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 THE STORY OF 
 
 COLUMBUS AN 
 MAGELLAN 
 
 LAWLER 
 
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Christopher Columbus 
 
The Story of 
 
 Columbus and Magellan 
 
 BY 
 
 THOMAS BONAVENTURE LAWLER, A.M. 
 
 AUTHOR OF " ESSENTIALS OF AMERICAN HISTORY " 
 
 ' He gained a wurld; he gave that world 
 Its grandest lesso^Hpi^WSail on ! " 
 
 — ToAoni^Wlii.i.KR: "Columbus.' 
 
 GINW ^^OMPANY 
 
 BOSTON . NEW YORlC • CHICAGO • LONDON 
 
i^ri^o 
 
 Copyright, 1905, Bv 
 THOMAS BONAVENTURK LAWLER 
 
 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 
 
 75-1 
 
 TYHOCiRAFHY BY ThK NORWOOD PRESS, NoRWOOl), MaSS. 
 
 Pkesswokk by The Athen^um Press, Cambkiuge, Mass. 
 
TO 
 
 ALEXIS EVERETT FRYE 
 
 IN REMEMBRANCE OF HAPPY DAYS 
 IN THE ANTILLES 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The discovery of America by Columbus and 
 the passage of Magellan's ship around the globe, 
 remarks Guillemard, are the two greatest deeds 
 in the history of geography. 
 
 Through these two voyages Spain laid the 
 foundation of that wonderful colonial power 
 which began at the end of the fifteenth century 
 and was destined to pass away at the dawn of 
 the twentieth. In this small volume the author 
 has tried to picture a few of the stirring events 
 of those epoch-making days. 
 
 T. B. L. 
 
 October i8, 1904. 
 
 [vi] 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 I. The Portuguese Explorers . 
 
 II. Columbus and His Discoveries 
 
 III. Spanish Exploration in America . 
 
 IV. Magellan's Expedition around the Globe 
 
 Pronouncing Vocabulary 
 
 Index 
 
 I 
 
 67 
 94 
 
 145 
 149 
 
 [vii] 
 
COLUMBUS AND MAGELLAN 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 THE PORTUGUESE EXPLORERS (1394-1580) 
 
 I. Prince Henry. — In early times the Portu- 
 guese were the best sailors in Europe. Let us 
 see why. Spain had cut them off from the rest 
 of Europe, except by water. Their own land lay 
 along the coast of the great Atlantic. Thus the 
 easiest way to reach other lands was in ships. 
 
 Only a small part of the world was then known. 
 The sailors were eager to find new lands. They 
 wished also to find a way to reach India in their 
 ships. India was the land from which spices 
 and silks were sent to Europe. 
 
 Prince Henry was one of the most famous 
 sailors of early times. For this reason he was 
 
 [>] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 called " Prince Henry the Navigator." He was 
 the son of John I, the greatest king of Portugal. 
 His mother was Philippa of Lancaster, a sister 
 of Henry IV, king of England. 
 
 The prince was born about five hundred years 
 ago, in the year 1394. When a young man he 
 fought against the Moors of northern Africa. 
 There he planned to break the power of the 
 Moors, so that he might spread the Christian 
 religion over the known world. He wished also 
 to increase the trade of his country with the 
 people of Africa. So he sent ships to explore 
 the coast. 
 
 Since he was the son of a king, Prince Henry 
 might have lived at ease in a palace. But he 
 chose a life of hard work. On a high cliff facing 
 the sea, in the southwest part of his country, he 
 founded a school for sailors. He had no printed 
 books for them to study, as the printing press 
 had not yet been invented. He had no charts to 
 show how to sail along the coasts or far out 
 to sea. No lighthouses stood along the shores 
 to point the way. The compass ^ had been 
 
 ^ A simple compass was made as early as the twelfth century. 
 A needle was rubbed with a magnet and fastened to a straw so that 
 
 [2] 
 
The Portuguese Explorers 
 
 known for some time, but sailors still feared to 
 steer their ships far from tlie land. 
 
 The good prince taught the men how to sail 
 ships, how to guide them by the sun and the 
 stars, and how to take care of them in storms. 
 He sent ships southward along the coast of 
 Africa, but they did not go far, as the sailors 
 were afraid to take long voyages. 
 
 There were many reasons for the fears which 
 these sailors felt. 
 
 Up to this time men had traveled only over 
 the lands or on the rivers or inland seas. The 
 great ocean, it was thought, was the home of evil 
 spirits and monsters. Whirlpools would sink the 
 vessels if they sailed far to the south. On the 
 west coast of Africa was a point of land where 
 the waters were generally very rough. As there 
 were many rocks scattered about in the sea along 
 this coast, it was thought that any vessel which 
 tried to pass here would be wrecked. The ocean 
 current was said to be so strong that no ship 
 could sail against it. To this point of land was 
 
 it would float. When* this straw was placed in the water, it turned 
 at once to the magnetic pole. For many years captains were afraid 
 to use the compass lest they be accused of being in league with evil 
 spirits. 
 
 [3] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 given the name cape Bojador, which means " out- 
 stretched," because it was believed that the rocks 
 and currents stretched themselves out here to 
 seize any vessels that might try to sail by. South 
 of this cape no one could live, the sailors thought. 
 There were no people here, no trees, and no grass. 
 The ocean was only six feet deep, and even if a 
 vessel should pass cape Bojador, it would never 
 be able to return home again against the strong 
 current. 
 
 Such were a few of the ideas of these days, and 
 we need not wonder that the sailors were afraid 
 to go on long voyages over the ocean. 
 
 At last in 1434 the spell was broken. A brave 
 sailor led his ships beyond this dreaded cape. 
 Tlie terrors of the ocean, which had frightened 
 the men of Europe and had kept back for cen- 
 turies the exploration of the coast of Africa, were 
 found to be mere fables. It was Prince Henry 
 who urored his sailors ever onward toward the 
 
 O 
 
 south. To him is due the credit of removing 
 from men's minds the fears and terrors of the 
 ocean. He is, for this reason, called " the father 
 of modern geographical discovery." His motto, 
 as we see on his coat of arms, was " Desire to Do 
 
 [4] 
 
Vasco da Gama 
 [5] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 Well." It is to the honor of the good prince 
 that his life was devoted to that object — doing 
 well for his people and the world. 
 
 2. Rounding the Cape of Good Hope. — Prince 
 Henry died in 1460. The Portuguese sailors 
 still crept slowly down the coast of Africa. In 
 fact it was not until eleven years after Prince 
 Henry's death that they reached the equator. 
 They had been told that the waters there were so 
 hot that they would all be destroyed. As they 
 sailed on before the gentle breezes over the calm 
 ocean, they saw none of the terrible things that 
 were said to haunt these regions. Thus one by 
 one the stories of monsters and dangers were 
 proved to be false. The sailors became bolder 
 and bolder, and were even anxious to push 
 farther southward to see what lands and people 
 were to be found there. Above all, they hoped to 
 find a passage around Africa, by which their ships 
 could go to India and the Spice islands. 
 
 In i486 Bartholomew Di'az reached the south- 
 ern point of Africa. It had taken all these years 
 to find it, although by following the coast line it 
 was only six thousand miles away. Di'az set up 
 on the shore a pillar to mark his great discovery. 
 
 [6] 
 
The Portuguese Explorers 
 
 As his vessels had suffered severely in the storms 
 which raged there, he named this southern point 
 of Africa the cape of Storms. He now returned 
 to Portugal. There was great rejoicing when his 
 vessels appeared once more after an absence of 
 almost a year and a half. They entered the 
 Tagus river and sailed up to the city of Lisbon. 
 
 The king of Portugual received them with 
 truly royal greetings. But when Di'az told him 
 that he had named the long-sought-for point of 
 Africa the cape of Storms, the king shook his 
 head. With his pen he changed the name on 
 the chart. He called it cape of Good Hope, 
 because it opened a water route to India, with the 
 promise of riches and prosperity to the kingdom 
 of Portugal. 
 
 3. Vasco da Gama discovers a Water Route to 
 India. — It was now probable that a route to India 
 by water had been found. But the Portuguese, 
 instead of sending vessels at once to make the 
 journey, allowed ten years to pass in idleness. A 
 new king, however, now came to the throne. His 
 name was Dom Manoel. He had something of 
 Prince Henry's spirit, and at once set to work 
 preparing for a voyage of discovery beyond the 
 
 [7] 
 
o 
 
 I 
 
 f5 
 
 
 K^ 
 
 W 
 
The Portuguese Explorers 
 
 cape of Good Hope. One clay he stood at the 
 palace window looking out and wondering what 
 man in his kingdom would lead to success the 
 fleet he was about to fit out for India. 
 
 Just at that moment a nobleman named Vasco 
 da Gama came in sight of the window. The 
 king believed that some good fortune had sent 
 Da Gama there at that moment. He summoned 
 him to his presence and offered him command of 
 the fleet. Da Gama of course gladly accepted the 
 honor. Vessels were at once prepared for the 
 long journey. These vessels, four in number, 
 were built especially for the voyage and were 
 made very strong, as they knew how violent were 
 the storms in the southern seas. The fleet sailed 
 July 8, 1497. The pilot had been with Di'az 
 when the cape of Good Hope was discovered ten 
 years before, and therefore knew the way. 
 
 The four vessels crept slowly southward along 
 the coast of Africa. They saw cape Bojador, and 
 perhaps laughed as they recalled the tales of the 
 dangers to be met there. Onward they passed and 
 crossed the equator. They saw in the skies the 
 famous group of stars called the Southern Cross 
 which had first been seen by Europeans only 
 
 [9] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 forty-three years before. It was Noveniber when 
 Da Gama's fleet reached the southern point of 
 Africa. Here his vessels met violent storms and 
 for a time were in great danger. Yet he did not 
 give up hope, and at last rounded the cape. 
 Sailing up the east coast of Africa, he reached on 
 Christmas Day (1497) a port where he could get 
 shelter. The Portuguese word for Christmas is 
 Natal. Therefore they gave to that place the 
 name w^iich it bears to this day. 
 
 On this east coast of Africa Da Gama met an 
 Arab pilot who led the fleet to India. It was in 
 May, 1498, ten months after leaving Lisbon, that 
 the fleet, with flags flying and guns booming, 
 arrived at Calicut. This is a port on the south- 
 western coast of India. At last the long dream 
 of Europe was a reality. Portugal now had an 
 all- water route to India. 
 
 Let us enter with Da Gama the bazaars of 
 Calicut. The beautiful buildings were filled 
 with the richest fabrics and most costly spices 
 gathered by the Arabs. From all parts of India 
 were collected valuable woods inlaid with pearl, 
 and cloths embroidered with gold and silver. 
 From the Moluccas or Spice islands came cloves, 
 
 [10] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 nutmegs, and cinnamon ; the great island of 
 Borneo sent camphor ; the highly prized fragrant 
 sandalwood was brought from Timor; Sumatra 
 furnished gold, while from China came gums, 
 silks, and other costly goods. 
 
 The Portuguese looked with longing eyes at 
 the wonderful shops with their silks, jewels, and 
 spices. They said to themselves, " We must 
 become masters of the trade that gives such 
 wealth to these people." It was natural that the 
 Arabs should dislike to see these Portuguese in 
 India. They feared that the visitors would some- 
 time take from them this valuable trade of the 
 East. Their fears were justified, for it was not 
 long before the struggle between the Arabs and 
 the Portuguese took place. 
 
 After years of battle the Arabs were defeated, 
 and the Portuguese had in their hands the rich 
 trade of the East. As a result, Portugal became 
 the first of European nations in commerce, and 
 its capital, Lisbon, was soon the richest city in 
 Europe.. 
 
 The glory of Portugal, however, soon passed 
 away. She lost her independence and was united 
 to Spain in 1580. For sixty years she was ruled 
 
The Portuguese Explorers 
 
 by the Spanish Crown. During this time her 
 trade with the East was taken from her. Most 
 of her lands in the Orient were seized by other 
 nations, and the flag of Portugal was no longer 
 seen in the waters that it had opened to the ships 
 of Europe. 
 
 [T3] 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERIES (1446-1492) 
 
 4. Need of New Routes to the Indies. — We 
 have already seen how anxious Prince Henry had 
 been to increase the trade of his native land, — 
 
 U R 
 
 SOUTHERN nOUTE 
 
 MIDDLE ROUTE -f + + + + 
 
 NORTHERN ROUTE 
 
 Routes of Trade between India and Cities of Southern Europe 
 
 Portugal. He had hoped to do this by finding a 
 water route to India. At that time the trade be- 
 tween Europe and the East was almost entirely 
 
 [14] 
 
Columbus and His Discoveries 
 
 in the hands of the great Mediterranean cities, 
 Genoa and Venice. This eastern trade consisted 
 in the exportation of spices, precious stones, 
 ivory, silks, and dyestuffs. 
 
 From the map we can see the routes of the 
 Genoese and Venetian traders. Genoa had trad- 
 ing posts at Constantinople and on the Black sea. 
 The commerce of Venice came through the 
 Indian ocean and the Red sea. Suddenly these 
 cities saw their trade with the East cut off. Let 
 us see how this came about. For over one hun- 
 dred years a barbaric Tartar tribe, called the 
 Turks, had lived in eastern Europe. During a 
 still earlier century they had been in Asia Minor. 
 This tribe now appeared in arms before the walls 
 of Constantinople. After a brief struggle the city 
 fell (1453). This shut off the trade route of the 
 Genoese through the Black sea to India. 
 
 The Venetians did not succeed much better, as 
 their route across Egypt was made almost useless 
 from the heavy dues they had to pay for the pas- 
 sage of goods. The minds of men were there- 
 fore turning more and more to seek new routes 
 to the East at the very time that the discoverer 
 of America was born. 
 
 [15] 
 
s 
 
 [i6] 
 
Columbus and His Discoveries 
 
 5. Birthplace and Youth of Columbus. — Genoa, 
 the birthplace of Columbus, was, in the middle of 
 the fifteenth century, one of the greatest cities 
 of Europe. It was the center of the trade of the 
 Mediterranean sea. Here lived men who had 
 made a life study of the science of sailing ships. 
 The best sea charts of that age were drawn here. 
 Many of the Christian scholars, who were driven 
 out of Constantinople when that city fell, came 
 here. The Arabs had taught geography to 
 these scholars; they had also told them of the 
 wonderful riches of India and the Orient, and 
 now western Europe heard these stories from the 
 new teachers. Columbus was born about 1446. 
 His father was a worker on cloth, and in this 
 humble labor the young Columbus spent his 
 early youth. At the age of fourteen he went on 
 his first voyage, sailing to all parts of the Medi- 
 terranean. He was a faithful student, and quickly 
 learned how to sail a vessel. In his leisure mo- 
 ments he studied geography and history, and 
 learned to draw maps. Yet life on the sea at this 
 time was not by any means an easy one. 
 
 To seize without right a vessel belonging to 
 another is piracy to-day. It was very different 
 
 r 17] 
 
<3 
 O 
 
 S 
 
 [i8] 
 
Columbus and His Discoveries 
 
 in the days of Columbus's youth. The states of 
 Italy frequently warred against one another and 
 seized each other's ships wherever they met them. 
 The Moors sailed back and forth, capturing ves- 
 sels, and generally killing the crews or selling 
 them into slavery. From some of the provinces 
 of Spain, especially from Catalonia, fleets went 
 out to capture merchant vessels. There was no 
 right on the seas but might, and a vessel was 
 obliged to be always on the watch, ready to fight 
 its way from one harbor to another. 
 
 For fourteen years Columbus lived this life of 
 danger on the sea except when he went to Genoa 
 to help his father in making cloth. No doubt at 
 this time he began to dream of the great project 
 which in later years ruled his life. This project 
 was the discovery of new lands to the westward 
 and a new route to the Indies. 
 
