HHMfliBHflnBHBH BBMQlfifllHH IffiWWHH SSIhSiI Hi m mm StSSX mm B inilli I RMHDHQ NBHfll nn H mm nwi ' X A * 1 -. ( 1 ) A FRAGMENT OF AN ODE OF SAPPHO FROM LONGINUS: ALSO, AN ODE OF SAPPHO FROM DIONYSIUS HALICARN: edited by THE HONOURABLE Francis Henry EGERTON &c. &c. &c. 4 Ac* CO ^ •*& SAPPHO, Lesbia,^ Floruit Olymp. 42. post excid. Trojae, 574* per Jul. 4io4. ann. errim fere 10 ex. ante CHRISTUM. Nee, si quid olim lusit Delevit aetas : spirat adbuc amor ? Vivuntque commissi calores .ZEoliae fidibus puellse. Hor. lib. Carm. 4- Od. 9. v. 9. AIONY2IOY AOrriNOI nEPI TTOT2 mOMNHMA. Edit. Zach* Pearce. Amstelcedami , 8°. 1733. p. 4^-46. C( C|)EPE vvv, it ri %ct) \npov fyoiftyv v^nhoug 7rots7v rove Aoyovc Jvvdptvov , i7naz^cofAi9-cc. Ovkouv 3< gVg/cPw ttcLvi rolq 7rpaypcct(7i Quern (rvvefpeua rivd /Utopia ralg vActig cvvv 7rap%QVTct , 1% dvdyntig yivotr' dv vif/tv \jr\ovt; airiov , ro rcov ixtpepo/utvcov inteyeiv du rd TtaiptcoTctru 3 ft&) ravrct rtj 7rpoq aAAtfAa iTriGvv&iVU KCt&Ct7Tip IV TO GCO [ACL 7T0li7v JW«<7 <&ar fJL'tV ydo TW hiAoyH rviv d%poaLTi\v toov Afi/ujuctrcov , o cTg N t? 7ruMeo(7ii rcov intetey/uiVM 7TfQvaytTcti. Ofov n (3) When Sappho touch'd the quiv'ring lyre, The eager breast was all on fire : But , when she tun'd the vocal lay , The captive soul was charm'd away. The words are elegantly set to music ( Glee , 3 Voices ) by Danby. Sect. X. Agedum nunc, videamus si quid aliud habeamus, quod potest scripta sublimia efficere. Nam, ciim in rebus naturaliter insident quaedam particular omnibus cum ipsis subjectis una coortae, necessario hoc nobis esset sublimitatis causa , si possemus semper eligere praecipua ex iis, quae inde exoriuntur, et haec, con- junctione inter se facta , quasi unum quoddam corpus efficere : partim enim sublimitas efficitur delectu circumstantiarum summarum ? partim autem consti- patione electarum. Qualiter Sappho eas ? quae (4) TraS-vi^ctrct hi rm 7rap r c7rofxivccv , zct) i% rtic d/\ti3-eiu$ avryg zTtdaTOTt XaftScLvu. Uov cTg rnv aoerriv cltto- JeijLvvTui; org ra azpot avrcov net) v7repTZ7ct [mvcl i. (J)ainetai [tot kyIvos iW ©so7g?v 5. l£ ?. Titulus est, ecg epapivYiv. Sed vide Lucianum* (5 ) accidunt furoribus amatoriis , perpessiones ex cir- cumstantiis , et ex ipsa veritate, undique ducit : ubi autem banc excellentiam ostendit ? nempe quando egregia est in eligendis prsecipuis earum circumstan - tiarum altissimisque , et in iis inter se connectendis : i. Videtur mihi ille par Divis 2. Esse vir , qui ad versus te 3. Sedet, et prope dulce loquentem 4 Te audita a. og-lc, ] Edidit Brunch ius oq xiz e. t. 5. I£aVa] Edidit Toupius laSxvei, v.. jr. 5. wv£uc7aG] Alii nonnulli legunt owvouffas, quod iEolice dicitur pro (pmo^q. ( 6 ) 5. Kcu yzXci'ig i/ULtpoev' to (jloi '[jlcLv 6. KcLfJicLV SV (TTY\§£(ri €7fT0Oi(r€V* 7. \q$ ydy eiito ere , (&po%€6d$ {jls <7£,] MS. Ambros. habet w? yap a' efaiu. MSti Par. Vat. duo, et EL J ifo>. Editio vero prima i&> ere. Zach. Pearcius. Edidit Manutius £lq Bov as. Vossius et Tollius legendum esse censent ws yap ei'cfo) oe. Edidit Brunckius w$ yap etcta ere ? j3. pu (7) 5. Et ridentem amabiliter : quae res mihi 6. Cor in pectoribus tremere fecit : 7. Cum enim video te, repente ad me vocis 8. Nihil amplius venifc: 7. jSpo^sw?] Vox fiooyiat; ^Eolice dicitur pro fipayiaq y et videtur idem hie significare quod h Ppccyet Sic Bpoaiuc, ^Eolice dicitur pro Spaasws, 7. 8. /3po^£co^ pe (pwzq Obfev It' ec/.ei] Ita Edit. Prima , et MSti Par. Vat. duo, Ambr. et El. nisi quod hie posterior habet mti, non efaet : male, aspiratas enim voces ^Eolibus non placuere. Zach. Pearcius. Sequens hsec lectio ex Edit. Venet profluxit, emen- dante Fabro, &q Wov a, w; ftpoyyov ipol yap avftdc, x. t, A. Nihil mihi vocis in guttur venit. Tollius mavult (Spots' &s [jls, ai~\ Editio prima habet v! amSopGevaw & axoval. MSli Vat. duo empop£svci tf axov&i. Vat. vero Tert. et MS. Par. opti pi mpypGefat o axovk. Zach. Pearcius. Edidit JManutlus , opjp, fiopScvaev B 3 d/.oai pot. Tollius edidit axoai Fot. Toupius mavult fiop.osvG* h $ a/.oa{ pot i. e. ip.fio[i6E\)Gi pot. Observavit Morus , in sua Dionysii Longini editione, quod verbum h.ipou£iw cc nunquam sonum significat ». T2. &tous ] ^Eol. pro CLiV0fJLCLl a7TV0V$, 17. 'AAA& 7raV roA/bLctrov , gVsi 7rgvwrflt.... i3.KaW Wpol)s ^xpo?] MSti Par. et duo Vat. habent fx« & tf tdjp&g ^vypoq •wffizzaX} nisi quod Vat. 2 legit ex & ^s x. i. ).. Editio prima habet ex & p.£u ^xpos l$p&<; eyxkiM. Zach. Pearcius. V. C. i^pm. Scripsit forte Sappho trjpuv , more gentis, quag istiusmodi in tag desinentia nomina acutitona in recto casu per wv efferebat, et in patrio per wvo?. Tollius. i5. Tpo'^os] V.C. Tp/fjto?. Malim tamen Tpe^o^vel xpi^op. Tollius. lAa/psF] ^Eol. pro aepe?. Tollius mavult tippet, i4. x^wpo-epa] Ita MSti Par. Ambros. et Editio prima. Manutius vero ylapoxipn. Zach. Pearcius, Nee tinctus viola pallor amantinm. /Zbr. X,?6. Carm. 3. Oo?. 10. /m. i4« Palleat omnis amans : hie est color aptus amanti. Ovid, de Arte amandi. Lib. I. lin. 709. She never told her love, But let concealment, like a worm i' th' bud 7 Feed on her damask cheek; she pined in thought, And y with a green and yellow melancholy , She sat like Patience on a Monument Smiling at Grief, Shakspeare to vtofA&y tdlq dnoug, rviv y\£>(TGctv , rug o^tg y r ^ v XpoM* TravSr , dg aXXorptct , S'loi^o/Mvct eVi^wTg/; %ctl naB-' V7T2V&VT 10)<721<; ajbiO, ^U^iTUt , KCtZTCtl , dhoyiVTM y (ppovili h yap (poSilrai , \\ 7rctp oXtyov Ttd'vtiMv , iva juv \v ti 7np) aCrrjv 7rct9-og Hie, si fas est, superare Divos, y> Qui sedens adversus identidem te Spectat et audit » Dulce ridentem ; misero quod omnes y> Eripit sensus mihi; nam simul te, » Lesbia , aspexi 7 nihil est super me Quod loquar amens ( i4) » Lingua sed torpet ; tenuis sub a.rtus y> Flamma dimanat ; sonitu supple » Tinniunt aures , gemina et teguntur Lumina nocte- y> Liquitur sudor gelidus , tremorque y> Occupat totam y minus ipsa pallet » Herba marcescens y prope succidentem Vita relinquiLy) cc IJEUREUx! qui pres de toi, pour toi seule soupire; cc Qui jouit du plaisir de t'entendre parler ; cc Qui te voit quelquefois doucement lui sourire; cc Les dieux, dans son bonheur, peuvent-ils Fegaler? cc Je sens de veine en veine une subtile flamme cc Courir par tout mon corps, sitot que je te vois; « Et dans les doux transports, ou s'egare mon ame, cc Je ne saurois trouver de langue, ni de voix. cc Un nuage confus se repand sur raa vue ; cc Je n'entends plus, je tombe en de douces langueurs, cc Et pale, sans haleine, interdite, eperdue , cc Un frisson me saisit , je tremble , je me meurs. » Monsieur Nicolas Boileau Despre'au : « Traduction du » Traite du sublime deLonginw, chap. 8. edit, de M. de St- Marc, in -8% Paris 7 1748. vol. 4. pp> 278-280, ( i5 ) « JDlest as tk' immortal Gods is He ? cc The youth who fondly sits by thee, cc And hears and sees thee all the while ro AITHN, 'E* AIONT2. AAIKAPNA'22. Treft cvv- $-£(T€6dS OVO/bLCLTOdV. T/ULy[/U,CL Ky . 1. IXoIKIAO'gPOn', dS-OLVCLT, 'A^poJW^t , 2. Hcti Aiog y Soho7rhoKS , Ai(r(rojULcti en* 3. Mw ^' a.j. «. iircoteufaffa, x. AXXw ID. Hp£, 07T* ^ »JV TO 7TS7T0VVCI, K OTTl 16. Ayjv rs xcL7\y\(JL(jll { 10. ixekaivaq, ] Edidit Brunchius pekaivaq tt. & jo, et 11. rcepc-yas x. t. a.] Recepta lectio ex Vossii correctione est. Edidit Ursinus mepvyaq pekcuvaq Tivwx hviovxeq aayyjVcO- oixrav 0{)vOTy}Ta. Zayyjveffcrav yjXoTyjra est y^or/jta at^aXwi^oyra. Vossius. Ursinus et Stephanus ediderunt, n'va <^ avrs 7i£i0w Ka« aayYivEvaav 9. quae amplectitur Portus^ existi- mans subaudiendum esse npoaofan* Quam suadelam tibi afferam? Faber legit tmSv, Kai oayriveva 7 dot jpiko- ( 21 ) 17. Et quodnam meo maxime vellem fieri 18. Lymphato animo; quamve rursus suader- ig. em irretientem amorem : Quis te, O 20. Sappho, injuria afficit? 21. Si enim te fugit,cito te sequetur : 22. Si vero tua dona non accipit, quin ipse tibi dona dabit : 23. Et si te non amat , cito te amabit , 24 Et si tu nolaeris. 25. Veni ad me et nunc, et duris me solve 26. Ex curis, et quae mihi te perficere 27. Animus concupiscit , perfice j tuque ipsa 28. Adjutrix esto. Tyjra. i. e. av« yikoxrixa. Quern adolescent em in amorem suasionibus meis inducerem y aut reti amatorio captarem. 1 q. (pikoTYiw] Brunckius , yikoxoLTo., x. a. w. 20. lanyoi, (k§vw • ] Brunckius y IcmyoL a$aw ; x. y. 2 1 . ysvyr] 9 ] Edidit Brunckius yevya, t. & 22 ^/st 7 , ] Edidit Brunckius dinex', a* & 2d.(ptket ? 2 Brunckius, yCkri , t. (p. 24. H ouxi iSekloig ] Hsec reposuit Vossius more ^Eolico. iSQloig yEol. est pro eSekoLg. In vulgaris editum est, K' otts xsXeuyjc. Baxterus mavult K' &vm iSiloig. 27.TU ] a/, <7u. ( 22 ) Jtluic opusculo meo, varias variorum manuscrip- kp ™zaci m torum a diversis editoribus * factas collationes , et Pearcio. . M . vana , quot quot mini occurrerunt , lectionum genera inserenda credidi • annotationes etiam meas , prout res tulit , quantulascunque ipse addendas putavi. Procedendo autem, sensim, ut fit, ac minutatim succrevit opus. Enimvero, non est cur dissimulem, me nihil prius antiquiusve duxisse , quam ut observationes aliquot ex Hebraico sermone deductas, itemque illustrationes ex Cantico Salomonis, et, ex Arabicis quibusdam et Persicis auctoribus, depromptas identidem introdu- cerem; quas quidem omnes, cum attentius relegis- sem, non aizpoadiowaaq judicavi., nee prorsus indignas, quae asservarentur sedulo, atque etiam, pro ingenii mei mediocritate , amplificarentur. Ejusmodi autem opus ut susciperem , atque ad umbilicum pro virili ducerem, illud me vehemen- ter incitabat , quod putavi fore , ut labor , quern in earn rem impenderem , studiosis quibusdam homi- nibus , ac nonnullis viris eruditis, neque ingratus, neque omnino inutilis esse videretur. (a3) Quod quidem meum consilium eo potissimum spectavit , ut in animis eorum , qui Greece et Latine sciunt, Orientalium linguarum amorem, aut paulisper accenderem, aut aliquantulum promoverem. Existimabam etenim Lutetiis Parisiorum raihi commoranti in proclivi fore ut excudere potuissem analecta quaedam Orientalia : rem vero inveni tot et tantis difficultatibus objectam > et quasi involutam, ut diutius queam nee in proposito susceptoque consilio permanere. Francis Henry EGERTON. Dabam Lutet. Parisior. Faeminese Calendas MDCCCXV. ( 24 ) GULIELM. JONES. cc Limon, » seu cc Miscellaneorum Libera* Edit. Londini,, 8°. 