chronicling, or evil bit- 
 terer criticism, than in New York of 
 today. 
 
 Education. 
 
 The educational and charitable in- 
 stitutions of the city had creditable 
 beginnings in Dutch New ^ ork. 
 Too much ])raise cannot be given the 
 Dutch for establishing school and 
 church in the same year. But early 
 education on this island was un- 
 democratically limited by sex, creed. 
 
FEDERATION. 
 
 race and class conditions. The early 
 iicho<)ls were for boys only, and the 
 hijjher echication of women is bnt a 
 recent Christian achievement ; the 
 Hrst schttol was not only an aniie.\. 
 but also an implement of the church ; 
 the ILn^^dish act «jf 1702 was only for 
 the benefit of children of French, 
 Dutch and ICnp^lish parentap^e ; racial 
 divisions were perpetuated by di- 
 versity of lani,Mia.u:e in school as well 
 as in church instructicjn ; and pov- 
 erty i)rfvented many, the majority 
 probably, from jiursuinii' the higher 
 learnini;. If the schools of today 
 are less L'hristian in omittintj re- 
 lij.jious instruction, in catechetical 
 form, they are infinitely more Chris- 
 tian in their democracy of sex, 
 race, class and creed. IJetter far the 
 I)ublic school system of today, the 
 common care, charije and privilcije 
 of all the i)e(jple. with the Book of 
 Hooks, uncommentcd on. to open 
 the daily sessions, than seg-regated 
 education, with every child a cate- 
 chetical theoloj^ian. Democracy 
 needs relig-ion to found, defend and 
 transfii,nire it: but a "free L'hurch in 
 a free State'" is inconsistent with :i 
 favored Church in a free State — 
 either for i)reacliers or pcdai^Of^ucs. 
 The alternative of secular education 
 is sectional education ; and sectional 
 education and democracy are incom- 
 ])atible. The ])rivile^es of the city's 
 present educational svstem. free 
 from kinder.c:arten to colle^i^e, and 
 with eveninj.,^ lectures to extend 
 study throui^hout life, arc immeas- 
 urable: compared with it "( )ldest 
 New \'ork." with pre])aratory 
 schools and Columbia L'niversity 
 well bej^un — but with thoroupi-hly 
 municipal education unfounded till 
 years afterward — is not enviable. 
 
 IIoSI'ITAI.S. 
 
 The ho.sj)itals of the city were 
 commenced by the Dutch in 1658. 
 and the New York Hospital was es- 
 tablished in 177^^. l-:ven with the 
 modern convenience of Chri.stian 
 Science as substitute or sup])lement 
 few would exchan.i,^e the medical 
 schools. <lispensaries. and ireneral 
 and special hosj)itals. private and 
 public, of the present, for the em- 
 
 bryonic institutiiMis of 1789. For, 
 while the present hospitals are more 
 scientific, they are not less sympa- 
 thetic. The modern medical profes- 
 sion is approachins^ the miracles of 
 Jesus in its skill without losing His 
 spirit of community service. The Re- 
 ligio Medici of today at its best, in 
 fact, has the clearest inkling^s and 
 application of the Christian Social- 
 ism of the future that are to be found 
 in any line of human effort. Compared 
 with the medical habit of consecrat- 
 iiiii^ new discoveries to the public 
 good, how vulgar and pagan seems 
 the diversion of other discoveries to 
 private gain ! 
 
 lM>riGRATI0N. 
 
 Concerning the relative character 
 of pre-Revolutionary and more re- 
 cent immigation, "jNIr. Roosevelt, 
 writing in 1890, says: 
 
 Many imported bond servants and ai)i)rentices, 
 both English and Irish, of criminal or semi- 
 criminal tendencies, escaped to Manhattan from 
 N'irginia or New England; and once here found 
 congenial associates from half the countries of 
 continental Europe. It may be questioned 
 whether seventeenth century New Amsterdam did 
 nut include quite as large a proportion of undesir- 
 able inhabitants as nineteenth century New York. 
 
 And again : 
 
 Judging from the advertisements in the Colonial 
 newspapers the runaway bond servants were al- 
 most as numerous as the runaway slaves. As a 
 whole this species of immigrant was very harmful 
 and added a most undesirable element to our popu- 
 lation. It may well be doubted if, relatively to 
 our total numbers, we have had any class of im- 
 migrants during the present century which was as 
 bad, and indeed it is safe to say that, in propor- 
 tion, eighteenth century New York had quite as 
 Jiuich vice and vicious poverty within its limits 
 as the i>resent huge city, and most of the vice and 
 poverty among the whites was due to this impor- 
 tation of bond servants and apprentices. 
 
 When it is remembered that the im- 
 migrants of yore could be landed at 
 any dock, and were subject to the in- 
 spection, not of the nation but of the 
 city, it is evident that there are some 
 advantages in present as compared 
 with past immigration restrictions. 
 
 lUit there are two features of recent 
 immigration which should make a 
 Xew Yorker rejoice with trembling at 
 the increase of the city's ])opulation 
 from that source. The first is the seg- 
 regation of it ; the second, the quantity 
 of it — with, as a combined conse- 
 
•OLDEST NEW YORK"— WAS IT BETTER? 
 
 63 
 
 quence, the congestion of the city. 
 Alanhattan added 400,000 to its popu- 
 lation from 1890 to 1900, yet the per- 
 centage of the foreign born was al- 
 most the same at the latter date as at 
 the former — 42.71 in 1890, 42.66 in 
 1900. Having found, however, by ex- 
 perience, that the early outcries 
 against the Irish and German immi- 
 gration were largely hysterical. New 
 York may yet be equally reconciled to 
 the recent unprecedented immigration 
 from Southeastern Europe. In any 
 event the immigration problem is not 
 peculiar to this time ; it harassed the 
 doughty soul of Peter Stuyvcsant, and 
 brotherhood, not liarricades ; democ- 
 racy, not autocrac}-. is the cure of its 
 dangers. Eternal vigilance alone will 
 not purchase liberty from immigra- 
 tion's perils ; enduring self devotion is 
 equally necessary, and settlements and 
 institutional churches are so increas- 
 ing as to prove that Manhattan is 
 awaking to the need of the hour. 
 
 Sanitation. 
 
 In many, if not in most, of the 
 physical features of its life, "Oldest 
 New York" was certainly not better 
 than New York of today. Water sup- 
 ply, food inspection, home and street 
 lighting, street cleaning and other as- 
 pects of general sanitation have all im- 
 proved : and morality and mortality 
 are so correlated that it is incredil)le 
 that a lowered death rate has not been 
 accompanied by an elevation in lite 
 rules and habits. 
 
 The city has so much of good that 
 comes from God, and is growing in so 
 many directions toward God's desires, 
 that it is a libel to speak of it in hope- 
 less tones. The Rev. John Miller 
 complained broadly at the beginning 
 of the eighteenth century "of the neg- 
 ligence of divine things that is gener- 
 ally found in the people, of what sect 
 or sort soever they pretend to be. In 
 a soil so rank as this no marvel if the 
 Evil One finds a ready entertainment 
 for the seed he is ready to cast in, and 
 from a people so inconstant and re- 
 gardless of heaven and holy things no 
 wonder if God withdraw His grace, 
 and give them up a prey to those 
 temptations which they so industrious- 
 Iv seek to embrace." 
 
 But the planet still turns on its axis ; 
 the needle still points to the Pole Star ; 
 and — Manhattan still grows toward 
 Spuyten Duyvil. There are no pessi- 
 mists of the present more pronounced 
 than the Reverend John ; but his fears, 
 fortimately, have not been realized ; 
 and they of this city shall yet "flourish 
 like grass of the earth." Our time 
 much better understands the purposes 
 of Jesus than did "Oldest New York" ; 
 and though the city has many present 
 problems with which "Oldest Xew 
 York" was unacquainted, problems 
 both of luxury and labor, there is a 
 Hand that guides. 
 