 In keeping with the spirit of the age Columbus 
 was of a deeply religious nature. He hoped to 
 secure sufficient money to raise an army and 
 rescue the Holy Sepulcher from the Turks. He 
 saw little hope, however, of obtaining any aid 
 for his scheme in Italy. He therefore set out to 
 offer his services to other countries, as so many 
 
 [19] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 other Italians have done. Among the most 
 famous of these men who brought riches and 
 glory to a foreign flag were Cabot, Verrazano, 
 and Vespucius. 
 
 6. Columbus in Portugal. — Columbus went to 
 the capital of Portugal, — the beautiful city of 
 Lisbon. There were good reasons for his selec- 
 tion of this city. Here lived many sailors who had 
 made long voyages. Ships were ever going and 
 coming to and from distant lands. There were 
 many map-makers here who knew of all the 
 recent discoveries in geography. He believed his 
 project would be more favorably looked upon in a 
 city where men studied geography, and whence ves- 
 sels were being sent out on voyages of discovery. 
 
 Immediately upon his arrival Columbus be- 
 gan to earn his bread. He made charts and 
 maps. He took cruises along the coast of Africa 
 and to the Madeira islands. He even went 
 on a long journey to England and Iceland. 
 During this time he was studying the reports 
 of the early Portuguese voyages. He examined 
 carefully the stories of islands that were said to 
 be in the Atlantic. 
 
 Some of these stories are full of interest. One 
 
 [ -^o ] 
 
Columbus and His Discoveries 
 
 told of an island named Antilla, which was said 
 to have been settled by a king of Spain. This 
 king was named Roderick, and he was defeated 
 in battle (a.d. 71 i) by the Moors. It was believed 
 that after his defeat he fled with many of his 
 soldiers to the island named Antilla in the great 
 Atlantic ocean. Of course the island did not 
 exist, but its name was afterward given to the 
 islands of the West Indies. 
 
 This is only an example of many similar 
 stories. What led men to believe so firmly in 
 them was the fact that the map-makers placed 
 these islands on their maps. There they may be 
 seen to this day, on the maps and charts that 
 were made at that time. It is fortunate, perhaps, 
 that this was done. To Columbus they seemed to 
 be stepping stones to the great lands of the West. 
 
 While Columbus was still working on the plans 
 of a westward journey, he heard of an astronomer 
 who lived at Florence, in Italy. This famous 
 man was named Toscanelli. Columbus wished 
 to know what Toscanelli thought of the project, 
 and therefore wrote to him. In a short time 
 he received a map and an answer to his letter. 
 
 Toscanelli wrote that he had no doubt that a 
 
 [21] 
 
[22] 
 
Columbus and His Discoveries 
 
 westward route was the shortest to the rich lands 
 of the East and the kingdom of the Great Khan. 
 This kingdom, he believed, was less than four 
 thousand miles from Portugal. 
 
 Toscanelli in his letter quoted the words of the 
 great traveler, Marco Polo, who had visited the 
 capital of the Great Khan. This city, according 
 to Polo, was very large, its walls being twenty- 
 four miles around. There were twelve gates. 
 Over each gate was a beautiful palace. The 
 streets were wide and the houses large and stately. 
 The palace of the Great Khan had lofty walls and 
 roofs covered with gold and silver. The stair- 
 cases were of marble. The hall was so larsre that 
 six thousand persons could at the same time sit 
 at table there. Can we wonder that Columbus, 
 as he read these words, started with new energy 
 to carry out his plans ? 
 
 About this time a book was published which 
 led Columbus onward with new hopes. It was 
 written in Latin. Its title in English was " The 
 Image of the World." This work gave the ideas 
 on geography of great men, even from the early 
 days of Greece. It showed that there was no 
 doubt in the minds of most of these men that Asia 
 
 [23] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 was directly opposite Europe. Columbus studied 
 this book day and night, and often wrote his own 
 opinion on the side of the page. In Seville to- 
 day this work is shown with the notes made by 
 the discoverer's own hand. 
 
 At last his charts were finished, and Columbus 
 wrote out his reasons for the belief in a westward 
 route across the great Atlantic. He sought the 
 king of Portugal and laid his plans before him. 
 The king listened with great interest. Columbus 
 showed him that the idea of the world being round 
 was not a new one. For two thousand years 
 thinking men among all nations had believed it. 
 Columbus also declared that if the world were 
 round, three-quarters of it was already known. 
 
 Sailors had gone as far west as the Cape Verde 
 islands off the coast of Africa. To the east Marco 
 Polo had traveled as far as China, Japan, and the 
 great ocean, later named the Pacific. Columbus 
 believed that the distance from the Cape Verde 
 islands eastward to Japan was three-fourths of the 
 entire distance around the world. The remaining 
 one-fourth could therefore be easily explored. 
 The islands that were supposed to be scattered 
 over the Atlantic ocean would make the voyage 
 
 [24] 
 
Columbus and His Discoveries 
 
 to Japan, China, and India still easier. He could 
 stop at them, he said, as he sailed westward. 
 
 Columbus, of course, made an error in the size 
 of the earth. It is much larger than he had 
 dreamed. It is indeed fortunate that he made the 
 error. If he had known that Asia is more than 
 ten thousand miles from Spain by the westward 
 route, he would not have been able to secure ships 
 or men to go on such an expedition. It is prob- 
 able that he himself would not have dared to make 
 the attempt to go such a distance though the Sea 
 of Darkness, as the Atlantic was then called, with 
 its dangers and fabled monsters. 
 
 After hearing the words of Columbus and 
 examining the charts, the king of Portugal ap- 
 pointed a council to consider the matter. This 
 council after some study decided against the 
 scheme. The king accepted the decision of the 
 council, and told Columbus the project was not 
 one that could be carried out with hope of 
 success. With a sad heart Columbus took his 
 charts and left the court. But he was not ready 
 to give up. If Portugal did not wish to take 
 part in the voyage of discovery, he would go 
 to Spain, where he hoped for better success. 
 
 [^5] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 As his wife had died while he was pleading 
 with the king, there was now no tie to bind 
 him to Portugal. With his little son Diego, he 
 set forth on foot on the long and tiresome 
 journey to Andalusia, the fair province of south- 
 ern Spain. 
 
 7. Columbus arrives in Spain. — It was in Janu- 
 ary, 1485, that he reached the river Tinto. On 
 the banks of this stream is the little town of 
 Palos. On all sides of the valley stretched beauti- 
 ful vineyards and gardens. A short distance from 
 the town, on a high bluff overlooking the sea, 
 the Franciscans had built a monastery called La 
 Rabida. Up this hill one could have seen, on 
 that January day, the tired traveler Columbus 
 leading his little son. The road was sandy; 
 dark pines at times hid the travelers from view. 
 At last the gate was reached. Footsore and 
 weary Columbus sat down to rest. In the 
 monastery was a young monk named Marchena. 
 He saw the tired travelers, and gladly gave them 
 food. 
 
 There was somethino^ in the face of Columbus 
 that told the good Franciscan that the stranger 
 at the gate was no ordinary traveler. He asked 
 
 [26] 
 
a 
 ■^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 (5 
 
 [27] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 Columbus where he was going. The wanderer 
 told him the story of his life and what he hoped 
 to do in Spain. He showed Marchena his plans 
 and the charts for a voyage to the westward. 
 The Franciscan studied the charts and became 
 at once a believer in the ideas of his visitor. 
 He promised to aid Columbus in every way 
 possible, and asked that Diego be left with him 
 to be educated, while Columbus hurried on to 
 Seville to see the king and queen of Spain. 
 
 8. Columbus meets Isabella. — At this time 
 Spain was at war with the Moors. Let us see 
 who the Moors were. They were followers of 
 Mohammed, a reliq-ious leader who was born in 
 Arabia and had preached a new religion with 
 great success. His followers not only overran 
 Arabia and Persia, even to the Indus river of 
 Hindustan, but swept along the coast in northern 
 Africa till they reached the Atlantic. Across 
 the narrow strait which separates Europe from 
 Africa they saw the beautiful fields and rich 
 cities of Spain. 
 
 In the year 711 of our era these Moors crossed 
 to Europe, invaded Spain, and defeated the 
 armies sent against them. City after city fell 
 
 [28] 
 
Columbus and His Discoveries 
 
 into their hands, until the whole of Spain, except 
 the mountains of the northwest, was in their 
 power. They built large cities, erected beautiful 
 mosques and palaces, and believed that their rule 
 would last forever. 
 
 But the Spaniards, though defeated, did not 
 give up. Hiding in the mountains, they kept 
 together small bands of men. Slowly but surely 
 they regained the territory they had lost. After 
 seven hundred years they were so successful that 
 the Moors had only one stronghold left — the 
 city of Granada. In this city was the famous 
 palace called the Alhambra, where the Moorish 
 king lived. His power, however, was now nearly 
 at an end, for the armies of Spain were before 
 the walls of Granada, demanding the surrender 
 of the city. 
 
 This was the condition of Spain in i486, when 
 Columbus reached there. It was not a favorable 
 time to consider plans for a voyage across un- 
 known waters, yet Columbus did not delay. 
 
 Ferdinand and Isabella, the king and queen 
 of Spain, were at Cordova. This beautiful city 
 is in southern Spain, not many miles from 
 Seville. It is on the stream which the Arabs 
 
 [29] 
 
-7k 
 
 \ i 
 
 
 Jit. 
 
 '^^ 
 
 ai^fe 
 
 The Ciralda Tower, Seville 
 [30] 
 
 J. ,-■ 
 
 '^1 
 
Columbus and His Discoveries 
 
 named in their language Guadalquivir — the 
 great river. 
 
 Here Columbus had the good fortune to see 
 the queen, who was at this time thirty-seven years 
 of age. Historians have told of her beautiful 
 face, her clear blue eyes, and queenly bearing. 
 Her kindly smile cheered Columbus as he un- 
 folded his plans. He would add, he said, another 
 empire to her crown — an empire beyond the 
 seas. There one might find cities rich beyond 
 any in her dominions. There, he believed, lived 
 millions of human beings, to whom he would 
 carry the light of the Christian Faith. 
 
 Columbus could not have presented his plans 
 to any ruler more in sympathy with him at the 
 very beginning. Isabella had drawn around her 
 the greatest men of the land, — the leaders in 
 science, in literature, and in the affairs of state. 
 Rewards from her hand came to any one who 
 helped his fellow-man. She aided in the educa- 
 tion of the people, and through her assistance 
 the great University of Salamanca became one 
 of the most famous seats of learning in Europe. 
 
 It was to this court that Columbus was in- 
 vited. He explained to Queen Isabella how he 
 
 [31J 
 
Queen Isabella 
 
 [32 \ 
 
Columbus and His Discoveries 
 
 expected to sail, he showed by his charts how 
 short a distance Asia was from Europe, and told 
 of the glory and wealth that would come to Spain 
 through the discovery of new lands and an easy 
 and short route to the Spice islands and India. 
 Isabella listened eagerly to his story and asked 
 a body of geographers, astronomers, and other 
 learned men to give their opinion. After a re- 
 view of the arguments of Columbus and an exami- 
 nation of the charts, they decided that it was not 
 possible to find new lands to the westward nor to 
 reach India by that route. 
 
 Columbus must have felt his heart sink when 
 he heard the decision of the council. Were all 
 his years of toil and study to end in failure } 
 Was the great rich empire in the west to be dis- 
 covered by others ? It was indeed a dark hour 
 for the great sailor. 
 
 While the vote of the council had been unfavor- 
 able to Columbus, he had made many friends 
 among its members by the clear statement of his 
 plans. These friends later helped him to carry 
 to success his great enterprise. 
 
 There was little hope, however, in presenting 
 further plans for westward voyages until the wars 
 
 [33l 
 
(3 
 
 
 
 [34] 
 
Columbus and His Discoveries 
 
 that occupied the attention of the nation were 
 ended by the overthrow of the Moors. Colum- 
 bus, therefore, decided to join the Spanish army, 
 and he served in the battles of southern Spain. 
 That no chance of success might, in the mean- 
 time, be lost, he sent his brother Bartholomew to 
 see the king of England. That monarch, how- 
 ever, did not favor the idea, and Bartholomew 
 then went to France, where he hoped he might 
 be more successful. 
 
 9. Fall of Granada. Columbus's Plan accepted. — 
 The days were now passing into months and the 
 months into years. The plan of Columbus was 
 still as far as ever from success. He therefore 
 made up his mind to go to France and to join 
 his brother. Desiring to see once more his faith- 
 ful friend at La Rabida, he left Seville and went 
 to the monastery where he had been so kindly 
 received. Marchena hastened to welcome him. 
 By good fortune Columbus now met the prior of 
 the monastery, Juan Perez, who had been the con- 
 fessor of Queen Isabella. Columbus told him of 
 his failure to interest the Spanish court in his plans. 
 Perez at once offered to assist him by calling on the 
 queen. That very night he set out on his mule. 
 
 [35] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 It was a long journey of two hundred miles to 
 Granada, where the queen was staying with the 
 army. The roads were rough, and the aged man 
 suffered severely as he rode, at times through the 
 open country, at times through the wild moun- 
 tains. At last he reached Granada. Before him 
 rose the walls of the city. In the great plain 
 below Granada a new town, Santa Fe, had been 
 built for the Spanish soldiers. Here Perez met 
 Isabella and urged her to favor the plan of 
 Columbus. It would be a great blow to the 
 power of Spain, he said, if some other nation 
 should discover these new lands. At the same 
 time he showed the good queen how her support 
 of the project might lead millions to the knowl- 
 edge of the Christian Faith. 
 
 The queen ordered him to send for Columbus. 
 Upon receiving the letter the great navigator 
 at once set out for Granada. He arrived there 
 in time to see the fall of that Moorish capital. 
 Seven hundred and eighty-one years had passed 
 since the Moors had crossed the strait from 
 Africa into Spain. Their power was now 
 broken and their last stronHiold had been taken. 
 The Moorish rule of Spain was ended forever. 
 
 [ 3M 
 
g 
 
 <3 
 
 :5r 
 
 
 [37] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 In the afternoon of the 2d of January, 1492, 
 Columbus saw the silver cross placed on the 
 highest tower of the Alhambra — the beautiful 
 palace of the Moors. Slowly the flag of Ferdinand 
 and Isabella rose over the groves and towers 
 and palaces of Granada, amid the echoes of 
 booming cannon and the cheers of the joyful 
 people. 
 
 It was now a favorable time to again bring 
 forward the plan for a westward journey to new 
 lands. With the war successfully ended, the 
 happy queen once more listened to Columbus, 
 and favored the project. 
 
 For a second time a council met, but the 
 demands of Columbus were declared to be be- 
 yond reason. Columbus refused to yield, and 
 set out for France once more. He had scarcely 
 gone six miles when he heard the noise of hoofs 
 behind him. He looked around and saw a 
 messenger from Queen Isabella, who asked him 
 to return to the court. 
 
 At last he was successful. The queen agreed 
 to his terms, and promised, if necessary, to sell 
 her jewels to fit out his vessels. Columbus 
 was made Admiral of the Ocean for life and 
 
 [38] 
 
Columbus and His Discoveries 
 
 governor of all lands he might discover. One 
 tenth of all the gold found would belong to 
 him. His little son Diego was made a page at 
 the court of the queen. This was a great honor 
 which had been granted only to those of royal 
 blood, or to sons of men who held high offices in 
 the country. 
 
 Columbus now kissed the hand of the queen 
 and left Granada. After eighteen years he felt 
 that he was at last on the road to success. He 
 was indeed a happy man as he hurried along the 
 highway to the distant town of Palos. 
 
