' 
 
 L 
 
 
 m 
 
ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR 
 
 It. . 
 
 THE LATIN LANGUAGE, 
 
 WITH A SERIES OF 
 
 LATIN AND ENGLISH EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION AND 
 
 A COLLECTJON OF LATIN READING LESSONS, 
 
 WITH THE REQUISITE VOCABULARIES. 
 
 DR. RAPHAEL KUHNER, 
 
 CONRECTOR OF THE LYCEUM, HANOVER. 
 
 TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN 
 
 j/t>champlin, 
 
 PROFESSOR OF GREEK AND LATIN IN WATERVILLE COLLEGE, 
 
 ^ 
 
 BOSTON: 
 JAMES MUNROE AND COMPANY. 
 
 1845. 
 

 A 
 
 ^n^i^ 
 
 s"^ 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1845, by 
 
 J. T. Champlin, 
 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Maine. 
 
 ^ /^ 3 
 
 ANDOVER: 
 
 ALLEN, MORRILL AND WARDWELL, 
 PRINTERS. 
 
 I 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The unrivalled reputation of Kuhner as a grammarian in both 
 the Greek and Latin languages, renders it unnecessary that any 
 apology should be made for presenting to the American public the 
 following translation of his Elementary Latin Grammar. His mer- 
 its, before known to a few of our riper scholars, have lately been 
 made familiar to all through the excellent translation of his Greek 
 School Grammar by Messrs. Edwards and Taylor. It is understood 
 also, that the same gentlemen have in preparation his Elementary 
 Greek Grammar. 
 
 It seemed but proper, therefore, that a beginning should be made 
 towards bringing before the public some of the results of his gram- 
 matical labors (equally profound and ingenious) in the Latin lan- 
 guage. And no one, it is to be presumed, who duly considers the 
 state of Latin learning among us, will deem it improper that a begin- 
 ning has been made with an elementary treatise. The publication, 
 within a few years past, of a translation of Krebs' Guide for Writ- 
 ing Latin and a new and enlarged edition of Beck's Latin Syntax, 
 has done much towards supplying American students with the gram- 
 matical helps for studying the language critically. But with the ex- 
 ception of the Ciceronian by Dr. Sears, which, admirably adapted 
 as it is to its purpose, is not designed to supply the place of a gram- 
 mar, nothing of importance has been published during this period to 
 supply the deficiencies for elementary instruction. 
 
 There is needed then, more especially, an elementary work on 
 Latin Grammar, which shall give a right start to our scholars and 
 put them in possession of the essential principles of the language in 
 the shortest and most effectual way. Such a grammar, it is believ- 
 ed, the present will be found to be. No one can take a class over 
 it, without being impressed with its admirable order, precision and 
 adaptedness to the purposes of elementary instruction. The pupil 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 will here find the most happy arrangement of parts,, each preparing 
 the way for the following, the simplest and most philosophical state- 
 ment of principles, and every expedient resorted to, which genius 
 and skill could invent, to aid the understanding and the memory. 
 While it does not profess to embrace every minute principle of the 
 language, it presents a selection of principles so judiciously made, so 
 comprehensively stated and so extended withal, that it is believed, 
 that it will be found to contain quite as many principles, applicable 
 in reading the strictly classical writers of Latin, as many much more 
 extended grammars ; certainly enough to meet the demands of ordi- 
 nary students in the usual course of preparation for college. 
 
 The plan of the work, as given by the author, is briefly as follows. 
 Every grammatical form or principle of syntax, as soon as learned, 
 is to be rendered practical and fixed in the mind, by translations 
 first from the Latin into the English, and then from the English into 
 the Latin. To prepare the pupil for these exercises in transla- 
 tion, such forms of the verb as are requisite for constructing the sim- 
 plest sentences are given at the outset, and a few simple rules of syn- 
 tax as they are required, while on almost every page, lists of Latin 
 words with their definitions are given to be committed to memory, 
 most of which, also, are collected and arranged in alphabetical Vo- 
 cabularies at the end of the book. As many of the examples for 
 translation as possible, were selected unaltered from the classics, oth- 
 ers were slightly altered to suit the cases for which they were em- 
 ployed, and the remainder composed by the author, yet always so as 
 to embody classical ideas and turns of thought. The examples in 
 English may be translated into Latin, either viva voce or by writing, 
 at the discretion of the teacher. 
 
 The translation here presented is from the second edition of the 
 original work, published in 1844. Previously to receiving this edi- 
 tion, the translator had completed, within a few pages, the entire trans- 
 lation of the first ; but on comparing the two editions, the alterations 
 were found to be so great as to make the last almost a new work. 
 He abandoned, therefore, his first translation, and commenced with 
 the second edition de novo. Although this has delayed the publica- 
 tion of the work a few months, no one, it is presumed, will regret it, 
 when he reflects, that he is thereby put in possession of a vastly bet- 
 ter book, and probably of a somewhat better translation. During 
 the interval between the publication of the first and second editions. 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 the author had prepared a larger Latin Grammar and been daily em- 
 ployed in teaching his elementary work, all which prepared him for 
 making very important changes in a second edition. By this pro- 
 cess, the book has been brought to the high state of perfection in 
 which it here appears. Besides its general office as a grammar, it 
 is designed to contain all that the pupil will need during the first 
 year or more of his study of the language, serving as grammar, read- 
 ing-book and lexicon. The adaptedness of such a book to the wants 
 of beginners, the experienced teacher will not fail to perceive. 
 
 It should be stated, however, that while the translation has 
 been made from the second edition throughout, the translator has ta- 
 ken the hberty to introduce a few remarks and paragraphs (in one 
 or two instances with slight modifications) from the first edition, 
 which had been omitted in the second, apparently, because they were 
 considered more appropriate to the author's larger grammar to which 
 this was to serve exclusively as an introduction. The different po- 
 sition which the book will occupy in this country rendered it proper 
 that these should be retained in the translation, even though, in one 
 or two instances, they may appear a little inconsistent with the gen- 
 eral plan of the work. For the same reason, the translator has ad- 
 ded three short Appendices, chiefly from KUhner's larger Latin 
 Grammar, of which that on Prosody, as it will be perceived, is de- 
 signed only for the scanning of Hexameter verse. 
 
 With regard to the mode of using the book, the intelligent teach- 
 er will be the best judge. The author, however, suggests that, after 
 completing the Etymology, the pupil should commence the more 
 simple of the Latin reading lessons in connection with the study of 
 the Syntax. And it may be added, that in some cases it will prob- 
 ably be found best, to take the pupil over the first and perhaps the 
 second Course, omitting the English exercises at first, and then re- 
 turn and take them up in connection with a thorough review of the 
 whole. Perhaps also, a judicious teacher, following out the general 
 plan of the author, of diminishing difficulties by division and distri- 
 bution, will think best, with very young pupils in particular, to 
 omit some other things the first time over and take them up at sub- 
 sequent reviews. But whatever course is pursued in teaching the 
 book, a complete mastery of all that it contains should be aimed at 
 from the beginning, and should be actually attained before it is 
 left. 
 
 1* 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 In conclusion, the translator would express his obligations to the 
 Rev. Dr. Sears, of the Newton Theological Institution, who very 
 kindly listened to the reading of the greater part of the manuscript 
 and suggested such corrections as his superior knowledge of German 
 enabled him to do, and to ]Mi\ James H. Hanson, Principal of the 
 Waterville Academy, who has given very important assistance in 
 correcting the sheets as they passed through the press. 
 
 Waterville College, ) 
 Feb. 1845. ( 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 ETYMOLOGY.' 
 
 FIRST COURSE. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Of the Sounds and Letters of the Language. 
 
 Division of the Letters § 1 
 
 Pronunciation of the Letters 2 
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 Of Syllables. 
 
 Of the Measure or Quantity of Syllables 3 
 
 Of Accent 4 
 
 Of the Division of Syllables 5 
 
 CHAPTER IIL 1 
 Parts of Speech. — Inflection . . .6 
 
 Partial treatment of the Verb 7 — 11 
 
 First Conjugation .......... 8 
 
 Second Conjugation 9 
 
 Third Conjugation ' . 10 
 
 Fourth Conjugation 11 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Of the Substantive and Adjective. 
 
 Classification of Substantives 12 
 
 Gender of the Substantive 13 
 
 Number, Case and Declension 14 
 
 Gender and Declension of the Adjective 35 
 
 First Declension .......... 16 
 
 Second Declension l'^ 
 
 Third Declension 18—21 
 
Vlll CONTENTS. 
 
 Paradigms of Adjectives of the Third Declension . . . . § 22 
 
 Fourth Declension 23 
 
 Fifth Declension 24 
 
 Comparison of Adjectives and Participles 25 
 
 CHAPTER. V. 
 
 Of the Adverb. 
 Classification and Formation of Adverbs . . . . . . - 26 
 
 Comparison of Adverbs ......... 27 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 Of the Pronoun. 
 
 Personal Pronouns 28 
 
 Demonstrative Pronouns 29 
 
 Relative and Interrogative Pronouns ...... 30 
 
 Indefinite Pronouns .......... 31 
 
 Correlative Pronouns . 32 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 Of the Numerals 33 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 Table OF the Prepositions ........ 34 
 
 SECOND COURSE. 
 
 Greek Nouns of the First Declension ...... 35 
 
 Of the Gender of the Second Declension ...... 36 
 
 Remarks on Particular Case-endings of the Third Declension . . 37 
 
 Of the Gender of the Third Declension 38—40 
 
 Masculine 38 
 
 Feminine 39 
 
 Neuter 40 
 
 Of the Gender of the Fourth Declension 41 
 
 THIRD COURSE. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Of the Verb. 
 
 Classes of Verbs 42 
 
 Tenses of the Verb 43 
 
 Modes of the Verb .......... 44 
 
 Infinitive, Participle, Supine, Gerund and Gerundive ... 45 
 
CONTENTS. IX 
 
 Persons and Numbers of the Verb . . . . . . . § 4() 
 
 Conjugation ........... 47 
 
 Formation of the Tenses .48 
 
 Conjugation of the Auxiliary verb 5?i7ft ...... 49 
 
 Active of the Four Regular Conjugations 50 
 
 Passive 51 
 
 Inflection of Verbs in io after the Third Conjugation ... 52 
 
 Deponents of the Four Conjugations ........ 53 
 
 Periphrastic Conjugation . . . . . . . . .54 
 
 Catalogue of verbs which vary in the formation of their tenses from 
 
 the paradigms given in §§ .50 and 51 ..... 55 — 69 
 
 First Conjugation ......... 55 — 57 
 
 Second Conjugation ........ 58 — 60 
 
 Third Conjugation . 61—68 
 
 Fourth Conjugation ......... 69 
 
 Particular Irregular Verbs ....... 70 — 76 
 
 1) Possum 70 
 
 2) Edo . 71 
 
 3) Fero 72 
 
 4) Volo, nolo, malo ......... 73 
 
 5) Eo 74 
 
 6) Queo, nequeo ......... 75 
 
 7) Fio . 76 
 
 Defective Verbs 77 
 
 Impersonal Verbs .......... 78 
 
 CHAPTER n. 
 
 Preposition. — Conjunction. — Interjection .... 79 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 The Formation of Wobds 
 
 80 
 
 SYNTAX. 
 
 Sentence. Subject. Predicate 
 
 Limitation of the Subject and Predicate 
 
 Agreement 
 
 Double Nominative 
 
 Classes of Verbs 
 
 Tenses of the Verb 
 
 Modes of the Verb 
 
 Of the Cases 
 
 Genitive 
 
 Accusative 
 
 Dative 
 
 Ablative 
 
 81 
 82 
 83 
 84 
 85 
 86 
 87 
 -91 
 
 90 
 91 
 
X CONTENTS. 
 
 Construction of names of Towns §92 
 
 Remarks on the use of the Prepositions ...... 93 
 
 Of the use of the Pronouns 94 
 
 Of the use of the Numerals 95 
 
 Infinitive ............ 136 
 
 Supine 97 
 
 Gerund 98 
 
 Gerundive 99 
 
 Participle 100 
 
 COMPOUND SENTENCES. 
 
 A. Coordinate Sentences 101 
 
 B. Subordinate Sentences ........ 102 
 
 Of the nsc^ of the Modes in Subordinate Sentences . . . 103 
 
 Succession of the Tenses in Subjunctive Subordinate Sentences 104 
 
 I. Substantive Sentences 105—108 
 
 A. Accusative with the Infinitive ...... 105 
 
 B. Ut, ne, ut ne, ut non, with the Subjunctive . . . 106 
 " C. Quo, quominus, quin, with the Subjunctive . . . 107 
 
 D. Quod, that^ with the Indicative . . . . . 108 
 
 II. Adjective Sentences ..... ^ . . 109 
 
 III. Adverbial Sentences 110 — 114 
 
 a. Adverbial Sentences of Time 110 
 
 b. Causal Adverbial Sentences . . . . . .111 
 
 c. Conditional Adverbial Sentences 112 
 
 d. Concessive Adverbial Sentences ..... 113 
 
 e. Adverbial Sentences of Comparison .... 114 
 
 Of Interrogative Sentences ....... 115 
 
 Of the Form of Obliqce Discourse 116 
 
 First Appendix. 
 Of Prosody : 
 
 Of Syllables 117 
 
 Hexameter Verse 118 
 
 Scansion ........... 119 
 
 Second Appendix. 
 
 Of Abbreviations ]20 
 
 Third Appendix. 
 
 Of the Roman Calendar 121 
 
 Collection of Latin Reading Lessons. 
 Vocabularies. 
 
ETYMOLOGY, 
 
 FIRST COURSE, 
 
 CHAPTER L 
 
 Of the Sounds and Letters of the Language. 
 § 1. Division of the Letters. 
 
 1. The Latin Language has as signs of its sounds, 
 twenty-five letters, viz. six vowels and nineteen consonants. 
 
 abcdefghijklm 
 nopq rs t uvxyz 
 ABCDEFGHIJKLM 
 NOPQRSTUVXYZ 
 
 Remark 1. The capital letters are used only : a) at the beginniDg 
 of a sentence, after a period, an interrogation or exclamation point and 
 after a colon (:), where the words of another are quoted; — b) in proper 
 names, as : Romulus. — The letter k is used in but very few words. 
 
 2. The vowels are either short or long. The short vowels 
 are distinguished by w, the long ones by -, as : a, a, perpla- 
 ces. The sign n signifies, that the vowel over which it 
 stands can be used either as short or long, as : a. 
 
 3. The Latin Language has the following diphthongs : 
 ae. oe. au. eu. e^, e. g. aequitas, equity, foedus, league, 
 aurum, gold, Eurus, the east ivind, hei, alas. 
 
 Rem. 2. When ae and oe are to be pronounced separately, this is in- 
 dicated by two points (puncta diaeresis, j?oiwf5 o/'sepamfton) placed over 
 the second vowel (e), as : aer, the air, poeta, a poet. The diphthong eu 
 is found in only a few Latin, but in many Greek words, as : Eurotas ; 
 in general, therefore, eu should be separated in pronunciation, as: 
 deus (pronounced, deus) God. In like manner, also, must ei be almost 
 invariably pronounced separately, as: dei (pronounced, dei) of God, for 
 ei as a diphthong occurs in but a very few words, as : hei, alas. 
 
12 PRONUNCIATION. QUANTITY. [§ 2, 3. 
 
 4. The consonants, according to the greater or less influ- 
 ence of the organs of speech in their pronunciation, are 
 divided into : 
 
 a) Liquids : 1, m, n, r ; 
 
 b) Spirants :* h, s, v, j ; 
 
 c) Mutes : b, c, d, f, g, k, p, q, t, x, z. 
 
 § 2. Pronunciation of the Letters. 
 
 C before e, i, i/, ae, oe, en, is pronounced like s, but in 
 other cases like k, as : celsus (selsus) cicer, cymba, caecus, 
 ceu, coelum; but, caro (karo), coUum, custos, clamor; 
 
 Ch is pronounced like k; 
 
 Gu before a vowel in the same syllable Wkegiu. as : lingua ; 
 
 Ph like our/, as : pharetra ; 
 
 Rh as a simple r, as : Khea ; 
 
 Sell like sk, as : schola (skola) ; 
 
 Qu is pronounced like kiv, as : aqua ; 
 
 >Sm before a vowel in the same syllable like 52^*, as : suasor; 
 
 Ti before a vowel is pronounced like shi, as : actio 
 (acshio). But if the i is long, the hissing sound disappears, 
 as : totius. Besides, ti (with the i short) is pronounced 
 without the hissing sound : a) if there is immediately be- 
 fore the t another /, an 5, or an x, as : Attius, ostium, mix- 
 tio ; b) in Greek words as : Miltiades, tiara. 
 
 CHAPTER n. 
 
 Of Syllables. 
 § 3. Of the Measure or Quantity of Syllables. 
 
 1. A syllable is short by nature, when its vowel is short 
 and this short vowel is followed either by another vowel or 
 a single consonant, as : deus, God, ^'kx^x, father. 
 
 2. A syllable is long- by nature, when its vowel is long, 
 as : mater, a mother, murus, a ivall. Particularly, all sylla- 
 bles are long in which there is a diphthong, as : plausus, 
 
 * Spirants, i. e. letters formed principally by the breath. — Tr. 
 
§ 4.] QUANTITY. — -ACCENT. 13 
 
 applause^ and in which two vowels are contracted into one, 
 as : lacus, of a lake, (contracted from lacuis, the original 
 form of the genitive of lacus, a lake). 
 
 3. A syllable, which ends with a long vowel, is short hy 
 position^ i. e. by the position of the vowel, when the follow"- 
 ing syllable begins with a vowel, as: de in deamlulo, J 
 take a lualk^pro in proavu, a great-grand-father, prae in 
 praeacutus, very sharp. 
 
 4. A syllable with a short vowel is long by position, 
 when this short vowel is followed by two or more conso- 
 nants, or by j, or x, or z, as: per in perdo ; aliciijus; but 
 in the compounds oi jiigum, the vowel before y remains 
 short, as : bijugus. iJ with a consonant, forms no position, 
 as : stomachus, the stomach. 
 
 Remark. The position before a mute ivith a liquid (§ 1, 4), for the 
 most part, does not make the short vowel long, as : cerebrum, the hrain, 
 arbitror, I think, locuples, rich. But in two cases the position of a 
 mute with a liquid makes the preceding short vowel long : a) in com- 
 pounds, as: abrumpo, from db ; b) when one of the three liquids: I, w, 
 71, follows one of the three mutes: &, d, g, as: biblus, agmen, a inarch 
 (from ago), magnus, great. 
 
 §4. Of Accent."^ 
 
 1. Monosyllables with a vowel short by nature, are pro- 
 nounced with the acute accent (^), monosyllables with a 
 vow^el long by nature, with the circumflex accent (a), as: et, 
 vir (viri), ut, dux (ducis) ; mos (moris), jus (juris), lex (legis), 
 mons. 
 
 2. Dissyllables have the accent upon the penult^ and in- 
 deed: 
 
 a) Tlie acute accent, when the penult is short by nature, 
 as: virum (i), ducem (u), homo (6), arte; or when the ulti-^ 
 mate is long, whether the penult is long or short, as : Miisae 
 (u) mores (6) bonae (6) ; 
 
 b) The circumflex accent, when the pen/ult is long by 
 nature and the idtimate short, as : mater (a), Musa. 
 
 3. Words of three or more syllables have the accent : 
 
 * This paragraph may be passed over, provided the teacher will see that 
 the right pronunciation of the words is given in reading. 
 
 2 
 
14 ACCENT. DIVISION OF SYLLABLES. [^ 5. 
 
 a) Upon the antepenult^ and indeed, the acute accent^ 
 when the penult is short, whether the last syllable is short or 
 long, as : homine, homines, hominibus, mediocris, tenebrae ; 
 
 b) Upon the penult, and indeed, the acute accent, when 
 both the penult and ultimate are long, as: acuto (u), araares 
 (a) ; or when the penult is long- only by position, in which 
 case the ultimate may be either long or short, as : amanlur, 
 amantes ; — but the circumflex accent, if the penult is long by 
 nature and the ultimate short, as : acutus, amare.* 
 
 Remark. The short monosyllabic enclitics (i. e. particles which 
 always stand annexed to other words, and therefore lose their accent) : 
 que, ve, ne, ce, met, etc. draw the accent of the word to which they are 
 attached from the antepenult to the ultimate, as : sc^lera sceleraque, 
 homines hominr^sque, hominibus hominihusque. But if the accent is 
 upon the penult, the drawing back of the accent to the last syllable, 
 takes place only when this is already long, or by its union with the 
 enclitic becomes long by position; but if the last syllable is short and 
 remains so, the accent does not change syllables, as : scelestus sceles- 
 tiisque, sceltsta scel^staque, plerique pleraeque pleraque, utraque ut- 
 raque. 
 
 ^ o. Of the Division of Syllables.^ 
 
 1. General Rule. Syllables end with a vowel, and be- 
 gin with a consonant. "When, therefore, a consonant stands 
 between two vowels, it belongs to the following syllable, 
 as : pa-ter, a-ma-mus. 
 
 2. Subordinate Rule. When two or three consonants, 
 with which a Latin word can begin, stand between the 
 vowels of two syllables, they are to be joined to the second 
 syllable. The most common combinations of consonants 
 are : a mute with a liquid, and s with a mute or with a 
 mute and a liquid, as: ma-gnus, great, 2i-gri, fields, pe-stis, 
 
 plague, a-stra, the stars. In all other cases, the consonants 
 
 * That is to say, in general, if the penult is long it has the accent, but if 
 not, the antrpenult. — Tr. 
 
 t These rules for the division of syllables are drawn from the ancient 
 grammarians and are generally observed in Europe. In this country, it is 
 more common (and perhaps better, especially for beginners) to follow the 
 analogies of our own language in dividing a Latin word into syllables. For 
 a fuller account of the principles of division here adopted, see Appendix to 
 Beck's Latin Syntax. — Tr. 
 
^ 6.] PARTS OF SPEECH. INFLECTION. 15 
 
 between two vowels are divided, as : an-nus, a year^ am- 
 
 nis, a river^ mon-tes, mountains. 
 
 Remark. A compound word must be divided according to its com- 
 ponent parts, as : ab-avus, a great-fi^reat-grcmdfaiher. If a letter is in- 
 serted, it is attached to the first word, as : prod-esse, to profit. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 § 6. Parts of Speech — Inflection. 
 
 1. The Substantive designates an object (a person or 
 thing), as: mmi^ icoman, house. 
 
 2. The Verb expresses an action (something which an 
 object does), as: to bloom, to dance, to sleep, to love, to 
 praise, e. g. the rose blooms; the boy dances; the child 
 sleeps; God loves n^en", the teacher /^ratse^ the scholars. 
 
 3. The Adjective expresses a property or quality, as: 
 small, great, beautiful, e. g. a small boy ; a beautiful rose ; a 
 great house. 
 
 4. The Adverb expresses the ivay and manner in which 
 an action takes place, as ; beautifully, siveetly, e. g. the rose 
 blooms beautifully ; the child sleeps sweetly. 
 
 Rem. J. There are adverbs also, which express the place, where^ and 
 the time wJien the action takes place, as : here, there, yesterday, to-day. 
 
 5. The Pronoun points to an object, as: /, thou, he, this 
 that. 
 
 6. The Numeral expresses number or multitude, as : one, 
 tivo, three, many, few. 
 
 7. The Preposition is a word which stands before a noun, 
 and expresses the relations oi place, of time and other rela- 
 tions which an object sustains to an action, as : the boy 
 stands before the house; the child laughs /or joy. 
 
 8. The Conjunction is a word which serves to connect 
 words and sentences, as : and, but, because. 
 
 Rem. 2. Besides, there are other words which are barely signs of 
 emotion^ and are called Interjections. 
 
 9. By inflection we understand the variation or modiiica- 
 
16 
 
 PARTIAL TREATMENT OF THE VERB. 
 
 [§§ 7, 8. 
 
 tion of a word in order to express a particular relation, as : 
 thou love5^5 he loves, the child's clothes, the man's hat. 
 The inflection of the substantive, adjective, pronoun and 
 numeral, is called declension, that of verbs, conjiig-ation. 
 The remaining parts of speech do not admit of inflection. 
 
 § 7. Partial Treatment of the Verb, 
 All the verbs of the Latin Language are divided into 
 four classes or conjugations, which are distinguished by the 
 termination of the infinitive as follows: 
 
 First Conjugation 
 
 — are as : amdre, to love, 
 
 Second 
 
 — ere " monere, to admonish, 
 
 Third 
 
 — ere " regere, to govern, 
 
 Fourth " 
 
 — ire " audire, to hear. 
 
 § 8. First Conjugation : amare, to love. 
 
 PRESENT ACTIVE. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 PRESENT PASSIVE. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 I. 
 2. 
 3. 
 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 a mo, / love 
 amds, thou lovest 
 amdt, he, she, it loves 
 amdmus, we love 
 amdtis, you love 
 amant, they love. 
 
 amor, 1 am loved 
 amdm, thou art loved 
 amdtur, he, she, it is loved 
 amdmur, we are loved 
 amdmlni, you are loved 
 amantur, they are loved. 
 
 2. 
 2. 
 
 Imperative, 
 amd, love thou 
 amdte, love ye. 
 
 
 I. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 aro 1. I plough. 
 delecto 1. 1 delight. 
 educo 1. 7 bying up. 
 laudo 1. I praise. 
 
 Laudo. Vituperas. 
 
 {vexo 1. I annoy. 
 vigllo 1. I watch. 
 jvitupero 1. I censure. 
 jvuhiero 1. I wound. 
 
 Pugnatis. Arant. Lauda. 
 
 orno ]. I adorn. 
 pugno 1. Ifght. 
 salto 1. / dance. 
 lento 1. / try. 
 
 Saltat. Vigilamus. 
 Pugnate. Tentat saltare. Detector. Vulneraris. Vexatur. Lauda- 
 mur. Vituperamini. Ornantur. Laudaris. Educamlni. Vitupera- 
 mur. Educor. Edilcantur- Delectamur. Ornaris. Saltatis. Vul- 
 nerantur. Laudamlni. Vigila. Saltate. 
 
 I watch. Thou fightest. He ploughs. We praise. You censure. 
 
U- 
 
 PARTIAL TREATMENT OF THE VERB. 
 
 17 
 
 They dance. Fight thou. Praise ye. They try to fight. I am 
 praised. Thou art censured. He is adorned. We are delighted. 
 You are wounded. They are annoyed. They are praised. Thou 
 art brought up. They are censured. We are brought up. You praise. 
 We are adorned. He is wounded. They praise. 
 
 
 § 9. Second Conjugation : 
 
 nionere, to admonish. 
 
 
 PRESENT ACTIVE. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 PRESENT PASSIVE. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 3. 
 ]. 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 moneo, / admonish 
 mones, thou admonishest 
 nionef, he, site, it admonishes 
 monemus, we admonish 
 monetis, you admonish 
 montnt, they admonish. 
 
 moneor, / am admonished 
 moueris, thou art admonished 
 monetur, he, she it is admonished 
 monemur, we are admonished 
 monemini, you are admonished 
 momntur, they are admonished. 
 
 2. 
 2. 
 
 Imperative, 
 mone, admonish thou 
 monete, admonish ye. 
 
 
 II. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 rideo 2. / laugh. 
 taceo 2. / am silent. 
 terreo 2. Ifriglden. 
 et, and. 
 
 Dobeo 2. I must, ought.lgaudeo 2. I rejoice. 
 doceo 2. I teach, instruct.^ maneo 2. / remain 
 exerceo 2. I exercise. mordeo 2. I bite. 
 fleo 2. I wttp. |moveo 2. I move. 
 
 floreo 2. I bloom. jpareo 2. I obey. 
 
 si, if. 
 
 [ 
 
 Doceo. Taces. Ridet. Gaudemus. Exercetis. Flent. Tace. 
 Manete. Tacere debes. Terreor. Exerceris. Movetur. Docemur. 
 Mordemlni. Docentur. Doces. Tacemus. Doceris. Parere debent. 
 Florent. Exercemur. Manetis. Educaris et doceris. Moventur. 
 Tacent. Parete. Si paretis, laudamini. Si tacemus, laudamur. Sal- 
 tamus et gaudemus. Tentate docere. Mordentur et vuhierantur. 
 
 I rejoice. Thou exercisest. He weeps. We teach. You are silent. 
 They laugh. Remain thou. Be ye silent. You must remain. I am 
 bitten. Thou art frightened. He is instructed. You teach. I am 
 silent. We are moved. We must be silent. I exercise my self (= am 
 exercised). Rejoice ye. You are brought up and instructed. I am 
 instructed. I laugh. Obey thou. If thou obeyest thou art praised. 
 You dance and rejoice. We ti*y to teach. We are bitten and wound- 
 ed. If you weep you are censured. 
 
 2* 
 
18 
 
 PARTIAL TREATMENT OF THE VERB. 
 
 [^ 10. 
 
 § 10. Third Conjvgation : regere, to govern. 
 
 
 PRESENT ACTIVE. 
 
 PRESENT PASSIVE. 
 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 3. 
 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 rego, I govern 
 regis, thou governest 
 regit, he, she, it governs 
 regimus, we govern 
 regltis, you govern 
 regunt, they govern. 
 
 regor, / am governed 
 regeris, thou art governed 
 regitur, he, she, it is governed 
 regimur, we are governed 
 regimini, you are governed 
 reguntur, they are governed. 
 
 2. 
 2. 
 
 Imperative, 
 rege, govern thou 
 regite, govern ye. 
 
 
 JII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Bibo 3. / drink. 
 iCano 3. I sing. 
 cedo 3. I give way. 
 defendo 3. / defend. 
 diligo 3. / esteem, love. 
 edo 3. I eat. 
 
 fallo 3. / deceive. 
 laedo 3. / hurt. 
 lego 3. I read. 
 ludo 3. I play. 
 pin go 3, I paint. 
 
 piingo 3. I pick, sting. 
 scribo 3. / write. 
 vinco 3. / conquer, van- 
 quish. 
 bene adv. well. 
 male, adv. ill, badly. 
 
 Scribo. Legis. Laedit. Canlmus. Edltis. Bibunt Pinge. Scri- 
 bite. Scribere debes. Fallor. Vinceris. Defenditur. Diliglmiir. 
 Pungimini. Laeduntur. Ede et bibe. Lude. Legite. Canere ten- 
 tat Pingis. Defendlmur. Diligeris. Vincimini. Si vincitis, lauda- 
 mlni. Bene scribunt. Laederis. Edunt. Si cedis, vinceris. Si male 
 scribis, vituperaris. Si bene pingltis, laudamini. 
 
 I sing. Thou eatest. He drinks. We write. You read. They 
 defend. Write thou. Paint ye. You must read. I am esteemed. 
 Thou art stung. He is hurt. We are deceived. We are vanquished. 
 You defend. They esteem. Eat ye and drink. He is conquered. 
 Play ye. They try to read. You paint. They are defended. You 
 are esteemed. If thou singest well, thou ail praised. He writes well. 
 You are hurt. If you write well you are praised. If you give way 
 you are conquered. If you write badly you £ire. censured. 
 
§11.] 
 
 PARTIAL TREATMENT OF THE VERB. 
 
 19 
 
 § 11. Fourth Conjugation : audire, to hear. 
 
 PRESENT ACTIVE. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 PRESENT PASSIVE. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 k 
 
 3. 
 
 audio, / hear 
 audls, thou hearest 
 audit, he, she, it hears 
 audlmus, we hear 
 auditis you hear 
 audiunt, th^y hear. 
 
 audior, / am heard 
 audlm, thou art heard 
 audltur, he, she, it is heard 
 audlmur, we are heard 
 audlmlni, you are heard 
 audiuntur, they are heard. 
 
 2. 
 2. 
 
 Imperative, 
 audi, hear thou 
 audlte hear ye. 
 
 
 Besides, the following forms of the irregular verb sum 
 should be noted : 
 
 est, he, she, it is, sunt, they are, esse, to he, 
 
 ej'at, he, she, it was, erant, they were. 
 
 sallo 4. / leap. 
 venio 4. / come. 
 vestio 4. / clothe. 
 vincio 4. / biiid, chain. 
 valde adv. greatly. 
 
 Punitis. Saliunt. Veni. 
 
 IV. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Custodio 4. / guard. gan-io 4. / chatter. 
 
 (lormio 4. / sleep. nutrio 4. / nourish. 
 
 erudio 4. I instruct. punio 4. I punish. 
 
 ferlo 4. I beat, strike. jreperio 4. I find. 
 
 lidcio 4. I support. \ 
 
 Erudio. Garris. Dormit. Ferimus. 
 Salite. Tento reperire. Vincior. Custodiris. Feritur. Vestimur. 
 Nutrimini. Fulciuntur. Audi. Dormite. Bene erudimur. Si bene 
 erudis, laudaris ; si male erudis, vituperaris. Si vinceris, vinciris. 
 Vestiuntur. Si male scribimus, punimur. Bene custodimini. Dor- 
 Trtimus. Salitis. Bene erudiuntur. Audite. Vincimus. Vincimus. 
 Valde ferimur^ Valde vituperamini et punimlni. 
 
 I strike. Thou punishest. He leaps. We instruct. You chatter. 
 They sleep. Leap thou. Come ye. Tliey try to instruct. I clothe 
 myself (== am clothed). Thou art nourished. He supports himself 
 (= is supported). We are bound. You are guarded. They are 
 beaten. Hear ye. You are well instructed. He leaps. He is well 
 instructed. If you are vanquished, you are bound. We are well 
 guarded. He clothes himself (= is clothed). They are badly in- 
 stnicted. 
 
 1 praise, I teach, I give way, I guard. Thou praisest, thou teachest, 
 
20 SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE. [^ 12. 
 
 thou givest way, tbou guardest. He praises, he teaches, he gives 
 way, he guards. We censure, we exercise, we read, we sleep. 
 You censure, you exercise, jou read, you sleep. They censure, 
 they exercise, they read, they sleep. Adorn thou, obey thou, write 
 thou, punish thou. Adorn ye, obey ye, write ye, punish ye. We 
 must adorn, we must obey, we must write, we must punish. I 
 am annoyed, I am bitten, I am pricked, I am bound. Thou art an- 
 noyed, thou art bitten, thou art pricked, thou art bound. He is an- 
 noyed, he is bitten, he is pricked, he is bound. We are well brought 
 U]), we are greatly frightened, we are greatly esteemed, we are well 
 instructed. You are well brought up, you are greatly frightened, you 
 are greatly esteemed, you are well instructed. They are well brought 
 up, they are greatly frightened, they are greatly esteemed, they are 
 well instructed. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Of the Substantive and Adjective. 
 § 12. Classification of Substantives. 
 
 1. The substantive (§ 6, 1.) is called concrete^ when it 
 designates ?i person or thing' which has an actual and inde- 
 pendent existence, as : man^ lion, floiuer, army ; it is called 
 abstract, on the contrary, when it signifies an action or qual- 
 ity conceived of as independent of a subject, as : virtue, 
 luisdom. 
 
 2. The Concretes are : 
 
 a) Appelative nouns, when they indicate a whole spe- 
 cies, or an individual of a class, as : man, loornan, flower, 
 lion ; 
 
 b) Proper nouns, when they designate only single per- 
 sons as things which do not belong to a class, as: Marius, 
 Rome ; 
 
 c) Material nouns, when they indicate the simple ma- 
 terial, as : milk, dust, ivater, gold; 
 
 d) Collective nouns, when they designate a number of 
 single persons or things as one whole, as : army, cavalry, 
 fleet, herd. 
 
^ 13, 14.] SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE. 2l 
 
 §13. Gender of the Suhstaniive. 
 
 The Gender of Substantives, which is three-fold, as in 
 EngHsh, is determined partly by their meaning' and partly 
 by their endings. The rules of gender founded upon the 
 endings will be treated of under the particular declensions. 
 With reference to the meaning the following general rules 
 obtain : 
 
 1. Of the mascidine gender, are the names and designa- 
 tions of males, nations, winds, months, most rivers and 
 mountains. 
 
 2. Of the feminine gender, are the names and designa- 
 tions of females, of most countries, islands, towns and 
 trees, shrubs and small plants. 
 
 Of the neuter gender, are the names of the letters of the 
 alphabet, the infinilive, all indeclinable words (excepting, 
 however, the names of persons from foreign languages) 
 and every word used as the mere symbol of a sound, as : 
 man is a monosyllable. 
 
 4. Of the common gender, are the names of persons 
 which have but one form for the masculine and feminine, 
 as : dux, a male or female leader. 
 
 1. Nations, men, rivers, winds 
 These and months are masculines. 
 
 2. Women, isles, lands, trees and town' 
 These as feminine are found. 
 
 8. Whatever cannot be declined 
 
 This is of the neuter kind. 
 4. Common is whatever can 
 
 Include a woman and a man. 
 
 § 14. Niimher^ Case and Declension. 
 
 1. The substantive and adjective have, like the verb, two 
 numbers, the Sing., which denotes a unity^ and the Plur., 
 which denotes ^ plurality^ and six cases in each number, 
 viz.: 
 
 1. Nominative, answering the question lulio? or ivhat? 
 
 2. Genitive, answering the question, ivhose ? 
 
22 FIEST DECLENSION. ^ [§^ 15, 16. 
 
 3. Dative, answering the question, to or for ivhom ? or 
 lahat ? 
 
 4. Accusative, answering the question, ivhom ? or tchat ? 
 
 5. Vocative, the case of direct address ; 
 
 6. Ablative, answering the questions, tvhence ? ivhere- 
 with ? ivherehy ? luhen ? at loJiat time, etc. 
 
 Remark. The Nom. and Voc. are called casus recti; the other 
 cases, casus obllqui. Substantives and adjectives of the neuter gender 
 have the Nom. Ace. and Voc. ahke. 
 
 2. The Latin language h^sjive declensions. 
 
 § 15. Gender and Declension of the Adjective. 
 
 1. The adjective, in Latin, agrees with its substantive in 
 gender, number and case, as: filia bona, the good daughter, 
 filia est bona, the daughter is good, fdius bonus, the good 
 son, films est bonus, the son is good, bellum moium, the evil 
 tvar, bellum est malum, the ivar is evil. 
 
 2. Hence, the adjective, like the substantive, has a three- 
 fold gender. Still, not all adjectives have separate forms 
 for the three genders, but many have only two distinct end- 
 ings, viz. one for the Masc. and Fem. and the other for the 
 Neut., some, indeed, have only one form for all genders. 
 
 3. The declension of the adjective corresponds with the 
 first three declensions of nouns. 
 
 § 16. First Declension. 
 
 Nouns of the first declension ending in a are all femi- 
 nine. The feminine of adjectives of the second declension 
 is declined like nouns in a, see § 17. 
 
 Rem. 1. Exceptions to this rule occur only out of regard to the gen- 
 eral rules of gender (§ 13.), thus, e. g. agricola, a husbandman^ is Masc. ; 
 so also are most names of rivers of this declension, as : Matrona, the 
 Marne, Trebia, Sequana, the Seine. But the names of mountains, as : 
 Aetna, Ossa, remain Feminine. 
 
$ 16.] 
 
 FIRST DECLENSION. 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 Case-E 
 
 ndings. 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Nominative 
 
 a 
 
 Plural 
 
 Nominative 
 
 ae 
 
 
 Genitive 
 
 ae 
 
 
 Genitive 
 
 arum 
 
 
 Dative 
 
 ae 
 
 
 Dative 
 
 is 
 
 
 Accusative 
 
 am 
 
 
 Accusative 
 
 as 
 
 
 Vocative 
 
 a 
 
 
 Vocative 
 
 ae 
 
 
 Ablative 
 
 a 
 
 
 Ablative 
 
 is 
 
 Paradigms. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nominative 
 
 mensa, the table 
 
 mensae, the tables 
 
 Genitive 
 
 mensae, of the table 
 
 mensdrwrn, of the tables 
 
 Dative 
 
 mensae, to the table 
 
 mensls, to the tables 
 
 Accusative 
 
 meusdm, the table 
 
 mensds, the tables 
 
 Vocative 
 
 mensd, table 
 
 mensae, O tables 
 
 Ablative 
 
 mensd, by the table. 
 
 mensls, by the tables. 
 
 Rem. 2. As the Latin language has neither the definite article the 
 nor the indefinite article a or an, mensa may signify either in a general 
 sense table, or a table, or the table. 
 
 Rem. 3. Some nouns are used only in tlie plural, as : nuptiae, a 
 wedding, nuptiarum, of a wedding. 
 
 Rem. 4. The dative and ablative plural have the ending dbiis (fi3r is) 
 in : dea, a goddess, filia, a daughter, when they are to be distinguished 
 from corresponding masculine forms, e. g. filiis et filiabus, to sons and 
 daughters, diis et deabus, to gods and goddesses. 
 
 Rem. 5. Concerning Greek nouns of the first Dec. see § 35. 
 
 V. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Agricola, husbandman. 
 aqua, water. 
 
 ciconia, a stork. 
 copia, abundance, multi- 
 tude. 
 herba, an herb. 
 planta, a plant. 
 procella, a storm. 
 
 Rule of Syntax. 
 is green, has two parts : 
 
 querela, complaint 
 
 plaintive cry. 
 ran a, a frog. 
 terra, the earth. 
 coaxo 1 . / croak. 
 devoro 1. / devour. 
 turbo 1. I disturb. 
 noceo 2. I injure. 
 
 Every sentence, e. g. the plant blooms, the meadow 
 
 ajgigno 3. / beget, pro- 
 duce. 
 pulchre, adv. beautiful- 
 
 quam, how ! 
 
 a, ab (with the abl.) by 
 
 {a stands only before 
 
 vowels). 
 
24 
 
 SECOND DECLENSION. 
 
 [§ 17. 
 
 a) The subject, i. e. the person or thing of wliich something is as- 
 serted (the plant ; the meadow) ; 
 
 b) The predicate, i. e. that which is asserted of the subject {blooms ; 
 is gi'een). 
 
 The subject is commonly a substantive and stands in the nomina- 
 tive ; the predicate is commonly a verb (e. g. blooms), or an adjective 
 in connection with the verb to be (e. g. is green). 
 
 Rana coaxat. Agricola delectatur querela ranae. Ciconia nocet 
 ranae. Ciconia devorat ranam. O rana, coaxa! Aqua turbatur a 
 rana. Plantae florent. Terra vestitur copia plantarum. Procellae 
 nocent plantis. Terra gignit plantas. O f)lantae, quam pulchre orna- 
 tis terram ! Terra vestitur plantis. 
 
 The plant blooms. The herb of the ])lant blooms. The storm 
 injures the plant. I love the plant. O plant how beautifully thou 
 bloomest. I am delighted with (abl.) the plant. The frogs croak. 
 The plaintive cry of the frogs delights the husbandmen. The storks 
 injure the frogs. The storks devour the frogs. O frogs, croak ye. 
 The water is distui'bed by the frogs. 
 
 § 17. Second Declension. 
 
 Words of the second declension (substantives and ad- 
 jectives) end in the Nom. in iis, er, zr, and um, of which 
 those in vs^ er, and ir are of the masculine and those in um 
 of the neuter gender. For the exceptions see § 36. 
 
 
 
 Case-E 
 
 n din g s. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Nom. 
 
 us (er, ir) , um 
 
 Plural 
 
 Nom. 
 
 i; 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 Gen. 
 
 i 
 
 
 Gen. 
 
 
 oriim 
 
 
 
 Dat. 
 
 
 
 
 Dat. 
 
 
 is 
 
 
 
 Ace. 
 
 um 
 
 
 Ace. 
 
 6s; 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 Voc. 
 
 e (er, Ir) ; um 
 
 
 Voc. 
 
 1 5 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 Abl. 
 
 6 
 
 
 Abl. 
 
 
 is 
 
 
17. 
 
 SECOND DECLENSION. 
 
 25 
 
 Paradigms 
 
 Singular. 
 
 N. hortus, the garden puer, the boy 
 
 hoYti,of the garden puerl, of the hoy 
 horto^/.o the garden puero, to the boy 
 hoTtuin,thc garden puer-u???, the boy 
 horte, garden puer, O boy 
 hoiio iby the garden puero, by the boy 
 
 ager,thejield 
 digri, of the field 
 agro, to the field 
 digvum, the field 
 ager, field 
 agro, by the field 
 
 vir, the man 
 viri, of the man 
 viro, to the man 
 v\rum, the man 
 vir, tnan 
 viro, by the man. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 horti, the gardens pueri, the boys agri, the fields v\ri,themen 
 horidrum, of the puerorwrn, of the agrorum, of the wndriim., of the 
 
 gardens boys fi.elds m,en 
 
 horti5, to the gar- puerz5, to the boys agri5, to the fields viris, to the men 
 
 dens 
 horios, the gardens -puerds., the boys agvds, the fields vivos, the men 
 liortt, gardens pueri, boys agri, fields viri, men 
 
 horti5, by the gar- pnerisjjythe boys. agri5, by the fields v'iris,by the men 
 
 dens. 
 
 bellwrn, the roar 
 belli, of the war 
 hello, to the war 
 belliim, the icar 
 bellff//?, rear 
 
 Singular, 
 bonils, good bona, good 
 
 boni 
 bono 
 honum 
 bone 
 
 hello, by the war. bono 
 
 bella, the wars bont 
 
 heWorum., of the bonorwm 
 
 v)ars 
 
 helli5, to the wars bonis 
 
 bella, the icars bono5 
 
 belld, tears boni 
 
 belli5, by the wars, bonis 
 
 bonae 
 
 bon«e 
 
 bonam 
 
 bono 
 
 bona 
 
 Plural. 
 
 bonac 
 hondrum 
 
 bonis 
 bonas 
 bonae 
 bonis 
 
 bonwm, good 
 
 boni 
 
 bono 
 
 bonwm 
 
 honmn 
 
 bono 
 
 bona 
 bonorwm 
 
 bonis 
 bona 
 bona 
 bonis. 
 
 free 
 liber 
 liberi 
 libero 
 liberitw 
 liber 
 libero 
 
 liberi 
 
 free 
 
 libera 
 
 liberie 
 
 liberae 
 
 liberarre 
 
 libera 
 
 libera 
 
 free 
 
 hhevum 
 
 liberi 
 
 libero 
 
 liber«?7i 
 
 hberum 
 
 libero 
 
 liberae libera 
 
 \herdruin liberariim. hherorum 
 
 liberis 
 libsrds 
 liberi 
 liberis 
 
 libaris 
 lil)eras 
 liberae 
 liberis 
 
 liberis 
 libera 
 libera 
 liberis. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 beautiful beautiful beautiful 
 
 pulcher pulchra pulchriiTTi 
 
 pnlchri pulchrae pulchri 
 
 pulchro pulchrae pulchro 
 
 pulchrzim pulchra?ri pulchr-am 
 
 pulcher pulchra pulchriim 
 
 pulchro pulchra pulchro 
 
 Plural. 
 
 piilchn pulchrae pulchra 
 
 palchror&7/i pulchrdnt?/? pu\ch\-orum 
 
 pulchrls piilchrls pulchrls 
 
 pulchros pulchrds pnlchra 
 
 pulchrl pulchrae pnlchrd 
 
 pulchrls pulchrls pulchris. 
 
26 SECOND DECLENSION. [$ 17. 
 
 In like manner decline : 
 
 Vir bonus, a good man, femina bona, a good woman, exemplum bon- 
 um, a good example, hortus pulcher, a beautiful garden, rosa pulchra, a 
 beautiful rose, ovum pulchrum, a beautiful egg, ager fecundus, the pro- 
 ductive field, vir liber, a free man, scriba bonus, a good scribe. 
 
 Rem. 1. Most words in er reject the e in all the oblique cases except 
 in the vocative singular, as : ager, G. agr-i ; only the following retain 
 the e ; puer, G. pueri, socer, father-in-laiv, gener, son-in-law, vesper, 
 evening, liberi, children, and the adjectives: asper, aspera, asperum, 
 rough, lacer, torn, ]iber,yree, miser, miserable, prosper, fortunate, tener, 
 tender, ar\d the compounds of/er and ger, as: fruglfer, yrmY bearing, 
 cornlger, horned. Dexter, right, has both forms: dexter, dextra, dex- 
 trum, G. dextri, dextrae; also, though less frequently: dexter, dextera, 
 dexterum, G. dexteri. 
 
 Rem. 2. The Voc. Sing, of filius, (a son) is fili and that of mens (my) 
 is mi, as : O mi fili, (but, O mea filia, O meum ofiicium). This Voc. in I 
 also, is found in proper names in lus, aius and eius, hence : I (for Ic), 
 al (for aie), el (for eie), as : Tulllus TulU, Virgilius Virglll. Mercurius 
 Merciirl, Antonius Antonl, Gains Ga'i, Pompeius Pompe'i. 
 
 Rem. 3. The word deus (God) is deus also in the Voc; in the plu- 
 ral it is thus declined : N. dii, G. deorum, D. diis, Ace. deos, V. dii, 
 Abl. diis. 
 
 Rem. 4. The Gen. plural of some nouns has the ending um (for 
 orum), e. g. nummum (from nummus), of money, talentum (from talen- 
 tixm), of talents. 
 
 Rem. 5. Some Greek words, but rarely except in poetry, have the 
 ending os (Ace. on) for the masculine and feminine, and on for the 
 neuter gender, as : Uios, llion. Greek words in eus (one syllable) are 
 thus declined: N. Orpheus (two syllables), G. Orphei, D. Orpheo, Ace. 
 Orpheum, Voc. Orpheu (two syllables), Abl. Orpheo. 
 
 VI. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Equus, i, m. horse. raolestus,a,um,/roM&Ze- committo 3. / commit 
 
 frumentum, i, n. grain. some. to. 
 
 granum, i, n. corn. varius, a, um, various, curro 3. / run. 
 
 juba, ae,/. mane. vireo 2. Ifiourish. hinnio 4. I neigh. 
 
 musca, ae,ffiy. colo 3. / attend to, cul- celerlter, adv. sivijlly. 
 
 fecundus, a, um, pro- tivate, honor, revere. in (with the abl.), in, 
 ductive. upon. 
 
 Rule or Syntax. A noun in the Gen., Dat, or Ace, which is con- 
 nected with the predicate and limits it, is called the object; e. g. in the 
 sentence : the man guides the horse, " man" is the subject and " horse" the 
 object which limits " guides." When the noun is in the Ace. it is called 
 the suffering object (receiving the direct action). 
 
 Equus hinnit. Juba equi est pulchra. Muscae sunt molestae equo. 
 
f 17.] SECOND DECLENSION. 27 
 
 Vir regit equum. Eque, celeriter curre. Equo pulchro delector. 
 Agri sunt fecundi. Herbae agrorum sunt variae. Agricola committit 
 agris grana frumenti. Agricola colit agros. Agri, quam pulchre yire- 
 tis ! In agris multae herbae florent. 
 
 * The field is productive. The herbs of the field are various. The 
 husbandman commits the corns of grain to the field. The husband- 
 man cultivates the field. O field, how beautifully thou flourishest! 
 Various herbs bloom in the field. The horses neigh. The mane of 
 the horse is beautiful. Flies are troublesome to horses. Men govern 
 horses. O horses, run swiftly. We are delighted with (abl.) beauti- 
 ful horses. 
 
 Vn. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Deus, see Rem. 3. mundus, i, w. world. magnus, a, um, great 
 
 dea, see § 16. Rem. 4. praesidium, i, n. pro- propitius, a, um, pro- 
 filius, see Rem. 2. tedion, aid. pitious, favorable. 
 
 filia, see § 16. Rem. 4. templum, i, n. temple. meus, a, um, see Rem. 
 levlr, i, m. brother-in- benevolentia, ae, /. be- 2. 
 
 law. nevolence. miser, era,erum,twe<cA- 
 
 socer, i, m. father-in- carus, a, um, dear. ed. 
 
 latv. improbus, a, um, toick- praebeo 2. / afford, 
 
 gener, i, m. son-in-law. ed. exstruo 3. / build. 
 
 Dii mundum regunt. Deos propitios collte. Praebe, o deus bone, 
 miseris praesidium. Dii improbos puniunt. Diis et deabus templa 
 exstruuntur. Benevolentia deorum est magna. Filius levlri bene legit. 
 Socero est hortus pulcher. Boni viri bonis viris cari sunt Filia gen- 
 eri pulchre pingit. 
 
 The gods are propitious to men. Good men are dear to the gods. 
 
 * With regard to the arrangement of the words in forming a Latin sen- 
 tence, the teacher must be the principal guide. The rigid laws of arrange- 
 ment in the English language, allowed of but little being done in the way of 
 imitating the Latin arrangement in the English exercises. Something, 
 however, has been attempted in this way, which, together with a desire to 
 preserve a strictly literal and grammatical expression of the thoughts, will 
 account for the apparently awkward construction of many of the sentences. 
 — It may be suggested, also, that a close study of the position of the words 
 in the Latin exercises, will very often guide the student in translating the 
 English exercises. As to particular rules on this subject, it would not be 
 proper, perhaps, to state more than the following, applicable where no em- 
 phasis rests upon any word in the sentence. In this case, 1) The predicate 
 follows the subject, as in English, 2) the adjective, or noun in the Genitive, 
 comes after its noun, \\) the verb folloics the case or cases which it governs, 
 4) the adverb precedes the word which it limits. But when these words 
 are emphatic, the order in each case is reversed. For fuller directions on 
 ttiis subject, see Krebs' Guide for writing Latin, §§ 468—514. — Tr. 
 
28 
 
 THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 [U8. 
 
 The wicked are punished by (ab) the gods. The world is governed 
 by (ab) the gods. Afford, O good gods, protection to the wretched. 
 The gods honor the temples. The gods love the good. O God, pun- 
 ish the wicked. Write, my sons. Sons-in-law are dear to fathers-in- 
 law, God is propitious to good sons and good daughters. Write, my 
 son, paint, my daughter. 
 
 § 18. Third Declension. 
 1. The third Declension has the following case-endings 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 __ 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 es Mut. a (ia) 
 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Is 
 
 
 Gen. 
 
 um (ium) 
 
 
 Dat. 
 
 i 
 
 
 Dat. 
 
 ibus 
 
 
 Ace. 
 
 em, JVewi. like Nom. 
 
 
 Ace. 
 
 es a (ia) 
 
 
 Voc. 
 
 like the Nom. 
 
 
 Voc. 
 
 es a (ia) 
 
 
 Abl. 
 
 e(i) 
 
 
 Abl. 
 
 ibus 
 
 Rem. 1. In the Nom. the pure stem is often changed. It may al- 
 ways be found, however, by removing from the Gen. is, the ending of 
 that case, as : rex, king, G. reg-is the stem therefore is reg. Also i, d, 
 n and nf, are rejected from the stem in the Nom. before 5, as : laus, 
 praise, G. laud-is, stem : laud ; Salamis, G. Salamin-is, Atlas, G. Atlant- 
 is. The r, of the stem, often passes over into s, as : mos, custom, G. 
 mor-is. Most masculines and feminines whose stem ends in n, have 
 rejected this letter in the Nom. as : leo, a lion, G. leon-is. Greek proper 
 names whose stem ends in ont reject the t in the nominative, as: Xen- 
 ophon, Xenophont-is. 
 
 Rem. 2. JVeuters, as a general thing, present the pure stem in the 
 Nom., as; exemplar, a pattern, G. exemplar-is. Still, variations from 
 this are introduced into many words out of regard to the laws of eu- 
 phony in the Latin language, as : carmen, a poem (for carmin), G. carmin- 
 is, ebur, ivory (for ebor), G. ebor-is, corpus, the body (instead of corpor), 
 G. corp6r-is, caput, the head (for capit), G. capit-is. When the stem 
 of a Greek word ends in at, the t is rejected in the Nom., as: poema 
 {Cor poemat), a poem, G. poemat-is; so also in the neuters: cor, cord-is, 
 the heart, lac, lact-is, milk. 
 
 Rem. 3. Concerning the endings e and i, a and ia, um and ium, see 
 §37. 
 
 2. Concerning the g-ender^ the following general rules ob- 
 tain : 
 
 1) Of the mascidine gender are the nouns in o, or, os^ 
 er, and imparisijllables, in es. 
 
 Rem. 4. Parisyllables are words with the same number of syllables 
 in the Gen. as in the Nom., as : nubes, a cloud, G. nubis ; imparisylla- 
 
$§ 19—20.] 
 
 THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 29 
 
 bles, on the contrary, are words which have more syllables in the Gen. 
 than in the Nom., as : miles, soldier, G. militis. 
 
 2) Of the feminine gender are nouns in, as, is, aus, us 
 (Gen. utis or udis), x, s with a consonant before it and pari- 
 syllables in es. 
 
 3) Of the neuter gender are nouns in a, e, c, /, en, ar, ur^ 
 ut and us (Gen. oris, eris, uris). 
 
 Rem. 4. For the exceptions to these rules see §§ 38 — 40. 
 
 § 
 
 19. I. The Nominative presents the pure 
 
 stem. 
 
 
 colour [m.] 
 
 goose [m.) 
 
 father [m.) 
 
 anivial (n.) 
 
 spur [n.) 
 
 S.N. 
 
 color 
 
 anser 
 
 pater 
 
 animal 
 
 calcar 
 
 G. 
 
 colorts 
 
 anseris 
 
 patris 
 
 animah'5 
 
 calcaris 
 
 D. 
 
 colon 
 
 anseri 
 
 patn 
 
 animali 
 
 calcari 
 
 A. 
 
 colore??! 
 
 ansere??i 
 
 patre??i 
 
 animal 
 
 calcar 
 
 V. 
 
 color 
 
 anser 
 
 pater 
 
 animal 
 
 calcar 
 
 A. 
 
 colore 
 
 an sere 
 
 patre 
 
 animali 
 
 calcari 
 
 P.N. 
 
 col6re'5 
 
 anseres 
 
 patre5 
 
 animalifl 
 
 cal carta 
 
 G. 
 
 colonm 
 
 anserM??i 
 
 patrMTO 
 
 aniinalm7?i 
 
 calcartw??i 
 
 D. 
 
 Qo\6uhus 
 
 anseri6MS 
 
 patri&it5 
 
 animaU6u5 
 
 calcart6u5 
 
 A. 
 
 colore"5 
 
 anseres 
 
 patres 
 
 animal?a 
 
 calcarZa 
 
 V. 
 
 colored 
 
 an seres 
 
 patres 
 
 animalla 
 
 calcaria 
 
 A. 
 
 (loXbribiis 
 
 ansert6it5 
 
 patri6w5 
 
 nnimaMbus 
 
 calcsinbiLS. 
 
 § 20. II. The Nominative presents the stem changed accord' 
 ing to the laius of euphony. 
 
 
 ?ia?ne (m.) 
 
 lion [m.) 
 
 hody (n.) 
 
 sea (n.) 
 
 S. Nom. and Voc. 
 
 nomen 
 
 leo 
 
 corpus 
 
 mare 
 
 Genitive 
 
 nomlnis 
 
 leonts 
 
 corporis 
 
 maris 
 
 Dative 
 
 nomini 
 
 leoni 
 
 corpori 
 
 mari 
 
 Accusative 
 
 nomen 
 
 le6rie??i 
 
 corpus 
 
 mare 
 
 Ablative 
 
 nomine 
 
 leone 
 
 corpore 
 
 mart 
 
 P. N. Ace. and V. 
 
 nomina 
 
 leoncs 
 
 corpora 
 
 mar7a 
 
 Genitive 
 
 nomlnwm 
 
 le6nM??i 
 
 corp6rwr?i 
 
 mar?Mm 
 
 Dat. and Abl. 
 
 nomint6ii5 
 
 le6iu&M5 
 
 corp6rl6w5 
 
 m-dxibus. 
 
 3* 
 
30 
 
 THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 P21. 
 
 §21. III. 
 
 The Nominative adds s to the stem. 
 
 
 root (/.) city (/) 
 
 praise (/.) 
 
 cloud if.) 
 
 S. Nom. and Voc. 
 
 radix urbs 
 
 laus 
 
 nube-s 
 
 Genitive 
 
 radicis urhis 
 
 laud?5 
 
 nubi-s 
 
 Dative 
 
 radici urbi 
 
 laudi 
 
 nubi 
 
 Accusative 
 
 radicem urbem 
 
 laudewi 
 
 nube'm 
 
 Ablative 
 
 radice urbe 
 
 laude 
 
 nube 
 
 P. N. Ace. and V. 
 
 radices urbes 
 
 laud 65 
 
 nube-5 
 
 Genitive 
 
 radicwm urbmm 
 
 laudum 
 
 nubi-«m 
 
 Dat. and Abl. 
 
 radictfeiis wrhlhus 
 
 Iaudl6w5 
 
 nubI-6M5. 
 
 Rem. 1. Nouns in ter and ber, as: ipater, father, mater, mother, frater, 
 brother, as well as adjectives in her and cer, as: celeber, celebrated, acer, 
 sharp, reject the e in the oblique cases; see pater above. 
 
 Rem. 2. Greek proper names whose stem ends in on or on, in good 
 prose, form their Nom. almost always in o, as: Agamemno, G. 6n-is; 
 Plato. Solo, Bito, G. 6n-is ; those, on the contrary, whose stem ends in 
 ont form their Nom., in the best writers, in on, as : Xenophon, G. 
 ont-is. 
 
 Vni. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Dolor, oris, m. pain, suf- popiilus, i, m. people. vester, tra, trum, your. 
 
 feiing. tormentum, i, n. torture, praedico 1. / extol. 
 
 orator, oris, m. orator, acerhus, a,nm, pungent, tolero 1. 1 endure, 
 animus, 1, m. soul, mind, disertus, a,um, eZog-ue^if. succumbo 3. / sink 
 
 courage. [quence. ignavus, a, um, indo- under. 
 
 eloquentla, ae, f. elo- lent, cowardly. gravlter, adv. heavily, 
 
 facundia, ae, /. fluency praeclarus, a, um, noble. violently. 
 
 of speech. tnus, sl, um, thy. -patientev, patiently. 
 
 numerus, i, m. number, noster, tra, trum, our. ob, on account of 
 
 quantity. 
 
 Orator est disertus. Eloquentia oratoris movet animos nostros. Ora- 
 tori paret populus. Oratorem praedicamus ob facundiam. Q orator, 
 quam praeclara est tua eloquentla ! Ab oratore populus regltur. Do- 
 lores sunt acerbi. Numerus dolorum est magnus. Doloribus succum- 
 bitis. Vir patienter tolerat dolores. O dolores, quam gravlter pungltis ! 
 Doloribus vincuntur ignavi viri. 
 
 The pain is pungent. Bear ye the tortures of the pain. Thou sink- 
 est under the suffering. The man endures the pain patiently. O pain, 
 how violently thou stingest. A cowardly man is vanquished by (abl.) 
 pain. Orators are eloquent. The eloquence of the orator nioves our 
 minds. The people obey the orators. Orators are extolled on ac- 
 count of their fluency of speech. O orators, how noble is your elo- 
 quence ! The world is governed by (ab) the orators. 
 
$22. 
 
 THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 31 
 
 § 22. Paradigms of Adjectives of the Third Declension. 
 
 Preliminary Remark. The following paradigms present the forms 
 of the tliree classes of adjectives of the thiid Dec. vvitli oner, two and 
 three endings. Adjectives of one ending terminate in Z, r, 5, x, ^nd par- 
 ticiples (Present Participles only) in 715, G. ntis, as: amans, loving, G. 
 amantis. For the irregular adjectives of the second Dec. : unus, ullus, 
 etc., duo and ambo, see § 33. 
 
 
 Singular. | 
 
 N. and V. 
 
 sharp. delightful. 
 (m.) (f.) (n.) (ni.&f.) (n.) 
 acer acris acre suavis suave 
 
 greater. 
 (m. &f.) (n.) 
 major majus, 
 
 Gen. 
 
 acris acris acris suavis suavis 
 
 majuris majoris 
 
 Dat. 
 
 acri acri acri suavi suavi 
 
 majuri n)ajori 
 
 Ace. 
 
 acrera acrem acre suavem suave 
 
 majorem majus 
 
 Abl. 
 
 acri acri acri suavi suavi 
 
 majore majore 
 
 
 Plural. 1 
 
 N.V.&Ac. 
 
 acres acres acria 
 
 suaves suavia 
 
 majores majora 
 
 Genitive 
 D. &Abl. 
 
 acrium acrium acrium 
 acribus acribus acribus 
 
 suavium suaviuin 
 suavibus suavibus 
 
 majurum majGrum 
 majurlbus majuribus. 
 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Norn. & Vc 
 
 c. 
 
 audax {m.f. n.) bold 
 
 audaces (m.f.) audacia (n.) 
 
 Genitive 
 Dat. & Abl 
 Ace. 
 
 
 audacis 
 
 audaci 
 
 audacem (m./.), audax (n.) 
 
 audacium audacium 
 audacibus audacibus 
 audaces audacia. 
 
 In like manner decline : 
 
 odor acer, sharp odor, 
 
 odoris acris 
 
 campus viridis, green 
 
 campi viridis [fieid, 
 
 vir major, greater man, 
 
 viri maj(3ris 
 
 miles audax, bold sol- 
 
 militis audacis [dicr. 
 
 acetum acre, sharp vin- 
 aceti acris [^g^'>'i 
 
 pratum viride, green 
 prati viridis [meadow^ 
 corpus majus, greater 
 corporis majoris [body, 
 animal audax, bold an- 
 animalis audacis [imal. 
 
 aqua acris, sAarp icater, 
 aquae acris 
 
 silva viridis, green 
 silvae viridis [wood, 
 femina major, greater 
 feminae majoris [?«ome7i 
 leaena audax, bold lion- 
 leaenae audacis [ess, 
 
 Remark. For the Abl. Sing, in i and e, the Nom. Plur. in ia and a, 
 and the Gen. Plur. in ium and um, see § 36. 
 
 IX. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 Alacer, cris, ere, lively, litterae, arum,/, litera- virtus, iitis,/. viiiue. 
 
 spirited. tiire. vox, ocis,/. voice. 
 
 fortis, e, brave. discipulus, i, r)i. scholar, cousto 1. 1 consist in, of. 
 
 grsi\\s, e, severe, serious, fundamentum, i, n. haheo 2. I have. 
 mortaHs, e, mortal. foundation. incumbo 3. (with in and 
 
 immortalis, e, immortal, avis, is,/, bird. the ace.) / apply my- 
 
 omnis, e, each, the whole, homo, Inis, m. man. self to. 
 
 plur. all. hostis, is, m. enemy. non, not. 
 
 iDdustnn,B.e,f. industry, mos, 6ns, m. custom. ne ('with the Imper.) 
 pietas, atis, /. piety. not. 
 
32 
 
 FOURTH DECLENSION. 
 
 [^23. 
 
 Miles forti animo pugnare debet. Siiavi avium voce delectamur. 
 Discipuli laus constat bonis moribus et acri industrla. Pietasest funda- 
 meiitum omnium virtutum. Viri fortes non vincuntur doloribus gravi- 
 bus. Ne cedrte hostibus audacibus. Puer alacri animo in litteras in- 
 cumbere debet Homines corpora mortalia habent, animos immortales 
 
 § 23. Fourth Declension. 
 Nouns of the fourth Dec. have in the Nom. the two end- 
 ings : us and w, of these the first is of the masculine and the 
 last of the feminine gender. For the exceptions, see § 41. 
 
 Case-Endings. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 us; JVeut. 
 
 u 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 us; 
 
 Mut 
 
 ua 
 
 
 Gen. 
 
 us ; us or u 
 
 
 Gen. 
 
 
 uum 
 
 
 
 Dat. 
 
 ui or a ; 
 
 u 
 
 
 Dat. 
 
 
 ibus 
 
 
 
 Ace. 
 
 um; 
 
 u 
 
 
 Ace. 
 
 us; 
 
 
 ua 
 
 
 Voc. 
 
 us; 
 
 u 
 
 
 Voc. 
 
 us; 
 
 
 ua 
 
 
 Abl. 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 Abl. 
 
 
 ibiis 
 
 
 
 
 Paradigms. 
 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 1 
 
 N. 
 
 fvuctus [m.), fruit. 
 
 cornw. (n.), horn. 
 
 fructiis 
 
 corniid 
 
 G. 
 
 fructM5 
 
 coruus or u 
 
 fractuum 
 
 cornitum 
 
 D. 
 
 fructui or ii 
 
 cornw 
 
 frucnhiis 
 
 cornt&M5 
 
 A. 
 
 frucium 
 
 cornw 
 
 fruct.w5 
 
 corniid 
 
 V. 
 
 fructits 
 
 cornw 
 
 fructM5 
 
 cornwcl 
 
 A. 
 
 fructM 
 
 cornii 
 
 fructlbus 
 
 cornlbus. 
 
 Rem. 1. The follow^ing words in the Dat. and Abl. Plur. have the end- 
 ing ubus for "ibus : acus (f.), a needle, arcus (m.), a bow, artus (m.), a 
 joint, limb, partus (m.), a birth, lacus (m.), a lake, pond, quercus, (f), the 
 oak, specus (m.), a den, grotto, tribus (f.), a tribe, company, pecu (n.), cat- 
 tle, (as a species), and veru (n.), a spit. Ficus (f ), us, afgtree, forms 
 the Dat. and Abl. Plur. according to the second Dec. : ficis. 
 
 Rem. 2. The word domus (f ) a house, is declined as follows : 
 
 Sing. N. V. 
 
 domws 
 
 Plur.N. V. 
 
 domiis 
 
 Gen. 
 
 domiXs 
 
 Gen. 
 
 domimm and domdrwm 
 
 Dat. 
 
 domul 
 
 Dat. 
 
 domt6w5 
 
 Ace. 
 
 domum 
 
 Ace. 
 
 domo5 rarely domiis 
 
 Abl. 
 
 domo 
 
 Abl. 
 
 domlbiLS 
 
 The form domi is used only in the meaning at home, at the house ; 
 thus : domi meae, domi tuae, domi alienae, ai my, thy^ another's house. 
 
^ 23.] FOURTH DECLENSION. 33 
 
 X. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Luctus, us, m. grief. arriarus, a, um, hitter. iiidu\geo2. 1 give myself 
 
 lusus, us, m. sport. gratiis, a, um, agreeahle, vp to. 
 
 sensus, us, m. sense, grateful. fraDgo 3. / hreak, hreak 
 
 feeling. praetlitus, a, um, (with down. 
 
 hesiia, ae. f animal. Ab\.) endowed with. succumho S. I sink un- 
 
 vis (only Ace. vim and quantus, a, um, how der. 
 
 Abl. vi) power, force, great. libenter, adv. with de- 
 might, puerilis, e, childish. light. 
 
 voluj)tas, atis, /. pleas- sapiens, tis, ime ; subst. suaxlter, adv. pleasantly, 
 
 lire. a wise man. vehementer, adv. vio- 
 
 genus, eris, n. gender, evito 1. I avoid. lenily. 
 
 kind. ipa.1'0 ^ . I provide. 
 
 Lusus pueris gratus est. Genera lusus suntvaria. Pueri libenter in- 
 dulgent lusui. Vjr gravis evitat lusum puerilem. O lusus, quam sua- 
 viter animos puerorum delectas ! Pueri delectantur lusu. Sensus sunt 
 acres. Vis sensuum est magna. Vir foriis non succumbit sensibus 
 doloris. Bestiae habent sensus acres. O sensus, quantas voluptates 
 hominibus paratis ! Animalia sunt praedita sensibus. 
 
 The feeling of pain is bitter. The power of grief is great. The 
 brave man does not sink under grief The wise man endures grief 
 patiently. O grief, how violently thou tormentest the minds of men ! 
 The wise man is not broken down by (abl.) grief The sports of chil- 
 dren are agreeable. There are various kinds of sport. The boys give 
 themselves up to sports with delight. The serious man avoids child- 
 ish sports. O sports, how pleasantly you delight the minds of boys ! 
 In (abl.) sports the boys are delighted. 
 
 XL Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Fremitus, us, m. noise, tuus, a, um, thy. resono 1. / resound. 
 
 genu, us or u, n. knee, noster, tra, trum, our. vacillo 1. I waver. 
 
 tonitru, us or u, n. thun- vester, tra, trum, your, permoveo 2. / move. 
 
 der. validus, a, um, strong, antecedo 3. I precede. 
 
 vigor, oris, m. power. horribilis, e, frightful, extimesco 3. 1 fear. 
 
 fulmen, Inis, n. light- terribllis, e, terrible. flecto 3. / bend. 
 
 ning. supplex, icis, suppliant ; procu mbo 3. Ifall down. 
 
 robur, oris, n. strength. subst. the suppliant, in (with .j^cc. and Abl.) 
 
 multus, a, um, much, mdlco 1. I indicate. in, upon. 
 
 many. 
 
 Tonitru terriblle animos hominura permovet. Fremitus tonitrus 
 (tonitru) est horribilis. Fulmen antecedit tonitru. Multi homines ex- 
 timescunt tonitru. O tonitru, quam horribilis est fremitus tuus. Do- 
 
34 FIFTH DECLENSION. [^ 24. 
 
 mus resonat tonitru. Genua virorjjm sunt vallda. Vigor genuum indi- 
 cat robur corporis. Magna vis est genibus. Suppllces procumbunt in 
 genua. O genua, ne vacillate! In genibus est magna vis. 
 
 The knee of man is strong. Power of the knee indicates strength 
 of body. The knee has great power (= to the knee there is great 
 power). The suppliant bends the knee. O knee, waver not ! In the 
 knee is great power. The thunder is terrible. The noise of the 
 thunder is frightful. Lightnings precede the thunders. Fear thou 
 not the thunder. O thunder, how terrible is thy noise. The house re- 
 sounds with (abl.) frightful thunderings (= thunders). 
 
 Xn. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Vmxis, ns, f. pine. perniciosus, a, urn, de- sedeo2. /stY. 
 
 pu ella, ae,y! g-iVZ. strudive. cingo 3. / gird, sur- 
 
 sagitta, ae./. arrow. timldus, a, um, timid. round. 
 
 frater, tris, m. brother, insignis, e, remarkable, contremisco 3. 1 tremble, 
 soror, oris,/, sister. aediflco 1. I build. quake. 
 
 imber, bris, 7n. rmn. hahlto 1. I dwell. pingo 3. I paint ; acu 
 
 piscis, is, 7n./s^. adjaceo 2. (with Dat.) / ipingo, I embroider. 
 
 rex, regis, m. king. lie by. saepe, adv. often. 
 
 venator, oris, m. hunter, contorqueo 2. / hurl, sub (with Abl.), under. 
 continuus, a, um, con- shoot, 
 tinuous. 
 
 Aestate sub quercubus et in speciibus libenter sedemus. Hortus re- 
 gis ornatur multis pinlbus, ficis et lacubus. Puellae acubus pingunt. 
 Oratores timldi saepe omnibus artilbus contremiscunt. Venatores ar- 
 ciibus sagittas contorquent. Domus altitudo est insignis. Domui nos- 
 trae adjacet lacus. Frater aediflcat domum. Magnus numerus est 
 domuum (domorum) in urbe. Domlbus perniciosi sunt imbres con- 
 tiniii. Domos regis cingunt multae pinus. 
 
 Oaks and pines surround our house. The king dwells in a beauti- 
 ful house. We dwell in beautiful houses. The height of the house 
 is remarkable. In the lake are fishes. The king has many and beau- 
 tiful houses. I tremble in all [my] limbs. A great lake lies by our 
 houses. My sisters embroider. Many houses are built in the city 
 My brothers sit in the garden under oaks, and my sisters in grottos. 
 Many arrows are shot by bows. 
 
 § 24. Fifth Declension. 
 
 All nouns of the fifth declension end in the Nom. in es 
 and are oi xhe feminine gender. 
 
$24. 
 
 FIFTH DECLENSION. 
 
 35 
 
 Exceptions : Masculine are, dies, a day, and meridies, mid-day ; yet 
 dies in the Sing, is feminine when it signifies a definite day, a day fixed 
 upon or appointed, as : dies dicta, dies constituta, a day appointed, also, 
 when it signifies length of time, as: dies perexigua, a very short space; 
 still, in both these meanings it is sometimes used as masculine. 
 
 Case-Endings and Paradigms. 
 
 
 
 affair, thing. 
 
 
 day. 
 
 
 S. N. es PL es 
 
 S. res, 
 
 PI. res 
 
 dies, 
 
 PI. 
 
 dies 
 
 G.ei 
 
 erum 
 
 rei 
 
 rerum 
 
 diei 
 
 
 d'lerum 
 
 D. ei 
 
 ebus 
 
 lei 
 
 rebiis 
 
 diei 
 
 
 diebus 
 
 A. em 
 
 es 
 
 rem 
 
 res 
 
 diem 
 
 
 dies 
 
 V. es 
 
 es 
 
 res 
 
 res 
 
 dies 
 
 
 dies 
 
 A. e 
 
 ebus 
 
 re 
 
 rebus 
 
 die 
 
 
 diebvs. 
 
 Rem. 1. The e in ei, the ending of the Gen. and Dat. is short when 
 a consonant stands before it, as : rei, fidei ; but long when a vowel 
 stands before it, as : diei, faciei. 
 
 Rem. 2. Only res and dies form all the cases of the Sing, and Plur. ; 
 all the other nouns of the fifth declension are destitute of the Gen., Dat. 
 and Abl. Plur., these cases being siipphed by the corresponding cases 
 of synonymous nouns of the other declensions. 
 
 Xin. TVbrds to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Spes, ei,fhope. 
 
 aerumna, aef. hardship, 
 trouble. 
 
 vita, ae,/. life. 
 
 solatium, i, n. consola- 
 tion. 
 
 conditio, onis, /. con- 
 dition, state. 
 
 tempus, oris, n. time. 
 
 adversus, a, um, ad- 
 verse; res adversae, 
 adversity. 
 
 certus, a, um, certain. 
 
 incertus, a, um, uncer- 
 tain. 
 
 dubius, a, um, doubtful. 
 
 humanus, a, um, human. 
 
 vanus, a, um, vain. 
 
 dulcis, e, sweet. 
 felicior, m. and/, feli- 
 cius, n., oris, more 
 fortunate. 
 afflicto 1. I overwhelm. 
 recreo 1. I refresh. 
 amitto 3. / lose. 
 oppono 3. / oppose. 
 facile, adv. easily. 
 
 Spes incerta et dubia est. Vis spei est magna in animis hominum. 
 Homines facile indulgent spei vanae. Spem feliciorum temporum non 
 debemus amittere in aerumnis vitae. O spes, dulci solatioanimos mis- 
 erorum hominum recreas! Spe vana saepe falllmur. Res humanae 
 sunt incertae et dubiae. Conditio rerum humanarum est dubia. Re- 
 bus adversis opponite virtutem. Ne extimescite res adversas. O res 
 humanae, quam saepe animos hominum fallltis ! Animus sapientis 
 non afflictatui rebus adveris. 
 
36 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES. [^ 25. 
 
 XrV. JVords to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Fides, e\,f.Jidelitij. rarus, a, um, rare. servo 1. 1 preserve. 
 
 amicitia, ae, /. friend- sereiius, a, um, bright, debeo 2. / owe. 
 
 ship. tutus, a, um, safe. conquiesco 3. Ifndsai- 
 
 exemphim, ],n. example, verus, a, uiri, ^rue. isfaction. 
 
 salus, utis,/. safety, wel- tristis, e, lowery, sad. succedo 3. I follow. 
 
 fare. avolo 1. Ify away, van- cito, adv. swiftly. 
 
 ver, eris, n. spring. ish. cupide, adv. eagerly. 
 
 adventus, us, m. arrival, convoco 1. / call togeth- etiam, conj. also. 
 
 portus, us, m. haven. er. modo — modo, now — 
 
 iucoiTuptus, a, um, un- exspecto 1. / expect, now. 
 
 corrupted. await. 
 
 The fidelity of fi'iends refreshes our minds in the hardships of life. 
 Examples of true fidelity of friendship are rare. To the fidelity of 
 our friends we owe our safety. The true friend preserves [his] fidelity 
 also in adversity. O fidelity, thou providest for unfortunate men a 
 safe haven ! In the fidelity of friends we find satisfaction. The days 
 are now bright, now lowery. The arrival of the bright days of spring 
 are to all men agreeable. Lowery days follow bright days. We 
 eagerly await the bright days of spring. O ye beautiful days of spring, 
 how swiftly you fly away! In (abl.) the bright days of spring we are 
 delighted. Mid-day is bright. On (abl.) a certain day, the soldiers 
 of the city are called together. 
 
 § 25. Comparison of Adjectives and Participles. 
 
 1. There are three decrees of quality : 
 
 1) The positive, as: the man is learned (vir est doctus) ; 
 
 2) The comparative., as : the father is more learned than 
 the son (pater est doct-ior qumn fi I i us) ; 
 
 3) The superlative, as : Cicero was the most learned of 
 all the Romans (Cicero erat doct-issimus omniam Roman- 
 orum). 
 
 2. The superlative, in Latin, is also used to express in 
 general, a verij high degree of a quality, as : pater tuus est 
 doct-issimus, thy father is very learned. 
 
 3. For indicating the comparative and superlative, the 
 Latin language has the following forms : 
 
 a) For the comparative : lor, Masc. and Fem., lus, neuter; 
 
 b) For the superlative : issimus, issvna, issimum. 
 
$25.] 
 
 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES. 
 
 37 
 
 4. These endings are joined directly to the stem, which 
 may be found, in all cases, by removing, in words of the 
 second Declension, the Nominative-ending us^ and in those 
 of the third, the Genitive-ending is^ as : 
 
 Laet-us, joyfid 
 doct-us, learned 
 pudic-us, bashful, modest 
 imbecill-us,/ee&Ze 
 lev-is, light 
 fertil-is, fertile 
 dives (G. divlt-is), rich 
 prudens (G. prude nt-is), 
 
 prudent 
 amaiis (G. amant-is), 
 
 loving 
 felix (G. felic-is), happy 
 
 Comp. laet-ior, ius 
 
 — AocX-ior 
 
 — pii die-tor 
 
 — imbecill-ior 
 
 — lev-ior 
 
 — fertil-ior 
 
 — divit-ror 
 
 — prudent-ior 
 
 Sup. Iaet-mi7ni/,s, a, um 
 
 — doct-issimus 
 
 — imd'ic-issimus 
 
 — imheciW-issimiis 
 
 — \ev-issimus 
 
 — feni]-issimus 
 
 — divh-issimus 
 
 — ynudent-issimus 
 
 — amant-2or — amant-issimus 
 
 — felic-ior — fellc-issimus 
 
 the 
 
 5. Adjectives in er have the ending rimus, a, um in 
 superlative, as : 
 
 miser (G. niiser-i), a, um [unhappy] celer (G. celer-is), is, e, [swifl] 
 miser-ior, ius celer-ior, ius 
 
 miser-n/nw5, a, um ; celer-n'mw5, a, um ; 
 
 pulcher (G. pulchr-i), a, um (fteawh*- pauper (G. pauper-is), [poor] 
 
 ful) pauper-ior, ius 
 
 pulchr-ior, ius pauper-rimw^, a, um. 
 
 pulcher-rimif5, a, um. 
 
 So also : vetus, G. veter-is, old (Comp. veterior, ius, is rarely used) 
 Sup. veter-rimus ; and nuper-us, a, um, recent^ (Comp. vi^anting) Sup. 
 nuper-rimus. 
 
 6. The six following adjectives in ilis form the superla- 
 tive by adding Emus to the stem, viz: faciiis, easy^ difficTlis, 
 difficulty similis, like, dissimilis, unlike, gracilis, slim, slender, 
 and humilis, loio, as : 
 
 facll-is, e C. facil-ior, ius S. facil-Zimii5, a, um. 
 
 7. Compound adjectives in d^cus ficus and volus, form 
 the comparative by adding entior, ius, and the superlative 
 by adding entissimus, a, um to the root, as : 
 
 maledicus, slanderous 
 maguificus, magnificent 
 benevolus, benevolent 
 
 C. maledic-enffor 
 m a gni fie -enhor 
 benevol-eniior 
 4 
 
 S. maledic-enf?55iww5 
 mugmfic-entissimus 
 hcnevol-entissimus 
 
38 
 
 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES. 
 
 [§25. 
 
