V ZABA'S METHOD OF STUDYING UNIVEESAL HISTORY, WITH CHRONOLOGICAL CHART, AND BOARD OF EXERCISE. ZABA'S METHOD OF STDDYlISiG UNIVEESAL HISTOEY, WITH CHRONOLOGICAL CHART. AND BOARD OF EXERCISE. X*/ Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by N. F. De ZABA, In tlie office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. ZABA'S METHOD OF STUDYING UNIVEESAL HISTORY. Locke, the eminent Englisli philosopher, said, "' Memory is, as it were, the store-house of our ideas ; for the narrow mind of man, not being capable of having many ideas under view and contem- plation at once, it was necessary to have a repository to lay up those ideas, which at another time it might make use of. A methodical arrangement of the contents of such a repository enables its owner to find any article that he may require, with the utmost readiness." Precisely, my method is calculated to arrange that very store-house in such an orderly manner as to enable its owner to find, with the utmost readiness and quick- ness,'the required article. Such an advantage, surely, is worth possessing, even at the cost of extra trouble and application. Let us consider only the number of subjects, both in science and literature, each voluminous and full of interest. The sphere of the human mind is not sufficiently large, nor life sufficiently long, to grapple with the many difficulties obstructing the pur- suit of knowledge. But, as steam and telegraph help us in a certain degree to obtain victory over time and distance, in like manner, means should be found for accelerating the march of our progress in the acquisition of knowledge. For instance, the subject of Universal History demands close attention, both in the collection of facts and in their arrangement according to the order of time at which each of them took place. As no one can be admitted within the precincts of the philo- sophy of History without having his mind well stored with facts, which constitute the links of a chain of ideas, therefore, the knowledge of facts and of chronology becomes an absolute ne- cessity. On that very account, the study of Universal History taxes the mind severely. Few indeed are successful, and even they, after long and unabated perseverence, feel the want of some guide to lead them on from point to point. Many an attempt was made to supply this want. The ingen- uity of man did not remain inactive in devising plans for so im- portant a purpose. Each small contribution to the common stock of human knowledge should receive its due attention ; and I claim no other favour for my Method. It is simple — practical in its application, and admirably adapted to the study of Uni- 4 ZABA S METHOU. OF STUBYING versal History in particular. It offers many advantages to the student of Histoiy. He is enabled to examine, year by year, or century by century, Avithout tlie least deviation from the order in which the events occurred. Order in the arrangement of thoughts, and in the classiiication of ideas, Avould give him an easy command over the whole subject, however voluminous, as the object of this book is simply to teach the Method, I will not unnecessarily swell its proportions. Let us, therefore, at once proceed to the explanation of it, and the manner in which the learner is to acquire it. The following Diagram forms the basis of the Method : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 fl ij— - — 1 — ~r|~n~" 1 1 1 I 1 13 - — i . I _ J, — 1 — i' _ - 1 i — 1 — i _ J |_ - -1 1 i t _!___!_ f J !"