 10. Preparations for the Great Voyage. — Co- 
 lumbus soon arrived once more at the little town 
 of Palos and saw his friends at La Rabida. For 
 some offense against the crown of Spain the 
 people of Palos were ordered by a royal letter to 
 furnish Columbus with two vessels and sufficient 
 sailors to man them. This letter of the king and 
 queen was read to the people in the little church 
 of Palos. The horror of the simple folk, when 
 they heard the royal order, knew no bounds. 
 They believed the vessels were doomed to cer- 
 tain destruction and the sailors to certain death. 
 
 For a time it looked as if the expedition would 
 
 [39] 
 
Columbus receiuing His Commission 
 [40] 
 
Columbus and His Discoveries 
 
 never be fitted out. Sailors refused to go and 
 the vessels could not be secured. In fact, it was 
 not until a wealthy shipowner and pilot, Martin 
 Alonzo Pinzdn, agreed to take part in the voyage, 
 that the vessels were obtained. Sufficient sailors 
 were at last with great difhculty gathered from 
 Palos and the towns along the coast. To secure 
 enough men, however, it had been necessary for 
 the king to issue an order that all charges against 
 any sailor for crimes should be suspended until 
 two months after the return of the expedition. 
 
 It was the beginning of August when the 
 vessels were ready for the great journey. The 
 Saiifa Mari'a was only one hundred tons. She 
 was sixty-three feet in length, and had a deck. 
 From her masthead iiew the flas^ of Columbus. 
 The Piuta was only fifty tons. Her captain was 
 Martin Pinzdn. Among her sailors was Juan 
 Bermudez, who later discovered and gave his 
 name to the Bermuda islands. The third vessel 
 was forty tons, and was called the Nina. She was 
 under the command of Vicente Pinzdn. There 
 were, it is believed, eighty-eight persons in the 
 expedition. 
 
 On the 2d of Ausfust, when cvervthingr was 
 
 [41] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 ready, Columbus and his men went to the little 
 church at Palos, where solemn prayers were 
 offered for the success of the great voyage. The 
 following morning, just as the sun was rising 
 over the hills, Columbus flung aloft the flag of 
 Castile and raised his anchor. The crowd on 
 the banks of the river waved their farewells with 
 tears in their eyes. Slowly the three vessels 
 drifted down the river and into the great Atlantic. 
 The sails were filled with the strong breezes, and 
 the little fleet was soon lost on the distant 
 horizon. The most eventful journey in the 
 world's history had begun. 
 
 II. The Journey across the Atlantic. — The 
 vessels were headed toward the southwest. In a 
 few days Columbus saw the Canary islands, with 
 the great volcano of Tenerife towering to the 
 clouds. The volcano was in violent eruption, and 
 some of the sailors were filled with fear at the 
 sight of the clouds of smoke and steam that 
 poured forth from the crater. Columbus re- 
 mained for some days at these islands to repair 
 the vessels which had already begun to leak. 
 
 On the 6th of September they left the Ca- 
 naries. Their course now lay to the westward, 
 
 [42] 
 
Departure of Caliimbus 
 
 [43] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 but they made little or no headway for three 
 days, as the vessels remained almost motion- 
 less in the calm which settled around them. 
 These were days of great anxiety for Columbus, 
 as he had been told that three Portuguese vessels 
 were lying in wait to capture him and his fleet. 
 On the 9th of September, however, a strong 
 breeze blew up and the little ships soon lost sight 
 of the Canary islands. They were now fairly out 
 on the broad Atlantic. 
 
 As the last trace of land faded from view on 
 the horizon, many of the sailors wept aloud. 
 Behind them were home, family, and friends ; 
 before them a boundless ocean and unknown 
 dangers. Probably most of the sailors truly 
 believed that they would never again see their 
 native land. Columbus, however, with the great- 
 est kindness calmed them. He said they would 
 soon reach land and cities of untold wealth, and 
 they would all return in safety, with great riches 
 and honors. At these words the sailors became 
 more contented. 
 
 The methods used in those early days to find 
 the position of a vessel at sea were very unsatis- 
 factory. One of the means used by Columbus 
 
 r 44 ] 
 
Columbus and HLs Discoveries 
 
 was very simple. He noted carefully the passage 
 of the ships through the water, and decided they 
 were sailing about four miles an hour. He there- 
 fore reckoned that with every turn of his hourglass 
 the fleet had traveled a distance of four miles. 
 This method proved to be quite accurate, as the 
 little vessels were now in the path of the northeast 
 trade winds. These winds blow at a steady pace 
 day and night to the westward, and the fleet sailed 
 easily before them over a smooth, tropical sea. 
 
 While these winds aided the vessels, they were 
 a cause of great fear to the sailors. If the wind 
 always blew steadily from the east, how would 
 it be possible, they asked, for them to sail home- 
 w^ard aQ^ain ao^ainst such constant winds ? It was 
 in fact not until the 2 2d of September that a wind 
 arose from the west. Althouq;h it did not last 
 long, it at least gave for a time new courage to 
 the seamen. 
 
 During the voyage many interesting things had 
 been seen. They had run into that vast stretch 
 of floating seaweed in the mid-Atlantic named 
 the Sargasso sea. The sailors now feared that 
 the ocean was becoming shallow, and that their 
 vessels were in danger of shipwreck. Others 
 
 ^[45] 
 
[46] 
 
Columbus and His Discoveries 
 
 believed that they would become so entangled 
 in the seaweed that they could never escape. 
 Scarcely had they passed beyond the Sargasso 
 sea without disaster, when the Pinta signaled 
 
 The First Voyage of Columbus 
 
 that land was in sight. All looked anxiously, and 
 hymns of praise were sung, but alas ! it was only 
 a bank of clouds that quickly dissolved. 
 
 As the little fleet sailed on day after day before 
 the genial trade wind, discontent arose with greater 
 
 [47] 
 
[48] 
 
Columbus and His Discoveries 
 
 force every hour, but the admiral ever kept his 
 westward course. On the 7th of October a flock 
 of birds was noticed flying toward the south- 
 west. As the Portuguese were reported to have 
 made many of their discoveries by following the 
 flight of birds, Pinzdn suggested to Columbus 
 that they follow the birds. Columbus consented, 
 and the little fleet turned to the southwest over 
 a sea as smooth, said Columbus, as the river at 
 Seville, and with breezes as soft as those of Spain 
 in the month of April. 
 
 Signs of the near approach of land now became 
 more and more evident. Loo;s besjan to float 
 past them, as well as green rushes, sticks that 
 had been recently carved, and bits of sugar cane. 
 Land birds became more and more numerous, 
 while jays, ducks, and pelicans were frequently 
 seen. 
 
 On the night of the iith of October, about 
 ten o'clock, Columbus, intently watching for land, 
 as was his custom, suddenly saw a light moving 
 up and down in the distance. At two o'clock the 
 next morning (Friday, October 12, 1492) the look- 
 out on the Piiita saw, by the bright moonlight, 
 the long-looked-for coast line. The welcome cry 
 
 [49] 
 
I 
 
 Columbus and Magellan 
 
 of " Land ! " was heard, while the warning gun 
 rang out on the quiet night. 
 
 At last the long years of trial and suffering 
 brought richly deserved reward to the brave 
 admiral. Land had been found by the westward 
 route, and although he did not know it, Columbus M 
 had found a new world. 
 
 12. The Landing in the New World. — At the 
 break of day Columbus saw a low and beautiful 
 island stretching before him. He clad himself in 
 his most gorgeous scarlet clothes, and with the 
 captains of the other vessels was rowed ashore. 
 In his hand he bore the flag of Spain. Each cap- 
 tain carried a banner, on which was a orreen cross 
 with the letters F and Y — the initials of Ferdi- 
 nand and Isabella (or Ysabella, as it was often 
 written). All knelt and returned thanks to God, 
 as they took possession of the land in the name 
 of the crown of Spain. 
 
 The natives came near to view the strange 
 scene, — the white men with their wonderful 
 clothing, their arms, and their beautiful boats 
 which, with their w^hite sails, seemed like mon- 
 strous birds. They believed the visitors to have 
 come from another world. To keep their good 
 
 [50] 
 
:5 
 
 3 
 
 s: 
 
 [5^ 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 will Columbus gave them presents. These na- 
 tives appeared to be large and strong. Their 
 foreheads were broad and their hair coarse and 
 black. They wore no clothing, but had painted 
 their bodies in brilliant colors. For weapons 
 they used spears tipped with fishbone. Their 
 canoes, made for the most part of red cedar, were 
 cut out of a single tree trunk, and were at times 
 large enough to hold from forty to fifty men. 
 
 The natives called the island which had been 
 discovered Guanahani. Columbus named it San 
 Salvador, or Holy Redeemer. It is probably 
 Watling island, one of the Bahamas, which re- 
 ceived its modern name from an English pirate 
 who lived in this region. After remaining here 
 two days, Columbus resumed his journey, touch- 
 ing at the principal islands and taking possession. 
 A high cross was erected upon each headland. 
 To the laroe island south of San Salvador he 
 gave the name Fernandina. It is now called 
 Long island. 
 
 13. The Discovery of Cuba. — On the 28th of 
 October Columbus saw for the first time the 
 outlines of the beautiful " Pearl of the Antilles." 
 It was called by the natives Cubanacan, which 
 
 [52] 
 
Watling Island 
 
 [53] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 means "the central province." The island was 
 named by Columbus Juana, in honor of Prince 
 Don Juan, son of the king and queen of Spain. 
 
 Columbus wrote of Juana, or Cuba, as it is now 
 called : " It is very fertile, as in truth all the other 
 islands are. There are many large bays around 
 it, and it is crossed by beautiful rivers. One sees 
 many high mountains, covered with trees of great 
 height. These trees are green in all seasons, for 
 w^ien I saw them they were as beautiful as the 
 trees of Spain in May. Some of the trees were 
 in blossom, while others were bearing fruit. Birds 
 were singing in the forests in countless numbers, 
 even though it was the month of November. 
 The palm trees, of which there are seven or eight 
 different kinds, are hisfherand more beautiful than 
 any I have ever seen before. Villages were seen 
 near the seacoast, but as I discovered no large 
 cities, and could not talk with the natives, who 
 fled at our approach, I continued to the west- 
 ward, thinking I would find great towns and 
 cities." 
 
 Columbus believed he was on the coast of Asia, 
 near the great and rich cities of the Great Khan. 
 From signs made by the Indians Columbus was 
 
 [54] 
 
Scene in Cuba 
 [55] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 led to believe that the Khan lived a short distance 
 inland. He therefore sent two messengers to 
 give him letters from the king of Spain. One of 
 the messenorers was selected because of his knowl- 
 edge of Arabic and other Oriental tongues, which, 
 
 Route of Columbus m the New World 
 
 it was thought, would be of great use in talking 
 with the Khan. 
 
 With Indians as guides, the two Spaniards 
 started forth. They bore with them many 
 presents for the Great Khan. After traveling 
 
Columbus and His Discoveries 
 
 toward the interior of the island for a distance of 
 thirty-six miles, they reached a village of fifty 
 houses. The natives crowded around the 
 strangers, kissing their hands and feet. They 
 believed that visitors from heaven had come to 
 see them. The Spaniards, however, were disap- 
 pointed when they found no great cities, as they 
 had hoped, and no rich and beautiful palaces. 
 Instead, only thatched huts were seen, and the 
 poverty of the Indians showed that they had no 
 gold. 
 
 The messengers of Columbus, therefore, started 
 back to the ships. On the way they often saw 
 the natives place rolls of leaves in their mouths. 
 To the great surprise of the travelers, the natives 
 lighted the leaves and smoked them. These rolls 
 were called tobaccos. Through this voyage of 
 Columbus the use of the tobacco plant was first 
 brought to the knowledge of the people of 
 Europe. 
 
 Another custom of the natives which so pleased 
 the Spaniards that they adopted it for themselves 
 was that of sleeping in nets. The natives hung 
 these nets between trees or posts, and called them 
 hamacas, from which we get our word hammocks. 
 
 [57] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 Columbus now carefully explored the coast of 
 Cuba. It was while doing this that he saw the 
 Pinta sail away to the eastward. He flew signals 
 to her to return. She did not obey the signals, 
 however, but kept on her way, and the white sails 
 of the vessel were soon lost below the horizon. 
 Martin Pinzdn had deserted Columbus. He had 
 heard from the Indians of gold mines which he 
 desired to secure for himself. He then hoped to 
 sail for Spain with the news of the great dis- 
 covery. This he believed would secure for 
 himself honors and riches from the king of 
 Spain. 
 
 With his two vessels Columbus sailed eastward, 
 and soon saw on the horizon mountains that 
 seemed to rise from the sea. The land was the 
 island now called Haiti. Columbus, however, 
 named it La Isla Espanola (Spanish island). 
 
 14. Espanola or Haiti. — In a description of 
 the island of Haiti, Columbus told of the gran- 
 deur of its scenery. The mountains, he said, 
 were of great size and beauty. Here were vast 
 plains, groves, and fields of great fertility. He 
 saw many excellent harbors and numerous rivers. 
 He found many kinds of spices here, also gold 
 
 [58] 
 
Old Map of Haiti and Porto Rico 
 [59] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 and other metals. The natives of the island were 
 afraid of the strange visitors, for they fled when- 
 ever the Spaniards drew near them. Columbus 
 tried to win their good will by giving them pres- 
 ents of beads and pieces of bright-colored cloth. 
 
 It was on the 6th of December that Colum- 
 bus entered the beautiful harbor which he named, 
 in honor of the day, St. Nicholas — the Mole 
 St. Nicholas of to-day. He then cruised along 
 the north coast of Espafiola, until on Christmas 
 Day the Saufa Mai^i'a ran on a sandbank and 
 became a total wreck. As the Pmta had already 
 deserted, only one vessel, the little Nina, remained. 
 This vessel was too small to take her own crew 
 and that of the Santa Mari'a back to Spain. It 
 was decided, therefore, to build a fort with the 
 timbers of the Santa Mari'a. They armed it 
 with her guns, and left as many men as wished 
 to stay to form a settlement. It was named La 
 Navidad, — the Spanish word for Christmas. 
 Forty-four chose to remain. Provisions, seeds, 
 and ammunition sufficient for a year were left 
 with them. They were urged by Columbus to 
 treat the natives kindly. Ten Indians were taken 
 on the Nina as presents for the Spanish sover- 
 
 [60] 
 
Columbus and His Discoveries 
 
 eigns, and as examples of the new type of man 
 in this unknown world. 
 
 The sails were now set for the homeward 
 journey, and as the little boat sped along, a sail 
 was seen in the distance. It was the ship of 
 Pinzdn, who had repented of his action, and was 
 now anxious to place the Pinta once more under 
 the command of Columbus. 
 
 15. The Homeward Journey. — On the i6th of 
 January the two vessels saw the land fade behind 
 them as they hurried on their homeward journey. 
 Terrible storms threatened to swamp the little 
 boats. So terrified were the sailors that all made 
 a vow, if their lives were spared, to go in solemn 
 procession to church at the first port they touched. 
 Lest all knowledge of his great voyage should be 
 lost if his vessels sank in the raging seas, Colum- 
 bus wrote out a statement which he wrapped in 
 oiled cloth and sealed in a cask. The cask was 
 thrown overboard. 
 
 On the 1 8th of February, 1493, the two vessels 
 sighted the islands that had been named by the 
 Portuguese the Azores, from the large number 
 of hawks or kites which were seen there. Here 
 
 the Portuguese tried to seize the vessels, but 
 
 [61] 
 

 [62] 
 
Columbus and His Discoveries 
 
 Columbus set sail and escaped. The seas were 
 again torn with gales of wind, and the little ves- 
 sels were once more in such great danger that 
 the admiral decided to seek the shelter of the 
 port of Lisbon. On February 25 he entered 
 the mouth of the Tagus, the tawny stream that 
 encircling the picturesque city of Toledo passes 
 through Lisbon and there enters the sea. Colum- 
 bus sent a letter to the Spanish sovereigns and 
 another to the king of Portugal, in whose waters 
 the little vessels were now riding. The king of 
 Portugal invited Columbus to court, and treated 
 him with great kindness. 
 