1774. Append, pp. 525, 526, 527, 528, « Quatuor solum carmina huic libello subjungere (( volui , in horuin secundo Sapphus in Venerem cc notissimum carmen sum imitatus ; Carmen II. cc Ferfido ridens Erycina vultu, cc Seu Joci mater, tenerique Amoris, cc Seu Paplii regina potens , Cyprique cc Laetior audis, cc Linque jucundam Cnidon, et coruscum cc Dirigens currum , levis hue vocanti, cc Hue veni, et tecum properet soluto cc Crine Thalia. cc Jam venis ! nubes placidi serenas cc Passeres findunt , super albicantes « Dum volant sylvas , celeresque versant cc Leniter alas. a Rursus ad ccelum fugiunt : Sed alma cc Dulce subridens facie, loquelam cc Melle conditam liquido, jacentis cc Fundis in aurem. (*5) * Qua tepes , inquis , Licini , puella , ' Lucidis venanti oculis amantes ? 6 Cur doces mcestas resonare lucum, * Care ? querelas? 1 Dona si ridet tua , dona mittet ; c Sive te molli roseos per hortos 6 Hinnulo vitat levior, sequetur ' Ipsa fugacem. ■ « Per tuos oro , Dea mitis , ignes , : B»«vcc. ( 4) u When the remorseless Deep " u Shall close tier your lovd HeadsV (21). Buried in Peace ! Who shall perform a Funeral Service over your r Corpses ? Where may the Waters Not waft Them? Where may " ... the Sounduig Seas Not wash Them Far away" (22)? To the End, of the Earth ! Ah Me ! I fondly dream : W T ont was I to suppose that, * Xerxes marched his Whole Army from Asia into Europe, for the Invasion of Greece, £?t/|«? rnv EXXqo-wotTov (3i ;: but, the Plan of Xerxes was Small, in comparison with the Plan r the Grand Design, the " Projet Favori" attributed to Mr. Brindley: inasmuch as, the Breadth of the Hellespont, at the Place where Xerxes " yoked the Hellespont," is neither so Large, or, so Impracticable, however rapid may be the Cur- rent, as is the Irish Channel. And, then, a Canal too ! " Par-dessus le marchel r ' I am convinced, That Neither Biographers, Discoursers ? Reporters, or Writers, have, Intentionally, mistated Facts, Motives, and, Opinions : I mention these Gentlemen for no Other reasons than for Those above-mentioned : They have had no Other intention, I am persuaded, than to state That, which They conceived might become of beneficial advantage to the Public; and, That, which They imagined might be urged, in favour of Mr. Brindley, and, in honour of Francis Egerton, late Duke of Bridgewater : The Kindness of their Zeal, however, has led Them too far, sometimes ; but especially, when They were under default of accurate information : /> : A: «9. K: C. C 47 ) Point of View, with that of an Historian, is to produce ".jfc78#« U ett) ". nothing "ftvOvfas," nothing that is not certain. fC The Duke of Bridgewater," says This Work, " ac- " quainted fully, No Doubt, with, etc.' 7 ci His Grace profiting, as No Doubt, He did, etc. 7 ' I, for ray part, have Doubts, where this Article says there exist No Doubts; Doubts, too, I have, When T read, That, the late Duke of Bridgewater " conceived the idea of a Canal, for the purpose " of conveying Coals from his Estate, at Worsley, in Lanca- ' le Bief lnferieur : "Plan, qui) une fois execute, leverait tous les obstacles, et, " leur procurerait tous les avantages qiCils cherchaient : " Us s'entretinrent, pendant Un laps de Temps assez long, " de ce Plan Incline, dont Us proposerent, Souveht, au Due, " le Projet, qui ne fut qu'Jjourne, parce qu'il y avail des " Travaux Plus Pressans, et, Plus Necessaires, qui devaient " en Preceder V Execution : " Cependant, le Projet du Plan Incline riavait pas ete '•' Abandonne ; et, il devait etre Execute, un jour, ou, l autre: " Les Preposes avaient Projete leurs Plans : " Enfin, le Due resolut den mettre Un a execution : 11 " Les revit Tous : donna ses ordres ; " Et, le Plan Incline fut acheve, sans delai" 11 II a ete commence en Septembre, 1 79$ ; acheve, et rendu " praticable, au mois dOctobre, 1797." I do not wish to arrogate to the late Duke of Bridgewater, That, which does, Not, appertain to Him: Nor, do I think (and I am much inclined to suppose, the French Nation will coincide in opinion with me), That, I should brook to see Merits, which, Properly, and, Exclusively, belonged to, Him, attributed to, Others; "Sic, Vo%; Non "Fobisr Or, ever-enduringly, suffer Others, to participate Them With Him: I ought to be able to trace " detur dignion." The time might have arrived, perhaps, when the late Duke M (6o) of Fridgewater would have been said, Much to have availed Himself of His, View, Survey, and, Passage along, the Canal of Vishney-Voloschok ; That, of Kiel; or, That, of Arboga ; And, to have been greatly served, in building his Locks at Runcorn, by observations He had made, and measure- ments He had taken, upon the Spot, of the Sluices near Trollhatfe Fallen. But, He, Never, was in Russia, Denmark, or, Sweden I Perad venture, too, Time might have come, Wlien it should be asserted, That He formed His Navigable Canal, upon the Model of Some Other, in Portugal, Where, also, Never, He, went ; and, Where, Inland Navigation, by Artificial Water-Ways, does, possibly, not exist : Such, and, Similar, assertions might have been made, not only in Books; but, also, in Conversation; Even, Some u Gobemouches" of '• la Petite Provence" might have said, (and, surely, Theirs must be Undeniable Authority!), Bah! Soyez-en-Surl Moi; Je le scais Positivement ! Je le dens d'un Ministre ! W r hat, then, can No Merit be ascribed to the late Duke of Bridgewater, Alone, and, Personally? Is He, continually, to be represented as a " doigt financier " Only? Shall I, patiently, forbear, when I see Some One lugged in to share with Him his Proper, (68) his Peculiar, Merits? Must I, Always, observe, and Passively, too, That, Some Other Name is tacked to His? At One time, it is the late Duke of Bridgewater, and Mr. Benjamin Sothern : Why, is it, Never, the Duke of Bridgewater, and Mr. John Gilbert? (68) Da prix cjuil dcvrait obtenir Le merite est exclu sans cesie. PlROJf, LE RoiTELEff. (6i ) Mr. John Gilbert, was in the employment of, and domes- ticated with, the late Duke, at the very Commencement of making His Navigable Canal: He lived in the House, at Worsley : He was, Always, With His Grace, in the Country; was privy to All His Plans, Schemes, Projects, and, Conver- sation: He died, at an advanced age, in the Duke's Service, in which He had remained All his Life: Great Loss ! He was a Man of Long Experience, of Uncommon Ability, of Rare Talent, of Vast Genius ! At another Time, it is the late Duke of Bridgew T ater, and, Mr. Brindley : I must ever speak, must ever think, of Mr. Brindley with respect : Many, and, highly Useful, were the facilities his Creative Invention, and, Extraordinary Genius, furnished, during the execution of the Canal : Many, and, Important, were his Mechanical Constructions: Great Genius Invented; Great Genius Adopted, Them! In Many Great Things, Mr. Brindley " Socium habuit €t Neminetn' 1 (69) : Solely, were His, The Water-Weights at Rough Close; The Riddles to wash Coals for the Forges; The Rising Dams; and, So Many Other Fabrications of perfect, Well -adapted, mechanism. But, I must beg leave to observe, That, of Three General Works, in which Mr. James Brind- ley was employed by the late Duke of Bridgewater, These Three, in the late Duke's opinion, were liable to animad- version: I desire it may be clearly understood, That, I, of myself, do not presume to animadvert upon Them: I, Only, Copy What passed in conversation between the late Duke, and, me: (69) Cicero, Orat : pro Marcello. (62 ) They, as well as All the following Notices, and, Anecdote^ tome from the late Duke's Own Mouth: I noted Them, in writing, whilst They were fresh in my me- mory, within the Very Same Day, the late Duke told them to rae. " These Three Undertakings were, (i i. Barton Bridge; " 2. That Part of the Navigable Canal, Which runs " overthe Bollen, and, Mersey Meadows; u 3. The Locks at Runcorn. " i st. With reference to Barton Bridge-. tl When, the late Duke of Bridgewater made Barton Bridge, il (over the River IrwelV), Mr. Brindley ran away from It, to " Stretford; and He, Never, appeared again, until the Bridge " was become secure : u Heavy Rains came ; and, Mr. Brindley feared it would "Fall: " He did very ill ; for, He Weighted the Sides: "But, the Bridge was Saved by Mr. John Gilbert, Who 6< took just the contrary Method : He Weighted the Arch "in danger; and, Lightened the Sides: He Removed the " Weight from the Sides ; and, Laid it, Regularly, on the ** Arch: He, then, Put a layer of covering of Straw, on. "the Arch: then, He clayed it again: And, afterwards, " He let the Whole remain till, late, in the following spring, " to " Settle,;" " The Arch now stands ; but, it is Not a Regular Arch. " adly. With reference to That Part of the Navigable ehed with Con- Kade the " Stars, also-" tempt Any Part of that Kosjuoc, which God, "In the Beginning, S^lar Sy*- AD * Cheated (3);" and, Saw was very Good: much Less when teins ; and, compared with such Petty Works as may be effected, under Toil, £0, which r • J 3Iaj u with- and, Trouble, by GOD's Creature, Man: faTbrm. Insure, That, if So He did, Such Regarding, (or, Somethrre looking upon,) with Co tempt, is a proof That He Abused are, ve ho ! Li*' 'In 11k. That, the omission of " iv ," occasions the Composite Word, " Cyclopcedia" to be, no longer in agieen.ent with tbe jrtade.' of \ and, Thus, it will hecome, " Encyclopoedia :" Again, is iLuiiXw 