 But those in dtcus {i long) are compared regularly, as : 
 pudicus, bashful, modest, pudic-ior, pudic-issimus. 
 
 8. Besides, the following adjectives of irregular compari- 
 son are to be observed : 
 
 bonus, good 
 malus, had 
 magnus, great 
 parvus, small 
 multus, much 
 
 nequam, wicked 
 senex, old 
 juvenis, young 
 exierus, outward 
 inferus, helow 
 superus, above 
 posterus, hind 
 
 C. mel-ior, ius, better 
 
 pej-or 
 
 maj-or 
 
 min-or 
 
 plus (neutr.) more 
 
 plures (m. and f.),plura 
 (n.) more 
 C. nequ-ior, 
 
 sen-ior, 
 
 jun-ior 
 
 exter-ior, 
 
 infer-ior, 
 
 super-ior, 
 
 poster-iorf 
 
 S. optimus, a, um, best 
 pesslmus 
 maximus 
 minimus 
 plurimus, most 
 plurimi, most 
 
 S. nequissimus 
 wanting 
 wanting 
 extremus, outermost 
 infimus and imus 
 supremus, and summus 
 postremus, hindermost 
 
 9. Finally, there are several adjectives of which the posi- 
 tive is wanting, e. g. : 
 
 (citra, on this side) citer-ior, ius citlmus, nearest 
 
 (intra, within) inter-ior, ius intimus, inmost 
 
 (ultra, beyond) ulter-ior, ius ultlmus, last 
 
 (prope, near) prop-ior, ius proximus, next 
 
 Rem. 1. Instead of the comparison by terminations, the Latin lan- 
 guage often expresses the comparative by the positive with magis 
 (more), and the superlative by the positive with maxime (most). This 
 periphrastic form is necessary in those adjectives which want the ter- 
 minational comparative and superlative. 
 
 Rem. 2. Some adjectives have a superlative but not a comparative 
 form, as: novus, new, novissimus; invictus, invincible, inviclissimus. 
 On the contrary, others have a comparative but not a superlative form, 
 as: diuturnus, lasting, diuturnior, maxime diuturnus; proclivis, sloping, 
 inclined, proclivior, maxime proclivis ; especially, nearly all in His, llis, 
 dlis, bllis, as : agilis, nimble, agilior, maxime agiHs. 
 
 Rem. 3. To the adjectives which have not the terminational com- 
 parison, belong: a) those which have a vowel before the ending us, as; 
 idoneus. Jit, magis idoneus, maxime idoneus; ]n\\s, pious, affectionate; 
 perspicuus, clear; egregius, excellent; necessanus, necessary ; — b) nearly 
 all in, icus, Imus, Inus, ivu^, orus, undus, andus, bundus, as : lubrlcus, 
 slippery; legitimus, lawful, matutinus, early, fugitivus, fugitive, canorus, 
 harmonious, venerandus, worthy of veneration, moribun d u s, c(?/in^; — c) 
 several of no particular class, as: almus, nourishing, canus, hoary, cicur, 
 tame, claudus, lame, compos, powerful, impos, impotent of, cui-vus, bent, 
 
§ 25.] COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES. 39 
 
 ferus, mild, gnarus, acquainted with, mediocris, mediocre, memor, mind- 
 ful of, mirus, ivonderful, par, equal, proedltus, endowed with, rudis, rude, 
 etc. ; — finally, some, which, on account of their signification, admit of 
 no degrees; e. g. those which denote a mafe7*iaZ; those compounded 
 with per, prae (except praeclarus) and suh, as : permagnus, vei-y great, 
 praedives, very rich, subdifficllis, somewhat difficult; those having the 
 diminutive form, as : parvulus, tiny, vetCdus, oldish. 
 
 XV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Beneficentia, ae,/. he- lux, lucis,/. light. munificus, a, um, mu- 
 
 7ieficence. ratio, 6nis,y. reason. nificent. 
 
 luna, ae, f the moon. simulatio, 6ms, f pre- secundus, a, um,/ai;or- 
 
 natura, ae,/. nature. tence. able; res secundae, 
 
 sapientia, ae,y. wisdom, sol, solis, m. sun. prosperity. 
 
 odium, i, n. hatred. sonitus, us, m. sound. amabllis, e, amiable. 
 
 amor, oris, m. love. accommodatus, a, um, velox, ocis, swift. 
 
 hirundo, Inis, f. swal- suited to. nihil, indecL, nothing, 
 
 low. garrulus, a, um, chatter- quam, conj., than. 
 
 liberalitas, atis, f. liber- ing, loquacious, 
 ality. 
 
 Nihil est naturae hominis accommodatius, quam beneficentia. Nihil 
 est amabilius, quam virtus. Lux est velocior, quam sonitus. Nihil est 
 melius, quam sapientia. Multi magis garruli sunt, quam hirundlnes. 
 Pauperes saepe sunt munificentiores, quam divites. In adversis rebus 
 saepe sunt homines prudentiores, quam in secundis. Divitissimorum 
 vita saepe est miserrima. Simulatio amoris pejor est, quam odium. 
 Nihil est melius, quam ratio. Sol major est, quam terra ; luna minor 
 est, quam terra. 
 
 XVI. Words to be learned and Exercises Jor translation. 
 
 Patria, ae, /. native adulatio, onis, f fatte- beneftcus, a, urn, 6ene/*- 
 country. ry. icent. 
 
 poeta, ae, m. a poet. similitudo, inis,/. simi- Graecus, a, um, Greek. 
 
 simia, ae,/. an ape. larity. suus, a, um, his, her, 
 
 Syracusae, arum, /. valetudo, Inis,/ health. its. 
 
 Syracuse. afiinitas, atis,/ relation- niger, gra, grum, black. 
 
 corvus, ), m. a crow. ship. celeber, bris, bre, fre- 
 
 malum, i, n. evil. virgo, inis, /. a young quented. 
 
 murus, i, m. a wall. woman. brevis, e, short. 
 
 Homerus, i, m. Homer, crus, uris, n. shin, leg. simplex, icis, simple. 
 
 Lacedaemonius, i, m. beatus, a, um, peaceful, valeo 2. / am strong, 
 a Lacedemonian happy. avail. 
 
 labor, oris, m. labor. contemno 3. / despise. 
 
 Omnium beatissimus est sapiens. Homerus omnium Graecorum 
 
40 CLASSIFICATION AND FORMATION OF ADVERBS. [§ 26. 
 
 poetarum est veterrimus. Adulatio est pessimum malum. Urbs Syra- 
 cusae maxima et pulcherrima erat omnium Graecarum urbium. Pes- 
 simi homines sunt maledicentissimi. In amicitia plus valet similitude 
 morum, quam afRnitas. 
 
 Nothing is better than virtue. God is the greatest, best and wisest 
 of all. The customs of the Lacedemonians were very simple. The 
 horse is very swift. Crows are very black. The haven is very much 
 frequented. The father is very benevolent and very beneficent. The 
 king is building a very magnificent palace (=house). Young women 
 should (= must) be very modest. The ape is very much like man. 
 The leg of the stork is very slender. Nothing is sweeter than friend- 
 ship. The Lacedemonians were very brave. Light is very swift. 
 Nothing is worse than the pretence of love. The sun is very great. 
 The life of man is very short. The richest are often the most wretch- 
 ed. The poorest are often the happiest. The labor is very easy. The 
 customs of men are very unhke. The king is very munificent. The 
 worst men are often very happy. The best men are often despised 
 by (ab) the worst. The health of my friend is very feeble. The 
 garden of thy father is very beautiful. The labor is very hard. The 
 walls of the city are very low. Most men love their native countiy. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Of the Adverb. 
 § 26. Classification and Formation of Adverbs. 
 
 1. The common endings of adverbs (§ 6, 4.) are e and er 
 {iter); those derived from adjectives of the second declen- 
 sion, are formed by annexing e to the root of the adjective, 
 as: clams, clar-e, liber (G. liber-i), liber-e, pulcher (G. pul- 
 chr-i), pulchr-e. Only bene (well) from bonus, and male 
 (badly), from mains have a short e. 
 
 2. Adverbs derived from adjectives of the third declen- 
 sion are formed, by adding er to the stem of those in ans 
 and ens, and iter to the stem of all others, as : 
 
 clar-us, a, um, clear, renowned clar-e 
 
 liber, a, um, (G. liber-i), /ree liber-e 
 
$27. 
 
 COMPARISON OF ADVEEBS. 
 
 41 
 
 pulcher, chra, chrum (G. pulchr-i) pulchr-e 
 prudens (G. prudent-is), knowing prudent-er 
 
 amans (G. amant-is), loving amant-er 
 
 fortis (G. fort-is), brave fort-iter 
 
 Audax (G. audac-is), bold, has audac-fer (for audac-iter). 
 
 3. Besides adverbs of the above-named endings, there 
 are a number which have the termination of neuter adjec- 
 tives in either the accusative or ablative case, as : multum, 
 much, plurimum, most, solum and tantum, only, facile, easily, 
 difficile (and difficulter), luith difficulty, recens, recently ; — 
 tuto, safely, raro, rarely, continuo, immediately, cxehYO, fre- 
 quently, fslso, falsely, subito, suddenly, iperpetuo, continually. 
 
 4. There are still other adverbial terminations, as: coel- 
 itus, from heaven, penitus, deeply, entirely; sensiin, by de- 
 grees, passfm, everyivhere ; caterva^im, by troops, grega^im, 
 by flocks, etc. 
 
 § 27. Comparison of Adverbs. 
 
 Adverbs derived from adjectives use for the comparative, 
 the neuter singular of the comparative of the adjectives 
 from which they are derived, and in the superlative change 
 us of the superlative of their adjectives into e, as : 
 
 laet-e, joyfully 
 doct-e, learnedly 
 lev-iter, lightly 
 felic-Iter, happily 
 magniflc-e, magnificently 
 simil-iter, alike 
 ben-e, well 
 mal-e, badly 
 
 Comp. laet-iW 
 doct-ius 
 lev-ius 
 fe\ic-ius 
 magmfic-entius 
 smnl-ius 
 mel-ius better 
 pejus 
 
 Sup. laet-issime, most joyfully 
 doct-issime 
 ley-issime 
 feVic-issime 
 magn'ific-entissime 
 simW-llme 
 optlme, best 
 pessime. 
 
42 
 
 PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 
 
 [^28. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Of the Pronoun (Comp. § 6, 5). 
 
 § 28. I. Personal Pronouns, 
 
 a. Substantive Personal Pronouns. 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Nom. 
 
 ego,/ 
 
 tu, thou 
 
 wanting 
 
 Gen. 
 
 mei, of me 
 
 tui, of thee 
 
 sui, of himself her- 
 
 Dat. 
 
 mlhi, to me 
 
 trbi, to thee 
 
 self etc. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 me, me 
 
 te, thee 
 
 sibi, to himself etc. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 me, hy me 
 
 te, by thee 
 Plural. 
 
 se, himself etc. 
 se, by himself etc. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 nos, we 
 
 vos, you 
 
 wanting 
 
 Gen. 
 
 nostri, of us 
 
 vestri, of you 
 
 sui, of themselves 
 
 
 nostrum, of among 
 
 vestrum, of among 
 
 
 
 us 
 
 you 
 
 
 Dat. 
 
 nobis, to us 
 
 vobis to you 
 
 sibi, io themselves 
 
 Ace. 
 
 nos, us 
 
 vos, you 
 
 se, themselves 
 
 Abl. 
 
 nobis, by us. 
 
 vobls, 6^ you. 
 
 se, &3/ themselves. 
 
 Rem. 1. The Voc. of all the pronouns, if used, is like the Nom. 
 The preposition cum (with), which governs the Abl., is joined to me, te, 
 etc., thus : mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, vobiscum, with me, with 
 thee, with one''s self with us, with you. 
 
 Rem. 2. In order to give more emphasis to the personal pronouns, 
 the syllable met is added to all the forms given in the above table, with 
 the exception of tu and the Gen. Plur. of ego and tu, as : egomet, te- 
 met, siblmet, nosmet, vosmet ; — to tu is added te : tute, thou thyself 
 — se is doubled to render it more emphatic : sese. For the difference 
 of meaning between nostri, vestri and nostrum, vestrum, see § 94. 
 
 b. Adjective Personal Pronouns or Possessive 
 Pronouns. 
 
 Adjective-personal pronouns are formed from the Gen. 
 of Substantive-personal pronouns. They are called pos- 
 sessive, because they represent an objective as the possession 
 of an individual of the first, second or third person. 
 From mei comes mens, mea, meum, my. (For the Voc. mi see § 
 
 17. Rem. 1.) 
 
 — tui — tuus, tua, tuum, thy. 
 
 — sui — suus, sua, suum, his, her, its. 
 
 — nostri — noster, nostra, nostrum, our. 
 
 — vestri — vester, vestra, vestrum, your. 
 
$ 28.] PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 43 
 
 Remark 3. For giving greater force and emphasis, the ending pte 
 is joined to the Abl. Sing, of suus, as : suopte manu, with Ms (own, very) 
 hand, suopte gladio (with his sword). For the same reason also, met 
 (see Rem. 2) is joined to the obUque cases of suus, as : suismet capitibus. 
 
 XVII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Magister, tri, m, teacher, aequahs, e. equal. laboro 1. / lahor. 
 
 praeceptum, i, n. pre- sahitaris, e. salutai-y. narro 1. / relate. 
 
 cept, principle. [er. canto 1. / sing. voco 1. / call. 
 
 praeceptor,6ris, mimc^- clamo 1. I cry. doleo 2. I grieve. 
 
 tractatio, onis, f. hand- impero 1. (with Dat.) / disco 3. / learn. 
 
 ling, pursuit. command, govern. ludo 3. I play. 
 
 Veritas, aus,yi truth. imperium, i, n. com- attente, adv. attentively. 
 gratus, a, um, agreeable. mand, dominion. inter, praep. (with Acc.]f 
 
 iratus, a, um, offended, between, among. 
 
 angry. 
 
 Rule of Syntax. The personal pronouns in the Nom., ego, tu, etc., 
 are used only when there is some emphasis to be placed upon them, 
 hence especially in antitheses. The same is true of the i)ossessive 
 pronouns, meus, tuus, etc., e. g. meu^ frater diligens est, iwwspiger; but: 
 frater me amat (not : frater meus me amat). 
 
 Ego canto, tu clamas, amicus vocat. Nos narramus, vos saltatis, 
 fratres laborant. Ego fleo, tu rides, frater dolet. Nos, praeceptores, 
 docemus, vos, discipuli, discitis. Ego ludo, tu discis, soror acu pingit. 
 Nos scribimus, vos legitis, fratres pingunt. Ego salio, tu feris, puer 
 dormit. Nos, magistri, vos, o discipuli, erudimus ; vos, boni discipuli, 
 attente auditis praecepta nostra. Virtutes inter se aequales sunt. Im- 
 perare sibi maximum imperium est. Iratus non est apud se. Tracta- 
 tio litterarum nobis salutaris est. Veritas semper mihi grata est. 
 
 XVIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Modus, i, m. measure, proxlmus, a, um, next, obrepo 3. (with dat.) 1 
 manner. par, aris, equal. creap up, steal upon. 
 
 vitium, i, n. a fault. dimico 1. 1 fight. acriter, adv. spiritedly. 
 
 civis, is, m. citizen. discordo l. I am at va- per, praep. (with ace), 
 
 parentes, ium, m. pa- riance with. through. 
 
 rents. porto 1. / bear, carry. propter, praep. (with 
 
 caput, rtis, n. head. faveo 2. I favor. ace), on account of. 
 
 cantus, us, n. song. splendeo 2. I shine. de, praep. {with abl), of 
 
 redltus, us, m. return. expeto 3. / strive to oh- concerning, over, at. 
 tain. 
 
 Vitia nobis virtutum nomine obrepunt. Nos favemus vobis, vos fa- 
 vetis nobis. Tu me amas, ego te amo. Mihi mea vita, tibi, tua cara 
 est. Virtus splendet per se semper. Cantus nos delectat. Parentes 
 
44 PERSONAL PRONOUNS. [^28. 
 
 a nobis diliguntur. O mi fili, semper mihi pare ! Frater me et te 
 amat. Egomet mihi sum proximus. Tute tibi impera. Virtus prop- 
 ter sese colitLir. Suapte natura virtus expetitur. Gives de suismet 
 capitibus dimicant. Sapiens omnia sua secum portat. Nos vobiscum 
 de patris reditu gaudemus. Tu tecum pugnas. Oratio tua tecum pug- 
 nat. Deus tecum est. Saepe animus secum discordat. Hostes nobis- 
 cum acriter pugnant. 
 
 I relate, thou dancest, the brother labors. We sing, you write, the 
 friends call. I, the teacher, teach; thou, the scholar, learnest. We 
 weep, you laugh, the brothers grieve. I write, thou readest, the broth- 
 er paints. We play, you learn, the sisters embroider. I, the teacher, 
 instruct thee, O scholar ; thou, O good scholar, hearest attentively my 
 precepts. The enemies fight spiritedly with you. Angry [men] are 
 not in their right mind (= by themselves). God is with us. You re- 
 joice with us at the return of [oin*] father. 
 
 I carry all my [secrets] with myself. O my son and my daughter, 
 always obey me ! You love us, we love you. Our life is dear to us, 
 yours to you. Bad men are always at variance with themselves. The 
 pursuit of literature is salutary to me. Truth is always agreeable to 
 us. Our parents love thee and me in (abl.) like (= equal) manner. 
 Men love themselves. Virtue is beautiful in (per) itself I favor thee, 
 thou favorest me. Our native country is dear to us. 
 
 XIX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Gura, ae, /. care, con- industrius, a, um, in- immemor, oris, un- 
 
 cern. dustrious, diligent. mindful of. 
 
 ira, ae,/. anger. mirus, a, um, wonder- potens, ntis, powerfid, 
 
 desiderium, i. n. long- ful, extraordinary. master of. 
 
 ing, desire. -perfidus, a, um, faith- impotens, ntis, noi ^ot«- 
 
 conservatrix, icis, f. less. erful, not master of. 
 
 preserver. absens, ntis, absent. teneo 2. / hold, possess. 
 
 judex, icis, m. judge. insiplens, ntis, unwise, ango 3. 1 trouble. 
 
 benignus, a, um, kind, memor, oris, mindful 
 of 
 
 Omnis natura est conservatrix sui (preserver of herself). Mirum 
 desiderium urbis, meorum et tui me tenet (longing after the city, etc.). 
 Pater vehementer tua sui memoria delectatur (by thy remembrance of 
 him). Ira est impotens sui. Sapiens semper potens sui est. Vestri 
 cura me angit (concern for you). Omnes homines sunt benigni judi- 
 ces sui. Vehementer grata mihi est memoria nostri tua (thy remem- 
 brance of us). Amicus mei et tui est memor. Pater absens rnagno 
 
$29. 
 
 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 45 
 
 desiderio tenetur mei, et tui, mi frater, et vestri, o sorores. Amici sunt 
 nostri memores. Multi vestrum mihi placent. Plurimi nostrum te 
 valde diligunt. 
 
 The absent father has a great concern /or us (= of us). The unwise 
 [man] is not master of himself. The faithless friend is unmindful of 
 me. Your remembrance of me is very agreeable. Care about thee 
 (== of thee) troubles me. The most of you, my scholars, are diligent. 
 The most of us love [our] native country. 
 
 § 29. II. Demonstrative Pronouns. 
 
 
 Singular. | 
 
 Nom. 
 
 IS, ea, id, he, she, it ; the same 
 
 i-dem, ea-dem, i-dem, the very 
 same 
 
 Gen. 
 
 ejus, of him, her, it; of the 
 same 
 
 ejus-dem, of the very same 
 
 Dat. 
 
 ei, to him, her, it ; to the same 
 
 ei-dem, to the very same 
 
 Ace. 
 
 eum, eam, id, him, her, it ; the 
 
 eun-dem, ean-dem, idem, the 
 
 
 same 
 
 very same 
 
 Abl. 
 
 eo, ea, eo, hy him, her, it ; hy 
 
 eo-dem, ea-dem, eo-dem, by the 
 
 
 th£ same. 
 
 very same. 
 
 
 Plural. 1 
 
 Nom. 
 
 ii, eae, ea, they ; the same 
 
 ii-dem, eae-dem, ea-dem, the 
 very same 
 
 Gen. 
 
 eorum, earum, eorum, of them ; 
 
 eorun-dem, earun-dem, eorun- 
 
 
 of the same 
 
 dem, of the very same 
 
 Dat. 
 
 iis (seldom eis), to them; to 
 
 iis-dem (eis-dem), to the very 
 
 
 the same 
 
 same 
 
 Ace. 
 
 eos, eas, ea, them ; the same 
 
 eos-dem, eas-dem, ea-dem, the 
 very same 
 
 Abl. 
 
 iis (seldom eis), hy them ; by 
 
 iis-dem (eis-dem), by the very 
 
 
 the same. 
 
 same. 
 
 Remark. 1. The pronoun is, ea, id may be translated as follows : 
 1) the same (the one just mentioned); 2) Gen. e. g. filius ejus, his or her 
 son. Dat., to him, to her, to it. Ace. him, her, it ; Plur. Nom. they. Gen. 
 e. g. filius eorum or earum, their son, Dat. to them. Ace. the7n ; — 3) in 
 connection with a noun : this, e. g. eum regem, this kinfs; ; — 4) he, she, 
 it (who). In the oblique cases, it is distinguished from sai and suns in 
 meaning, by not referring back, as they do, to the subject of the 
 sentence. 
 
46 
 
 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 [^29. 
 
 Singular. j 
 
 Norn. 
 
 iste, ista, istud, this, that 
 
 iUe, ilia, illud, that 
 
 Gen. 
 
 istlus, of this, of that 
 
 illi us, of that 
 
 Dat. 
 
 istI, to this, to that 
 
 iltl, to that 
 
 Ace. 
 
 istum, islam, istud, this, that 
 
 ilium, illam, illud, that 
 
 Abl. 
 
 isto, ista, ist(3, by this, by that. 
 
 illo, ilia, illo, by that. 
 
 Plural (after the II. Dec.) 
 
 N. isti, ae, a; G. istorum, arum, orum ; D. and Abl. istis; A. istos, as, a; 
 
 N. illi, ae, a; G. illorum, arum, orum; D. and Abl. illis ; A. illos, as, a. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 hic, haec, hoc, this 
 
 ipse, ipsa, ipsum, self 
 
 Gen. 
 
 hujus, of this 
 
 ipsius 
 
 Dat. 
 
 huic, to this 
 
 jpsi 
 
 Ace. 
 
 hunc, banc, hoc, this 
 
 ipsum, ipsam, ipsum 
 
 Abl. 
 
 hoc, hac, hoc, by this. 
 
 ipso, ipsa, ipso. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 N. hi,hae,/iaec; G. horum,harum,horum; D. and Abl. his; A.hos, has,/jaef; 
 
 N. ipsi, ipsae, ipsa ; G. ipsorum, arum, orum; D. and Abl. ipsis; A. ipsos,as,a. 
 
 Remark 2. The enclitic ce is joined to hie, haec, hoc in order to in- 
 crease its demonstrative power : hicce, haecce, hocce, this here ; the 
 following forms occur most frequently : hujusce, hosce, hisce. From 
 these forms connected with the interrogative particle ne we have : hic- 
 cine, haeccme, hoccine, this ? but in general only after a foregoing c. 
 Also from the connection of this ce with iste and ille we have the fol- 
 lowing forms : Sing. N. istic, istaec, istuc ; illic, illaec, illuc ; Ace. is- 
 tunc, istanc, istuc ; illunc, illanc, illuc ; Abl. istoc, istac, istoc ; illoc, iliac, 
 illoc ; PI. N. and Ace. Neut istaec, illaec. 
 
 The student may decline : 
 idem equus, the very same horse, eadem rana, the very same frog, idem 
 
 vittum, the very same fault, G. ejusdem equi, ejusdem ranae, ejusdem 
 
 vitii; 
 iste vir, this man, ista femlna, this woman, istud nomen, this name, istius 
 
 viri, istius feminae, istius nomlnis ; 
 hic puer, this boy, haec puella, this girl, hoc praeceptum, this precept, 
 
 hujus pueri, hujus puellae, hujus praecepti ; 
 
 ille sensus, that feeling, ilia res, that thing, illud cornu, that horn, 
 
 illius sensus, illius rei, illius cornus (u). 
 
 Rem. 3. Hic, Jiaec, hoc, refers to an object in the presence of the one speak- 
 ing, which pertains to the one spealdng or which he calls attention to ; iste, 
 ista, istud refers to an object in the presence of the one addressed or which 
 pertains to the one addressed ; ille, ilia, illud refers to an object which lies 
 remote from the speaker and forms a contrast with hic, haec, hoc. 
 
^29.] DEMONSTRATIVE PPwONOUNS. 47 
 
 XX. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation, 
 
 Diligentia, ae, /. dili- dux, uc\s,m. leader, gen- mendax, acis, lying, 
 
 gence, exactness. eral. liar. 
 
 ignavia, ae,/. indolence. Xenophon, ontis, m. hebeto 1. / blunt, en- 
 
 litterae, arum,/, a letter. Xenophon. feeble. 
 
 memoria, ae,/. memory, carmen, inis, n. poem, firmo 1. / make firm, 
 
 schola, ae,/ a school, addictus, a, um^ devoted strengthen. 
 
 sententia, ae,/ opinion, to. vito ] . / avoid. 
 
 view. fidus, a, um, faithful. placeo 2. I please, 
 
 scr'iptor, 6ns, m. ivriter. saevus, a, um, fierce, displlceo 2. I displease. 
 
 auctoritas, atis, / au- cruel. faveo 2. I am favorable 
 
 thority. ■ elegans, ntis, elegant. to. 
 
 tarditas, atis, / slow- iners, ertis, awkward, credo 3. / believe, trust. 
 
 ness, indolence. inactive. 
 
 Xenophon est elegantissimus scriptor ; ejus libros libenter lego, 
 Amicum fidum babeo; ei addictissimus sum. Fratris carmen valde 
 mihi placet ; lege id. Ignavia corpus hebetat, labor firmat ; illam vita, 
 hunc expete. Hae litterae graviter me movent. Haec carmina suavis- 
 sima sunt. Isti homini mendaci ne crede. Huic duci milites libenter 
 parent. Illi viro omnes favent. Praeclarum est istud tuum praceptum. 
 Haec sententia mihi placet, ilia displlcet. Hoc bellum est saevissi- 
 mum. Hie puer industrms est, ille iners. Memoria teneo praeclarum 
 illud praeceptum. Iste tuus amicus est vir o])timus. Ista vestra auc- 
 toritas est maxima. Hujus discipuli diligentiang. laudo, ilJius tarditatem 
 vitupero; illi schola est gratissima, huic molestissima. 
 
 XXI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Tortuna, ae, f. fortune, clarus, a, um, clear, re- tracto 1. I pursue. 
 
 Alexander, dri, m. Alex- nowned. obsideo 2. / besiege. 
 
 ander. Delpbicus, a um, Del- studeo 2. I strive. 
 
 Pompeius, i, m. Pom- phic. fido 3. I trust. 
 
 pey. inimicus, a, um, hostile ; difFido. / distrust. 
 
 factum, i, n. deed. subst. enemy. nosco 3. / am acquaint- 
 
 meritum, i, n. desert. seditiosus, a, um, sedi- ed with, know. 
 
 oraculurn, i, n. oracle. tious. agnosco3. [understand. 
 
 Caesar, aris, m. Caesar, admirabllis, e, wonder- resisto 3. Iresist. 
 
 imperator, oris, m. gen- ful. sentio 4. / feel, think, 
 
 eral. laudabllis, e,praisewor- judge. [f>^- 
 
 virtus, utis,/ bravery. thy. pro, praep. (with abl.) 
 
 opus, eris, n. work. expugno 1. / capture. quia, conj. because. 
 
 Multi homines de iisdem rebus eodem die non eadem sentiunt. In- 
 sipiens eidem sententiae modo fidit, modo difFidit. Ipsi imperatori se- 
 ditiosi milites resistunt. Animus ipse se movet. Virtus est per se ipsa 
 
48 RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. [§ 30. 
 
 laudabilis. Saepe nihil est homini ioimicius, quam sibi ipse. Omne 
 animal se ipsum diligit. Carior nobis esse debet patria, quam nosmet 
 ipsi. Praeclarum est illud praeceptum oraculi Delphlci : Nosce te ip- 
 sum. Mendax saepe sibi ipsi diffidit 
 
 Xenophon is a very elegant writer, I read Piim with very great de- 
 light (libentissime). The brother and his friend are very dear to me. 
 The teacher praises and censures the scholars according to {pro with 
 abl.) their desert. We perceive God from his works. We honor [our] 
 parents, because their deserts to [de with abl.) us are very great. The 
 enemies besiege the city and strive to capture it. 
 
 This book I read with delight. This poem pleases me, that dis- 
 pleases. I praise the industry of this scholar. The deeds of that great 
 Alexander are extolled by (ab) all writers. Caesar and Pompey were 
 very renowned generals ; to that, fortune was more favorable than to 
 this ; the bravery of this and that [one] was wonderful. 
 
 The king himself is leader of the army. Thou dost not always 
 judge the very same concerning the very same thing. The father and 
 the son pursue the very same literary studies (= literature). The 
 virtues are of (per) themselves praiseworthy. Man loves himself. 
 [Thy] native country ought to be dearer to thee than thou thyself. 
 Understand yourselves. Liars often distrust themselves. 
 
 § 30. in. Relative Pronouns. IV. Interrogative Pronouns. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 qui, quae, quod, who^ which 
 cujus, whose, of whom, of which 
 cui, to whom, to which 
 quem, quam, quod, whom, which 
 quo, qua, quo, by whom, by which 
 
 Plural. 
 
 quis (m. &y^), quid, ivho ? what ? 
 cujus, whose ? of whom ? of what ? 
 cui, to whom? to whaf^ 
 quem, quam, quid, ivhom ? whaf? 
 quo, qua, quo, by ivhom, by what ? 
 
 Nom. 'qui, quae, quae, who, which I qui, quae, quae, who'? whaf? 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ace. 
 Abl. 
 
 quorum, quarum, quorum, quorum, quarum, quorum 
 
 whose, of whom, of which 
 quibus, to whom, to which 
 quos, quas, quae, whom, which 
 quibus, by whom, by which. 
 
 ivhose'? of ivhom'? of what? 
 quibus, to whom ? to what ? 
 quos, quas, quae, ivhom? what? 
 quibus, by ivhom? by what? 
 
 Rem. 1. The preposition cum is joined to the Abl., as: quocum, for 
 which quicum is often used. 
 
 Rem. 2. In quisquis{quaequae rare), quicquid{whoeYer, whatever) hoth. 
 pronouns are declined, as : quoquo, quibusquibus, e. g. quoquo mode 
 
§ 30.] RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 49 
 
 res se habet, in whatever way the thing has itself; quicquid id est, what- 
 ever it is ; On the contrary, in quicunque, quaecunque, quodcunque (which- 
 soever, whatsoever) cunque is barely annexed to the diiferent cases of 
 qui, quae, quod, as : G. cujuscunque, etc. 
 
 Rem. 3. Quis, quid, are used substantively, as : quis scribit ? quid 
 scribitur ? So also in the Ace, as : quid agis? The remaining forms 
 do not differ from qui, quae, quod used interrogatively ; but qui, quae, 
 quod in this case, is always an adjective, e. g. quem vides ? whom do you 
 see ? quem hominem vides ? what man do you see ? For the purpose of 
 strengthening the interrogation, nam is annexed to the above mention- 
 ed interrogative pronouns, as: quisnam clamat ? who cries out then% 
 quidnam agis ? what do you do then ? quinam homo clamat ? quaenam. 
 mulier venit ? quodnam genus est ? and so through all the cases. 
 
 XXII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 Civitas, atis,/. state. probus, a, um, upright, honoro 1. 1 honor. 
 lex, egis,/. law. sanctus, a, um, sacred, gero 3. I carry on. 
 
 mors, riis, f death. mitis, e^ mild. succurro 3. I assist. 
 
 immaturus, a, um, wn- euro 1. (with ace) / exaudio 4. I listen to. 
 
 timely. care for, look out for. ardenter, ac?i;. ardently,, 
 
 Justus, a, um, just. devasto 1. / lay ivaste. eagerly. 
 
 maleficus, a, um, em7 ; guberno 1. / govern, 
 
 subst. evil-doer. rule. 
 
 Rex, qui civitatem gubernat, civium salutem curare debet. Regi, cu- 
 jus imperium mite et justum est, omnes cives libenter parent. Regem,. 
 cui leges sunt sanctae, cives colunt. Felix est rex, quem omnes cives 
 amant. O rex, qui civitatem nostram gubernas, honora bonos cives, 
 terre maleficos, succurre miseris, exaudi probos ! Acerba et immatura 
 est mors eorum, qui immortale opus parant. Non semper est illud" 
 bonum, quod ardenter expetimus. Beati sunt ii, quorum vita virtutis 
 praeceptis regltur. Hostis, quocum bellum geritur, terram nostram de- 
 vastat. 
 
 The kings who govern the states, ought to look out for (ace.) the- 
 welfare of the citizens. The kings, whose government is mild and 
 just, all citizens obey with delight. The kings, to whom the laws are 
 sacred, are obeyed by all the citizens. The kings are fortunate, whoi 
 are loved by all the citizens. O kings, who govern our states, honor 
 the good citizens, frighten the evil, assist the wretched, listen to the 
 upright ! The enemies, with whom you carry on war, lay waste our 
 land. 
 
 XXIII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Luscinia, ae, /. night- peccatum, i, n.5in,/aMZ<. honestus, a, um,viitu- 
 ingale. opinio, onis, /. opinion. ous. 
 
 5 
 
so INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. [$31. 
 
 falgus, a, um,/aZ5C. coglto 1. / //im^ q/*. mdu]geo '2, 1 am indul- 
 
 ingi-atus, a, um, disa- excrucio I . / torment. gent to. 
 
 greeabUj ungrateful, repugn o 1. I am repug- ago 3. I drive, do, treat. 
 utilis, e, useful. nant to. dico 3. I say, tell. 
 
 ambulo 1. I go to walk, habeo 2. / have; me quaero 3. I seek. 
 
 take a walk. habeo, / have myself, cur, why. 
 
 Quis me vocat? Quid agis, mi amice? Quis scribit has litteras? 
 Quid cogltas ? Quid ago ? cur me excrucio ? Quae amicitia est inter 
 ingratos ? Quod carmen legis ? Quis homo venit ? Quis poeta dul- 
 cior est, quam Homerus ? Cujus vox suavior est, quam vox lusciniae ? 
 Quibus peccatis facillime indulgemus ? 
 
 Quicquid est honestum, idem est utile. Quicquid vides, currit cum 
 tempore. Quoquo modo res sese habet, ego sententiam meam defen- 
 do. Quaecunque opinio veritati repugnat, falsa est. 
 
 What sayest thou? Who is that man? Who is that woman? 
 With whom does thy friend go to walk ? Whom seekest thou ? What 
 book readest thou ? To whom dost thou write this letter ? In what- 
 ever manner the thing has itself, we praise thy view. 
 
 § 31. V. Indefinite Pronouns. 
 
 1) quis, qua, quid, an?/ one, any thing (substantively), 
 Ace. quern, quam, quid. Nom. PI. qui, quae, qua ; the re- 
 maining cases are the same as those of the relative qui.^ 
 quae., quod; — qui, quae, quod, any one, any thing, (adjective- 
 ly), is declined like the relative qui, quae, quod; 
 
 2) aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, some one, something, (substan- 
 tively). Ace. aliquem, aliquam, aliquid, Nom. PL aliqui, 
 ae, a; — aliqui, aliqua (aliquae very seldom), aliquod, (used 
 adjectively). PI. aliqui, ae, a; 
 
 3) quispiam, quaepiam, quidpiam, any one, some one, 
 any thing, some thing (i. e. any one, etc., indifferently from 
 a larger number), used substantively ; — quispiam, quaepiam, 
 quodpiam, (used adjectively), G. cujuspiam, etc. ; 
 
 4) quisquam, quicquam, (scarcely, hardly,) one, any one, 
 any thing, used substantively ; quisquam, (quaequam rare), 
 quodquam, used adjectively, G. cujusquam, etc.; this pro- 
 noun is used principally in negative sentences ; 
 
 5) acquis, ecqua, ecquod, ivhether any one ? any thing ? 
 
i 32.] CORRELATIVE PRONOUNS. 51 
 
 used substantively ; ecqui, ecquae, ecquod, used adjectively, 
 G. eccujus, etc. ; 
 
 6) quidam, quaedam, quiddam, a certain one^ a certain 
 thing-^ used substantively ; quidam, quaedam, quodam, used 
 adjectively^ G. cujusdam, etc. ; 
 
 7) quisque, quaeque, quidque, (as subst.)^ and quodque, 
 (as adj.) each one, each, G. cujusque, etc. ; unusquisque, 
 unaquaeque, unumquidque (as subst), and unumquodque, 
 (as adj.)y each one (to a man), G. uniuscujusque, etc.; qui- 
 vis, quaevis, quidvis (as subst.), and quodvis (as adj.), any 
 one, any thing- you choose, without exception, G. cujusvis, 
 etc. ; quilibet, quaelibet, quidlibet (as subst.), and quodlibet 
 (as adj.), any one, any thing you please, indifferently, G. eu- 
 juslTbet, etc. ; 
 
 8) alius, alter, idlus, nullus, neuter, see in <§> 33, Rem. 5. 
 
 XXIV. JVords to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Graecia, ae,/. Greece. dignltaLS^ atis^ f. dignity . impendeo 2. I threaten, 
 
 pecun ia, ae,/. mone^/. mens, tis, f. understand- inhaereo 2. I inhere. 
 
 locus, i, m. a place, sit- ing, intellect. adimo3. I take away. 
 
 nation. jus, uris, n. wliai is just, tribuo 3. I give. 
 
 augurium, i, n. presage, justitia, ae, f. justice. idcirco, adv. on this ac- 
 gaecalum, i, n. hundred futurus, a, um, future. count. 
 
 years, an age. insltus, a, um, inborn, quasi, adv. as if, 
 
 terror, oris, m. terror. 
 
 Si mortem timemus, semper allqui terror nobis impendet. Si cui- 
 piam pecuniam fortuna adimit, idcirco miser non est. Graecia parvum 
 quendam locum Europae tenet. Inhaeret in mentibus nostris quasi 
 quoddam augurium futurorum saeculorum. In unoquoque virorum bo- 
 norum habitat deus. Justitia jus unicuique tribilit pro dignitate cujus- 
 que. Cuique nostrum amor vitae est insltus. 
 
 § 32. Correlative Pronouns, 
 
 Under correlative pronouns are embraced all those pro- 
 nouns which express a reciprocal relation (correlation) to 
 each other and exhibit this relation by corresponding forms. 
 Thus e. g. 
 
52 OF THE NUMERAL. [§ 32. 
 
 InterroDfative. Demonstrat. Indefinite. Relative. Tndef. Relative. 
 
 qvidihs, of what ta.l\s^ of such qusd'is^of what qualiscunque, 0/ 
 
 kind? a kind ^ such kind ^ as whatever ki.nd 
 
 quantus, ho20 tantus, so aliquantus, quantus, as quantuscunque, 
 
 great ? great somewhat great however great 
 great 
 
 quot,* hoio tot,* 50 many aliquot,* quot,* as quotunque*, or 
 
 many? totidem,*jw5£ some many quotquot,* how- 
 so many ever many. 
 
 XXV. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Boniim, i, n. the good, respublica, reipublicae, princeps, Ipis, m. first, 
 
 Aristides, is. m. Aristi- the state. prince. [faidt. 
 
 des. permultus, a, um, very pecco 1. I sin, commit a 
 
 ■grex, egis, m. a herd. much, many. soleo 2. lam accustomed. 
 
 imitator, oris, m. imita- fragilis, e, perishable. exsisto 3. / exist, am. 
 
 tor. quod, conj. because, that. 
 
 Quot sunt homines, tot sunt sententiae. Non tantum malum est hoc, 
 quod peccant principes, quantum illud, quod permulti imitatores prin- 
 <Jipum exsistunt. Quot genera orationum sunt, totidem oratorum ge- 
 nera reperiuntur. Quales sunt duces, tales sunt milites. Qualis est 
 Tex, talis est grex. Quales in republica sunt principes, tales solent 
 esse cives. Ne contemne homines miseros, qualescunque sunt. Cor- 
 poris et fortunae bona, quantacunque sunt, incerta ac fragilia sunt. 
 Quotquot homines sunt, omnes vitam amant. Quotcunque sunt scrip- 
 tores, omnes Aristidis justitiam praedlcant. 
 
 CHAPTER Vn. 
 
 Of the Numeral. 
 
 ^ 33. Classification and Tabular View of the Numerals. 
 
 Numerals (§ 6, 6) according to their meaning, may be 
 divided into the following classes : 
 
 a) Cardinals^ which answer the question, hoiv many? 
 quot ? as : one^ two, etc. 
 
 * All these words are indeclinable and are used only in the plural, as : 
 quot liornines sunt ? tot hominum numerus ; aliquot hominibus ; tot homines, 
 •quot video, so many men as I see; homines, quotcunque or quotquot video, 
 omnes boni sunt. 
 
§ 33.] OP THE NUMERAL. 53 
 
 Rem. 1. The first three cardinal numbers are declined (Remarks 
 5 and 6, pp. 56, 57) ; but from 4 to 100 they are indeclinable, while 
 from 200 to 900 they are declined like the plural of adjectives of three 
 endings in i, ae, a. For milk see Rem. 4. p. 56. 
 
 b) Ordinals, which answer the question, ivhich in order ? 
 which in a series? quotus? as: first, second, etc. 
 They are all declined like adjectives of three endings 
 in us, a, urn. 
 
 c) Distributives, which answer the question, hoiv many 
 at a time ? ho\u many a-piece ? quoteni ? as : one by 
 one, tivo by tiuo, etc. 
 
 d) Numeral adverbs, which answer the question, how 
 many times ? quoties ? as, once, twice, etc. 
 
 Rem. 2. The numeral adverbs derived from the ordinals ; viz. : pri- 
 mum (rarely prinio), secundo (for which iterum is generally used ; se- 
 cundum is vei-y rare), tertium, quartum, etc., answer the question, what 
 place in order ? as : in the first place, second place, etc. 
 
 e) Multiplicatives, which answer the question, hoiv many 
 fold ? quotuplex. They end in plex and are declined 
 after the third Dec. as: duplex (for all genders), ^i«;o 
 fold, double, G. duplicis. 
 
 f ) Proportionals, which answer the question, hoiv many 
 times as great ? quotuplus ? They end in plus, pla, 
 plum, as : duplus, a, um, tivice as great, (as something 
 else taken as a unit of measure). 
 
 All these classes of numerals, except the last two, which 
 are merely numeral adjectives and but little used in com- 
 parison with the others, are exhibited in parallel columns 
 in the following table. 
 
 5* 
 
m 
 
 NUMERALS. 
 
 [5 33. 
 
 TABLE OF 
 
 1 Cardinal (how many ?) 
 
 Ordinal (what one in order ?) 
 
 1. 
 
 unus, a, um, one 
 
 primus, a, um^ first 
 
 2. 
 
 duo, ae, o, two 
 
 secundus, second 
 
 3. 
 
 tres, ia, three 
 
 tertius, third 
 
 4. 
 
 quattuor, four 
 
 quartus, /ourf/i 
 
 5. 
 
 qu'mque, five 
 
 (\\x\nius, fifth 
 
 6. 
 
 sex, six 
 
 sextus, sixth 
 
 7. 
 
 septem, seven 
 
 Septimus, seventh 
 
 8. 
 
 octo, eight 
 
 octavus, eighth 
 
 9. 
 
 novem, nine 
 
 nonus, ninth 
 
 10. 
 
 decern, ten 
 
 decimus, tenth 
 
 11. 
 
 undecim, eleven 
 
 undecimus, eleventh 
 
 12. 
 
 duodecim, twelve 
 
 duodecimus, twelfth 
 
 13. 
 
 tredecim, thirteen 
 
 tertius (a, um) decimus (a, um) 
 
 14. 
 
 q uatt uor deci m , fourteen 
 
 quartus decimus^fourteenth 
 
 15. 
 
 qu'mdec] m, fifteen 
 
 quintus declmas, fifteenth 
 
 16. 
 
 sedecim, sixteen 
 
 sextus decimus, sixteenth 
 
 17. 
 
 septendecim, seventeen 
 
 Septimus decimus, seventeenth 
 
 18. 
 
 duodeviginti, eighteen 
 
 duode vicesimus, eighteenth 
 
 19. 
 
 undeviginti, nineteen 
 
 undevicesimus, nineteenth 
 
 20. 
 
 viginti, twenty 
 
 vicesimus, twentieth 
 
 21. 
 
 unus (a, um) et viginti or v. un. 
 
 unus (a, um) et vicesimus (a, um) 
 
 22. 
 
 duo (ae, o) et viginti or v. d. 
 
 alter (a, um)et vicesimus (a, um)* 
 
 28. 
 
 diiodetriginta 
 
 duodetricesimus 
 
 29. 
 
 undetriginta 
 
 undetricesimus 
 
 30. 
 
 triginta 
 
 tricesimus 
 
 40. 
 
 quadraginta 
 
 quadragesimus 
 
 50. 
 
 quinquaginta 
 
 quinquagesimus 
 
 60. 
 
 sexaginta 
 
 sexagesitnus 
 
 70. 
 
 septuaginta 
 
 septuagesimus 
 
 80. 
 
 octoginla 
 
 octogesimus 
 
 90. 
 
 nonaginta 
 
 nonagesimus 
 
 99. 
 
 undecentum. 
 
 undecentesimus 
 
 100. 
 
 centum 
 
 centesimus 
 
 101. 
 
 centum et unus (a, um) or c. un. 
 
 c. (a,um) et primus (a,um)or c.pr. 
 
 102. 
 
 centum et duo (ae, o) or c. d. 
 
 c. (a, um) et alter (a, um) or c.ait. 
 
 200. 
 
 ducenti, ae, a 
 
 ducentesimus 
 
 300. 
 
 trecenti 
 
 tiecentesimus 
 
 400. 
 
 quadringenti 
 
 quadringentesimus 
 
 500. 
 
 quingenti 
 
 quingentesimus 
 
 600. 
 
 sexcenti 
 
 sexcentesimus 
 
 700. 
 
 septingenti 
 
 septingentesimus 
 
 800. 
 
 octingenti 
 
 octingentesimus 
 
 900. 
 
 nongenti 
 
 nongentesimus 
 
 1000. 
 
 mille 
 
 millesimus 
 
 2000. 
 
 duo milTa ; 3000 tria milia, etc. 
 
 bis millesimus ; 3000 ter m. etc. 
 
 100,000. 
 
 centum milia 
 
 centies millesimus 
 
 1,000 000. 
 
 decies centum milia 
 
 decies centies millesimus 
 
 2,000 000. 
 
 vicies centum milia. 
 
 vicies centies millesimus. 
 
 ' Or vicesimus (a, um) et alter (a, um). 
 
 
U3.] 
 
 NUMERALS. 
 
 5S 
 
 NUMERALS. 
 
 "■ 
 
 Distribu. (how many at a time ?) 
 
 Adverbial (how many times ?) 
 
 
 
 singuli, ae, a,' one at a time 
 
 semel, once 
 
 1. 
 
 
 bini, ae, a, two at a time 
 
 bis, twice 
 
 II. 
 
 
 terni, three at a time 
 
 ter, thrice 
 
 III. 
 
 
 quaterni,/oMr at a time 
 
 qnaier, four times 
 
 IV. 
 
 
 quini,^rc at a time 
 
 quinquies^??e times 
 
 V. 
 
 
 seni, six at a time 
 
 sexies, six times 
 
 VI. 
 
 
 septeni, seven at a time 
 
 septies, seven times 
 
 vu. 
 
 
 octoni, eight at a time 
 
 octles, eight times 
 
 VIII. 
 
 
 noveni, nine at a time 
 
 novles, nine times 
 
 IX. 
 
 
 deni, ten at a time 
 
 decies, ten tijnes 
 
 X. 
 
 
 undeni, eleven at a tivie 
 
 undecies, eleven times 
 
 XL 
 
 
 duodeni, twelve at a time 
 
 duodecies, twelve times 
 
 XII. 
 
 
 terni deni, thirteen at a time 
 
 terdecies or tredecies 
 
 Xlll. 
 
 
 quaterni den\, fourteen at a time 
 
 quatterdecies 
 
 XIV. 
 
 
 quini deni,_^/itecn at a time 
 
 quindecies 
 
 XV. 
 
 
 seni deni, sixteen at a time 
 
 sedecies 
 
 XVI. 
 
 
 septeni, deni, seventeen at a time 
 
 septiesdecies 
 
 XVll. 
 
 
 daodeviceni, eighteen at a time 
 
 duodevicies 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 
 undeviceni, nineteen at a time 
 
 undevicies 
 
 XIX. 
 
 
 viceni, twenty at a time 
 
 vicies, twenty times 
 
 XX. 
 
 
 viceni (ae, a) singuli (ae, a) 
 
 vicies semel or semel et vicies 
 
 XXI. 
 
 
 viceni (ae, a) bini (ae, a) 
 
 vicies bis 
 
 XXII. 
 
 
 duodetriceni 
 
 duodetricies 
 
 XXVIII. 
 
 
 undetriceni 
 
 undetricies 
 
 XXIX. 
 
 
 triceni 
 
 tricies 
 
 XXX. 
 
 
 quadrageni 
 
 quadragies 
 
 XL. 
 
 
 quinquageni 
 
 quinquagies 
 
 L. 
 
 
 sexageni 
 
 sexagies 
 
 LX. 
 
 
 septuageni 
 
 septuagies 
 
 LXX. 
 
 
 octogeni 
 
 octogies 
 
 LXXX. 
 
 
 nonageni 
 
 nonagies 
 
 xc. 
 
 
 undecenteni 
 
 undecenties 
 
 IC. 
 
 
 centeni 
 
 centTes 
 
 c. 
 
 
 centeni (ae, a) singuli (ae,a) 
 
 centies semel 
 
 CL 
 
 
 centeni (ae, a) bini (ae, a) 
 
 centies bis 
 
 ClI. 
 
 
 duceni 
 
 ducenties 
 
 cc. 
 
 
 triceni 
 
 trecenties 
 
 ccc. 
 
 
 quadringeni 
 
 quadringenties 
 
 CD. 
 
 
 quingeni 
 
 quingenties 
 
 D. 
 
 
 sexceni 
 
 sexcenties 
 
 DC. 
 
 
 septingeni 
 
 septingenties 
 
 DCC. 
 
 
 octingeni 
 
 octingenties 
 
 DCCC. 
 
 
 nongeni 
 
 nongenties 
 
 DCCCC. 
 
 
 singula milia 
 
 millies 
 
 M. or do. 
 
 
 bina milia; 3000 terna m,, etc. 
 
 bis millies; 3000 ter m., etc. 
 
 I1M;I1IM. 
 
 
 centena milia 
 
 centies millies 
 
 ccc1do3. 
 
 
 decies centena milia 
 
 decies centies millies 
 
 CCCCl330a. 
 
 
 vicies centena milia 
 
 vicies centies millies. 
 
 
 Slngulus, a, um is not used in the Singular. 
 
•56 NUMERALS. [^ 33. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1. The compound numbers into which 8 and 9 enter as one of the 
 components, are expressed in a subtradive form, as : 38, duodequadra- 
 ginta, duodequadragesimus, 39 undequadraginta, undequadragesimus, 
 48 duodequinquaginta, duodequinquagesimus, 59 undesexaginta, unde- 
 sexagesimus, etc. 
 
 2. In the other compound numbers from 13 to 17, the smaller number 
 is placed first without et, as : Sedecim ; but from 20 to 100, either the 
 smaller number is placed first with et following it, or the lai^er without 
 et, as : 
 
 23 tres et viginti or viginti tres 
 
 tertius et vicesimus or vicesimus tertius. 
 
 3. In compounding smaller numbers with hundreds and thousands, 
 the smaller number follows either with or without et, as : 
 
 103 centum et tres or centum tres, 
 
 centesimus et tertius or centesimus tertius. 
 
 If, however, such a number contains a unit and a ten, the unit is 
 placed last without et, as : 
 
 486 quadringenti et octoginta sex or quadringenti octoginta sex, 
 
 quadringentesimus et octogesimus ' 
 
 sextus or quadringentesimus octo- 
 
 gesimus sextus. 
 
 4. Mille, a thousand (i. e. one thousand) is indeclinable, as : dux cum 
 mille militibus ; but the Plur. milia (always of more than one thousand), 
 is a neuter noun of the third Dec. and is followed by a noun in the 
 Gen. case, as: tria milia hominum, cum tribus milibus militum. 
 
 5. The nine following numeral adjectives in us, a, urn, and er, a, um 
 form their Gen. Sing, in all three genders in Ims* and their Dat. Sing. 
 mi: 
 
 unus, 7dlus, nullus, 
 solus, totus, alius, 
 uter, alter, neuter, 
 and the compounds of uter, as : uterque, alteruter ; 
 
 E. g. solus, a, um, G. soltus, D. soli. — Alms has aliud in the neuter 
 and in the Gen. alius (for aliius), in Dat. alu. In the compounds: 
 uterque, utervis, utercunque, uterllbet, uter is declined and que, cunque, 
 etc. are joined to the different cases, as : utriusque, utrlv'is, utnimciin- 
 que utraWhet. In alteruter (one of the two), commonly only uter is de- 
 clined and alter is placed before it without change ; but sometimes 
 both alter and uter are declined, thus : 
 
 commonly: alteruter, alterutra, alterutrum, G. alterutrius, 
 
 occasionally : alter uter, altera utra, alterum utrum, G. alterius utrius. 
 
 * So also alterius, not (as is inferred from the poets) alterius. 
 
$ 33.] NUMERALS. 57 
 
 Alius, alia, aliud, an- totus, a, um, the whole, uterlibet, utralibet, 
 
 other uWus, a, um, any one. utrunAlhet, whoever, 
 
 alter, era, erum, the one unus, a, um, one. whichever [you ip\ease 
 
 or the other of two. uter, tra, trum, which of of the two. 
 
 neuter, tra, trum, nei^^- the two'? uterque, utraque, 
 
 er of the two. utercunque, utracun- utrumque, eac^q/**^ 
 
 nullus, a, um, no one; que, utrumcunque, two, both. 
 
 no. whoever, whichever, of 
 
 solus, a, um, alone. the two. 
 
 6. The numerals: duo, two, ambo, both and tres, three, are declined 
 as follows : 
 
 Nom. and V. duo, tivo duae, duo 
 
 Gen. 
 
 D. and Abl. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 duorum, duarum, duorum 
 duobus, dvdbus, duobus 
 duo and duos, duas, duo 
 So : arabo, ae, o, both. Like tria is declined the 
 
 PI. of mille : milia. 
 
 tres, three N. tria 
 
 trium 
 
 tribu^ 
 tres, tria 
 
 XXVI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Hora, ae,/. hour. mensis, is, m. month. pono 3. 1 place, arrange. 
 
 summa, ae,y*. sum. hebdomas, adis,/. week, sepono 3. Hay aside. 
 
 annus, i, m. year. nux, ucis,/. nut. jam, adv. already, now. 
 
 calculus, i, m. a pebble, in promtu esse, to be in memoriter, adv. from 
 Carolus, i, m. Charles. readiness. memoiy. 
 
 codicilli, orum, m. writ- exspecto 1. / wait, paulisper, adv. a little. 
 
 ing tablet. await. recte, adv. correctly. 
 
 thalerus, i, m. dollar. respondeo 2. / answer, deinde, adv. then, there- 
 
 cerasum, i, n. cherry. responsio, onis, /. an- upon. 
 
 malum, i, n. apple. siver. denique, adv. finally. 
 
 pirum, i, n. pear. ad do 3. I add to. porro, adv. besides. 
 
 prunum, i, n. plum. attendo 3. I give atten- turn, adv. then. 
 exemplum, i, n. exam- tion. 
 
 pie. 
 
 Pater. Attende, mi fill ! Scribe in codicillos tuos hoc exemplum : 
 Si habes decem mala, tria pruna, unum pirum, sex cerasa ; et his ad- 
 duntur duo mala, quattuor pruna, septem pira, octo cerasa; deinde 
 quinque mala, novera pruna, sedecim pira, undecim cerasa; tum duo- 
 decim mala, quindecim pruna, tredecim pira, quattuordecim cerasa ; 
 porro viglnti mala, undeviginti pruna, duodeviginti pira, septendecim 
 cerasa ; denique quattuor et viginti mala, unum et viginti pruna, duo 
 et viginti pira, tria et viginti cerasa: quot sunt mala? quot pruna .^ 
 quot pira ? quot cerasa ? Carolus. Exspecta paulisper, mi pater ! Jam 
 responsio est in promtu. Sunt tria et spetuaginta mala ; unum et sep- 
 tuaginta pruna; septem et septuaginta pira; novem et septuaginta 
 
56 NUMERALS. [$ 33. 
 
 cerasa. P. Recte, mi Carole ! Jam sepone codcillos et memoriter 
 mihi responde : Qiiot menses habet unus annus? C. Duodecim. 
 P. Quot hebdomades habet unus mensis ? C. Quattuor. P. Quot 
 dies habet unus annus ? C. Trecentos sexaginta quinque. P. Quot 
 horas habet unus dies? C Quattuor et viginti. P. Quot dies habent 
 tres anni ? C. Mille nonaginta quinque. P. Quot horas habet unus 
 annus? C Octo miha septingentas sexaginta. P. Si tresnuces quater 
 ponis, quanta summa exsistit ? C. Duodecim. P. Si quinque calcu- 
 los ter millies sexcenties quinquagies septies ponis ? C Duodeviginti 
 milia ducenti octoginta quinque. P. Si septingenta quadraginta tria 
 milia trecentos quinquaginta duo thaleros bis ponis ? C Decies cen- 
 tum milia quadringenta octoginta sex milia septingenti quattuor. 
 
 Father. Give attention, my son ! write upon your writing-tablet the 
 following (= this) example: If thou hast 20 apples, 6 plums, 2 pears, 
 12 cherries, and to these are added 4 apples, 8 plums, 14 pears, 16 
 cherries; then 10 apples, 18 plums, 32 pears, 22 cherries; then 24 
 apples, 30 plums, 26 pears, 28 cherries; besides, 40 apples, 38 plums, 
 36 pears, 34 cherries ; finally, 48 apples, 42 plums, 44 pears, 46 cher- 
 ries: how many apples are [there] ? how many plums? how many 
 pears ? how many cherries ? — Charles. Wait a little, my father ! al- 
 ready is the answer in readiness. There are 146 apples, 142 plums, 
 154 pears, 158 cherries. — Father, Correctly, my Charles ! 
 
 XXVII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Incola, ae, m. inhahi- jor(natu)oZ<fer, minor annum ago, / am in 
 
 tant. (natu) younger. the year. 
 
 victoria, ae,/. victory. fides, ei, /. Jidelity ; fi- irrumpo 3. / make an 
 
 pretium, i, n. value. dem habeo, / have irruption. 
 
 assentator, oris, m.Jlat- confidence in. nunc, adv. now. 
 
 terer. cognitus, a, um, known, vix, adv. scarcely. 
 
 moderator, oris, m. g-or- infidus, a, um, wn/aif^ de (with abl.) of^ con- 
 
 ernor. ful. cerning. 
 
 eques,itis, m. horseman, natus, a, um, lorn; ex [with abl.) from. 
 
 ■pedes, iUs, m. footman, post Christum na- post (with ace.) q/?er. 
 
 pars, tis,/. part, side. turn, after the birth of et — et, both — and. 
 
 societas, atis,/ alliance. Christ. [what ? neque, and not ; neque 
 
 exercitus, us, m. army, quotus, a, um, what one. — neque, neither — nor. 
 
 iiSitua,us,m. birth; ma- ago 3. / drive, pass; 
 
 Quota hora est ? Decima. Annus, quo nunc vivimus, est millesl- 
 mus octingentesimus quadrageslmus tertius post Christum natum. 
 Pater meus agit annum quartum et sexagesimum (or sexagesimum 
 
$ 34.] PREPOSITIONS. 59 
 
 quartun); mater octavum et quinquagesimum (or quinquageslmum oc- 
 tavum); fraier major natu tertiiim et tricesimum (or tricesimiim ter- 
 tium); frater minor natu alterum et tricesimum (or tricesimum alter- 
 um) ; soror major duodetricesimum ; soror minor vicesimum. In urbe 
 sunt mille milites. Duo milia hostium urbem obsldent. 
 
 The enemy makes an irruption into our country (= land), with 
 10,000 soldiers. A thousand soldiers defend the city. 28,000 footmen 
 and 13,000 horsemen defend the country. 
 
 My father is in [his] seventy-ffth year (= is passing his seventy-fifth 
 year) ; my mother in her sixty-second ; my older brother in his forty- 
 first ; my younger brother in his thirty-ninth ; my older sister in her 
 thirty-fourth and my younger sister in her twenty-sixth. What hour 
 is it? the eleventh hour. How old art thou? (= what year art thou 
 passing?), fifty-eight years old (= I am passing the fifty-eighth year). 
 
 Aliud alii placet (one thing pleases one and another another), aliud 
 alii displicet. Milites utriusque exercitus sunt fortisslmi. Utrumque 
 est vitium : et omnibus credere, et nulli. Perf Idus homo vix ulli fidem 
 habet. Unius fidi hominis amicitia habet plus pretii (has more value), 
 quam multorum infidorum socielas. Soli sapienti vera vis virtutis est 
 cognita. Incolae totius urbis de victoria exercitus laeti erant. Nullius 
 hominis vita ex {in) omni parte beata est. Habeo duo amicos ; ambo 
 valde diligo. Amicus mens habet duo filios et duas filias. 
 
 We trust to neither of the two, neither to the wicked [man] nor the 
 flatterer. The life of no man is more peaceful than the life of the wise 
 [man]. God is the governor of the whole world. The father goes to 
 walk with [his] two sons and [his] two daughters. Two faithful 
 friends are as it were (quasi) one soul in two bodies. Two thousand 
 soldiers (gen.) defend the city. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 § 34. Table of the Prepositions. 
 
 1. Prepositions governing the Accusative. 
 
 Ad, to, unto, according propter, near hy^ on ac- ante, before. 
 
 to, for, at. count of. post, behind, after. 
 
 apud, at, by. penes, loith (in the pow- secundum, afer, alongj 
 juxta, nejct to, by. er of some one). according to. 
 
 prope, near by. ob, before, on account of. versus, towards. 
 
60 PREPOSITIONS. [$ 34. 
 
 adversus and adver- cis, citra, on this side. extra, heyond, without. 
 
 sum, against. trans, ovtr, on that side, infra, beneath, below. 
 
 contra, contrary to, on ultra, beyond, on that supra, over, above. 
 
 the contrary, against. side. per, through. 
 
 erga, towards, [around, inter, between, among., praeier, hard by, besides, 
 
 circa, circum, about, intra, within. 
 
 Rem. 1. Versus generally stands in connection with the prepositions 
 ad or in ; the Ace. is placed between ad [in) and versus, as: in Italiam 
 versus, ad Oceanum versus, towards Italy, towards the Ocean. But with 
 names of cities ad and in are omitted, as: Roman versus, towards 
 Rome. 
 
 2. Prepositions governing the Ablative. 
 
 A, ab, abs, yrom, by. \)rae, before,by reason of. sine, without. 
 
 de, down from, away -pro, before, for. clam, without the know- 
 
 from, of, concerning, coram, before, in the ledge of. 
 
 over. presence of. tenus, up to. 
 
 G, ex, out of , from. cum, ivith. 
 
 Rem. 2. A and e never stand before a vowel or h ; abs is rarely used, 
 most frequently before t. — Tenus is placed after the Abl. For the 
 forms mecum, tecum, quocum, etc., see § 28. Rem. 1. and § 30. Rem. 1. 
 
 3. Prepositions governing the Abl. (in answer to the 
 
 question where^) and the Ace. (in answer to the 
 
 question, whither?) 
 
 In, c. abl. in, at, by, upon ; c. ace. super, over, concerning (generally 
 into, upon, against, towards. with ace. in answer to both ques- 
 
 sub, under. tions). 
 
 subter, beneath, (generally with ace. 
 in answer to both questions). 
 
 XXVIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Ripa, ae,/. feanL 1 ibertas, atis,/. yree</om. effundo 3. 1 pour out, 
 
 via, ae,y! way. altus, a, um, high, deep. discharge. 
 
 castra, orum, n. camp, video 2. / see. fugio 3. I flee. 
 
 agger, eris, m. mound, duco 3. / lead. pello 3. / drive, repel. 
 
 pes, edis, m.foot. munio 4. I fortify. 
 
 Promiscuous examples from all the Declensions. 
 Frogs live in the water and upon (in) the land. The soldiers fight 
 spiritedly against (in) the enemy. The enemies make an irruption into 
 our borders. In the fields; bloom various herbs. In (abl.) summer we 
 sit with delight under oaks. The enemies flee within (= among) the 
 walls. Parents are loved by (ab) good sons and daughters. Orators 
 
^35.] GREEK NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION. 61 
 
 we extol on account of {ah) ^uency of speech. The earth moves (= is 
 moved) around the sun. Repel cares from [your] minds. Supphants 
 fall down upon the knees. Eloquence adorns those with (penes) 
 whom it is. Live thou according to nature. The soldiers fight be- 
 fore (pro) the camp. The river is discharged over the banks. Virtue 
 has all [things] beneath (subter) itself Who is peaceful without vir- 
 tue ? Above the city is a very high oak. Below our garden a very 
 magnificent house is built. 
 
 The army marches (iter facit) towards Rome. The general leads 
 the soldiers against the city. Near by the walls of the city, the enernies 
 fortify the camp. The enemies build a high mound around the city. 
 Our soldiers fight with the enemies very spiritedly. The citizens fight 
 spiritedly for the freedom of their native country. The enemies flee 
 over the river. On account of virtue men are esteemed. The ene- 
 mies within the walls of the city fortify a camp. The love of parents 
 towards [their] children is very great. Many men act contrary to (con- 
 tra) the precepts of virtue. On this side of the city a camp is fortified 
 by (ab) the enemies. Frogs live within and without the water. All the 
 citizens were joyful concerning (de) the victory of our soldiers. The 
 way, which leads from the city up to our garden, is very beautiful. 
 Avoid the man, who by reason of (prae) anger is not in his right mind 
 (= with himself). Before (ante) our house are many pines, behind the 
 same, is a very beautiful garden. Often we do not see that which is 
 before (ante) our feet. Between the city and our garden are very 
 beautiful fields. The enemies flee through the city. Who is peace- 
 ful besides the wise [man] ? 
 
 SECOND COURSE. 
 
 § 35. Greek Nouns of the First Declension. 
 
 Several nouns adopted from the Greek, have in the Nom. 
 the ending, e Fern., as and es IVIasc. The declension of 
 these differs from the Latin first Dec, only in the Sing. ; in 
 the Plur. they are the same. 
 6 
 
62 
 
 GREEK NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION. 
 
 [§35. 
 
 Paradigms, 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Sing. N. crambe", cabbage 
 
 Aeneds, jEneas Anchises, Anchises 
 
 G. crambe^, of cabbage 
 
 Aeneae Anchisae 
 
 D. cranibae, to cabbage 
 
 Aeneae Anchisae 
 
 A. cramben, cabbage 
 
 Aeneam Anchise"n 
 
 V. crambe, cabbage 
 
 Aened Anchise" 
 
 A. crambe, by cabbage. 
 
 Aened. Anchise". 
 
 XXIX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Aloe, es,f the aloe. 
 Circe, es,/. Circe. 
 astutia, ae,/. cunning. 
 coqiia, ae, /. (female) 
 
 cook 
 culina, ae,/. kitchen. 
 gloria, ae,/. renown. 
 historia, ae,/ history. 
 Btella, ae,/ star. 
 nauta, ae, m. sailor. 
 
 cometes, ae, m. comet, erraticus, a, um, wan- 
 
 planetes, ae, m. planet. dering. 
 
 Boreas, Epaminondas, tener, era, enim, ienc?er. 
 
 Gorgias, Pythagoras, celebro 1. I celebrate. 
 
 Orestes, Pylades, ae, abstineo 2. (with abl.) 
 
 m. are proper names / abstain from. 
 
 and remain as in strideo 2. / whistle. 
 
 Latin. antepono 3. I prefer. 
 
 crinitus, a,um, with long coquo 3. / cook. 
 
 hair. pie, adv. tenderly piously. 
 
 Aloe est amara. Aloes herba est amara. Crambae est tenera herba. 
 Cramben coqua in culina coquit. O Circe, quanta erat astutia tua ! 
 Crambe tenera delectamur. Boreas vexat nautas. Boreae procellae 
 nautis perniciosae sunt. Boream fugiunt nautae. O Borea, quam ve- 
 hementer strides ! A Borea vexantur nautae. Planetes est Stella er- 
 ratlca. Cometes est Stella crinita. Oresten et Pyladen ob amicitiam 
 proedicamus. O Epaminonda, quanta est tua gloria ! Anchises pie 
 amatur ab Aena. Pythagorae sapientia praedicatur. O Anchises, 
 quam pie amaris ab Aenea ! Epaminondam et Pelopidam omnes 
 ^criptores celebrant. 
 
 Cabbage is tender. The herb of cabbage is tender. The aloe is 
 a bitter herb. We prefer the tender cabbage to the bitter aloe. 
 O Circe, how by (abl.) thy cunning thou deceivest the minds of men ! 
 We abstain from the bitter aloe. Gorgias had [erat with dat.) great 
 eloquence. The cunning of Circe was great. JEneas loves Anchises 
 tenderly. Pythagoras we extol on account of [his] wisdom. O Ores- 
 tes and Pylades, how great was your friendship ! Concerning (de) 
 Orestes and Pylades, concerning Epaminondas and Pelopidas history 
 relates. 
 
I 
 
 ^36.] GENDER OF THE SECOND DECLENSION. 63 ' 
 
 § 36. Of the Gender of the Second Declension. 
 
 Rule. 
 Us, er and ir are masculine, 
 But U7n is of the neuter kind. 
 
 Exceptions. 
 
 Isles, lands, towns and trees in us. 
 These are feminine in use. 
 Also alvus, colus, humus, 
 Vannus, periodus and carhasus, 
 . . Dipthongus too and dialedus. 
 
 The neuter has but three in us: 
 Virus, vulgus, peldgus. 
 
 Alvus, i, f. belly, periodus, \,f. period. virus, i, n. juice, poison. 
 
 colus, i,/. distaff. carbasus, \,f. linen. vulgiis, i, n. the coni- 
 
 humiis, i, f. ground, dipthongus, i. /. diph- mon people. 
 
 earth. thong. pelagus, i, n. (a poetic 
 
 vannus, i.f. corn fan. dialectus, i,f. dialect. word) sea. 
 
 Remark. The following are masculine contrary to the general rule 
 (§ 13.) for countries, towns and trees: Pontus, Hellespontus, Isthmus, 
 Bosporus ; also plurals in i, as : Delphi, Delphorum ; also names of 
 trees in er, as : oleaster, tri, wUd olive tree. Besides, all names of coun- 
 tries, cities and mountains in urn (on), G. i, and plurals in a, G. orum. 
 are neuter, as: Latium, Saguntum, Pelion, Leuctra (orum.) 
 
 XXX. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Lingua, ae, /. tongue, ipvcus, \, pear-tree. ignavus, a, um, iWoZcnf, 
 
 language. prunus, i, ^Zwrn-iree. lazy, cowardly. 
 
 silva, ae,/. a wood. ulmus, i, an elm. ligneus, a, urn, ivooden, 
 
 c'lhus, i, m. food. avidus, a, urn, (with of wood. 
 
 Aegyptus, i. Egijpt. ^e^-)» g^^^dy. longus, a, um, long. 
 
 Delus, i, Delos (island), fruglfer, era,erum,/rm7- maturus, a, um, ripe, 
 
 Rhodus, i, BJiodes (an ful. early. 
 
 island). composltus, a, um, com- procerus, a, um, slim. 
 
 populus, i, apoplar. posed. rotundus, a, um, round. 
 
 cerasus, i, cherry-tree. fecundus, a, um, pro- stultus, a, um, foolish. 
 
 fagus, i, heech-tree. ductive. compesco 3. / check, 
 
 malus, j, apple-tree. humidus, a, um, moist. curb. 
 
 Vulgus est stultum. Diphthongus est longa. Periodus bene com- 
 posita est. Populi sunt procerae. Ignavi populi facile vincuntur. In 
 silvis sunt ulmi et fagi altae. Vanni sunt ligneae. In horto nostro 
 
64 CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. [^ 37. 
 
 magnus est numerus frugiferarum cerasorum, malorum, pirorum et 
 prunorum. 
 
 In our garden are many cherry-ti'ees, many apple-trees, many plum- 
 trees and many pear-trees. The foolish people (vulgus) are easily de- 
 ceived. Diphthongs are long. The periods are well composed. The 
 poplar is slim. A cowardly people (populus) is easily conquered. In 
 our garden are many slim poplars. The corn-fan is of wood. 
 
 Matura cerasa, mala, pira, pruna sunt dulcia. Virus est perniciosum. 
 Humus humida varias plantas gignit. Alvus est ciborum avida. De- 
 lus est clara. Coli sunt rotundae. Dialecti sunt variae. Carbasus 
 est tenera. 
 
 Avoid the pernicious poison. One language has many dialects. 
 The linen is beautiful. Egj'pt is productive. These apples, cherries, 
 plums and pears are beautiful. See those high elms and slim poplars. 
 Rhodes was renowned. The distaff is round. The earth (humus) is 
 productive. Check the gi-eedy appetite (= belly). 
 
 § 37. Remarks on the several Case-endings of the Third 
 Declension.^ 
 
 1. Gen. Sing. Proper names in es often have in the Gen. 
 the termination i instead of is^ as : Ulixi, also, Pericli, Aris- 
 toteli, Neocli, Carneadi, etc. Some Greek nouns in o (but 
 only of the feminine gender) as : Argo, Sappho, echo, lo, 
 have us in the genitive as : echus from echo^ Argus from 
 Argo (the remaining cases are like the Nom. or are formed 
 with Latin endings, as Dido, -onis, -oni, -onem, -5ne.) 
 
 * Greek nouns, sometimes, but generally only in poetry, retain their pecu- 
 liar terminations in Latin, viz., Gen. os for is ; Ace. a for em, or in (yn), en 
 for im, idem, em ; Voc. «", y (from Nom. is, ys) for is, ys ; Abl. i for ide (rare). 
 Plur. Nom. Neut. e (from Nom. Sing. 6s) ; Gen. on for um (rare and only 
 poetic) ; Dat. si, sin for dibus, tibus, ibus (rare and only poetic) ; Ace. a^for 
 es. Thus: Gen. Sing. Palldd-os (from Pallas), Pan-os (from Pan), Tkety-os 
 (from Tlutys) ; Ace. Plutona (from Pluto), Lycorida (from Lycoris), basin 
 (basis), Parin (Paris), Tlietyn ; Voc. Lycori, Coty ; Abl. Daphni for ide. 
 Plur. Nom. Neut. mele, epe (from melos, epos) ; Gen. ChalybOn (Chalybs) ; 
 Dat. Drydsi (Dryas, ad]s), metamorphosesi ; Ace. Scnonas (Senones), Cydopas 
 (Cyclops.) The Gen. eos, for is from Nom. is as : haseos for basis is not 
 classical, and from Nom. -evs only poetic, as : Peleus, Peleos (in prose, Pe- 
 leus, Pelei). Good prose rejects the Greek genitive-form in os ; the Ace. 
 in a, in, yn^ en is very rare in good prose, as : Puna, aethcra, Zeuxin, po6'sin, 
 Soplwden. The Ace. Plur. in as is found in prose writers of the golden 
 period of the Latin language, only in barbarous names, as : Senonas, Alio- 
 hrocras. Caes. — Kuhner's Lamer Latin Grammar. 
 
$37.] CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 65 
 
 2. Acc. Sing-. The Ace. has in the following nouns in is 
 G.is, the ending im (for em). First, invariably in : 
 
 amussis,/. a rwZe. rsiVis, f. hoarseness. tuss'is, f. a cough. 
 
 buris,/. a plough-tail, sinapis,/. mustard. \is,f. force, power, abun- 
 
 cannabis,/ he7np. sitis,/. thirst. dance, multitude. 
 
 Second, commonly in : 
 
 febris,/. a fever. puppis,/. the stern of a securis,/! an axe. 
 
 pelvis,/, a basin. ship. turris,/. a tower. 
 
 restis,/. a rope. 
 
 Also in the following names of rivers : Albis, the Elbe, 
 Athesis, the Adig-e^ Araris, the Saone, Liris, the Liris, Ta- 
 mesis, the Tha7nes^ Tiberis, the Tiber, Tigris, the Tiger, Vi- 
 surgis, the Weser (all Masc. according to § 13) ; and finally, 
 in Greek nouns in is Gen. u, as : basis, /. (a pedestal), 
 basim, and in several words in is G. idis, as : Paris, Parim. 
 
 3. Vac. Sing. The vocative of Greek nouns in s with a 
 vowel before it, commonly drops the 5, as : O Pericle but 
 also Pericles, O Socrate also Socrates, O Perseu also Per- 
 seus^ O Pari also Paris. The same is true of those in as 
 G. aw^fs, as : Atla ; others in as, but with a different form of 
 the Gen., have the vocative like the nominative. 
 
 4. Abl. Sing. The ablative has the ending e in most 
 nouns ; but in a few it has the ending z, and indeed inva- 
 riably : 
 
 a) In neuters in'e, «/, G. dlis, ar, G. ans, as mari, anima- 
 k', calcari But those in ar, G- am have e, as : nectar (nec- 
 tar), nectar e. 
 
 Exceptions : sal (salt), far, and the names of towns in e, as : Praneste, 
 Caere, have e in the ablative. 
 
 b) In nouns in {5 which always have im in the Acc. as : 
 vis, vim^ vi. 
 
 5. The following nouns in is G. is have i oftener than e, 
 or land e together: 
 
 civis, m. a citizen. ignis, m.fire. pelvis,/, a basin. 
 
 clavis,/. a key. navis,/. a ship. puppis,/. the stern. 
 
 febris,/. a fever. neptis, / a grand- securis,/ an axe. 
 
 daughter. turris,/. a tower. 
 
 6* 
 
66 CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIED DECLENSION. [^37. 
 
 Rem. 1. Also the names of rivers enumerated in No. 2. have in gen- 
 era] i. 
 
 6. In the Nom. Ace. and Voc. Plur. neuters in e, al, G. 
 dlis, ar G. dris have ia instead of a, as : maria, animalia, 
 calcaria. 
 
 7. In the Gen. Plur, the following have imn instead of urn : 
 
 a) Neuters in e, al^ G. dlis^ ar^ G. am, as : marium, anima- 
 lium, calcarium. Lar, lar (lar-is), a household-god^ the fire- 
 place^ has Larum and Larium ; 
 
 b) Paris j/llables in es and is, as : navium (navis), nu- 
 bium, and in er : imber, rain, linter, a boat, uter, leather bag; 
 venter, the belly ; but, canis, a dog, panis, bread, proles, an 
 offspring, strues, a heap, vates, a prophet, juvenis, a youth, 
 and commonly, apis, a bee, volucris, a bird, have um; 
 
 c) Monosyllables in s and x with a consonant preceding 
 them, as : mons, montium, arx, arcium ; (but, [ops] opes, 
 poiuer, has opum and lynx, /. lyncum) ; and the following 
 
 [faux] fauces, the throat, faucium, glis, a dormouse, glirium. 
 lis, strife, litium, mus, a mouse, murium, nox, night, noctium 
 Strix, a horned oivl, strigium; on the contrary, dux, (a lead 
 ■er) has ducum, vox, the voice has vocum, nux, a nut has nu- 
 cum, and so of others with a vowel before the x; 
 
 d) Words of more than one syllable in s, or x, with an 
 r ox n preceding them, as : cohors, a cohort, cohortium, 
 cliens, a client, clientium, quincunx, quincuncium ; common- 
 ly 3lso, parentium (psucens), of parents, sapientium (sapiens), 
 of luise men, adolescentium (adolescens), of the youth; final- 
 ly, always, compedium (from compes, generally in the plural 
 compedes), of fetters ; on the contrary, pes, pedum ; 
 
 e) For the most part gentile nouns (national denomina- 
 tions) in ds, dtis, Is, itis, as: Arpinas, Arpinatium, Samnis, 
 Samnitium. So also nostras, optimas pendtes, as : nostra- 
 tium, finally, civitas, a state, civitatium. 
 
 8. In the Dat. and Abl. Plur. Greek neuters in ma have 
 mat-is more commonly than mat-ibus, e. g. poematis, instead 
 of po'ematibus. 
 
$ 37.] CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 67 
 
 9. Concerning the case-endings of adjectives^ the follow- 
 ing rules may be given : 
 
 a) The AbL Sing-, of all adjectives, even when used as 
 nouns, has the ending ^, as : am, factli, pari (from par), 
 fellcij memori (see § 22.) ; natdli from natalis (viz. dies), 
 hirth-day, Aprlli from Aprilis (viz. mensis), April, Decembri 
 from December. 
 
 Exceptions. The Abl. has e in the following cases: 1) Juvenis, a 
 young man, aedilis, edile, and the adjectives in is used as proper names, 
 as : Martialis, Martiale ; 
 
 2) The following adjectives of one ending : 
 
 caelebs, ibis, unmarried, dives, itis, rich, [guest, princeps, ipis, chief. 
 
 cicur, uris, tame. hospes, Itis, foreign, a pauper, eris, poor. 
 
 compos, Otis, powerful, pubes, evis, gt-own up. sospes, Itis, safe, secure, 
 
 possessed of impubes, eris, beardless, superstes, Itis, surviv- 
 
 impos, Otis, impotent. paitlceps, ipis, partak- ing. 
 deses, Idis, idle. ing of. 
 
 3) Comparatives, as : major, majus (greater) majore ; 
 
 4) Compounds of corpus, color and pes, as : bicorpor (having two 
 bodies), bicorpore, discolor (variegated), discolore, bipes (two-footed), 6i- 
 pede ; 
 
 5) Adjectives of one ending used as nouns, as : sapiens, a wise man, 
 infans, a child, Pertinax, Clemens, Felix, Abl. — e ; 
 
 6) Participles in ns have as participles e, but as adjectives, generally 
 {, as : florente rosa, the rose blooming, in forenti rosa, in a blooming rose, 
 
 b) The Norn. Ace. and Voc. Plur. Neut, have in adjec- 
 tives and participles, the ending ia, and the Gen. Plur. the 
 ending ium, as : acria, facilia, felicia, acrium, facilium, feli- 
 cium (§ 22.), hebetia, ium (from hebes). 
 
 Remark. In the strictly classical period, all adjectives which have the 
 Gen. Plur. in ium, had the Ace. Plur. Masc. and Fern, in is, as : omnis 
 homines. 
 
 Exceptions. Vetus, old, has Vetera, veterum and all comparatives, as: 
 majora, majorum (but plus, plur a has plurium); complures, vei-y many, 
 several, has complura and ia (Gen. always, complurium). Besides, the 
 following have um in Gen. : celer, swift, censors, partaking of, degener, 
 degenerate, dives, rich, ino})s, helpless, memor, immemor, supi)]ex, sup- 
 pliant, uber, rich, vigil, watching. To these may be added compounds 
 in ceps and /ex, as: anceps, two-fold, double, uncertain, G. PI. ancipltum, 
 artlfex, skilful, artist, artiflcum ; finally, all which have only e in the 
 Abl., as : pauper, pauperum. 
 