- J iz=ii±-3: 1 ~1 jr __f zzz-zif— - — F — ■' -L_: Tpi i 1 J-\—--\ ' i |_ L -H — ^1 — 1 ms ^at^«: 1 ) _,„..F^^^^,^ ^M 30 40 50 60 70 SO 9t» 1(J0 It is a square ; or, to make my explanation more familiar, let us suppose that it is a bookcase, containing ten shelves. Each shelf is divided into ten equal partitions, which run from left to right, as the Diagram shows. We haA^e, therefore, one hun- dred partitions enclosed Avithin the square. In the appilication to the study of Historj^, each partition represents one year. Con«e(|ueutly, on each shelf there are ten years, and the whole forms One Ccniury. Each year is subdivided into nine com- partments, Avhich are also read from left to right. And these compartments conA^ey to us each a distinct notion of the char- acter of the event Avhich took place in that year. The meaning of the iSymbols located in the compartments is as follows : UNIVEKSAL nrSTORY. 5 1st. m War. E Battle. X Civil War. 2ncl. p Conquest. ?] Acquisition by Treaty or Marriage X Loss. 3rcl. ^ Calamities, Plagues, Fire, Persecution. Ej Destruction by Earth- quakes. X Destruction by War. 4tb. @ Eminent Men. ti Women. X Birth. + Death. 5th. H Sovereign. X Division of Sovereign Power. |^ Emperors of the East. 6th. M Geographical Discovery. C Scientific Discovery. X Industry. 7th. P Parliament, Diet, Council, Congress. ?\ Enactment of a law. X Publication of a Book. 8th. M Eevolution. B Unsuccessful Insurrection, Eiot. X Conspiracy. 9th. g Peace. B A Treaty concluded in Time of Peace. X A League. Besides tlie above nine compartments, tliere is one Symbol more — which is placed within the year like a border, CU, to represent remarkable events having no specific reference to the nine compartments. After the explanation of the shelves, their partitions, and the Symbols of each compartment, the attention is drawn, first, to the horizontal line, which divides the Diagram into two equal parts, and is called the Middle line. In the flight of our obsei*- vations, that line will be a resting point, from which our survey of the localities on each side of it will be easier and quicker. Secondly, the perpendicular line, which divides the shelves into two equal parts, leaving five years < n each side, is of the utmost importance. Indeed, the eye should be always kept on that line, whicli is called the Central line, as it will give us the fullest oommaud over the whole Diagram, and enable us to convert ra])idly each locality into the number it represents. The following Diagram demonstrates the utility of that rule : 1 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 9 6 6 7 8 8 9 10 10 2 3 3 4 7 9 2 4 7 8 8 9 10 2 3 4 7 9 10 T 2 3 4 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 10 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 9 10 2 3 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 2 3 4 7 7 ' X 8 3 4 ' I' -t'^V-vl--.?.'.'*? HHL-WiV .j.iBViV' M<,!.MJ,i.l_lH lASfluim',.!- kll '-'*'? WyiWiU* ^HUW|!J|I yiuwj 6 zaba's method oe studying As we cast our ej'e^upon the fiftli partition of tlie first shelf, Avhich is on the left side of the central line, and look down to the bottom of the line, we see that each partition of each shelf, occupying the same position, represents the number 5. Thus, on the first shelf will be simply 5 ; on the second, 5 also ; but we must add to it the whole first shelf, namely, 10 — it will be 15 ; on the third, 25, etc. Hence, if a symbol is placed in any of those partitions, we perceive at a glance that it is 5, to which it is necessary to add the number of complete shelves above it. On the other side of the central line are all the sixes. Then on the left side of the central line, as we recede from it, are 4, 3. 