Class^ _^^Uill_ Book 'Oy3 LK OFFICIAL r>0>fAXION. DEPAETMENT OF THE INTERIOR-U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHAKLKS I). WALCOTT, DIKKCTOK T II E CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND FOREST RESERVES AND ADJACENT REGIONS JOHN ]^. I^KIBERG- KXTRACT FROM THE TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE StTRVEY, 1899-1900 I'ART V, FOREST RESERVES— HENRY (lANNETT, CHIEF OF DIVISION OF GEOGRAPHY AND FORESTRY WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 19 CASCADE RANGE FOREST RESERVE. OREGON. FROM TOWNSHIP 28 SOUTH TO TOWNSHIP S7 SOUTH. INULUSIVE; TOGETHER WITH THE ASH- LAND FOREST RESERVE AND ADJACENT FOREST REGIONS FROM TOWNSHIP 28 SOUTH TO TOWNSHIP 41 SOUTH. INCLUSIVE, AND FROM RANGE 2 WEST TO RANGE 14 EAST, WILLAMETTE MERIDIAN. INCLUSIVE JOHN ]{. I.EIBERG 21 GKOU PT 5 U -'u^» APR 13 1905 D.ofD, • « e« C iN T E N T S . Page. Topographical features of the region 219 Region west of the Cascades 219 Siskiyou Mountains 226 Umpqua Mountains 227 Region east of the Cascades 228 CHmatic conditions 231 Western slope 232 Semiarid region 232 Subhumid region 233 Humid region 233 Eastern slope 234 Semiarid region 234 Subhumid region 234 Humid region 234 Forest conditions ^ 235 Species 235 Geographical distribution 238 Altitudinal distribution 242 Forest types 244 Yellow-pine type 246 Yellow-pine subtypes 249 Red-tir type 251 Red-fir subtyi:)es 256 Alpine-hendock type 259 Alpine-hemlock subtypes 263 The forest as a commercial factor 265 Amount and-distribution of commercially valuable timber 265 Age, dimensions, and soundness of the trees 274 Logging operations 276 Forest fires 276 Extent 276 Time 277 Origin 278 After-effects 280 Cascade Range Forest Reserve and adjacent regions 293 Boundaries of Cascade Range Forest Reserve 293 Character of the region 296 Detailed descriptions 297 Township 28 south, range 5 east 297 Township 28 south, range 6 east 299 Township 28 south, range 6i east 300 Township 28 south, range 7 east 301 Township 28 south, range 8 east 302 Township 29 south, range 3 east 302 Township 29 south, range 4 east 304 Township 29 south, range 5 east 305 Township 29 south, range 7 east 306 211 212 CONTENTS. Cascade Range Forest Reserve and adjacent regions — Continued. Detailed des Towne Towns Towns Towns Towns Towns Towns Towns Towns Towns Towns Townsh Town Townsh Towns Towns Towns Towns Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Towns Towns- Towns Towns Towns Towns Towns Towns Townsh Towns Townsh Towns Towns Towns Towns Townsh Towns Towns Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsli Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh •riptions — Continued. Page. p 29 south, range 8 east 306 p 80 south, range 2 west 307 p 30 south, range 1 west 307 p 30 south, range 1 east 308 1> 30 south, range 2 east 309 p 80 south, range 3 east 312 1^ 30 south, range 4 east 314 p 30 south, range 5 east 315 p 30 south, range 6 east 317 p 30 south, range 6 J east 318 p 30 south, range 7 east 320 p 30 south, range 8 east 321 p 30 south, range 9 east 321 p 30 south, range 10 east 322 p 30 south, range 11 east 323 p 30 south, range 12 east 323 p 30 south, range 13 east 324 p 30 south, range 14 east 324 p 31 south, range 2 west 325 p 31 south, range 1 west 325 p 31 south, range 1 east 326 p 31 south, range 2 east 328 p 31 south, range 3 east 329 p 31 south, range 4 east 331 p 31 south, range 5 east 333 p 31 south, range 6 east 335 p 31 south, range 6J east 336 J) 31 south, range 7 east ' 337 p 31 south, range 8 east 338 Y> 31 south, range 9 east 338 p 31 south, range 10 east 339 p 31 south, range 11 east 339 p 31 south, range 12 east 340 p 31 south, range 13 east 341 p 31 south, range 14 east 341 p 32 south, range 2 west 342 p 32 south, range 1 west 342 p 32 south, range 1 east 343 y) 32 south, range 2 east 344 p 32 south, range 3 east 345 p 32 south, range 4 east 346 p 32 south, range 5 east 347 p 32 south, range 6 east 349 p 32 south, range 7j east 351 p 32 south, range 7 east 352 p 32 south, range 8 east 353 p 32 south, range 9 east 353 p 32 south, range 10 east 354 p 32 south, range 11 east 355 p 32 south, range 12 east 355 p 32 south, range 13 east 356 p 32 south, range 14 east 357 p 33 south, range 2 west 357 CONTENTS. 213 Ca*!(iuU' Kaiigo Forest Reserve and ii south, range 3 east 360 Township 33 south, range 4 east 361 Township .33 S( )Uth, range 5 east 362 Township 33 south, range 6 east » 364 Township 33 south, range 7i east 366 Township 33 south, range 7 east 367 Township 33 south, range 8 east 368 Townshij) 33 south, range 9 east 369 Township 33 south, range 10 east 369 T. iwnshij) 33 south, range 1 1 east 1 370 Township 3:5 sout li, range 1 2 east 371 Township 33 south, range 13 east 371 Townshij) 33 S( )uth, range 14 east 372 Township 34 soutli, range 2 west 372 Township 34 south, range 1 west 373 Township 34 south, range 1 east 374 Township 34 south, range 2 east 375 Townshij) 34 south, range 3 east 37t> Township 34 south, range 4 east 376 Township .'U south, range 5 east 378 Townslii}) 34 south, range 6 east 381 Township 34 south, range 7i east 383 Township 34 south, range 7 east 383 Township 34 south, range 8 east 384 Township 34 south, range 9 east 385 Township 34 south, range 10 east 385 Township 34 south, range 1 1 east 386 Township 34 south, range 1 2 east 387 Township 34 south, range 13 east 387 Township 34 south, range 14 east 388 Townshij) 35 south, range 2 west ." 389 Township 35 south, range 1 west 389 Townshij) 35 south, range 1 east 390 Townshij) .% south, range 2 east 391 Township 35 south, range 3 east 391 Townshij) 35 south, range 4 east 392 Townshij} 35 south, range 5 east 394 Townsliij) 35 south, range 6 east 396 Townshij) .'55 s< )Uth, range 7i east 398 Townsliij) 35 s( )uth, range 7 east 398 Townshij) 35 south, range 8 east 398 Townsliij) 35 south, range 9 east 399 Townshij) 35 south, range 10 east 4(X) Townshij) 35 south, range 1 1 east 401 Townshij) 35 south, range 12 east 401 Townsliiji 35 south, range 13 east 402 Townshij) 35 south, range 14 east 403 Townshij) 36 soutli, range 2 west 403 Township 36 south, range 1 west 404 Township 36 south, range 1 east 404 214 CONTENTS. Cascade Range Forest Reserve and adjacent regions — Continued. Detailed descriptions — Continued. Page. Townsli Townsh Tovvnsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Tovynsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsli Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh; Townsh p 36 south )) 36 south p 36 south p 36 south p 36 south p 36 south p 36 south p 36 south p 36 south p 36 south p 36 south p 36 south p 36 south p 36 south p 37 south p 37 south p 37 south p 37 south p 37 south p 37 south p 37 south p 37 south p 37 south p 37 south p 37 south p 37 south p 37 south p 37 south p 37 south p 37 south p 37 south p 38 south p 38 south p 38 south p .38 south p 38 south p 38 south p 38 south p 38 south p 38 south p 38 south p 38 south p 38 south p 38 south p 38 south p 38 south p 38 south p 38 south p .39 south p 39 south p 39 south p 39 south p 39 south range 2 east 405 range 3 east 406 range 4 east 407 range 5 east 409 range 6 east 411 range 7 a east 413 range 7 b east 414 range 8 east 414 range 9 east 415 range 10 east 416 range 11 east 416 range 12 east 417 range 13 east 418 range 14 east 418 range 2 west 418 range 1 west 419 range 1 east 420 range 2 east 420 range 3 east 421 range 4 east 422 range 5 east 423 range 6 east 425 range 7 east 426 range 8 east 427 range 9 east 428 range 10 east 428 range 11 J east 429 range 11 east 430 range 12 east 430 range 13 east 430 range 1 4 east 431 range 2 west 431 range 1 west 432 range 1 east 432 range 2 east 432 range 3 east 433 range 4 east 434 range 5 east 435 range 6 east 436 range 7 east 437 range 8 east 438 range 9 east 439 range 10 east 439 range Hi east 440 range 11 east 440 range 12 east 441 range 13 east 441 range 14 east 442 range 2 west 442 range 1 west 443 range 1 east 443 range 2 east 444 range 3 east 445 (•(•NTKXTS. tilf) Casciuk' Kaii;:o Kort-st Ucscrvf ami adjiicent regions — ruiitimicd, Detaili'd ck'scriptioiis — CuntiiUK'd. P«jrt-. Townyhii) .St» soiitli, range 4 cast 44."> Township ."Wt sontli, range 5 east 44tl Townshij) lit* Sdiitli, range (i east 447 Townshij) liit SDnth, range 7 east 44S Township .Si> simth, range H east 44H T( )wn9hip .Sl> south, range 5t east 44'.t Township 39 south, range 10 east 44it Townshiji oil south, range 1 1 i east 4ri() Townsliip .'{it south, range 1 1 east 4o(» Township :»• south, range 12 east 4r)(i Townshij) 39 south, range 18 east 4.t1 Township 39 south, range 14 east 4.'il Township 40 south, range 2 west 4.')1 Tuth, range 2 east 454 Township 40 south, range 3 east 455 Townshi[) 40 south, range 4 east 45t) Townshi]) 40 south, range 5 east 457 T< )wnship 40 south, range <> east 45S Township 40 south, range 7 east 459 Township 40 s( )Uth, range 8 east 459 Township 40 south, range 9 east 4(iO Township 40 south, range 10 east 460 Township 40 south, range 11 east 460 Township 40 south, range 12 east 461 Township 40 south, range 13 east 461 Township 40 south, range 1 4 east 462 Townshi]) 40 south, range 14i east 462 Township 41 south, range 2 west 462 Township 41 south, range 1 west 463 Townshij) 41 south, range 1 east 464 Township 41 south, range 2 east 465 Townsliip 41 south, range 3 east 466 Township 41 south, range 4 east 466 Township 41 south, range 5 east 467 Township 41 soutli, range 6 east 468 Township 41 south, range 7 east 469 Township 41 soutli, range 8 east 469 Township 41 south, range 9 east 470 Township 41 south, range 10 east 470 Township 41 south, range 1 1 east 470 Township 41 south, range 12 east 470 Township 41 south, range 13 east 470 Township 41 south, range 14 east 471 Township 41 south, range 14i east 471 Ashland Forest Reserve 472 Boundaries 472 n 496 llLrsTUATloNS Page. Pi.ATK LXXI. A.shlaiid nheet, Oregon, showing rlassification of lands In atlas. LXXll. Klamath sheet, Oregon, showing classification of lands In atlas. I.XXIII. A, Smuniit of Siskiyon Mountains, near Sterling Peak. 11, Sununit of Unipqua divides, looking northeast from Abbots Butte - -- ■^ LXXIX. -1 and B, Burned alpine hemlock, noble tir, and lodgepole pine, near head of Xorth Fork of Rogue River 276 LXXX. Map of part of southern Oregon, showing distribution of white tir - 284 • LXXXI. .1. Logging tracks and load near Snow, T. 40 S., R. 5 E. B, Method used in hauling logs to the logging railroad at Snow. T. 40S., R. 5 E 296 • LXXXI I. Map of part of southern Oregon, showing distribution of yellow pine and white-bark pine -^20 ' LXXX 11 1. .1, Mount Pitt as seen from west end of Pehcan Bay, Upper Kla- math Lake. B, Mount Pitt as seen from Fish Lake 406 " LXXXIV. Map of part of southern Oregon, showing distribution of lodge- pole pine 440 217 CASrADH RAXOK AND ASTTLAND F( )1{EST RE- SKKVE8 AND AlUACKXr REGIONS. Hv -lonN B. Leibeiuj. TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES. Tho roo-ion discussed in this report consists of a tnict of country in the southern portion of the State of Oregon, between longitude Inl- and 123^ west, and between hititude 42^ and 43^ 45' north. It contains 4,676,3(50 acres. It comprises the central and upper areas of the Rogue and Khuiiath river basins, together with a small portion of the watershed of the Upper South Umpqua River. The region is divided into two nearly equal portions l)y the main range of the Cascades, which strikes through it in an almost due north- south direction. The two regions thus formed, the western and the eastern slope, present many very dissimilar characteristics in their orographical and general topographical features. REGION WEST OF THE CASCADES. The orographical features of the region west of the Cascade Range arc the backbone and lateral ridges of that range chiefly. supplementcHl in the southern areas by portions of the Siskiyou Mountains and their northward-projecting spurs, and in the northern districts by the Rogue River-Fmpqua divide and its system of southerly laterals. The Cascade Range is the principal mountain system. If we may judge from rock exposures in the region of the Upper Umpqua forks, the central core of the range is a broad, massive axis com- posed mainly of porphyry. It is, in most localities, overlain and capped by immense deposits of volcanic rocks, lava of various ages, pumice detritus, lapilli, and the like. Its sunnnit from Diamond Lake, the northernmost point of the region included in this report, to the California line is, broadly speaking, a plateau-like area with a mean elevation of 6,(KMi feet. Its width varies from nearly 10 miles in the region south of Diamond Lake to 2 miles at the head of the Middle Fork of Rogue River, and to 4 miles a short distance north of Klamath Gap. The summit plateau is capped in many localities by rocky 219 220 FOREST EESERVES. combs, or is broken by short, steep escarpments, while here and there rise from it volcanic cones whose fires have long- since become extinct. The slope stretching- westward from the summit consists of a region with a mean elevation of 4,000 feet. Like the summit plateau of the range, it is covered mostly with volcanic rocks. It is not, however, a lava-covered region throughout, as is commonly believed. The west- ern sections present many exposures of magnesian rocks and along the central areas of Dead Indian Creek these rocks are only very thinly covered by lava. The western slope is widely furrowed by the numerous canyons which form the Rogue River drainage system. The slopes of the canyons are usually steep and rocky, but, with the exception of the upper portions of the main Rogue River forks, the canyons are of no great depth. Irregular crests and ridges, gen- erally of low elevation, separate the various canyons, which occa- sionally expand into flats. All of these flats have the appearance of having at some period been lake bottoms formed by lava streams which temporarily dammed the different drainage channels. The entire tract here termed "the western slope of the main range of the Cascades" has a width of 35 miles. It rises abruptly, with a steep, bold front in the southern portion, and not so steep in the northern, from a depression which forms a sort of dividing line between the eastern terminations of the Coast Ranges and the Cas- cades. The depression is in the form of a valley 4 to 5 miles wide along Bear Creek, an affluent of Rogue River. In the region under consideration the Cascade Range is cut in two by Klamath Gap. The gap is a narrow canyon through which the waters of the Upper Klamath region find their way to the ocean. In its canyon form the gap commences on the eastern side of the range at the point where Klamath River emerges from the marshes at the foot of Upper Klamath Lake. The upper portion of the can- yon, which is all that comes within the scope of this examination, consists of a narrow trough varying from one-third to li miles in width and is excavated through a lava formation which evidently here is of very great thickness. The slopes of the canyon are steep and rocky, and the bottom, in the upper portion of its course, is but little wider than the breadth of the stream. A few miles below the point where the canyon crosses the southern border of Oregon and enters California it attains a width of 2 miles or more. Klamath Gap is supposed to have been at some time a powerful factor in modif\-- ing the extensions of the flora of the Cascades and the Sierra, but the upper portions of the gap are much too narrow in many places ever to have formed an effectual barrier against floral migrations or extensions. Orographically Klamath Gap separates the Cascade Range from the northward extensions of the Sierra Nevada. If the gap did not exist i.KiBEK<;.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND KESEKVES. 221 tho soutlicni Ciisciulcs iiiiolit t)(> viewed us constitutinua portion of the Sierrti system t^'eolojiieiilly as \v(>ll :is oroirmphieiilly. But so far as rock exposures permit iis to form an opinion, it appears that the por- phyry axis of the Cascades and the tlaiikinn" deposits of nias has already been UKMitioncd. The summit of the ran*»"e from Mount riiielsen, near the south end of Diamond Lake, to tiie southern edge of T. 38 S., is dotted with munerous extinct volcanic cones. Some of thiMU are imposing peaks, as Mount Thielsen. L'nion Peak, and Mount Pitt, the latter reaching a height of It.Ttio feet, or about 4.700 feet ab()\e the plateau summit. Other cones, mostly unnamed or locally known generically as •"goose- nests." attain elevations of ;■)(»(» feet to 1,:^D(> feet above the general summit level of the range. The cones and peaks pi-esc^it \arious aspects. The smaller ones, which are the most symmetrical in ap])ear- ance, are usually truncated cones with a comparatively shallow centi'al depression. Others, like Mount Scott and Mount Pitt, present a sym- metrical outline when viewed at a distance, but are found to be of rough and irregular shape on close inspection. The more elevated cones and peaks have been subject to moderate glacial erosion. sutK- ciently intense, however, to modify materially the original outlines of the cones. Some appear to have had their vents lateral from the tirst, in others, toward the later periods of their existence, fresh craters or tissures opened far down on their slopes and as a result huge masses of the cone were blown t)ut. The cones and peaks are also of dift'erent ages. As one center of activity died out another arose some distance away. Some of the cones are extremely ancient, their tires quenched ages ago; others appear to have ejected volcanic material until within comparatively recent times, geologically speaking. From the diflerence in erosion between the two classes we may conclude that the smaller and better preserved ones are the younger, and that the larger and more eroded peaks are the more ancient. It is certain, however, that within recent geologic times, after a long period of quiescence, several of the larger and older centers of volcanic activity in the range suddenly broke out and sent forth great quantities of remarkably rough, highly vesicular lava. Kspecially noteworthy in this respect are ]Mount Pitt and Mount Bi'own. the latter situated about 4 miles south-southeast of the former. Surrounding their liases, and in the region between them, are large areas cov(>red with the rough vesicular ty]H' of lava alluded to which has been so recently emitted that as yet no vegetation, except lich(Mis and mosses, has olitained foothold on the rough aiul barren surface of the flows. One of the most remai'kalile of tlie volcanic ciMiters in this region 222 FOREST RESERVES. is in T. 8-i S., R. 5 E. It consists of five craters grouped around a common center and covering an area of 18 square miles. Its ig-neous activity ceased ages ago, but while in operation there were emitted from its craters vast masses of a homogeneous type of lava which flowed in all directions. It is one of the most ancient igneous centers in this portion of the range. Several of the extinct volcanoes now contain lakes in the former craters. Such is the case in the locality mentioned above, but famous above all others in this respect stands Crater Lake. This lake occu- pies a deep depression on the summit of the range, nearly circular in outline, hence crateriform. The depression is supposed to be due to the subsidence of a large peak or cone which formerly existed here, or to the rending asunder and subsequent violent depression of the peak l)y volcanic eruptions of great energy. The ejecta from the volcanoes have been of three general classes, namely, lava of various compositions, pumice, and lapilli or small fragments of rock which lack the coarsely cellular structure of the pumice. Much of the lava has apparently come from fissures, but the pumice and lapilli have been forced out through crateriform open- ings. In the category of ejecta must also be classed the large quantities of brecciated lava which occur plentifully throughout the volcanic areas of the western slope. This material can not be traced to any crater, but appears to have been forced out through fissures in a thick plastic state. In its course to the surface angular fragments of rock were torn from the fissured strata through which it was forced. These angular pieces of hard rock projecting from the surface of the lava by reason of unequal weathering make these brecciated masses con- spicuously rough and uneven on their surfaces. While nowhere com- prising a ver}^ large area they occur in so many localities that their aggregate acreage is considerable. Remarkably hard and barren, and usually entirel}' devoid of soil covering, these breccias do much toward thinning the average forest stands in the regions where they occur. The character of the lava ejected bj^ the proper volcanic vents varies greatly. The older lavas usually are hard and massive, but in some localities exhibit a short, irregular, thin slat}^ cleavage. The more recent lavas, on the other hand, are extremely rough and vesicular. Between the two extremes are found innumerable modifications. The surface of the pumice deposit varies from a fine, almost ash-like detritus, to coarse angular fragments a foot or more in diameter. Enormous quantities were ejected from every vent on the range north of the southern boundary of township 34, burying deeplv the summit and immediate slopes. The pumice deposit extends westward about 18 miles from the summit of the range. It is, and has been, of impor- tance in many ways. It has filled up the crevices and smoothed out the asperities of many of the lava fields. It has filled the bottoms L..IUEH. .1 CASCADE KANOE AND ASHLAND KESEUVES. 223 of nuiiiy of tUo viillovs. and lias made larti-c. lovcl, and coiiipara- tively fci'tilf tlats wlicrc otherwise would liaxc Ixmmi a narrow. rocUv trou.y:h. As a water sjxhil;*' its pi'esent importance is \ei-y <;it'at. South of Tnion Peak the pumice is more oi' le>s mixed with lapilli. consisting- of i)oi"phyritic rocks. 'rhes(> lapilli a|)i)ear to hax'c heen l)lown out partly (hroueh the \(Mit in that peak, and partly throueh a luunlter of smaller cones situatecl hetwoen Union Peak and the head .of the Middle Fork of Rogue RiviM". Many of these lapilli arc^ so little altered by their passage through the throat of a volcano, that the iron sulphid(>s. which they contain in great ahunilance, have not even l)een d(>sulphuiMzed. The lapilli are exactly similar to the poi-phyrv dikes which are found, uncapped by lava, throughout the region of the headwatei-s of the South Umpijua River, 30 to 40 miles northward. South of the Middle Fork of Rogue River the pumice deposits cease or become very thin and scattering. The crest of the range is a mass of rough, uneven lava flows, in some places slightly smoothed over by deposits of lapilli. which take here the place of the pumice detritus farther north. The part played bj' the pumic*^ in smoothing the asperities of the lava can nowhere be seen to better advantage than in the marked contrast oU'ered by the Cascades sunnnit outside and within the pumice-covered area. Almost the entire drainage of the western slope finds its way into Rogue River. The exceptions consist of a few small streams, mere creeks, in the southern areas, which flow into Klamath River. The chief forks of Rogue River are the North, the Middle, and the South. The afliuents which form the North Fork head partly in tlu' Rogue River-Unipqua divide and partly in the Cascades between Mount Thielsen and Union Peak. The tributaries of the ^Middle Fork head in the region between Union Peak and Klamath Point, while those which form the South Fork rise on the slopes of the broad platform which skirts the base of Mount Pitt on the north, west, and south. A large portion of the drainage from the extreme southern areas tinds its way into the main river direct through Bear Creek, Indian Creek, the Pig Butte Creek systems, and various lesser tributaries. The canyons of the North York which head in the C'ascades rise in ridges deeply covered with pumice and in flats which are sometimes grassy and marshy. Many of the canyons are deeply excavated in the soft and easily transported pumiceous material. In late years extensive forest tires have greatly accelerated the cutting process, which in time will doubtless transfer most of the pumice covering of the western slope of the range to lower levels. Although composed of such soft and loose material the slopes of the canyons in the pumice belt stand at a remark- ably high angle, so much so that in many localities they ofler an impas- sable barrier. The main stream of the North F'ork runs throuidi a 224 FOREST RESERVES. valley which varies in width from three-fourth.s of a mile to 3 miles. Primarily, it is not a valley due to erosion, l)ut it was formed l»y the direction and position assumed by the different lava flows which have covered the region. A long time ago a large portion of the depres- sion in which the stream now flows was a lake, made so by a huge lava dike crossing the valley near the southwest corner of T. 32 S.. R. 3 E., and the northeast corner of T. 33 S. , R. 2 E. In this lake a mass of pumice was deposited, which smoothed out the inequalities of the original surface of the depression. In process of time the overflow from the lake cut through the dike, leaving a series of rapids and falls behind. The river began to excavate its channel through the pumice material, cutting a trough, which at the present time is 350 to 400 feet in depth and is marked by live to six terraces. As the river has eroded its bed, various lava dikes and inequalities of the ancient bottom of the valley have become uncovered. These have given rise to peculiar and interesting narro wings of the stream. Thus in T. 30 S., R. 3 E. the entire volume of the river, 150 to 250 feet in width and having a depth of 7 to 1) feet, in the early summer stage of flow, is forced through a rocky cleft 5 to 6 feet in width. Similar places occur in the channel of the stream in T. 31 S., R. 3 E. The falls and narrow- ings in the North Fork of Rogue River form insuperable obstacles to log driving. The canyons of the Middle Fork head partly in pumice-covered tracts, partly in rocky glaciated areas. There commonly exists at their heads one or several small marshy or sedge-covered glades. Three principal tributaries form the Middle Fork. The one farthest south heads in a group of small lakes; the middle one has its rise in a series of large springs, numbering several hundred, which suddenly burst out from under a lava cliff. The character of the canyons of these tributaries of the Middle Fork is determined mostly by the position and thickness of the adjacent lava flows. For example, in the case of the southern affluent of the Middle Fork the canyon wall south of the stream is formed by a steep ridge of lava, which rises 1,800 to 2,000 feet above the stream, while on the north the canyon wall is a series of low, rocky terraces, ending in wide flats or in low ridges of easy slope. The main channel of the Middle Fork lies across a level, or nearh^ level lava sheet. The stream has made a clean cut 400 to 500 feet in depth through the lava, forming a canyon of this depth with nearly perpendicular slopes. The channels of the Middle Fork and its affluents are littered with large bowlders, and are broken by falls and rapids near their heads, rendering them unsuitable for log driving. The drainage system of the South Fork of Rogue River consists chieffy of one large canyon which heads in the northern base of Mount Pitt. It is narrow and rocky throughout its entire length, and is uFAmiKc] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 225 deeply sunk l)otwoon stoop, rouoli l:i\ii flows, Noar its hoiid tho caii- yoii widoiis ill a few places and eoritaiiis several lakelets one of which is l.V miles ill Iciintli and 350 to 400 yards in width. Aniono- the streams which How directly into the main channel of Koi^ue Kiver the Bi^• liiitte and the Little Butte are the most note- worthy. The former heads in the western and soutiiern ai'oas of the l)ase of Mount Pitt. Its various trilmtaiies are fed l>y larjj;-e spriuj^.s which issue from luMioath the lava liehls that surround the peak. Its eoui'se lies partly thi-oueh canyons which here, as elsewhere in the roijjion. are fashioned, as to tiieir depth and chai'actor of slope, more 1)\' the conlieiiration of the inclosing- lava flows than l>v the efleet.s produced tty sti-eam erosion, and partly throueli series of hroad flats, which fui'iiish »i-ood u-iazin>i- and ae-ricultuial faciliti(\s. Little Butte Creek heads partly in tho southi'rn base of Mount Pitt, and partly in a series of large Hats in T. 37 8., K. H E. The largest of the northern affluents has as its reservoir Fish Lake, a shallow sheet of clear, cold water 4 to 5 feet in depth, 2 miles in length, and 400 to 500 yards in width. Its water level, apparently not suljject to mueh \ari- ation, is maintained bv huge springs in the northeast corner, which issue from under the mass of recent lava between ]\Iount Pitt and Mount Brown. The outlet of Fish Lake is through a narrow l)ottom inclosed by l)anks 75 to 80 feet in height. It could readily be tran.s- formed into a large reservoir. Little liutte Creek, although a small stream, is of importance from the circumstance that its waters are largely diverted for purposes of iri-igation in the Rogue River Plain. The drainage which reach(\s Klamatii River from the southern areas flows mostly l)y way of Spencer and »Ienny creeks, both small streams of little importance. Portions of the summit of the range and tho western slope owe some of their to[)ographic features to glacial erosion. In the pumice- covered areas glacial action was either feeble or altogether wantinor, except on the highest summits, or the efi'ects of glaciation. if it did occur, are hidden under the pumice. Where the pumice thins out, a few miles south of Klamath Point, the evidence of glacial action is more apparent. The summit of the range and the eastern slope pre- sent hei-e the most conspicuous evidences of the presence of glaciers. On the western slope the evidence is nuich more apparent. The ice tore out the rims of many of the craters and scooped out many little depressions in the l)road lava fleld which lies between Mount Pitt and the head of Cherry Creek, on the eastern side of the range. These depressions have filled with water and now are lakes. In other places the ice flowing down from the summit of the range excavated deep channels on the eastern side and spilled its load of drift blocks and gravel at the mouths of the canyons opening on the edges of Upper Klamath Lake. But. on the whole, with the exception of the region 21 CEOL, IT 5 15 226 FOREST KESERVES. contoring- around the group of five craters previously described, glacial erosion was feeble throughout the Cascades in this region. It is difli- cult to understand why glaciation was so much more active in the region contiguous to this group of craters than elsewhere. The thickness of the ice sheet here must have been many hundreds of feet, and it must have existed for a long time. In its descent to lower levels it excavated a channel 1,000 feet in depth, which now forms the canyon of Cherry Creek. All of the rocks over which it passed are deeply marked with straight, broad grooves. SISKIYOU MOUNTAINS. The area of the Siskiyou Mountains described in this report com- prises 400 square miles, the greater portion of the range lying outside the limits of the present examination. Orographically the range forms a connecting link between the Coast Ranges and the Cascades. In T. 40 S.. R. 3 E., it swings out from the Cascades in a westerly direction with a narrow, sharp curve, its por- phyries and serpentine rocks coming to the surface from beneath the lavas of the western slope of the Cascades. The inner or northerly curve of the range presents a bold, steep, terraced front. The outer or southerly curve slopes away with a more gradual descent toward the Klamath Valley. Where it leaves the Cascades, the crest line has an elevation of 5,200 feet. It is here a narrow backbone flanked by regions of extremely irregular surface. Sharp, narrow ridges set off b}^ conical elevations and alternating deep saddles, with numerous intersecting ravines and canyons, constitute the relief of the upper slopes of the range in this locality. In T. 40 S., R. IE., the crest line rises to a height of 7,662 feet in a rocky elevation known as Siski\^ou Peak or Ashland Butte, a prominent landmark for the surrounding region. From Siskiyou Peak westward the summit of the range is narrow, seldom widening to 400 j^ards, often a mere hogback a few feet in width. The northern slope for the first 2,000 or 3,000 feet from the summit is steep and abrupt, and the southern slope differs but little in its gradients. The central mass of the range here, as where it leaves the Cascades, is composed of old eruptive and metamorphosed rocks, porphyries, serpentine, and granites. The lowest northern slopes are largely made up of talcose slates having a thinly laminated structure and resting on granites and porphyries. The volcanic cones and vents and the great lava flows and pumice deposits which are the predominant features in the geology of the Cascades in this region are absent from the Siskiyou Mountains. The streams flowing from the range lie in deep canyons whose origin appears to be due chiefly to the erosive powers of water and ice. V. '• rroLor.icAL fiunvr TA-r-;''v.rin<;T a-.mi.'.- r-rpoflT rAriT V TL L'tlll i : .4t:^, .?^ ! > "'^JSMJV***^ .^_> ,1. SUMMIT OF SISKIYOU MOUNTAINS, NEAR STERLING PEAK U. SUMMIT OF UMPQUA DIVIDES, LOOKING NORTHEAST FROM ABBOTS OUTTE. LKiBEKo.l CASCADE EANGE AND ASHLAND KESERVES. 227 Most of tlio liirj^or canyons pi-cscnt clear evidences of the fonner existence of t^laciers. Especially is this tln^ case with the upper ])or- tioii of the canyons which head in Sterlin*^ Peak, where the streams have not yet i-enioved or smoothed out the lateral and terminal moraines which rouuhen the bottoms of the valleys (PI. LXXIII. J). The streams usually rise in j^rassy glades; at least such is the rule with those that head in the main range. Most of the glades arc small in extent; but a few of those which form the heads of the larger allu- ents of Beaver and Humbug creeks, on the southern slope, each con- tain several hundred aei'es. The canyons which drain the northern slopes occasionally widen in their lower portions and ati'ord considerable tracts of agricultural and meadow land. In this region the northern spurs of the Siskiyous stretch north- ward to a distance of 20 miles from the main range. They parallel the steep front of the western slope of the Cascades, from which they are separated by a strip of semiarid valley consisting of the basin of Bear Creek, a tributary of Kogue River. UMPQUA MOUNTAINS. The Umpqua ^Mountains comprise a wide strip of rough and rugged country between the Rogue and Willamette rivers, and form the drain- age basin of Umpqua River. The examination extended only to a portion of the system which forms the divide l)etween the upper reaches of the Rogue and South Umpqua rivers, comprising 350 square miles. The divide, so far as the examination went, consists of a porphyry axis branching out from the Cascades in T. 28 S., R. 5 E., a little north of the south end of Diamond Lake, an extinct volcanic cone known as Old Bailey Mountain marking the point of departure. Its course is in a general westerly direction. Here and there, along the crest and tlanks of the divide, the porphyries, more or less altered by volcanic heat, come to the surface. Generally, however, the more ancient rocks are covered up by deposits of the more recent Cascade lavas, but the blanket of lava is not so thick as along the western slope of the Cascades, except near the angle of junction with this range. Most of the deposits of lava appear to have tlowed from local fissures, except wdiere the divide joins the Cascades. At this point volcanic cones, similar to those which occur elsewhere in that range, make their appearance. The summit of the divide is in most places a narrow crest, a mere hogl)ack a few feet in width. Abbots Butte is, however, an excep- tion. This elevation is situated directly on the main divide, but instead of being a narrow crest it is a l)road, termced volcanic mass level 228 FOREST EESERVES. on its summit. Altornatino- deep saddles, where streams head and flow in opposite directions, and high, rocky, precipitous elevations make up the crest line (PI. LXXIII, B). The streams Howing from the range lie in deep canyons. Near their sources the slopes are steep and frequently nearly perpendicular. At the heads of the larger streams usually are small glades, while narrow stretches of level land exist here and there along the lower courses of the canyons, particularly along those which flow into Rogue River. The general basin of the South Umpqua is a broad east- west depres sion, with its bottom consisting of a multitude of small canyons and comparativel}^ low ridges, the whole inclosed between high, rough dividing ranges. The landscape is remarkably different from that which characterizes the drainage basins elsewhere on either slope of the Cascades in this region. On viewing it in its entirety one receives the impression that the area constitutes one of the primal drainage basins in the Cascades, one which was not affected by volcanic outbursts to the same extent as were the other adjacent areas, but remained comparatively free from the great outpourings of lava which so often in the past changed the aspect of other areas on the western slopes of the Cascade Range. REGION EAST OF THE CASCADES. The eastern slope of the Cascades presents a sharp contrast to the features which distinguish the western declivities of the range. This is mostly due to the abrupt rise of the mountains and consequent short- ness of slope. From T. 36 S. northward to the extent of the present examination the distance from base to summit of the range in an air line is from 6 to 10 miles, as compared with a general average of 30 miles on the western side. South of township 35 the main range is separated from the plains'" level by a short intermediate mountain mass of volcanic origin, which fills Ts. 37, 38, and 39 S., R. 6 E., with a great number of rough and rocky ridges. The declivities of the eastern slope are generally steep, rocky, and irregular, or somewhat terraced lava flows. North of T. 36 S. pumice deposits have smoothed out a great many of the lesser asperities. In T. 28 S., Rs. 6 and 6i E., there is a broad, very gentle slope from the plains' level to the summit of the Cascades at the south end of Diamond Lake, forming one of the easiest passes in the range. The pass leads to the head of the North Fork of Rogue River. The canyons on the eastern slope are of two general classes: (1) short and straight canyons, with abrupt slopes and descents; (2) longer can- 3^ons with an oblique direction in their relation to the course of the main range, where they possess a more easy and gentle gradient. The short and straight canyons are chiefly canyons of erosion. At their openings there is commonly piled up a mass of bowlder drift. The LEiBER.;.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 22'.) othor vjirioty consists of clrprcssioiis due to the position and course taken l)y the inclosino^ lava masses in wliicii the streams sometimes liaM' (III deep socondary canyons and tforii-es. Anna Creek, in Ts. :;i and :>2. H. ♦! E., furnislies an example of the latter kind: wliilr Three- mile. Cherry, and Hock ci-eeks. in Ts. lU and :'>;-). R. C Iv. arc of the fornu>r type. The r(\L>-ion to the east of the ('ascades forms, so far as oui- limits yo. the iippei- drainage basin of Klamath River. The orooraphical features of the reoion consist of: (1) the Klamath-Deschutes divide; (2) many volcanic ridges of vaiyini!: altitude, which are more or less c<»nnected. some of which intersect the basin in a north-south direc- tion, while others intersect in an east-west direction. The Klamath-Desi-hutes divide branches out from the Cascades approximati'ly in T. 2(5 S., R. 7 E. It swing-.s around to the south- ward and constitutes a span l)ridiiing Klamath (Jap. The ridge is of volcanic origin, is extremely ancient, and may at some past time have been of much greater altitude. If so it would constitute a sort of highway foi- migrations of animals and i)lants from the northern Si(n-ras to the Cascad(\s, and vice versa. The volcanic character of the ridges which intersect the Klamath drainage basin in this region has already been alluded to. Some of these ridges have been built up around volcanic vents, others are irregular masses whose origin perhaps is to be sought in earth fissures. The entire basin seems originally to have been a plateau area. The lava outflows inclosed many flats, which in time l)ecame lakes. ]\Iost of these lakes have been drained by their waters cutting channels through the lava dams. Others are in various stages from marshes to shallow lakes. Extinct craters abound. Some formed parts of long ranges, or rather were the centers from which flowed long streams of lava. Such are Yamsay Peak, Swan Lake Point. Fuego Mountain. Yainax Butte, and various unnamed craters in the Black Hills. Others occur as isolated conical hills scattered throughout the region. Some of the lava flows which came from these vents spread out over the region in \ast, flat sheets, others are heaped up in ridged and terraced masses. The igneous activity in the basin is not yet altogether quenched. The hot springs in the southei'n areas, which frequently lie in long lines, indicate that th(M-e are many pressure lines and Assures which are not yet closed. The northern area and nuich of the central are covered with a laver of pumice. Some of tln> pumice came from vents in the Cascades, much of it was ejected from craters in the basin, notably from those in the Yamsay Range. Near the Cascades the pumice deposit undou])tedly is very thick. In the eastern and southeastern areas of the basin it is thin, in some ])laces not more than 4 to 8 feet in thick- ness, much of it evidently ha\ ing l»een washed awav. 230 FOREST RESERVES. The plain or depression which stretches along the base of the Cas- cades in this region is comparative!}^ narrow, varying from 10 to 15 miles in width. It consists of two distinct terraces, a northern and a southern, the former elevated about 400 feet above the latter. The terraces connect through the valleys of AVilliamson and Sprague rivers with the terrace or plain which borders the central areas of Sprague River. Through the valley of Sycan River the Sprague River terrace connects with the lesser level areas which form Sycan Marsh and adjacent regions. The connection between each of these terraces is invariably through a stretch of narrow canyon which represents a cut through a lava flow. The southern terrace in front of the Cascades comprises the basins of Upper Klamath Lake with the adjoiiiing marshes, together with a portion of Lower Klamath Lake and a level valley area along the lower portion of Lost River. This terrace contains 450 square miles and extends from the northern line of T. 33 S. to the Oregon-Cali- fornia line. Upper Klamath Lake is mostly a shallow body of water. It is a lake chiefly because the lava flows at its foot and at the point near Plevna where Klamath River leaves the marshy areas have not been cut down sufiiciently to drain the lake. If the falls in Klamath River were lowered a few feet the greater portion of Upper Klamath Lake would become dry. The upper terrace is separated from the lower by a broad, thick lava flow^ which stretches from northwest to southeast, and possil^ly may have come from Mount Scott or adjacent craters. The lava flow created a large lake, of which all that remains is Klamath Marsh, most of its area having been drained by the Williamson River cutting a canyon through the lava flow at a point 8 miles east of Fort Klamath. The upper terrace stretches northward to the Klamath-Deschutes divide. Eastward it extends to the foot of the Yamsay Range, which it follows southward along the western base to the head of Williamson River. The pumice covering both on the upper and on the lower of these ter- races was deposited when they were deeply covered with water. The present smoothness of their surface, only roughened by ancient beach lines along higher levels and by the courses of modern streams, proves this. Some of the pumice appears to have been thrown out as flne particles. Much of it came as large, coarse fragments or bowlders a foot or more in diameter. The S3a"an terrace is situated east of the Yamsay Range and has an elevation of 5,000 feet. It likewise was a lake in past geologic times. It was formed b}- a lava flow which came from a crater, now extinct, situated in the Fuego Range. S3^can River has cut through the obstruction, the lake has been drained, and a swampy tract known as Sycan Marsh now remains. i-EiiiERc] CASCADE RANtSE AND ASHLAXD RESERVES. -J.'U Tlie Sprai^iu' liivcr ternK-c consists of an area Ijordcrliiof S|)rai,»'iie Kivt'r wcstwaid from the junction of its main forks. It covers an area of 2>i(» siiuai'c miles. As in the cas«' of the othei- terraces, the Spi'aii'ue Ki\'erarea was once a lake bottom. The lake owed its nrii^in to a lava llow from the volcanic centers near Swan Lake I'oint. Miicii of this terrace has l>een denuded of its pumice coxcrin*:- and the under- lyinii" roui^h la\"a is l)rou>:ht to view or it is coverecl with jj^ravel and small bowlders. The terrace is a semiarid ree-ion. Here and there throughout tiie entire I'pper Klamath Basin are seattercHl smallei- terraces or flats more or less completely surrounded by thick la\a Hows. One of the lar^-er is Swan Lake ^'alley, This is a level trad inclosed by la\a flows which came from Swan Lake Point. It is remarkal)le for a thick deposit of diatomaceous earth, which underlies tiu> entire fiat at a depth of a few feet. Tile hit^her points in the region show marks of light glaciation. t)ut the terraces and flats show no clear evidences of the scoring or wear- ing ert'ects of ice. Here, as in the Cascades, the smoothness of the pumice deposits proves either that glaciation preceded their deposi- tion or that the region has not at any time been subject to the action of ice. Tlie removal of the pumice down to the underlying lava on the Sprague and Sycan terraces is due to local etifects of drainage. The streams in the region flow mostly in shallow canyons. The exceptions are at the points where thej^ have cut their way through lava flows stretching across their courses. Some of the streams, such as Sprague River, have excavated their beds to a depth of 20 to 80 feet below the general level of the terrace through wiiich they flow% and have one or two narrow benches in their troughs to mark the stages of the erosive process. Owing to the volcanic nature of the region and the numerous Assures in the lava bed rock a great manv of the streams flow irregularly. Manv of them sink and disappear, only to be forced to the surface at some other point. Williamson River and, in part, Sycan River head in large springs whiih suddeidy burst out with great force from under thick masses of lava of the Yamsay Range. Such is also the case with Crooked River and Fort Creek, streams near Fort Klamath, and with many other lesser creeks. CLIMATIC < ()NDITIOX8. Broadly stated, the general climatic features, as regards precipita- tion, may l)e referred to two classes: first, areas with an abundanc(> of precipitation: and. second, areas characterized by semiaridity. or a low ratio of rainfall. The former are characteristic of the western slope of the Cascades, the latter of the eastern. l)ut the range is by no means a strict dividing Iin«' in all cases, as areas possessing either feature are found on both sides of the rantre. 232 FOREST RESERVES. Loftil conditions modify the precipitation. The chief of these exists in the relief of the region, and altitude is the more prominent factor here. We thus have on the western slope true semiarid conditions in the low-lyino- valle3^s, and on the eastern slope, at hig-h elevations, decidedly humid ones. Both the western and eastern slopes may, therefore, be divided into semiarid, subhumid, and humid belts. WESTERN SLOPE. SEMIARID REGION. Areas of this character occur here under two aspects: first, those naturally semiarid; and, second, such as have assumed this condition through the agency of man. The lirst of these have their origin in the relief of the country, and possibly in slow climatic changes taking place over the entire western slope of the Cascades and connecting ranges along the coast. They are permanently semiarid, and, if the climatic hypothesis be true, they are gradually enlarging their area. The second, induced through conditions created by the agency of man, probably are only of temporary duration. The larger naturally and permanently semiarid tracts on the western slopes of the Cascades in this region consist of: (1) the area of depres- sion situated between the spurs projecting northward from the region around Siskiyou Peak and the terminations of the western spurs of the Cascades; (2) the areas embraced in the lower and middle slopes on the western spurs of the Cascades, where they front on the above- described depression; (3) a considerable tract among the Siskiyou spurs fronting on North Fork of Applegate Creek; and (4) areas bordering Rogue River in Ts. 35 and 36 S., Rs. 2 and 1 W. and 1 E. The annual precipitation on these tracts probably does not exceed 15 inches. They are all characterized by having a small amount of arboreal vegetation, mostl}" confined to the banks of the water courses. They carry scattered copses of black oak {Quercus californica) and white oak {Q. garryana)^ interspersed here and there by stands of frutescent or, rarely, arborescent madrona {Arbutus menziesii)^ and with dense thickets of brush largely composed of chaparral ( CeanotJius ciineatns). The lowest elevation of the semiarid tracts is approximateh^ 1,600 feet. From this level the curve of semiaridity rises to a height of 4,000 feet on the terminal declivities of some of the western spurs of the Cascades, as, for example, on the southwestern slopes of the Grizzly Range north-northeast from Ashland, and to 4,800 feet on various of the Siskiyou spurs bordering Applegate Creek. Where the curve of semiaridity crosses the Siskiyou main range and connects LEiBER.;.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND KESERVES. -J-Ki with the stMuiarid iv^ioii northwost of Mount Shastii. throucrh canyons and over low r'uU^es cast of Pilot Knol). it rises to altitudes of »;,00(i foet. There are no points in this roo-ion where the semiarid tracts west of the Cascades join those situated east of the ran((e. Not even throu«,di Klauiath (lap is there a wholly uninterrupted connection: for Kla math (Jap, where the river ))reaks through the orofrraphic l)ackl.(.iie of the Cascades, lies in a r(\sri<>n that nuist be classed as subhuiuid at least. The tracts on which a condition of temporary semiaridity has l)een artificial ly induced consist chiefly of old or recent l)urns in the for- ested sulihuniid areas. They are scattered over the entire slope, hut are most numerous and of larofest extent in Ts. 31, 3:^, 33, 34, and 3.") S.. K. -I- E., where they collectively cover an area of 50,000 acres. It is impossible to say w"ith absolute certainty that the tracts just mentioned are semiarid as a temporary condition only. They are slopes and sunuuits denuded of their forest covering forty or forty-live years ago through the medium of severe fires. They are now covered with brush growths composed of species characteristic of semiarid lands, and their aspect is exactly like that of the semiarid chaparral slopes of California. Areas having similar characters, but not so large, occur in Ts. 38 and 39 S., Rs. 4 and 5 E. There is at least an even chance that such tracts will not again reforest, in which event they will con- stitute evidence proving the northward advance of the arid conditions prevalent in the regions farther south. SUBHUMID REGION. The subhumid region includes the slopes and summits of the Sis- kiyou. Umpqua. and Cascade ranges, between elevations of 3,000 and »),000 feet, with the exceptions detailed under semiai-id tracts. The annual precipitation is unknown to me, and there are probably no data available as to the quantity. The forest growth indicates froni 35 to 50 inches, according to elevation. The region is characterized throughout by forested areas with stands of timber varying from moderately heavy to dense. lll'MID REGION. The humid region comprises slopes and summits above the O.OOO- foot contour. The annual precipitation is unknown to me, but it certainly reaches considerably above 50 inches. Thc^ lower portions carry forests similar to those which occur on the higher tracts of the sul)humid slopes; the higher l)ear subalpine growths of trees and other vegetation, with here and there a peak projecting above the limit of trees. 234 FOREST RESERVES. EASTERN SLOPE. SEMIARID REGION. Tho somiarid lands east of the Cascades in this region occur chiefly in the interior of the Klamath Basin. They just touch the eastern base of the range in Ts. 39 and 40 8., Rs. 8 and 9 E. They stand in intimate relationship with areas of like character south beyond the eastern Oregon border through various valleys and depressions, such as Lost River and its tributaries. Their extension northward ceases on the Sprague River terrace. They are characterized by the growth of various desert shrubs and by the occurrence of scattered small stands of western juniper. With the exception of the tracts mentioned as occurring in town- ships 39 and 40, none of the areas at the immediate base of the Cascades can now be considered as truly semiarid. But the region comprised within the limits of the Klamath Marsh terrace shows decided ten- dencies in that direction. The leaning toward semiarid conditions is there shown by deficient reforestation of burned tracts in the lodgepole- pine stands, and the evident tendency of such places to become covered with a growth of desert shrubs or grasses in place of the former forest. The semiarid tracts of the Klamath Basin east of the Cascades com- prise in the aggregate, so far as they come within this region, 800 square miles. The annual precipitation is about 15 inches. SUBHCMID REGION. The larger portion of the area in the Upper Klamath Basin is dis- tinctly a subhumid one. Without knowing the actual precipitation in the region, its actual status on this point is therefore more or less guesswork, but, judging from the density of forest growth, I would place it at the same horizon as in the areas between the 3,000- and 4,200-foot contours along the fronts of the western spurs of the Cascades — that is, 25 to 35 inches per annum. The subhumid condition becomes possible only by reason of the numerous ridges scattered throughout the basin, which give to much of it a mean altitude of between 5,000 and 6,000 feet. The areas are characterized by extensive stands of forest of medium density with a vigor of growth not inferior to that possessed by simi- lar stands west of the Cascades. HUMID REGION. The strictly humid areas are of small extent. They are limited to tracts along the main range of the Cascades and to the high peaks of the Yamsav and Gearhart ranges in the interior regions of the basin. LEiBERG] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 235 They are chanicterized l)y moderate, light, or very thin stands of for- est of subalpine types and by the low, shrubby, and herbaceous vege- tation belong-ing to tracts of high altitude in tliis region. I have no temperature data for any portion of the region either west or east of the Cascades. None of the high peaks have a permanent snow line on all sides. On the summit of Mounts Pitt and Scott there is commonly some snow on the northern slopes throughout the year. Occasionally, deep drifts in shady ravines on the other slopes persist through the summer, but the rule is that southern and western expos- ures on even the highest peaks are free of snow during a portion of the year. FOREST CONDITIOT^^S. SPECIES. The forest is overwhelming!