 Act I'irst, this world, a stage so gloomed with woe 
 We swoon and sicken mid the shifting scenes; 
 
 l^iut yet be patient — our Playwright will show 
 In some Fifth Act what this wild drama means. 
 
 Our remaining question is : What 
 can the churches of "Oldest New 
 York" and of the rest of the city do 
 to improve conditions yet more? 
 
 The answer to this has been given in 
 many preceding publications of the 
 Federation, especially in that of June, 
 1902, which contained a study of the 
 unrealized ideals of Jesus. That study 
 is hereto appended. 
 
 But there are some specific recom- 
 mendations, arising out of the history 
 and present characteristics of "Oldest 
 New York," which have impressed 
 themselves upon the mind of the 
 writer, and with their mention this 
 article closes. 
 
 I. The churches of "Oldest Xew 
 York" ought at once to work together 
 to realize the purposes of Jesus. 
 
64 
 
 FEDERATION. 
 
 Twu Inmdrcd year^ ago Elias Xeau. 
 elder in the French Church, and a 
 worker in the Society for Propagating 
 the C.ospel. endeavored to bring the 
 churches of New York into a working 
 union. Of the result of his cflfort he 
 wrote: 
 
 The fine project, lliat our pastors of New ^ork 
 bad made, to laln.r in concert to erect a Society 
 upon the plan of that at London, has had no suc- 
 cess. It was impossible for mc, though I took all 
 the care imaginable, to reassemble our three Pas- 
 tors, Cualtcrus nu Hois (Dutch); Pierre Peiret 
 (French): Wm. Vcsey (English). I found excuses 
 every whither and which seemed plausible. Mr. 
 Vcsey on the one side that he durst not innovate 
 anything without express commands from my Lord 
 of London, and that if he should go to secret as- 
 semblies it would be the means of those sorts of 
 assemblies which the Presbyterians call Meetings: 
 and that whereas his Church is but as yet in its 
 infancy, he ought to labor that he might edify it. 
 
 The Dutch Minister pleaded many engagements 
 and his poor acquaintance with the English lan- 
 guage. The Trench Minister is the only one who 
 has pusht forward and desired that a Society 
 might be endeavored to be erected according to 
 the .Articles they had agreed upon together. 
 
 This failing. Mr. Neau and a few friends 
 formed a little society, consisting of seven per- 
 sons, of whom the French pastor. Rev. Pierre 
 Peiret, was president, and they met every Wednes- 
 day in a kind of devotional conference, .\bout 
 this time Mr. Neau was appointed as Catechist by 
 L«.rcl C'ornbury, an appointment which was not 
 satisfactory to Mr. \'esey, who thought that it 
 shoulil have come from the Bishop of London, 
 and that the person appointed should be in dea- 
 con's orders. Suspicions were entertained of Mr. 
 Neau, as not in sympathy with the spirit of the 
 Church, and tinctured with purist conceits. On 
 August J9, 1704, he wrote again to the Society, 
 explaining the difficulty of his situation, inasmuch 
 as if he proceeded with the work of Catechist he 
 would displease Mr. Vcsey, while if he remained 
 inactive he would offend Lord Cornbury. The 
 solution of the trouble came finally in his con- 
 forming to the Church of England. — (£cc. Rec- 
 ords, p. I5S9) 
 
 There were then in the city five 
 Christian hoche.s — Xeau's project in- 
 cluded only three. He left out the 
 Lutherans and Friends. 
 
 lUit the cognate Calviiiistic bodies 
 felt they would compromise their in- 
 dividual chances of supremacy by 
 such assf)ciated effort, and. devoid of 
 a co-operating interest in what others 
 were doing for the Kingdom, they 
 prayed apart for its coming, and 
 worked apart for the triumph of their 
 communions. 
 
 There are now over fifty Christian 
 bodies in this city, and "Oldest New 
 York's" history shows the fatuity of 
 expecting that the heterogeneous pop- 
 
 ulation of the present city will all wor- 
 ship in the same way wathin the life- 
 time of its youngest religious worker. 
 Man's thoughts have not been God's 
 thoughts, nor man's ways God's ways, 
 in the mingling of races and religions 
 on this island. The Lutheranism that 
 so sorely struggled for a foothold in 
 the early days is now the second Prot- 
 estant communion in numbers ; and 
 its recent increment throughout 
 Greater New York, contributed to by 
 German, Scandinavian. I'innish and 
 manv English Lutheran churches, has 
 exceeded that of any other Protestant 
 body. The Presbyterians, who worked 
 for three-quarters of a century with- 
 out full legal rights, are the second 
 Protestant body in property; and the 
 Methodists, who had to put a chimney 
 in their first meeting house to legalize 
 it, have recently equipped themselves 
 to serve the coming generation even 
 more signally than the past, by free- 
 ing their churches from a million dol- 
 lars of debt, while one of their down- 
 town stations has received a half mil- 
 lion legacy, which will make it as per- 
 manent on its field as Trinity at Wall 
 street's head. Well may the rising 
 Cathedral of St. John the Divine be 
 environed by chapels of various rites, 
 for the national and voluntary 
 churches of nian\-. many lands are rep- 
 resented in Xcw York, and immigra- 
 tion is as much against uniformity to- 
 day as in the days of Stuyvesant, Don- 
 gan or Ikirnet. The Roman Catholic- 
 ism which was a religio illicita till 
 1785 now numbers 558,730 people in 
 its churches, with $34,419,100 of prop- 
 erty, on IManhattan Island ; and the 
 Jews of New \'()rk. baited and banned 
 from countries connecting Christianity 
 and persecution, have opportunity, al- 
 most for the first time in Christian 
 history, to exhibit the inherent and 
 abiding value of the faith of Moses 
 and the Prophets. New York cannot 
 dispense with any faith that is spirit- 
 ually and socially useful ; and belief in 
 the Father of mankind, loving and 
 logical, demands the addition of toler- 
 ance to toleration, and of sympathy to 
 tolerance. 
 
 Police Commissioner McAdoo. at 
 a recent meeting of the Men's 
 League of the Broadway Tabernacle, 
 
"OLDEST NEW YORK"— SUGGESTIONS. 
 
 65 
 
 said : "Were it not for religion and the 
 faith behind it there are not enough 
 poHcemen in all the world to keep or- 
 der in the city of New York." 
 
 Can the churches of New York, ex- 
 empted from taxation because of their 
 civic usefulness, be indifferent to the 
 increase of that usefulness ? 
 
 But how can they increase their 
 usefulness ? 
 
 By working together. While sur- 
 rendering none of their convictions, 
 preserving to the full their freedom 
 of evangelistic effort among individ- 
 uals, they can assist one another, to 
 mutual advantage, in ministering to 
 the home life of the city. 
 
 To be more concrete for the needs 
 of "Oldest New York," there are fam- 
 ilies that are hereditary Methodist 
 families in this field, but churchless, 
 which Trinity's staff from time to time 
 may discover. Let report be made of 
 these to Old John Street. Why not? 
 If Trinity's vestry assisted Wesley 
 Chapel's erection, located on a site to 
 be used for Methodist work "forever," 
 why not assist its permanent suc- 
 cessor's usefulness? Similarly there 
 are Protestant Episcopal families, 
 churchless, which Old John Street may 
 from time to time discover. Why 
 should those families not be brought 
 to the attention of St. Paul's or Trin- 
 ity? "There are many roads to the 
 top of the mountain, but at the top the 
 same moon is seen," says an old 
 Japanese proverb; and if Trinity can 
 assist a family to a clearer vision of 
 God in Old John Street, or Old John 
 Street in Trinity, or either of them in 
 St. Peter's — is it not the civic thing, is 
 it not the Christian thing, to put every 
 such family on the road ? 
 