7fcU &U, (may we say, Cyclopedia?) a* Ambiguous, Term, which Might, possibly, as well denote, Doctrine of, Instructions upon, Science •f, the Circle, as, Circle of Science? (kuxXoc 7rcL\Slia.c). (6 9 ) u did not see, clearly, at the instant, How they were that Extraordinary Genius, which, the Father of Lights, in his Mercy, had vouchsafed to Give Him : And, I am very sure, moreover, That, in no point of View, under any possible contingency whatever, could, Such Regarding (or, looking on) with Contempt, reflect upon Him Honour; hut, on the contrary, inflict Discredit upon his Character : I am intimately persuaded, moreover still, That, None of my Family would have domesticated (See Page 61, Line i.), a Man, who could he guilty of Such modes of thinking, so irreverent perversity in speaking : " Je connais mieux mon sang:"" But, I have, always, been told, That, Mr. Brindley considered Water Roads, by means of Canals, as Preferable to Water Ways, by Fresh-Watpr Navigable Rivers : And, That, He thought that Part of such Water, as is furnished by Streams, Brooks, Rivulets, or, Rivers, Might, Artificially, be turned, with Profit, and, Advantage, to feed Navigable Canals : Also, am I assured, That, He Neither regarded, (or, looked upon^) Rivers with Contempt, Even, when compared with Canals. To this Purpose (continues This Article of the New Encyclo- paedia, or, as it is denominated, Cyclopaedia), it is said, That, in examination before the House of Commons, when He was ashed by a Member, for what Purpose He apprehended Rivers were created ; He replied, after some deliberation, « to feed Navigable Canals." My very poor opinion, induces me to surmise, That, Whoever shall assert Mr. Brindley took time to ponder, before He made this Reply, and, gave in this answer, after some deliberation, speaks lightly, and ignorantly too, of that Able, and, Solid, Engineer; hardily assumes; inaccurately writes his Biography; and, without sufficient information, estimates the True Character of that Great, and, Extraordinary, Man. Instantly, Mr. Brindley replied, " To make Navigations, to " be sure :" By the word, "make" Mr. Brindley intended to express "feed;" By, "Navigations" He meant, "Navigable Canals:" He was not Nice in the Choice of his Words: Things-, not Words, were his Object: (70) * to be effected, He was accustomed to retire to And, surely, That Super-Eminent Projector of Canals, That Perfect, and Ready, Assistant, in executing Them, That Man of Thought, of Reason, and, of Experience, had, already, Formed his Opinions of '* Things ;" and, did not Wait to frame Them, until He was called to be examined before a Committee of the House of Commons : There, He was, Only, to Express them: There, He was "to tell the Truth, the Whole Truth, and, Nothing but the " Truth:" There, He was under the Certainty of finding Many Able, Acute, Well-informed, Men, Who were much too "fins" to be imposed upon by his answers : Studied, qualified, explored, sought out, hesitating, much meditated^ replies, appearing to be artificial, too wary, and, given u after some deliberation" would have prejudiced, not promoted, the interests of the late Duke of Bridgewater : Besides, Mr. Brindley had No intentien of giving in Any suck replies, Whatever : Moreover, it would be expected that his answers, should be prompt, and, ready : Much Less Effect would They have had, if They appeared to be given with That, which would, Now, become an undue circumspection, " after some deliberation." And, again, What was the Character of Mr. Brindley Himself? Was He Dull, and Plodding? or, Quick was He, and, remarkable for the Readiness of mind which enabled Him (4) TJiucy- ATT02XEAIAZEIN and, Rivers, until He should be made to come to Town, find Himself in the Heart of the Capital, cooped up in a Com- mittee-room at St. Stephen's, getting askance a side-peep from one of the Windows of the River Thames; and, now, called upon to be examined, surely not as a tardy, and, long-deliberating, witness! Would Any Able Engineer, for instance, Mr. Zachary Allnutt, Who, undoubtedly, had made Many observations upon the Thames, \ and, other Island (5) Rivers, have considered This, as a fit occa- (5) Mau£, »ion, to hesitate, to meditate, and, to frame a discourse, at large, to If y? ea, ; m and, minutely, upon such General Opinion ? ti^onT Were, They, *« Mollia Tempora fandi," for a Witness, in the Continen- 11 i r /-\ s* • i ta '> Rivers ; bustle, and, agitation, of an Open Committee t but, only, t>» Had the meeting been composed, merely of a Jury of Engineers accou ^«f O r » J j a more preci- appointed to try this One question, there might have existed sion: for, t /» . t» • i T-» • i am aware, \% an opportunity of entering into a Particular Detail : i s we n But, the meeting was, That, of a Committee of Members of the known, Tha* ' & 7 ' ^ the greater House of Commons, legally assembled, in order to sift out the Mass of " Merits" of a Bill, and to make, thereon, their Report to the Mountain*, House, in preparation to That, which, hereafter, was to become * n n ^° nti " Law. su pply tk* I Repeat, That, in One Short Answer, Mr. Brindley meant te ve a ^J es "* express his Long Experience: Instantly, and not after some deliberation, could He answer (-7*;) " aAvake, reflecting upon them, until He had devised Such a Question, Generally ; But, He could not surmise that, This was a favourable oppor- tunity of dilating upon it, Particularly: His Mighty Mind, however, His Luminous Capacity, clearly Saw the Preference, which may be given to One, Over the Other. To the Long Experience of that Consummate Engineer, Mr, Brindley, verisimilarly, had occurred All the Advantages, and, Conveniencies, afforded by Navigable Canals ; All the Disadvantages, and, Inconveniencies, which May present Navigable Rivers. Upon Navigable Canals, Draught is diminished very considerably, not only, in point of Expence ; But, also, in Towing Force: In many instances, it is more expedient even, perhaps, to employ Mules, (6) upon a Canal, (6> The Than, as are usuallv, Horses, upon a River; late Duke of J r BricLewater Because, m addition to several Other reasons, Mules do not, £« was 5* AIwa Y s > draw straight, One after the Other, as Will Horses ; this Opinion; Of course, They do not tread a Towing-Path so much in a Right for, bv bis J ° orders, was, Line, and, a Gutter, as do Horses ; a^WorstT*' Nor > do The Y so much wear Xt » because the Weight of a Mule a He-Ass, as is less, than, That, of a Horse ; Nor, are, commonly, Mules shod as, heavily, sharply, and, carefully, as are Horses : Fewer Mules, too, in a Great Numerical proportion, may be employed, upon a Canal, than Horses, upon a River ; Inasmuch as, to draw a Barge, Up a River, are required more than Two Horses ; Whereas, Two Mules, Who will eat almost Any Provender, Who are not subject to so many diseases, as Horses, Who have greater Longevity, and, Who do not require such Good keep, or, stabling, or, so much Care, will draw, along a Navigable Canal. Up, or, Down, nearly 4° Tons, upon the average, or rather at the Certain Rate, of about Three Miles, an Hour. ( 73) " the means, and, the manner, according to wliicb ? But, still, in super-addition to these remarkable advantages which may be procured, Particularly, by becoming capable of ' employing, in many Instances, upon Navigable Canals, (7) Mules, (7) Where. rather than, Horses : ver 1J H f, 7 could, the Some may be inclined to think, That, it would not be deemed *»*« Duke of 1 c 1 • . .. . , Brulgewatir irrelevant to the Subject ol Navigation, Generally, to notice the employed, considerable, numerical, disproportion, which obtains in the i po '^Vf Carriage of Weights, by Water, or, by Land : Canal, Ma- For, on Weights Water-borne, the Force of 12, Perhaps, of 10, than Horses: Certainly, is reduced, to become Equal to That of 1, on Such fjlv ml* e * as are Land-borne : e*«7 y ear » rou .d Wors- And, Thus, at a much diminished Price, is estimated, even, ley House, the Carriage of Persons, in All Passage Boats; value" to ' * As well, in Those of England, as Elsewhere: fromL:>,occ, r . toLa,4oo, To instance more specially, in the Treck-Schuyts throughout Sterliug. the Low-Countries, where, in One Case, is required 12 Guilders; in the Other, ia Stivers; Or, at Venice, where, Two Men, and One Gondola, which, of course, are Water-borne, cost Half the Price that, One Man, One Carriage, and, Two Horses, which, also, Necessarily Must be Land-borne, Would, upon the Terra-Ferma, at Mestre, or, at Stra; As They Do, at Padua ; and, in Each, and, Every One, of the, Capitals, Cities, or, Principal Towns, Throughout All Europe : Thus, too, upon a similar Principle of calculation, is estimated the Rate to be paid for Post-Horses, Which convey a Traveller, Land -borne : And, Thus, also, is considered the Carriage of all Transport whatever, Water-borne, by Sea : And, Thus, again, for instance, in some of the Forests in Ger- many, One of the Largest Oaks will not sell, perhaps, for Ten Pounds, because no means can be procured of occasioning it to become Water-borne : whereas, in England, Such an Oak, "Top, Lop, Crop, and, Bark,'' may be sold, for One Hundred, and, Thirty Pounds, Sterling: And, Thus, further, for instance, in the Forests of Switzerland, ( 74 ) "They Wete to be accomplished; He, Then, rose where, Pines, and, Firs, being cut down, are tumbled into the Channel of some contiguous Torrent, that, at length, They may become Water-borne ; and, so, no longer be fit, Only, for Fire-wood : And, Thus, still further, for instance, from the Districts above Memel, Riga, or, Dantzick, Fir Trees are made to have commu- nication with Water, and, being shipped, probably, from One of * the above Ports, when sawed into "Balk," sell at a considerable Price per Foot : And, Thus, moreover, for instance, Many Thousand