68 CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. [$ 37. 
 
 XXXI. Words to he learned a?id Exercises for translation. 
 The words introduced on the three preceding pagesj are omitted, 
 
 Fama, ae, /. report, re- fimdamentum, i, n. exascio 1. 1 hew (rough- 
 
 noun. foundation. ly.) 
 
 statiia, ae,/. statue. lignum, i, n. ivood. levo 1. 1 lighten. 
 
 carpentarius. i, m. a cos, otis,/ whet-stone, mitigo 1. / sofen, miti- 
 
 wheel-wright. qu'ies, etis, f quiet. gate. 
 
 funambulus, i, m. rope- durus, a, um, hard. navlgo 1. I navigate. 
 
 dancer. argenteus, a, um, o/siZ- op^ugno ]. I assault. 
 
 laurus, i,/. laurel. ver, silver. [iron, acuo 3. I sharpen. 
 
 faber, bri, m. artisan. ferreus, a, um, of iron, expello 3. I expel. 
 
 faber lignarius, carpen- dono 1. I present. incedo 3. I walk upon. 
 
 ter. edolo 1. / hew properly, peto 3. I seek. 
 
 folium, i, n. leaf. fashion. sero 3. I sow. 
 
 Echus vox saepe homines fallit. Argus navis fama est magna. Vis 
 vim expellit. Sitim tolerare difficile est. Faber lignarius ad amussim 
 lignum exasciat. Hi pueri ad ravim clamant. Carpentarius hurim e 
 dura ulmo edolat. Agricola burim regit. Agricola c a n n a b i m serit. 
 Folia lauri tusssim levant. Febrim quiete mitigamus. Pater matri pel- 
 vim argenteam donat. Funambuli per restim incedunt. Per Mbim, 
 Tamesim, Visurgim, Tigrim multae naves navigant. Milites oppugnant 
 altam turrim. Seciirim ferream cote acuimus. Fundamentum statu- 
 arum vocamus basim. Apes petunt sindpim. 
 
 The poems of Sappho v^^ere very delightful. The wanderings 
 (error, oris) of lo were related by (ab) many poets. By (abl.) the echo 
 we are often deceived. Against (contra) hoarseness, cough and fever, 
 thou must apply (adhlbeo 2.) fitting (aptus, a, um) remedies (remedium, 
 i, n.) The soldiers defend spiritedly the high tower. The statue 
 has a solid pedestal. The wood (plur.) is hewed by (ab) the carpen- 
 ter according to (ad) rule. The carpenter handles (tracto 1.) the sharp 
 axe with a skilful hand. Soldiers must endure hunger (fames, is) and 
 thirst patiently. 
 
 XXXII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Porta, ae,/. gate. onus, eris, n. load. incito 1. I urge on. 
 
 tvagoedi-d, ixef. tragedy, nectar, aris, n. nectar, laboro 1. (witha6.)/5i{/^ 
 humerus, i,7n. shoulder, (drink for the gods). /r (from something), 
 
 gubernator, oris, m. pi- acutus, a, um, sharp. prospecto 1. / look 
 
 lot. dignus,a, um,(witha6Z.) forth. 
 vigil. His, m. watchman, worthy, deserving of. abigo 3. / drive away. 
 
 sal, alis, m. salt. frigldus, a, um, cold. claudo 3. / close. 
 
 admiratio. onis,/. ac/mi- summus, a, um, /ag-/ie5<. occludo 3. I lock. 
 
 ration. mordax, acis, biting. conspergo 3. / sprinkle. 
 
$37.] CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 69 
 
 O Socrdte, quam salutaris erat generi humano tua sapientia ! O 
 Sophocle, tragoediae tuae summa admiratione dignae sunt. O Atla, 
 quantum onus liumeris tuis portas! CaZcdri incitamus equos. JVec- 
 tare delectantur dii. Sale conspergimus cibos. Hostes vi in urbem 
 iiTUinpunt. Clavi porta clauditur, Fehri laborat fater. Fasti abigi- 
 mus canes mordaces. Igni coquimus cibos. A bono civi patria ama- 
 tur. Ex alta turri vigiles prospectant. In puppi sedet gubernator. 
 Acuta securi faber lignarius lignum exasciat. 
 
 Force expels force by (abl.) force. The customs of men are oftener 
 improved by admonition and example than by force. When (quum) 
 thou art suffering (= sufferest) fi-om (abl.) a fever, abstain from cold 
 v^^ater. O Themistocles, O Pericles, O Socrates, your deserts relative to 
 (de) the city of the Athenians were very great. The pilot, who sits 
 upon the stern, governs the ship. With (abl.) a sharp axe we split 
 (diffindo 3.) the wood (plur.). In a civil war (bellum civile) citizen 
 fights against citizen. With (abl.) an iron key we lock the gate. The 
 enemies lay waste the country with (abl.) fire and sword. 
 
 XXXIII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation, 
 
 Satlra, ae,/. satire. aetas, atis,/. age. procuro 1. I furnish, 
 
 Indus, i, m. sport. hiems, emis,/. winter, perago 3. / carry 
 
 Romauus, i, m. a Ro- longinquus, a, um, dis- through, perform. 
 
 man. tant. perstringo 3. / graze, 
 
 ingenium, i, n. genius, publicus, a, um, public. satirize. 
 
 intellect. docllis, e, teachable. veho 3. / carry, bring. 
 
 merx, cis,/. wares. aestimo 1. / value, es- sperno 3. I spurn. 
 
 mercator, oris, m. tra- teem. sed, conj. but. 
 
 der, merchant. 
 
 Avus cum nepti ambulat. Mercator navi raerces in longinquas terras 
 vehit. Discipuli in schola non genere, sed bonis morlbus, doclli in- 
 genio, et acri industria aestimantur. Hostes celeri pede fugiunt. 
 
 XXXIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Autumnus, i,m. aufwmn. nepos, 6tis,m. granc^son. juventus, utis,/. youth, 
 
 coelum, i, n. the sky. parentes, ium, m. par- juvenilis, e, youthful, 
 
 initium, i, n. beginning. ents. senilis, e, advanced, 
 
 gaudium, i, n. joy. mensis, is, m. a month. aetas senilis, old age. 
 
 monumentum, 1, n. munus, eris, n. service, exliilaro 1. / exhilarate, 
 
 monument. office, present. delight. 
 
 negotium, i,n, business, geltdus, a, um, cold. saevio 4. I rage. 
 
 oblectamentum, i, n. de- insipiens, ntis, unwise. 
 
 light. 
 
70 CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. [§ 37. 
 
 Mense Martio initium est veris, mense Jnnio aestatis, mense Sep- 
 temhri autumni, mense Decembri hiemis. Boni regis natdli omnis civi- 
 tas laeta est. Mense Aprlli eoelum modo serenum est, modo triste. 
 Mense J^ovembri gelidae procellae saeviunt. Juvenlli aetate alacriore 
 animo difficilia negotia peragiraus, quam senlli. A Juvendle, satlrarum 
 scripiore, Romanorura vitia perstringuntiir. Ab aedile ludi publici pro- 
 curantur. A jnvene saepe virorum praecepta spernuntur. 
 
 XXXV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Culpa, ae,/ guilt. acceptus, a, um, re- expers, tis (c. gen.), 
 immodestia, ae, f. im- cdved. [humblest. destitute of, without. 
 
 modesty. infimus, a, um, lowest, perttnax, acis, obstinate. 
 
 beneficium, i, n. kind- c\emens, us, mild. dispar, aris, unequal, 
 
 ness, favor. censors, tis (c. gen.), different. 
 
 consilium, i, n. counsel. sharing in. domo 1. / tame. 
 
 studium, i, n. effort, exsors, tis (c. gen.), tracto 1. I treat. 
 
 study, zeal. destitute of, without. atque, and ; 2) as. 
 
 A sapiente bona praecepta disclmus. Quicquid agis, sapienti consilio 
 age. A Felice ftllci fortuna bellum geritur. A Clemente dementi animo 
 infimi homines tractantur. A Pertindce pertindci studio urbs defendi- 
 tur. 
 
 The grand-father is delighted. by (ab) the little grand-son and the 
 neat grand-daughter. Old age ought to be honored by the young 
 man. A good boy, on (abl.) his birth day, is delighted by (abl.) pre- 
 sents from (ab) his parents. When the state is ruled by (ab) a wise 
 king, it is happy. By (ab) a wise man virtue is loved. 
 
 Virtus amatur ab homlne rationis participe, contemnitur ab homine 
 rationis experti. A viro virtutis cdmpote deus pie colltur. Praeceptor a 
 discipulo beneficii accepti memori colitur. Abstlne amico beneficiorum 
 acceptorum immemori. Gaudemus amico omnis culpae exsorti et 
 laborum nostrorum consorti. Virtus pari studio a. princlpe et divite, at- 
 que ab humlli et paupere colltur. Discipuli dispdri studio litteras 
 tractant. Magiii viri digni sunt gloria vitae suae superstite. De sospite 
 amico gaudemus. Hospes ab hospite colltur. Et in impubere, et in 
 pubere aetate displlcet immodestia. 
 
 XXXVI. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Yenna, ae, f. featJier. emolumeutum, i. n.wse, nWg-e (of mountain), 
 
 campus, i, wj. />/am. advantage. saxum, i, n. rock. 
 
 detrimentum, i, n. in- horreum, i, n. granary, vinum, i, n. wine, 
 
 jury, disadvantage. jugum, i, n. yoke, top, venator, oris, m. hunter. 
 
37.] 
 
 CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 71 
 
 amms, is 
 river. 
 
 rupes, is,/, rock. 
 
 agmen, uiis, n. band, 
 Jlock. 
 
 examen, inis, n. swarm. 
 
 rete, is, n. net, toil. 
 
 discolor, oris, party- 
 colored, variegated. 
 
 hebes, etis, obtuse, dull, 
 
 Venator retia tendit. 
 Saxa sunt praecipitia. 
 
 locuples, etis (c. abl.), 
 ivealthy, rich. 
 
 petulans, ntis, licen- 
 tious. 
 
 praeceps, cipitis, in- 
 clined, steep. 
 
 praecox, ocis, prima- 
 ture. 
 
 occupo ] . / take posses- 
 sion of. 
 
 Hebetia ingenia a litterarum studio abhorrent. 
 Onera sunt gravla. Horrea frumentis locupletia 
 
 redundo 1. I redound. 
 
 volito 1. IJiy around. 
 
 abhorreo 2. (ab) / have 
 an aversion to. 
 
 provideo 2. I foresee. 
 
 alo 3. / nourish, support 
 (keep). 
 
 ten do 3. / stretch, ex- 
 tend. 
 
 sunt. Pira praecocia noii sunt dulcia. Cervus et equus sunt celeria 
 animalia. Disparia sunt hominum studia. Haec vina sunt Vetera. 
 Majora emolumenta, quam detrimenta, a bestiis ad homines redundant. 
 Cui plura beneficia debemus, quam diis ? Complura [compluria] sunt 
 genera avium. 
 
 Good scholars keep the precepts of [their] teachers with (abl.) 
 thoughtful (memor) minds. By (ab) rational (rationis particeps) men, 
 irrational (rationis expers) animals are tamed. The virtues of grpat 
 men are adorned by (abl.) a renown surviving their life. The way 
 leads over (per) steep rocks (saxura). The ancient (vetus) monu- 
 ments of the Greeks and Romans are worthy of admiration. In the 
 blooming age of youth very many (complures) delights are afforded us. 
 The life of good and wise men has more and greater joys than the 
 life of the wicked and unwise. 
 
 Plurimarum avium pennae sunt discolores. Rupium juga hostis 
 occupat. Venatores magnum canum numerum alunt. Multorum 
 juvenum animi sunt petulantes. Vatam animi futura provident. Nubes 
 magnam imbrium vim effundunt. Lintrlum magnus in amne numerus 
 est. Multa apum examlna per campos volltant. Multa agmlna volU- 
 crum in silvis sunt. 
 
 XXXVII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Gallia, ae,/. Gaul. pax, acis, /. j^eace. 
 
 tenebrae, arum,/. c?ar^- regio, onis,/. region. 
 
 ness. 
 
 ars, artis,/. art. 
 
 fruges, u m, / fruit. 
 
 gens, gentis,/ people. 
 
 imj)robitas, atis,/. wick- 
 edness. 
 
 via, ae,/. ivay. 
 viator, oris, ?n. traveller. 
 conscius, a, um (c. 
 gen.), conscious of. 
 inscius, a, um (c. gen.), 
 
 ignorant of, unac- 
 quainted with. 
 
 consultus, a, um (c. 
 gen ),acquainted with. 
 
 cupidus,a, um (c. gen.), 
 desirous. 
 
 gnarus, a, um, (c. 
 
gen.)' 
 with. 
 
 acquainted 
 
 ignarus, 
 
 gen.), 
 vrith. 
 infirmus, 
 
 a, urn, (c. 
 unacquainted 
 
 a, um, weak. 
 
 pauci, ae 
 peritus, 
 
 , a, a few. 
 a, um, (c. 
 
 72 CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. [§ 37. 
 
 gen.), versed in, skil- fertilis, e (c. gen.), pro- 
 ful. ductive. 
 
 plenus, a, um (c. gen.), rudis, e (c. gen.), rwrfe, 
 full. ignorant of. 
 
 studiosus, a, um (c. remeo 1. I return. 
 
 gen.), zealous; stu- que (always attached to 
 dious sum (c. gen.), a word), and. 
 I pursue earnestly. 
 
 Ingrati nobis sunt homines, qui litium sunt cupidi. Divites majorum 
 opum avidi sunt. Haec regio faucium plena est. Bonus discipulus lit- 
 terarum artlumque est studiosus. Gallia frugum hominumque fertilis 
 est. Sapientium et bonorum homlnuin anlmi nullius improbitatis sunt 
 conscii. Samnitlum gens belli perita erat. JVostratlum pauci littera- 
 rum ignari sunt. Civitatium fundamenta infirma sunt, si cives belli 
 pacisque artium rudes sunt. Arpinatmm cives erant Marius et Cicero ; 
 Marius belli artium, Cicero pacis artium gnarus erat. Optimatlum in 
 civitate auctorltas magna est, si juris atque eloquentiae consult! sunt. 
 JVoctium tenebrae viatorlbus viae insciis perniciosae sunt. 
 
 There are many (complures) kinds of (gen.) dogs. In (abl.) the 
 month [of] November great flocks of birds of passage (valucris adven- 
 titia) return from our regions to warmer. Upon (in) the Thames, the 
 Weser and the Elbe there are a great number of great ships and small 
 boats. The people of the Samnites were very brave. Boys of a lively 
 genius and happy memory, apply themselves zealously to (in) the 
 study of literature and the arts. The fame of Marius and Cicero, 
 citizens of Arpinum (Arpinas) was different. 
 
 XXXVIII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Capra, ae,/g-ofl<. SieAes, mm, f house. Romanus, a, um, Ro- 
 
 custodia, ae, /. guard- celeritas, atis, f swift- man. 
 
 ianship. ness. ingens, ntis, very greats 
 
 misericovdia, ae,f pity, consuetude, inis, /. immense. 
 
 nundinae, arum, /. practice, intercourse, prudens, ntis, wise, in- 
 
 market, fair. cacumen, mis, n. top. telligent ; c. gen. vers- 
 
 liberi, orum, m. children culmen, Inis, n. top. ed in. 
 
 (in relation to their fortitude, Inis,/. brave- frequento 1. I frequent. 
 
 parents). ry. [ents. nidifico 1. / make a 
 
 consWium,!, n. measure, parentes, ium, tti. p«r- nest. 
 
 faturn, i, n. fate, for- idoneus, a, um., fitted. tego 3. I cover. 
 
 tune. obscurus, a, um, ob- minus, adv. less. 
 Achilles, is, m. Achilles. scure. 
 
^ 37.] CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 73 
 
 Caprae montium caciimina petunt. Multi corvi nidificant in altarum 
 arcium culmiulbiis. Vocum multa genera sunt. Glirium magnus est 
 nunierus. Ingens murium numerus in horreis est. Strigium vox in- 
 grata est. Rornanarum cohortium fortitudo ab omnibus scriptoribus 
 praedicatur. Parentlum in liberos amor est magnus. Compedium far 
 rearum onus grave est. Pedum celeritate Achilles insignis erat. Pe- 
 natium custodiae aedes committuntur. 
 
 Y{om\Y\um ]\\vis prudentium consiliis civitas regitur. Alacnum disci- 
 pulorum ingenia ad litterarum studia sunt idonea. Celebrium urblum 
 nundlnae a multis hominlbus frequentantur. Celerum equorum crura 
 sunt tenera, Amicorum laboris nostri consortum consueludlne delecta- 
 mur. Hominum omnis amicorum consuetudlnis exsortu?n* fortuna mis- 
 era est. Degenertim, filiorum patres misericordia nostra digni sunt. 
 Supplicum preces exaudi. Urbs plena est locupletum hominum. Hom- 
 inum artificam opera laudamus. Praecipitum montium juga nublbus 
 teguntur. Andpitum fatorum via est obscura. 
 
 The captives are pressed by (abl.) the load of hard fetters. On (ad) 
 the banks of the Rhine (Rhenus, i) are a great number of ancient (vetus- 
 tus) castles (arx). The works of the ancient (vetus) artists are 
 worthy of admiration. Human life is full of (gen.) uncertain (anceps) 
 fortunes. The way leads over (per) the ridge of steep rocks. The 
 friendship of men sharing in (consors) all our toils is a very great 
 good. Great presents from (gen.) the rich, often delight our minds less 
 than small presents from (gen.) the poor. 
 
 XXXIX. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Divitiae, arum,/, nc/ies. levltas, atis,/, levity. immoderatus,a, um, in- 
 Centaurus, i, m. centaur, pavo, onis, m. peacock. temperate, 
 
 donum, i,n. gift, present, sors, rtis,/. lot. optabilis, e, desirable. 
 
 oraculum, i, n. oracle, Delphicus, a, um, Del- vigeo 2. / am strongs 
 
 announcement. phic. active, vigorous. 
 
 certamen, inis, n. con- moderatus, a, um, tern- ut, as, even as, — ita, so, 
 
 test, fight. perate. thus. 
 
 CicUrum elephantorum ars magna est. Bicorporum Centaurorum 
 multa a poetis narrantur certamlna. Discolorum pavonum pennae pul- 
 chrae sunt. Hominum virtutis compotum vita laudabllis est. Puero- 
 rum impuherum levltas a praeceptore coercetur. Ut hominum rationis 
 particlpum vita moderata est, ita hominum rationis expertium immodera- 
 ta est. Hominum gloriae suae superstitum sors non est optabilis. Pu~ 
 berum et corpora et anlmi vigent. Prudentiorum hominum consilio pa- 
 
 * Or exsortlum is doubtful. 
 
74 MASCULINE. [§ 38. 
 
 rere debemus. Plurium hominum anlmi divitias magis, quam virtutem 
 expetunt. Compluflum discipulorum ingenia a litterarum studio ab- 
 horrent. Poemdtis delectamur. Oracula Delphica similia sunt ob- 
 scuris aenigmdtis. 
 
 Who is not delighted by (abl.) the poems of Horace? The num- 
 ber of men surviving their fame is very great. Obey, O boys, the pre- 
 cepts of wise and virtuous (= possessed of virtue, compos) men ! 
 Many of the tame elephants walk upon (per) a rope. As we pronounce 
 (praedico) happy the life of those sharing in friendship, so we de- 
 plore the life of those destitute of friendship. The announcements of 
 the ancient prophets were often ambiguous (anceps) and like enigmas. 
 
 Determination of Gender according to the 
 endings. 
 
 § 38. Masculine. 
 
 Of the masculine gender are the nouns in : o, or, os, er, 
 and imparisyllables (§ 18. Rem. 4.) in es. 
 
 Examples. 1) O: le-o generosus, the magnanimous lion; 2) Or: 
 dol-or acerbus, a severe pain ; 3) Os : fl-os pulcher, a beautiful Jiower ; 
 4) Er : agg-er altus, a high mound ; 5) Es in imparisyllables : pari-es 
 altus, a high wall. 
 
 Exceptions. 
 1)0: 1)0; 
 
 Femxnine are echo, cdro, Cardo, Inis, m. a hinge. 
 
 Also nouns in : do, go, lo ; caro, carn'is, f, Jlesh. 
 
 But mascidine : cardo, harpdgo, echo, echus,y*. reverheration, echo. 
 
 Margo too, and ordo, ligo, harpago, onis, m. a grappling hook. 
 
 Together with concretes in To. ligo, onis, m. a hoe ; mattock. 
 
 margo, in is, m. a margin, edge. 
 
 ordo, Inis, m. order, series, rank. 
 
 Rem. 1. The feminines in io are either abstract or collective nouns, 
 as : actio, an action, legio, onis, a legion, natio, onis, a nation ; still some 
 have acquired a concrete meaning, as : regio, aregion, (originally, a direct- 
 ing or direction). The concretes in io are all masculine, as : scipio, a staff, 
 papilio, a hutterjly, pugio, a dagger. 
 
 2) Or: 2) Or: 
 
 Of the feminine gender is, Ador, orisn. spelt. 
 
 Barely, arbor, arboris ; aequor, oris, n. a level surface, (es- 
 
 The neuter has but four in or ; pecially of the sea). 
 
 Marmor, aequor, ador, cor. arbor, oris,/ a tree. 
 
 cor, cordis, n. the heart. 
 
 marmor, oris, n. marble. 
 
38. 
 
 GENDER OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 75 
 
 3) Os: 
 
 Of the feminine are in os, 
 Only these two : cos and dos, 
 
 6s, a bone, and os, the face, 
 These are of the neuter class. 
 
 4) Er: 
 
 The neuter has many in, er, 
 Ver, cadaver, iter, tuber, 
 Cicer, piper, siser, uber. 
 Zingiber, papdver, suber, 
 Acer, siler, verber, spinther. 
 But only feminine is linter. 
 
 3) Os: 
 Cos, Otis, /. a flint-stone, whetstone. 
 dos, Otis, /. dowry, portion. 
 OS, ossis, n. a bone, {pi. ossa, ium). 
 
 OS, oris, n. 
 mouth. 
 
 the countenance, brow, 
 
 4) Er: 
 Acer, eris, n. a maple-tree. 
 cadaver, eris, n. a corpse. 
 cicer, eris, n. a chick-pea. 
 iter, itineris, n. a way, journey, 
 
 march. 
 linter, tris,/. a boat, skiff. 
 papaver, eris, n. a poppy. 
 piper, eris, n. pepper. 
 siler, eris, n. the willow. \res, m). 
 siser, eris, n. a carrot (but pi. sise- 
 spinther, eris, n. a bracelet. 
 suber, eris, n. the cork-tree. 
 tuber, eris, n. tumor, hump. 
 uber, eris, n. a dug, udder. 
 ver, eris, n. the spring. 
 verber, (commonly plur. verbera,) 
 
 n. stripes, blows. 
 zingiber, eris, n. ginger. 
 
 5) Imparisyllables in es. 
 Aes, aeris, n. brass. merges, itis,/. a sheaf, seges, etis,/. a crop. 
 
 com\)es, edis, f fetters, quies, etis, f quiet. teges, etis, /. a maf. 
 
 merces, edis, /. recom- requles, etis (ace. requi- 
 pense. em), f rest, relaxation. 
 
 Remark 2. Contrary to the general rule (§ 10.), some names of cities 
 in remain masculine, as : Croto ; also, those in as, G. antis, as : Taras, 
 antis, Tarentum ; those in es, G. etis, as : Tunes, etis, Tunis, and those 
 in vs, G. untis, as : Selinus, untis. 
 
 5j Es imparisyllable : 
 Imparisyllables in es. 
 Give but one as neuter : aes ; 
 But as feminine we have merces, 
 Quies, requles and compes. 
 Also, seges, teges, merges. 
 
 XL. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Assyria, ae,/ Assyria. 
 senator, oris, m. senator. 
 scipio, onis, m. a staff. 
 legio, onis,/ a legion. 
 imago, Inis, image. 
 insigne, is, n. badge. 
 caput, Itis, n. head, 
 chief city. 
 aeternus, a, uxn,eternal. 
 
 I, wm, pleas 
 
 amoenus. 
 ant. 
 
 eburneus, a 
 ivory, ivory. 
 
 reglus, a, urn, royal. 
 
 resonus, a, um, rever- 
 berating. 
 
 superbus, a, um, proud, 
 magnificent. 
 
 existlmo 1. I judge, re- 
 gard as. 
 of judico 1. I judge, re- 
 gard as. 
 
 nomino 1. I call. 
 
 habeo2. I have, regard 
 as. 
 
 maneo 2. / remain. 
 
76' MASCULINE. [§ 38. 
 
 (Comp. §§ 84,89.5.) 
 
 Pavo vocatnr superbus. Echo resona ab Horatio vocis imago voca- 
 tur. Hirundiiiem vocamus ' garmlam. Legionuni Romaiiarum gloria 
 manet aeterna. Babylon, caput Assyriae, nominatur superba. Mala 
 consuetudo saepe hominibus exsistit perniciosa. Scipio eburneus in- 
 signe regium habetur. Regiones montium pleiias judicamus amoenas. 
 Senatorum ordo existimatur saiictus. 
 
 The peacock we call proud. Horace calls the reverberating echo 
 the image of the voice. Swallows are called loquacious. Babylon, the 
 •chief city of Assyria, writers call proud. The citizens regard the or- 
 der of senators as sacred. The ivory staff we regard as a royal badge. 
 Avoid, O bo3^s, a bad practice ! The bravery of the Roman legions is 
 extolled by (ab) writers. This region is very pleasant. 
 
 XLI. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Pugna navalis, naval natio, on is,/, nation. firm us, a, urn, /nn. 
 
 hattle. origo, inis,/. origin. modestus, a, um, mod- 
 
 vacca, ae,y. coiv. papilio, onis, m. butter- est. 
 
 fluvius, i, m. river. Jiy. [thage. opulentus, a, um, pow- 
 
 vitulus, i, m. calf. Carthago, inis, f. Car- er/ul, rich. 
 
 vitulinus, a, um, of calf. Croto, onis, m. Croton. pallldus, a, um, pale, 
 
 agger, eris, m. a ram- amplus, a, um, spacious, livid. 
 
 part. extended, liberal. sapldus, a, um, sapid. 
 
 honos, oris, m. honor, conspicuus, a, um, con- ruber, bra, brum, red. 
 
 post of honor. spicuous. hostilis, e, hostile. 
 
 proceres, um, m. chief extremus, a, um, outer- effundo, I pour forth. 
 
 men. most, last. 
 
 Croto erat clams. Carthago opulenta erat. Caro vitulina tenera est. 
 Multarum nationum ac gentium origo obscura est. A deo omnia ori- 
 giuem suam ducunt. Fluvius super extremum marginem effunditur. 
 Portae cardines sunt firmi. Harpagone ferreo in pugna navali hostiles 
 naves petuntur. Discolores papiliones sunt pulchri. 
 
 Milo (Milo, onis) was a citizen of the renowned Croton. Writers 
 call Carthage powerful. The origin of the Roman nation is obscure. 
 Upon (in) the remotest margin of the river there are many trees. The 
 hinges of the door are iron. The variegated butterfly is beautiful. 
 The grappling hooks are of iron. 
 
 Multae procerae arbores in silva sunt. Proceres honorum dignitate 
 conspicui sunt. Sorores fratribus carae sunt. Marmor est splendidum. 
 Corda rubra sunt. Camporum aequor amplum est. Ador maturum 
 est. Mores hominum varii sunt. Dura cote acuimus securim ferream. 
 Filia a parentibus ampla dote donatur. Durum est 6s. Juvenis 6s 
 
§38.] GENDER OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 77 
 
 modestum esse debet. Ver nobis gratum est. Multae lintres in fluvio 
 sunt. Mater liberis cara est. Garriili sunt anseres. Hostes circa ur- 
 bem aggerem altum exstruunt. Cadavera sunt pallida. Zingiber est 
 sapidum. Vacca vitulo turgida ubera praebet. 
 
 High trees surround the house of my father. The udder of the cow 
 is swollen. The corpse is pale. A high rampart is built by (ab) the ene- 
 mies around the city. The heart is red. The bones are hard. The 
 countenances of men are various. The goose is cackling (= loqua- 
 cious). The good customs of men are praised, the bad are censured. 
 With delight we take a walk in (abl.) the spring over (per) the extended 
 surface of the pleasant plains. Splendid marble adorns the palace 
 (= house) of the king. Whetstones are hard. The parents present 
 the daughter a liberal dowry. The pleasant spring exhilarates our 
 minds. On (in) the pond in (gen.) our garden, are many and beauti- 
 ful boats. 
 
 XLII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Camelus, i, m. camd. domesticus, a, um, do- pilosus, a, um, covered 
 
 condimentum, i, n. mestic, private. with hair, hairy. 
 
 seasoning. fessus, a, um, wearied, pretiosus, a um, pre- 
 
 membrum, i, n. member, honestus, a, um, hon- dous, costly. 
 
 paries, etis, m. wall, (of orable. crudelis, e, cruel. 
 
 house). nocturnus, a, um, noc- excolo 3. / cultivate. 
 
 celebritas, atis, /. con- turnaL infligo 3. (with dat.) I 
 
 course, multitude. inflict upon. 
 
 Sorores meae spinthera aurea habent. Iter est longum. Siser est 
 dulce. Silera sunt utilia. Camelus habet tubera pilosa. Subera sunt 
 dura. Piper est acre. Papavera rubra sunt pulchra. Cicera parva 
 sunt. Acera sunt dura. Crudelis homo equo dura verbera fusti in- 
 fligit. Orator non intra domestlcos parietes excolltur, sed in luce vitae 
 et hominum celebritate. Aera varia sunt. Campi segete laeta ornan- 
 tur. Compedes durae sunt. Laborum requles grata est. Quiete noc- 
 turna hominum fessa membra recreantur. Merces laborum honesta 
 existimatur. 
 
 The sharp pepper and sapid ginger are regarded as the seasonings 
 of food (plur.) The walls of this house are high. The brass is splen- 
 did. The carrot is sweet. The cork tree is hard. Chickpeas are 
 round. The ass endures hard blows patiently. Maple trees are hard. 
 My sister has a golden bracelet. Long is the way through precepts, 
 short and effectual through examples. The red poppy is beautiful. 
 The willow is useful. Recompense for (gen.) labor (pi.) we regard as 
 7# 
 
78 
 
 FEMININE. 
 
 [^39. 
 
 honorable. Nocturnal rest refreshes the wearied limbs of men. Iron 
 fetters press tender feet. Sleep is an agreeable (gratus, a, um) relaxation 
 from (gen.) cares. The hump of the camel is hairy. Joyful crops adorn 
 the plains of the extended country. The willow is useful. 
 
 § 39. Feminine. 
 
 Of the feminine gender are nouns in : as^ is, aus, us, G. 
 
 utis Orudis, x, those in s with a consonant before it and pari- 
 
 syllables (§ 18. Rem. 4.) in es. 
 
 Examples. 1) As: aest-a5 callda, a warm summer; 2) Is: av-is 
 pulchra, a beautiful bird ; 3) Aus , \-aus magna, great praise ; 4) Us, 
 G. utis, udis: juvent-it5(utis) \aeta, joyful youth, inc-us (udis) ferrea, iron 
 anvil, pal-its, (udis) alta, deep pool, pec-its (udis), single head of cattle, but 
 pecus, pecoris (cattle); 5) X: lu-x clara, clear light; 6) .S" with a con- 
 sonant before it : hie-ms aspera, rough winter ; 7) Es in parisyllables : 
 nub-e5 nigra, black cloud. 
 
 EXCEPTIO^N^S. 
 
 l)As: 
 Three are masculine in as: 
 As, addmas and elephas. 
 And one is neuter namely, vas. 
 
 l)As: 
 Adamas, antis, m. a diamond. 
 as, assis, m. an as (a coin), 
 elephas, antis, m. (commonly ele- 
 
 phantus, i, m.) elephant. 
 vas, as is, n. a vessel, vase. 
 
 2)75: 
 Masculine are these in is : 
 Panis, piscis, crinis, finis, 
 Ignis, lapis, pulvis, cinis, 
 Orbis, amnis and candlis, 
 Sanguis, unguis, glis, anndlis. 
 Fasds, axis, funis, ensis, 
 Fastis, vectis, vermis, mensis, 
 Postis, follis, cucHmis, 
 Cassis, callis, collis, 
 Sentis, caulis, pollis. 
 cucumis, eris, m. a cu- 
 cumber. 
 ensis, is, m. a sword. 
 fascis, is, m. a bundle. 
 finis, is, m. the end; 
 plur. borders, territo- 
 ry. 
 follis, is, m. bellows. 
 funis, is, m. a rope, cable. 
 fustis, is, m. a club. 
 
 2) Is : 
 
 Amnis, is, m. a river. 
 
 axis, is, m. an axletree. 
 
 callis, is, m. a foot-path, path. 
 
 canalis, is, m. canal^ water-course. 
 
 cassis, generally plur. casses, ium, 
 m. hunter^s net. [cabbage. 
 
 caulis, is, m. a stalk, cabbage-stalk, 
 
 cinis, eris, m. ashes. 
 
 collis, is, m. a hill. 
 
 crinis, is, m. hair. 
 glis, iris, m. a dormouse, pulvis, eris, m. du^t. 
 ignis, is, m.fire. sanguis, inis, m. blood. 
 
 lapis, idis, m. a stone. sentis, is, m. a bramble, 
 
 mensis, is, m. a month. 
 
 orbis, is, m. a circle. 
 
 panis, is, m. bread. 
 
 piscis, is, m. a fish. 
 
 ])o\\\b, Ims, m. fine fiour vectis, is, m. a lever, 
 
 (Nom. wanting). bolt. 
 
 postis, is, m. a post. vermis, is, m. worm. 
 
 generally plur. sen- 
 les, a thorn bush. 
 unguis, is, m. a nail, 
 claiv. 
 
^39.1 
 
 GENDER OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 79 
 
 Scrobis, is, a pit and torquis, a neck-cliain are mostly Masc. but some- 
 times Feminine. 
 
 3)Z: 
 Masculine there are in x, 
 Fornix, onyx and cdlix, 
 Varix, calyx, coccyx, oryx, 
 Tradux, bomhyx, also sorix ; 
 Add to these most in ex, 
 Grex, apex, codex, and murex, 
 Gaudex, frutex, pollex, pulex, 
 Sorex, vervex ; and then in ax 
 All Greek nouns, except climax. 
 
 S)X: 
 Apex, icis, m. a tuft, summit. 
 bom by X, ycis, m. the silk-worm. 
 calix, Icis, m. a cup. 
 calyx, ycis, m. a bud, shell. 
 caudex, Icis, m. trunk of a tree. 
 climax, acis,/. a ladder, climax. 
 coccyx, ygis, m. a cuckoo. 
 codex, Icis, m. a book. 
 fornix, Icis, m. arch, vault. 
 
 frutex, Icis, m. a shrub, onyx, ychis, m. the onyx, sorix or sourix, icis, m. 
 
 plur. a thicket. oryx, ygis,m. the gazelle. a kind of owl. 
 
 grex, egis, m. a flock, pollex, Icis, m. thumb. 
 
 crowd. pulex, Icis, m. a flea. 
 
 murex, Icis, m. a pur- sorex, Icis, m. field- 
 
 tradux, ucis, m. a vine- 
 branch. 
 
 vanx, icis, m, a varix. 
 ver vex, ecis, m. a wether. 
 
 pie fish, purple. mouse. 
 
 Remark. Styx, Stygis, a river in the lower world, contrary to the 
 general rule (§ 13.) is of the /eminme gender. 
 
 4) Es parisyllable : 
 Masculine parisyllables in es. 
 Are only two: pdlumbes and ve- 
 pres. 
 
 4) Es parisyllable : 
 palumbes, is, m. wood-pigeon. 
 vepres, is, m. a bramble. 
 
 5) aS* with a consonant before it. 
 Masculine are in ons and ens, 
 Fons, mons, pons, dens, confliiens, 
 Bidens, tridens, occidens, 
 Rudens, torrens, oriens ; 
 Two in ops and ybs. 
 Hydrops and chalybs. 
 
 mons, tis, m. a moun- 
 tain. 
 
 occidens, (sc. sol), tis, pons, tis, m. a bridge, 
 m. sun-set, the west, rudens, (sc. funis), tis 
 western countries. m. a rope, cable. 
 
 oriens (sc. sol), tis, m. 
 
 5) 5" with a consonant' before it. 
 bidens, tis, m. a hoe, mattock. 
 chalybs, ybis, m. steel. 
 confluens, tis, m, a confluence. 
 dens, tis, m. a tooth. 
 fons, tis, m. a fountain. 
 hydrops, opis, m. dropsy. 
 
 sun-rise, the east, east- torrens (scil amnis), a 
 em countries. torrent, impetuous 
 
 stream. 
 tridens, tis, m. a trident. 
 
 XLIII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Nummus, i, m. money. Tiberis, is, m. Tiber. Venus, eris,/. Venus. 
 aurum, i, n. gold. anas, atis,/. a duck. angustus, a, um, na 
 
 Albis, is, m. Elbe. cassis, iA\s,f. helmet. row, contracted. 
 
80 FEMININE, [§ 39. 
 
 flavus, a, um, yellow^ occultus, a, um, con- gesto 1. / carryy hear, 
 
 Jiaxen. cealed. cresco 3. 1 grow. 
 
 latus, a, um, hroad. sordldus, a, um, foul. volvo 3. I roll ; volvor, 
 
 limpldus, a, um, clea?'. sacer, cra,crum, sacred. lam rolled, roll. 
 
 Anas timida est. Veritas auro digna est. Albis latus habet ripas 
 fecundas. Tiberis est flavus. Aprilis sacer est Veneri. As Romanus 
 parvus est nummus. Adamas durissimus est. Vas est aureum. Im- 
 perator auream cassidem gestat. Multae aves pulchre canunt. Vena- 
 tor in alto colle occultos casses tendit. In patris horto multi cucume- 
 res crescunt. Amnis est limpidus. Amnis altus multos alit pisces. 
 Callis est angustus. Multi parvi vermes in sordido pulvere volvuntur. 
 Validi sunt portarum postes. Vectis est ferreus. 
 
 The Elbe is broad. The w^orm is small. These paths are very 
 narrow^. Many fish are in that clear river. That gate has strong 
 posts. The ducks are timid. The general wears (= bears) a golden 
 neck-chain. This river is broad and deep. The cucumbers in the 
 garden of my father, are ripe. Diamonds are very hard. The rivers 
 are clear. These cucumbers are ripe. These hills are very high. 
 Upon that high hill the nets concealed by the hunter are spread. 
 The helmet of the general is o/ goZc? (= golden). These vases are 
 very beautiful. In this wood are many birds. These bolts are of iron 
 (= iron). Old age is strong, youth weak. Anvils are of iron (= iron). 
 These pools are very deep. 
 
 XLIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Bibliotheca, ae,/. libra- Apollo, inis, m. Apollo, triticeus, a, um, of 
 
 ry. Juno, onis,/ Juno. wheat, wheaten. 
 
 chorda, ae,/. chord. ovis, is,/, sheep. universus, a, um, the 
 
 columba, ae,/. dove. densus, a, um, dense. whole. 
 
 ecclesia, ae,/. church. excelsus, a, um, lofty, asper, era, erum, rowg-^. 
 
 India, ae,/ India. ferus, a, um, wild. coWustvol. I illuminate. 
 
 rosa, ae,/. rose. frondosus, a, um, leafy, dilacero 1. / tear in 
 
 muslcus, i, m. musician, igneus, a, um, fiery. pieces. 
 
 Vesuvius, i, m. Vesu- lapideus, a, um, of excito 1. / excite, raise, 
 
 vius. stone. converto 3. / turn 
 
 sarmentum, i, n. twig, opimus, a, um, fat. around. [forth, 
 
 branch. rapldus, a, urn, j-apid. evomo 3. / emit, belch 
 
 solum, i, n. the ground, tortus, a, um, twisted. tango 3. I touch. 
 
 Leo teneram ovem ungue acuto dilacerat. Sanguis ruber est. Miles 
 ensem ferreum gestat. Torquis est aureus. Sentes asperi sunt. 
 Scrobis est altus. Panis triticeus est dulcis. Universus terrarum 
 orbis sole collustratur. Mensis Junius a Junone nomen habet. Oc- 
 
$ 39.] GENDER OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 81 
 
 cultus est caiialis. Lapldes sunt duri. Ignis magnus in monte alto 
 excitatur. Follis est plenus venti. Fiistis est durus. Funis tortus 
 est. Hosies in fines nostros irrumpunt. Mors omnium malorum cer- 
 tus finis est. E silvis multi sarmentorura fasces portantur. Poetae 
 Apollini flavos crines tribuunt. Vesuvius igneos cineres evomit. Cau- 
 les teneri sunt. Terra circum axem suum summa celeritate converti- 
 tur. 
 
 The teeth of the lion are sharp. The tender sheep are torn in 
 pieces by (ab) the lions. Man has red blood. Axle-trees are round. 
 The sword is sharp. This cabbage is tender. From Vesuvius, fiery 
 ashes are belched forth. Avoid ye the rough thorn-bushes. The end 
 of life is uncertain. The soldiers defend our borders against (contra) 
 the enemies. Flaxen hair (plur.) is given to Apollo by (ab) the poets. 
 This bread is good, that bad. The ropes are twisted. The sun illu- 
 minates the whole circle of the world. The clubs are hard. The 
 month [of] June is very pleasant. The bellows are full of wind (gen.). 
 The enemies raised a great fire in the city. The canals are concealed. 
 High stones surround that way. Bundles [of twigs] hound with laurel 
 (laureatus, a, um), with the Romans, were a badge of a victorious 
 (victor, oris) general. 
 
 Nox est nigra. Leges sunt justae. In excelso montis apioe est 
 turris alta. Pullces molesti vexant columbam. Magnus avium grex 
 petit frutlces frondosos. Verveces opimi sunt. Timldos sorlces petunt 
 avidi sorlces. In India sunt multi bombyces. Traduces teneros solo 
 inserimus. Murex est pretiosus. Varices sanguinis pleni sunt. Musi- 
 cus docto polilce tangit chordas. Oryges sunt velocissimi. Onyx est 
 pulcherrimus. Alti sunt ecclesiae fornlces. In bibliotheca regis mag- 
 nus optimorum codicum numerus est. Rosae calyx pulcher est. Calix 
 est plenus vini. 
 
 The cups are full of wine (gen.) The nights are dark (= black). 
 Just laws are salutary to the state. My father has many books. On 
 (in) the plains are many flocks of (gen.) sheep. The shrubs are leafy. 
 In the church are high arches. Onyxes are very beautiful. Silk- 
 worms are very useful. The varix is full of blood (gen.). Vine- 
 branches are tender. Purple-fishes are very costly. Field-mice are 
 very timid. Husband-men have many wethers. The depressed (pres- 
 sus, a, um) thumb was a sign of favor (favor, oris) to the Romans. 
 The trunks of trees are full of branches {== branchy, rairvosus, a, um). 
 The gazelle is very swift. The wealthy husbandmen nourish many 
 flocks of (gen.) sheep. 
 
82 NEUTER. [^ 40. 
 
 Nubes sunt nigrae. Palumbes sunt timidi. Vepres sunt densi. 
 Hiems est aspera. Limpidus fons in alto monte est. Super rapidum 
 torrentem pons lipideus ducit. Omnes ferae bestiae duros et acutos 
 dentes habent. Durus est chalybs. Multi uautae ab extremo oiiente 
 ad extremum occidentem navlgant. Rudentes torti sunt. Neptunus 
 magnum tridentem gestat. 
 
 The cloud is black. The wood-pigeon is timid. The cable is 
 twisted. Dense brambles surround the clear fountain. This bridge 
 is of stone. Many wares are carried (vehere) by (ab) the traders, from 
 the remotest east to (ad) the remotest west and from the remotest west 
 to the remotest east The teeth of wild beasts are hard and sharp. 
 Torrents are rapid. The rough winter is disagreeable. Clear foun- 
 tains are upon that high mountain. Steel is very hard. 
 
 § 40. Neuter. 
 
 Of the neuter gender are nouns in : <2, e, c, l^ en^ ar, ur, 
 
 uty us, G. em, oris, uris. 
 
 Examples: 1) ^: poem-« pulchi'um, « beautiful poem ; 2) E: mar- 
 c magnum, a great sea; 3) C: only la-c (lact-is), and ale-c (ecis), end in 
 this letter, as : lac tepidum, warm milk, alec sapidum, salt Jish-brine ; 
 4) Ly fe-Z amarum, bitter gall; 5) En nom-en clarum, a renowned 
 name; 6) Ar : calc-or acutum, a sharp spur ; 7) Ur : rob-wr (oris) mag- 
 num, great strength ; 8) Ut : caput humanum, a human head ; 9) Us : 
 gen-US (eris) clarum, a renowned race. 
 
 Exceptions : 
 
 From the neuter are rejected, Furfur, uris, m. bran. 
 
 By the masculine accepted, lepus, oris, m. a hare. 
 
 Two in I : sol and sal, lien, enis, m. (ancient form for 
 
 With four in en : splen\ the spleen. 
 
 Ren, splen, pecten, lien. mus, uris, m. mouse. 
 
 Masculine too are three in ur : pecten, inis, m. comb. 
 
 Furfur, turtur and vultur ; ren, commonly plur. renes, kidney. 
 
 Add to these two words in us : sal, is, m. salt, wit. 
 
 Lepus, leporis and mus. sol, is, m. sun. 
 
 Byit feminine there is in us, splen, enis, m. spleen. 
 
 Barely the single word tellus. tellus. Oris,/, the earth. 
 
 turtur, uris, m. turtle-dove. 
 
 vultur, iiris, m. a vulture. 
 
 Remark. Contrary to the general rule (§ 13.) the names of cities in 
 e remain neuter, as: Praeneste, and besides, Anxur, Tibur ; also, robur, 
 oris, live-oak. 
 
$ 41.] GENDER OF THE FOURTH DECLENSION. 83 
 
 XLV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Liber, bri, m. hook. fulgur, uris, n. light- pavidus, a, uni, shy, 
 
 lector, oris, m. reader. ning. rutllus, a, um, fiery red. 
 
 lepor, oris, m. pleasant- Atticus, a, um, Attic. mollis, e, soft. 
 
 ry, jest. dentatus, a, um, toothed, perrodo 3. / gnaw 
 
 Hannibal, alis, m. Han- festivus, a, um, delicate. through. 
 
 nibal. ioc6sus,a.,um, facetious. 
 
 Calcaria sunt acuta. Sol igneus est. Sal est sapid us. Sales Plauti, 
 poetae comici Romanorum sunt, valde jocosi. Splen tener est. Renes 
 humldi sunt. Pecten est dentatus. Fulgur est rutilum. Hannibalis 
 nomen est clarum. Furfur triticeus est mollissimus. Vultures saevi 
 unguibus dilacerant turtures pavldos. Juveuum corpora sunt valida. 
 Timldos lepores venator quaerit in silvis, festivos lepores lector in libris. 
 Mures parvi saepe valldos muros perrodunt. 
 
 The sapid salt serves (= is) for many dishes (= foods) for season- 
 ing. Attic wit (plur.) is extolled by writers. Vultures are destructive 
 to turtle-doves. Mice are very small. Turtle-doves and wood-pigeons 
 are very shy. Hares are very swift. The warm sun illuminates the 
 whole circle of the earth. Combs are toothed. 
 
 § 41. Of the gender of the Fourth Declension. 
 
 Us of the fourth is masctdine, 
 
 And u is of the neuter kind ; 
 
 But feminine there are in us : 
 
 Tribus, acus, porticvs^ 
 
 Domus, idus and viamis. 
 
 Tribus, us, /. fn6e, com- domus, us,/ house, May, July and Oct., 
 
 pany. palace. but 13th of the oth- 
 
 acus, us,/, needle. idus, uum,/. the Ides er months), 
 
 porticus, us, f. portico. (15th day of March, manus, us,/, hand. 
 
 XL VI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Anus, us, old man. Jupplter, Jovis, m. Ju- urbanus, a, um, of the 
 
 nurus, us, daughter-in- piter (abl. Jove). city. 
 
 law. marmoreus, a, um, of certo \. I contend. 
 
 socrus, us, mother-in- marble, marble. aut, or ; aut — aut, eith- 
 
 law. rustlcus, a, um, of the er — or. 
 
 country. 
 
 Magnificam regis domum amplae et marmoreae ornant porticus. 
 Tribus sunt aut urbanae, aut rusticae. In silva sunt multae vetustae 
 
84 GENDER OF THE FOURTH DECLENSION. [$41. 
 
 et altae quercus. Anus sunt garrulae. Socrlbus carae sunt nurus 
 bonae. Puella acutam acum perita manu regit. Cum rusticis tribu- 
 bus certant urbanae. 
 
 The magnificent palace of the king is adorned with (abl.) spacious 
 and marble porticos. The royal palaces are surrounded by (abl.) high 
 pines. The portico of the royal palace is very magnificent. Dogs 
 guard our houses. The king 1^ building (== builds) a very magnificent 
 palace. The Ides are sacred to Jupiter. 
 
 Promiscuous examples from all the Declensions. 
 
 XL VII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Aqulla, ae,y! efl'^Ze. jecur, jecoris or jeci- y\s.,f. power, force., qunn- 
 
 insidiae, arum, /.snares, noris, n. liver. tity, (forms only ace. 
 
 ambush. nix,nivis,/sno?<;(abl. e). vim and ahl.vi-, pi. 
 
 petulantia, ae, /. licen- pectus, oris, n. breast. vires, powers, virium, 
 
 tiousness, wayward- Mars, tis, m. Mars. etc.). 
 
 71655. [cury. sedes, is,/, a seat. clausus, a, \\m,sliut up. 
 
 Mercurius, i, m. Mer- senex, senis, old, old contentus, a, um, (c. 
 
 rustlcus, i. m. farmer, man, [abl. sene ; pi. abl.), contented. 
 
 rustic. senes, senum, etc.). promtus, a, um, ready. 
 
 pratum, i. n. meadow. supellex, ectilis, / viridis, e, green. 
 
 bills, is, /. &i7e. household furniture, compleo 2. If 11. 
 
 bos, bovis, c. ox, cow; utensils [abl. -e. gen. tumeo 2. 1 swell. 
 
 pi. boves, boum, bo- pi. -ium). pasco 3. I pasture. 
 
 bus or bubus. 
 
 Sapiens parva supellectile est contentus. Divites magnam habent 
 copiam supellectilium. Juvenilis aetas viget corporis viribus. In sene 
 valde displicet petulantia. Hieme terra nivibus completur. A Jove 
 coelum, terrae et maria reguntur. Jecinora saepe tument bile amara. 
 Rustic! multos boum greges alunt. Agricolae bobus agros arant. 
 Multi homines aliud clausum in pectore habent, aliud promtum in 
 lingua. Primus hebdomadis dies appellatur dies Lunae, alter dies 
 Martis, tertius dies Mercurii, quartus dies Jovis, quintus dies Veneris, 
 Septimus dies Solis. 
 
 The powers of the lion are great. To Jupiter the eagle is sacred. 
 There are various kinds of house-furniture (pi.). Keep, O boys, in (abl.) 
 memory, the precepts of wise old men. Modest manners (= customs) 
 please in the boy, the young man and the old man. In the months 
 November and December the clouds discharge a great quantity (vis) of 
 (gen.) rain (plur.) and snow. In the liver is the seat of anger. Lions 
 
H2.] CLASSES OF VERBS. 85; 
 
 prepare snares for cows. Upon (in) the green meadows are pastured 
 a great herd of (gen.) cows. ': 
 
 XL VIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Praenriium,i, n. reifjor^^. voluntas, atis,/. m^Z. \aivo 1. Iwash. 
 
 principium, i, n. begin- casus, us, m. Jail, ca- immineo2. I threaten. 
 
 ninfc. lamity, chance. eligo 3. 1 choose. 
 
 vincuhim, i, n. bond, consensus, us, m. agree- quotidie, adv. daily. 
 
 chain. ment. autem, conj. but. 
 
 hebdomas, adis,/. tweeL arduus, a, urn, rfi/^i^<. an (in questions), or. 
 
 vitiositas, atis,/. vice. appello 1. I call. 
 
 Certus amicus in re incerta cernitur. Manus manum lavat. Honos 
 praemium virtutis est. Mors pro[)ter incertos casus quotidie nobis 
 immlnet. Omnium rerum a deo immortali principia ducuntur. Nul- 
 lum est certius amicitiae vinculum, quam consensus et societas consi- 
 liorum et voluiitatum Duae sunt vitae viae : virtutis et vitiositatis ; 
 alterutram eligere debes, o puer! 
 
 Firm (= certahi) friends are seen in an uncertain thing. There 
 are two ways of life, of virtue and of vice ; the way of the one (alter) 
 is troublesome and difficult, but leads to a peaceful life ; the way of 
 the other (alter) is easy and agreeable, but leads to a wretched life ; 
 which way (utra via = which of the two ways) dost thou choose, [that] 
 of virtue, or [that] of vice ? 
 
 THIRD COURSE. 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Of the Verb. 
 § 42. Classes of verbs, (§ 6, 2.). 
 
 a) Active verbs, or the form expressing activity, as : laudo, 
 floreo ; those active verbs which take an object in the accu- 
 sative, are called transitive, as : laudo piierum ; all other 
 active verbs are called intransitive, as : floreo, dormio, pareo 
 (alicui), gaudeo (de aliqua re). 
 
 b) Passive verbs, or the form ex^re^^mg passivity or the 
 receiving of an action. 
 
 8 
 
86 TENSES. MODES. INFINITIVE, ETC. [^$43,44,45. 
 
 c) Deponent verbs are such as have the passive form but 
 the active signification. 
 
 §43. Tenses of the Verb. 
 
 I. 1) Present, am-o, I love ^ 
 
 2) Perfect, am-a-vi, I have loved ; 
 II. 3) Imperfect, am-a-bam, / loved^ loas loving-^ 
 4) Pluperfect, am-a-veram, I had loved; 
 III. 5) Future (simple), am-a-bo, I shall love^ 
 
 6) Future Perfect, am-a-vero, I shall have loved. 
 
 Remark. The Pres., the Perf. and the two Futures are called princi- 
 pal tenses, the others historical or narrative tenses — The Perf. in Latin, 
 is used in a two-fold way ; a) like the English Perf as : deus mundnm 
 creavit, (God has created the earth) ; b) like the English hnperf in nar- 
 rating, as : Romulus Roman condidit, (Romulus huilt Rome). In the 
 first case it is called the Perf present, and is considered as belonging 
 to the principal tenses, in the last the Perf historical, and belongs to the 
 historical tenses. 
 
 § 44. Modes of the Verb. 
 
 I. The Indicative, which expresses a fact, phenomenon^ 
 reality, as : the rose blooms, bloomed, ivill bloom ; 
 
 II. The Subjunctive, which expresses what is imagined, 
 supposed, conceived of, as : he may come, he might come not- 
 withstanding ; 
 
 III. The Imperative, which is used in direct expressions 
 of the toill, as: hear thou, teach thou. 
 
 § 45. Infinitive, Participle, Supine, Gerund and Gerundive. 
 Besides the Modes, the verb has the following forms : 
 
 a) The Infinitive, which is of an intermediate nature be- 
 tween the verb and the noun, as : cupio te adspice- 
 re, I desire to see thee (comp. cupio adspectum tui, / 
 desire a sight of thee) ; 
 
 b) The Participle, which presents the idea of the verb in 
 the form of an adjective, as : puer scribens (the boy 
 tvriting), filia amata (the daughter beloved) ; 
 
 c) The Supine in um and u, which presents the idea of 
 
H4^6, 47.] CONJUGATION OF THE VERB. 87 
 
 the verb in the form of a noun in either the Ace. 
 or Abl. case, as: canes venatum duco, / take the dogs 
 to hunt (to hunting,) or, res est jucunda auditu., the 
 thing is pleasant to hear (in the hearing) ; 
 
 d) The Gerund, which also presents the idea of the verb 
 under the form of a noun, and indeed, in all the 
 cases, as : Nom. scribendum est, ive (one) must ivrite, 
 Gen. ars scribendi, the art of wi'iting^ or to ivrite, Dat.. 
 scribendo aptus est^fit for luriting, or to write, Ace. 
 wilh a preposition, inter scribendum, while luritingy 
 Abl. scribendo exerceor, I am exercised by (in, etc.) 
 ivriting ; 
 
 e) The Gerundive (or Part. Fut. Pass.), which presents 
 the idea of the verb in an adjective form, precisely as 
 the Gerund presents it in a substantive form, as: 
 epistola scribenda est, the letter is to be ivritten, and 
 so throusfh all the cases. 
 
 o 
 
 Remark. The Indicative, Subjunctive and Imperative are called the- 
 Jinite or definite verb, because they always refer to a definite subject; 
 the Inf. Part. Sup. Ger. and Gerundive, on the contraiy, are called the 
 indefinite verb, because these forms, on account of their meaning, do 
 not admit of such a reference. 
 
 § 46. Persons and Numbers of the Verb. 
 
 The verb has, like the noun, two numbers. Sing, and 
 Plur., and three persons both in the Sing, and in the Plur., 
 as : I, thou, he (she, it) and ive, you, they, which are express- 
 ed by the endings, as: ^Qx\h-imus, lue write. 
 
 Remark. Those verbs which are used only in the third person Sing., 
 are called Impersonal verbs, as : pluit, it rains, tonat, it thunders. 
 
 §47. Conjugation. 
 
 Conjugation is the inflection of a verb according to its 
 Persons, Numbers, Modes, Tenses and Voice. The Latin 
 language has/owr Conjugations, which are distinguished ac- 
 cording to the ending of the Inf. as follows : 
 
88 FORMATION OF THE TENSES. [H8. 
 
 I. Conj.: — are, as; am-are, to love, Characteristic: a 
 
 11. " — ere, " mon-ere, ^o admonish, " e 
 
 III. " — ere, " reg-ere, to govern, " e 
 
 IV. " — ^ire, " aud-ire, to hear. " i. 
 
 Rem. 1. In psirsing a verbal form, the beginner should accustom 
 himself to observe the following order : a) the jjerson, b) the number, c) 
 the mode, d) the tense, e) the voice, f) from what verb, g) the meaning. E. g. 
 What kind of a verbal form is nmdtis'^ Airiatis is Sec. Pers Plur. of 
 the Indie. Pres. Act. from the verb : amo, aniavi, amatum, amare, to love. 
 
 Rem. 2. Every verbal form consists of two parts, the stem, which 
 is tlie ground-form of the verb, remaining unchanged through all its 
 modifications, and the inflection-ending which varies to express the 
 number, person, etc. The last letter of the stem is called the charac- 
 teristic to which the inflection-endings are joined sometimes with and 
 sometimes without change. In the paradigms of the verbs, the char- 
 acteristic and inflection-endings are printed in italics. 
 
 § 48. Formation, of the Tenses. 
 
 In every verb there are four forms to be observed, from 
 which, by adding different endings, all the remaining forms 
 are derived, viz. : 
 I ) Ind. Pres. Act. 2) Ind. Perfect Act 
 I. amo amavi 
 
 II. moneo monui 
 
 III. rego rexi 
 
 IV. audio audivi 
 
 A. From the Indicative Present Active : amo ; moneo ; rego, capio (I 
 
 take); audio, as the stem, are derived: 
 
 a) Indicative Present Passive : amor; moneor; regor, capior; audior; 
 
 h) Subjunctive Present Active and from this Subj. Pres. Pass. : amem; 
 
 moneam ; regam, capiam ; audiam ; — amer ; monear; regar, ca- 
 
 piar; audiar; 
 
 c) Fut. Active and Passive: regam {es, et, etc.), capiam ; audiam; — 
 regar (eris, etc.), capiar; audiar; — amafoo ; moneio ; — amaior; 
 moneftor ; 
 
 d) Indicative Imperfect Active and Passive : amaftam ; mone&am ; rege- 
 6am, capie6am ; audiefeam; — amabar; monetar; regeJar, capieftar ; 
 au6\ebar ; 
 
 e) Participle Present Active : amans ; monerw ; regerw, capiens ; au- 
 dicrw; 
 
 3) Supine. 
 
 4) Infinitive Act. 
 
 amatum 
 
 amare 
 
 monitum 
 
 m on ere 
 
 rectum 
 
 regere 
 
 auditum 
 
 audire. 
 
$ 48.] rORMATION OF THE TENSES. 89 
 
 f) Gerundive and Gerund : amandus, amandum ; monendus ; regen- 
 duSj capiendu^ ; audiendv^. 
 
 B. Infinitive Active : amare ; monere ; regere, capere ; audire, as stem, 
 are derived: 
 
 a) Imperative Active : ama ; mone ; rege, cape ; audi ; and Imperat, 
 Passive, which agrees in form with the Infin. Act : amare ; mone- 
 re ; regere, capere ; audire ; 
 
 6) Infinitive Present Pass, of I, II. and IV. Conj. : amart, moneri, 
 audin; the III. Conj. adds to the stem the ending i; regi, capi; 
 
 c) Subjunct. Imperf. Act. and Passive : amarem ; monerem ; reg^rem, 
 capere?n,- audirem; — amarer; monerer; regerer; caperer; audircr. 
 
 C From the Perfect Active: amavi ; monui ; rexi, cepi; audivi, as a 
 stem, are derived : 
 
 a) Subjunctive Perfect Active : amaverim ; rnonuerim ; rexerim, ce- 
 
 pm»i; audivmm; 
 6) Indicative Pluperfect Active: amaveram; monueram; rexeram, ce- 
 
 \ieram; anddveram; 
 
 c) Future Perfect : amavero ; monuero ; rexero, cepero ; audivero ; 
 
 d) Infin. Perf Act.: ainavisse ; monuisse ; rexisse, cepisse; audimsc; 
 c) Subjunctive Pluperfect Active : amavissem ; monuissem ; rexissem, 
 
 cepissem ; audirmem. 
 
 D. From the Supine : amatum ; monitum ; rectum, captum ; auditum, 
 as a stem, are derived : 
 
 a) Partic. Perf. Pass. : amatus ; monitus ; rectus, captus ; auditus ; 
 
 b) Part. Fut. Act. : amaturiis ; moniturus ; recturus ; auditiirus. 
 
 8* 
 
90 
 
 CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIARY VERB SUm. 
 
 [H9. 
 
 § 49. Conjugation of the Auxiliary Verb, sum, fui, 
 esse, to be. 
 
 This verb is extensively employed in forming the tenses 
 of the verb in Latin, both by furnishing various endings to 
 the stem of the verb, and by being joined to the participle of 
 the verb. Thus e. g. amoiV-istis, you have loved, is com- 
 posed of the stem amav and estis (you are), amav-^ram, of 
 amav and eram, so : by amamatus sum, I have loved, etc. 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 
 Present, 
 
 su-m, / am 
 
 si-m, / ma,y be 
 
 es, thou art 
 
 sl-s, thou mayest be 
 
 es-t, /ie, she, it is 
 
 sit, he, she, it may be 
 
 su-mus, we are 
 
 sl-mus, we may be 
 
 es-tis, you are 
 
 sl-tis, you maij be 
 
 su-nt, they are 
 
 si-nt, they may be. 
 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 er-a-m, Iicas 
 
 es-se-m, I might be 
 
 er-a-s, thou loast 
 
 es-se-s, thou mightest be 
 
 er-a-t, he, she, it was 
 
 es-se-t, he, she, it might be 
 
 er-a-mus, we were 
 
 es-se-mus, we might be 
 
 er-a-tis, yoa were 
 
 es-se-tts, you might be 
 
 er-a-nt, they were 
 
 es-se-nt, they might be. 
 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 fu-T, / have been 
 
 fu-eri-tn, 7 may have been 
 
 fu-isti, thou hast been 
 
 fu-eri-s, thou mayest have been 
 
 fu-it, he, she, it has been 
 
 fu-erl-t, he, she, it may have been. 
 
 fu-Imus, ?oe have been 
 
 fu-eri-mus, we may have been 
 
 fd-istis, yoa have been 
 
 fu-eri-tis, you may have been 
 
 fu-erunt (ere), they have been 
 
 fu-eri-nt, they may have been. 
 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 fu-era-m, I had been 
 
 fu-isse-m, J might have been 
 
 fu-era-s, thou hadst been 
 
 fu-isse-s, thoa mightest have been 
 
 fu-era I, he, she, it had been 
 
 fu-isse-t, he, she, it might have been 
 
 fu-era-mus, we had been 
 
 fu-i?se-inus, roe might have been 
 
 fu-era-lTs, you had been 
 
 fu-isse-tis, you might have been 
 
 1 fu-era-nt, they had been 
 
 fu-isse-nt, they might have been. 
 
49.] CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIARY VERB SUm. 91 
 
 Future Indicative.* 
 er-o, / shall be er-i-mus, we shall be 
 
 er-i-s, thou wilt be er-i-tis, you will be 
 
 er-i-t, he, she, it will be er-u-nt, they will be. 
 
 Future Perfect Indicative.* 
 fu-ero, / shall have been fii-eri-mus, ice shall have been 
 
 fu-erl-s, thou wilt have been fu-eri-tis, you icill have been 
 
 fu-eri-t, he, she, it will have been fu-eri-nt, they tcill have been. 
 
 Imperative. 
 2. es, be thou 2. este, be ye 
 
 2. es-to, thou shouldest be 2. es-tote, you should be 
 
 3. es-to, he should be 3. su-ntb, they should be. 
 
 Present 
 Perfect 
 Future 
 
 Present 
 Future 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 esse, to be 
 fuisse, to have been 
 futurus, a, urn esse, to will be, (that something) will be. The 
 first of these forms is not used in English. 
 
 Participle, 
 only: absent, absent, from flftsum ; pruesens, present, {rom praes- 
 
 sum = praesto sum. 
 futurus, a, um, one who (what) icill, is about to be, also, future. 
 
 * The Subj. of the Fut. is wanting. See Rem. 1 to the following table of paradigms. 
 
 Rem. 1. In the compound pro-sum (I benefit), in all the forms where 
 a vowel follows pro, d is introduced between them, as : pro-d-esse, 
 pro-d-es, pro-d-est, pro-d-eram, pro-d-ero, pro-d-essem. 
 
 Rem. 2. Besides the above-mentioned forms, two others occur, viz. : 
 forem (fores, foret, etc.), I would be, and the corresponding Infin. /ore in- 
 stead offnturum esse. 
 
 XL IX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Absum, abfai, abesse, prosum, proftii, prod- foris, adv. without. 
 
 I am absent, removed esse, / am useful, heri, adv. yesterday, 
 from. benefit, (see Rem. 1). longe, adv. far. 
 
 adsum, affiii, adesse, concilio 1. / MwVe. peregve, adv. abroad. 
 
 I am present. fera, ae,/. wild beast. quamdiu, adv. and conj. 
 
 intersum, fui, esse, (c. ]}ngna, ae,f. fighi, battle. how long; so {as) 
 
 dat.) to be in, present arma, orum, n. arms. long as. 
 
 at (something). oratio, onis, /. speech, ubi, adv. where. 
 
 praesum, fui, esse, lam discourse. dum, conj. while. 
 
 before, preside over, magistratus, us, m.m«g-- nisi, conj. unless. 
 
 attend to. istrate, magistracy. quum, conj. when, as. 
 
 Deus omnibus locis adest. Parvi pretii sunt foris arma, nisi est con- 
 silium domi. Contemnuntur ii, qui nee sibi, nee alteri prosunt. Ut 
 
93 THE AUXILIARY VERB SUm. [H9. 
 
 magistratibus leges, ita populo praesunt magistratus. Ratio et oratio 
 conciliant inter se homines, neque ulla re longius absumus a natura 
 ferai-um. Ego laetus sum, tu tristris es. Si sorte vestra contenti estis, 
 beati estis. 
 
 Dum ego, tu et amicus in schola erdmiis, sorores nostrae in horto 
 erant. Quum tu et Carolus heri domi nostrae erdtis, ego peregre eram. 
 Quamdlu tu et frater tuus domi nostrae erdtis, tu laetus eras, sed frater 
 tuus tristis erat. Quamdiu tu et pater oierdtis, ego et frater tristes 
 erdmiLS. 
 
 Cur heri in schola non fuisti ? Quia cum patre peregre fui. Quam- 
 dlu tu et pater tuus domo abfuistis? Sex menses abfuimus. Cur mil- 
 ites nostri pugnae non interfuerunt ? Quia longius abfuerunt. Ubi 
 heri fueras, quum domi tuae eram ? 
 
 I am useful to thee, and thou to me. Wherefore are you sad ? We 
 are joyful. If thou art contented with thy lot, thou art happy. While 
 I was in the school, my sister was in the garden. As yesterday thou 
 wast at home, I was abroad. Why were (perf ) you not in the school 
 yesterday ? because we were (perf) abroad. How long hast thou been 
 absent from (abl.) home? Ten months (ace.) have 1 been absent. 
 Where had you been yesterday, as we were in your house ? While 
 we and you were in the school, our sisters were in the garden. While 
 you and Charles were in our house yesterday, we were abroad. 
 
 L. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Desum, defui, deesse, aetas, atis, /. c^e, gtn- antea, adv. hefore. 
 
 I am wanting. eraiion. postea, adv. afterwards. 
 
 obsum, fui, esse, / am nemo (luis), no-body, nuper, adv. lately. 
 
 against, injure. no one. repente, adv. suddenly. 
 
 occiipo 1. / take pos- aegrotus, a, um, sick. propterea, adv. for this 
 
 session of, seize. avarus, a, um, avari- reason. 
 
 periculum, i, n. danger. cious. [hie. quo — eo (with compa- 
 
 praedium, i, n./arm. invictus, a, um, inm'na- tive), the — so much 
 adolescens, tis, m. atrox, ocis, terrible, the. 
 
 young man, youth. bloody. 
 
 Quamdlu felix eris, multi tibi erunt amici. Tota civitas in summa 
 laetitia fuerat, quum repente ingens terror omnium animos occupat. 
 Pugna fuit atrocissima, propterea quod utriusque exercitus milites for- 
 tissimi fuerant. Ante belH initium in urbe fueramus. Demosthenis 
 aetate multi oratores magni et clari fuerunt, et antea fuerant, nee 
 postfia defuerunt Ante tres annos apud amicum fui, in cujus praedio 
 nuper per duo menses fueratis. Haec res non profuit nobis, sed ob- 
 
§ 49.] THE AUXILIARY VERB SUm. 93 
 
 fuit. Quo minus honoris apud Romanes erat poetis, eo minora studia 
 fuerunt. Si quis virtutis compos erit, semper beatus erit. Quamdi'u 
 sorte mea contentus ero, felix ero. Qualis in alios fueris, tales hi in te 
 erunt. Si in hac vita semper vii'tutis studiosi fuerlmus, etiam post 
 mortem beati erimus. 
 
 So long as you shall be fortunate, you will not Avant friends. The 
 upright always benefit the upright. My enemies (immicus) have not 
 injured me, but benefited. If men will be virtuous, they will be happy. 
 So long as we shall be contented with our lot, we shall be happy. If 
 men always shall have been virtuous, the reward of virtue will not 
 fail them. 
 
 Rule or Syntax. In questions, to which the asker expects an an- 
 swer by yes or no, the interrogative particle ne is attached to the word 
 upon which the emphasis of the question is placed, as: Fuistlne heri in 
 schola ? wast thou in school yesterday ? 
 
 Erasne in schola, quum heri domi tuae eram ? Eram. Miserne 
 sapiens erit, quum pauper erit? Non erit. Laetusne, an tristis es? 
 Unusne, an plures sunt mundi ? Cur heri in schola non fuisti ? Ae- 
 grotusne fuisti ? Non, sed quia cum patre peregre eram. Fuerasne 
 nuper in horto nostro ? Deeritne tibi hominum laus, si semper pro- 
 bus fueris ? 
 
 Were you in school, as* we were at your house yesterday? Yes 
 (= we were). Will the wise be unhappy, if they shall be poor? No 
 (= they will not be). No one of (gen.) us is the very same in old-age, 
 which he was (perf ) [as] a young man. Pelopidas was in (perf.) all 
 dangers. Aristides was in (perf) the battle of Salamis (pugna Salami- 
 nia). Poets not merely delight, but also benefit us. 
 
 Yesterday I was (perf) at thy house, but thou wast abroad. The 
 avaricious in the abundance of all things, will be very poor. Thou, 
 thy father and thy mother have benefited us much (multum). We, 
 you and your feister were very joyful yesterday, as we were at your 
 house. Were you yesterday abroad, as I was at your house ? Yes 
 (= we were). While my brother was in the garden, I was in the 
 school. Were our soldiers in the battle? No (= they were not in 
 it). We were (perf) not at home yesterday, but abroad. 
 
 Our soul after death will be immortal. So long as we shall be con- 
 tented with our fortune, we shall be happy. Where had you been 
 
 * For the reason of vising as in this and many other places in these exer- 
 cises, where when would seem to be required, see Synt. § liO, 1, 1.— Tr. 
 
94 THE AUXILIARY VERB Slim. [§ 49. 
 
 yesterday, as I was at your house ? We had been abroad. So long 
 as thou hadst been fortunate, ^^om hadst Aarf (= there were to thee) 
 many friends. The more modest thou shalt be, so much the more 
 agreeable thou wilt be to men. If I shall benefit others, they [also] 
 will benefit me. 
 
 As (quails) I shall have been to iin with ace.) others, so (talis) they 
 will be to me. If we shall have benefited others, they [also] will bene- 
 fit us. If thou, in this life, shalt have zealously pursued virtue, thou 
 shalt also, after death, be happy. 
 
 LI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Cogito 1. I think, reflect nescius, a, um, igno- attentus, a, um, aiten- 
 
 upon. rant; non sum ne- tive. 
 
 dublto 1. I doubt. scius, I know per- praeteritus, a, um.jocwf. 
 
 pondero 1. /if)erg-/i,con- fedly well. eras, adv. to-morrow. 
 
 sider. parsimonia, ae, f. fru- parum, adv. too little. 
 
 provideo 2. I foresee ; go-Hty. pr'nis, adv. previously. 
 
 c. dat. look out for. mens, tis, /. state of plane, adv. wholly. 
 intelllgo 3. / under- mind. ne — quidem, not in- 
 
 stand. vectigal, alls, n. tax, in- deed, not even. 
 
 repeto 3. / run over. come. tum, then. 
 
 scio 4. / know. victor, oris, m. conquer- non solum — sed etiam, 
 
 nescio 4. / do not knotv. or. not merely, but also. 
 
 Rule of Syntax. In questions which depend upon a foregoing 
 sentence {indirect questions), the subjunctive*' is always used, as: Narra 
 mihi, ubi /item, relate to me, where thou hast been. — In indirect questions 
 the enclitic ne is translated by whether, as: Dublto, laetusne sis, I doubt, 
 whether thou art joyfj.1. 
 
 Non sum nescius, qua mente tu et piius in nosfueris, et nunc sis, et 
 semper futiir us sis. Non eram nescius, qua mente tu et prius in nos 
 fuisses, et tum esses, et semper futurus esses. Qualis sit animus, ipse 
 animus nescit. Deus non est nescius, qua mente qnisque sit. Cogita, 
 quantum nobis exempla bona prosint. Prae gaudio, ubi sim, nescio. 
 Non intelUgunt homines, quam magnun) vectigal sit parsimonia. Non, 
 quantum quisque prosit, sed quanti pretii quisqiie sit, pond era. Quo 
 quisque ammo futurus sit, nescio. Incertus eram, profuturusne tibi essem. 
 Saepe ne utile quidem est scire, quid futurum sit. Pecunia, honores, 
 valetudo quamdiu affutura sint, incertimi est. Incertus eram, et ubi 
 essetis, et uh'i fuissetis. jVan-o tibi, et ubi \\er'\ fuerimus, et ubi eras 
 futuri simus. Dubitamus, fuerinine milites nostri in pugna laude digni. 
 
 * As the subjunctive form is not so extensively used in Englisli as in 
 Latin, the Subj. must often be tmnslated into Enolish by the forms of the 
 Indie, as will be seen in the following examples. — Tr. 
 
§ 49.] THE AUXILIARY VERB SUm. 95 
 
 Diibium erat, civesne nostri, an hostes in ilia pugna victores fuissent, 
 Dubium erat, profuissetne Alcibiades patriae suae, an ohfuisset. 
 
 What to-day is and yesterday was (perf.), we know ; but what will 
 be to-morrow, we know not. How long we shall be in this life, is un- 
 certain. I knew perfectly well, both of what state of mind towards us 
 you then were, and had been previously, and always would be (= were 
 about to be). I rejoice, when I think, how much you have benefited 
 the state, both now and before, and still will benefit [it]. It was un- 
 certain, where the enemies were and had been, and where they would 
 be. 
 
 Adestote omnes animis, qui adestis corporibus ! Attenti este, dis- 
 cipuli ! Homines mortis memores sunto. Contenti estote sorte vestra ! 
 Parum provident multi tempori futuro, sed plane in diem vivunt. Vir 
 prudens non solum praesentia curat, sed etiam praeterlta mente repetit 
 et futura ex praeterltis providet. 
 
 Scholars, not merely with (abl.) the body (plur.), but also with the 
 mind (plur.), should be in the school. Man should be mindful of 
 death. 
 
 In school, you should be attentive, O scholars ! Thou shouldest be 
 contented with (abl.) thy lot! Men should always be mindful of the 
 precepts of virtue. 
 
96 
 
 ACTIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 [$50. 
 
 Preliminary Remark. 
 
 §50. AC 
 
 Of the four regular 
 
 The following paradigms need not all be 
 
 1. A mo, avi^ a-matum, amare. 
 Characteiistic : a long. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 I. Present. 
 
 amo, I love 
 ama-5, thou lovest 
 
 ama-f, he, she, it 
 
 loves 
 a.md-mus, we love 
 
 dLxnd-tis^ you love 
 
 ama-nf, they love 
 
 ame-m, I may love 
 a.me-s, thou mayest 
 
 love 
 ame-?, he, she, it 
 
 may love 
 amc-wu5, we may 
 
 love 
 3.me-tis, you may 
 
 love 
 ame-nt, they may 
 
 love. 
 
 11. Mon^o, monwt, monifwm, monere. 
 Characteristic : e long. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 I. Present. 
 
 moneo, I admonish 
 
 mones,thou admon- 
 ishest 
 
 monef, he, she, it 
 admonishes 
 
 monemws, we ad- 
 monish 
 
 mone^i^, you ad- 
 monish 
 
 monenf, they ad- 
 monish 
 
 II. Imperfect. 
 
 amd-&am, I loved, 
 was loving 
 
 amtt has, thou lov- 
 edst, wast loving 
 
 a.md-bdt, he, she, it 
 
 loved, was loving 
 
 a.md-bdmus, we lov- 
 ed, were loving 
 
 ama-6a^i5, you lov- 
 ed, were loving 
 
 a.md-bant, they lov- 
 ed, were loving 
 
 III. Future (Indicative).'^ 
 ama-6o, I shall love 
 ama-6?s, thou wilt love 
 ama-^i^, he, she, it will love 
 ama-i?r/m5, we shall love 
 a.md-bitis, you will love 
 a.md-bunt^ they will love. 
 
 IV. Perfect. 
 
 ama-rcTTi, I might 
 
 love 
 amd-res, thou 
 
 mightestlove 
 a.md-ret, he, she, it 
 
 might love 
 aind-remfe, we 
 
 might love 
 dund-retis, you 
 
 might love 
 amd-renf, they 
 
 might love. 
 
 moncdw, I may ad. 
 
 moneds, thou may- 
 est admonish 
 
 moned^, he, she, it 
 may admonish 
 
 monedmus, we may 
 admonish 
 
 monedii^, you may 
 admonish 
 
 mone«n^ they may 
 admonish. 
 
 II. Imperfect 
 monebam^ I admon- monercm 
 
 ished, was ad. 
 
 monebas^ thou ad 
 
 monishedst, was a 
 
 I might 
 admonish 
 moneres, thou 
 mi gh test ad 
 
 monebat, he, she, it monere^, he, she, it 
 
 ama-i5i, I have lov- 
 ed 
 
 BLmd-{in)sti, thou 
 hast loved 
 
 a.md-vit^ he, she, it 
 has loved 
 
 dimd-vlinusj we 
 have loved 
 
 aimd-{vi)stls, you 
 have loved 
 
 a.md-{ve)runt{vere) , 
 they have loved 
 
 dLmd-{ve)r1.m, I may 
 
 have loved 
 amd-(7;e)ri5, thou 
 
 mayest have 1. 
 amd-(re)rtf,he, she 
 
 i may have 1. 
 a.md-{ve)rimus, we 
 
 may have loved 
 amd-(ce)rt<i5, you 
 
 may have loved 
 a.md-{ve)rint, they 
 
 may have loved. 
 
 might admonish 
 moneremw5, we 
 
 might admonish 
 moneretisi you 
 
 might admonish 
 monerent, they 
 
 might admonish. 
 
 admonished, was a. 
 monebdinus., we ad- 
 monished,werea. 
 monc^d^is, you ad- 
 monished, were a. 
 monebaniy they ad- 
 monished,were a. 
 
 III. Future (Indicative). * 
 moncfcrt, I shall amonish 
 moneiis, thou wilt admonish 
 monebit, he, she, it will admonish 
 monebimus, we shall admonish 
 monebiti^, you will admonish 
 monebunt., they will admonish. 
 
 IV. Perfect. 
 
 monui, I have ad- 
 monished 
 
 monuisli, thou hast 
 admonished 
 
 monuit, he, she, it 
 has admonished 
 
 monMt?n«5,we have 
 admonished 
 
 monuistis, you 
 have admonished 
 
 monuerunt (ere), 
 they have ad. 
 
 monuerim, I may 
 
 have admonished 
 monueris, thou 
 
 mayest have ad. 
 mnxmeri'., he, she, 
 
 it may have ad. 
 monuerlmus, we 
 
 may have ad, 
 monuerltis, you 
 
 may have ad. 
 monuerint^ they 
 
 may have ad. 
 
^ 50.] ACTIVE OP THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 97 
 
 TIVE. 
 
 Conjugations. 
 learned at once but in the order of the exercises which follow. 
 
 111. Rego, rexi, rectum, regere. 
 Characteristic : e short. 
 
 Indicative 
 I 
 rego, I govern 
 regis, thou govern- 
 
 est 
 regit, he, she, it 
 
 governs, 
 regimw^, we govern 
 
 regitis, you govern 
 regunt, they govern 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 Present. 
 
 regam,! maygovern 
 rega^, thou mayest 
 
 govern 
 regdi, he, she, it 
 
 may govern 
 regdmus, we may 
 
 govern 
 regcltis, you may 
 
 govern 
 regant, they may 
 
 govern. 
 
 IV. Audio, audivi, auditum, audjre. 
 Characteristic : i long. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 1. Present. 
 
 II. Imperfect. 
 
 legebam, I govern- 
 ed, was gov. 
 
 regebas, thou gov- 
 ernedst, wast g. 
 
 xegebat, he, she, it 
 governed, was g. 
 
 regebdmus, we gov- 
 erned, were gov. 
 
 xegebdtis, you gov- 
 erned, were gov. 
 
 legebant, they gov- 
 erned, were gov. 
 
 III. Future (Indicative).^ 
 regdm, I shall govern 
 rege5, thou wilt govern 
 veget, he, she, it will govern 
 regemus, we shall govern 
 'xegetts, you will govern 
 • regent, they will govern. 
 
 IV. Perfect. 
 
 ight 
 
 regerem, 
 
 govern 
 regere5,thou might- 
 
 est govern 
 regeret, he, she, it 
 
 might govern 
 regeremus, we 
 
 might govern 
 regeretis, you 
 
 might govern 
 regerent, they 
 
 might govern. 
 
 rexi, I have govern- 
 ed 
 
 Texisti, thou hast 
 governed 
 
 rexit, he, she, it 
 has governed 
 
 rexunus, we have 
 governed 
 
 rexisti.s, you have 
 governed 
 
 rexericnt (ere), they 
 have governed 
 
 rexerim, I may 
 have governed 
 
 rexeris, thou may- 
 est have govern. 
 
 rexerit, he, she, it 
 may have gov. 
 
 rexerimus, we may 
 have governed 
 
 xexeritis, you may 
 have governed 
 
 rexerint, they may 
 have governed. 
 
 audzo, I hear 
 audi5, thou hearest 
 
 a.ndit, he, she, it 
 
 hears 
 a.\idimus, we hear 
 
 a.uditis, you hear 
 
 dindiunt, they hear 
 
 audidw, I may hear 
 
 audids, thou may- 
 est hear 
 
 aiudmt, he, she, it 
 may hear 
 
 a.ndidmus, we may 
 hear 
 
 dLudidtis, you may 
 hear 
 
 diudiant, they may 
 hear. 
 