 Better still would be the sub-division 
 of the area of "Oldest New York" in 
 such a way that this reporting would 
 become systematized. During the re- 
 cent visitation the whole population 
 was reported by the Federation to 
 the various churches claimed. Of the 
 population as it then was the Feder- 
 ation has directories. It should be 
 feasible for the churches to agree upon 
 areas to be visited for the very pur- 
 pose of mutually reporting the changes 
 of population from year to year. If 
 John Street would take such a district. 
 
 say of i,ooo families, Trinity's work- 
 ers would be saved the necessity of 
 tramping over that whole area, for at 
 the conclusion of the John Street visit- 
 ing it would be informed of the exact 
 whereabouts of families to whi-ch it 
 could better minister than John Street 
 itself, and could send its staff directly 
 to them. Similarly in the case of Trin- 
 ity's visitation of another area John 
 Street would be saved much unneces- 
 sary effort. This plan, moreover, 
 would connect with one or the other 
 church's ministry families neither 
 Methodist nor Protestant Episcopal, 
 but in need of shepherding — especially 
 for their children's sake. 
 
 Of all the detail incidental to this 
 work, the Federation, as a clearing 
 house for such church co-operation, 
 would relieve both churches if so de- 
 sired ; and from the successful work- 
 ing of the same plan in other sections 
 of the city it can testify to its economy 
 and utility. 
 
 The religious education of the chil- 
 dren of the city, through the severance 
 of Church and State, is committed to 
 the home and the Church; and it be- 
 hooves the churches to be as system- 
 atic in seeking out families for re- 
 ligious nurture as are the public 
 schools for secular education. 
 
 These are oft announced Federation 
 principles, but they need iteration till 
 a co-operative district system cover- 
 ing the city is a fait accouipli. 
 
 2. There are special lines of effort, 
 especially along the water front, where 
 the Christians of "Oldest New York" 
 should work hand in hand. The 
 American Seamen's Friend Society 
 has removed from the East River, 
 where the Dutch shipping docked, to 
 the Hudson River ; but the Water 
 Street Mission is enabling many to 
 conquer their sins who could not be 
 reached by John street, Trinity or St. 
 Paul's. Would it not be feasible to 
 put these churches into closer relations 
 with institutions of this nature? 
 
 3. The policing of the city, espe- 
 cially in regard to vicious saloons and 
 dives, could be made far more eff"ect- 
 ive if the churches of its neighbor- 
 hoods would exercise moral vigilance 
 over them. While not exempting the 
 police from executive responsibility 
 
FEDERATION. 
 
 PRB-HKVOT.UTIO!iARY GHURCKKS ASD COMMUlilOI.S. 
 TABLS SKOWD.G PROPORTIOI.ATK ITEfflERSHIPS A.\D PROPERTIES. 
 
 In 1504 the Protestant Coninunlone on ITanhattan Island have 153, 82B meabere with 
 il91,92B,200 tax- exemption. Of theee there are conr acted with the churches of pre-Revolutlonary orlgir 
 the numbere given below, apd the tax-exemp tlone of liC4 and the memherehlpe and tax-exemptlon» nf 
 the communlone represented are appended. The Roman Catholic and Jewish churches also appear. 
 
 
 
 Incor- 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHURCH^ES 
 
 Organ- 
 
 "•porat- 
 
 Members 
 
 
 Tax- 
 
 Members 
 
 Tax- 
 
 
 C0UJUNI05S 
 
 
 ized 
 
 ed 
 
 1904 
 
 Kxemptions 
 
 1904 
 
 Exemptions 
 
 
 TV-.e collegiate (Jh-.f? stations 
 
 162& 
 
 1694 
 
 3,408 
 
 3 
 
 ,235, ceo 
 
 S,b46 
 
 6,3^6 
 
 £00 .Reformed Dutch 
 
 St. Katthew's Lutheran Church 
 
 .1664 
 
 ? 
 
 839 
 
 
 149,000 
 
 17.113 
 
 2,044 
 
 500 
 
 lAitheran 
 
 T.'Fgllss du Saint Esprit 
 
 1686 
 
 1796. 
 
 177 
 
 
 140,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 Trinity Church, (8 Chapels) 
 
 16a3 
 
 1697 
 
 7,184 
 
 Ifi 
 
 ,910,000 
 
 52,388 
 
 43,392 
 
 500 
 
 Prot. Episcopal 
 
 First Society of friends 
 
 1703 
 
 Special 
 
 543 
 
 
 350,000 
 
 824 
 
 530 
 
 000 
 
 Soc.of Friends 
 
 First Presbyterian Church 
 
 1718 
 
 1784 
 
 616 
 
 
 752,000 
 
 24,971 
 
 13,922 
 
 000 
 
 
 First Moravian Church 
 
 1748 
 
 ? 
 
 96 
 
 
 90,000 
 
 393 
 
 1C3 
 
 000 
 
 
 St. George's Church 
 
 1752 
 
 1611 
 
 D,?,16 
 
 
 535,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 Scotch Presbyterian Church 
 
 1752 
 
 1766 
 
 686 
 
 
 315,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 Reforaied Ceman O.urch 
 
 1758 
 
 17b6 
 
 276 
 
 
 41,200 
 
 
 
 
 
 First Biptlet Church 
 
 1745 
 
 1764 
 
 533 
 
 
 270 000 
 
 16,495 
 
 4,317 
 
 ceo 
 
 Baptist 
 
 Brick Presbyterian, (2 branches 
 
 1768 
 
 1809 
 
 1,653 
 
 : 
 
 .265,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 John Street Kethodist Ch:.rc). 
 
 1768 
 
 1 
 
 160 
 
 
 65, COO 
 
 3.^,460 
 
 5,172 
 
 oco 
 
 Methodist 
 
 Second Society of Friends 
 
 1775 
 
 Special 
 
 281 
 
 
 160,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fourth Presbyterian Church 
 
 1787 
 
 1803 
 
 704 
 
 
 152,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 Forsyth Streot Methodist 
 
 1769 
 
 1789 
 
 43 
 
 
 40,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 Harlem Collegiate Churt:h 
 
 1660 
 
 7 
 
 1,950 
 
 
 327,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 564 
 
 26 
 
 ,836,200 
 
 135,190 
 
 79.846 
 
 pon 
 
 
 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 >opulatlon 
 
 
 
 St. ?eter'6 Roman Catholic Oh. 
 
 1785 
 
 1785 
 
 6,000 
 
 
 559,000 
 
 558,730 
 
 34,419 
 
 100 
 
 Poman Catholic 
 
 Shearlth Israel Synagogue 
 
 1656 
 
 1784 
 
 850 
 
 
 402.000 
 
 450,000 
 
 12,428 
 
 800 
 
 Jewish 
 
 The pre-Revolutlonary Protestant churches have IC< of the members and 29< of the property 
 of the Protestant coramunlcns ol "lanhattan. 
 
 The pre-Revolutlcnary coL-oiunicns have 87f^ of the members and I 
 Protestant conjrunlcns of .Vanhattan. 
 
 the property of ths 
 
 Ohc 
 
 BROAD STREET AND EXCHANGE PLACE, in the Dutch Days. 
 of the Broun-Grccn Company in loaning many cuts for this article is gratefully acknowledged.") 
 
 \K\V YORK tr..ni the Xortli Kivcr, 1740. 
 
 Trinity Church. 3. Nassau Street Dutch Churcli. 5. City Hall. 
 
 Lutheran Church. 4. HuRuenot Church. 6. Garden Street Church 
 
'OLDEST NEW YORK"— SUGGESTIONS. 
 
 67 
 
 they could impart to the pohce a feel- 
 ing that the eyes of the community are 
 on them, and that they shall have good 
 cheer for vigor and condemnation for 
 laxity in their work. The areas for 
 visitation could also be areas for moral 
 vigilance. 
 