2, 1 ; and after the sixes, going forward, 7, 8, 9, 10. The plain- ness of this arrangement speaks for itself. In order that the learner should not lose sight of the Central line, which will aid him princij)ally in being able to call at will the Diagram before his mind's eye, the rules of the exercise are framed to suit the object in view — and the beginners should literally adhere to them. Thus, though History will be the subject of our study, let it be looked upon, not as the end, but the means for the ac- quisition of the knowledge of the Method. Consequently, no an- xiety should be felt to retain in memory, by its ordinary grasp, either the names of events or the dates in connection with them. Instead of that, concentrate your attention upon the localities, the symbols, their color and form. In the course of lessons, localities should never be mentioned by the numbers they happen to repre- sent, but inreference to the position they occupy relatively to the centralline. By these means the arrangement of the Diagram will in a short time become familiar ; and the mind, assuming its form, will keep the storehouse of thoughts and ideas in perfect order. Now, let us give a practical illustration of the manner in which the study is pursued. The learner is provided with a board, containing a sufficient number of plain diagrams to form out of them a Historical Chart of the nineteen centuries of the Christion era ; also with a box of large and small crystals of various colors. In the first century (see the Historical Chart) three colors are required : Black, for the History of the Eoman Em- pire ; Blue, for the Histor y of the Christian Church ; Eed, for British History. A Diagram of the first century, filled with the symbols, is j)laced before him with a key, giving explanation of their meaning and the names of events. Then commence as follows: First; we name the color ; next, the shelf; then the partition, or its relative position to the central line ; finally, the compartment. Symbol after symbol is to be copied with crys- tals upon the board of plain diagrams. First, what color ? a small black — on what shelf ? It being on the right side of the central line (for counting is of course done from left to right). UNIVEESAL HISTOKY. 7 and as the mention of the numbers should be suppressed, we shall therefore say, one beyond the central line. Now, in which com- partment ? Second compartment. Its meaning ? Conquest : black color ? Koman History ; read ; a conquest was made by the Bomans. We require now to know, what conquest ? The key sepplies the name : Judea. That name is attached to the symbol, and its reading will be complete : a conquest was made by the Ro- mans of Judea. The number of locality? 6, in the year 6. What do we see next ? a small black. On what shelf ? on the same shelf ; what pra'tition, and its relative position to the central line ? The position is indicated by the number of partitions distant from the central line. It will be therefore said : four beyond the central line. In which comjDartment ? first. Its meaning? war. but, as the form of the symbol occupies half only of that compartment, it is a battle : therefore, it is a battle fought by the Komans. With whom ? The name is added from the key: with Herman, a German prince ; year? 9. Again, a small black : on the second shelf, in which partition ? It being on the left side of the central line, counting from right to left, it will be said : two before the central line. Consequently, all distances on the left side of the central line will be called before ; and on the right side, beyond the central line. Let us return to our last symbol. We have said, two before the central line — which compartment ? in the fifth compartment — its meaning ? Sovereign — a Eoman sovereign — name ? Tiberius. Tiberius began to reign in the year ? read as you see, '^without diverting your attention by thinking of number : locality shows jilainly 14. Again, another small black on the same shelf, four beyond the central line, in the fourtli compartment. Its meaning ? em- inent man — it being a straight cross — it means, death of an em- inent man. ISTame ? Germauiciis. Year ? 