 It was on the 15th of March, 1493, that Co- 
 lumbus reached once more with his vessels the 
 little town of Palos, whose inhabitants poured 
 out to see the returned voyagers. Gladly the 
 bells of St. George and La Rabida welcomed the 
 mariners. Upon reaching shore Columbus with 
 his men went at once to the church of St. George 
 to fulfill their vow and offer up thanks for their 
 safe return. 
 
 The Spanish sovereigns were at Barcelona, and 
 at once invited Columbus to come there. With- 
 out delay the admiral started for the court. 
 
 [63] 
 

 I 
 
 "J 
 
 [64] 
 
Columbus and His Discoveries 
 
 Every city through which he passed welcomed 
 him with open arms. The streets were filled 
 with people, anxious to see the great discoverer, 
 and the Indians that he had brought with him 
 from the New World. These Indians, painted in 
 brilliant colors, with bracelets and earrings of 
 gold, seemed to the simple people to have come 
 from another planet. 
 
 As Columbus approached the court, the 
 Spanish nobles came out to meet him. At last 
 he Reached the great city of Barcelona. The 
 king and queen had had a vast tent erected in 
 the open air. Here on a golden throne the 
 sovereigns of Spain were surrounded by the 
 nobility of the land. As Columbus drew near, 
 all arose. The admiral, on bended knee, kissed 
 the hands of the king and queen. He told them 
 of his wonderful journey, of the beauty and riches 
 of the lands which he had found. He showed 
 them stuffed birds of brilliant plumage and rare 
 plants. The Indians were an object of great 
 interest to the sovereigns, especially to Queen 
 Isabella. All the court afterward went to the 
 royal chapel, where prayers of thanksgiving were 
 offered for the safe return of the voyagers. 
 
 [65] 
 
[66] 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 SPANISH EXPLORATION IN AMERICA (1492-1533) 
 
 16. Later Voyages of Columbus. Ponce de 
 Leon. — Columbus made three later voyages to 
 the New World. Among the lands which he 
 discovered were the Leeward islands of the 
 Caribbean sea, and Jamaica, to which he gave 
 the name Santiago — or St. James — the patron 
 saint of Spain. He also discovered the mouth of 
 the Orinoco ; the coast of Honduras and of the 
 isthmus of Panama. 
 
 It was on his second voyage that he sighted 
 (November 19, 1493) the rich and beautiful island 
 of Porto Rico. Columbus named it San Juan 
 Bautista (St. John the Baptist). It was called by 
 the natives Borinquen. 
 
 Among the members of this expedition was a 
 soldier who, by his energy and his intelligence, 
 rose steadily to higher honors. This man was 
 Ponce de Leon. In 1508 he was sent from 
 Espanola to explore the island of which the 
 
 [67] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 Spaniards had liad only a passing view. Ponce 
 landed easily with his men, and was treated with 
 great kindness by the natives. After a small 
 quantity of gold had been found, Ponce returned 
 to Espaiiola. He was appointed by the king 
 governor of Porto Rico, but the appointment 
 was recalled, because the right to name governors 
 of lands in the New World belonged to Columbus 
 or to his representative. 
 
 Ponce, however, was too active a man to re- 
 main in idleness. He had heard of a wonderful 
 spring in a country to the north. This spring 
 would restore youth to the aged, and Ponce made 
 up his mind to find it. With three ships he 
 sailed northwestward and reached on Easter 
 Sunday a land, which he named, in honor of the 
 day, Florida, from Pascua Florida, the Spanish 
 term for Easter. Ponce found no spring, how- 
 ever, and soon returned. He now visited Spain 
 and received another appointment as governor of 
 Porto Rico, as the island was at this time called. 
 The name San Juan Bautista was given to the 
 capital, which was founded on a good harbor on 
 the north coast. This capital, now called merely 
 San Juan, is one of the two great ports of the 
 
 [68] 
 
Spanish Exploration in America 
 
 island. The name of the explorer himself was 
 given to the thriving city, Ponce, on the south 
 coast. 
 
 About 1 52 1 Ponce made another expedition to 
 F'lorida, and was wounded by an arrow. He 
 returned to Cuba to die, and his remains were 
 later taken to his beloved island of Porto Rico, 
 where they rest to this day in the city of San 
 Juan. 
 
 17. Balboa discovers the Pacific. — Columbus 
 believed that there was a large ocean somewhere 
 to the west of Espanola. He had heard from the 
 Indians of this great body of water, but failed to 
 find it on any of his voyages. In 15 13 — twenty- 
 one years after the discovery of America — this 
 wonderful ocean was at last discovered by a 
 Spaniard named Balboa. 
 
 This brave man started from Darien on the 
 isthmus of Panama. He had one hundred and 
 ninety men and a number of Indians to carry the 
 burdens. His journey was full of toil and danger. 
 He had to cut his way through the forests and 
 the jungle ; the route lay across high, rocky 
 mountain ridges ; the savage Indians fought him 
 at every step, but he won their good will at last 
 
 [69] 
 
h -4i 
 
 [70J 
 
 1 
 
 C3 
 
Spanish Exploration in America 
 
 by giving them presents of looking-glasses, bells, 
 and small hatchets. They then aided him by 
 carrying some of the baggage. After twenty-five 
 days of great labor and suffering, he reached 
 (September 25, 15 13) a ridge of the lofty moun- 
 tains. Before him lay the Pacific, that vast waste 
 of water that covers more than one third of the 
 earth's surface ! 
 
 Balboa, with tears of joy in his eyes, fell on his 
 knees in prayer, as did all his comrades. Trees 
 were chopped down and made into crosses. 
 These crosses, stamped with the arms of the 
 Spanish king, were then raised aloft to show 
 that all the country was claimed for the crown 
 of Spain. 
 
 Balboa was very anxious to reach the ocean 
 that lay before him, but it was still a long journey. 
 Rocky mountain ridges, dense forests, deep 
 swamps, tribes of savage Indians, were before 
 him, as he came down the heights from which he 
 had first seen the great waters. After four days 
 of hard toil, however, he reached the shore, and 
 wading into the water with his sword in hand, 
 claimed this ocean for the king of Spain. 
 
 He called the waters he discovered the South 
 
 [71] 
 
(J 
 
 o 
 
 CQ 
 
 m 
 
 [7^] 
 
Spanish Exploration in America 
 
 Sea. Some years later the name Pacific was 
 given to this ocean by Magellan, and it is this 
 name by which it is known to this day. 
 
 i8. Cortes conquers Mexico. — The early Span- 
 ish explorers heard many tales of lands of gold 
 to the westward of Cuba. To Hernando Cortes 
 was given the command of an expedition to seek 
 these lands. He started from Santiago, Cuba, 
 November i8, 15 18, sailed to the island of Trini- 
 dad, and cruised alono- the shores of Yucatan. 
 He arrived in Mexico at the site of the present 
 city of Vera Cruz in the spring of 15 19. Scarcely 
 had he landed when messenorers arrived from 
 Montezuma, the war chief of the Aztecs. These 
 messengers asked, as best they could, what the 
 Spaniards wished.. Cortes replied that he wished 
 to see the king or war chief, but they replied 
 that it was not possible. In a short time other 
 messengers came from Montezuma, They bore 
 beautiful presents, of gold and jewels. Monte- 
 zuma refused to allow the vSpaniards to come 
 to him. 
 
 The Aztecs did not know how to write, but 
 instead drew pictures. When, for instance, Mon- 
 tezuma's messengers returned, they showed him 
 
 [73] 
 
[74] 
 
Spanish Exploration in America 
 
 a picture. On this picture were drawn the ships 
 of the Spaniards, the horses, and the men. Mon- 
 tezuma at once knew how many strangers had 
 landed and how many ships they had. He had 
 never seen a horse, and was of course terrified by 
 the pictures of these animals. 
 
 The sight of the rich gifts in such great quan- 
 tities aroused at once the Spaniards' thirst for 
 gold, and Cortes resolved to go forward to Mon- 
 tezuma. That his men might have no hope of 
 return, he sank all his ships. Nothing was now 
 left for the soldiers except to go forward to vic- 
 tory or to death. There were only about five 
 hundred and fifty Spaniards. Before them was 
 a wild country in which lived hundreds of thou- 
 sands of brave warriors who might prove hostile. 
 The little band of Spaniards started about the 
 middle of August (15 19) on its perilous journey. 
 The low lands of Mexico are covered with the 
 dense jungles found in the torrid zone. Through 
 these jungles Cortes had to cut a path. His 
 men and horses were at times almost lost in the 
 deep swamps. But he pushed on, and came into 
 the higher lands. Here the beautiful vegetation, 
 the lofty trees, the clear sky, and cool breezes 
 
 [75] 
 
[76] 
 
Spanish Exploration in America 
 
 rewarded the brave Spaniards for the hardships 
 they had suffered. The land, as they went on- 
 ward, became more and more hilly. They 
 crossed, after great toil, one mountain ridge after 
 another. 
 
 At last they reached the edge of the great 
 plateau of Mexico, which is here seven thousand 
 feet above the sea. Far to the westward on this 
 high land was the city of Mexico, the home of 
 Montezuma and the Aztecs. As the Spaniards 
 moved onward, the warhke Tlascalans met them 
 in battle, but were easily defeated. The Tlasca- 
 lans knew at once that they were not strong 
 enough to oppose these men with terrible guns 
 that seemed to them to give forth thunder and 
 lightning. They had never before seen horses, 
 and these animals struck terror to their hearts. 
 The Tlascalans were therefore glad to become 
 friends to the Spaniards and to join their army. 
 Another reason for this friendship was the desire 
 of the Tlascalans to revenge themselves -on the 
 Aztecs. The Aztec nation was made up of three 
 warlike tribes under the war chief Montezuma. 
 They lived in the valley of Mexico. For years 
 they had spread terror through the country, 
 
 [77] 
 
Hernando Cortes 
 
 [781 
 
Spanish Exploration in America 
 
 waging war with terrible cruelty, and bearing off 
 captives to be tortured to death. 
 
 With these new friends Cortes moved forward. 
 He reached without great difficulty the city of 
 Mexico. The war chief Montezuma, by a well- 
 formed plan, became a captive of the Spaniards. 
 The Mexicans for a time did not oppose the 
 strangers, as they believed that the Spaniards 
 would soon go back to their own country, and 
 would give Montezuma his freedom. When, 
 however, the Spaniards did not return, and Mon- 
 tezuma still remained a captive, the fury of the 
 Mexicans burst forth. Cortes was driven from 
 the city with fearful loss of life among his men. 
 He was compelled to go back with his broken 
 forces to Tlascala again. 
 
 Here a new army was formed. It was made 
 up of a Spanish force of forty horsemen and five 
 hundred and fifty foot soldiers. They had eight 
 or nine cannon. With the Spaniards were one 
 hundred and ten thousand Tlascalans. There 
 were around the city of Mexico many canals on 
 which the Mexicans used hundreds of war canoes. 
 To win a victory over them the Spaniards felt 
 it was necessary to secure boats. They therefore 
 
 [79] 
 
Cathedral of Mexico on Site of Aztec Temple 
 
 L8o] 
 
Spanish Exploration in America 
 
 built boats in sections small enough to be carried 
 on the back of men and mules to the city of 
 Mexico. There the sections were later put to- 
 gether on the banks of the canals. Everything 
 was now ready for the forward march. 
 
 The Aztecs opposed them at every step. The 
 war canoes attacked the boats of the Spaniards, 
 but were completely defeated. Every street was 
 blocked with stones and wooden beams, behind 
 which the Aztecs fought with the greatest hero- 
 ism. From the roofs of the houses stones were 
 hurled upon the Spaniards and Tlascalans. For 
 eight long months this bitter war was waged. At 
 last the Spaniards carried the city, and the Aztec 
 nation fell forever, August 13, 1521. 
 
 19. Pizarro conquers Peru. — Among the sol- 
 diers of Balboa, when he discovered the Pacific, 
 was Francisco Pizarro. From the natives alonij 
 the coast of Panama, Pizarro heard that there 
 was a rich country to the south, named Peru. 
 He decided to go in search of it at the first 
 opportunity. He could neither read nor write, 
 but he had a strong will, and men had faith in his 
 ability to carry out his plans. 
 
 It was not until 1524, however, eleven years 
 
 [Si] 
 
[82] 
 
Spanish Exploration in America 
 
 after he had first seen the Pacific with Balboa, 
 that Pizarro was able to start on his southward 
 voyage. He spent the following three years 
 exploring the coasts of the present countries of 
 Colombia and Ecuador. His men suffered from 
 hunger, and many were killed by the Indians. 
 At one time Pizarro received an order from 
 Panama to allow any of his men to return there, 
 if they wished to do so. Pizarro at once obeyed 
 the order. Drawing a line, he called his men 
 together. " Those who will go to the south with 
 me, cross that line," he said. Only fourteen brave 
 men crossed the line that meant danger, toil, and 
 perhaps death. The others returned to Panama. 
 With his small force Pizarro sailed for five 
 hundred miles downi the coast of Peru, landing at 
 many points. He learned of the riches of the 
 country, with its mines of gold and silver. He 
 was told of a wonderful road that stretched for 
 fifteen hundred miles through the land. This 
 road was built across the mountains, and was 
 made partly of cement, so that it remains even to 
 this day. Along this highway, at short distances 
 from each other, lived fleet runners. When a 
 message was to be sent, it was given to the first 
 
 [83] 
 
Seem ill Fern 
 
 [84] 
 
Spanish Exploration in America 
 
 runner, who hurried to the second. He in turn 
 ran at full speed to the third, and so on along the 
 whole length of the great highway. In this way 
 messages were sent with great rapidity for long 
 distances. 
 
 Pizarro was told of the rich cities of the land, 
 with their beautiful homes and palaces with roofs 
 of gold. The ruler of this rich people was called 
 the Inca.' The last Inca had left two sons. 
 Each desired to rule the country, and as a result, 
 war broke out between the brothers. Pizarro at 
 this time returned to Panama, and later paid a 
 visit to Spain. He was granted an audience by 
 the king, who was so pleased with his reports 
 of Peru that he appointed him governor of that 
 country. Pizarro sailed at once from Spain for 
 Panama. A new force of ships and men had been 
 gathered for the conquest of the rich country of 
 the Peruvians. Landing with one hundred and 
 seventy men on the coast of Peru (1531), he 
 marched along the great highway toward the 
 heart of the country. 
 
 ^The word "Inca'' means chief. The Incas claimed to be de- 
 scendants of the sun, and were venerated by the people as divine 
 
 beings. 
 
 [85] 
 
[86] 
 
Spanish Exploration in America 
 
 The Peruvians made little effort to oppose the 
 Spaniards. Pizarro soon learned that in the war 
 between the brothers one had been captured and 
 killed by his victorious rival. The successful 
 brother was named Atahualpa. He sent messen- 
 gers with costly presents to the Spaniards as they 
 drew near to his capital. When he arrived in that 
 city Pizarro asked to see the Inca, Atahualpa. 
 Pizarro was surrounded by his men. They were 
 on horseback, in full armor, with flags flying, 
 making a beautiful picture in the bright sunshine. 
 At last Atahualpa arrived. He was borne in a 
 golden chair, and was clad in cloth of gold and 
 silver. His subjects did not dare even to look up 
 at him, but kept their eyes always on the ground. 
 After a short interview, the Spaniards suddenly 
 fell upon Atahualpa, seized him, and bore him 
 off as a captive after killing by hundreds the 
 Peruvians who tried to save him. 
 