 II. Imperfect. 
 
 a.udiebam, I heard, 
 
 was hearing 
 audic^a5,thou heard 
 
 est, wast hearing 
 audiebat, he, she, it 
 
 heard, was h. 
 Siudiebdmus, we 
 
 heard, were h. 
 audiebdtis, you 
 
 heard, were h. 
 audiebant, they 
 
 heard, were h. 
 
 III. Future (Indicative).^ 
 audidm, I shall hear 
 audiC5, thou wilt hear 
 audiet, he, she, it will hear 
 and ie7nus, we shall hear 
 audietis, you will hear 
 aadient, they will hear. 
 
 might 
 
 audircm, I 
 
 hear 
 audtres, thou 
 
 mighesthear 
 audiret, he, she, it 
 
 might hear 
 audirevms, we 
 
 might hear 
 audlretis, you 
 
 might hear 
 audirent, they 
 
 miorht hear. 
 
 IV. Perfect. 
 
 audivi, (audu') 
 
 have heard 
 audl(vi)sti, thou 
 
 hast heard 
 audivit, he, she, 
 
 has heard 
 audivimus, we 
 
 have heard 
 audi(vi)stis, you 
 
 have heard 
 
 audi(v)erim, 1 may 
 
 have heard 
 audi(v)eris, thou 
 
 mayest have h. 
 audi(v)ent, he, she, 
 
 it may have h. 
 audi(v)erimus, we 
 
 may have heard 
 audi(v)erUis, you 
 
 may have heard 
 
 audi (v) erunt (ere),\audi(v)erint, they 
 they have heard] may have heard. 
 
98 
 
 ACTIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 LUO. 
 
 I. Amo, dimavi, a.matum, a.mare. 
 Characteristic : a lono-. 
 
 In 
 
 DICATIVE. 
 
 Su 
 
 BJUNCTIVE. 
 
 V. Pluperfect. 
 
 ama-(ve)rdm, 1 had 
 
 loved 
 a,md-{ve)rds, thou 
 
 hadst loved 
 a.md-{ve)rdt,he,she, 
 
 it had loved 
 a.md-{ve) ramus, we 
 
 had loved 
 Simd-{ve)rdtis, you 
 
 had loved 
 a.md-{ve)rant, they 
 
 had loved 
 
 ama-(•^;^■)55em, 1 
 
 might have loved 
 a.md-{vi)sses, thou 
 
 mightest have 1. 
 a.md- {vi)s set, he, she, 
 it might have 1. 
 dLmd-(vijssemus, we 
 
 might have loved 
 dixn.d-{vi)sse:tis, you 
 
 might have loved 
 diU\d-{vi)ssent, they 
 
 might have loved 
 
 II. Mone.o, xiionui, momtum, monere. 
 Characteristic : e long. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 V. Pluperfect. 
 
 VI. Future Perfect.^ 
 dimd-{ve)rd, \ shall have loved 
 diva.d-{ve.)rts, thou wilt have loved 
 ama-(^'e)r^^, he, she, it will have loved 
 dimd-(ve)rimus, we shall have loved 
 a.md-(ve)ritis, you will have loved 
 ama-(re)rm«, they will have loved. 
 
 Imperative. 
 ama, love thou 
 ama-fo, thou shouldest love 
 a.md-to, he, she, it should love 
 a.md-te, love ye 
 a.md-tote, you should love 
 dimd-nto, they should love. 
 
 Supine. 
 
 1) amd-iwm, in order to love 
 
 2) ama-fw, to love, be loved. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 Pres. ama-re, to love 
 Perf &md-(vi)sse, to have loved 
 Fut. amd-turus, a, um, esse, to will 
 love,* (that one) will love. 
 
 Participle. 
 Pres. ama-ns, loving 
 Fut. dLind-turus, a, um, intending, 
 wishing, about to love. 
 
 Gerund. 
 Nom. a.ma-nduvi est, one (we) must 1. 
 Gen. Qxna.-ndi, of loving, or to love 
 Dat. a.ma-ndo, to loving, or to love 
 Ace. a.ma-ndtan (e. g. ad),\ov\ng 
 Abl. dima-ndo, by loving. 
 
 inor\7ieram, I had 
 
 admonished 
 monwera^, thou 
 
 hadst admonished 
 monuerat, he, she, 
 
 it had admonish. 
 monuerdmus, we 
 
 had admonished 
 Taonuerdds, you 
 
 had admonished 
 xnonuerajit, they 
 
 had admonished 
 
 monuissem,! might 
 
 have admonished 
 monuisses, thou 
 
 mightest have ad. 
 monuisset, he, she, 
 
 it might have ad. 
 monuissemus, we 
 
 might have ad. 
 monuissetis, you 
 
 might have ad. 
 monuissent, they 
 
 might have ad. 
 
 VI. Future Perfect.^ 
 monuero, I shall have admonished 
 monueris, thou wilt have admonished 
 moiiuerit, he, she, it will have admon. 
 monuerimus, we shall have admonished 
 monueritis, you will have admonished 
 monuerint, they will have admonished 
 
 Imperative. 
 mone, admonish thou 
 mone^o, thou shouldest admonish 
 moneto, he, she, it should admonish 
 monefe, admonish ye 
 monetote, you should admonish 
 moneTi^o, they should admonish. 
 
 Supine. 
 
 1) momtum, in order to admonish 
 
 2) xxionitu, to admonish, be admon. 
 
 Pres. 
 Perf 
 Fut. 
 
 moncre, to admonish 
 monuisse, to have admonished 
 moniturus, a, um, esse, to will 
 admonish, (that one) will ad. 
 
 Participle. 
 Pres. monens, admonishing 
 Fut. moniturus, a, um, intending, 
 wishing, about to admonish. 
 
 Gerund. 
 N. monendum est, one (we) must ad. 
 G. moncndi, of admonishing, or to ad. 
 D. moncndo, to admonishing, or to ad. 
 A. monendum (e. g. ad), admonishing 
 A. monendo, by admonishing. 
 
 ^) The Subjunctive Future is expressed periphrastically : amaturus, moniturusi 
 rectutus, auditurus (a, um) sim, sis, etc., I will love, thou wilt love, etc., or ama- 
 turus, etc.,essem, I would love. ') Also the Future Perfect has no Subjunctive. 
 
^50.] 
 
 ACTIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAL CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 99 
 
 111. Rego, rexi, rectum, regere. 
 Characteristic : e short. 
 
 IV. Audio, audt?;i, audiiww, audire. 
 Characteristic : i long. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 V. Pluperfect. 
 
 vexissem, I might 
 
 have governed 
 rexisses, thou 
 
 niightest have g. 
 lexisset, he, she, it 
 
 might have gov. 
 rexissemus, we 
 
 might have gov. 
 vexissetis, you 
 
 might have gov 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 V. Pluperfect. 
 
 rexeram, I had 
 
 governed 
 rexerus, thou hadst 
 
 governed 
 rexerat, he, she, it 
 
 had governed 
 rexerdmus, we had 
 
 governed 
 vexerdtis, you had 
 
 governed 
 
 rexerant, they had vexissent, they 
 governed j might have gov, 
 
 VI. Future Perfect.^ 
 rexero, I shall have governed 
 texeris, thou wilt have governed 
 rexerit, he, she, it will have governed 
 rexerimus, we shall have governed 
 rexeritus, you will have governed 
 rexerint, they will have governed. 
 
 Imperative.^ 
 regc, govern thou 
 regito, thou shouldest govern 
 legUo, he, she, it should govern 
 regite, govern ye 
 regUote, you should govern 
 regunto, they should govern. 
 
 Szipine. 
 
 1) rectum, in order to govern 
 
 2) rectu, to govern, be governed. 
 
 a.\xdi(v)eravi, I had 
 
 heard 
 audz(r)era5, thou 
 
 hadst heard 
 3iudi(c)erat, he,she, 
 
 it had heard 
 a.udi{v)erdmus, we 
 
 had heard 
 dindi{v)erdtis, you 
 
 had heard 
 dindi{v)erant, they 
 
 had heard 
 
 a.udi{vi)ssem, I 
 
 might have h. 
 ai[xdi(vi)sses, thou 
 
 mightest have h. 
 audi (vi)s set, he, she, 
 
 it might have h. 
 a.u.di(vi)ssemus, we 
 
 might have h. 
 aindi(vi)ssetis, you 
 
 might have h. 
 a.udi(vi)ssent, they 
 
 might have h. 
 
 VI. Future Perfect.^ 
 diudi(v)ero, I shall have heard 
 ai\di{v)eris, thou wilt have heard 
 a.u.dilv)erit, he, she, it will have heard 
 d,v\dilv)erimus, we shall have heard 
 a.udi{v)eritis, you will have heard 
 a.\idi(v)erint, they will have heard. 
 
 Imperative. 
 audt, hear thou 
 audiio, thou shouldst hear 
 audito, he, she, it should hear 
 audlic, hear ye 
 Siuditote, you should hear 
 a.udiuuto, they should hear. 
 
 Supine. 
 
 1 ) diudltum, in order to hear 
 
 2) audfiM, to hear, be heard. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 Pres. audire, to hear 
 Perf. a.udi(vi)sse, to have heard 
 Fut. audlturus, a, um esse, to will 
 hear,^ (that one) will hear. 
 
 Participle. 
 Pres. diwdiens, hearing 
 Fat. Siuditurus, a, um, intending, 
 wishing, about to hear. 
 
 Gerund. 
 N. diadicndum est, one (we) must hear 
 G. 3.udiendi, of hearing, or to hear 
 D. audjewrfo, to hearing, or to hear 
 A. undiendum (e. g. ad), hearing. 
 A. a.\xdiendo, by hearing. 
 
 ^) These four imperatives without e are to be noted : die, duc,fac,fer, from: d. 
 CO, duco, facio, fero. '*) The English language has no Infin. Future (to will 
 
 Pres. regere, to govern 
 Perf rexisse, to have governed 
 Fut. recturus, a, um esse, to will 
 govern,* (that one) will gov. 
 
 Participle. 
 Pres. regens, governing 
 Fut. recturus, a, um, intending, 
 wishing, about to govern. 
 
 Gerund. 
 N. regendum est, one (we) must gov. 
 G. regcndi, of governing, or to govern 
 D. regendo, to governing, or to govern 
 A. regendum (e. g. ad), governing 
 A. regendo, by governing. 
 
 love) but uses in its stead the Inf. Present. 
 
100 
 
 PASSIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS. [^ 51 
 
 
 § 51. PAS 
 
 1. 
 
 II. 
 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 
 
 I. Present. 
 
 I. Present. 
 
 
 amor, I am loved 
 
 amer, I may be 
 
 moneor, I am ad- 
 
 monear, I may be 
 
 
 
 loved 
 
 monished 
 
 admonished 
 
 
 amdri5, thou art 
 
 ameris(e), thou 
 
 moneris, thou art 
 
 m.onedris{e) , ihou 
 
 
 loved 
 
 mayest be loved 
 
 admonished 
 
 mayest be ad. 
 
 
 ama^wr, he, she, it 
 
 ametur, he, she, it 
 
 monetur, he, she, 
 
 monedtur, he, she, 
 
 
 is loved 
 
 may be loved 
 
 it is admonished 
 
 it may be ad. 
 
 
 Simdmur^ we are 
 
 amemur, we may 
 
 monemur, we are 
 
 monedmur, we may 
 
 
 loved 
 
 be loved 
 
 admonished 
 
 be admonished 
 
 
 B.indmini, you are 
 
 amemmi, you may 
 
 monemini, you are 
 
 monedmini, you 
 
 
 loved 
 
 be loved 
 
 admonished 
 
 may be admon. 
 
 
 amantur, they are 
 
 amentur, they may 
 
 moneiitur, they are 
 
 moneantur, they 
 
 
 loved 
 
 be loved.. 
 
 admonished 
 
 may be admon. 
 
 
 II. Imperfect. 
 
 II. Imperfect. 
 
 
 ama6ar, I was 
 
 amdrer, I might be 
 
 monebar, I was ad- 
 
 monerer, I might 
 
 
 loved 
 
 loved 
 
 monished 
 
 be admonished 
 
 
 a.mdbaris (e), thou 
 
 amdreris(e) thou 
 
 monebdris{e), thou 
 
 monere7-i5(e), thou 
 
 
 wast loved 
 
 mightest be 1. 
 
 wast admonished 
 
 mightest be ad. 
 
 
 a.mdbdtur., he, she. 
 
 amdretur, he, she. 
 
 monebdtur, he, she. 
 
 moneretur, he, she, 
 
 
 it was loved 
 
 it might be loved 
 
 it was admon. 
 
 it might be ad. 
 
 
 dLindbdmur., we 
 
 amdrernur, we 
 
 monebdmur, we 
 
 moneremur, we 
 
 
 were loved 
 
 might be loved 
 
 were admonished 
 
 might be ad. 
 
 
 a.mdbdmini, you 
 
 amdreminl, you 
 
 monebdmini, you 
 
 moneremini, you 
 
 
 were loved 
 
 might be loved 
 
 were admonished 
 
 might be ad. 
 
 
 a.mdbantur., they 
 
 amdrentur, they 
 
 monebantur, they 
 
 monerentur, they 
 
 
 were loved 
 
 might be loved. 
 
 were admonished 
 
 might be ad. 
 
 
 III. Future. 
 
 III. Future. 
 
 
 amdbor, I shall be loved 
 
 moriebdr, 1 shall be admonished 
 
 
 amdberis (e), thou wilt be loved 
 
 mone ber'is(e), thou wilt be admonished 
 
 
 amdbUur., he, she, it will be loved 
 
 monebiiur, he, she, it will be admon. 
 
 
 SLmabimur, we shall be loved 
 
 monebimur, we shall be admonished 
 
 f 
 
 arndbintijii, you will be loved 
 
 monSbinnni, you will be admonished 
 
 
 nmdbuntur, they will be loved. 
 
 monebuntur, they will be admonished. 
 
 
 IV. Perfect. 
 
 
 a) Indicative. 
 
 ' 
 
 amattis. 
 
 sum, I have been loved 
 
 monitus, 
 
 sum, I have been admonished 
 
 
 a, 
 
 es, thou hast been loved 
 
 a. 
 
 es, thou hast been admonished 
 
 
 um 
 
 est, he, she, it has been loved 
 
 um 
 
 est, he, she, it has been ad. 
 
 
 amati, 
 
 sumus, we have been loved 
 
 moniti. 
 
 sumus, we have been admon. 
 
 
 ae. 
 
 estis, you have been loved 
 
 ae. 
 
 estis, you have been admon. 
 
 
 a 
 
 sunt, they have been loved. 
 
 a 
 
 sunt, they have been admon. 
 
 
 b) Subjunctive. 
 
 t 
 
 amatus, 
 
 Sim, I may have been loved 
 
 monitus, 
 
 sim, I may have been admon 
 
 a, 
 
 sis, thou mayest have been 1. 
 
 a, 
 
 sis, thou mayest have been ad 
 
 
 um 
 
 sit,he, she, it may have been 1. 
 
 um 
 
 5i/!,he,she, it may have been a 
 
 
 amati. 
 
 simus, we may have been 1. 
 
 moniti. 
 
 simus, we may have been ad. 
 
 
 ae, 
 
 sltis, you may have been 1. 
 
 ae, 
 
 sitis, you may have been ad. 
 
 
 a 
 
 sint, they may have been 1. 
 
 a 
 
 sint, they may have been ad. 
 
 
§51.] 
 
 PASSIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 101 
 
 SIVE. 
 
 III. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive 
 I. Present. 
 
 legor, I am govern- 
 ed 
 
 legeris, thou art 
 governed 
 
 regitur, he, she, it 
 is governed 
 
 regimur, we are 
 governed 
 
 regvmini, you are 
 governed 
 
 regar, I may be 
 
 governed 
 regdris{e)., thou 
 
 mayest be gov. 
 regdttir, he, she, it 
 
 may be governed 
 regdmur, we may 
 
 be governed 
 regdmini, you may 
 
 be governed 
 
 regunhir., they are reganiwr, they may 
 governed | be governed. 
 
 11. Imperfect. 
 
 regebar, I was gov 
 
 erned 
 Tegebdris(e), thou 
 
 wast governed 
 regebdtur, he, she, 
 
 it was governed 
 regebdmur,we were 
 
 governed 
 regebdmmi, you 
 
 were governed 
 Tegehantur, they 
 
 were governed 
 
 regerer, I might be 
 
 governed 
 regere7-is(e), thou 
 
 mightest be gov. 
 regeretur, he, she, 
 
 it might be gov. 
 vegeremvr, we 
 
 might be gov. 
 vegeremini, you 
 
 might be gov. 
 regerentur, they 
 
 might be gov. 
 
 111. Future. 
 regar, 1 shall be goveined 
 legeris(e), thou wilt be governed 
 regetur, he, she, it will be governed 
 regejaur, we shall be governed 
 regem'inl, you will be governed 
 regentur, they will be governed. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 1. Present. 
 
 audior, 1 am heard 
 
 a.udiris, thou art 
 
 heard 
 audt^M?-, he, she, it 
 
 is heard 
 audimur, we are 
 
 heard 
 Siudimini, you are 
 
 heard 
 sMdiuntur., they are 
 
 heard 
 
 audiar, I may be 
 
 heard 
 a.ndidris(e) thou 
 
 mayest be heard 
 duudidtur, he, she, 
 
 it may be heard 
 diudidmur, we may 
 
 be heard 
 a.ndidmini, you 
 
 may be heard 
 a.\idiantur, they 
 
 may be heard. 
 
 11. Imperfect. 
 
 audieiar, 1 was 
 
 heard 
 a,udiebdris(e)^ thou 
 
 wast heard 
 audiebdlur., he, she, 
 
 it was heard 
 diVidiebdmur, we 
 
 were heard 
 Q.adiebd7nini, you 
 
 were heard 
 dLudlebantur, ' they 
 
 were heard 
 
 audlrer, 1 might be 
 
 heard 
 audirer?!5(e), thou 
 
 mightest be heard 
 audlrciwr, he, she, 
 
 it might be heard 
 audtrcmwr, we 
 
 might be heard 
 audtremim, you 
 
 might be heard 
 diudlrentur., they 
 
 might be heard. 
 
 III. Future. 
 audia?-, 1 shall be heard 
 audiert5(e), thou wilt be heard 
 audicZwr, he, she, it will be heard 
 audje?«wr, we shall be heard 
 audi'emmi, you will be heard 
 audtc?i<u?-, they will be heard. 
 
 IV. Perfect. 
 i) Indicative. 
 
 rectus, 
 
 a, 
 um 
 
 recti, 
 ae, 
 
 rectus, 
 
 a, 
 
 um 
 
 recti, 
 
 ae. 
 
 sum, I have been governed 
 65, thou hast been governed 
 est., he, she, it has been govern'd 
 sumi/s, we have been govern'd 
 estis, you have been governed 
 sunt^ they have been governed 
 
 auditus, 
 a, 
 
 um 
 auditi, 
 
 ae, 
 
 b) Subjunctive. 
 
 sim, 1 may have been govern'd 
 s<5, thou mayest have been g. 
 sU^ he, she, it may have been g. 
 slmus, we may have been g. 
 sitis.1 you may have been ff. 
 sint, they may have been^g. 
 
 9*- 
 
 auditus, 
 a, 
 
 um 
 auditi, 
 
 ae. 
 
 sum., I have been heard 
 65, thou hast been heard 
 est., he, she, it has been heard 
 sumus., we have been heard 
 estis., you have been heard 
 sunt, they have been heard. 
 
 sim, 1 may have been heard 
 sis, thou mayest have been h. 
 sit, he, she, it may have been h. 
 simus, we may have been h. 
 sitis, you may have been h. 
 sint, they may have been h. 
 
102 
 
 PASSIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 [^51. 
 
 V. Pluperfect. 
 
 
 a) Indicative. 
 
 
 amatus, 
 
 erdm, I bad been loved 
 
 monitus, 
 
 eram, I had been admonished 
 
 
 a, 
 
 eras, thou hadst been loved 
 
 a. 
 
 eras, thou hadst been ad. 
 
 
 urn 
 
 erdt, he, she, it had been loved 
 
 um 
 
 erat, he, she, it had been ad. 
 
 
 amati, 
 
 erdmus, we had been loved 
 
 moniti. 
 
 eramus, we had been ad. 
 
 
 ae, 
 
 erdtis, you had been loved 
 
 ae, 
 
 eratis, you had been ad. 
 
 
 a 
 
 erant, tliey had been loved. 
 
 a 
 
 erant, they had been ad. 
 
 
 b) Subjunctive. 
 
 
 amatus, 
 
 essem, I might have been loved 
 
 monitus, 
 
 essem, I might have been ad. 
 
 
 a, 
 
 esses, thou mightesthave been 
 loved 
 
 ^, 
 
 esses, thou mightest have been 
 admonished 
 
 
 urn 
 
 esset, he, she, it, might have 
 been loved 
 
 um 
 
 esset, he, she, it might have 
 been admonished 
 
 
 amati, 
 
 essevius, we might have been 
 loved 
 
 moniti, 
 
 essemus, we might have been 
 admonished 
 
 
 ae, 
 
 essetis, you might have been 1. 
 
 ae, 
 
 essetis,yoa mighthavebeen ad. 
 
 
 a 
 
 essent, they might have been 1. 
 
 a 
 
 cssenl,\hej might have been ad. 
 
 
 VI. FutMre Perfect, {Indicative). 
 
 
 amatus, 
 
 ero, I shall have been loved 
 
 monitus, 
 
 ero, I shall have been admon- 
 ished 
 
 
 a, 
 
 eris, thou wilt have been 
 loved 
 
 a, 
 
 eris, thou wilt have been ad- 
 monished 
 
 
 um 
 
 erit, he, she, it will have been 
 loved 
 
 um 
 
 erit, he, she, it will have been 
 admonished 
 
 
 amati. 
 
 erimus, we shall have been 
 loved 
 
 moniti, 
 
 erimus, we shall have been ad- 
 monished 
 
 
 ae. 
 
 eritis, you will have been 
 loved 
 
 ae, 
 
 eritis, you will have been ad- 
 monished 
 
 
 a 
 
 erunt, they will have been 
 loved. 
 
 a 
 
 erunt, they will have been ad- 
 monished. 
 
 
 Im-perative. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 
 amare, be thou loved 
 
 monere, be thou admonished 
 
 
 amdfor, thou shouldest be loved 
 
 vaonetor, thou shouldst be admonished 
 
 
 amaJdr, he, she, it should be loved 
 
 mor\e,tor, he, she, it should be adm'd 
 
 
 amamirtl, be ye loved 
 
 monemini, be ye admonished 
 
 
 amdmindr, you should be loved 
 
 moneminor , you should be admonished 
 
 
 amanior, they should be loved. 
 
 monentor, they should be admonished. 
 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 
 Pres. amdrl, to be loved 
 
 Pres. monm, to be admonished 
 
 
 Perf. amd«W5, d, um esse, to have been 
 
 Perf. monitus, a, um esse, to have been 
 
 
 loved 
 
 admonished 
 
 
 Fut. aindtum irl,^ to will be loved, 
 
 Fid, monitum iri,^ to will be admonish- 
 
 
 (that one) will be loved. 
 
 ed, (that one) will be admonished. 
 
 
 Participle. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 
 Perf. amatus, a, um, loved 
 
 Perf. monitus, a, um, admonished 
 
 
 Put. amandus, a, um, what should be 
 
 Fut. monendus, a, um, what should be 
 
 
 loved. 
 
 admonished. 
 
 
 ') amatura, monitum, rectum, auditu 
 
 m are Su 
 
 Dines and hence cannot be de- 
 
 
^51. 
 
 PASSIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 103 
 
 
 V. Pluperfect. 1 
 
 
 a) Indicative. [ 
 
 
 rectus, 
 
 cram, I had been governed 
 
 auditus, 
 
 eram, I had been heard 
 
 
 a, 
 
 eras, thou hadstbeen governed 
 
 a, 
 
 eras, thou hadst been heard 
 
 
 um 
 
 erat, he, she, it had been g. 
 
 um 
 
 erat, he, she, it had been heard 
 
 
 recti, 
 
 eramus, we had been governed 
 
 auditi, 
 
 eramus, we had been heard 
 
 
 ae. 
 
 eratis, you had been governed 
 
 ae. 
 
 eratis, you had been heard 
 
 
 a 
 
 erant, they had been governed 
 
 a 
 
 erant, they had been heard. 
 
 
 b) Subjunctive. | 
 
 
 rectus, 
 
 essem, I might have been g. 
 
 auditus, 
 
 essem, 1 might have been heard 
 
 
 a, 
 
 esses, thou niighiest have been 
 governed 
 
 a, 
 
 esses, thou mightest have been 
 heard 
 
 
 um 
 
 esset, he, she, it might have 
 been governed 
 
 um 
 
 esset, he, she, it might have 
 been heard 
 
 
 recti, 
 
 essemus, we might have been 
 governed 
 
 auditi, 
 
 essemus, we might have been 
 heard 
 
 
 ae, 
 
 essetis, you might have been g. 
 
 ae. 
 
 essetis, you might have beenh. 
 
 
 a 
 
 e55en«, they might have beeng. 
 
 a 
 
 essent, they might have been h. 
 
 
 VI. Future Perfect, {Indicative). \ 
 
 
 rectus, 
 
 ero, 1 shall have been gov- 
 erned 
 
 auditus, 
 
 ero, I shall have been heard 
 
 
 a, 
 
 eris, thou wilt have been gov- 
 erned 
 
 a. 
 
 eris, thou wilt have been heard 
 
 
 um 
 
 erit, he, she, it will have been 
 governed 
 
 um 
 
 erit, he, she, it will have been 
 heard 
 
 
 recti. 
 
 erimus, we shall have been 
 governed 
 
 auditi. 
 
 erimus, we shall have been 
 heard 
 
 
 ae. 
 
 eritis, you will have been gov- 
 erned 
 
 ae. 
 
 eritis, you will have been 
 heard 
 
 
 a 
 
 erunt, they will have been 
 governed. 
 
 a 
 
 erunt, they will have been 
 heard. 
 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 
 regere, be thou governed 
 
 audire, be thou heard 
 
 
 regtfor, thou shouldst be governed 
 
 auditor, thou shouldst be heard 
 
 
 Tegitor, he, she, it should be governed 
 
 auditor, he, she, it should be heard 
 
 
 regindni, be ye governed 
 
 audimini, be ye heard 
 
 
 regv/rdnor, you should be governed 
 
 diudlminor, you should be heard 
 
 
 xeguntor, they should be governed. 
 
 audiuntor, they should be heard. 
 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 
 Pres. regi, to be governed 
 
 Prcs. andiri, to be heard 
 
 
 Pejf. rectus, a, um esse, to have been 
 
 Perf. auditus, a, um esse, to have been 
 
 
 governed 
 
 heard 
 
 
 Fut rectum iri,^ to \v\l\ be governed. 
 
 Fut. audilum iri,^ to will be heard. 
 
 
 (that one) will be governed. 
 
 (that one) will be heard. 
 
 
 Participle. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 
 Perf. rectus, a, um, governed 
 
 Perf auditus, a, um heard 
 
 
 Fut. regf.ndus, a, um, what should 
 
 Fut. andiendus, a, uvi, what should 
 
 
 be governed. 
 
 be heard. 
 
 
 dined. 
 
 That the English language ha 
 
 5 no Inf. 
 
 Fut. has already been stated. 
 
104 
 
 VERBS IN to OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 
 
 [§52. 
 
 § 52. Inflection of verbs in lo of the Third Conjugation. 
 
 ACTIVE, Infill, capere, to take. PASSIVE, Infin. capi. | 
 
 G 
 1 
 
 Indicative. 
 cap-i-o 
 cap-Is, cap-it 
 cap-imus, capitis 
 cap-r-unt. 
 
 Suhjunct. 
 
 cap-i-am 
 
 cap-i-as 
 
 etc. 
 
 Indicative. 
 cap-i-or 
 
 cap-eris, cap-Uur 
 cap-imur, cap-imini 
 cap-i-untur. 
 
 Subjunct. 
 
 cap-i-ar 
 
 cap-i-aris 
 
 etc. 
 
 t4^ 
 
 a, 
 
 S 
 1— ( 
 
 cap-i-ebam 
 
 cap-erem 
 
 cap-i-ebar 
 
 cap-erer 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 cap-i-am, -i-es, etc. 
 
 cap-i-ar, -i-eris, etc. 
 
 cap-e, cap-Uo, cap-ite, cap-itote, 
 cap-i-uuto. 
 
 cap-ere, cap-itor, cap-iminl, 
 cap-iminor, cap-i-untor. 
 
 Pres, cap-i-ens, Fut. cap-turus 
 
 Perf. cap-tus, Fut. cap-i-endus 
 
 Supine : cap-turn, cap-tu. 
 
 LII. Words to be 
 
 Decerto 1. / contend. 
 
 elaboro 1. {in c. abl.) 
 / labor (zealously). 
 
 flo 1. / blow, wave. 
 
 intro 1. (c. ace.) / go 
 into, enter. 
 
 liber, era, erum,/ree. 
 
 libero 1. / deliver. 
 
 navo 1. / pursue some- 
 thing ardently; ope- 
 
 learned and JSxercises for translation. 
 
 ram navo (c. dat.) / interitus, us, m. destruc- 
 
 occupy myself with. tion. 
 
 numero I. I number. aptus, a, nm, fitted. 
 
 opera, ae,/ toil, labor, placidus, a, um, gentle. 
 
 somnus, i, m. sleep. vehemens, tis, violent. 
 
 vex\\x\s,\,m.wind. potissimum, adv. es- 
 
 timor, oris, m.fear. pecially. 
 
 cupiditas, atis,/ desire, quomodo, in what man- 
 passion, ner, how. 
 
 A) Active of the first Conjugation. 
 Quum milites urbem intrabant, omnes cives timoris pleni erant. 
 Quum in silva ambulabamus, vehemens ventus per altas quercus 
 flabat. Quamdiu tu in horto ambulabas, ego domi litteris operam 
 navabam. Dum nos placidus somnus recreabat, vos vigilabatis. 
 Quomodo is libero imperabit, qui non suis cupiditatibus imperat? 
 Ad quas res aptissimi erimus, in iis potissimum elaborabimus. Quam- 
 diu eris felix, mulCbs amicos numerabis. Bonos semper laudabo, 
 
50. 
 
 FIRST CONJUGATION. 
 
 105 
 
 improbos semper vituperabo. Si acriter armis decertabitis, o milites, 
 patriam ab mterlm liberabitis. Si viitutem amabis, omiies boni te 
 amabunt. 
 
 LIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Comparo 1. / prepare, philosophia, ae, f. phi- jucundus, a, um, pleas- 
 acquire. losopJiy. ant, agreeable. 
 conjugo 1. I join to- career, eris, m. prison, adhuc, adv. still, [ally. 
 narratio, onis,/. narra- perpetuo, adv. continu- 
 
 tive. tanquam, as if, as. 
 
 rus, ruris, n. country ; num, (an interrogative 
 
 ruri, in the country, word used when a 
 rure,/rom the country, negative answer is 
 
 ace. rus, into the expected), is it pos- 
 
 country. sible that ? 
 
 gether, unite. 
 devoco 1. / call down. 
 migro 1. / migrate. 
 emlgro 1. I move out. 
 evolo \. I fly out from, 
 
 escape. 
 interrogo 1. / ask. 
 observo 1. / observe. 
 
 Ea est jucundissima amicitia, quam similitudo morum conjugavit. 
 Vivunt ii, qui ex corporum vinculis, tanquam carcere, evolaverunt. 
 Socrates primus philosophiam devocavit e coelo. Quia semper virtu- 
 tis praecepta observastis, magnam vobis laudem comparastis. Cur per 
 totem noctem vigilasti ? Praeceptores meos semper amavi. Acriter 
 contra hostes pugnavimus. Quum milites urbem intraverant, ingens 
 terror omnium civium animos occupabat. Narratio, quam mihi nuper 
 narraveras, vehementer me delectaverat. Quum exercitus hostilis 
 urbem oppugnaverat, nos jam emigraveramus. Si animum virtu tibus 
 ornaveris, semper beatus eris. Ut alios homines tractaverimus, ita hi 
 nos tractabunt. Si quis te interrogaverit, qualis sit animus, num dubia 
 erit responsio ? Si perpetuo in hac vita virtutum servaveritis, etiam 
 in altera vita beati eritis. Quum hostes agros devastaverint, urbem 
 ipsam oppugnabunt. Quum ego rus migravero, tu adhuc in urbe 
 eris. 
 
 LIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Recito ] . / read to. 
 revoco 1. / recall. 
 caussa, ae, /. cause; 
 
 abl. caussa with gen., 
 
 on account of. 
 sophista, ae, m. sophist. 
 Francogallus, i, m. 
 
 Frenchman. [man. 
 Germanus, i, m. a Ger- 
 
 supplicium, i, n. capi- 
 tal punishment, 2) 
 (any severe) punish- 
 ment. 
 
 Atheniensis, is, m. 
 an Athenian. 
 
 approbatio, onis, f ap- 
 probation, [tation. 
 
 ostentatio, 6nis,y. osten- 
 
 How many has the fear of the divine punishment reclaimed (= re- 
 called) from crimes ! The Germans have fought bravely against the 
 
 scelus, eris, n. offence, 
 crime. 
 
 quaestus, us, m. gain. 
 
 diligenter, adv. diligent- 
 ly, carefully. 
 
 fortiter, adv. bravely. 
 
 studiose, adv. zealously. 
 
1-06 ACTIVE VOICE. [§ 50. 
 
 French (= Frenchmen). So long as we frequented school, we pur- 
 sued literature diligently. The Athenians called those sophists, who 
 for the sake of ostentation or gain pursued philosophy. To-morrow we 
 will celebrate the birth-day of our father. So long as you shall be 
 fortunate, you will number many friends. The more any one (quis) 
 shall love virtue, so much the more peaceful he will be. The more 
 zealously thou shalt occupy thyself with literature, so much the more 
 agreeable wilt thou be to thy teachers. When [their] native country 
 shall be in danger, the citizens will fight spiritedly against the ene- 
 mies. 
 
 As thou shalt have treated others, so will they treat thee. We have 
 always loved our teachers. Because thou hast always kept the precepts 
 of virtue, thou hast acquired for thyself great praise. As the hostile ar- 
 my were entering the city, all the citizens were full of (gen.) fear. You 
 have fought spiritedly against the enemies. When we shall have migra- 
 ted into the country, you will still be in the city. When the hostile army 
 shall have laid waste the fields, it will assault the city itself If you shall 
 have adorned [your] souls with virtues, you will always be happy. 
 
 As the enemies had assaulted the city, a great part of the citizens 
 had already moved out. While thou wast watching, me gentle sleep 
 refreshed. While we were taking a walk in the garden, you occupied 
 yourselves with literature. The whole day I have eagerly expected 
 my friend. When the enemies shall have assaulted the city, the con- 
 dition of the citizens will be very wretched. If I shall have carefully 
 observed the precepts of virtue, the approbation of the good will never 
 be wanting to me. Scarcely hadst thou read to me the letter of the 
 jfi-iend, as he entered (perf ) my house (ace). If thou shalt pursue lit- 
 erature diligently, I shall praise thee. 
 
 LV. Words to be learned and 'Exercises for translation. 
 
 Opto 1. / wish. mihi est, / am anx- utilitas, atis, /. advan- 
 
 persano 1. / curt per- ious. tage. 
 
 focily. fcxbula, ae, f. faUe. stat'io, onis, f. post. 
 
 postulo 1. / demand. opera, ae,/. pains ; op- animal, alis, n. living 
 
 redamo 1. / love in re- eram do, I take pains, being. 
 
 turn. occupy myself ivith. rectus, a, um, right ; 
 
 rogo I, I entreat, ask. condiscipulus, i, m./fi- conscientia recta, a 
 
 supero 1. I surpass, low-student. good conscience. 
 
 overcome. me(\lcus,\,m. physician, persaepe, adv. very of- 
 
 evenit, 4. it happens. cognitio, onis, /. knoiv- ten. 
 
 conscientia, ae, /. con- ledge. ut (with Subj.), that, in 
 
 sciousness, conscience, honestas, atis, f. up- order that. See Synt. 
 
 cura, ae,/. care; curae rightness. § 106. 
 
§50.] FIRST CONJUGATION. 107 
 
 Persaepe evenit, ut utilltas cum honestate certet. Vide, ne pecces 
 contra virtutis praecepta. Omnes parentes optant, ut filii litteris dili- 
 genter operam navent. Ita vivere debemus, ut in omni re rectam con- 
 scientiam servemus. Omnibus vii-ibus elaborate, ut litteras diligenter 
 tractetis. Medicus omnem curam adhlbet, ut aegrotum persanet. Ni- 
 hil magis mihi curae est, quam ut animum virtutibus ornem. Amo te, 
 ut me redames. Cura, ut condiscipulos bonis moribus et diiigentia 
 superes. Dux imperavit, ut milites stationes siias servarent. Quam- 
 diu scholam frequentabamus, nihil magis nobis curae erat, quam ut 
 animos bonarum rerum cognitione ornaremus. Heri ambulabam, ut 
 tristem animum exhilararem. Exercitus noster acerrime pugnabat, ut 
 urbem ab interitu servaret. 
 
 Every living being looks to this (id agit), that it may preserve itself. 
 You ought to take pains, that you acquire for yourselves the praise of 
 the good. You love us, in order that we may love you in return. I 
 labored (peif ) with all [my] powers, in order that my teachers might 
 praise me. The laws of this state demand, that the citizens should 
 obey them (sibi). I entreat thee, that thou wouldst relate to me the 
 fable. I pursue literature very zealously, in order that I may delight 
 my parents. We ought always so to live, that we may observe the pre- 
 cepts of virtue. 
 
 We fought very spiritedly, in order that we might save our native 
 country from destruction. You were more anxious for nothing, than 
 that you might adorn [your] souls with virtues. The general com- 
 manded (perf ), that the army might enter the city (ace). So long as I 
 frequented the school, I labored with all [my] powers, that I might 
 adorn [my] mind with (abl.) the Imowledge of literature. 
 
 LVI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Accelero 1. 1 hasten. perturbo 1. / iJirow in- scholastica, scholastic 
 
 advento 1. / approach, to confusion. instruction. 
 
 arrive. specto 1. / behold, con- multitodo, inis,/. mul- 
 
 castigo 1. / reprove, template. titude. [tacking. 
 
 punish. vasto 1. 1 lay waste. o])pugnatio, onis, /. ai- 
 
 colloco 1. (in aliqua re) mitto 3. /senc?, dispatch, ortus, us, m. rising. 
 
 I place, bestow (upon uva, ae,/. grape. risus, us, m. laugh. 
 
 something). argumentum, i, n. con- praepropere, adv. pre- 
 
 congregol. I assemble. tents [o^ a hook). dpitately. [lously. 
 
 delibero 1. / deliberate, aiixilium, i, n. aid. religiose, adv. scrupu- 
 
 explico 1. / explain. institutio, onis, f. in- ubi, whejx ; when, so 
 
 gusto 1. I taste, relish. str action ; institutio (as) soon as. 
 
 Rule of Syntax. The conjunction quin, with the meaning that, takes 
 
108 ACTIVE VOICE. , [§50. 
 
 the subjunctive after : non dubito, / do not doubt, nemo dubitat, nobody 
 doubts, dubiiim non est, it is not doubt/id, and quis dubitat? who doubts'? 
 See Syntax § 107, 3. 
 
 Non est dubium, quin cives, ubi patria in periculo futura sit, fortlter 
 pugnaturi sint. Quis dubitat, quin e scholastica iustitutipne pulcherri- 
 mus ad pueros redundaturus sit fructus ? Dubium non est, quin bono- 
 rum animi post mortem in sedem beatorum raigraturi sint. Non dubi- 
 to, quin milites nostri hostes superaverint. Non dubitabam, quin vos 
 patriam a servitute libera turi essetis. Cui dubium erat, quin exercitus 
 noster omnes labores et aerumnas facile toleraturus esset ? Quis dubi- 
 tat, quin Hannibal contra Romanos fortissimo pugnaverit ? Non dubi- 
 tabrtis, quin ego vos semper amaverim. Quis dubitat, quin bonos sem- 
 per laudaverimus, malos semper vituperaverimus ? Non est dubium, 
 quin in omni vitae conditione fidem servaritis. Non dubito, quin lit- 
 teris maximam operam navaris. Nemo dubitabat, quin hostes urbem 
 expugnavissent. Nemini civium dubium erat, quin pro patriae libertate 
 acerrime pugnavissetis. Nemo dubitabat, quin omnem operam in eo 
 collocavissemus, ut hostes superaremus. Quum hostes urbem oppug- 
 nabant, non erat dubium, quin ingens terror omnium civium animos 
 occupavisset. Nemo dubitabat, quin tu risum ilium excitasses. Ne- 
 mini eorum qui aderant, dubium erat, quin recte de illius libri argu- 
 mento judicavissem. 
 
 It is doubtful to no one of those who are present, that concerning 
 (de) the character of that man, thou hast judged correctly. Nobody 
 doubts, that the enemies have taken the city. It is not doubtful, that 
 from scholastic instruction the fairest advantages (= fruits) redound to 
 the young. Who doubts, that we shall deliver the land from servitude ? 
 Nobody doubted, that all citizens, so soon as their native country should 
 be in danger, would fight bravely. Who doubts, that you have raised 
 a laugh ? Nobody doubts, that our army will endure all the toils and 
 hardships of war patiently. It is not doubtful, that the attacking of 
 the city, has thrown all the citizens into confusion. No one of (gen.) 
 us doubted, that our soldiers had overcome the enemies. No one of 
 the Romans doubted, that Hannibal had fought very bravely against 
 them (se). Who doubts, that we have bestowed all pains upon this 
 (in eo), that we might overcome the enemy ? W^ho doubts, that I have 
 always loved thee ? Nobody doubted, that we had always praised 
 the good, [but] had always censured the bad. Who doubts, that I 
 have kept my word (= fidelity) ? Nobody doubted, that thou hadst 
 occupied thyself earnestly with literature. To no one was it doubtful, 
 that you had always kept the precepts of virtue. 
 
§50.] ACTIVE VOICE. 109 
 
 Diligenter cura, mi amice, valetudmem tuam ! Ne praepropere de 
 rebus judicate, o pueri ! Ne diiblta de animorum immortalitate ! Per- 
 petiio servato, mi fili, conscientiam rectam ! Discipulus amato prae- 
 ceptores. Laudatote probos homines, castigatote improbos! Omnes 
 homines amanto deima. 
 
 Look out carefully, friends, for your health ! Judge not precipitate- 
 ly concerning men and things, O boy ! Doubt ye not concerning 
 the immortality of the soul (plur.)! Scholars should love their teach- 
 ers. Thou shoLildest praise the upright, [but] reprove the wicked. 
 You should always, my sons, preserve a good conscience. 
 (Comp. Synt. § 97.) 
 
 Parentes mei in urbem migraverunt habitatum. Legati in urbem 
 nostram acceleraverunt auxilium postulatum Hannibalem invictum 
 cives sui ex Italia revocaverunt patriam ab hostibus liberatum. Hos- 
 tes pacem postulatum legatos ad nos mittunt. Exercitus hostilis ad- 
 ventavit agros nostros vastatum. Ingens hominum multitudo in urbem 
 congregatur ludos publicos spectatum. 
 
 Uva immatura est peracerba gustatu. Multa sunt dura toleratu. 
 Quaestio de animi natura difficillima est explicatu. Sitis non facilis 
 est toleratu. Pira dulcia sunt gustatu. 
 
 The soldiers hastened (perf. ), in order to relieve the city from 
 the siege of the enemies. The ambassadors assembled themselves 
 (= were assembled), in order to deliberate concerning the peace. The 
 hostile army approached, in order to assault the city. To-morrow my 
 parents will go (== migrate) into (ace.) the country in order to dwell 
 [there] through the summer. 
 
 A ripe grape is sweet to taste. The rising of the sun is beautiful to 
 behold. This thing is easy to explain. 
 
 LVII Words to he learned mid Exercises for translation. 
 
 Duro 1. / endure, con- avaritia, ae,/. avarice. ornatus, us, m. orna- 
 
 tinue. momentum, i, n. cir- ment. 
 
 exprobro 1. / reproach cumstance, particular, alienus, a, nm, foreign, 
 
 [one] for. officium, i, n. duty, ser- exiguus, a, um, little. 
 
 investigo 1. I trace out, vice. odiosus, a, um, odious. 
 
 investigate. calamitas, atis, /. loss, teter, tra, trum,/owZ. 
 
 mico 1. I glitter. misfortune. coelestis, e, heavenly. 
 
 obtempero 1. io6e?/. actio, onis,/. adion. praesertim, adv. espe- 
 
 sudo 1. / sweat. portio, onis,/. drinking, dally. 
 
 supplico 1. I implore. drink. 
 
 Luscinia cantans animos nostros delectat, Coelum plenum est stel- 
 10 
 
110 FIRST CONJUGATION. [^50. 
 
 larum micantium. Nullum vitium tetrius est, quam avaritia, praeser- 
 tim in principibus rem publicam gubernantibus. Cogitantes coelestia, 
 haec nostra ut exigua et minima contemmmus. Odiosum est genus 
 hominum officia exprobrantium. Ex (after) labore sudanti frigidae 
 aquae potio perniciosissima est. Vir bonus viro bono non supplicanti 
 succurrit. Rei veritatem investigaturi omnia ejus momenta ponderare 
 debemus. Sapiens bona sibi comparare studet perpetuo duratura. 
 Ciconiae, in alienas terras migraturae, in unum locum congregantur. 
 Ingens hominum multitudo in urbem congregatur ludos publlcos spec- 
 tatura. 
 
 How great is the wisdom of God who governs (= governing) the 
 whole world! The larks sing as they Jiy (= flying). Man does not 
 love God, when he does not observe (= not observing) the precepts of 
 virtue. The power of virtue is very great, since it adorns (= adorning) 
 the souls of men with the fairest ornaments. How great are the bene- 
 fits of the sun, since it illuminates {= illuminating) the whole earth ! 
 The citizens fought spiritedly with the enemies, who were assaulting 
 (= assaulting) the city. The hostile army came up in order to assault 
 (= intending to assault) the city. The invincible Hannibal, his fellow- 
 citizens (= citizens) recalled from Italy, that he might deliver (= about 
 to deliver) his native country from the enemies. 
 
 Rule of Syntax. The Gerund takes the same case as its verb. 
 In the Nom. with est and the Dat. of the agent, it should be translated 
 by : / {thou, he) must, ought, should, we [you, they) must, ought, should, 
 etc. ; but without the Dat. of the agent by ; one [we) must, ought, 
 should (comp, Synt. § 98.). 
 
 De animorum immortalitate nobis non est dubitandum. Obtempe- 
 randum est virtutis praeceptis. Propter belli calamitates multis civibus 
 e patria in alienas terras migrandum est. Si beati esse studemus, dili- 
 genter nobis est elaborandum, ut in omni actione virtutis praecepta 
 observemus. Quis dubitat, quin nobis pro patriae libertate pugnan- 
 dum sit. 
 
 LVIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Avoco l. I call away. fortem), / show my- occasio, onis, /. occa- 
 
 diiuciicol. I distinguish. se?/" (brave). sion. 
 
 nato 1. I swim. teneo 2. I hold, under- planities, ei,y! flain. 
 
 praebeo, 2. / afford; stand. [lectics. idoneus, a, um, suited. 
 
 praebeo me (e. g. dialectlca, ae, /. dia- prudenter, adv. wisely. 
 
 Rule of Syntax. The oblique cases of the Gerund form the cases 
 of the Infinitive ; the Ace, however, can be used only in connection 
 with a preposition. Comp. Synt. § 98. 
 
$51.] PASSIVE VOICE. Ill 
 
 Nom. JVatdre est utile, swimming is useful. 
 
 Gen. JVatandi sum peritus, I am skilful in swimming, or to swim; natan- 
 di ars utilis est, the art of swimming or to swim is useful. Ars 
 civitatern gubernandi, the art of governing a state is difficult. 
 
 Dat. JVatando homo aptus est, man is fitted to swimming, or to swim. 
 
 Ace. JVatdre disco, / learn swimming or to swim, but : ad natandum ho- 
 mo aptus est, man is fitted for sivimming or to swim. 
 
 Abl. JVatando corporis vires exercentur, hy swimming the powers of the 
 body are exercised. 
 
 Navigare utihssimum est, sed ars navigandi est difficillima. Boni 
 discipuli cupidi sunt htteras diligenter tractandi. Principes civitatis 
 periti esse debent civitatem gubernandi. Dialectica est ars vera ac 
 falsa dijudicandi. Haec planities apta est pugnando. Ego fratrem 
 tuum natare doceo, gaudeoque, quod tarn aptum se praebet ad natan- 
 dum. Pauci homines idonei sunt ad aliis imperandum. Virtus hom- 
 ines avocat a peccando. Acriter pugnando milites urbem ab interitu 
 liberaverunt. 
 
 To govern a state, is very difficult ; [only] a few understand the 
 art of governing a state wisely. Avoid thou every occasion of sin- 
 ning. Thy brother is very skilful in (gen.) riding. The human intel- 
 lect is nourished by (abl.) thinking. 
 
 LIX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Crucio J. I torment. person and abl. of efFCisus, a, um, imre- 
 
 cruciatus, us, m. torture. thing), / deprive of. strained. 
 
 emendo 1. I improve. poena, ae, /. punish- piger, gra, grum, indo- 
 
 nuntio 1. / announce. ment. lent, slothful. 
 
 obscuro 1. / obscure. morbus, i, m. disease. benevole, adv. kindly, 
 
 probo- 1. / approve ; incendium i, n. confia- benevolently. 
 
 prober (c. dat.) I gration. hodie, adv. to-day. 
 
 please. ohWv'io, 6ms, f oblivion, mlsere, adv. ivretchedly, 
 
 spolio 1. (with ace. of decus, oris, n. honor. in a wretched way. 
 
 B.) Passive of the First Conjugation. 
 
 Quum urbs ab hostibus oppugnabatur, omnium civium animi ingen- 
 ti terrore occupabantur. Dum ego cantando delectabar, tu saltando 
 delectabare (delectabaris). Quum pugna atrocissima erat, sol nubibus 
 obscurabatur. Quamdiu virtus decore et dignitate sua non spoliabitur, 
 tamdiu homines virtutis compotes etiam in summis cruciatibus beati 
 erunt. Maleflci post mortem justis poenis castigabuntur. Ut alios 
 tractaverltis, ita ab iis tractabimini. Si litteris diligenter operam nava- 
 venmus, a parentibus nostris pulchris munerlbus donabimur. Quo re- 
 
112 FIUST CONJUGATION. [$51. 
 
 ligiosius virtutis praecepta servabo, eo magis dec probabor. Quum 
 urbs ab hostibus expugnata erat, omnes ciyes acerbissimo dolore cru- 
 ciabantui'. Si liberi vestri bene a vobis educati erunt, magna ad vos 
 laus redundabit. 
 
 As yesterday thou wast with me, I was tormented by (abl.) violent 
 pains, but to-day I am delivered from them. If thou lovest (= shalt 
 love) men, thou wilt be loved by them. The remembrance of renown- 
 ed men is obscured by (abl.) no oblivion. The wise will even then be 
 happy, when they shall be tormented by the severest (acerbus) pains. 
 While we delighted ourselves (= were delighted) in (abl.) song (Ge- 
 rund), you delighted yourselves in the dance (Gerund). The more 
 scrupulously you shall observe the precepts of virtue, so much the 
 more will you please God. As the victory of our army was announc- 
 ed, unrestrained joy prevailed (agitarij through the whole city. As 
 the city had been taken possession of by the enemy, at (abl.) the very 
 same time three conflagrations were raised. Rejoice, boys, lo-morrow 
 Christmas (= the birth day of Christ) will be celebrated, and by your 
 good parents you will be presented with (abl.) beautiful presents. If 
 thou shalt please (fut. perf ) all good men, thou wilt also please God. 
 The more kindly I shall have treated others, so much the more kindly 
 shall I also be treated by them. As thou enteredst the house (ace.) 
 thou wast delighted by (abl.) the arrival of thy father. 
 
 LX. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Conformo 1. I form. metus, us, m. apprehen- ignavia, ae,^ cowardice. 
 
 obsto 1. / oppose, am a sion,Jear. otium, i, n. ease. 
 
 hindrance. officio 3. / hinder, stand infirmitas, atis,/ weak- 
 
 -prsiep^io i. I prepare. in the way. [tinue. ness. 
 
 reporto 1. / hear off. pergo 3. / go on, con- timiditas, atis,/. timidi- 
 
 solliclto 1. I disturb. impedio 4. I prevent. ty. 
 
 sollicltus, a, um, dis- impedimentum, i, n. divinus, a, um, divine. 
 
 turhed, apprehensive. hindrance ; impedi- immanis, e, cruel. 
 
 expleo 2. I fulfil. mento est, it is a terrestris, e, earthly. 
 
 prohlbeo 2. I prevent. hindrance. temere, adv. inconsid- 
 
 metuo 3. / apprehend, constanda, ae, f.Jirm- erately, without rea- 
 
 Jear. ness. son. 
 
 Rule of Syntax. The conjunction quomlnus with the Subj. stands 
 after the verbs and phrases which signify a hindrance, and is to be 
 translated into English by ihat.^ (Comp. Synt. § 107, 2.). 
 
 * Or more elegantly, often, by the prepositions, of, from, to, with a corres- 
 ponding modification of the words which stand in connection with it. — Tr. 
 
$51.] PASSIVE VOICE. 113 
 
 Levitas animi miiltis piieris impedimento est, quominus eorum 
 mores emeiideiitur et ingenia litterarum studio conformentur. Mili- 
 tLim ignavia obstabat, quominus liostilis exercitus superaretur. Unius 
 ducis constantia obstabat, quominus cives ab immanibus militibus mi- 
 sere vexarentur. Terrestrium rerum cura saepe prohibet, quominus 
 res divinae a nobis curentur. Infirinltas vocis et timiditas animi saepe 
 oratori officiunt, quominus laude dignus judicetur. Senectus non im- 
 pedit, quominus litterarum studia studiose a nobis tractentur. Timidi- 
 tas saepe impedit, quominus animus noster contra pericula, quae nobis 
 imminent, praeparetur. 
 
 Weakness of voice stood in the way of your being accounted (= hin- 
 dered you, that you should be accounted) a great orator. The firm- 
 ness of the general alone prevents the citizens fi-om being annoyed by 
 the cruel soldiers. Already has levity been an hindrance to many 
 boys, that their manners should be improved and their minds be formed 
 by the study of literature. The cowardice of the soldiers hindered, 
 that the hostile army should be overcome. 
 
 Rule or Syntax. After the words and phrases which express /ear 
 or apprehension, ne with the Subj. is to be translated by that, and ut with 
 the Subj. by that not. (Corap. Synt. § 106, 3.). 
 
 Piger discipulus semper metuit, ne a praeceptoribus castigetur. Me- 
 tuo, ne a te vituperer. Timeo, ut victoria ab exercitu nostro de hos- 
 tibus reportetur. Si tam fortiter contra hostem dimicare pergimus, 
 non est periculum, ne ab lis superemur. Si ofRcia vestra semper reli- 
 giose expletis ; ne metuite, ut omnibus probemini. In metu eramus, 
 ut morbo liberaremini. Vehemens cura animos nostros sollicitabat, ne 
 ab hostibus vexaremur. Sollicltus eram, ne in otio turbarer. 
 
 I was in apprehension that I should be censured by thee. I appre- 
 hended, that I should be disturbed in my ease. The soldiers were in 
 apprehension that victory over the enemy would not be borne off. A 
 violent apprehension (= care) disturbs our minds, that we may be an- 
 noyed by the" enemies. Why did they apprehend, that they should 
 not be delivered from sickness? If thou hast always fulfilled thy 
 duties, do not fear that thou mayest not please (probor) all. If our 
 army continues to fight so bravely against the enemies, there is no 
 ( = not) fear, that it may be overcome by them. Indolent scholars always 
 fear, that they shall be punished by [their] teachers. We were in ap- 
 prehension, that we should be accounted ungratefid by you. Not with- 
 out reason so oppressive an apprehension seized you, that you would 
 be annoyed by the enemies. 
 
 10* 
 
114 FIRST CONJUGATION. [^51. 
 
 LXI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Contammo 1. I con- ignominia, ae, J. igno- aequus, a, am, equal; 
 
 taminate. miny. aequus animus, 
 
 exoro 1. I prevail upon flagitium, i, n. foul equanimity. 
 
 by entreaty. deed. sceleratus, a, um, 
 
 migro 1. c. ace. I trans- prodltor, 6ris,m. traitor. wicked. 
 
 gress. splendor, oris, m. splen- sancte, adv. sacredly, 
 
 multo 1. 1 punish. dor. sanctitas, atis,/. sacrecZ- 
 
 noto 1. I mark, brand, civitas, atis, /. citizen- ness. 
 
 occo 1. / hairow. ship, right of citizen- sin, conj. but if. 
 reparo 1. / repair, ship. 
 
 Si industrius es, laudator ; sin piger, vituperator ! Si leges civitatis 
 migraveritis, multaminor ! Ager justo tempore arator et occator ! Pro- 
 ditores patriae civitate spoliantor ! Vos, o scelerati cives, ignominia 
 notaminor ! * Leges divinae ab hominibus sancte observantor ! Si quid 
 peccaveris, aequo animo vituperare ! Exoramlni, o mei parentes ! 
 O mi puer, delectare litterarum studio ! Precibus nosiris exorare, o 
 judex ! Ne flagitiis contaminammor ! 
 
 Be prevailed upon by entreaty, my father ! O my boys, delight 
 yourselves [= be delighted) in (abl.) the study of literature. If you 
 have committed a fault (fut. perf ) allow yourselves to &e (= be ye) cen- 
 sured with equanimity! Thou shouldest not be contaminated with 
 foul deeds. If you are diligent, you will be praised ; but if you are 
 indolent, you will be censured. Virtue should always be sacredly 
 observed. The fields, at the right time, should be ploughed and 
 harrowed. If thou transgressest (fut. perf) the laws of the state, thou 
 shouldst be punished. Thou, O wicked citizen, shouldst be branded 
 with ignominy! 
 
 LXII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Adaequo ]. /ZeueZ. s^ero ^ . I hope. humamtas, atis,/. hu- 
 
 appropinquo L / ap- violo 1. I violate. manity. 
 
 proach. succenseo 2. 1 am offen- -permc'ies, ei, f. destruc- 
 exstirpo 1. / extirpate. ded. tion. 
 
 externiino 1. / expel. accldo 3. I happen. eximius, a, um, distin- 
 
 fundo 1. I found. dimitto 3. T dismiss. guished, excellent. 
 
 labefacto 1. / shake. efForesco 3. I flourish, jam pridem, adv. long 
 
 muto 1. / cJiange, ex- ruo 3. / rush. since. 
 
 change. pueritia, ae,/ boyhood, interdlu, adv. by day. 
 
 regno 1. I rule, reign. solum, i. n, the ground. 
 
 Melior est certa pax, quam sperata victoria. Terra mutata non 
 
§ 51.] PASSIVE VOICE. 115 
 
 mutat mores. Multa in hac vita accidunt non exspectata. Omnes 
 dolores patienter tolerati minus acerbi sunt. Dux dimittit mJlites ob 
 eximiam virtutem laudatos. Multi juvenes, in prima pueritia a paren- 
 tibus male educati, in perniciem ruunt. 
 
 The friendship formed (= united) between good and wise [men] is 
 disturbed by (abl.) nothing (= no thing). Dangers, which were not ex- 
 pected (= not expected) by us, discompose our minds more (magis) 
 than dangers which were long since expected. When thou art censur- 
 ed (= having been censm-ed) on account of a fault, be not offended at 
 the censurer (= the one censurmg). After the walls had been leveled 
 {= the walls having been leveled) to the ground by the enemies, they 
 are repaired by the citizens. By day we do not see the stai's, hecause 
 they are obscured (= they having been obscured) by the splendor of the 
 sun. 
 
 (Concerning the Ablative absolute Comp. Synt. 100, 4, b). 
 
 Regnante Xerxei), Graeci de Persis splendidissimam victoriam re- 
 portaverunt. Inter bonos viros et deum amicitia est, conciliante natu- 
 ral). Appropinquante hieme^), multae aves mitiores regiones petunt. 
 
 Recuperata pace^), artes efflorescunt. Regibus exterminatis^), Ro- 
 man! liberam rempublicam fundaverunt. Terra mutata^), mores homi- 
 num non mutantur. Legibus divinis sancte observatis'''), vita nostra 
 beata erit. 
 
 While Numa Pompilius reigned, the Romans were very prosperous. 
 While the larks sing, we go to walk over (per) the plains. While Au- 
 gustus reigned, the splendor of the empire was the greatest. When 
 a just king administers the state, the laws also are just. When the 
 swallows migrate into milder regions, winter approaches. 
 
 After the plains were laid waste, the enemies assaulted (perf.) the 
 city. When the sacredness of the laws is violated, the foundation of 
 the state is shaken. When the city had been taken, an immense con- 
 flagration was raised. 
 
 LXIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Coerceo, ui, Itum 2. / deleo, evi, etum 2. / pareo, ui 2. I obey, am 
 restrain. destroy. obedient, follow. 
 
 1) While Xerxes reigned, or : under the reign of Xerxes. ^) Since na- 
 ture forms (it). ^) When the winter approaches, or : on the approach of 
 winter. ■*) After peace is restored, or: on the restoration of peace. ^) After 
 the kings had been expelled, or : after tlie expulsion of the kings. ^) When 
 the country has been exchanged, or : after an exchange of countries. ''') 
 When the divine laws are sacredly observed. 
 
116 PARALLEL EXERCISES FOR ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [^50. 
 
 pateo, lii 2. I stand instruo, uxi, uctum 3. conjuratio, onis,/. con- 
 
 upon. to furnish, to arrange. spiracy. 
 
 valeo, ui, itiim 2. / am scribo, psi, ptum 3. to aditus, us, m. approach. 
 
 strong, well. write. acies, ei,/. 1) edge; 2) 
 
 absumo, sumpsi, sump- esurio 4. / hunger. line-of-hattle. 
 
 turn 3. to consume. sitio 4. I thirst. tenuis, e, thin. 
 
 cingo, nxi, nctum 3. corona, ae,/. garland, quoad, conj. so long as. 
 
 to surround. membrana, ae,/. mem- fere, adv. almost. 
 
 detego xi, ctum 3, to hrane. probe adv. excellently, 
 
 detect. oculus, 1, m. eye. properly. 
 
 excello, ui 3. to be dis- incendiura, i, n. confla- 
 gration. 
 
 C) Parallel exercises for all the Conjugations. 
 a) Indicative Present, Imperfect and Future Active of all the Conjugations. 
 
 Laudo, exerceo, duco, erudlo. Laudas, exerces, duels, erudis. 
 Laudat, exercet, ducit, erudit. Laudabam, exercebam, ducebam, 
 erudiebam. Laudabas, exercebas, ducebas, erudiebas. Laudebat, 
 exercebat, ducebat, erudiebat. Laudabo, exercebo, ducam, erudlam. 
 Laudabis, exercebis, duces, erudles. Laudabit, exercebit, ducet, 
 erudiet. Gaudebara, quod tu et pater tuus valebatis. Dum ego pin- 
 gebam, tu scribebas, et frater legebat. Milites nostri castra muniebant. 
 Hostes aciem insti'uebant. 
 
 Praeceptor gaudebat, quod vos ejus praeceptis parebatis. Dum nos 
 legebamus, vos scribebatis et sorores acu pingebant. Quum hostes 
 urbem rjostram obsidione cingebant, cives earn custodiebant. Tibi 
 placebas, aliis displicebas. Dum tu dormiebas, ego te custodiebam. 
 Omnes boni legibus divinis semper parebunt. Quoad vives, bene 
 vives. Dum tu dormies, ego te custodiam. Virtutis honorem nulla 
 oblivio delebit. Si virtutem coletis, aditus in coelum vobis patebit. 
 
 We praise, we exercise, we lead, we instruct. You praise, you 
 exercise, you lead, you instruct. They praise, they exercise, they lead, 
 they instruct. We praised, we exercised, we led, we instructed. You 
 praised, you exercised, you led, you instructed. They praised, they 
 exercised, they led, they instructed. We will praise, we will exercise, 
 we will lead, we will instruct. You will praise, you will exercise, you 
 will lead, you will instruct. They will praise, they will exercise, they 
 will lead, they will instruct. We rejoiced, that (quod) thou wast well. 
 While we wrote, you read, and the brothers painted. 
 
 While the enemies were arranging the line-of-battle, our soldiers 
 fortified the camp. The teachers rejoiced, that (quod) the scholars 
 
§ 50.] ACTIVE VOICE. 117 
 
 obeyed their (eorum) precepts. While I was singing, thou wast learn- 
 ing, and the sister embroidering. While the enemy surrounded our 
 city with a blockade, we guarded it. You pleased yourselves, others 
 you displeased. While you slept, we guarded you. So long as you 
 shall live, you will live well. While you shall sleep, we will guard 
 you. 
 
 b) Indicative Perfect Active of all the Conjugations. 
 
 Laudavi, exercui, duxi, erudivi. Lauda(vi)sti, exercuisti, duxisti, 
 erudi(vi)sti. Laudavit, exercuit, duxit, erudivit. Graecia omnibus 
 artibus floruit. Hostes aciem instruxerunt. Milites per totum diem 
 sitierunt et esurierunt. Laudo vos, quod mentes vestras in litterarum 
 studio probe exercuistis. Multas litteras hodie scripslmus. Natura 
 oculos tenuissimis membranis vestivit. Duces cupiditates militum 
 coercuerunt. Bellum atrocissimum gessimus. Cur domus vestrae 
 parietes coronis ornavistis et vestivistis? Cur tacuistis.? Bellum 
 urbis nostrae opes absumpsit. Cicero conjurationem Catilinae detexit. 
 Incendium totam fere urbem absumpsit. 
 
 We have praised, we have exercised, we have led, we have instruct- 
 ed. You have praised, you have exercised, you have led, you have 
 instructed. They have praised, they have exercised, they have led, 
 they have instructed. The general has arranged the line of battle before 
 (ante) the city. The Greeks were (perf.) distinguished by (abl.) 
 the glory of [their] arts and literature. I praise thee, that (quod) thou 
 hast exercised thy mind properly in the study of literatui-e. I had 
 written the letter. The general has restrained the passions of the 
 soldiers. We have carried on a very bloody war. Wherefore hast 
 thou adorned and hung (= clothed) the walls of thy house with gar- 
 lands ? Why hast thou been silent ? The wars have consumed our 
 
 LXIV. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Convolo 1. Iflytogeth- excolo, olui, ultum 3. temerltas, atis,/ incon- 
 
 er, hasten together. to cultivate. siderateness, rashness. 
 
 specto 1. I behold, have metuo, ui 3. to fear. diu, adv. long time. 
 
 in view. negligo, exi, ectum 3. vix, adv. scarcely. 
 
 caveo, cavi, cautum 2. to neglect. priusquam [or prius, 
 
 to he on one's guard, expedio 4. / disentan- quam) conj. sooner 
 
 contemno,mpsi,mptum gle, get ready. . . . than. 
 
 3. to despise. finio 4. / end, conclude, simulatque, conj. so 
 
 educo, xi, ctum 3. to obedio 4. / obey. [as) soon as. 
 
 lead out. 
 
118 PARALLEL EXERCISES FOR ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [§ 50. 
 
 c) Indicative Pluperfect Active of all the Conjugations. 
 
 Lauda(ve)ram, exercueram, duxerara, erudi(v)eram. Lauda(ve)ras, 
 exercueras, duxeras, erudi(v)eras. Lauda(ve)rat5 exercuerat, duxerat 
 eriidi(v)erat. Haec civltas diii floruerat, quia semper legibus paruerat. 
 Vix Caesar aciem instruxerat, quum hostes in unum locum convola- 
 verunt. Praeceptoribus vestris placueratis, quia semper eorum prae- 
 ceptis obedieratis. Tu nobis valde nocueras, quia temeritatem tuam 
 non coercueras. Incendium totam fere m-bem absumpserat. Vix 
 milltes nostri castra muniverant, quum Caesar aciem instruxit. 
 
 We had praised, we had exercised, we had led, we had instructed. 
 You had praised, you had exercised, you had led, you had instructed. 
 They had praised, they had exercised, they had led, they had instruct- 
 ed. Why hadst thou been silent ? Scarcely had the enemies arrang- 
 ed the liue of battle, as Caesar led out (perf) the soldiers from the 
 camp. The war had consumed the resources of our state. Thou 
 hadst pleased thy teacher, because thou hadst always obeyed his pre- 
 cepts. You had injured that [man] gi'eatly, because you had not res- 
 trained your rashness. 
 
 d) Indicative Future Perfect Active of all the Conjugations. 
 Lauda(ve)ro, exercuero, duxero, erudi(v)ei'o. Lauda(ve)ris, exercue- 
 ris, duxeris, erudi(v)eris. Lauda{ve)rit, exercuerit, duxerit, erudi(v)erit 
 Nisi virtutis praeceptis parueritis, aditus in coelum vobis non patebit, 
 Divites eritis, si divitias contempserltis. Non prius dormiemus, quam 
 negotia nostra finiermius. Si cupiditates vestras coercuerltis, beati 
 eritis. Simulatque litteras scripserlmus, ambulabimus. Quum milltes 
 castra muniverint, ad pugnam se expedient. 
 
 We shall have praised, we shall have exercised, we shall have led, 
 we shall have instructed. You will have praised, you will have exer- 
 cised, you will have led, you will have instructed. They will have 
 praised, they will have exercised, they will have led, they will have 
 instructed. If thou shalt have obeyed (parere) the precepts of virtue, 
 thou wilt be loved by all. Thou wilt be rich, if thou shalt have 
 despised riches. Not sooner shall I sleep, than I shall have concluded 
 my business (plur.). If thou shalt have restrained thy passions, thou 
 wilt be peaceful. So soon as I shall have written the letter, I will go 
 to walk. So soon as the soldiers shall have got ready for battle, the 
 general will lead them out of the camp. 
 
$50.] ACTIVE VOICE. 119 
 
 e) Suhjundive Present and Imperfect Active of all the Conjugations. 
 
 Curo, ut pueri mores emendem, corpus exerceam, animuin excolain, 
 mentem erudlam. Curo, ut pueri mores emendes, corpus exerceas, 
 animum excolas, mentem erudias. Curo, ut praeceptor pueri mores 
 emendet, corpus exerceat, animum excolat, mentem erudiat. Cura- 
 bam, ut pueri mores emendarem, corpus exercerem, animum excole- 
 rem, mentem erudirem. Curabam, ut pueri mores emendares, corpus 
 exerceres, animum excoleres, mentem erudires. Curabam, ut praecep- 
 tor pueri mores emendaret, corpus exerceret, animum excoleret, men- 
 tem erudiret. Non dubitamus, quin nobis fidem habeatis. Moneo 
 vos, ne parentium praecepta negligatis. Cavete, pueri, ne garriatis ! 
 Lacedaemoniorum leges id spectant, ut laboribus erudiant juventutem. 
 Metuebam, ne vobis displicerem. Timebam, ne inimicus mihi noceret. 
 Metuebam, ne taceres. Cur metuis, ne taceam ? Hostes timent, ne 
 dux milites e castris educat. 
 
 We look out [for this], that we may improve the manners of the 
 boys, exercise [their] bodies, cultivate [their] minds, instruct [their] in- 
 tellects. We look out [for this], that you may improve the manners of 
 the boys, exercise [their] bodies, cultivate [their] minds, instruct [their] 
 intellects. We look out [for this], that the teachers may improve the 
 manners of the boys, exercise [their] bodies, cultivate [their] minds, 
 instruct [their] intellects. We looked out [for this], that we might im- 
 prove the manners of the boys, exercise [their] bodies, cultivate [their] 
 minds, instruct [their] intellects. We looked out [for this], that you 
 might improve the manners of the boys, exercise [their] bodies, cul- 
 tivate [their] minds, instruct [their] intellects. We looked out [for this], 
 that the teachers might improve the manners of the boys, exercise 
 [their] bodies, cultivate [their] minds, instruct [their] intellects. 
 
 I doubt not, that thou hast confidence in me. I admonish thee, that 
 thou shouldest not (ne) neglect the precepts of thy parents. Be on 
 your guard, bo}', how (= that, ne) thou chatterest. The laws of the 
 Lacedemonians had this in view, that they might instruct youth in la- 
 bors. We feared, that (ne) we might displease you. We feared, that 
 (ne) the enemies might injure us. We feared, that (ne) you might be 
 silent. Why did you fear, that (ne) we might be silent ? The ene- 
 mies feared, that (ne) the general might lead out the soldiers from the 
 camp. I fear, that (ne) I may displease you. Why dost thou fear, that 
 (ne) thou mayest displease us ? 
 
120 PARALLEL EXERCISES FOR ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [^50. 
 
 LXV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Constat 1. it is known, lenio 4. / relieve, soothe, aeger, gi-a, grum, sick 
 
 puto 1. 1 believe, think, mollio 4. / render pli- (of the mind), 
 adspicio, spexi, spec- ant, abate. gnavlter, adv. zealously. 
 
 turn 3, to look at. nuntius, i, m. news. unde, adv. whence. 
 
 comburo, ussi, ustum consolatio, onis,/. con- 
 
 3. to burn up. solation. 
 
 corrlgo, exi, ectum 3. longinquitas, atis, /. 
 
 to correct, improve. length, distance. 
 
 f ) Subjunctive Perfect, Pluperfect and Future Active of all the Con- 
 jugations. 
 
 Nemo dubrtat, quin ego puemm semper bene educa(ve)rim,benev61e 
 monuerim, diligenter correxerim, gnavlter custodi(v)erim. Nemo du- 
 bitat, quin puerum semper bene educa(ve)ris, benevole monueris, dili- 
 genter correxeris, gnaviter custodi(v)eris. Nemo dubltat, quin pater 
 puerum semper bene educa(ve)rit, benevole monuerit. diligenter cor- 
 rexerit, gnaviter custodi(v)erit. Nemo dubitabat, quin puerum semper 
 bene educa(vi)ssem, benevole monuissem, dilligenter correxissem, 
 gnaviter custodi(vi)ssem. Nemo dubitabat, quin puerum semper bene 
 educa(vi)sses, benevole monuisses, diligenter correxisses, gnaviter cu- 
 stodi(vi)sses. Nemo dubitabat, quin pater puerum semper bene edu- 
 ca(vi)sset, benevole monuisset, diligenter correxisset, gnaviter custodi- 
 (vi)sset. 
 
 Nescio, cur tacueritis. Metulmus, ne hostes urbem combusserint. 
 Narrate mihi, qua consolatione aegrum amici animum leniverltis. Non 
 dubito, quin dux temeritatem militum coercuerit. Nescio, cur puerum 
 puniverltis. Narrate nobis, quid parentes scripserint. Nescimus, 
 unde amici hunc nuntium audiverint. Non dubito, quin pueri prae- 
 cepta mea memoria custodierint. Hostes timent, ne dux milites e 
 castris eduxerit. Nesciebam, cur tacuissetis. Metuebamus, ne hostes 
 urbem obsidione cinxissent. Non dubitabam, quin praecepta mea 
 memoria custodivissetis. Non dubito, quin puerum bene educaturus 
 sis. Non dubito, quin dux temeritatem militum coerciturus sit. Ne- 
 mo dubitat, quin hostes urbem obsidione cincturi sint. Non dubita- 
 bam, quin longinquitas temporis dolorem tuum mollitura esset. Non 
 dubitabam, quin praecepta mea memoria servaturus esses. 
 
 Nobody doubts, that we have always brought up the boys well, have 
 kindly admonished them, have carefully corrected them, have zealous- 
 ly guarded them. Nobody doubts, that you have always brought up 
 the boys well, have kindly admonished them, have carefully corrected 
 
$50.] ACTIVE VOICE. 121 
 
 them, have zealously guarded them. Nobody doubts, that the teachers 
 have always brought up the boys well, have kindly admonished them, 
 have carefully corrected them, have zealously guarded them. Nobody 
 doubted, that we had always brought up the boys well, had kindly ad- 
 monished them, had carefully corrected them, had zealously guarded 
 them. Nobody doubted, that you had always brought up the boys 
 well, had kindly admonished them, had carefully corrected them, had 
 zealously guarded them. Nobody doubted, that the parents had al- 
 ways brought up the boys well, had kindly admonished them, had care- 
 fully corrected them, had zealously guarded them. 
 
 We know not, why thou hast been silent. I feared, that (ne) the 
 enemy had burned the city. Relate to me, by (abl.) what consolation 
 thou hast relieved the sick mind of thy friend. I doubted not, that the 
 general had restrained the rashness of the soldiers. We know not, 
 why thou hast punished the boy. Relate to me what the father has 
 written. I know not, v/hence the enemies have heard the news. I 
 doubt not, that the boy has kept my precepts in (abl.) remembrance. 
 The enemies feared, that the general had led out the soldiers from the 
 camp. We knew not, why thou hadst been silent. We feared, that 
 the enemies had surrounded the city with (abl.) a blockade. I doubted 
 not, that thou wouldst bring up the boy well. I doubted not, that the 
 general would restrain the rashness of the soldiers. We doUbted not, 
 that the enemies would surround the city with a blockade. I doubt 
 not, that length of time will abate thy suffering. 
 
 g) Imperative and Supine Active of all the Conjugations. 
 
 Lauda, exerce, scribe, obedi. Laudato, exerceto, scribito, obedito. 
 Praeceptor puerorum mores emendato, corpora exerceto, animos exco- 
 lito, mentes erudito ! Tacete, pueri ! Disce, puer ! Ne garrite, pueri ! 
 Liberi parentibus obediunto. Coelestia semper spectato, Immana con- 
 temnlto ! Cupiditates coercitote ! Puer, ne contemnito praecepta ma- 
 gistrorum tuorum! Die, quid pater scripserit. Educ nos, O dux, con- 
 tra hostes ! Venio te rogatum, ut mecum ambiiles. Uva matura dul- 
 cis est gustatu. Cupiditates difficiles sunt coercitu. Haec regio pul- 
 chra est adspectu. Vox lusciniae est suavis auditu. 
 
 Praise ye, exercise, write, obey. You should praise, exercise, write, 
 obey. Teachers should improve the manners of the boys, should ex- 
 ercise [their] bodies, should cultivate [their] minds, should instruct 
 [their] intellects. Be silent, boy ! Learn, O boys ! Do not chatter, 
 boy! The boy should obey the precepts of [his] teachers. You 
 11 
 
122 PARALLEL EXERCISES OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [^ 50. 
 
 should always regard heavenly, [but] despise human [things]. Thou 
 shouldst restrain the passions. Say, what thou hast written. Lead, O 
 general, the soldiers against the enemies. We come, in order (Supine) 
 to ask yon, that you would go to walk with us. An unripe grape is pun- 
 gent to taste. The rashness of the soldiers was difficult to restrain. 
 These regions are beautiful to look at. The city is difficult to guard. 
 
 h) Participle, Gerund and Infinitive Active of all the Conjugations. 
 Exercitus pugnans urbem intravii. Animus, se non videns, alia 
 cernit. Miles, se foititer contra hostes defendens, laudatur. Hostes, 
 urbem oppugnaturi, castra muniverunt. Sapiens bona semper placitu- 
 ra laudat. Hostes veniunt, urbem obsidione cincturi. Venio auditu- 
 rus, quid pater scripserit. Ars navigandi utilissima est. Sensus vi- 
 dendi acerrimus est. Sapientia est ars vivendi. Obediendum est 
 praeceptis virtutis. Hostes urbem nostram expugnare student. Cupi- 
 ditates coercere debemus. Liberi parentes suos colere debent. Mi- 
 lites urbem custodu-e debent. 
 
 The soldiers fighting entered the city. Souls, not seeing themselves, 
 see other [things]. The soldiers, who defend (= defending) themselves 
 bravely against the enemies, are ])raised. Boys, who chatter (= chat- 
 tering) in school, are troublesome. The enemies come wishing to as- 
 sault the city. Strive, O boys, to obtain goods, ever about to please. 
 The enemies came wishing to assault the city. We come wishing to 
 hear what the friend has written thee. The art of WTiting is very 
 difficult. By thinking and learning, the intellect (mens) is nourished. 
 The opportunity to hear (= of hearing) is rarer than the opportunity 
 to see (= of seeing). 
 
 (Concerning the Ace. with the Infin., comp. Synt. § 105.) 
 Scim.us, deum mundum gubernare (we know that God governs the 
 world). Credo, meum consilium tibi placere (I believe that my plan 
 pleases thee). Credo, fratrem pingere. Audlmus, hostes ante urbem 
 castra munire. Audivi, milites nostros acerrime pugnasse. Quis nes- 
 cit, Socratem semper virtutis praeceptis paruisse "? Constat, Ciceronem 
 conjurationem Catillnae detexisse. Credo, te dormisse. Spero, vos 
 consilium meum probaturos esse. Credlmus, ducem temeritatem mil- 
 itum coerciturum esse. Puto, patrem eras scripturum esse. Omnes 
 Gives sperant, milites urbem custodituros esse. 
 
 I believe, that thou approvest my plan. I know, that you obey me. 
 I believe, that the father wi-ites. I believe, that the boy sleeps. The 
 
^51.] PASSIVE VOICE. 123 
 
 brother relates to me, that thou hast approved my plan. We hear, 
 that the general has restrained the rashness of the soldiers. We be- 
 lieve, that the father has written. We have heard, that the enemies 
 have fortified a camp before the city. I believe, that the soldiers w^ill 
 fight spiritedly. I hope, that the plan will please thee. All Romans 
 hoped, that Cicero would detect the conspiracy of Catiline. I hope, 
 that I shall soon hear this news. 
 
 LXVI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Despero 1 . I despair. jungo, nxi, nctum 3. naturalis, e, wa/wroZ. 
 
 augeo, xi, ctum 2. to to join, connect. extemplo, adv. imme- 
 
 increase, enrich. vivo, x'l, ctum 3. to live. diaiely. 
 
 deterreo 2. / frighten propositum, i, n. pur- strenue, adv. vigorous- 
 
 from. [fll. pose. ly. 
 
 oppleo, evi, etum 2. to difficultas, atis, /. diffi- postquam, conj. after 
 consplcio, exi, ectum 3. culty. that. 
 
 to discover. subitus, a, um, sudden. 
 
 i) Indicative Present, Imperfect and Future Passive of all the Conjugations. 
 Laudor, exerceor, ducor, erudlor. Laudaris, exerceris, duceris, eru- 
 diris. Laudatur, exercetur, ducltur, eruditur. Laudabai', exercebar, 
 ducebar, erudiebar. Laudabare, exercebare, ducebare, erudiebare. 
 Laudabatur, exercebatur, diicebatur, erudiebatur. Laudabor, exerce- 
 bor, ducar, erudiar. Laudabere, exercebere, ducere, erudiere. Lau- 
 dabitur, exercebitur, ducetur, erudietur. 
 
 We are praised, we are exercised, we are led, we are instructed. 
 You are praised, you are exercised, you are led, you are instructed. 
 They are praised, they are exercised, they are led, they are instructed. 
 We were praised, we were exercised, we were led, we v/ere instruct- 
 ed. You were praised, you were exercised, you were led, you were 
 instructed. They were praised, they were exercised, they were led, 
 they were instructed. We shall be praised, we shall be exercised, we 
 shall be led, M^e shall be instructed. You will be praised, you will be 
 exercised, you will be led, you will be instructed. They will be prais- 
 ed, they will be exercised, they will be led, they will be instructed. 
 