Trees are floated down, every year, to Frederickstadt ; and, being Now, Water-borne, furnish Masts, to Divers Nations, not of Europe, only ; but, perhaps, to Several Parts of the Marine, and, Commercial, Globe. But, it may, possibly, be considered as awpocrtfjo'vc/o-ov to "go about" to prove That, which is so very obvious : The above Instances may be thought more than sufficient; Such as might be adduced, are innumerable : One more, Only, shall be superadded ; would occa- That, Thus, too, for the purpose of letting pass Coals, readily, Turnpike from the Pits, in order that They may become Water-borne; (for, roads, of tHe Now, They are put into " Keels," Which are previously in waiting, which is floating on the River, and, Which carry them to u along-side" aVes- Traveller 8 se I? or » "Lighter," laying at some little distance, out at Sea, in the Land-bome, Offing, when being, Once, Water-borne, the "Fitters" take to he better b ' I • than these charge of Them, and, no longer, the Proprietors, or Lessees, of roIds^Now tne M i nes Rail-ways, (8) are, not only, Constructed by the are, about a pit-owners," or, Others, at Much Expence; Kievrain, and * ■ - Quaregnon, But, kept in Repair, Afterwards, at no Inconsiderable Cost : cf e sou A Great Rent, moreover, They pay, Yearly (in general, by Jemmapes. L ease ) for " Way-leaves," That the Produce of the Mines, which (9) Per - gurelv must be at Land, mav be made to have communication with .haps, may be J 'J said, Coals of Water : as, in Each of the preceding instances, on the Tyne, the Best Qua- ,■' ,v' r b J lity; such as, and, upon the Wear, etc. Ra°aton f For > in 0ne Case > a § ood ' Land-Sale (9) Colliery, can be Let Beemish, for, Only, a Few Hundred; in the Other, even an inferior, «tr* S " en ' Water-Sale, Colliery, for Several Thousand Pounds Sterling : i 75 ) * c out of Bed, and, came to make his Report. Some there are, also, Who may not think it irrelevant to the Subject of Navigation, to notice, moreover, the disproportionate difference, which exists in reference to the augmented Strength of Towing-Force required to bring in Weights, even when Water-borne, not upon a River, Only; But, also, from Sea : For, Such Weights, though They are made, advantageously, to enter with a coming-in Tide, now, at, nearly, Three Parts of Rise, and, Height : Yet, sometimes, The Vessels bearing Them, are impeded by Banks ; Or, They must go over Bars; Or, They are hindered by Side, or, Contrary, Strong-Blowing Winds; And, Heavier Weights, not Slightly deposited in Flat-Bottoms, but, regularly Stowed in Keeled, which surely, draw Deeper Water, Must They be, in order to Navigate the Sea, than, a Canal, or, a River. How many '* Hands,'' Men, Women, and Children, (at How much struggle, and, inconvenience, and, at How great an expence of Ropes, Capsterns, etc.) are employed to drag in a Vessel, from Sea, into an unfavourable Port ? To let pass, However, All Such observations as may be made upon Dragging, from a certain distance at Sea, into Port, Vessels, which do not Sail in, Freely; or, afterwards, up Port; It may Not be inexpedient to remark the disparity of Towing- force required to draw, Up, the Current of a River; And, per contra, Up, or, Down, the Still Water of a Navi- gable Canal : Thus, In consequence, upon a River, commonly, are used Horses ; Upon a Navigable Canal, often, Mules. Surely, the Price of Mules is much less, than is, That of Horses! Moreover, How much more expensive is the Tackle, and, "Gear," of Horses, than, That of Mules, in First Making, or, in Repairing ? Besides, How great is, frequently, the Risk of Horses? G (7&) Si Mr. Erindley had a very remarkable talent $t Either, of rendering Them Unlit for Any, more especially, for Such, work ; Or, of Drowning Them, absolutely? Frequently, are They, not Long, and, Much, in the Water? Often, are They not more than ''Brisket-deep?" Sometimes, are They, not, forced to Swim? as, for instance, nearNamur, at the Confluence of the Meuse, and theSambre, upon r as I think, the Tedious, and, III Understood, process, at naviga- ting the junction of That Last mentioned River, with the Former: Again, Where Horses are used, it may be thought expedient to employ Men : i Man, perhaps, will be required to tend Two Horses ; 2 Men, 6 ; and, still More Men, as there is occasion, for yet still More, Horses : (i») Gray. Do They Toil, and, Labour, in " Long array (10)," to Tow the Heavy-Laden Barge, Up the Current? Whereas, upon the Dead Water of a Navigable Canal, Never is requisite more than One Horse, or Mule ; or, at most, Two Horses, or, Mules : 1, Will Tow about 18 Tons; 2, about 40, or, even, nearly 60 ; either, Up, or, Down, with equal readiness, and facility. It will be found, moreover, That One Boy, who guides, One, or, Two, Mules, will be as sufficient to his work, as One Man : and, surely, Boys are employed at a Much Reduced price of Keep, and Wages, than are, Men. Again, Navigable Canals have their accompanying TowiugPath : Sometimes, the Towing-Path of a River is at a varied distance from the Stream ; and, not at a varied Distance, only; but, upon a varied Level ; Sometimes, the Horses which drag the Vessel, move in a very oblique; Sometimes, in a less oblique, direction : The Angle at which the Horses {Not Mules) draw, is momentarily changing, successively altering, and differing. Sometimes, Horses must retard, Sometimes, accelerate, their pace; and, go much "round," in order that They may, again, before it ceases to exist, impress their momentum upon the ascending Barge: for the Stream, continually, remorselessly, presses upon the Vessel; ( 77 ) u guessing Nearly, the Fall of a Brook, or, a River, by m Labitur, et Labetur, in omne vohdnhs oevum (n): (n)Hot. In " going round," Care must be taken of the Rope, that It shall not4>e, entangled, broken, or, worn ; And, then, It "flings," before It, again, begins to draw: Frequently, too, is caused inconvenience, or, detriment, by Its "Swagging:" Undoubtedly, a greater length of Rope is required to Tow Up, a River, than Up, or, Down, a Navigable Canal: In Towing Up a River, Often, happens the Soiling of Ropes* when They trail along a High Bank: Often, is occasioned Wearing of Ropes ; when, perchance, They encounter a Sharp Stone, or, Rock : If, Trees do not prevent their Regular Towing, do not, Sometimes, Bushes impede it ? Often, of Necessity, is there not an Expence of, Wooden, Cast, or, Worked Iron, Bearings, or. Rollers, here, and, there, for Ropes, to Slide over, or, Glibly to pass ? And, What is the Augmented Diameter of Ropes employed, on Rivers; beyond, That, of Such as are in use, upon Navigable Canals? What is, too, the difference of expence, between Long Ropes; and, Short Cordage ? And, How much greater, also, is the Cost of Vessels, when constructed to navigate a River, than, an Artificial Canal ? How much differs, moreover, That, of Cordage, Riggings Masts, and, Sails? Upon Navigable Rivers, too, are there not Islets, called by Boatmen, Yachts, or, Yeats, which, always, exist in Rivers ? Sometimes, They, render the Stream Sluggish; Sometimes, Rapid; Always, They have an effect upon the Channel, and, Towing- Force. But, if, Navigable Canals supersede the Necessity of Draught, by Land, replacing It by Towing, on Water, Which, on Canals, is effected, Either Way (to admit the expression, Up, or, Down), easily, readily, conveniently, surely, without delay, in given times; and, Which, on Rivers, is performed. Up, less coramo» diously, more expensively, and withal!, uncertainly; Or, Down, such not being yet in Tide-way, tardily., along circuitous windings : ( " walking along its Banks : If, They afford facilities in occasioning to be, Water-borne, such Weights, as, Otherwise, Must be Land-borne : They, not merely, cause diminished Wearing of Turnpike Roads; (How great is the Number of Turnpike Acts ? and, What is the expence, and, occasionally, the Delay, of paying Toll at Turnpikes?) But, Also* in reference to Roads Themselves, They become tfc* means that still Fewer are requisite : for, Often, is procured that, not only, some Turnpike Roads ; but, also, certain By-Roads are rendered, Now, no longer, Necessary; Consequently, is avoided the Repair of such Last-mentioned Roads : For Water-Ways require No Repair ! They Wear Not, with Heavy, or, with Lighter, Loads ! How burdensome has been the Labour employed upon Roads? Sometimes, how Odious has it become ? Have the " Corvees," Ever been stated as a Grievance to the Subject, in France ? Moreover, as Navigable Canals serve to remove Grievances; so They conduce to alleviate Taxes : For, They come in aid of the Poor Laws, Not only, by occasioning and administering, means of subsistence to the Honest Industry of the Willing Poor 5 But, moreover, by diminishing the Quantum of Tax, which, upon that " Article" it is Necessary to Levy upon the Richer Subject: What Ready Employment is afforded to the Many persons, who^ Otherwise, might remain, Either, without Work, or, with tardy, insufficient, work, (aye, insufficient to the maintenance of their families,) or, who might go to a distance to seek work, or, who might lose time in going to it, or, in returning from it, upon the New line of a Newly projected Navigable Canal? (n) Virgi Qualis apes (12) cestate nova per florea rura Exercet labor ; cjuum^ etc. .* Fervet Opus O Fortunati J In executing a Navigable Canal, does it, Ever, happen That (79) " Some Persons pretend to the same talent; " Hands are wanted? 1 ' That, there is Always, even, a sufficient number of " Gangs (i3) ?" (i3) Com, ,.