 4. The churches of "Oldest New 
 York" are almost lost to view amid 
 the skyscrapers of commerce. Is the 
 Christian ideal, for which they stand, 
 losing its hold upon the captains of in- 
 dustry? It surely should not, and the 
 Avriter cannot believe it is when Mr. 
 Carnegie, who wrote "He who dies 
 rich dies disgraced," wrote also 
 in 1889: 
 
 The gospel of wealth but echoes Christ's words. 
 It calls upon the millionaire to sell all that he 
 hath, and give it in the highest and best form to 
 the poor by administering his estate himself for 
 the good of his fellows, before he is called upon 
 to lie down and rest upon the bosom of Mother 
 Earth. * * * Is it very improbable that' the 
 next stage of thought is to restore the doctrine 
 (of Jesus) in all its pristine purity and force, as 
 being in perfect harmony with sound ideas upon 
 the subject of wealth and poverty, the rich and 
 the poor, and the contrasts everywhere seen and 
 deplored? 
 
 But if the Christian ideal is being 
 lost to view, could not some special 
 message, such as Justice Brewer, on 
 the Dodge foundation, gave to the men 
 of Yale, sound forth into Wall, and 
 William, and Nassau, and Broad 
 streets, from Trinity, St. Paul's, Ful- 
 ton street and John street? Why not 
 periodically invite men illustrating or 
 teaching the stewardship of wealth to 
 give their views to the very centres of 
 wealth ! And why not search out and 
 flash out the social message of Him, 
 Avho, dying poor, lives revered by half 
 the human race ! 
 
 5. Are not the sites of the earliest 
 activities of the religious bodies of the 
 city, originating within this area, de- 
 serving of memorial tablets ? Some of 
 them are already so designated. But 
 would not the city's sense of the value 
 and necessity of religion to its highest 
 life be immensely stimulated if the 
 sympathetic Christianity of the pres- 
 ent should record appreciation of 
 every faith that has liberated, lifted, 
 sweetened and consoled in these 
 "Manhattoes," since praise and prayer 
 rose from the bark mill loft almost 
 three centuries ago? 
 
 Tablet on East Side of Produce Exchange, in 
 New Street. 
 
 "Oldest New York" was the 
 scene of religion's struggles for free- 
 dom in this city. The geographical 
 centre of Greater New York is now 
 within its area. Why not, as a yet 
 larger memorial and as an implement 
 of a civic Christianity, take some his- 
 toric site, and erect upon it a clearing 
 house for the associated churches of 
 the city ? Its beacon would tell a story 
 as noble as Bartholdi's statue, for it 
 would be "Religious Co-operation for 
 the Inspiration and Redemption of the 
 World." 
 
 And the old motto of the Reformed 
 (Dutch) Church in America — Ecrn- 
 dracht maakt Macht — with such a syn- 
 thesis of the city's spiritualizing 
 forces, would, on the very field of 
 that church's beginnings of the re- 
 ligious life of the metropolis, take on 
 a new nobility of meaning — "Union 
 makes strength." 
 
 FIRST ST. PETER'S ROMAN CATHOLIC 
 CHURCH, Barclay and Church Streets, 
 1786; used till 1836. 
 
I'F.DKRATIOX 
 
 a IDiew of IRcw yoiM, tioin 3Gi*oolU\:ii iKciobt^. 
 
 ■./ bv Grahai. 
 
 Scic York Mi 
 
 APPENDIX: RFPRODUCFD FROM FEDERATION, JUNE, 1902. 
 
 It is a pseudo-spirituality which tlctachcs the work of Christ's Church 
 from any work in tlic world which is k'tulrcd to His doings in Syria, and His 
 desires for His own and for our city. 
 
 Here, therefore, are some of the social recjuirements of Christianity, as 
 illustrated in the deeds and words of its Founder. 
 
 CHRIST'S DEMAND THAT HIS WORDS BE TREATED SERIOUSLY. 
 
 Heaven and earth shall pass away, but my words shall not pass a^uay. 
 Whosoever shall be ashamed of me and of my zvords, of him shall the Son of 
 Man be ashamed when He eonieth in His ozcn glory, and the glory of J lis 
 /■'other and of tiie holy angels. 
 
 CHRIST'S DEMAND UPON THE WHOLE MAN. 
 
 1. ReliL;ion the Llevelopment of ever\- facult\- Godward and the devo- 
 tion of every faculty manward. Teaeher, tho.^ hast well said that He is one 
 and there is none other but He : and to love Him with all the heart, and ivith 
 all the understanding, and with all the strength, and to love one's neighbor as 
 one's self, is mueh more than all ivholc burnt offerings and sacrifices. And 
 fesus said unto Him, Thou art not far from the Kingdom of God. 
 
 Tills calls for the full development of the intellect and will of man, as 
 derived from God, and the devotion of intellect and will to His purpos&s. It 
 sliows tile incompleteness of a religious life which is merely emotional. It 
 
FEDERATION. 69 
 
 asks for the love of all the heart in order that God rnay be honored in every- 
 thing that the brain conceives and the will produces. 
 
 It means therefore that the churches are engaged in a department of re- 
 ligion in taking interest in the perfecting of the educational system of New 
 York through schools, libraries, etc. ; and that it is religious to inspire the 
 wills of men to engage in any work that Christ engaged in, or any efTort that 
 falLs within the wide range of the Golden Rule. 
 
 CHRIST^S COMMANDS IN HOME LIFE. 
 
 1. Family life the first sphere of religion's social exhibition, Moses 
 said, Honor thy father and thy. mother, and he that speaketh evil of father or 
 mother let him die the death : but ye say, If a man shall say to his father or 
 /lis mother, That wherewith thou mightest have been profited by me is given to 
 God, ye no longer suffer him to do augJit for his father or his mother, making 
 void the zvord of God by your tradition. Son, behold thy mother. Mother, be- 
 hold thy son. 
 
 2. The sacredness and permanence of the family as the first social 
 group. Everyone that putteth away his wife, saving for the cause of fornica- 
 tion, viakctJi her an adulteress, and zuhosoever shall marry her when she is put 
 aivay conimittetJi adultery. Whosoever shall put a^vay his tvife except for for- 
 nication, and shall marry another, committeth adultery; and he that inarrieth 
 her when she is put azvay committeth adultery. 
 
 America is acquiring a bad pre-eminence the world over as the land 
 where divorce is easily obtained by legal process: and the churches of New 
 York have a duty toward the problem. It rests equally on all who accept 
 the seriousness of Christ's teaching, and deserves attention in pulpits, in ec- 
 clesiastical groups, and in The Federation. 
 
 Christian America may become worse than infidel lands if its churches 
 reelect Christ's commands for home-life. 
 
 CHRIST'S DEMANDS OF HIS DISCIPLES IN MINGLING 
 WITH THEIR FELLOWS. 
 
 1. A courtesy which is not demanded by a mere social code. If ye 
 salute your brethren only, tvhat do ye more than others? 
 
 2. A veracity which needs no oath to strengthen or sanction it. Let 
 your speech be Yea, Y'ea ; Nay, Nay. 
 
 B. Purity of thought as well as of act. Blessed are the pure in heart : for 
 they shall see God. Everyone that looketh upon a woman to lust after her hath 
 committed adultery zvitJi her already in his heart. 
 
 4. Cheery Christianity. Be not, as the hypocrites, of a sad countena^ice. 
 
 5. The triumph of kindness. Everyone that is angry zvith his brother 
 shall be in danger of the judgment . 
 
 6. The practice of forgiveness toward men when seeking forgiveness 
 from God, and recognition of the fact that there is no atonement for those 
 who are chronically at sixes and sevens with their fellows. If ye forgive jnen 
 their trespasses, your Heavenly Father will forgive you, but if ye forgive not men 
 their trespasses neither, ivill your Father forgive your trespasses. , So also shall 
 
70 
 
 FEDERATK^N. 
 
 The Federation Symphony. 
 
 viy Heavenly I-atlur do unto you if ye forgive not everyone his brother from your 
 hearts. And zvJien yc stand praying, forgive, if ye have aught against any, 
 that your Father also luhieh is in heaven may forgive you your trespasses. Fat her y 
 forgive them : for they know not what they do. 
 