 Quum in litteris exercemur, animi nostri multarum rerum utilium 
 cognitione augentur. Quum subito periculo terremur, non debemus 
 extemplo de salute nostra desperare. Quoad litteris honos suus erit, 
 Graeci et Latini scriptores in scholis legentur. Si semper bene 
 vixeris, ab omnibus diligere. Virtutis honos nulla oblivione delebltur. 
 Quum urbs ab hostibus oppugnabatur, a civibus acriter defendebatur. 
 
124 PARALLEL EXERCISES OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [4 51. 
 
 When you are exercised in literature, your souls are enriched by 
 (abl.) the knowledge of many useful things. When thou art frighten- 
 ed by (abl.) a sudden fear, thou shouldest not immediately despair of 
 thy safety. The Greek and Latin writers are read in the schools. If 
 you shall always have lived well, you will be esteemed by all. The 
 city which was assaulted by the enemies, was defended spiritedly by 
 the citizens. 
 
 k) Subjunctive Present and Imperfect Passive of all the Conjugations. 
 
 Pater curat, ut ego bene educer strenue exercear, probe excolar, dil- 
 igenter erudlar. Curo, ut bene educere, strenue exerceare, probe exco- 
 lare, diligenter erudiare. Curo, ut puer bene educetur, strenue exer- 
 ceatur, probe excolatur, diligenter erudiatur. Pater curabat, ut ego 
 bene educarer, strenue exercerer, probe excolerer, diligenter erudirer. 
 Curabam, ut bene educarere, strenue exercerere, probe excolerere, dil- 
 igenter erudirere. Curabam, ut filius tuus bene educaretur, strenue 
 exerceretur, probe excoleretur, diligenter erudiretur. 
 
 Our father looks out [for this], that we may be well brought up, 
 vigorously exercised, properly cultivated, carefully instructed. Your 
 father looks out [for this], that you may be well brought up, vigorously 
 exercised, properly cultivated, carefully instructed. Parents look out 
 [for this], that the manners of [their] children (liberi) may be improved, 
 [their] bodies vigorously exercised, [their] minds properly cultivated, 
 [their] understandings carefully instructed. Our father looked out [for 
 this], that we might be well brought up, vigorously exercised, proper- 
 ly cultivated, carefully instructed. Your father looked out [for this], 
 that you might be well brought up, vigorously exercised, properly cul- 
 tivated, carefully instructed. The parents looked out [for this], that 
 the manners of [their] children might be improved, [their] bodies 
 exercised, [their] minds cultivated, [their] understandings instructed. 
 
 Quis nescit, quam praeclaris fructibus animi nostri in litterarum 
 studiis augeantur? Tiraemus, ne exercitus noster ab hostibus vinca- 
 tur. Omnes cives metuebant, ne urbs ab hostibus obsidione cingere- 
 tur. Lacedaemoniorum leges id spectabant, ut laboribus erudiretur 
 juventus. Curae mihi est, ut a te diligar. Cives metuunt, ne castra ab 
 hostibus ante urbem muniantur. 
 
 I doubt not, that the soul may be enriched with (abl.) excellent fruit 
 in the study of literature. We feared, that our army might be con- 
 quered by the enemies. All citizens fear, that the city may be sur- 
 rounded by the enemies with (abl.) a blockade. We look out [for 
 
$51.] PASSIVE VOICE. 125 
 
 this], that the youth may be instructed in (abl.) labors. We ai'e anx- 
 ious, that we may be esteemed by you. The citizens apprehended, 
 that a camp might be fortified by the enemies before the city. 
 
 1) Indicative and Subjunctive Perfect, Pluperfect and Future Perfect 
 Passive of all the Conjugations. 
 
 Milites ob fortitudinem a duce laudati sunt. Pueri in litterarum 
 studiis gnaviter exerciti sunt. Conjuratio Catilinae a Cicerone detecta 
 est. Ocdli tenuissimis membranis a natura vestiti sunt. Cupiditates 
 railitum a duce fortissimo coercltae sunt. Tria bella atrocissima gesta 
 sunt inter Romanos et Carthaginienses. Quum rex urbem intrabat, 
 omnium civium domus coronis et floribus vestitae et ornatae erant. 
 Maximo incendio tota fere urbs absumpta erat. Vix acies a Caesere 
 instructa erat, quum hostes in unum locum convolaverunt. Non eris 
 dives, nisi divitiae a te contemptae erunt. 
 
 Non prius dormiemus, quam negotia vestra finita erunt. Beati non 
 eritis, nisi cupiditates vestrae a vobis coercltae erunt. Simulac castra 
 munita, erunt, milites se ad pugnam expedient. Labor voluptasque 
 naturah quadam societate inter se juncta sunt. Multae ui'bes ab 
 hostibus combustae sunt. Vix hostes conspecti erant, quum milites a 
 duce e castris in aciem educti sunt. Metuebamus, ne urbs ab hostibus 
 obsidione cincta esset. Die mihi, quid tibi a sorore scriptum sit. Die 
 nobis, qua consolatione aeger amici animus lenitus sit. Die, cur puer 
 punitus sit. Metuo, ne milites sublto periculo territi sint. 
 
 I have been tormented by (abl.) the most pungent pains. The en- 
 mies have been frightened by (abl.) sudden fear. The upright man 
 has been loved and esteemed by all. The sick mind of the friend has 
 been soothed by (abl.) our consolation. I doubt not, that the passions 
 of the soldiers have been restrained by the bravest general. The sol- 
 diers have been led out of the camp by the general. I know^ not, w^hy 
 the boys have been (subj.) punished by you. We apprehended, that, 
 (ne) the soldiers had been frightened by (abl.) the sudden danger. 
 
 I know not what may have been written you by the sister. We 
 fear, that (ne) the city may be encompassed by (abl.) a blockade. The 
 enemies were discovered (perf ) before (ante) the gates of the city. 
 After my business (plur.) shall be concluded I will go to walk. So 
 soon as the enemies shall be seen, we will get ready for battle. I 
 doubt not, that riches have been despised by thee. We feared, that, 
 by the conflagration, many houses had been consumed. We fear, that 
 many cities have been burned up by the enemies. 
 11* 
 
126 PARALLEL EXERCISES OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [§ 51. 
 
 m) Imperative, Infinitive and Participle Passive of all the Conjugations. 
 
 O puer, bene educare, strenue exercere, probe excolere, diligenter 
 erudire ! O puer, bene educator, strenue exercetor, probe excolitor, 
 diligenter eruditor ! Puer bene educator, strenue exercetor, probe ex- 
 colitor, diligenter eruditor. Si quid peccaveris, aequo animo castigare. 
 Ne rerum difficultatibus a proposito deterremini ! Deus pie colitor ! 
 Ne vincimmi cupiditatibus. Leges divlnae ne contemnuntor. Impro- 
 bi puniuntor, Temeritas ratione coercetor. O puer, strenue exercere 
 in litterarum studiis ! Bonus discipulus studet laudari. Boni disci- 
 puli student exerceri in litterarum studiis. Sapientes semper ratione 
 regi student. 
 
 Bonus discipulus litterarum cognitione erudirl studet. Puer, bene 
 educatus, omnibus placet. Hostes terrlti in castris manent. Urbs, 
 obsidione cincta, multis malis vexatur. Homo eruditus non solum sibi, 
 sed etiam aliis prodest. Pueri bene educandi, strenue exercendi, probe 
 excolendi, diligenter erudiendi sunt. 
 
 Scimus, mundum a deo gubernari. Audimus, castra ab hostibus 
 ante urbem muniri. Constat, conjurationem Catilinae a Cicerone de- 
 tectam esse. Speramus, vos rerum difficultatibus a proposito deterri- 
 tum non iri. 
 
 O boys, be ye well brought up, vigorously exercised, properly culti- 
 vated, carefully instructed! O boys, you should be w^ell brought up, 
 vigorously exercised, properly cultivated, carefully instructed ! Boys 
 should be well brought up, vigorously exercised, properly cultivated, 
 carefully instructed. If you shall have committed a fault in anything 
 (quid), be reproved with equanimity. Be thou not frightened from 
 thy purpose by (abl.) the difficulty of the thing. Be ye guided by (abl.) 
 reason. Be thou not overcome by the passions. The divine law 
 should not be despised. The impious [man] should be punished. 
 The passions should be restrained by (abl.) reason. 
 
 O boys, exercise yourselves (= be ye exercised) vigorously in the 
 study of literature ! Good scholars seek to be praised. The good 
 scholar seeks to exercise himself {= to be exercised) in the study of 
 literature. The wise [man] seeks, always to be governed by (abl.) rea- 
 son. Good scholars seek to be instructed in (abl.) the knowledge of 
 literature. Well-brought-up boys please all. The frightened enemy 
 remains in the camp. Cities encompassed by (abl.) a blockade are 
 annoyed by (abl.) many evils. Instructed men benefit not merely 
 themselves, but others also. The boy is to be brought up well, to be 
 vigorously exercised, to be properly cultivated, to be carefully in- 
 structed. 
 
^ 50—52.] SECOND CONJUGATION. 127 
 
 We hear, that a camp is fortified by the enemies before the city. 
 We hope, that the conspiracy will be detected. We believe that we 
 have not been frightened from our purpose. 
 
 LXVII. Words to be learned and Zeroises for translation. 
 
 Careo2.(c. abl.)/i^anf. capio, cepi, captum 3. machinatio, onis, /. 
 cohaereo, haesi, hae- to take, machination, artifice. 
 
 sum 2. to hold to- duco, xi, ctum 3. to diuturnus, a, um, long 
 
 gether. lead ; 2) to believe, to continued, 
 
 jaceo, ui 2. to lie, he in account (as some- nefarius, a, um, execra- 
 
 a low state. thing). ble. 
 
 permaneo, mansi, man- caussa, ae, /. a reason, stabilis, e, stable, firm. 
 
 sum 2. to last. cause ; ea caussa, ob nimium, adv. too much. 
 
 torpeo, ui 2. to he torpid, earn caussam,/or this eo, adv. on this account. 
 
 inactive. reason. nam, conj.for. 
 
 D) Exercises to the Second Conjugation in particular. 
 
 a) Active of the Second Conjugation. 
 
 (Concerning the conjunction quod (that), see Synt. § 108.) 
 
 Multa sunt admirabilia, sed nihil magis, quam quod ita stabilis est 
 mundus atque tam praeclare cohaeret ad permanendum. Non ea res 
 me deterruit a proposlto, quod civium nefariorum contra me machina- 
 tiones timebam. Gaudeo, quod tu et pater tuus valetis. Non vitupero 
 te, quod tuum tibi consilium maxime placet; nam plurimi nihil rectum, 
 nisi quod placuit sibi, ducunt. Vehementer dolebdmus, quod litterae ob 
 diuturnum bellum jacebant. Laudo te, quod meiitem tuam in littera- 
 rum studio tam probe exercuisti. 
 
 Omnes cives gaudent, quod duces militum cupiditates coercuerunt. 
 Magna laude digni estis, quod malef icos deterruistis, quorainus nefaria 
 consilia contra rempublicam caperent. Ob earn caussam aliis displicebas, 
 quod tibi ipsi placebas. Ingens in urbe laetitia erat, quod milites fortis- 
 Bimos se praebuerant. Haec civitas ed caussa diu floruerat, quod sem- 
 per legibus paruerat. Eo me deterrueratis a proposlto meo, quod 
 igtiavia torpebatis. Tu nobis ea re nocueras, quod temeritatem tuam 
 non coercueras. Gaudebant parentes, quod ego tibi placueram. 
 
 I rejoice, that thou hast always followed the precepts of thy teach- 
 ers. I rejoiced, that thou and thy father were well. On this account 
 (eo) he has displeased us, because he pleased himself too much. This 
 thing has frightened me from my purpose, that thou hast wanted all 
 courage. I rejoice, that you have maintained (tenere) well your 
 opinion. We praise you, that you had always obeyed the precepts of 
 
128 SECOND CONJUGATION. [§ 50 52. 
 
 your parents. We grieve, that thou hast displeased thy teacher. The 
 father rejoices, that [his] sons has always shown themselves diligent 
 scholars in school. I have grieved, that my counsel has displeased 
 thee. The teacher praised me, that I had obeyed his precepts. We 
 grieve, that we have not obeyed the precepts of our parents. 
 
 L XVIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Placo 1. / appease. persuadeo, si, sum 2. nervus, i, m. nerve^ 
 
 veto, ui, itum 1. to (c. dat.), to persuade^ sinue. 
 
 forbid. convince. impius, a, um, impious. 
 
 audeo, ausus sum, pigritia, ae, / slothful- nullus, a, um, no one ; 
 
 audere, to dare. ness. nullus non, every one. 
 
 emineo, ui 2. to he emi- prudentia, ae, /. pru- praesens, ntis, present. 
 
 nent. dence, wisdom. nunquam, adv. never. 
 
 jubeo, jussi, jussum 2. satis, adv. enough. 
 
 to bid, command. 
 
 Legi divinae et humanae omnes parebunt, qui secundum naturara 
 vivere studebunt. Si virtutis praeceptis semper parebis, in coelum 
 tibi adrtus patebit. Si ignavia torpebltis, praeclaris rebus nunquam 
 eminebltis. Si virtute carebimus, bonis non placebimus. Si cupidita- 
 tes vestras coercueritis, in virtutis via nunquam vacillabitis. Quo quis 
 magis mentem litterarum studio exercuerit, eo magis iis delectabltur. 
 Quo plui-a beneficia parentibus nostris debuerimus, eo gratiores ani- 
 mos in eos habere debebimus. Si milites nostri fortes se in pugna 
 praebuerint, victoria non erit dubia. 
 
 The more we shall have exercised our minds in the study of litera- 
 ture, so much the more shall we be delighted by (abl.) the same. If 
 you shall not have obeyed the precepts of virtue, you will not please 
 good men. If thou shalt have shown thyself an upright man, thou 
 wilt please all the good. If I shall have afforded refuge and consola- 
 tion to my enemies, they will restrain their anger against me. 
 
 Vide, ne ob pigritiam a praeceptoribus castigere ! Parete, pueri ! 
 Illud tenete, nervos atque artus esse sapientiae, non temere credere! 
 Impius ne audeto placare donis iram deorum ! Pueri mentes litteris 
 exercento! Ut oculus, sic animus, se non videns, alia cernit. Metus 
 est opinio magni mali impendentis, et aegritudo est opinio magni mali 
 praesentis. Nulli non ad nocendum satis virium est. Acerrimus ex 
 omnibus nostris sensibus est sensus videndi. Prudentia ex providen- 
 do est appellata. Lex est recta ratio in jubendo et vetando. Liberi 
 parentibus parere debent. Persuadeto tibi, tuum consilium mihi 
 vehementer et placuisse, et semper placiturum esse ! 
 
$ 50 52.] SECOND CONJUGATION. 129 
 
 Be silent, boys ! See [to it], that, on account of [your] slothfulness, 
 you are not censured by your teachers. Thou shouldest obey thy 
 parents and teachers. The boy should exercise [his] mind in litera- 
 ture. The impious should not dare to appease the anger of God by 
 presents. The citizens feared the threatening danger. Youth is a 
 thing, destined (= about) ever to please, never to displease. 
 
 LXIX. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Concito 1. / raist. torqueo, rsi, rtum 2. exercitatio, onis, /. 
 
 ejulo 1. / complain. to twist, torment, tor- exercise, practice. 
 
 reputo 1. / consider. ture. seditio, onis,/! sedition. 
 
 commoneo 2. / remind, video, vidi, visum 2. impetus, us, m. attack. 
 
 commoveo, ovi, otum to see ; videor, / am, obitus, us, m. departure, 
 
 2. to move. seen, seem. death. 
 
 edoceo, cui, ctum 2. concordia, ae,/. Aarmo- pristlnus, a, um, /ormer. 
 
 to instruct, inform. ny. diligens, tis, diligent. 
 
 misceo, miscui,mistum discordia, ae,/. discord, contmuo, adv. forthwith 
 
 orrn\xtiim,tomix,dis- fuga, ae, f. fight. sedulo, adv. busily. 
 
 turb. moeror, oris, m. grief, mirif ice, adv. wonder- 
 
 perterreo 2. to frighten, crudelitas, atis,/. crv£l- fully. 
 
 put in fear. ty. quoque, con;. aZso. 
 
 b) Passive of the Second Conjugation. 
 (Concerning the temporal conjunction quum (when, as), see Synt. § 110. 1.) 
 
 Quum docemur, tacere debemus. Quum optdmus, ne respublica mis- 
 ceatur, civium concordiam omnibus modis servare debemus. Qiium in 
 schola diligens eris, dubitabisne, quin bonus discipulus a praeceptori- 
 bus habeare ? Quum nobiscum reputamus, quantis et quam praeclaris 
 fructibus anirai nostri in litterarum studiis augeantur, mirifice delecta- 
 mur. Quum magnorum virorum laudes legimus, optamus, ut eadem 
 gloria nos quoque digni habeamur. Quum militum crudelitas ducis 
 consilio coercebdtur, tota civltas laeta erat. Litterae, quum ob bellum 
 divL jacuerunt, nunc, recuperata pace, eo acriore studio exercentur. 
 
 Quum hostes urbem oppugnaverant, omnes cives maximo timore 
 opplebantur. Quum acerbissimae calamitatis nuntio terrebar, omne 
 meum perfugium ac solatium in te collocatum esse existimdbam. Quum 
 tristissimo de amici carissimi obitu nuntio graviter commovebdre animo, 
 etiam nos moerore opplebdmur. Quum de culpa nostra a parentibus 
 commonebdmur, acerbus dolor animos nostros occupdbat. Quum artes 
 atque litterae in civitate nostra forebunt, ejus splendor augebltur. Quum 
 milites nostri de hostium adventu edocebuntur, pugnandi ardoref agrd- ^ 
 bunt. Ne turn quidem ejuldbo, quum acerbissimis doloribus torquebor. 
 
130 SECOND CONJUGATION. [^ 50 52. 
 
 Quum hostium impetu perterrehimini, urbi nostrae magnum periculum 
 imminehit. 
 
 Quum milites seditionem concitassent, ducis consilio et virtute coerciti 
 sunt Quum hostes territi essent et jam in fngam se darent, dux eos 
 monuit, ut pristinae virtutis memores essent. Quum exercitus de hos- 
 tium adventu edoceretur, continue summo pugnandi ardore Jlagrdvit. 
 Ne turn quidem e/wZdm, quum acerbissimis doloribus torquerer. 
 
 When thou art taught, thou oughtest to be silent. The wise [man] 
 is happy, even when he is tortured. When good scholars are exer- 
 cised in literature, they are delighted. When I see by how great 
 pains thou art tortured, I am deeply (= violently) moved (commoveo). 
 When you consider by (= with) yourselves, how many (quot) and how 
 great (quantus) toils and cares have been bestowed by your parents 
 for your good (= welfare); you ought to be moved by (abl.) gratitude. 
 When thou shalt see how actively I am exercised in the Latin language, 
 thou wilt rejoice. As we were pressed by the severest (acerbus) mis- 
 fortune, we placed (colloco) our whole hope in {in with abl.) our friends. 
 As the enemy seemed to approach the city, each one (unusquisque) 
 of the citizens was filled with fear. As you were informed of the ar- 
 rival of the enemies, you were not frightened. As I read the life of 
 Agricola, I was violently moved within (animus). As thou wast tor- 
 tured with severe pains, I was filled with pity. 
 
 As the cruelty of the soldiers was restrained (subj.) by the wisdom 
 and firmness of the general, [there] was (perf) great joy in the city. 
 As the city was assaulted (subj.) by the enemies, all the citizens were 
 put in fear (perf) As the camp of the enemies was moved (subj.), we 
 exulted (perf). As we were frightened from (subj.) our purpose by 
 the difl&culty of the thing, thou hast recalled us to the same. As I 
 was moved (subj.) within (animus) by the sad news of the death of my 
 fi-iend, thy pity was very agreeable to me. As thou seemedst (subj. ) 
 to desert us, I was grieved (perf) very much. 
 
 When the army shall be informed of the arrival of the enemies, it 
 will burn with a desire to fight (gen. of Ger.). Wise men will be 
 happy, even if tortured by the bitterest pains. When we shall be put in 
 fear by the attack of the enemies, great danger will threaten our city. 
 If thou shalt be virtuous (== partaking of virtue), thou wilt not even 
 then complain, when thou shalt be tortured by the severest pains. 
 
 Ne rerum difficultatibus a proposito deterrere ! Milites, ne hostium 
 impetu perterremini! O puer, strenue exercetor in litterarum studiis! 
 Milites, ne inani timore oppleminor! Leges civitatis ne discordia 
 
$ 50 52.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 131 
 
 civium miscentor ! Territis hostibus, nostri milites victoriam reporta- 
 verunt. 
 
 Be ye not frightened from [your] purpose by the difficuhy of the 
 thing. Soldiers, you should not be put in fear by the attack of the 
 enemies ! The evil passions should be restrained by the reason. It 
 is known, that all the powers of the body and of the soul are strength- 
 ened (= increased) by exercise. 
 
 LXX, Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Verso 1. /iwrn; versor, surgo, surrexi, surrec- perversltas, atis,/. per- 
 
 / turn myself, fnd turn 3. to arise. verseness. 
 
 myself live. sugo, xi, ctum 3. to pravltas, atis, /. per- 
 
 confligo, xi, ctum 3. suck, suck out. verseness, unckedness. 
 
 I fight. ponium, i, n. eatable paene, adv. nearly, al- 
 
 decerpo, psi, ptum 3. fruit; -plur. fruit. most. 
 
 to pluck off. pavor, oris, m. fright, proVmus, adv. forthwith. 
 
 pergo, perrexi, perrec- trepidation. statim, adv. immediate- 
 
 turn 3. to go, con- lac, etis, n. milk, ly. 
 
 tinue. nutrix, icis, /. nurse. ut, conj. just as, as. 
 
 E) Exercises to the Third Conjugation in particular. 
 
 a) Active of the Tliird Conjugation. 
 
 (Concerning the temporal conjunctions postquam, ut, uhi, simulac, see Synt. 
 
 § 110, 2.) 
 
 Hostes, uhi primum nostros equltes conspexerunt, (eos) celeriter per- 
 iurhaverunt. Ut surreximus, protlnus ad te perreximus. Simulatque lu- 
 cem adspexwnus, in omni continuo pravitate et in summa opinionum 
 perversitate versamur, ut paene cum lacte nutricis errorem suxisse 
 videamur. Postquam Caesar aciem instruxit, omnes hostes in unum 
 locum convolaverunt. Ut nostri cum hostibus conflixerunt, magnus eos 
 occupdvit pavor. Simulac litteras scripsi, cum fratre ambuldvi. Post- 
 quam amicum in hortum duxero, dicam tibi, quid pater mihi scripserit. 
 Ubi poma decerpserimus, edemus. Ut swrexistis, statim ad negotia vestra 
 accedere dehetis. 
 
 LXXI. Words to be learned atid Exercises for translation. 
 
 ^xp]6ro 1. I search out, elicio, ui, itum S. to recipio, cepi, ceptum 
 
 examine. draw out, elicit. 3. to receive, se reci- 
 
 propulso 1. I repel. coquo, xi, ctum 3. to pere, to betake one's 
 
 alllcio, exi, ectum 3. to cook. self back. 
 
 draw to, allure ; but, ningo, xi 3. to snow. restinguo, nxi, nctum 
 
132 THIRD CONJUGATION. [^ 50 52. 
 
 3. to extinguish, put coeno, ae,f. a meal. pluviosus, a, um, rmni/. 
 
 Old. sollicitudo, inis,y! solid- beate, adv. peacefully. 
 
 relinquo, liqui, lictum tude. antequam, conj. before 
 
 3. to leave behind, de- tempestas, atis,/. liieaf^- that, ere, before, 
 
 sert. er, storm. 
 
 (Concerning the particles of time : priusquam and antequam, see Synt. § 
 
 a) Priusquam animum tuum soUicitudlne angas et crudes, explo- 
 rare debes, quid sit, quod te angat et cruciet. 
 
 b) Priusquam bellum atrocissimum gessimus, artes et litterae in 
 civitate nostra floruerunt. Antequam bellum urbis nostrae opes ab- 
 sumpsit, potentissima fuit. Jhfitequam ninxit, tempestas fuit valde 
 pluviosa. 
 
 c) Non beate vivetis, antequam omnium cupiditatum ardorem res- 
 tinxentis. Non dives eris, priusquam divitias contempseris. Non prius 
 edetis, quam coqua coenam coxerit. Non prius te illi relinquent, quam 
 te ad misericordiam allexerint. Exercitus noster non prius domum se 
 recipiet, quam hostes ad pugnam elicuerit. 
 
 d) Hostes propulsati sunt, antequam urbem obsidione dngerent. 
 Milites nostri urbem liberaverunt, priusquam eam hostes combussissent. 
 Dies obrepsit hostibus, priusquam aggerem exstruxissent. 
 
 LXXII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Contraho, xi, ctum 3. figura, ae, f. figure, donee, conj. so [as] long 
 
 to draw together. form. as, until, until that, 
 
 demo, mpsi, mptum, 3. conjuratus, i, m. a con- even until. 
 
 to take away. spirator. dum, conj. while, so (as) 
 
 describo, psi, ptum 3. gladius, i, m. sword. long as, until, until 
 
 to describe, point out. mathematicus, i, m. that. 
 
 stringo, inxi, ictum 3. mathematidan. quoad, conj. so [as) long 
 
 to touch upon, to geometricus, a, um, as, until, until that, 
 
 draw (a sword). geometrical. even until that. 
 
 coipia, ae,f abundance ; nobllis, e, known, re- tamdiu, adv. so long as. 
 
 plur. troops. nowned. 
 
 (Concerning the particles of time : duw, quod, donee, see Synt. § 110. 4, 5.) 
 
 Dum ego scribebam, tu legebas, et frater ludebat. Dum nos canebd- 
 mus, vos disoebatis, et sorores pingebant. Quoad vives, omnibus tuis 
 gratus vives. Homines, dum docent, discunt. Archimedes, nobilissi- 
 mus mathematicus, dum in pulvere figuras geometricas describit atten- 
 tius, Syracusae a Romanis expugnatae sunt. Dum consul litteras 
 legit, conjurati gladios strinxeraiit. Dum dux aciem instrHit, hostis 
 totam urbem ciiixerat. Cicero omni quiete abstinuit, donee Catilinae 
 
$ 50—52.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 133 
 
 conjurationem detexisset. Exspectamus, dwn nobis dicdtis, quid paren- 
 tes scripserint. Milites cupide expectabant, dum dux se e castris con- 
 tra hostes educeret. Tamdiu interrogasii, quoad omnem meam senten- 
 tiam elicuisti. Tamdiu manebo, dum omnem sollicituduiem tibi dernp- 
 sero. 
 
 While I was singing, thou wast learning, and the sister was paint- 
 ing. While we were writing, you were reading, and the brothers 
 were playing. So long as Cicero lived, he occupied himself with 
 {navo operam c. dat.) literature. So long as I live, I shall be mind- 
 ful of this kindness. While the general arranged the army in order of 
 battle, the enemies had drawn together all [their] forces. Wait, until 
 we tell you, what the father has written. The general waited, until 
 the enemies had placed the army in order of battle. I waited, until 
 thou saidst to me what the father had written. 
 
 As soon as I had arisen (perf ), I went (perf.) immediately to you. 
 After Caesar had led out (perf) the soldiers, the enemies arranged 
 [their] army in order of battle. As soon as we shall have written, we 
 will take a walk with you. As soon as thou art arisen, thou oughtest 
 to go (accedere) forthwith to thy business. Before the enemies had 
 drawn together (perf ) their troops, Caesar had captured (perf) the city. 
 Thou wilt not live peacefully, before thou shalt have extinguished the 
 ardor of all passions. You will not be rich, before you shall have de- 
 spised riches. My friend will not leave thee, before he shall have 
 moved (= allured, cdlicere) thee to sympathy. Our soldiers will not 
 betake themselves home, before that they have allured the enemies to 
 battle. Before we trouble and torment our mind with solicitude, we 
 ought to inquire what [it] may be, which vexes and troubles us. The 
 enemies were repelled (perf), before they had arranged the army in 
 order of battle. Night overtook (perf) us, before we had extinguished 
 the conflagration. 
 
 L XXIII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Separo 1. / separate, fabricator, oris, m. arcanus, a, um, secret ; 
 
 divide. framer. arcanum, i. n. a 
 
 benefacio, feci, factum sermo, onis, m. conver- secret 
 
 3. to do well. sation, speech. ceteri, ae, a, the rest. 
 
 circumspicio, spexi, affabilitas, atis, /. affa- perfectus, a, um, per- 
 
 spectum 3. to look bility. feet. 
 
 around, regard. comltas, atis,/. courte- ai\te, adv. before, rather. 
 
 maledico 3. (c. dat.) ousness. quantopere, adv. how 
 
 I reproach. facultas, atis,//acu%; much. 
 
 praedico 3. I foretell. plur. means. simpliciter, adv. simply, 
 vesper, eri, m. evening. 
 
 12 
 
134 THIRD CONJUGATION. [§ 50 — 52. 
 
 Ignis iirbem absumpsit. Mihi crede, nunquam vir perfectus fortimae 
 maledixit. Nimium ne crede colori ! Fac, ut ante circumspicias, qui- 
 buscum edas et bibas, quam quid edas et bibas ! Die, quid patri scrip- 
 seris ! O stulte, ne praedic futura ! Ne credite mendacibus ! Pueri, 
 strenue litteras discitote ! Puer in schola attendito ! Princlpes civita- 
 tis concordiae consulunto ! Difficile dictu est, quantopere conciliet ani- 
 mos hominum comltas afFabilltasque sermonis. Mendaci homini, ne 
 verum quidem dicenti, credere solemus. Venio tibi dicturus, quid 
 amicus mihi scripserit. Deus, fabricator mundi, nulla re magis homi- 
 nem separavit a ceteris animalibus, quam dicendi facultate. Ex dis- 
 cendo maxima ad nos redundat voluptas. Optimus est orator, qui di- 
 cendo animos nostros et docet, et delectat, et permovet. Mores puero- 
 rum se inter ludendum simplicius detegunt. Hominis mens discendo 
 et cogitando alitur. Tamdlu discendum est, quamdiu vivas. Pulchrum 
 est e virtute (conformably to virtue) vivere. Scisne, patrem scrpisisse ? 
 Quis scit, se ad vesperum esse victurum ? Speramus, nos vobis arca- 
 na elicituros esse. 
 
 Eat and drink thou, moderately. Trust ye not too much to color. 
 Do thou well to try friends. Tell me, w^hat the father has v^ritten 
 thee. Boy, thou shouldst zealously learn literature. The boys should 
 be attentive in school. It is incredible to say (Sup. in it), how bravely 
 our soldiers have fought with the enemies. Lying men we are not 
 even accustomed to believe, when they tell the truth (part). We come in 
 order to tell (= wishing to tell) thee, what our brothers have written 
 (subj.) us. By diligently learning (gerund), scholars acquire for them- 
 selves the approbation of [their] parents and teachers. 
 
 LXXIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Urgeo, ursi, ursum 2. 3. to break ; mola wanting ; c. dat. to 
 
 to press, oppress. frangere, to grind. neglect. 
 
 conjungo, nxi, nctum frigo, xi, ctum 3. to mola, ae,/. mi7Z. [lance. 
 
 3. to join {together). roast, parch. vigilantia, ae, f. vigi- 
 
 expingo, pinxi, pictum, insculpo, psi, ptum 3. gladiator, oris, m. fen- 
 
 3. to paint out, draw. to engrave. cer, gladiator. 
 
 fingo, finxi, fictum 3. ungo, xi, ctum 3. to novus, a, um, new. 
 
 to form, feign. anoint. profecto, adv. surely. 
 
 frango, fregi, fractum desum, fui, esse, to he quoniam, conj. because. 
 
 b) Passive of the Third Conjugation. 
 
 conjunctions: quod, quia, quoniam, (he 
 § lii) 
 
 Quia semper e virtutis praeceptis vixisti, ab omnibus diligeris. Ci- 
 
 (Concerning the conjunctions: quod, quia, quoniam, (heca-use) , see Synt. 
 
 §111.) 
 
§ 50 52.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 135 
 
 ves summa inopia urgebantur, quia omnes eorum facultates bello ab- 
 sumptae erant. Quoniam de hac re satis dictum est, jam accedamus 
 ad novam. Cicero pater patriae appellatus est, quod ejus consilio et 
 vigilantia conjuratio Catilinae detecta est. Omnes cives angebantur, 
 quia metuebaut, ne urbs ab hostibus obsidione cingeretur. 
 
 Multae fabulae a poetis fictae sunt. Gladiatores uncti decertabant. 
 Apud Homerum omnia ita descripta sunt, ut quasi expicta videantur. 
 Omnibus in animo quasi insculptum est, esse deum. Omnia suntpro- 
 fecto laudanda, quae conjuncta cum virtute sunt, et, quae cum vitiis (sc. 
 conjuncta sunt), vituperanda. Quoad urbs obsidione cingebatur, mag- 
 no metu angebamur. Milites cuplde exspectant, dum a duce e castris 
 contra hostes educantur. Cave, ne fallare ! Timebamus, ne exercitus 
 noster vinceretur. Nihil magis mihi curae est, quam ut a te dillgar. 
 Si ceditis, metuo, ne vincamlni. Non dubito, quin fortiter a militibus 
 defendamur. Quum milites nosiri conspicerentur, hostes ingens pa- 
 yor occupavit. Quoad honeste vives, omnibus diligere. Exercitus 
 noster, quoad bonus dux ei praeerit, non vincetur. Ab omnibus con- 
 temnemini, si ofSciis vestris deerltis. Quamdiu tu aberis, ego de te an- 
 gar et cruciabor. Si tam fortiter pugnare pergemus, non vincemur. 
 Postquam hostes conspecti erunt, nostri milites e castris educentur. 
 Postquam hordeum frictum erit, molis fragetur. Ubi poma decerpta 
 erunt, a nobis edentur. 
 
 Take care (= be on thy guard), that thou art not troubled without 
 reason. I fear that (ne) I shall be deceived. We are more anxious for 
 nothing than that we shall be esteemed by you. If we give way, I fear 
 that we shall be conquered. It often happens (accidit), that the good 
 are injured by the bad. I was troubled, because I feared that I should 
 be deceived. We feared that the city would be burnt up by the enemies. 
 All desired (opto), that the conspirators might be discovered. We wait- 
 ed anxiously, until we were led against the enemies. The enemies did 
 not doubt, that we should be conquered. Why didst thou fear, that thou 
 shouldst be injured by us ? So long as the city was surrounded by a 
 blockade, you were oppressed with great want. So long as the ene- 
 mies were seen, our [soldiers] remained in the camp. So long as the 
 war was carried on, literature was in a low state. So long as the ene- 
 mies besieged the city, we were troubled with great fear. As, lately, 
 thou wast sick, thou wast very much troubled. If you shall continue 
 to fight so bravely, you will not be conquered by the enemies. So 
 long as you shall be absent, we shall be troubled concerning (de) you. 
 Thou wilt be despised by all, if thou shalt neglect [desum) thy duties. 
 Our soldiers will not be conquered, so long as a good general shall 
 
136 THIRD CONJUGATION. [^ 50 52. 
 
 preside over them. Homer will always be read in the schools. As 
 soon as the letter shall be written, we will take a walk with you. 
 When the army shall be led out from the camp, it will fight with the 
 enemies. 
 
 LXXV. Words to be learned and 'Exercises for translation. 
 
 Admlnistro 1. / man- detraho, xi, ctum 3. lucrum, i, n. gain, ad- 
 age, to draw away, remove. vantage. 
 
 perpetro 1. I perform, distraho, xi, ctum 3. existimatio, onis,/. es- 
 
 perpetrate. to draw asunder, timation, opinion. 
 
 praesto, iti, itum or waste. obsessio, onis,/. siege, 
 
 atum 1. (c. dat.) to tin go, xi, ctum 3. to faclnus, oris, n. deed, 
 
 he superior to. color, form. foul deed. 
 
 adduco 3. to lead to, elegantia, ae, f ele- appetitus, us, m. desire, 
 
 move. gance. longing. 
 
 como, compsi, comp- fortuna, ae,/ /orfwne; diversus, a, um, c^iWse, 
 
 turn 3. to comb, adorn. plur. gifts of fortune. different. 
 
 consumo, mpsi,mptum luxuria, ae,/ luxury. finitlmus, b., nvci, neigh- 
 
 3. to consume, miseria, ae, f. misery, boring. 
 
 oonveho, xi, ctum 3. want nitldus, a, um, splendid. 
 
 to bear together, bring providentia, ^Q,f fore- innumerabilis, e, innu- 
 
 together. sight, providence. merable. 
 
 destruo, xi, ctum 3. curriculum, i, n. circuit, tantopere, adv. so much, 
 
 to destroy. course. 
 
 Regere ratione! Ne angltor, amice! O cives, ne lucri cupiditate, 
 sed virtutis studio regimmor ! Animi appetitus ratione reguntor ! Ju- 
 veuis, litterarum morumque elegantia tinctus, omnibus placebit Com- 
 busta urbe, omnes cives maxima miseria vexantur. Romani multis 
 rebus praeclare gestis summam sibi comparaverunt gloriam. Contemp- 
 ta virtute, vita beata nulla est. Multi homines, omnibus fortunis per 
 luxuriam consumptis et distractis, relfquam vitam miserrime agunt. 
 
 Dempta omni sollicitudlne, laetitiae indulgeamus ! Isocrates in di- 
 vers© geuere dicendi nitldus fuit et comptus. Aciem instructam dux 
 contra hostes eduxit. Frumento ex finitlmis regionibus in urbem con- 
 vecto, cives urbis obsessionem aequis animis exspectaverunt. Caesar, 
 contractis copiis in unum locum, hostium impetum exspectavit. Stric- 
 to gladio, dux milites contra hostes eduxit. Urbs, obsidione cincta, 
 multis mahs urgetur. Gloria detracta, quid est, quod in hoc tam ex- 
 iguo vitae curriculo tantis nos in laboribus exerceamus ? 
 
 Si bona existimatio divitiis praestat, et pecunia tantopere expetltur ; 
 quanto gloria magis est expetenda! Justitia propter sese colenda est. 
 Certum est, universum mundum divina providentia regiet administrari* 
 Quis ignorat, innumerablles urbes a Romanis destructas esse ? Om- 
 
[§ 60 — 52. FOURTH CONJUGATION. 137 
 
 nes sciunt, viros bonos nunquam spe mercedis adductum iri, ut facinus 
 aliquod perpetrent. 
 
 Be thou not conquered by the passions. Be ye governed by reason. 
 Thou shouldst not be governed by the desire of gain, but by the pur- 
 suit of virtue. You should not be troubled, friends. The divine law 
 should not be despised. Parents should be honored by children. I 
 hope that all solicitude will soon be taken away from thee. The ora- 
 tions of Isocrates were splendid and adorned. The soldiers believed, 
 that the troops of the enemies would be drawn together. The soldiers 
 having been led out of the camp, fought (perf ) bravely with the ene- 
 mies. In Homer, we see all things not described, but, as it were, 
 painted out. Who does not know, that all the virtues are connected 
 unth each other (inter se). I hope, that you will be led to my views. 
 
 LXXVI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Degusto, 1. / taste. gestio 4. / demean my- ment ; plur. elemen- 
 
 contingo, tlgi, tactum self, am transported. tary principles. 
 
 3. to touch ; con tin- sepelio, ivi, ultum 4. aequitas, atis, /. equity. 
 
 git, it falls to my lot. I inter, hury. jucunditas, atis, /. de- 
 
 licet 2. it is permitted. servio 4. / serve. lightfulness, agreea- 
 
 miniio, ui, utum 3. / di- iracundia, ae,/. irasci- bleness. 
 
 minish, make less. hility, anger. accuratus, a, um, accu- 
 
 fastidio, 4. (c. ace.) I numerus, i, m. number ; rate. 
 
 feel disgust, spurn. 2) harmony, rhythm. grammaticus, a, um, 
 
 elementum, i, n. ele- grammatical. 
 
 F) Exercises to the Fourth Conjugation in Particular. 
 
 Sic vive cum hominibus, tanquam deus videat ; et videt. Cave, ne 
 tanquam parva fastidias gramraatica elemental Philosophiae servire 
 debemus, ut nobis contingat vera libertas. Nullus dolor est, quem non 
 longinquitas temporis ininuat ac molllat. Nihil magis mihi curae est, 
 quam ut obediam praeceptis magistrorum meorum. 
 
 Quum milites nostri castra muniebant, hostes aciem instruebant. 
 Dum urbem nostram custodiebamus, hostis eam oppugnare non aude- 
 bat. Celeritas equitum nostrorum impediebat, quominus hostis se ad 
 pugnam expediret. Quum milites ducem sepelirent, ingens luctus om- 
 nium animos occupavit. Litterae tuae mihi tam gratae fuerunt, ut lae- 
 titia plane gestirem. Semper operam navavimus, ut orationem nostram 
 verborum numerorumque jucunditate condiremus. 
 
 Nihil vos impedivimus, quominus negotia vestra finiretis. Nescivi, 
 cur tantopere laetitia gestires. Scisne, cur hunc puerum puniverim? 
 Nescio, unde hunc nuntium audiveritis. Dicam tibi, cur domum nos- 
 12* 
 
1"38 FOURTH CONJUGATION. [$ 50 52. 
 
 tram coronis ornaverlmus et vestiverimus. Die, cur ferierltis hunc 
 puerum. 
 
 Placebas praeceptoribus tuis, quia semper eorum praeceptis obe- 
 dieras. Vix milites nostri castra muuierant, quum hostis conspectus 
 €st. Jam laetitia gestieramus, quum repente tristissimus nuntius ani- 
 mos nostros summo moerore opplevit Quum milites totum diem siti- 
 vissent et esurivissent, ne nocte quidem quieti indulgere iis licuit. 
 Quum hostis se ad pugnam expedivisset, milites nostri laetitia gestie- 
 runt. 
 
 Nou prius dormiam, quam negotia mea finivero. Quum exercitus 
 castra muniverit, se ad pugnam expedlet. Si grammatica elementa 
 fastidies, nunquam accuratam linguae Latinae cognitionem tibi compa- 
 rabis. Si quid novi audiverlmus, curablmus, ut brevi sciatis. Non 
 dubitabam, quin, si semel pbilosophiam degustavisses, toto animo ei 
 serviturus esses. Ne garri, puer! Audite, pueri: si praeceptoribus 
 vestris obedieritis, a parentibus vestris praemiis ornabimlni ! Puer obe- 
 dito praeceptoribus ! Homo ne servito cupiditatibus ! Milites urbem 
 custodiunto ! 
 
 Puer, in scholis garriens, molestus est. Bonus discipulus semper 
 praeceptis magistrorum obedire studet. Quis nescit, Ciceronem toto 
 animo philosopbiae servisse ? Spero, vos gi'ammatica elementa non 
 esse fasiidituros. Prohibenda est ira in puniendo. Optandum est, ut 
 ii, qui praesunt rei publicae, legum similes sint, quae ad puniendum 
 non iracuudia, sed aequitate ducuntur. Legendi semper occasio est, 
 audiendi non semper. 
 
 Terca vestita est floribus, herbis, arboribus, frugibus. Urbs a militi- 
 bus custoditor. Speramus, urbem a militibus custoditum iri. 
 
 To good parents, nothing is a source of greater care [est with dat), 
 than that they may instruct their children in (abl.) literature. Be on 
 your guard, boy, that thou dost not chatter! I punished the boy, be- 
 cause he chattered. As the enemies were discovered, our soldiers 
 were transported with (abl.) joy. So long as I was in school, I was 
 anxious (= it was for a care to me), that I might obey the precepts of 
 my teachers. Many with their whole soul, have given themselves up 
 to (= served) philosophy. Often already has length of time abated 
 the severest sufferings. We have kept in memory the precepts of our 
 teachers. 
 
 Tell me, whence thou hast heard this news. I doubt not, that the 
 teachers have punished the boys with (abl.) justice. The soldiers had 
 hungered and thirsted the whole day. Scarcely had our soldiers got 
 ready for battle, when the enemies were discovered (perf.). As the 
 
$ 50—52,] FOURTH CONJUGATION. 139 
 
 king entered into the city, all the citizens had adorned (= clothed) the 
 houses with flowers and garlands. The soldiers did not doubt, that the 
 enemies had already fortified [their] camp. I knew not whence thou 
 hadst heard this news. 
 
 The good will always obey the principles of virtue. Length of time 
 will abate thy suffering. The precepts of our teachers are always 
 kept in (abl.) remembrance. When you shall have heard this news, 
 you will be transported with joy. If we shall always have obeyed the 
 principles of virtue, the approach to heaven will stand open to us. 
 
 Serve wisdom, not the passions. Do not chatter, boys. Thou 
 shouldst not rage against {in c. ace.) the enemies, O soldier. You 
 should obey [your] teachers and parents. The scholar should keep 
 the principles of his teacher in remembrance. Men should not serve 
 their passions. The boys, who chatter (part.) in school, are troublesome 
 to the teacher. Soldiers ought (oportet) to guard the city. I hope that 
 length of time will abate thy suffering. Hast thou heard, that the 
 enemies have fortified the camp ? We come in order to (sup. in um) 
 guard the city. A thoughtless boy is difiicult to instruct (sup. in m). 
 We must (gerund) serve virtue. 
 
140 
 
 DEPONENTS OP THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 [$53. 
 
 § 53. DEPO 
 
 Of the four 
 
 1. Hortor, hoxXatus sum, hortari. 
 Characteristic : a long. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 I. Present. 
 
 hortor, I exhort 
 
 hortd-ri5, thou ex- 
 hortest. 
 
 horta-iwr, he, she, 
 t exhorts 
 
 horta-miir, we ex- 
 hort 
 
 hoxid-minl^ you ex- 
 hort 
 
 horta-niMr,they ex- 
 hort 
 
 I 
 
 may 
 
 horte-r 
 
 hort 
 hortc-ri5(e), thou 
 
 mayest exhort 
 hortc-iw, he, she, 
 
 it may exhort 
 horte-mwr, we may 
 
 exhort 
 horte-winz, you 
 
 may exhort 
 horte-nfwr, they 
 
 may exhort. 
 II. Imperfect. 
 
 hortd-fcar, I exhort- 
 ed, was exhorting 
 
 hortd-^drw(e), thou 
 exh., wast exh. 
 
 hortd-rer, I might 
 
 exhort 
 hortd-reris(€), thou 
 
 mightest exhort 
 
 hortd-//dZ'Ur,he,she, hortd-rcfwr, he, she, 
 
 it exh., was exh. 
 hortd-Z/dr/iwr, we 
 
 exh., were exh. 
 hortd-fedwrnt, you 
 
 exh., were exh. 
 horld- bantur., they 
 
 exh., were exh. 
 
 it might exhort 
 hortd-rcr/mr, we 
 
 might exhort 
 hortd-rernznt, you 
 
 might exhort 
 hoxidrentur^ they 
 might exhort. 
 III. Future {Indicative). ^ 
 hortd-6dr, 1 shall exhort 
 hortd-^erz5(e), thou wilt exhort 
 hortd-^i^wr, he, she, it will exhort 
 hortd-izmwr, we shall exhort 
 hoxid-bimlnii^ you will exhort 
 hoxid-bunlur^ they will exhort. 
 
 II. Vereor, yexitus sum, vercri. 
 Characteristic : e long. 
 
 Indicative. 
 I. 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 Present. 
 
 vere-or, I. rever- 
 ence 
 
 vexe-ris, thou rev- 
 erencest 
 
 vexe-tur, he, she, 
 it reverences 
 
 yexe-mur, we rev- 
 erence 
 
 vexe-mini, you rev- 
 ence 
 
 vexe-nlur^ they rev- 
 erence 
 
 vere-dr, I may rev- 
 erence 
 
 vere-dn'5(e) thou 
 mayest rev. 
 
 vexe-dtur, he, she, 
 it may reverence 
 
 \exe-dmur, we may 
 reverence 
 
 vere-dwin?', you 
 may reverence 
 
 vexe-antur, they 
 may reverence. 
 
 II. Imperfect. 
 
 \exe-bar^ I reveren- 
 ced, was rev. 
 
 vere-//dri5(e), thou 
 
 reverenc'dst,wast r 
 
 vexe-bdtur, he, she, 
 it rev. was rev. 
 
 vexe-bdmur^we rev. 
 were rev. 
 
 vexe-bdmini, you 
 rev. were rev. 
 
 vexe-bantur, they 
 
 rev. were rev. 
 
 III. 
 
 vexe-bor, I 
 
 vere-rcr, I might 
 
 reverence 
 vexe-reris{e) thou 
 
 mightest rev. 
 vexe-retur, he, she, 
 
 it might rev. 
 wexe-remur, we 
 
 might reverence 
 vexe-remini, you 
 
 might reverence 
 vexe-rentur, they 
 
 might reverence. 
 Future {Indicative).'^ 
 shall reverence 
 
 IV 
 
 a) Indicative. 
 
 horta-tus, sum., I have exhorted verT-tus 
 
 a, es, thou hast exhorted a, 
 
 um est., he, she, it has exhorted um 
 
 horta-ti, sumus, we have exhorted veri-ti, 
 
 ae, cstis, you have exhorted ae, 
 
 a sunt, they have exhorted a 
 
 b) Subjunctive. 
 
 horta-tus, sim, I may have exhorted verT-tus, 
 
 a, sis, thou mayest have ex. a, 
 
 um sit, he, she, it may have ex. urn 
 
 horta-ti, simus, we may have exhorted veri-ti, 
 
 ae, sUls, you may have exhorted ae, 
 
 a sint, they may have exhorted. a 
 
 vexe-beris{e), thou wilt reverence 
 vexe-bitvr, he, she, it will reverence 
 vexe-bimur, we shall reverence 
 vexe-bimini, you will reverence 
 vexe-buntur, they will reverence. 
 Perfect. 
 
 sum, I have reverenced 
 es, thou hast reverenced 
 est, he, she, it has reverenced 
 sumus, we have reverenced 
 estis, you have reverenced 
 sunt, they have reverenced 
 
 sim, 1 may have reverenced 
 sis, thou mayest have rev. 
 sit, he, she, it may have rev. 
 simits, we may have rev. 
 sitis^ you may have rev. 
 sint., they may have rev. 
 
§53.! 
 
 DEPONENTS OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 141 
 
 NENTS 
 Conjugations. 
 
 111. Fungor, ^\xx\ctus sum, fungi 
 Characteristic : e short. 
 
 Indicative. 
 I. 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 Present. 
 
 fung-or,I manage 
 
 fung-erij?, thou 
 
 managest 
 fung-?^wr, he, she, 
 
 it manages 
 fung-imur, we 
 
 manage 
 fung-imini, you 
 
 manage 
 fung-?iwfMr, they 
 
 manage 
 
 fung-a7*,l may man- 
 age 
 
 fung-ar«s(e), thou 
 mayest manage 
 
 ^ung-dtur^ he, she, 
 it may manage 
 
 fung-amwr, we 
 may manage 
 
 fung-amm, you 
 may manage 
 
 ^yxng-antur, they 
 may manage. 
 
 11. Imperfect. 
 
 fung-ehar, 1 man- 
 aged, was m. 
 fung-c6ar/5(e),thou 
 
 managedst,was m. 
 fung-e/>a^«r,he,she, 
 
 itm., was m. 
 fung-cftamwr, we 
 
 managed, were m. 
 fan g-ebdmini, you 
 
 managed, were m. 
 fnng-ehantur, they 
 
 managed, were m. 
 
 111. Future {Indicative. y 
 fung-dr, 1 shall manage 
 fung-eri5(e), thou wilt manage 
 fung-c^Mr, he, she, it will manage 
 fnng-eiaury we shall manage 
 fung-emini, you will manage 
 fang-entur^ they will manage. 
 
 fung-erer, I might 
 
 manage 
 fung-ercrw(e) , thou 
 
 mightest manage 
 f ung-ere^Mr,he, she, 
 
 it, might manage 
 fung-ere/?iwr, we 
 
 might manage 
 £nng-ere7nXni, you 
 
 might manage 
 fung-erentur, they 
 
 might manage. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Partior, paitiiw^ sum, partzri. 
 Characteristic : i long. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 1. Present. 
 
 parti-or, 1 divide 
 
 thou di- 
 
 she, 
 
 di. 
 
 part?-n5, 
 
 videst 
 parti-^wr, he, 
 
 it divides 
 partl-mur, we 
 
 vide 
 p3iYii-minij you di 
 
 vide 
 pdvii-untur, they 
 
 divide 
 
 parti-dr, 1 may di- 
 vide 
 
 partij-drw(e), thou 
 mayest divide 
 
 parti-d<M7-, he, she, 
 it may divide 
 
 parti-dwmr, we 
 may divide 
 
 parti-dmiTii, you 
 may divide 
 
 purti-antur, they 
 may divide. 
 
 11. Imperfect. 
 
 1 might 
 
 func-tus, 
 a, 
 
 um 
 func-ti, 
 
 ae. 
 
 func-tus, 
 a, 
 um 
 func-ti, 
 ae, 
 a 
 
 parti-e/'OTjldivided, partt-rcr 
 
 was dividing divide 
 
 partz-e/^dr<s(e),thou partl-rer?!5(e), thou 
 
 dividedst, was d. mightest divide 
 part?-c6df«?',he,she, partl-yeiwr, he, she, 
 
 it divided, was d. it might divide 
 partz-e/;dmMr, we pa.rtl-r emtir, we 
 
 divided, were d. might divide 
 pdirii-ebdrnini, you partt-rcwzm, you 
 
 divided, were d. might divide 
 pa,rti-ebantur, they pa.Tti-rentur^ they 
 
 divided, were d. might divide. 
 III. Futvre (fndicative.y 
 part?-dr, 1 shall divide 
 parti-c7-i5(e), thou wilt divide 
 parti-eiM?-, he, she, it will divide 
 parti-e?ftMr, we shall divide 
 parti-cmwi, you will divide 
 pa,rii-cntur, they will divide. 
 IV. Perfect. 
 a) Indicative. 
 
 sum, I have managed 
 65, thou hast managed 
 est, he, she, it has managed 
 suirius, we have managed 
 estis, you have managed 
 sunt, they have managed. 
 
 b) Subjunctive 
 
 partl-tus, 
 
 a, 
 um 
 
 partl-ti, 
 
 sim, 1 may have managed 
 sis, thou mayest have m. 
 sit, he, she, it may have m. 
 simus, we may have m. 
 sitis, you may have managed 
 sint, tiiey may have managed. 
 
 partl-tus, 
 
 a, 
 
 um 
 
 parti-ti, 
 
 ae, 
 
 a 
 
 sum, I have divided 
 es, thou hast divided 
 est, he, she, it has divided 
 sumus, we have divided 
 estis, you have divided 
 sunt, they have divided. 
 
 sim, 1 may have divided 
 sis, thou mayest have divided 
 sit, he, she, it may have d. 
 simus, we may have divided 
 sitis, you may have divided 
 sint, they may have divided. 
 
142 
 
 DEPONENTS OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 [$53. 
 
 horta-tus, 
 a, 
 
 um 
 horta-ti, 
 
 ae. 
 
 horta-tus, 
 
 a, 
 
 um 
 
 horta-ti, 
 
 ae. 
 
 horta-tus. 
 
 V. Pluperfect. 
 
 a) Indicative, 
 eraw, I had exhorted veri-tus, 
 
 eras, thou hadst exhorted a, 
 
 erdl, he, she, it had exhorted um 
 
 erdmus, we had exhorted veri-ti, 
 
 erdtis, you had exhorted ae, 
 
 erant, they had exhorted a 
 
 b) Subjunctive, 
 veri-tus. 
 
 eram, I had reverenced 
 eras, thou hadst reverenced 
 erat, he, she, it had rev. 
 eramus, we had reverenced 
 eratis, you had reverenced 
 erantj they had reverenced. 
 
 essem, I might have exhorted 
 65565, thou mightesthave ex. 
 
 e55e^,he,she,it might have ex. um 
 
 essemus, we might have ex. veri-ti, 
 
 essetts, you might have ex. ae, 
 
 essent, they might have ex. a 
 
 VI. Future Perfect (Indicativey 
 
 essem, 1 might have rev. 
 esses, thou mightest have rev 
 e55ef,he,she,it might have rev. 
 essemus, we might have rev. 
 essetis, you might have rev 
 essent, they might have rev 
 
 ero, I shall have exhorted 
 eris, thou wilt have exhorted 
 um erit, he, she, it will have ex. 
 horta-ti, erimus, we shall have ex. 
 ae, erilis, you will have exhorted 
 erunt, they will have ex. 
 Imperative. 
 hortd-rc, exhort thou 
 hortd-tor, thou shouldest exhort 
 hortd-^or, he, she, it should exhort 
 hortd-mznl, exhort ye 
 hortd-wimor, you should exhort 
 horid-ntor, they should exhort. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 Pres. hortd-rl, to exhort 
 Perf horid-tus, a, um, esse, to have 
 
 exhorted 
 
 Fut. hoTid-turus, a, um, esse, to will 
 exhort^, (that one) will exhort. 
 Participle. 
 Pres. horta-w5, exhorting 
 Perf. hortd-tus, a, um, having exhorted 
 Fut. 1) Act. horid-turus, a, um, intend- 
 ing, wishing, about to exhort 
 Fut. 2) Pass. horXn-ndus, d, um, what 
 should be exhorted. 
 Gerund. 
 N. horta-ndum est, one (we) mus^ ex. 
 G. horia-ndi, of exhorting, o exhort 
 D. horla-ndo, to exhorting, o exhort 
 A. hoTia-ndum (e. g. arf),exhor.ing, 
 
 to exhort 
 A. hoTta-ndo, by exhorting. 
 
 Supine. 
 .Sec. horid-tum, in order to exhort 
 Abl. hovid-tu, to exhort, be exiiorted. 
 
 veri-tus, 
 
 um 
 
 veri-ti, 
 
 ae. 
 
 ero, I shall have reverenced 
 eris, thou wilt have rev. 
 erit, he, she, it will have rev. 
 
 erimus, we shall have rev. 
 eritis, you will have rev. 
 erunt, they will have rev. 
 Imperative. 
 
 vere-re, reverence thou 
 
 vere-tor, thou shouldest reverence 
 
 vere-tor, he, she, it should reverence 
 
 vere-mtni, reverence ye 
 
 veve-minor, you should reverence 
 
 veve-ntor, they should reverence. 
 Infinitive. 
 
 Pres. vere-ri, to reverence 
 
 Peif. ver-itus, a, um, esse, to have rev- 
 enced 
 
 Fut. yexi-turus, a, um, esse, to will 
 reverence^, (that onej will rev. 
 Participle. ^ 
 
 Pres. xere-ns, reverencing 
 
 Perf. veri-tus, a, um, having reverenced 
 
 Fut. 1) Jlct. vexl-turus, a, um, intend- 
 ing, wishing, about to reverence 
 
 Fut. 2) Pa55. vexe ndus, a, um, what 
 should be reverenced. 
 Gerund. 
 
 N. vere-ndum est, one (we) must rev 
 
 G. vere-ndi, of reverencing, to rev. 
 
 D. vexe-ndo, to reverencing, to rev. 
 
 A. vere-ndum (e. g. ad), reverencing, 
 to reverence 
 
 A. vere-ndo, by reverencing. 
 Supine. 
 
 Mc. veri-tum, in order to reverence 
 
 Jibl. veri-tu,to reverence, be reverenced 
 
 I) The Subjunctive of both the futures is wanting. See Remark 1) and 2) to $ 50.— 2) See 
 
§53.1 
 
 DEPONENTS OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 143 
 
 func-tus, 
 
 a, 
 
 um 
 
 func-ti, 
 
 ae, 
 
 a 
 
 func-tus, 
 
 a, 
 
 um 
 
 func-ti, 
 
 ae. 
 
 V. Pluperfect. 
 
 a) Indicative, 
 eram, I had managed partl-tus, 
 
 eras^ thou hadst managed a, 
 
 era<, he, she, it had managed um 
 eramus^ we had managed parti-ti, 
 
 eratisy you had managed ae, 
 
 erant, they had managed a 
 
 b) Subjunctive, 
 partl-tus, 
 
 eranij I had divided 
 eras, thou hadst divided 
 ei-at, he, she, it had divided 
 eramus, we had divided 
 eratis, you had divided 
 erant, they had divided. 
 
 might have managed 
 esses, thou mightest have m. 
 esset, he,she, it might have m 
 essemus, we might have m. 
 essetis, you might have m. 
 essentj they might have m. 
 
 VI 
 
 essem, 1 might have divided 
 esses, thou mightest have d. 
 
 um esset, he,she, it might have d 
 parti-ti, essemus, we might have d. 
 
 ae, essetis, you might have d. 
 essent, they might have d. 
 
 Future Perfect {Indicative)} 
 
 func-tus, ero, I shall have managed 
 a, eris, thou wilt have managed 
 um erit, he, she, it will have man. 
 func-ti, erimus, we shall have man, 
 ae, eritis, you will have man. 
 a erunt, they will have man. 
 Imperative. 
 fung-ere, manage thou 
 fung-z^or, thou shouldest manage 
 fung-zfor, he, she, it should manage 
 f\xr\g-imini, manage ye 
 i'nng-lminor , you should manage 
 fung-ttwfor, they should manage. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 Pres. fung-i, to manage 
 Perf. ^\xnc-tus, a, um, esse, to have 
 
 managed 
 Fut. innc-turus, a, um, esse, to will 
 manage', (that one) will man. 
 Participle. 
 Pres. fung-en5, managing 
 Perf. innc-tus, a, um, having managed 
 Fut. 1) .Bet. fnnc-tfirus, a, um, intend- 
 ing, wishing, about to manage 
 Fut. 2) Pass. £ung-endus, a, um, what 
 should be managed. 
 Gerund. 
 N. fying-endum est, one (we) must m 
 G. fnng-cndi, of managing, to manage 
 D. fung-endo, to managing, to manage 
 A. fung-endum (e. g. ad), managing 
 
 to manage 
 A. fnng-endo, by managing. 
 
 Supine. 
 Ace. func-iwm, in order to manage 
 Ml. iwnc-tu, to manage, be managed. 
 
 Remark 4) to $ 50. 
 
 partl-tus. 
 
 um 
 
 partl-ti, 
 
 ae. 
 
 esse, to have 
 
 ero, 1 shall have divided 
 eris, thou wilt have divided 
 erit, he, she, it will have d 
 erimus, we shall have divided 
 eritis, you will have divided 
 erunt, they will have divided 
 Imperative. 
 partz-re, divide thou 
 parti-<or, thou shouldest divide 
 pa.rti-tor, he, she, it should divide 
 partl-mzm, divide ye 
 partl-mmor, you should divide 
 pa.rti-untor, they should divide. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 Pres. partl-ri, to divide 
 Perf partt-tus, a, um, 
 
 divided 
 
 Fut. Tpdivti-turus, a, um, esse, to will 
 divide^, (that one) will divide. 
 Participle. 
 Pres. parti-e7i5, dividing 
 Perf. partl-^Ms, a, um, having divided 
 Fut. 1) Jlct. ^d^rii-turus, a, vm,, intend 
 
 ing, wishing, about to divide 
 Fut. 2) Pass, parti-endus, a, um, what 
 should be divided. 
 Gerund. 
 N. partz-enrfwm est, one (we) must d, 
 G. parii-endi, of dividing, to divide 
 D. Tparii-endo, to dividing, to divide 
 A. parti- end um, (e. g. ad.), dividing 
 
 to divide 
 A. partt-erarfo, by dividing. 
 
 Supine. 
 Ace. part?-<M7», in order to divide 
 ML parti-«M, to divide, be divided. 
 
144 
 
 DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 [^53. 
 
 L XXVII. Words to be learned and ^zeroises for translation. 
 
 Admiror 1 . / ac?mire. Conor 1. I attempt, ven- somnium, i, n. <freawi, 
 
 asperDor 1. I spurn. ture. pulchritudo, Inis, /. 
 
 comitor 1. 1 accompany, interpreter 1. / inter- beauty. 
 
 contemplor 1. /confem- pret. demum, adv. first, at 
 
 plate, consider, consigno 1. I point out. length. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Quis non admiretur splendorem pulchritudinemque virtutis ? Dux 
 milites hortatus est, iit hostium aciem pertubare conarentur. Jam hos- 
 tes urbem oppugnare conati erant, quum repente a civibus propulsati 
 sunt. Turn demum beatus eris, quum aspernatus eris voluptatem. Con- 
 templamlnor praeclara virtutis exempla, quae in historia consignata 
 sunt ! Venio te comitatum in hortum. Somnia difRcilia sunt inter- 
 pretatu. 
 
 We admire the splendor and the beauty of virtue. The general ex- 
 horted the soldiers, that they should attempt to throw the line of 
 battle of the enemies into confusion. I have accompanied the brother 
 into the garden. The enemies have ventured to assault the city. Thou 
 shouldst contemplate the noble examples of virtue, which are pointed 
 out in history. The citizens apprehended, that the enemies might as- 
 sault the city. I doubt not, that thou hast interpreted the dream right- 
 ly. Tell me, why thou hast not accompanied the father into the gar- 
 den. 
 
 LXXVIII Words 
 
 Fateor, fassus sum, fa- 
 
 teri 2. to acknowledge, 
 
 admit. 
 tueor 2. / keep, protect. 
 intueor 2. / look upon, 
 
 contemplate. 
 misereor, misertus or 
 
 rltus sum, niisereri 
 
 2. (c. geu.)to pity. 
 poUiceor 2. 1 promise. 
 abator, usus sum, uti 
 
 3. (c, abl.) to abuse. 
 adipiscor, adeptus sum 
 
 3. to obtain. 
 
 to be learned and Exercises /or translation. 
 
 labor, lapsus sum, labi 
 
 3. to glide, fall. 
 loquor, locutus sum, 
 
 aggredior, gressus. gre- 
 
 di 3. to attack. 
 expergiscor, peiTectus 
 
 sum 3. to awaken. 
 fruor, fructus or frui- 
 
 tus sum, frui 3. (c. 
 
 abl.) to enjoy (part. 
 
 fut. fruiturus). 
 fungor, functus sum, 
 
 fungi 3. (c. abl.) to 
 
 administer. 
 irascor, iratus sum 3. 
 
 to be angry. 
 
 loqui 3. to speak. 
 morior, mortuus sum, 
 
 mori 3. to die (part. 
 
 fut. moriturus). 
 sequor, secutus sum, 
 
 sequi 3. (c. ace.) to 
 follow. 
 in ops, opis, destitute. 
 audacter, adv. boldly^ 
 
 confidently. 
 
§ 53.] DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. 145 
 
 Artes se ipsae tuentur. Semper miserorum homiiium miserebimur, 
 Veremini, o pueri, senectutem! Fatetor, o puer, verum ! Miseremi- 
 norinopum! Discipuli verentor praeceptores. Non dublto, quin tuum 
 pra€sidium mihi pollicitarus sis. Cum magna voluptate intiiemur prae- 
 clara virtutis exempla, quae in historia consignata sunt. 
 
 Quis nescit, quam multi eloquentia abutantur ? Per multos annoa- 
 pace fruiti sumus. Omnes cives metuunt, ne hostes urbem aggredian- 
 tur. Simulatque experrecti sumus, ad negotia nostra accedlmus. Gi- 
 ves, libertatem adepti, summa laetitia fruentur. Succurre lapsis. 
 Tam audacter cum amico loquere, quam tecum. Ne irasciminor iis, 
 quos amare debetis ! Si virtutis viam semper sequemur, aditus in coe- 
 lum aliquando nobis patebit. Munere tuo bene fungere. Metuo, ne 
 amicus moriatur. 
 
 The arts themselves v^^ill always protect themselves. I doubt not, 
 that thou vs^ilt always pity the poor. Reverence, O boy, old age ! The 
 rich should pity the destitute. You should acknowledge the truth 
 (=what is true,) O boys! A good scholar will always reverence his 
 teacher. I doubt not, that thou hast promised thy protection to the 
 destitute friend. Contemplate ye the noble examples of virtue, which 
 are pointed out in history. Many have abused eloquence. We desire 
 (opto), that we may enjoy peace. All the citizens apprehended, that 
 the enemies might attack the city. You are fallen. You should speak 
 with a friend as confidently, as with yourselves. Thou shouldst not be 
 angry with those, whom thou oughtest to love. I doubt not, that thou 
 wilt always follow the way of virtue. All know, how well thou hast 
 always managed thy olEiice. 
 
 LXXIX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Dilabor, lapsus sum, ficisci 3. to depart, mentior 4. / Zie. 
 
 labi 3. to go to ruin. proceed, march. metior, mensus sum, 
 
 obliviscor, litus sum, li- assentior, sensus sum metiri 4. to measure. 
 
 visci 3. (c. gen. and 4. to assent to. decet 2. (c. ace. pers.) 
 
 ace.) to forget. blandior 4. I flatter. it is fit. 
 
 obsequor, secutus sum, experior, pertus sum modestia, ae,yi modesty, 
 
 sequi 3. to comply 4. to try. umbra, ae,/. shade. 
 
 with, obey. largior 4. / give freely, commendatio, onis, /. 
 proficiscor, fectus sum, bestow. commendation. 
 
 Quum aegrotus es, obsequi debes praeceptis medici. Stulti aliorum 
 vitia cernunt, obliviscuntur suorum. Prima pueri commendatio profi- 
 ciscltur a modestia. Concordia res parvae crescunt, discordia maximae 
 dilabuntur. Gloria virtutem tanquam umbra sequitur. 
 
 13 
 
146 DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [$ 53. 
 
 Ne blandire malis hominibus ! Puer, tie mentitor ! Natiira homini- 
 bus multa bona largita est. Magnos homines virtute metimur, non for- 
 tuna. Voluptas blanditiirsensibus nostris. Postquam orator orationem 
 finivit, omnes ejus sententiae assensi sunt. Omnia prius experiri verbis, 
 quam armis, sapientem decet. 
 
 I doubt not, that thou wilt obey me. We shall never forget thee. 
 Tell me, why thy father has proceeded to (in) Italy. We feared, 
 that by (abl.) discord the resources (opes) of the citizens might go to 
 ruin. Boys, you should not lie ! Who does not know, how often the 
 discourse of men deceives (= lies)! Measure men according to (abl.) 
 virtue, not according to fortune. Always follow the way of virtue. 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 a) Deponents of the First Conjugation. 
 
 LXXX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Adulor 1. (c. dat. or opitulor 1 . / /ewe? aid libido. In is, y.Mnresiratn- 
 
 acc.) IJiatter. recordor 1. (generally ed desire, caprice. 
 
 arbitror 1. 1 think. with ace.) I remem- eventus, us, m. event. 
 
 ausplcor 1. I commence. her. libens, tis, delighted. 
 
 auxilior 1. / airf. innocen tia, ae,/. inno- aliquando, adv. som£- 
 
 dominor 1. 1 reign. cence. time. 
 
 moderor I.e. dat. Jmo^- an gor, oris, m. vexation. alUer, adv. otherwise, 
 
 erate; c. ace. govern. rite, adv. properly. 
 
 Boni viri non voluptate, sed officio consilia moderantur. Homo im- 
 probus aliquando cum dolore flagita sua recordabitur. Socrates totius 
 mundi se incolam et civem arbitrabatur. Disce libens : quid dulcius est, 
 quam discere multa? Discentem comitantur opes, comitantur hono- 
 res. Ubi libido dominatur, innocentiae leve praesidium est. Eventus 
 fallit, quum allter accidit, atque homines arbitrati sunt. Attlcus poten- 
 ti Antonio non est adulatus. Nihil rite sine dei immortalis ope, con- 
 silio, honore auspicabere. 
 
 LXXXI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Aemulor 1. (c. ace.)/ cmwcXoy 'i. I delay. veneror 1. /revere. 
 
 emulate. • imitor 1. (c. ace.) I im- venor 1. Ihunt. 
 
 auguror 1. 1 divine, fore- itate. occulto 1. / conceal. 
 
 tell. jocor 1. I jest. rivulus, i, m. stream. 
 
 aversor 1. I turn from, laetor ]. (c. abl.)' Ire- majores, um, ancestors. 
 
 shun. joice. mediocris, e, moderate. 
 
 consector 1. I pursue. precor 1. / entreat. quotidie, adv. daily. 
 
§ 53.] DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJtJGATlONS. 147 
 
 Venerare deiim, venerare parentes. Virtutes majorum aemulamini, 
 vitia eorum aversamini ! In silvis venator venatur lepores ; in scholis, 
 pueri, venamlni lepores ! Ubi res bona tractanda est, ne cunctator ! 
 Discipuli bonos condiscipulos imitantor, malos aversantor. Quotidie, 
 puer, precator a deo immortali, ut servet tibi tuos parentes! Tardi in- 
 genii est, rivulos consectari, fontes rerum non videre. Nulla re tarn 
 ketari soleo, quam meorum officiorum conscientia. In ira moderari 
 animo et orationi, non mediocris ingenii est. Nescisne, Socratem in 
 carcere paucis diebus ante mortem jocatum esse ? Quis speret, se au- 
 guraturum esse ea, quae menti liumanae a deo sunt occultata. 
 
 LXXXII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Adhortor 1. /e?icoMm^6, insidior A. I lie in wail immodestus, a, um, m- 
 
 exhort. for. modest. 
 
 cohortor 1. I encourage, susplcor 1. / sitspecl, ingenuus, a, um, 7io6/e- 
 
 exhortor 1. / encour- conjecture. horn, dignified. 
 
 age, exhort. vagor I. I wander. profusus, a, um, unre- 
 
 consolor 1. / console. praecludo 3. / close. strained. 
 
 conspicor 1. I discover, temperantia, ae,/. fern- nemo non, even/ one. 
 
 see. [late. perance, moderation, excois, cordis, senseless. 
 
 gratulor 1. I congratu- aper, pri, m. wild boar, admbdum, adv. very. 
 
 indignor 1. (with ace. legatus, i. m. amhassa- aperte, ac??;. openly. 
 
 or de with abl.) lam dor. nequicquam, adv. in 
 
 dissatisfied udthsome- facetus, a, um, delicate, vain, to no effect. 
 
 thing. witty. 
 
 Apeite adulantem nemo non vidit, nisi qui admodum est excors. 
 Mei"iti nihil est tarn inimicum, quam voluptas ; nee enim, libidine domi- 
 nante, temperantiae locus est. Caesar, cohortatus milites, ut acriter 
 contra hostes dlmicarent, urbem oppugnavit. Aliorum miseriam con- 
 solaturi exempla laudare debemus viorum fortium, qui in a<*.erl)issimis 
 fortunae tormentis non sunt indignati sortem suam. Genus jocandi non 
 profusum, nee immodestum, sed iiigenuum et facetum esse debet. A 
 venatore insidiandum est apris. Multi legati congregati sunt m urbem 
 ad gratulandum nobis de recuperata libertate. Quem neque gloria, ne- 
 que perieula excitant, nequicquam hortere : timor animi aures praeclu- 
 dit. Narra, ubi per tam longum tempus vagatus sis. Non dubitabam, 
 quin hujus hominis consuetudinem aversatus esses. Non dubito, quin, 
 istum adolescentem couspicatus, eontinuo de ejus ingenio praeclarum 
 quiddam euspieaturus sis. 
 
 We rejoice at (abl.) the joy of friends in like manner (aequae) as (ac) 
 at our own (= ours), and grieve in like manner at [their] grief 
 (= vexations). Be convinced that thou art dear to me, but that thou 
 
148 DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [$ 53. 
 
 wilt be much (miilto) dearer, if thou wilt rejoice in good principles. 
 The example of the leader encouraged (perf.) the soldiers, that they 
 might imitate him. I doubt not, that thou wilt ever assist the good, 
 [but] wilt shun the bad. I doubted not, that he would sometime remem- 
 ber his foul deeds (ace.) with pain. Flatter thou not a powerful [man] ! 
 Be convinced that you will commence nothing properly without the 
 aid, counsel [and] honor of God. I exhort thee, that thou shouldst im- 
 itate good men, [but] sLmi the bad. Relate to me, why thou hast been 
 dissatisfied with thy fortune. I doubted not that the enemies had 
 lain in wait for thee. 
 
 When thou pursuest historj', O boy, thou shouldst contemplate both 
 the examples of virtue and of vice, and emulate those, [but] shun these. 
 In a good thing, thou shouldst not delay. The rich should lend aid to 
 the destitute. The soldiers hasten, in order to lend aid (sup.) to us 
 against the enemies. When evil desires reign (abl. abs.), there is no 
 (= not) place for (dat.) virtue. 
 
 b) Deponents of the Second Conjugation. 
 IjXXXIII. Wb?'ds to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Confiteor, fessus sum reor, ratus sum, reri, venia, ae,/. pardon. 
 
 2. to confess. 2. to think. exemplar, aris, n. pat- 
 
 profiteor, fessus sum 2. dubito 1 . c. inf. / hesi- tern, model. 
 
 to achiowledge freely , tate, entertain scru- cunctus, a, um, all 
 
 promise. pies. (combined), whole. 
 
 medeor (without perf.) impetro 1. / obtain. inanis, e, empty, vain. 
 
 c. dat. to cure, rem- imploro 1. I implore. cito, adv. quicldy ;- ci- 
 
 edy. in for mo 1. / instruct. tius, more quickly, 
 
 mereor, itus sum 2. to nego \. I deny. ' more easily. 
 
 deserve; dealiquare, trado, didi, ditum 3. to liberaliter, adv. freely. 
 
 to deserve of some- deliver up, give up to. i\ondum, adv. not yet. 
 
 thing. malitia, ae, f wicked- penitus, adv. thoroughly, 
 ness. wholly. 
 
 Vix peccatum tuum fassus eras, quum pater tui misertus est. Jam 
 te en'asse confessus eras, quum denuo negasti. Nondum vestrum auxl- 
 lum imploraveramus, quum jam id nobis professi estis. Vix inopiam 
 nostram fassi eramus, quum liberalissime vestrum praesidi(mi nobis 
 polliciti estis. 
 
 Magna est vis philosophiae, quum medetur animis, inanes sollicitudi- 
 nes detrahit, cupiditatibus liberal. Artes magnum nobis praebent prae- 
 sidium, quum se ipsae per se tuentur singulae. Praeclare de patria 
 merentur praeceptores, quum juventutem bonarum litterarum studiis 
 informant. 
 
I 
 
 f 53.] DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. 149 
 
 Rule of Syntax. When the conjunction quum expresses a sup- 
 posed ground ^nd may be translated by the causal 5i?ice (seeing that,) 
 or although, It is connected with the subjunctive. (Comp. Synt. 110, 1.) 
 
 Quum philosophia animis mededtur, totos nos penitusque ei tradere 
 deberaus. Omnes miserebantur vestri, quum non propter raalitiam, sed 
 propter fortunam in miseriis essetis. Quum milites pericula vererentur^ 
 nou audebant cum hostibus confligere. Quum is, qui verum amicum 
 iutuetur, tanquam exemplar aliquod intuedtur sui ; talem amicum aeque 
 ac nosmet ipsos amare debemus. Avarus, quum in omnium rerum 
 affluentia sit, fatebiturne, se esse satiatum ? Quum, virtutem satis in 
 se praesidii habere ad vitam beatam, /afedre; etiam confitebere, sapien- 
 tem in cruciatibus beatum esse. Id si confessus eris, non dublto, quin 
 professurus sis, sapientem in omni vitae conditione beatum esse. 
 
 When we fi-eely acknowledge our guilt, we more easily obtain par- 
 don. Since you have acknowledged, that virtue may have in itself 
 sufficient of (gen.) protection for a happy life, you will also confess, 
 that the wise J^man] may be happy lunler (in) tortures ; and when 
 you shall have confessed this, I doubt not, that you will freely acknow- 
 ledge, that the wise [man] is happy in every condition of life. Scarce- 
 ly had I acknowledged my fault to thee, as I obtained (perf ) pardon 
 from thee. Thou hast acquired for thyself great praise, inasmuch as 
 (quum) thou hast pitied the destitute citizens. 
 
 Miserere nostri ! Medeminor, O cives, inopiae nostrae ! Suum 
 quisque tuetor munus. Nemo, cunctam intuens terram, de divina pro- 
 videntia dubitabit, Cives, hostes urbem oppugnaturos =esse, rati, eos 
 acrlter propulsare studuerunt. Venio meum praesidium tibi pollicitu- 
 rus. Omnibus modis a vobis inopiae civium medendum est. Adol- 
 escentis officium est, majores natu vereri. Quis nescit, te praeclare de 
 republica meritum esse ? Spero, te mei miseiturum esse. 
 
 Reverence, O boy, old age ! Pity ye me ! Thou shouldst cure the 
 want of others. The scholar should reverence his teacher. Shall we, 
 when we contemplate (= contemplating) the whole earth, doubt as to 
 (de) the foi-esight of God ? Thinking (part. perf.), that thou hast prom- 
 ised me thy protection, I have not hesitated to undertake (accedere) the 
 business. Believe me, ti>Ao will freely acknowledge (part, fut.) what is 
 true ! Thou must remedy (Ger.) the want of thy friend. I hope, that 
 thou wilt promise to me thy protection. It is beautiful, to remedy the 
 want of others. Who does not know, that Cicero deserved nobly of 
 the Roman state ? 
 
 13* 
 
150 DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [f 53. 
 
 C) DEPO]yE>TS OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 
 
 LXXXIV. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Complector, plexus adnitor 3. 1 endecuvor, reddo, didi, ditum 3. to 
 
 sum, plecti 3. to em- exert myself. restore ; 2) to make. 
 
 hrace, paciscor, pactus sum, gr&tm, ae f. thank. 
 
 congredior, gressus pacisci 3. to make an aiigulus, i. m. comer. 
 sum, gmdi 3. to en- agreement. philosophus, i, m. phi- 
 gage, reverter, pf. reveiti, . losopher. 
 
 nascor. natus sum, uas- part, reversus, inf pestis, is, /. pest^ (fe- 
 ci 3. to he born, to reverti 3. to return. struction. 
 spring from, (part, ulciscor, ultus sum, ul- semen, iiiis, n. seed. 
 fut. nasciturus). cisci 3. (€. ace.) to visum, i, n. appearance. 
 
 innascor 3. to he in- avenge one's sef on detestabllis, e, detesta- 
 
 born, implanted. one. hie. 
 
 nitor, nixus or nisus cumulo 1. 1 heap, load, superior, us, superior; 
 
 sum, niti 3. (c. abl.), persevero 1. I continue. conqueror, 
 
 to rest upon; 2) ad discedo, cessi, cessum quotiescunque, conj. 
 
 aliquid, to strive after 3. to go away, depart. however often, 
 something. 
 
 Salus hominum non veritate solum, sed etiam fama nititur. Gives, 
 cum hostibus pacii, pace fi-ulti sunt. Deum et diviuum animum cogi- 
 tatione complectlmur. Lacte, carne multisque aliis rebus vesclmur. 
 Ne ulciscimlni iuimicos vestios ! Romaiii Numldis polliciti sunt, si 
 pei-severarent bello urgere Cartbaginienses, se adnisuros esse, ut bene 
 cumulatam gratiam redderent. Nemo parum diu vixit, qui virtutis per- 
 fectae perfecto functus est munere. Simulatque experrecti sumus, visa 
 in somnio contemnlmus. Aristoteles, Theopbrastus, Zeno, innumera- 
 blies alii philosophi nunquam domum reverterunt. Nulla tam detes- 
 tabllis est pestis, quae non bomini ab bomine nascatur. Non sum uni 
 angulo natus : patria mea totus hie est mundus. Sunt ingeniis nostris 
 semtna innata virtutum. Hannibal, quotiescunque cum Romanis con- 
 gressus est in Italia, semper discessit superior. 
 
 LXXXV. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Defetiscor, fessus sum, patior, passus sum, pati stultitia, n.e,f. folly. 
 
 fetisci 3. to he weary, 3. to suffer. domluus, i, m. lord^ 
 
 tired out. excedo, cessi, cessum master. [ter. 
 
 elabor, lapsus sum, la- 3. (c. abl.) to retire. proelium, i, n. encoun- 
 
 hi 3. to glide away. teudo, tetendi, tentum diuturnltas, atis,/.Zong- 
 
 enitor, nisus or nixus 3. to stretch out ; ad continuance. 
 
 sum, niti 3. 7o exert Si\\i\\\\d, to strive after vicinltas, atis, / neig^- 
 
 one's self. something. horhood. 
 