}' coniferous. This is especially the case on the areas east of the Cascades, where broad-leaved species of trees form but a fraction of 1 per cent of the forest stands, and where two conifers, the 3^11ow and the lodgepole pine, together con- stitute 88 per cent. West of the Cascades broad-leaved trees occur more plentifully, forming, on a numerical basis, about 6 per cent of the entire forest; and while among the conifers two species, the yellow pine and the red fir, particularly predominate, there is also a wider range of ratios among the balance than is found on the eastern side of the range. The following species of coniferous trees form the sylvan elements, and in many and varied ratios and groupings make up the forests and its component types: Coniferous trees in Cascade Range Reserve and adjacent territory, Oregon. yellow pine Pinus ponderosa. Sugar pine Pinus lambertiana. White pine Pinus monticola. White-bark pine Pinus albicaulis. Lodgepole pine Pinus murrayana. White fir Abies concolor, including transitional forms to the northern Abies grandis. Amabilis fir Abies aniabilis. Noble fir Abies nobilis. Alpine fir Abies lasiooarpa. Red fir Pseudotsuga mucronata. Incense cedar Libocedrus decurrens. Alaska cedar Chaina'cyparis nootkatensis. Western hemlock Tsuga mertensiana. Alpine hemlock Tsuga pattonii. Engelmanr spruce Picea engehnanni. Pacific ye\\ Taxus l^revifolia. Westei'n juniper Juniperus occidentalis. 23() FOREST RESERVES. Ainono- the various .species of broad-leaved trees the following are abundant enough to become conspicuous factors in the forest: Broad-leaird trees in Cascade Range Reserve ami adjacent territory, Oregon. California black oak Quercus californica. Pacific post oak Quercus garryana. Madrona Arbutus menziesii. Oregon ash Fraxinus oregona. Oregon maple Acer macrophyllum. Red alder Alnus oregona. INIountain mahogany Cercocarpus ledifolius. Birch-leaf mahogany Cercocarpus betuloides. Golden-leaf chinquapin Castanopsis chrysophylla. Oregon crab ^Nlalus rivularis. Aspen Populus tremuloides. Balsam Populus balsamifera. ' Black Cottonwood Populus trichocarpa. Pale elder Sambucus glauca. In addition to the species enumerated there occur various kinds of willow, hawthorn, plum, and cherr3\ In the sylva of the eastern and western side of the Cascades collect- ively, the broad-leaved trees constitute 6.5 per cent, on a numerical basis, including individuals with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. On the western side, the oaks, madrona, and chinquapin, when estimated on a similar basis, form 5 per cent. Although the broad-leaved trees show an appreciable percentage of the forest when estimated by their numbers, thev sink into utter insig- nilicance when the relative timber volume is compared with the conif- erous growth. Owing to the circumstance that timber estimates have so far been made onlj^ on the basis of diameters and lengths suitable for mill timbers expressed in feet board measure instead of cubic contents, the broad-leaved species have been excluded from the estimates. It is, therefore, not possible to state in any but the most general figures the relative proportion in volume between the broad- leaved and the coniferous growths. From various data obtained in the cruisings during the current year I should place the relative pro- portion of the two divisions of the sylva in the ratio of 1 to 0.001, or, in other words, for every cubic foot of timber derived from broad- leaved species there are 1,000 cubic feet of timber of coniferous species. Were it not for the considerable oak and madrona growth on the low-lying semiarid and contiguous regions in the Middle Rogue River Basin the broad-leaved species would not show" anywhere near so large a ratio. On areas situated within the middle and upper elevations and throughout the forested regions east of the Ca.scades the timber vol- ume of species other than conifers is excessively small. The following tables give the ratios between the different compo- nents which compose the coniferous forest. They are based upon LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 237 niiiiun'ical proportions and not upon tlie timber volume, luid include trees with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. The tables are compiled for the purpose of indicating- the proportions of the elements forming the established forest growth at the present time, witiiin the dimensions specified. The numerical status of a species in the early stages of growth is determined in this region by its environments as regards shade, and by the nuiltitudinous modifications and departures from the composition of the original growth on areas undergoing reforestations after fires. The numerical proportion of the forest components is never, in this region, a fixed matter. The older the stands, the less change there is in their composition up to a certain age limit, which varies with the life factor in the general duration of the species. For this reason were we to adopt a higher or a lower standard than 4 inches it would very materially change the proportions of the different species. Relative proportiom of coniferous species forming the forest on the western slope of the Cascades. Per cent. ' Per cent. Yellow pine 27. 5 ] Noble fir 5. 8 Sugar pine 2. 8 White pine 36 AVhite-bark pine 03 Lodgepole pine 6. 3 Alpine fir 2 Western hemlock 1 Alpine hemlock 6. 5 Engelmann spruce 6 Red fir 44. Incense cedar 41 White fir 5. 4 Amabilis fir and Alaska cedar are two species which occur in the region, but are so few in numbers that the}' are quite inappreciable in the bulk of the forest. From the above table it will be seen that two species, j^ellow pine and red fir, together constitute 71.5 per cent of the coniferous forest. It is generally supposed that the red fir is greatly the superior of all other species in this region. The contrary, however, is the case, the excess over the yellow-pine component being only 16.5 per cent. The cause lies entireh' in the oft-repeated forest fires which sweep through these wooded areas. The seedlings and young trees possessing the greatest fire resistance survive, the others die. In its capacitv to endure fire and survive the yellow pine is greatly the superior of all the other conifers in this region. The large ratio of lodgepole pine is wholh' owing to extensive fires in the subalpine areas, which have destroyed large and dense growths of alpine hemlock and noble fir, and have induced soil conditions exceptionally favorable to reforestation by lodgepole pine. Sugar pine, white pine, Engelmann spruce, and incense cedar are species which have an extensive range, but do not reproduce them selves abundantly; hence the low ratio. White-bark pine, alpine fir, and western hemlock are trees whose 238 FOREST EESERVES. range is circumscribed. The two former belong to the upper limit of the subalpine areas; the latter is of scattered occurrence in a few favor- able localities, apparently, in this region, being near its southern limits. Relative j^roportions of coniferous species forming the forest on the eastern slope of the Cascades. Per cent. Yellow pine 68. Sugar pine 9 White pine 05 White-bark pine 01 Lodgepole pine 22. 6 Red fir 1. 22 White fir 3.7 Per cent. Noble fir 5 Alpine fir 02 Western hemlock Lacking. Alpine hemlock 1 . Engelmann spruce 25 Incense cedar 75 Western juniper 1. It will be noticed that the yellow pine easily ranks above all of the other species either singly or combined. The reason for this lies chiefly in the smaller annual precipitation on the subhumid areas of the western slope. The large proportion of lodgepole pine is chiefly due to forest fires. At least 90 per cent of the species owes its growth to this cause. The remainder occurs as the first forest covering on areas gradually being laid bare along margins of marshes and lakes by the lowering of their waters. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES. With the exception of amabilis fir and Alaska cedar all of the coni- fers of the western slope are also represented on the eastern side of the Cascades; nor are they confined to the immediate eastern declivi- ties of the range. With the exception of alpine hemlock, western hemlock, noble fir, and Engelmann spruce, they are found at man}^ intermediate points between the Cascades and the Klamath-Deschutes divide, and it is not at all unlikely that further explorations may dis- cover the four missing species on some of the subalpine elevations along that divide. The 3^ellow pine is the most widel}^ distributed of the species. Occur- ring everywhere throughout the western slope within its altitudinal limit, it crosses the Cascades in a broad belt through Klamath Gap in Ts. 39 and 40 S. and in narrow scattered groves or in thin lines south of Lake of the Woods, in Ts. 38 and 37 S., following to Pelican Bay of Upper Klamath Lake the depression which exists between the Cascades main range and the group of high mountains west of Aspen Lake. Having reached the eastern base of the Cascades, the species follows the foot of the range northward to the southern boundary of the Klamath Marsh terrace, whence in a broad sheet it spreads out over the entire Upper Klamath Basin. The sugar pine is more restricted in its range. Confined on the LEiBERG] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 239 western slope within narrower limits tlian the yellow pine, it crosses the Cascades through Klamath Gap. The distance between its eastern and western extensions in the Lake of the Woods depression is not more than 10 miles, and it is not impossible that scattered trees may occur in the short interval that separates the two. From where the sugar pine enters the Upper Klamath Basin through the gap it con- tinues to extend northward, following closely the foot of the range and the lower edges of its middle elevations. In T. 33 S. it meets a southward extension coming from the Deschutes Basin. Heading the terrace of the Klamath lakes in T. 32 S., the sugar pine turns toward the south and follows the broken lava plateau which joins the ^'olcanic areas around Swan Lake Point with those in the Cascades southeast of Mount Scott. A few miles southeast of Swan Lake Point the sugar pine thins out and disappears. Its next appearance in the Klamath Basin, within this region, is on the slopes of the Yamsay Kange. It is here an offshoot from the mass of sugar pine which closely hugs the Klamath-Deschutes divide from its junction with the Cascades to some point in northern California outside of the area under consideration. From the Yamsay Range the species takes a southerly course to the region around Fuego Mountain in T. 33 S. , and turning toward the east it becomes abundant enough to be reckoned as a factor in the mill-timber supply on the areas around the Black Hills in T. 34 S., Rs. 12 and 13 E. Continuing eastward it joins the stands of the species on the Klamath-Deschutes divide in the region of Gear- hart Mountains. The white pine is not a tree of plentiful occurrence on the west side of the Cascades. Beginning with the Siskiyou Mountains, it is found here and there on the higher slopes between Siskiyou Peak and Sterling Peak. Between its habitat here and its range in the southern areas of the Cascades is a wide gap. In the upper region of the basin of the South Umpqua the species is relatively abundant. From here it continues southward along the flanks of the Cascades, rarely extend- ing more than 14 miles west from the summit, to the northern boundary of T. 39 S. , R. 5 E. , where it thins out and disappears. It crosses the Cascades in many localities between Diamond Lake and its southern limit in township 39, and extends down the eastern slope to the 5,000-foot contour line in man}^ places. It is not found in the region of the Upper Klamath Basin within this area, but a few miles to the east in the Gearhart Mountains the species again appears. The white-bark pine, being strictly a species of the upper limits of the subalpine areas, has a wide range, but is confined within narrow altitudinal limits. In the Siskiyou Mountains the species is nearly absent. A few score individuals in a group between Siski3"ou Peak and Sterling Peak constitute all that were seen. Along the Umpqua- 240 FOREST RESERVES. Rogue River divide a few individuals were observed on the highest summits. The region of its greatest density is along the summit of the Cascades, where it forms the true timber-line tree on peaks like Mounts Pitt and Scott at elevations of 9,400 to 9,500 feet. In the interior of the Upper Klamath Basin it occurs on Yamsay Range and on high ridges in the Klamath-Deschutes divide. The lodgepole pine is a species with a range which extends through- out the entire region examined. Strangely enough, it is not ver}' plen- tiful either in the Siskiyou or in the Umpqua Mountains except where the latter range joins the Cascades. Its chief habitats are on the higher and summit areas of the Cascades, where it forms a very large proportion of areas reforested after fires, and everywhere in the inte- rior of the Upper Klamath Basin, except on distinctly semiarid tracts. The red fir is abundant on the western slopes of the Cascades, in the Siskiyou Mountains, and in the Umpquas between elevations of 2,500 and 6,200 feet. Below the 2,500-foot contour the growth is thin and scattering, but the species is never wholly lacking over any con- siderable area outside the distinctly semiarid, low-lying tracts. It crosses the Cascades through Klamath Gap and through the depres- sion south of Mount Pitt in T. 30 S. On the eastern side of the Cas- cades it follows the foot and lower slopes of the range northward to the southern edge of the Klamath Marsh terrace. Here the growth is thin, the species occurring as low, gnarled individuals widely dis- persed among the masses of yellow pine. The species does not extend northward from this point, but heading the north end of Upper Klamath Lake and turning eastward it follows the higher lava flows southward to the region around Swan Lake Point. On the eastern slopes of this peak the tree is fairly abundant, but of small dimensions. It thins out and disappears completely 4 miles south from Swan Lake Point, but reappears on the divides at the head of Lost River. It is not found elsewhere in the interior of the Klamath Basin, nor do I know of its occurrence on the Klamath-Deschutes divide. The white fir occurs thioughout all of the areas examined west of the Cascades below the 6,000-foot contour line. It crosses the range in many places between the canyon of Klamath River and Mount Pitt, but scarcely north of this peak. On the eastern slope it follows the range toward the north, and beyond the head of Upper Klamath Lake it spreads out over the entire forested area of the Upper Klamath Basin above elevations of 5,000 feet. The noble fir is a species with its home chiefly among the higher elevations. It reaches its greatest dimensions at the lower levels of the subalpine forest. Within its proper altitudinal limits the species occurs everywhere on the areas west of the Cascades. It crosses the range freeW, except in Klamath Gap, and on the eastern slope extends from 2 to 6 miles from the summit. The species is absent from the ranges in the interior of the Upper Klamath Basin. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RVRT OF SOUTHERN OREGON SIimMNO DISTRIBUTION OF ^ Prepared under the direction ot Ji BV JOll SiA^ar.piiie Noble fu' Coiitouau TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT PART V PL. LXXIV VH PIXE. NOBLE FIR, WESTERN HEMLOCK, LNCEXSE CED.\R ' CtOiuumi .(Veoiiraplier in charge :^rBERG 1^ 14- 16 IB aoimjss 500 feet Ineeiise cedar LEiBERG.] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND KESEKVES. 241 The alpino tir is a tree of the high altitudes, and therefore is chiefly contined to subalpine areas. It occurs plentifully ev^erywhere on the summit of the Cascades, less so on the Umpiiua-Rogue River divide, while on the Siskiyou Mountains, so far as examined, it is nearly absent. I have no knowledge of its occurrence east of the Cascades in this region, except on the inmiediate declivities of the main range. The western hemlock is found on the western side of the Cascades in scattered localities from Mount Pitt to Mount Thielsen, but nowhere very abundant. It is more plentiful on the northern slopes of the Umpqua-Koguc River divide than elsewhere. It is absent from the Siski3'ou Mountains. In the region around the southern base of Mount Pitt scattering trees of the species cross over to the eastern side of the Cascades and form a small percentage of the forest at the south end of Lake of the Woods. The species is lacking in the Upper Klamath Basin. The alpine hemlock is extremely" abundant along the higher eleva- tions of the Cascades and on the Umpqua-Rogue River divide. It freeW crosses to the eastern side of the Cascades except through Kla- math Gap, where the elevation dips below its altitudinal range. It is absent from the Siskiyou Mountains, so far as explored, with the exception of the northern slopes of Siski^'ou Peak, where a few sc«re individuals of the species were noticed. I have no knowledge of its occurrence anywhere in the interior of the Upper Klamath Basin, but there is a probability, at least, that it may be found along the highest points of the Klamath-Deschutes divide when that region shall have been explored. Of the spruces, the onh" species represented in this region is Engel- mann spruce. The tree is found m scattered bodies, mixed with other species, along the summit and in the canyons of the Cascades, botli on the eastern and western slopes of the range. It is lacking in Klamath Gap for no apparent reason, as its altitudinal limit on the eastern side of the range is several hundred feet below^ the highest point in the gap. The species is lacking in the Siskiyou Mountains and on the Umpqua-Rogue River divide. The incense cedar occurs in moderate abundance throughout the region of middle elevations on the western side of the Cascades, in the Siskiyou Mountains, and on the Umpqua-Rogue River divide. It crosses the Cascades through Klamath Gap, extends northward tilong the foot of the range to the Klamath ]\Iarsh terrace, whence it spreads out over the entire forested region of the Upper Klamath Basin. The western juniper is of rare occurrence west of the Cascades in the Rogue River Basin. It is lacking on the Umpqua-Rogue River divide, likewise on the northern slopes of the Siskiyou Mountains, but is fairly common at low elevations on the southern declivities. East of the Cascades it occurs throughout the semiarid region comprised iu 21 GEOL, IT 5 16 242 FOKEST RESERVES. the Spragiio River terrace, on the thinly wooded tracts at the eastern termination of Khimath Gap, throughout the seniiarid regions of the Lost River drainage, and, in general, where the annual precipitation falls ])elow subhumid ratios. Among the ])road-leaved species of the forest the most conspicuous are oak, madrona, and chinquapin. The two former are confined to the western slope of the Cascades; the latter occurs on both the east- ern and western decliAnties, crossing the range in the region south of Mount Pitt. It is present along the Klamath-Deschutes divide, but only in a shrubby form or variety. In the geographical distribution of the coniferous sj'lva as outlined above, Klamath Gap apparently is a prominent factor in the inter- change of species between the western and the eastern sides of the Cas- cades. It is not to be inferred from this that the gap is the only avenue through which species from the west found their way east, or vice versa. There are several other gateways through the Cascades in Ts. 3T and 38 S. ; nor is it at all certain that the red fir, sugar pine, and other species of the Upper Klamath Basin originally came from the west through any of these gaps. ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES. Below 6,800 feet on the western slope and 7,000 feet on the eastern slope, including the Klamath Basin, there are no sharply drawn lines separating the altitudinal range of the various species. Above those elevations the elements of the sylva are chiefly subalpine and the limits of their downward and upward extensions become more closely drawn. The lower altitudinal limit for species on the eastern side of the Cascades is uniformly at a greater elevation than for corresponding- species on the western side. This is due to the fact that isohyetal lines drawn from west to east through the Cascades will lie at a higher altitude on the eastern side than they do on the western. As the east- ern slope has undoubtedly a lower mean annual temperature than the western it follows that the range of the species of coniferous trees indigenous to this region depends here more on moisture conditions than on temperature factors. The principal limits in the altitudinal extensions of the various conifers are exhibited in the following table: Altitudinal ningc of conifers in Cascade Range Heserve and adjacent region, Oregon. WEST OF THE t'ASCADE.S. Yellow pine Between 1,300 and 6,000 feet, reach- ing its best development between 4,000 and 5,500 feet. LEiBEK(;.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 243 Sugar pine Between 3,000 and 5,000 feet, with greatest development between 8,500 and 4,500 feet. Wliite pine Between 5,000 and 7,500 feet, rea(;h- ing its best development along the line of the lower elevation. AVhite-hark pine Between 6,000 feet and timber line, or 9,300 feet. Ludgep< )le pine Between 3,500 and 8,000 feet, some varieties reaching their best devel- opment at 4,500 feet, others at 7,500 feet. I^t-"^! fir Between 2,500 and 6,800 feet, attain- ing its best and most abundant development between 4,000 and 5,800 feet. White tir Between 3,000 and 6,000 feet, its best development being between 4,500 and 5,500 feet. Xoble fir Between 5,200 and 8,800 feet, with its greatest dimensions between 5,800 and 6,800 feet. Alpine iir Between 5,800 and 7,800 feet. Western hemlock Between 5,200 and 6,000 feet. Alpine hemlock Between 6,200 and 9,200 feet, or very clo.se to timber line, its best de- velopment both as to numbers and dimensions occurring between 5,900 and 7,000 feet. Incense cedar Between 2,500 and 5,000 feet. Engelmann spruce Between 5,800 and 8,000 feet. Western juniper Between 1,600 and 5,200 feet. EAST OF THE CASCADES. Yellow pine Between 4,000 and 7,000 feet, reach- ing its best development between 5,000 and 6,200 feet. Sugar pine Between 4,800 and 6,000 feet, with its best development along the 5,200-foot contour. AVhite pine Confined to the immediate declivi- ties of the main range at eleva- tions varying from 5,500 to 6,000 feet. "White-bark \nne On the Cascade slopes and summits between 6,000 and 9,300 feet; in the interior of the Upper Klamath Basin between 7,800 and 8,500 feet, or to the top of the highest sum- mits in that region. Lodgepole pine Between 4,200 and 8,500 feet, most plentiful and of largest dimensions along the 5,200 and 5,800-foot contours. 244 FOREST RESERVES. Red tir Between 4,800 aiul 7,000 feet, in the interior of the Upper Klaniatli Basin not below 6,000 feet. White fir Between 4,000 and 7,500 feet, attain- ing its best development near the 6,000-foot contonr. Noble fir Between 6,000 and 8,800 feet, con- fined in its rangeto the immediate slopes of the main range of the Cascades. Alpine fir Between 5,880 and 7,800 feet, its range not extending beyond the declivities of the Cascades. Alpine hemlock Between 6,000 and 9,200 feet, con- fined to the Cascades. Incense cedar Between 5,000 and 6,600 feet. Engelmann spruce Between 5,600 and 8,000 feet, limited in its range to a few of the larger canyons and wetter slopes of the Cascades main range. Western juniper From the lowest elevations to alti- tudes of 6,000 feet. In the interior of the Klamath Basin none of the elevations reach timber line. In the Cascades Mount Thielsen, Mount Scott, and Mount Pitt have a true timber line irrespective of point of exposure alono- their slopes. The timber line on the southern slopes, where it is highest, is between the 9,300- and the 9,400-foot contour lines. The timber-line tree is the white-bark pine. A hundred feet or so below its upper limit the alpine hemlock comes in, soon joined by the noble fir and alpine fir, with lodgepole pine and an Engelmann .spruce here and there. White pine, red fir, white fir, incense cedar, and yel- low pine in descending order complete the scale of coniferous growth, which on the western side of the Cascades ends in a fringe of oak and madrona, and on the eastern side in stands of western juniper. If the interior of the Upper Klamath Basin possessed elevations of suflacient altitude to reach the timber-line limit there is scarcely any doubt but that the white-bark pine would form the timber-line tree here as well as in the Cascades. None of the Siskiyou peaks in the region explored reach timber line, nor were any found on the Umpqua-Rogue River divide west of its junction with the Cascades. FOREST TYPES. The elements or species which compose the forest are grouped and assembled in many different aggregations. These groupings may be considered under two aspects, viz, general or zonal aggregations, and limited or species groupings. The former is designated here as types, the latter as subtypes. i.EiBEKG.] CASCADE EANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 245 The tonn forest type, as here emplo3'ed, is used to define hirge aggregations of one or man}' species of trees, usually comprised within definable territorial limitations. The term subtype is applied to a nmltitude of lesser groupings of the species which form the type. Collectively they give to each type its characteristic features. The composition of the forest types . of any particular region is determined by the species of trees which form its sylva. As our forested regions consist of mountainous country the tvpes have an upward as well as a downward and lateral extension. Climatic features, as developed by varying altitudes, are the dominant factors in limiting these extensions. The subtypes being formed from the elements which compose the types are more or less repetitions of the larger and more general types on a smaller scale. The differences which make them definable as subtypes and serve as their dividing lines consist of varying percent- ages or ratios of the type species. The composition of any particular subtype depends on many differ- ent factors. Some are natural processes, such as climatic and soil conditions, altitudinal endurance of the species, or its vegetative capacities. These are the fundamental ones. Through the agenc}^ of man the relative intensity of these factors often are changed temporarily over large areas, affecting the composition of the sub- types on such tracts. Through it all, however, there runs one general cause, operative at all times and in all places. This is the factor of mean annual, seasonal, or monthly soil humidity. It can be expressed in this way : Within isothermal and isohyetal lines the composition of the forest subtypes is determined by the ratio of mean annual soil humidity of the particular tract. The duration of the forest tj'pe is indefinite. While undoubtedly subject to evolutionary changes, its modifications or transitions to other tvpes are so slow as to be quite imperceptible to us. Not so with subtypes. They frequently change, sometimes two or three times in a generation. Forest fires are fertile causes for inducing such rapid changes. But even when left undisturbed a subtype rarely persists in any particular locality for more than 250 or 300 years. Such at least is the rule on the eastern and immediate western slope of the Cascades and in the basins between the Cascades and the Rocky Mountains. The only exception to this rule in the region named that is known to me occurs in pure yellow-pine and western-juniper growths. In the region described in this report there exist three general forest types, viz, the j^ellow pine, the red fir, and the alpine hemlock. 246 FOREST RESERVES. YELLOW-PINE TYPE. With reference to annual precipitation and moan ratio of soil humidity the yellow-pine type occupies the lowest position of all the forest types in the I'egion, It is the dominant type throughout the Upper Klamath Basin. On the western side of the Cascades the type is not so well developed. Here it is chiefly found in the areas sit- uated in Klamath Gap or adjacent to it, where the dry winds from the eastern side of the Cascades have free traverse and maintain the proper degree of soil humidity. West of the Cascades its altitudinal limits lie between 2,000 and 5,500 feet; east of the range they lie between 4,500 and 6,000 feet. It is rarely an absolutely pure type: west of the Cascades it is never so; east of the range it sometimes runs pure to the extent of 99 per cent. Generally it is more or less mixed with varjdng percentages of white and red lir, incense cedar, and sugar and lodgepole pine. When the forest contains 3"ellow pine to the extent of 50 per cent, it is here considered as belonging to the yellow-pine type (PI. LXXV, A and B). Illustrative examples of nearly pure yellow-pine types of forest east of the Cascades are T. 31 S., Rs. 10 and 11 E., where the forest is of the following composition: Compositio)! of foreat in T. 31 /S'., Ih. 10 and 11 E., Oregon. Per cent. Yellow pine 95 Lodgepole pine . 4 White fir 1 Another example where the percentage of yellow pine is lower, but yet high enough to give the aspect of a nearly pure growth of yellow pine to the forest stands, occurs in T. 33 S., R. 10 PI The composition here is as follows: Coniposilion of forest In T. 33 S., R. 10 E., Oregon. Per cent. Yellow pine 90. Lodgepole pine 9.5 White fir 5 The largest admixture of other species in the examples quoted above consists of lodgepole pine. This growth here represents thin stands around marshy places or fringes along creeks and seepy spots where the soil humidity is too high for a yellow-pine growth. Near the edges of the semiarid terrace of Sprague River in T. 34 S., R. 10 E., and in T. 35 S., R. 11 E., we find the purest expressions of the type. The composition of the forest in the first-named township is: yellow pine 98 per cent, lodgepole pine 2 per cent. In township 35 it is: yellow pine 99 per cent, western juniper 1 per cent. The small percentage of lodgepole pine in the former, and the nearly U. S. GEOLOGiCAL SUHVEY TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT PART V PL. LXXV YELLOW-PINE TYPE OF FOREST, NEAR JOHNSON PRAIRIE, WESTERN SLOPE OF CASCADES. '— «"1 CASCADE BANGK A»D ASHLAND RESERVKS. 047 entire absence of associate conifers of any species in ,],e latter is due sh ips iMMnsr loose and porous and a poor conservator of precipitation Ihe ycIlow-p„,e type west of tl,c Cas,-ades. as already ren ,rk d' s the as,. ,.as of the range. Rarely is it as high as 70, more often it is 60, and n,ore frequently it falls below the standard he -e Zskl ™ Compomthn. of forei^t in T. SO S., R. 1 E., Oregon. Yellow pine r\T cout. Red fir \ 70 Oak '^^1^. ^ Madrona . . I .._ : ( -" Th.s township is situated at the lowest forested levels on the ed.e b i^r w2:f "" 1. ^^^"^ Rive. Valley. Oak and n.:d;o^ Inl int VI '"'''""" '^'^^ "* '^^^^ ^^^^i^ity than the yellow srtuated ,vithi„ the influence of the 'dry-air i:!^! dating rh^iu^h ^ ut t 'The "\"' ''^ '"""^'''P^ ""•■•■^- ■' *--' "*■ t^« V W pnu t3 pe. Ihe composition is as follows: Composition of forest in T. 41 S., R. s E., Oregon. Yellow pine i^^r cent. Red fir ' 60 Sugar pine 35 Oak ! "^!!" ' I Incense cedar 5 Cowposition offered in T. 40 S., R. 4 E., Oregon. Yellow pine I'er cent. Sugar pine 60 Red fir 8 White fir 30 Incen.«e cedar 1 Oak \\ 2 Composition of forest in T. 40 S., R. 6 E., Oregon Yellow pine I'er cent. Sugar pine 60 Red fir ' ' ^ ^ 15 Incense cedar 22 White fir .^^^/^^^^ " I 248 FOREST RESERVES. The composition of the forest in these three townships is a fair rep- i-esentation of the mixed character of the yellow-pine type west of the Cascades. A comparison with the best examples of composite yellow-pine type east of the Cascades will show how completely the yellow-pine element dominates the type there. In the following- two examples there are present the same component species that form the type in the two townships last quoted, with the exception of the small per- centage of oak in T. 40 S., R. 4 E. , which is lacking, and an addition of lodgepole pine. Cutii/Kjsilin)) nf forest in T. 36 S., R. 9 E., Oregon. Per cent. Yellow pine 88 Sugar pine 3 Lodgepole pine 4. 7 White fir 3. 5 Red fir 3 Incense cedar 5 Composition of forest in T. .35 S., R. 9 E., Oregon. Per cent. Yellow pine 85 Sugar pine 25 Lodgepole pine 12 White fir 74 Red fir. 2 Incense cedar Trace. If we now compare the acreage occupied by the yellow-pine tj^pe east and west of the Cascades the difference is no less striking, as maj' be seen from the following comparisons: Comparison of areas occupied by yellow-pine type east and west of the Cascades. ■ East of the Cascades. West of the Cascades. Total acreage of forested areas examined Total acreage covered with forest of the yellow-pine type Percentage of acreage bearing yellow-pine type of forest. 1, 592, 700 1, 450, 420 94.2 1,405,740 330, 040 23.5 The aspect of the type is that of an open forest with a minimum of undergrowth and seedling or sapling growth. The forest on the east- ern side of the Cascades is more conspicvious in this respect than the forest on the western, owing to less yariety in the frutescent tlora of the former and, in general, to a smaller precipitation. But the open character of the yellow-pine type of forest anywhere in the region examined is due. to frequently repeated forest tires more than to any other cause (PI. LXXVII, A). U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ■i.r -Wi^ i4-4..i*iOR-i^^^^.-kiLyii: P.\RT OF SOUTHERN OREGON SliOAAlNG 1 JISTJ- Propared under tlie direction of Hen BY.IOHNB : Scnl Red fir rontoui-utten' TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT PARTY PL.LXXVI iniON OF RED FIR .\NI) AI.PINE HEMLOCK 'aiineu,Oeogr-dplier in cluu-ot^, UUU.^ F3IEN O ?C feet Alpine bomlofk i-EiBER.;.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 249 The forest floor in the type is covered with a thin layer of humus, consisting- entirely of decaying- pine needles, or it. is entirely bare.' The latter condition is very prevalent east of the Cascades, where large areas are annually overrun by fire. But even on the western side of the range, where the humus covering- is most conspicuous, it is never more than a fraction of an inch in thickness, just enough to supply the requisite material for the spread of forest fires. For lumbering purposes the type is the most valuable in the region, for the reason that it occurs in the most accessible situations and^con- tains a maximum of the species commonly sawed, viz. vellow pine and sugar pine. Freedom from fires insures a good and abundant reproduction of the forest type, whether east or west of the range. East of the Cas- cades its area is steadily increasing at the expense of tracts covered by the lodgepole pine. The process is slow, owing to fires. Were they kept down most of the lodgepole-pine areas on high ground would give way to pure or nearly pure growths of yellow pine. West of the Cascades the yellow-pine tracts in some places barely hold their own. Along their upper and higher limits there is occasionally a decided tendency toward a larger proportion of red fir as the coming forest. In the middle elevations of its range yellow pine is often found to have supplanted tracts of nearly pure red-fir stands. This shifting about is due chiefly to forest fires. On areas where vellow pine has replaced red fir there has been a decrease in the ratio of soil humidity necessary to the maintenance of the red-fir preponderance. The same condition has existed along the upper limits of the tvpe where now red fir shows a coming ascendancy over the yellow-pine element, due to a return to higher soil-moisture ratios. Cases of vellow pine replac-mg red fir are common enough in the heavv red-fir growth in Ts. 30, 31, 32, and 33 S., R. 3 E., while the reverse is observable on all ot the higher tracts in the yellow-pine townships situated in Kla- math Gap. YELLOW-PIXK .SUBTYPES. Of the lesser and individual groupings or aggregations of the spe cies which form the yellow-pine type, but one east of tlie Cascades deserves notice. The other subtypes are so thinlv scattered amono- a preponderance of yellow pine that thev are whollv lost sight of " The subtype referred to is formed by pure or nearlv p^'ure .rrowths of lodgepole pine. It might well be named the lodgepole-pine sub- type. It occurs under two aspects. First, in the contorta form of the species; secondly, in the murrayana form. The aspect of the contorta torm IS that of dense masses of small, scraggy, limby trees forming a thick fringe along edges of marshes, creeks, or springy localities, or covering low, level areas, occurring in every case where the ratio of soil 250 FOREST Ri:SERVES. humidity is too high to permit the growth of any other coniferous spe- cies indigenous to the region. The aspect of the murrayana form, in its ultimate development, is that of close or moderately open stands of tall, straight, slender trees covering well-drained uplands. This form of the subtype is in every case a reforestation after fires, in this region after stands of yellow pine. Between the two forms there are many grada- tions. The characteristic feature of the subtype is its habit of forming pure growths. In this respect it stands preeminent among the conif- erous species which make up the sylva west of the Rocky Mountains and north of the California line. In this region these growths often cover large areas. The most conspicuous examples occur in Ts. 30 and 31 S., Rs. 7 and 8 E., where lodgepole-pine stands cover 40,000 acres out of a total of -±8,000 forested, with a growth that averages 99 per cent pure. The 3'ellow-pine subtypes west of the Cascades consist of pure growths of the contorta form of lodgepole pine, aggregations of red fir and white fir in varying ratios, and groups of broad-leaved species mostly oaks and madrona. The madrona rarely forms groups by itself. Usually it is scattered throughout otherwise nearly pure stands of yellow pine, where it forms a sort of undergrowth. Pure stands of small extent are met with in T. 39 S., R. 2 W., occupying the outer edge of the yellow-pine growth where it abuts upon semiarid areas. Frequentl}" it forms a small per- centage in oak copses scattered throughout the yellow-pine tracts. The two species of oak peculiar to the region often constitute the larger percentage of arborescent growth on the lower areas of the yellow-pine forest. They form open growths, sometimes with a great deal of underbrush composed of Ceanothus cuneatus and other ceanothi, service berry, hawthorn, and the like; at other times the oak stands are entirely free of undergrowth of any sort. The more open oak growths, where they form a fringe between the yellow pine and the nonforested semiarid tracts of Rogue River Valley are from 95 to 100 per cent pui-e growths. At higher elevations with greater ratios of precipitation and soil moisture they run from 10 to 60 per cent oak, the balance consisting of pine and fir or of madrona and other species of broad-leaved trees. The lodgepole-pine subtype is infrequent in the strictly yellow-pine tj^pe of forest. It is lacking in the Siskiyou Mountains, so far as ex- amined, but occurs in the Umpqua Range and along the upper limit of the yellow-pine type on the Cascades slopes. As before remarked, it is invariably of the contorta form, and, like its prototype east of the Cascades, it is always found as a fringe of arborescent growth along the edges of marshy or springy places. The subtypes formed by aggregations of red and white fir are more U. S. CEOLOGICAl. SURVEY TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT PART V PL. LXXVII A. YELLOW-PINE TYPE OF FOREST, EAST SIDE OF WILLIAMSON RIVER, UP RIVER BASIN. B. BURNT YELLOW PINE ROGUE RIVER VALLEY, NEAR MILL CREEK. i.EiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 251 common and characteristic than any of the others. They are scattered ahiiost everywhere throughout the stands of the type. They are never singly of large extent, from a half acre to one acre being an average size. The ratios in which the species occur are greatly varied, but the following proportions predominate in the majority of instances: Proportion of sprcii:'^ fomj)osiiisc-(Mit form the Pacitic yew oecur.s as scattered trees onl^-, foriniiiu- an itisioniticaiit portion of the type. In its semiarboresc-ent aspect, which is its usual mode of occurrence in this recrion, it some- times is exceedinoly abundant. The most remarkable examph? of this kind which canie under my observation occurs in T. Hs S.. K. 4 E., where, in a mixinl o-rowth of veteran red fir, white Hr. and white pine, the Pacitic yew. in a subarborescent form, constitutes an almost inpene- trabU> undergrowth, and, numerically, is far ahead of the strictly arborescent components of the forest stand. ALPINE-HEMLOCK TYPE. The subalpine areas of the region— that is, such as generally lie- above 6,200 feet on the western slope of the Cascades and above V>.5(iO feet on the eastern— are covered with forests of the alpine-hemlock type. It thus occupies the areas having the highest ratios of precipi- tation and soil humidity within limits of like conditions of seepage. While the elevation boundaries for the type given aljove are the general and governing ones in this region, it is not absolutely confined within those lines. On northern slopes the type sometimi's clips below the 5,800-foot contour line, and it may occasionally follow the deep and shady canyons of streams even lower. The type occurs throughout the entire length of the main range of the Cascades on both slopes, at intermittent points along the sum- mit of the Siskiyou Mountains, and at many points on the crest and highest slopes of the Umpqua-Rogue River divide. In its southward extension to the Sierra Nevada there is a gap, about 12 or 14 miles wide, where Klamath River breaks through the Cascades, in which area the type is lacking. East of the Cascades, in the Upper Klamath Basin, the type occurs on the summit of the Yamsay Range, on the Gearhart Mountains, and doubtless at other points along the hio-hest elevations of the Klamath-Deschutes divide. On small areas the alpine-hemlock type is frequently pure— that is to say. composed entirely of alpine hemlock. On larger areas the type forms stands in which the same species prevails to the extent of 75 to 85 per cent. The few species of conifers which thrive at the usual altitudes of the type make the chances for stands of pure growths far more numerous and certain than is the case among the ioM^er alti- tude types with their more complex composition. The species which form the integral parts of the alpine-hemlock type of forest are: Lodgepole, white, and white-bark pine: noble and alpine fir; alpine hemlock; and P^ngelmann spruce. With the excep- tion of the white and white-bark pine and P2ngelmann spruce, the ratio in which the species exist in the type is largely a matter of chance. Forest fires of modern date have so thoroughly destroved the old forest that most of the growths of the type are merely refor- 260 FOREST RESERVES. estations of no g-roat ago. What the rehitive ratio of the species belonging to the type would be on an^' large area undistui'lxHl hy fire for a century or more, there are no mean.s of knowing, although it is hardly to be doubted that the alpine hemlock would show a preponder- ating ratio. The general ratio of alpine hemlock in the composition of the type is approximately 50 per cent as regards numbers of individuals, and 60 per cent if reference be had to the timber volume. The species which crowds it most closely as to numbers is the lodgepole pine, but it is much inferior to the hemlock in timber volume. Typical alpine-hemlock forests contain »)0 to 80 per cent of the species. Such growths are especially plentiful in the region between Crater Lake and Mount Pitt. The following examples are fair specimens of the alpine-hemlock type of forest: Composition of forest, in T. 32 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. Per cent. Lodgepole pine 15 Noble fir 12 Alpine fir - 2 Alpine hemlock 70 Composition of forest in T. 31 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. Percent. Lodgepole pine 40 Xoble fir 3 Alpine hemlock 56 Composition of forest in T. 33 S., R. 5 E. Oregon. Per cent. Lodgepole pine 3 Xoble fir 12 Alpine hemlock 85 These ratios are for areas comprising entire townships situated along the summit and highest slopes of the main range of the Cascades. For comparison the central portion of T. 30 S., R. 1 E., situated on the Umpqua-Rogue River divide is cited. Its composition is as fol- lows: Noble fir, 20 per cent; alpine hemlock, 79 per cent. Along the lowest altitudes of its range the type is of a more com- posite character, as may be seen from the following example, which comprises areas situated almost wholly below 6,800 feet: Composition le fir. Occasionally, in the high country ])etween Mount Pitt and Klamath Point, the spruce in some of the canyon ])ot- toms is present in as high ratio as 75 per cent. An example of this kind exists in T. 34 S. , R. 5 E. , in the upper portions of the canyon of the South Fork of Rogue River. The forest is an old growth not visited by tire for perhaps three hundred years. The soil is exception- ally deep and is swampy or watersoaked. The composition of the stand is as follows: Composition of forest in T. 34 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. Per f-ent. Engehnann spruce '^ Lodgepole pine ~ Noble fir - ^-^ White pine ^ THE FOREST AS A COMMERCIAE FACTOR. The forest in this region possesses a twofold value: First, as a commercial factor in its relation to the demand and supply of lumber products and fuel; second, in its more or less obvious effects upon streams. It will here be considered in its commercial aspect. AMOUNT AND DISTRIBUTION OF COMMERCIALLY VALUABLE TIMBER. Commercially valuable timber is, strictly speaking, any kind of timber having sufficient dimensions to make it available for use either in the manufacture of the various lumber products entering into trade or in the coarser stuffs utilized as fuel. Obviously, therefore, if we desire to know the ultimate and actual timber resources of any partic- ular area the standard employed in their estimation must be sufficiently broad to cover all classes and dimensions of the standing timber and the unit of volume must be the cubic foot. In the forested regions of the West the cubic foot as a unit of volume is never employed in estimating timber on root. There are various reasons for this practice. First, timber is cruised and 2C^C^ FOREST KESERVi:S. e.stiniiitod chiefly for .sawmill purposes, whore the unit of volume is the foot 1^. M., and, second, accurate estimates })ased on the cubic foot unit are extremely difficult in the Western forests with their tall growing- trees and the ever varying ratios between the perimetrical and longitudinal dimensions of the tree cone, and would involve much time and outlay without any particular benefit to the lumberman. For these and other minor reasons our estimates of the timber capac- ities of the Western forests are based on the board-foot measure, a system Avhich falls very far short of expressing the true value of the forest in these regions. The difference between estimates based on cubic measurements and on board-foot measurements in the timber volumes of the Western forests is largely a matter of speculation. All cubic estimates that have come to my notice are clearly mere guesswork. The}^ all show the same defect, that of a gross underes- timation. My observations in Idaho, Oregon, and W^ashington have conclusively established in my mind the fact that estimates based on the board-foot unit do not show the entire timber volume by ratios varying from 300 to 2,000 per cent. In other words, the ultimate volume of timber on any given area is from three to -twenty times greater than that shown in board-measure estimates. The standard of estimates in vogue among sawmill men and cruisers is subject to a great deal of variation depending on positions of the forested tracts with reference to transportation facilities, the local or export requirements, and the general scarcity or abundance of timber. The same holds good with reference to the species of trees which are considered tit for mill timber. Thus, where timber is abundant the lodgepole pine is regarded as unfit for lumber, while in localities where timber is scarce the species is found to serve very well. Such is also the case with the white fir and other less common species. In the region where the following estimates were made there are many local standards or practices of estimate and cutting in vogue. It was found to be impossible to reconcile these widely differing prac- tices, and a standard was adopted designed to show the amount of timber available under fair and judicious lumbering methods. The smallest admissible dimensions were fixed at 8 inches basal diameter at 18 inches from the ground, and 10 feet of clear trunk. But it was found that in most cases these two specifications did not exist in the same individual. For this reason most of the timber estimates in this report are based upon butt diameters of 11 inches. The species of trees generally sawn in this region are limited to three, viz, yellow^ and sugar pine and red fir. In some localities the incense cedar is sawn into shingles, but its use for this purpose is not common. For fencing material yellow pine, sugar pine, red fir, and incense cedar are utilized on both sides of the Cascades, and, on the eastern side in addition to the species enumerated, lodgepole pine and western juniper. As fuel the following species are made use of; LEIBERO.] CASCADE EANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 267 Yellow piii(\ suoai- pine, red fir, western juniper, ouk, unci madrona. West of the Cascades the \-arious oaks and th(> madrona are preferred for fuel purposes. Little or none of the tinil)er is cut for railroad cross-ties or for telegraph poles. In the estimates are included the following species of coniferous trees: Yellow pine, sugar pine, white pine, red lir, Avhite fir, noble fir, incense cedar, western hemlock, alpine hemlock, and Engelmann spruce. In the local cruisings made in the region the above-enumerated species are usualh' taken into account, with the exception of white fir and alpine hemlock, which are excluded. The total quantity of timber, with sufficient diametrical and longi- tudinal dimensions to make it available for sawmill purposes, growing in the region under examination was 19,981,209,200 feet B. M. in the year 1899, estimated on the basis indicated above. It was divided among the various species as follows: Sawmill timber in Cascade Range Reserve and adjacent regions, Oregon. Species. East of the Cascades. West of the Cascades. Total . Yellow pine Feet B. 3/. 6, 519, 896, 600 78, 754, 800 16, 840, 000 310, 476, 200 555, 092, 400 116, 480, 000 12, 670, 000 72, 930, 000 Feet B. M. 2, 957, 623, 800 735, 147, 300 113, 630, 500 6, 327, 788, 600 660, 433, 600 769, 344, 400 78, 723, 600 536, 689, 800 46, 718, 200 50, 349, 400 Feet B. il. 9, 477, 520, 400 813, 902, 100 130,470,500 6, 638, 264, 800 1,215,526,000 885, 824, 400 91, 393, 600 609, 619, 800 46, 718, 200 71, 969, 400 Sugar pine White pine Eed fir White fir Noble fir Incense cedar Alpine hemlock Western hemlock Engelmann spruce Total 21, 620, 000 7, 704, 760, 000 12, 276, 449, 200 19, 981, 209, 200 In the above table the summit of the Cascades is taken as a divis- ional line between the eastern and western sections of the region. Taking into account the acreage of the two sections the average stand per acre is as follows : Stand of timber east and tcest of the Cascades. East of the Cascades. West of the Cascades. Wooded and forested area acres . . 1 , 592, 700 Average stand of timber per acre . .ft. B. M. . 4, 837 1, 405, 740 8,733 268 FOKEST RESERVES. A comparison of this kind is valuable only in a general way. It does not convey a true idea of the actual density of the mill timber on small tracts on either side of the range. The reason for this lies in the greatly varving age and composition of the different forest types. For example, on the eastern side of the Cascades the yellow-pine forest is frequently cut up b}^ extensive growths of lodgepole pine, in some places 30,000 to 40,000 acres in a body or scattered in smaller bodies through a number of townships but connected by narrow lines of the same kind of growth. These lodgepole-pine stands carry no mill timber, or small quantities only, but in a classification of the land into forested and nonforested areas they obviously ))elong in the for- ested class. The actual volume of timber per acre measured by the cubic-foot unit is often ver}^ much greater in these noncommercially valuable stands than in pure yellow-pine growths scaling 10,000 feet B. M. and upward. But w^hatever their volume may be their pres- ence only serves to lower the average acreage stand of mill timber on the forested areas where they occur. Much of the region under exam- ination is composed of high subalpine regions which naturally carry light stands of timber. Extensive fires have devastated them at various times. Reforestations of all ages and differing in composition cover them. These reforestations are forest to all intents and purposes. Their timber volumes are often considerable, but the dimensions are too low to come within mill-timber classifications. In other places fires have destroyed a certain percentage of the forest. The damage may vary from 10 to 60 per cent or higher. The destruction has not been all in one place or bod3\ The fire has run through the forest for miles, burning a tree or a group of trees here and there. All these factors become apparent enough when any large tract of forest in this region is cruised, and thev lower the a^'erage stand of mill timber, where a large area is in question, with surprising rapidity. It is onlv when tracts of comparatively limited size are examined that a correct idea of the actual and possible stand of mill timber in this region can be formed. The following examples of mill-timber stands in different townships will give a better view of the density of the forest in various portions of the regions than can be obtained from the figures based on a general average : Stand of mill timber in T. 32 S., R. 1 E., Oregon. Forested area acres. . 23, 040 Mill timber i feet B. M. . 247, 240, 000 Average per acre do. . . 10, 730 This township is situated on the southern slopes of the Umpqua- Rogue River divide, and carries a forest composed chiefly of red-fir t^^pe. Owing to the rocky and broken character of the region the stand is rather below the medium density for the red-fir t3'pe. LEiBERc] cascadp: range and ashland reserves. 