„ , ■»* • -i i *-i ' i • i* Ponies of And, After, that a Navigable Canal is consummated, is a bo»t 5o, or, practically in use, How Many Persons, Still, are Employed ? idv^tlie 1 ' The late Duke of Bridgewater, After, his Canal was finished, Captain, and, paid Twelve Hundred Pounds Sterling, every Saturday Morning, ^ or ^. to such persons as He occupied in the Three-fold Division of, his Collieries, his Navigable Canal, and, his Estates of Cheshire, and Lancashire, alone, Exclusive of the Salaries He had awarded to Agents, and, various " Preposes." On Navigable Canals is, easily, and, readily, procured Employ- ment of Fathers of Families, near their Own Home, almost at their Own Door? To the Canal Agent, it becomes his Interest to give Them work; And, to the Workmen, on the other hand, is provided, conve- nient, safe, healthy, Labour, without Risk; as, always, there must be in their going to Sea ; and, also, More, or, Less, Ab- sence from their Wives, and, Children. Is not the payment of a Crew, at Sea, Uncertain; at times, Delayed ; Often, made by Instalments, only ? And, Sometimes, are the pretensions Quite Reasonable of All Individuals, after a long Voyage, peradventure, after Shipwreck? Upon a Navigable Canal, is the Payment of a Boat's Very Small Complement, Certain, Regular, and, Short? Is It made Always, Weekly; perhaps, Daily? To the Men, is occasioned, avoidance of Going out to Sea; To the Vessel, avoidance of Port Duties, Clearances, Dockets, Declarations, Certificates, Visits by a King's Ship, Producing of Papers, etc. of Tides, too, and, often, of Shipwreck; To the Lading, also, avoidance of Risk, from Capture by the Enemy, dangers at Sea, from Weather, or, Otherwise; To the Proprietor, moreover, avoidance of Delay, avoidance of the Expences of, and, the diminution, per contra, consequent upon, Insurance. But, If, Navigable Canals operate in assistance of the Poor-Laws : (8o) ^B?it ? Mr. Brindley, generally, was More Correct If, They meliorate, and, enrich, the Country, through which They are made to pass ; And, That They do, is proved, not only, hy the Thriving state of All Parts, along which the Line is carried : Insomuch, that, figuratively, may it almost he said of a Navigable Canal, That, wherever "invenit ligneum, relinquit marmoreum;'* But, also, by the additional Extension, and continual Increase, which man finds it to be his Interest to make of Them, in almost All the Countries of Europe, and, Civil Policied Societies of the Globe : If, Navigable Canals convey materials for Building to the Poor, Habitations ; If, They supply Food, and,, Firing, too; and, moreover, pro- cure the means of Purchasing, and of Conveying, commodiously, Bedding, Clothing, becoming Furniture, and All expedient (14) "Should Utensils, to such as dwell in Them (i4)- itrainMUk," jf to their warm, and, comfortable New Cottages They induce says a awe- ° J dishPi overb, the Poor to make New Gardens; have No If» to the Poor they procure medical assistance, perhaps ^Howmuch wltnout expence, not in Child-Birth, alone, Not only in does Exten- promoting Vaccination among Them; but, also, in Every Ail - ded Inland . . ° Navigation ment of Suffering Humanity ; poSbui?y e of If > Thus > The y Add > to the Be a«ty, the Health, the Population, ipplying it! f the Poor ; If, in All Cases of Illness, They, readily, float in to the Poor Medicines ; If, ♦ to the Poor that cried, to the Fatherless, to Him that had Hone to help Him, to the Widow, to the Sick, and, to the Aged, They bring Relief, so that " Avhen the Eye seeth Them, Then, 05) Tfee it giveth witness to Them (i5) :*' ll2^Ved If > to the Res P ec table Industry of the Healthy Willing Poor, That of Job. They afford, upon the spot, employment, not only, in various trades, and, audicrafts; but, also, in the meliorated culture of our Mother arth, in the better cultivation of Land, in assisting GOD's Blessings to Spring : If, to tiJs purpose, I>y flowing channels, They bring directly, (8i) €l than, Others. Manure, from the Country and, often, even, from Tide-Way ; as, for instance "Sea-Slush:" If, in Short, Navigable Canals provide All the various, several, diversified, numerous, 1 had almost said, endless, not, Comforts Only, hut, AH the Real Advantages of Life : Still further, They provide means of Suhsitenee to the Aug- mented Population They effect; For, They, not only cause a Higher Cultivation of Such Lands, as, heretofore, were made to serve the purposes of Agriculture ; But, They become the occasion that Much Land is Cultivated, and Planted, which, previously, was so much shut out from All communication with the exterior parts, that, Never, had the Pro- prietor the least intention of putting It into Tillage; And, They render the Remote Parts, which, of course, must be the most extended, upon an equality, (as to their produce, the productions, now, becoming Water-borne), with Such as are in the Neighbourhood of Towns, and, Cities: The Land-owner finds, Certainly, That, So They do ; Not only, because He Lets the Land He was accustomed to Let, or, Lease, for an Augmented Rent ; But, also, He experiences, That is Encreased the Value of his Land, because, He is enabled to Let, Lands, which produced Him very Little, for Much Encreased, Rent; Or, to Sell parts, at an advanced price, not to One person, Only, who, Arbitrarily, Will make his own "Market;" for, Now, He obtains the choice of Divers Competitors, of Many, Rival, Contending, and, " Substantial" Purchasers; Or, moreover, to turn to Profit the Mines, He may possess, Under such Land: The Occupier feels, too, very sensibly, That, So They do: Because, are provided to Him, augmented facilities of Occupying his Land, in the ready transport, of Live, and Dead, Stock, Manure, etc.; And, in the eager, and immediate, Sale, of All his Commo- dities. In Necessary Consequence, therefore, a Navigable Canal, not only, opens New, and, Rival; Markets; (»» ) Mr. Brindley was wont to suffer from the tooth- ach; But, It introduces into the Old Maikets, New Commodities. How Considerably, too, is diminished the Expence of their Carriage? As for instance, upon the late Duke of Bridgewater's Navigable Canal, on which, only, Three-pence per Ton, once paid, is due for the Transport of a Load, even the Whole Length of the Canal ? Again, How frequently does it happen, That, a Navigable Canal, not only, occasions the Expediency, but, moreover, superinduces the Necessity, of Draining Lands, which, formerly, were, almost, as inapplicable to the Purposes of Agriculture, as Those, Now so fit, which lay mid-way between Peterborough, and Spalding, in the Neighbourhood of Crowland? For, as It Eucreases the Population of the Country, especially near to its Line; So, likewise, It provides augmented means of Subsistence, to the Encreased Population It occasions : Consequently, It serves, not only, to raise Crops, where, pre- viously, grew none ; but, also, It causes Lands, which are laid down in grass, or, Which usually have been cropped, to become still more productive; And, moreover, It furnishes readier facilities of bearing away cops of All Descriptions, to distant parts, in various directions, at Small expence ; And, of bringing in Manure, and, Live Stock. These advantages did not escape the Great Mind of that Able Engineer, Mr. Brindley: Well, too, He knew, That, Such Agents as are employed to tend Navigable Canals, when, now, already, executed, or, even, when in making, are, often, Land-Stewards, also; These Persons find it easy to Drain Small Plains, or, Flats, not- withstanding that They should be upon a dead Level, which Large, and, Extensive, Plains, Never, are ; because, They Cut down Be- low the Level of the Flat, deep enough to obtain a sufficient fail: Nor, do They attempt to make the Drains, at Once ; but, in Several Years : at the end of Each Summer, They leave Them to Settle: upon every cOiuing-in-Sj ring, in clearing Thenij (83 ) M and, at such times, He used to say, They, Still, drive Them Lower, and, Lower : They know How They should " draw" Them Suitably : and, Skilfully too, the peculiar shape, in which They should cut Them : In the "fixing" of " han ties'* to which so ably contributed Mr. Bremontier, as well as in the " Dessechement of Marais" these observations will be found good : In Those Two Cases, They may become beneficial to France: But, in No Countr y, will They be applicable to the sides of Hills, or, Land having much declivity: For, in That predicament, the Persons above-mentioned have to encounter difficulties, and, are embarrassed by, what some have called, the Paradox of Draining; Because, a Drain, if It does not tap the Spring, will serve to (16) Such drain, Only, just so much as is at a right Angle with its Bottom. mastery m*x And, still Again, and, Moreover, are There not more opportu- *^? ^? wer ^ f nities of Irrigation (16), by means of a Canal, than, by those of a Will, lrriga- t,. _ tion, had River? the late Duke Many, indeed, are the Reasons ; J^J How Many does Agriculture enumerate! (see,pagea7, To mention One Facility, only: an d, 35),' The line of Water-way of a Navigable Canal is, Always, J^berT" Above, the Level of the Adjacent Country; It is much more Letter ,which _. , was written Llevated : to Him, se- But, the Beds of Rivers, are, Mostly, Below It. £Sin& And, Again, Still Further, are not Watering Places preferable, authority, Avhen, They are made to Low-Land Pastures, out of Navigable Him, since Canals, Than, when, formed out of the Course of Rivers? ^ sl^llf' In One Case, They are, in General, at nearly the Level intended: fectly in Init ;. gating Land, In the Other, the Water They Should contain is, frequently, to try to too Low; and, Sometimes, much too High; as, in Floods, when ^(voTchT- the River runs out of its Banks, and covers the Pasture. shire .Cheese: In Such Times, how great, Often, is the Inconvenience, and, probably ; Danger too, of removing Cattle ? "^jjj iQ But, are Navigable Canals Subject to Floods? bourhoodof In addition, is a Supply of Water Convenient to a Pasture: AUquamlb, 2l Ready, Constant, supply, that Cattle may Drink, at every