 The unfortunate monarch offered to fill the 
 room in which he was confined with golden 
 vessels, if they would give him his freedom. His 
 offer was accepted, and the gold in great quantities 
 secured. But the Spaniards did not keep their 
 promise. On the charge of plotting against them, 
 
 [87] 
 

 s 
 
 [881 
 
Spanish Exploration in America 
 
 they put the unhappy Atahualpa to death. The 
 great and rich country of Peru soon came (1533) 
 under the rule of Spain. 
 
 Thus step by step nearly all of Central and 
 South America, except Brazil, became the prop- 
 erty of the crown of Spain. 
 
 20. Division of the World. — All the people of 
 Europe believed that the voyages of Columbus 
 had opened for Spain a westward route to the 
 eagerly sought Spice islands.* As Vasco da 
 Gama had given to Portugal an eastward path 
 to these islands, it was probable that serious 
 trouble might arise between the Portuguese and 
 the Spaniards. At this time practically all the 
 Christian nations were in communion with the 
 Roman Catholic Church. Spain and Portugal, 
 therefore, were glad to turn to the Supreme 
 Pontiff, as head of the Church, to pass judgment 
 on any disputed questions. As early as 1454 
 
 ^ '• It is hard for us to understand this enthusiasm for spices, for 
 which we care much less nowadays. One former use of spices was 
 to preserve food, which could not then, as now, be carried rapidly, 
 while still fresh, from place to place : nor did our conveniences then 
 exist for keeping it by the use of ice. Moreover, spice served to 
 make even spoiled food more palatable than it would otherwise have 
 been." — Robinson, "Western Europe," p. 350. 
 
 [89] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 Portugal had asked Pope Nicholas the Fifth to 
 confirm her title to the territory which the 
 Portuguese had discovered along the coast of 
 Africa. This request was granted. Later decrees 
 of the Popes gave Portugal the title to all lands 
 already found, or which should be found by them, 
 not only from Morocco, southward, but even to 
 the Far East. By these decrees Portugal obtained 
 the sole right to the water route around Africa 
 to India. 
 
 Spain did not long delay in securing from the 
 Supreme Pontiff title to her discoveries. Less 
 than two months after the return of Columbus, 
 Pope Alexander the Sixth granted to Spain 
 exclusive rights to the lands which she had just 
 discovered. It was now more and more evident 
 that there would soon be war between Spain and 
 Portugal, unless the disputes arising from their 
 recent discoveries should be settled. Both of 
 these nations were very anxious to avoid war. 
 They therefore asked the Pope to mark the 
 boundary between their territories. The Pope 
 believed that the fairest method would be to give 
 to Spain the lands to the west, and to Portugal 
 those to the east. He therefore drew a line, 
 
 [90] 
 
Spanish Exploration in America 
 
 NORTH J i 
 
 V-.A- 
 
 called the Line of Demarcation, from the north 
 to the south pole, one hundred leagues west of 
 any one of the Azores and the Cape Verde islands. 
 It was supposed that these two groups of islands 
 were on the same meridian. 
 
 This decision was acceptable to Portugal. She 
 soon changed her mind, however, as she feared 
 this division would forever 
 shut her out from the New 
 World across the Atlantic. 
 She therefore asked to 
 have the line moved far- 
 ther westward, and with 
 Spain's permission the line 
 was drawn (June 7, 1494) 
 three hundred and seventy- 
 leagues west of the Cape 
 Verde islands. This change was a fortunate 
 one for Portugal, since it gave her title to a 
 part of South America, as we shall now see. 
 
 21. Cabral discovers Brazil. — The Portuguese 
 
 O 
 
 were at this time frequently sending vessels to 
 India to fetch the silks, dyestuffs, and spices of 
 the rich Eastern ports. Early in the year 1500 
 Cabral, a Portuguese nobleman, sailed with a 
 
 [91] 
 
 A ,11 E R I 
 
 The Division of the World 
 made in 1494 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 splendid fleet of tliirteen ships on the long 
 journey to India. He planned to trade with 
 the Oriental princes and to establish posts for 
 commerce with India. 
 
 Cabral took with him rich presents to win the 
 good will of the Eastern kings. Desiring to 
 avoid the dangerous coast of Africa, he sailed 
 farther westward than was usual. Without his 
 knowing it, his vessels were carried by the great 
 South Atlantic current to the west. To his great 
 surprise he saw, one April morning, land on the 
 horizon. 
 
 Cabral called the newly discovered country 
 Vera Cruz (True Cross), a name later changed to 
 Santa Cruz (Holy Cross). The name Brazil, by 
 which it is now known, was given to it from the 
 dyewood, which is exported in large quantities to 
 Europe. 
 
 If this land were to the east of the Line of 
 Demarcation, it belonged of course to Portugal. 
 Cabral believed this to be a fact, and he therefore 
 set up a large cross, and claimed the country for 
 his kine. At the same time he sent back a vessel 
 to Portugal with the glad news of his discovery. 
 It was later found that the Line did run through 
 
 [92] 
 
Spanish Exploration in America 
 
 this part of the New World, and for this reason 
 Portugal secured Brazil.^ She held it for almost 
 four hundred years, and the Portuguese language 
 remains to this day the tongue of the people, 
 while in nearly all the remainder of South 
 America the Spanish language is spoken. 
 
 1 The story of CabraPs further journey is full of interest. He 
 reached India September 13, 1500, and established trading posts. 
 He arrived home in Lisbon again July 23, 1501. In his cargo he 
 had large quantities of spices, sandalwood, camphor, opium, and 
 other dmgs, besides porcelain and jewels. These were the articles 
 most in demand in Europe. Bartholomew Di'az was a member of 
 this expedition, and by a tragic fate was lost with his vessel in a 
 typhoon off the cape he had discovered about fourteen years before. 
 
 [93] 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 MAGELLAN'S EXPEDITION AROUND THE GLOBE 
 
 (1519-1522) 
 
 2 2. Ferdinand Magellan. — The discovery of the 
 New World and the voyages around Africa awak- 
 ened the desire for exploration in all the nations 
 of Europe. On the 20th of October, 15 17, there 
 entered the beautiful city of Seville a native of 
 Portugal, who was destined soon to secure im- 
 mortal fame. This man was Ferdinand Magellan. 
 
 He was born about 1480, among the mountains 
 of northern Portugal, Being of a noble family, 
 he was received at an early age as a page at the 
 court of Lisbon. 
 
 Anxious, however, to seek his fortune in the 
 Orient, Magellan joined (1505) the fleet of Al- 
 meida, the Viceroy of India, and sailed for the 
 East. The fleet was made up of twenty-two ships, 
 bearing no less than fifteen thousand men. The 
 king of Portugal in person sailed with the ships 
 as far as the mouth of the Tagus river. Almeida 
 
 [94] 
 
Ferdinand Magellan 
 [95] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 was ordered to build trading posts and to over- 
 throw the power of the Arabs. Portugal desired 
 the commerce of the East to flow into Europe 
 through her capital, Lisbon. 
 
 For seven years Magellan remained in the ser- 
 vice of Portugal in the East. They were years 
 of the greatest activity. Under the Portuguese 
 flag he fought battle after battle, besieged and 
 captured city after city. The vessels of Portugal 
 sailed through the strait of Malacca to the distant 
 Moluccas or Spice islands, thus reaching at last 
 (15 1 2) the lands they had sought so long. When 
 the flag of Portugal had been safely planted in 
 the Orient, Magellan returned to his native land. 
 
 In 15 13 war broke out between the Portuguese 
 and the Moors of Morocco, and in one of the 
 battles by which the Moorish power was over- 
 thrown Magellan was so severely wounded that he 
 was lamed for life. He then returned to Lisbon 
 and laid before the king plans for a westward 
 voyage to the Spice islands. At the same time 
 he asked the king for an increase in his pension. 
 
 The project for a westward voyage did not 
 interest Dom Manoel, the kinor, ^^ the eastward 
 water route was now a certainty and was under 
 
 [96] 
 
Scene in the Moluccas 
 
 [97] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 the exclusive control of Portugal. The request 
 for an increase of pension was denied on the 
 spot. 
 
 Magellan then declared his intention of seeking 
 service elsewhere, and asked permission to depart. 
 The king said he might do as he pleased. Upon 
 this Magellan desired to kiss the king's hand 
 at parting, but the king would not offer it to 
 him. 
 
 Magellan, thereupon, cast off his allegiance to 
 Portugal and set out for Spain. 
 
 He arrived in Seville on the 20th of Octo- 
 ber, 151 7. His plans were quickly laid before 
 the king, Charles I, at that time only eighteen 
 years of age. Magellan proved to the satisfaction 
 of Charles that the Spice islands lay within the 
 Spanish half of the world. With an expedition 
 sailing westward Magellan declared that he would 
 find a passage to the Pacific and the Moluccas. 
 He believed South America sloped gradually to 
 the west, as Africa did to the east. No passage, 
 however, like that around the cape of Good Hope, 
 had yet been found. Magellan, therefore, said he 
 " would coast the whole continent till he came 
 to the cape, which corresponds to the cape of 
 
 [98] 
 
Magellan's Expedition 
 
 Good Hope, and would discover many new lands, 
 and the way to the Spice islands." 
 
 By means of a globe which he had brought 
 with him from Portugal, Magellan showed the 
 king the route he intended to take. He proved 
 to the king's satisfaction that this western expedi- 
 tion would nowhere enter territory claimed by 
 Portugal, as the routes of the Portuguese lay to 
 the eastward. Charles and his advisers, especially 
 Bishop Fonseca of Burgos, who was at that time 
 head of the colonial ofifice of Spain, saw the value 
 of Magellan's plans, and gave their approval for 
 the expedition. 
 
 The contract was signed March 22, 15 18, by 
 King Charles. He agreed to fit out five ships, 
 and promised that, no other expedition should 
 I be sent out for ten years, except by royal per- 
 mission. Magellan and a friend, Ruy Faleiro, 
 — a famous map-maker and student of naviga- 
 tion, — were to receive one twentieth part of the 
 profits of their discoveries. They were also to 
 have the title of governors of any lands they 
 might find on their journey. 
 
 Magellan now returned to Seville to complete 
 his plans. No sooner did the Portuguese learn 
 
 [99] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 of his success in securing the approval of the king 
 and his council to his plans than they began to 
 place obstacles in his path. 
 
 They urged Magellan, as a Portuguese, to give 
 up his scheme, which they declared would im- 
 peril the glory of his native land. They urged 
 him to return to Lisbon, where honors would be 
 showered upon him. Magellan, however, knew 
 too well what to expect from the king of Portu- 
 gal, and firmly refused. The Portuguese then 
 tried to influence the king. 
 
 At this time Dom Manoel, king of Portugal, 
 was engaged to marry the sister of King Charles, 
 and the Portuguese suggested that Magellan's 
 expedition might cause a disagreement between 
 the royal families. Charles, however, was now in 
 earnest, and not only would not listen to the idea 
 of giving up the expedition, but ordered Magel- 
 lan to hasten to Seville and get the fleet ready. 
 Five vessels were secured, — the San Antonio of 
 one hundred and twenty tons burden, the Trini- 
 dad of one hundred and ten tons, at whose mast- 
 head waved Magellan's pennant, the Concepcibn 
 of ninety tons, the Victoi^ia of eighty-five tons, 
 and the Santiago of seventy-five tons. These 
 
 [lOo] 
 
Magellan's Expedition 
 
 ships had decks, but they were old and poorly 
 adapted for the great voyage. 
 
 Although great difficulties were met in secur- 
 ing sailors for the expedition, the preparations 
 were at last complete. It is interesting to note 
 some of the articles of trade and barter which 
 were taken. On the list are quicksilver, vermil- 
 ion, alum, colored cloths, ivory, velvet, red caps, 
 handkerchiefs, fishhooks, combs, copper, knives, 
 looking-glasses, and no less than twenty thousand 
 small bells. 
 
 It was now August, 15 19, and Magellan with 
 his men, about two hundred and seventy in num- 
 ber, went to the church of Santa Mari'a de la 
 Victoria in Seville. Here the royal standard was 
 presented to him, and he solemnly swore to do all 
 in his power to advance the interests of the king. 
 His captains and men then took the oath of 
 allegiance to the king and of obedience to the 
 captain-general of the expedition — Magellan. 
 
 On the loth of August, 15 19, the sails were 
 hoisted and the little fleet drifted with the current 
 down the muddy waters of the Guadalquivir, At 
 the mouth of this river is the port of San 
 Lucar de Barrameda. Here they remained for 
 
 [lOl] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 favorable winds until the 20th of September, 
 1 5 19, when anchors were weighed, sails set, and 
 the little flotilla had begun its wonderous journey. 
 How many of these brave voyagers saw for the 
 last time that day the vine-clad hills of sunny 
 Spain ! 
 
 23. The Great Voyage. — Magellan's ships took 
 the lead as they steered for the Canary islands. 
 That there might be no danger of the vessels 
 losing sight of each other, they were ordered to 
 follow Magellan's flag by day, and in the darkness 
 or in a storm to watch a torch which was kept 
 burning on the stern of Magellan's ship. On 
 approaching land a cannon would be fired to 
 inform the other vessels. 
 
 After six days they reached the island of Tene- 
 rife, of the Canary group, where they remained 
 a few days for supplies. Again setting sail, they 
 steered southward alone the coast of Africa be- 
 tween the mainland and the Cape Verde islands. 
 Up to this time they had enjoyed good weather 
 and smooth seas. As they pushed farther south, 
 they met terrific storms. Changing the course 
 to the southwestward, it was not until the 29th 
 of November, after almost two months of voyag- 
 
 [102I 
 
Magellan's Expedition 
 
 ing on the broad Atlantic, that they saw the 
 mainland of South America at cape St. Augus- 
 tine. Pinzdn, one of Columbus's captains, had 
 discovered this cape nineteen years earlier. 
 
 Before them stretched the long reefs that reach 
 out from the coast. They had reached the site 
 of the present city of Pernambuco, where they 
 were able to secure supplies of food. These 
 consisted of fresh fruits, pineapples, sweet pota- 
 toes, and fowls, as well as plenty of fresh water, 
 which they needed. Continuing on their journey 
 along the coast of the continent they reached the 
 bay called Ri'o de Janeiro. To this bay Magellan 
 gave the name Santa Luci'a, as it was on St. 
 Lucy's Day, December 13, that he entered it. 
 
 Magellan was glad indeed to anchor in the 
 beautiful and serene harbor, and for thirteen 
 days they rested here, repairing the vessels and 
 trading with the natives. One of the members 
 of the expedition, in his chronicle of the voyage, 
 tells of this barter.^ The natives gave for a knife 
 
 1 This chronicler was an Italian, Antonio Pigafetta. He hap- 
 pened to be in Barcelona when the expedition was decided upon, and 
 obtained permission to accompany Magellan. He kept an interest- 
 ing record of the events of the entire journey. 
 
 [ 103] 
 
s: 
 
 [T04] 
 
Magellan's Expedition 
 
 or a hook for catching fish five or six fowls, for a 
 comb two geese, for a small mirror or a pair of 
 scissors so much fish that ten men could have 
 eaten of it, for a bell a full basket of fruit, for a 
 king of cards five fowls, and the writer remarks 
 of the last item, " They thought they were cheat- 
 ing me." One of the customs of these natives that 
 shocked the Spaniards was the treatment of pris- 
 oners. Whenever an enemy was captured in war, 
 they cut him into small pieces. These pieces 
 were dried on their chimneys, and afterwards 
 eaten with their ordinary food. 
 