269 Stand of mill titiilx'r in T. 3^ S., It. S E., Ore;f as extensively as the ttmbered tracts; at least there are few oaks that do not show tire marks. The onlv tracts that have escaped are the swampy sedge- and tille-covered areas bordering the Klamath lakes and marsh, and such spots at the higher elevations where bare lava or pumice fields made the spread of fires impossible. Of the forested area examined, comprising in round numbers 3.000.000 acres, a total of 2,975,000 acres, or 99.992 per cent, are fire marked. The remaining 26,000 acres which have escaped are divided mostly in small tracts ])etween the swampy bottoms of the Upper Rogue River forks and isolated tracts along the higher summits of the Cas^cades main range (Pis. LXXVII. B, and LXXIX). TIME OF FIRES. The aspect of the forest, its composition, the absence of any large tracts of solid old growth of the species less capable of resisting fire, and the occurrence of veteran trees of red fir, noble fir, white pine, alpine hemlock, etc., singly or in small groups scattered through stands of verv different species, indicate without any doubt the preva- lence of widespread fires throughout this region long before the com- ino- of the white man. But, on the other hand, the great diversity in the age of such stands as show clearly their origin as reforestations after fires, proves that the fires during the Indian occupancy were not of such frequent occurrence nor of such magnitude as they have been sipce the advent of the white man. The fires were more numerous and devastated much larger areas in the early days of the settlements than they have done in later years. Much the larger percentage of what may ])e classed as modern burns date back twenty-five to forty years. As time has passed, the fre- quency of forest fires in the region has much diminished. This is owing to a variety of causes, chief of which are the numerous fire breaks caused by the earlier burns; the gradual extinction of the game and consequent diminished number of hunting parties and lessened risk from unextinguished camp fires; the acquisition of valuable timber claims bv private parties throughout the heavily forested sections and the measure of protection, prompted by self-interest, bestowed on their propertv and incidentally on adjoining areas, and. lastly, the destruc- tion of the humus laver, the chief factor in the spread of forest fires in this region, bv the earlier contiagrations and the insufficient accu- mulations of this material si.u-e then to support hot. large, and destructive fires. . . While, as already remarked, the miml)er of fires has much dimin- ished in recent years, they have not by any means entirely ceased. Everv vear certain areas 'are burned over. None of the regional 278 FOREST EESERVES. divisions are exempt. The eastern slope of the Cascades, the summit and middle elevations of the range, the western slope, the slopes and summits of the Siskiyous with the country intervening- between this range and the Cascades, all suffer more or less from this needless inflic- tion. And there is little prospect that it will be otherwise for many years to come. The age of the burns chargeable to the era of Indian occupancy can not in most cases be traced back more than one hundred and fift}^ years. Between that time and the time of the white man's ascendency, or, between the years 1750 and 1855, small and circumscribed fires evidently were of frequent occurrence. There were some large ones. Thus, in T. 37 S. , R. 5 E. , occurs a growth of white fir nearl}- 75 per cent pure covering between 4,000 and 5,000 acres. It is an even-aged stand 100 years old and is clearly a reforestation after a fire which destroyed an old growth of red fir one hundred and five or one hun- dred and ten years ago. A similar tract occurs in T. 36 S., R. 5 E., onl}" that here the reforestation is white pine instead of white fir. The largest burns directly chargeable to the Indian oecupanc}' are in Ts. 30 and 31 S., Rs. 8 and 9 E. In addition to being the largest, the}" are likewise the most ancient. The burns cover upward of 60.000 acres, all but 1,000 or 1,100 acres being in a solid block. This tract appears to have been systematically burned by the Indians during the past three centuries. Remains of three forests are distinctly traceable in the charred fragments of timber which hero and there litter the ground. Two of these were composed of lodgepole pine. The most ancient one appears to have consisted of yellow pine, which would be the ultimate forest growth on this area following a long period of freedom from fire. Along the summits of the Cascades from Crater Lake to Mount Pitt are very man}" even-aged stands of alpine hemlock 200 to 300 years old. These even-aged stands may represent reforestations after ancient fires dating back two hundred and fifty to four hundred years, but there is no certainty on this point. ORIGIN OF FIRES. It is not possible to state with any degree of certaint}" the Indian's reasons for firing the forest. Their object in burning the forest at high elevations on the Cascades ma}" have been to provide a growth of grass near their favorite camping places, or to promote the growth of huckleberry brush and blackberry brambles, which often, after fires, cover the ground with a luxuriant and, to the Indian, very valuable and desirable growth. The chief purpose of the fires at middle eleva- tions and on the plains or levels probably was to keep down the under- brush in the forest and facilitate hunting. The white man's reasons for firing the forest in this region are uuich LEiBERG] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 279 clearer. The earliest settlers found that burned-over tracts in the timber attracted game; hence the forest was fired. Many of the conflajrrations spread from camp fires, which the settlers rarely took the troul)lc to extinguish when lu-eaking camp. They also set many fires for the purpose of destroying the under})rush to facilitate traveling through the forest. Where roads or trails were constructed fires were set to help clear the way. The ])uilders of a road up the North Fork of the Rogue River and across the Cascades to the Deschutes River, known as the* John Day road, are responsible for large tracts burned on either side of the road. With the advent of the stockman came the burning of the forest for the purpose of promoting grass growth. This practice still survives, and outside the patrolled areas of the Cascade Range Forest Reserve tracts of forested lands are burned every year with this object in view. As a rule grass growths after forest fires come only along the highest slopes and plateaus of the Cascades. Fires in the middle and lower elevations usually stimulate brush growths. Some of these brush growths, consisting of hazel, mountain mahogany, scrub oak, June or service berry, and various species of ceanothi are relished by cattle, and for, the purpose of providing the stock with this sort of browse the tmiber is frequently burned. In certain of the forested districts a new industry is springing up, that of raising Angora goats. ^ These animals are essentially browsers and eat almost any sort of brush. A number of places were noticed along the Rogue River where the timber had been burned apparently with the sole object of providing goat browse. Fires are often set to attract game. The larger varieties of game are now becoming scarce in the region south of the Umpqua watershed. During the fall and late summer fires are started to attract game to the srnoke and save the trouble of hunting it very far from home. Deer, for example, are readily attracted to the proximity of fire and smoke. They stand in the smoke to escape the attack of flies and gnats, which are very troublesome at certain seasons of the year. Several fires started for the purpose of luring deer were observed dur- ing the summer. One in T. 33 S., R. 3 E., burned for a month in a very heavy stand of mixed red fir and sugar pine, destroying 15 or 20 million feet B. M. of merchantable mill timber before the fall rains put it out. It is not probable that more than a half dozen deer were obtained in return for this waste of timber. For similar reasons— to drive away flies and gnats— fires are often started where the forest is used for pur- poses of cattle and horse range. These fires are rarely tended, and they frequently spread over considerable tracts. Cases of this sort were observed in Ts. 36 and 37 S., Rs. 6 and 7 E. In the former township, at one place near Pelican Bay, a half dozen huge fires had been built in a row in the midst of a pile of inflanunable forest litter. At the 280 FOREST RESERVES. time of passing it had spread into the adjoining forest and had burned over between 3<)0 and -iOO acres. The fire in township 37 had started from a similar origin. When observed there was a solid line of fire for a distance of 2 miles into the adjacent forest. Fires are not infrequently set to burn away windfalls across a traveled road. This is done to avoid the severe lal)or of fifteen min- utes' work with the ax. By this method it often costs Jhe public $10,000 or ?^15,000 to remove a rotten old log which could easily l)e thrown out of the road by bestowing the work of a quarter of an hour on it. A case of this kind came under my observation in T. 4:0 S., R. 4: E. In an attempt to remove a windfall from across a little-used road the fire in the log had spread into the adjoining forest, and at the time when I saw it had burned over about 3,000 acres. AFTER-EFFECTS OF FIRES. The after-efi^ects of forest fires in this region are of two general classes. First, there are those which are due to a freer action of various atmospheric agencies on the denuded forest floor. These ma}^ be exhibited either in the form of a very decided desiccation of previ- ously humid or subhumid areas, as regards the quantity of moisture retained in the upper layers of the soil throughout the growing season, or they may take the form of a rapid transfer of soil and rock debris from higher to lower levels. In the latter of these cases an accelerated and unimpeded drainage is the chief factor. The second class of the general after-effects of fires consists in changes in the forest growth. These changes are of all degrees and are often exceedingly complicated. They depend upon the more or less com- plete destruction of the previouslj' existing forest and very largely upon changes in the average annual soil humidity of the forest floor. The average annual soil humidity is, along isotheriual and isohyetal lines, the most important factor in determining the composition of the forest in any particular district. It is subject to almost infinite varia- tions, which as often depend on the chemical and mechanical composi- tion of the soil as on the annual precipitation. Any interference with the annual ratio of soil humidity beyond certain points gives rise to variations in the composition of the forest on tracts where the inter- ference has taken place. It is precisely what happens iA the ditching and draining of a piece of low ground, for example, where, as the desiccation progresses, new plants tolerant of drier soil conditions come in and supplant the lowland or marsh forms of vegetation which formerly flourished there. Widespread and intense forest fires powerfully afl'ect the annual ratio of soil humidity on the areas burned over. To this fact is due the often strange and otherwise inexplicable changes in vegetation which occur on such tracts. The supplanting of humid forest types LEiBKKG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 281 with sul)humid ones or the ehang-e of forest to hnish growth is there- fore not always to be sought in climatic changes, l)ut is often due to local disturbances in the soil moisture ratio. Such changes may be either evanescent or permanent. When permanent they are probably due to climatic changes involving aridic tendencies. We may in such cases suppose that the balance between forest and brush or between brush and herbaceous vegetation had reached an equilibrium where the slightest push toward arid or semiarid or subhumid typos of growth was sufficient to tilt the balance beyond recover}" to those con- ditions. In the region under consideration, as well as in many other places on the Pacific slope, it is evident that forest fires have supplied the requisite push. On certain of the areas discussed in this report a special effect of forest fires is noticeaV)le. It consists in the total destruction of every particle of soil composing the forest floor down to the hard, undecomposed lava rock. Examples of this occur in the region just south of Mount Pitt, where much of the bed rock consists of Vavh flows of no great age. The soil which covers these recent lava streams often is wholly composed of decayed vegetable debris with no admixture of decomposed or comminuted rock. When fire sweeps over a tract of this kind there is nothing left behind but the bare lava rock; the soil, which has required centuries for its formation and accumulation, is burned away completely. Cases of this kind are found in many places along the summit of the main range of the Cascades. They are espe- ciallv numerous and conspicuous in the region between Mount Pitt and ]Mount Brown, the latter an extinct volcanic cone a few miles south of Pitt; on the southern slopes of Union Peak; on the lava ridges at the head of Cherry Creek in T. 34 S., R. 5 E. ; and on the lava plateau to the west of Lost Peak in T. 35 S., R. 5 E. Many of the lava flows on these areas have always been bare and devoid of vegetation since they were ejected from the now extinct craters which dot the region, but l)y far the greater number were covered with a layer of hunuis soil when the white man came into the country. Stripped of soil, brush, and forest cover they present an extremely rough and desolate aspect, and many centuries must necessarily pass before sufficient soil can acciunulate again to support a brush or tree growth. The ett'ects of forest fires in their relation to the accelerated transfer of soil and rock de])ris from higher to lower levels are noticeable everywhere throughout the region, but are not ver}' conspicuous out- side the pumice-covered areas. Owing to the extremelj^ ligfit, loose, and porous nature of this material, but little force is required to move great quantities long distances in a brief period of time. At the sources of the North Fork of Rogue River, in the main range of the Cascades, where the pumice debris is many hundreds of feet in thick- ness and where the forest has been burned awav to the extent of 60 to 282 FOREST RESERVES. 70 per cent, the increase in the ratio of surface degradation due to for- est fires is conspicuous enough to arrest the attention of any observer. The numerous small affluents which form the main fork of the river lie here, for portions of their length, in deep canyons wholly exca- vated in the loose, tine pumice. The timber and brush which formerly grew on the canyon slopes and protected them against too rapid wastage are burned away. As a consequence, great masses of pumice are con- stantly sliding into the streams, the current in the river is at all times, except in winter, loaded with vast quantities of pumice, and the terminations of the canyons are rapidly extending eastward into the broad pumice plateau which forms the crest of the main range of the Cascades between Union Peak and Diamond Lake. The transpor- tation to the lowlands and the deposition there of the fine pumice is not especially detrimental to any interest, but the destruction and removal from the upper slopes of the Cascades of the enormous water sponge of absorbent pumice sand, hundreds of feet in thickness, and the exposure of the underlying hard and often impervious lava can not fail to exert a deleterious influence upon the regimen of the streams heading in the region. A remarkable and striking example of surface denudation in a level region, due to the destruction of the protective covering of brush and timber, and extending over a long period of time, occurs in T. 33 S., R. 13 E. The country here is a level or gently rolling region border- ing Sycan River, and originally was evidently covered with a deep, uniform deposit of fine pumice, resting on rough, hard, impervious lava. The aspect of the region at the present time is that of narrow belts of timber stretching across areas of rough, barren, or thinly grassed lava fields. The belts of forest represent tracts that have escaped destruction by fire, and where, in consequence, the pumice, which is the chief soil component of the region, still remains. The rocky and barren areas are due to the burning of the forest and the subsequent exposure to unimpeded action of the various natural denuding agencies. At the present time fires occasionally run and destroy sections of the timber belts in this localit3^ Where such destruction takes place, there is a comparatively rapid wastage of the pumice, with the unavoidable change to a hard, sterile surface of rough lava. The rock which here underlies the pumice is a poor retainer or absorber of water. The water from the melting snow in spring and what falls as rain at other times throughout the j'ear runs ofi^ with extreme rapidity, and but for the surrounding mountains the region would be a desert during a larger portion of the year, so far as regards the water suppl3^ There is little doubt that a very large proportion of the many rocky, level tracts which occur east of the Cascades in the region under con- sideration are wholly due, as to the character of their present surface. LEiBERfi.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 283 to frequently repeated fires. The pumice originally laid down at the bottoms of shallow lakes would be evenly spread out. As the lakes were being gradually drained thick masses of marsh vegetation would preserve the pumice surface from wastage. The marsh vegetation was finally supplanted by forest; then man came on the scene and with fire as an ally made some profound changes. The entire series of phenomena here detailed, not omitting the part played by fire, are in fuTl operation at the present time in the region bordering Klamath Marsh, and in various other localities, such as Sycan Marsh and tracts bordering the Klamath lakes. The pumice-covered region which is situated on the summits, slopes, and in the canyons of the Cascades, together with the level tracts east of the range, which likewise bear a surface deposit of the same material, comprise in the aggregate a very large area. Here the pumice not alone fulfills the oflice of soil; it is, besides, a huge water sponge, possessing enormous absorptive powers. Much of it exists in a finely comminuted state, and unless held in place by spreading roots of strong growing vegetation, or protected by a dense, tough turf, its denudation down to the underlying bed rock by rains and the water from melting snows is certain. On steep slopes the action is rapid; on level plains it is slow, but no less sure. Its action as an absorbent and retainer of precipitation is, perhaps, of little importance in the plains region cast of the Cascades, so far as it relates to the regimen of the few streams that head in those tracts, but it is of great importance to the flow of the streams which head on the slopes and on the summit of the Cascades, in the region where this deposit attains its greatest thick- ness. An}' agenc\', such as forest fires, much grazing, or trampling of stock, that destroys the stability of the pumice slope or level, accel- erates in a high degree the ratio of pumice denudation. Evidence proving this to be true exists ever3'where at the head of the streams in the pumice belt along the tracks of the great fires, and throughout the more extensivelv pastured sheep ranges and runs. The remedy must be sought in protecting the forest cover from fire and in regula- tions to restrict the unlimited pasturing of stock on the pumice-covered areas. The second class of the general after-effects which follow forest fires consist in the more or less complete permanent or temporary changes which take place in the composition of the forest. There are a luuu- ber of conditions created b}' the fires which combine to cause such changes, but my observations confirm my belief that to changes in the ratio of soil humidit}' must be ascribed most of the variations observed in reforestations after fires. As a rule, destruction of the forest upon an 3^ area by fire, no matter what the direction of exposure may be, tends to the production of drier soil conditions (1) by inducing increased evaporation and (2) by accelerating the surface drainage. 2cS4 FOREST RESERVES. The result is that species of trees, or in fact any kind of vegetation whicli can exist on the diminished ratio of soil humidity, will, on such tracts, prin'ail in numbers and volume over forms of vegetation requiring more soil moisture for their growth. In the region under consideration the proposition outlined above holds good in every case where an}' considerable area has been com- pletely or nearly denuded b}'^ fire. Thus, on the summit and on the higher slopes of the Cascades from Diamond Lake southward to the north end of Lake of the Woods are verv large reforestations of lodo-e- pole pine, 80 to 95 per cent pure. The lodgepole pine has replaced a former forest of alpine hemlock and noble tir destroyed by fire. But although a great man}' seed trees of these species escaped destruction they have failed to reproduce themselves on the burned-over areas for no other reason than failure of their seeds to germinate on the dried- out forest floor. On adjacent areas in these same districts, where the natural seepage or soil moisture was not seriouslv interfered with, there are abundant reforestations of alpine hemlock and noble fir. ileforestations of lodgepole pine are of a transient character at high elevations in the southern Cascades. After a longer or shorter period of time the soil in stands of lodgepole pine regains its former ratio of moisture. This is proved by the occurrence of reforestations of lodge- pole pine, which are giving wa}' to species requiring a higher ratio of soil humidity. The more common species which replace lodgepole pine stands at the higher elevations are alpine hemlock and noble fir; at lower levels white and red fir, while in the upper canyons of the South Fork of Rogue River, Engelmann spruce is sometimes found replacing old. mature, and decaying growths. On the levels as Avell as on the momitain areas east of the Cascades, where the normal forest growth is chiefly yellow pine with small admixtures of sugar pine and white fir, reforestations after fires are nearly always pure growths of lodgepole pine. But in the yellow-pine areas of Ts. 41, 40, and 39 S., Rs. 4 to E., inclusive, reforestations after fires are not composed of lodgepole pine. Reforestations here are yellow pine, red and white fir, sugar pine, and incense cedar; in short, the same species again come in which flourished before the fire. The reason for the difference between the two localities lies chiefl}^ in the fact that east of the Cascades the soil is largely pumice or has considerable pumice in its composition, a soil which, when freely exposed to the direct rays of the sun. rapidly parts with its moisture to a depth of 2 or 3 feet, while the soil in the townships enumerated is of a dift'erent quality and is tenaciously retentive of moisture. Reforestations after fires at middle elevations on the western slopes of the Cascades and in the more humid sections on the eastern slope, between 5.000 and 6,000 feet, are extremely varied and complex. But, although we can not express the determining factor of these U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PART OF SOUTHERN OREGON SIR Prepared undei- the direction of 1 BY vJOH; '^^^^^-. 2 4 « White fir Contour ill 1 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT PART V PL.LXXX JULIUS BIEN SCO Lim iTING DTSTRIBrTIO^^ OF MHITE FIR Ity Oajinett.rieoiiiiiplun' in chcU^ge [LEIBKRC. tie I'al 500 feet LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 285 changes in definite figures and tornis, for Avaiit of sufrK-jcnt <)}),s(n-va- tions, there can be little doubt that all the modifications and varia- tions in the forest composition after fires are du(^ liere as elsewhere to changes in the annual ratio of soil humidity. At least this explana- tion will suffice to account for much the largcM- pi-ojiortion of the phenomena involved in reforestations in this region. Fires in the mixed growth or in timber stands where the red fir pre- dominates are frequently followed by great masses of white-fir seed- lings, which develop into heavy and dense forest stands, and occupy the ground for a century or more. An example of this kind occurs in T. 37 S., R. 5 E. We here have a forest composed almost wholly of white fir, in the midst of which rise here aiul there huge veterans of red fir -iOO to 500 years old. The white fir is a reforestation, a hundred years old, following a l)urn which destroyed a mixed growth in which red fir largely predominated. Notwithstanding the fact that large numbers of seed trees of red fir escaped destruction, this species was quite unable again to occupy the ground as the first forest growth after the fire. In the region around the eastern base of Mount Pitt, along the upper limit of the growth of the red fir, reforestations sometimes come in which are almost wholly composed of white pine. This species, while a normal component of the mixed growth in the upper subhumid and the lower humid areas of this region, occurs only as scattered trees barely holding their 'own among the surrounding masses of red. noble, and white firs. Its sudden ascendancy on certain burned-over tracts is wholly inexplicable. It is not owing to a preponderance of seed trees, for seed trees of the various firs are always much more numerous. Nor is it owing to tolerance, for there are man}^ other burned-over places just as open and free from shade, where adjacent seed trees of the white pine are quite as plentiful. In the south-central areas of T. 33 S., R. 3 E., occur similar reforestations of white pine following burned stands of red and white firs. Here as elsewhere the white-pine seed trees were in the minority, white and red firs predominating. The central areas of Ts. 31 and 32 S., R. 3 E., carry dense stands of old-growth forest, normally composed of a preponderance of red fir with varying percentages of white fir, western hemlock, white pine, sugar pine, and yellow^ pine forming the remainder. The soil is a pumice detritus resting on vesicular, much fissured lava; 4ience in a condition to part with its moisture readily and quickly. The solidity of this old growth is broken in many places by old burns more or less completely reforested. The reforestations are mostly, and sometimes wholly, composed of yellow pine, although this species forms under normal conditions the smallest percentage of any of the trees in the surrounding old-growth forest. Where the yellow-pine reforesta- tions have reached an age of 200 years and upw^ard, the yellow pine is 286 FOKEST KESEKVES. giving- way to the encroaching red-iir growth. Where fires of modern date have buraed away the yellow-pine reforestations in these places, lodgepole pine or brush growths have taken possession. While no absolute rule can be formulated to cover all the various phenomena in reforestations after tires, it can nevertheless be said that as a general and broad rule the following is applicable to the forest conditions in this region outside the pure yellow-pine growths on the eastern side of the Cascades: The tendency of all reforestations after fires in the humid and subhumid forest types is to iorm pure-growih stands of the species naturally occurring in the region, the condition or ratio of soil humidity, an ever-varying factor, determining the par- ticular species. The abundance or scarcity of seed trees and the degree of tolerance possessed b}^ the various species are factors of trifling importance. Growths after fires on the eastern side of the Cascades in pure yellow- pine forest may either be brush or timber. When timber, the refor- estations are usually lodgepole pine. Sometimes the growth is a nearly pure stand of white fir. This happens on slopes and flats so situated that they become the recipients of an extra amount of seepage due to accelerated drainage from burned-over tracts at higher levels. Brush growths after fires are due to induced semiarid conditions. Many of the yellow-pine stands east of the Cascades abut upon areas where semiarid or almost true arid conditions obtain. The balance between subhumid and semiarid states often is so nicely adjusted that but a slight change of equilibrium is necessary to eflfect a permanent change. Where, in such places, fire has lessened the ratio of soil humidity, per- manent brush growths usually take the place of the forest. In the big lodgepole-pine reforestations bordering Sycan and Klamath marshes, fires usually leave permanent open areas on which a scant grass growth or scattered brush of semiarid types of vegetation maintains a precarious existence. On the western side of the Cascades there are comparatively few areas carrying pure stands of yellow pine. Most of the yellow-pine growth is more or less mixed with varying proportions of red fir. Fires in the lower and drier areas of this type of forest are commonly followed by increased growth of various kinds of ceanothus, manzanita, and brush- like or truly arborescent forms of madrona {Arbutus menziesil). Some- times in the upper areas of the subhumid and in the lower portions of the humid tracts fires, instead of being followed by reforestations, give rise to enormously dense brush growths. Tracts of this sort are found in scattered patches everywhere along the middle elevations on the western side of the Cascades, and throughout the Siskiyou Range in the region examined. The most conspicuous examples occur from Mount Pitt northward, in Ts. 36, 35, 34, 33, 32, 31, and 30 S., E. 4 E. The forest, previous to the burns, which are of recent origin, consisted LEiBERG.] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 287 chiefly of red, white, and noble Urs. On a nearly continuous area comprising 58,600 acres the forest has })een })urned to the extent of 98 per cent, and has been supplanted by brush growths which have every appearance of permanency (mi the larger proportion of the area. The southern half of the bui'ned district carries the densest stands of brush; in the northern the growths are more scattered. In the former the brush is composed of shrubby chinquapin, service berry, manzanita, scrub oaks, vellum-leaved ceanothus, Garrya^ and willow. In the latter of huckleberry, blackberry, and various species of ceanothus. The northern areas contain a patch here and there which shows feeble signs of reforestation. The southern tracts present solid masses of brush, comparable to the chaparral slopes in southern California, but even more impassable than they. The brush growths are mostly on slopes facing the west or the south; exactly the situations in which the lowering of soil humidity would be most severely felt. In T. -iO S., R. 3 E., are large brush-covered tracts following the destruction of a nearly pure growth of red tir. The brush is largely composed of Ceanothus sanguineus. It is, of course, impossible to say with absolute certainty that forest will never again replace such brush growths. Situated as the}^ are, within zones of medium precipitation, the chances are naturally favor- able for a return of the forest. But these brush growths are at least 80 years old, and as yet exhibit no evidence of change. We may there- fore conclude with a great deal of certainty, that although a return to forest may be the ultimate destiny of these firmly established brush growths the event will be very long dela3"ed. In T. 33 S., R. 3 E., occurs a number of stands of very old madrona scattered among a mas- sive old-growth forest chiefly composed of red fir. with smaller pro- portions of white pine, sugar pine, western hemlock, and Pacific 3'ew. The madroiia is not a tolerant tree. Its chief place is among open j^el- low-pine and red-fir stands, or alone in thickets of manzanita or mixed with oak copses. Yet in this locality we find it growing in company with such trees as the Pacific yew, the most tolerant tree in the arboreal flora of the north Pacific slope. The only explanation which suggests itself is this: That ages ago the present growth of red fir was preceded by brush growths or scattered stands of yellow pine, supposedly due to fires changing the soil humidity. During this period of subhumidity or semiaridity the madroiia may have come into the flora in this locality, persisting throughout the changes involving a return to greater ratios of soil humidity. The madroiia in this locality is composed of old trees. Several were observed 75 feet in height and 2 feet in diameter. The reproduction of it here has practicalh' ceased. If the supposition now advanced to account for the presence of the madrona in such an incon- gruous place of growth be the true one, there is at least a basis for the further supposition that the vast and denseh" brush-covered tracts 288 FOREST RESERVES. stretching northward from Mount Pitt along the higher flanks of the Cascades ma}' likewise again recover their former forested condition. Another after-effect of tires consists in the substitution of grass- covered tracts for the former forest cover. This feature may be observed everywhere along the upper slopes and summits of the Cas- cades and the Siskiyous in this region. The growth is often grass, but much more commonly it is low-growing mountain sedges or a mix- ture of both. Where soil humidity permits, the growth becomes matted and forms a more or less continuous turf. More often it is scattered either in circumscribed patches or in isolated tufts. The sedges usually form the turfy places while the grasses occur in isolated bunches, or both sedges and grasses grow in tufts, depending on what species make up the growth. These grassed-over places are, and have been, of commercial importance since the upper plateaus and summits of the Cascades began to be utilized for sheep pastures. All of these pastures and meadows which owe their origin to tires are merely tem- porary affairs. If suffered to remain undisturbed by further fires Ihey will return to forest cover. Around Diamond and Crater lakes the grassy places are slowly giving way to stands of lodgepole pine as the primary reforestation. On the lava plateaus flanking the crest of the range in Ts. 34: and 35 S., R. 5 E., grassy places created by fires before the advent of the white man have, in course of time, become covered with thick stands of lodgepole pine, now mature and giving way to stands of noble fir and alpine hemlock. During the first reforestation of lodgepole pine the grass and sedge may persist until the crop of this species matures and gives way to other kinds of trees, but with the advent of the noble fir and the alpine hemlock the grass, and sedge growth commonly disappears. A noticeable feature in connection with the after-effects of forest fires in the yellow-pine type of forest is the suppression of under- growth and of seedling trees. The ^-ellow pine is by all odds the best fire-resisting tree in the sylvn of the North Pacific slope. Repeated conflagrations may run through stands of the yellow-pine type with- out serious damage to the older trees of this species, provided the litter and humus be not too great. But the fires, even should the}'^ be of no great force or intensity, work irreparable injury to the seedling trees. On the eastern side of the Cascades, especially, fires have run through the yellow-pine timber many times. The absence or relative scarcity of young growth and underbrush is here very noticeable and striking. Much of the region examined east of the Cascades is included within the boundaries of the Klamath Indian Reservation, and the red man has therefore been under no particular restraint in the matter of burning his timber. In late years it seems to have dawned on his intelligence that good yellow pine may have some value after all. and in consequence fires are set much less I.EIBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 289 frequently than formerly, witli the result that where the forest has enjoyed freedom from tire for a number of years seedling and sapling- trees of the yellow pine are springing up in the greatest abundance. Having traced the more salient effects of tires, so far as they are connected with the reproduction and composition of the forest, there remains to l)e noticed the results of tires as affecting the value of the timber for commercial purposes on tracts w^hich have been subjected to a more or less intense and destructive conflagration. The amount of damage to the mill timber in a forest stand in this region which may be wrought l)y a Are varies cc^nsiderably. It may run as low as 1 per cent in stands of yellow pine, or it may rise so high in stands of mixed growth that it practically amounts' to total destruc- tion. In this report a certain area has been segregated under the term ''badly" burned. It comprises the tracts upon which the mill timber has been burned away entirely or to the extent of 7.5 per cent. Out of a total of 2,075,000 acres fire marked in this region 19.5 per cent. (»r 587,000 acres, are badly ])urned. It is, of course, impossible to say with absolute certainty that so and so many million feet were destroyed in these fires, because we can not now ascertain the original density of the forest on the burned-o\'er areas. Especially is this the case on the tracts termed badly ])urned. But assuming that the fire-swept areas were timbered as heavy propor- tionately as those that remain, it is safe to reckon the destruction as equal to 35 per cent of the standing timber, as estimated by the stand- ard of '"Michigan practice." Expressed in feet B. M. it amounts to 7,000 million in round numbers. This estimate is conservative, and errs, if at all, in placing it too low\ As a rule, the areas upon which the destruction has been total, or approximately so, are situated in the heaviest timl)er, or are in localities wdiere the heaviest timber would be expected to occur. Thus along the upper and middle slopes of the U-mpqua ridges are many tracts which, before the fires, carried 60,000 to 70,000 feet of mill timber per acre. On some the timber is all dead, or practically so; on others there are 10,000 to 15,000 feet remaining. The dead timber still stands and can readily be estimated. On the other hand, in the yellow-pine stands the damage has not been so great. In this type of forest much red fir has undoubtedly been destroyed on the western side of the Cascades and much white fir on the eastern side of the range, if we may judge ])y the nonforested brush-covered spots so common throughout the yellow-pine stands in many localities, but the chief damage consists in the extensive searing and scarring of the yellow pine in the lower half of the trunk, the most valuable por- tion of the tree. Of the 7,000 million feet of mill timber destroyed, 5 per cent, or 850 million feet, can clearly be traced as the work of Indians— at least most of it has been burned on the areas embraced within the boundaries of 21 GEOL, PT 5 19 290 FOREST RESERVES. the Klamath Reservation, and the inference that fires in this region were set by the Indians is full}^ warranted. The baUmce, or 6,500 million feet, can safely be charged against the white man. To summarize the fire destruction in the region under consideration, it may be said that, not including clearings for purposes of settle- ments, the timber on 3 million acres, a total of 7,000 million feet of merchantable mill timber, has been destroyed within the past thirty- five or fort}" 3"ears. The amount of damage inflicted on growing timber by a fire depends chiefly on the three following factors: (1) The time of the year in which the fire burns; (2) the quantity of litter or humus on the forest floor; (3) the fire-resisting capacity of the different species of trees. In the region under consideration the comparative lack of the second of these factors plays the chief role. Humus, as applied to a layer of decaying vegetable debris on the forest floor, is not, as a rule, of any great depth in the forests of these regions. In stands of the yellow- pine type it is a mere thin sprinkling of pine needles. In stands of red fir or mixed growth it is from 2 inches to 3, or, rarely, 4 inches in depth, but is reinforced by a more or less abundant litter of broken trees and branches, naturally shed or torn off by snow or wind. To the light humus layer and the small quantity of litter, more than to any other cause, is due the preservation of the forest from total destruction on these areas. Had there been, for example, the same depth of humus and an equal quantity of litter as in the timbered areas of northern Idaho the region would have been practically deforested by this time. It is not due to lack of fires that any timber remains. The manner in which fire affects the individual tree varies with the fire-resisting capacity of the species. Here, as elsewhere, the yellow pine both as an individual and as a species stands at the head of the list. A fire in stands of this species runs rapidly, burns low, and with no great intensity owing to the extremely light humus cover. So long as the thick bark, which is a characteristic feature of the species, remains intact, the tree is tolerably safe, but sooner or later, either through the effects of repeated fires or through some accidental injury opening the bark and causing an exudation of resin, fire finds its way into the trunk and produces a fire sear or sear. Each subsequent fire enlarges the burned spot until the tree finally succumbs. The yellow pine in the stands east of the Cascades is much more resinous than on the western slopes, and is therefore much more exposed to destruction by fire. The custom of the Indians of peeling the yellow pine at certain seasons of the year to obtain the cambium layer which they use for food, is in some localities a fruitful contributory cause toward destruction of the yellow pine by fire. They do not carr}" the peeling process far enough to girdle the tree, but they remove a large enough I.EIBER.;.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 291 piece of hark to iiiuke a gaping wound which never heals over and which furnishes an excellent entrance for lir(\ Throughout the forests on the Klamath Reservation trees barked in this manner are very common. Along the eastern margin of Klamath ]Marsli they are found by the thousands. The stands of yellow pine which occur so plentifully along the middle elevations on the western slopes of the Cascades are rarely pure growths, but are more or less mixed with othei- species, among which red and white lirs form a large percentage. These kinds com- monly occur in scattered aggregations and have not nearly the fire- resisting capacity which distinguishes the yellow pine. When a fire comes along such aggregations become centers for very hot fires, which easily wipe out the adjacent yellow pine. The greatest menace to the yellow-pine forest west of the Cascades, outside of logging practices, is found in these scattered aggregations of poor fire- resist- ing trees. The sugar pine has not the fire endurance possessed by the yellow pine. Its usual habitat among masses of red and white fir contributes to its destruction. The root system and the lower portion of the trunk are far more resinous than the balance of the tree and are therefore the most vulnerable. In stands of sugar pine swept by fire one ahvays finds large numbers of trees of this species prostrate on the ground, the lower 6 or 8 feet of the trunk burned away and great gaping holes in the ground where the fire has followed the root system. Often only the heartwood burns out in the lower 8 or 10 feet and one sees huge trees 6 to 8 feet in diameter standing on a few thin stilts of sapwood. Forest fires are especially destructive to this species, not alone in the burning of the large and mature growth, but also because the tree appears incapable of reproducing itself to any great extent on burned-over areas, if one may judge from the few seedlings grow- ing on such tracts. The white pine is easily destroyed by fire. Its bark is thin, its fire endurance is low, and it always grows where the stands of other species are dense and where the forest flooi- is covered with a maxi- mum of humus and litter. There is butjittle of the species in the region. Freedom from fires will enlarge its range to some extent; the reverse will contract it with the result that the species will ulti- mateh' become extinct in this region. The lodgepole pine resists fire poorly. The variety which has its habitat on dry ground is the worst in this respect; the swamp variety has greater endurance, but neither of them possesses it in any consid- erable degree. The bark is thin and in the upland variety plentifully supplied with small resin particles. Fires most generally kill the tree by burning the ])ark and the foliage. The trunk remains standing until wind and snow throw it down. 292 FOREST RESERVES. The red fir endures tire to a moderate degree. The mature tree has a greater power in this respect than has the sapling or middle-aged individual. This is due, as much as to any other cause, to the cir- cumstance that in the young and middle-aged tree the resin vesicles in the bark are surficial or nearly so, while in the veterans the resin vesicles have become obliterated or are sunk so deeply in the bark on the lower portion of the trunk that the heat of an ordinary forest tire is not suflicient to flame them. The red tir has sufiered severely from both ancient and modern fires. While at the present time it covers a larger area on the western side of the Cascades than any other single species, it formerly was even more abundant. The restriction of its area is partly due to forest fires, which have promoted the growth of other species, chiefly the white fir, at the expense of the former red-fir tracts. Its reproduction, while abundant enough on certain areas, is 3^et, on the whole, indefinite. A burned-over red-fir tract is almost as likely to grow up to a stand of white fir as to the other. The white fir resists fire poorly, being in this respect on a par with the sfreat silver fir of the reoions farther northward. As a matter of fact there are no essential difl'erences between the great silver fir and the white fir as it grows here, either botanically or in the timber qualities or in its general vegetative behavior. Like the red tir, the young white tir is more susceptible to tire than are the veterans, and for the very same reason, namely, the relative position of the resin vesicles of the bark. The white tir has been badly burned both on the eastern and on the western slopes of the range. In tires among stands of timber where it forms any considerable percentage of the growth it is sure to sufi'er more damage in proportion to its numbers than any of the other species. Its reproduction is generally good, but in some localities on the eastern side of the range, as T. 32 S.. R. 6 E., brush growths are replacing burned or partially burned stands of the white tir. The noble tir holds an intermediate position between the red and white firs as regards its fire-resisting capacity. Its tendency is toward small aggregations in the midst of mixed growths of other species; but occasionally one meets with considerable stands of nearly pure growth, as along the higher elevations of the Siskiyou Mountains, in T. 41 S.. R. 2 W. to 1 E., inclusive. The habit of the species of grow- ing in such clumps or dense aggregations invites more certain destruc- tion by fire than would be the case if it grew singly or scattered. Its reproduction after fires is moderate or below the average of the other species of firs. The alpine hemlock succumbs easily to fire. Except in very old individuals the bark is thin and is easily scorched beyond recovery. Its habit of growth inclines strongly toward stands and groupings of pure growth or nearly so. Often, however, it forms a mixed growth. iKiBKK.^.l CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 293 with the iiohk^ tir us the other chief component. These groupings and mixtures aid in its destruction by fire. Trees of the species have the remarkable habit, after being fire killed, of first decaying half way between the top and the ground. This causes the upper portion of the tree to break off with the first strong wind, and there soon piles up a vast (luantity of highly inflammable litter, which, insures the complete destruction of all forest on that area when tire reaches it. The destruction that has been wrought in the mixed stands of no))le fir and alpine hendock has been enormous. Especially has this been the case on the upper slopes of the Rogue River-Umpciua divide, where heavy growths of such mixed stands frequently carr}^ as much as 70,<»0() feet B. M. merchantable timber per acre. Many such tracts on the Umpqua ridges have been laid waste by conflagrations of modern times, which have left nothing of the former forest but dead and blackened stumps. The western hemlock and Engelmann spruce are both thin-barked trees and stand fire poorly. They are not abundant in the region, and as their reproductive powers are not very good the area oc-cu- pied by them is continually being restricted by successive fires. The incense cedar is deficient in fire-resisting qualities. The larger and even the younger trees of the species are almost always rotten at the core. If Are gains entrance to the dry, punky interior the tree is destroyed. The madrona succumbs easily to fire. It, however, springs up again from the root. The oaks in the region resist fire well, notwithstanding the fact that more than 50 per cent have a rotten and hollow interior. Their ability to withstand Are is, however, more largely due to environment than to inherent qualities. Their growth is always open and scattered and their habitat is along the lowest elevations, where there is a minimum of combustible material on the ground to support a hot and lasting fire. CASCADE RAN^GE FOREST RESERVE AI^I) ADJACEIS^T REGIOXS. BOUNDARIES OF CASCADE RANGE FOREST RESERVE. Beginning at the meander corner at the intersection of the range hne between ranges six (6) and seven (7) east, township two (2) north, Willamette meridian, Oregon, with the mean high-water mark on the south bank of the Columbia River in said State, thence northeasterly along said mean high-water mark to its intersection with the township line between townships two (2) and three (3) north; thence easterly along said township line to the northeast corner of township two (2) north, range eight (8) east; thence southerly along the range line between ranges eight (8) and nine (9) east, to the southwest corner of township two (2) north, range nine (9) east; thence westerly along the township line between townships one (1) and two (2) north, to the northw^est corner of township one (1) north, range nine (9) east; thence southerly along the range line between ranges eight (8) and nine (9) east, to 294 FOKEST RESEEVES. the southwest corner of township one (1) north, range nine (9) east; thence easterly along the base line to the northeast corner of township one (1) south, range ten (10) east; thence southerly along the range line between ranges ten (10) and eleven (11) east, to the southeast corner of township four (4) south, range ten (10) east; thence westerly along the township line between townships four (4) and five (5) south, to the southwest corner of township four (4) south, range nine (9) east; thence south- erly along the west boundary of township five (5) south, range nine (9) east, to its intersection with the west boundary of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation; thence southwesterly along said Indian reservation boundary to the southwest corner of said reservation; thence southeasterly along the south boundary of said Indian reservation to a point on the north line of section three (3), township twelve (12) south, range nine (9) east, where said boundary crosses the township line between townships eleven (11) and twelve (12) south, range nine (9) east; thence easterly to the northeast corner of township twelve (12) south, range nine (9) east; thence southerly along the range line between ranges nine (9) and ten (10) east, to the south- east corner of township thirteen (13) south, range nine (9) east; thence westerly along the third (3rd) standard parallel south, to the northeast corner of township fourteen (14) south, range nine (9) east; thence southerly along the range line between ranges nine (9) and ten (10) east, to the southeast corner of township fifteen (15) south, range nine (9) east; thence easterly along the third (3rd) standard parallel south, to the northeast corner of township sixteen (16) south, range nine (9) east; thence southerly along the range line between ranges nine (9) and ten (10) east, to the southeast corner of township twenty (20) south, range nine (9) east; thence easterly along the fourth (4th) standard parallel south, to the northeast corner of township twenty-one (21) south, range nine (9) east; thence southerly along the range line between ranges nine (9) and ten (10) east, to the southeast corner of township twenty -three (23) south, range nine (9) east; thence westerly along the township line between townships twenty-three (23) and twenty-four (24) south, to the southeast corner of township twenty-three (23) south, range six (6) east; thence southerly along the range line between ranges six (6) and seven (7) east, to the southwest corner of township twenty-five (25) south, range seven (7) east; thence westerly along the fifth (5th) standard parallel south, to the point for the northwest corner of township twenty-six (26) south, range seven (7) east; thence southerly along the surveyed and unsurveyed west boundaries of townships twenty-six ( 26 ) , twenty-seven (27), twenty-eight (28), twenty-nine (29), and thirty (30) south, to the southwest corner of toMmship thirty (30) south, range seven (7) east; thence westerly along the unsurveyed sixth (6th) standard parallel south, to the point for the north- west corner of township thirty-one (31) south, range seven and one-half (7^) east; thence southerly along the surveyed and unsurveyed west boundaries of townships thirty-one (31), thirty-two (32), and thirty-three (33) south, range seven and one- half (7i) east, to the southwest corner of township thirty-three (33) south, range seven and one-half (7^) east; thence easterly along the township line between town- ships thirty-three (33) and thirty -four (34) south, to the northeast corner of town- ship thirty-four (34) south, range six (6) east; thence southerly along the east boundaries of townships thirty-four (34) and thirty-five (35) south, range six (6) east, to the point of intersection of the east boundary of township thirty-five (35) south, range six (6) east, with the west shore of Upper Klamath Lake; thence along said shore of said lake to its intersection with the range line between ranges six (6) and seven (7) east, in township thirty-six (36) south; thence southerly along the range line between ranges six (6) and seven (7) east, to the southeast corner of township thirty-seven (37) south, range six (6) east; thence westerly along the town- ship line between townships thirty-seven (37) and thirty-eight (38) south, to the southwest corner of township thirty-seven (37) south, range four (4) east; thence northerly along the range line'between ranges three {3) and four (4) east, to the LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLANP RP:SERVES. 