f^J^'". moment, when they please? rusl (84 ) " il If it spites me, 1 will spite it;" And, does not such expedient convenience, necessarily, contri- bute to their Cleanliness, and, Health; and, essentially, occasion their "Well- Being,?" Are there not Many disadvantages, in Driving Cattle, Seve- ral times in 24 hours, to sources, and springs, that They may Drink, when They become dry ? Can they Bathe, and Lie down, during Great part of the Day. the weather being very hot, in such Water? Again, has No One, ever, heard of a " Wash-Pool'' for Sheep ? Put this Question, to the Grazier, And, to the Clothier, Not only, in All Countries 5 but, in Min^, Especially! For, What is the Staple Commodity of England ? And, Why, is the Chancellor made to sit upon the Wool-Sack, in the House of Lords; which, (by "Appeal," and, " Writ of Error,") is the Last Resort in All causes, the Supreme Court of Judicature, In the United Kingdoms? Did, then, Mr. Brjndley Not know, That Attention to Cattle, (and who could disapprove, should He have added Improvement of the fiace of All their several descriptions,) is, and, ever has qeen, a Main Object, amongst All People ? And, again, too, How often has it been procured, That, a Navi- gable Canal has brought a New Supply of Water to Low-Land Pastures, lying within the Country, where, ineffectually, at much expence. for a long time, has been sought for a Spring? May the Circumstances above-mentioned be classed amongst the Higher Improvements of Agriculture ? And, shall we admit an objection, That, Inland Navigation wastes Land ; when, in addition to All These Advantages, one Quarter of a Mile of a arrow Navigable Canal, with its accompanying Towing- Path, will occupy not much more than One Mile of Land ? But, Still further, Enquire of the Manufacturer; The Wholesale-Trader ; And, the Merchant: Eai h, possibly, may reply, That, Inland Navigation, not only, affords facilities of Importing commodities from Foreign Nations, to be consumed in Brute, or, to be worked up in Manufactures ; (85) u And, would wash his mouth with very Cold water, But, That, it provides Easy, and, Ready occasion, likewise, of exporting increased varieties, and, greater quantities, from Places Remote from the Sea : In short, as the Casing Ocean serves to connect Different Countries; So, Casing Inland Navigation connects Different Parts of the Same Nation. What further need be said ? In fine, , Inland Navigation promotes, not only, Foreign Com- merce; hut, National Industry, Internal Trade, Intercourse of Profit, Mutual Interest, Easily-made Contracts of Sale, or, Commutation, Ready Exchange, Reciprocity of Compensation, Immediate Purchase of Various Productions, as well, of those Above, as, of those Under, Ground ; It enables the Creature, Man, to turn to the Best Profit All the Advantages, Which, from his Mother Earth, through God's Blessings, spring. Did then, an Engineer Such as was Mr. Brindley, Not see That, by a Navigable Canal are provided, sure, ready, certain, regu- lar, advantages, To the Agriculturist ; To the Land Owner, and, Occupier; To the Manufacturer; To the Merchant, And, Whole-Sale Trader? Moreover, did Mr. Brindley Not know that Inland Navigation, conduces, too, to break down Monopoly? Upon the Other Hand, Was not Mr. Brindley well aware of the Disadvantages, and Inconveniencies, which May present Navigable Rivers? Had He, Never, been employed, at the expence of consi- derable sums, to make Side-Cuts, and, to construct Pound-Dams, even on the sides of Rivers, in leaving their Serpentine course, when, it was found expedient to join, rectilineally, Point to Point, by means of a Canal, in order to shorten, and, render more Direct, the Navigable Line ? ( 36) " and, then, again, with Very Warm ; When Rivers "Breakup" after Frost, do They present facili- ties to Navigation, Either, Up, or, Down, their Channel? So little do They afford Convenience, That, They, render- it Impossible to commit to Them Weights, to be .Water-borne* for any purposes whatever, of Trade, and, Commerce: Even, Internal Intercourse is stopped, or languishes : as Must well know, whoever has been carried, though Land-borne, towards the end of Spring, or, commencement of Summer, through several Parts of the North of Europe : for, He Must, experi- mentally, have proved, how inconvenient, and, dangerous too, it is to Travel, When Rivers (and Countries) Break up, after Frost. Upon a River, few Artificial means are employed, adventitiously, to encrease Population : The Line of Water Way, by a River, Remains, Always, where it was; unless, when, Sometimes, it is, Violently, Altered by Extra-Ordinary Causes, destructive in Their Effects; And, the Banks of the River, as, also, their adjoining interior, are Peopled much as They have been, for Centuries : Witness, the Sullen Majesty of the Rhine, notwithstanding All the Negociations had, All the Regulations made, upon It, and, its Navigation; Witness, the Elbe, Vistula, Don, Wolga, Danube, Po, Tagus; Witness, in short, Most of the Rivers of Europe. Whereas, the introducing through the Interior of a Country, a New Line of Water Way, Which, with easy compliance, readiness, and, regular certainty, supplies, not Only, All Comforts, but, All Conveniencies Too, to Man, Encreases his Population : Is Encrease of Population a Light Consideration, in the Strength, or, in the Wealth, of Nations ? Upon the Line of a New Water-way, are seen to Spring up, Youth, Health, Joy, and, Gladness; to Revive Old, to P.uHu- late New, Manufactories; to Arise iNew Villages, New Tov.iis; Sometimes, New Cities are Given to Grow ; Often, are Beautilied Such as have existed heretofore. How greatly is the Size, Population, and Embellishment, of Man- chester, and, of Liverpool, augmented, since executing the late (8 7 ) u and, then again, with Gold, Duke of Bridgewater's Navigable Canal; and, effecting the Various junctions which, Now, are, made, with It; and, which, Now, lead to Those Gi\ at, Commercial, Flourishing, Towns? Did Mr. Brindley, Not, see, and, very clearly too, the oppor- tunities procured by Inland Navigation, in Joining River to River, ad Libitum, from Any One, to Any Other, Given Point, by a Navigable Canal, passing through the Very Midst of the Coun- try, and Carrying with it, Safely, Cheaply, Regularly, All the Benefits of Life ? Did Mr. Brindley, Not, know, That, of Rivers, Humanly speak- ing, can be no Voluntary projection of Line? Run They Must, in due obedience to That beneficent Course which is traced to Them by the Good Creator, through his servant, nature (17), in perpetual windings, continual bendings, with various sinuosities, along more than serpentine turns : (17) nature? creature of the CREATOR ! servant of GOD ! instrument of HIS Will ! unerringly obedient to HIS command ! Un- Written Look of the behests of GOD ! System of Laws, which, HE has Made for the Government of HIS Universe ! Reflections such as these, Must, by sure consequence, present themselves to Every, Reasoning, Creature : And, They become still more obvious, when, the dust of the earth, to which GOD has given speech, utters, God, and, Nature, rather than, GOD, by nature, GOD, through nature .- Nothing else is nature, than, GOD, acting HlMSELF, by Certain Laws, which, HE has Fixed, for the Order, and, OEconomy, of HIS Infinite Creation ; And, yet, sometimes, This animated dust of the earth, speaks of nature, as a Substitute of GOD, a Collateral Cause with GOD, a Middle Being, between GOD, and, Created Things : But, nature is, Not, a Being. Such observations Must, essentially, be generated, even in Those, who are aware that Man, often, uses the term, "Nature," in a confined, a partial, or, restrictive, sense, as a compendious Method of Locution, as a Mode of Expression only, to indicate, That, which, GOD, has impressed upon matter, (as, when the creature says, "the nature of things;") and likewise, upon Ail qualities, spiritual, also, (as when, it says, " the nature oj' the mind :") Both of Which, as well, material, as, spiritual, this Living Dust admits, that GOD, and, GOD, Alone, has Created: But; nevertheless, These men are prone to surmise, That, the General Term, " nature," is ambiguous : That, it is, not only, abused ; but, much too variously used ; and, often, without adequate, peculiar, distinctions. To me, This General Term " nature" appears, in its very Essence, to be aubject to blauiable ambiguity: (88) " Till He roared with pain. Unless, when Man shall Toil, to render a Water-way More Direct, by making, with the " Sweat of his Brow," Artificial Cuts, in order to facilitate His Commercial Advantages: as, for instance, through the Isle of Dogs ; along, the East-India Docks, West-India And, if, further, I may presume to speak of myself, and the occasion may, here, perhaps, justify my so doing, if, haply ; I may serve as a Warning to Others, I should be inclined to cpioth, That, During my Youuger Days, but, only, in the course of mv studies, for, I was prompted by no other motive, than by, p -.tient, curious, investigation, and, by a thirst after omne scientibile, I read Much, in my humble opinion, much more than enough, concerning the Ancient, Greek, Atomic, Physiology : Much, have I read of the Doctrines of Thalss, Anaxiuiander, and, Ulopathians ; Much, of Strato, and, Other of Their Ulozoistic Disciples ; Much, of Leucippus, (a) Bv the Democritns, and their Predecessors ; Much, of Mochian, (or, Lencippian,) Atoms; Greater Much, of the Monads of Pythagoras; Much, of the Logomachians of the " 2tooC.