§ 53.] DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. 151 
 
 nei'as{indecl.),n. wrong, quo, adv. whiiher. gentium, wherever in 
 
 proprius, a, um (c.gen.), ubicunque, adv. wher- the world, 
 one's own, peculiar. ever; ubicunque. 
 
 Optimi cujusque animus maxime ad immortalem gloriam nititur. 
 Hostes, diuturnitate pugnae defessi, proelio excedebant. Qui virtutem 
 adeptus erit, ubicunque erit gentium, a nobis diligetur. Avida est pe- 
 riculi virtus, et, quo tendat, non quid passura sit, cogltat. Augustus 
 dominum se appellari non est passus. Animalia alia sunt rationis ex- 
 pertia, alia ratione utentia. Animo elapso, corpus nihil valet. Valet 
 apud nos clarorum hominum memoria, etiara mortuorum. Reg- 
 ia res est, succurrere lapsis. Proprium est stultitiae, aliorum vitia 
 cernere, oblivisci suorum. Ut plurimis prosimus, eniti debemus. 
 Irasci iis nefas est, quos amare debemus. Amicitiae, consuetudines, 
 vicinitates quid habeant voluptatis, carendo magis intelliglmus, quam 
 fruendo. Juveni parandum, seni utendum est. Suo cuiqu'e judicio 
 utendum est. 
 
 LXXX VL Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Ingredior, gressus sum, accuso 1. / complain of, usitatus, a, um, usualy 
 
 gredi 3. (c. ace.) I go accuse. common, 
 
 into, enter, enter upon, deflagro 1. / burn up diu, adv. long time ; 
 
 perfungor, functus (intrans.). diutius, longer. 
 sum, fungi 3. (c. abl.) vices plur. [gen. not 'miQxn\iGYSj;\XeY, adv. in- 
 to pass through, used,) f. vicisitudes. temperately, without 
 
 persequor, cutus sum, perexiguus, a, um, vei"!/ moderation. 
 
 sequi 3. to pursue. small. plerumque, adv. gen- 
 erally. 
 
 All vi^ish, that they may reach (adipisci) old age, but when they have 
 reached {= having reached), they complain of it. The soldiers tired 
 out by the long march, gave themselves up to rest Boys, you should 
 follow the example of the good. We have enjoyed a long-continued 
 peace. Common things escape easily from the memory, remarkable 
 and new things remain longer. Many abuse without moderation 
 leisure and literature. Those appear to me to have lived happily, to 
 whom it has been permitted to enjoy the praise of wisdom. We favor 
 those, who have entered upon the very same dangers which we have 
 passed through. All strive after joy, but many do not know, whence 
 they may obtain permanent (stabllis, e) and great joy. Alexander pur- 
 sued (perf.) the enemies eagerly. Fortune is not merely blind itselfj 
 but it generally makes those blind also, whom it embraces. Man is 
 not born for himself alone, but for his country and for his [friends], 
 so that (ut) a very small part is left to himself. The condition of 
 
152 DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [^ 53. 
 
 mortals has such (is) vicisitudes, that adversity (res adversae) springs 
 from prosperity (res secundae), and prosperity from adversity. He 
 lives the best, who obeys the laws not on accomit of fear, but follows 
 them, because he thinks that this may be most salutaiy. In (abl.) the 
 very same night in which Alexander was born, the temple of the 
 Ephesian (Ephesius, a, um) Diana burned up. 
 
 d) Deponents of the fourth Conjugation. 
 LXXXVIL Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Potior 4. (c. abl.) I ^os- tempt), which fol- calor, oris, w. IxftarL 
 
 sess myself of . lows throughout the frons, tis, /. forehead. 
 
 opperior, pertus sum, fourth Conj. praeparatio, onis, /. 
 
 periri 4. to await. coorior 4. / arise^ break preparation. 
 
 ordior or exordior, or- out, hreak forth, vultus, us, m. expres- 
 
 sus sum, ordiri 4. exorior 4. / appear, sion, countenance, 
 
 to begin. spring from, arise. privatus, a, um, jorivate. 
 
 orior, ortus sum, oriri demolior 4. / demolish, ferox, oc'is, ferce. 
 
 A. to spring from, rise ehlandior A. I obtain by necesse est (c. sub- 
 
 from ; part. fut. o?i- flattery. junctive or c. ace. et 
 
 turus (not orturus); praeloquor, locutus inf), it is necessary. 
 
 the Ind. Pres. fol- sum, loqui 3. <o prem- eo, adv. thither, so far. 
 
 lows the third Conj. ; ise. grate, adv. gratefully. 
 
 oreris, oritur, orl- animadverto, ti, sum tamen, conj. yet. 
 
 mur; so its com- S. to observe, perceive, vero (after the first 
 
 pounds except ado- praeda, ae,/. booty. word of its clause) 
 
 rior (I attack, at- tergum, i, n. back. conj. but. 
 
 Fions, oculi, vultus persaepe mentiuntur, oratio vero saepissime. 
 Quicquid oritur, qualecunque est, caussam habeat a nutura necesse 
 est. Sol universis eandem lucem eundemque calorem largitur. Quam 
 multi indigni luce sunt ! et tamen dies oritur. Unde tandem tam re- 
 pente nobis exoreris'? Milites, si feroci impetu in hostem coorlmur, 
 victoria in manibus nostris est! Dum urbem oppugnare adorimur, 
 hostes a tergo nos aggressi sunt. Suo quisque metu pericula metitur. 
 Sapiens et praeterlta grate recordatur, et praesentibus ita potitur, ut 
 animadvertat, quanta sint ea quamque jucunda. 
 
 Cave, ne honores eblandiare ! Oratores, priusquam exordiantur, 
 quaedani praeloquuntur. In omnibus negotiis, priusquam ordiamur, 
 adhibenda nobis est praeparatio diligens. Omnes cives domos suas 
 floribus et coronis ornaverant et vestiverant, quia regem opperiebantur. 
 Dum exercitus hostilis urbis domos privatas publicasque demoliebatur, 
 cives maximo moerore opplebantur. Quum hostes praedam inter se 
 partiebantur, nos vehementissimo impetu eos adoriebamur. Dux mill- 
 
^53.] DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. 153 
 
 tes cohortatus est, ut omnia experirentur, qiiibus iirbem obsidione lib- 
 erarent. Quiuii saeva tempestas cooriretur, ingeiis pavor omnes naii- 
 tas oncupavit. 
 
 LXXXVIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Ementior 4. / state conserve 1. / preserve, prodigiosus, a, um, 
 
 falsely. comiiiodttas, atis, /. wonderful. 
 
 emetior, mensiis sum, convenience. ridiculus, a, um, ridicu- 
 
 metiri 4. / measure ubertas, a.U8,f. hounti- lous. 
 
 off, travel through. fulness. tantus, a, um, so great. 
 
 niolior 4. to move, ex- adspectus, us, m. consulto, odv. designed- 
 
 cite, attempt. sight. ly. 
 
 ad vole 1. I fy up, has- usus, us, in. use, want, fortuito, adv. hy chance. 
 
 ten up. 
 
 Ridiculi sunt, qui, quod ipsi experti non sunt, id decent ceteros. 
 Omne animal se ipsum diligit ac, simulatque oitum est, id agit, ut se 
 conservet. Ad hominum commoditates et usus tantam rerum uberta- 
 tem natura largita est, ut ea, quae gignuntur, donata consulto nobis, 
 non fortuito nata videantur. Herodotus, multas terras emensus, multas 
 quidem res prodigiosas narravit, sed eas non ipse emeniltus est, sed 
 alii, ex quibus audivit. Jam per tres menses opperti eramus amicum, 
 quum nobis ejus mors nuntiata est. Repente Romanis Sulla exortus et 
 atrocissimum bellum civile exorsus est. 
 
 Sapiens nunquam malis hominibus blandietur, nunquam aliquid 
 falsi ementietur, nunquam fortunam experietur, nunquam aliis calami- 
 tatem molietur. Si celerlter hostem adoriemur, non est dubium, quin 
 brevi tempore urbe potituri simus. Simulatque sol ortus erit, pro- 
 ficiscemur. Ne blandire malis hominibus. Ne opperimlni fortunam ! 
 Hostes advolaverunt urbe potitura. Numerus aequalis facilis est par- 
 titu. Sole oriente, profecti sumus. Coorta saeva tempestate, omnes 
 nautas ingens pavor occupavit. Solem oriturum cum maxima volup- 
 tate spectamus. 
 
 The sun does not always rise and set in the very same place. 
 Scarcely had the enemy been discovered, as we arose (perf.) and at- 
 tacked (perf.) them spiritedly. Men measure the year by (abl.) the re- 
 turn of the sun. 
 
 Nothing prevented you, that you should begin your business. 
 Three days long (= through three days) have we awaited the arrival of 
 the friend. Every living being, as soon as it is born (= sprung), loves 
 (dlligo) both itself and all its parts. Many having travelled through 
 many countries, have stated falsely many wonderful things. History 
 
154 PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION. [^ 54. 
 
 relates, that Sulla arose (perf.) suddenly against (dat.) the Romans and 
 began (perf.) the civil war. Tell me, why thou hast not assented to 
 my opinion. Hast thou heard that the enemies have tried all [means], 
 in order to possess themselves of (= ad with gerund) the city ? 
 
 We will not begin a new business, before that the previous [bu^siness] 
 shall have been completed. When the canip shall be fortified, the 
 soldiers will attack the enemy. If thou shalt lie, nobody will trust 
 thee, even if {etlams'i) thou speakest (subj.) the truth. Our soldiers did 
 not doubt, that, if they attacked (subj.) the enemy quickly, they might 
 in (abl.) a short time possess themselves of the city. Await thou not 
 fortune ! Flatter ye not bad men ! As the sun rose (abl. abs.), the 
 soldiers marched against the enemies. The sun, on the point of rising 
 (= about to rise), presents a splendid sight. I hope, that thou wilt 
 never lie. All believed, that a storm would arise. 
 
 § 54. Periplirastic Conjugation. 
 
 By joining the verb esse with the participles and with the 
 gerund, a new conjugation is formed, called the periphras' 
 tic conjugation; under this the following forms are to be 
 noted: 
 
 1) AmatUruSj a, um sum, / ivish^ intend^ am about to 
 (will) love. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 
 Present. 
 
 amaturus sum, I am about to {ivill) amaturussim,! may be about to {will) 
 
 amaturus es, [love, amaturus sis, [love. 
 
 amaturus est, amaturus sit, 
 
 hortaturi sumus,i^7e are about to [will) hortaturi simus, ive may be about to 
 hortaturi estis, [exhort, hortatuj-i sitis, [{iviU) exhort. 
 
 hortaturi sunt. hortaturi sint. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 moniturus eram, / would admonish, moniturus essem, I would admonish. 
 
 Perfect. 
 yeritarusfm,! would have reverenced, veriturus fuerim, I would have rev. 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 recturus fueram, / would have gov. recturus fuissem, I would have gov. 
 
 Future. 
 functurus ero,I shall be about to manage, wanting. 
 
4 54.] 
 
 PEEIFtlRASTIC CONJUGATION. 
 
 155 
 
 Future Perfect. 
 auditurus fuero, I shall have been wanting, 
 
 partiturus fueris. [about to hear. 
 
 Inflnitwe. 
 Pres. amaturus esse, to be about to [ivill) love 
 Perf. amaturus fuisse, to have been about to love 
 Fut amaturus fore, to ivill love, (that one) will be ready to love. 
 
 2) Amandtfs, a, urn. sam, 
 me : 
 
 I must be loved^ one must love 
 
 Pres. 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 Perf. 
 
 Plupf 
 
 Fut 
 
 P.P. 
 
 Pres. 
 Perf. 
 Fut. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 amandus sum, I must be loved, 
 one must love me 
 
 amandus es, thou must be loved, 
 one must love thee 
 
 amandus est, he must be loved, 
 one must love him 
 
 hortandi sumus, uje must be ex- 
 horted, one must exhort us 
 
 hortandi estis, you must be ex- 
 horted, one must exhort you 
 
 hortandi sunt, they must be ex- 
 horted, one must exhort them. 
 
 monendus eram, / was to be 
 admonished, one was to ad-\ 
 monish me 
 
 verendus fui, / should have 
 been reverenced, one should 
 have reverenced me 
 
 regendus fueram, I ought to 
 have been governed, one ought 
 to have governed me 
 
 persequendus ero, / shall be 
 to be pursued, one ivill be un- 
 der obligation to pursue me 
 
 audiendus fuero, / shall have 
 been to be heard, one ivill have 
 been under obligation to hear 
 me 
 
 metiendus fueris, thou wilt have 
 been to be measured, one will 
 have been under obligation to 
 measure thee. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 amandus esse, to be under obligation to be loved. 
 amandus fuisse, to have been under obligation to be loved. 
 amandus fore, to will be under obligation to be loved, (that one)etc. 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 amandus sim, / must be loved, 
 one must love me 
 
 amandus sis, thou must beloved, 
 one must love thee 
 
 amandus sit, he must be loved, 
 one must love him 
 
 hortandi simus, we must be ex- 
 horted, one must exhort us. 
 
 hortandi sitis, you must be ex 
 horted, one must exhort you 
 
 liortandi sint, they must be ex- 
 horted, one must exhort them. 
 
 monendus essem, / might be to 
 be admonished, one might be 
 to admonish me 
 
 verendus fuerim, / may have 
 been to be admonished, one 
 may have been to admonish me 
 
 regendus fuissem, / might have 
 
 been to be admonished, one 
 
 might have been to admonish me. 
 
 vv^anting. 
 
 vranting. 
 
156 
 
 PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION. 
 
 P54. 
 
 3) Amandum est one must love, mihi amandum est, I must 
 love. Comp. Synt. § 98. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 hnperf. 
 
 Per/. 
 Plupf. 
 Fut. 
 RP. 
 
 Indicative. 
 amandum est, one must Jove 
 mihi amandum est, / must love 
 tibi hortandum est thou must 
 
 exhoH 
 illi timendum est, he must fear 
 nobis fatendmn est, we must 
 
 confess 
 vobis legendum est, you must 
 
 read 
 illis loquendum est, they must 
 
 puero audiendum est, the hoy 
 
 must hear 
 viro experiendum est, the man 
 
 must try 
 amandum erat, one was to love 
 
 mihi amandum erat, / was to 
 
 love 
 amandum fuit, one should have 
 
 loved 
 amandum fuerat, one ought to 
 
 have loved 
 amandum erit, one shall be to 
 
 love 
 amandum fuerit, one shall have 
 
 been to love. \ 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 amandum sit, one should love 
 mihi amandum sit, I should love 
 tibi hortandum sit, thou shouldst 
 
 exhort 
 
 ilH timendum sit, he should fear 
 nobis fatendum sit, we should 
 
 confess 
 vobis legendmn sit, you should 
 
 read 
 illis loquendum sit, they should 
 
 speak 
 puero audiendum sit, the boy 
 
 should hear 
 viris experiendum sit, men 
 
 should try. 
 amandmn esset, one might be 
 
 to love 
 mihi amandum esset, / might 
 
 be to love 
 amandum fuerit, I may have 
 
 been to love 
 amandum fuisset, / might have 
 
 been to love. 
 
 wanting. 
 
 wanting. 
 
 Patria amanda est, ' one's native country should be loved, one should 
 
 love his native country ;' 
 patria nobis amanda est, ' we should love our native country ;' 
 hie liber tibi legendus est, ' thou shouldst read this book ;' ' 
 milites duci adhortandi fuerunt, ' the general should have incited the 
 
 soldiers.' 
 
 Examples for the Gen., Dat., Ace. and Abl. of the Gerundive. Comp. 
 Synt. k 99. 
 
 Ars navis gubernandae, ' the art of governing a ship ;' 
 perUus sum equorum regendorum, ' I am skilful in governing horses ;' 
 aslmus idoneus est magnis oneribus portandis, ' the ass is fitted to bear- 
 ing great loads,' or, 'to bear great loads.' 
 corporis exercitationes plurimum valent ad valetudinem frmandam, ' exer- 
 cise of the body avails much for confirming the health.' 
 
^55,] 
 
 IRREGULAR FIRST CONJUGATION. 
 
 157 
 
 litteris tractandis animus excolitur, ' by the pursuit of letters the mind is 
 cultivated.' 
 
 Catalogue of the verbs, which in the formation of their tenses, differ from the 
 paradigms given in § 50 and 51. 
 
 FIRST CONJUGATION. 
 
 ^55, I. The Perfect ivith Reduplication. 
 
 Remark. The reduplication in do, consists in repeating the first 
 consonant of the stem with e, but in sto, in repeating the first two con- 
 sonants of the stem with e, and then the 5 is dropped from the stem, 
 hence : steti for ste-sti. Comp. spandeo, spopondi (§ 59, 7). 
 
 1. Do, dedi, datum, dare, to give. The a of the stem- 
 syllable is short throughout, as : dabam, dabo, darem ; ex- 
 cept das and da. 
 
 So its compounds of which the first part is a word of two syllables, 
 as : circumdo, circumdedi, circumdatum, circumdare, to surround. Its 
 compounds with monosyllables, on the contrary, have : -do, -didi, 
 -drtum, -dere, and follow the third Conj., as: addo, addidi, additura, 
 addere, to add. 
 
 2. Sto, steti, stdtum, stare, to stand ; (c. abl. to be gained 
 at the expense of, cost). 
 
 Its compounds with monosyllabic prepositions have stiti in the Perf., 
 as : adsto (I stand by), adstiti, but those compounded with dissyllabic 
 prepositions retain the steti, as: circumsto (I stand around), circum- 
 steti. The Sup. of only a few of the compounds is used and is std- 
 tum ; only praesto (to stand before, bestow), has both praestitum and 
 praestdtum. The Part. Fut. on the contrary, is always stdtiirus, as : 
 praestatui'us, constaturus, obstaturus, etc. 
 
 LXXXIX. Words to he learned and Exer 
 Circumdo, dedi, datum. 
 
 dare (c. dat. et ace, 
 or c. ace. et abl.), to 
 surround (something 
 with something), to 
 place (something 
 around something). 
 
 consto, iti, atum 1. (c. 
 abl.) to consist of, to 
 he gained at the ex- 
 pense of, cost. 
 
 persto, iti, atum 1. to 
 persist. 
 
 praesto, iti, itum and 
 
 atum 1. to stand be- 
 fore, be distinguish- 
 ed ; c. dat. to sur- 
 pass, to make good, 
 pay ; se prae stare (e. 
 g. fortem) to show 
 one^s self {brave). 
 
 forum, i, n. market. 
 
 stipendium, i, n. wages. 
 
 interfector, oris, m. mur- 
 derer. 
 
 propugnator, oris, m. 
 champion. 
 
 classis, is, f. feet. 
 14 
 
 •cisesfor translation. 
 
 vestis, \s,f garment. 
 
 conservatio, bnis,f pre- 
 servation. 
 
 invitus, a, um, unwil- 
 ling. 
 
 insperans, tis, not hop- 
 ing, contrary to ex- 
 pectation. 
 
 uber, eris, c. rich, val- 
 uable. 
 
 certo, adv. certainly. 
 
 extrinsecus, adv. with- 
 out. 
 
158 IRREGULAR VERBS. [§ 56. 
 
 Deus nobis dedit animum, quoi nihil est praestantius. Multo san- 
 guine nobis victoria stetit. Mater omnium bonarum artium sapientia 
 est : qua^ nihil a deo immortali uberius, nihil praestabilius hominum 
 vitae datum est. Deus corpus, ut quandam vestem, animo circumde- 
 dit et vestivit extrinsecus. Quorum patres, aut majores aliqua gloria 
 praestiterunt, ii student plerumque eodem in genere laudis excellere. 
 Parentes carissimos habere debemus, quod ab iis nobis vita tradita est. 
 Non dedit beneficium, qiii invitus profuit. Quinam magis sunt tui, 
 quam [ii] quibus tu salute m insperantibus reddidisti ? Gives acerri* 
 mos propugnatores libertatis se praestiterunt. Ingens hominum multi- 
 tudo oratorem in foro circumstetit. Quid est tam inhumanum, quam 
 eloquentiam, a natura ad salutem hominum et ad conservationem da- 
 tam, ad bonorum pestem perniciemque convertere ? Quum stipen- 
 dium ex longo tempore non esset praestitum, seditio inter milites orta 
 est. Certo scio, te mihi fidem praestaturum esse. Credo, nihil nobis 
 obstaturum esse, quominus victoriam adipiscamur. Non dubitabamus, 
 quin multorum vu'orum fortium morte victoria constatura esset. Nes- 
 cio, perstaturusne sis in sententia tua. 
 
 The Athenians gave (perf.) to Miltiades a fleet of (gen.) 70 ships. 
 No pest has cost the human race (= race of men) more (pluris) than 
 anger. Darius promised, that he v^^ould give 1000 talents to the mur- 
 derer of Alexander. What of (gen.) time is given to each one for liv- 
 ing, with (abl.) this he should be contented. Who does not know, that 
 Socrates surpassed (perf) all the philosophers of antiquity in (abl.) wis- 
 dom ? I fear, that the victory will cost us much blood. The body, 
 as a garment, has been placed by God around (dat.) the soul. You 
 should hold [your] parents very dear, because they have given (trado) 
 life to you. Who is more thine, than [he], to whom, contraiy to ex- 
 pectation, thou hast restored life (= safety) ? History relates, that 
 Hannibal, so long as he may have been in Italy, surpassed (perf. subj.) 
 all the Roman generals. Since the general for (ex) a long time had 
 not paid the soldiers [then-] wages, a sedition arose (perf) among them 
 against him. I doubt not that thou wilt make good thy word (= fidel- 
 ity). Believest thou, that thy brother will persist in his opinion ? 
 
 § 56. II. Perfect : — ui ; Supine : — itum. 
 
 1. CrepOj crepu ^, crepitum., crepdre^ to creak. 
 
 2. Cuho^ cubui, cubit U7nj cubdre, to recline. 
 
 ' than which (soul). ' than which (wisdom). 
 
^ 56.] FIRST CONJUGATION. 159 
 
 3. Domo, domui.) domitum, domdre, to tame, curb, 
 subdue. 
 
 4. 31 ICO, micu i, Sup. wanting, micdre. to glitter ; 
 
 So: emico, emicui, bmlcdtum, emlcdre, to gush forth; but, di- 
 mico, IJight, has dimicavi, atum, are. 
 
 5. Plico, plicdvi and plicui, pUcdtum and plicitum, 
 plicdre, to fold. This verb is used only in compo- 
 sition, as : explico, avi and ui, atum and itum, are, to 
 explain. Cicero prefers the regular form : — avi, atum. 
 
 6. Sono, so nil t, somtum, sondre, to sound, (but Part. Fut. 
 sonaturus). 
 
 7. Tono, tonui, (Sup. wanting), ^o/zare, to thunder. 
 
 8. Veto J vetui vetttum, vetdre, to forbid. 
 
 XC. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Increpare, to reproach. ply one's self (to verecundia, ae, /. re- 
 
 percrepare, to resound. something). sped. 
 
 accubare, to recline by; compllcare, to f)ld to- notio, onis,/. notion. 
 
 to sit at table. gether ; compUcatus, scaturigo, inis, /. 
 
 excubare, to keep watch. complicated, obscure. spring. 
 
 perdomare, curb, sub- repllcare, to roll back, gemitus, us, m. groan. 
 
 due. recall. nutus, us, m. nod, com- 
 
 applicare, to lean upon ; cremo 1 . I burn up. mand. 
 
 se apphc, to ap- aduro, ussi, ustum 3. ploratus, us, m. cry. 
 
 proach, to attach one's to set on fire, to burn passim, adv. far and 
 
 self (to one), to ap- up. [3. to unfold. uride. 
 evolvo, volvi, volutum 
 
 Quis venit ? Fores crepuerunt. Dux milites vehementer increpuit. 
 Tota urbs vocibiis civium de victoria ex hostibus reportata exsultantium 
 percrepuit. Age, cubitum discedamus ! Romani multas gentes ac 
 nationes armis perdomuerunt. Docemur auctoritate nutuque legum, 
 domltas habere hbidines, coercere omnes cupiditates. Ex hoc fonte 
 ingentes scaturigines aquae emicuerunt. Indorum sapientes, quum ad 
 flammam se applicaverunt, sine geniitu aduruntur. Cicero Rhodi^ ad 
 Molonem philosophum se applicdvit. Sapiens studet animi sui compli- 
 cdtam notionem evolvere. Quum memoriam temporum replicaveris, et 
 virtutum et vitiorum muka exempla reperles. Quum urbs expugnata 
 esset, omnia passim mulierum puerorumque ploratibus sonuerunt. 
 Terremur, quum serena tempestate tonuit. Nitlmur in vetitum. Au- 
 
 ' at Rhodes. See Synt. § 92. 
 
160 IRREGULAR VERBS. [^57. 
 
 gustus carmina Virgilii cremari contra testamenti ejus verecundiam 
 vetuit. 
 
 I have forbidden thee to go to walk, but 'precisely hecause (ob id ipsum, 
 quod) I have forbidden [it], thou hast striven against (in) what has been 
 forbidden (= the forbidden). The question concerning (de) the im- 
 mortahty of the soul (plur.), is nobly explained by Cicero in the first book 
 of the Tusculan Disputations. Cicero applied (perf.) himself with 
 [his] whole soul to the study of eloquence. Three hundred soldiers kept 
 watch before the canip. Who does not know, that many nations and 
 peoples were subdued by the Romans. If thou shalt have curbed thy 
 passions (libido) and restrained (teneo) thy desires, thou wilt live hap- 
 pily. Already we were sitting (pluperf ) at the table, when suddenly a 
 flame gushed forth (perf of emico) from the roof Scarcely had we 
 retired (discedere) to sleep (= in order to recline, sup.), when the whole 
 city resounded (perf of joer^ono) with discordant cries. Thy brother 
 related to me, that it thundered (perf) yesterday in (abl.) clear weather. 
 As the doors had creaked (subj.), I doubted not (perf) that thou wast 
 coming (subj.). 
 
 §57. III. Perfect: — ui; Supine: — turn. 
 
 1. Fnco, fricici, fricdtum (t^tgIj frictum), fncdre, to 
 rub. 
 
 2. Nec'o, dvi, dtum, dre, to kill ; but eji^co, enecui, ene- 
 ctu m, enecdre, to kill by inches, to vex to death, to 
 entirely exhaust. 
 
 3. Seco, secui, sectum, Secdre, to cut (but Part. Fut. 
 secaturus). 
 
 IV. Perfect: — i; Supine: — turn. 
 
 1. Juvo, juvi, jutum, juvdre (c. ace), to aid, assist. 
 
 2. Ldvo^ Idvi, Idvdtum and lautum, Idvdre, to wash. 
 
 XCI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Adjuvare (c. ace), to refrlcare, to rub again, oleum, i, n. oil. 
 
 aid, assist, support. renew. principium, i, n. hegin- 
 
 desecare, to cut off. alllgo 1. I bind. ning ; principle, in 
 
 resecare, to cut off, re- coeno 1. I sup. the beginning. 
 
 move. attingo, tigi, tactum 3. garrulltas, atis, /. lo- 
 
 perfrlcare, to rub thor- to touch. [fetch. quacity. 
 
 oughly. peto, Ivi, itum 3. to seek, purus, a, um, pure. 
 
f58.] SECOND CONJUGATION. 161 
 
 solutus,a,um,wn6oMnc?. est; summa aqua, vivus, a, um, living, 
 eummus, a, um, high- surface of the water. fresh. 
 
 frustra, adv. in vain. 
 
 Vereor, ne refricuerim meis litteris desiderium ac dolorem tuum. 
 Dubium non est, quin tuis sceleribus reipublicae praeterita fata refri- 
 caturus sis. Tantalus summam aquam attingens, enectus siti fiiigitur 
 a poetis. Nescisne, quantopere garrulus iste homo me garriendo en- 
 ecuerit ? Caius Marius quum secaretur, principio vetiiit se alligari, 
 nee quisquam ante Marium solutus diciiur esse sectus. Agricolae fru- 
 menta desecta in horrea congerunt. Nisi libidines resecueris, frustra 
 studebis beate vivere. Quis nescit, quantopere Cicero patriam suam 
 juverit ? Non solum fortuna, sed edam tua indiistria te in negotio tuo 
 adjuvit. Si quid fortuna milites nostros adjuverit, non dubitamus, quin 
 splendidam de hostibus reportaturi simus victoriam. Exercitus maxi- 
 mis itineribus profectus est, cives obsidione cinctos adjutum. Ne prius 
 coena, quam manus laveris. Corpus lavaturus aquam pm-am e vivo 
 flumine pete. 
 
 Boys, rise right early (bene mane), wash yourselves, and, when you 
 have washed (fut perf ), proceed immediately to your business. This 
 (iste) man has vexed me to death by his loquacity. After the soldiers 
 had marched (perf) the whole day, they were (perf) entirely exhausted 
 by hunger and thirst. It is known, that the gladiators of the Romans 
 and Greeks, rubbed (perf) their bodies thoroughly with oil. If we 
 shall be assisted (fut. perf) by fortune, we shall bear off a splendid 
 victory over (de) the enemy. It is known, that Cicero assisted (perf) 
 his native country very much (permultum). By (abl.) the war carried 
 on between Caesar and Pompy, the recollection of the horrid (foedus, 
 a, um) war of Marius and Sulla was (perf) renewed. The farmers 
 have already cut the grain. Unless the passions and desires are re- 
 moved, we strive in vain to live happily. 
 
 SECOND CONJUGATION. 
 
 §58. I. Perfect: — ui ; Snpine : — twn. 
 
 Preliminary Remark. Many verbs of the second Conj. have no 
 Sup., viz. those from which adjectives in use, chiefly in idus, are form- 
 ed, as: horreo, ui, to shudder, horridus, hideous, paveo, pavi, to dread, 
 ^ pavidus, timid. 
 
 jL 1. Arceo^ arciii, (Sup. wanting), arcere^ to keep from. 
 
 Hjt The Part, artus, (strait), is used as an adjective. The com- 
 
 ^B pounds, in which a of the stem passes into e, follow moneo, as : 
 
 ^H' coerceo, ui, itum, ere, to keep together. 
 
 m 
 
162 IRREGULAR VERBS. [^ 58 
 
 2. Doceo^ docui, doctum, docere (with two ace), to 
 teach. 
 
 3. 3Iisceo, m is cu i, m ixtu m and m istu m, miscere, 
 to mix. 
 
 4. Teneo, tenui, tentum, Unere, to hold. 
 
 5. Torreo, torrui^ to stitm^ torr&re^ to dry, bake. 
 
 11. Perfect : — ui; Supine : — imi, only : 
 Censeo, censui, cens u m, censere, to rate, judge. 
 
 So its compounds, but with the associate form of the Sup. in 
 
 Itum, as : recenseo, recensui, recensum and recensitum, to exam- 
 
 amine ; except succensere, (to be displeased), perceiwere (to examine 
 
 accurately, go through), which have no Sup. 
 
 Remark. Taedet (it disgusts), has together with taeduit, also taesum 
 
 est, but this is not used in the classical language ; the compound per- 
 
 taedet, has in the Perf. only pertaesu7n est, e. g. pertaesum est (me) levi- 
 
 tatis, whence by later writers peiiaesus, a, urn (c. gen. or ace), disgusted. 
 
 III. Perfect: — evi; Supinum: — etum. 
 
 1. Deleo^ evi, etum, ere, to destroy. 
 
 2. Flere, to weep. 
 
 3. Nere, to spin. 
 
 4. The compounds of the obsolete plere (to fill), as : com- 
 plere. Here belongs the compound of the obsolete 
 oleo (I grow) : 
 
 5. Aboleo, aholevi, abolitum, ahohre, to abolish; 
 still this verb does not occur till after the Augustan 
 period. 
 
 Finally we have in this class : 
 
 6. Cieo, civi, citii m, ciere, to stir, raise. 
 
 So also the compounds, as : concieo, ivi, itum, iere, or regu- 
 lar, according to the fourth Conj. : concio, ivi, itum, ire, to excite, 
 excieo, ivi, Itum, iere or excio, ivi, itum, ire, to arouse, percieo, 
 ivi, Itum, iere or percio, ivi, itum, ire, to stir up, raise ; but, accio, 
 accivi, accitum, accire, to send for, desire to come, is of the fourth 
 Conj. alone. 
 
 IV. Perfect: — i; Supine: — turn. 
 ■ Remark. The short vowel of the ste] 
 
 1. Cdoeo, cdvi, cautum, cdvere, to be on one's guard 
 
 Preliminary Remark. The short vowel of the stem is lengthened 
 in the Perf. 
 
^58.] SECOND CONJUGATION. 163 
 
 (ab aliquo, against some one) ; to give security, pro- 
 vide. 
 
 2. Faveo, fdvi, (fautum mie) favere (c. dat.), to be 
 favorable, to favor. 
 
 3. Foveo, fo V i, fo t u m, fdv:re, to warm, nurse, cherish. 
 
 4. Moveo movi mo turn, movere^ to move. 
 
 5. Voveo, vovi, votu m, vovere, to vow, offer. 
 
 Also the following without a Supine : 
 
 6. Ferveo^ fervi ^nd ferbui^ fervere, to boil. 
 
 7. Paveo, pdvi, pavere, to dread (commonly expaves- 
 Cere). 
 
 S. Conmveo, {-nivi and -nixi, neither of them used in 
 good prose), connivere^ to close {the e?/es), wink. 
 
 XCII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Admiscere, fo intermix, deprehendo, di, sum 3. gra vitas, atis, /. gmmf^, 
 
 mingle. [occupy. to seize, take. dignity. 
 
 distlnere, to hold apart, excludo, si, sum 3. to testis, is, c. witness. 
 
 sustlnere, to bear. exclude, hatch. ascensus, us, m. ascent, 
 
 removeie, to remove. gallina, ae,f. a hen. anxie, adv. anxiously. 
 
 dedico 1. I consecrate, vigiliae, arum, f. ivatch- homo, adv. this year. 
 
 implico 1. / involve. es, night watches. publlce, adv. publicly^ 
 
 respiro 1. / breathe. pullus, i, m. the young on the part of the 
 
 sedo ]. I quiet. (of animals), chicken. state, at the expense 
 
 amplexor 1. I embrace, clades, is,/, defeat. of the state. 
 
 Ciceronem Minerva omnes artes edocuit. Gravttas modestiae mista 
 maxime admirabllis est. Tot tantisque negotiis distentus sum, ut mi- 
 hi non liceat libere respirare. Nescisne, quot labores, quot pericula, 
 quot miserias milites in itinera sustinuerint? Si virtus te a malis cu- 
 piditatibus arcuerit, vita tua beata erit. Cicero, per legatos cuncta 
 edoctus, praetoribus imperat, ut in ponte Allobroges deprehendant. 
 Quo minus animi se admiscuerint atque implicaverint hominum vitiis 
 atque erroribus, eo faciHor iUis ascensus in coelum erit. Simplex ani- 
 mi natiu-a est, nee habet in se quicquam admixtum. Vescimur uvis 
 sole tostis. Horno multas uvas torrulnius. Cato, Carthaglnem delen- 
 dam esse, censuit. Quinto quoque anno tota Sicilia censa est. 
 
 Duae urbes potentissimae, Carthago et Numantia, a Scipione sunt 
 deletae. Graecorum Romanorumque gloriam nulla unquam oblivio 
 delevit, nee unquam delebit. Deus bonis omnibus mundum implevit, 
 mali nihil admiscuit. Dum abest d jx, milites seditionem civerunt. 
 
164 IRREGULAR VERBS. [^ 59. 
 
 Nuntiata clades majorem, quam res erat, terrorem in urbe excivit. 
 Catilina neque vigiliis, neque quietibus sedabatiu' : ita conscientia men- 
 tem excltam vastabat. 
 
 Cautum est legibus, ut mortui post tertium diem sepelirentur. Non 
 dubito, quill semper ab hominum impm*orum consuetudine caveris. 
 Non ignoro, te mihi meisque semper favisse. Pulli a matribus exclusi 
 fotique anxie custodiuntur. Dubitabisne, quin summum semper in te 
 foverim amorem ? Me sic amplexati estis, sic in manibus habuistis, 
 Bic fovistis, ut nunquara illius diei obliviscerer. Brutus et Cassius, 
 interfectores Caesaris, ingens bellum moverunt. Ingratus est, qui, re- 
 motis testibus, agit gratias. Multi Romanorum imperatores pro salute 
 patriae sua capita voverunt. Eodem anno tria templa sunt publico 
 vota et dedicata. 
 
 Cicero was instructed (perf.) by Minerva in (ace.) all literature. 
 Tell me, who has taught thee (ace.) grammar. If thou shalt have join- 
 ed (= mixed) dignity with modesty, thou wilt please all. If thou hadst 
 abstained from the intercourse of bad men, thou wouldst now be con- 
 tented with thy lot. If virtue had restrained thee from bad passions, 
 thou wouldst now be happy. By the war all [things] have been con- 
 founded (== mixed). Knowest thou not, that we have dried many 
 grapes this year ? Under the reign of Augustus (abl. abs.) the Roman 
 empire was rated (perf). 
 
 All the senators judged (perf), that they should (Gerund) lend aid to 
 the citizens of the city destroyed by the enemies. It is known, that 
 Scipio destroyed (perf) two very powerful cities, Carthage and Numan- 
 tia. Tell me, why thou hast wept. The death of the good king has 
 been lamented (= wept) by all the citizens. When I shall have spun 
 two hours, I will take a walk. The world is filled (complere) by God 
 with all good [things], nothing of evil is intermixed. When thou hast 
 filled thy body with food and drink, thou wilt not use thy mind well. 
 Hast thou heard that the soldiers have raised a conspiracy against the 
 general? It is not [possible] to quiet a mind stirred up by an evil 
 conscience. 
 
 When I shall have sent for (accio) you, you will not delay to come. 
 My brother, sent for by a letter, will come to-morrow. Philip, king of 
 the Macedonians (Macedo, onis), sent for (perf) Aristotle [as] teacher 
 for his son Alexander. The laws have established, that (ut) the dead 
 should be buried after the third day. I know, that thou hast always 
 been on thy guard against the intercourse of bad men. It was es- 
 tablished (perf) by the will of the king, that grain should be distribu- 
 
§ 59.] SECOND CONJUGATION, 165 
 
 ted to the destitute citizens on his birth-day. I rejoice, that (quod) 
 thou hast always favored me and my studies. I know that thou hast 
 always cherished great love for (in c. ace) me. The hen anxiously 
 guards the chickens which she has hatched and nursed. An im- 
 mense war was raised (perf. of moveo) by Brutus and Cassius, the 
 murderers of Caesar. 1 doubt not, that thou hast been greatly moved 
 (commovere) by the news. History relates, that many generals of the 
 Romans, offered (perf) their heads for the welfare of thek country. 
 Livy relates, that in the same year three temples were vowed and 
 dedicated at the expense of the state. 
 
 § 59. V. Perfect — i; Supine — sum. 
 
 (Comp. Prelim. Rem. to § 58. IV.) 
 
 1. Prandeo, p r a n di, pransu m, prcmdere, to breakfast. 
 
 2. Sedeo, s edi, s e s sum^ sedere^ to sit. 
 
 So the compounds with dissyllabic prepositions, as : circum- 
 sedeo, edi, essum, ere, to sit around, to beset ; but those with mono^ 
 syllabic propositions change the e of the stem-syllable into t, as: 
 assldeo assedi, assessum, assidere, to sit by. 
 
 3. Strldeo, stridi, (Sup. wanting), s^nt/ere, to whiz. 
 
 4. Video, V I d i, visu m, videre, to see. 
 
 Also the following, of which the Perf. takes the Ee- 
 duplication. 
 
 5. Mordeo, m o m ord f, m or su m, mordere, to bite, af- 
 
 flict. 
 
 6. Pendeo, pepe n d i, (Sup. uncertain), pendere, to hang. 
 
 7. Spondeo, spopondi, sponsum, spondere, to proui' 
 
 ise, to become responsible for. 
 
 8. Tondeo, totondi, tonsu m, tondere, to shear, cut. 
 
 The reduplication in these verbs, consists in a repetition of the 
 first consonant of the stem with the first vowel of the stem. 
 Concerning spopondi, see § 55. Rem. — The compounds of these 
 verbs follow the simples, but are without the reduplication, as : 
 admordeo, admordi, admorsum, to bite into; praependeo, pendi, 
 to hang before, respondeo, respondi, responsum, to answer; de- 
 toudeo, detondi, detonsum, to shave off. 
 
 VI. Perfect: — si; Supine: — tu?n. 
 1. Augeo, auxi^ auctum, auger e, to increase. 
 
166 IRREGULAR VERBS. [^ 59. 
 
 2. Indulgeo, indulsi, {indultum rare), indtdgere, to 
 
 be indulgent, to give one's self up to. 
 
 3. Lugeo, luxi (without Sup.) /wo-ere, to mourn, lament. 
 
 4. Torqueo, torsi, tortu m, torquere, to twist, torture. 
 
 XCIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Extorquere, io wrest lacrlma, ae,/. tear. occasus, us, m. setting. 
 
 from. sjca, ae,/. dagger. rabies, ei,/. madness. 
 
 pervidere, to contem- sicarius, i, m. assassin, rabiosus, a, um, mad. 
 
 plate, examine. collum, i, n. neck. exterus, a, um, external, 
 
 residere, to remain he- toiisor, oris, m. barber. foreign. 
 
 hind. tonstricula, ae ,/. a fe- ancillaris, Q, of a maid, 
 locupleto 1. / enrich. male barber. servile. 
 
 harhsL, ae, f. beard. -prohltSiS,^tis,f. upright- acute, adv. sharply, 
 epistola, ae,/. letter. ness. acutely. 
 
 Postquam prandero, ambulabo. Audistine, nos eras in horto pran- 
 suros esse ? Quoad ulla spes in animo meo resedit, pro patriae liber- 
 tate dimicavi. Jam tres menses obsederunt hostes nostram urbem. 
 Non ego sum ille ferreus, qui (= ut ego) non movear horum omnium 
 lacrimis, a quibus me circumsessum videtis. Multi putant, se bene- 
 ficos in suos amicos visum iri, si locupletent eos quacunque ratione. 
 Ne prius de re aliqua judica, quam earn diligenter pervideris. Episto- 
 lae tuae valde me momorderunt. Si quis a cane rabioso morsus est, 
 rabies eum occupat. Quoad tu locutus es, puer ab ore tuo pependit. 
 Spopondistine pro amico ? Spopondi. Multa a Laelio et in senatu et 
 in foro vel provisa prudenter, vel acute responsa sunt. Cicero narra- 
 vit, Dionysium, ne tonsori collum committeret, tondere filias suas 
 docuisse : ita sordido ancillarique officio regias virglnes ut tonstriculas 
 totondisse barbam et capillum patris. Tanta vis probitatis est, ut eam 
 vel in iis, quos nunquam vidimus, vel, quod majus est, in hoste etiam 
 diligamus. 
 
 Callisthenem Alexander non tantum necavit, sed etiam torsit. Ro- 
 manae reipublicae magnitudo atque amplitudo bellis cum exteris gen- 
 tibus ac nationibus gestis mirum in modum aucta est. Sicario sica de 
 manibus est extorta. Quo magis indulseris dolori, eo intolerabilior 
 erit. Occasum atque interltum reipublicae Romanae o])timi quique 
 maxime luxerunt. 
 
 Come to me to day, in order to breakfast (sup.). When we shall 
 have breakfasted, we will take a walk. Our city has already been 
 beset three months by the enemies. The enemies have beset the 
 whole city. Hast thou already seen the friend ? no, but I hope that I 
 
I 
 
 $ 60,] SECOND CONJUGATION. 167 
 
 shall see him to-morrow. I grieve, that my letter has afflicted thee. 
 I fear that the dog will bite me. So long as thou hast been absent, 
 we have felt anxiety for thee (pendere animis de te). My friend has not 
 yet indeed become responsible for me, but I hope that he will become 
 responsible for me. I have heard with great pleasure, that your friend 
 has answered your letter quickly. The captives have cut (= sheared) 
 neither the beard nor the hair for (ex) three months. 
 
 History relates, that Callisthenes was (perf ) not only killed by Alex- 
 ander, but before also was tortured. The soldiers wrested (perf.) a 
 dagger from the hands of the assassin. Catiline emboldened (= in- 
 creased) [his] fierce mind and [his] consciousness of foul deeds by 
 wicked arts. By the discourse of the generals, the courage of the 
 soldiers was increased (perf). I rejoice, that thou hast not been in- 
 dulgent towards (dat.) the faults of thy son. Thou knowest, how very 
 much we have lamented the death of our friend. 
 
 § 60. VII. Perfect : — si ; Supine : — sum. 
 
 1. Miilceo, mulsi, mulsum, mule ere, to stroke. 
 
 2. Mulgeo, mulsi, mulsum, mulgere, to milk. 
 
 3. Tergeo. ter si, ter sum, tergere, to wipe. 
 
 4. Ardeo, arsi, arsum, ardere, to burn, take fire. 
 
 5. Rideo, risi, risuwj, r'ldere, to laugh. 
 
 6. Suddeo, sua si, sua sum, suddere, to advise. 
 
 7. Mdneo, man si, mansum, mdnere, to remain. 
 
 8. Jubeo, j ussi, j us sum, juhere, to bid, command, order. 
 
 9. Haereo, haesi, haesu rti, haerere, to hang, stick. 
 
 The following also without a Supine : 
 
 10. Algeo, alsi, algere, to suffer from cold, freeze. 
 
 11. Fulgeo, fulsi, fidgere, to glitter, lighten. 
 
 12. Turgeo, tursi, turg ere, to swell. 
 
 13. Urgeo, ursi, z<^r^ere, to press, oppress. 
 
 14. Frlgeo, {frixi xaxe) frlgere, to freeze. 
 
 15. Luceo, luxi, liicere, to shine. 
 
 VIII. Perfect with ^diS^iYe ioxm (Neuter Passives) ; with- 
 out a Supine. 
 
 1. Audeo, ausus sum, audere, to d^re. 
 
 2. Gaudeo, gdvlsus sum, gaudere, to rejoice. 
 
 3. Soleo, soli tics sum, solere, to be accustomed (to do 
 
 something). 
 
168 IRREGULAR VERBS. [^60. 
 
 XCIV. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Abstergere, to wipe off, remauere, to remain he- scintilla, ae, /. a spark. 
 
 dispel, remove. hind, remain. exsilium, i, n, banish- 
 
 detergere, to wipe off. oblecto 1. I delight. ment. 
 
 affulgere, to shine upon, convivor 1. / eat in caducus, a, um, destin- 
 
 deridere 2. to deride. common. ed to fall, Jailing. 
 
 dissuadere, to dissuade, lateo, ui 2. I remain confectio, onis,/. mak- 
 
 elucere, to shine foHh. concealed. ing, composition. 
 
 permulcere, to stroke, perpetior, pessus sum, 
 
 charm, soothe. peti 3. to endure. 
 
 Dux mitibus verbis excltos militum animos permulsit. Legendo 
 Virgilii carmina animus meus mirifice oblectatus et permulsus est. 
 Ita jucunda mihi hujus libri confectio fuit, ut omnes absterserit senec- 
 tutis molestias. Non prius ad te veniam, quam luctum omnem abster- 
 sero. Detersane jam est tabula ? Quadraginta milia librorum Alex- 
 andriaei arserunt. Non dublto, quin brevi tota Germania bello arsiira 
 sit. Quis est, cui semper arriserit fortuna ? Nescio, cur a te derisus 
 sim. Sic mihi persuasi, sic sentio, non esse animos nostros mortales. 
 Quis credat, cives pacem dissuasuros esse ? Quis conf idit, semper 
 sibi illud stabile et firmum permansurum esse, quod fragile et caducum 
 sit ? Romanorum gloria usque ad nostram memoriam remansit. Ly- 
 cui'gus convivari omnes cives publice jussit. Non qui jussus aliquid 
 facit, miser est, sed qui invitus facit. Persuasum mihi est, memoriam 
 hujus atrocissimi belli non modo in hoc populo, sed etiam in omnium 
 gentium sermonibus semper haesuram esse. 
 
 Milltes in itineribus multos labores perpessi sunt, sudaverunt et al- 
 serunt. Superatis hostibus, nova spes salutis civitati affulsit. Pater 
 litteris me ursit, ut primo quoque tempore litteras ad se dai'em. Quo- 
 modo in viro latebit scintilla ingenii, quae jam in puero eluxit ! Tu 
 me tantis beneficiis auxisti, quanta nunquam ausus sum optare. De 
 amici tui comitate valde gavisus sum. Athenis^ optimo cuique acci- 
 dere solitum est, ut in exsilium pelleretur. 
 
 The poems of Virgil have delighted and charmed my mind wonder- 
 fully. The orator hoped, that he should soothe the excited minds of 
 the citizens by mild words. Hast thou wiped off the table ? it has 
 already been wiped off. I give (ago) thee very great thanks, that thou 
 hast removed from me all pain by thy consolation. Under the reign 
 [imperare, abl. abs.) of Napoleon (Napoleo, onis) nearly all Europe 
 burned (perf ) with war. I hope, that all citizens, will burn with a 
 desire, to fight (gen. of gerund) for the safety of [their] country. Who 
 
 ' at Alexandria. See Synt. § 92. ^ ^t Athens. See Synt. § 92. 
 
^ 61.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 169 
 
 knows, whether fortune will always smile upon him (sibine). I know 
 not, why you have derided me. I have not dissuaded the peace, and 
 have been convinced, that neither will you dissuade it. We hope, that 
 our souls will remain after death. Tell me, why thou hast persisted in 
 thy opinion. The general ordered the soldiers to attack the city. The 
 soldiers, having been commanded (part, perf pass, of juheo) to assault 
 the city, forthwith executed the command (= what had been com- 
 manded). I fear, that this pain will ever stick in my mind. The re- 
 membrance of (gen.) this bloody war, has remained (= stuck) in th& 
 minds of all. 
 
 The hunters have sweated and frozen. After it has lightened, it 
 thunders. The soldiers have pressed the enemies very much. From 
 the countenance of the man, shone (perf) dignity and modera- 
 tion. I have rejoiced, that (quod) thou hast dared to speak thy opin- 
 ion freely. The Carthaginians were accustomed (perf.) formerly to 
 use elephants in war. 
 
 THIRD CONJUGATION. 
 §61. I. Perfect: — si; Supine: — sum; 
 
 a) The stem ends in d ox t: 
 \. ClaudOy clausi, clausum, claudere, to close. 
 
 In the compounds au passes into m, as : includo, usi, usum, 
 udere, to include. 
 
 2. Divido, divlsi, divlsum, divider e, to divide. 
 
 3. Laedo, lae si, lae sum, laedere, to hurt. 
 
 In the compounds ae passes into i, as : illido, isi, isum, id6re, 
 to strike against. 
 
 4. Liido, lib si, lusum, ludere, to play. 
 
 5. Plaudo, p la usi, plausum, plaudere, to clap. 
 
 So also applaudo (I applaud) ; in the remaining compounds 
 au passes into o, as : explodo, osi, osum, odere, to clap off, drive off. 
 
 6. Rddo, rdsi, rdsum, rddere, to shave, shear. 
 
 7. Rddo, rdsi, r osum, r odere, to gnaw, slander. 
 
 8. Trudo, trusi, triisum, triidere, to thrust. 
 
 9. Vddo, vddere, to go ; without Perf and Sup. 
 
 But the compounds have both, as : evado, e v a 3 i, e v a- 
 s u m, evadere, to come out, escape. 
 
 To these succeed the following : 
 
 10. Cedo, cessi, cessum, cedere,. to give way. 
 
 11. Mitto, ml si, mis sum, mittere, to send. 
 
 15 
 
170 IRREGULAR VERBS. [$ 61. 
 
 12. Quatio, (Perf. wanting,) quassum, ^z^a^e/e, to shake. 
 
 The compounds change qua into cu and form the Perf., as : 
 decutio, decussi, decussum, decutere, to shake down, 
 
 b) The stem ends in g, c, or ct : 
 
 13. Mergo, mersi, mer sum, mergere, to plunge. 
 
 14. Spargo, spar si, sp ar sum, spargere, io scatter (sow). 
 
 Li the compounds a of the stem passes into e, as : consper- 
 go, ersi, ersum, ergere, to besprinkle. 
 
 15. Tergo, tersi, t ersum, tergere, to wipe, (kindred form 
 oftergere §60. VII. 3). 
 
 16. Figo, fi X i, fi xum, f'lgere, to fix. 
 
 17. Flecto, flexi, flexu m, Jiectere, to bend. 
 
 18. Necto, nexui, nexum, nectere, io nnite, -plait 
 
 19. Pecto, pexi, pexum, pectere, to comb. 
 
 20. Flecto, {plexi,) plexum, plectere, to plait 
 
 c) Finally, the two following belong here. 
 
 21. Premo, pr e s si, pres sum, premere, to press. 
 
 In the compounds e of the stem before m passes into i, as : 
 comprimo, essi, essum, imere, to press together. 
 
 22. Fluo (foTjluvo), fluxi, fluxu m, fluere, to flow. 
 
 XCV. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Committere, to commit, ehdere, to dash, break, spectator, oris, m. spec- 
 
 concedere, to concede^ imprimere, to impress. tator. 
 
 allow. copulare, to join. cachinnatio, onis,/. an 
 
 connectere, to join to- locare [in c. abl.), io unrestrained laugh. 
 
 gether, connect. place, set. histrlo, onis, m. actor. 
 
 corradere, to scrape to- libra, a.e,f. a pound. perpetultas, atis,y. sta- 
 
 gether. modi us, i, m. a bushel. bility, perpetuity. 
 
 deludere, to deceive. regnum, i, n. reign, imprudens, tis, una- 
 
 eludere to mock. kingdom. wares. 
 
 discludere, to separate, praecordia, orum, n. viritim, adv. man by 
 
 diaphragm. man. 
 
 Templum Jani bis post Numae regnum clausum est. Si ridere con- 
 cessum sit, vituperatur tamen cachinnatio. Si concesseris, esse deum ; 
 confitendum tibi est, ejus consilio mundum administrari. In omnium 
 animis dei notionem impressit ipsa natura. Magna vis est conscien- 
 tiae, et magna in utramque partem, ut neque timeant [ii], qui nihil com- 
 miserint, et poenam semper ante oculos versari putent [ii], qui pec- 
 carint. Virtutes ita copulatae connexaeque sunt, ut omnes omnium 
 participes sint Caesar populo praeter frumenti denos modios ac to- 
 
J 61.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 171 
 
 tldem olei libras trecenos quoque nummos vimtim divisit. Qui diffi* 
 dit perpetuitati bonorum suorura, timeat necesse est, ne aliquando, 
 amissis illis, sit miser. Plato duas partes animi, iram et cupiditatem, 
 locis disclusit: iram in pectore, cupiditatem subter praecordia locavit 
 Omnis Gallia in tres partes divisa est. Si quis imprudens te laeserit, 
 ne ei irascere. Si vitae molii et efFeminatae te dederis, brevi tempore 
 omnes nervi virtutis elisi erunt. Cur me elusistis I Nescisne, a perf ido 
 amico me delusum esse ? Histrionibus, qui heri praeclare partes suas 
 sustinuerunt, omnes spectatores applauserunt. Epicuri de vita beata 
 sententia ab omnibus acutioribus philosophis explosa est. Sunt multi, 
 qui in pecunia corrasa vitae feiicitatem collocatam esse putent. 
 
 XC VI. Words to be lear7iecl and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Concludere, to include, emergere, to emerge, exagitare, to disquiet. 
 
 confluere, to Jlow to- rise up, work one's exanimare to kill. 
 
 gether, dssemhle. self out. exsibilare, to hiss off. 
 
 diffluere, tojiow asun- detrudere, to thrust fugare, to put to Jlight. 
 
 der, run into. down. hasta, ae, /. spear, 
 
 defigere, to fix, render extrudere, to thrust nebCila, ae,/. a mist. 
 
 firm, to turn upon from. [dispel, clypeus, i, 7/1. a shield, 
 
 something. d'lscutere, to di'ive away, stimulus, \, m. goad. 
 
 transfigere, to transfix, dispergere, to disperse, caligo, inis,/. darkness. 
 
 deflectere, to deviate. dispicio, spexi, spec- salvus, a, um, safe. 
 
 demergere, to plunge tum 3. to open tJie mobilis, e, changeable. 
 
 under, sink, suppress. eyes. quondam, adv formerly. 
 
 Te in tantum luctum et laboreni detrusum esse, graviter doleo. Cur 
 aedibus istum extrusisti ? Spero, amicum aegrotum e morbo evasiirum 
 esse. Si animus e corpore evaserit, tum demum vivet et vigebit. Sole 
 orto, caligo discussa est. Omnia pericula, quae urbi impendebant, 
 ducis fortitudo et consilium discussit. Marius senile corpus paludibus 
 demersum occultavit. Animus coelestis ex altissimo domicilio depres- 
 ^us et in terram quasi demersus est. Leges, per longum tempus hos- 
 tium vi demersae, tandem emerserunt. Deus immortalis sparsit ani- 
 mos in corpora humana. Omnia, quae nunc artibus conclusa sunt, 
 quondam dispersa et dissipata fuerunt. Epaminondas quum superas- 
 set Lacedaemonios apud Mantineam, atque ipse gravi vulnere exani- 
 mari se videret, ut primum dispexit, interrogavit, salvusne esset clypeus. 
 Quum salvum esse a flentibus suis audisset, rogavit, essentne fugati 
 hostes. Quum id quoque audivisset, evelli jussit eam, qua erat trans- 
 fixus, hastam. Alia omnia incerta sunt, caduca, mobilia: virtus est 
 una altissimis defixa radicibus. Cicero omnes suas curas cogitationes- 
 
172 IRREGULAR VERBS. [^ 61. 
 
 que in reipublicae salute defixit. Qui semel a veritate deflexit, ei ne 
 yerum quidem dicenti fides haberi solet. Non credo, te unquam de 
 virtutis via deflexurum esse. Die, cui banc coronam nexueris. Ingens 
 hominum multitudo in urbem confluxit, ludos publlcos spectatum. 
 
 The Romans closed (perf.) the temple of Janus twice after the reign 
 «f Numa. If it is conceded to me by thee, that there is a God, 
 thou must confess that the world is managed by his counsel. What thou 
 hast promised, thou must hold to [tenere, gerundive). The idea(= no- 
 tion) of God, is impressed upon (abl.) the souls of all men by nature 
 herself. Men, by whom crimes have been committed, are disquieted 
 by the goads of conscience. God has connected all parts of the world 
 together (inter se). Hast thou heard, that grain has been distributed 
 to (dat.) the poor by the king ? A virtuous (= partaking of virtue) 
 man will be happy, even when he shall have lost all the gifts of for- 
 tune. Plato believes, that anger and passion are separated from 
 the reason and understanding. The general has divided all the troops 
 into four parts. It is not doubtful, that a soft and effeminate life will, 
 in a short time, enfeeble all the powers (= nerves) of virtue. Know- 
 est thou not, that the faithless friend has deceived me ? Last (= yes- 
 terday) evening, the actors were (perf) applauded by all. Hast thou 
 heard, that lately all the actors have been hissed and clapped off? 
 Many think, that, if they have scraped together (subj.) much gold, they 
 may be happy. The heads of the captives were sheared (perf) by the 
 soldiers. What misery has brought thee (= thrust thee down) into so 
 great grief? That (iste) man hast justly been thrust from the house. 
 
 I hope, that we shall escape the danger. When once (quando) a 
 {aliquod) dream has turned out (evadere) true, many men beheve, that 
 this has not happened by chance. The sun has driven away the mists. 
 All dangers which threatened the state, are dispelled by the wisdom 
 and bravery of the general. I hope, that thou wilt soon emerge from 
 the misfortune into which fortune has plunged thee. Immortal souls 
 have been placed (= sown) by God, in mortal bodies. Our soldiers 
 attacked (perf) the enemies dispersed and put them to flight. All the 
 cares and thoughts of Cicero were turned upon the welfare of the re- 
 public. I know, that thou wilt never deviate from the path of virtue 
 through wickedness. For (dat.) whom is this crown plaited? I be- 
 lieve there is a great multitude of men assembled in the city, in order 
 to behold (sup.) the public games. It is known, that the Romans of 
 later (posterior) times, ran into (diffluere) luxury. 
 
$ 62.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 173 
 
 § 62. II. Perfect : — ui ; Supine : — tum^ — ttum^ — sum, 
 
 1. Colo, colui, cult urn; colere, to attend to, cultivate, 
 honor. 
 
 2. Consulo, consului, consultum, consuLtre, to deliber- 
 ate ; c. ace, to consult some one ; c. dat., to consult for 
 some one. 
 
 3. Occulo, occului, occultum, occulere^ to conceal, 
 
 4. Rapio, rapui, raptum, rdpere, to snatch, plunder, carry off 
 
 Compounds : — rlpio, — rlpui, — reptum, — ripere, as : arrlpio, / 
 seize, appropriate to myself. 
 
 5. SerOy serui, sertum, serere, to join together. 
 
 6. Tezo, texui, textum, texere, to weave. 
 
 7. Alo, dJui, altum, dlere, to nourish. 
 
 8. Cumho, cubui, cub I turn, cumbere, to lie. 
 
 The simple verb is not used, but its compojinds, as : discum- 
 bere, to lie down. 
 
 9. Depso, depsui, depstum, depsere, to knead. 
 
 10. Fremo, fremui, fr emltum, fremere^ to murmur, 
 grumble. 
 
 1 1. Gemo, g emui, g emltum, gemere, to groan, deplore. 
 
 12. Gigno, genui, genitum, gignere, to beget, produce. 
 
 13. Molo, mdlui, mo lit urn, mdlere, to grind. 
 
 14. Pinso, pinsui, pinsitum (and pinsum, pistum), piri' 
 sere, to bray, pound. 
 
 15. Pono, p osui, posxtum, pdnere (in c. abl.), to place, lay. 
 
 Pono arises from poslno, and posui from posivi, 
 
 16. Vomo, vomui, vonVitum, vomer e, to vomit. 
 
 17. Frendx), frendui, fresum ox fressum, frendere, to 
 gnash. 
 
 18. Meto, messui, messum, me^e/e, to mow, reap. 
 
 Remark. The following want the Sup. : sterto, stertui, stertere, to 
 snore, strepo, ui, ere, to rustle, sound, resound ; tr^mo, ui, ere, to trem- 
 ble ; the compounds of pesco, as : compesco, compescui, compescere, 
 to restrain ; volo, ui, velle, to wish ; and the compounds of cdlo except 
 percellere : excello, antecello, praecello / excel, Pf! cellui ; excelsus and 
 praecelsus (lofty, distinguished) are used adjectively. 
 15* 
 
174 IRREGULAR VERBS. [$62. 
 
 XCVII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Ampere, to seize upon, depugnare, tofght (for sepulcrum, i, n. grave, 
 
 dirlpere, to plunder. life or death). burial. 
 
 conserere, to join to- }urad'e, to swear. tegumentum, i, n. cover, 
 
 gether, to be hand to suo, sui, satum 3. to covering, 
 
 hand. sew. commutatio, onis, /. 
 
 demetere, to cut down, progredior, gressus change. 
 
 demittere, to letdown, sum, gred'i 3. to step migratio, onis, / wiigra- 
 
 letfall. Jorth. tion. 
 
 disserere, to discuss, caerimonia, ae,/. sane- recordatio, onis, f. re- 
 speak, tity, religious cere- collection. 
 
 ingignere, to implant. mony. mutus, a, um, dumb. 
 
 praepouere, to place be- praetorium, i, n. gener- supremus, a, um, last, 
 
 fore. aVs tent. mature, adv. speedily. 
 
 In onmibus negotiis, priusquam aggrediare, consult© opus est^; 
 ubi autem consulueris, mature rem ipsam aggredere. Socrates supre- 
 mo vitae die multa de immortalitate animorum disseruit. Manibus 
 •consertis, milites nostri fortitudine excelluerunt Animus moderatur 
 et mo vet id corpus, cui praeposltus est. Zeno in una virtute beatam 
 vitam posuit. Natura ingenuit homini cupiditatem verum inveniendL 
 Omnibus animalibus a natura ingenlta est conservandi sui custodia. 
 Alexander, victor tot regum atque populorum, irae succubuit. Spero, 
 te semper maximo studio in litteras incubiturum esse. Caerimonias 
 sepulcrorum homines, maximis ingeniis praediti, non tanta cura coluis- 
 sent, nisi haereret in eorum mentibus, mortem non interitum esse om- 
 nia delentem, sed quandam quasi migrationem commutationemque 
 vitae, quae in claris viris et femlnis dux in coelum soleret esse. Si 
 ingenium tuum artibus litterisque excultum erit, et tibi et aliis utilis 
 eris. Dux, ne milites animum demitterent, vulnera sibi inflicta occu- 
 luit. Ne crede, ullum peccatum deo occultum manere. Tegumenta 
 corporum vel texta, vel suta sunt. Quis pulchram illam vestem texuit ? 
 Oratio tua totos nos ad se rapuit. Quaerit Socrates, unde animum ar- 
 ripuerimus, si nullus fuerit in mundo. Expugnata urbs ab hostibus 
 direpta est. Scipio pugnavit cum Hannibale, prope nato in praetorio 
 patris, fortissimi ducis, alto atque educato inter arma. Cui non locus 
 ille mutus, ubi altus aut doctus est, cum grata recordatione in mente 
 versetur? Agricolae frumentum non solum jam demessuerunt, sed 
 etiam demessum in hon-ea congesserunt. Ipse Hector toto pectore tre- 
 muit, quum Ajax multa cum hilaritate progrederetur depugnaturus cum 
 illo. 
 
 * there is need of one's deliberating. 
 
I 
 
 $ 63.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 175 
 
 Tne Romans sent (perf.) ambassadors, in order to consult (part, fut 
 act) the oracle. I know, that thou hast cared for me and mine. The 
 soldiers were (perf.) hand to hand with the enemies. The soldiers 
 swore, that they would not desert [their] general. God has placed 
 the soul before the body. Nature has produced gold, silver, brass, iron, 
 in short (denique) all metals for the use of men. The desire to find 
 (gen. of the gerund) the truth (= what is true), is implanted in the 
 human race by nature. I rejoice, that thou hast applied thyself with 
 so great zeal to literature. I doubt not, that the wise [man] will never 
 sink under the pains of the body. If thou shalt have cultivated thy 
 genius by arts and literature, thou wilt be useful both to thyself and to 
 [thy] native land. I hope, that thou wilt always honor thy parents. 
 Why hast thou concealed thy faults from me ? didst thou think, that 
 thou would St always conceal them from me ? The enemies, after they 
 had taken the city, (abl. abs.), killed (perf) the citizens and plundered 
 their goods. The wise [man] will be happy, even when all the gifts 
 of fortune may be snatched from him. Gratefully we remember the 
 place (ace.) where we were nourished and brought up. 
 
 § 63. III. Perfect : — vi ; Supine : — turn. 
 
 The stem of the Pres. is strengthened by n or r : 
 
 1. Li-n-o,levi, I'ltum, ZiTiere, to besmear. 
 
 2. Sl-n-o, slvi, situm, 5T?ie/-e, to let, permit. 
 
 3. Se-r-o, s evi, sdtu m, serere, to sow. 
 
 In the compounds, a of the Sup. passes into ?, as : consfiro, 
 consevi, consltum, conserere, to seed down, plant. 
 
 The following have suffered a transposition of letters in the 
 Perf and Sap. : 
 
 4. Cer-n-o, cr ev i, cretu m, cernere, to sift, discern. 
 
 The Perf and Sup. occur only in the compounds. 
 
 5. Sper-n-o, sprevi, spr etum, spernere, to spurn. 
 
 6. Ster-n-o, strdvi, st r dtum, sternere, to spread. 
 
 Finally there belong here the following in sco : 
 
 7. Cre-sc-o, c r evi, cr et a m, crescere, to grow. 
 
 So : accrescere, to grow to, increase, excrescere, to grow up, 
 decrescere, to decrease, recrescere, to grow again, concrescere, to 
 grow together ; the remaining compounds want the Sup. 
 
 8. Nb-sc-o, novi, no turn, noscere, to be acquainted with'. 
 
176 IRREGULAR VERBS. [§ 63. 
 
 So : internoscfire, to distinguish, ignoscere, to pardon, pernos- 
 cere, to become thoroughly acquainted with, praenoscere, to become 
 acquainted with before ; but, cognoscere, to become acquainted with, 
 agnoscere, to perceive, praecognoscere, to become acquainted with 
 previously, recognoscere, to become acquainted with again, to re- 
 view, form the Sup. in itum, as : cognitum. 
 
 9. Fa-sc-o, pdvi, pa stum, pascere, to pasture, feed. 
 
 1 0. Qicie-sc-o^ quievi, quietum, quiescere, to rest. 
 
 11. Sci-sc-o, sclvi, scitum, sciscere, to decide. 
 
 12. Sue-sc-o, suevi, suetu m, suescere, to be accustomed. 
 
 XCVIII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Decernere, to deter- under, place under, to obtrectatio, onis, /. de- 
 mine, to discern. subject. traction, grudge. 
 
 secernere, to sever, sep- importare, to import. venustas, atis,/. loveli- 
 
 arate. concionari, to har- ness. 
 
 inserere, to sow in, im- rangue the people. corporeus, a, um, cor- 
 
 plant. invidia, ae, f. envy, poreal. 
 
 oblinere, to besmear, hatred. communis, e, common, 
 
 daub. vinea, ae,/. the vine. known by all. 
 
 prosternere, to pros- butyrum, i, n. butter. ibi, adv. there. 
 
 trate. comitia, orum, n. as- opportune, adv. oppor- 
 
 consternere, to strow. semhly of the people: tunely. 
 
 substernere, to spread messis, is,/, crop. sublto, adv. suddenly. 
 
 Inslta est nobis corporis nostri carltas. Ibi messis non est, ubi 
 satum non est. Omne, quod erat concretum atque corporeum, deus 
 substravit animo. Vita tua malevolorum obtrectationes et invidias 
 prosiravisti. Probus, imperator, Aureum montem apud Moesiam su- 
 periorem vineis consevit. Proelio commisso, omnia longe lateque telis, 
 armis, cadaveribus constrata erant. Sceleratum hominem couscientia 
 spretae virtutis exagltat. Die, cur consilium meum spreveris. Audi, 
 puer! Mater te rogat, cur panem butyro oblitum oblltus sis edere. 
 Displlcet, qui se externis moribus oblevit. Rem dubiam decrevit saepe 
 vox opportune emissa. Venustas et pulchritudo corporis secreta non 
 est a valetudine. Cato concionatus est, se comitia haberi non siturum 
 (esse). Galli vinum ad se omnino importari non siverunt. Cur desisti 
 (desivisti) istum librum legere ? Thebanorum potentia, quoad iis 
 Epaminondas et Pelopldas jiraefuerunt, mirum in modum crevit. Ami- 
 citia nostra cum aetate accrevit. Non dubitamus, quin flumen, quod 
 sublto accrevit, etiam sublto decreturum sit. 
 
I 
 
 § 63.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 177 
 
 XCIX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Adsciscere, io adopt. deponere, to lay aside, luxuries, ei,y. extrava' 
 
 assuescere, (c. dat.) to sacra, orum, n. sacred gance. 
 
 accustom one's self, to rites. alienigena, ae, foreign, 
 
 he accustomed (to auctor, oris, m. author, from another country, 
 
 something). adviser; me auctore, assiduus, a, urn, unre- 
 
 consuescere, io accus- on my advice. mitting, constant. 
 
 torn one's self, to be reWgiO, 6ms, f. religion, dilucidus, a, um, clear. 
 
 accustomed. scrupulousness. quotidianus, a, um, 
 
 approbare, to approve, superstitio, 6nis,yi su- daily. 
 
 levare (c. abl.) to relieve, perstition. futllis, e,fnvolous. 
 
 free. suavltas, atis,/. amia- paululum, adv. a little. 
 
 privare (c. abl.), to de- hleness, amiable dispo- 
 
 prive. sition. 
 
 Multi homines, labori assiduo et quotidiano assueti, quum tempesta- 
 tis caussa produce prohibentur, ludis delectantur. Demosthenes sum- 
 ma voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare coDsuevit. Numam 
 Pompilium, regem alienigenam, patribus auctoribus, sibi ipse populus 
 adscivit. Cereris sacra populus Romanus a Graecis adscita maxima 
 religione coluit. Ubi animus paululum e negotiis requieverit, ad te 
 advolabo, in cujus amore et suavitate spero me conquieturum omnes- 
 que curas doloresque depositurum esse. Si amici rnei mores perno- 
 veris, spero, te ejus innocentiam agniturum eique ignoturum. esse. Si 
 luxuriem orationis tuae depaveris, magni oratoris laudem tuebere. 
 Bestiae, fame dominante, plerumque ad eum locum, ubi pastae aliquan- 
 do sunt, revertuntur. Cave, ne incognita pro cognltis habeas iisque 
 temere assentiare. Quid est tam futile, quam quicquam approbare 
 non cognitum ? Populus Romanus eo magnitudinis (=ad eam 
 magnitudinem) crevit, ut viribus suis conficeretur. Quid est tam 
 jucundum cognitu atque auditu, quam sapientibus sententiis gravibus- 
 que verbis ornata oratio ? Quo brevior, eo dilucidior et cognitu facilior 
 narratio est. Cato, quoad vixit, virtutum laude crevit. Omnium re- 
 rum natura cognita, levamur superstitione. 
 
 Nature has implanted in us a love for (gen.) our body. Where thou 
 hast not sown, there is not a crop. Believe not, that thou wilt put an 
 end io (= prostrate) the detraction (plur.) and envy (plur.) of the wicked. 
 We feared, that the soldiers had prostrated all [things]. If thou hast 
 (fut. perf ) spurned virtue, thou wilt not be happy. Tell me, why my 
 advice has been spurned by thee. Boy, hast thou eaten the bread 
 spread with butter by thy mother.? I thought (=beheved) that 
 mother had not spread it. It has been determined by the general, to 
 
17$ IRREGULAR VERBS. [§ 64. 
 
 attack the enemy. Before thou shalt have separated thyself from the 
 wicked, thou wilt seek in vain the intercourse of the good. It is cer- 
 tain, that the rivers which have decreased in winter, will increase in 
 the spring. I am accustomed (perf. act. of consuesco), to read some- 
 thing from (gen.) Homer daily. Numa Pampilius was adopted (perf) 
 by the Roman people [as] king. It is known, that the Roman people 
 adopted (perf) the sacred rites of Ceres from the Greeks. Cicero, de- 
 prived of public offices, found satisfaction in the study of literature. 
 When thou shalt have become intimately acquainted with my brother, 
 I doubt not, that thou wilt perceive his preeminence. The sheep 
 have eaten down the herbs of the field. The shepherd drives (agere) 
 the sheep to pasture (= in order to pasture, sup.). 
 
 §64. IV. Perf.: — ivi; Svpine : — ilum (like the fourth 
 
 Conj.). 
 
 1. Cupio, cuplvi, cup Hum, cw^ere, to desire, wish. 
 
 2. Peto, pet Ivi, p et'itum, pUere, to seek, strive after 
 
 something, to attack sometliing ; ah aliquo, to request of 
 some one. 
 
 3. Quaero, quae s ivi, quae sit um, quaerere, to seek. 
 
 Li the compounds, ae passes into i, as: exquii'o, isivi, isitum, 
 irere, to examine, trace out. 
 
 4. Rudo, rudlvi and riidi, rudltum, rudere, to roar. 
 
 5. Tero, trlvi ( for terlvi) , trltum (for terltam), terere, to 
 
 rub. 
 
 The following also in esso : 
 
 6. Arcesso, ar cess Ivi, arcessltum, ar cesser e, to bring. 
 
 7. Capesso, ivi. Hum, ere, to seize. 
 
 8. Facesso, ivi, Hum, ere, to make (negotiumy«ce55ere, to 
 
 make trouble, to vex) ; to take one's self off. 
 
 9. Incesso, ivi, (Sap, wanting,) ere, to attack. 
 10. Lacesso, ivi, itum, ere, to provoke. 
 
 Saepe homines res, quas vehemter cupiverunt, adepti fastidiunt. 
 Audistuie, ut leones rudiverint? Bellum ita suscipiatur, ut nihil aliud, 
 nisi pax quaesita videatur. Quum omnem antiquitatem memoria re- 
 petiveris, tria vix amicorum paria invenies, qui alter pro altero vitam 
 deponere parati erant. Ne judica de re prius, quam earn accurate 
 exquisiveris ! Erechthei filiae cupide mortem expetiverunt pro vita 
 civium. Omnis Romanorum philosophia repetita est a Graecis. So- 
 
{ 65.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 179 
 
 crates totam vitam atque aetatem contrivit in emendandis aliorum mo- 
 ribus. Praecepta virtutis, quamvis contrita sint et communia, tamen a 
 paucis observantur. Constat, bello Punico secundo Hannibalem Italiae 
 opes attrivisse. Importunus iste homo multa mihi facessivit negotia. 
 Non dubito, quin nova lege civibus negotium facessitum sit. Nisi 
 milites propere ex urbe facessivissent fugamque capessivissent, cives 
 eos armis incessivissent. Vix hostes milites nostros ad pugnam laces- 
 siverunt, quum arma capessivernnt eosque incessiverunt. Legimus, Ro- 
 mauos saepe consules suos ab aratro arcessivisse. Multa sacra, ab ex- 
 terisnationibus adscita atque arcessita, Romani religiosissime coluerunt. 
 Scarcely had the lion roared, when all the other (ceterae omnes) 
 beasts took (perf.) flight. The soldiers, provoked by the enemies, 
 wished (perf.) to fight, and asked (perf.) of the general, that he would 
 lead them (se) forth from the camp against the enemies. We have 
 sought peace, not war. Do not judge concerning a thing, before it 
 shall have been sufficiently examined by thee. History relates, that 
 death was sought by the daughters of Erectheus for the life of 
 the citizens. We read, that the consuls were brought from the 
 plough by the Romans. It is known that the Romans have brought 
 many sacred rites from foreign nations. As soon as the enemies 
 attacked (perf) our soldiers, they seized their arms and fought. I 
 have taken myself so hastily from the city, because troublesome 
 men vexed (perf) me daily. I fear, that thou hast provoked the 
 friend by thy licentious jests. It is known, that the power (opes) of 
 Italy was (perf) formerly wasted by Hannibal. 
 
 § 65. V. Perfect : — i ; Siipine : — turn. 
 
 a) The stem ends in h or 7; .- 
 
 1. Capio, cepi, cap turn, cohere, to take, seize, receive. 
 
 Compounds : — cipio, — cepi, — ceptum,- — cipere, as : perci- 
 pio, I perceive^ incipio, / begin. 
 
 2. Rumpo, rup% rap turn, rumpere, to hresik. 
 
 Scdbo, scdhij scdbere, to scratch, and lambo, Iambi, lamberCf 
 to lick, want the Supine. 
 
 b) The stem ends in c, g or qu ; 
 
 3. Ago, egi, actum, dgere, to lead, drive, do, act, make; 
 
 of time : to spend. 
 
 So : circumagere, to drive round, peragere, to cairy through^ 
 satagere, to have enough to do ; the other compounds on the con- 
 trary, have : — ^Igo, egi, actum, igere, as : abigo, / drive away, exigo, 
 
180 IRREGULAR VERBS. [§ 65. 
 
 / expel, (of time) I pass, sublgo, I subjugate ; cogere, to compel (from 
 coagere), has coegi, coadum. 
 
 4. Fdcio, fe c i, fa ctwin, fdcere, to make, do. 
 
 Concerning the Pass. : fio, factus sum, fieri, and its compounds 
 see § 76. The compounds with prej)ositions have in the Imper. 
 — -flee, as: perflce; the rest retain /ac; from calfacere, however, 
 w^e have calfdce. 
 
 5. Ico, lei, ictum, icere, to strike; of a league: to con- 
 
 clude. 
 
 6. Jdcio, j eci, j actu m, jdcere, to throw. 
 
 Compounds: — jicio, — jeci, — jectum, — jicere, as: rejicio, / 
 throw hack, reject, subjicio, I throw under, subject. 
 
 7. Lego, legi, ledum,, legere,\Q, collect, read. 
 
 So, allego, / elect to, perlego, / read through, praelego, I read 
 before, relego, I read again, sublego, 1 gather from below ; the fol- 
 lowing, on the contrar}^, have in the Pres., — ligo, as: coUigo, / 
 collect, (collegi, collectum, colligere), dellgo and eligo, I choose, re- 
 coUlgo, / collect again, seligo, / select ; but : dillgo. Hove, intelJigo, / 
 understand, negligo, / neglect, have in the Perf. exi, as : diligo, 
 dilexi, dilectum, diligere. 
 
 S. Frango, fregi, fraetum, frangere, io hte^^ 
 
 The compounds : — fringo, — fregi, — fraetum, — fringere, as : 
 perfringo, perfregi, perfractum, perfringere, to break through. 
 
 9. Linquo, llqui, lie turn,. li?iq-uere, iole^ive. 
 
 10. Viiico, vlci, vietum^ vmcere, to conquer, overcome. 
 
 Fugio, fitgi, fag ere, to flee, has no Supine, 
 
 c) The steni ends in m ; 
 
 1 1. Emo, e mi, emtu m, emere, to buy. 
 
 Compounds: — \mo, anere, as: eximo, exemi, exemtum, exl- 
 mere, to except ; but in coemo, / buy in quantities, the e remains. 
 
 d) The stem ends in u or r : 
 
 12. Aciio, dcUi, deiitiim, a cikVe, to sharpen. 
 
 The compounds want the Supine. 
 
 13. Argdo, argiii, argiitum., ar^uere, to accuse. 
 
 14. ExOo, ex Hi, exiitum., exutre, to put off. 
 
 15. Induo, etc. I put on, clothe. 
 
 16. Imhun, etc. I dip in ; c. ahl. I imbue with. 
 
 17. Luo, lui, lixtum, lucre, to wash. 
 
 18. Minwo, etc, J diminish. 
 
i 65.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 181 
 
 19. Niio, etc. I nod, in compounds, as : adnuo, I nod to. 
 
 20. Ruo, rui, rut u m, mere, to rush (but Part. Fut. ruitiims). 
 
 21. Spuo, spui, sputum, spuere, io s^ii. 
 
 22. StatOo, etc. I place firmly. 
 
 The compounds change the a of the stem into t, as : destituo, 
 / desert. 
 
 23. Suo, etc. I sew. 
 
 24. TriJjUo, etc. I give. 
 
 25. Solvo, solvi, soliitum, solvere, io\oos,e. 
 
 26. Volvo, volvi, voliLtum, volvere, io roll. 
 
 Metuere (ui), to fear, pluere (plui), to rain, sternuere (ui), io 
 sneeze, want the Supine. 
 
 C. Words to be learned mid Exercises for translation. 
 
 AfFicere, to affed ; af- translgere, to spend foedus, eris, n. league, 
 
 fectus, affected. (time). ^totestas, a.t\s,f. power. 
 
 delinquere, to do some- excerpere, to make ex- furiosus, a, um, mad^ 
 
 thing wrong, to be tracts from. insane. 
 
 delinquent. benefactum, \,n. favor, modo, adv. only, just. 
 
 disjicere, to throw a- dominatio, onis,/. 5ii;ay. 
 
 sunder, scatter. 
 