19. Next, a small black, on the third shelf, one ])eyond the central line, in the fourth compai'tment : name ? Pimtius Pilate, in the year 26, was made Grovernor of Judea, whicli is above his head on the first shelf, by Cajsar Tiberius, who rests on the second shelf. Fui-- ther, large blue, five beyond the central line ; or, for shortness, it may be said, at the end of the same shelf. Blue ? History of the Christian Church ; large symbol? remarkable event ; name? Baptism of Christ ; year, 30. Who was then Governor of Judea ? We retrace oar steps, and stop at the symbol occupy- ing the fourth compartment on the same shelf: Pontius Pilate; year, 26. Who was then Ceesar? We go back, and stop at the symbol occupying the fifth compartment on the second shelf: Tiberius ; year, 14. Thus we acquire a habit of order in the arrangement of our thoughts. In that naanner we pursue our study to the end of 8 ZABA S TvtETTTOT) OV SsTTTBYIxa UNTVERSAL IITSTORY. the first century. Then the crj^stals are removed, and the same prooQSS -repeated twice or three times. After half a dozen lessons the learner should examine himself, not in the dates and names of the events, but whether he can see mentally the organization of the diagram and the color and form of the symbols, also their relative position to the central line. No sooner can his mind realize all this, than his memory will become quick and ready, and the progress in the acquisition of knowledge will be rapid, easy, and free from any mist or confusion. As soon as the eye is sufficiently familiar with the first century, extend the practice to the second , and so on, until you embrace the whole range of the chart. Beginners generally feel some doubt as to the 2:)0ssibility of their recollecting the names of the events ; but without entering into any explanation of the invisible workings of the human uiind, I can speak from experience, that seeming difficulty will imperceptibly disappear, if the learners strictly adhere to the rules laid down. As to the history before the Christian Era, the computation of time will depend on the point from Avhicli it will be started. For example, if we wish to know how many years before the Christian Era the triumvir of Julius Caesar existed ? in that case the century in which we find Ca^-sar is the first century before Christ — and the last year of the said century will be the first year before Christ — consequently, Ave reverse the order of things, counting from right to left, and climb up to the j)oint required, but when we wish to ascertain how many years after the found- ation of Rome ; then we start from the foundation of Eome, and our course will be a continrrous descexrt until we arrive at Julius Caisar — that is to say, our counting will be like in the Christian Era from left to right. In conclusion, T consider it my sacred duty to do justice to the memory of my deceased friend aud companion of arms. General Bem, who together with me devoted his literary talents to this subject. — But from 1848, the work was left to me alone, and I hope to have succeeded in rendering this method j^ractical as to its extensive application in the province of education. KEY TO ZABA'S CHART. EXPLANATION OP COLORS. HISTOBY BEFOKE CHRIST. Black Blue History of Rome History of the Bible CHRISTIAN ERA. Black . Black Triangles Blue Blue Triangles Red Red Triangles Yellow . Orange . Orange Triangles Green . Green Triangles Dark Green , Dark Green Triangles Pink . . , Pink Triangles Gold Large and small circles History of the Roman Empire Mahometans Church (Jriisades Britain Scotland France Spain Portugal Germany Prussia Sweden Uejimai'k Poland Russia America IN all colours , 'Colonies HISTORY BEFORE CHRIST. CENTUEY 24th. Deluge CENTUEY 20th. Abraham Call of Abraham Ishmael CENTUEY 19th. Sodom and Gomorrah Isaac Sarah Esau and Jacob Abraham CENTUEY 18th. Ishmael Joseph Joseph sold Isaac ( Joseph governor of Egypt The Jews settle at Goshen CENTUEY 17th. Jacob Joseph CENTUEY 16th. Aaron Moses Flight of Moses CENTUEY 15th. Exodus Plague Moses Joshua CENTUEY 14:th. Euth 12 KEY TO ZABa's METHOD, CENTUEY 