*" eretn; the jyTuch, of Peripatetics; Much, of the Antagonist of Zeno, Epicurus; Much, of/ Hagadol. the Chieftains of the Motley Eclectics; Much, of the Herematized (c) Spinoza (d). ,, Stumbliug, and, floundering, in These "Dreary Wilds," yet, at every turu, flashed \b) In One sense, may it u P on m y Mind's Eye, a Rule of Light, which, opened to my view, and, irradiated, a be said, Path, leading Out of this Joyless Labyrinth, guiding me Without, and directing Jk at , me, Ultimately, to GOD, as the First Cause. " J odos, * son de Una Much, too, have I read of the Doctrine of Ethics, as set forth by man's Camada?" Reason, Alone; .1 . . 1S ' Much, of the Scholastic distinction of natura naturans, and, natura naturata : tnatopinoza, (and, are his ^ ut > *ke more I read, the more I became convinced, doctrines That, GOD Must be the First Cause; Bonmved^r That ' Mora,it y> Can ' 0u,v ' be founded on the Will of GOD ; is, Here, pla- And, That, the Light of Reason, Alone, is Insufficient, without, That, Too, ced with the of Revelation : . • ^»- And, it seemed, also, to me, That, Th°se Positions may well be maintained, not, by Persons, man's Reason, Alone; but, That, GOD Himself, has peculiarly confirmed This Last Though some to b e True: for, GOD, Who, as the Able Men above-mentioned admit, does chose t Nothing Uselessly, in this Ko hecame subject to the action of the High Wind, the Canal Colombiers. would be some Inches Lower than the " Gauges," and u Weirs;" deBiquet at the Other, It would run Over Them, and so, go to " Waste :" was born at jj ut ^ should the Line be projected, according as Convenience, I am much Traffic, and, Tonnage, will require, It, of Course, will make, inclined to, ,.. . , . 1 »» • i •unnise, here and there, Acute, and tometimes, perhaps, even night, that the or t Oblique, Angles. most excep- •> ' * 7 ° tionable By Right Lines, Then, produced from Point to Point, and, Canal du mi- occasioning Water -borne communication of Place, with Place, d \' h ' Navigable Canal is carried, still upon One, and, the Same, Level, made to run, over Vallies, by aid of Embankments, as, on That of the Boyne, through the x , , n . , „ t. • t •bove-menti- m Ireland; over Rivers, as, along Barton-Bridge, across oned Tunnel, the «i rwe n ; " un der High Ground, as from Ricqueval, to tohislNative ' ° 7 ^ ' place: Vendhuille, (18), on the Canal of St. Quentin; or, through the Line ' Mountains, by means of Tunnelling, as, at Blisworth, might, per- Hare-Castle, Voute d« Malpas (id), on the Canal du Midi, etc. haps, have » r V ^/7 > been, Other- It\joins up to its Little Passive Quay, to its WharPs, to it» ted,'to the Warehouses, and, Cranes, at the Very Spot, to Which, for Em* Orb, con venience, It is conducted : by tracing it ' more to the But, to the Line of Water-way of a River, Quays, Wharfs, the Country Warehouses, Cranes, Must be accommodated : Mahomet Mu«t ■bout Nissan, t tn Mountain : for, the Mountain will not come to Mahomet. L Espignan, » ' ' e'e The Line of Water-way of a Navigable Canal is peaceable, and Moreover, having beea tranquil : ^customed That, of a River, Sometimes, is — __ — : (9i ) " ascertain, whether He he had eat enough: But, in Flood, Who can calculate its Ravages? -Me Canal", Again, as, Rivers have, often, a deficiency of Water, ceeds, at in dry times, when, more particularly, is wanted Water; so, in t ^%i;ie S eveQ " wet seasons, when, It is not Serviceable, Rivers Will inflict Always, upon i . , , n x^ . , One, and, this vague, and, not .to be computed, Destruction! theSame, Waywardly, They Will overflow; They Will inundate the adja- [Tis taj?* cent Country; Thev Will force upon it a great deal too Two Feet J J r D above Low- much : They can Not be Stopped : Water mark, Whereas, a Navigable Canal, even to Lands situate Out of the LodTfrom 16 Line of Natural floods, may be induced, bountifully to afford, as ihe L °west ' J ' J ' of the Grand much Water, and, just so much, Only, as is required; Which Trunk, be- i j j i tween Mid- may be stopped ; or, made to run again, at pleasure: dlewich, and For, Inland Navigation, Blessing, and, Blest, dispenses Piston, '. & ' S ' ' ' ' •■•■•* where, That Irrigation, alone : r»rai Lorks She, lets not loose Wild Havock: form its When, She, goeth forth, rejoicing to run her course, Glad- Juu ' tion ' a _ . . . ' with That of some, flock around Her, Joy, Fertility, Vegetation: They the late Duke turn their back upon Horror, Devastation, and, Calamity. Bridgewater How dear to Inland Navigation is Agriculture? l«anuotbut D ° remark, Did Mr. Brindley, Not know, how much One fosters the Other? Th a <, on the Could Such an Able man opine, That, Agricultural Advantages #/,J* are a Light Consideration, in the Strength, or, Wealth, of, or of , ° ' ° ' Languedoc, Nations? as, some- Was, He, Not aware, That, Convenience to Agriculture is denomina- afforded, easily, and, readily, by Occupation-bridges? tax' 1116 Not only, all Materials for Building Them are, either, u at Hand ;" Length of or, come Water Borne; Boats Loaded for the purpose of ^^ $£&. constructing Them, lay upon Sti!l Water; Such Boats do not 0ne, ^s u . , ; s > ° J l or, 2.38b5i move, in consequence of the momentum of Current; remain Metres, They will, where They were placed, tied, only, by a Slender coid ; J22 447T., They are not carried "down" by the Stream : ^'etlT But, also, and, moreover, at such places as a Navigable Canal Sixty happens to cross a High Road, a Bridge may be " thrown" over it, of One Arch Only, whether the Canal should be Narrow, or, Broad, at little expence, and, with very short inconvenience to Travellers: Still, again, Where an Occupation-Bridge is intended, for Agricultural Purposes, alone, and is, Properly, an Occupation* D ISO 46 IF, the Button rose to his Stomach, then. Bridge, not only, may It be constructed at Any Given Point ; but, also, will It require No expensive Road to be made to It, perhaps, «ven, No Road, but, merely "heeling:" frequently, It will need but a few load of "burnt-stuff," or, of Any Earth, which may happen to lay Near, upon either side of It, or, which shall he brought to It, Water-borne, Readily, to be laid on it, and on its petty abutments. And, still further, Occupation-Bridges, which unite, as it were, Either side of a Navigable Canal, for the purposes of Agri- cultural, and, for All other possible, convenience, whatever, may he "put up," at the Small expence of, from Seventy, to, One Hundred, Pounds Sterling: Whereas, the Construction of a Bridge, over a River, becomes, not only, so inconvenient to present passage, along a High Boad, That, almost always, a Temporary Bridge Must be erected, with some expence, at the side of the place, where It is building ; But, moreover, in its very fabrication, it is much more Costly: Often, it happens, that a Toll must be levied, on such as pass it : Diver* individual*, perhaps, have advanced, in Shares, a Conglo- merate Capital, to defray the expences of Building this Bridge, over a River: Interest Must be paid, until the Capital is liquidated: the Toll Must be, Not Only proportionate to the Interest; but, calculated, also, to pay off the Capital, likewise, in a certain Number of Years : Besides, to a River-bridge, usually, is employed a Regular Architect, and, He must be skilled in Hydraulic Architecture; is required a New Plan, a New Design : Are Bridges over Rivers, Often, constructed upon, One, and, the Same, Plan, and, Design? The Bridge is Subject to Risk, and "Falling;" if built, with Brick, or, with Stone : Had Mr. Mylne No Apprehensions with regard to Black-Friar's Bridge ? Had Mr. Edwards the Certainty that fell Pont y ty Prydd? Sometimes, to "Undue Settling;" Is the Many Arched bridge of St. Esprit, Straight? or, is it Crooked, making Many Unequal Angles f Sometimes, if it is made with Iron, to "Casting;" as, for ia« *'He would eat no more. stance, That, near Wearmouth, called Sunderland Bridge : Sometimes, a Bapicl Current, and Breaking up of Frost, will, in a great measure, destroy the Bridge ; as, at Avignon, upon the Rhone : Sometimes, it will be no longer passable ; as, for instance, tha u Ponte Rotto," on the Tiber. The Bridge, constructed, by order of Caligula, is Not, Her<% mentioned ; because, That was carried over the Sea ; and, yet, that part of the Sea, Was a Bay Only, Not, a Channel: I have always esteemed, That, as one of the most consummate examples exhibited in the Art, and, Science, of Bridge-building 5 But, it must be confessed to have been, a Shallow perfor- mance, when compared with the " Route Flottante, et, le Canal" into the bargain, across the Irish Channel (20)^ Which ( 7o \ fl^ MM. Michaud(2i), Booksellers, at Paris, have acquainted the ° nly » to **** v J1 T- County of French Nation, was a i( -Projet Favori" of Mr. Brindley, that Able, Lancaster, ia Solid, Projactor, employed, so advantageously, by that Experien- particularly/ ced, Engineer, Francis Egerton, late Duke of Bridgewater. *° th . e nei s^ ' ° 7 ° D bourhocd ofc Nor, are Wooden Bridges, Here, noticed: because. They are Stretfoid, "put together" by Carpenters, and, Joiners ; and, are Not built i ey; ' bT Masons. t Not alone, J to the In Some Parts, where it is thought proper to build a Stone bridge, English, and, It must be constructed of One Arch ; as That, over the Allier, tion; ' near Brioude; and, There, the One Arch is so far Unequal, That it m *l ut ' toA1 * * ' * ' Nations; •prings from One Side, Higher, than, from That, which is opposite. What a Sometimes, Mid-Current does not run in Mid-Channel, but covery would Close up to One Bank : and, in that case, the Largest Arch |f fi ,!»*?, Must be on One side, making a Half-Bridge * as, for instance, JV «' of Mr. the Roman Bridge, at Verona ; or, That of Berwick. Mare? Inmany places, a Stone, or, Brick, Bridge with Several Arches, (21) In (let an attempt be made to construct them, in any manner whatever, "Uonnairl whether, surhaussees, surbaissees, or, plein-cein trees,) can Not be \\ &> st °n- built: And, have we not seen lately such an Instance ? No ap- Article, proved foundation can be found for the Piers, in the Bed of tha * * % River : Sometimes, it will be discovered, upon Trial made, that, tho Bridge should be placed Higher Up, the Payer, than was, at (94) BotJtotw " ^ r * Bindley could neither write, or ; read (76): figures is re- - — ...