 Eodem modo erga amicos afFecti simus, quo erga nosmet ipsos. 
 Priusquam incipias consulto et, ubi consulueris, mature f a c- 
 to opus est.* Acti labores jucundi sunt. Sola virtus in sua po- 
 testate est ; omnia praeter earn subjecta sunt fortunae dominationi. 
 Unus dies, bene et ex praeceptis philosophiae actus, peccanti immor- 
 talitati anteponendus est. Conscientia bene actae vitae multorumque 
 benefactorum recordatio jucundissima est. Appetitus rationi sunt sub- 
 ject] lege naturae. Victus est Xerxes magis consilio Themistoclis, 
 quam armis Graeciae. Quid hominem octoginta anni juvant, per iu- 
 ertiam exacti? Quos viceris, amicos tibi esse cave (ne) credas. Pro- 
 fecto beati erimus, quum, corporibus relictis, cupiditatum erimus ex- 
 pertes. Quid est tam furiosum, quam verborum vel optimorum atque 
 ornatissimorum sonitus inanis, nulla subjecta sententia? Pecuniam 
 si cuipiam fortuna ademit, tamen, dum existimatio est integra, facile 
 consolatur honestas egestatem. Milites, captis armis, impetum fece- 
 runt in hostes ; hi autem propere fugam ceperunt. Hostes, foedere, 
 quod modo icerant, rupto, sublto in castra nostra irruperunt. Si quid 
 philosophus in ratione vitae deliquerit, eo turpior est, quod artem vitao 
 
 * There is need that you should consult, and act. 
 16 
 
182 IRREGULAR VERBS. [^ 65. 
 
 profitetur. Plinius nullum librum legit, quem non excerperet. Gives, 
 ab liostibus siibacti, omni libertatis recuperandae spe adempta, miseram 
 transegerunt vitam. Milites liostium aciem perfregerunt et disjecerunt. 
 Foedera icta ab hostibus fracta sunt. 
 
 CI. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Destituere, to dtsert, gloriari, to glory. pallium, i, n. cloak, 
 
 leave behind. mdulgent'm, ae,f.{ndul- discrimen, inis, n. dis- 
 
 instituere, to instruct. gence. tinciion. 
 
 effiigere c. ace. to escape, tunica, ae,y. under gar- prosperitas, atis,y!^ro5- 
 
 exacu6re, to sharpen. ment. perity. [posite. 
 
 involvere, to involve, annulus, i, m. ring. contrarius, a, um, op- 
 envelope, soccus, i, m. sock, shoe, liberalis, e, liberal. 
 
 redarguere, to disprove, obsequium, i, n. obe- ingenue, adv. nobly, re- 
 
 respuere, to reject. dience. spectably. 
 
 Quis, lionesta in familia iustitutus et educatiis ingenue, non ipsa 
 turpitudine, etiamsi eum laesura non sit, ofFenditur ? Carthago diruta 
 est, qnum stetisset annos sexcentos sexaginta septem. Pacis nomine 
 bellum involutum reformido. Philosophi involutam multarum rerum 
 naturam evolverunt. Num tibi unquam placebit, quod omnium mentes 
 aspernatae sunt et respuerunt? Milites in ipso discrimine periculi 
 civesinermes destituerunt. Quum animus, cognitis perceptisque virtu- 
 tibus, a corporis obsequio indulgentiaque discesserit, voluptatemque op- 
 presserit, omnemque mortis dolorisque timorem effugerit, cultumque 
 dei et purara religionem susceperit, et exacuerit ingenii aciem ad bona 
 deligenda et rejicienda contraria : tum vita nobis erit beatissima. Num 
 credis^ improborum prosperitates redarguisse dei bonitatem? Dejani- 
 ra Herculi sanguine Centauri tinctam tunicam induit. Hippias sophis- 
 ta gloriatus est, se non solum omnes artes, quibus liberales doctrinae 
 atque ingenuae continerentur, scire, sed anniiliun, quem haberet, pal- 
 lium^ quo vestatus, soccos, quibus indutus esset, se sua manu confecisse. 
 
 CII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Defio.ere, to fail. d'lssolvere, to relax. extenuare, to extenuate, 
 
 praeficere, to set over, persolvere, to pay. lessen, 
 
 dem'muere, to diminish, emere, to dig up. severitas, atis,/. sever- 
 
 diluere, to diluie, ivea- obruere, to cover up. ity. 
 
 ken. designare, to designate. 
 
 Homines metalla terra obruta eruerunt Milites in expugnatae ur- 
 bis cives ita saevierunt, ut omnem humanitatem exuisse viderentur. 
 Divina lex non scripta est, sed nata : qua non instituti, sed imbuti su- 
 
f 65.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 183 
 
 mus. Nemo est tatii immanis, cujus inentem non imbuerit deorutn 
 opinio. Pueri auimum tenerum virtutis praeceptis imbulmus. Cog- 
 itatio, omnes res humanas fraglles et caducas esse, omnes meas moles- 
 tias extennavit et diluit. Quae observata sunt in usu ac tractatione 
 dicendi, haec ab hominibus doctis verbis designata et partibus distribu- 
 ta sunt Divitiae, quae ad exteris naiionibus Romam confluxerunt, 
 morum disciplinam severitatemque dissolverunt Stipendiis, quae dux 
 militibus promiserat, non persolutis, seditio concitata est. 
 
 The passions ought to be subjected to the reason. If thou shalt 
 have spent thy Hfe according to (ex) the precepts of virtue, the en- 
 trance to heaven will stand open to thee. It is hard to retain (tenere) 
 friendship, when thou shalt have fallen from virtue. God has set the 
 soul over the body. Some doubt, ivhether the world may be made by 
 chance (ne whether, attached to casu) or (an) by the divine reason. It was 
 uncertain, whether the Romans had (subj.) conquered, or had been con- 
 quered. Then (turn) first (demum) will the soul enjoy a happy life, when 
 it shall have deserted tlie body. The enemies have broken (rumpere) 
 the concluded league. When anything has been done wrong by a philo- 
 sopher, it is so much the more base, because he teaches (= professes) 
 the art of life. If any one (quis) has taken (fut perf ) from us liberty, 
 the light of life will be taken from us. Caesar, after the line-of-battle 
 of the enemy was broken and scattered (abl. abs.), led his soldiers back 
 into the camp. Thou wilt not enjoy a peaceful life, before that thou 
 shalt have subjected the passions to the reason. The defenceless cit- 
 izens were (perf.) deserted by the soldiers, in the very (ipse) crisis of 
 danger. It is known, that the Romans destroyed (perf.) Carthage. 
 
 The soldiers fled because they feared (perf. of metuo), that they 
 should be conquered by the enemies. The metals, which nature has 
 hid in (abl.) the earth, are dug -up by man. Who is not imbued with 
 the belief in (gen.) God ? Parents, who have imbued the minds of 
 their children with the principles of virtue and have instructed them in 
 literature, deserve well, not only of (de) their children, but also of the 
 state. We have weakened the wine by (abl.) water. I hope that this 
 reflection will weaken all thy troubles. Already the powers of our 
 soldiers were diminished, when the enemies made (perf) an attack. 
 By the riches, which flowed together (perf) to (ace.) Rome after 
 the destruction (abl.) of Corinth, the ancient discipline and severity 
 •were relaxed (perf). 
 
 Since the general had not paid [their] wages to the soldiers for (per) 
 two months, a sedition was excited (perf) in the camp. Hast thou 
 heard, that the city has concluded a league with the enemies, but that 
 
184 IRREGULAR VERBS. [$ 66. 
 
 they have broken (frangere) it ? After the troops were collected 
 (abl. abs.), the general determined (perf.) to attack the camp of the 
 enemies. I believe, that I have sufficiently disproved thy reasons. 
 
 § 66. VI. Perfect : — i ; Bupine : — sum, 
 
 a) The stem ends \n d or t : 
 
 1. Cando in compounds, as : accendo, ace endi, ace en- 
 s u m, aeeendere, to kindle, inflame. 
 
 2. Ciido, ciidi, cusum, ciidere, to forge. ; 
 
 3. JSjfo, e di, e .9 u m, edere, to eat. 
 
 4. Fendo in compounds as : defendo, d efe ndi, d efe n- 
 sum, defendere, to defend. 
 
 5. Fodio, fo d i, fo ssum, fodere, to dig. 
 
 6. Fundo, fii di, fit s u m, /under e, to pour. 
 
 7. Mando, mandi, mansum, mandere, to chew. 
 
 8. Pando, pa ndi, p a ssum, pandere, to spread. 
 
 .9. Prehendo, pr ehendi, pr eh en sum, prehendere, to 
 grasp. 
 
 10. Seandx), s c audi, s e ansum, seandere, to mount. 
 
 In the compounds : — scendo, — scendi, — scensum, — scendere, 
 as : adscendere, to ascend^ scale, descendere, to descend. 
 
 11. Sido, s'ldi, (Sup. wanting,) sidere,\.o ^\t. 
 
 In the compounds : — sido, — sedi, — sessum, — sidere, as : con- 
 sidere, to sit down. 
 
 12. Str'ido, strldi, (Sup. wanting,) strldere, to hiss. 
 
 13. Verto, verti, v er sum, verier e, to turn. 
 
 Finally, there belongs here the neuter passive : 
 
 14. F'xdo, fxsus sum, fldere, to trust. 
 
 So : conf idere, to confide in, diffidere, to distrust, despair. 
 
 b) The stem ends in / or r : 
 
 15. Velio., vein, vulsu m, veUlre, to pluck. 
 
 16. Psalh, psalli, (Sup. wanting, )j95a//eYe, to play the lyre, 
 
 17. Verro, verri, (Sup. wanting,) verrere, to sweep. 
 
 Rkmark. It is to be noticed, that the stem-vowel of these verbs, 
 when short in the other parts, is long in the perf. The two follow- 
 ing verbs form an apparent exception : 
 
 Findo,^trfi, fissum, findere, to split, (so also its compounds), 
 
i 
 
 $ 66.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 185 
 
 Scindo, scidi, scissum, scindere, to cut (so also its compound*). 
 But both these verbs originally took the reduplication. The same is 
 true of the compound : percello, perculi, perculsum, percellere, to strike 
 violently (from the obsolete cellere, to impel). See § 62, II. Rem. * 
 
 cm. Words to he learned and Exercises far translation. 
 
 Comprehendere, to em- exedere, to consume, liquefacere, to mxike 
 
 brace. corrode. liquid. 
 
 confbdere, to stab. incendere, to enkindle, proftcere, to benefit. 
 effbdere, to dig out. inflame. pervehi,<o bear through, 
 
 diffundere, to diffuse, procudere, to forge ; (of convey. 
 
 disperse. money) to coin. colonia, ae,/. colony, 
 
 effundere, to pour forth ; lacerare, to lacerate,tear. velum, i, n. sail. 
 
 2) throw off {the rider), digerere, to dispose, di- furor, oris, m. madness. 
 offundere, to flow a- gest. vetustas, atis,^*. age. 
 
 gainst, diffuse, spread inscribere (c. dat.) to conspectus, us, m. sig-i^f. 
 
 over. inscribe, write upon, antiqultus, adv. ancient- 
 
 ly, formerly. 
 
 Constat, Tyriorum colonias paene toto orbe terrarum diffusas fuisse. 
 In morte portum nobis paratum [esse] et perfugium putemus. Quo 
 utlnam velis passis pervehi liceat ! Hannibal patriam defensum ex 
 Italia revocatus est. Nihil proficiunt praecepta, quamdiu menti error 
 offusus est. Beate vivendi cupiditate incensi omnes sumus. Ingens 
 mimmorum numerus hoc anno procusus est. Aegritudo animum 
 meum laceravit, exedit planeque confecit. Epigrammatis, monument© 
 inscripti, litterae vetustate exesae erant. Milites urbem, ab hostibus 
 oppugnatam, acerrime defenderunt. Antiquitus magna auri argentique 
 vis in Hispania est eifossa. Mihtes, furore capti, ducem confoderunt. 
 Equusrepentecorruit consulemque lapsum super caput efFudit. Cibos 
 mansos ac prope liquefactos demittlmus, quo (= ut eo) facilius digeran- 
 tur. Quo magis virtutis vim animo et cogitatione comprehenderlmus, 
 eo magis eam admirabimur. Proditores urbis deprehensi in conspectu 
 omnium civium necati sunt. Nonne vides omnium ora atque oculos 
 in te conversos ? Multi facultatem dicendi ad hominum perniciem 
 converterunt 
 
 CIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Convellere,fo tear away, rescindere, to tear, to motus, us, m. motion. 
 
 convulse. break down. motus terrae, earth- 
 
 desidere, to sink down, transgredi, to pass over. quake. [ersoever. 
 
 difiindere, to split. mora, ae,/. delay. quocunque, adv. whith- 
 
 discindere, to tear in nodus, i, m. a knot. scilicet, adv. namely, 
 
 pieces. scrupulus, i. m. anxiety. doubtless. 
 16* 
 
166 IRREGULAR VERBS. [^ 67. 
 
 Qruocunque le vel oculis, vel animo converteris, divinae bonitatis 
 plena esse omnia, intelJiges. Alexander, rex Macedonum, Gordli no- 
 dum ense difidit, scilicet difflsus, eum a se solutum iri. Quum Han- 
 nibal Alpes transgrederetur, multa ingentis magnitiidinis saxa diffissa 
 sunt. Quis tibi vestern discidit ? Quid ? discissane est ? Pompeii 
 terrae motu desederunt. Quis nescit, apud Romanos eloquentiam ad 
 summum honorem adscendisse ? Caesar, militum virtuti confisus, 
 sine mora hostllem exercitum adortus est. Litterae tuae omnem 
 scrupulum mihi ex animo evellerunt. Est boni regis officium, quum 
 rempubllcam labefactatem convulsamque videt, opitulari patriae. 
 
 The goodness of God is diffused through (abl.) the whole world. 
 The sails are spread. Superstition has spread (oifundere) darkness 
 over (dat.) the souls of men. The king has coined a great quantity of 
 money this year. My mind is torn and consumed by grief (aegritu- 
 do). When we shall have eaten, we will take a walk. The city, 
 which was assaulted by the enemy, was (perf ) very bravely defended 
 by the citizens. Anciently, the Spanish (Hispanus, i) dug up much 
 gold and silver (= much of gold and silver). By thy bravery, thou 
 hast turned all eyes and minds upon (in) thee. Never has a wise [man] 
 trusted to the stability of the gifts of fortune, but rather, has always 
 distrusted them. It is known, that the knot of Gordius was not loosed 
 by Alexander, but severed by the sword. The general was stabbed by 
 the soldiers, because he ventured to quiet their sedition. 
 
 How often has the faculty of speaking (gen. of ger.) been turned to (ad) 
 the destruction of men ! The enemies have broken down the bridges. 
 Mountains and cities have been sunk down by earthquakes. We had 
 already descended from the mountain, as we heard (perf.), that you 
 were ascending (subj.) it. All anxiety has been removed (evellere) 
 from my mind by thy letter. Who does not know, that the long war 
 has shaken the state violently ? Caesar by a few words inflamed the 
 soldiers for the battle. 
 
 § 67. VIII. Perfect with the Reduplication. 
 
 Preliminary Remark. The Reduplication consists here, in those 
 verbs of which the first vowel of the stem is t, o, or w, in the repeti- 
 tion of the first consonant of the stem with this vowel, but with the 
 remaining verbs, in the repetition of the first stem-consonant with c. 
 
 1. Cddo, cecldi, cdsum, cddere, to fall, to happen. 
 
 Compounds: — cido, — cidi, — casum, — cldere ; so: occido, / 
 
{ 67.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 187 
 
 go to ruin, incido, I fall upon and reeido, I fall back ; the others 
 want the Supine, as: concldo, idi, idere, to fall together. 
 
 2. Caedo, cecldi, caesu7n, caedere, to fell, IdW. 
 
 Compounds : — cido, — cidi, — cisum, — cidere, as : occido, I kill. 
 
 3. Cdno, ce cini, cantum^, canere, to sing. 
 
 Compounds : — cino, — cinui, — cinere, as : conclno, ui, ere. 
 
 4. Curro, cucurri, cur sum, currere, to run. 
 
 Most of its compounds are both with and without the redupli- 
 cation. 
 
 5. Disco, did lei, (Sup. wanting,) discere, to learn. 
 
 So also its compounds, as : perdisco, perdidlci, perdiscere, to 
 learn thoroughly. 
 
 6. Folio, fefelli, falsum,fallere, to deceive. 
 
 Fallit me, it escapes me. — The Part, falsus is commonly used 
 as an adjective, /a/^e. Compound: refello, refelli, (Sup. want- 
 ing), refellere, to refute. 
 
 7. Fango, peplgi, pactum, pangere, to fasten, to bargain, 
 
 agree to on condition. 
 
 Compounds: — pingo, — ^pegi, — pactum, pingere, as: compin- 
 go, to fasten together. 
 
 8. Far CO, peperci, par sum, par cere (c. dat), to spare. 
 
 9. Fdrio, peperi, partmn, pdrere, to bear (ova parere, to 
 
 lay eggs), to acquire. Particip. F ut pariturus (for partii,' 
 rus). 
 
 10. Fello, pepuli, 2yiilsu7n, pelle re, to drive, repel. 
 
 Compounds : — pello, — puli, — pulsum, — pellere, as : expello, 
 expuli, expulsum, expellere, to drive aivay. 
 
 11. Fendo, pependi, ^e?^5^^^, j^ew^Ve, to suspend, weigh, to 
 
 pay, compensate. 
 
 The compounds have no reduplication, as: appendo, appendix 
 appensum, appendere, to hang to, append. 
 
 12. Fosco, poposci, (Sup. wanting,) ^o^ceVe, to demand. 
 
 So also its compounds, as : exposco, exix)posci, exposcere, to 
 demand of request of 
 
 13. Fungo, pupugi, punctum,,pungere, to prick, harass. 
 
 Compounds: — pungo, — punxi, — punctum, — pungere, as: in- 
 terpungo, to distinguish. 
 
188 IRREGULAR VERBS. [$ 67. 
 
 14. Tango, tetigi, tactum, tangere, to touch. 
 
 Compounds: — tingo, — tigi, — tactum, tingere, as: attingo, at- 
 tigi, attactum, attingere, to touch, reach. 
 
 15, Tendo, tetendi, tentum ^nd tensum, tender e, to stretch, 
 
 spread, extend (tendere insidias, to lay snares). 
 
 The compounds are without the reduplication and generally 
 with the Sup.: — tentum, as: contendo, contendi, contentum, 
 contendere, to draw together, exert one^s self, strive. 
 
 16. Tundo, tutudi, tunsum, tundere, to beat, stun. 
 
 Compounds: — tundo, — tudi — tusum — tundere, as: contundo, 
 contudi, contusum, contundere, to break in pieces, crush. 
 
 Rem. 1. The two following verbs have the reduplication in the Pres. 
 and retain it in the other tenses: 
 
 blbo, bibi, bibltum, bibere, to drink (so also its compounds), 
 sisto, stiti, statum sistere, to place, stop (so its compounds). 
 
 Rem. 2. The compounds of dare with monosyllabic words (comp $ 
 55, n, 1.) also belong to this class, as: addo, addidi, additum, addere, 
 to add. 
 
 C V. Words to be learned ayid Exercises for translation. 
 
 Concinere, to sing to- evertere, to overthrow, proverbium, i, n. pro- 
 
 gether, sound to- demolish. verb. 
 
 gether. inspicere, to look upon, fides, \s,f. string ; fidl- 
 
 excidere, to cut off, des- view. bus, canere, to play 
 
 troy. recedere, to go back, with a stringed in- 
 
 obtingere, to fall to retire. strument. 
 
 one's lot. restituere, to restore. fiigus, oris, n. cold. 
 
 confirmare, to render emollire, to soften. innoxius, a, um, inno- 
 
 permanent. epulae, arum, f. a cent. 
 
 devolare, tofy away. meal, feast. noctu, adv. by night. 
 
 populari, to lay waste. praesto, adv. present. 
 
 Et discas oportet, et, quod didicisti, agendo confirmes. Male parta 
 male dilabuntur. Ut hirundines aestivo tempore praesto sunt, frigore 
 pulsae recedunt; ita falsi amici sereno vitae tempore praesto sunt; 
 simulatque hiemem fortunae viderint, devolant omnes. Quid casurum 
 sit, incertum est. Quod cuique obtlgit, id quisque teneat. Clitum 
 amicum senem et innoxium a se occisum esse, Alexander dolebat. 
 Ingenuas didicisse fideliter artes, emollit mores, nee sinit esse feros 
 (eos). Non tam utilitas, parta per amicum, quam amici amor ipse 
 delectat. Hannibalem non fefellit, ferocius, quam consultius rem hos- 
 tes gesturos esse. Ex quo (se. tempore) peounia in honore fuit, verus 
 rerum honor occidit. Silva vetus cecidit, ferro quam nemo cecidit. 
 
I 
 
 ^ 67.] THIRD CONJUGATION. ISO" 
 
 Epaminondas fidibus praeclare ceciiiisse dicitur. Cato scribit, pris- 
 cos Romaiios in epulis cecinisse ad tibiam clarorum virorum laudes 
 atque virtutes. Datur cohortibus siguum cornuaqiie ac tubae con- 
 ciniierunt. In pugna, ad Trasimenum anno CCXVII ante Christum 
 natum commissa, quindecim milia Romanorum in acie caesa sunt; 
 decern milia, sparsa fuga per omnem Etruriam, diversis itineribus 
 urbem petierunt. 
 
 Constat, Numantiam a Scipione excisam et eversam esse. Si id, 
 quod dixi, falsum erat ; cur me non refellisti ? Hostes pacem nobis- 
 cum pepigerunt, ut milites a nobis oaptos restitueremus. Cleomenes, 
 Lacedaemonius, qimm triginta dierum essent cum hoste pactae indu- 
 tiae, noctu populabatur agros, quod dierum essent pactae, non noctium 
 indutiae. Dux, quum urbem cepisset, aedificiis omnibus, publicis et 
 privatis, sacris et profanis, sic pepercit, quasi ad ea defendenda, non 
 expugnanda cum exercitu, urbem intrasset. Urbe expugnata, milites, 
 furore capti, juraverunt se non aetate confectis, non mulieribus, non 
 infantibus parsuros esse. Ovorum inter se similitudo est in proverbio; 
 tamen Deli* fuerunt complures, qui, permultas gallinas alentes, quum 
 ovum inspexerant, quae id gallina peperisset, dicere solebant. Mihi 
 crede, te tua virtute maxiraam laudem tibi pariturum esse. 
 
 C VI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translatio7i. 
 
 Compimgere, to prick, conclamare, to cry out doliarium, i, n. cellar. 
 
 mark. together. festivitas, atis,y*. agree- 
 
 condere, to found, pre- gthn\i\are, to goad. ahleness. 
 
 serve. sustentare, to preserve, loquacitas, atis, f. lo- 
 distinguere, to distin- sustain. [forth. quacity. 
 
 guish. erumpere, to break potus, us, m. drink. 
 
 percurrere, to run nota, ae, /. sign, mark, spurius, a, um, spuri- 
 
 through. adversarius, i, m. ad- ous. 
 perdere, to destroy, ruin. versary. 
 
 Catilina multas insidias Ciceronis vitae tetendit, sed hie omnes illius 
 machinationes contudit. Admiramur praeclaros illos viros, qui sem- 
 per summis laboribus et periculis ad summam laudem gloriamque 
 contenderunt. Garrulus homo loquacilate sua aures meas plane tu- 
 tudit. Die, a quo haec grana tunsa sint. Metellus in Numidiam pro- 
 ficiscitur magna spe civium ; avaritia enim magistratuum ante id tem- 
 pus in Numidia Romanorum opes contusae hostiumque (opes) auctae 
 erant. Verres, simulac tetlgit provinciam, maximae avaritiae totum 
 se tradidit. Totum librum legendo percucurri. Duae in Capitolio 
 
 * at Delos. See Synt. § 92. 
 
190 IRREGULAR VERBS. [§ 67. 
 
 aedes miiltaque alia aedificia uno anno de coelo tacta simt. Agesilaus, 
 quotiescunque congressus est cum hostibus, multo majores adversario- 
 rum copias pepulit Tu temeritatis tiiae maximas poenas pependisti. 
 Conclamabant omnes Carthaginienses, satissuppliciorumase pro te- 
 meritate unius hominis, Hannibalis, pensum esse. Milites, urbem in- 
 gress!, non cibum, aut potum poposcerunt, non armorum onus depo- 
 suerunt. Tu ex animo scrupulum evellistij qui me dies noctesque sti- 
 mulavitac pupugit. Philosophia, si paupertas momordit, si ignominia 
 pupugit, si quid tenebrarum ofFudit exsilium, singularum rerum pro- 
 prias cousolationes adhlbet. Festivitatem habet narratio, distincta per- 
 sonis et interpuncta sermonibus. Aristarehus, grammaticus, eos 
 Homeri versus, qui spurii ei videbanlur, notis quibusdam compunxit. 
 Omnes cives, belli calamitatibus confecti, paceni expoposcerunt. Ro- 
 mani in doliariis condlta habebant vina, pipere et melle condita, Grae- 
 ciae civitates, dum imperare singulae cupiunt, imperium omnes perdi- 
 derunt. Perditis rebus omnibus, ipsa virtus se sustentat. 
 
 The Gauls (Gallus, i,) have learned from the Greeks, to surround 
 [their] cities with walls. If any one has acquired (fut. perf.) riches in 
 a bad way (male), he will also lose them in a bad way. Tlje thing 
 has turned out otherwise than (atque) I had expected. Alexander, 
 seized (capere) by anger, killed (perf.) [his] friend Clitus, an old njan. 
 Thy friendship has always afforded me the greatest pleasure. The 
 faithless friend has deceived me. After my sister had sung (perf) 
 alone (solus), we all sang together (perf.). It is known, that Scipio 
 demolished (perf) Numantia. The old oak, which stood before (ante) 
 our house, was (perf) felled yesterday. Since Cleomenes had agreed 
 upon a truce of thirty days with the enemy, he laid waste the fields by 
 night, because he had agreed upon a truce of days, not of nights. 
 We have heard, that peace has been agreed upon (= bargained) with 
 the enemy. The ship having struck against a rock, made (perf of 
 facere) shipwreck. 
 
 The citizens of the city hoped, that Caesar, who had already spared 
 other captured cities, would also spare theirs. It is not to be doubted, 
 that our army, which under the conduct of a bad general (duce malo im- 
 peratore) has acquired for itself great praise by its bravery, under the 
 conduct of a good general, will acquire for itself still (etiam) greater 
 praise. A victory gained by treachery, redounds (= is) to (dat.) the 
 conqueror not for praise but for disgrace. The rashness of Catiline 
 was crushed by the prudence of Cicero. The dart will be discharged 
 (emittere) so much the more violently, the more (magis) the bow has 
 been drawn together (contendere) and drawn up (adducere). As 
 
^ 68.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 191 
 
 Caesar entered (ingredi, subj.) the captured city, the inhabitants extend- 
 ed (perf.) [their] hands to (ad) him, and entreated {orare, perf.) him, 
 that he would spare them. Why dost thou weep boy ? because I have 
 been struck. Who has struck thee ? 
 
 The firmness of the general and the bravery of the soldiers, have 
 weakened the attack of the forth-breaking enemies. Scarcely had I 
 reached the house, when it was (perf) struck (= touched) hy lightning 
 (de coelo). Our soldiers repulsed the enemies at (abl.) the first attack. 
 The whole book has been run through by me [in] reading (abl. of ge- 
 rund). The traitor has paid jnst punishment for his offence. As soon 
 as the horns sounded (perf of canere), all the soldiers ran (perf) to- 
 gether. Virtue sustains itself, even if (etiamsi) it may have lost all. 
 
 § 68. VIII. Lichoaiwe Verbs. 
 All inchoative verbs (in sco), i. e. verbs which express a be- 
 coming or beginning of the idea contained in the primitive, fol- 
 low the third Conj. and coincide in the Perf. and Sup. with 
 their primitives, as : 
 
 inveterasco (from invcterare), inveteravi, inveteratum, invete- 
 
 rascere, to grow old ; 
 exardesco (from ardere), exarsi, exarsum, exardescere, to be- 
 come inflamed, to be kindled ; 
 indolesco (from dolere), indolui, indolltum, indolescere, to feel 
 
 pain ; 
 revivisco (from vivere), revixi, revictum, reviviscere, to come 
 
 to life again, revive ; 
 concupisco (from cupere), conciipivi, concupitum, concnpis- 
 
 cere, to desire (earnestly) ; 
 obdormisco (from dormire), obdormlvi, obdormitum, obdor- 
 miscere, to fall asleep. 
 
 Remark. The inchoative verbs from the absolete oleo, ui, olere, to 
 grow, (§ 58, III, 4.) vary in their formation in the following way: 
 
 adolesco, adolevi, adultum, adolescere, to grow up. 
 
 exolesco, exolevi, exoletum, exolescere, to become old. 
 
 inolesco, inolevi, (Sup. wanting), inolescere, to grow into. 
 Also, obsolesco, obsolevi, obsoletum, obsolescere, to grow old, obsolete, 
 varies from its primitive, solere. Very many inchoative verbs want the 
 Sup., as : incalesco, incalui, incalescere, to become warm (from caleo, ui, 
 rtum, ere, to be warm). Sf)me want both Perf and Sup., as : ai.gesco, 
 I increase [^vom, augeo, xi, ctum, ere). Here especially, belong the 
 inchoatives which are derived from substantives and adjectives, as : 
 
192 IRREGULAR VERBS. [§ 68. 
 
 repuerascere, to become a hoy again ; only a small number of these 
 form the Perf. which is in m*, as : maturesco, maturui, maturescere, 
 to become mature. 
 
 C VII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Coalesco, lui, lltum 3. illucesco, luxi 3. to be- advertere, to turn (hith- 
 
 to grow together, coa- come light, daivn. er). 
 
 lesce. recrudesco, dui 3. to auditor, oris, m. hearer. 
 
 consanesco, nui 3. to be- break out afresh. viscus, eris, n. boioels. 
 
 come well. rescisco, ivi or ii, itum adulterinus, a, \im,adul- 
 
 consenesco, nui 3. to 3. to ascertain. terated, counterjeii. 
 
 grow old. condemnare, to con- contra, adv. on the con- 
 
 convalesco, lui 3. to be- demn ; capitis, to trary, other side. 
 
 come better, recover. death. quando, adv. when. 
 
 defervesco, vi 3. to burn permanare, to Jiow 
 
 out, subside. through, flow along. 
 
 Crede, omnem diem tibi illuxisse supremum. Socratis response 
 sic judices exarserunt, ut capitis hominem innocentissimum condem- 
 narent. Ratio, quum adolevit atque perfecta est, nominatur rite sa- 
 pientia. Quaerltur, si sapiens adulterinos nummos acceperit impru- 
 dens pro bonis, quum id rescierit, solnturusne sit eos ])ro bonis. Incre- 
 dibile memoratu est, quam facile Ronuiai et Aborigines coaluerint. 
 Quum est concupita pecunia, nee adhiblta continuo ratio, quae sanet 
 eam cupiditatem : permanat in venas et inhaeret in visceribus illud ma- 
 lum. Endy mlo, nescio quando, in Latmo, Carlae monte, obdormivit, nec- 
 dum est experrectus. Oratori abstinendum est verbis, quae propter ve- 
 tustatem obsoleverunt. Convaluistine tandem ex morbo, quo tamdiu la- 
 borasti ? Illius oratoris ardor animi, qui prius omnium auditorum ani- 
 mos ad se advertebat rapiebatque, jam plane defervit. Vulnus meum, 
 quod jam consamiisse videbatur, nunc recruduit. 
 
 Scarcely had the day dawned, when I commenced ( perf. of ag- 
 gredi) my journey. A bloody war broke out (= was kindled) between 
 (inter) the Romans and Carthaginians. Catiline addressed (perf) his 
 associates with these words: Our (= to us) age is vigorous (vigere), 
 the soul is strong (valere) ; on the other side, all is grown old by years 
 and riches. As soon as Caesar ascertained (perf), that the enemies 
 were approaching, he led out (i)erf ) the soldiers from the camp. In 
 a short time, the minds of all hjid coalesced into (abl.) so great (tan- 
 tus) friendship, that every distinction of rank (ordo et locus) was for- 
 gotten. I have perceived with great pleasure from thy letter, that thou 
 hast recovered from tiiy long continued sickness. The sedition of the 
 
$ 69,] FOURTH CONJUGATION. 193 
 
 soldiers, which had been quieted by the wisdom (consilium) of the 
 general, broke out afresh (perf.) during his absence (eo absente.) 
 
 § 69. Fourth Conjugation. 
 
 L Perfect : — ivi and — Hi ; Supine : — turn. 
 
 1. Sepelio, sep el'ivi, sepultum, sepellre, to bury. 
 
 2. Sdlio, sdlui, sal turn, satire, to leap. 
 
 The compounds have : — silio, — silui, — sultum, — silire, as : 
 assilio, assilui, assultum, assilire, to leap upon. 
 
 II. Perfect : — i ; Supine : — turn. 
 
 1. Comperio, c o mp eri, co mp ertum, comptrxre, to as- 
 
 certain. 
 
 2. ^Jteperio, r ep eri, r ep ertum, reper'tre, to find, dis- 
 
 cover. 
 
 But : aperio, rut, rtum, rire, to open., uncover^ operio, rm', rtum, 
 rire, to cover. 
 
 3. Ve7iio, V eni, v entum, ventre, to come. 
 
 III. Perfect : — si ; Supine : — turn. 
 
 1. Amicio, {amixi and amicui, both rare), amictum, ami- 
 
 aire, to clothe. 
 
 2. Farcio, fa r s i, fa rtum, farclre, to stuff. 
 
 The compounds have : — fercio, — fersi, — fertum, fercire,. as : 
 refercire, to stuff full, Jill up. 
 
 3. Fulcio, fu I si, fu Itum, fulcire, to support. 
 
 4. Haurio, hausi, haustum, haurire, to draw. 
 
 5. Sancio, sanxi, sane it urn (rare sanctum ; but sanetus, 
 
 a, um, as adjective, sacred), sanclre, to sanction. 
 
 6. Sarcio, sarsi, sartum, sarclre, to patch, repair, re- 
 
 store. 
 - 7. Sepio, sep si, septum, ^epire, to hedge around. 
 8. Vincio, vinxi, vinctum, vincire, to bind, confine. 
 
 IV. Perfect: — si; Supine :— sum. 
 
 Sentio, s ensi, s en sum, sentire, to feel, think, suppose. 
 
 CVIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Consentire, to agree dissentire, to disagree, desilire, to leap down, 
 with. dissent. transilire, to leap over. 
 
 17 
 
194 IRREGULAR VERBS. [^ 69. 
 
 exhaurire, to exhaust. dumetura, i, n. thicket, coetus, us, m. assembly. 
 indagare, to search out. ludibrium, i, n. sport. affluenter, adv. plenti- 
 d\spe]\ere,to drive asun- parricidium, i, n. par- fully. 
 
 der, disperse. ricide. immortaliter, adv. im- 
 
 catena, ae,/. chain. curatio, 6nis,y! cure. mortally. 
 
 munificentia, ae,/. mu- explorator, oris, m. a rursus, adv. again. 
 
 nijlcence. spy. [nor. undique, adv. from all 
 
 documentum, i,w.j?roo/I rector, oris, m. gover- sides. 
 
 Regis sepulcro haec verba inscripta sunt: Probe vixit, improbos vin- 
 xit, hostes vicit. Hostes victi et catenis vincti in servitutem abducti 
 sunt. Imperiiim justis legibus fultum esse debet. Rex, pace compos- 
 ita, rerapublicam labefactatam sua virtute fulsit. Virtus difficilis inven- 
 tu est : rectorem ducemque desiderat. Artes innumerablles repertae 
 sunt, docente natura. Vita, si undique referta bonis est, beata dicitur. 
 Homines urbes moenibus sepserunt. Occultae inimieitiae magis timen- 
 dae sunt, quam apertae. Quis est tarn miser, ut non dei munificentiam 
 senserit ? Dii, induti specie humana, fabulas poetis suppeditaverunt, 
 hominum autem vitam superstitione omni referserunt. Continuis bel- 
 lis reipublicae opes exhaustae sunt. Quo quis affluentius voluptates 
 undique hauserit, eo graviusardenti usque sitiet. Spero, te mecumcon- 
 sensurum esse. Cicero Archimedis sepulcrum, septum undique et ves- 
 titum vepribus et dumetis, indagavit. Fama est, ludibrio fratris Re- 
 mum novos urbis muros transiluisse. Lycurgus nihil lege ulla in alios 
 sanxit, cujus non ipse primus in se documenta daret. Hippias gloria- 
 tus est, pallium, quo amictus esset, se manu sua confecisse. Spera- 
 mus, pacem omnia belli damna brevi sarturam esse. Una victoria 
 omnia prius accepta detrimenta sarsit. Caesar, ubi per exploratores 
 comperit, hostes adventare, protinus milites e castris eduxit. Nebula, 
 hora quarta sole dispulsa, aperuit diem. Plato Athenis* in Academia 
 sepultus est. Eodem loco nostra memoria sepultus est Carolus Odo- 
 fredus Miillerus, professor Gottingensis, vir praestantissimus et de an- 
 tiquitatis disciplina immortaliter merltus. 
 
 The state shaken by the war, has been supported by the virtue of 
 the king. Trajan alone of [gen.) all the citizens is buried with- 
 in (intra) the city [of] Rome. Men have invented innumerable arts, 
 nature teaching them (abl. abs.). Cicero's writings upon (de) philoso- 
 phy, are filled up with the most excellent principles of virtue. The 
 just king has supported his government by just laws. O king, thou 
 art to be pronounced (= extolled) happy, who hast always lived up- 
 rightly, hast bound the wicked, hast conquered the enemies. The 
 cities are surrounded (= hedged around) with walls. Many philoso- 
 
 * at Athens. See Synt. § 92. 
 
$70.] 
 
 PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 19S 
 
 phers say, that the soul of man has been drawn from (ab) the divine 
 nature. The horsemen leaped down (perf.) from (ex) their horses and 
 fought (perf) on foot (= footmen). I know not, what thou hast thought 
 (sentire) concerning my plan ; but I hope, that thou wilt not dissent 
 from it. What has been sanctioned by the laws, must be observed by 
 men. Solon (Solo, onis) ordained (= sanctioned perf.) nothing con- 
 cerning parricide, because it had not been committed before his time 
 (= him). Peace, in a short [time], has repaired all the losses of the 
 war. All the fornjer (superior) losses are repaired by one victory. 
 Whence hast thou ascertained, that my brother will come to-day? 
 Just as physicians, when they have discovered the cause of the sickness 
 (abl. abs.) believing that they have discovered the cure, so shall we, 
 when the cause of sorrow is discovered, find the ability of curing {gen. 
 of gerund) [it]. As the old man entered (subj.) the assembly, all un- 
 covered (perf) [their] heads; but as he left (subj.) it, all covered (perf) 
 [their] heads again. God has enclosed (= hedged in) and covered the 
 eyes with (abl.) very delicate membranes. 
 
 PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 §70. 1) Pos-sum, pol-ui, posse, to be able (can). 
 Preliminary Remark. .Po55wm is composed of pot-is, e [able), and 
 the verb sum. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 
 Present. 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 pos-swm, I am 
 
 pos-5m, I may 
 
 p6t-m, I have 
 
 pot-wmm, I may 
 
 able (can) 
 
 be able 
 
 been able 
 
 have been able 
 
 p6t-c», 
 
 pos-5i5, 
 
 \)dt-uisti 
 
 pot-Mem 
 
 p6t-c««, 
 
 pos-«rf, 
 
 pot-uif 
 
 pot-uerit 
 
 pos-5Mmw5, 
 
 pos-5lmw«, 
 
 pot-uimus 
 
 pot-uerlmus 
 
 \}6t-estis, 
 
 ^os-sltis, 
 
 l)6t-uistis 
 
 ip6t-u£ritis 
 
 l>os-sunt. 
 
 lios-sint. 
 
 l)6t-uerunt{€re) 
 
 ])6t-uerint. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 Pluperfect. \ 
 
 pot-eraw, I waspos-sem, I might 
 
 pot-wemm, I had 
 
 pot-wmewi, I 
 
 able (could) 1 be able 
 
 been able 
 
 m'hthavebeena. 
 
 pot-erds, etc. ipos-5e5, etc. 
 
 Y>6t-ueraSj etc. 
 
 ipot-uisseSy etc. 
 
 Futuj-e. 
 
 Future Perfect. 
 
 pot-ero, I shall be able 
 
 pot-Mero, I shall have been able 
 
 pot-eris, etc. 
 
 pot-ueris, etc. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 Pres. pos-5e, to be able 
 
 p6t-en5 (only as adjective), able. 
 
 Perf pot-wme, to have been able 
 
 The remaining Part, are wanting. 
 
 Put. wanting. 
 
 
 1 Imperative 
 
 wanting. 
 
196 PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. [§ 70. 
 
 CIX. Wbi'ds to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Celare (aliquem ali- constituere, to establish, effector, oris, m. crea- 
 quid), to conceal constitute. tor. [situation. 
 
 (something from desistere, to desist, cease, situs, us, m. condition, 
 
 some one). [ate. inducere, to lead to, adeo, cuiv. so, so very. 
 
 enumerare, to enumtr- induce. injuste, adv. unjustly, 
 
 medltari (c. ace), to mitescere (without Y>nm\im, adv. first. 
 
 <A{nA; (of something). Perf or Sup.) /o he- proinde quasi,jMsf 05 i/*. 
 
 pejerare, to swear false- come mild, tame. 
 
 Perglte, pueri, atque in id studium, in quo estis, incumblte, ut et vo- 
 bis honori, et amicis utihtati, et reipublicae emohmiento esse possitis ! 
 Nemo adeo ferus est, ut non mitescere possit. Hoc quotidle meditare, 
 ut possis aequo animo vitam rehnquere. Quidam idciico, deum esse, 
 non putant, quia non apparet, nee cernitur : proinde quasi nostram 
 ipsam mentem videre possimus. Universum mundum quum cermmus, 
 possumusne dubitare, quin ei praesit aliquis effector et moderator ? 
 Nihil tarn difficile est, quin (= ut non) quaerendo investigari possit. 
 Sic cogitandum est, tanquam aliquis in pectus intlmum iuspicere pos- 
 sit ; et potest. Satis nobis persuasum esse debet, etiamsi deum hom- 
 inesque celare possimus, nihil tamen injuste esse faciendum. Potes- 
 lisne dubitare, quin deus universum mundum gubernet? Non possu- 
 mus. Cur nobiscum ambulare non potes ? 
 
 Alcibiades Athenas Lacedaemoniis servire non poterat pati. Marcel- 
 lus pedltes primum, deinde equites, quanto maximo possent, impetu 
 in hostem erumpere jussit. Agesilaus non destitit, quibuscunque rebus 
 posset, patriam juvare. Caesar, quam potuit maximis itineribus, exer- 
 citum contra hostes duxit. Casus est, quum sic aliquid evenit, ut vel 
 non evenire, vel aliter evenire potuerit. Omnes mundi partes ita con- 
 gtitutae sunt, ut neque ad usum meliores potuerint esse, neque ad spe- 
 ciem pulchriores. Ante occupatur animus ab iracundia, quam provi- 
 dere satis potuit, ne occuparetur. Vix Caesar milites e castris educere 
 potuerat, quum hostes impetum feceruiit. Quid enumerem artium 
 multitudinem, sine quibus vita omnis nulla esse potuisset ? Quem, ut 
 mentiatur, inducere possumus ; [eum,] ut pejeret, exorare facile poter- 
 imus. Dolorem, si non potero frangere, occultabo. Facile intelligitur, 
 nee figuram situmque membrorum nostrorum, nee ingenii mentisque 
 vim efflci potuisse fortuna. Hoc primum sentio, nisi in bonis, amici- 
 tiam esse non posse. 
 
 If you earnestly apply (fut.) yourselves to the study of literature, you 
 will be able to be useful, as well to yourselves as to [your] friends and 
 
§71.] PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 197 
 
 the state. Socrates thought daily of this, that he might be able to die 
 with equanimity. Canst thou tell me, why thy brother is not able to 
 come to me to-day ? No. When you contemplate the whole world, you 
 are not able to doubt, that it is ruled by a divine mind (mens). The 
 wise can be happy, even when they are tortured. If we cultivate (co- 
 lere) virtue, we can always be happy. 
 
 Why cannot thy brothers come to me to-day ? I do not know, why 
 they cannot. But why could they not come yesterday ? They could 
 not come yesterday on account (per) of much business (plur.). What 
 could have been (= has been able to be) given to the human race, 
 fairer and more noble than reason ? The enemies had not as yet been 
 able to draw their troops together, as Caesar made (perf ) an attack 
 upon (in) them. Who believes, that the world can have been (= may 
 have been able to be) made by chance ? 
 
 § 71. 2) Edo^ edi, esstim, edere and esse^ to eat. 
 
 The whole irregularity of this verb, arises from its having forms like 
 those beginning with es of the verb sum, which ai-e used at the same 
 time with the regular form ; but the form es from tdo is long, from sum 
 short. 
 
 Pres. Ind, 
 
 Imperf. Subj. 
 
 edo, edis and es, edit and est, edimus, editis and eslis, edunt 
 
 ederem and essem, ederes and esses, ederet and esset, 
 ederemus and essemus, ederetis and essetis,edeTent and essent 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 Sing. 2. ede and es Plur. 2. edite and cs^e. 3. edunto. 
 2. and 3. editoand esfo. editote and csfoie. 
 
 Remark. So also its compounds, as : comedo, / eat, consume, comedis 
 and comes, etc. The forms not given in the above table are regular. 
 
 ex. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Symbola, ae, /. a con- argentum vivum, n. familiaris, e, belonging 
 
 trihution of money quicksilver. to the family ; res fa- 
 
 orfood; de symbo- spatium, i, n. space. miliaris, estofe. 
 
 lis edere, to eat at curculio, onis, m. corn- perrumpere, to break 
 
 common expense. worm. through. 
 
 adolescentulus, i, m. moles, is,/, mass. vae, interj. alas ! 
 young man, youth. 
 
 Esse oportet, ut vivamus ; non vivere, ut edamus. Modice bibite et 
 este. Heri aliquot adolescentuli convenerunt, ut de symbolis essent. 
 Haec herba acerba esu est. Aegritudo lacerat, exest animum planeque 
 
 17* 
 
198 PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. [$ 72. 
 
 conficit. Curculiones frumentum exesse incipiunt. Argentum vivum 
 exest ac perrumpit vasa. Majores nostri cavere non potuerunt, ne ve- 
 tustas monumenta exesset. Quae unquam moles tarn firma fuit, quam 
 non exessent undae ? Vae vobis, qui omnem rem familiarem luxuria 
 comestis ! Saturnus ex se natos comesse fingltur solitug, quia consu- 
 mit aetas temporum spatia. 
 
 Eat thou and drink moderately. Ye should eat moderately. Age 
 consumes all monuments. Where dost thou eat to-day ? I came, that 
 (ut) I might eat with thee. I know not, where you ate yesterday. My 
 brother had called us in order to eat (sup.). An unripe grape is bitter 
 to eat (sup. in u). I feared that the sorrow (aegritudo) would con- 
 sume thy mind. Alas to thee, who consumest thy whole estate ! 
 
 § 72. 3) Fero, tuli, Idtum^ferre^ to bear, bring. 
 
 Present Active. 
 Ind. fero, fers,fert, 
 
 ferlmus, fertis, ferunt. 
 
 Present Passive. 
 Ind. feror, ferris, fertur, 
 
 ferlmur, ferlmlni, feruntur. 
 
 Infinitive, ferre, to bear. 
 
 Infinitive, ferri, to be borne. 
 
 Im- S. Q.fer,ferto PI. 2.ferte,fert6te S. 2. ferre, fertor PI. 2. ferimini,-nor 
 per. 3. ferto. 3. ferunto. 3. fertor. 3. feruntor. 
 
 Imperf Subj. Active, 
 ferrem, ferres, ferret, 
 ferremus, ferretis, ferrent. 
 
 Imperf. Subj. Passive, 
 ferrer, ferreris (e),ferretur, 
 ferremur, ferremini, ferrentur. 
 
 Rem. 1. The remaining forms are derived regularly from fero, tuli, 
 latum: Subj. Pres. feram, as, ferar, aris (e) ; Ind. Imperf. ferebam, fere- 
 bar; Fut. firam, es, ferar, eris (e) ; Subj. Perf tulerim ; Plupf. tuleram, 
 tulissem ; Inf. Perf. tulii^e ; Inf. Fut. laturus, a, um esse ; Part. Ad. 
 ferens, ntis, laturus, a, um ; Pass, latus, a, um, ferendus, a, utn ; Ger. 
 ferendum. 
 
 Rem. 2. In the same manner the compounds, as : offero, obtuli, 
 oblatum, oflFerre, to offer. From the stem of the Perf. tuli is derived : 
 tollo, sus-tuli, sub-latum, tollere, to raise, take away, carry off. 
 
 The Perf and Sup. are from sufFero (i. e. sursum fero, I carry aloft), 
 from which, sufFero (i. e. sub. and fero), sustuli, sufFerre, to bear, endure, 
 is to be carefully distinguished. 
 
 CXI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Affero, attuli, al latum 3. to bear away, take tum 3. to bring to- 
 
 3. to bring to, bring. away. gether, compare. 
 
 aufero, abstuli, ablatum confero, contuli, colla- defero, detuli, delatum 
 
^ 72.] PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 199 
 
 3. to bring down, praefero, tuli, latum 3. gigas, antis, m. giant. 
 
 offer. to prefer. aeternltas, atis, /. eter- 
 
 efFero, extuli, elatum refero, tuli, latum 3. nity. 
 
 3. to hear forth, bury. to bring back, refer. funditus, adv. from the 
 
 iufero, intuli, illatum, decedere, to go forth, foundation, wholly. 
 
 to bring against ; he\- die. qui (for quo), hoiv, by 
 
 lum infero alicui, / doctor, oris, m. teacher. whom, by what, etc. 
 
 make war upon one. 
 
 Ferte misero atque inopi auxilium. Confer nostram longissimam 
 aetatem cum aeternitate, et brevissima videbitur. Quid quaeque nox, 
 aut dies ferat, incertum est. Incumbe in earn curam et cogitationem, 
 quae tibi summam dignitatem et gloriam afferat. Ferre laborem con- 
 suetudo docet. Pecuniam praeferre amicitiae sordidum est. Ut quis- 
 que maxime ad suum commodum refert, quaecunque agit ; ita minime 
 est vir bonus. Bonum civem reipublicae dignitatem suis omnibus 
 commodis praeferre oportet. Hoc doctoris intelligentis est, videre, 
 quo ferat natura sua quemque. Is denique honos mihi videtur, qui 
 non propter spem futuri beneficii, sed propter magna merita Claris 
 viris defertur-et datur. 
 
 Aristides in tanta paupertate decessit, ut, qui efferretur, vix relique- 
 rit. Poetae ferunt, gigantes bellum diis intulisse. Socrates eundem 
 vultum domum referebat, quern domo extulerat. Quod auri, quod 
 argenti, quod ornamentorum in urbibus Siciliae fuit, id Verres abstulit. 
 Multi etiam naturae vitium meditatione atque exercitatione sustulerunt. 
 Pietate ad versus deum sublata, fides etiam et societas humani generis 
 toUitur. Qui, deum esse, negant, nonne omnem religionem funditus 
 sustulerunt ? Caritate benevolentiaque sublata, omuis est e vita sub- 
 lata jucunditas. 
 
 Bring thou aid to the wretched and the destitute ! If we compare 
 our longest age with eternity, it will be necessary that we acknowledge 
 (subj.) that it is very short. What can bring to us a fairer joy, than 
 virtue. The noble (probus) youth bore (fero) and did all, he sweated 
 and shivered {perf in each case). JuUus Caesar took away (perf ) from 
 king Ptolemy, almost six thousand talents (gen.). What bringest thou, 
 my boy ? I bring a present which my father presents to thee. Dost 
 thou not know, that Epicurus has referred all [things] to (ad) plea- 
 sure ? Pleasure is preferred by many to virtue. All (plur.) that we 
 do, must be referred to virtue. The giants are said (feror) to have 
 made war upon the gods. Cicero relates, that immense treasures 
 were taken by Verres from the cities of Italy. A fault of nature has 
 often been removed (= taken away) by exercise. The enemies were 
 
200 
 
 PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 [U3. 
 
 SO cowardly, that they did not even bear an attack of our soldiers. I 
 did not doubt, that you would (imperf.) bear the injustice offered 
 (affero) you with equanimity. Through cruelty we are borne [on] to 
 the foulest crimes. We feared, that war would be preferred by you 
 to peace. Thou wilt be borne [away] by avarice to base gain. Soli- 
 tude takes away the enjoyment of all pleasures. Thou shouldst not 
 be borne [away] by avarice to base gain. When the news was 
 brought (subj.) that the enemy approached, Caesar led out (perf ) his 
 soldiers from the camp. The wretched [man] asked us, that we 
 would bring aid to him (sibi). 
 
 § 73. 4) Volo, volui, velle, to will, wish. 
 
 nolo (from ne volo), nolui nolle, to be unwilling ; 
 mdlo (from magis volo), mdlui, malle, to choose 
 (would) rather. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 Subjunctive. i 
 
 
 volo 
 
 nolo malo 
 
 velim 
 
 nolim 
 
 mdlim 
 
 . 
 
 vis 
 
 non vis mavis 
 
 veils 
 
 noils 
 
 malls 
 
 
 vult 
 
 non vult mavult 
 
 velit 
 
 nollt 
 
 main 
 
 1 
 
 wo\umus 
 
 nolUmus maliinms 
 
 vellmus 
 
 nollmus 
 
 mallmvs 
 
 *Ah 
 
 vultis 
 
 non vultis mavultis velitis 
 
 nolltis 
 
 malltis 
 
 
 volunt 
 
 nolunt mahmt. velint 
 
 nolint 
 
 molint 
 
 "s. 
 
 volebam 
 
 nolebam malebam wllem 
 
 nollem 
 
 mallem 
 
 4' 
 
 volebas,etc. nolebas,etc.malebas,etc.''yeZZe5, etc 
 
 . nolles, etc. malles^etcl 
 
 
 volam, es. 
 
 etc. nolam, es, etc. 
 
 malam, 
 
 es, etc. 
 
 
 Imperative {of volo and malo wanting). 
 
 
 S.2. noli, noHto; 3. nolito; PI. 2. nolite, nolitote; 
 
 3. nolunto. 
 
 
 Participle. 
 
 
 
 volens, utii 
 
 5 ; nolens, ntis ; 
 
 of malo it 
 
 is wanting. 
 
 Remark. The forms derived from the Perf are regular: volui, nolui, 
 malui ; voluerim, noluerim, maluerirn ; Inf. voluisse, noluisse, maluisse ; 
 Plupf. volueram, nolneram, malueram ; voluissem, noluissem, maluis- 
 sem ; Fid. Perf. voluero, noluero, maluero. The remaining forms are 
 wanting. 
 
 CXII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Defatigare, to weary, nobilitare, to make publicare, to make pub- 
 make weary ; pass, to known, renowned. lie. 
 become weary. 
 
 I 
 
, 
 
 $ 73.] PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 201 
 
 sectari (c. ace), to fol- make hinding. serius, a, um, serious. 
 
 low after, pursue. necessitas, atis, /. ne- ejusmodi, of this sort^ 
 
 adstringere, fo bind, to ctssity. of this nature. 
 
 Qui virtutem suam publicari vult, non virtuti laborat, sed gloriae. 
 Nonne poetae post mortem iiobilitari volunt? Ego non eadem volo 
 Benex, quae volui, adolescens. Si vis amari, ama. Bono mentis fru- 
 endum est, si beati esse volumus. Docllis est, qui attente vult audire. 
 Omnia benefacta in luce se collocari volunt. Si acres ac diligentes 
 esse vultis, magna saepe intelligetis ex parvis. Quem docllem velis 
 facere, simul attentum facias oj)ortet. Sic cum inferiore vivamus, 
 quemadmodum nobiscum superiorem velimus vivere. Praeclare So- 
 crates banc viam ad gloriam proximam dicebat esse, si quis id ageret, 
 ut, qualis haberi vellet, talis esset. Si quis veram gloriam adipisci 
 volet, virtutis officiis fungi debebit. 
 
 Nolumus in conservandis bonis viris defatigari. Homines nolunt, 
 eundem pluribus rebus excellere. Si quid per jocum dixi, nolito in 
 serium convertere. Libero sum judicio, nulla ejusmodi adstrictus ne- 
 cessitate, ut mihi, velim nolim, sit certa tuenda sententia. Socrates 
 noluit ex carcere educi, quum facile posset. Ego me Phidiam esse 
 mallem, quam vel optimum fabrum lignarium. Utrum corporis, an 
 ingenii vires tibi augeri mavis? Multi sibi malunt melius esse, quam 
 alteri. Virtute in alia alius rnavult excellere. Quibus id persuasum 
 est, ut nihil malint se esse, quam bonos viros ; iis rellqua facilis est 
 doctrina. Amicitiae est ea vis, ut, simulatque sibi allquid, quam alteri, 
 maluerit, nulla sit. Vae vobis, qui divitias, quam virtutem sectari ma- 
 vultis ! Malumus cum virtute paucis contenti esse, quam sine virtute 
 multa habere. Aristides, Atheniensis, bonus esse malebat, quam 
 videri. 
 
 If Mve w^ish to bear (fero) our virtue before (prae) ourselves, we do 
 not labor for virtue but for glory. Men [when] old, do not wish the 
 very same which they wished (perf ) [when] young. If you wish to 
 be loved by others, you must also love others. If thou wishest to be 
 happy, thou must cultivate virtue. Why does not thy brother wish 
 to take a walk with us ? Thou askest why he does not wish ; he does 
 wish indeed, but he cannot on account of (per) business. If you wish 
 to undertake a great undertaking (negotium), you must make (adhib- 
 ere) diligent preparation. Wilt thou come to us to-day, or (an) wilt 
 thou not? we wish (Sub. pres.) to know. May you (= you will suhj. 
 pres. of volo) also [when] absent, love us as you are accustomed to love. 
 If it is not allowed to live as we wish, we live as we can. We know 
 not, why you did not wish to come to us yesterday. 
 
202 
 
 PAETICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 [n4. 
 
 Be thou unwilling to become weary in the preservation (gerund) of 
 good men. We are unwilling, that the very same [man] should ex- 
 cel in several things. They, who are bound by a certain (certus) sen- 
 timent, must defend it, [whether] they will [or] not. Wouldst thou 
 live in the country, rather than in the city ? Many would (= choose 
 to) acquire riches, rather than virtue. Timoleon chose (perf) to be 
 esteemed, rather than to be feared (metuo). The wise choose to 
 stand upon (abl.) their own judgment, rather than [upon that] of an- 
 other. Who would not rather be virtuous (= partaking of virtue, 
 compos), than rich? Would you rather live in the city, than in the 
 country ? we would rather live in the country. 
 
 § 74. 5) Eo^ ivi, ttum, ire, to go. 
 
 Ten- 
 ses. 
 
 Indicative. - 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 Impf 
 Futur. 
 
 Perf 
 
 Plpf 
 F.Perf 
 
 eo, is, It, i-mus, itis, eunt 
 l-bam, i-bas, i-bat, etc. 
 l-bo, i-bis, i-bit, etc. i-bunt 
 i-vi, i-visti, i-vit, etc. 
 i-veram, i-veras, i-verat, etc. 
 i-vero, i-veris, i-verit, etc. 
 
 earn, cos, eat, edmus, edtis, eant 
 l-rem, i-res, l-ret, etc. 
 I-turus, a, um sim, etc. 
 i-verim, i-veris, i-verit, etc. 
 i-vissem, i-visses, i-visset, etc. 
 
 Imperative. 
 S. 2. i, i-to, 3. i-to 
 P. 2. i-te, i-tote, 
 
 3. eunto. 
 
 Supine. 
 t-tum, 
 
 i-tU. 
 
 Participle. 
 Pres. i-ens, 
 Gen. eunlis. 
 Fut.i-turus,a,um. 
 
 Gerund, 
 eundum 
 eundi 
 eundo etc. 
 
 Rem. 1. In the same manner the compounds are decHned, as : exeo, 
 I go out, go forth, abeo, I go away, redeo, I return. So also: ven-eo, 
 ven-Ii, (see Rem. 2.), ven-itum, ven-ire, to be soZc? (Imper. Part, and Ger. 
 wanting). Ambire, to go around something, surround, forms an excep- 
 tion, it being entirely regular according to the fourth Conj., as: Pres. 
 ambio, ambtawi, Impf ambie&am, ambirem. Part, ambiens, G. woahientis, 
 Perf ambwi. Sup. ambl^wm, Part, ^mhitus (but the substantive is : am- 
 bitus, us, a going around), Ger. ambienrfuw. 
 
 Rem. 2. The compounds generally drop the v in the ending of the 
 Perf and the parts derived from it and vi if an s follows it, as : abii, 
 abisti, abiit, abierim, abisse, abissem, etc., venii, venieram, veniero. 
 
 Rem. 3. In the simple verb of this class, only the third Pers. Sing, is 
 used of the passive forms, as : itur, one goes, ibatur, one went, itum est, 
 on^ has gone ; the Infin. Fut. Pass, of all verbs is formed by the Infin. 
 in joined to their Supines, as : amatum iri. But the compounds with a 
 transitive 'meaning, form a complete Pass, like other transitive verbs, as : 
 praeterire, to pass by before, pass over, praetereor, / am passed by, prae- 
 
^4.] PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 203 
 
 teriris, — itur, — ^imiir, — imini, — euntur ; praeteribar, etc. ; amhior {am- 
 biuntur, ambiebar) also in the Pass, is regular according to the fourth 
 Conjugation. 
 
 CXIII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Adire, to come to. emori, 3. to die. aliquando, adv. some- 
 
 circumire, to go around, casa, ae, /. a hut. time. 
 
 surround. angustiae, arum,/, war- foede, acfo. basely, in a 
 interire, to decay. row pass. base way. 
 
 obire, to die. silentium, i, n. silence, intempestlve, adv. un- 
 
 perire, to go to ruin, excessus, us, m. depar- timely. 
 
 perish. ture. ohvlam, adv. against, to 
 
 transire, to pass over, praealtus, a, urn, very meet. 
 
 through, away. high, very deep. sero, adv. late, too late. 
 
 Qui ad nos intempestiveadeunt, molesti saepe sunt. Pleraque, ante 
 oculos posita, transimus. Abeunt hirundines hibernis mensibus. Cor- 
 pus mortale aliquo tempore interire necesse est. Pereunt aliquando 
 innocentes; quis neget? nocentes tamen saepius pereunt. Omnes 
 homines summa ope niti decet, ne vitam silentio transeant. Quis du- 
 bitet, quin ex casa vir magnus exire possit? Potius sero, quam nun- 
 quam, obviam eundum est audaciae temeritatique. Omnes cives mili- 
 tibus, qui e bello domum redibant, laeti obviam ibant. Si ita natura 
 paratum esset, ut ea dormientes agerent, quae somniarent, alhgandi 
 omnes essent, qui cubitum irent. Illud erat insltum priscis, esse in 
 morte sensum, neque excessu vitae sic deleri hominem, ut funditus 
 interiret. Augustias Themistocles quaerebat, ne multitudine hoslium 
 circumiretur. Romulus ad deos transisse creditus est. Augustus obiit 
 septuagesimo et sexto aetatis anno. Mihi nunquam persuaderi potuit, 
 animos, dum in corporibus essent mortalibus, vivere ; quum exissent 
 ex iis, emori. Quicquid transiit temporis, perlit. Quum rure rediero, 
 statim te adibo. Pompeius multique alii clari viri foede perierunt. I, 
 quo te fata vocant. Abiit ad deos Hercules: nunquam abisset, nisi, 
 quum inter homines esset, earn sibi viam munivisset. Muros turresque 
 urbis praealtum mare ambiebat. 
 
 Be on thy guard, that thou dost not go to one untimely. Very 
 much which is set before our eyes, is passed over by us. Our body 
 will decay at some time; but that our soul will decay, we cannot be- 
 lieve. Go spiritedly against self-confidence and rashness. Who does 
 not know, how often great men come (= go) forth from huts ! As 
 the soldiers were returning (subj.) home from the war, all the citizens 
 went (perf ) to meet them. In the spring the swallows return to us, 
 
204 
 
 PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 [HS. 
 
 in the autumn they go away. As Caesar was coming out (subj.) of 
 the woods, he was (perf.) surrounded by the enemies. When the 
 soul shall have left the body, it will be happy. We shall go out to 
 meet our parents, who are returning from the country to the city. 
 Hast thou not heard, that Pompey has perished in a base way ? The 
 orators pass over all (plur.) that appears base to speak (sup. in m). 
 The men, ivho pass (part, of transire) their lives in silence, die (obire) 
 without fame. 
 
 § 75. 6) Queo, qulvi, qmtum, quire ^ to be able (can) ; and ne- 
 qiieo^ nequivi, 7iequitum, nequire, not to be able (cannot). 
 
 Both these verbs are inflected throughout like eo, ivi, Itum, ire, to go. 
 Many of their forms, however, occur but rarely and, indeed, in good 
 prose, not at all. These forms are omitted in the following table. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 Pies. 
 
 queo 
 queunt 
 
 nequeo 
 
 nequls 
 
 nequit 
 
 nequimus 
 
 nequTtis 
 
 nequeunt 
 
 queam nequeam 
 queas nequeas 
 queat nequeat 
 queamus nequeamus 
 queatis nequeatis 
 queant nequeant 
 
 Impf. 
 
 
 nequlbam 
 
 nequTrem 
 
 Perf. 
 
 quivi 
 
 nequlvi 
 
 qulverim nequiverim 
 
 Plpf. 
 
 quiveram nequlveram 
 
 quivissem nequissem 
 
 F. Perf. 
 
 quivero 
 
 nequivero 
 
 wanting. 
 
 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 Perf. 
 
 quivisse 
 
 nequivisse 
 
 nequiens 
 nequeuntis, etc. 
 
 Supine : 
 
 quitum, 
 
 quitu {of neqveo it is \ 
 
 vanting). The remaining forms 
 
 are w 
 
 mting, or occur but rarely. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
^6.] 
 
 PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 205 
 
 § 76. 7) Fw, f actus sum, fieri, to become, to happen. 
 
 Preliminary Remark. This verb forms the Pass, of facio. (See 
 §65,4.) 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 Pr. 
 
 Imp. 
 Fut. 
 
 Prf. 
 
 P]pf 
 
 Fut. 
 Prf. 
 
 f I-o, f i-s, fi-t, fl-unt 
 
 fi-ebam, fi-ebas, etc. 
 
 fl-am, fl-es, fi-et, 
 fi-emus, fi-etis, fi-ent 
 
 factus, a, um sum 
 
 factus, a, um eram 
 
 factus, a, um ero 
 
 fl-am, f i-as, f i-at, 
 fl-atnus, fi-atis, flant 
 
 fi-erem, fl-eres, etc. 
 
 Participle. 
 Pres. granting. 
 
 Perf factus, a, um 
 
 Fut. faciendus (a, um) 
 be (lone. 
 futurus (a, um), 7o 
 All the remaining foi 
 cur but rarely. 
 
 Pres. fieri ; 
 Pf. factus, a, um esse ; 
 Fut. factum iri, or fu- 
 turum esse, or fore. 
 
 ichat should or must 
 
 hat icill come to pass. 
 ms are v^^anting or oc- 
 
 Remark. The compounds ofjacio, which are formed from verbs, re- 
 tain facio in the Act. and Jio in the Pass., as: calefacio, calefeci, cale- 
 factum, calefacere, to make warm (calere), calefio, calefactus sum, cal- 
 fieri, to become warm ; but the compounds with prepositions have in the 
 Act. — ficlo, — feci, — fectum, — ficere, and in the Pass. — ficior, — fectus 
 sum, — fici, as : perflcio, perfeci, perfectum, perflcere, to accomplish, per- 
 ficior, perfectus sum, perfici. Only a few compounds with prepositions 
 form the Pass, with Jio and these only in particular forms, as: confit 
 (for conftcitur), it is accomplished, confieri ; defit, it is wanting, defiet. 
 
 CXIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Exulcerare, <o iVn'tafe, e\6qu\, to pronounce. crebro, adv. frequently, 
 
 make worse. adversus, a, um, oppo- fatalfter, adv. conforma- 
 
 generai'e, to make. site. hly to fate. [times. 
 
 retlnere, to hold back, cogitato, adv. ivith pre- interdum, adv. some- 
 prevent, meditation. polite, adv. elegantly. 
 
 Intueri solem adversum nequimus. Decori vis ea est, ut ab honesto 
 non queat separari. Risus interdum ita repente erumpit, ut eum cu- 
 pientes tenere nequeamus. Die, utrum queas, an nequeas mecurn ire. 
 Quum hostes exercitum nostrum fundere nequirent, in castra munita 
 sese receperunt. Quum dux precibus retinere militem nequiret, vim 
 adhibendam censuit. Saepe imperiti medici ea, quaesanare nequeunt, 
 exulcerant. Quum Demosthenes " rho" dicere nequiret, exercitatione 
 fecit, ut planissime diceret. 
 
 Ex inimico coglta posse fieri amicum. Nemo fit casu bonus. Si 
 18 
 
206 DEFECTIVE VERBS. [^ 77. 
 
 fato omnia fiunt ; nihil nos adnionere potest, ut cautiores fiamus. Ne- 
 mo ignavia immortalis factus est. Permultnm interest, utrum pertur- 
 batione allqua animi, quae plerumque brevis est, an consuko et cogita- 
 to fiat injuria. Homo, quod crebro videt, non miratur, eliamsi, cur 
 fiat, nesciat. Non ita generali a natura sumus, ut ad ludum et jocum 
 facti esse videamur, sed ad severitatem potius et ad quaedam studia 
 graviora atque majora. Prudentior fis, accedente senectute. Nego 
 esse fortunam, et omnia, quae fiunt, quaeque futura sunt, ex omni ae- 
 ternitate definita dico esse fataliter. Qua de caussa dicebas, omnia, 
 quae fierent futurave essent, fato contineri ? Fieri potest, ut recte 
 quis seutiat, et id, quod sentit, polite eloqui nequeat. 
 
 Men cannot look upon the opposite sun. The virtues are so (ita) 
 connected and joined together (inter se), that they cannot be separated 
 from each other. Often we cannot prevent a laugh, although (quam- 
 vis with Suhj.) w^e Avould. Say, whether you can go with us, or can- 
 not. There are many diseases which cannot (subj.) be cured. De- 
 mosthenes could not (perf) at first pronounce "rho," but by exercise 
 he effected (= made), that he pronounced [it] very plainly. 
 
 If thou wishest to be learned, learn early. From an enemy, [onej 
 ofl;en becomes suddenly a friend. Men do not become good by chance. 
 If all [things] happen (subj.) by chance, all (omnis) foresight is 
 useless. Dost thou believe, that a man may ever become immortal by 
 cowardice ^ Men become wiser by age. Some philosophers were 
 uncertain, whether all (omniane) might happen by chance ; I am con- 
 vinced, that nothing happens by chance. 
 
 § 77. Defective Verbs ^ i. e. verbs of which only a feiv forms 
 
 are used. 
 
 1) Aio, I say, affirm, say yes, assent. 
 Pres. Ind. aio, ais, ait and aiunt. Subj. aias, aiat and aiant. 
 Impf. Ind. aiebam, has, bat ; bamus, batis, bant. (Subj. Avholly wanting.) 
 Pari, aiens, aientis (as adjective, affirming, affirmative). 
 
 2) Inquam, I say. 
 Pres. inquam, inquis, inquit ; inquimus, inquiunt. [Subj. inquiam]. 
 Impf. inquiebat or inquibat, inquiebant (Suhj, wanting). 
 Fvt. inquies and inquiet. Perf. inquisti and inquit. 
 
 3) f Memini, menmiisse (c. gen. and ace), to remember. 
 ^ Odi, odisse, to hate. 
 »> Coepi, coepisse, to have begun. 
 ^ [ Norn, novisse (nosse), to be acquainted with, know. 
 
$77. 
 
 DEFECTIVE VERBS. 
 
 207 
 
 All four Perfects and the forms derived from them are entirely reg- 
 ular. 
 
 Pcrf. Ind. 
 
 me mini, / re- 
 memher 
 
 odi, I hate 
 
 coepi, / have 
 begvn 
 
 novi, I know 
 
 Subj. 
 
 meminerim 
 
 oderim 
 
 coeperim 
 
 noverim (no- 
 rim) 
 
 Pipf. Ind. 
 
 me mine ram, / 
 
 oderam, I hated 
 
 coeperam, / 
 
 noveram (no- 
 
 
 remembered 
 
 
 had begun 
 
 ram), 1 knew 
 
 Subj. 
 
 meminissem 
 
 odissem 
 
 coepissem 
 
 novissem (nos- 
 sem) 
 
 Fut. Ind. 
 
 meminero, / 
 
 odero, 1 will 
 
 coepero, J shall 
 
 novero (noro), / 
 
 
 shall remem- 
 
 hate 
 
 have begun 
 
 shall knoio 
 
 
 ber 
 
 
 
 
 Frnperfit. 
 
 memento, re- 
 member thou 
 
 mementote, re- 
 vicmber ye 
 
 wanting. 
 
 wanting. 
 
 wanting. 
 
 Inf. Perf. 
 
 meminisse 
 
 odisse 
 
 coepisse 
 
 novisse (nosse) 
 
 Fut. 
 
 wanting. 
 
 osurus esse 
 
 coepturus esse 
 
 wanting. 
 
 Particip. 
 
 wanting. 
 
 osus, exosus, 
 perosus, one 
 whu hates, or 
 has hated very 
 much. 
 
 coepturus, one 
 
 icho will begin 
 
 coeptus, begun. 
 
 wanting. 
 
 Remark. J^ovi is nothing else than the Perf. of nosco (I am ac- 
 quainted with). Instead o^ coepi., coeperam,, etc., coeptus sum, coeptus 
 eram, etc., must be used, when the accompanying Inf is in the Pass., 
 as : urbs aedificari coepta est, the, city has begun to be built. The same 
 is the case with desino. 
 
 CXV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation, 
 
 Abomlnari, to execrate, comoedia, ae,/ comedy, credulus, a, um. credu- 
 commemorare, fo men- insii tutu m, i, ji. an msfi- 
 tution. 
 probrum, i. n, reproach. 
 haruspex, icis, m. sooth- 
 sayer. 
 bell us, a, um, beautiful. 
 consentaneus, a, um 
 suitable. 
 
 lous. 
 invldus, a, um, envious. 
 dum, conj. (with the 
 
 Subj.) provided that. 
 sive (seu), or ; sive 
 
 (seu) — sive (seu), 
 
 whether — or, either 
 
 tion, call to mind. 
 
 evanesco, nui 3. to dis- 
 appear. 
 
 hebesco (without Perf. 
 and Sup.). I am in- 
 operative. 
 
 proferre 3. to produce. 
 
 sapio, ui 3. to be wise. 
 
 Rule of Syntax. When the words of some one are quoted pre- 
 cisely as he spoke them, inquam is used, and is introduced among the 
 words quoted ; but if only the sense of what one has said is quoted, 
 aio is used. 
 
 Contraria ea sunt, quorum alterum ait quid, alterum negat. Cato 
 mirari se aiebat, quod non rideret haruspex, harusplcem quum vidisset. 
 
208 DEFECTIVE VERBS. [^77. 
 
 Ut quimus, aiunt, quando, ut voliiinus, non licet. Sus, ut aiunt, docet 
 Minervain. Tu ais, ego nego. Negat Epicurus, quenquam, qui hon- 
 este Don vivat, jucunde posse vivere. Quasi ego id curem, quid ille 
 aiat, aut neget ; illud quaeio, quid ei, qui in voluptate summum bonum 
 putat, consentaneum sit dicere. Sive tu hoc ais, sive negas ; ego tue- 
 bor sententiam nieam. Negantia contraria sunt aientibus. Ain' (for 
 aisne) tu ? quum res occultissimas aperueris in lucemque protuleris : 
 negabis, esse rem ullam, quae cognosci possit ? Aisne ? Aio. Ne= 
 gasne? Nego. Agricola serit arbores, quae aheri saeculo prosint, ut 
 ait ilJe in Menandri comoedia. Non credimus, inqultis, vera esse, quae 
 dicimus. Tu vero, inquisti, mihi molestus nunquam eris. Amicus 
 meus, inquies, nonne est homo beHus ? Praeclare Plato : Beatum, in- 
 quit, cui etiam in senectute contigerit, ut sapientiam verasque opin- 
 iones assequi possit. 
 
 I deny that, which thou assertest. If I say yes, he [also] says yes ; 
 if I say, no (deny), he also says no. It is said, that thou wilt leave the 
 city. I know not, whether thou affirniist the thing, or deniest [it]. 
 Affirmative (= affirming) opinions (sententia), are contrary to negative 
 (= denying) [opinions]. They said, that thy father set out for (ad) 
 Rome. It is delightful and becoming, says Horace, to die for one's 
 country. Thou hast erred, thou wilt say perhaps. Never, says he, is 
 a friend troublesome to me. 
 
 Meminerlmus, etiam adversus infimos justitiam esse servandam. 
 Animus meminit praeteritorum, praesentia cernit, futura providet. Be- 
 neficia meminisse debet is, in quern collata sunt, non commemorare, 
 qui contuiit. Illud semper memento : Qui ipse sibi sapiens prodesse 
 nequit, nequicquam sapit. Quod tu mihi dixisti, pulchre meminero. 
 Qui patriae beneficia meminerint, semper pro ejus salute arma capes- 
 eere parati erunt. Memento mori. 
 
 Omnes oderunt eum, qui immemor est beneficii. Libertatis inimi- 
 cos, effici non potest, quin (= ut non) oderim. Invidi virtutem et bo- 
 num alienum oderunt. Virtus necesse est res sibi contrarias aspernetur 
 atque oderit. Probos amamus, improbos odimus. Non dubito, quin 
 mali me oderint. Vox dira et abominanda: Oderint, dum metuant. 
 Cicero, penitus oderat Clodium. Judicem neque studere cuiquam de- 
 cet, neque odisse, neque irasci. Non ita amare debemus, ut si aliquan- 
 do osuri simus. Romani regum nomen perosi sunt. 
 
 Dimidium facti, qui bene coepit, habei. Oracula evanuerunt, post- 
 quam homines minus creduli esse coeperunt. Postquam divitiae ho- 
 nori esse coeperunt, et eas gloria, imperium, potentia sequebatur : he 
 
^78.] IMPERSONAL VERBS. 209 
 
 bescere virtus, paupertas probro esse coepit. Turpe est, rem bene 
 coeptam male finire. Uudique in murum lapides conjici coepti sunt 
 Urbs obsideri coepta est. 
 
 Deum colit, qui novit Nihil mihi stultius videtur, quam existimare 
 eum studiosum tui, quem non noris. Qui se ipse norit, aliquid sen- 
 tiet se habere divinum, tantoque munere dei semper dignum aliquid et 
 faciet et sentiet. Quam quisque norit artem, in hac se exerceat. 
 
 You should forget favors conferred, [but] remember those received. 
 We shall remember thee, even when thou art absent. If we remem- 
 ber the favors conferred upon us (in nos) by our parents, we shall nev- 
 er be ungrateful towards (adversus) them. When we remember youth 
 happily passed (agere), we are delighted. As often as (quotiescunque) 
 I remembered the good principles of my teachers, a desire after (gen.) 
 those excellent men seized (occupare) me. 
 
 We hate the men, who are unmindful of favors received. Who is 
 there, who does riot (quin) hate (subj.) the enemies of freedom? We 
 did not know, why he hated us. Men love the upright, [and] hate the 
 wicked. I doubt not, that the wicked hate me. The (is) friend is not 
 agreeable (gratus) to us, who loves us as one about to hate us. It is 
 known, that the Romans hated (perf ) the name of kings very much. 
 Him, who is unfortunate, all hate. 
 
 Thou hast begun the thing well, but ended badly. Scarcely had 
 the soldiers begun to fortify the camp, when the enemies were (perf!) 
 discovered. Already had the enemies begun to assault the city, as 
 suddenly our soldiers came (perf) for (dat.) aid to the citizens, ^er 
 the banishment of the kings, (abl. abs.), two consuls began to be chosen 
 yearly. 
 
 I know not, whether (ne attached to the verb) thou art acquainted 
 with my friend, but if thou shall become acquainted with him, thou 
 wilt love him. Judge not concerning a man, before you know him. 
 Do you know the way ? we do not know it. When any one wishes 
 to preside over the republic, he should (oportet with Suhj.) be acquaint- 
 ed with its laws and institutions. Art thou personally (= from ap- 
 pearance, de facie) acquainted with my friend? (= I am not acquaint- 
 ed with him), but I desire (opto) to know (== that I may know) him. 
 
 § 78. Impersonal Verbs (46. Rem.) 
 
 1) Verbs which indicate certain appearances of Nature. 
 
 fulgurat, it lightens, {it fulmtnat, it lightens, gelat, it freezes. 
 
 thunders. grandinat, it hails. 
 
 18* 
 
210 IMPERSONAL VERBS. [^ 78. 
 
 illucescit, uxit, it he- ningit, xit, it snows. vesperascit, ravit, it he- 
 covies light, day. puit, it rains. comes evening. 
 
 Rem. I. These verbs may be inflected through all the modes aud 
 tenses, as : 
 
 tonat tonet tonuit tonuerit tonare 
 
 tonabat tonaret tonuerat tonuisset tonuisse. 
 
 The other Impersonal Verbs here introduced of the first Conjugation, 
 have avit. 
 
 2) decet, uit (c. ace.) licet, it is allowed. pertaesum est, it dis- 
 
 it is hecoming. miseret, uit it excites gusts. 
 
 dedecet, uit (c. ace.) it (one's) pity. piget, uit, it irks. 
 
 is not becoming. miseretur, ritum est, it poenltet, uit, it repents. 
 
 Ubet or lubet, uit, it excites pity. [fid. pudet, uit, it shames, 
 
 pleases. oportet, uit, it is need- taedet, uit, it disgusts. 
 
 3) There are also many personal verbs used as impersonal 
 in a particular meaning, as : 
 
 accedit, essit [ut or contingit, igit, it falls juvat, juvit, it delights, 
 
 quod), it is added to one's lot. liquet, quit, it is clear, 
 
 {that). convenit, enit, it is Jit. patet, uit, it is obvious. 
 
 accidit, it happens. evenit, enit, it happens, placet, uit, it pleases. 
 
 apparet, uit ; it is evi- expedit, it is useful. praestat, itit, it is bet- 
 dent, fallit, fefellit(me), if €5- ter. [capes {me). 
 
 attinet, uit, it pertains capes {me). praeterit, iit (me), ites- 
 
 to. fugit, fagir, (me), it es- re fert,retulit,t< concerns 
 
 conducit, xit, it is ser- capes {me), it is un- restat, it remains, 
 
 viceable. known. sufficit, ecit, it is suffir 
 
 constat, stitit, it is interest, fuit, it con- dent. 
 
 known. cerns. superest, it remains. 
 
 Rem. 2. These impersonals, also, can be inflected in all the modes 
 and tenses. 
 
 4) Finally there belong here the third Pers. Sing. Pass, of 
 ■all verbs, especially of intransitive verbs, through all the modes 
 and tenses, as : 
 
 Aratur, they plough, aretur, they may plough ; arabatur, they ploughed, 
 araretur, they might plough ; aratum est, they have ploughed, aratum sit, 
 they may have ploughed; aratum erat, they had ploughed, aratum esset, 
 they might have ploughed, aratum erit, they will have ploughed; Inf. in 
 dependent discourse: arari, {xhoX) they plough, SiYaXMm esse, (that) </iei/ 
 have ploughed, aratum iri, (that) they will plough. — Ridetur, they laugh; 
 ludebatur, they played; dormietur, they will sleep ; itur, they go ; ventum 
 est, they Imve corm. 
 
^^9, 80.] PREPOSITION, ETC. FORMATION OF WORDS. 211 
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 § 79. Preposition. — Conjunction. — Interjection. 
 
 1. In addition to the parts of speech which have already- 
 been treated of, there remain the co7ijunction and interjection. 
 Of these, the conjunction, as it is employed in connecting sen- 
 tences, will be more properly treated of in the Syntax, and 
 the interjection needs no special treatment beyond a mere defi- 
 nition ; for which see k 6. Rem. 2. 
 