13th. DeboraL. Gideon defeats the Midianites CENTURY 12th. JepTitha defeats the Ammonites Samson Samuel CENTURY 11th. Sanl Goliath David Absolom Solomon Dedication of the Temple CENTURY 10th. Kingdoms of Israel and Judah CENTURY 9th. Translation of Elijah Elisha CENTURY 8th. Rome founded Fall of the kingdom of Israel Numa Pompilius CENTURY Tth. Tullus Hostilius Combat of Horatii and Curiatii Judith Ancus Martius Tarquinius^Pri sou s First of the seventy years of captivity CENTURY 6ru. Fall of the kingdom of Judah Servius Tullius Return of the Jews from captivity Tarquinius Superbus Second Temple Expulsion of Tarquinius Commercial Treaty with Carthage Porsenna KEY TO ZABA S METHOD. 13 OENTUEY 5th. Lartius (dictator) Plebeians Coriolanus proscribed With Veientes Decemvirs — 12 tables Abolition of Decemvirs Standing Army With Veientes CENTURY 4th. Veii Eome laid in ashes by Brennus — Camillas Manlius thrown from Tarpeian Eock Licinian laws Praetor and ^dile With Samnites Latins and Campanians With Samnites CENTURY 3ed. Etrurians and Samnites Samnites Etrurians Pyrrhus Defeat of Pyrrhus near Beneventum Lower Italy First Punic Dullius's naval victory ' Sicily — with Carthage Second Pvinic Cannge Zama — with Carthage CENTURY 2nd. Cynoscephale Magnesia Scipio Africanus Pydna — Macedonia — Persecution of the Jews — Matthias Juda Maccabceus Jonathan Maccabeeus Third Punic Carthage Simon Maccabseus Numantia — Tiberius Grraccus Caius Graccus Jugnrtha Defeat of the Oymbri by Marius 14: KEY TO ZABA's METHOD. CENTUEY 1st. First Mithridatic Civil Marius Cinna — with. Mithridate Second Mithridatic — Sylla (dictator) gylla Third Mithridatic Spartacus leads the slaves Defeat of Spartacus Pontus Syria Jerusalem Catilina Triumvir of Julius Ceesar, Pompey and Crassius Gaul Invasion of Britain by Julius Csesar Civil Pharsalia Cato Julian Calendar Assasination of Caesar Cicero — Second triumvir of Octavius, Anthony and Lepidus Philipi Herod Actium Egypt Octavius takes the name of Augustus Csesar MecEenas CHRISTIAN ERA. CENTURY 1st, Judea Defeat of the Eomans by Herman at Eomanfeld Tiberius Germanicus Pontius Pilate Baptism of Christ Crucifixion Martyi'dom of St. Stephen Paul converted Caligula Gospel of St. Matthew- Claudius Invasion Gospel of St. Mark Invasion London founded Caractacus Apostolic Council at Jerusalem Nero Gospel of St. Luke , Destruction of the Druids Boadicea Burrhus Eome burned — persecution Seneca Martyrdom of Peter and Paul Galba Otho, Vitelius, Vespasian Destruction of tferusalem Destruction of Pompeii and Herculanium — Pliny the Elder —Titus Domitian Britain a Eoman province Josephus Second persecution Nerva Gospel of St. John Trajan IS KKY TO ZABa's METHOD, CENTURY 2nd. riiny the Younger, Governor of Bythinia Dsecia Third persecution Martyrdom of Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch Pliny the Younger Trajan's Column Mesopotamia Adrian Insurrection of the Jews Plutrarch Adrian's Wall Juvenal Eternal Edict Insurrection of the Jews under Barcoohabas Antoninus Pius Justyn Wall near Glasgow Edict in favor of the Christians Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Fourth persecution Martyrdom of Justyn Martyrdom of Polycarp of Smyrna Marcomani, and their defeat Martyrdom of Blandyna at Lyons Commodus Pertinax Julian Didianus — Septimus Severus — Niger CENTURY 3rd. Galen, eminent physician Fifth persecution — Martyrdom of Iraenus, Bishop of Lyons Roman Wall Caracala Macrinus Heliogabalus Alexander Severus Ulpian, eminent lawyer Sixth persecution— Maximin Balbinus and two Gordians Cordian III. Philip, the Arabian Games in commemoration of a thousand years since the foundation of Rome Decius Seventh persecution , KEY TO ZABA's METHOD. 