 CHRIST'S COMMANDS TO MEN IN THE MIDST OF 
 ECONOMIC PURSUITS. 
 
 1. Devotion to the life \\ hicli is luurc than meat, among the poor in re- 
 sources. Man shall not live by bread alone but by every word that proeeedeth 
 out of the mouth of God. The first temptation. 
 
 2. Devotion to tiie Hfe which is more than the hirgest wealth among 
 the rich. A mans life eonsisteth not in the abundanee of the things that he pos- 
 se sseth. What is a man profited if he gain the whole ivorld and forfeit or lose 
 his otvn self ^ The second temptation. 
 
 3. Devotion to man, in the midst of commercial processes, rather than 
 to things, and the treatment of human beings as more precious than prop- 
 erty. Come ye after Die and I %viil make you fishers of men. How mueJi is a 
 man of more value than a sheep ! Whoso shall offend one of these little ones that 
 believe in me, it zuere better for him that a millstone ivere hanged about his neek, 
 and that he tvere droivned in the depth of the sea. 
 
 There are many animals in New York which are housed better than 
 some human beings; if men are better than sheep, the churches have a duty 
 to tenement-house reform. If the surroundings of the children rob them of 
 vitality or moral force, the churches should call for the devotion of the intel- 
 lects and wills of organizers of industry to become child-savers and state- 
 builders. 
 
 * 4. The Christianization of the tax-gatherers. (To Matthew, at the seat 
 of custom) Rise, and folknv me. ]Vhosoever i^'ould be great among you shall 
 be the servant of all. 
 
 A man who evades the opportunity to serve all by escaping the tax 
 which is imposed for the benefit of all is following Christ afar off. The 
 churches should recognize taxation's connection with ethics. 
 
 5. A definite choice between material success and moral success in life. 
 Ye eannot serve God and ]\Iamnton. 
 
 (5. The vision of God in things, and service of llim though them. 
 Consider the lilies how they grow. Raise the stone ; cleave the xvood ; and there 
 am I. 
 
 7. The connection of work and worshii). On these tivo eommandments 
 hangeth the whole lazv and the prophets. 
 
 8. Interest in the pacification of neighborhoods and nations. Blessed 
 are the peacemakers : for they shall be ealled the ehildren of God. 
 
 The Mayor of New York has placed a window in a chapel at the Hague, 
 in commemoration of the Peace Conference held there, and the participation 
 of the representatives of America therein ; the churches of New York should 
 teach the principles of that Conference to the nation. 
 
9. The connection of religion with large affairs, the quantity of things. 
 The Kingdom like seed which a man sows in a field and which grows till it be- 
 C07nes the greatest of herbs. 
 
 10. The connection of religion with more sequestered affairs, and the 
 quality of things. The Kingdom like leaven which a woman places in meal. 
 
 CHRIST'S DEMANDS UPON THE CHURCH. 
 
 1. The removal of all traces of the commercial spirit from religion. 
 Make not my Father s house a house of merchandise 
 
 2. The production of a society which will exhibit and demonstrate to 
 the world the Fatherhood of God. Let yotir light so shine before men that 
 that they may see your good works and glorify your Father which is in heaven. 
 
 CHRIST'S DEMANDS UPON HIS DISCIPLES WHEN IN CONTACT 
 WITH SOCIETY. 
 
 1. Estimate of men by the good they do rather than by the power they 
 have. Ye know that the rulers of the Gentiles lord it over them, and their 
 great ones exercise authority over them. Not so shall it be among you, but who- 
 soever would become great among you shall be your minister, and whosoever 
 would be first among you shall be servant of all, even as the Son of Man came 
 not to be ministered- unto but to minister, and to give His life a ransom for many. 
 
 2. The addition of positive beneficence to negative respectability in 
 the lives of the well-to-do. Go, sell all that thou hast and give to the poor. It 
 is easier for a camel to enter in tJirough a 7ieedle's eye than for a rich man to 
 enter into the Kingdom of God. Make to yourselves friends by means of the 
 Mammon of unrighteousness, that, when it shall fail, they may receive you into 
 everlasting tabernacles. This poor widow cast in 7nore than they all, for all 
 these did of tJieir superfluity cast into the gifts, but she of her want did cast in 
 all the living that she had. When thou makest a feast call the po'br, the mained, 
 the lame, the blind, and thou shall be blessed, for they can not recompense thee. 
 
 A larger teaching and observance of these words would prevent the re- 
 currence of criticism of the Church by the laboring masses, on the ground 
 that the Church is preaching the duties of the poor more clearly than it is 
 teaching the duties of the rich. 
 
 A recent article in "The Outlook" states that the churches of Berlin 
 are largely empty, and that no aggressive church-building is going on, while 
 the halls of the Social Democrats are filled to overflowing, and new groups of 
 them are being formed almost daily. 
 
 3. Godliness better than cleanliness, as a measuring rule of "real social 
 worth. Out of the heart come forth evil thoughts, murders, adulteries,, forni- 
 catiojis, thefts, false witness, railings ; these are the things which defile the 
 man ; but to eat with unwashen hajids de filet h not the man 
 
 This, of course, is not a recommendation of uncleanly habits, but it cer- 
 tainly is a warrant for demanding a pure spirit, as well as good form, as a 
 requisite for entrance into Christian society 
 
 4. Unadvertised beneficence. Take heed that ye do not your alms before 
 men {merely) to be seen of tJiem ; otherivise ye have no reivard of your Father 
 which is in Heaven. 
 
'- FEDERATION. 
 
 The Federation Symphony. 
 
 CHRISTY DEMANDS UPON HIS DISQPLES IN THE STATE. 
 
 1 The addition of sorrow over society, and effort for it, to sorrow over 
 souls and families and effort for them. O/i Jertisalem, Jerusalem, if thou 
 hadst knozvn the things ivhich belong unto peace ! I must preach good tidings 
 to other cities also, for thereto zvas I sent. 
 
 2. Care for the prisoner. Inasmuch rs ye have done it u)ito one of the 
 least of these {in prison^ ye have done it unto Me. 
 
 " The direct expense ot crime in the United States is about §200,000,000 
 and the indirect expense about $400,000,000 per annum. .This is more than 
 the value of the wheat crop of the United Stales, of whose abundance we 
 boast ourselves. The public schools of our country cost in the year 1897 
 $194,000,000, less than one-third the cost of crime. The churches cost less 
 than $300,000,000, and the aggregate cost of public education cannot be 
 more than $300,000,000— one-half the cost of crime. Specialists affirm that 
 we might readily save $480,000,000 of the cost of crime each year. 
 
 Crime is steadily increasing in a ratio greater than the population." 
 
 Isaac J. Lansing. D.D. 
 
 " Jesus anticipated one of the fundamental principles of modern pen- 
 ology, that the protection of society may be effected through reformation .of 
 the offender, that it is better to save men than to destroy them. He gave a 
 practical illustration of the principle of the suspension of sentence. He ap- 
 plied it to what was even a capital crime in his day . ' Go, and sin no more.' " 
 
 Samuel J. Barrows, D.D., " Jesus as a Penologist." 
 
 By the Lake of Galilee Jesus wrought a great miracle in the feeding of 
 the five thousand, and after it commanded His disciples, "Gather up the 
 fragments, that nothing be lost." 
 
 If there is a remediable waste in the present penological methods of 
 New York City and New York State, the churches are not faithful to the Spirit 
 of Jesus unless they are discovering it and inspiring voters to rectify it. 
 
 3. Care foi- the stranger. InasmucJi as ye have done it unto one of the 
 least of these {strangers') ye have done it unto me. The parable of the Good Sa, 
 maritan. 
 