-., . served to the beginning of first intended ; Part If "this Sometimes, Lower: Letter. Sometimes, It cannot bestride the channel, Across its open, uninterrupted, breadth; but, advantage should be taken of an Islet, laying in the bed of the River, which may serve to afford foundation for the Piers of the Many-Arched River Bridge : At all events, the Situation of the Bridge must be Chosen : Often, it, Must depend on Currents, Rock, and, upon Many Other considerations: Parts, then, there Must be, where It Cannot be made; be- cause, No satisfactory, approvable, Base can be established : And, Yet, a Foundation Must be obtained, for the Many Piers, on Which are to be supported its Many Arches ; Or, It Must be Made at Certain, perhaps Uncertain, expence ; and, in that Case, Forced it must be; and, Sometimes, laid on Piles. Sometimes, a Second Bridge, Must be built over a Channel, ■which serves to give passage to overflowing Water; as, at Com- piegne, and, in a Great many Other Places. Sometimes, a Long Causeway must be constructed, with, here, and, there, an Arch to afford an outlet to Water, in times of Flood : Which Has not been done at the New Bridge, near Sevres ; and, Which, in my humble opinion, is a material error. Sometimes, a Long, Many-Arched, Causeway Must be made to traverse Meadows, which are subject to be, frequently, over- flowed; as was, Formerly, in setting out from Oxford, on the Road to Abingdon. It often happens, That a River bridge must be very Long : What is The Length of the Bridge, even over the Volkoff, at Novogorod ? Again, to a River Bridge, there are, often, More Arches, than One, Only : Roads, and, Sometimes Long Roads, to Distant Towns, and, Cities, are, Now, made to lead, Out of the Line of Manufacto- ries, Inns, Public Houses, "Stations" of Post Horses, etc; These Roads Must be accommodated to the Bridge : The Bridge, too, Must have considerable Strength, to bear Any (95) u He drew with Chalk upon a floor." Weight, which may pass along its Highway : It is adapted, Often, to some Main Street, or, Square : It Ought to contribute to Additional Embellishment : Stately, it Should be : It is required to possess the Two Grand Difficulties of uniting Elegance, and, Strength. Absurd, indeed, would it be to surmise, That Any Thing, herein contained, is intended to be advanced against Bridge-building : Long roads, continued, across the Country, consequently, Over Rivers, are of the utmost Necessity (22) : (22) As, Amongst All Nations, perhaps, Bridge-making has ever been Land'aiJ considered as very Important: Necessary, . . - . so, likewise, And, in Our Law, It is, Even, One of the objects of "Trina may become " Necessiras-" Expedient, l>eces..lias. Roads, by As absurd would be such observations, as Any, which Frenzy, in Water. rii • • Those by a Paroxysm, might rave against Churches, for the due mimstra- Rivers, com- tion, within which, of the Rites, Ceremonies, and, Offices, of Emetines Religion: Residences, for the Sovereign : Edifices, for the in theEng- l' s k Law, purposes of Government : Covered Markets ; Dearth Maga- are termed zines; Hospitals; Public Fountains ; etc., for the Good, and, sfeHaww! Common Weal of the People. Are Roads, by Water The above Remarks can be made with no Other intention, along Canals, than to set forth, That, if Land Roads are Necessary ; a priori, ^Into ' Water-wavs mav become Expedient. AU > anJ > . . P a y n g a» But, again, was Mr. Brindley to be taught, That, Rivers, additional occasion, frequently, adventitious expence, More than Canals? x£" a c „ e e ! How Rarely, do Navigable Canals need Great Repairs ! ™ F . lt f or That, Rivers, Sometimes, require, or, Deepening their purposes, Channel; or, Straightening, or, Narrowing, their course ; course" Constructing Jetties ; Erecting Sluices ; Making of Flashes ; e l ua % ser - . vtceable to Forming Dams; Building Weirs; the Public, Did Mr. Brindley Not know, That, at All Times, Shallows r^T' by must be surmounted ; Rapids must be passed; Eddies must be counteracted ? Often, must be used, Not the Rudder alone, but, Also, * Cramps." Sometimes, Rivers have a Rapid fall ; (96) The above Notices, and Anecdotes, referring to Mr. Sometimes, the River, as well as its Banks, become sudden, and, steep; Sometimes, as in a <* Long Reach," the River is not much varying in its Level; Seldom, It flows in a Straight Line, even, in Any of its parts: In general, How much is It Winding, and, Coursing, in ■various sinuosities, in more than serpentine Turns? Rivers, too, have a Constant Tendency to cast up Banks of Gravel, Sand, Earth, or, Mud : Inconvenient Riplings, and, sometimes, almost waves, from the Action of High-Blowing Winds: Incommoded are They, Often, by Stringy, Swimming, Weeds : In Dry Seasons, They have, often, a deficiency of Water: In times of Flood, They have a Superabundancy : How great, Sometimes, are the ravaging, and, destructive^ effects, of a Superabundancy of Water ? Water, Then, becomes a Master ; No longer, is it a Servant: Ho longer, indeed, \%$) Tasso. 4 - Ifou empie UmiU (2V) Vangusta sponda ;" |iut. now, * 4 Di nuovc forte insuperbito abbonda ; *' Sovra i rolti confini aha la fronle t «» vincitor d'intomo inonda, " Che Guerra porti, e non Tributo » pare. Again, is '* Racking" so opportunely performed, so surely ef- fected, on the Banks of a River, as upon, the Sides, and, any Dam, of a Canal, or, Reservoir? In One Case, the Water, Not Only, varies in its Level; but, Must be indeterminate in its Quantum: in the Other, the Water is u Still Water," not varying in its Level; definite in its Quantity: and, Moreover, as occasion is found to serve, can be stopped entirely; or, may he made to run again, at chosen intervals, and, with an en- «rea$€dj ox % diminished^ itreaio :• (97) Brindley, I had from the late Duke of Bridge-water'^ Is "Puddling," Is "Pounding," more certainly, and, readily, accomplished om One, than, the Other ? And, are not the operations of "Racking," "Puddling," and, ** Pounding," Often, requisite upon Water-ways ?' Is " Stowing of Goods" in a Warehouse; Is, also, " Wharfage," more safely, and, with less trouble, and, expence, completed on Navigable Canals, than, upon Rivers, especially, when Rivers become in Tideway? Do "Cranes" act so conveniently upon a Boat's lading, when the Boat is continually varying its Level; sometimes, turns Up r sometimes, Down, a current; and, changes, not only, its Vertical, but, also, its Longitudinal, position ? Was Mr. Brindley Not aware that if "Transhipping," at any- time, must be performed on a Navigable Canal; It must', at least proportionately, take place upon a Navigable River? This is, Only, a Part, for, All the above, and indeed, Much More, Detail, Must have presented itself to the Long Expe- rience, the Uncommon Capacity, the Extensive View, the Luminous Mind, the Mighty Genius, of this favoured Child of obedient nature, Mr. Brindley, upon This Question, even when under examination, as a witness, before an Open Com- mittee, saturated with bustle, ' l limine frequenti, janua. tepida(a4): £4)Cah»fc And yet, still, additional, observations, which might seem to lay beyond the Province of a mere Practical Engineer, may be made upon It, Generally: For, Some there are, Who may be inclined to think, That, Inland Navigation, by means of Navigable Canals, or^ Water-Roads, Ought to be considered^ Generally, in a Great,. Political, Point of View ; and, surely, It is as Just^ as It i» Useful ! That, It incorporates, Itself, with the Whole System, and^ OEconomy, of the Body Politic : That, It has a beneficial Influence upon the Progress of In= dustry; upon Agriculture; upon Augmenting the Valiie^. (93) Own Mouth : I noted them the Same Day He tokl Them to me, whilst They were Fresh in my Memory; And, as they came in, conversation; and, facilitating the Transfer, of Land; upon Revenue; upon Imports, and, Exports, and the Duties consequent upon Them ; na y» upon Finance ; upon Loans ; upon the due employment of Capital, and, the Interest, arising there- from; even, upon the Funds; upon Colonization, and, the System of Colonies; upon facilities of making Treaties of Commerce, or, Commercial Conventions; upon, not only Commercial, but, upon Naval, Advantages, likewise; upon National Credit, Abroad, and, at Home; upon National Strength, and, Wealth ; upon Many National Opportunities; upon Very Many National Concerns; upon Each, and Every One, of the Natuial, as well as, Com- mercial, Interests of Nations ; In fine, upon All the appropriate, inherent, Benefits, of which, under Divine Providence, Nations may become Capable. Some, too, there are, perhaps, Who may think, That, Inland Navigation Peculiarly accords with the Present State of France ; But, at present, I shall forego all observations upon this subject; and, reserve Them to be pursued in the commencement of the Third Part of this Letter. (99) so, I have written them Colloquially, That I may not tend to impair whatever authenticity they may be thought to bear. X have the honour to be, etc. FRANCIS HENRY EGERTON. Hotel Egerton, Paris, 24th March, 1820. ERRATA IN THE FIRST PART. TEXT. ►age line for read i3 21 $s«W; fytpoc • 16 21 in the mean time, in the mean while, NOTE. Page line for read 1 4 1 4 Nephew Nephew-in-Law ERRATA IN THE SECOND PART. NOTE. Page line for read 70 34 has had 84 21 qeen been 90 22 Navigable a Navigable MARGINAL REFERENCE. „ Page line for read 88 7 Physiology : PHYSiology : 88 20 natura naturans, natura naturans, 88 20 and, natura naturata : and, natura naturata 90 4 One Mile Three Miles DE L'IMPRIMERIE DE P. 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