17 Gallus Valerian Origen Eighth persecution — Martyrdom of Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage With Persia Galienus Claudius II. Plotinus — Aurelian Ninth persecution Palmyra Tacitus Probus Canis Carinus Diocletian Diocletian and Maximian Anthony, founder of the monastic life CENTUBY 4th. Tenth persecution Porphyry Constantius Chlorus — Galerius Galerius — Maximian — Constantino Edict of Milan in favor v of Christianity Controversy of Arius Constantino alone Council of Nice , The seat of government removed to Constantinople Constantino II. — Constans — Constantius Constantius alone Ulphilas, Apostle of the Goths Julian the Apostate Jovian Valentinian and Valens Valentinian II. and Gratian Adrianople Theodosius Council of Constantinople Conversion of Augustin Destruction of Pagan Temples Division of the Empire into Western and Eastern Empires Chrysostom, patriarch of Constantinople CENTUEY 5th. Abolition of the gladiatorial g6(.mes Gothg and Yandals 18 KEY TO ZABA's METHOD. Theodosius the Younger Eome sacked by Alaric Spain occupied by Visigoths and Vandals Hypatia Pbaramond, kingdom of the Franks Jerome Valentinian III. Africa invaded by Genseric Augustin Ephesus Theodosian code Leo the Great Huns, under Attila Meroveus Invasion of the Saxons Marcian Defeat of Attila at Chalons — Chalcedon Venice founded Kingdom of Kent founded — Eome sacked by Genseric Majorian Leo Childeric Severus Anathemius Nepos Glycerins Zeno and Leo 11. Eomulus Augustulus Fall of the Western Empire Invasion of the Saxons Clovis Soissons Kingdom of Sussex St. Patrick — Anastasius Ostro-Gothic kingdom founded by Theodoric Tolbiac — conversion of the Franks CENTUEY 6th. Christian Era, arranged by Dionysius the Monk Justin Kingdom of Wessex Antioch destroyed by earthquake Boetius Justinian — Kingdom of Essex Justinian's code Africa KEY TO ZABA's METHOD. 19 With the Goths Kingdom of Northumberland Fall of the Ostro-Gothic kingdom Fifth General Council at Constantinople Belizarius — Justin II. Invasion of the Lombards Kingdom of East Anglia Tiberius II. Maurice Kingdom of Mercia Gregory I. Conversion of Kent CENTUEY 7th. Phocas Mahomet began to preach at Mecca Heraclius Flight of Mahomet to Medina Mecca Abu Bekr Omar Persia Jerusalem Alexandria Constantine III. Constans II. University of Cambridge founded Othman ( Cyprus Ehodes Ali Dynasty of Omniades Constantine IV. Sixth General Council at Constantinople Justinian II. Leontius CENTURY 8th. Al Walid Justinian restored Rodi'ique Philipicus Xeres Anastasius II. Gregory II. Theodosius III, 20 KEY TO ZABa's METHOD. Kingdom of Asturial Iconiclasts at Constantinople Bishop of. Eome i^roclaimecl chief magistrate Gregory III. Defeat of the Saracens, by Charles Martel, at Tours Bede (historian) Constantino V. Dynasty of Abassides Pepin (Carlovingian dynasty) — Stephen Al Manasor Elevation of the Bishop of Rome to temporal sovereignty Caliphate of Cordova Bagdad founded Carloman and Charles Charles alone Lombardy Leo IV. Constantin VI. Haround Al Eashid Invasion of the Danes — Council of Constantinople Eoncevalles Irene Frankfort Leo III. Charlemagne Empire CENTUEY 9th. Nicephorus Alcuin Michael LeoV. Louis Michael II. Union of Heptarchy under Egbert Theophilus Ethelwolf Lothaire Michael III. — Kingdom of Poland under Piast Kingdom of Scotland under Kenneth — Verdun Etheibald Nicholas Ziemovit Ethelbert Ethelred Basil Alfred KEY TO ZABA's METHOD. 21 Defeat of the Danes, Leo VI. — University of Oxford founded Dismemberment of Charlemagne's Empire — Arnolph Leshek Charles Simple CENTURY 10th. Edward the Elder Constantin Vll. Duchy of Normandy founded by Rollo — Conrad Ziemomysl Henry I. Eomanus Athelstan Otho Edmund Edred Edwy JohnXII. Edgar — Eomanus II. Mieczyslaw Eoman-German Empire Nicephoi'us II. Conversion of Poland John Zimisces Otho II. Edward the Martyr ' Basil and Constantin VIII. Ethelred II Otho III. Louis V. Capetian dynasty founded by Hugh Capet Conversion of Russia Boleslas the Great Robert II. CENTURY 11th. Henry II. Invasion of the Danes