 Before the coming of the Spaniards, it had not 
 rained for two months. On the day of Magellan's 
 arrival it rained, and the natives, believing that 
 the stranoers had brous^ht the rain with them 
 from heaven, treated them with great kindness. 
 The little fleet again resumed its southward jour- 
 ney (December 26, 15 19), and about the middle of 
 January anchored at the mouth of the Ri'o de la 
 Plata, probably opposite the site of the present 
 beautiful city of Buenos Ayres. Just four years 
 previous to this time the Spaniards, under Juan 
 Di'az de Solis, had entered this river while look- 
 ing for a westward passage to the Spice islands. 
 
 [105] 
 
"•J/ 
 
 ilOffiU 
 
 4' 
 
 
 .^.< 
 
 TN' 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^i. 
 
 io6] 
 
Magellan's Expedition 
 
 Solis and eight of his crew were captured, roasted, 
 and eaten by the Indians in sight of their com- 
 rades. To the river was given the name Ri'o 
 de Solis, but eleven years later the name was 
 changed to Ri'o de la Plata or River of Silver, 
 because plates of silver were found here in the 
 homes of the natives. 
 
 Some days were spent in exploring the shallow 
 waters of the river, with the hope of finding a 
 passage to the great ocean on the west. The 
 search was in vain, and once more the fleet 
 started southward along the coast where the 
 plains, rising in steps, stretched to the mountains 
 in the west. The fearful storms that sweep along 
 the southern coasts of South America now broke 
 upon them. The cold became intense. At last 
 they found (March 31, 1520) a refuge where they 
 could pass the winter, now rapidly coming on 
 them in these far southern latitudes. This har- 
 bor was named Port St. Julian. It was not only 
 well protected from storms, but abounded in fish 
 and birds, and had an abundance of wood and 
 fresh water. 
 
 24. The Mutiny and the Discovery of the Strait. 
 
 — As the winter advanced, Magellan believed it 
 
 [107] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 to be necessary for their welfare to save the 
 provisions. He therefore reduced the amount 
 allowed to each person. At once evidences of 
 mutiny appeared. There had been more or less 
 discontent and even open rebellion on the part of 
 some of the captains from the very beginning of 
 the expedition. The fact that Magellan, a Portu- 
 guese, had been given command of the fleet by 
 the king of Spain, had aroused from the first 
 jealousy and hatred toward Magellan, on the part 
 of Mendoza and Cartagena, two of the five cap- 
 tains. On the voyage across the Atlantic, Car- 
 tagena, captain of the Sail Aiitonio, was removed 
 from his position for disobedience. The com- 
 mand of the ship was given to Mesquita, a 
 kinsman in whom Magellan could place absolute 
 trust. At this time, then, Quesada had command 
 of the Concepcibn, Mendoza of the Victoria, 
 Serrao of the Santiago, the smallest vessel of the 
 fleet, while Magellan was, of course, in command 
 of the flagship, the Trinidad. 
 
 On Easter Sunday night (April i, 1520) the 
 conspirators, Quesada, Cartagena, and Mendoza, 
 carried out their plans. Rowing to the San 
 Antonio, they quickly boarded the boat, placed 
 
 [108] 
 
Magellan's Expedition 
 
 Mesquita, the captain, in irons, and disarmed the 
 crew. One officer who resisted was mortally 
 wounded by Quesada. Sebastian del Cano, of 
 whom we shall hear more, to his everlasting dis- 
 grace joined the conspiracy. The mutineers now 
 had under their control the San Antonio, the 
 Victoria, and the Conccpcioji. Apparently their 
 succesf was complete. 
 
 Magellan knew nothing of the outbreak of the 
 mutiny until the following morning, when from 
 the San Antonio came news of the events of the 
 previous night. Magellan sent a boat to each 
 of the ships. The little Santiago alone acknowl- 
 edged him as captain-general. The expedition 
 was now indeed on the brink of disaster. Unless 
 Magellan could regain control of his ships, he 
 would be compelled to return to Spain in dis- 
 grace, as he could not proceed with only two 
 vessels. 
 
 As was his custom, Magellan acted quickly. 
 He sent a boat with five men under a trusted 
 leader to the Victoria, with a letter for her cap- 
 tain, Mendoza, asking him to come to the flag- 
 ship. Mendoza read the letter and at once 
 declined to go or to acknowledge Magellan's 
 
 [ 109] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 authority. Upon this the messenger of Magellan 
 plunged a knife into Mendoza's heart. A boat 
 with fifteen trusty men had meanwhile been 
 stealthily sent from the flagship. This boat 
 arrived just at the moment when Mendoza fell 
 dead upon the deck, and her men, swarming over 
 the sides of the Victoria, captured the ship. The 
 captain-general now had three ships and the 
 mutineers only two. Magellan's ships were 
 moved to the entrance of the harbor to prevent 
 the escape of the San Antonio and the Conccpcibn. 
 As night came on, Magellan became more 
 watchful. He feared lest the other ships might 
 try to escape in the darkness. He was right in 
 his fears, for the San Antonio was seen at mid- 
 night moving outward. Magellan's ship at once 
 sailed alongside of her and grappled her. 
 Magellan's men quickly poured over her sides 
 and the San Antonio was won. One vessel, the 
 Concepcion, now remained in the hands of the 
 mutineers. Quesada, her captain, seeing how 
 hopeless was further opposition to Magellan, sur- 
 rendered. Punishment quickly followed. Quesada 
 was taken ashore and executed. Cartagena was 
 left on shore when the vessels sailed and was 
 
 [no] 
 
Magellan's Expedition 
 
 never heard from again. He probably fell a 
 victim to the Indians. The mutiny was over 
 and the victory won through the wonderful daring 
 of the great captain-general. 
 
 While the fleet was at Port St. Julian, one of 
 the natives appeared. He was much larger than 
 the Spaniard. He was so tall that the tallest 
 Spaniard, as they report, only reached to his waist. 
 His face was painted red and yellow. An amus- 
 ing incident occurred when a mirror was given to 
 him. As he saw his face in it, with a terrific yell 
 he jumped backward so violently that he knocked 
 down three men. His feet, like those of the other 
 natives, were wrapped in skins, for which reason 
 Magellan called the people of this country 
 Patagonians — the " clumsy-footed " — from the 
 Spanish word patagon. 
 
 Magellan now sent the Sa^itiago to cruise along 
 the coast to find, if possible, the long-looked-for 
 strait. Terrific storms broke over the little vessel, 
 and she was cast on the shore a complete wreck. 
 Her crew escaped and suffered untold hardships 
 in working their way along the coast back to the 
 fleet. 
 
 As the time for leaving these winter quarters 
 
 [III] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 now drew near, Magellan set up a cross on a high 
 hill as a sign that he had taken possession of 
 the country in the name of the king of Spain. 
 They had been nearly five months at Port St. 
 Julian, when the little fleet hoisted sail to con- 
 tinue the journey. Two days later they reached 
 the mouth of the Santa Cruz river, w^iere they 
 anchored. Here they found an abundance of 
 fish, wood, and fresh water, and two months were 
 spent at this point while waiting for the spring to 
 arrive. 
 
 On October i8th, when the spring is well 
 advanced in the southern hemisphere, the four 
 vessels that now made up the fleet sailed south- 
 ward, and three days later Magellan believed that 
 he had discovered the long-sought strait that 
 would open the way to the great Western ocean 
 and the rich Spice islands. To the promontory 
 at the entrance they gave the name cape of the 
 Virgins. Magellan sent two vessels to explore 
 the waters and find if it w^ere really the hoped-for 
 strait. After five days the vessels returned, gay 
 with flags, and discharging cannon in triumph. 
 One of the vessels reported that she had sailed 
 westward three days without finding an end to the 
 

 
 [113] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 strait. She said the depth of the water continued 
 very great, and that the tide was stronger when it 
 flowed to the westward than when it ran to the 
 east. 
 
 Cheers of joy greeted these happy tidings. The 
 fleet was ordered to enter the strait. To the 
 southward smoke arose from numerous fires, and 
 Magellan therefore called ' the country Tierra del 
 Fuego — the "Land of Fire." Of this part of 
 the journey the chronicler, Pigafetta, writes : " In 
 the strait we found at every half league a good 
 port and place for anchoring ; good water, wood 
 of cedar, and fish like sardines, as well as a 
 sweet herb [celery]. I think there is not in the 
 world a more beautiful country or better strait 
 than this one." 
 
 After sailing in the strait for almost a month, 
 Magellan called a council of his captains as to 
 the future course. All urged him to go on to 
 the end, — now that the great prize was within 
 their grasp. Estevan Gomez, pilot of the Saii 
 Antonio, urged a return to Spain. "The strait 
 has been found," he said. " Let us now go home 
 and return with a new and larwr flotilla." 
 Magellan answered that, even if they were com- 
 
 [114] 
 
Magellan's Expedition 
 
 pelled to eat the leather on the ship's rigging, 
 he would go on and would fulfill his promise to 
 the king. He forbade, under pain of death, any 
 one to speak of a return to Spain or to complain 
 of a lack of provisions. Then, ordering the can- 
 non to be discharged, he sailed forward, while 
 the echoes of the artillery sounded through the 
 strait. 
 
 Gomez, however, did not long defer the pur- 
 pose he had in mind. His vessel, the San 
 Antonio, of which he was pilot, was sent with 
 the Concepcion to explore one of the inlets of 
 the strait. With a number of fellow-conspirators, 
 he made a prisoner of Mesquita, the captain, and 
 taking advantage of the darkness slipped by the 
 Concepcion. The San Antonio turned toward 
 the east, passed out of the strait, and hurried 
 back to Spain, where she arrived. May 6, 1521. 
 Gomez told a tale full of falsehoods, — of Magel- 
 lan's cruelty and incapacity, and of the failure 
 of the expedition. He insinuated that Magellan 
 as a Portuguese had deliberately wrecked the 
 expedition. The unfortunate captain, Mes- 
 quita, was placed in prison, but certain features 
 of the story having a rather suspicious appear- 
 
 [115] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 ance, Gomez and his accomplices were arrested 
 alsoJ 
 
 When the Co7icepci6n returned to Magellan 
 without the San Antonio, the captain-general 
 would not believe Gomez guilty of such treacher)\ 
 He sent vessels back even to the cape of the 
 Virgins, and when at last he felt compelled to 
 sail onward, he buried letters with large signs 
 over them, that the San Antonio might see them 
 if she had merely lost her way. There were now- 
 only three vessels in the fleet when Magellan at 
 length (November 28, 1520) passed out of the 
 strait into the great ocean which he named the 
 Pacific. This same ocean Balboa, seven years 
 before, had named the South sea. It had required 
 thirty-eight days to make the passage of the strait, 
 a distance of three hundred and twenty miles. As 
 they passed out, Magellan ordered artillery to be 
 fired, and all shed tears of joy. They gave to 
 the point at the western end the name Cabo 
 Deseado — the " Longed-for Cape." To the strait 
 itself Magellan gave the name Canal de Todos 
 
 ' The taithful Mesquita was in fact not released until the return 
 in triumph of the Victoria, when the true fiicts became known. Even 
 
 Magellan's wife was watched at this time, lest she attempt to fly to 
 
 [1.6] 
 
 Portugal. 
 
Magellan's Expedition 
 
 Los Santos (Strait of All Saints), but it is 
 now known only by the name of the great dis- 
 coverer. 
 
 25. The Passage of the Pacific. The Ladrones. — 
 After emerging from the strait, the fleet took a 
 northerly course along the west coast of South 
 America. After two weeks' sailing, they boldly 
 turned to the northwest to explore the unknown 
 waste of waters before them. Little did they 
 realize the sufferings that awaited them. For 
 two months they saw no sight of land. Hunger, 
 thirst, and disease, each claimed its victims daily. 
 
 As they sailed on day after day without relief, 
 their sufferings became almost unbearable. They 
 were compelled to eat biscuit filled with worms, 
 and even sawdust was gathered up and devoured. 
 The water became putrid, and so scarce that the 
 smallest possible amount was given to each per- 
 son. Rats even became a great delicacy, but 
 " enough of them were not to be got," said one 
 member of the expedition. An island was seen 
 January 24, but it was uninhabited, and they 
 were compelled to push on without securing pro- 
 visions or water. After eleven days they saw 
 another island, but it had neither food nor water. 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 They were now reduced to the extremity of eat- 
 ing the leather straps of the rigging, which they 
 roasted and devoured eagerly. Scurvy broke out, 
 caused by mixing salt water with fresh to boil 
 their rice. The upper and lower gums of most of 
 the men became so swollen that they could not 
 eat. No less than nineteen died of this terrible 
 disease. " I think," says the chronicler, " that 
 never again will men undertake to perform such 
 a voyage." It appeared as if the entire expedi- 
 tion would perish, as day after day they scanned 
 in vain the western horizon for land. 
 
 At last their sufferings came to an end. On 
 the 6th of March, ninety-eight days after they 
 had last seen inhabited land, they reached the 
 islands now called the Ladrones, where they 
 secured fresh fruit and water. The quaint chron- 
 icler of the expedition says of the people : " They 
 are tall and well made, and when they are born 
 they are white ; later they become brown. The 
 houses are constructed of wood, covered with 
 planks and fig leaves. The natives sleep on 
 palm straw, which is soft and fine. These people 
 have no weapons except sticks which have a fish 
 bone at one end. They are poor, and are also 
 
 [ii8] 
 

 
 
 
 Ikj '^ Br I^^^i7 
 
 
 Hp^^^^ 
 
 P*^ 
 
 
 Scene in the Ladrones 
 [119] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 great thieves. Therefore we called these islands 
 the Robber (Ladrone) islands." 
 
 This name is commonly applied to them, but 
 they are usually called by the Spaniards the 
 Mariannes, in honor of Marianna of Austria, 
 widow of Philip IV of Spain. Magellan called 
 them Islands of the Lateen Sails (Islas de las 
 Velas Latinas), from the large number of boats 
 of this type that were sailing in these waters. 
 
 26. Discovery of the Philippines. — After secur- 
 ing provisions and water, the fleet sailed again 
 (March 9, 1521) to the westward, and seven days 
 later saw on the horizon a land of surpassing 
 beauty. For the first time in the history of the 
 world, the eve of a white man rested on the 
 islands now known as the Philippines. 
 
 The land before them was Samar, the beautiful 
 heavily wooded island which forms part of the 
 eastern boundary of the Philippine archipelago. 
 Magellan carefully sailed his vessels among the 
 shoals and entered the Surigao strait, as it is 
 called to-day. He anchored before Malhdn 
 island, and set up tents on the shore for the sick. 
 
 Says the chronicler: "Monday, the i8th 
 of March, after dinner, we saw a boat come to- 
 
 [120] 
 
Magellan's Expedition 
 
 ward us with nine men in it ; upon whicli the 
 captain-general ordered that no one should move 
 or speak without his permission. When they 
 had come to our boat, their chief at once sought 
 the captain-general, showing great joy at our 
 arrival. The captain, seeing the kindly feeling 
 of the natives toward us, ordered food and drink 
 to be given to them, and he presented them with 
 some red caps, looking-glasses, combs, bells, ivory, 
 and other thinos. When the natives saw the 
 kindness of the captain, they gave us some fish, 
 a vessel filled with palm wine, figs more than a 
 foot long [bananas], and two cochos [cocoanuts]. 
 The captain, to do them greater honor, conducted 
 them through the ship and showed them his 
 cargo, — cloves, cinnamon, pepper, ginger, nut- 
 meg, and all that was in the ship. He also had 
 the guns fired, at which they were so much afraid 
 that they wished to jump from the ship into the 
 sea. We remained here eight days. The cap- 
 tain w^ent every day to see the sick men on the 
 shore, and he gave them with his own hand the 
 milk of the cocoanut, which helped them greatly." 
 Magellan named the group of islands the 
 Archipelago of St. Lazarus. This name was 
 
 [I2I] 
 
Philip II of Spain 
 
 [122J 
 
Magellan's Expedition 
 
 changed in 1542 to the present name, Philippines, 
 in honor of Philip II of Spain. 
 