295 northwest corner of township thirty-six (36) south, range fnnr (4) east; thence easterly along the eighth (8th) standard parallel south, to the southwest corner of townshij) thirty-five (35) south, range four (4) east; thence northerly along the range line 1)etween ranges three (3) and four (4) east, to the southwest corner of town- shi}) thirty-one (31) south, range four (4) east; thence westerly along the township line between townships thirty-one (31) and thirty-two (32) south, to the southwest corner of township thirty-one (31) south, range one (1) east; thence northerly along the surveyed and inisurveyed Willamette meridian to the northwest corner of town- ship twenty (20) south, range one (1) ea.st; thence easterly along the township line between townships nineteen (19) and twenty (20) south, to the northeast corner oi township twenty (20) south, range one (1) east; thence northerly along the range line between ranges one (1) and two (2) east, to the northwest corner of township eighteen (18) south, range two (2) east; thence easterly along the township line between townships seventeen (17) and eighteen (18) south, to the southeast corner of township seventeen (17) south, range two (2) east; thence northerly along the range line between ranges two (2) and three (3) east, to the southwest corner of township seventeen (17) south, range three (3) east; thence easterly along the sur- veyed and unsurveyed township line between townships seventeen (17) and eighteen (18) south, to the point for the southeast corner of township seventeen (17) south, range four (4) east; thence northerly along the surveyed and unsurveyed range line betw^een ranges four (4) and five (5) east, subject to the proper easterly or ■westerly offsets on the third (3rd), second (2nd), and first (1st) standard jjarallels south, to the northwest corner of township five (5) south, range five (5) east; thence easterly along the township line between townships four (4) and five (5) south, to the southeast corner of township four (4) south, range six (6) east; thence northerly along the range line between ranges six (6) and seven (7) east, to the northwest corner of township four (4) south, range seven (7) east; thence easterly along the township line between townships three (3) and four (4) south, to the southwest corner of section thirty-four (34), township three (3) south, range seven (7) east; thence northerly along the surveyed and unsurveyed section line between sections thirty-three (33) and thirty-four (34), twenty-seven (27) and twenty-eight (28), twenty-one (21) and twenty-two (22), fifteen (15) and sixteen (16), nine (9) and ten (10), and three (3) and four (4), to the northwest corner of section three (3) of said township and range; thence easterly along the surveyed and unsurveyed town- ship line between townships two (2) and three (3) south, to the point for the south- east corner of township two (2) south, range eight (8) east; thence northerly along the unsurveyed range line between ranges eight (8) and nine (9) east, to the south- east corner of township one (1) south, range eight (8) east; thence westerly along the township line between townships one (1) and two (2) south, to the southeast corner of section thirty-four (34), township one (1) south, range eight (8) east; thence northerly along the section line between sections thirty-four (34) and thirty- five (35), twenty-six (26) and twenty-seven (27), and twenty-two (22) and twenty- three (23), to the northeast corner of section twenty-two (22) ; thence westerly along the section line between sections fifteen (15) and twenty-two (22), to the southeast corner of section sixteen (16); thence northerly on the section line between sections fifteen (15) and sixteen (16), to the point for the northeast corner of section sixteen (16); thence westerly along the section line betw-een sections nine (9) and sixteen (16) to the southeast corner of section eight (8) ; thence northerly along the section line between sections eight (8) and nine (9) and four (4) and five (5) to the north- west corner of section four (4), township one (1) south, range eight (8) east; thence easterly along the base line to the southeast corner of section thirty-three (33), town- ship one (1) north, range eight (8) east; thence along the unsurveyed section lines northerly to the point for the northeast corner of section thirty-three (33), westerly to the point for the northeast corner of section thirty-two (32), northerly to the 296 FOREST RESERVES. point for the northeast ctjrner ' METHOD USED IN HAULING LOGS TO THE LOGGING RAILROAD AT SNOW, T 40 S., R. 5 E. LEiBFR(;.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 297 • strefviiis lie in narrow canyons, sunk •iO(» to 500 feet in loose* puniiceous material. On the eastern side of the Cascades the reserve boundaries cover the heads of a number of small creeks. With the exception of Anna Creek and Wood River, none of them are of any importance. The waters of these two streams are utilized for irrigation purposes. The reo'ion is essentiallv a forested one. It contains a few heavih" timbered tracts, a considerable area, in the aggregate, lighth" forested, and large tracts that carry only thin and scattered groups of trees. With the exception of rocky tracts naturally Avithout soil, areas a])ove timber line, lake, and marshes, not a large area collectively, the thinlv wooded and nonforested tracts owe their origin in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred to forest fires. All of the three general forest types previously described in this report are found in the reserve. The yellow-pine type is sparingly represented. The red-fir and the alpine-hemlock types are abundant and of characteristic composition. The Cascade Range Forest Reserve in its entirety possesses extremely varied features of topography and forest conditions. Until more extended examinations shall have been made it can not be treated in a manner to satisfactorily show the correlation of its various portions. Pending such examination, the region covered in the field work dur- ing the season of 1899 is here described by minor subdivisions, the township having been chosen as the unit of area. In the tabulations of areal and timber estimates accompanying each township is to be noted that the term ""forested areas" includes all tracts carrying an arborescent growth, which, in many places where fires have badly burned the forest, is often very thin or scattering, or at subalpine elevations, where rocky soil and severe climatic conditions negative the existence of a continuous forest, consists of trees set far apart, with bare ground between. In the term "nonforested"" it has been the aim to include all tracts containing 20 acres and upward wholly bare of arborescent growth. Tracts with less than 20 acres are included under "forested areas" (PL LXXXI, A and B). detailed descriptions. Township 28 South, Range 5 East. This township is situated on the summit of the main range of the Cascades. Its southern and central portions consist of an almost level pumice plain. The northern sections comprise high ridges, which here and there rise into prominent peaks, all of which are.extinct vol- canic cones. These ridges and peaks constitute the junction point of the main range of the Cascades and the Umpqua-Rogue River divide. The southern areas have no visible run-off. The northern dis- charge limited quantities of water partly by way of tributaries to 298 FOEEST RESERVES. the South Umpqua, partl}^ into Diamond Lake, whence it finds its way to the North Umpqua. There are no agricultural lands, and no mineral-bearing areas are known in the township. The grazing lands consist of fire glades along the west shore of Diamond Lake, whose southern end barely touches the township. The glades constitute in part the great sheep ranges of the high Cascades, which extend northward from this and the next township on the east. The forest is of the alpine-hemlock type. The southern and central portions are covered with stands of lodgepole pine, all reforestations after fires and represer ^ative of all ages of burns from one hundred and fifty years ago up to the present time. There is no portion of these or of the heavier stands of alpine hemlock and noble fir in the northern sections of the township that have not been visited by fire within the past forty-five years. Reforestations consist wholly of lodgepole pine as the first growth. In some places on warm southern declivities brush growth comes in after fires. In other localities a grass and sedge sward covers the ground. It is clearly evident that many of the fires have been set for the pur- pose of promoting these grass growths and enlarging the possible sheep range. It is also noticeable that wherever fires have been kept down for four or five years there is a gradual return to forest and a disappearance of the grass. As before remarked, it is essential to the maintenance of the stability of the waterheads in the pumice- covered regions of the high Cascades that the pumice cover be dis- turbed as little as possible. To this end reforestations should be encouraged in every possible manner, even at the expense of destroying the grass and sedge swards by allowing the forest to regain possession. The mill timber is of poor quality and is confined to the northern sections of the township, where it is inaccessible for logging operations. Timbered and other areas in T. 28 S., E. 5 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 2.3, 040 Badly burned area 18, 000 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 28 S., E. 5 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. White pine Per cent. 16.7 66.7 16.6 Feet B. M. 5, 000, 000 20, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 5, 000, 000 25, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 Noble fif Alpine hemlock Total 30, 000, 000 40, 000,000 LEiBERo.l CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 29a Composition of forest in T. ^H /6., R. 5 E., Oregon, including all species with diameters of 4 incites and upward. Per cent. .. 80 Lodgepole pine Noble fir ^J* Alpine hemlock ' • White pine Township 28 South, Range 6 East. The areas comprised within the lines of this township are situated on the summit of the main range of the Cascades. The southern and central areas consist of a nearly level pumice-covered region. The northern sections are rocky with numerous ridges stretching westward from :Mount Thielsen, an extinct volcanic center occupying the north- east corner of the township. About two sections in the northeast corner are comprised in Diamond Lake, and an additional two sections in a series of swamps at its .southern extremity. There is practically no visible drainage originating in the township. A large stream head- ing in T. 28 S., R. 4 E., flows through it and empties into Diamond Lake. There are no agricultural and no mineral lands in the township. There is a large amount of grazing land, consisting in part of fire glades and in part of 1,200 acres of marsh and overflowed land at the south end of Diamond Lake. The dry tracts are all used for sheep range. The forest consists of stands of alpine- hemlock type. Ninety per cent of it is composed of lodgepole-pine reforestations. Some of these stands date back to the Indian occupancy, others are the result of fires set by the white man. All of the forest is fire marked. Reforesta- tions after fires are invariably composed of lodgepole pine. Repeated conflagrations and total destruction of the forest bring grass and sedge growths. Fires in the township have been fewer during the past four or five years than formerly, and most of the grassy tracts are slowly reforesting. The mill timber is of poor quality and is confined to the spurs of Mount Thielsen. It exists in small scattered bodies and is inaccessible for logging operations. Forested and other lands In T. 28 S., R. 6 E., Oregon. Acres. „ ^ , 18, 000 Forested area ' Badly burned area ^' Nonforested area (lake, swamps, bare rocks, etc) •'''040 T J None. Logged area 300 FOREST RESERVES. Total stand of (imbn- in T. '28 S., R. 6 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Micliigan prac- tice. Noble fir ..... Per cent. 60 40 Feet B. M. 3, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 3, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 Total 5, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 Conipo.vtion of forest in T. 28 S., R. 6 E., Oregon, including trees of all species ivith basal diameters of 4 inches and upivard. Per cent. Lodgepole pine 95 Noble fir - ^ Alpine hemlock - 2 Township 28 South, Range 6i East. This township is situated wholly on the eastern slope of the Cas- cades. The northwestern portion consists of steep spurs radiating- from Mount Thielsen; the central and southern tracts comprise a long- gradual slope from the summit of the range to its eastern foot. The township is only partly included in the forest reserve, the area outside the reserve containing about 16,000 acres, but included in the estimates is a narrow strip adjoining the Klamath Indian Reservation, which brings the acreage up to that of a full township. The township is draiiied by three small creeks rising in springs and marshy places at the foot of the range and sinking in the pumice deposit in the adjoining township to the east. No agricultural, grazing, or mineral lands occur on the tract. The forest consists of stands of yellow-pine and alpine-hemlock types. The alpine-hemlock type here is composed almost entirely of lodgepole-pine stands, which are reforestations after fires, and occupy the western half of the township. The eastern half is coveredwith yellow pine of mature age, running from 5.000 to 10,000 feet B. M. per acre. The forest is fire marked everywhere in the township. Seventy -five per cent of the yellow pine is fire seared in the lower 3 or -1 feet of the trunk. Reforestations are moderate, but the burned tracts in the yellow pine show a tendency to grow up to lodgepole pine. The region carrying the mill timber is easy of access for logging in any direction except over the range from the west. The areal and timber estimates are as follows : Forested and other areas in T. 28 S., R. 6^ E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 23, 040 Badly burned area 12, 000 Logged area None. LEiBEKG] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. Total stcnifl oflviilxr lu T. 28 S., R. 6'i E., Oregon. 301 Species. Local practice. Michigan practice. Yellow pine Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 146, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 161,280,000 Composiiion of forest in T. 28 S., R. 6^ E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upivard. Per cent. Lodgepole pine 75 Yellow pine 25 Township 28 South, Range 7 East. This township is situated east of the main range of the Cascades, and consists chiefly of easy slopes or nearly level tracts. The surface is covered with a soil of pumice detritus. The entire township is tire marked. The complexion of the present forest growth is largely owing to fires during the exclusive Indian occupancy. Result of fires is lodgepole-pine growths where sufiicient soil moisture exists; in other localities growths of scattered desert shrubs, tufts of grass, or small and insignificant weeds. The mill timber is mostly confined to the southwestern areas. It is mostly fire scarred on the lower one-quarter of the trunk. It other- wise is fair in quality and is easy of access. Owing to suppression of young growth by repeated fires it is largely composed of standards and veterans. Forested and other areas in T. 28 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 23, 040 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 28 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine Local practice. Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 20, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 26, 880, 000 ('o)n position of forest in T. 28 S., R. 7 E., Oregon, including trees of all .•ij>e(-ies intli basal diameters of 4 incites and upward. Per cent. Lodgepole pine 88 Yellow pine 12 302 FOREST RESERVES. Township 28 South, Range 8 East. This township is situated east of the Cascades, and comprises a nearly level tract of country. The general flatness is relieved here and there by low benches, marking- the recedence of what now constitutes Klamath Marsh. The soil is uniformly a pumice detritus, line on the surface as a rule, but composed of irregular blocks and fragments below. The forest is chiefly lodgepole pine. The mill timber, which is all yellow pine, occurs singly or in very small groups scattered throughout the body of lodgepole pine. It is poor in quality, and is composed wholly of standards and veterans. It clearly is a remnant of a nuich more extensive stand which covered the region anterior to the lodgepole growths. The preponderance of the latter species is whollv due to forest fires during the Indian occupancy, that is to say, before the coming of the white man, as this township lies within the Klamath Indian Reservation, in part. The lodgepole-pine growth has been reburned here and there within recent times. The result of such reburning is, almost invariably, the creation of sparsely grassed, absolutely nonforested areas. Forested areas in T. 28 S., R. 8 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 23, 040 liOgged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 28 S., R. 8 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 1, 500, 000 Feet B. M. 1,500,000 Composition of the forest in T. 28 S., R. 8 E., Oregon, including trees of all species uith basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Lodgepole pine 99. 9 Yellow pine 1 Township 29 South, Range 3 East. The northern and central portions of this township consist of high ridges belonging to the northern slopes of the Umpqua-Rogue River divide. The southern areas comprise tracts with comparatively low relief, constituting parts of the upper drainage basin of the North Fork of Rogue River. A deposit of pumice covers the southern sec- tions, while the northern have only a light covering of this material or, in many places, are entirely free of it. The volume of run-off from the township is ver}^ large. Most of it is discharged into the South Umpqua, a smaller portion going LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 308 into Rogue River through the north fork of this streuni. The Tinp- qua-Rogue River divide that here supplies most of the run-off is not of the same volcanie formation as the Cascades. It evidentl}- is much less lissured and therefore sheds a great deal more of the precipitation as visi})le drainage. - Th(> township contains no agricultural land. Mineral-bearing ground has been discovered in various localities along the crest and slopes of the Umpqua-Rogue River divide. Along the summits and flanks of the higher ridges is a considerable quantity of grazing land which is utilized for sheep range. The grazing areas consist whollj^ of fire glades or of rocky slopes which have not reforested after fires. The forest consists of stands of red-fir and alpine-hemlock types. It is fire marked throughout. Reforestations are composed chiefly of lodgepole pine, in the stands of which the grass and sedge swards that came in after the 6res per- sist for a long time. In some localities, especially where fires have been particularly destructive, brush growths, composed of the vellum- leaved ceanothus, occupy the ground. The mill timber is of poor quality and is generally defective, owing to the numerous fires that have swept through the township during the past iO or -15 years. Most of it is inaccessible for logging oper- ations; but a small quantity in the southern sections can be reached by way of the valley of the North Fork of Rogue River. Forested and other areas in T. 29 S.,R.3E., Oregon. . Acres. Forested area 23 040 Badly burned area jq 000 Logged area Aj^ne. Total stand of timber in T. 29 S., B. 3 E., Oregon. Species. White pine Eed fir White fir Alpine hemlock. Total. Local practice. Per cent. 10 62.5 12.5 15 Feet B. M. 4, 000, 000 25, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 4,000,000 40, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 11, 000, 000 40, 000, 000 65, 000, 000 Composition of forest in T. 29 S., R. 3 E., Oregon, including trees of all species 7fith basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. .^ , . Per cent. Eed fir White fir 50 10 ^\ hite pine 5 Alpine hemlock 30 Lodgepole pine 5 304 FOREST RESERVES. Township 29 South, Range 4 East. The northern half of this township is situated on the northern slopes of the Unipqua-Rogue River divide, and consists of high, rocky ridges. The southern half comprises pumice-covered levels intersected by low ridges of lava and furrowed by numerous small deep canyons, which form the upper heads of the eastern tributaries of the North Fork of Rogue River. The run-off from the northern half of the township is large in vol- ume, and flows into the South Umpqua. The quantity originating in the other half is of moderate volume, and empties into Rogue River through the North Fork. There are no agricultural lands in the township. Mineral-bearing areas have been discovered along the northern slopes of the Umpqua- Rogue River divide, and some claims have been located. The region, in common with other mineral ground along this divide, carries values only in gold. The thinly wooded areas on the summits of the Umpqua ridges constitute the grazing lands of the township. Some of them are naturally thinly forested or wooded; others are grassed over as the result of fires. . The forest consists of red-fir and of alpine-hemlock stands. Most of the stands are reforestations; some after fires since the white man's occupancy; others after fires that burned while the Indians were in possession. Sixty per cent of the reforestations are composed of lodgepole pine; the balance of alpine hemlock and white pine. The mill timber is poor in quality and of small dimensions through- out. It is inaccessible for logging operations. The areal and timber estimates for the township are as follows: Forested and oilier areas in T. 29 S. , R. 4 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 23, 040 Badly burned area 18, 000 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 29 S., R. 4 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. White pine Per cent. 31.3 50 18.7 Fret B. M. 5, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 Feet B.M. 5, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 Red fir White fir Total 16, 000, 000 25, 000, 000 LEiBEKG] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 305 Compn^ition of foreM in T. 29 S., R. 4 E., Oregon, hidudmcj trecx of all impedes irith hrmil diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per ccm. Lodgepole pine 80 Red fir 8 AVhite fir 5 White pine 3 Alpine hemh jck , 4 Township 29 South, R^nge 5 East. This township comprises areas situated on the summit and imme- diate western slopes of the main range of the Cascades. Most of the tract consists of level or gently sloping areas, all very deeply pumice covered. In the northern portion of the township there are four or five sections of high, mountainous ridges belonging to the Umpqua- Rogue River divide. The water supply of this township is trifling in amount. Most of the precipitation sinks in the immense sheet of pumice and disappears. The heads of two of the lesser trilnitaries of the North Fork of Rogue River lie in the central portions of the township. Each has cut out a deep but narrow canyon in the pumice. It is evident that in late years these streams have cut into the piunice at a more rapid rate than they formerly did. The widespread destruction of the g-rowing forest by tire has no doubt contributed to this acceleration. If it be desirable to prevent the vast blanket of pumice along the summit and hig'her slopes of the Cascades from transfer to the low-lying valle^^s of the agricultural districts, it is necessary that everything tending toward the loosening of the pumice surface should be avoided. The forest is of the alpine-hemlock type. It consists of lodgepole pine with small groups of alpine hemlock and noble fir scattered here and there among the lodgepole. The species represent reforestation after fires. This region was burned periodically during* the Indian occupanc}-, as the many different ages represented in the lodgepole- pine stands prove. But when the white man came into the region the areas in this particular township were covered with a uniform stand of the species. During the past forty or forty-five years the timber has been burned in many localities and the subsequent reforestations have again been burned. The region is too high in altitude to permit the growth of much brush. After a fire one of three things happens; either lodgepole pine comes as the first forest growth, or grasses and sedges form a thin, interrupted sward, or the ground remains bare of all vegetation. It is impossible to predict beforehand which one of the three phases will appear. It all depends on the extent to which the ratio of soil moisture has been disturbed and changed. The township contains no mill timber. There are no agricultural, grazing, or mineral lands in the township. 21 GEOL, J'T 5 20 306 FOREST RESERVES. The areal estimates are as follows: Forested and other oreas In. T. i!9 S., R. '> E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area -•^, 0-10 Badly burned area IS, 000 Logged area None. Township 29 South. Range T East. This township is situated on the eastern side of the Cascades and consists of nearly lev^el plains in the eastern portions and of gentle slopes, rising- toward the Cascades, in the western. The soil is uni- formly a pumice sand. The forest in the eastern areas consists of lodgepole pine, reforesta- tions after ancient hres. In the western sections of the township the timber is j^ellow pine mixed with lodgepole. The western areas are fire marked throughout. The lodgepole in the eastern portions does not form a solid stand. It is everywhere broken by small, scantilv grassed tracts, which for som.e reason, possibh" lack of soil humidity, do not reforest. The mill timber is of fair qualitv, and is mostly composed of stand- ards and veterans. Reproduction in the yellow-pine stands is good where fire has not run for a number of years. ForeMed and other areas in T. 29 S., B. 7 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 23, 040 Badly burned area None. Logged area None. -"(^e^ Toted stand of timber in T. 29 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. Species Yellow pine Local practice. Per cent. Feet B. M. 100 I 68, 5-10, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 80, 640, 000 Composition of forest in T. 29 S., R. 7 E., Oregon, including trees of all species irlth hnsai diameters of 4 incites and upward. Per cent Lodgepole pine -'0 Yellow pine 10 Township 20 South, Range 8 East. This township consists of nearly level, pumice-covered plains, situ- ated between the eastern foot of the Cascades and the northern end of Klamath Marsh. LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 307 The f()i-(>st is almost exclusively a lodgepolc-piiie growth, hero, us in most places iiloiig the eastern base of the Cascades, representing a reforestation after ancient tires. The nonforested tracts are sparsely grassed areas that have failed to reforest. The mill timber consists mostly of single trees or of groups of a dozen or two scattered among the lodgepole. It is inferior in quality, and is practically worthless for commercial purposes. Forested and other areas in T. 29 S., R. 8 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 20 000 Nonforested area (meadows) 3 040 Badly ) )urned area None Logged area Xone. Total stand of timber in T. 29 S., R. 8 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- , tice. j Yellow pine Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 6, 000, 000 FeetB.M. , 6, 000, 000 Composition of forest in T. 29 S., R. 8 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with hasal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Lodgepole pine 99 9 Yellow pine -^ Township 30 South, Range 2 \Yest. This township is estimated from information, as it was not person- all}^ examined. Acres. Area forested and wooded _ 23 040 Total stand of timber in T. 30 S., R. 2 W., Oregon. Feet B. M. \ellowpine 45,000,000 ^^^ ^^ 60, 000, 000 Sugar pine Incense cedar • , 1^. 000, 000 '^^^^^ ^ 123, 000, 000 Township ?A) South. Ran(xK 1 AVest. This township is estimated from information, as it was not person- ally examined. Acres. Area lorested and wooded 23 040 308 FOREST RESERVES. roliil stand of timber in T. SO S., R. 1 W., Oregon. Feet B. M. Yellow pine 25, UOO, 000 Red fir 165, 000, 000 f^^^P^"^ I 10,000,000 Incense cedar J Total 200, 000, 000 Township 30 South, Range 1 P^ast. This township is mostly on the northern slopes of the Umpqua-Rogue River divide, a small portion in the northwest corner covering spurs projecting southward from the ridges betw^een the North Umpqua and South Umpqua excepted. In some places the township consists of long- steep spurs; in others, especiall}" in the southeast corner, the ridges have broad summits and easy slopes. The region contains no grazing or agricultural lands. It is more or less mineral bearing throughout most of its areas, but as yet there are no mines or prospects in process of development. This township has a large run-oil. It originates in numerous small creeks that emptv into the South Umpqua, which flows through the northwest corner of the township. The forest consists of stands of yellow-pine, red-iir, and alpine- hemlock types. The yellow-pine type occurs on ridges of low eleva- tion bordering the South Umpqua; the alpine-hemlock type on sum- mits and high slopes along the Umpqua-Rogue River divide; the ]-ed-flr tvpe in the canyons and on all of the areas situated at middle elevations. The stand of timl)er is heavy throughout, especially along the flanks of the summit of the Umpqua-Rogue River divide, notwithstanding the fact that 50 per cent of all the timber has been visited by Are. Reforestations are abundant and are chiefly composed of red fir. The mill timber is of good quality. The red-fir, noble-fir, and alpine-hemlock stands are largely composed of standards and veterans. The last two species form very heavy stands on the broad summits and spurs in the southeastern sections of the township. With the exception of the main valley of the South Umpqua, the forest is inac- cessible for logging operations. Forested and other areon in. T. SO S., A'. 1 /-;., Oreijon. Acres. Forei^ted area 23, 040 Badly 1 )urned area 2, .500 Logged area None. LEIBERc;.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 809 Tolal stand of thnher in T. SO S., /.'. 1 /•;., . 9 15, 000, 000 31, 832, 000 220, 000, 000 397, 900, 000 Compo>tUion of forest in T. 30 S., R. 1 E., Oregon, including trees of
ractice. Michigan practice. Yellow pine Sugar pine White i^ine Red fir White fir Noble fir Incense cedar Alpine hemlock . . Western hemlock Per cent. 11.2 5.6 .9 61.2 10 Feet B. M. 20, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 110, 000, 000 18, 000, 000 11.1 Total . 20, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 25, 654, 400 16, 896, 000 3, 379, 200 209, 889, 600 3, 379, 200 41, 550, 400 1, 689, 600 33, 792, 000 1, 689, 600 180, 000, 000 337, 920, 000 Composition of forest in T. 30 S., R. 2 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upivard. Per cent. Yellow pine 10 Sugar pine - 3 White pine Inconsiderable. Incense cedar Inconsiderable. Western hemlock Inconsiderable. Alpine hemlock - 13 Red fir 60 White fir 2 Noble fir 10 Alpine fir Inconsiderable. Pacific yew - Inconsiderable. Yellow cedar Inconsiderable. 312 forest eeseryes. Township 30 South, Raxgj: 3 East, The western section.s of this township are situated on the southern slopes of the Unip(|ua-Kogue River divide. The eastern areas com- prise in part the valley bottoms of the North Fork of Rogue River and in part low broad spurs projecting- westward from the main range of the Cascades, which form a sort of plateau region. The ridg'es extending from the Umpqua divide in the western por- tion of the township are steep and rock}' and inclose broad terraced creek l)ottoms at frequent intervals. The valley of the North Fork of Rogue River is a depression about '2 miles wide and (iOO to 800 feet in depth. The valley, so far as it lies in this township, has been scooped out through an immense deposit of pumice and exhibits from 4 to 6 distinct terraces. The terraces on the eastern side of the stream are generallv wider than those on the west. In the southern portions of the township the stream has in some places cut through the pumice deposit to the underlving lavji l^ed rock, causing narrows and rapids to form in the channel, which elsewhere is broad and smooth. The streams originating in the township are of small volume. They are chiefly springs which break out along the slopes of the different terraces west of the river. The springs represent a portion of the seepage coming from the slopes of the Umpqua-Rogue River divide. Although these springs discharge but a trifling amount of water, they have nevertheless succeeded in excavating deep channels through the pumice terraces between the points of issue and their entrance into the river. Some of these channels are 200 feet in depth. In time the entire pumice deposit on the west side of the river will be transported into the bed of the stream through the agency of 1 liese springs and the rivulets originating from them. There are no agricultural lands in the township. Mineral-bearing areas are known to occur in the ridges of the Umpqua-Rogue River divide. The grazing areas consist of marshy flats and fire glades bordering Rogue River. They occur in the south-central areas of the town&ihip and cover in the aggregate 500 or 600 acres. The forest consists of three types. The yellow-pine type is not well developed, and exists chiefly as scattered groups among the red-fir stands and on the lower ridges in the southwest corner of the township. Most of the heav}' forest is on the terraces in the bottoms of the North Fork. It is chiefly stands of red-fir type containing an unusually large percentage of noble fir. Most of the mill timber consists of standards and veterans averaging from 2 to tt feet in diameter with clear trunks -15 to 75 feet in length. The alpine-hemlock type occurs in the extreme eastern areas. It is of small dimensions throughout. i.EiBEKu.] CASCADE RANGK AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 313 The mountainous sections of the western tracts of the township are inaccessible for logging opei'ations. Th(> valley portions can easily be logged, but owing to obstructions in the river bed by ancient lava flows, which come to the surface near the junction with Union Creek, the North Fork can not be used for driving. Above the o})structions the channel is free, broad, and 5 to feet in depth during three or four months of the year. AVith the exception of isolated patches of forest along the lower valley terraces, the timber is lire marked throughout the entire town- shi]). The damage has been immense. Sixty per cent of the standing mill timber has been consumed, or has l)een so badly damaged within the past forty-tive years that it is unlit for commercial purposes. This involves a loss of 250 million feet B. M. in this one township. Much of the l)urned-over tracts has reforested with lodgepole pine, which in its turn has been burned of late years to the extent of 25 per cent. As a rule, reforestations are abundant on the A'alley lands, l)ut are composed of. the worthless lodgepole pine. On the slopes and highest terraces it is delicient, immenseh' dense brush growth of the vellum-leaved ceanothus almost invariably replacing the forest in such localities. Timbered and other areas in T. 30 S., R. 3 E. Acres. Forested area 19,680 Nonforested area (bare rocks and glades, 1,500; l)unu'darea, l.SHO) 3,360 Badly burned area 6, 000 Logged area - None. Total stand of timber in T. 30 S., R. 3 E. Species. Yellow pine Sugar pine "White pine Red fir White fir Xoble fir Incense cedar Western hemlock . Alpine hemlock . . . Engelmann spruce Local practice. Per cent. 5. 3 6.6 2 73.4 3.4 8 1.3 Feet B. M. 8,000,000 10, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 110, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 12, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 Total ' 150, 000, 000 Michigan practice. Feet B. .V. 9, 348, 000 11,686,000 4, 674, 000 140, 232, 000 23, 372, 000 35, 058, 000 700, 000 1, 168, 600 7, 012, 000 469, 400 233, 720, 000 314 FOREST RESERVES. Co»i]i(mtvjn offori'st in T. SO S., R. 3 E., including trees of aJl specit'f! iritli hnml diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. YelldW i)ine 5 Sugar pine 5 White pine 1 Lodgepole pine 10 Red fir 45 White fir 15 Noble fir 10 Incense cedar 1 Western hemlock 2 Alpine hemlock , 5 Engelmann spruce 1 Township 80 South, Range 4 East. The northern and central portions consist of flats and terraces stretch- ing- westward from the main range of the Cascades. Tlie}' are inter- sected by lava ridges of low relief and furrowed by canyons 300 to 400 feet in depth cut through the pumice deposit, which deeply covers the entire township. The southern sections comprise a flat tract 2 miles in width stretching across the township from east to west. The township has scarcely any run-ofl". The streams that flow through it all have their heads in adjoining townships. These streams carry large volumes of water and empty into the North Fork of Rogue River, which cuts the extreme northwest corner of the township. There are no grazing, agricultural, or mineral-bearing areas. The forest consists of stands of yellow-pine, red-fir, and alpine- hemlock types. The yellow pine is of poor quality and occurs as small, scattered groups in the western areas of the township. The red fir is composed largely of standards and veterans, generally of the same class and dimensions as those in the preceding township. Much of the alpine-hemlock t\"pe is of small dimensions, being reforestations after fires which burned 90 to 100 years ago. The heaviest stands of forest occur in the northwest sections of the township, on terraces belonging to the valley of the North Fork of Rogue River. The township is easy of access for logging operations. The streams, however, lie in too deep and narrow canyons and are too much obstructed by rocks to be utilized for driving purposes. Practically all of the forest is fire marked. One-sixth of the entire area has been burned clean of timber, save for an occasional tree, and the remainder has lost 40 per cent of its mill timber through the same cause. The southern areas have suffered the most, but no tract has been entirely exempt. Brush growths of the vellum-leaved ceanothus fol- low the fires. In a few localities lodgepole-pine reforestations are beginning to supplant the l)rush. LEiBEUG.J CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 315 Timbered (iml other areas in T. SO S., A'. 4 K., Oreijon. ^^^^^ ^ ^ , 19,740 Forested area Nonforested area (burned) ' ' '^^^ Badlv burned area Logged area. ■;, :!()0 ^oiie. Total stand of limber in T. 30 S., R. 4 E., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine Sugar pine White pine Red fir White tir Noble fir Alpine hendock. Local practice. Michigan practice. Total . Per cent. 2 .9 1 78.5 4.9 9.8 2.9 Feet B. M. 2, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 1,000,000 80, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 Fcvt B. M. 4, 309, 200 1,077,300 1,077,300 150, 822, 000 30, 164, 400 21,546,000 6, 463, 800 102, 000, 000 1 215, 460, 000 Composition of forest in T. 30 S., R. 4 E., Oregon, including trees of all species ivith basal diameters of 4 inches aud npirard. Yellow pine Sugar pine - White pine _' Lodgepole pine - -^ Eedfir - ^? White fir ■ "^ Noble fir ' ;J- ^ Alpine hemlork ~ TowKSHip 30 South, Range 5 East. This township is situated on the western slope of the Cascades. The crest of the range occupies the eastern areas. It consists of the rocky western rim of Crater Lake, which attains elevations of 8,600 feet above sea level. The crest is narrow, seldom more than 8 to 10 rods in width. On the east it breaks off hj precipices 1,200 to 2,000 feet in height to the depression holding Crater Lake. On the west the crest sinks, through a series of steep escarpments, none of great height, to a terraced region, mostly of low relief, which occupies the central and western sections of the township. The entire region, except the peaks and prominent rocky elevations and escarpments along the crest of the range, is deeply buried under a mass of line pumice. A large quantity of water Hows out of the township. It originates at the base of the crest of the range in a series of springs and marshy 31(3 . FOREST RESERVES. tracts. The .stream channels in their course westward throug'h the township deepen rapidly and soon form canyons 200 to 300 feet in depth. There are no agricultural lands in the township. Some of the vol- canic scoria, hipilli, and pumice in tlie western sections of the townsnip are said to ha^'e yielded colors of g'old; otherwise there are no mineral lands. The gruziiiu- huids consist wholl}' of tire glades. For man}" years the areas below the crest were periodicalh^ burned by sheep herders, hunters, and campers. As the reg-ion is mostly above the line of hea^'y brush g-rowths, grass and sedge came in and covered the burned-over tracts with a more or less thick sward. Neither cattle nor sheep are pastured in this township at the present time. Stands of red-tir and alpine-hendock type form the forest. The red- tir type is the principal growth in thy western areas. It is mixed with small percentages of yellow and sugar pine. The central and eastern areas are covered with stands of pure alpine-hemlock type, in which the alpine hemlock occurs as the principal component. The forest along the crest is thin. ]\luch of it exists as small groups separated l)_v bare pumice Hats or as scattered trees, in which case such areas might perhaps be more properly classed as wooded than as forested. Eleva- tions above 7,500 feet along the crest are rocky and nearly devoid of arborescent growth, stunted indviduals of the white-bark pine being almost the only denizens of such tracts. The mill timlier is of poor quality except in the western areas, where the red tir forms the principal species in the stands. It can be logged with little difficulty except such as is naturally encountered in a region of high elevation, heavy snowfalls, and severe winters. It is accessible either from the valley of the North Fork of Rogue River or from the Klamath-Crater Lake wagon road, in the southeastern sec- tions of the township. Most of the township is marked l)y tire. The stands of alpine hemlock which occur on the crest have been ))urned only here and there, owing to the surrounding nonforested pumice Hats which have acted as fire Ijreaks. Below the crest the forest has been extensively burned. The largest burns of modern date run back 35 or 40 years, but for the last 100 years the forest on the terraces west of Crater Lake has been periodically burned. This is proved Ijy the age of the lodgepole-pine stands. Reforestations of lodgepole pine follow tires at these elevations, and in the present stands of this species groups of all ages up to loo or 110 years are represented, while decaying remains of the stands Ijurned 35 or -lO years ago show trees of still higher age. In the last three or four years the region has enjoyed comparative mimunit}- from this scourge and the glades are fast refor- esting except in a few of the marshy tracts too wet for forest growth. LEIBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES Forested and other area, in T. SO S., 11. r> K, Oregon. 317 Acres. 12,860 Forested area - i i vn \ 10, 180 Nonforested area (ro.k. and lake, (5,000; 'mmed area, ^^^'^\";;;;;;;;;;;\ ,,^oO Badly burned area Xone. Logged area Total Stan d of timber in T. SO ,S' , Ji. o E., Oreyon. Species. Local practice. Yellow pine Sugar pine Red fir Noble fir Alpine hemlock Per cent. 11.1 7.8 44.4 11.1 25.5 Feel B. M. 1,000,000 700, 000 4, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 2, 300, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet Ji. -V. 1,300,000 700, 000 5, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 14, 040, 000 irith .•i-nt. 01 01 001 (lOOl ^ .• * ■ T ctn ^ R 5 E Orenon, including trees of all spectcx Coiin>n>^ition of fore.^t m. 1. SO *b., ^. o r.., ■> y-j , ^ haml diameters of 4 inches and upivard. ^.^^ Yellow pine Sugar pine White pine White-bark pine 14 Lodgepole pine - ' ' g Red fir . .T AVhite fir Ho Noble fir (35 Alpine hemlock OOOl Engelmann sprnee Township 30 South. Range East. Alost of this town.ship is occupied l.y the well-known Crater Lake ,e^ :iilted on the summit of the Cascad^. The waters oi^t^ i,,.- ulono- the eastern and southern rim ot the lake flow ho the ■Khm.tl^drainao-e. while that which rises in the west and north goes ^"i^: Riv:;. The region is rocky and precipitous, with a mean clevatio; of nearly T.OOO feet, exclusive of the depression ho^mg the lake With the exception of a few insig.nticant sprmgs h. the south- ern areas, there is no visible run-otf front the towns up. There are no agricultural, grazing, or mmeral laiuls. The forest is entirelv of the alpute-hcmlock type. Halt ot lie arl^s merely wooded; scattered trees or groups ot tvees s^trated by pumice flats and rocky combs forming the arborescent gio.th. 318 FOREST RESERVES. The mill timber is mostly confined to the northern areas of the township and is inferior in quality. A few scattered groves of alpine hemlock occur on the southern tracts. Some of the alpine hemlocks in th«\se stands are of large size, occasional individuals reaching 6 to 7 feet in diameter. There are tire marks on most of the forest in the southern part of the township. Elsewhere the stands of timber are so thin and scat- tered that fires have never succeeded in obtaining any sort of a start. Forem-d (imJ otlicr (oras in T. 30 S., li. 6 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 5, 080 Nonforested area (rocks and lake) 17, 960 Badly burned area 2, 500 Crater Lake 12, 800 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 30 S., R. 6 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Xoblefir Per cent. 33.3 Feet B. M. 1, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 3, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 440, 000 Alpine hemlock Engelmann spruce 66.7 Total 3, 000, 000 13, 440, 000 Com position of forest in T.30 S., E. G E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Lodgepole pine 2 White pine 0001 White-bark pine 2 Noble fir 5 Alpine fir 1 Alpine hemlock 95 Engelmann spruce 001 Township 30 South, Range 6i East. This township is situated on the eastern slopes of the Cascades. The western sections consist of broken, rocky tracks with a mean elevation of 7,000 feet, and contain in the southern areas Mount Scott, an extinct volcanic cone, with an elevation of 9,100 feet. The central and eastern portions comprise a mass of steep, broken ridges and spurs sloping sharply to the levels bordering Klamath Marsh at the foot of the range. The region is volcanic throughout, as is the case with the preceding townships. LEIBERG.] CASCADE EANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 319 A sniiill strip of und«^torminod width alon^' the eastern edg-e of the township lies outside the reserve boundaries. If the western boundary of the Klamath Indian Reservation, which here nearly adjoins the forest reserve, should he found to pass along- the true east line of the township, the tract now excluded ought to ])e annexed to the reserve. AVith the exception of a few small springs, the region has no visible drainage system. There are no agricultural, grazing, or mineral lands in the toA\ iiship. The forest at the lower elevations consists of yellow pine. The stand is of good quality and easy of access from all directions, except from the west. At the upper edge of the yellow-pine forest along the 5, 800-foot contour line begins the alpine-hemlock type. The stands of the type at their lower range are composed of lodgepole pi-\e; at middle altitudes alpine hemlock and noble fir form the forest; w^hile at the highest elevations the tracts are mereh' wooded with sparse, scattered growth of white-bark pine, alpine tir, and alpine hemlock. Mount Scott projects 600 or TOO feet above timber line. A great deal of the forest shows fire marks. The entire liody of ^^ePow-pine growth has been scared repeatedly. Large tires burned there the past summer. The lodgepole-pine stands at middle eleva- tions are the result of fires which burned before the advent of the white man. Reforestations are nearh' alwaj^s lodgepole pine at all elevations. Brush growths are not common. Forested and other areas in. T. 30 S., R. 6^ E., Orefjon. Acres. Forested area 21, 040 Xonforested area (bare rtjcks) 2, 000 Badly burned area 5, 000 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 30 S. , li. 6"i i'. , Oregon. Species. Local practice. Yellow pine Noble fir Alpine hemlock. White fir Total. Per cent. 72 12 16 Feet li. M. 18, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 25, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet li. M. 52, 000, 000 5, 600, 000 7, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 67, 600, 000 320 FOKEST EESEKVES. Co)iipo! Total 168, 160, 000 Township 31 South, Range 1 West. Thi.-^ township consists of portions of the Umpqua-Roo^ue River divide. It is tilled with a mass of north-south spurs, projecting- from this divide as a backbone, and is in consequence a steep and, on the whole, inaccessible region for lumbering operations. The forest is tire marked throughout, having been badly burned along the higher slopes. Mill timber is mostly confined to the canyon bottoms and the middle elevations. Much of the red tir is of small dimensions and badly tire scarred. Forested and other area.^ in T. •;/ X, R. 1 11'., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 23, 040 Badly l)urned area 8, 500 Logged area - - Xone. Total stand of timber in T. 31 S., R. 1 W., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cait. 39.3 4.2 52.3 2.6 1.5 Feel B. M. 75, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 100, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 Feel B. M. 85, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 ' 175,000,000 25, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 Sugar pine Red tir White tir Incense cedar Total 191,000,000 300, 000, 000 326 forest reserves. Township 31 South, Range 1 East. This township is situated on slopes of the Umpqua-Rogue River divide, a ridge separating the drainage basin of Rogue River from that of the South Umpqua River. The divide enters the township in the northeast corner and strikes through it in a direction a trifle south of west. The position of the township is thus partly on the northern, partly on the southern slopes of the divide. The crest of the ridge is a narrow, rocky hogback, 40 to 50 yards wide in some places, in other localities not more than 3 or 4 yards. In its course through the township it varies in altitude from 4,000 to 5,500 feet. It slopes off very sharply, both on the northern and on the southern declivities. The southern slopes, which form the central and southern areas of the township, consist of a large number of narrow, tortuous ridges, inclosing deep canyons. In general all the canyons in these portions of the township head sharply in the steep slopes of the divide, have narrow bottoms 2 to 4 rods wide, and very steep, often rocky sides. The northern declivities of the divide are similar to the south- ern, but the canyon bottoms are generally wider. The run-off of the township is large, and flows away in two direc- tions, namely, northward to South Umpqua River, southward to Rogue River bv way of Elk Creek. There are no agricultural lands in the township. The central por- tions contain a few hundred acres of grazing lands. They consist of open, park-like ridges, covered with yellow pine, where the scattered timber permits a thin growth of grass to exist. Cattle range on these tracts, but no sheep. The township adjoins known mineral-bearing areas on the east, north, and west. While, so far, no mineral deposits have been discovered here, it is very probable that prospecting will eventually disclose them on both sides of the divide. All three of the forest types which occur on the nearby slopes of the Cascades are represented in the township. The yellow-pine type is the prevailing forest at low altitudes on the southern and western slopes of the ridges. The red-fir type occupies the canyon bottoms and moist northern and eastern declivities, while the alpine-hemlock type is limited to the summit and highest slopes of the Umpqua-Rogue River divide. The 3^ellow-pine type is not abundant or well developed. Its stands are thin and scattering, and the component trees, yellow and sugar pine, are only of medium dimensions — 20 to 30 inches in basal diame- ters, 15 to 20 feet clear trunks. Occasionally, however, there occur veteran sugar pines, remnants of a very old growth, whose diameters vary from 6 to 10 feet. These giants are not ver}^ common, and almost every one of them is in a state of decay, due to sears and basal burns of modern times. The red-fir type is abundant and well developed. It occurs of three ages — veterans, standards, and young growth. The LEIBKRfi.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 827 vetovans arc mixed with sugar pine, yellow pine, and white iir. and have dimensions varying from 5 to 9 feet in diameter at the base, with dear trunks 40 to 80 feet in height. The standards occur in extensive bodies throughout the canyon bottoms. The trees average '2 to 3 feet in basal diameters, with clear trunks U) to 60 feet in length. The 3'^oung growth represents reforestations after fires which burned the forest one hundred years ago. Stands of this kind are chiefly con- fined to the northern slopes of the divide, where they appear to have replaced growths of alpine-hemlock type. The alpine-hemlock type is composed mostly of no])le fir and alpine hemlock in almost equal proportions. Previous to fires, originating since the white man's oocupancy of the region, the stands of this type were of magnificent proportions. To judge from the remains there were largo areas which carried more than 100,000 feet B. ]M. per acre. The best stands were composed of large veteran trees 2^ to 3^ feet in diameter at the base, with long columnar trunks 50 to 60 feet In the clear. Little remains now but the fire-killed trunks. Ninety per cent of the forest in the township is fire marked. Forty per cent of the standing timber has been consumed by fire within the past forty-five years, but no area has been burned completely ofl'; there is always some little timber left. Most of the burned-over areas are reforesting, principally with red fir. A few of the southern slopes are becoming brush covered, dense thickets of I'hododendron and of vellum-leaved ceanothus occupying the ground. The southern areas of the township are readily accessible to logging operations by way of the various canj'on bottoms. The central por- tions can be reached only with difficulty, while the summit and higher slopes are practically inaccessible. Forested and other arem in T. SI S. , E. 1 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 23, 040 Badly burned area 7, 000 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 31 S. , R. 1 E., 040 Logged area Total stand of timber in T. 31 S., jR. 7 E., Oregon. None. Species. Yellow pine White fir . . . Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Pec cent. 100 Fed B. .V. 40, 000, 000 Total I 40,000,000 Feet B. iV. 71, 500, 000 500, 000 72, 000, 000 21 GEOL, PT 5- -22 338 forp:st eeserves. Compnxitwn of forci^t in T. 31 S., R. 7 E., Oregon, including trees of aU species vitli Jxtsal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 24 Lodgepole pine 75 White fir Incense cedar , / Township 31 South, Range 8 East. This township is situated east of the Cascade Range. The north- western and the southeastern areas consist of low, pumice -covered levels but slightly elevated above Klamath Marsh which carry a forest of lodgepole pine, which marks the lines of comparatively recent reces- sions of the marsh. The balance of the lands in the township comprise marsh and tule lands, permanently or intermittingly covered with water derived from the Williamson River and from local drainage. The forest is composed entirely of lodgepole pine, with no mill timber at all. Forested and other areas In T. 31 S., R. S E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 5, 640 Nonforested area ( Klamath Marsh ) 17, 400 TowNSHir 31 South, Range 9 East. This township is situated east of the Cascades. It comprises in its western areas chiefly permanently water-covered tracts of Klamath Marsh; in its eastern portions low, pumice-covered lava ridges and slopes, which are intersected b}' or inclose small grassy glades. The hills and higher levels carry yellow pine, while lodgepole pine fringes the marshy areas and the small glades. Fires have run through all the forest stands in the township, badly searing much of the yellow pine. The mill timber is easy of access, is of medium quality, but contains a large percentage of dimensions below standards, 45 per cent running below 22 inches basal diameter. Forested and other areas in T. 31 8., R. 9 E., Oregon. Acre.s. Forested area 14, 740 Nonforested area (marsh and meadow ) 8, 300 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 31 S., R. 9 E., Oregon. Species. Per cent. Feet B. M. Yellow i>ine j 100 35,000,000 Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 76, 160, 000 LEiBERG] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 339 Composition of forest in T. 31 S., R. 9 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with hasal diameters of 4 inches and rtptrard. Per cent. Yellow pine 80 Lodgepolo pine 19 White lir 1 Township 31 South, RancxE 10 East. This township, situated east of the Cascade Range, consists of low, rollino- hills, volcanic in their origin, covered with a fine, light, a.shv- gray pumice detritus and furrowed by shallow gullies which occasion- ally widen into small grassy glades or flats covered with lodgepole pine. Most of the timber is tire marked, but the damage has been light. Fires have not run much in later years and the young growth of yellow pine is therefore abundant. The mill timber is mostly composed of standards and veterans with exceptionally long, clear trunks. The stand of timber in the township is as a whole a most valuable one. It is readily accessible from the valley of the Williamson River. Forested and other areas in T. 31 S., A'. 