Edmund Irunside Canute the Great Conrad II. Mieczyslas II. Romanus III. Henry I. Kasimir — Michael IV. Harold 22 KEY TO ZABA's METHOD, Henry III. Hardicanute Michael V. Edward the Confessor — Constantin IX. Theodora (alone) Henry IV. Isaac Comneni Boleslas the bold Constantin X. Philip I. Hastings — William the Conqueror Constantin XI, Eomanus IV. Malek Sha Gregory VII. Jerusalem Nicephorus III. Ladislas Herman Alexis Comneni Urban II. William Rufus Kingdon of Portugal under Don Henrique Clermont First Crusade Jerusalem by Godfrey de Bouillon — Order of the Knights of St- John founded Henry 1. CENTURY 12th. Boleslas III. Normandy — Henry V. Louis VI. John Comneni — Order of the Knights Templars Concordat of Worms Lothair Stephen Louis VII. — Manuscript of Justinian Pandecta found at Amalfi Conrad II. Manuel Comneni Second Crusade Frederick Barbarossa Henry II. Milan destroyed by Frederick Barbarossa Constitution of Clarendon Saladin Ireland KEY TO ZABA S METHOD. 23 Miezyslas the old Kasimir the Just Philip Augustus Androuicus Isaac Angelus Jerusalem. Richard Third Crusade under Eichard and Philip — Henrj VI. Leshek the White Alexius III. Philip Innocent III. John CENTURY 13th. Fourth Crusade, under Baldwin of Flanders — Ladislas Latin dynasty at Constantinople, Baldwin emperor Henry Otho IV. Albigenses (persecution) Frederick II. Magna Charta Henry III. Fifth Crusade, under the king of Hungary, Andrew — Peter Robert Louis VIII. Louis IX. ' Boleslas the Modest Baldwin II. Sixth Crusade Russia falls under the yoke of the Tartars Ravages of the Tartars — Hanseatic league Seventh Crusade, under liOuis IX. Conrad IV. Richard, the Earl of Cornwall Rhenish league Fall of the Cailiphate of Bagdad Ravages of the Tartars Greek dynarty recovers Constantinople, Michael Palajologus Lewes First Parliament Eighth and last Crusade under Louis — Philip III. Edward I. Rodolph of Hapsburg Leshek the Black Wales — Andronicus ' Philip IV. 24 KEY TO ZABA*S METHOD Adolphus of Nassau Roger Bacon Albert of Austria Rise of the Ottoman Empire Jubilee — Wenceslas CENTURY 14th. Clement V. — Ladislas Lokietek Edward II.— William Tell Henry VII. Papal See removed to AAdgnon Bannockburn — Louis X. — Lewis of Bavaria — Erederick III comi^etitor of Lewis Morgarten Philip V. Dante Charles IV. Orchan (Sultan) Edward III. Philip of Valois — Andronicus II. Kasimir the Great Cressy Charles IV. — Eirst Diet at Vislica John Rienzi John Palseologos — Golden Bull Poictiers Jacqueries Amurath I. Charles V. Louis Petrarch Bocacio Richard III . Papal See returns to Rome — Wenceslaus Charles VI. Jadwiga Jagiellon's dynasty — Sempach Bajazet Manuel Henry IV. Chaucer — Rupert CENTURY loTH. Grunwalden Sigismond Henry V. KEY TO zaba's 3lETlI0n. 25 Coixucil of Constance Agiucourt — Huss Jerome of Prague Madeirca Amurath II. Henry VI.— Charles VII. Jolnril. Joan of Arc Ladislas of Varna Albert Frederick III Varna Printing Kasimir Constantin XII First Bible printed, called Mazarin's Bible, as it was found in his library Mahomet II. Fall of the Eastern Empire St. Albans Wakefield Edward IV. — Louis XI. Ivan John Faust John Guttenberg Moscow shook oft* the yoke of the Tartars Tewkesbury Copernicus born First book printed by Caxton on the game of Chess Union of Castile and Aragon under Ferdinand and Isabella John II. Eichard III.— Charles VIII. Bos worth — Henry VII. Cape of Good Hope rounded by Captain Diaz Fall of Grenada — Lorenzo de Medici — John Albrecht — first discoveries by Columbus Maximilian Emanuel — Imperial Chamber Expedition of Vasco de Gama Louis XII. Newfoundland by Cabot Brazil CENTURY IGth. The Aulic Council — Alexander Expedition of Vasco de Gama f^oJuj^cibus— Sigiswond tlie , ' &.: ■ --.h- ■ :■'■■■:■■- - , . ■ i|.* :«.r«^ . :#„-^'* .5. -^ .g -^^ « « « *^^»kj« - • .: « "-; « " m:«z« 3 I 15 14 nipppi 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25