 27. In the Philippines. — On Monday, the 
 25th of March, the fleet again sailed. Pass- 
 ing by the northern coast of Mindanao they 
 
 Route of Magellan's Fleet in the Philippines 
 
 reached an island, probably the present Limasana, 
 directly south of Leyte. With the king of this 
 island the Spaniards became very friendly, so 
 that his royal highness brought "dishes of fish 
 and rice to the captain-general with his own 
 
 [123] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 hand. Magellan gave him a Turkish robe of 
 red and yellow and a red cap, and the ceremony 
 of accepting each other upon terms of brother- 
 hood was gone through." This ceremony of 
 blood brotherhood consisted in drawing a little 
 blood from the arm and sometimes the breast. 
 This was drunk as they pledged to each other 
 eternal friendship. Magellan told the king of 
 the great size of the Pacific. He showed him 
 his compass and charts, and explained as best he 
 could how the ships were sailed at great distances 
 from land. 
 
 After a week's delay Magellan was anxious to 
 continue his journey. He asked the name of 
 the port where he could best trade his cargo for 
 spices and gold, and at the same time secure pro- 
 visions for the ships. The king told him the 
 best market was Cebu, and offered to pilot him 
 there. The little fleet therefore started on its 
 way, and sailed northward along Leyte. The 
 beautiful shores of Bohol were on the left hand. 
 Rounding this island they saw the Camotes is- 
 lands to the north, and as they sailed westward 
 the mountains of Cebu appeared on the horizon. 
 Nearer and nearer drew the fleet to the island 
 
 [124] 
 
Views of Bohol 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 that was to prove so fateful a place for many of 
 the brave voyagers. 
 
 Passing between Cebu and the little island of 
 Mactan, the fleet, gay with bunting and saluting 
 with its heavy guns, anchored (Sunday, April 7, 
 1 521) opposite the site where now stands the 
 flourishing city of Cebu, with its great hemp 
 market and its harbor, busy with shipping. It 
 was a beautiful sight that greeted the voyagers. 
 Before them they saw the fertile island of Cebu, 
 with the heavily wooded mountains stretching 
 backward from the coast till their crests were 
 enveloped in the clouds. 
 
 The natives were greatly frightened at the report 
 of the cannon and the appearance of the strange 
 vessels. The interpreter was sent ashore, how- 
 ever, to assure them that Magellan desired only 
 their friendship, and was anxious to secure provi- 
 sions for the ships. 
 
 The interpreter told the king that his master 
 
 was captain under the greatest king in the world, 
 
 and was on his way to discover the Moluccas. 
 
 However, as Magellan had heard so often of the 
 
 kindness and courtesy of the king of Cebu, they 
 
 desired to visit him and to secure provisions. 
 
 [126] 
 
Scenes in Cebu 
 [ 127] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 The kino^ answered that the visitors were wel- 
 come, but it was the custom for all boats arriving 
 at his country to pay him tribute. 
 
 The interpreter said that his captain, as the rep- 
 resentative of so g^reat a monarch as the kino^ of 
 Spain, would not pay tribute to any sovereign in 
 the world, and that if the king of Cebu wished 
 peace he could have peace, but if he wished for 
 war, he could have war. 
 
 The king asked if the captain desired tribute 
 for his emperor, and the interpreter answered, 
 " No ! simply trade." The king now took counsel 
 with a Moro who had traded in Indian ports. He 
 told the king of the power of Spain, and advised 
 a treaty of peace. The king thereupon answered 
 the interpreter that he wished peace and friend- 
 ship with his captain. Drawing a little blood from 
 his arm he sent it to Magellan. The captain- 
 general Magellan now rowed ashore and met the 
 king " who sat on a mat with his people around 
 him. He was small and fat and quite naked, with 
 only a loin cloth and headpiece of cloth. Heavy 
 chains hung around his neck, and gold earrings 
 with precious stones in them hung from his ears." 
 
 Magellan gave the king a robe of yellow and 
 
 [12S] 
 
Magellan's Expedition 
 
 violet silk, a red cap, a silver dish, and two 
 
 gilt glasses, while the king gave the Spaniards 
 
 baskets of rice, as well as goats, fowl, and pigs. 
 
 They granted to the Spaniards the sole right to 
 
 trade in the kingdom. Magellan now called a 
 
 council of the neighboring chiefs and ordered 
 
 them to swear allegiance to his new ally — the 
 
 king of Cebu. 
 
 28. Death of Magellan. — On the island of 
 
 Mactan, across the narrow strait from Cebu, lived 
 
 a king who swore allegiance to the king of Cebu, 
 
 but promptly repented of his act. He wished, 
 
 he said, to be on terms of friendship with the 
 
 Spaniards, and to prove it sent them presents ; 
 
 but he was not willing to become a subject to 
 
 strangers or to the king of Cebu. Magellan 
 
 felt it to be necessary to show these petty kings 
 
 the power of the Spanish monarch, and at once 
 
 prepared to invade the island of Mactan. With 
 
 sixty Spaniards and one thousand natives under 
 
 the king of Cebu, Magellan started not long after 
 
 midnight, and at daybreak (April 27, 1521) was 
 
 ready for the battle. A message was sent to the 
 
 enemy, saying that they would be forgiven if they 
 
 sent supplies and acknowledged the authority 
 
 [129] 
 
><. 
 
 Statue to Magellan 
 
Magellan's Expedition 
 
 of the captain. Otherwise they would soon learn 
 how severe were the wounds the Spanish lances 
 could inflict. 
 
 The king of Mactan boldly answered that they 
 too had lances. The day was now breaking, and 
 preparations were made for battle. Magellan re- 
 quested the king of Cebu to keep his men in the 
 boats, that the Spaniards might show them how 
 to fight. The reefs prevented the boats from 
 reaching the coast, so the Spaniards, to the num- 
 ber of forty-eight, waded ashore. They were at 
 once vigorously attacked by thousands of natives. 
 The Spaniards fought with heroic bravery, but 
 they were surrounded on all sides. Magellan, 
 seeing the battle going against him, ordered a 
 retreat. The men tried to reach the boats by 
 wading. The natives now grew stronger in 
 numbers every minute. 
 
 The chronicler, who fought by the side of 
 Magellan, tells the rest of the mournful story : 
 " Thus we fought for more than an hour, until 
 an Indian succeeded in thrusting a cane lance 
 into the captain's face. In irritation Magellan 
 pierced the Indian's breast with his lance and left 
 it in his body. He then tried to use his sword, 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 but could only draw it halfway, on account of a 
 javelin wound in his right arm. The enemies, 
 seeing this, all rushed against him, and one of 
 them with a great weapon gave him a blow on 
 the left leg, which brought the captain down on 
 his face. Thereupon the Indians threw them- 
 selves upon him and ran him through with lances 
 and scimeters and the other weapons which they 
 had, so that they deprived of life, our mirror, our 
 light, comfort, and true guide." 
 
 It was a mournful retreat to Cebu for the 
 Spaniards. They sent a messenger to the king 
 of Mactan, offering a large reward for the body 
 of Magellan, but he refused to deliver it up, and 
 it was never recovered. To-day a monument 
 marks the supposed spot where the great captain 
 laid down his life. 
 
 The defeat of the Spaniards immediately led 
 to a change of feeling on the part of the king of 
 Cebu, and he planned, by an act of the basest 
 treachery, to destroy them, and to secure their 
 ships and treasures. On a pretense of presenting 
 gifts to the king of Spain, he invited the Span- 
 iards to a banquet on the shore. Scarcely had the 
 twenty-seven Spaniards reached the town when 
 
 [132] 
 
Magellan's Expedition 
 
 they were surrounded, attacked, and killed. Not 
 a survivor was left to tell the tale of the massacre. 
 
 The remaining Spaniards, one hundred and 
 fifteen in number, decided to sail away at once. 
 As their numbers were too few to manage with 
 safety three ships, the cargo of the Concepcion 
 was removed, and she was burned off the shore of 
 Bohol. 
 
 Sadness reigned over the little ships that now 
 sailed to the southward. Of the five vessels that 
 sailed so gayly from Seville only two, the Victoria 
 and the Trinidad, now remained. Of the two 
 hundred and seventy sailors who had gone forth 
 with high hopes for fame and fortune, only one 
 hundred and fifteen were left. Yet there was 
 nothing for the survivors to do but to push 
 onward. Passing Cebu they came in sight of 
 the southern end of the island of Negros, where 
 Dumaguete now stands, with its quaint Santa 
 Catalina tower erected as a lookout against the 
 invading Moros. On their left the voyagers saw 
 the wooded island of Sequijor, and directly before 
 them they discovered on the horizon the outlines 
 of Mindanao. Here they made a brief visit. 
 
 The expedition was sadly in need of provisions, 
 
1^ 
 
 ■S 
 
 
 [^34] 
 
Magellan's Expedition 
 
 so they steered westward until they reached the 
 island of Paragua or Palawan, as it is sometimes 
 called. Here a generous supply of provisions 
 was secured. It was late in June when the fleet 
 was headed toward Borneo, and a few days later 
 anchored in the harbor of Brunei, where they 
 saw the houses built on piles over the water. 
 After a month spent here, the fleet returned along 
 the coast of Borneo and anchored near Banguey 
 island, in the Balabac strait that separates North 
 Borneo from Paragua of the Philippine group. 
 
 The vessels were badly in need of repairs, 
 and six weeks were spent in fitting them out. 
 Espiiiosa was now captain of the Trinidad 
 and commander-in-chief of the expedition, while 
 Sebastian del Cano, who had taken part in the 
 mutiny against Magellan, commanded the Victoria. 
 The two vessels sailed eastward (September 27, 
 1 521) and were again off the coast of Mindanao. 
 Turning southward they passed through Basilan 
 strait before the site of the present city of Zam- 
 boanga, and entering the great bay, skirted the 
 shores of the island of Mindanao. 
 
 29. The Spice Islands. — The expedition was 
 now rapidly approaching its long-looked-for goal. 
 
 [135] 
 
[136] 
 
Magellan's Expedition 
 
 Directly south were the Moluccas, — the Spice 
 islands, — and early in November they made out 
 the outlines of the much-desired land. 
 
 Amid great rejoicing, the waving of banners, 
 and the deafening report of artillery the boats 
 
 The Philippines and Spice Islands 
 
 came to anchor (November 8, 152 1) at Tidor. 
 After the usual greetings with the king of the 
 island, the Spaniards secured their cargo of 
 cloves, and were ready for the homeward journey. 
 
 [137] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 They had found the strait from the Atlantic to 
 the Pacific ; they had traversed that great ocean ; 
 they had discovered the PhiHppines ; they had 
 found the Spice islands by a westward route ; and 
 now all were anxious to see once more the fair 
 hills of Spain. 
 
 On Wednesday, the iSth of December, the sails 
 were hoisted, when alas ! the Trinidad was found 
 to be leaking. In vain they tried to find the leak, 
 and it was finally decided after a council had 
 been held to send the Victoria alone back to 
 Spain. The Trinidad, when fit to sail, was to 
 go to Panama with her crew of fifty-three. 
 
 On the Victoria were forty-seven men. With 
 these she sailed (December 21, 1521), after her 
 crew had taken affectionate leave of their com- 
 rades on the Trinidad who had braved so many 
 perils with them. Few of these gallant men were 
 ever to meet again. Passing Euro island and 
 crossing the Banda sea, the Victoria touched at 
 some of the Sunda group. Her last stopping 
 place in the Orient was Timor, where she secured 
 provisions. 
 
 It was early in February, 1522, when she 
 started on the last stage of her momentous 
 
 [138] 
 
Magellan's Expedition 
 
 journey. More than three months elapsed before 
 they sighted the cape of Good Hope. Lack of 
 food and water had swept off many of her crew. 
 The Cape Verde islands were reached July 9. 
 The Portuguese discovered in some way the 
 fact that the cargo was of cloves, and seized the 
 thirteen men who were ashore at the time. 
 Seeing the danger he was in, Sebastian del 
 Cano raised the anchors of the Victoria, and 
 although pursued, she escaped in safety. On 
 Monday, the 8th of September, 1522, the Victoria 
 reached Seville. Only eighteen men remained 
 of all that had started three years before. 
 
 The welcome extended to the voyagers was 
 princely indeed. With the booming of cannon 
 and the cheers of the multitude the little band 
 did not forget the vows they had made in moments 
 of danger. On the day of their arrival they went 
 in procession with tapers to the church of Santa 
 Mari'a de la Victoria, where they offered up 
 thanksgiving for the safe return from their peril- 
 ous voyage. King Charles invited them to the 
 court at Valladolid. The thirteen men seized by 
 the Portuguese had been quickly released, and 
 they now joined their comrades in the trip to 
 
 [ 139] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 the court, where the wonderful story of their voy- 
 age was told. 
 
 Sebastian del Cano was given an annual pension 
 and a coat of arms. The crest was a globe bear- 
 ing; the words Priintis circumdedisti me — " You 
 first sailed around me." 
 
 30. Settlement of the Philippines. — Twenty 
 years passed before the first expedition was sent 
 to take possession of the islands which Magellan 
 had discovered. The leader of this expedition 
 was Villalobos. He sailed from Mexico, as the 
 new-found islands had been placed under the rule 
 of the Viceroy of Mexico. No important result 
 came from this voyage of Villalobos except the 
 naming of one of the islands Filipina, in honor of 
 Prince Philip (afterwards Philip II) of Spain. The 
 name Philippines (Filipinas in Spanish) was later 
 given by Legaspi to the entire group, and took the 
 place of the name Archipelago of St. Lazarus, 
 which had been given by Magellan. 
 
 In 1564 Legaspi was sent with four ships and 
 four hundred men to found permanent settlements 
 in the islands. He had with him five members 
 of the Augustinian order. Among them was 
 Fray Urdaneta. This zealous priest in his youth 
 
 [140] 
 
Legaspi and Urdaneta 
 [mi] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 had been a soldier in the Orient, and now came 
 to preach the truths of the Christian Faith to the 
 natives of these islands. 
 
 Legaspi visited Mindanao and some of the 
 Visayan islands, especially Leyte and Bohol. 
 
 The Royal Gate of Manila 
 
 He arrived (April 27, 1565) at the island of Cebu, 
 where he founded a city. This city, under its 
 later name of Cebu, rose to be one of the greatest 
 ports of the entire archipelago. 
 
 Legaspi sent his grandson Salcedo to explore 
 the lands to the north. Luzon was visited, and 
 
 [142] 
 
^ 
 3 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 [143] 
 
Columbus and Magellan 
 
 Salcedo reached a great bay where he found 
 flourishinor native settlements at the mouth of a 
 swiftly flowing river. This river was the Pasig, 
 and here, in 1571, Legaspi founded the great 
 city of Manila, which became the capital of the 
 islands. 
 
 The work done by Legaspi was marvelous. 
 He drove back the Portuguese, who came up from 
 the Moluccas to dispute the right of Spain in the 
 PhiHppines. He prevented the onward march 
 of the Mohammedans, who had spread over the 
 southern islands, and were slowly but surely gain- 
 ing control- of the entire archipelago. 
 
 The great energy of Legaspi laid in the islands 
 the foundation of the rule of Spain, which lasted 
 for almost four centuries, until the treaty of peace 
 with the United States was signed at Paris, De- 
 cember 10, 1898. 
 
 
 fm^ 
 
 ?^s^ 
 
 .'v-'ifl.-::;^ >y;^fz 
 
 
 [144] 
 
PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 
 
 Key : ale, at, care, iirm, final, all ; eve, end, her, recent ; ice, ill, 
 admiral ; old, on, for, anchor ; use, up, fur, awful ; food, foot ; ch as 
 in chop ; g as in go ; ng as in sing ; n as in ink ; th as in thin ; u as 
 ny in canyon ; oi as in oil ; ow as in cow. 
 