10 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 23, 040 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 31 S., R. 10 E., Oregon. species. Yellow pine Local {jfactice. Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 200, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet. B. iV. 220, 800, 000 Composition (f forest in T. SIS., R. 10 E., Oregon, including trei.^ of all species ridth hasal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 95 Lodgepole ])ine 4 White lir 1 Township 31 South, Range 11 East. This township isvsituated east of the Cascade Range. The lands in this township consist in the eastern areas of lava .slopes and ridges radiating from the Yanisaj^ Range; in the western areas partly of dry meadow lands bordering the Williamson River, and in part of low pumice-covered lava slopes bordering the west bank of the Williamson River. 340 FOEEST KESERVES. The forest is fire marked throughout; the damage has been light. Lodgepolc-pine stands fringe the meadow lands along the Williamson, yellow-pine timber covers the slopes. The mill timber is of good quality, largely composed of standards, and is readily accessible from the Williamson Riv^er bottoms. Forested and other areas in T. SI S. , R. 11 E. , Oregon. Acres. Forested area 19, 140 Nonforested area (meadows and glades) 3,900 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 31 S. , R. 11 E. , Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine White fir Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 140, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 200, 000, 000 2, 900, 000 Total 140,000,000 202, 900, 000 Composition of forest in T. 31 S. , R. 11 E. , Oregon, including trees of all species icith basal diameters of 4 inches and upivard. Per cent. Yellow^ I^ine 95 Lodgepole pine 4 White fir 1 Township 31 South, Range 12 East. This township is situated on the eastern slopes of the Yamsay Range, a pumice-covered lava region. The area was not examined per- sonally, but was estimated from information. Forested and other areas in T. 31 S., R. 12 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 15, 040 Nonforested area 8, 000 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 31 S., R. 12 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 17,000,000 Feet B. M. 25, 000, 000 G.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND KESERVES. 341 with Composition of forest in T. 31 S., R. 13 K, Oregon, mcluding trees of all speaes w basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. ^^^^ ^^^^ Yellow pine Lodgepole pine. 40 60 Township 31 South, Range 13 East. This township consists of low hills bordering Sycan Marsh on the west. It was not examined personally, but was estimated from information. Forested and other areas in T. 31 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. ^^^^^^ 11,040 Forested area - ^2 000 Nonforested area Xone. Logged area Total stand of timber in T. 31 S. , R. 13 E. , Oregon. Species. Yellow pine Local practice. Per cent. Feet B. M. 100 8,000,000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 12, 000, 000 Composition afforest in T. 31 S., R. 13 K, Oregon, including trees of all species withhasal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Yellow pine Lodgepole pine. Per cent. .... 20 .... 80 Township 31 South, Range 14 East. The lands in this township consist chiefly of areas adjoining Sycan Marsh. They were not examined personally, but were estimated from information. Forested and other areas in T. 31 S., R. U E, Oregon. ^^^^^^ 11,040 Forested area ^2 000 Nonforested area None. Logged area Total stand of timber in T. 31 S., R. 14 E., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine Local practice. Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 24, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 48, 000, 000 342 FOREST EESERVES. Composition of forest in T. 31 S., R. 14 E., Orrgon, imiuding treca of all species ivHh basal diameters of 4 incites and vpirard. Per cent. Yellow pine 10 Lodgepole pine 90 Township 32 South, Range 2 West. This township is situated on both slopes of the Umpqiia-Rog-ue River divide, which strikes through the township from west to east. It is a very rocky and broken region and ditiicult of access for lum- bering operations. It was examined in part personally and the bal- ance estimated from information. Forested and other areas in T. 32 S., R. 2 11", Oregon. Acres. Forested area 22, 440 Nonforested area (naturally nonforested) 600 Badly burned area 3, 500 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 32 S., R. 2 W., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Per cent. Feet B. M. Fed B. M. Yellowpine | 7.4 \ 10,000,000 15,000,000 Sugarpine ' 3.7 5,000,000 6,000,000 Red fir 86. 3 116, 500, 000 j 175, 000, 000 White fir 2.2 3,000,000 , 12,000,000 Incense cedar .4 500,000 i 1,000,000 Total I I 135,000,000 209,000,000 Township 32 South, Range 1 West. This township consists of a broken and rugged region sloping north and south from the Umpqua-Rogue River divide, which traverses the township in an east-west direction. It is difficult of access for lumber- ing operations. The forest is fire-marked throughout. Result of fires is brush growths on the southern slopes; reforestations of red fir on the sum- mits and north slopes of the ridges. The mill timber is of inferior quality, being largely composed of red fir, tall in growth, but of small diameters. Most of the sugar pine is made up of standards and veterans, badly burned on the lower third of the trunk. LEIBERG.] CASCADE RANG?: AND ASHLAND RESERVES. Forested a„ 000 Nonforested area (marsh and meadow) 9, 040 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 32 S., R. 9 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 50, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 98, 000, 000 Composition of forest in T. 32 S., R. 9 E., Oregon, including trees of all species vnth baml diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine - '^0 Lodgepole pine 60 Township 32 South, Range 10 East. This township is situated east of the Cascade Range, and consists of low, pumice-covered hills of volcanic origin, lying between Klamath Marsh and Williamson River. The forest is fire marked throughout. The eastern areas contain areas of grassy swales, branching out from the Williamson River bot- toms, thinly covered with scattered stands of lodgepole pine. The higher levels carry good stands of a fair quality of yellow pine, easy of access. Forested and other areas in T. 32 S., R. 10 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area ^--- -3, 040 Nonforested area (thin stands of lodgepole pine) 3,000 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 32 S., R. 10 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine .. ............ Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 120, 000, 000 Fed B. M. 154, 800, 000 LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 855 Composition of forest in T. S2 S., R. 10 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with hasal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 90 L( Kliifepole pine 10 Township 32 South, Range 11 East. This township is situated east of the Cascades, and comprises in the western and southern areas flat, pumice-covered bottom lands border- ing the Williamson River, nonforested, and producing large quan- tities of forage. The eastern portions of the township are formed of rolling, pumice-covered lava hills, radiating from the Yamsay Range, and bear stands of yellow pine, easy of access, of medium qualit}", much cut up, and intersected by stands of lodgepole pine, which are reforestations after fires. These lodgepole growths have been badl}'' burned in recent years. The yellow pine is fire marked throughout. Forested and other areas in T. 32 S., 11. 11 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 15, 340 Nonforested area (burned, 2,000; marsh and meadow, 5,700) 7,700 Badly burned area 4, 000 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 32 S., R. 11 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine ........ Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 70, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 88, 000, 000 Composition of forest in T. 32 S. , R. 11 E. , Oregon, including trees of all species imth hasal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 75 Lodgepole pine 25 Township 32 South, Range 12 East. The lands in this township comprise low, rolling, pumice-covered slopes situated on the eastern declivities of the Yamsay Range. The mill timber is exclusively j^ellow pine, fire marked throughout, easy of access from the Sycan, hence from the Sprague River Valle}-; of medium qualit}', much intersected by lodgepole-pine reforestations after fires; the lodgepole stands extensively invaded by recent fires which have utterly destroyed them in many places, giving rise to fire glades chiefi}' covered with brush. 356 FOREST RESERVES. Forested and other areas in T. 32 S., R. 12 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 23, 040 Badly burned area 5, 000 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 32 S., R. 12 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 175, 000, 000 Feet B. 31. 197, 800, 000 Composition of forest in T. 32 S. , R. 12 E. , Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 85 Lodgepole pine 14.5 White fir, etc Scattered trees. Township 32 South, Range 13 East. This township consists of low, pumice-covered lava slopes in its western areas belonging to the Yamsay Range. The central portions comprise flat or gently rolling, pumice-covered levels, while the eastern sections consist of marshy tracts belonging to Sycan Marsh. The higher levels of the Yamsay Range carry stands of j^ellow pine of medium quality; the intermediate levels bear lodgepole-pine growths which are mostly reforestations after ancient fires, but are extensively invaded by fires of modern origin. Forested and other areas in T. 32 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 14, 040 Nonf orested area ( marsh ) 9, 000 Badly burned area 2, 600 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 32 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 75, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 91, 500, 000 Composition of forest in T. 32 S., R. 13 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 35 Lodgepole pine 65 LEiBERG.] CASCADE EANGE AND ASHLAND EESERVES. 357 Township 32 South, Range l-t East. This township comprises chiefly marsh lauds belonging to the Sycan, and is situate east of the Yamsay Range. It was not personally exam- ined, but was estimated from information. Forested and other areas in T. 32 S., R. U E., Oregon. Forested area Nonforested area (marsh). Logged area Acres. 13, 040 10, 000 None. Total stand of timber in T. 32 S., R. U E., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine Local practice. Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 18, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 32, 000, 000 Composition of the forest in T. 32 S., R. U K, Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. ^^^ ^^^^ 10 Yellow pme ^q Lodgepole pine Township 33 South, Range 2 West. This township was not examined personally, but was estimated from information. Forested and other areas in T. 33 S., R. 2 W., Oregon. Forested area Nonforested area Logged area (culled) Badly burned area. . . Acres. 22, 040 1,000 3,000 6,000 Total stand of timber in T. 33 S., R. 2 TF., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine Red fir Total. Local practice. Fer cent. 11 23 Feet B. M. 20, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 26, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 40, 000, 000 11,000,000 51, 000, 000 358 FOREST RESERVES. Township 33 South, Range 1 West. This township comprises chiefly terminations of spurs coming- into the Rogue River Valley from the Umpqua-Rogue River divide. Near the Rogue River the ridges and slopes are low and rocky, with light stands of timber much mixed with many oak copses. Farther back from the river the ridges grow higher, with less oak and heavier stands of pine and fir. Along the creeks and on the benches near the river are settlements in clearings. Fires have run throughout, and 20 per cent of the timber has been culled and cut for domestic and saw- mill uses. The mill timber remaining is of medium quality. Most of the red fir is of small diameters and the yellow pine is usually short bodied. Forested and other areas in T. 33 8., R. 1 W., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 20, 240 Nonfo rested area (glades and agricultural ) 2, 800 Badly burned area - 3, 500 Logged area (culled ) 7, 000 Total stand of timber in T. 33 S., R. 1 W., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Sugar i^ne.. Red fir Per cent. 59.4 4.7 35.9 Total . Feet B. M. 38, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 23, 000, 000 64, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 60, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 47, 000, 000 110, 000, 000 Composition of forest in T. 33 S., R. 1 W., Oregon, including trees of all species with hasal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine -It) Sugar pine 4 Red fir 53 Oak, madrona, etc 6. 6 Township 33 South, Range 1 East. Rogue River runs through this township in a southwesterly direction, and the region comprises chiefly rocky and steep slopes on both sides of the river. The forest has been extensively burned in recent times, and large areas are brush covered in consequence. The mill timber is badly fire marked and is of inferior quality as a whole. LEiBEiu;.] CASCADE EANGE AND ASHLAND EESERVES. 359 Forested and other oreaa in T. 3S S., Ji. 1 E., Oreejon. Acres. Forested area IS 640 Nonforested area (agricultural and meadow, 3,000; burned, 1,400) 4,400 Badly burned area 9^ GOO Logged area (culled) 2, 500 Total stand of timber in T. 33 S., R. IE., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. ! Yellow pine Per cent. 34.1 6.8 59.1 Feet B. M. 15, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 26, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 20, 520, 000 3, 000, 000 33, 000, 000 1,500,000 500, 000 Sugar pine Eed fir White tir Incense cedar Total 44, 000, 000 58, 520, 000 Composition of forest in T. 33 S., R. IE., Oregon, including trees of all species v>ith basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 30 Bugar pine 5 Red fir 64. White fir Incense cedar Oak Madrona 5.5 ToAVNSHip 33 South, Range 2 East. The northern areas of the township consist of roek}^, bare, or sparsely timbered slopes draining southward into Rogue River. The southern portions comprise moderately high and steep slopes draining partly into Rogue River, partly into Big Butte Creek. Half of the township is fire marked, the destruction having been the greatest in the northern portion. The timber on these tracts is small and of little value. The southern sections contain heav^y bodies of red fir of large growth with intermixed patches of sugar pine, most of which are veterans. Forested and- other areas in T. 33 S. , R. 2 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 20, 540 Nonforested area (glades and agricultural ) 2, 500 Badly burned area 1, 800 Logged area 500 360 FOREST RESERVES. Total stand of timber in T. 33 S., R. 2 E., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine Sugar pine Red fir White fir Incense cedar Western hemlock Total Local practice. Per cent. 12 2.7 80.6 3.3 .4 1 Feet B. M. 18, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 121, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 500, 000 1, 500, 000 150, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 24, 000, 000 4, 600, 000 156, 000, 000 16, 000, 000 800, 000 2, 400, 000 203, 800, 000 Composition of forest in T. 33 S., R. 2 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 12 Sugar pine 2 Red fir 75 White fir 8 Incense cedar Western hemlock Yew Oak, madrona Township 33 South, Range 3 East. This township consists of a plateau region bordering the South and the Middle Fork of Rogue River and the nearly level country between these two forks, together with a broken region in the southern areas draining into the waters of Big Butte Creek. The northern and central areas bear a forest of very massive pro- portions; the southern sections carry stands which are comparatively light and much broken by grassy glades and brush growths after fires in recent times. Red fir predominates. It is largely composed of standards, with here and there a group of veterans, frequently with diameters up to 8 feet. The sugar pine occurs throughout and is chiefly composed of veteran stands. Reforestations in the southern areas show a remarkably large percentage of white pine, which, how- ever, is limby and knotty. The forest in this township is much the heaviest in all the country covered by this report, and shows to some extent the capacity of the region in the line of forest growth where reasonably free from destruc- tive fires. But heavy as is the forest it can not be considered as representing a "full}^ stocked" area. Fires burned here last summer, destroying much timber. They owed their origin to deer hunters. LEiBERG.J CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 361 To obtain a hundred or two hundred pounds of venison several mil- lions of feet of timber were destroyed. Forested and otlier areas in T. S3 S., R. 3 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 19, 840 Nonforested area ( burned, 2,500; glades, 700) 3, 200 Badly burned area 4, 200 Logged area (culled for domestic purposes) 600 Total stand of timber in T. 33 S., R. 3 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 1.7 15.6 .5 77.5 3.5 .5 .6 Feet B. M. 10, 000, 000 90, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 450, 000, 000 20, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 16, 000, 000 99, 500, 000 6, 000, 000 610, 500, 000 65, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 6, 880, 000 Sugar pine White pine Red fir White fir Incense cedar Western hemlock Total 578, 000, 000 806, 880, 000 Composition of forest in T. 33 S. , R. 3 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 2 White pine 2 Sugar pine 12 Red fir 75 White fir 10 Incense cedar 1 Western hemlock 2 Yew and madrona 5 Township 33 South, Range 4 East. This township is situated wholly on the western slope of the Cas- cades, its areas consisting almost entirely of a series of broad, flat terraces between the Middle Fork and South Fork of Rogue River. The canyons of these streams are sunk 300 or 400 feet below the terrace levels, but where the terraces end on the north side of the Middle Fork a lava rim rises to a height of 2,000 feet above the bottom of the canyon. There are no agricultural or grazing lands in the township. The run-off flows out by way of the two Rogue River forks. There are no other streams. They carry a large volume of water, have a 3(32 FOREST RESERVES. swift current, and their beds are littered with large bowlders. The South Fork is much the worse in this respect, as it heads in regions that have been subjected to intense glaciation. The forest belongs to the red-fir type. It has been terribly devas- tated })y fires of modern origin and contains but a fraction of the mill timber that it formorl}^ did. Owing to its location between the two forks of Rogue River access to it for purposes of logging is extremely difficult. ForeKted and other aretia in T. 33 S., R. 4 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 13, 140 Nonforested area (chiefly burns) 9, 900 Badly burned area 11, 000 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 33 S., R. 4 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. Feet B. M. Feet B. M. 1, 000, 000 6, 500, 000 108, 000, 000 12, 480, 000 Sugar jiine 5 95 4, 000, 000 76, 000, 000 Red fir White fir Total 80, 000, 000 127, 980, 000 Compo.ntlon of forest In T. 33 S., R. 4 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with hasal diameters of 4 inches and upioard. Per cent. Yellow pine Scattered trees. Sugar pine 5 White pine Scattered trees. Red fir 80. 8 White fir 10. 2 Incense cedar, yew, etc 4 Township 33 South, Range 5 East. Twenty thousand acres of this township are situated on the west slopes of the Cascades and about 3,000 acres on the eastern declivities. The crest line of the range lies along the east line of the township, except in the northeast and southeast corners, where a slight deviation to the west places portions of the township on the eastern slopes of the range. The western and central areas consist of rocky and precipitous tracts. Especially noteworthy in this respect is the canyon of the Middle Fork of Rogue River. This stream heads in the south-central areas, with three main branches. The northern one lies in a broad LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 363 shallow canyon not particularly remarkable, but the south(U'n branch runs in a canyon that has for its west or southwest wall a l)lufi' of lava ncarl}'' 2,000 feet in thickness or height. This great mass appears to have issued from two of the craters belonging to the group of five mentioned as occurring in T. 3i S., R. 5 E. The wall of lava presents an immense front to the east, its slopes are extremel}^ steep and rocky and sparsel}' covered with timber. The opposite or eastern side of the canyon, the course of the stream being northerly in this township, consists of broken terraces and spurs having a moderately easy gradi- ent to the summit of the range. In the northwest corner of the town- ship the stream bends abruptl}' to the west. The north wall of the canyon is here formed by the front of a mass of lava projected south- ward from the volcanic area around Union Peak 10 or 13 miles to the north. The front of this lava flow has a thickness from the bottom of the canyon to its summit of nearly 2,800 feet. The eastern portions of the township are formed by the summit of the Cascades. In the southern sections the summit consists of a steep, narrow ridge of lava which ends in the central sections, where the crest is either a succession of narrow lava terraces or a level expanse, in some places full}" a mile in width. In the southern portions of the township begins the pumice deposit, which from now on northward covers most of the summit and higher slopes of the range. The run-off from this township is large. It is probably greater in volume than all the visible drainage from the twelve townships in the reserve south of this one. The outflow is all by way of the Middle Fork of Rogue River. Two of the chief afiluents of the fork head directly against the crest of the Cascades. The southern of the two branches has its head in a number of small lakes which are sunk in the hollows of various extinct craters. The northern branch origi- nates in a series of springs, hundreds in number, many of them with a large volume of water. They issue from cracks in a towering bluff of lava, and form a good -sized river in the space of a quarter mile. In addition to these chief branches there are many smaller creeks in the township which feed the volume of the Middle Fork. No land fit for agriculture exists in the township nor anything that can properly be classed as grazing lands. Some of the fire glades bear scant growth of grass, and sedgy margins border many of the little creeks near the sunmiit of the range. No cattle or sheep are pastured in the township. None of the areas are mineral l)caring. The forest is strictl}'- of the alpine-hemlock type. It has been badly burned and is fire marked throughout. More than half of it is burned to the extent of 50 per cent and over and 25 per cent has been totalh" destroyed. I doubt if there is a tract of forest as large as 1(»() acres not fire marked. Reforestation is extremely scanty. Where the forest has not been completely destroyed a thin, sparse growth of lodgepole 364 FOREST KESERVES. pine and alpine hemlock is struggling to maintain itself against heavy snows and winds. Where the timber has suffered total destruction low brush growths are covering the ground. The most prominent and abundant species of brush in these growths is the thin-leaved huckle- berry — the common huckleberry of all this region. About 2,500 or 3,000 acres of the township have been transformed from forest into a huckleberry patch. The mill timber is generally of small stature and diameter. An exception is the alpine hemlock in the canyon of the North Branch of the Middle Fork. The growth is remarkably large, but is overmature and in a state of deca^'. Much of the stand is from 80 to 100 feet in height, 2 to 3 feet in diameter at the base, with clear trunks 30 to 60 feet long. Throughout all of its parts the township is entirely inac- cessible for logging operations. Forested and other areas in T. 33 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 16, 540 Nonforested area (bare rocks 700; burned 5,800) 6, 500 Badly burned area 9, 500 Logged area None. TrAal stand of timber in T. 33 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Alpine hemlock Per cent. 84.4 13 2.6 Feet B. M. 65, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 Feet B. 31. 108, 000, 000 14, 300, 000 2, 000, 000 Noble fir Engelniann spruce Total 77, 000, 000 124, 300, 000 Composition of forest in T. 33 S., R. 5 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with ba^al diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Alpine hemlock 85 Noble fir 12 Lodgepole pine 1 Alpine fir I 3 Engelniann spruce Township 33 South, Range 6 East. This township lies almost entirely on the eastern slope of the Cas- cades, a small area in the western sections, which are situated on the summit of the range, overlapping on the western slope. The summit of the Cascades here consists of a broad pumice-covered tract, quite level in some places, in other localities intersected with low combs of LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 365 lava sloping off toward the eastern foot of the range in a succession of narrow terraces. Dotting the summit here and there are a number of small, flat-topped volcanic cones long extinct, but geologically of recent origin. With the exception of steep breaks of the terraces and ridges along the summit the region is deeply covered with a mantle of pumice debris. The central portions of the township con- sist in part of terraced lava flows from the main range, and in part of great spurs of volcanic rock ejected from vents along the slopes of the range. The eastern portions comprise flat, muddy, and partly overflowed lands bordering the swampy areas which fringe the north end of Upper Klamath Lake. The run-off from the township is mostly carried by Sevenmile Creek, a stream heading exactly on the summit of the Cascades in a low, broad, flat saddle to the northwest of Klamath Point. Its head lies close up against the headwaters of the middle of the three branches of the Middle Fork of Rogue River. The topographical arrangement of the region is such that it would be an easy matter to cause a con- siderable volume of the water now going into the Middle Fork to flow into the canyon of the Sevenmile, and a cut 50 or 75 feet in depth through the pumice crest of the range would divert most of the upper drainage of this branch of the Middle Fork over to the eastern slope. None of the streams in the township is utilized for irrigation purposes. About 1,000 acres in the northeast sections of the township can be put to grazing and agricultural use. Most of this tract is covered with lodgepole pine, and portions are periodically subject to overflow from Sevenmile Creek, This area is already occupied by settlers. Outside of this there are no grazing or agricultural lands in the township. All three of the forest types belonging to the region are repre- sented. The yellow-pine type is the prevailing one at the lowest and middle elevations. The red-fir type occurs as small stands interspersed among the yellow pine. At all the higher altitudes alpine hemlock is the prevailing forest type. Fires have marked the entire forested area in the township, and have swept clean of living timber large tracts. At high elevations there is a slow reforestation process setting in, with lodgepole pine as the leading component. At middle and low elevations brush growths are in the ascendanc}^ on the burned-over tracts. The mill timber is of poor qualit}^ throughout. Most of it is inac- cessible for logging operations. Forested mid other areas in T. 33 S., R. 6 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 12, 940 Nonforested area (chiefly the result of fires) 10, 100 Badly burned area 8, 000 Logged area None. 366 FOKEST RESERVES. Total stand of timber in T. SS S., R. 6 E., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine Sugar pine White pine Red fir White fir.. Noble fir Alpine hemlock Engehnann spruce Local practice. Per cent. 14.8 11.1 -7.4 Total. 11.1 55.5 Feet. B. M. 4, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 27, 000, 000 Micliigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 8, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 23, 000, 000 400, 000 52, 400, 000 Composition afforest in T. 33 S., R. 6 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 3 Sugar pine - - 1 White pine 8 Lodgepole pine 30 Red fir 1 White fir 15 Noble fir 10 Alpine fir 03 Alpine hemlock 39 Engelmann spruce 1 Township 33 South, Range 7i East. This township is situated east of the Cascade main range. The east- ern areas of the township consist of a level or slightly rolling lava plateau elevated 600 or 700 feet above the level of the nearby Upper Klamath Lake. This tract bears a moderately heavy stand of fair quality yellow pine. The western and central portions of the township comprise level, marshy, or lodgepole-pine covered tracts, carrying stands of yellow pine where they join the plateau sections in the eastern areas, with the mill timber long since cut away and used in the building of Fort Klamath. Forested and other areas in T. 33 S., R. 7\ E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area ^» 040 Nonforested area ( meadow, marsh, and agricultural ) 14, 000 Logged area (culled 95 per cent) !> 000 LEiBERG] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND KESERVES. 367 Total xtand < if timber in T. 33 ,S., ]{. 7^ E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 80 20 Feet B. .M. 20, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 Fed B. .ir. 29, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 100, 000 7, 450, 000 850, 000 Sugar pine. — Red fir White fir Incense cedar Total 25, 000, 000 42, 400, 000 Composition of forest in T. 33 S., R. 7^ E., Oregon, including trees of all species u-ith basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 34 Sugar pine 1.2 Lodgepole pine 60 Red fir Scattered trees in the eastern areas. White fir - 4.6 Incense cedar 2 Township 33 South, Range 7 East. The western and central areas of this township consist of a level or, in a few places, broken lava plateau lying between the Williamson River and the marshes at the north end of Upper Klamath Lake. The eastern portions of the township comprise the canyon-like valley of the Williamson River, with small tracts of the uplands east thereof. The areas west of the Williamson River carry most of the mill tim- ber. It is principall}' composed of open 3'ellow-pine stands, of fair quality and easily logged. The eastern areas are much less timbered. The forest is thin and is broken by numerous grassy glades along the Williamson River. It is fringed with thin stands of lodgepole pine. The forest is tire marked throughout. Young growth is scant}-, and there is but little underbrush in the forest. The so]l is a fine pumice detritus. F(jrested and other ureas in T. 33 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 21, 440 Nonf ©rested area (meadow, glade, and rocks) 1, 600 Badly burned area 2, 000 Logged area iS'oue 368 FOREST RESERVES. Total aUirifl of timher in T. 33 S., li. 7 E., fjrejjcm. Species. Yellow pine . . Sugar pine "White fir Incense cedar . Local practice. Per cent. 98.9 1.1 180, fXX), fXK) 2, rxxj, wo Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. if. 197, 820, 000 2, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 5VJ, 000 Total 182,000,000 204, 320, 000 Cf/mposiiivn of f'/rcM in T. 33 ,S., R. 7 E., Oregrm, indvAing trees of fill sped&s vMh hrmal dMrneteTH of 4 incheH and vfyirfird. Per cent. Yellow pine 75 Sugar pine 1 Lodgex'ole fiine 20 White fir 2 Incense cedar Cottonwood, etc Township 33 South. Range 8 East. / 2 This t E., Orfjon. Acres. Forested area lO, 940 Nonforested area (grassy glades with s(;attered trees of lodgepole pine) 1), 100 Logged area None. Jotat .stand of tnnher in T. .i.i S., R. !> K., (frci/on. Species. Local practice. Per cent. Fret li. M. 100 50, 000, 000 Michigan prai- tice. Yellow pine Feet B. M. 101,800,000 Conipoaition of fored in T. 38 S., 11. 9 K., Oregon, iii.rhiding Irri'.s of
-covered slopes and ridges having a general rise toward the south wherc^ the}^ form, in part, the divide between the? Williamson and the S])i-ague rivers. The forest is fire marked throughout. It consists of stands of yellow pine of fair (juality, above medium density, moderately easy of access from the Williamson Valley side. It is mixed with stands of lodgepole pine and along the crestsof the ridges with a thin sprinkling of white fir. Foreatcd and oilier area.s in T. .li S., II. in JJ., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 22, 840 Nonforested area (glaowlder strewn. The bottom of the canyon is littered with glacial debris, such as lava blocks torn off the inclosing can von walls or transported from the base of Mount 1 itt. I hero arc also gravel terraces, which mark the former existence of lateral and terminal moraines. . At •. u,. The drainao-e of the township flows into Rogue River, most of it by wav of the South Fork of this stream, only an inconsiderable quantity by way of North Fork of Big Butte Creek. The volume of water in the Roo-ue River Fork is small until near its point of exit from the townshrp, where it is greatly augmented by the entrance of a large tributary from the east and by the quantity received from numerous bio- springs issuing from under the lava. The township contains no agricultural land. The grazing areas con- sist of lire glades in the western portions-slopes which were burned over thirtv or f ortv years ago and have neither become reforested nor ™wn up to brush, but are covered with a scanty sward of coarse Srass or sedge. Cattle in small numbers range on these fire glades. No sheep are pastured in the township. None of the lands are min- eral bearing so far as known. , , ■, • . The forest in the township consists mainly of stands belonging to the alpine-hemlock tvpe. Small tracts bearing stands of red-hr type occur in the southwest corner. Most of the timber is ot small size, averao-ing less than IS inches in basal diameter, and is defective from various forms of rot due to severe and often recurring fires Forest fires have ravaged large areas of the township. The larger portions of the central regions have been utterly laid waste through this cause, the burns being northward extensions of the great fire- swept areas in township 35 adjoining on the south. On slopes facing- west brush growths are covering the burned-over land with almost impenetrable thickets of chaparral. On eastern dechvities leading into the South Fork of Rogue River Canyon are large tracts on which neither tree nor brush has as yet obtained a lodgment, nothing but a scant growth of weeds marking the site of the burned forest. Forested and other areas in T. 34 S., R. 4 E., Oregon. ^^^^^ 15,340 Forested area - -:qq Nonforested area (chiefly burned clean \ - ^ ^_^ Badly burned area None. Logged area 378 FOKEST RESEEVES. Toinl Mand of timber In T. S4 S., R. 4 K, Oregon. Species. Yellow pine Red fir White fir Noble fir Alpine hemlock . . . Engelmann spruce Total Local practice. Per cent. 4.9 13.1 32.8 32. 8 16.4 Feet B. M. 3, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 Micliigan prac- tice. 20, 000, 000 20, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 61, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 6, 500, 000 13, 000, 000 2, 800, 000 25, 000, 000 40, 000, 000 21, 000, 000 108, 300, 000 Composition of forest in T. 34 S., R. 4 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 3 Sugar pine Scattered trees. White pine Scattered trees. Lodgepole pine - 10 Red fir - 4 White fir 2 Noble fir 20 Alpine fi?" - 1 Alpine hemlock 40 Engelmann spruce - 20 Township 34 South, Range 5 East. The lines of this township include areas situated on both sides of the crest of the main range of the Cascades. The summit of the range strikes through the central sections, almost in a straight north-south line. The crest of the range in this township consists of an old lava flow about three-fourths of a mile in width which appears to have come from a group of now extinct craters situated near the northern boundary. This lava stream shows marks of past glaciation; it is thinly covered with soil and in some places is extremely rough with loose blocks and bowlder accumulations. The western sections of the township consist of rough, rocky slopes descending into the canyon of the South Fork of Rogue River. A glaciated lava plateau abounding in low, intersecting morainic ridges of rough lava blocks comprises the southern portion of the eastern sections. Scattered over the surface of the plateau are scores of lakelets sunk in shallow depressions or held between ridges of glacial origin. Most of these lakelets have no visible outlet. The northern portion of the eastern areas of the township consists, in part, of the upper portion of Cherry Creek Canyon, a drainage channel largely owing its existence to glacial erosion, its bottom sunk a thousand feet below the level of the plateau LEiBEKG] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 379 through which it lius been cut. and opening into the niar.sliy iirous of Uppcn- Kliunuth I^ak(\ The rouiainder of the township comprises rough lava tields tmd higli ridges which represent the remains of crater rims and interiors of a huge group of extinct volcanic vents. The group of craters here referred to, situated in the north-centi'al por- tions of the township, forms one of the most interesting and rernark- a])]e of all the volcanic centers in this part of the Cascade Range, Originally it consisted of five craters grouped around a nucleus of very ancient lava which undoubtedly was ejected from still older craters. The diameters of the entire system were 3 miles north and south by 5 miles east and Avest, and the mountain around which the craters are grouped, now appearing as a narrow, jagged, sharp-crested ridge, rises to a height of about 7,200 feet above sea level. Most of the rims of the craters have long since been blown away by volcanic eruptions or cut out by glaciers which appear to have tilled the craters to a depth of 1,000 or 1,500 feet. When these volcanoes were active they ejected vast streams of lava on all sides. Two of these streams, one south, the other northeast of the group, now constitute the crest of the Cascades in this locality. The run-off from the township in part flows into Rogue River by wa}^ of its South Fork, in part empties into Upper Klamath Lake through Cherry Creek. Apparenth^ less of the precipitation sinks and more runs away as visible drainage than is the case in the town- ship south, for both of the streams mentioned carry a large volume of water in their courses through the township. Most of the water in Cherry Creek is derived from two large creeks heading in the glaci- ated plateau area to which allusion has previoush' been made. These creeks probably are fed by leakage from the many lakes which dot the plateau surface. Numerous lakelets and ]3ools are found among the group of five craters. Some of them are situated in depressions in the ancient vents, others are perched high up in little niches or on narrow benches and terraces which have been excavated in the precip- itous walls of the clitt's T)y glacial agencies. The upper portion of Cherry Creek Canyon discloses in great perfection evidences which prove the former existence of moving masses of ice in this valle}". They consist of numerous narrow ledges of rock, having their long- axis parallel with the direction of the canyon. In some localities these ridges of rock have been smoothly polished by the moving ice masses; in other places they are deeply scored by long, straight groves from west to east, proving that the ice slid toward the basin now covered with Upper Klamath Lake. There are no agricultural or grazing lands in the township. The forest belongs to the alpine-hemlock type. Fires have every- where ravaged it. The upper portion of the Cherry Creek drainage basin and the areas adjacent to the base of the group of extinct volca- noes previously mentioned have been burned very near clean of their 380 FOREST RESERVES. forest cover. Most of the standing timber is of small size, being chiefl}^ reforestations after fires which denuded the region a decade or two anterior to the advent of the white man. A large proportion is lodgepole pin(\ kSome consists of small scraggy alpine h(niilock and white pine. The mill timber is of poor quality throughout. The soil is too thin to grow big timber and the numerous fires which have devastated the region have badly damaged what they have not consumed. More than To per cent of the stands are composed of trees with basal diame- ters below 18 inches. The region is generally inaccessible for logging operations. The only areas that can be reached are the Cherry Creek bottoms along the eastern edge of the township, but the tract does not carr}' enough timber to pay the cost of constructing roads to reach it. At the present time no mineral bearing areas are known in the township, but it is not unlikely that ground of this kind may be dis- covered in the region adjoining the group of ancient volcanoes. Lavas of the kind found in that localit}^ have elsewhere been known to carry gold. The areal and timber estimates for the township are as follows: Forested and other areas in T. 34 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 19, 140 Nonforested area (bare rocks 2,000, burned 1,900) 3, 900 Badly burned area 8, 500 Logged area None. Total stand of timber In T. 34 S., H. 5 E., Orei/on. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Nolile fir Per cent. 41.6 50 8.4 Feet B. M. 5, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 Feet B. .V. 10, 000, 000 1 7. 000 000 Alpine hemlock Engelmann spruce 1,000,000 4,280,000 Total 12, 000, 000 .31 . 280. 000 Composition, of forest in. T. 34 >S., R. 5 E., Oregon, including trees of all sjjecies ivith basal diameters of 4 inches and upirard. Per cent. Lodgepole pine 70 Noble fir 10 Alpine fir 3 Englemann spruce ] Yew 2 White pine J Alpine hemlock 15 leiberg.] cascade range and ashland reserves. 381 Township 34 South, Range East. The region comprised within the limits of this township is situated on the eastern slope of the Cascades. Most of it is a rocky, barren, desolate tract of country. The western and central portions of the township consist of broad, glaciated terraces of lava Hanking the main crest of the Cascades. Along the eastern edge of this terraced region, where it breaks off to the slopes which lead down to the levels at the foot of the range, are ranges of broken, irregular combs and hills, perhaps the remains of ancient crater rims. The eastern sections comprise a narrow, level, bowlder-strewn terrace, at the foot of the range and a strip of marsh}^ meadow fi-i nging tapper Klamath Lake. The region is drained l)y Threemile and Cherry creeks; of the latter only the lower portion lies within the lines of this township. There also are a few insigniticant rivulets and small springs. Cherry Creek carries a large volume of water during spring and early summer, but later diminishes very much in size; Threemile Creek is a stream of trifling proportions. The waters of both creeks are utilized for irri- gation purposes in a small way b}^ ranchers in the vicinit)^ It is self-evident that most of the rain water falling on the areas of this township sinks in crevices of the lava and is lost, for Cherry Creek, the largest stream in the township, gets most of its water from the next township west and .south, and the outflow in other localities is trifling in amount. There are a few hundred acres of land that by a stretch of imagina- tion can be classed as agricultural. It is all contained in the narrow bowlder terrace at the foot of the range. There are no grazing lands in the mountain areas. The lava ridges and terraces in those portions of the township are mostly too barren and rocky to sustain even a grass or sedge growth. The forest consists of stands of red-fir and of yellow-pine types at low elevations, while at high altitudes and in the wet and swamp}' bot- toms of Middle Cherry Creek the alpine-hemlock type is the prevail- ing one. The yellow pine is of fair quality and is onh' moderately difficult of access. The greatest quantity and the largest dimensions occur at the mouth of Cherry Creek. ]\Iost of the really valuable mill timber in the township exists in the bottoms and on the slopes adjacent to that stream. In some places where the bottoms are swampy there are heavy stands of Engeimann spruce averaging 90 to 110 feet in height, with diameters 3 to -1 feet, 2 feet from the ground, and clear trunks from -10 to 00 feet in length. Mixed with the spruce are num- bers of veteran red firs of large size; some were seen with diameters of T feet. In the western portions of the township most of the forest is of small dimensions and is chiefl}' composed of lodgepole pine, alpine hemlock, and noble tii'. 382 FOREST EESERVES. Fire has marked the forest in all portions of the township. The damage due to this cause has been especially severe and extensive in the western areas, where most of the destruction has been done since the white man's occupancy of the country. In late 3'ears big fires in Cherry Creek Canyon have destroyed 30 per cent of the onl}^ really valuable mill timber in the township. About midwaj^ up that can3'on arc large salt or alkali licks that have from time immemorial been the gathering place for all the deer in the surrounding country. A good many hunting parties also come here to sla}' the deer at the licks; fires are the inevitable result. Reforestations of the burned-over areas are few and thin. Most of the young forest outside the yellow-pine areas consists of lodgepole pine. Where the 3'ellow-pine stands have been destroyed heavy brush growths of the vellum-leaved ceanothus have followed. On a few of the higher elevations facing east and south the forest has been replaced with a thin sward of grass. In the burns which have occurred in the alpine-hemlock type large tracts are entirely bare of vegetation. No mineral-bearing areas are known in the township. Forested and other areas in T. 34 S., E. 6 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 13, 440 Nonforested area (marsh and rocks, 6,000; burned, 3,600) 9, 600 Badly burned area 4, 000 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 34 S., R. 6 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. — 1 Micliigan prac- tice. Yellow i^ine Per cent. 20 2 10 16 34 6 12 FeH B. M. 10, 000, 000 1,000,000 5, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 17, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 20, 000, 000 1, 540, 000 8, 500, 000 38, 000, 000 25, 000, 000 9, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 White pine Red fir White fir Noble fir Alpine hemlock. . . Engelmann spruce Total 50, 000, 000 110, 040, 000 LEiBERG.] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 383 Composition afforest in T. S4 S., R. 6 E., Oregon, iucludiruj trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and npirard. I'tT i-ent. Yellow pine - 20 White pine \ Lodgepole i)ine \ Red fir 8 Noble fir 25 White fir 30 Alpine hemlock 10 Engelmann spruce - - - 5 Township 34 South, Range Ti East. This township consists chiefly of wet, swampy, and overflowed lands adjoining Upper Klamath Lake, with small areas of higher land in the eastern portions, which bear thin stands of yellow pine of little com- mercial value. Lodgepole pine fringes all the marshy tracts, with here and there willow and poplar groves. Forested and other areas in T. 34 S., R. 7\ E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 1, 200 Nonforested area (marsh and lake) 21 , 840 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 34 S., R. 7 J E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. Feet B. M. Feet B. M. 3, 600, 000 Composition of forest in T. 34 S., R. 7^ E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 30 Lodgepole pine 70 Township o4 South, Range 7 East. This township consists of a lava plateau situated between Upper Klamath Lake and Williamson River, with portions of a similar plateau east of the Williamson in the eastern sections of the township. The forest is tire marked throughout. The fire glades in the eastern areas are covered with brush or lodgepole pine. In the western por- tions they are reforesting with yellow pine. The mill timber is of medium quality, being knott}' in the log, although clear in exterior appearance. It is easy of access. The southern areas of the township have practically been logged clean for Indian uses at and around Klamath Agency. The northern portions still carr}^ considerable timber. 384 FOREST RESERVES. ForeMed and otlier areas in T. 34 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 17, 280 Nonforested area ( inarsh and lake) 5, 760 Badly burned area 1, 000 Logged area ( 95 per cent) 5, 000 Tutcd staiul of timber in T. 34 >S., R. 7 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Sugar pine White fir Per cent. 92.1 7.9 Feet B. M. 35, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 48, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 240, 000 Incense cedar Total 38, 000, 000 53, 240, 000 Composition afforest in T. 34 S., R. 7 E., Oregon, including trees of all species ivith hasal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 95 Sugar pine 1.8 White fir 3 Incense cedar, etc 2 Township 34 South, Range 8 East. This township comprises rocky, flat lava tracts in the northern and central portions, with low ridg-es of volcanic origin in the southern areas. The forest is lire marked throughout. The central portions are thinly forested or are bare of timber growth owing to their semiarid conditions. The mill timber is of inferior qualit}^ throug-hout. Forested and other areas in T. 34 S., R. 8 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 12, 160 Nonforested area (semiarid grazing land) 10, 880 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 34 S., R. 8 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 95.6 4.4 Feet B. M. 15,000 000 Feet B. M. 9.S 400 000 Sugar pine 700 000 700 000 White fir 1, 300, 000 Total 15 700 000 -^0 400 nnn 1 LEiBERG.] CASCADE KANGE AT^D ASHLAND EESEEVES. 385 Composition afforest in T. 34 S., R. 8 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 85 Lodgepole pine 14 Sugar pine i White fir / ^ Township 34 South, Range 9 East. The central and southwestern areas of this township consist of a nearly level, seuiiarid lava plateau, bordering portions of the Sprague River throughout. With the exception of scattered trees of yellow pine, the tracts are devoid of forest. The northern and eastern sections of the township comprise low ridges and hills, and bear thin stands of yellow pine of inferior qualit3\ Forested and other areas in T. 34 S. , R. '9 E. , Oregon. Acres. Forested area 1 2, 800 Nonforested area (meadow, agricultural, and semiarid) 10, 240 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 34 >S. , R. 9 E., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine Local practice. Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 12, 000, 000 Micliigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 30, 000, 000 Composition of forest in T. 34 S., R. 9 E., Oregon, including trees of all species vuth basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 98 Lodgepole pine 2 Township 34 South, Range 10 East. This township consists of rocky lava slopes of the divide between the Williamson and the Sprague rivers. The forest is open, and the growth is thin and mostly of small dimen- sions, except in the extreme northern areas, where heavj^ stands of 3'ellow pine of fair quality occur. Forested and other areas in T. 34 S., R. 10 E., Oregon. , Acres. Forested area 28, 040 Logged area. None. 21 GEOL, PT 5 25 386 FOREST EESERVES. Total Maud of timber in T. 34 S., R. 10 E., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine Local practice. Per cent. 100 Feet B. 31. 38, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. .1/. 70, 000, 000 Composition of forest in T. 34 S., R. 10 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 98 Ix)dgepole pine 2 Township ?A South, Range 11 East. The southwestern areas of this township are covered with an open growth of j^ellow pine, and consist mostly of rocky hillsides. The southeastern sections are formed of a comparatively flat, rock}^, lava plateau bordering Sycan River, and are nearl}^ devoid of timber. The northern areas comprise slopes of Fuego Mountain, and are covered with medium dense stands of yellow pine of fair quality, but difficult of access. The j^ellow pine is fire marked throughout, and is mixed with stands of lodgepole pine and scattered trees of white fir. Forested and oilier areas in T. 34 S. , R. 11 E. , Oregon. Acres. Forested area 15, 040 Nonforested area (grazing and semiarid) 8, 000 Badly burned area 2, 100 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 34 S., R. 11 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 48, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 77, 300, 000 1, 700, 000 AVhite fir Total 48, 000, 000 79, 000, 000 Composition of forest in T. 34 S., R. 11 E., Oregon, including trees of all species ivith basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 90 Lodgepole pine 9 White fir 1 LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND EESEKVES. 387 Township 34 South, Range 12 East. This township consists of rocky lava slopes on the western declivities of a range of hills known as the Black Hills. Fires have run throughout the township. The timber is chietly made up of stands of yellow pine of medium density and quality, difficult of access, and interspersed with scattered trees of sugar pine, white fir, small incense cedar, and thin stands of lodgepole pine. Forested and other areas in T. 34 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. ^^^^^ „ , , „ 13,840 Forested area ' Nonforested area (grazing and semiarid, 8,000; burned, 1,200) J, -00 Badly burned area ' ' T J rs one. Logged area Total stand of timber in T. 34 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine . . Sugar pine White fir Incense cedar . Local practice. Per cent. 99 1 Total Feet B. M. 75, 000, 000 700, 000 75, 700, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 94, 000, 000 700, 000 1,200,000 100, 000 96, 000, 000 Composition of forest in T. 34 S., E. 12 E., Oregon, including trees of all speeies with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Yellow pine Sugar pine Lodgepole pine. White fir Per cent. ...85 14 Incense cedar. .. Western juniper Township 34 South, Range 13 East. Scattered trees. Scattered trees. This township consists of a rolling, hilly region of little elevation above the near-by Sprague River Valley, formed by the eastward extending spurs of the Black Hills. The forest is everywhere fire marked; the greatest damage has been done on the immediate eastern slopes of the Black Hills, where in many localities the timber has been totally destroyed and brush growths have taken its place. The mill timber forms good stands, excellent in quality, and readily accessible from the Sprague River Valley. 