 The Educational Alliance is doing as noble a work in ministering to the 
 stranger, in the form of the incoming foreigner, as are the various missionary 
 societies of the Christian Church on Ellis Island. The work of the Alliance, 
 in so preparing the Jewish children to-enter the public schools that they at 
 once pass into the higher grades, deserves the acquaintance and the co-opera- 
 tion of the Christian people of the city. The stranger to our nation, the 
 stranger in New York, and the stranger in every neighborhood of New York 
 need a larger ministering attention. Immigration should be looked at not 
 only through the eyes of the nation, but from the standpoint of the Kingdom 
 of God, and the institutional church offers the supreme opportunity and 
 method to the churches for hospitality to each neighborhood. 
 
CHRIST'S DEMANDS FOR THE RELIEF OF SUFFERING. 
 
 1. The continuation of ministries like His own. He that belicveth in 
 me, the zvorks that I do shall he do also, and greater ivorks than these shall he 
 do because I go tmto the Father. 
 
 • Every miracle of Christ was a seed designed to bring forth fruit after its 
 kind, thirty, sixty and a hundred fold. 
 
 2. Care for the blind. A recognition of the Christ in the ophthalmic 
 institutions of New York by the churches, by sending their members to visit 
 them, become acquainted with them, increase their support, and their num- 
 ber, is desirable. The Federation of Churches in the Fifteenth and Seven- 
 teenth Assembly Districts recently took steps to investigate the causes of 
 diseases of the eye spread abroad among the children of their neighborhood 
 by the use of the water-front baths. In so doing they were performing a 
 distinctly Christian service. 
 
 3. Care for the lame. The Guild for Crippled Children and all kindred 
 work should be studied by the churches, and if the cripples of New York are 
 not adequately cared for. ministry to them is as well-pleasing to the Master 
 as any work to reclaim the sinning or the erring. 
 
 4. Care for the insane. The churches as well as the politicians should 
 be interested in the care of the State's insane. The proper management of 
 them is not a political problem, but a Christian problem, and the causes of 
 insanity as well as the victims of it deserve Christian attention 
 
 5. Care for the dumb. He viakcth the dumb to speak. 
 
 6. Care for the stammering. 
 
 7. Care for the deaf. He maketh the deaf to hear. 
 
 8. Care for the lepers. The Times of March Snth says that there are 
 already seven of these in New York. The love of Christ for man was so 
 great that, even with His exquisite sensibilities. He drew near to the lepers 
 instead of shunning them. A gift of a large sum of money, which would 
 discover scientifically the causes of this dire disease, and a means of exter- 
 minating it, would be one of the " greater works" prophesied by Christ. 
 
 9. Care for the sick with all manner of diseases. Hospitals, clinics, 
 dispensaries, laboratories and all ministries to bodily ailment, are as Chris- 
 tian as church-building, and all churches now built and that shall follow them 
 should distinctly recognize this truth. 
 
 The prevention of sickness, moreover, is as Christian as the relief of it, 
 and food-supply, domestic sanitation, food-preparation, etc., etc., are all 
 proper fields for Christian study and effort. 
 
 CHRIST'S DEMANDS UPON HIS DISCIPLES IN RELATION TO THE 
 PROBLEM OF THE STANDARD OF LIVING. 
 
 1. Interest in an adequate care for the primary physical want, hunger. 
 Give ye them to eat. Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of 
 these {^physically hungry) ye have done it unto me. Jesus comet h and giveth 
 them bread and fish likeivise. 
 
74 FEDERATION. 
 
 The Federation Symphony. 
 
 The disciples wanted the multitude to be sent away to buy bread, but 
 Jesus took and multiplied both their loaves and fishes, giving to the multi- 
 tude the full diet which the disciples had brought for themselves. 
 
 2. Interest in an adequate care for the primary physical want, thirst. 
 Whosoever shall give to drink unto one of these little ones a cup of cold zvater 
 only shall not lose his reivard. Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least 
 of these {physically thirsty) ye have done it unto me. 
 
 ;i. Care for the poor. Give to him that askcth of thee, and from hitn 
 that would borrow of thee turn not thou azi'ay. The Spirit of the Lord God is 
 upon me because He hath appointed me to preach good tidings to the poor. 
 
 The relief of the poor by loan bureaus that do not exact usurious fees; 
 by co-operative projects such as building and banking societies; by the en- 
 forced reduction of the hours of women's work; by the raising of the age at 
 which children may be employed; by the teaching of provident methods and 
 habits; by the provision of special employments for out-of-works, etc., etc., 
 are all proper Christian enterprises. A man who consecrates himself to 
 economics in the Spirit of Christ can serve Him as acceptably as the man 
 who takes the teaching of Christ to paganism. 
 
 CHRIST^S DEMANDS FOR THE CHILDREN. 
 
 1. Unwillingness to lose one of them to the State. Sec that ye despise 
 not one of these little ones, for I say unto you that in Jieaven their angels do 
 always behold the face of my Father which is in heaven. How think ye ? If 
 any man have an hundred sheep and one of them be gone astray, doth he not 
 leave the ninety and nine and go unto the mountains and seek that ivhich is gone 
 astray? And if so be that he find it, verily I say unto you he rcjoiceth more 
 over it than over the ninety and nine ivhich went not astray. Even so it is not 
 the will of your Father zvhich is in heaven that one of these little ones should 
 perish. Whoso rcceiveth one such little child receivetJi me. 
 
 2. The child to care for civilization as well as civilization for the child. 
 Its interest in existence, its spontaneity and innocence, the type of what 
 men ought to be. Of such is the Kingdom of heaven. 
 
 8. Interest in children's play and unwillingness to repress it by unsym- 
 pathetic force. When the chief priests and scribes sazv the wonderful things 
 that He did and the children that xvcrc crying in the temple and saying, Hos- 
 anna to the Son of David, they were moved zvith indignation and said unto 
 Him, Hear est thou ivhat these are saying? And Jesus said unto them, Yea, 
 did ye never read, Out of the mouth of the babes and sucklings thou hast per- 
 fected praise? This generation is like unto cJiildren in the market places, zvhich 
 call unto their fellozvs and say. We piped unto you and ye did not dance {as peo- 
 ple do at festivals) zve zvailed unto you and ye did not mourn {as they do at 
 funerals). 
 
 New York has a percentage of infant mortality which is excelled by few 
 cities of the whole country. It is not enough for the churches to teach that 
 all children are elect to salvation in the next life; they must follow Jesus also 
 in demanding a far more extensive child-saving than New York has yet 
 
Fh,Uh,KAil<JJN. 75 
 
 The Federation Symphony. 
 
 accomplished. The early Christians did this work, but it cook three hundred 
 years to make infanticide a crime in the Roman Empire; and the old Roman 
 law held in many particulars in New York State till after the close of the Civil 
 War. It was then that societies for the prevention of cruelty to children 
 came into existence, and changed the law. A parent who endangers life, 
 limb or morals now forfeits parental rights. But the law and customs of 
 New York State do not yet give the child all the rights that Jesus demands 
 for him. Many Western States are ahead of New York in kindergarten pro- 
 vision : Have not the churches a duty in regard to this? Or have they not 
 noticed that the kindergartens of California have never yet produced a criminal 
 among the children they have instructed? 
 
 CHRIST'S DEMANDS UPON HIS DISCIPLES IN EXTENDING THE 
 
 KINGDOM. 
 
 1. A constant and constraining compassion for the welfare of men. 
 He had compassion 07i them, because theyivcre as sheep not having a sJiepherd. 
 
 2. Attention to things which they themselves can do, when seeking aid 
 from God. He commanded that something be given her {whom He had raised 
 from the dead) to eat. Fill up the water pots with ivater. 
 
 3. Acceptance, in working out the welfare of men, of the assistance of 
 all auxiliary laborers. Forbid him not. He that is not against us is for us. 
 
 4. Adaptiveness in teaching. Give not that zvhich is holy to the dogs. 
 No man puttcth a piece of undressed cloth upon an old gar^nent. I have many 
 things to say unto you, but ye cannot bear them noiv. 
 
 5. Hopefulness. Fear not, little flock. It is your Father s good pleasure 
 to give you the Kingdom. 
 
 6. Removal of all obstacles to the growth and good of the Kingdom. 
 The Son of Man shall send forth His angels, and they shall gather out of His 
 Kingdom the things that offend and them zvhich do iniquity. 
 