 Africa (af'ri ka). 
 Alhambra (al ham'bra). 
 Almeida (al ma'e da). 
 Andalusia (an da loo the'a). 
 Andes (an'dez). 
 Antilla (an til'la). 
 Antilles (antil'lez). 
 Arabia (ara'bi a). 
 Argentine (ar'jentin). 
 Atahualpa (a ta hwal'pa). 
 Azores (azorz'). 
 Aztecs (az'tex). 
 
 Bahamas (baha'mas). 
 Balabac (balabac'). 
 Balboa (bal bo'a). 
 Banda (ban'da). 
 Banguez (ban gath'). 
 Barcelona (barselo'na). 
 Basilan (base'lan). 
 Bermudez (ber mu'deth). 
 Bohol (bo hoi'). 
 Bojador (bo ha dgr'). 
 Borinqu^n (bo ren ken'). 
 Borneo (bor'ne o). 
 Brazil (brazil'). 
 
 Brunei (broona'e). 
 Buenos Ayres (bwa'nosi'res). 
 Burgos (boor'gos). 
 Buro (bu'ro). 
 
 Cabo Deseado (ka'bo da sa ah'do). 
 
 Cabot (kab'ot). 
 
 Cabral (kii bral'). 
 
 Calicut (ca'licut). 
 
 Camotes (kamo'tes). 
 
 Canal de Todos Los Santos (ka- 
 
 nal' da to'dos los san'tos). 
 Cape Verde (verd). 
 Caribbean (kar ib be'an). 
 Cartagena (ka ta ha'na). 
 Castile (kas tel'). 
 Catalonia (ka ta 16'ne a). 
 Cebu (.se boo'). 
 Chile (che'la). 
 China (chi'na). 
 Christinas (kris'mas). 
 Cochos (ko'chos). 
 Columbus (kolum'biis). 
 Concepci6n (kon sep si on'). 
 Constantinople (kon stan ti no'pl). 
 Cordova (kor'ddva). 
 
 [145] 
 
Pronouncing Vocabulary 
 
 Cortfis (k6r tas'). 
 
 Cuba (ku'ba). 
 
 Cubanacan (kubana'kan). 
 
 Darien (da'reen). 
 
 December (de sem'ber). 
 
 Dfaz (de'jiz). 
 
 Diego (de a'go). 
 
 Dom Manoel (domman wel'). 
 
 Don Juan (donhwan'). 
 
 Duuiaguete (doo maga'te). 
 
 Ecuador (ekwador'). 
 Egypt (e'jipt). 
 Espailola (es pan yo'la). 
 Espinosa (es pen yo' sa). 
 Estevan (esta'van). 
 Europe (u'rop). 
 
 February (feb'ruary), 
 Fernandina (fer nan de'na). 
 Florida (flor' Ida). 
 Fonseca (fonsa'ka). 
 France (frans). 
 
 Genoa (jen'o a). 
 Gomez (go'mez). 
 Granada (grana'da). 
 Guadalquivir (gwa dal ke ver'). 
 Guanahani (gwiina ha'ne). 
 Guatemala (gwa tama'la). 
 
 Haiti (ha'tl). 
 Hamaca (hama'ka). 
 Hernando (Prnau'do). 
 Hindustan (Inndoo'stan'). 
 Honduras (hon doo'ras). 
 
 Inca (Tn'ka). 
 
 India (in'di a). 
 
 Indian (in'di an). 
 
 Isabella (Is a bel'la). 
 
 Islas de les Velas Latinas (is'las 
 
 da liis va'las la ti'nas). 
 Italian (i tal'yan), 
 
 Jamaica (jama'ka). 
 
 Juana (hwii'na). 
 
 Juan Dfaz de Solis (hwan' de'az 
 
 da so'lis). 
 Juan Perez (hwan' pa'reth). 
 
 Khan (kan). 
 
 Ladrones (ladron'es). 
 La Navidad (la na vi dad')- 
 Lazarus (la'zarus). 
 Legaspi (le gas'pi). 
 Le6n (la on'). 
 Leyte (la'e ta). 
 Lima (le'nia). 
 Limasana (le ma sa'na). 
 Lisbon (ITz'bon). 
 Luz6n (loo son'). 
 
 Mactan (mak tiin'). 
 
 Madeira (made'ra). 
 
 Magellan (majel'an). 
 
 Malakka (malak'a). 
 
 Malh6n (miil hon'). 
 
 Manila (mani'la). 
 
 Marchena (marcha'na). 
 
 Mariannes (ma re an'nes). 
 
 Mediterranean (med i ter ra'ne an). 
 
 Mesquita (meske'ta). 
 
 Mexicans (meks'i kans). 
 
 [146] 
 
Pronouncing Vocabulary 
 
 Mexico (meks'iko). 
 Mindanao (mendauii'o). 
 Mohammed (mo liam'med). 
 Moluccas (moliik'az). 
 Montezuma (m5n te zoo'raa). 
 Morocco (morok'o). 
 
 Natal (na tal') 
 Negros (na'gros). 
 Nicaragua (ne ka ra'gwa) . 
 Nina (nen'ya). 
 
 Orinoco (orino'ko). 
 
 Pacific (pasif'ik). 
 
 Palawan (palafwan). 
 
 Palos (pa'los). 
 
 Panama (piln a ma'). 
 
 Paragua (pii ra'gwa) . 
 
 Pascua Florida (pas kwa flo re'da) 
 
 Pasig (pasTg')- 
 
 Patag6n (pat a gon') . 
 
 Patagonians (pat ago'nians). 
 
 Pernambuco (per nam boo'ko). 
 
 Persia (per'shT a). 
 
 Peru (pe roo'). 
 
 Philippines (fil'ipins). 
 
 Pigafetta (pegafet'ta). 
 
 Pinta (pen'ta). 
 
 Pinz6n (pen thon'). 
 
 Pizarro (pi thar'6). 
 
 Ponce de Le6n (pon'tha da la on'). 
 
 Porto Rico (por'to re'ko). 
 
 Portugal (por'tiigal). 
 
 Portuguese (por'tiigez). 
 
 Quesada (kasa'da). 
 
 [I 
 
 Rio de Janeiro (re'o da ja na'e ro). 
 Rio de la Plata (re'o da la pla'ta). 
 Ruy Faleiro (roo'e fala'ero). 
 
 Saint Augustine (sant a'gus ten). 
 
 Salamanca (salaraan'ca). 
 
 Salcedo (salsa'do). 
 
 Samar (sii'mar'). 
 
 San Antonio (san anto'n! 6). 
 
 San Juan Bautista (san hwan 
 
 bow tis'ta). 
 San Lucar de Barrameda (san lob- 
 
 kar' da ba ra ma'da). 
 San Salvador (san Salvador'). 
 Santa Catalina (san'ta cat a li'na). 
 Santa Lucia (san'ta loo se'a). 
 Santa Maria de la Victoria (san'ta 
 
 ma re'a da la vie to're a). 
 Santiago (siin te a'go). 
 Santo Domingo (san'to do min'go). 
 Santos (san't5s). 
 Sargasso (sargas'so). 
 Sebastian del Cano (sa bas ti an' 
 
 del ka'no). 
 Serrao (sar li'o). 
 Seville (sa vil'ya). 
 Siquijor (se ke hor'). 
 Spain (span). 
 Spaniard (span'yerd). 
 Sumatra (sooma'tra). 
 Sunda (sun'da). 
 
 Tagus (ta'gus). 
 
 Te Deum (te de'um). 
 
 Tenerife (tener rif). 
 
 Tidor (te dor'). 
 
 Tierra del Fuego (te a'rii del f wa'- 
 
 go). 
 
 47] 
 
Pronouncing Vocabulary 
 
 Timor (te m5r'). 
 Tinto (teii'to). 
 Tlascalans (tlaska'lans). 
 Toledo (tola'do). 
 Toscanelli (tos kji nel'e). 
 Triuidad (triii idad'). 
 
 Urdaneta (oorda na'ta). 
 
 Vasco da Gama (vas'ko da ga'ma). 
 Venice (veu'Is). 
 
 Vera Cruz (va'ra kroos'). 
 Verrazano (va ra tsa'no) . 
 Vespuccius (vespti'slius). 
 Victoria (vik to're a). 
 
 Watling (wot'ling). 
 
 Yucatan (yoo ka tan'). 
 
 Zamboanga (zam bo an'ga). 
 
 [148] 
 
INDEX 
 
 Almeida, expedition of, 94. 
 America, discovery of, 49. 
 Andalusia, Columbus's journey to, 26. 
 Antilla, mythical island of, 21. 
 Atahualpa, ruler of Peru, 87. 
 Augustinians, arrival of, in Philip- 
 pines, 140. 
 Aztecs, the, 73-81. 
 
 Balboa discovers the Pacific, 69. 
 Bananas first eaten by Europeans, 
 
 121. 
 Banda sea, 138. 
 Bohol island, Magellan rounds, 124. 
 
 visited by Legaspi, 142. 
 Borinquen, 67. 
 Borneo exports camphor, 12. 
 
 Magellan at, 135. 
 Brazil discovered, 9I. 
 Brunei, Magellan at, 135. 
 Euro island, 138. 
 
 Cabot, 20. 
 
 Cabral, the voyage of, 91-93. 
 
 Calicut, description of, 10. 
 
 Camotes islands, 124. 
 
 Canary islands, Columbus at, 42. 
 
 Magellan at, 102. 
 Cape Bojador, 4. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope discovered, 6. 
 Cape St. Augustine discovered, 103. 
 Cartagena, captain under Magellan, 
 
 108. 
 Catalonia, 19. 
 
 [I 
 
 Cebd, visited by Magellan, 124. 
 
 treachery of king of, 132. 
 
 visited by Legaspi, 142. 
 Charles I of Spain aids Magellan, 99. 
 Cocoanuts first eaten by Europeans, 
 
 121. 
 Columbus, birthplace of, 17. 
 
 arrives in Portugal, 20. 
 
 presents plans to king of Portu- 
 gal, 24. 
 
 arrives in Spain, 26. 
 
 at La Rabida, 26. 
 
 terms of, accepted, 35. 
 
 sails from Palos, 42. 
 
 the great voyage of, 42-50. 
 
 discovers America, 50. 
 
 reception at Barcelona, 65. 
 
 later voyages of, 67. 
 Constantinople taken by Turks, 15. 
 Cortes reaches Vera Cruz, 73. 
 
 conquers Mexico, 81. 
 Cuba discovered, 52. 
 
 name of, 52. 
 
 Da Gama reaches India, 10, 
 
 Diaz, Bartholomew, discovers cape 
 
 of Good Hope, 6. 
 Diaz de Solis, Juan, 105. 
 Diego, son of Columbus, 26, 28, 39. 
 Division of the world, 89. 
 Dom Manoel, king of Portugal, 7, 
 
 96, 100. 
 Dumaguete, Philippine settlement, 
 
 133- 
 49] 
 
Index 
 
 England, Columbus journeys to, 20. 
 Espaflola or Haiti discovered, 58. 
 
 Faleiro, Ruy, map-maker, 99. 
 P'lorida discovered, 68. 
 
 name of, 68. 
 Fonseca, Bishop, favors Magellan, 
 99- 
 
 Genoa loses trade of Orient, 15. 
 Gomez, treachery of, 115. 
 Granada, fall of, 35. 
 Guanahani, 52. 
 
 Haiti or Espaiiola discovered, 58. 
 Henry, Prince, of Portugal, 1-6. 
 Honduras, coast of, discovered, 67. 
 
 Iceland visited by Columbus, 20. 
 India reached by Vasco da Gama, 
 
 10. 
 Isabella aids Columbus, 38. 
 
 Jamaica discovered, 67. 
 Juana or Cuba discovered, 52. 
 
 Ladrone islands, 118, 120. 
 Leeward islands visited by Colum 
 
 bus, 67. 
 Legaspi, expedition of, 140. 
 
 reaches Cebii, 142. 
 
 founds Manila, 144. 
 Leyte island, 123, 142. 
 Limasana island, 123. 
 Line of Demarcation, 91, 92. 
 
 Mactan, island of, 126. 
 
 battle of, 131. 
 Madeira islands, 20. 
 Magellan, birthplace of, 94. 
 
 serves in Orient, 96. 
 
 leaves Portugal, 98. 
 
 arrives in Spain, 98. 
 
 starts on voyage, lOl. 
 
 quells mutiny, 109. 
 
 discovers the strait, 112. 
 
 discovers the Ladrones, 1 1 7. 
 
 discovers the Philippines, 120. 
 
 reaches Cebu, 124. 
 
 killed at Mactan, 132. 
 Malacca, strait of, 96. 
 Malhon island, 120. 
 Manila, city of, founded, 144. 
 Marchena assists Columbus, 26. 
 Marco Pulo, 23. 
 
 Mendoza sails with Magellan, 108. 
 Mesquita sails with Magellan, 
 
 loS. 
 Mexico, city of, 81. 
 Mindanao, island of, 123, 142. 
 Moluccas or Spice islands, exports 
 of, 10. 
 
 reached, 137. 
 Montezuma, 73, 75, 77, 79. 
 
 Negros, island of, 133. 
 
 Orinoco, mouth of, discovered, 67. 
 
 Panama, coast of, explored, 67. 
 Paragua, island of, 135. 
 Pasig river, 144. 
 Perez assists Columbus, 35, 36. 
 Pernambuco, city of, 103. 
 Peru, conquest of, 81-89. 
 Philippines discovered by Magellan, 
 120. 
 
 name of, 123. 
 
 settlement of, 140. 
 Pigafetta, the chronicler, 114. 
 Pinzon aids Columbus, 49. 
 Pizarro conquers Peru, 81. 
 
 [150] 
 
Index 
 
 Ponce de Leon discovers Florida, 68. 
 
 governor of Porto Rico, 68. 
 Port St. Julian, 107, 112. 
 Porto Rico discovered, 67. 
 Portugal, under Spanish rule, 12. 
 
 Columbus arrives in, 20. 
 
 secures Brazil, 92. 
 
 Magellan leaves, 98. 
 
 Rio de Janeiro bay, Magellan ex- 
 plores, 103. 
 
 Ri'o de la Plata reached by Magellan, 
 105. 
 
 Roderick, king of the Goths, 21. 
 
 St. Lazarus, archipelago of, 121, 140. 
 
 Salamanca, university of, 31. 
 
 Salcedo explores Luzon, 142. 
 
 Samar island, 120. 
 
 San Salvador, 52. 
 
 Santa Cruz river, 112. 
 
 Sargasso sea, 45. 
 
 Sebastian del Cano reaches Seville, 
 
 139- 
 Sequijor, island of, 133. 
 
 Southern Cross, 9. 
 Spice islands reached, 137. 
 Strait of Magellan, 112. 
 Strait of Malacca, 96. 
 Sumatra, exports of, 12. 
 Sunda islands, 138. 
 Surigao strait, 120. . 
 
 Tenerife, volcano of, 42, 102. 
 Tierra del Fuego named by Magel- 
 lan, 114. 
 Timor, 12, 138. 
 Tlascalans oppose Cortes, 77. 
 
 assist Cortes, 77. 
 Tobacco first seen by Europeans, 57. 
 Toscanelli, 21. 
 
 Urdaneta and Legaspi, 140. 
 
 Venice loses trade of East, 15. 
 Verrazano, 20. 
 Vespucius, 20. 
 
 Victoria, the, reaches Seville, 139. 
 Villalobos, 140. 
 
 [151] 
 

 
 1 
 
 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 IIMIlii