388 FOREST RESEEVES. Forested and other areas in T. 34 S., B. IS E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 23, 040 Badly burned area 1, 200 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 34 S., E. 13 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 93.7 2.1 3.6 .6 Feet B. 31. 130, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 800, 000 Feet B. .1/. 147, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 17, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 Sugar pine "VVTiite fir Incense cedar Total 138, 800, 000 168, 000, 000 Composition of forest in T. 34 S., R. 13 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and uprvard. Per cent. Yellow pine 85 Sugar pine 25 Lodgepole pine 5 White fir 9 Incense cedar 75 Township 34 South, Range 14 East. This township was not examined personally, but was estimated from information. Forested and other areas in T. 34 S., R. 14 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 15, 040 Nonforested area 8, 000 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 34 S., R. 14 E., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine . . Sugar pine White fir Incense cedar. Total... Local practice. Per cent. 83.3 5 10 1.6 Feet B. M. 25, 000, 000 1, 500, 000 3, 000, 000 500, 000 30, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 40, 000, 000 1, 500, 000 8, 000, 000 500, 000 50, 000, 000 LEiBERG] CASCADE KANGE AT^D ASHLAND EESERVES. TowKsiiii' 35 South, Range 2 West. 389 This township consists of low ridges with open, rolling valleys between, mostly devoid of forest and covered with thick growths of chaparral {CecmotJms cunmtus) where not under cultivation. The forested areas carry thin stands and lines of yellow pine, with scattered trees of red fir and numerous copses of low-growing oaks. The hilly portions were formerly more heavily wooded, but have been swept by tiros and transformed into chaparral-covered slopes. Forrsird Yellow pine Eed fir Local practice. Per cent. Feet B. M. Michigan prac- tice. Fed B. y[. ] , fiOO, 000 700, 000 Total. L 2, 300, 000 Composition of forest in T. 35 S., R. 2 TF., Oregon, including trees of all species with hasil diameters of 4 inches and upward. Yellow pine Red fir Pur cent. 8 ill. 8 Oak, Cottonwood, etc --- --- • TowNSHir 85 South, Range 1 West. This township consists of low ridges and semiarid flats, mostly drain- ing into Reese Creek, a tributary of Rogue River. The forest is principally scattered oak copses, with small areas of well-culled vellow pine and red fir in the eastern sections. The mill timber is small and unimportant. Forested and other areas in T. 35 S., R. 1 W., Oregon. Acres. 5, 000 Forested area Nonforested area (meadow, agricultural, and grazing) 18, 040 Badly burned area ^^ Logged area (culled) - 390 FOEEST RESERVES. Total stand of timber in T. 35 S., R. 1 W., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine Red fir Total. Local jjractice. Feet B. ,V. Micliigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 3, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 Compos'ilion of forest in T. 35 S., R. 1 W., Oregrm, including trees of all species viih basal diameters of 4 inches and upvxird. Yellow pine.. Red fir Oak Township 35 South, Range 1 East. 98 This township consists of slopes draining- west into Rogue River and east into Big Butte Creek. The western slopes are terraced, rock}^ benches, thinly forested. The eastern portions of the township slope gradually into Big Butte Valley, and are covered with nioderate stands of yellow pine and red fir of inferior quality along the upper levels. The forest is everywhere fire marked. Forested and other areas in T. 35 S., R. IE., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 10,240 Nonforested area (agricultural and grazing, 11,000; burned, 1,800) 12,800 Badly burned area 1,500 Logged area 4,800 Total .^tand (f timber in T. 35 S., R. 1 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 72.7 27.3 Feet B. M. 8, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 Feet B. 21. 14, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 Red fir White fir Total 11,000,000 24, 000, 000 Composition of forest in T. 35 S., R. IE., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 50 Sugar pine Scattered trees. Red fir 30 White fir 5 Incense cedar Scattered trees. Oak 15 LEIBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 391 Township 85 South, Range 2 East, This township comprises a mass of steep and broken ridges, situ- ated between the North Fork of Little Butte and the South Fork of Big" Butte creeks. The central and southeastern areas contain the best and heaviest mill timber. It is of fair qualitj' and easy of access. A large proportion of the township is settled and much of the forest has either been cleared away for agricultural purposes or logged for sawmill and domestic uses. The sugar pine has suffered severely from the shake makers. Millions of feet have been cut down and, proving difficult to split, have been allowed to lie where the}^ fell unused. Fires have marked the forest everywhere in the township. Forested and other areas in T. So S., li. 3 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 19,840 Nonforested area (agricultural and tj;razing) 3,200 Badly bui-iied area : 4, 700 Logged area (culled) 11,000 Total stand of timher in T. S3 S., It. 2 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 21.5 3.2 75. 3 Feet B. M. 20, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 70, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 28, 000, 000 4, 500, 000 98, 000, 000 11,000,000 3, 600, 000 Sugar pine Red fir White fir Incense cedar Total 93, 000, 000 145, 100, 000 Composition afforest i)i. T. So S., R. 2 E., Oregon, including trees of all species irith basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. IVr cent. Yellow pine 30 Sugar pine 1 Red fir .55 White fir .... Incense cedar Oak Township 35 South. Range 3 East, This township is situated on the headwaters of the South Fork of Big Butte Creek, and consists of level areas traversed by occasional low ridges; the entire region of volcanic origin. The central areas contain a large quantity of agricultural and graz- ing land, most of it settled upon. The balance is covered with a 392 FOREST RESERVESo moderatel}^ uniform, heavy forest stand, in which yeUow pine largely predominates. The mill timber is of good dimensions and qualit}'-. The forest is fire marked throughout. The sugar pine in the township has been badly culled by shake makers. Agricultural claims have been entered in the heavy timber, the sugar pine fit for shakes cut off, and the entry abandoned. Great quantities of large sugar pine lie rotting on the ground — cut down found to split hard, and rejected. Almost every sugar pine of any considerable size in the township is ax marked, to try its splitting qualities. Forested and other areas in 2\ 35 S., R. 3 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 20, 040 Nonforested area (glades and meadow, 1,500; burned, 1,500) 3, 000 Badly burned area 500 Logged area (the sugar pine culled 10 per cent) 12, 000 Total stand of timber vi T. 35 S., B. 3 E., Oregon. Conqxjsitlon of forest in, T. 35 S., R. 3 E., Oregon, including trees of all species irith hascd diameters of 4 Inches and ujnvard. Per cent. Yellow pine _ 70 Sugar pine 3 Red fir , 20 White fir '. 5 Incense cedar 5 Oaks, etc ... J 1.5 Township 35 South, Range -i East. This township lies well over on the western slopes of the main range of the Cascades, owing to a curve in the crest line toward the east after leaving Mount Pitt. The western portion of the township consists of a series of low, nar- row terraces parallel to the crest of the range, each terrace appearing to mark the outer rim of successive lava flows. The central and east- ern areas comprise bowlder-strewn slopes rising with an easy gradient toward the crest. LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 393 The drainage from the township is small in amount and is mostly contained in Clark Fork and Fourmile Crec^k, which head in the town- ship. Eventually it finds its way into Rogue River through Big Butte Creek. The waters of the streams flowing from the township are used locally, in a small way, for irrigation purposes. The township has been heavil}" forested. All the heavy stands have been burned in recent times; that is to say, since the advent of the white man. The southern boundary of the township marks the beginning of the immense burns, which stretch northward along the sununit and the innnediate western declivities of the main range for a distance of at least -iO miles. Throughout the central and western areas of the township and almost through the next one north, a dis- tance of about 11 miles with a width of 5 miles, there is one solid burn, where scarcely a tree is to be seen outside of the swampy or wet slopes of a few of the larger canyons. It is the most thorough and complete sweep of a standing forest by fire that I have ever seen. The burned areas have become covered with brush composed of huckle- berry, manzanita, garrya, service berry, and vellum-leaved ceanothus, the latter being the most abundant and conspicuous species. No reforestations are visible, as j^et, on these tracts. The western areas have suffered comparatively little from fire. The forest is mostly of the yellow-pine type, small stands of red-fir type occur here and there, and thin lines of alpine-hemlock type follow the upper courses of some of the canyons which supply Clark Fork and Four Bit Creek. The stands of yellow-pine type are of considerable value and eas}' of access. They are found in the western portion of the township on the different terraces. The trees are remarkably thick set. Sometimes there are 80 trees per acre of log- ging size, a large nimiber for stands of the 3'ellow-pine tj'pe. Another remarkable feature of these stands is the short clear trunk and low stature of most of the trees. The greater number will not average much over 18 feet in clear trunk and 20 inches in diameter. These yellows-pine stands are much nuxed with California black oak and Pacific post oak. I know of no place in this region where the oaks approach the crest line of the Cascades so closel}^ in their range as in this township. In a straight line their farthest easterly station is not more than 8 miles from the summit. All of the counnercially valuable timber can easily be logged from the west via the Rancheria-Fort Klamath wagon road. No mineral-bearing areas are known to occur in the township. There is neither agricultural nor grazing land in the township. The forest floor in the yellow-pine stands is covered with a thin growth of grass, which is occasionally visited by bands of stock. Its value is unimportant. 394 FOREST RESERVES. Forested and other areas in T. 35 S., R. 4 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 12, 240 Nonforested area (chiefly burned ) 10, 800 Badly burned area . . . . " 12, 000 Logged area : j^one. Total stand of timber in T. 35 S., R. 4 E-, Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan i)ra(- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 57.8 27.7 Feet B. If. 52, 000, 000 25, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 69, 000, 000 42, 000, 000 1 2, 750, 000 15, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 Red fir White fir Noble fir 11.1 3.3 10, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 Alpine hemlock Total 90, 000, 000 134, 750, 000 Composition of forest in T. 35 S., R. 4 E., Oregon, including trees of all speeics with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 48 Sugar pine Scattered trees. White pine Scattered trees. Lodgepole pine Scattered trees. Red fir 30 White fir 1 Noble fir 14. 5 Alpine hemlock 5 Oak 1.5 Township 35 South, Range 5 East. This township is situated in part on the western slopes and in part on the eastern declivities of the Cascades, the crest line of the rang-e passing through it from north to south, a little west of the center. The summit of the range consists of a plateau-like area having a mean elevation of 6,000 feet. A narrow, low ridge of lava along the west- ern edge of the plateau forms the crest. A low ridge of lava stretches across from east to west, connecting the extinct volcanic cone, Lost Peak, with the volcanic areas along the crest. The plateau extends eastward and covers all of the eastern sections of the township. It has been extensively glaciated, and as a result low ridges consisting of blocks of lava are heaped up and surround shallow depressions which hold small lakelets, most of which have no visible outlet. The western portion of the township consists of areas sloping into the canjon of South Fork of Rogue River, which heads near the southern line of the township. Near its head the stream lies mostl}' in a narrow, rocky valley, immense crags and cliffs forming LEiBEEG] CASCADE BANGE AND ASHLANi) RESERVES. 395 the western wall of its canyon. The eastern side slopes back more gradually. The headwaters of South Fork of Rogue Riyer drain the western part of the township. The stream heads in a number of lakes, the largest of which is li miles in length and 350 or 400 yards in width. These lakes are situated in the bottom of the canyon and are known as Blue Canyon lakes. Within the township the South Fork of Rogue Riyer is a small riyulet; its canyon, while narrow, is entirely out of proportion to the small yolume of water now flowing through it. As with many other streams in the region, the amount of water in its upper portions does not anywhere near account for the quantities which must be shed from the adjacent slopes. The southern areas of the eastern sections of the township drain into triluitaries of Fourmile Creek, Ayhich empties into Pelican Bay. The northern portions have no definite visible drainage. The precipitation either sinks directly into fissures in the laya or accumulates in small lakelets which may possess under- ground outlets. The township contains no agricultural lands. Marshy places around the edges of Blue Canyon lakes and the lakelets in the eastern areas of the township would supply small quantities of pasturage, but the tracts are all diflicult of access. The forest is of the alpine-hemlock type throughout. Fires of modern origin have ravaged it extensively. The great burns which cover the eastern areas of the adjoining township on the west extended into the western portion of this township and wrought great havoc among what must once have been heavy stands of noble fir. The for- est in the eastern areas has sufiered no less, and there are scant signs of reforestation. Most of the young growth now standing is over- whelmingly composed of lodgepole pine. The bottom and eastern slopes of the South Fork Canyon have escaped fairly well and carry a forest in a state of tolerably good preservation. Much of it has not experienced a fire for 300 or 400 years, and in consequence it contains a vast amount of litter, consisting chiefly of the original lodgepole- pine growth which followed a fire that occurred between three and four centuries ago. The lodgepole pine has had time to mature, die, and fall down, and a new forest 150 years old has taken its place since that time. The soil having had time to regain its normal moisture ratio, the last forest on this tract is not lodgepole pine, but is composed of Engelmann spruce, alpine hemlock, noble fir, and alpine fir. The mill timber throughout the township is of poor quality, besides being composed of undesiral)le species from a lumberman's point of view. With the exception of the southern portion of the eastern areas, the timbered tracts in the township are practically inaccessible so far as logging operations are in question, or, in other words. W per cent of the forested area can not be logged. No mineral-bearing ground has been discovered in the township. 39(3 FOEEST KESEEVES. Forested and other (treas in T. 35 S., R. 5 Fj., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 16, 640 Nonfore.sted area (ehiefly 1 )urns) 6, 400 Badly burned area 8, 000 Logged area - None. Total stand of timber in T. 35 S., E. 5 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Noble fir Per cent. 29.2 Feet B. M. 7, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 14, 000, 000 6, 450, 000 15,000,000 17, 000, 000 White fir Alpine hemlock Engelniann spruce Total 25 45.8 6, 000, 000 11,000,000 24, 000, 000 52, 450, 000 Composition of forest in T. 35 S., R. 5 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with ba.sal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. White pine Scattered trees. Lodgepole pine 10 White fir 2 Noble fir 30 Alpine hemlock — 30 Engelniann spruce 28 Township 35 South, Range 6 East. This township is situated wholly on the eastern side of the main range of the Cascades and consists in part of the northern, eastern, and southern slopes of Lost Peak, an extinct volcanic cone situated in the western edge of the township and rising to a height of 8,000 feet above sea level, and in part in the eastern sections of marshy and swamp lands on the margins of Upper Klamath Lake. The mountainous portions of the township are uniformly rocky and barren at all of the higher elevations and throughout, at all altitudes, on the northern and western slopes of Lost Peak. The visible water supply is in a few small springs and insignificant rivulets. The large precipitation which must fall on a mountain of the size and elevation of Lost Peak sinks in the crevices of its lava and is lost to view. There are no agricultural lands in the township. The marshy areas in the eastern sections produce heavy growths of sedge and tule, but the lands are too wet and mucky to permit of their use for pasture or hay. The forest consists of the three chief types common to the slopes of the Cascades in this region. The red fir and the yellow -pine types are not closely differentiated, the red and white fir components in the LEIBERG.] CASCADE RANGP: AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 397 first-moiitionod type forming- nioro nearly sii])typ»' iioo-reojitions in the stanclsof yellow-piiu' type. The mill timl)ei" at the lowest and niiddlo elevation.s on the southern and eastern .slopes of Lost l^eak is of fair quality and moderately easy of aecess, l)ut is generally of small dimen- sions. Elsewhere and at high ahitudes it is of poor quality and inaccessible. Fires have marked nearly all of the forest throughout the town- ship. Most of the damage has been on the northern and western slopes of Lost Peak. Reforestation is scanty, most of it being com- posed of scattered stands of lodgepole ])ine. Many of the burned- over tracts are covered with dense brush growth of various species of shrubs, the vellum-leaved ceanothus being the most common and prominent species. None of the lands are mineral in character. The area! and timber estimates are as follows: Forested mid other areax in T. 35 S.. R. 6 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 16, 740 Nonforested area (bare rocks and marsh 5,500; burned, 800) 6, 300 Badly burned area 5, 200 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 35 S., R. 6 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 44.2 3.5 .9 17.7 8.9 17.7 7 Feet B. M. 25, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 500, 000 10, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 Feet B. M 38, 000, 000 2, 650, 000 500, 000 20, 000, 000 30, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 500, 000 Sugar pine White pine Red fir White tir Noble tir Alpine hendock Engelniann spruce Total 56, 500, 000 112, 650, 000 Composition of forest in T. 35 S., R. 6 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 incites and uptrard. Per cent. Yellow pine 20 Sugar pine 8 White pine 1 White-bark pine 01 Red fir 30 White fir 26 Noble tir 14 Alpine hendock 7.3 Engelmann spruce 1 398 b'orest reserves. Township 35 South, Range 7^ East. This township is situated in Upper Klamath Lake and contains overflowed lands producing sedge and tule and lands deeply covered by the waters of the lake. It has no forested areas. In some places on the overflowed marshes semidry hummocks covered with willow brush are beginning to appear, which is evidence of a gradvial lower- ing or drying up of the lake through natural causes. Township 35 South, Range 7 East. The western areas of this township consist of marsh}" and grass- covered tracts bordering Upper Klamath Lake. The eastern sections include steep ridges of volcanic origin rising abruptly from the marsh}'' eastern areas. The steep western front of the hilly section is sparsely timbered; the balance bears a forest of yellow pine of light stands and inferior quality. It is all fire marked. Forested and other areas in T. 35 S., R. 7. E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 15, 360 Nonforested area ( marsh and meadow) 7, 680 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 35 S., R. 7 E., Oregou. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 25, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 40, 320, 000 Composition of forest in T. 35 S., R. 7 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 95 Lodgepole pine 5 Township 35 South, Range 8 East. This township is situated east of the main range of the Cascades and consists of rough, broken ridges and slopes radiating from Swan Lake Point. The forest is chiefly yellow pine of medium quality, fire marked throughout, and diflicult of access. Small grassy swales occur and are fringed with stands of lodgepole pine. LEiBERG.] CASCADE EANGE AND ASHLAND EESERVES. Forested and other areas in T. 85 S., R. 8 E., Oreyon. 399 Acres. Forested area 23, 040 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 35 S., Jl. 8 E., Ore/jon. Species. Local practice. Micliigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 87 4.3 8.7 Feet B. M. 40, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 Fret B. Jf. 59, 296, 600 2, 764, 800 5, 776, 200 1,382,400 Sugar pine Red fir White lir Total 46, 000, 000 69, 220, 000 Composition of forest in T. 35 S., R. 8 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 90 Sugar pine 1 Lodgepole pine 6 White fir 1 Red fir 2 Township 35 South, Range 9 East. The northern portion of this township consists of flats and low liills of rough lava. It is sparsely or not at all timbered, the forest, when present, being composed of scattered trees of yellow pine, or of thin lines of j^ellow pine, lodgepole pine, cottonwoods, and aspen fringing the streams. The central and southern areas consist of slopes and spurs projecting from Saddle Mountain, a volcanic peak. These ridges are well timbered along their summits and intermediate slopes, ■sparsely at their base. The 3'ellow pine, which forms the principal mill timber, is mostly of small growth, rarely exceeding 24 inches at the base; 60 per cent falling below 20 inches basal diameter. It is difiicult of access except at the lowest elevations and is fire marked throughout. Forested and other areas in T. 35 S., R. 9 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 15, 340 Nonforesited area (grazing and semiarid) 7, 700 Badly burned area 1 , 200 Logged area None. 4U0 FOREST RESERVES. Total stand of timber in T. 35 S., B. 9 E., Oregon. Sjiecies. Yellow pine Sugar pine. . Red fir AVhite fir . . . Total . Local pniftice. Per cent. 92.8 5.7 1.5 Feet B. M. 65, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 1,000,000 70, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 73, 000, 000 1,000,000 4, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 80, 000, 000 Composition of forest in T. 35 S., R. 9 E., Oregon, including trees of all species icitJi basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. YelloM' pine 85 Lodgepole pine 12 Sugar pine 25 Red fir 2 White fir 75 Township 35 South, Rakge 10 East. This township consists of a semiarid lava plateau bordering and extending north of the Sprague River Valley. In the extreme north- ern portion of the township the plateau rises into steep, rocky hills. The region is very sparsely timbered, the forest consisting of scattered trees of low, scraggy growth. Forested and other areas in T. 35 S., B. 10 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 12, 160 Nonforested area ( meadow and nemiarid grazing land ) 10, 880 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 35 S., B. 10 E., Oirgon. Species. Yellow pine. Local practice. Feet B. M. Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 6, 000, 000 Composition of forest in T. 35 S., B. 10 E., Oregon, including trees of all species u'ith basal diameters Of 4 inches and upward. Yellow pine Lodgepole pine.. Western juniper. Per cent 99 LEIBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 401 Township 35 South, Range 11 East. This township comprises a rocky hiva plateau stretching- northward from the Sprague River Valley. Light stands of yellow pine and western juniper are scattered over the plateau and along the intersecting shallow ravines. Forested and other areas in T. 35 S., R. 11 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 6, ?>40 Nonforested area (meadow and seiniarid grazing land) 16, 700 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 35 S., R. 11 E., Orefjon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. Feet B. M. Feet B. M. 3, 200, 000 ■] Composition of forest in T. 35 S., R. 11 E., Oregon, including trees of all species itith basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 99 Western juniper Cottonwood Aspen Township 35 South, Range 12 East. This township consists chiefly of a stony lava plateau stretching northward from Sprague River Valley and bordering on the west the lower reaches of the S^^can River. The northeast corner contains a hilly area coining into the township from the Black Hills. The plateau portion of the township is nearly treeless. The hilly areas bear light stands of j^ellow pine of inferior quality, fire marked, and more or less difficult of access. Forested and other areas in T. 35 S. , R. 12 E. , Oregon. Acres. Forested area 4, 240 Nonforested area (meadow and semiarid grazing land) 18, 800 Logged area (culled 50 per cent) 1, 000 Total stand of timber in T. 35 S., R. 12 E., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine Local practice. Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 8, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 17,300,000 21 GEOL, PT 5- -26 402 FOREST RESEKVES. Com posit ion of fond in T. 35 S., R. 13 E., Oregon, induding trees of all specirs withhasnl diameters of 4 inches and upward. I'er cent. Yellow pine ^9 White fir Western juniper. Lodgepole pine . . Cottonwood Aspen 1 Township 35 South, Range 13 East. The northwestern areas of this township consist of southward-pro- jecting spurs from the Black Hills Range. The central and southern portions consist of broad slopes and low ridges which are intersected by man\' small streams fringed with grassy, nonforested glades. In the extreme southern area is a nucleus of rocky ledges around an extinct crater. The central and northern areas are timbered with stands of ^yellow pine of moderate density and of medium quality. The southern sec- tions are very thinly forested, and the stands are separated by large grassy or sagebrush-covered flats. The region is eas}' of access. Forested and other areas in T. 35 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 16, 940 Nonforested area (burned, 1,500; grazing, etc., 4,600) 6, 100 Badly burned area 2, 200 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 35 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Yellow pine... Sugar pine White fir Incense cedar Total Per cent. 88.3 6.6 4.4 .6 Feet B. M. 40, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 300, 000 45, 300, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 48, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 600, 000 57, 600, 000 Composition of forest in T. 35 S., R. 13 E., Oregon, including tree.s of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 90 Sugar pine ^ Lodgepole pine 8 White fir 1 • -^ Incense cedar Western juniper :}■ LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 403 Township 35 South, Range 14 East. This township was estimated from information, and was not exam- ined personally. Forested and other areas in T. 35 S. , R. 14 E. , Oregon. Acres. Forested area 8, 040 Nonforested area 15, 000 Total stand of timber in T. 35 S., li. U E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine White fir ... Per cent. 100 FeetB.M. 16, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 22, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 Total 16, 000, 000 28, 000, 000 To^vNSHIP 36 South, Range 2 West. This township consists chiefly of agricultural and grazing lands bordering Rogue River and its tributary, Bear Creek. The timber occurs along the streams and on the slopes of Table Rock, where it is scattered in thin stands among masses of brush. It is of no commercial importance. Forested and other areas in T. 36 S. , R. 2 W. , Oregon. Acres. Forested area 4, 200 Nonforested area 18, 840 Total stand of timber in T. 36 S., R. 2 W., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. Feet B. M. Feet B. M. 2, 300, 000 200,000 Red fir Total 2, 500, 000 Composition afforest in T. 36 S., R. 2 W. , Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 30 Red fir 2 Oak 68 404 forest reserves. Township 36 South, Raxge 1 West. The lands in this township are mosth' level valley lands of the semiarid type, supporting a scant growth of grass, and utilized for agric'idtural purposes where water for irrigation is available. The coniferous growth is confined to a few hilh^ areas in the southern sections. It has no commercial value. The region outside the culti- vated areas is dotted with copses of low-growing oaks and numerous patches of the common chaparral of the region ( Ceanothiis cuneatus). Forested and other areas in T. 36 S., B. 1 TT., Oregon. Acres. Forestedarea o, 000 Xonforested area - 18, 040 Logged area (culled, 90 per cent ) All. Total stand of timber in T. 36 S., R. 1 W., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac Per cent. Feet B. M. Feet B. M. Yellow pine I j 2,700,000 Red fir i 300,000 Total 3,000,000 Camposilian of forest in T. 36 S., R. 1 W., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 58 Red fir 2 Oak 40 Township 36 South, Range 1 East. The township consists of low hills and level areas along Little Butte and Antelope creeks. The tracts are all of the semiarid type, and are under cultivation where irrigation is possible and practicable. Fires have run throughout the township, and large areas of the slopes are covered with dense stands of mountain mahogany and other varieties of scrub vegetation. The mill timber has long ago been closely culled and what is left is of little commercial value. Forested and other areas in T. 36 S., R. 1 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 9, 400 Nonforested area 13, 640 Logged area (culled, 75 per cent) All. LEiBERG] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. Total stand of timber in T. 36 S., B. IE., Oregon. 405 species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. Feet B. M. Feet B. M. 4, 800, 000 500, 000 Red fir Total 5, 300, 000 Composition of forest in T. 36 S. , R. 1 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with ba.' 840 Nonforested area (meadows, marsh, etc. ) 7, 200 Badly burned 5. -500 Logged area (98 per cent then burned over) 2, 000 CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. Total stand of timber in T. 36 S., R. 6 K, Oregon. 413 Species. Yellow pine . . Sugar pine Red fir White fir Incense cedar. Local practice. Per cent. 73.7 6.2 19.3 Total. Feet B. M. 95, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 25, 000, 000 1,000,000 129, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 110,000,000 8, 300, 000 35, 000, 000 20, 000, 000 2, 100, 000 175, 400, 000 Compodtion afforest in T. 36 S., R. 6 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with hasal diameters of 4 inches and upward. ^^^^ ^^^^^ .. 40 Yellow pine Sugar pine ^„ Lodgepole pine " Red fir - White fir ... - Incense cedar 18 1 Township 36 South, Range 7a East. This township comprises areas mostly covered by the waters of Upper Klamath Lake. A few of the points projecting into the lake bear a light torest ot little or no commercial value. Forested and other areas in T. 36 S., R. 7a E., Oregon. Acres. 3,000 None. Forested area , . „ Nonforested area (marshes and lake) V^„„ Logged area Total stand of timber in T. 36 S., R. 7a E., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine Red fir Total. Local practice. Per cent. Feet B. M. Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 2, 500, 000 500, 000 3, 000, 000 Composition afforest in T 36 S., R. 7a K, Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. ^^^ ^^^^ 80 Yellow pine „ Lodgepole pine Red fir 10 41i FOREST RESERVES. Township 36 South, Range 7b East. This township is mostly covered by the waters of Upper Klamath Lake, or comprises lands intermittently, overflowed from that source. The northeastern portions of the township are formed by a project- ing point of the lava plateau which stretches northward from Swan Lake Point, The front of this plateau, where it breaks off to the lake, is of semiarid character, and is either bare or in spots covered with clumps of mountain mahogany or scrubby western juniper. The sum- mit bears thin stands of yellow pine of inferior quality, mixed with small quantities of red fir and western juniper. Forested and other areas in T. 36 S., E. 7b E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 7, 280 Nonforested area 15, 760 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 36 S., R. 7b E., Oregon Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 15, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 21, 640, 000 Township 36 South, Range 8 East. This township consists of a mass of broken ridges and spurs radi- ating from Swan Lake Point. The ridges are timbered with a forest of yellow pine, most of which is of small dimensions and difficult of access. Grassy glades occur here and there among the ridges and are fringed with thin stands of lodgepole pine. Forested and. other areas in T. 36 S. , R. 8 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 23, 040 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 36 S., R. 8 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. 1 Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 92.3 2.6 5.1 Feet B. M. 36, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 72, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 4, 000. 000 5, 000, 000 1, 280, 000 Sugar pine Red fir White fir Incense cedar Total 39, 000, 000 84, 280, 000 1 LEIBER<;.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 415 Componifion of forest in T. ,36 S., R. c9 E., Oregon, including trees of all species iritli Iximl diameters of 4 inches and uptvard. Per ('(.'nt. Yt'Uow j)ine 8.S Sugar pine 2 Lodgepole pine 12 Red fir 1 Wliite fir :} Incense cedar i Western juniper / . Township 36 South, Range 9 East, This township consists chiefl}^ of steep slopes extending in an east- erly direction from Swan Lake Point. The region is well timbered except in the northeast corner of the township, where the stands are thin and are much broken by grassy glades. The timber is of medium quality, the yellow pine being largely composed of standards. It is fire marked throughout. Forested and other areas in T. 36 S. , E. 9 E. , Oregon. Acres. Forested area 21, 840 Nonforested area 1, 200 Badly burned area 3, 300 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 36 S. , R. 9 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine . . Sugar pine Eed fir White fir Incense cedar. Total... Per cent. 88 .9 7.3 1.9 1.9 Feet B. ^f. 95, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 108, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 110, 500, 000 1, 300, 000 12, 200, 000 9, 500, 000 2, 500, 000 136, 000, 000 Composition of forest in T. 36 S., R. 9 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 88 Sugar pine 3 Lodgepole pine 4. 7 Red fir 3 White fir \ Incense cedar / 416 FOREST RESERVES. Township 30 South, Range 10 East. The northern sections of this township consist of bottom lands, mostly grass covered, bordering Sprague River, with small areas of steep lava bluffs north of the stream. The central and southern por- tions are hilly, and bear an open growth of yellow pine of small dimen- sions, mixed with small quantities of white fir and incense cedar along the higher elevations. The timbered areas are intersected by defor- ested tracts, which consist, in part, of grassy glades, wet in the spring- time, dry during the balance of the year; in part, of stony tracts, with scattered junipers or growths of sagebrush. The logging and culling has been done by the Klamath Indians. Forested and other areas in T. 36 S. , R. 10 E. , Oregon. Acres. Forested area 10, 240 Nonforested area 12, 800 Logged area (culled, 2 per cent) Throughout. Total stand of timber in T. 36 S., R. 10 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 30, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 38, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 500, 000 White fir Incense cedar Total 30, 000, 000 40, 500, 000 Composition of forest in T. 36 S. , R. 10 E. , Oregon, including trees of all species v:ith liasal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 99 Lodgepole pine ^ White fir i ^ Incense cedar J Township 36 South, Range 11 East. This township consists chiefly of agricultural and grazing areas bor- dering Sprague River. The southern portion of the township com- prises a hilly area, which, in part, forms the divide between the Sprague River and the Lost River drainage. The lower slopes of this divide bear an open growth of yellow pine of fair quality, mixed with thin stands of western juniper. The higher and intermediate slopes bear a denser growth of yellow pine, mixed with a small percentage of white fir and incense cedar. These stands of timber supply the Indians around the Yainax sub- agency with their timber and lumber. i.EiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 417 Forested (111(1 oilier (I ri'ii.t III T. MS., R. ll A'., Orer/oii. Acrt's. Forested area ■ 7, 680 J^onforested area 15, 360 Logged area (culled on an average 10 per cent ) 4, 500 Totiil .fliiiiil iif liiiihcr III 7'. .)V; ,s'.. It. II I'J., Orcr/on. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow i)ine Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 58, 000, 000 Feet B. ^r. 64,000,-000 2, 200, 000 300, 000 White fir Incense cedar Total 58, 000, 000 66, 500, 000 Composition of forest In T. S6 S., R. 11 E., Oregon, Includinij treex of all species vltli Ixi.i'il diameters (f 4 Inches and upivard. Pfi- cent. Yellow pine 99 White tir > Incense cedar I 1 Western juniper J Township 36 South, Range 12 East. The northern areas of this township consist of tjrazing and agricul- tural lands bordering- Sprague lii\'er. The central and most of the southern areas comprise a rocky lava plateau, carrjdng light and scat- tering stands of yellow pine and western juniper. In the extreme southern portions are a few slopes belonging to the Spraguo River- Lost River divide, which carry stands of yellow pine of medium density and quality. Forested and other areax in T. S6 S., R. H E., Orer/oii. Acres. Forested area 2, 500 Nonforested area (grass or seniiarid tracts) 20, 540 Logged area Xone. Total stand of timber in T. M S., R. 12 E., Oreijon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. Feet B. .V. Feet B. .^f. 2, 500, 000 300, 000 White fir 1 ■1 Total 2, 800, 000 21 GEOL, PT 5 27 418 FOREST EESERVES. Composition, of fared in. T. 36 S., R. 12 E., Oregon, including trees of all species irith basal diameters of 4 inches and upivard. Yellow pine. White fir.... Per cent. . . . . 99 Incense cedar Western juniper. Township 36 South, Range 13 East. This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from intV)rmation. Forested and other areas in T. 36 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 16, 040 Nonforested area 7, 000 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 36 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. 1 Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 100, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 113, 000, 000 Township 36 South, Range 14 East. This township was not personally examined, but estimated from information. Forested and other areas in T. 36 S., R. 14 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 8, 040 Nonforested area 15, 000 Total stand of timber in T. 36 S., R. 14 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 5, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 8, 000, 000 Township 37 South, Range 2 West. This township comprises chiefly farming land in the Rogue River Valley. The timbered portions are confined to a low hilly region in the western sections. The timber is small and worthless for mill purposes. Forested and other areas in T. 37 S., R. 2 Tf., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 2, 400 Nonforested area 20, 640 Logged area ^ ^''- I.EIBEKG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. Total stand of timber in T. 37 S., R. 2 1 1'., Oregon. 419 Species. Yellow pine Red tir Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Per cent. \ Feet B. 3f. I Total. Feet B. M. 800, 000 400, 000 1, 200, 000 Co)npo.vtion afforest in T. ,?7 S., R. 2 If., Oregon, including tree.^ of all species ivith hasal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Yellow pine Red fir Per cent. .... 65 .... 30 AVhite fir, incense cedar, oak, etc ^ Township 37 South, Range 1 West. The western and central portions of this township comprise agri- cultural and grazing lands of various character. The agricultural lands are in Bear Creek Valley and grazing lands on the slopes of Grizzly Range. These lands carry in some places oak copses and scattered trees of yellow pine. The summit of the range and the eastern slope are timbered with light stands of j^ellow pine and red fir, mosth^ of small growth. The forest is much intersected with grassy glades, all badly oyerpastured. Forested and other areas in T. 37 S., R. 1 W., Oregon. Acres. Forested area ^'^^^ Nonforested area (meadows, agricultural, and rocky glades) 13, 500 Logged area ^^'^^^ Total stand of timber in T. 37 S., R. 1 W., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine Local practice. Per cent. 37.5 Feet B. M. 6, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 9, 000, 000 Sugar pine 1,000,000 Kedfir 62.5 10,000,000 | 15,000,000 White fir j --j 5,000,000 Incense cedar I -100, 000 Total . 16, 000, 000 30, -iOO, 000 420 FOEEST EESERVES. Composition of forest in. T. 87 S., li. 1 TF., Oregon, including trees of oil species vitli tiosal diameters of 4 inches and upivard. Per cent. Yellow pine 32 Sugar pine Scattered trees. Red fir 50 White fir 14 Oak 4 Incense cedar Scattered trees. Township 37 South, Range 1 East. This township consists of eastern slopes of the Grizzl}' Range and a broken and hilly region forming portions of Antelope and Little Butte creeks watershed. The forest is much scattered, forming thin stands surrounded with broad strips of brush growth throughout the township. It is of small growth and mostly of inferior qualit}^ Forested and other areas in T. 37 S., R. IE., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 21, 140 Nonforested area (glades, etc. ) 1, 900 Badly hurned area 2, 300 Logged area Throughout to the extent of 35 per cent. Total stand of timber in T. 37 S., R. IE., Oregon. species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 62.5 Feet B. U. 10, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 18, 000, 000 500, 000 12,000,000 1,500,000 Sugar pine .... Red fir 37.5 6, 000, 000 White fir Total 16, 000, 000 32, 000, 000 Composition of forest in T. 37 S., E. IE., Oregon, including trees of all species ii-itli basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 35 Sugar pine Scattered trees. Red fir 50 White fir 5 Oak 10 Township 37 South, Range 2 East. This township comprises a much broken region in the watershed of Little Butte Creek. The northern areas are lightly timbered; the southern bear good stands of forest. Red fir of small growth is the principal component. LEiBERG.J CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 421 Forested and other areas in T. 37 S., Ji. 2 E., Oregon. .\cTes. Forested area 20 040 Noiiforested area ( naturally noiiforested ) 3, OOO Badly burned area 2 600 Logged area 800 Total stand of timber in T. 37 S., R. 2 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. 1 1 Yellow pine Per cent 28.5 Feet B. M. 20, 000, 000 Feet B. J/. 35, 000, 000 1, 700, 000 60, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 Sugar pine Red fir 71.5 50, 000, 000 AVhite fir Total 70, 000, 000 100, 700, 000 Composition of forest in T. 37 S., R. S E., Oregon, including trees of all species with hasid diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 35 Sugar pine 2 Red fir 58 White fir Township 37 South, Range 3 East. The township consists chiefly of steep, rocky areas at the head- waters of Little Butte Creek. The forest is of medium density, and is intersected by great numbers of small rocky glades. Forested and other areas in T. 37 S., R. 3 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 19 540 Nonforested area (rocky glades and agricultural) 3, 500 Badly burned area 800 Logged area (culled 25 per cent) 1^ 500 Total stand of timber in T. 37 S., R. 3 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Y''ellow pine Per cent. 27 3.5 68 1.4 Feet B. M. 38, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 95, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 54, 000, 000 5, 600, 000 130, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 Sugar pine Red fir White fir Total 140, 000, 000 193, 600, 000 422 FOREST RESERVES. Composition of forest in T. 37 S., R. 3 E., Oregon, including trees of all species irith basal diameters of 4- inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 35 Sugar pine 3 Red fir 56 White flr 5 Incense cedar | Pacific yew / Township 37 South, Range 4 East. This township forms the southwest corner of the reserve and is sit- uated whollv on the western declivities of the Cascades. It consists of rough and rocky areas, the eastern sections covered with lava flows from an extinct cone in the township to the east, locally known as Mount Brown. Most of these lava flows are of comparatively recent orig-in, so much so that no soil has as yet covered them. The forest is of red-fir type, light and irregular in the eastern half of the township, but comprising some exceedingly heavy stands in the western areas. The township contains no agricultural lands, but along North Fork of Little Butte Creek, which drains the western half of the township, are narrow swales of grazing lands, marshy or merely wet during stages of low water, submerged during flood seasons. Cattle range throughout the township, and considerable tracts of forest have been burned within recent years, apparently to provide browse for the stock. There are no signs to indicate that sheep have been pastured in the township in recent years. In the aggregate there are only 1,000 or 1,500 acres in the township not touched by fires of modern origin. These tracts exist as small, detached spots, ever3^where surrounded by a network of fire lanes, where the destruction varies from 10 per cent to total. The density of the forest varies much. On the lava flows from Mount Brown it is less than 2,000 feet B. M, per acre. In the western sections of the township the best stands average 17,000 feet B. M, per acre, while small areas here and there in the same sections run as high as 80,000 feet B, M, per acre. With the exception of the lava tracts in the eastern portions of the township, which are wholly inaccessible, the timbered areas can be logged from the south by way of the Ashland-Pelican Bay wagon road. No mineral deposits are known to exist in the township. Forested and other areas in T. 37 S., R. 4 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 18, 940 Nonf crested area (bare rocks, meadows, glades, etc., 3,100; burned clean 1,000) 4, 100 Badly burned area 4, 500 Logged area None. LEiBER(;.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. Total stand o/ tlniher in T. 37 >S., K. 4 J^-, Oret/on. 423 Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. White pine Per cent. 8.2 69.2 12.5 9.4 .6 Feet B. .V. 1.3,000,000 110,000,000 20, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 1,000,000 Feet B. ^f. 18, 000, 000 180, 000, 000 48, 500, 000 26, 000, 000 3, 500, 000 940, 000 Red fir White fir Noble fir Engelmann spruce Yellow pine Total 159, 000, 000 276, 940, 000 Composition of fared in T. 37 S., R. 4 I^-, Oregon, including trees of all species irith diameters of 4 inches and npimrd. Per cent. Yellow pine - White pine *'• Sugar pine Scattered treen. Lodgepole pine 8 Red fir W. White fir 18. Noble fir 10. Engelmann sijruce - 8 Township 37 South, Range 5 East. The western portion of this township consists of the crest-line areas of the main range of the Cascades; the central of a depression stretch- ing from north to south with a width of 2 to 3 miles, and the eastern of the western slopes of a high, rugged, volcanic mountain mass lying between the Cascades and Upper Klamath Lake. In the northwest corner of the township the crest of the Cascades is formed of an extinct volcanic cone locally known as Mount Brown, Lines of comparatively recent lava flows ejected from this vent con- stitute the crest for some miles south from this cone. Near the southwest corner of the township the lava flows come to an end and the summit of the range is a flat or gently rolling area 2 to 2^ miles in width. Most of the central depression in the township is covered with the waters of Lake of the Woods. This is a shallow sheet of water, 3 miles long, about a mile in width at its widest portion. Its western shore line, formed by lava flows from Mount Brown, rises rocky and abrupt; its eastern shores are marshy for a short distance back from the lake, then rise gently toward the east in a succession of terraces. Considering that the township lies within a region of comparatively heavy precipitation, its visible run-ofl' is remarkably small. Evidently 424 FOEEST RESERVES, most of the -svater sinks ill tlKMiiuch-tissured hiva to reappear some- where outside the township Ijoundaries. The Lake of the Woods,' which forms a sort of reservoir for the entire visible drainage of the township, empties into Upper Klamath Lake through an insignificant creek, which is dry throughout most of the year. It is not unlikely that the lake has an underground outlet. The township contains no agricultural lands. The northern and the southern ends of Lake of the AYoods terminate in marshes containing in the aggregate about 1,200 acres. The}' produce heavy growths of coarse marsh sedges and species of rush, and are covered with water to a depth of 2 to 4 feet dviring portions of the year. The forest is chiefly of the red-fir type. It contains a small per- centage of yellow pine, which species here crosses the Cascades, one line coming north from the yellow-pine areas in the Klamath Gap, another coming from the southwest through low gaps in the crest line of the range from the headwaters of Jenny and Dead Indian creeks. The red and white firs also cross the range in this township. Fires have ravaged the entire township. With the exception of the thinly forested lava flows on the slopes of Mount Brown, I did not see a patch of forest as large as 20 acres which did not show the marks of fire within the past forty years. In many localities the fires have made a clean sweep of the timber, and the areas have grown up to brush; in other places the}^ have been of low intensity, burning 40 per cent of a stand here, 5 per cent there, or merely destrojdng indi- vidual trees, but consuming the humus and killing the undergrowth. The areas to the west and at the south end of Lake of the Woods have been exceptionally badly damaged by recent fires. The entire town- ship seems to have been peculiarly exposed to destructive forest fires for ages. Most of its forest consists of reforestations less than 120 years of age, which in some places contain scattered trees of veteran red fir 400 or more years old. One of the noteworthy features of the reforestations is the very large quantity of white fir in their compo- sition. Most of the timber in the township can be logged from the eastern side of the range via the Ashland-Pelican Bay wagon road. The areas around Mount Brown are inaccessible, so far as logging operations are in question. The timber is generally of inferior quality through- out, having been too often exposed to forest fires. iSo mineral deposits are known to occur in the township. FnreMed anil other iimia in T. 37 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 1<3, 640 Nonforested area (lakes and marshes, 4,000; burned clean, 2,400) 6, 400 • Badly burned area 7, 000 Logged area None. LEiBEK(;.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. Total stand of timber in T. 37 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. 425 Species. Y'ellow pint' White i)iiie Rt'd fir White fir Noble fir Alpine hemlock. . . Western hemlock . Engelmann spruce Total Local practice. Per cent. 3.9 11.6 39. 19.4 23.2 2.9 Feet B. M. 2, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 20, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 12,000,000 1,500,000 51,500,000 Michigan prac- tice. Fed R. M. 2, 000, 000 12, 000, 000 30, 000, 000 120, 000, 000 16, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 2, 500, 000 400, 000 185, 900, 000 Com position offored in T. 37 S., R. 5 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine ^ White pine - '^ o Lodgepole pine '^ Eed fir 1^ Noble fir ^ White fir - ^4 Engelmann spruce fecattered trees. Alpine hemlock ^ Western hemlock ■^ Township 3T South, Range 6 East. This township constitutes the southwest corner of the reserve and is situated east of the main range of the Cascades. Almost the entire township is filled with the mass of a high, craggy mountain range of volcanic origin, connecting with the Cascades through a level plateau area in the northern portion of T. 38 S. , R. 5 E. The township has no agricultural or grazing lands. There are small grassy glades scattered throughout the mountain areas, but they are practicalh' inaccessible. The forest is a mixture of yellow-pine, red-fir, and alpine-hemlock types. On the eastern and northern slopes there are small tracts at the lowest elevations carrying stands of forest in which yellow pine predominates. At higher elevations occurs the red-fir type, while the great body of the mountain mass bears only stands of alpine-hemlock type of low, scraggy growth scattered among rocky peaks and can- yons or on lava slopes where large, bare areas separate the thin lines and groups of trees. Fires have run throughout the entire township, consuming 25 per cent of the timber and badly damaging the remainder. Brush growths 426 FOREST RESERVES. composed chiefly of the vellum-leaved ceanothus ( Ceanotfms velutinus) have covered the burned areas in place of reforestations. The south- eastern sections especially have suffered severely. Most of the drainage of the township sinks through the fissured lava rocks and is lost. The superficial flow is small and inconsequential. Small portions of the northern and eastern areas can be logged from the levels bordering Upper Klamath Lake, but the forest in the larger portion of the township can not be reached. Forested and other areas in T. 37 S., It. 6 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area ^ - 14, 040 Nonforested area (bare rocks, etc., 5, 000; burned clean, 4, 000) 9, 000 Badly burned area 6, 000 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 37 S., R.6E., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine Sugar pine White pine Eed fir White fir Noble fir Alpine hemlock . . . Engelmann spruce Total Local practice. Per cent. 12.6 1.8 .9 7.2 18 39.9 14.4 5.4 Feet B. M. 7, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 500, 000 4, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 22, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 .3, 000, 000 55, 500, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 11, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 800, 000 4, 000, 000 40, 000, 000 33, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 110, 800, 000 Composition of forest in T. 37 S., B. 6 E., Oregon, including trees of all species vitli hasal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 10 Sugar pine ^ White pine 9 Lodgepole pine 22 Eed fir 3 White fir 20 Noble fir 18 Alpine hemlock . 