 This is among the teachings of Christ concerning the " last things," but 
 that fact does not rob it of its value as a teaching for the present time. The 
 Lord's prayer is for " this day " in all the rest of its petitions, as in its 
 petition for daily bread ; and if Christian people can save themselves from 
 being led into temptation and can deliver themselves from the adversaries of 
 purity of thought and life, it is undoubtedly their duty to do so. The " rocky 
 places" in the parable of the Sower are interpreted by Jesus to refer to 
 "persecutions," and the "wayside" sowing to the scattering of seed which 
 "the Adversary taketh immediately away." 
 
 Christian nations have already removed persecutions for religious belief 
 or teaching from their civilization ; should not Christian people be equally 
 anxious to reduce the " wayside sowing" of the word? Houses of ill resort, 
 vicious theatres, unregulated mingling of the sexes in industrial establish- 
 ments, etc., etc., are now inimical to the morals taught in home, school and 
 church, and the churches have a duty to perform in every neighborhood in 
 removing the obstacles to the growth and good of the Kingdom. The 
 churches can kill the adversary embodied in bad institutions by concerted 
 action, and it is as Christian to prevent the young from corruption in tene- 
 
76 
 
 FEDERATION. 
 
 merits, streets, shops and resorts as to reclaim the corrupted by preaching 
 repentance, forgiveness and the nearness of God to the contrite heart. This 
 is necessary, but the parable of the Ninety and Nine is a parable of prevention 
 in Matthew while a parable of reclamation in Luke. The sheep are to be 
 *' tended " as well as fed. 
 
 7. Recognition of the divine possibilities of those for whom men des- 
 pair. I came not to call the riij^htcoiis, but sinners, to repentance. 
 
 The Church has not lost sight of this great truth; on the contrary it has 
 so focussed its attention upon it that it has sometimes lost sight of the pre- 
 ventive aspects of redemption. It has forgotten the reference of Jesus to 
 "just persons that need no repentance," and deinanded impossible experi- 
 ences of souls that have kept their childhood's innocence — as if Christ had 
 not left directions for the feeding of His " lambs" as well as of His " sheep." 
 
 But even this is far better than that sociology of despair which measures 
 men's bodies, and brands them as " accursed " if they do not conform to nor- 
 mal measurements. The Church must continue to stand for the savableness 
 of outcasts, by a divine life in their souls, and must strive for them. Its mis- 
 sion is both at the top of the precipice, to prevent stumblings and suicide, 
 and at the bottom, — to set at libertv them that are bruised. 
 
 CHRIST'S DEMAND FOR LOVING LOYALTY TO HIS PURPOSES. 
 
 1. Devotion to the purposes as well as to the person of Christ the test 
 of true discipleship. 
 
 This was the favorite social doctrine of Jesus, as the Fatherhood of God 
 was His favorite theological teaching. It is recorded both negatively and 
 positively. If any man zvonld come after me let him deny himself and take up 
 his cross daily and follozu me. Whosoever does not bear his own cross and come 
 after me cannot be my disciple. A new commandment I give unto you that ye 
 love one another as I have loved you. 
 
 2. Imagination to be used to discover the duties which are not speci- 
 fically commanded. Whatsoever ye would that men should do unto you do ye 
 even so unto them. 
 
 Of all Msposttions anO babits 
 wblcb: tenC> to political pros* 
 perit^, reliaion an& moralltig 
 arc inDispensable supports. 
 
 — Washington Mural Tablet, 
 Hall of Fame. 
 
 
 m4 
 
 
 ' E S.ii:E 
 
 'fl !■ f f\ 
 
 FRAUNCES' TAVKRN, I'.n.ad and Pearl Streets, in whose "Long 
 Room" Washington took leave of his generals, 1783- Now 
 property of the Sons of the Revolution. 
 
77 
 
 CANVASS FOR PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH EXTENSION 
 COMMITTEE. 
 
 In 1898 the Federation took a 
 census of the Twenty-first Assembly 
 District, and in its northeast corner, 
 bounded by West iioth street, West 
 1 20th street, Seventh avenue and 
 Columbus avenue, found hundreds of 
 churchless Protestant families, mostly 
 Episcopalians. 
 
 The discovery of such a large con- 
 stituency for the work of a Protestant 
 church at once led to the reopening of 
 services by the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church of the Archangel, which had 
 some time before "practically gone out 
 of existence." In three months it be- 
 came "a flourishing congregation, 
 with Sunday School, guilds and socie- 
 ties, and self supporting." 
 
 Under the energetic and devoted 
 leadership of its rector, Rev. George 
 Starkweather Pratt, whose words are 
 above quoted, this congregation has 
 continued to grow for the last five 
 years. It received last year a severe 
 setback in the destruction by fire of its 
 incomplete edifice, which has been 
 rebuilt, and has before it a future of 
 large usefulness. 
 
 Six hundred and twenty-nine names 
 and addresses of churchless Episcopa- 
 lian and other Protestant families were 
 handed to Mr. Pratt in 1898, and his 
 experience in the district led him to 
 authorize Federation to say, in June, 
 1903, that he would welcome the es- 
 
 tablishment of churches of two other 
 communions. 
 
 Into this field the Presbyterian 
 Church Extension Committed pro- 
 poses immediately to enter. It has 
 bought lots, looxioo, on 115th street, 
 just east of St. Nicholas avenue, and 
 early in /Vpril invited the Federation 
 to make a house to house visitation of 
 the ten blocks between West 113th 
 street and West 11 8th street, Lenox to 
 Eighth avenues. Illustrating the com- 
 ity and co-operation which have begun 
 to characterize Christian work in New 
 York, it authorized the Federation to 
 report all the churchless families with 
 a positive denominational creed to the 
 churches of their faith, free of all 
 charge ; and to place in its own hands, 
 for the commencement of the actual 
 activities of the new church only, the 
 creedless and churchless Protestant 
 families and the churchless Presby- 
 terian families. 
 
 The results of the canvass clearly 
 prove the truth of Mr. Pratt's predic- 
 tion that a study of the neighborhood 
 would show the need of at least an- 
 other Protestant church. It must have 
 been a satisfaction to the Presbyterian 
 Church Extension Committee, more- 
 over, to discover that the census 
 proves that the next church to be es- 
 tablished in that neighborhood ought 
 to be Presbyterian. 
 
 lOTTins H^ 
 
 Paao. :Bll£:Cath;Prot;Jewe 
 
 324 A5 
 
 rrs" '281 
 
 133 152 
 94 153 
 323 A7 116 167 
 
 Roman ; 
 
 CAth.:Prot. 
 
 21' .""91' 54.99 23.'0'9 
 41.04 46.91 12.03 
 31.43 51.17 17.39 
 35.91 51.70 12.38 
 41.28 39.75 18 .96, 
 33'. 07 -4'9".'5B"r7'.'53Tjr459 
 GRAHD TOTAL 3,2"43 
 
 ___FAi!ILIES 
 Tot*l : 'iKoin.; 
 Famfl. ;Blk;Cath;Prot. :Jewo 
 
 4"51~D3 
 
 391 D5 
 
 -52" 
 
 PERCE:' 
 Roman; " 
 Cath. 
 11.52 33. 
 10.40 23. 
 20.87 43. 
 18.37 41. 
 
 t. :Jew8 
 
 49 'Si.'ga 
 
 01 66.49 
 
 83 20.87 43.04 36.08 
 
 76 75 18.37 41.08 40.54 
 
 8.81 47.02 34.15 
 
 _ __ _4.^5_9^35.'0'2'J50.39 
 
 803 lV394 '1,04'6T24.76 42.92 32.24' 
 
 Jewish Proportions at Left, Shaded; Roman Catholic in Centre; Protestant at Right. Numbers on 
 Blocks Correspond With Table Below. 
 
78 
 
 FEDERATION. 
 
 
 
 I m CM ^ <* o» ro c- 
 
 9 U0'( } vtu'piiio uaa 
 Kq uof^wnuoj 
 
 ig pu» SuTsnOH 
 
 The district is rapidly growing, 
 Table I shows the number of families, 
 by blocks, in 1898, when the Federa- 
 tion's first canvass was made; in 1900, 
 Federal Census figures ; and now. 
 There has been an increase of nearly 
 900 families in these ten blocks since 
 the Federal Census was taken. 
 
 Chart I reveals the relative strength 
 of Jews. Roman Catholics and Prot- 
 estants in each of the ten blocks can- 
 vassed, and the exact figures are ap- 
 pended. 
 
 Chart II shows that, of denomina- 
 tions which have no church in the im- 
 mediate neighborhood, the Presbvte- 
 
CANVASS FOR PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH EXTENSION COMMITTEE. 79 
 
 05 Episcopalistft 
 
 04 Lutheran 
 
 95 Undenominational 
 
 34 Presbyterian 
 
 30 Method is-t 
 
 01 Baptist 
 
 49 Reformed Dutch 
 
 24 Congregationr'.l 
 
 16 Unitarian 
 
 11 Disciples of ■Christ 
 
 10 Uniyersalist 
 
 22 12 Others 
 
 21 Agnostic 
 
 1,372 protesta::t 745 
 
 303 Roman Catholic 114 
 
 4 Greak 1 
 
 1,04G Hebrsw 798 
 
 18 Christian Scientist 6 
 
 3,243 GRAIJD TOTAL l,o64 
 
 CHART II. 
 
 Tercentaxe of Chur"'2le3S 
 0< ZOi 3Di 4.03b_ 5. 
 
 g^",^- °s^^^\T4 
 
 CHART IV. 
 Fanilies with 
 
 % %% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 With With 
 
 Boarders Domestics 
 
 59 Epis. 
 
 49 
 
 25 Luth. 
 
 11 
 
 22Unden. 
 
 15 
 
 27 Presby.ll 
 
 22 ?.ieth. 
 
 6 
 
 15 Bapt. 
 
 4 • 
 
 5 R.ntch.12 
 
 5 Cong. 
 
 1 
 
 3 Unita. 
 
 2 
 
 3 D.of Ch.l 
 
 3 Univer 
 
 . 2 
 
 7 12 0th 
 
 . 3 
 
 2 Agnos 
 
 1 
 
 198 PROT. 
 
 113 
 
 123 R.Catv 
 
 .47 
 
 3 ^.reek 
 
 - 
 
 47 Keb. 
 
 227 
 
 2 C.Sc. 
 
 3 
 
 373 G. TOT. 395 
 
 rians have the largest number of 
 churchless famihes. The churchless 
 Episcopahan and Lutheran famihes 
 exceed the churchless Presbyterians ; 
 but the Church of the Archangel will 
 take charge of the former, and St. 
 Paul's Lutheran Church should look 
 out for the latter. There is no neigh- 
 borhood Presbyterian church, how- 
 ever, to care for the 97 churchless 
 Presbvterian families. 
 
 CHART III. Proportions of 
 Protestant, Roman Catholic 
 and Jewish Families, Pres- 
 byterian Chwrch- Sxtension 
 Committee Canvass. 
 
 The percentage of churchless Pres- 
 byterian families is 52.71 per cent.; of 
 Protestants, as a whole, 53.5 per cent. ; 
 of Roman Catholics, 14. i per cent.; of 
 Jews, 76.2 per cent. 
 
 Chart III shows the relative propor- 
 tions of Protestants, Roman Catholics 
 and Jews in the population as a whole. 
 
 Of the 3,243 families from which 
 full information was secured. 1,372 
 are Protestant, 803 Roman Catholic, 4 
 Greek Catholic, 1,046 Jewish and 18 
 Christian Scientist. 
 
 The percentage of Jewish families 
 is higher than in Manhattan as a 
 whole ; and in the blocks between 
 Lenox and Seventh avenues is above 
 50 per cent. — a ratio higher than in 
 any district the Federation has ever 
 Ijefore visited. In one block the per- 
 centage is 66.49 Ps^ cent. These 
 blocks have had an increase of nearly 
 500 families since the Federal Census 
 of 1900. 
 
 Attention is called to the figures ap- 
 [)ended to Chart II, which show that 
 798 Jewish families claim to have no 
 regular synagogue connection. 
 
 Unaware that a new synagogue was 
 planned for this neighborhood the ad- 
 dresses of these 798 families were sent 
 to Rabbi Harris, of Temple Israel. 
 125th street and Fifth avenue, and the 
 114 churchless Roman Catholics have 
 been reported to the Church of St. 
 Thomas the Apostle. 
 
80 
 
 FEDERATION. 
 
 All of the 745 churchless Protestant 
 families have been reported. 
 
 Chart I\' shows the high economic 
 position of the Jewish families of this 
 neighborhood. The number of Jewish 
 families living in dwellings containing 
 only one or two families is higher than 
 in all branches of Protestantism com- 
 bined, and the number of Jewish 
 families with domestics is twice as 
 large. 
 
 The district as a whole is emphatic- 
 ally a tenement house district. There 
 are blocks with no single family dwell- 
 ings, and of 3,243 families over 3,000 
 live in dwellings containing six fanii- 
 lies or more, and 513 in dwellings with 
 above 18 families. 
 
 These facts should influence the 
 character of church plans for the 
 neighborhood. 
 
 Of the 3.243 families canvassed 
 
 only five own their dwellings, three of 
 which are Jewish and two Roman 
 CathoHc. 
 
 Of 1,372 Protestant families 360 re- 
 ported themselves to be without a Bi- 
 ble, and there were 199 families in 
 which children of Sunday School age 
 were not in Sunday School. The two 
 Roman Catholic families owning their 
 own dwellings have a church home, 
 but two of the three Jewish families 
 owning their dwellings are without a 
 synagogue connection. 
 
 It is an astonishing fact that there 
 is not a single Protestant family re- 
 ported as owning its own dwelling. 
 .Ml of the dwellings reported as owned 
 by the occupants are in one block. 
 
 Other information of moment will 
 be discovered in the summary sheets, 
 which are herewith ]:)rinted for the use 
 of those immediatelv concerned. 
 
 Families in 
 
 
 2^0 
 21^ 
 
 - '^.—1 r^ Blocks Can - 
 
 ^ ! L^^e VASSED FOR 
 
 F3 V7^\ I PRESBYTERIAN 
 
 CHURCH EXTENS 
 37 ION COMMITTE 
 
 ,. w—^ \ ANT) IN ADJAC- 
 
 ^^^ *! IL^^-J I ENT BLOCKS 
 
 m 
 
 I "7 
 
 CHURCHES 
 
 P^i 
 
 
 20^ 
 
 \j^ 
 
 ^ {M\ I 3^4 
 
 Ml 
 
 UP] 
 
 7^ 
 
 111 — 
 
 2^ 
 
 ^73 
 
 7^0 
 
 3^0 
 
 - ' MORNTNGSIDE -^2, PI 
 > 2 
 
 <J FOURTH 23P2 
 ^ 3 
 
 W GERMAN 21B5 
 4 
 
 FjST PAULS 31L4 
 
 wj SECOND OOLLE031R1 
 
 LENOX AVE 3rU] 
 
 NORTH PARK 31 PI 
 
 8 
 
 ARCHANGEL 31 El 
 
 9 
 
 HOLY TRINITY 31 El 
 
 10 
 
 LENOX UNlOIs 31D1 
 
 11 
 
 ST THOMAS 21 CI 
 
 ^^ 
 
 979 S201 
 
 W 110 A 
 
 8 880 2 828 2 782 FAMILIES IN TffiRB 
 
 TOTAL 12663 
 FAMILIES 
 
 3477^125 
 
 J-Ot ^Q 
 

 
 
 
 
 
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