20 Engelmann spruce 5 Township 37 South, Range T East. The eastern areas of this township comprise a broken lava slope, with ridges of low elevation rising here and there, bordering the west- ern shore of Upper Klamath Lake. The central areas comprise a por- tion of Aspen Lake, with various marshy tracts adjoining, while the western sections rise into a range of high and steep mountains. leiberg]. CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND EESERVES. 427 The areas fronting on Upper Klamath Lake are thinly forested with scattered trees of yellow pine, lodgepole pine, and white fir. The western and the higher ground of the central areas bear much excel- lent 3^ellow pine, standards and veterans, with good, clear body. The forest is everywhere in the township badly fire marked, and in the western areas are many tracts where 50 per cent of the standing timber is dead from this cause. Forested and other areas in T. S7 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 19, 140 Nonforested area (marsh and lake) 3, 900 Badly burned area 5, 300 Logged area (culled 10 per cent) 1 , 000 Total stand of timber in T. 37 S., R.7E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 91.7 5 3.3 Feet B. 31. 110, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 135, 800, 000 10, 000, 000 24, 000, 000 Red fir White fir Total 120, 000, 000 169, 800, 000 Composition of forest in T. 37 S., E. 7 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upivard. Per cont. Yellow pine 75 Lodgepole pine 5 Red fir 2 White fir 18 Western juniper Scattered trees. Township 37 South, Range 8 East. This township lies mostly in Upper Klamath Lake, only an incon- siderable area in the western portion carrying thin stands of yellow pine. Forested and other areas in T. 37 S., E. S E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 700 Nonforested area (marsh and lake) 22, 700 Total stand of timber in T. 37 S. ,R. 8 E., Oregon. Species. 1 Local practice. ^^''^''tfce! ^""'" Yellow pine .... .... Per cent. Feet B. M. Feet B. .V. 1,400,000 428 forest eeserves. Township 37 South, Range 9 East. The eastern areas of this township consist of marshy grass, or drier agricultural lands forming the western portion of Swan Lake Valley. The western sections comprise rough semiarid hills; the eastern sides are sparsely timbered with small-growth yellow pine; the western are bare or with scattered trees; the intervening valleys are mostly cov- ered with sage or with rabbit brush where water for irrigation is not available. Forested and otlier areas in T. 37 S., R. 9 E., Oregon, Acres. Forested area 10, 880 Nonforested area (brush-covered semiarid tracts, meadows, etc. ) 12, 160 Logged area None. -'&&^ Total stand of timber in T. 37 S., R. 9 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 20, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 40, 320, 000 Coiiiposilion of forest in T. 37 S., R. 9 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with hasal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine - 99 Other sjiecies 1 Township 37 South, Range 10 East. The central, western, and southern areas of this township consist of grazing and agricultural lands in Swan Lake Valley, which is a flat, dried-up lake bottom bounded on the east by a remarkably steep and precipitous, very thinlj'-forested mass of lava. The northern and western sides of the vallej^ are inclosed by broken ridges and slopes, while the southern end connects with the treeless areas of Alkali Flat. The northeastern portions of the township consist of the terraced eastern slope of Swan Lake Point and bear the forest. This is chiefly composed of scattered stands of medium quality yellow pine mixed with considerable quantities of small-growth red fir and incense cedar. The tract has been culled over for years, and most of the more val- uable incense cedar has been cut away and removed. Fires have ritn throughout, and the forest is in consequence much broken b}" brushed- over fire glades. Forested and other areas in T. 37 S., R. 10 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 6, 880 Nonforested area (meadow and agricultural lands) 16, 160 Badly burned area 800 Logged area (culled 35 per cent) 3, 800 LEiBERi;.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES, Total i^tund oftiuihcr In T. 37 S., R. 10 E., Oregein. 429 Species. Local practice Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 83.2 Feet B. M. 25, 000, 000 Feet B. ^f. 32, 000, 000 400, 000 5, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 700, 000 Sugar pine Red fir 16.8 5, 000, 000 White fir Incense cedar Total 30, 000, 000 43, 100, 000 ComposHion of forest in T. 87 S., R. 10 E., Oregon, including treen of all Kpecicti vitli liaml diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 88 Sugar pine 2 Lodgepole pine 8 Red fir 6 White fir 3 Incense cedar 1 Western juniper 1 Township 37 South, Range Hi East. The central and southern areas of this township consist of semiarid lands with scattered poplar g-rov^es around the springs, or with thin stands of western juniper, or covered with bowlders and naked masses of rock and wholly nonforested. The northwestern and northeastern portions carry thin stands of inferior quality 3^ellow pine. The timber is easj^ of access, but of little commercial value. Forested and other arexun in T. 37 S., R. llh E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 8, 320 Nonforested area (bare rocks, semiarid tracts, grazing and agricultural) 14, 720 Logged area Xone. Total stand of timber in T. 37 S., R. 11^ E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow j)ine Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 12, 000, 000 Feel B. M. 18, 500, 000 Composition of forest in T. 37 S., R. Ilk E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upirard. Per cent. Yellow pine 93 Lodgepole pine 1 Western juniper 1 Poplar 1 430 forest reserves. Township 37 South, Range 11 East. This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from information. Forested (did other areas hi T. 87 S., R. 11 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 19, 200 Nonforested area 3, 840 Total stand of timber in. T. 37 S., R. 11 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 40, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 57, 600, 000 Township 37 South, Range 12 East. This township was not examined personally, but was estimated from information. Forested and, otJter areas in. T. 37 S., R. 12 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 20, 140 Nonforested area 2, 900 Totrested area None. Nonforested area 23, 040 Township 38 South, Range 1 East. The western and central areas of this township are situated in Bear Creek Valley and consist of grazing and agricultural lands. The east- ern portions comprise slopes of Grizzly Range. The western declivi- ties of the range are very sparsely timbered with scattered groups of yellow pine. The summit and eastern slopes bear light stands of yellow pine and red fir of small growth. Forested and other areas in T. 38 S., R. 1 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area ' 11, 440 Nonforested area (grazing and agricultural) 11, 600 Logged area ( culled, 65 per cent ) 4, 600 Total stand of timber in T. 38 S., R. IE., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine , Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 10,000,000 Feet B. M. 22, 000, 000 1,600,000 Red fir Total 10, 000, 000 23, 600, 000 Composition of forest in T. 38 S. , R. IE., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upivard. Per cent Yellow pine 98 Red fir ; 1 Oak 1 Township 38 South, Range 2 East. The western portion of this township comprises Grizzly Peak and radiating ridges, rocky and lightly timbered with small red fir. noble fir, and white fir, badly burned throughout. The central and eastern areas consist of steep escarpments, rising LEiBERG.] Cascade range and ashland reserves. 433 abruptly to the upper plateau of the Cascades, and bear scattered stands of sniall-g-rowth mill tinil)er, culled of its best portions, in the neighborhood of the various settlements east of Grizzly llange. Forested and other nrean in T. 38 S., R. .i E., Oregon. Acres Forested area ^ -' ""^^ Nonforested area (burned, 3,000; glades, etc., 8,000) 11,000 Badly burned area "'*' ^^ Logged area (culled 40 per cent ) - *^ '^^ Tot(d d'liid. oftiinhrr ill T. .iS S., A". ,/ K., Omjov. Species. Local practice. Feet B. M. Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. Per cent. Yellow pine 25 5,000,000 | 11,000,000 Red fir I "•'> I 15,000,000 ! 33,000,000 White fir. ' ---- ' 3,000,000 Noble fir . . . Total. 20, 000, 000 1,000,000 48, 000, 000 fhinpomlion offored in T. 88 S., R. 2 E., Oregon, mduding iree^ of all spedea with 1>asal diameter of 4 inches and upward. ■^ Percent. Yellow pine -" l^ugar pine Red fir ■■ .1 ■0 White fir ^ Noble fir - • ^ Oak, mountain mahogany - ^ Township 38 South, Range 3 East. The central sections of this township consist of a series of open, grassy glades, used for grazing and agriculture. The northern and southern areas comprise low ranges of hills bearing excellent stands of yellow pine and red fir. Fires have ravaged much of the timbered sections, destroying 25 per cent of the timber. The burned tracts do not reforest readily, but instead become covered with dense brush growths. Here, as everywhere else in the region lying on the western plateau of the Cascades, cattle range through the forest. Every glade or grass patch is badly overgrazed, and the trampling by stock when the ground is wet in spring or autumn prevents the small glades from becoming forested, as they would otherwise do, in most cases. 21 GEOL, PT 5 28 434 FOREST EESERVES. Forested and other areas in T. 38 S., R. 8 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 17,340 Nonforested area (meadows and glades) 5, 700 Badly burned area 5,800 Logged area (culled, 75 per cent) 2,000 Total stand of timber in T. 38 >S., R. 3 E., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine . . Sugar pine Red fir White fir Incense cedar . Total... Local practice. Per cent. 33.3 2.4 63.5 Feet B. M. 42, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 80, 000, 000 1,000,000 126, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feel B. M. 55, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 92, 000, 000 4, 880, 000 2, 000, 000 156, 880, 000 Composition of forest in T. 38 S., R. 3 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 40 Sugar pine 6 Red fir 55 White fir 3. 7 Incense cedar 1 Pacific yew 1 Township 38 South, Range 4 East. The southeastern portions of this township comprise a series of high, steep ridges forming the crest of the main range of the Cas- cades. The balance of the township consists of a plateau-like tract intersected by low ridges and numerous small grassy glades. The forest stands are extremely uneven. In the southern and central areas occur large burned-over tracts covered with brush and alternat- ing with stands of small-growth white fir. In the northeastern corner is a low, swampy tract bearing a forest stand of massive proportion composed of white, red, and noble fir. The trees here are often as much as 8 feet in diameter and 200 feet in height. The yellow pine is of good quality and size. Most of the timber is easy of access from the west. Forested and other areas in T. 38 S., R. 4 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 17, 340 Nonforested area (burned, 2,800; glades, etc., 2,900) 5, 700 Badly burned area 7, 000 Logged area None. LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. Total stand of timber in T. 38 S., R. 4 E., Oregon. 435 Species. Yellow pine Sugar pine.. White pine . Red fir White fir . . . Noble fir . . . Local practice. Total. Per cent. 19 3.5 2.5 60 5 10 Ftet B. M. 38, 000, 000 7, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 120,000,000 10,000,000 20, 000, 000 200, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 44, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 5, 900, 000 145, 000, 000 20, 000, 000 25, 000, 000 247, 900, 000 Composition of forest in T. 388., R. 4 E., Oregon, including trees of all species, mth basal diameters of 4 inches and upward: Per cent. Yellow pine 20 Sugar pine -^ White pine 2 Red fir 55 White fir - 10 Noble fir 9. 2 Yew, etc 8 Township 38 South, Range 5 East. The western and central areas of this township comprise high, rocky ridges which here form the backbone of the main range of the Cas- cades. They have been heavily timbered, but are now badly burned and covered with wide, dense brush growths surrounding irregular stands of red, white, and noble fir. The eastern portions consist of a marshy area called Buck Lake, a level flat north thereof, burned in recent times and now reforested with a thin growth of lodgepole pine, and an area of rocky slopes east of Buck Lake bearing scattered stands of medium quality yellow pine and much brush, the result of fires. Forested and other areas in T. 38 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 17, 040 Nonforested area (burned, 3,000; meadows, etc., 3,000) 6, 000 Badly burned area 4, 000 Logged area None. 436 FOREST RESERVES. Total stand of timber in T. 38 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine Sugar pine White pine Red fir White fir Noble fir Incense cedar \\''estern hemlock Local practice. Per cent. 40 2.2 1.1 56.7 Feet B. M. 36, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 1,000,000 51,000,000 Total , 90, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 45, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 •1,200,000 90, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 13,000,000 300, 000 500, 000 156, 000, 000 Composition afforest in T. 38 S., R. 5 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward : Per cent. Yellow pine 25 Sugar pine - 1 White pine Occasional trees. Lodgepole pine ^ Red fir 55 White fir 5 Noble fir 8 Incense cedar Scattered trees. Western hemlock Scattered trees. Township 38 South, Range 6 East. The central and southern portions of the township comprise well- timbered ridges and slopes bordering Spencer Creek— a continuation of the heavy forest in T. 39 S., R. 6 E. The northern areas consist of marshy tracts at the south end of Buck Lake and burned and brushed over slopes. Forested and other areas in T. 38 S., R. 6 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 19, 440 Nonforested area (burned) 3, 600 Badly burned area 5, 000 Logged area - None. LEIBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. Total stand of timber in T. 38 >S'., R. 6 E., Oregon. 437 Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 28.6 14.3 2 46 Feet B. M. 40, 000, 000 20, 000, 000 3, 000, OCO 65, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 64, 000, 000 22, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 103, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 Sugar pine White pine Red fir White fir Noble fir 7. 2 10, 000, 000 Alpine hemlock Engelmann spruce 1.4 2, 000, 000 Total 140, 000, 000 218, 000, 000 Composition of forest in T. 38 S., R. 6 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. \ ellow pine 30 Sugar pine 6 White i)ine 8 Red fir 45 White fir 5 Noble fir 10 Alpine hemlock 2 Western hemlock 2 Engelmann spruce 1 Township 38 South, Range 7 East. The western areas of the township comprise a portion of Aspen Lake, a shallow sheet of water, and steep, rocky slopes forming the divide between Aspen Lake and Spencer Creek. The eastern portion of the township consists of a rolling lava plateau with low ridges in the eastern sections. The plateau portion is covered with a nearl}' uni- form stand of forestof good quality, yellow pine largely predominating. The forest is fire marked throughout. Forested and other areas in T. 38 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 18, 540 Nonforested area (lakes, marshes, and glades) .' 4, 500 Badly burned area 3, 200 Logged area None. 438 FOREST RESERVES. Total stand of timber in T. 38 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 86.5 13.5 Feet B. M. 160, 000, 000 25, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 118, 000, 000 57, 000, 000 15, 700, 000 Red fir White fir Total 185, 000, 000 190, 700, 000 Composition of forest in T. 38 S., R. 7 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 60 Red fir 30 White fir 8 Western juniper 2 Township 38 South, Range 8 East. The eastern and central areas of this township consist chiefl}^ of marsh, bordering- Upper Klamath Lake, and areas covered with the waters of this lake. The western tracts carry thin stands of yellow pine and small-growth red and white fir scattered over low lava ridges. Fires have run throughout, and in the vicinit}^ of Long Lake Valley, a marshy meadow, have burned 85 per cent of the forest. Forested and other areas in T. 38 S., R. 8 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 5, 760 Nonforested area (marsh and lake ) 17, 280 Badly burned area 1, 500 Logged area (culled for domestic use, 30 per cent) None. Total stand of timber in T. 38 S., R. 8 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Red fir Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 8, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 14, 300, 000 3, 500, 000 3, 960, 000 White fir Total 8, 000, 000 21, 760, 000 LEiBEKG.l CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 439 Composition of forest in T. S8 S., R. 8 E., Oregon, including trees of all species n-ith hnsal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine '•! Red fir 10 White fir 15 Sugar pine Lodgepole pine Incense cedar Western juniper Township 38 South, Range 9 East. The western portions of the township comprise meadow, marsh, and sagebrush-covered semiarid tracts. The central and eastern sections are hilly regions, the ridges mostly nonforested on the western slopes and timbered on the summits and eastern sides with a thin, light forest mostly valuable for fuel purposes. Forested and other areas in T. 38 S., B. 9 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 5, 760 Nonforested area (lake, marsh, and semiarid tracts) 17, 280 Badly burned area 800 Total stand of timber in T. 38 S., R. 9 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- Yellow pine Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 4, 500, 000 Feet B. 3f. 11,520,000 Composition of forest in T. 38 S., R. 9 E., Oregon, including trees of all speoies with basal diameters of 4 inches and upirard. Per cent. Yellow pine 99 Western juniper 1 Township 38 South, Range 10 East. The eastern and central areas of the township consist of grassy and marshy tracts around Swan Lake; the western part consists of low ranges of hills which bear thin stands of yellow pine of small dimensions. Forested and other areas in T. 38 S., R. 10 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 10, 880 Nonforested area (meadow and agricultural lands) 12, 160 Logged area (culled 30 per cent) 1, 100 440 FOREST RESERVES. Total Ktand (if Ihrilier i)i T. .38 S., R. JO K., (tregori. Species. Yellow pine Local i)ractiee. Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 11,000,000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 22, 000, 000 Composition of foreM in T. .38 S., 11. 10 E., Oregon, including iree.'< of all species iritJi hasal diameters of 4 incites and upvKird. Tor cent. Yellow pine 95 Western juniper 4 Poplar, etc 1 Township 38 South, Range Hi East. This township consists chiefly of nonforested areas in and adjoining Alkali Flat, a semiarid, sagebni.sh-covered region. In the southwestern areas are low hills, which carr}" a .scattered growth of western juniper, with now and then a yellow pine. Forested and other areas in T. 38 S., li. Hi E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 1 , 640 Nonforested area (grazing, agricultural, and semiarid lands) 21, 400 Total stand of timber in T. 38 S., R. Ill -^-, Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. Feel B. M. Feet B. if.' 2, 240, 000 i Composition of forest in T. 38 S., R. llh E., Oregon, including trees of all .species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 5 Western juniper 95 Township 38 South, Range 11 East. This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from information. Forested and other areas in T. 38 S., R. 11 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 14, 040 Nonforested area 9, 000 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PART OF SOUTHERN OREGON SHOWi: Prepared under the direc;tioii of H BY.TOH^ c^^ LodiJepolt:' pine ■t B 8 Contour in t It TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT PART V PL.LXXXIV r IJTSTRIBUIION OP^ L0DG.F:P0I.E PINE •y ('^ainiett,(ieo:ira|)1i«^r in eharo(> EIBERC ULIU3 BEN »CC. LITH N' ' Jg l* !- 16 Ifl aiNOLES loOOfeet LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. Total stand of timber in T. 38 S., R. 11 E., Oregon. 441 Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- Yellow pine Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 38, 000, 000 1 Feet B. M. 53, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 Red fir AVhite fir 4, 000, 000 Total 38,000,000 1 62.000.000 • i Township 38 South, Range 12 East. This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from information. Forested and other areas in T. 38 S., R. 12 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 17, --10 Nonforested area 5, 800 Total stand of timber in T. 38 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine . . White fir Incense cedar. Local practice. Per cent. 100 Total. Feet B. M. 40, 000, 000 40, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Fed B. M. 84, 000, 000 2,000,000 500, 000 86, 500, 000 Township 38 South, Range 13 East. This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from information. Forested and other areas in T. 38 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area l^j 1^^ Nonforested area ^> "00 Total stand of limber in T. 38 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Yellow pine .. White fir Incense cedar . Total... Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 28, 000, 000 ^lichigan prac- tice. 28, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 38, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 44, 000, 000 442 FOREST RESERVES. Township 38 South, Range 14 East. This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from information. Forested and oilier areas in T. 38 S., B. 14 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 9, 040 Nonforested area 14, 000 Total stand of timber in T. 38 S., R. 14 E., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine Local practice. Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 5, 500, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 8, 000, 000 Township 39 South, Range 2 West. This township is largely made up of areas semiarid in character, sup- porting extensive brush growths, but little timber. The once forested tracts have been badl}^ burned, and in place of the forest have come oak copses, madroiia, and thickets of '•chaparral." The forest has been pretty well culled of its dimension stuff long ago, and what remains is mostly small growth and of little commercial value. Forested and other areas in T. 39 S., R. 2 IF., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 9, 040 Nonforested area (burned, 2,500; naturally nonforested, 11,500) 14, 000 Badly burned area 2, 500 Logged area (culled 50 per cent) All. Total stand of timber in T. 39 S., R 2 W., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 81.3 18.7 Feet B. M. 13, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 29, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 Red fir Total 16, 000, 000 35, 000, 000 Composition of forest in T. 39 S., R. 2 W., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 80 Red fir 10 Oak , mad roiia 10 LEIBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 443 Township 39 South, Range 1 West. This township comprises steep rocky slopes, draining parth' into Applegate Creek, partly into Bear Creek. Originally of good proportion, the forest has been culled during man}^ years and stripped of its best timber, only a trace remaining. Fires have wrought great havoc and have transformed many of the slopes into great brush heaps with thin lines of half -dead trees in their midst. Forested and other areas in T. 39 S., H. 1 W., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 17, 240 Nonforested area (rocky slopes, agricultural, etc. ) 5, 800 Badly burned area 3, lOO Logged area (culled throughout 45 per cent) All. Total stand of timber in T. 39 S., E. 1 W., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 70 8 22 Feet B. M. 35, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 11, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 73, 000, 000 9, 000, 000 21,000,000 Sugar pine Red fir Total 50,000,000 in.^ ooci nnn 1 Composition of forest in T. 39 S., R. 1 W., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 70 Sugar pine 8 Red fir 20 Oak, madrona 2 Township 39 South, Range 1 East. The extreme western portions of this township consist of low, sparsely timbered slopes, with heavier stands in the ravines; the cen- tral portions comprise agricultural and grazing lands while the eastern mainly include semiarid, rocky, nonforested slopes. The forest is of poor quality throughout. Since the first settlement of the region it has been culled and burned repeatedly. Private hold- ings have conserved some of the better portions. In general the tim- ber is of little commercial value. Forested and other areas in T. 39 S., B. IE., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 8, 040 Nonforested area 15, 000 Logged area (culled 50 per cent) All. 44i FOREST RESERVES. Total Ktrwd of thnher lit. T. 39 S., R. 1 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Yellow pine Sugar pine . . Red fir Total. Per cent. 68.7 18.7 12.5 Feet B. M. 11,000,000 3, 000, 000 r, vv)o, 000 16, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 22, 000, 000 7, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 35, 000, 000 Composition of forest in T. 39 S., R. IE., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 60 Sugar pine 15 Red fir 20 Oak, madroiia 5 Township 39 South, Range 2 East. This township consists mostly of steep rock}" breaks rising al^ruptly from Bear Creek Valley toward the Siskiyou-Cascades junction in the east. A large proportion of the region is naturally nonforested. The for- ested areas bear thin stands of scattered yellow pine and red fir mixed with copses of oak. The timber is all of poor quality. Forested and other areas in T. 39 S. , R. 2 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 10, 540 Nonforested area (mostly rocky breaks naturally nonforested) 12, 500 Badly burned area 1, 200 Logged area - Culled throughout. Total stand of timber in T. 39 S., R. 2 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 6, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 7, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 Red fir Total 6, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 . Composition of forest in T. 39 S., R. 2 E., Oregon, including trees of all species ii:ith basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 62 Red fir 35 Oak, etc 3 LEIBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 445 Township 39 South, Range 3 East. This township covers the areas at the junction of the Siskiyou and the Cascade ranges, and consists of rocky flats and ridges forming the upper drainage basin of Jenny Creek. The forest contains a large quantity of red fir, small in growth and badly damaged by the numerous fires which have overrun the town- ship in recent times. The yellow pine is short bodied, as is the usual condition on the rocky areas of this region. Where fires have burned all the timber, brush growths are the rule. Forested and other areas in T. 39 S., R. 8 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 19, 140 Nonforested area, ( 2,000 burned clean of timber) 3, 900 Badly burned area 3, 000 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 39 S., R. 3 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 51.3 10.2 38.5 Feel B. ^f. 40, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 30, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 65, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 55, 000, 000 6, 300, 000 Sugar pine Red fir White fir Total 78, 000, 000 136, 300, 000 Composition of forest in T. 39 S. , R. 3 E., Oregon, including trees of all species icith basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 60 Sugar pine 3 Red fir 32 White fir , 5 Township 39 South, Range 4 East. This township comprises most of the eastern areas of the Jenny Creek watershed and consists, in its eastern portion, of a level or gently rolling plateau region; in its western sections of hilly and broken ground. Its central areas contain Johnson Prairie, a large glade with man}- small ramifications. Fires have riui throughout the entire extent of the township. The northern areas are very badly burned, extensive tracts being completely covered with brush growth as a result. The central and southern portions cany a heav}' forest of yellow pine, excellent in quality and easy of access. The red fir is inferior in growth and quality, due to the many fires in the region. 446 FOREST RESERVES. Forested and other areas in T. 39 S. , R. 4 F., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 18, 040 Nonforested area (glades and meadows, 2,000; burned 3,000) 5, 000 Badly burned area 5, 600 Logged area None. Tolat stand of limber in T. 39 S., R. 4 F., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine . . Sugar pine Red fir White fir Incense cedar . Total . . . Local practice. Per cent. 57.5 14.3 25.8 1.2 1.2 Feel B. M. 100, 000, 000 25, 000, 000 45, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 174, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 122, 000, 000 31,000,000 80, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 2, 850, 000 239, 850, 000 Composition of forest in T. 39 S., R. 4 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with based diameters of 4 inches and upward. Yellow pine Sugar pine . . Red fir Per cent. .... 50 40 White fir Incense cedar . Township 39 South, Range 5 East. This township consists of a plateau region which forms portions of the summit of the main range of the Cascades in this region. The northwestern areas are chiefly meadow lands, glades belonging to the Johnson Prairie tracts. The balance of the township carries a tolerably compact body of excellent yellow pine, largely composed of standards. Fires have run everywhere in the forest stands, suppressing the young growth, burning great quantities of the iirs, and tilling the for- est with a great many small brushed-over tracts in place of the con- sumed timber. Forested and other areas in T. 39 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 21, 140 Nonforested area ( meadows and glades ) 1 , 900 Badly burned area 6, 000 Logged area None. LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. Total Mand of timber in T. 39 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. 447 Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. ' Yellow pine Per cent. 61.5 10.6 25 1.5 . 7 . 7 Feet B. M. 160, 000, 000 28, 000, 000 65,000,000 3, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 188,000,000 28, 000, 000 95, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 Sugar pine Red fir White fir Noble fir Incense cedar Total 260, 000, 000 328, 000, 000 Composition of forest in T. 39 S., R. 5 E., Oregon, including trees of all species tmth basal diameters of 4 inches and upivard. ^r 11 . Percent. Yellow pnie ,,^ Lodgepole pine -■ White fir Incense cedar Sugar pine Red fir '!"'"!! Noble fir 2.9 .1 4 30 Township 39 South, Range 6 East. This township in part consists of areas along the summit of the Cas- cades, and has not elevation sufficient to produce a true subalpine for- est. In part it consists of slopes on the eastern side of the range draining into Spencer Creek. The forest has been severelj^ burned in places, followed by the inevitable brush growths. The western areas and the slopes^ near Spencer Creek bear good stands of mill timber. Forested and other areas in T. 39 S., R. 6 E., Oregon. Forested area Acres. 18, 840 Nonforested area ( burned, 2,000; glades and meadows, 2,200) ! 4, 200 Badly liurned area c' ,qq Logged area t.-' '"' JS one. 4-48 FOREST RESERVES. Total dand of timber in T. 39 S., R. 6 E., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine . . Sugar pine Red lir White fir Incense cedar . Total... Local practice. Per cent. 32.6 9.8 53.7 3.9 Feet B. M. 50, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 82, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. 153, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 60, 000, 000 15,000,000 105, 000, 000 15,000,000 800, 000 195,800,000 Composition of forest in T. 39 S., R. 6 E., Oregon, including trees of all species iviih basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 31 Sugar pine 7 Red fir 50 White fir 10 Incense cedar 1 Lodgepole pine 1 Township 39 South, Range 7 East. This township is situated on the eastern slope of the main range of the Cascades. Its western areas contain stands of forest of medium density and quality; its southern areas have thin growths of forest, largely western juniper;^ its eastern areas adjoin the nonforested semi- arid tracts west of Upper Klamath Lake and carry scattered stands of forest of small commercial value. Forested and other areas in T. 39 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 18, 040 Nonforested area ( naturally nonforested) 5, 000 Badly burned'area 1 , 850 Logged area (culled 35 per cent) 2, 000 Total stand of timber in T. 39 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine . . Sugar pine Red fir White fir Incense cedar . Total Local practice. Per cent. 76.4 5.4 18.2 Feet B. M. 42, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 55, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 70, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 7, 000, 000 900, 000 95, 900, 000 LEIBERG.] CASCADE RANG?: AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 449 Compo..H}an of forest in T. S9 S., R. 7 K, Oregon, including trees of all species imth basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow ])iiie -„ Sujjar i)iii(' ' " „ Red (ir White fir Incense cedar . 13 .2 Western juniper „ ,, Township 39 South, Range 8 East. The western sections of the township consist of low lava hills sparsely tim]xn-ed, inclosing marshy or sagebrush-covered flats. The eastern areas comprise sagebrush -covered, nonforested semiarid flats and low hills. The forest is of poor quality owing to proximity of arid climatic conditions and to frequent fires. Acres. 8,320 Forested and other areas in T. 39 S., R. 8 E., Oregon. Forested area Nonforested area (meadows and semiarid areas) 14 720 Badly burned area ^ ^qq Total stand of timber in T. 39 S., R. S E., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine Local practice. Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 6, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 10, 880, 000 Composition afforest in T. 39 S., R. 8 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. _. , , . P<-T cent. Y ellow pme qy Western juniper o Township 31) South, Range 9 East. This township is situated east of the Cascades and consists of marsh and sagebrush flats and hills. The area of the township is 23,040 acres and it contains no forested tracts. Township 39 South, Range 10 East. This township was estimated from information and was not personally examined. Forested and other areas in T. 39 S., R. 10 E., Oregon. Forested area ^ ^^q Nonforested area -^^ 5qq 21 GEOL, pt 5 29 450 FOREST RESERVES. Total stand of timber in T. 39 S., R. 10 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 6, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 10, 000, 000 Township 39 South, Range Hi East. This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from information. Forested and other areas in T. 39 S., R. llh E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area "> 680 Nonforested area - - - 15, 360 Total stand of timber in T. 39 S., R. llh. E., Oregon. Specie.s. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 100 Fed B. M. 16, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 22, 500, 000 Township 39 South, Range 11 East. This township was not personall}^ examined, but was estimated from information. Forested ami other areas in T. 39 S., R. 11 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 15, -440 Nonforested area 7, 600 Tntdl ataivl of timber iii T. 39 S., R. 11 E., Oregon. Species. Yellow i)ine White fir Total. Local practice. Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 55, 000, 000 55, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 85, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 90, 000, 000 Township 39 South, Range 12 East. This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from information. Forested and other areas in T. 39 ,S., R. 1£ E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area "> 640 Nonforested area 15, 400 LEiBEKo] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. Total stand of timber in T. 39 S., R. 12 E., (Jreyon. 451 Species. l^oc-al prai'tice. Michigan stand- ' ard. Yellow pine "White fir Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 30, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 42, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 Total - 30, 000, 000 46, 000, 000 TowNSHir 39 South. Range 13 East. This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from information. Forested and other areas in. T. 39 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 4, 440 Nonforested area 18, 600 Total stand of timber in T. 39 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine Local practice. Michigan pra(!- tice. Per cent. I Feet B. ^f. Feet B. .»/. 100 I 16,000,000 j 22,000,000 Township 39 South, Range l-t East, This township was not personally examined, but was estiniated from information. Forested and other areas in T. 39 S., R. 14 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 8, 040 Nonforested area 15, 000 Total stand of limber in T. 39 S., R. U E., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine Local practice. Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 5, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Ferl B. M. 8, 000, 000 Township 40 South, Range 2 West. The northern areas of this township consist of low broken spurs and ridges; the southern comprise high steep slopes, all of which are formed b}" northward projecting ridges from the Siskiyou Moun- tains; the whole constituting the different divides between the various Applegate forks. 452 FOREST RESERVES. The forest in the southern areas consists mostly of no]>le tir at the higher elevations; at lower levels it changes to a growth in which red fir forms 60 percent of the stand. The southern tracts of the town- ship have been burned clean to the extent of 30 per cent in recent times, and are now reforesting with a nearly pure growth of red fir. The northern portions carry stands of yellow pine, much culled and extensively mixed with oak copses and madrona of large growth. Forested and other areas in T. 40 S., A'. ^^ TT. , Ore/jon. Ac-res. Forested area - 19, 240 Nonforested area (rocks and glades) - 3, 800 Badly burned area •!, 300 Logged area (culled 65 per cent) 1, 800 Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., R. 2 Tl'., Oree/on. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine . Sugar pine Red fir Noble fir Incense cedar Total . . Per cent. 56. 6.6 29.3 6.6 1.4 Feet B. M. 42, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 22, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 1,000,000 Feel B. M. 60, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 45, 000, 000 7, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 75, 000, 000 119, 000, 000 Composition of forest in T. 40 S., R. 2 W., Oregon, including trees of all species loith basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 40. Sugar pine 2. Red fir - 45. Noble fir 3. Incense cedar 5 Madrona - 1^9 5 Oak - Township -iO South, Range 1 West. This township consists of high slopes and summits of the Siskiyou Range. The highest slopes are largely nonforested, either bare, rocky expanses or grassy glades predominating. The lower elevations bear moderately heavy stands of fair quality. The forest is seared by fire in all of its parts, and is generally difficult of access. A portion of the township forms part of the Ashland Forest Reserve. LBiBERG.] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND EESERVES. 453 Forested and olJier arean in T. 40 S., R. 1 W., Orecjon. Acres. Forested area 17, 040 Nonforested area (Ware, rueky Hiiiiiinits, etc., 4,200; hiirued elean, 2,800) (!, 000 Badly burned area 6, 200 None. Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., R. 1 IT., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Sugar pine Wliite pine Per cent. 28.5 11.4 Feel B. M. 20, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 Feel B. M. 26, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 1,000,000 55, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 14, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 Ked fir 40 28, 000, 000 White fir Noble fir Incense cedar 17.2 2.9 12, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 Total 70, 000, 000 110,000,000 Composition of forest in T. 40 S., R. 1 W., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 20 Sugar pine 3 White pine Scattered trees. Red fir 50 White fir 3 Noble fir 12 Incense cedar 3 Oak, madrona 9 Township 40 South, Range 1 East. This township consists chiefly of high rocky combs and ridges culminating in Siskiyou Peak. It forms the larger portion of the Ashland Forest Reserve. Along the higher slopes the forest occurs in scattered stands, largel}^ composed of noble fir. The lower areas bear good stands of yellow and sugar pine. The red fir is mostly of small growth. Fires have run throughout the forest in the township. The summit of the ridge near Siskiyou Peak has been burned to the extent of 75 per cent within the last two or three years. Although a forest reserve for the purpose of supplying the town of Ashland with pure water, sheep are permitted to graze on the high slopes, defiling the water. 454 FOREST RESERVES. Forcslid It ml other (/rcaK in T. 40 S., R. 1 E., Orrgnn. Acres. Forested area 18, 540 Nonforested area (glades, eti-., 4,000; hurried clean, 500 j 4, 500 Badly burned area 2, 200 Logged area - - - 500 7ot((l stdiid iifiimhcr in T. 40 S., R. 1 E., Ori'i/on. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 21.8 12.6 26 36.4 Feet B. M. 21,000,000 12, 000, 000 25, 000, 000 35, 000, 000 Feet B. .V. 36, 000, 000 16, 000, 000 50, 000, 000 50, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 Sugar pine Red fir Noble fir White fir Incense cedar. 3.2 3, 000, 000 4. 000. 000 Total 96, 000, 000 164,000,000 Composition of forest in T. 40 S., R. IE., Oregon, including trees of all hpecies v:ith hasal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 23 Sugar pine 10 White pine- Scattered trees. White-bark pine Scattered trees. Red fir 30 White fir 5 Noble fir 30 Incense cedar 2 Oak, madrona 5 Township 40 South, Range 2 East. This township is situated on the northern slopes of the Siskiyou Mountains and consists of rocky, broken hills rising in the east and south to join the main range. Fires have run through the forest in recent times, burning 30 per cent of the timber and badly searing the remainder. The stands are light and scattered among bare, rocky flats and glades and dense brush growths. The larger portion of the timber consists of small-growth red tir of little commercial value. Forested and other areas in T. 40 S., R. 2 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 13, 540 Nonforested area (burned, 3,000) 6, 500 Badly burned area 6, 300 Logged area (culled 15 per cent) 1, 200 LEiBEBG.] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESEEVES. . Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., R. 2 E., Oregon. 455 Species. Yellow pine Sugar pine . . Red fir White fir Noble fir . . . Local practice. Per cent. 20.8 4.2 75 Total. Feet B. M. 5, 000, 000 1,000,000 18, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 15, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 45, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 24, 000, 000 68, 000, 000 Composition of forest in T. 40 S., R. 2 E., Oregon, including trees of all specific irifh basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 25 Sugar pine 2 Red fir 58 White fir 4 Noble fir 6 Incense cedar 1 Oak, madrona 6. 7 Township 40 South, Range 3 East. This township consists of ridges and canyons projecting eastward from the Siskiyou Mountains, and forms portion of the Jenny Creek drainage basin. It is a very broken region, with the forest mostly burned up long ago and in its place dense brush growths or here and there grassed- over slopes. The mill timber is of small growth and of little value. Forested and other areas in T. 40 S., R. 3 E., Oregon. , Acres. Forested area 12, 040 Nonforested area (fire glades 5,200) 11 , 000 Badly burned area 8, 200 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., R. 3 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 22. 2 4.4 73.4 JF^et B. M. 10, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 33, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 16, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 51,200,000 400, 000 Sugar pine Red fir Incense cedar Total 45, 000, 000 69, 600, 000 45G FOREST EESERVES. Coniposllion, offorext in T. 40 'S'., li. 3 E., Oregon, including trees of all xpecies icith basal diameters of 4 indies and> upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 25 Sugar pine 1 White fir 1 Red fir - 70 Incense cedar 1 Oak 4. 7 Township 40 South, Range 4 East. The eastern areas of this township consist of portions of the large lava plateau which flanks the main summit of the Cascade Range north of the Klamath River. The western portions of the township com- prise broken, unevenly forested ridges draining into Jenny Creek. The mill timber in the eastern sections forms heavy stands, is excel- lent in quality, and easy of access. Fires have marked the entire forest stand in the township, and have mostly suppressed the j^oung growth; hence the forest is of an open character, with but little undergrowth. Forested and other areas in T. 40 S., R. 4 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 19, 740 Nonforested area (naturally nonforested) 3, 300 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., R. 4 E., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine . . Sugar pine Red fir White fir Incense cedar. Total... Local practice. Per cent. 56.5 14.2 28.3 .9 Feet B. M. 120, 000, 000 30, 000, 000 60, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 212, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 132,000,000 35, 000, 000 70, 000, 000 10,000,000 1, 000, 000 248, 000, 000 Composition of forest in T. 40 S., R. 4 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upiuard. Per cent. .... 60 Yellow pine Sugar pine 8 Red fir 30 White fir 1 Oak, incense cedar 1 LEIBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 457 Township 40 South, Range 5 East. This township consists of a genth' rolling lava plateau, a few low ridges here and there flanking and including portions of the main summit of the Cascade Range north of the Klamath River Canyon. It bears a forest of noble proportions, ideally situated for lumbering operations. The most valuable components of the forest here are yellow and sugar pine. The growth of these two species is symmet- rical and large, the sugar pine reaching basal diameters of 9 feet, and the yellow pine of 5 to 6 feet, with clear trunks 30 to 65 feet in length. Fires have run through this stand of timber very many times, and there are not many trees not fire seared. The greatest damage has been done to the firs, both red and white, which therefore are largely defective and are not much cut for lumber. The young growth has also been destroyed, and reproduction is therefore defective. The Pokegama Lumber Company operates here, sending the logs to their mills at Klamathon, on the Southern Pacific Railroad, by way of the Klamath River. They cut pine exclusively, and cut all pine clean as they go, leaving great accumulations of debris behind them for future fires. They take all trees far into the crown, trimming off the limbs and making the last cut on a basis of 7 to 8 inches in diameter at the small end. In consequence they realize about 40 per cent higher yield than the customary cruisers' estimates provide for. Forested and other areas in T. 40 S., R. 5 E., Oregon. Forested area 20 440 Nonforested area 2 600 Logged area {^^ Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., K. 5 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Sugar pine. Red fir Per cent. 50 17.7 30 Feet B. M. 150, 000, 000 53, 000, 000 90, 000, 000 5 000 000 Feet B. M. 170,000,000 60,000,000 100,000,000 1 "7 nAA AAA White fir 1.7 .6 Incense cedar 2, 000, 000 I 3, 620, 000 Total 300 000 000 '^"^^ «'>o rif\f\ Total stand of timber as per actual cutting practice, 600,000,000 feet B. M. 458 FOREST RESERVES. Composition of forest in T. 40 S., R. 5 E., Oregon, including trees of all species icitli basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pint^ 50 Sugar pine 15 Eed fir 30 White fir 4. 5 Incense cedar. 5 Township 40 South, Range 6 East. The western and central areas of this township consist of a con- tinuation of the lava plateau referred to under T. -il S., R. 5 E., and the forest is of similar character. The canyon of the Klamath River cuts the eastern portion of the township in two. It is a rocky and precipitous gorge, the slopes and bottom timbered with scattered trees and the forest along the north bluff badly burned. East of the river we have heavy stands of yellow pine, logged in places by small local concerns. Forested and other ureas in T. 40 S., R. 6 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 21, 240 Nonforested area (glades) 1 , 800 Badly burned area 2, 200 Logged area 1, 800 Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., R. 6 E., Oregon. Species. YelloYv'' pine . . Sugar pine Red fir White fir Incense cedar . Local practice. Per cent. 63.7 15.4 19.3 1.6 Feet B. M. 165, 000, 000 40, 000, 000 50, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 Total 1 259, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. FeetB. M. 190, 000, 000 45, 000, 000 75, 000, 000 9, 000, 000 1,000,000 320, 000, 000 Composition afforest in T. 40 S., R. 6 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 '^inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 60 Sugar pine 15 Red fir 22 White fir - i Incense cedar j LEIBEKG.] CASCADE EANGE AND ASHLAND EESERVES. 459 Township 40 South, Range 7 East. The western areas of the township consist of plateau tracts; the eastern comprise rocky and craggy declivities sloping toward Lower Klamath Lake. The western portions of the township contain stands of yellow pine of excellent quality and easy of access. The growth is much mixed with a great quantity of red tir of dimensions unfit for mill timber; and is intersected in all directions by narrow, nonforested, rocky or grassy glades. Forested and other areas in T. 40 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 21, 740 Nonforested area (glades and clearings) 1, 300 Badly burned area 2, 400 Logged area 1, 500 Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine Sugar pine . Red fir Total. Local practice. Per cent. 77.7 3.4 18.9 Feet B. M. 140, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 34, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. 180, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 175, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 65, 000, 000 248, 000, 000 Composition of forest in T. 40 S., R. 7 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with ha.^ 600 460 FOREST RESERVES. Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., R. 8 E., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine Red fir White fir . . . Total. Local practice. Per cent. 87 13 Fed B. M. 20, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 23, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 40, 000, 000 9, 000, 000 3, 980, 000 52, 980, 000 Composition of forest in T. 40 S., R. 8 E., Oregon, indnding trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 85 Red fir 10 White fir, etc 5 Township 40 South, Range 9 East. The township consists of marsh lands, and in the eastern areas of sagebrush-covered tracts which bear, liere and there, scattered trees of western juniper. The area of the township is 23,040 acres, none of which are forested. Township 40 South, Range 10 East. This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from information. Forested and other areas in T. 40 S. , R. 10 E. , Oregon. Acres. Forested area 7, 040 Nonforested area 16, 000 Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., R. 10 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 30, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 42, 000, 000 Township 40 South, Range 11 East. This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from information. Forested and other areas in T. 40 S., R. 11 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 5, 040 Nonforested area 18, 000 LEiBEKG.] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 461 Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., R. 11 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cait. Feet B. M. Feet B. M. 5, 000, 000 ToAVNSHip 40 South, Range 12 East. This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from information. Forested and other areas in T. 40 S., H. 12 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area n 040 Nonforested r.rea 12 000 Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., B. 12 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 36, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 50, 000, 000 Township 40 South, Range 13 East. This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from information. Forested and other areas in T. 40 S., B. 13 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 10 240 Nonforested area 12 800 Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., R. 13 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Percent. 95.2 4.8 Feet B. M. 40, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 Feel B. M. 50, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 Redfir White fir Incense cedar ! Total 42, 000, 000 62, 000, 000 - 462 FOREST EESERVES. Township 4-0 South, Range 14 East. This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from information. Forested and other areas in T. 40 S., R. 14 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 3, 240 Nonforested area 19, 800 Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., R. 14 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Percent. 100 Feet B. M. 10, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 15, 000, 000 Township 40 South, Range 14i East. This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from information. Forested and other areas in T. 40 S., R. 14i E., Oregon. Forested . Area. 13, 040 Nonforested 10, 000 Total stand of timber in T. 40 S., R. 14\ E., Oregon. 1 Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 39, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 45, 000, 000 Fractional Township 41 South, Range 2 West. This fractional township comprises a portion of the summit of the Siskiyou Range near Sterling Peak, and the southern slopes there- from. It includes a large amount of bare rockj^ summits and slopes naturally deforested. The timber along the higher slopes is mostly composed of noble fir of large dimensions and often of verj^ close stand. It is mixed with small percentages of white pine and red fir. The lower slopes cany yellow and sugar pine of medium quality. The larger proportion of the timber in the township is very difiicult of access, and fire has marked it all. LEiBERG] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. Forested and other areas in T. 41 S., R. 2 IF., Oregon. 463 Forested area 7, 200 Nonforested area (rocks and glades) 3, 000 Badly burned area 2, 000 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 41 S., R. 2 W., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine . . Sugar pine White pine . . . Red fir White fir Noble fir Incense cedar. Local practice. Per cent. 22.5 19.2 Feet B. M. 14, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. 12, 000, 000 48.1 2.1 30, 000, 000 1, 300, 000 Total. 62, 300, 000 Feet B. M. 16, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 .S, 000, 000 22, 000, 000 1,600,000 40, 000, 000 1,500,000 89, 100, 000 Composition afforest in T. 41 S., R. 2 W., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 20 Sugar pine 5 White pine 3 Red fir 25 White fir 5 Noble fir 40 Incense cedar ^ Fractional Township 41 South, Range 1 West. This fractional township comprises spurs and canyons projecting southward from the Siskiyou Range. Along the higher slopes the region is rocky and in part covered with light brush growth, in part with thin stands of forest. The lower and intermediate slopes cany stands of good timber, the yellow pine and the sugar pine largely composed of veterans in good pre.servation. Fires have run throughout the township. Forested and other areas in T. 41 S., R. 1 W., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 9, 000 Nonforested area ( rocky summits, glades, etc.) 1 , 200 Badly burned area 1) 000 Logged area None. 464 FOEEST RESERVES. Total stand of timber in T. 41 S., R. 1 W., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 65.7 13.1 19.9 Feet B. M. 50, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 60, 000, 000 12, 000, 000 28, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 1, 700, 000 Sugar pine Red fir White fir Noble fir Incense cedar 1.3 1, 000, 000 Total 76, 000, 000 109, 700, 000 Composition of forest in T. 41 S., R. 1 W., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diamaters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 52 Sugar pine 10 White pine Scattered trees. Red fir 28 White fir 1 Noble fir 5 Incense cedar 5 Oak 3. 5 Fractional Township 41 South, Range 1 East. This fractional township consists of spurs and canyons projecting southward from the Siski^^ou Range. Tlie forest along the lower slopes is of excellent quality and propor- tion, and is remarkable for the large percentage of incense cedar of large growth which it contains. The upper slopes have been badly overrun by fires in recent times, and are thinly covered with forest in the midst of dense brush growths. Forested, and other areas in T. 41 S., R. IE., Oregon. Acres. Forested area , 9, 900 Nonforested area 300 Badly burned area 1, 500 Logged area (culled 80 per cent) 1, 200 LEIBERG.J CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESEKVES. Total stand of timber in T. 41 S., R. IE., Oregon. 465 Species. Yellow pine . . Sugar pine Red fir White fir Incense cedar. Total . . . Local practice. Per cent. 44 30 6 6 14 Feet B. M. 22, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 7, 000, 000 50, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 40, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 4, 240, 000 10, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 77, 240, 000 Composition of forest in T. 41 S., R. IE., Oregon, including frres of all xperie.'^ v:lth hasal diameters of 4 inches and upward. PtT cent. Yellow pine 65 Sugar pine 14 Red fir 5 White fir 10 Incense cedar 3 Oak 3 Fractional Township 41 South, Range 2 East. The central and southern portions of this township are situated on the summit and southern slopes of the Siskiyou Range. The township is very thinly forested, consisting largely of grassy or brushy semiarid slopes. The northern portion of the township contains scattered stands of timber much damaged by tires and of little commercial value. Forested and other areas in T. 41 >^-, R. ~ E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 8, 200 Nonforested area (rocks, seiniarid tracts, etc. ) 2, 000 Badly l^urned area 4, 000 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 41 S., R. 2 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellowpine Per cent. 20 40 40 Feet B. .V. 1, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 3, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 4, 600, 000 1,000,000 Sugar pine Red fir White fir Total 5, 000, 000 10, 600, 000 21 GEOL, PT 5- 30 466 FOREST RESERVES. Compoxition of fared in T. 41 S., R. 2 E., Oregon, including trees of all species milli basal diameters of 4 inches and upivard. Per Pent. Yellow pine 30 Sugar pine 2 Red fir 55 White fir 10 Fractional Township 41 South, Range 3 East. This township consists of steep hills very sparsely forested, but cov- ered with dense brush growths as the result of fires. Most of the timber was burned in recent times. There is no reforestation. The mill timber, scattered among the brush heaps, is of poor quality and practically inaccessible. Forested and other areas in T. 41 >S. , R. 3 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 7, 000 Nonforested area (due to fires, 2,000) 3, 200 Badly burned area 4, 200 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 41 'S'., R. 3 E., Oregon. Species. . Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 66.6 33.4 Feet B. M. 2, 000, 000 1,000,000 Feet B. M. 6, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 Red fir Total 3, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 Composition of forest in T. 41 S. , R. 3 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Yellow pine . Red fir Per cent. 60 35 Sugar pine incense cedar . Oak Fractional Township 41 South, Range 4 East. The greater portion of this township consists of steep ridges border- ing Jenny Creek, with a plateau-like tract in the northeastern area. The southern areas of the township are timbered with light, open stands interspersed with many oak copses. The northern portions bear a forest of moderate density, easy of access, with stands of timber of good quality and body. LEiBERG] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 467 Forested and other areas in T. 41 S., R. 4 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 7, 800 Nonforested area (glades, meadows, rocks) 2, 400 Badly burned area 800 Logged area None. Total stand of timber in T. 41 S., R. 4 E., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine . . Sugar pine Red fir White fir Incense cedar. Total... Local practice. Per cent. 66 24 Feet B. M. 33, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 12, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 50, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 42, 000, 000 4, 800, 000 17,800,000 400, 000 2, 000, 000 67, 000, 000 J Composition of forest in T. 41 S., R. 4 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 50 Sugar pine 5 Red fir 30 Incense cedar 2 White fir i Western juniper / Oak 12 Fractional Township 41 South, Range 5 East. This township consists of portion of the large lava plateau lying immediately north of the Klamath River and stretching northerly toward the volcanic areas south of Mount Pitt. The region is well timbered with a massive, though open, forest. The pine is of excellent quality, long bodied, and composed mostly of large standards. Undergrowth is scanty and young growth is defi- cient, owing to frequentl}'^ repeated fires. The Pokegama Lumber Company has here extensive logging camps. Forested and other areas in T. 41 S. , R. 5 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 10, 200 Logged area (culled 80 per cent) 2, 000 468 FOKEST BESERVES. Total stand of timber in T. 41 ^'-j H- 5 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 51.2 16.6 32.2 Feet B. M. 40, 000, 000 13, 000, 000 25, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 50, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 30, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 1,000,000 Sugar jiine Red fir White fir Incense cedar Total 78, 000, 000 100, 000, 000 CompoHition of forest in T. 41 S. , R. 5 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with baml diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 50 Sugar pine 10 Red fir 36 White fir Incense cedar Fractional Township 41 South, Range 6 East. The northern and western areas of the township consist chiefly of rocky and precipitous bluffs inclosing- Klamath River Canyon. The eastern sections comprise portions of a plateau-like tract bordering the canyon on the south. The bottom of the canyon is sparsely timbered, as are the slopes leading down into it. The plateau portion carries a heavy forest stand, which is broken by numerous small nonforested glades. The principal mill timber is yellow pine which is here of excellent quality and size. The red fir is mostly of small growth. Fire has marked the timber throughout the township. Forested and other areas in T. 41 S., R. 6 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 9, 000 Nonforested area (rocky bluffs, glades, meadows) 1, 200 Logged area 1, 200 Total stand of timber in T. 41 S., R. 6 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 87 13 Feet B. M. 50, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 58, 000, 000 29, 500, 000 Red fir Total 58, 000, 000 87, 500, 000 LEIBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 469 Cotiipot^itidii of forest in T. 41 'S'., R- 6 E., Oregon, including trees of all species nilh linsal diameters if 4 inches and upward. Yellow pine Red lir Per cent. 45 o5 Fractional Township -tl South, Ranoe T East. This township comprises slopes of the divide which separates in part the waters of the Klamath River and those of Lower Klamath Lake. It is generally a steep and rock}' region. The yellow pine on the lower slopes is of good quality. Along the higher elevations it is largely replaced with red fir of small growth. The forest is fire seared throughout. Forested and otlier areas in T. 41 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area !\ 200 Noniorested area (bare rocks and glades) 1 , (X)0 Badly burned area 1 , .SOO Logged area None. Toted stand of timber in T. 41 S., R. 7 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Yellow pine Red fir Per cent. 11.4 Total. Feet B. M. 62, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 70, 000, 000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. .V. 78, 000, 000 17,000,000 95, 000, 000 Composition of forest in T. 41 S., R. 7 E., Oregon, including trees of all species with basal diameters of 4 inches and upward. I'er cent. Yellow pine 75 Red fir 25 Fractional Township 41 South, Range 8 East. The eastern areas of the township consist of marsh}^ tracts along Lower Klamath Lake. The western portions comprise rocky slopes forested with thin stands of 3'ellow pine of inferior qualit3\ Forested and other areas in T. 41 S., R. 8 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 2, 800 Nonforested area (marsh) S, 320 Badly burned area 600 Logged area None. 470 FOREST RESERVES. Total daud of timber in T. 4I S., R. 8 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. 100 Fitt B. M. 6, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 12,000,000 2, 000, 000 Red fir Total 6, 000, 000 14, 000, 000 Composition of forest in T. 41 S., R. 8 E., Oregon, including trees of all species irith hasal diameters of 4 inches and upward. Per cent. Yellow pine 98 Red fir 2 Fractional Township 41 South, Range 9 East. This township is situated in Lower Klamath Lake and comprises marsh and lake areas. Its area is 11,520 acres, none of which is forested. Fractional Township 41 South, Range 10 East. The area of this township is 11,520 acres, none of which is forested. Fractional Township 41 South, Range 11 East. This township was not personall}'^ examined, but was estimated from information. Forested and otJier areas in T. 41 'S'., R. 11 E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 800 Nonforested area 10, 720 Total stand of timber in T. 4I S., R. 11 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. Feet B. M. Feet B. M. 4, 500, 000 Fractional Township 41 South, Range 12 East. There are no forest areas in this township. The area of the town- ship is 11,520 acres. Fractional Township 41 South, Range 13 East. This township was not personally examined, but was estimated from information. i.EiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 471 Fori'sti'd (Old other (trcdx in T. 41 ''^•, A'- i-? i^'-, Oregon. Acres. Forested area , 8, 520 Nonforeytt'd area 3, 000 Total stand of timber in T. 41 '"<., R- 13 E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow jtiiie Per cent. 87.5 12.5 FeetB.M. 28, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 34, 000, 000 7, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 Red fir White pine Incense cedar Total 32, 000, 000 45, 000, 000 Fractional Township 41 South, Range 14 East. This township was not examined personal!}', but was estimated from information. Acres. Forested area 11, 520 Total stand of timber in T. 41 'S'., R. 14 E., Oregon. Species. Yellow pine Local practice. Per cent. 100 Feet B. M. 45,000,000 Michigan prac- tice. Feet B. M. 55, 000, 000 Fractional Township 41 South, Range 14^ East. The forest in this township consists chiefly of scattered stands of western juniper. The township was not Dersonally examined, but was estimated from information. Forested and other area.i in T. 41 S., R. 14\ E., Oregon. Acres. Forested area 3, 500 Nonforested areas 8, 020 Total sla7id of limber in T. 41 S., R. 14h E., Oregon. Species. Local practice. Michigan prac- tice. Yellow pine Per cent. Feet B. M. Feel B. M. 3, 000, 000 : 472 FOREST RESERVES. ASHLAXD FOREST RESERVE, OREGON. BOUNDARIES. Beginning at the northeast corner of section twenty-seven (27) , township thirty- nine (39) south, range one (1) east, Willamette meridian; thence westerly along the surveyed and unsurveyed section line to the northwest corner of section twenty-tive (25) , township thirty -nine (39) south, range' one (1) west; thence southerly along the section line to the southwest corner of section thirty-six (36) , said township and range; thence westerly along the ninth (9th) standard parallel south to the north- west corner of section one (1), township forty (40) south, range one (1) west; thence southerly along the section line to the southwest corner of section thirteen (13), said township and range; thence easterly along the surveyed and unsurveyed section line to the point for the southeast corner of section fourteen (14) , township forty (40) south, range one (1) east; thence northerly along the surveyed and unsur- veyed section line to the northeast corner of section thirty-five (35) , township thirty- nine (39) south, range one (1) east; thence westerly to the northwest corner of said section thirty -five (35) ; thence northerly to the northeast corner of section twenty- seven (27) , said township and range, the place of beginning. DESCRIPTION OF RESERVE. This reserve is carved out of T. 39 S., Rs. 1 W. and 1 E., and T. 40 S., Rs. 1 W. and 1 E. It contains between 22,000 and 23,000 acres, hence does not quite cover the area of one township. The object of this reserve is to maintain the stability of the water heads and to pre- serve the volume and purity of Ashland Creek, which furnishes the water supply to the town of Ashland, Oregon. The reserve consists of Siskiyou Peak, or Ashland Butte, as the mountain is locally called, and spurs radiating from it. The peak is an elevation rising from the crest of the Siskiyou Range, and attains a height of nearly 8,000 feet above sea level. The actual peak rises about 800 feet above the general crest line of the range in this locality. The eastern and western slopes of the peak have an easy descent and blend gradually with the crest line. The southern declivities slope sharply toward the Klamath Valley. The northern slopes break away in precipitous escarpments to form the head of the Ashland Creek Basin. Long spurs stretch away from the peak toward the north. The spurs on the south side are short. One of the northern spurs, on which is situated Mount Wagner, maintains an altitude for the first 3 miles but slightly below that of the main Siskiyou Range. The others drop off in elevation very soon after leaving the vicinity of the peak. A large amount of water flows out of the reserve. Most of it flows into Rogue River through Applegate, Wagner, and Ashland creeks. Another and smaller portion finds its way into Klamath River through various small creeks on the southern slope of the peak. Ashland Creek heads directly on the northern slopes of Siskiyou Peak. Snow lies at its head throughout the year. It empties into Bear LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 473 Creek one-half mile east of the town of Ashland. In addition to supph'ing water to this town, it furnishes irrigation for a number of fruit ranches, supplies motive power to one sawmill and one electric- light plant located above the town, one gristmill, one woollen mill, and a 5-stamp quartz mill located in the city, besides water for a cyanide reduction plant. It serves also in part as the town sewer. All in all, the stream is very important to the town. The reserve contains no proper agricultural lands; the summits of the low spurs in the eastern areas might possibly be utilized for orchard purposes if cleared. Most if not the entire area is gold bear- ing. Quartz ledges occur in many places on the slopes of Siskiyou Peak and placer deposits exist, in all probabilit}^, near the head of the creeks. No mining is carried on inside the reserve area. The summit and slopes of Siskiyou Peak and the high northern Mount Wagner spur are grassy in many places. Sheep range here, or did the year before last. True, most of their runs had been on the slopes shedding water into Applegate Creek and Klamath River, but some had left their marks on the Ashland side. If the purity and stability of the water volume in Ashland Creek is worthy of consideration, the prohibition of sheep grazing within the reserve area should be absolute. A band of sheep confined to such a limited tract as the grazing area in Ashland Reserve soon makes the ground reek with most pestiferous exhala- tions,which can not but find their way into the running water. The forest consists of stands of alpine-hemlock, red-fir, and yellow- pine types. The alpine-hemlock type occurs on the summit of the peak, and is composed almost wholly of noble fir. The others have the ordinary composition of their respective types elsewhere. Fires have marked most of the forest, but have not burned in the reserve within the last ten or twelve years to anj^ great extent, except on the summit of the range, at the base of the peak, where the timber on 300 or 400 acres has been almost totally destroyed. The mill timber in the reserve is of good quality, except in the east- ern portion, where fires, years ago, badl}^ seared the most of it. It is generall}^ difiicult of access for logging operations. But whether easy or difficult of access, it is obvious that the maintenance of the Ashland Creek water volume is prohibitive to lumbering operations in the reserve. The areal and timber estimates are as follows: Forested and other areas in Ashland Forest Reserve, Oregon. Acres. Area forested 20, 000 ■ Area naturally nonforested !> 700 Area deforested bv fires of modern date 300 474 FOREST RESERVES. Total dand of inill tiinhcr in Asliland ForeM Reserve, Oregon. Feet B. M. YelK.w pine 30, 000, 000 Sugar pine 12, 000, 000 Red fir 100, 000, 000 White fir '6, 000, 000 Noble fir 50,000,000 Incenne cedar 2,000,000 200, 000, 000 SUMMARY OF AREAL AND TIMBER ESTIMATES. SUMMARY OF CASCADE RANGE FOREST RESERVE, OREGON. Area examined in the Cascade Range Forest Reserve, Oregon. Acres. Area nonforested 210, 780 Area forested 627, 620 Total 838,400 Area badly burned - 305, 120 Total stand of mill timber in Cascade Range Forest Reserve, Oregon. Feet B. M. Yellow pine - 625,903,800 Sugar pine 84, 617, 300 White pine 100,370,500 Red fir --. 1,952,338,600 White fir 567,553,600 Noble fir - 692,324,400 Incen>se cedar 7, 393, 600 Alpine hemlock 590,699,800 Western hemlock 20, 938, 200 Engelmann spruce - 68, 969, 400 Total 4,711,109,200 Average stand of mill timber per forested acre, 7, 506. Areas classed as '"badly burned'' consist of tracts on which the forest has been burned from 75 per cent and upward by lires whose origin lie within the time of the white man's occupancy of the region. Seventy per cent of the areas thus devastated by fire are covered with brush growths or, to a lesser extent, with low-growing mountain sedges, the "grass" of the sheep ranges, of low nutritive value. The latter tracts are slowly reforesting; the former are not. The tracts marked by fires during the past forty or forty-five years comprise in the aggregate 820,000 acres. Nonforested tracts include areas naturally nonforested and such as have been deforested by fire. Forested areas include veteran, stand- ard, and young growth stands, together with reforestations advanced to sapling stage and thinly wooded subalpine areas. LEIBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 471 Areal and Umber estimates of the Cascade Range Forest Reserve, Oregon. 28 S.. 28 S.. 28 S.. 29 S.. 29 S.. 29 S.. 30 S.. 30 S.- 30 S.. 30 S.. 30 S.. 30 S.. 30 S.. 31 S.. 31 S.. 31 S.. 31 S.. 31 S.. 31 S.. 32 S.. 32 S.. 32 S.. 33 S.. 33 S.. 33 S.. 34 S.. 34 S.. 34 S.. 35 S.. 35 S.. 35 S.. 36 S.. 36 S.. 36 S.. 37 S.. 37 S.. 37 S.. R. Non- forested. Forested. Acres. Acres. 5E.. 23,040 18, 000 6E.. 5,040 6iF, 16, 000 3F, 23, 040 23, 040 23, 040 23, 040 21,040 4F, 5p:.. IE.. 2E.. 2,000 3E.. 3,360 19, 680 4E.. 3,300 19, 740 5E.. 10, 180 12, 860 6E.. 17, 960 5,080 6^E. 2,000 21,040 IE.. 23, 040 23, 040 10, 880 2E.. 3E.. 12, 160 4E.. 8,320 14, 720 5E.. 2,560 20, 480 6E.. 1,600 21,440 4E.. 13, 000 10, 040 5E.. 11, 600 11,440 6E.. 2,600 20, 440 4E.. 9,900 13,140 5E.. 6,500 16,540 ! 6E.. 10, 100 12,940 4E.. 7,700 15, 340 5E.. 3,900 19, 140 6E.. 9,600 13, 440 4E.. 10, 800 12, 240 5E.. 6,400 16, 640 6E.. 6,300 16, 740 4E.. 7,000 16, 040 5E.. 10, 200 12, 840 6E.. 7,200 15, 840 4E.. 4,100 18,940 5E.. 6,400 16, 640 6E.. 9,000 14, 040 Badly burned. Acres. 18,000 000 500 000 000 000 500 500 000 300 500 500 000 000 500 000 320 000 000 000 000 000 000 500 000 000 500 000 000 000 000 500 000 500 500 000 000 Yellow pine. Feet B. M. 80, 000, 000 59, 685, 000 25, 654, 400 9, 348, 000 4, 309, 200 1,300,000 52, 000, 000 16, 500, 000 23, 467, 200 8, 000, 000 1,000,000 200, 000 Sugar pine. Feet B. M. 7, 958, 000 16, 896, 000 11,686,000 1,077,300 700, 000 White pine. Feet B. M. 5, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 9, 850, 000 9, 000, 000 1,000,000 65, 000, 000 1,000,000 8, 000, 000 6, 500, 000 6, 500, 000 3, 000, 000 3, 379, 200 4, 674, (too 1,077,300 1,000,000 6, 000, (KX) 5, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 1, 900, 000 3, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 20, 000, 000 69, 000, 000 38, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 110,000,000 940, 000 2, 000, 000 11,000,000 2, 650, 000 2, 000, 000 8, 300, 000 1,000,000 1,540,000 500, 000 8, 500, 000 12, 000, 000 18, 000, 000 12, 000, 000 800, 000 476 BX)REST KESERVES. ,1/Y'// and limber estimates of tlie Cascade Range Forest Reserve, Orerjon — Continued. 28 S.. 28 S.. 28 S.. 29 S.. 29 S.. 29 S.. 30 S.. 30 S.. 30 S-. 30 S.. 30 S.. 30 S.. 30 S.. 31 S.. 31 S.. 31 S.. 31 S.. 31 S.. 31 S.. 32 S.. 32 S.- 32 S.. 33 S.. 33 S.. 33 S.. 34 S.. 34 S.. 34 S.. 35 S-. 35 S.. 35 S-. 36 S.. 36 S.. 36 S.. 37 S.. 37 S.. 37 S.. 5E.. 6E.. 6^E. 3E.. 4E.. 5E.. IE.. 2E.. 3E.. 4E.. 5E.. 6E.. 6JE. IE.. 2E.. 3E.. 4E.. 5E.. 6E.. 4E.. 5E.. 6E.. 4E.. 5E.. 6E.. 4E.. 5E.. 6E.. 4E.. 5E.. 6E.. 4E.. 5E.. 6E.. 4E.. 5E.. 6E.. Red fir. Feet B. M. 40, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 250, 677, 000 209, 889, 600 140, 232, 000 150, 822, 000 5, 000, 000 160, 000, 000 205, 338, 000 150, 000, 000 4, 200, 000 680, 000 108, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 13, 000, 000 8, 500, 000 42, 000, 000 20, 000, 000 148, 000, 000 36, 000, 000 35, 000, 000 180, 000, 000 30, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 White fir. Feet B. M. Noble fir. Feet B. M. 25, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 7, 958, 000 3, 379, 200 23, 372, 000 30, 164, 400 3, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 12, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 30, 000, 000 12, 480, 000 10, 000, 000 2, 800, 000 38, 000, 000 2, 750, 000 6, 450, 000 30, 000, OOC 27, 000, 000 60, 700, 000 20, 000, 000 48, 500, 000 120, 000, 000 40, 000, 000 790, 000 550, 400 058, 000 546, 000 000, 000 000, 000 600, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 480, 000 300, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 Incense cedar. Feet B. M. 1, 689, 600 700, 000 620, 000 1, 684, 000 600, 000 2, 100, 000 LEiBERG.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 477 A real and timber estimate)! of the Cascade Range ForeM Reserve, Oregon — Continued. 28 S. 28 S. 28 S. 29 S. 29 S. 29 S. 30 S. 30 S. 30 S. 30 S. 30 S.. 30 S., 30 S-. 31 S.. 31 S.. 31 S.. 31 S.. 31 S-. 31 S.. 32 S.. 32 S.. 32 S.. 33 S.. 33 S.. 33 S-. 34 S.. 34 S.. 34 S.. 35 S.. 35 S.. 35 S.. 36 S.. 36 S.. 36 S.. 37 S.. 37 S.. 37 S.. 5E.. BE.. 6|E. 3E.. 4E.. 5E.. IE.. 2E.. 3E.. 4E.. 5E.. 6E.. 6JE. IE.. 2E.. 3E.. 4E.. 5E.. 6E.. 4E.. 5E.. 6E.. 4E.. 5E.. 6E.. 4E.. 5E.. 6E.. 4E.. 5E.. 6E.. 4E.. 5E.. 6E.. 4E.. 5E.. 6E.. Alpine hemlock. Feet B. M. 10, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 Western hemlock. Feet B. M. Engelmann spruce. 11,000,000 31,832,000 33, 792, 000 7, 012, 000 6, 463, 800 14, 040, 000 10, 000, 000 7, 000, 000 14, 000, 000 33, 000, 000 1,200,000 13, 400, 000 36, 000, 000 25, 000, 000 7, 960, 000 52, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 1,689,600 1, 168, 600 469, 400 Total. 440, 000 480, 000 8, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 600, 000 520, 000 460, 000 108, 000, 000 23, 000, 000 40, 000, 000 17, 000, 000 9, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 13, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 400, 000 21, 000, 000 4, 280, 000 8, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 1, 500, 000 2, 000, 000 17, 000, 000 500, 000 1, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 2, 500, 000 3, 500, 000 400, 000 6, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 40, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 80, 000, 000 65, 000, 000 25, 000, 000 397, 900, 000 337, 920, 000 233, 720, 000 215, 460, 000 25, 040, 000 13, 440, 000 67, 600, 000 213, 120, 000 293, 339, 200 183, 680, 000 132, 200, 000 56, 880, 000 50, 520, 000 105, 960, 000 68, 960, 000 109, 480, 000 127, 980, 000 124, 300, 000 52, 400, 000 108, 300, 000 31, 280, 000 110, 040, 000 134, 750, 000 52, 450, 000 112,650,000 248, 000, 000 139, 700, 000 175, 400, 000 276, 940, 000 185, 900, 000 110,800,000 478 FOREST RESERVES. SUMMARY OF AREAL AND TIMBER ESTIMATES FOR ENTIRE REGION EXAMINED. Fhre^ed and other area.^ in region e.ramined. Acres. Forested area 2. 998. 440 Nonforested area 1. 677. 920 Total 4. 676. 360 Amount of timber examined and estimated. Feet B. M. Yellow pine 9, 477, 520. 400 Sugar pine 813. 902. 100 White pine 130. 470. 500 Red fir 6, 638, 264, 800 White fir 1, 215, 526, 000 yoble fir - 885. 824, 400 Incense cedar 91. 393. 600 Alpine hemlock 609, 619, 800 Western hemlock 46, 718, 200 Engelmann spruce 71, 969, 400 Total 19. 981, 209. 200 Average of mill timber per forested acre, 6.664. These estimates are based upon dimensions down to S inches basal diameter and 10 feet of clear trunk. Close and economical lumbering methods utilizing portions of the crown would add 15 per cent to above timber estimates. The rather low avei"age per forested acre is due to the occurrence on the summit and eastern slope of the Cascades of large forested areas covered with a nearly pure growth of lodgepole pine or in some localities at high elevations of tracts with stands of scrubby alpine hemlock. Areas of these kinds carry no mill timber. The large tracts of nonforested lands in the region are due to: (1) semiarid valleys occurring not only on the eastern slope of the Cas- cades where the annual precipitation is low. but also on the western declivities of the i-ange; (2) large brush-covered areas on the summit and western slopes of the Cascades and on the summit and northern and southern slopes of the Siskiyous. Thev are the result of exten- sive tires destroying the timber and nonreforestation. Considerable tracts also are covered by the large Klamath lakes and their borders of ffrass and tule lands. LEiEEEG.] CASCADE BANGE AND ASHLAND BESERVES. Areal and (imher eMimal&(, by toicnshipyi. of reckon examined. 47y Non for- ested. : Forested. Yellow pine. Sagar pine. \Vhite pim-. 28 S. 28 S. 28 S. 28 S. 28 S. 29 S. 29 S. 29 S. 29 S. 29 S. 30 8. 30 S. 30 S. 30 S. 30 S. 30 8. 30 S. 30 8. 30 8. 30 8- 30 8. 30 8. 30 8- 30 8. 30 8- 31 8. 31 8. 31 8. 31 8. 31 S. 31 8. 31 8. 31 8. 31 8. 31 S. 31 8. 31 8. 31 8. Acree. 5E 6E... 5, (MO 6JE 7E...i 8E...' 3E-..i 4E...I oE... 7E...I 8E...J 3,040 IE...; 2E...' 3E... 4E... 5E... 6E... 6*E.. 7E... 8E... 9E... 2,000 3,360 3,300 10.180 17,960 2,000 18,560 5,760 16,640 IDE... 11,240 HE... 7,700 12E... 12,000 13 E... 15,000 14E... 13,000 1 AV IE 2E 3E... 4E... 5E... 6E... 6*E..i 7E... 8E...I 17,400 9E...i 8,300 lOE... HE... 3,900 12,160 8,320 2,560 1,600 2,000 3,040 I Acres. \ 23,040 : 18,000 ' 23,040 23,040 23,040 23,040 23,040 23,040 23,040 20,000 j 23,040 j 21,040 19,680 19,740 12,860 5,080 21,040 4,480 17,280 6,400 11,800 15,340 11,040 8,040 10,040 23,040 23,040 23,040 10,880 14,720 20,480 21,440 21,040 20,000 I 5,640 14,740 23,040 19, 140 ' Fed B. .V. Feft B. }f. Feel B. .V. 5, 000, 000 161,280,000 26. 880, 000 1. 500, 000 4, 000, 000 5,000,000 I 80,640,000 6,000,000 59, 685, 000 25, 654, 400 9, 348, 000 4,309,200 1, 300, 000 r, 958, 000 16, 896, 000 3, 379, 200 11, 686, 000 4, 674, 000 1. 077, 300 1, 077, :?00 700,000 52,000,000 !. 33,600,000 j. 2,240.000 . 26,240,000 . 122,700,000 ;. 93,700,000 '. 3-5,000,000 . 16,000,000 . 8,000,000 . 85, 000, 000 16, 500, 000 23, 467, 200 8,000,000 1,000,000 200,000 . 10, 000, 000 3,000,000 9, 850, 000 9, axi, 000 1.000,000 1,000.000 6,000.000 5. 000. 000 65, 000, 000 71, 500, 000 76, 160. 000 220, 800, 000 200, 000, 000 •180 FOREST RESERVES. Arcal ajjd timber estimates, bij townships, of region examined — Continued. T. R. Red fir. White flr. Noble flr. Incense cedar. 28 8.... 28 8.... 28 8.... 28 8.... 28 8.... 29 8 29 8.... 29 8.... 29 8.... 29 8.... 30 8 30 8.... 30 8.... 30 8.... 30 8.... 30 8.... 30 8.... 30 8.... 30 8.... 30 8.... 30 8 30 8.... 30 8.... 30 8.... 30 8.... 31 8.... 31 8.... 31 8.... 31 8.... 31 8.... 31 8.... 31 8.... 3' S.... 31 8.... 31 8.... 31 S.... 31 8-... 31 S.... 5 E... Feet B. M. Feet B. M. Feet B. M. 25, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 6E... 6^E.. 7E... 8 E... 3E... 4E.-. 5E... 40, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 7E... 8 E... IE... 2E... 3E... 4E... 5E... 6E... 250, 677, 000 209, 889, 600 140, 232, 000 150, 822, 000 5, 000, 000 7, 958, 000 3, 379, 200 23,372,000 30, 164, 400 39, 790, 000 41,550,400 35, 058, 000 21,546,000 4, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 5, 600, 000 1,689,600 700, 000 6iE. 3, 000, 000 7E... 8E... 9 E... 10 E 11 E 3, 740, 000 12 E... 13 E... 14 E... 1 W.. IE... 2E... 3E... 4E... 5E 175, 000, 000 160, 000, 000 205, 338, 000 150, 000, 000 4, 200, 000 25, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 12, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 620, 000 1,684,000 11, 000, 000 14, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 98, 000, 000 20, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 600, 000 6E 5, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 500, 000 6iE 7E 8E 9E 10 E HE. 2, 900, 000 LEiBERG.] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 481 Areal ami i'niihcr cxi'mmiex, hi/ tonutiJiips, of region cxumhu'd — Continueil. T. R. Alpi.H.h..n,o.... Sock. Enselmanii spruce. - Total. 28 8 28 8 28 8 28 8.... 28 8.... 29 8.... 29 8.... 29 8.... 29 8.... 29 8.... 30 8.... 30 8.... 30 8.... 30 8.... 30 8.... 30 8.... 30 8.... 30 8.... 30 S.... 30 8.... 30 8.... 30 8.... 30 S.... 30 8.... 30 8.... 31 8.... 31 8.... 31 8.... 31 S.... 31 8.... 31 8.... 31 8.... 31 8.... 31 8.... 31 8.... 31 8.... 31 8.... 31 8.... 5E... 6E... 6^E.. Feet B. M. 10, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 Feet B. M. FeetB.M. Feet B. M. 40, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 161, 280, 000 26, 880, 000 1,500,000 65, 000, 000 25, 000, 000 7E... 8E 3E... 4E... 11,000,000 5E... 7E... 80, 640, 000 6, 000, 000 397, 900, 000 337, 920, 000 233, 720, 000 215, 460, 000 25, 040, 000 13, 440, 000 67, 600, 000 33, 600, 000 2, 240, 000 26, 240, 000 122, 700, 000 97, 440, 000 35, 000, 000 16, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 300, 000, 000 213, 120, 000 293, 339, 200 183, 680, 000 132, 200, 000 56, 880, 000 50,520,0^)0 98, 920, 000 72, 000, 000 8 E. . . IE... 2E... 3E... 4E... 5E... 6E... 6^ E. . 7E... 31, 832, 000 33, 792, 000 7,012,000 6, 463, 800 14, 040, 000 10,000,000 7, 000, 000 1,689,600 1,168,600 469, 400 440, 000 8E... 9E... lOE... HE... 12 E. . 13 E. . 14 E... 1 ^Y.. IE... 2E... 3E... 4E... 5E... 6E... 6^E.. 7E... 14, 000, 000 33, 000, 000 1,200,000 13, 400, 000 36, QOO, 000 25, 000, 000 27, 920, 000 480, 000 8, 000, 000 520, 000 8E 9E... 76, 160, 000 220, 800, 000 202, 900, 000 10 E. HE... 21 GEOL, PT 5- -31 482 FOREST RESERVES. Arfitl (itxl thnhcr cxtijiiatcs, b[/ toiotxhip-'f, of region cniniiiu'd — C-ontinued. 81 S 31 S.... 31 S.... 32 S 32 S.... 32 S.... 32 S.... 32 S.... 32 S 32 S.... 5E.. 32S.... 6E.. 32 S 12E.. 13E.. 14 E.. 2 W . 1 W. IE.. 2E.. 3E.. 4E.- 32 S.... 32 S.... 32 S.... 32 S.... 32 S 32 S 32 S 32 S.... 33 S.... 33 S 33 S.... 33 S.... 33 8.... 33 S.... 33 S.... 33 S.... 33 S. . . . 33 S.... 33 S-... 33 S.... 33 S.... 33 S.... 33 S.... 33 S.... 33 S.... 34 S.... 34 S.. 7JE.. 7E... 8E..- 9E... lOE... HE... 12E... 13 E... 14E... 2 W . . 1 W . . lE... 2E... 3E... 4E... 5E... 6E... 7JE.. 7E... 8E... 9E... 10 E... HE... 12 E... 13 E... 14 E... 2 W . . 1 W . . Nonfor- ested. Acres. 8,000 12,000 12,000 600 1,200 4, 500 5, 100 13, 000 11,600 2,600 6,400 2,000 4,800 9,040 3,000 7,700 Forested. 9,000 10, 000 1,000 2, 800 4,400 2, 500 3,200 9,900 6, 500 10, 100 14, 000 1,600 600 6,100 200 1,300 2,000 7,000 10, 000 2,000 2,500 Acres. 15, 040 11,040 11,040 22, 440 21, 840 23, 040 18, 540 17,940 10, 040 11,440 20, 440 16, 640 20, 540 18, 240 14, 000 23, 040 15, 340 23, 040 14, 040 13, 040 22, 040 20, 240 18, 640 20, 540 19, 840 13, 140 16, 540 12, 940 9,040 21, 440 22, 440 16, 940 22, 840 21, 740 21, 040 16, 040 13, 040 21, 040 20, 540 Yellow pine. Feet B. M. 25, 000, 000 12, 000, 000 48, 000, 000 15,000,000 30, 000, 000 48, 000, 000 54, 000, 000 45, 000, 000 65, 000, 000 65, 000, 000 160, 480, 000 34, 560, 000 98, 000, 000 154, 800, 000 88, 000, 000 197, 800, 000 91, 500, 000 32, 000, 000 40, 000, 000 60, 000, 000 20, 520, 000 24, 000, 000 16, 000, 000 1,000,000 Sugar pine. Feet B. M. White pine. 6, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 800, 000 6, 000, 000 100, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 9, 440, 000 3, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 4, 600, 000 99, 500, 000 6, 500, 000 8, 29, 197, 147, 101, 250, 131, 53, 2^, 10, 16, 12, 000, 000, 820, 980, 800, 600, 800, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 3, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 1, 500, 000 Feet B. M. 6, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 1, 900, 000 3, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 , 000, 000 LEiBEP,.;.] cascadp: range and ashland eeserves. 483 Areal and timber estimates, by townships, of region examined — Continued. 31 S... 31 S... 31 S... 32 S... 32 S... 32 S... 32 S... 32 S... 32 S... 32 S... 32 S... 32 S... 32 S... 32 S... 32 S... 32 S... 32 S... 32 S... 32 S... 32 S... 33 S... 33 S... 33 S... 33 S... 33 S... 33 S... 33 S... 33 S... 33 S... 33 S... 33 S... 33 S... 33 S... 33 S... 33 S... 33 S... 33 S... 34 S... 34 S... R. .1 12E. . 13E. . 14E. 2 W. . 1 W.. IE... 2E... 3E... 4E... 5E... 6E... 7iE.. 7E... 8E... 9E... 10 E... HE... 12 E... 13 E... 14 E... 2 W.. 1 W.. IE... 2E... 3E..- 4E... 5E... 6E... 7iE.. 7E..^ 8E... 9E... 10 E... HE... 12E... 13 E... 14 E... 2 W.. 1 W.. Red fir. White fir. Feet B. M. Feet B. M. 175, 000, 000 195, 000, 000 190, 000, 000 110,000,000 286, 000, 000 12, 000, 000 13, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 12,240,000 11, 000, 000 47, 000, 000 33, 000, 000 156, 000, 000 610, 500, 000 108, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 100, 000 30, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 18, 880, 000 Noble fir. Feet B. M. 90, 000, 000 14, 000, 000 1,480,000 Incense cedar. 1, 500, 000 16, 000, 000 65, 000, 000 12, 480, 000 10, 000, 000 7, 450, 000 4, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 14, 300, 000 5, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 1,000,000 2, 000, 000 440, 000 1,120,000 300, 000 500, 000 800, 000 3, 000, 000 850, 000 500, 000 500, 000 484 FOREST RESERVES. Areitl and timber edimaies, hi/ loimship.'i, of region, examined — Continued. T. R. Alpine hemlook. Feet B. M. Western hemlock. Engelmann spruce. Total. 31 S.... 31 S.... 31 S.... 32 S.... 32 S-... 32 S 32 S-... 32 S.... 32 S 32 S-... 32 S.... 32 S.... 32 S.... 32 S.... 32 S.... 32 S.... 32 S 32-6.... 32 S.... 32 S.... 33 S.... 33 S.... 33 S.... 33 S.... 33 S.... 33 S.... 33 S.... 33 S.... 33 S.... 33 S.... 33 S.... 33 S.... 33 S.... 33 S.... 33 S.... 33 S.... 33 S.... 34 S.... 34 S.... 12 E... Feel B. M. Feet B. M. Feet B. M. 25. 000. 000 13 E. 12 48 209 248 247 181 452 105 68 109 85 188 34 98 154 88 197 91 32 51 110 58 203 806 127 124 52 42 204 147 101 250 131 53 24 10 23 16 000 000 000 000 240 120 240 960 960 480 300 800 560 000 800 000 800 500 000 000 000 520 800 880 980 300 400 400 320 980 800 600 800 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 14 E... 2 W.. 1 W.. 1 E 2E... 3E... 3, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 600, 000 4E... 5E... 6E... 74 E.. 7, 960, 000 52, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 460, 000 7E... 8E.... 9E... lOE... HE .. 12E... 13 E... 14E... 2 \y . . 1 1 w . . IE.. 2E... 2, 400, 000 6, 880, 000 3E... 4E... 5E... 6E... 7iE.. 108, 000, 000 23, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 400, 000 7E...' 8E...' 9E...' lOE...' HE . 12E... 13E... 14 E... 2 W . . 1 W . . LEiBERG.] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 485 Arm/ unci timber estimates, by tuwnshipx, <>/ reguni examined — Continued. 34 S... 34 S... 34 S... 34 S... 34 S... 34 S... 34 S... 34 S... 34 S... 34 S... 34 S... 34 S... 34 S... 34 S... 34 S... 35 S... 35 S... 35 S.. 35 S.. 35 S.. 35 S.. 35 S-. 35 S.. 35 S.. 35 S.. 35 S.- 35 S.. 35 S.. 35 S-. 35 S.- 35 S.. 35 S.. 36 S.. 36 S.- 36 S.. 36 S.. 36 S.. 36 S.. 36 S-. R. 1 E... 2E... 3E... 4E... 5E... 6E... 7iE.. 7E... 8E... 9E... 10 E. HE. 12 E... 13E... 14 E... 2 W.. 1 W. 1 E... 2E.. 3E.. 4E.. 5E.. 6E.. 7iE. 7E.. 8E.. 9E.. 10 E.. HE.. 12 E.. 13E.. 14E.. 2 W. 1 W. IE.. 2E.. 3E.. 4E.. 5E.. N on for- ested. Aa-es. 6, 400 3, 800 2,500 7,700 3,900 9,600 21,840 5, 760 10, 880 10, 240 Forested. 8,000 9, 200 8,000 20, 040 18,040 12, 800 3,200 3,000 10, 800 6,400 6,300 23, 040 7,680 7,700 10, 880 16, 700 18, 800 6,100 15, 000 18, 840 18, 040 13, 640 7,000 3, 600 7,000 10, 200 Acres. 16, 640 19, 240 20, 540 15, 340 19, 140 13, 440 1,200 17, 280 12, 160 12, 800 23, 040 15, 040 13, 840 23, 040 15,040 3, 000 5,000 10, 240 19, 840 20, 040 12, 240 16, 640 16, 740 Yellow pine. 15, 360 23, 040 15, 340 12, 160 6,340 4,240 16, 940 8,040 4,200 5,000 9,400 16, 040 19, 440 16, 040 12, 840 Feel B. M. 12, 000, 000 34, 000, 000 90, 000, 000 6, 500, 000 20, 000, 000 3, (iOO, 000 48, 000, 000 28, 400, 000 30, 000, 000 70, 000, 000 77, 300, 000 94, 000, 000 147, 000, 000 40, 000, 000 1, 600, 000 3, 000, 000 14, 000, 000 28, 000, 000 160, 000, 000 69, 000, 000 Sugar pine. Feet B. M. 3, 480, 000 12, 000, 000 24, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 700, 000 White pine. 38, 000, 000 40, 320, 000 59, 296, 600 73, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 3, 200, 000 17,300,000 48, 000, 000 22, 000, 000 2, 300, 000 2, 700, 000 4, 800, 000 12, 000, 000 50, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 700, 000 3, 000, 000 1,500,000 4, 500, 000 11,000,000 2, 650, 000 2, 764, 800 1,000,000 3, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 4, 500, 000 2, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 1, 540, 000 500, 000 6, 000, 000 8, 500, 000 12,000; 000 480 FOREST RESERVES. Arciil iiii'l liiiiht'r cxtiitKilcx, lii/ toinixlil/in, af region examined — Continued. 34 S.... 34 S..-. 34 S.... 34 S.--. 34 S.... 34 S.... 34 S.... 34 S.... 34 S.... 34 S.... 34 S.... 34 S.... 34 S..., 34 S.... 34 S.... 35 S... 35 S..., 35 S... 35 S... 35 S... 35 S... 35 S... 35 S... 35 S... 35 S... 35 S... 35 S... 35 S... 35 S... 35 S... 35 S... 35 S... 36 S... 36 S... 36 S... 36 8... 36 S... 36 S... 36 S... IE... 2E... 3E... 4E... 5E... 6E... 7*E.. 7E... 8E... 9E... 10 E... HE... 12 E... 13E... 14E... 2 W.. 1 W.. IE... 2E... 3E.. 4E.. 5E.. 6E... 7iE 7E. 8E. 9E. 10 E... HE... 12E... 13 E... 14 E... 2 W.. 1 W.. IE... 2E... 3E... 4E... 5E... Red fir. Feet B. M. 15,410,000 118,000,000 234, 000, 000 13, 000, 000 Feet B. M. 3, 910, 000 10, 000, 000 38, 000, 000 2, 800, 000 8, 500, 000 38, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 1,300,000 700, 000 1, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 98, 000, 000 109, 000, 000 42, 000, 000 20, 000, 000 5, 776, 200 I 4, 000, 000 200, 000 300, 000 500, 000 22, 000, 000 160, 000, 000 148, 000, 000 36,000,000 1,700,000 1,200,000 17,000,000 8, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 11,000,000 12,000,000 2, 750, 000 6, 450, 000 30, 000, 000 Noble fir. Feet B. M. 25, 000, 000 10,000,000 25, 000, 000 1,382,400 2, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 14, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 25, 000, 000 27, 000, 000 60, 700, 000 10, 500, 000 37, 000, 000 13, 000, 000 Incense cedar. Feet B. M. 1,690,000 5, 360, 000 240, 000 100, 000 1, 000, 000 500, 000 3, 600, 000 3, 000, 000 600, 000 1, 000, 000 2, 500, 000 LEiBERc] CASCADE KANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 487 Arenl andthiihcr eMhnatrx, hi/ toimships, of region examined — Continued. T. K. Alpiiii; hemlock. Western liemlock. Engclmann spruce. Total. 34 S.... 34 S.... 34 S.... 34 S.... 34 S.... 34 S.... 34 S.... 34 S.... 34 S.... 34 S.... 34 S.... 34 S.... 34 S.... 34 S.... 34 S.... 35 S.... 35 S.... 35 S.... 35 S.... 35 S.... 35 S.... 35 S.... 35 S.... 35 S.... 35 S.... 35 S.... 35 S.... 35 S.... 35 S.... 35 S.... 35 S.... 35 S.... 36 S.... 36 S.... 33 S.... 36 S.... 36 S.... 36 S.... 36 S.... IE... Feet B. M. Feet B. ^f. Feet B. M. Feet B. M. 34, 800, 000 176,690,000 392, 360, 000 108, .300, 000 31,280,000 1 10, 040, 000 3, 600, 000 53, 240, 000 30, 400, 000 30, 000, 000 70, 000, 000 79, 000, 000 96, 000, OOO 168,000,000 50, 000, 000 2, 300, 000 4, 000, 000 24, 000, 000 145, 100, 000 295, 000, 000 134, 750, 000 52, 450, 000 112, 650, 000 2E... 1,000,000 1,000,000 3E... 4E... 5E... 6E... 74 E 40, 000, 000 17,000,000 9, 000, 000 21,000,000 4, 280, 000 8, 000, 000 7E... 8E 9 PL.. 10 E... HE... 12 E... 13 E... 14 E... 2 W.. 1 AV.. IE... 2E... 3E... 4E... 5E... 6E... 74E.. 6, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 17,000,000 500, 000 7E...I 40, 320, 000 69, 220, 000 80, 000, 000 (), 000, 000 3, 200, 000 17,300,000 57, 600, 000 28, 000, 000 2, 500, 000 3, 000, 000 5, 300, 000 41,000,000 258, 500, 000 248, 000, 000 1.39,700,000 1 8E 9E... lOE... HE... 12E... 13 E... 14 E... 2 W.. 1 W.. IE... 2E... 3E... 4E... 5E... 13, 000, 000 10,000,000 1,500,000 2, 000, 000 1,000,000 3, 000. 000 488 FOKEST KESERVES. An'dl (Old lun.hfr I'stijualix, lii/ loinmhipx, of region {'.ratiiiued — Continued. 36 S.... 36 S 36 S.... 36 S.... 36 8 36 S.-.. 36 S.-.. 36 S.... 36 S-... 36 S.... 37 8.... 37 S.... 37 S.... 37 S.-.. 37 S 37 S.... 37 S.... 37 S.... 37 S.-.. 37 8 37 S.... 37 8..-. 37 8 ... . 37 8 37 8 ... . 378.... 37 8 ... . 38 8 38 8 ... . 38 8 38 8 ... . 38 8 ... . 38 8 ... . 38 8 ... . 38 8 ... . 38 8 ... . 38 8 ... . 38 8 ... . 38 8 ... . R. 6E.. 7a E. 7bE. 8E.. 9E.. lOE.. HE.. 12E.. 13E.. 14 E.. 2 W. 1 W. IE.. 2E.. 3E.. 4E.. 5E.. 6E.. 7E.. 8E.. 9E.. 10 E.-. lliE. HE.. 12 E.. 13 E.. 14 E.. 2 ^v. 1 AV. IE.. 2E.. 3E.. 4E.. 5E.. 6E.. 7E.. 8E.. 9E.. lOE.. Non for- ested. Acren. ,203 040 760 200 800 360 540 000 000 640 500 900 000 500 100 400 000 900 340 160 160 720 840 900 600 000 200 040 600 000 700 700 000 600 500 280 280 160 Forested, Acres. 15, 840 3, 000 7,280 23, 040 21, 840 10, 240 7,680 2,500 16, 040 8,040 2,400 9,540 21, 140 20, 040 19, 540 18, 940 16, 640 14, 040 19, 140 700 10, 880 6, 880 8,320 19, 200 20, 140 20, 440 17,040 17,840 11,440 12, 040 17, 340 17, 340 17, 040 19, 440 18, 540 5, 760 5, 760 10, 880 Yellow pine. Sugar pine. Feet B. M. 110,000,000 2, 500, 000 21, 640, 000 72, 000, 000 110, 500, 000 38, 000, 000 64, 000, 000 2, 500, 000 113,000,000 8, 000, 000 800, 000 9, 000, 000 18, 000, 000 35, 000, 000 54, 000, 000 940, 000 2, 000, 000 11, 000, 000 135, 800, 000 1,400,000 40, 320, 000 32, 000, 000 18,500,000 57, 600, 000 94, 000, 000 95, 000, 000 42, 000, 000 30, 000, 000 90 11, 55, 44, 45, 64, 118, 1-1, 11, 22, 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 300, 000 520, 000 000, 000 Fed li. M. 8, 300, 000 2, 000, 000 1,300,000 White pine. 1, 000, 000 500, 000 1,700,000 5, 600, 000 1,000,000 18, 000, 000 12, 000, 000 800, 000 400, 000 3, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 22, 000, 000 5, 900, 000 1,200,000 3, 000, 000 ■■■] CASCADE RANGE AND A8HLAND KESERVES. 489 Areal and timber esllmates, by lownahijjs, of region examined — Continued. R. 3(i 3(j m 36 36 36 36 36 3 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 8... S... S... S... s... s... s... s... 6E... 7a E.. 7bE.. 8E... 9E... lOE... HE... 12E... 13 E... HE... 7 S....I 2W.. S.... 8 8 8 8.... 8.... S 8.... 8.... S 8.... 8.... 8..-. S.... 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8.... 1 W.. IE... 2E... 3E... 4E... 5E... 6E... 7E... 8E... 9E... lOE... lUE.. HE... 12 E... 13E... 14 E... 2 W-. 1 W.. IE... 2E... 3E... 4E... 5E... 6E... 7E... 8E... 9E... lOE... Red fir. White fir. Feet B. M. 35, 000, 000 500, 000 Feet B. M. 20, 000, 000 Xoble fir. Feet B. M. 4, 000, 000 12, 200, 000 5, 000, 000 9, 500, 000 2; 000, 000 2, 200, 000 300, 000 400, 000 15, 000, 000 12,000,000 60, 000, 000 130, 000, 000 180, 000, 000 30, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 1,600,000 33, 000, 000 92, 000, 000 145, 000, 000 90, 000, 000 103, 000, 000 57, 000, 000 3, 500, 000 5, 000, 000 1, 500, 000 4, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 48, 500, 000 120, 000, 000 40, 000, 000 24, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 4, 880, 000 20, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 15, 700, 000 3, 960, 000 26, 000, 000 16, 000, 000 33, 000, 000 1,000,000 25, 000, 000 13, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 Incense cedar. Fat Jl. M. 2, 100, 000 1,280,000 2, 500, 000 500, 000 300, 000 400, 000 roo,ooo 2, 000, 000 300, 000 490 FOREST RESERVES. Arcal (Old timber estimate.'^, by ton-vidiips, of region examirted — Continued. T. R. Alpine hemlock. Western hemlock. Engelmanu spruce. Total. 36 S...- 36 S.... 36 S.... 36 S.... 36 S.... 36 S.... 36 S.... 36 S.... 36 S.... 37 S.... 37 S.... 37 S.... 37 S.... 37 S.... 37 S.... 37 S.... 37 S.... 37 S.... 37 S.-.. 37 S.... 37 S.... 37 S.... 37 S 37 S.... 37 S.... 37 S.... 37 S.... 38 S.... 38 S-... 38 S.... 38 S..-. 38 8 38 S.... 38 S.... 38 S 38 S.... 38 S.... 38 S.... 38 S.... 6E... Fed n. M. Feet B. M. Feet B. M. Feet B. M. 175. 400. 000 7a E.. 3 21 84 136 40 66 2 113 8 1 30 32 100 193 276 185 110 169 1 40 43 IS 57 100 95 52 30 000 640 280 000 500 500 800 000 000 200 400 000 700 600 940 900 800 800 400 320 100 500 600 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 7b E . 8E... 9E... lOE... HE... 12E... 13 E... 14 E... 2 W.. 1 W.. IE... 2E... 3E... 4E... 3, 500, 000 400, 000 6, 000, 000 5E... 6E... 7E... 3, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 2, 500, 000 8E... 1 9E... lOE... lUE.. HE... 12E... 13 E... UE... _ _ 2 W.. 1 W.. IE... 23 48 156 247 156 218 190 21 11 99 600 000 880 900 000 000 700 760 520 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 2E... 3E... 4E... 5E... 500, 000 6E... 7E... 2, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 8E ...' 9E... lOE LEiBERo.] CASCADE RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 491 Areal and limber esliinakti, by townslups, of region examined — Continued. 38 S . . 38 S . . 38S.. 38 S . . 38 S . . . 39 S . . . 39 S . . , 39 S . . . 39 S . . . 39 S . . . 39 S... 39 S... 39 S... 39 S... 39 S... 39 S... 39 S... 39 S... 39 S... 39 S... 39 S... 39 S... 40 S... 40 8... 40 S... 40 S... 40 S... 40 S... 40 S... 40 S... 40 S... 40 S... 40 S... 40 S... 40 S... 40 S... 40 S... 40 S... 40 S... R. HE.. 12E.. 13 E.. 14 E.. 2 W. 1 W. IE.. 2E.. 3E.. 4E.. 5E.. 6E.. 7E.. 8E.. 9E.. 10 E.. lUE., HE... 12 E... 13 E. 14 E. 2 W.. 1 W.. IE... 2E... 3E... 4E... 5E... 6E... 7E... 8E... 9E... 10 E... HE... 12E... 13 E... 14 E... 14JE.. ""e^tir k--ted. Acres. 21,400 9,000 5, 800 9,900 14, 000 14, 000 5,800 15, 000 12, 500 3,900 5, 000 1,900 4,200 5, 000 14, 720 23, 040 18, 500 15, 360 7,600 15, 400 18, 600 15, 000 3, 800 6, 000 4, 500 9,500 11,000 3,300 2, 600 1,800 1,300 16, 900 23, 040 16, 000 18, 000 12, 000 12, 800 19, 800 10. 000 Acres. 1,640 14, 040 17,240 13, 140 9,040 9,040 17, 240 8,040 10, 540 19, 140 18, 040 21, 140 18, 840 18, 040 8,320 4, 540 7,680 15, 440 7,640 4,440 8, 040 19, 240 17, 040 18, 540 13, 540 12, 040 19, 740 20, 440 21, 240 21, 740 6,140 7,040 5,040 11,040 10, 240 3,240 13, 040 Yellow pine. Sugar pine. Feet B. M. 2, 240, 000 53, 000, 000 84, 000, 000 38, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 29, 000, 000 73, 000, 000 22, 000, 000 7. 000, 000 65, 000, 000 122, 000, 000 188, 000, 000 60, 000, 000 70, 000, 000 10, 880, 000 Feel li. M. 9, 000, 000 7, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 31, 000, 000 28, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 22, 500, 000 85, 000, 000 42, 000, 000 22, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 60, 000, 000 26, 000, 000 36, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 16, 000, 000 132, 000, 000 170,000,000 190, 000, 000 175,000,000 40, 000, 000 42, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 50, 000, 000 50, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 45, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 S, 000, 000 16, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 35, 000, 000 60, 000, 000 45, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 White pine. Feel B. if. 1 , 000, 000 492 FOEEST RESERVES. Aniil (uid thnhi'r cstiinuli'x, hy toinisliijj.s, of region rxnmmed — Continued. T. R. Red fir. White fir. Noble fir. Incense cedar. 38 8.... 38 8.... 38 S 38 8 38 8.... 39 8.... 39 8.... 39 8 39 8.... 39 8 39 8 -39 8 39 8.... 39 8.... 39 8 39 8 39 8..-. 39 8.... 39 8.... 39 8 39 8 39 8.... 40. 8.... 40 8.... 40 8.... 40 8.... 40 8 40 8.... 40 8.... 40 8.... 40 8 40 8.... 40 8.... 40 8.... 40 8.... 40 8-... 40 S.-.. 40 8 40 8.... lU E.. Feet B. M. Feet li. M. Feet B. M. Fret B. M HE... 12 E 5, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 500, 000 2, 000, 000 13 E 14E... 2 W.. 1 W.. IE... 2E... 3E... 4E... 5E... 6E... 7E... 8E... 6, 000, 000 21, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 55, 000, 000 80, 000, 000 95, 000, 000 105, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 6, 300, 000 4, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 7, 000, 000 2, 850, 000 3, 000, 000 800, 000 900, 000 4, 000, 000 9E... 10 E... lUE.. 11 E... 5, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 12E... 13 E... 14 E... 2 W.. 1 W.. IE... 2E... 3E... 4E... 5E... 6E... 7E... 8E... 9E... 45, 000, 000 55, 000, 000 50, 000, 000 45, 000, 000 51, 200, 000 70, 000, 000 100,000,000 75, 000, 000 65, 000, 000 9, 000, 000 7, 000, 000 14, 000, 000 50, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 3, 000, 0*00 4, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 400, 000 1, 000, 000 3, 620, 000 1,000,000 10, 000, 000 17, 000, 000 9, 000, 000 3, 980, 000 lOE... HE... 12E... 13 E... 14E... 5, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 1,000,000 14JE.. ] cascadp: range and ashland reserves. 493 ArmI u)i(l tiinht'r csllmdfi'f^, hij townships, of region examined — rontiimed. T. 38 S.... 38 S.... 38 S...- 38 S.... 38 S 39 S 39 S 39 S.... 39 S.... 39 S.... 39 S--.. 39 S..-- 39 S.... 39 S.... 39 S.... 39 S.... 39 S 39 S.... 39 S-... 39 S.... 39 S.... 39 S..-. 40 S.... 40 S.... 40 S.... 40 S-... 40 S.-.. 40 S..-. 40 S.... 40 S..-. 40 S-... 40 S..-- 40 S--.. 40 S.... 40 S.... 40 S.-.. 40 S..-. 40 S.... 40 S.... R. Alpine hemlock. Western hemlock. Engelraannn spruce. Total. lU E Feel B. M. F>ct li. .1/. Feet B. M. Feet B. M. 2, 240, 000 62, 000, 000 86, 500, 000 44, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 35, 000, 000 103, 000, 000 35, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 136, 300, 000 239, 850, 000 328, 000, 000 195, 800, 000 95, 900, 000 10,880,000 11 E 12 E 13 E 14 E 2 \V 1 W 1 E 2 E 3E 4E 5 E 6 E 7 E 8E 9E 10 E 10, 000, 000 22, 500, 000 90, 000, 000 46, 000, 000 22, 000, 000 8, 000. 000 119,000,000 110,000,000 164,000,000 68, 000, 000 69, 600, 000 248, 000, 000 350, 620, 000 320, 000, 000 248, 000, 000 52, 980, 000 Hi E 11 E 12 E 13 E 14 E _ 9^V 1 W 1 E 2 E 3 E 4E 5 E 6E 7 E ! 8E 9 E 1 10 E 42, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 50, 000, 000 62, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 45, 000, 000 11 F JO E 13 E 14 p] 14i E 1 494 FOKEST KESERVES. Areal and timber estimates, 1)1/ /o/r/(,s7/v/).f, of region examined — Continued. T. R. Non for- ested. Acres. 41 S.... 2 W.. 3, 000 41 S.... 1 W.. 1,200 41 S.... IE... 300 41 S.... 2E... 2,000 41 S.... 3E... 3,200 41 S.... 4E... 2,400 41 S.... 5E... 41 S.... 6E... 1,200 41 S.... 7E... 1,000 41 S.--- 8E... 8,320 41 S.... 9E... 11,520 41 S.... lOE... 11,520 41 S.... HE... 10, 720 41 S.... 12 E... 11,520 41 S.... 13 E... 3, 000 41 S .. 14 E... 41 S.... 14JE.. 8,020 Forested. Acres. 7,200 9,000 9,900 8,200 7,000 7,800 10, 200 9,000 9,200 2,800 800 8,520 11,520 3, 500 Yellow pine. Feet B. M. 16, 000, 000 60, 000, 000 40, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 42, 000, 000 50, 000, 000 58, 000, 000 78, 000, 000 12, 000, 000 4, 500, 000 34, 000, 000 55, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 Sugar pine. Feet B. M. 5, 000, 000 12, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 4, 800, 000 15, 000, 000 White pine. Feet B. M. 3, 000, 000 LEiBEKc;.] CASCAD?: RANGE AND ASHLAND RESERVES. 495 Arcal (tiul (iinbtr c.^liniatc.^, bij tutrufihip.'i, of r eg ton cxamiaeil — Continued. T. 41 S 41 S 41 S.... 41 S.... 41 S 41 8 41 S 41 S.... 41 R.... 41 S 41 S.... 41 S.... 41 S.... 41 S.... 41 S.... 41 S.... 41 S R. Red fir. White fir. Noble fir. Incense cedar. 2 W.. 1 W.. IE... 2E... 3E... 4E... 5E... 6E... 7E... 8E... 9E... Fed B. .V. 22, 000, 000 28, 000, 000 4, 240, 000 4, ()00, 000 4, 000, 000 17,800,000 30, 000, 000 29, 500, 000 17, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 Fed B. M. 1,600,000 3, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 1,000,000 Fed B. M. 40, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 Fed B. .V. 1,500,000 1,700,000 8, 000, 000 400, 000 4, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 1,000,000 10 E... HE... 12E... 13 E... 14 E... 7, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 1,000,000 14iE.. 496 FOREST RESERVES. Area/ (did Iniihcr cslijiKdi'K, Juj ioniiiOi'ipii, -in^ chieflj ill growths