 2. Th-e preposition, in addition to the table of prepositions 
 given in § 34, and the remarks upon its use in the Syntax (^ 93.), 
 requires some additional illustration here. Most prepositions 
 are used also as adverbs, as: ante, post, prope, juxta, infra, su- 
 pra, citra, ultra, intra, extra, contra, circa (circum). Nearly all 
 prepositions are used in composition, as : interrogo, decedo, com- 
 pono (com, con, co = cum in composition), etc. Liseparable 
 prepositions are those which occur only in composition, viz : 
 amb {am, an) around, as : amb-ire, am-plector, an-fractus ; — dis 
 (di), asunder, from each other, as : dis-cedo, di-spergo ; — re (back, 
 again), as : re-vertor, re-cludo ; — se (aside, apart), as: se-p6no; 
 — sus (su), up, upon, as : sus-cipio, su-spicio ; finally, the nega- 
 tive ne, as : ne-scire. 
 
 CHAPTER m. 
 
 § 80. Formation of Words. 
 I. Verbs. 
 
 1. Frequentatives, i. e. verbs which express a repetition of the 
 action, are formed from other verbs by adding Uare to the stem 
 of the Pres., as : ago, / drive, ag-Ito, / drive hither and thither, 
 clara-o, I cry, clam-ito, I cry continually. 
 
 2. Intensives, i. e. verbs which express a permanence or con- 
 tiwuance in an action, are formed from the Sup. of other verbs, 
 as : verto, verti, versura, vertere, to turn, verso, to turn hither 
 and thither ; they follow the first Conjugation. 
 
212 FORMATION OF WORDS. [^ 80- 
 
 3. Desideratives, i. e. verbs which express a desire or striving 
 after the thing indicated by their primitives, have the ending 
 U7'io, as: esn-rio, I desire to eat (from edo, edi, essum), coenat- 
 urio, I long for supper (from coeno, avi, atum); they follow the 
 fourth Conjugation. 
 
 4. Inchoatives, i. e. verbs which express a becoming or begin- 
 niiig of that which their primitives express, have the endings 
 asco, esco, isco, as ; exhorr-esco, / shudder (from horreo), con- 
 cup-isco, I desire (from cupio), repuer-SiSco, I become a, boy again 
 (from puer) ; they follow the third Conjugation. 
 
 5. Diminutives, i. e. verbs which express a diminution of 
 the idea expressed by their primitives, have the ending, iUo, 
 as : (canto) cantillo, 1 chant. 
 
 II. Substantives. 
 
 1. Nouns in tor (fem. trix), are formed from the supines of 
 verbs and designate ^er^on^s in active relations (actors), as: vic- 
 tor, victrix, a conqueror (from vinco, vici, victum). 
 
 2. Those in io, are formed from the supines of verbs, and 
 like English substantives in ing, express the action of the verbs 
 from which they are formed as taking place, as : laesio, an iji- 
 juring (from laedo, laesi, laesum), emendatio, an emending (from 
 
 emendo, avi, atum). 
 
 3. Those in o, 67iis, are derived either from verbs or nouns, 
 and designate persons with an idea of contempt, as : capito 
 (from caput), blockhead. 
 
 4. Those in us (gen. us), are derived from supines, and sig- 
 nify mostly a completed action, an effect, as : mors us, a bite 
 (from mordeo, momordi, morsum). 
 
 5. Those in ulus, via, ulam; olas, ola, olum ; ellus, ella, ellum; 
 illus, ilia, Ulam, indicate an object as small [diminutives), as : 
 hortuliis, a little garden, vocula, a slight voice (from vox) ; filio- 
 lus, a little son, fihola, a little daughter, asseUus, an ass colt. 
 
 Remark. Tlie gender of diminutives follows the gender of their 
 primitives. 
 
 6. Those in etum, signify a place abounding in that expressed 
 by their primitives, as: quercetum, an oak-grove, dumetum, a 
 thorn-thicket (from dumus, a tJwrn bush). 
 
$ 80.] FORMATION OF WORDS. 213 
 
 7. Those ill la (itia), G. lae; — tds, G. tdtis ; tits, G. tiitis ; tiido, 
 G. tudimis ; — edo and ido, G, inis, express an abstract quality, as : 
 andacia (from audax,) boldness, sapientia (from sapiens), wis- 
 dom; laetitia (from laetus),joy, avaritia (from avdrus), avarice; 
 — bonitas (from bonus), goodness, celeritas (from celer), swift- 
 ness ; — servitus (from servus), servitude; — fortitiido (i^tomfortis), 
 bravery, mdigmiwdo (from magnus), greatness; — dulcedo (from 
 dulcis), sweetness, cupido (from cupldus), desire. 
 
 8. Gentile Nouns, i. e. names o^ peoples and countries. Names 
 of countries are mostl}^ formed from the names of peoples, with 
 the ending ia, as: (Macedo, 6n-is) Macedonia; (Thrax, ac-is) 
 Thracia, etc. On the contrary, names of peoples having the 
 adjective-endings : lus, anus, inus, enus, ensis (iensis), as ( G. dtis), 
 Icus, idcus, alcus, are formed either from names of countries or 
 cities, as: (Cyprus) Cyprius; (Roma) Romdnus; (Venusia) 
 Venuslnus ; (Pergamus) Pergamenus ; (Athenae) Athenicnsis ; 
 (Arpinum) Arplnas; (Colchis) Colchicus; (Aegyptus) Aegijp- 
 tide us ; (Thebae) Thebaicus. 
 
 9. Fatronymics, i. e. personal appellations derived from one's 
 descent. These have the endings : ides, G. idae. Fern, is (from 
 primitives in us and or) ; ides, F. eis (from primitives in eus) ; 
 ddes or lades, F. as (ias) (from primitives in as or es of the first 
 Dec. or in ius),B.s: (Prianuis) Priamides ; (Agenor) Agenorl' 
 des; (Tantalus) F Tantdlis ; — (Peleus) Pelides; (Theseus) F. 
 Theseis; — {Aen^dis) Aeneddes ; (Thestius) Thestiddes; F. Thes- 
 tias. 
 
 III. Adjectives. 
 
 1. Those in eus, a, um, are adjectives o^ material, as: ferreus, 
 iron, ligneus, wooden, marmoreus, of marble. 
 
 2. Those in inus, a, um, and 7ieus, a, um, are principally de- 
 rived from the names ofplayits and minerals, as : faglnus, beech- 
 en, of beech, querneus, of oak, crystalllnus, of crystal; aburneus, 
 of ivory. 
 
 3. Those in nu^, a, um, emus, a, um, and Inus, a, um, relate 
 to designations of time and place, as: vernus, belonging to 
 spring; exiemus, external ; hodiernus, of to-day, Sieieinus, eter- 
 nal; diutrnus, of long duration. 
 
 4. Those in inus, a, um, relate, mostly, to the different kinds 
 
214 FORMATION OF WORDS. [$ 80. 
 
 of aniiTwls, as : leporinns (lepus, leporis, the hare), of the hare, 
 caro ^nsex'mdi, goose-meat. 
 
 5. Those in ilis and bilis, express a capability or fitness, as : 
 utilis, useful, docllis, teachable ; araabllis, amiable. 
 
 6. Those in bundus, express the idea of a present participle 
 but with more intensity, as : populabundus, ravaging (stronger 
 \}ciaxi pcypulans), mirabLindus,/k// of wonder ; those in cundus ex- 
 press 2. permanent quality or habit, as : facundus, fluent, iracun- 
 diis, passio?iate, verecundns, respectful. 
 
 1. Those in osus, tus, olentus or ulentus, idus express fulness, 
 abundance or excess, as : arenosus, sandy (abounding in sand), 
 auritus, long-eared, auratus, gilt (furnished with gold), onestus, 
 loaded down, vetustus, ancient, violentus, impetuous, turbulen- 
 iVi^, full of commotion, herbidus, covered with grass. 
 
SYNTAX 
 
 OR THE PRINCIPLES OF SENTENCES. 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 § 81. Sentence. — Subject. — Predicate. 
 
 1. A thought expressed in words, is called a sentence^ as : 
 the rose blooms^ rosa floret; the rose is beautiful^ rosa pul- 
 chra est. 
 
 2. The necessary parts of a sentence are: 
 
 a) The subject^ i. e. that of which something is as- 
 serted, as : the rose, rosa ; 
 
 b) The predicate, i. e. that which is asserted of the 
 subject, as: blooms, Roret] is beautifid, ipulchra. est. 
 
 3. The subject is a substantive, as : 7'ose, rosa, or some 
 other word or clause used substantivehj, e. g. a pronoun, an 
 adjective, an Infin., as : I, thou, he, this, the ivise. The sub- 
 ject stands in the nominative. 
 
 4. The predicate is a verb, or an adjective or substantive 
 in connection with the verb esse, which in this case is call- 
 ed the copula (bond). 
 
 Rosa j?oref. — Rosa pulchra est. — Rosa/o5 est 
 
 Remark. In the Latin language each form of the Jlnite verb may 
 form a sentence ; for it signifies at the same time, a person of whom 
 something is said, and that which is said of him, as : amo, I love. 
 
 § 82. Limitation of the Subject and Predicate. 
 
 1. The predicate may be limited in the following ways: 
 
 a) By a case of the substantive which is then called 
 the object, as : virtutem amo ; 
 
 b) By the preposition with a substantive, as : pro patria 
 pagnamus; 
 
 c) By the infinitive, as : scribere cupio ; 
 
 d) By an adverb, as: bene scribis. 
 
216 AGREEMENT. [^ 83. 
 
 2. The subject^ or object may be limited in the following 
 ways: 
 
 a) By an adjective (attributive adjective), as : rosa 
 pulchra ; 
 
 b) By the genitive of a substantive (attribidive gen.), 
 as : hortus regis ; 
 
 c) By a substantive which stands in the same case 
 as the word which it limits, as : Alexander, rex 
 Macedonnm, Magnus appellatur. A substantive of 
 this kind is said to be in apposition. 
 
 Remark. The attributive adjective agrees with the noun which it 
 limits in gender, number and case. This is so even in the adjectives : 
 primus, ultimus, extremus, postremus, intimus, summus, medius, inJimuSy 
 imus and reliquus, although they designate only particular parts of ob- 
 jects and are rendered into English by partitive phrases {Jlrst part, last 
 part, etc. of a thing). 
 
 § 83. Agreement. 
 
 1. The verb agrees with its subject in person and number; 
 the adjective in gender, number and case (nominative). 
 
 Ego scribo ; tu scribis ; ille scribit. Rosa floret. Rosae florent. 
 Amicus fidus est. Virtus pulchra est. Corpus caducum est. Puer 
 magnus. Puella parva. Corpus caducum. Indus omnium flumi- 
 num maximus est. 
 
 Rem. 1. Sometimes, however, the predicate does not agree with 
 the grammatical form of the subject, but with a noun implied in it 
 (Constructio ad intellectum), which is particularly the case in collective 
 nouns, as : pars bestiis objedi sunt. — Magna multitudo convenerant. 
 
 2. The substantive, as predicate, agrees with the subject 
 only in case ; it agrees with it in gender, number and case^ 
 only when it signifies a person, and hence, either has sepa- 
 rate forms for the masculine and feminine, or is of the com- 
 mon gender. The same is the case with the substantive 
 in apposition. 
 
 Rosa flos est. Athenae fuerunt urbs. Romulus fuit rex. Tomyris 
 fuit regina. Tomyris, reg'ina Scytharum, Cyrum, regem Persarum, 
 devicit. Bactra, regionis caput, sita sunt sub monte Parapamiso. 
 
 Rem. 2. When the neuters of adjectives, pronouns and numerals are 
 used as nouns, and signify a number of single things, they do not, as is 
 
§ 83.] AGREEMENT. 2if 
 
 generally the case in English, stand in the singular, but in the pluraL 
 Omnia humana sunt fragiiia (everything human). Futura incerta sunt 
 (the future). Haec sunt vera, ilia falsa (this — that). Multa, pauca, etc. 
 
 3, When there are two or more subjects in one sentence,, 
 the verb stands in \he plural. If the subjects have the same 
 gender^ the adjective as predicate, takes the same gender 
 and stands in the plural ; but if they have different genders, 
 in designations of persons, the adjective agrees with the 
 masculine subject in preference to Xhe feminine, but in names 
 oi things the adjective generally stands in the neuter plural, 
 
 Pompeius, Scipio, Afranius foede perierunt. Caesar et Pompeius for- 
 tissimifuerunt. Terra et luna sunt glohosae. Pater et mater mihi cart 
 sunt. Inter se contraria sunt beneftcium et injuria. 
 
 Rem. 3. When, how^ever, the subjects are connected by ant — aut, et 
 — et (as well — as also), nee — nee, or when it is designed lo make one 
 subject more prominent than the others, the predicate agrees with the 
 nearest subject, which, in the last case, is always the subject to be ren- 
 dered prominent. 
 
 4. When subjects of different persons sxe connected, the 
 first person predominates over the second and third persons, 
 and the second over the third, and the predicate stands in 
 the plural. 
 
 Ego et tu scribimus. Ego et frater scribimus. Ego, tu et frater 
 scribimus. Tu et frater scribitis. Ego et fratres scribimus. Tu et 
 fratres scribitis. Nos et fratres scribimus. Vos et fratres scribitis. 
 
 CXVI. Exercises for translation. (^ 81 — 83.) 
 I. Our body is mortal, our soul immortal. The forehead, the eyes, 
 the expressions often lie. God is the creator and governor of the 
 whole world. History is a good instructress. The Scythians were 
 a very warlike people. Alexander, king of the Macedonians, carried 
 on (perf ) a war with Darius, king of the Persians. The divine is eter- 
 nal, the human frail. We often hold the unknown for (pro) known 
 and assent to it inconsiderately. O boy, hear much [but] speak little ! 
 Gold, silver, brass, iron, in short (denFque) all metals are produced 
 (gignere) for the use of men. The father, the mother and the sister 
 of my friend, have all died within a year. Thy son and thy daughter 
 are very dear to me. Labor and pleasure, by a (quidam) natural alli- 
 ance, are united together (inter se). Arrogance, hatred and envy are 
 19 
 
218 DOUBLE NOMINATIVE. [^ 84. 
 
 foreign to the mind of the wise. I and my brother returned (perf ) 
 yesterday from the journey. I and my brother learn, thou and thy 
 brother play. We and my parents rejoice at (de) your return. 
 
 II. Life is short, art is long. The lark and the nightingale sing de- 
 lightfully. Experience is the best instructress. The Carthaginians 
 were a treacherous people. Wisdom is the governess of all things. 
 Writers extol Solon, the law-giver of the Athenians, on account of 
 his wisdom. Everything earthly is fleeting. The past we cannot 
 change. The future is uncertain. Corinth and Charthage were (perf.) 
 destroyed by the Romans. Dominion (plur.), posts of honor, riches, 
 power (opes) are fortuitous. The walls and gates of the taken city 
 were destroyed (perf) by the soldiers. The king and queen are veiy 
 dear to all the citizens. The father and mother have set out on a 
 journey. Thy brother and sister are very good. I rejoice, that (quod) 
 thou and thy brother are well. We and our parents shall set out on a 
 journey to-morrow. Thou and thy sister remain in the city. 
 
 § 84. Double Nominative. 
 As there are two nominatives with the copula esse^ the 
 nominative of the subject and the nominative of the predi- 
 cate, so also the following verbs take two nominatives: 
 
 a) The verbs of becoming : fio^ evddo, existo^ nascor ; 
 
 b) The verb maneo (I remain), and videor (I seem, ap- 
 pear) ; 
 
 c) The verbs which mean : / am called, as : appellor^ 
 vocor, dicor, etc. ; 
 
 d) The verbs which signify, I am made, chosen, appointed 
 something, as : creor, ellgor, etc. ; 
 
 e) The verbs which mean : I am considered, accounted 
 something, I am recognized, found as something, and 
 the like, as : putor, existimor, judicor, habeor, cognos- 
 cor, invenior, etc. 
 
 Brutus Romanorum libertatis vindex exstitit. Nemo docius nasdtur. 
 Gloria Romanorum aeterna manet. Cicero consul creatus est. Cicero 
 pater pati'iae appellatus est. Virtus summum honum judicanda est. 
 
 CXVII. Exercises for tra7islaiion. (^84.) 
 
 I. No one has become immortal by cowardice. Cicero, in the 
 Catiiiuian (Catilinarius) war, appeared (existere) [as] the defender of 
 
^ 85, 8G.] CLASSES OF VERBS. TENSES. 219 
 
 the state. The rich often become (evadere) beggars. No one is 
 born rich. After Romuhis, Numa Pompilius was elected (perf.) 
 king by the Romans. Piety is justly considered the foundation of 
 all the virtues. The renown of Roman braveiy will remain forever 
 (= eternal). Philosophy is called by Cicero, the guide (= leader) of 
 life, the investigator (fern ) of virtue and the banisher (fern.) of vice, the 
 inventress of laws, the instructress of customs and of discipline. Un- 
 expected evils appear greater than [those] expected. Demosthenes is 
 justly considered the most distinguished orator of the Greeks. Cicero 
 and Anthony were elected consuls. 
 
 II. Quintus Fabius was chosen (perf) general by the Romans. 
 Men become wiser by age. The orations of Demosthenes and Cicero 
 are considered models of eloquence. A bad poet never becomes 
 (evadere) a good [one]. Lycurgus came forward (perf of existere) as 
 the law-giver of the Lacedemonians. Virtue is justly considered the 
 highest good. Aristides was called the just by the Athenians. The 
 renown of some will remain eternal. Cyrus was elected the first king 
 of the Persians. The sun appears to us smaller than it is. Thou 
 wast born good, but hast become bad. 
 
 § So. Classes of Verbs. 
 
 1. There are two kinds of verbs, active and passive. 
 In an active verb, the subject appears as active, as : ro- 
 sa floret; — puer epistolam scribit. Those active verbs 
 which take an accusative are called transitive, as: puer 
 epistolam scribit ; but the rest are called intransitive, as : ro- 
 ^di floret; — sapiens meminit mortis: — pater iihi favet; — ami- 
 cus iraudet adventu amici; — eo in m-bem. 
 
 2. In the passive the subject appears as suffering (receiv- 
 ing the action), as : bonus discipulus laudatur a preceptori- 
 bus, malus vituperatur. 
 
 3. Deponent verbs are those which have 3. passive form 
 but an active signification, as : dux hortatur milites ; — 
 morior. 
 
 § S6. Tenses of the Verb, 
 
 1. The tenses are divided into two classes : 
 
 a) Principal Tenses : the Pres. Perf. and Future ; 
 
220 MODES OF THE VERB. § 87.] 
 
 scribo, Iivrite^scripsi, I have ivritten^ scribo, 1 shall 
 write ^ scripsero, I shall have loritten; 
 b) Historical Tenses : Imperf. Piuperf. and the nar- 
 rative Perf. : scribebam, / ivrole, loas luriting^ scrip- 
 seram, I had written, scrips!, Iiorote. 
 
 Rem. The narrative Perf. is called the Perf. historical and is trans- 
 lated into English by the Imperf. ; the proper Perf is called the Perf. 
 present, and is translated into English by the Perf The Latin histori- 
 cal Perf always expresses the action as past, and so also does the 
 Latin Imperf but yet always as standing in relation to another past ac- 
 tion to which it corresponds in time, as : scribeham, quura veniebas (vene- 
 ras). Hence the Perf is used in relating principal events, the Imperf. 
 in relating accompanying circumstances. Caesar iirbem intravit ; omnes 
 cives laetabantur victoriamque de hostibus reportatam ei gratulabantur. 
 
 CXVIIL Exercises for translation. (§ 86.) 
 L God has made the whole world. Romulus built Rome. Hannibal 
 vanquished the Romans in (abl.) the second Punic war. The enemies 
 assaulted the city, which lay upon a hill. The city was captured by 
 the enemies, but the citizens had already deserted it. So long as thou 
 shall be fortunate, thou wilt number many friends. In a short [time] 
 I shall have finished this business. If we shall have fulfilled our duties, 
 we shall be happy (beatus). Even as we shall have treated others, 
 will they treat us. 
 
 II. The book, which you sent me, I have read through carefully. 
 Carthage and Corinth were destroyed by the Romans. The Romans 
 carried on many wars with the Germans, who were a very brave peo- 
 ple. An immense number of men had come together into {in with 
 ace.) the city. The remembrance of renowned men will be obscured 
 by no oblivion. After a few days I shall have returned. As thou 
 shalt have sown (sementem facere), [so] thou wilt reap (metere). The 
 more we shall have exercised our minds by the study of literature, so 
 much the more we shall delight in it. If thou shalt have adorned the 
 soul with virtues, thou wilt be happy. 
 
 § 87. Modes of the Verb. 
 
 1. The Indicative is the mode which expresses /<2c^5, re- 
 alities. 
 
 Rosa. Jloret. Pater epistolam scripsit. Amhulaho. 
 2. The Subjunctive is the mode which is employed in 
 expressing what is imagined or barely conceived of. 
 
§ 87.] MODES OF THE VERB. 2M 
 
 a) The Subjunctive of the principal tenses, especially 
 of the Pres., is used in principal sentences to express 
 a supposition or presumption, a doubting- question, an 
 encourag-ement, exhortation, a wish. We may often 
 translate this Subjunctive into English, by the Subj. 
 Imperf. or by the auxiliaries, ought, might, could, 
 shoidd, loould with the Infin. 
 
 Nemo sanus de virtutis pretio dubitet Quis de animorum immorta- 
 litate dubitet'? Eamus! (let us go! or: we would go!) Utlnam ami- 
 cus convalescat ! 
 
 b) The Subjunctive of the historical tenses is used in 
 principal sentences to express a supposition the opposite 
 of ivhat really is, or is not, as : errares, thou ivouldst 
 err ; errasses, thou looiddst have erred; si hoc diceres, 
 errares, if thou shouldst say this, thou ivoiddst err; 
 sic hoc dixisses, errasses, if thou hadst said this, 
 thou luouldst have erred; so : non errares, non erras- 
 ses', hence crederes, putares, cerneres, videres (one 
 might believe, might see) ; besides, the Subj. of these 
 tenses is used to express a ivish of which one knoivs 
 that it ivill not be realized (imperfect), or has not been 
 realized (pluperfect), as : utinam amicus convalesce- 
 ret ! utinam amicus convaluisset I finally, the Subj. 
 Imperf. is used in a doubting question in reference to 
 
 past time, as: quid facerem? (what should I have 
 
 done?) 
 
 3. The Imperative is used to express commands, as: scri' 
 
 be. The two forms of the second person of the imperative 
 
 are thus distinguished : the shorter forms (ama, amate) have 
 
 a milder, the longer forms (amato, amatote) di stronger mean- 
 
 Iing ; hence these last should be translated by should or must 
 and are used especially in directions and injunctions. 
 Ferte misero atque iuopi auxilium. Collto virtutem. Leges abser- 
 vanlor. Discipulus amato praeceptores. 
 Remark. The negative with the Imper. and also with the Subj. of 
 encouraging and exhorting, is expressed by we (not by non), as : ne scribe ; 
 
222 GENITIVE. [^ 88. 
 
 ne eamus. However, instead of ne with the Imper. noli, nolite with the 
 lufinitive are often used, as : noli scribere, do not write ; nolite garrire, 
 pueri ! 
 
 CXIX. Exercises for translation. (5 87.) 
 
 I. The view of Epicurus concerning the highest good, I could not 
 approve. Why should we doubt concerning (de) the immortality of 
 the soul (plur.) ? We should love our native country! We would 
 bear with equanimity, all which happens to us ! The principles of 
 virtue we would not neglect! The beginning (principiumjoZwr.) of all 
 things should be taken (ducere) from the immortal gods! What ^as 
 
 Jallen to the lot (obtingere) of each one, this each one should hold fast 
 (tenere). O that all would strive after virtue ! Without thy aid, I 
 bad been the most unhappy man. O that thou hadst been silent ! 
 What should I have answered ? Flatter ye not bad men. Thou 
 shouldst obey [thy] parents and teachers. Scholars should respect 
 (vereri) their teachers. O boys, you should be present at school not 
 only with (abl.) your bodies, but also with your minds. 
 
 II. The betraying of his country no one should praise. Nobody 
 should believe a lying man. Who should not admire the beauty of 
 the world ! We would not without reason expose (ofFerre) ourselves 
 to dangers. We should rejoice at the prosperity of others ! We 
 should be affected in the very same way towards friends as (quo) 
 towards ourselves. O that all men would honor virtue ! Mayest thou 
 always live happily (beate) ! The sedition of the soldiers, a word of 
 the general would have quieted. O that thou hadst been present soon- 
 er! I should not now be so unhappy. Whither should we have fled ! 
 Do not chatter, boys ! We should always contemplate the heavenly 
 and despise the human. Evil desires should always be restrained by 
 the reason. We should contemj)late the illustrious (illustris, e) ex- 
 amples of virtue which are pointed out in history. 
 
 OF THE CASES. 
 
 §88. A. The Genitive, 
 
 The g'enitive stdinds in answer to the question: whose? 
 of whom ? of luhat ? and indeed, with the following words 
 and expressions : 
 
 1. With misereor, I pit//, and the impersonals me pudet, 
 
I 
 
 § 88.] i&ENITIVE. g23 
 
 pig'et, poenitetj taedet and miser et^ I am ashamed of^ disgust" 
 ed at, repent of, loathe, pity (something). 
 
 Infelidum hominum misereor. Me miseret tui. Nunquam primi consi' 
 Hi deiim poemtet. Me vltae taedet. 
 
 2. With egere and indigere, to need, loant, (which also 
 sometimes take the ablative), and the adjectives : cuptdus^ 
 avidus, studiosus. 
 
 Aegrdtus medicinae eget. Virtus plurimae exercitationis indiget. Vir 
 sapiens veritatis est studiosus. 
 
 3. With the verbs : memini, reminiscor, obliviscor ; — admo' 
 neo, commoneo, commonefacio aliquem ; — with the adjectives : 
 memor, immemor ; conscius, nescius, inscius ; gnarus, ignd- 
 rus ; prudens, imprudens ; peritus, imperltus ; consultus, 
 rudis. 
 
 Pueri, meminerint verecundiae. Boni homines praeteriti temporis cum 
 
 voluptate reminiscuntur. Verus aniicus amid nunquam oblivisdtur. 
 
 Veteris te amidtiae commonefado. Cono prudens rei militaris fuit. Be- 
 nefidorum memores estote. 
 
 Remark 1. Memini, reminiscor, obliviscor are often, and recordor al- 
 most always connected with the accusative. 
 
 4. With many participles in ans and ens, when they have 
 the meaning of adjectives, and with many verbal adjectives 
 in ax. 
 
 Homo gloriae appetens saepe a virtutis via deflectit. Quis famulus 
 amantior domini est, quam canis ? Ciceronis aetas virtutum ferax fuit. 
 Vir probus tenax est propositorum bonorum. 
 
 5. With verbs of accusing, criminating, condemning, con- 
 victing and acquitting, the charge or crime is put in the gen- 
 itive (occasionally in Abl.). 
 
 Rem. 2. The punishment when capital (caput) or when it is a Jine is 
 sometimes in the Gen. and sometimes in the Abl. Other punishments 
 are generally put in the Ace. after ad. 
 
 Miltiades proditionis est accusatus. Cicero Verrem avaritiae coarguit. 
 Themistocles s\iSQns proditionis est damnatus. Judex absolvit reum m- 
 minis. Athenienses Socratem capitis condemnarunt. Roscius parriddii 
 accusatus est. 
 
 6. With the adjectives : particeps, expers, consors, exsors, 
 
224 GENITIVE. [$ 88. 
 
 proprius ; similis^ dissimilis^ super stes (which are also found 
 with the dative) ; polens, imj;otens^ compos ; plenus, feritlis, 
 inops (which are also found with the ablative), 
 
 Bestiae rationis et orationis sunt expertes. Homo rationis est particeps. 
 Omnes virtutis compotes beati sunt. Ira impottns sui est. Viri propria 
 maxime fortitude est. Terra variarum herbarum plena est. 
 
 7. The genitive with esse signifies : a) the object (person 
 or thing) in which something is inherent, or to which some- 
 thing belongs (possessive genitive) ; b) the object to which 
 something is peculiar, in which case, that which is peculiar 
 to the object is commonly expressed by the infinitive ; this 
 last genitive may be translated by : It is the part, manner, 
 custom, characteristic, duty, sign, mark of some one ; it is in- 
 cumbent on one, and the like. 
 
 Hie liber /mfm mei est (belongs to my brother). Petulantia est ado- 
 lescentium (is inherent in). Imhecilli animi est superstitio (belongs to). 
 Virorum fortium est, toleranter dolorem pati. 
 
 Rem. 3. Instead of: mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri est, we must use 
 here, meum, tuum, suum, nostrum, vestrum est, as : nostrum est, parentes 
 amare. 
 
 8. The genitive or ablative of a substantive joined with 
 an adjective stands with esse, in order to express the nature 
 or quality of the subject (genitive or ablative of quality) ; 
 this Gen. or Abl. may also, without esse, be joined to a noun 
 as an attributive. 
 
 The Gen. denotes essential, the Abl. acddenial qualities, hence, the 
 the designations of measure by number, time and space are always ex- 
 pressed by the genitive (never l^y the ablative), these being essential 
 quahties of an object. 
 
 Vir bonus summae pietatis (or summa pietate) erga deum est. Xerxis 
 classis mille et ducentarum navium longarum fuit. Tarquinius fratrem 
 habuit Aruntem, mitis ingenii (or miti ingenio) hominem. Aristoteles, 
 \\x summo ingenio (or summi ingenii,) prudentiam cum eloquentia jimxit. 
 
 9. The Genitive stands as an expression of the value, 
 with verbs of valuing and esteeming, of buying and selling, 
 as : puto, duco, aestimo, — pendo, facio, habeo, — emo, vendo, 
 veneo. Of this kind are the genitives: magm,pluris, pluri- 
 
I 
 
 $88.] GENITIVE. 225 
 
 m% — -parvi, flocci, minimi, — tanti, quanii, niliili (much, more, 
 very much, little, etc.) (Genitive of price). 
 
 Si prata et areas quasdam magni aestimamus, quanti est aestimanda 
 virtus ! Divitias minoris aestimare debemus, quani virtutem. Divitiae 
 a sapient! viro minimi putantur. Quanti emisti hunc librum ? Discipuli 
 praeceptores joZwnmi (or maximi) facere debent. 
 
 10. With the impersonal verb interest (it concerns), the 
 person whom something concerns, stands in the genitive. 
 Instead of the genitive of the personal pronouns: mei, tui, 
 sui, nostri, vestri : med, tud, sua, nostrd, vestrd, are always 
 used, and in this case refert can be used instead of interest 
 in the same sense. 
 
 HoiD much or hoiv little one is interested in a thing is 
 expressed : a) by adoerbs, as : mog-nopere, multum, mag'is, 
 maxime, nihil, pariim, minime ; — b) by the adverbial neu- 
 ters : multum, plus, plurimum, minus, minimum, tantum^ 
 etc. — c) by the genitives : magni, pluris, parvi, tanti, 
 quanti. 
 
 The thing which interests or concerns one, is not ex- 
 pressed by a substantive, but: a) by an infinitive; b) by 
 the accusative ivith an infinitive ; c) by a subsidiary sen- 
 tence with ut (that), ne (that not) and the Subjunctive; 
 d) by an indirect question (in the Subj.). — The general 
 expressions: this, that, what one is interested in, are ex- 
 pressed by the accusatives : id, illud, quod, quid. 
 
 Interest omnium, recte facere. Quid nostra refert {interest,) victum esse 
 Jlntonium'? Praeceptoris multum interest, disclpulos sum mo studio in lit- 
 teras incumbere. Magni mea interest {refert), ut te videam. Omnium 
 magni interest feliciter vivere. 
 
 1 1. Finally, the genitive stands with a substantive as a 
 nearer definition of it, as : hortus regis (= hortus regius). 
 Comp. § 82, 2, b.) 
 
 Rem. 4. Hence the genitive with the substantives: caussd, gratia, 
 ergo which we render by on account oJ,fur the sake of, and with instar, 
 like. Instead of the genitives : mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri : med tud, 
 sud, nostra, vesird, are used with caussd and gratid, as : med, tud, sudj 
 nustrd, vestrd caussd or gratid (on my account, thy account, etc.). 
 
226 GENITIVE. [§ 88. 
 
 12. This attributive genitive signifies ; 
 
 a) the author or cause, as: conjuratio Catilinae ; de- 
 siderium patriae (longing after (excited by) one's 
 country) ; 
 
 b) X\\e possessor, as: hortus regis; 
 
 c) the lohole, from which a part is taken [partitive 
 genitive), as : partes corporis. 
 
 The partitive Gen. stands also with other words besides 
 nouns, when they signify a part of a whole, viz : with com- 
 paratives and superlatives, pronouns and numerals, and the 
 neuters: multum, plus, plurium ; nihil, minus, minimum; 
 tantum, quantum, and the like used substantively, with ad- 
 verbs of quantity, as : satis parum, and with adverbs of place 
 in certain connections. 
 
 Duorum fratrum major natu. Cicero omnium Romanoriim praestan- 
 tissimus fuit orator. Romanoriim unus. Multum pecuniae. Satis elo- 
 quentiae. Ubi terrarum ? where in all the world ? JVusquam terrarum, 
 nowhere in the world. 
 
 Rem. 5. The genitive in these cases must often be rendered into 
 English by the prepositions: ofjor, after, about, concerning, before, with, 
 as: memoria praeteriti temporis (of), desiderium patriae (for), consuetu- 
 do amicorum (with). 
 
 C X X. Exercises for translation. (^88.) 
 I. a. We pity those who repent (= whom it repents) of their faults. 
 A scholar, who loathes labor, will not make progress in literature. 
 Who would not be ashamed of ignorance ? Many are dissatisfied with 
 their fortune. I pity thee my boy ! We should pity those, who, by 
 fortune not by wickedness, find themselves (esse) in adversity (miser- 
 iae, arum). The truth needs not approbation. The rich are often 
 greedy after greater riches. A good scholar occupies himself zealously 
 (studiosus sum) with literature. The ancient Germans were very 
 eager for war. The people (gens) of the Gauls were very greedy for 
 gold. 
 
 I. b. Who repent of their sins, may hope [for] pardon (venia). No 
 one will repent of a good deed (actio). The indolent [man] will some 
 time repent his indolence. Just as God pities thee, so thou shouldst 
 pity others. Pity thou the destitute. Bad men are often weaned (tae- 
 det) of life. Thou wilt some time be ashamed of thy bad life. The 
 
$88.] GENITIVE. 227 
 
 powers of the body and the soul need exercise. Caesar and Pompey 
 were very eager for fame. The wise [man] earnestly seeks (studiosus 
 sum) a quiet life. We hate the men who are greedy of gold. Cati- 
 line was eager for a revolution (res novae). 
 
 II. a. Vespasian was unmindful of injuries (offensa, ae). Those 
 men live ha[)pily who are conscious of no wickedness. The mind re- 
 members the past, perceives (cernere) the present [and] foresees the 
 future. The Romans were very skilful in war. Deserters (perfuga, 
 ae) very familiar (= acquainted) with the country, had spied out (ex- 
 plorare) the march of the enemies. The spirit of man is ignorant of 
 (nescius) [its] future fortune (fatum). Cinna forgot (perf.) the favors 
 which he had received of Augustus. Remind not the wretched of his 
 wretchedness (plur.). The soldiers, mindful of [their] former bravery, 
 fought (perf.) spiritedly. We should forget favors conferred (conferre), 
 [but] remember [those] received. The people of the Samnites were 
 very skilful in war. The Scythians were unskilful in literature and 
 the arts. The Romans always longed (appetens sum) after fame and 
 were eager for praise. We liate the man despising divine and human 
 laws. Camels endure (patiens sum) hunger and thirst. 
 
 II. b. The mind conscious of crimes cannot be quiet. A good man 
 easily forgets an injury, [but] always remembers a favor. We hate 
 those men who are unmindful of favors received. The ancient Ger- 
 mans were rude in the arts and literature. Already the youth should 
 be mindful of age. Dionysius, the older, tyrant of Syracuse, was brave 
 and acquainted with war. The wise [man] is always mindful of 
 human frailty. Caesar and Pompey v/ere two generals very skilful in 
 warfare. Foolish men forget their faults, but see (cernere) the faults 
 of others. Pursue those things diligently in which thou art skilful, 
 but abstain from those in which thou art unskilful. The general re- 
 minded (perf.) the soldiers of [their] former bravery. It is not neces- 
 sary to remind an upright man of a favor. Cicero was versed (consul- 
 tus) in justice and eloquence. The fate (fatum) of many peo])les re- 
 minds us of human infirmity (infirmltas). The ancient Germans did 
 not love (amans sum) arts and literature, but endured (patiens sum) 
 thirst, cold, heat and labors. Man, by (abl.) nature, seeks (appetens 
 sum) after propriety of conduct. We esteem a man loving virtue. 
 III. a. Many men accuse (insimulare) themselves of a sin, if they 
 have spoken anything cheerful (= bright) in grief! Catiline was con- 
 victed (perf) by Cicero of a conspiracy against [his] native country. 
 Alcibiades, while absent (absens), was condemned to death. Brutus, 
 
228 GENITIVE. [§ 88. 
 
 the vindicator (vindex) of Roman freedom, condemned even (etiam) his 
 sons to death. Phocion was accused of treason, because he had con- 
 sulted (consulere) badly for (dat.) his country. The judge Coelius ab- 
 solved him from injury, who had expressly (nominatim) injured (lae- 
 dere) the poet Lucilius on the stage (scena). The human soul is par- 
 taking of reason. Alexander, not master of [his] anger, killed (perf ) 
 his friend Clitus. Germany is very fruitful of grain. It is incumbent 
 upon an orator, to speak fitly, clearly (distincte) and ornately. Wretch- 
 ed is he, who is destitute of friends. Fish are destitute of a voice. 
 Greece, at the time of the Trojan war, was very productive of brave 
 men. Human life is full of cares and troubles. 
 
 III. b. Pausanias, king of the Lacedemonians, was accused of trea- 
 son. The Athenians charged (insimulare) Socrates with impiety (im- 
 pietas adversus deos) and condemned him to death. Cicero charged 
 (coarguere) Verres v/ith the greatest avarice. Roscius was accused of 
 parricide. Miltiades was accused of treachery and condemned to 
 death, but afterwards was absolved from capital punishment (caput). 
 Man alone of (ex) so many kinds of living beings is partaking of rea- 
 son. The drunken [man] is not master of his understanding (mens). 
 Alexander, king of the Macedonians, was not master of his anger. 
 Beasts are destitute of reason and speech. Bravery is peculiar to man 
 in the highest degree (maxime). The earth is full of various herbs, 
 flowers and trees. The period of Augustus was productive of good 
 poets, [but] destitute of good orators. Sicily is very productive of 
 grain. 
 
 IV. a. Inconsiderateness is inherent in youth, providence in old age. 
 To the Romans, in (abl.) the time of Augustus, belonged almost the 
 whole of the then known circle of the earth. What belongs to me, 
 belongs also to my friends. Great bravery was inherent in the Ro- 
 man soldiers. It is the duty of the wise to teach the ignorant. It is 
 a sign of inconstancy, now to trust and now to distrust the very same 
 men. It is our duty to defend our country. It is the duty of the 
 scholar, to apply himself with all his powers, to the study of the lib- 
 eral arts and letters. It is not always a quality of the very same man, 
 to think correctly and to express his thoughts elegantly in (abl.) dis- 
 course. A man of elevated soul despises riches. Caesar was not of 
 large stature, but of a brave mind and a fierce spirit. The fleet of 
 the enemies consisted of 253 ships. Cato possessed (= was of) a re- 
 markable (singularis) wisdom in all things. 
 
 IV. b. In boys and youths waywardness is inherent, in men and old 
 
^ 88.] GENITIVE. 229 
 
 men seriousness. All Syria belonged to the Macedonians. It is the 
 duty of the intelligent, to guide the unintelligent by counsel. In the 
 people of the Samnites, a great knowledge of war was inherent. It 
 is the duty of parents to bring up [their] children well. It is incum- 
 bent on you, O boys, to obey the precepts of your teachers ! Every- 
 man may (by esse) err, but no one, except (nisi) the unwise, is wont (by 
 tsse) to persist in error. It is incumbent on the chiefs (princeps) ia 
 (gen.) the state, to look out for the welfare of the humble and poor. 
 It is the duty of the wealthy, to relieve the want of the destitute. It 
 is incumbent on young men, to honor old age. It is not the part of 
 the wise [man], now to trust and now to distrust the very same view. 
 It is your duty, O boys, to esteem your parents and teachers. It is in- 
 cumbent on the principal men of the state (optimates), to listen to the 
 prayers of suppliants with benevolent hearts. Agesilaus was of hum- 
 ble stature and small body. Boys of a quick genius and happy mem- 
 ory are adapted to (ad) the study of literature. The fleet of Xerxes 
 consisted of 1200 ships. The ancient Germans possessed (= were of, 
 etc.) an immense size of body, incredible bravery and familiarity 
 (= exercise) with war. 
 
 V. a. In eveiy (omnis) service, we should value the will of the giver 
 the highest. Alexander valued Hephaestion very high. For how 
 much has thy father sold [his] garden? for just so much (tantumdem), 
 as (quantum) he gave for (== bought) it. We despise the men who 
 esteem virtue [but] little. Pericles valued Anaxagoras, his teacher, 
 very much. For how much did you buy this book ? Parents are 
 much interested, that [their] children be brought up well. I am much 
 interested, that you apply yourselves with all zeal to the study of lit- 
 erature. All good men are much interested, to be loved by others. 
 We are much interested in this, what good men judge concerning us. 
 
 V. b. We should value that (is) victory much, which is gained 
 (pare re) not by arms but by words. We value those (is) men much, 
 who love virtue. The wise [man] esteems riches very little. Many 
 esteem their own little, [but] desire another's. The traders sell [their] 
 wares not so dearly (tantundem), as (quantum) they have bought them. 
 How much has thy father bought the horse [for] ? All citizens ara 
 much interested, that peace be restored. We are much interested, 
 that we be instructed by good teachers. I am much interested, that 
 thou mayest soon return from (ex) the journey. The state is much in- 
 terested, that literature flourish (= bloom). All good citizens should 
 be much interested, carefully to observe the laws. 
 
 20 I 
 
230 ACCUSATIVE. ^89. 
 
 VI. a. Homer is the oldest (vetus) of all the Greek poets. Socra- 
 tes was the wisest of all the Greeks, No one of the Romans surpass- 
 ed Cicero in (abl.) eloquence. Tarquinius Supeibus was the last of 
 the Roman kings. Virtue has in itself sufficient assistance for a peace- 
 ful life. The less honor there is to literature, so much the less studies 
 there are. We draw much pleasure from literature. What kind 
 (quid) of business are you pursuing? The scholar should be diligent 
 in school, not so much (tam) on account of his teachers, as on his own 
 account. We do much on account of friends, which we should not 
 do on our own account. The Greeks built before Troy, a house like 
 a mountain. Many Romans had houses like mountains. Misfortune 
 is an occasion for virtue. We should strive to obtain intercourse with 
 (gen.) good men. Not the fear of punishment, but the love of virtue 
 should keep us fi-om wrong. The memory of renowned men will be 
 obscured by no oblivion. The passion for honor is a hard mistress. 
 
 VI. b. The city Syracuse was the greatest and fairest of all the 
 Greek cities. Anciently the Spaniards dug up much gold and silver. 
 Who lives in prosperity, has sufficient joy. From the reading of a 
 good book, we draw very much (plurimum) pleasure. Hannibal was the 
 most renowned general of the Carthaginians. Crassus had sufficient 
 money, but too little (parum) prudence. More disadvantage lies (est) 
 in the wrong itself, than advantage in the (is) things acquired by the 
 wrong. Those were called sophists by the Athenians, who pursued 
 philosophy on account of gain or ostentation. The Egyptians built 
 pyramids like mountains. Plato in the estimation of Cicero (= was to 
 Cicero) equal to (instar) all philosophers. He is beneficent who acts 
 (facere) kindly (benigne), not on his own, but on our account. True 
 virtue desires (desiderare) no recompense for labors and dangers. In- 
 tercourse with true friends is agreeable. The remembrance of time 
 happily spent (exigere) is agreeable. Hannibal burned (ardere) with 
 (abl.) great hatred against the Romans. 
 
 § 89. B. Accusative. 
 
 1. The accusative stands in answer to the question, 
 whom ? or what? It signifies ^passive object, as: rex civi- 
 tatem regit, or that luhich is produced by an action (effect), 
 as : scribo epistulam. Hence it stands with all transitive 
 verbs. 
 
 2. The following verbs take the accusative, although they 
 might seem from their meaning to require a different case, 
 
§89.] ACCUSATIVE. 231 
 
 and some of them are in fact occasionally constructed with 
 prepositions in English : juvo and adjuvo ; deficio and fugio ; 
 aequo and aequiparo ; decet and dedecet ; sequor^ sector^ ae- 
 mulor and imitor. 
 
 Attlcus adolescenfem Marium juvit opibus suis. Fortes fortuna adjuvat. 
 Tempus me deficit. Mulusfugit honum (flees before the good = flees 
 the good.) So also : defagio, effugio, suhterfugio. Pedites equitem Gur- 
 su aequabant (kept up with). So also adaequo. Verecundia decet put- 
 rum. Gloria virtutem tanquam umbra sequitur. So also : consequor, 
 subsequor. Equites regem sectabantur. So ateo consector. Quis Sullam 
 hnitetur') Virtutes majorum aemulemur! 
 
 Rem. 1. Many strictly intransitive verbs, also, govern the Ace. in Latin, 
 when compounded with prepositions which govern the Ace. ; or un- 
 compounded when used transitively, or when the noun is from the 
 same stem as the verb, as : vivere vitam. 
 
 3. The accusative stands in answer to the questions : 
 how long? how far? hoio ivide (broad)? hoio high? hoio 
 deep ? how thick ? hoio many (much) ? how great ? etc. ; as 
 to ivhat 1 (Greek, Ace), 
 
 Quaedam bestiolae unum diem vivunt. Cato annos quinque et octoginta 
 natus (old) excessit e vita. Zama quinque dierum iter ab Carthagine 
 abest. Turris pedes ducerdos alta est Vite caput tegitur. 
 
 4. The accusative stands in an exclamation either with or 
 without an interjection. 
 
 Me miserum ! Ofallacem hominum spem! 
 
 5. A double accusative stands in the following cases : 
 
 a) With verbs which signify to call (name) ; to make, 
 choose, appoint one something ; to account, consider as 
 something; to show one's self as something ; to give, 
 take, have as something. 
 
 Julius Caesar dictaiorem se fecit. Homines caecos reddit cupiditas et 
 avaritia. Romulus urbem ex nomine suo Romam vocavit. Ciceronem 
 universus populus consulem declaravit. Sapientem beatum habemus. An- 
 tistius se praestitit acerrimum propugnatorem communis libertatis. Athe- 
 menses Miltiddem sibi imperaiorem sumpserunt. Epaminondas praecep- 
 torem habuit Lysim. Romani Ciceronem patrem patriae appellaverunt. 
 
 Rem. 2. The passive of these verbs has a double nominative (§ 84), 
 as : pavo superbus dicitur. 
 
232 ACCUSATIVE. [§ 89. 
 
 b) With the verbs : celo, doceo, interrogo ; — oro^rogo^fla- 
 gito; finsiWj, posco, postulo. i\ 
 
 Ciceronem Minerva omnes artes edocuit. Ne quid turpe amicum roga ! 
 Ego te sententiam tuam rogo. JVullam rem te celo. 
 
 Rem. 3. But peto (properly : / strive after), I request, entreat, is con- 
 structed with ah, and quaero (properly : / seek), I ask, with ab or ex, as : 
 peto a te hbrum, quaero a (ex) te sententiam. 
 
 Rem. 4. With most of the above verbs, in the passive construction, 
 the personal object becomes the nominative and the accusative of the thing 
 remains. Cicero a Minerva omnes artes edoctus est. Cato rogatus est sen- 
 tentiam.. Still with verbs of demanding, the accusative of the thing be- 
 comes the nominative, and the accusative of the person remains and is 
 governed by a preposition, as : pecunia a me poscitur, flagitatur. 
 
 CXXI. Exercises for translation. (^89.) 
 
 I. a. It is the duty of intelligent men to assist others with counsel. 
 It is honorable (honestus) to emulate the good, [but] base to imitate the 
 i)ad. No people of antiquity equalled (aequiparare) the Romans in 
 (abl.) bravery. It becomes us to follow the example of good men. 
 Time often fails the orator sooner (citius) than words (= the discourse). 
 Fortune assists the bold. The soul escapes the view of the eyes. 
 The women and children were accustomed to follow the army of the 
 Germans. The temple of the Ephesian Diana was 400 feet long and 
 200 broad. No one of the Grecian orators equalled Demosthenes in 
 power of discourse. Want and contempt follow indolence. Mithri- 
 dates reigned 60 years, lived 72, [and] carried on (perf!) war 40 years 
 with the Romans. Alcibiades died (perf) about 40 years old (natus). 
 Much becomes a boy, which does not become a man. Saguntum, the 
 most powerful city of Spain, which Hannibal destroyed, was removed 
 something like 1000 paces from the sea. 
 
 I. b. We assist him with delight who has assisted us. No one of 
 the Thebans could equal Alcibiades in bodily powers. The enemies, 
 whom the Romans followed swiftly, could not escape their hands. 
 We should imitate those who love virtue. What becomes boys, often 
 does not become men. It is our duty to assist the wretched. Flee 
 the bad and emulate the good. The soldiers made (= drew) a 
 trench 600 feet long, 8 feet broad, 10 feet deep. Death no one can 
 escape. Not courage, but strength (plur.) failed our soldiers. Troy 
 was besieged (perf) 10 years by the Greeks. A long time the Lace- 
 demonians held (perf.) the supremacy of Greece. Theophrastus died 
 
§89.] ACCUSATIVE. 233 
 
 (perf.) 84 years old (natus). In hatred against the Romans, no one 
 equalled Hannibal. 
 
 II. a. Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, by his will, made the Roman 
 people his heir. The Romans called the supreme (summus) council 
 (= counsel) senate. The people chose Ancus Martins king. Duty 
 demands, that {ut with Subj.) we behave (praestai*e) ourselves religious- 
 ly and uprightly not only in great but also in small matters. We 
 should acknowledge virtue as the greatest good to men. Children 
 should conceal nothing from [their] parents. Jugurtha, by ambassa- 
 dors, entreated Metellus for peace. The ambassadors of Darius re- 
 quested (petere) help of the Carthaginians against Greece. Give me 
 the book, which I Zong 5ince (jam pridem) requested (perf.) of thee. I 
 ask of thee thy opinion. Grain was demanded by the citizens. Rea- 
 son makes man lord of the earth. Recompense for labor we con- 
 sider honorable. The Parian marble the Greeks considered precious. 
 [They] are ridiculous, who teach others what they have not them- 
 selves learned (=ascertained). Eumenes concealed from all, the jour- 
 ney, which he ivns designing to make {Suhj. periphrast.). The greatest 
 affairs were concealed from me by thee. Cicero, informed (= instruct- 
 ed) by the ambassadors of all [things], commanded (imperare) the 
 pre tors, that they should take (deprehendere) the Allobroges by am- 
 buscade. The ambassadors demanded back of the enemies, all which 
 had been taken from the citizens during (per) the truce. Socrates de- 
 manded of those, ivho enjoyed his instruction (ejus consuetudine ute- 
 bantur), no money for his instruction. Caesar demanded of the Edui,, 
 the grain which they had promised (polliceri). Cicero was asked his 
 opinion in the senate. 
 
 II. b. Friendship makes prosperity more splendid, and adversity 
 lighter (levis). The resounding echo, Horace calls the image of the 
 voice. Prosperity is not merely itself blind, but also generally makes 
 (efficere) [those] blind, whom it has embraced. The soldiers demand- 
 ed all the arms of the citizens of the captured city. All arms were de- 
 manded of the citizens. I ask thy opinion of this object. The am- 
 bassadors of the Gauls requested peace of Caesar. The Romans elect- 
 ed Camillas dictator. Eloquence effects, that(wf with Suhj.) we maybe 
 able to teach others what we know. The Tarentines demanded of 
 Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, aid against the Romans. The future has 
 rightly been concealed from men, by the divine Providence. I have 
 given thy brother the book which he had requested of me. The 
 Athenians requested (petere) a general of the Lacedemonians. He is a 
 20* 
 
234 DATIVE. [^ 90. 
 
 true friend, who conceals notliing from us. Many youths were taught 
 wisdom by Socrates. My friend, asked by me [as to] his opinion, con- 
 cealed nothing from me. We esteem those (is) men much, who con- 
 sider virtue the highest good. Cicero showed himself the most spirit- 
 ed defender (propugnator) of the common freedom. Catiline instructed 
 (edocere) the youth, whom he had led away (iUicere), in all bad deeds. 
 The Tarentines, involved in (abl.) a war with the Romans, requested 
 aid of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus. 
 
 § 90. C. Dative. 
 
 1. The dative stands in answer to the questions: t(P 
 lohom ? to luhat 1 for luhom ? for ivhat ? for whose advan 
 tage ? for luhose disadvantage 1 for lohat end ? It general- 
 ly stands with verbs and adjectives where, in English, the 
 prepositions to oy for are used to govern the case, or where 
 the relation involved is similar to that expressed by these 
 prepositions, as : do^ placeo, prosum^ noceo etc., utilis^ inutilisj 
 aptus, idoneiis, gratus, similis, par, aequdlis, communis, etc. 
 
 Rem. 1. Hence all transitive verbs may take together with the Ace, 
 the Dat. of the person (or thing) who shares in the action (Dat. of the 
 remote object). 
 
 Do tibi donum. Epistolam tihi scribo. Non scholae, sed vitae dis- 
 cimus. Litterarum studium hominibus utillissimum est. Canis lupo 
 similis est. Ratio omnibus hominibus communis est. 
 
 Rem. 2, Similis and dissimilis are often also connected with the gen- 
 itive. 
 
 2. The following verbs take the dative in Latin, while in 
 English they take the accusative : nubo, parco, benedico, — > 
 maledlco, supplico, — obtrecto, studeo, — arrldeo, invideo per- 
 suadeo, — medeor and patrocmor. 
 
 Venus nupsit Vulcano. Farce mihi. Ne infantibus quidem parceba- 
 tur (not even children were spared). Benedicimus (praise) bonis, male- 
 dicimus (censure) malis. Donum tuum valde mihi airisit. Probus in- 
 vldet nemini. Mihi invidetur (I am envied). Omnibus amicis pro te 
 libentissime supplicabo (entreat). Mali bonis obtredare (disparage) solent. 
 Nunquam tibi persuadebo. Mihi persuadttur (I am persuaded). Pueri 
 litteris studere debent (study). Omnes homines liberlati student (strive 
 after). Philosophia medetur animis. Bonus bono pairocinatur (protects). 
 
 1 
 
§ 90.] DATIVE. 235 
 
 Rem. 3. Also, many verbs by composition with prepositions, espe- 
 cially with the following : ah, ad, ante,cum {con), de, ex, in, inter, oh, post, 
 prae, pro, suh and super, acquire a meaning which makes them take the 
 dative. 
 
 3. The dative stands with est and sunt to express the per- 
 son or thing who has or possesses something. The thing 
 possessed stands in the nominative as subject. 
 
 Suns mique mos e*^ Semper in civitate [ii], quihus opes nuUae 
 sunt, bonis invldent. Multi mihi sunt libri. 
 
 Rem. 4. In nomen mihi est (I have the name, am called), the name 
 stands either in the dative or nominative, as : nomen mihi est Carolo 
 
 [Carolus). 
 
 4. The dative of the end (in answer to the question : 
 for 10 hat end 1), to which besides, a dative oi the person 
 is commonly added, stands : 
 
 a) With sum, which, in this case, is to be rendered con- 
 duce to, serve for ; 
 
 b) With do, accipio, relinquo, deligo, mitto, venio, habeo, 
 etc; also with do, duco, tribuo, verto in the meaning: 
 to impute to. 
 
 Bonum non potest esse cuiquam malo. Virtutes hominibus decori 
 gloriaeque sunt. Virtus sola neque datur dono, neque accipitur. Pau- 
 sanias venit Atticis auxilio. Vitio mihi dant, quod mortem hominis 
 necessarii graviter fero. 
 
 CXXII. Exercises for translation. {} 90.) 
 
 I. a. Nobody errs for himself alone, but spreads (spargere) folly (de- 
 mentia) [also] among (in) those next [to him]. Pleasure flatters our 
 senses. A good man labors for virtue, not for fame. Sleep is very 
 much like death. Socrates, conscious of no wickedness to himself, 
 did not supplicate the judges. Julia, daughter of Augustus Caesar, 
 first married Marcellus, then Marcus Agrippa, finally (postremum) Ti- 
 berius. Time cures grief best. The more fortune smiles upon one 
 (quis), so many the more friends he has. It is base, to disparage (ob- 
 trectare) the fame of a great man. The Germans /rom childhood (ab 
 parvulis) earnestly pursued labor and hardness (duritia). No physi- 
 cian can cure all diseases. The sister of Atticus married (perf ) Cicero. 
 Death spares no mortal. Bad men reproach the good. Neither of 
 the two should we praise (benedicere), neither the impious nor the 
 
236 DATIVE, [§ 90. 
 
 flatterer. The orator convinced the citizens of the advantage of his 
 counsel. The vrise [man] envies no one. 
 
 I. b. We live not merely for ourselves, but also for our country and 
 other men. The dog is like the wolf A good citizen obeys the laws 
 with delight. Whoever reviles others, reviles himself [also]. It is 
 easy to convince a good man of the value of virtue. It is base to dis- 
 parage others (alter). It is a mark of an ill-disposed man, never to 
 praise a good man. They have many friends, upon whom fortune 
 smiles. Philosophy cures sick (aeger, gra, grum) souls. We are attach- 
 ed (studere) to those, who preserve (conservai-e) [their] fidelity. The 
 upright [man] envies nobody, [but] is envied by many. Save time, O 
 boys! Scarcely any one (ullus) of mortals, does fortune always 
 smile upon. It is better (praestat), by the capital punishment of one 
 wicked man, to restrain the wickedness of many, than on account 
 of (propter) many wicked [men] to spare one. To the priestesses 
 (sacerdos, otis) of Vesta, it was not permitted to marry a man. 
 
 n. a. Cicero possessed a remarkable eloquence. Man has many 
 faculties of body and soul. In Sicily there is a volcanic mountain, 
 called Aetna. Riches conduce to the destruction of (= are for de- 
 stiiiction to, etc.) many men. Bad customs conduce to the destruction 
 of a state. Just laws serve for safety to a state. Attains, a king of 
 Asia, gave his kingdom to the Romans for a present. Caesar left be- 
 hind 500 soldiers for protection to the camp. Bravery is imputed to 
 the Romans for praise. Caesar came to the city, besieged by the 
 enemies, for aid. Poverty should be imputed to no man for a reproach. 
 From whom hast thou received this book as a present? The father 
 has given me the book for a present. Xerxes, king of the Persians, 
 gave to Themistocles Myus (Myus, untis), a city of Asia, for a pres- 
 ent. Industry is imputed for praise to the scholar. 
 
 n. b. Where caprice reigns (dominari), innocence has [but] little 
 (levis) protection (praesidium). Man has a mortal body, [but] an im- 
 mortal soul. My friend is called Charles. The struggle (= effort) 
 after truth sei-ves all men for ornament. God is not accustomed to 
 aid (auxilio esse) those who thrust (immittere) themselves inconsiderate- 
 ly into danger. A victoiy won (parere) by treachery, does not con- 
 duce to the praise of the conqueror, but to [his] reproach. It is our 
 duty to come for aid to the wretched. Caesar chose a fit place for the 
 camp. Two thousand footmen and a thousand horsemen were left 
 behind for protection to the city. The desire after dominion is im- 
 puted to Caesar for a fault. Modesty is imputed to a boy for praise, 
 
§ 91.] ABLATIVE. 237" 
 
 immodesty for censure. Contempt of money is imputed to men for 
 praise. Caesar sent 3000 soldiers as aid to the besieged city. 
 
 § 91. D. Ablative. 
 
 The ablative expresses : 
 
 1. Th.Q place in ivliich something takes place (ivhere?), 
 as : terra marique, hoc loco, also in connection with totus 
 and omnis, as : totis campis, totd urbe, and so in many other 
 similar expressions ; but otherwise in generally stands with 
 ablatives of this kind. 
 
 2. The time in or ivitJiin ivliich something happens (ivhen ? 
 and at or ivithin what time ?) 
 
 Qiia node natus Alexander est, eddem Dianae Ephesiae templum de- 
 flagravit. Agamemno cum miiversa Giaecia vix decern annis unam 
 cepit urbem. Epaminondas die uno Graeciam liberavit. 
 
 3. The ground or cause (ivhereby? on lohat account? 
 whence ?) ; hence it stands with : g-aucleo, laetor, glorior^ — 
 laboro, valeo^floreo^ — excello^praesto, supero, — -fldo, confldo, 
 nitor ; — laetus,fi'etus, contentus, natus, ortus, genitus-, etc. 
 
 In culpa sunt, qui officia deserunt mollitid animi (from). Guberna- 
 toris ars utilitate, non arte laudatur (on account of). Concordia res par- 
 vae crescunt, discordia maximae dilabuntur. Delicto dolere, corredione 
 gaudere oportet. Salus hominum non veritate solum, sed etiam fama 
 nititur. Nemo potest aut corporis ^rmttofe, aut fortunae stahilitate con- 
 fjdere. [Fido and confido are quite as often, and diffido almost always 
 joined with the Dat) Contenti estote sorte vestra. 
 
 4. The means and instrument, also the material (ivhere- 
 with? wherefrom? ivhence?). 
 
 OcuLis videmus, auribus audhnus. Britanni lacte et came vivunt. 
 
 Rem. 1. When a person is employed as a means or instrument, the ac- 
 cusative is generally used with per, as : per tuum patrem miseria libera- 
 tus sum. With passive or intransitive verbs, the agent or doer is ex- 
 pressed by the ablative with the preposition o, as : mundus a deo crea- 
 tus est. The accompanying person is expressed by the ablative with cum, 
 as: cumfralre ambuiavi. 
 
 o. Hence the ablative of the instrument or material stands 
 more particularly : 
 
238 ABLATIVE. [$ 91. 
 
 a) With verbs oi furnishing ^ formings instructing-^ be- 
 ing accustomed, 
 
 Natura oculos tenuissimis memhrdnis vestivit et sepsit So also with 
 officio, I affect (fill). Litterae tuae summo gaudio me qfecerunt. Pater 
 filium litteris erudivit (or instituit, imbuit, instruxit). Milites continuo 
 labore assueti [assuefadi) erant. 
 
 b) With expressions of fulness^ plenty and ivant^ as : 
 ah undo ^ affluo^ and scaieo, — compleo, satio, and ca- 
 reo, — egeo and indigeo ; refertus^ inops, praeditus. 
 
 Germania ahundat Jiuminibus. Quid afferre consilii potest [is], qui 
 ipse eget consUio ? Miserum est carere consuetudine amicorum. Insula 
 Delos referta erat divitiis. 
 
 Rem. 2. Egere and indigere are oflener found with the genitive. See 
 § 88, 2. 
 
 c) With the impersonal opus est (there is need of), the 
 thing stands in the ablative, the person in the dative. 
 But when opus est is used personally, the thing 
 stands as subject in the nominative. 
 
 Multis non duce tantum opus est, sed adjutore et coadore. Dux nobis 
 opus est. Duces nobis opu^ sunt. 
 
 Rem. 3. Wlien the thing which is needed is a verb, it is generally the 
 infinitive or the ace. with the infinitive. Nihil opus est, rem pluribus ver- 
 bis commemorare. Si quid erit, quod te scire opus sit, scribam. 
 
 d) With, utor, fruor, fungor, potior and vescor. 
 
 Multi beneficio dei pei-verse utuntur. Augustus Alexandria brevi poti- 
 tus est. Vescimur bestiis. Cicero consulatu bene fundus est. 
 
 Rem. 4. Potirirerum means, to appropriate to one'' s self [obtain] supreme 
 power. 
 
 6. The ablative expresses that according to luhich some- 
 thing is measured or judged of {according to loliat?) 
 
 Magnos homines virtute metimur, non fortwnd. Quod rectum est, nee 
 magnitudine aestimdtur, nee numero, nee tempore. 
 
 7. Hence with the co7nparative, the object with which 
 another is compared is put in the ablative instead of quam 
 with the Nom. or Ace. 
 
 Ysiterfilio doctior est, than the son, or pater doctior est, quam filius 
 Patrem^^to modestiorem cognovi. 
 
§ 91.] ABLATIVE. /235 
 
 8. Especially is the ablative used to express a respect or 
 nearer definition (ivherein 1 in what respect ?). 
 
 Epaminondae nemo Thebanus par fuit eloquentid. Multi sunt corpo- 
 re valrdi, mente infirmi. Magnus, major, maximus natu. JVaiione Me- 
 dus fuit. 
 
 9. The ablative expresses the measure, and indeed : 
 
 a) In answer to the question: hy lioiu much (7nany)1 
 particularly with comparatives and superlatives. 
 
 Sol multis partibus major atque amplior est, quam terra. Here belong 
 the ablatives : multo, by much, much, parvo, paullo, by little, little, quo 
 and quanta, the, eo and tanto, so much the. 
 
 b) In answer to the question: hoiv long- before or 
 after ? before the prepositions ante and post. 
 
 Numa Pompilius annis permultis ante fuit, quam Pythagoras. Lae- 
 lius sermonem de amicitia habuit paucis diebus post mortem Afi-icani. 
 
 Rem. 5. But in the question : how long before or after the present time ? 
 the accusative is used with either ante, abhinc or post, as : ante tres an- 
 nos te vidi. Post paucos dies te videbo. Tres abhinc dies amicum vidi. 
 
 c) With expressions of buying and selling; costing", 
 hiring, exchanging, the price, and with dignius and 
 indignus, the thing of ivhich something is ivorthy or 
 unworthy, worth or not ivorth stands in the ablative. 
 
 Hunc librum parvo pretio emi. Multorum sanguine et vulneribus ea 
 Poenis stetit victoria. Excellentium hominum virtus imitatione, non 
 invidia digna est. Veritas auro digna est. 
 
 Rem. 6. Here belong also the ablatives: magna (for much, dear), 
 parvo (for little, cheap), plurimo, minima, tanto, quanta and the like, with 
 verbs of buying and selling. Instead of the Abl. the Gen. is also used, 
 as : magni, parvi, etc. (§ 88, 9). 
 
 10. The ablative signifies the luay and manner in which 
 something takes place. 
 
 Vir sapiens aequo animo injuriara fert. 
 
 11. Finally, the ablative stands with expressions of remov- 
 ing and separating, oi freeing and depriving. 
 
 Caesar castra loco movit. Hospitem arcere tecto nefas est. Cognitio 
 naturae nos levat suptrstitione, liberal mortis metu. Robustus animus et 
 excelsus omni est liber cura et angore. 
 
240 
 
 ABLATIVE. 
 
 [^91. 
 
 C XXIII. Exercises for translation, {k 91.) 
 I. a. Xerxes brought (perf.) war upon Greece by land and by sea 
 (mare). The enemies were discovered upon all the plains. In the 
 second Punic war Hannibal wasted (perf) the power (opes) of Italy. 
 Socrates, on the last (supremus) day of his life, spoke (disserere, perf.) 
 much concerning the immortality of the soul (plur.). Xerxes was con- 
 quered (perf) more by the wisdom of Themistocles than by the arms 
 of Greece. The minds of men are often tormented by distressing 
 (acerbus, a, um) cares. We ought to grieve at faults, to rejoice at 
 [their] correction (correctio). It is the part of a bad man to glory in 
 his faults. Greece formerly flourished (= bloomed) in power (opes), 
 dominion [and] glory. Crassus suffered from an immoderate desire 
 for riches. Caesar, by his arrival, humbled (frangere, perf.) the Gauls 
 trusting to (fretus) their bravery. The wise [man] does not trust to the 
 stability of fortune. Upon the goods of the soul alone (solus, a, um) 
 can we depend (niti). Nature is satisfied with little attention. 
 
 I. b. The Romans by sea (mare) and by land have carried on many 
 wars. The colonies of the Syrians were spread (diffundere) over al- 
 most the whole circle of the world. The Romans awaited in a suita- 
 ble place the attack of the enemies. In the spring the swallows re- 
 tui'n to us, in the autumn they go away. In the months October and 
 November the fruits are collected from (ex) the trees. Not from fear 
 but from choice the upright man avoids (= flees) wicked deeds. 
 Navigation is praised on account of the advantage. Who would glory 
 in his ignorance ? Parents rejoice at the welfare of [their] children 
 and grieve at their adversity. At nothing are we accustomed to re- 
 joice so much (tam) as at the consciousness of our duties. The Roman 
 state suffered from two vices, avarice and luxury. Aristides was dis- 
 tinguished (floreo) by the fame of [his] justice. Happy is he who 
 trusts to virtue, unhappy [he] who rests upon riches or any other 
 goods of fortune. The enemies, trusting to (fretus) the number of 
 their troops, desired to fight. If we are contented with our lot, we 
 shall be happy (beatus). 
 
 II. a. The sun illuminates the whole earth with its light. The ox 
 defends himself with the horns, the horse with the feet, the boar with 
 the teeth. Cicero, by his eloquence, had acquired for himself immor- 
 tal fame. Cicero was expelled from Rome by Clodius. Parents, who 
 have imbued the mind^ of their children with the principles of virtue, 
 and instructed them in literature, deserve well (= deserve) not only 
 of their children but also of the state. The earth, in the spring, is 
 
j 91.] ABLATIVE. 241 
 
 clothed with herbs and flowers. Crassus, king of Syria, abounded in 
 gold and silver. Spain anciently abounded in lead, iron, silver [and] 
 gold. God has filled the world with all good [things]. The sea is 
 full of {scatere) fishes. It is a misfortune (miserum), to be deprived of 
 (carere) the intercourse of friends. We all need (egere) the aid of 
 others. The earth abounds in all things which men need (egere). 
 Man is endowed with reason and speech. There is need of a wise 
 general to even the bravest army. There is need of repose after 
 labors, to the body and the soul. There was need of ready aid to the 
 captured city. The Carthaginians were accustomed (perf ) formerly 
 to use elephants in war. Pronounce (= extol) him happy who en- 
 joys good health. Use the powers which God has given thee. Who- 
 ever (= who) wishes to obtain true renown, must perform the duties 
 of virtue. The Numidians generally ^ec? upon ( vesci) milk and venison. 
 Cimon, the son of Miltiades, had (uti) a vejy hard beginning of youth 
 (adolescentia, ae). Alexander, king of the Macedonians, possessed 
 himself of the whole Persian kingdom. 
 
 II. b. We see with the eyes, hear with the ears, smell with the nose 
 (nares, ium), taste with the palate, feel with the nerves. Very high 
 mountains are covered with perpetual (perennis) snow and ice. We 
 often attain more by goodness than by force. The Roman state was 
 delivered fi-om destruction by Cicero. God has enclosed (sepire) and 
 covered (vestire) the eyes with very delicate membranes. We ought 
 to aid those most, who need (indigere) our aid most. They are all 
 rich who are endowed with virtue. The fortunate abound with friends, 
 the unfortunate are destitute (carere) of friends. The sun fills all 
 [things] with its light. The Roman consul, AemiHus, enriched (di- 
 tare) his soldiers with great booty. Our mind is filled (afficere) with 
 joy when we have done something good. Greece abounded in great 
 poets. The body has need of food and drink (potio). When we act 
 rightly, we have need of neither dissimulation (simulatio) nor de- 
 ception (fallacia). Any one you please of the sailors can govern 
 the ship in (abl.) a quiet sea, [but] when (ubi) a violent (saevus) 
 storm has arisen, then they have need of a pilot. The Helots 
 (Helota, ae) with the Lacedemonians, performed the oflSce of slaves. 
 That (is) ship performs (conficere) the course best, which has (uti) 
 the most skilful pilot. Many men abuse reason. Discharge scrupu- 
 lously the office committed to thee. The covetous [man] does not en- 
 joy the riches which he has. The Greeks anciently ate acorns. Alex- 
 ander possessed himself of the kingdom of Darius. 
 
 III. a. Scholars in school, are judged of and estimated not accord- 
 
 21 
 
242 ABLATIVE. P 91. 
 
 ing to rank (== genus), but good manners, a teachable spirit and ac- 
 tive (acer) industry. The wise man measures men not according to 
 fortune but according to character. There is nothing more amiable 
 than virtue. Ireland is smaller by a half than Britain. Carthage w^as 
 founded eighty-two years before Rome. Cimon, five years after he had 
 been expelled, was recalled to [his] native country. In the sixtj^-sec- 
 ond year after the founding of the city Rome (post urbem condltam), the 
 third w^ar against the Carthaginians was undertaken. The fi*iend, 
 whose aiTival I had expected three days before, has come to day, and 
 will depart again after ten days. Chrysogonus bought (perf.) a Corin- 
 thian vase for an immense price. For how much has thy father sold 
 his horse? he has sold it for so much (tantum), as (quantum) he 
 bought it for. The wai' has cost (stare) us much blood. An un- 
 grateftil mind is unworthy of favors. Vu'tue and wisdom are worthy 
 of man. Receive those into friendship whom thou shalt consider 
 worthy of thy love. The wise man endures the hardships of life with 
 equanimity. Cicero, deprived of public offices, found satisfaction in 
 the study of philosophy. The winds purify the air from noxious vapors. 
 Timoleon, with incredible success (fortuna), expelled Dionysius from 
 all Sicily. 
 
 ni. b. Not according to greatness of stature, but from a brave and 
 fierce mind we judge of a soldier. According to character, not accord- 
 ing to property (facultates) we should estimate men. Notliing is 
 more excellent than truth. No (nemo) Theban was equal to Epami- 
 nondas in eloquence. Pompy was only two years (biennium) older 
 than Cicero. Carthage was founded eighty-two years after Rome and 
 destroyed in the 700dth year afterwards. Agi'icola died in the fifty- 
 sixth year of his age, the tenth day hefore the Calends of September (ante 
 Kalendas Septembres). My brother, who departed six days ago, will 
 return after two years. The trader sells the wares for a greater price 
 than he has bought them for from others. Thou canst buy neither 
 virtue nor wisdom for gold. They are unworthy of favors who are un- 
 mindful of them. The victoiy over the Romans cost Pyrrhus, king of 
 Epirus, much. The deeds of Caesar are worthy of eternal renown. 
 They deserve praise who honor virtue. Folly is unworthy of man. 
 Pausanias, king of the Lacedemonians, lived, after the custom of the 
 Persians, more luxuriously than was proper (par). Jugurtha expelled 
 (perf.) Adherbal, an ally and fi-iend of the Roman people, from his 
 kingdom and all [his] possessions (fortunae). Them istocles, a general 
 of the Athenians, delivered Greece from servitude. 
 
§ 92.] CONSTRUCTION OF NAMES OF CITIES. 243 
 
 § 92. Construction of the Names of Cities. 
 
 1. The names of cities (toivns, villages and small islands) 
 of the first and second Dec. Sing, stand, in answer to the 
 question where? in the genitive; but the names of cities of 
 the third Dec. and of the Plur. of ih^ first and second Dec, 
 in the ablative, without in. In answer to the question, 
 ivhither ? they all stand in the accusative, and in answer to 
 the question, whence ? in the ablative, in each case without 
 a preposition. 
 
 Ut Romae consules, sic Carthagine quotannis bini reges creabantur. 
 Talis Romae Fabricius, qualis Aristides Aihenis fuit. Pompeius hie- 
 mare Dyrrhachii et Apolloniae constituerat. Delphis Apollinis oraculum 
 fuit. Cono plurimum Cypri vixit, Iphicrates in Thracia, Timotheus 
 Leshi. Curius primus Romam elephantos quattuor duxit. Pompeius 
 Lucerid proficiscitur Canusium atque inde Brundisium. Lycurgus Cre- 
 tam profectus est ibique perpetuum exsilium egit. Aeschines cessit 
 Athenis et se Rhodum contulit. Consul Roma Athenas profectus est. 
 
 Rem. Domus and rus have the same construction as the names of 
 cities: rfomi (at home), domi meae, tuue, suae, nostrae, vestrae, alienae, 
 (at my house, etc.), domum (to the house), dom.o (from the house, 
 home); — ruri (not rwre), in the coimtry, rus (into, to, the country), 
 rure (from the country). Besides, humi (on the ground), domi militi- 
 aeque or domi hellique (at home and abroad, in peace and in war). 
 
 2. The words in apposition with the names of cities, as : 
 urbs, oppidum, caput (chief city), in answer to the question, 
 lohere ? stand in the ablative generally without m; in an- 
 swer to the question, ivhither 7 in the accusative without in ; 
 in answer to the question, whence ? in the ablative without 
 ab. 
 
 Archias poeta Antiochlae natus est, celebri quondam urhe et copiosa. 
 Cicero profectus est Athenas, urhem celeheirimam. Demaratus Conntho, 
 urhe amplissima, Tai-quimos fugit. 
 
 CXXIV. Exercises for translation. (§ 92.) 
 I. As long as Cicero was at Athens, he earnestly pursued philoso- 
 phy. At Ephesus, a city of Asia, was a very renowned (celeber) tem- 
 ple of Diana. At Sparta was the most honorable (honestus) abode of 
 
244 CONSTRUCTION OF NAMES OF CITIES. [^ 92. 
 
 old age. The arts and literature flourished (= bloomed) at Athens. 
 Demaratus fled from Corinth, a city of Greece, to Tarquinii, a city 
 of Etruria. Timotheus, compelled by the hatred of the ungrateful 
 state, betook (perf) himself to Chalcis. Marius was born^and brought 
 up (perf.) at Arpinum, a city of Latium. At Alexandria, a city of 
 Egypt, was a renowned (eximius) library. Brutus proceeded to Ar- 
 dea to the camp. Hannibal proceeded fi'om Carthage to Spain. Dio- 
 nysius, the tyrant, sent for (arcessere, perf) Plato from Athens. Au- 
 gustus died at Nola, a city of lower Italy (Italia inferior). I have 
 lived three years at Rome, one year at Corinth, two years at Athens, 
 two at Philippi, three at Sparta. My father will return home to- 
 morrow from the countiy, and, after three days, will go again from 
 home into the country and will pass the whole summer in the country. 
 When I am in my house, I do not trouble myself (curare) about (ace.) 
 what is without (alienus, pZwr.). When a friend is in the house of a 
 friend, he is (versari) as it were, in his own house, not in anothers. 
 The Egyptians embalmed (condire) the dead and laid them away (con- 
 dere) at home. The Athenians were very renowned in peace (domus) 
 and in war (militia). Many men would rather (malo) live in the 
 country than in the city. By good counsels, the welfare of the state 
 will be secured (constituere) at home and abroad. I shall remain at 
 home, [but] my brother will go into the country. 
 
 n. In Spai'ta, the boys were scourged (caedere) with thongs (lorum) 
 at the altar of Diana. Cicero, in Rhodes, attached himself (se applica- 
 re) to Molon. Artemisia, the wife of a king of Caria, built at Halicar- 
 nassus a famous (nobilis) sepulchre. In the times of Pericles, many 
 renowned men lived at Athens. Hannibal was born at Carthage. 
 Themistocles, presented witli great presents by Artaxerxes, returned 
 (perf) to Asia and established (constituere) his abode at Magnesia. 
 The corpse of Alexander was removed (transferre, perf.) from Baby- 
 lon, the chief city of Assyria, to Alexandria, a city of Egypt. Dionysius, 
 the tyrant, fled (perf) from Syracuse, the most powerful city of Sicily, 
 to Corinth, a very renowned (celeber) city of Greece. Cato took away 
 (perf.) his life at Utica, a city of Africa. Hannibal was recalled from 
 Italy to Carthage. Scipio often hurried away (evolare) from the city 
 into the country, [and] then returned to business from the country into 
 the city. Alexander died (perf.) at Babylon, the chief city of Assyria. 
 The soldiers returned (perf.) home joyful at the victory. The soul in 
 the body is, as it were, in a foreign house. In the time of Pyrrhus, 
 the first elephants came to Rome. Nowhere does one live (vivitur) so 
 conveniently (commode) as at home. Archimedes was killed (perf.) 
 
§ 93.] REMARKS ON THE USE OF THE PREPOSITIONS. 245 
 
 at Syracuse, a city of Sicily, by a Roman soldier. Marius died at his 
 house an old man. Laelius hastened forth (evolare) into the country 
 from the city, as if (tanquam) from ehains. The superiority (virtus) 
 of Caesar had been acknowledged at home and abroad. Socrates 
 brought back to the house the veiy same expression which he had 
 carried forth from it. Cicero often lived in the country. The poet 
 Ovid lived a long time (aliquamdiu) at Tomi, a city of Moesia, in exile. 
 
 § 93. Remarks on the use of the Prepositions. 
 
 1. Ab and de (from, by, of) differ thus : a) of place, ah 
 means, away from a place, de, down from, or away from, — 
 b) ah is used with an active object, and hence stands with 
 the agent or doer after passive verbs, de on the contrary, is 
 used with a passive object, 
 
 Milites ab urhe profecti sunt. Lucretius de muro se dejecit. Deforo 
 cives discesserunt (away from the forum). Multae fabulae de Hercvle a 
 poetis fictae sunt (many fables have been invented concerning Hercu- 
 les by the poets). Multa de te a fratre tuo audivi (I have heard much 
 of thee from thy brother). 
 
 2. Circum is used only of place (not of time), as : terra 
 se circum axem convertit. 
 
 3. The verbs : pono, loco, colloco, constituo, deflgo and 
 some others take in with the ablative, where the accusative 
 seems to be required, since they express motion. — &uper 
 and subter are very rarely used with the ablative. 
 
 CXXV. Exercises for translation. (§ 93.) 
 
 I. The Gauls were conquered (perf ) by Caesar. Caesar has related 
 much of the Gauls. Cornelius Nepos wrote (perf) a book concerning 
 the Hfe and customs of Cato. The life and customs of Cato were 
 written by Cornelius Nepos. The citizens, besieged by the enemies, 
 placed all hope in the wisdom and firmness of the general. From 
 whom hast thou heard this news concerning the arrival of my father ? 
 from thy brother. We would place the highest good in virtue ! The 
 wise man fixes (defigere) his thoughts not upon pleasure, but upon virtue. 
 
 II. Cicero wrote (perf) three books concerning duties. Three books 
 concerning duties were written by Cicero. Excellent precepts have 
 been left (tradere) us by Plutarch concerning the instruction of children 
 
 21* 
 
246 OF THE USE OF THE PRONOUNS. [^ 94. 
 
 (puer). Plato placed the reason in the head, anger in the breast. 
 Cicero, in the first book of the Tusculan Disputations, speaks (dispiita- 
 re) of the immortalitj' of the soul. Much has been related to us by 
 our teacher of the braveiy of the Romans. Cicero fixed (defigere) all 
 his cares and thoughts upon the welfai'e of his countrj^ Let us place 
 a peaceful life in vu-tue ! 
 
 § 94. Of the use of the Pronouns. 
 
 1. The personal pronouns in the Nom. : ego^ tu, nos, vos 
 are expressed with the verb, only when a particular stress 
 rest upon them, hence, especially in contrasts. The pos- 
 sessive pronouns also : meus, tuus, etc. are used only in this 
 case, or for the sake of perspicuity. 
 
 Ego fleo, tu rides. Mens fi*ater diligens est, tuus piger. But : Fra- 
 ter me amat (not : frater mens me amat). 
 
 2. The genitives nostri and vestri, like met, tui, sui are 
 objective (not possessive), but nostrum and ve strum are used 
 partitively. 
 
 Memoria Twstri (of us). Memor sum vtstri. Memini vestri. Quis 
 nostrum haec dixit? Nemo vestrum, sua officia explevit. Besides, we 
 should distinguish : pars nostri, vestri (a part of us, you, = of our, your 
 being), e. g. animus est pars jwstri, from : pars nostrum^ vestrum, a part 
 or some of us. 
 
 3. The pronouns : sui, sibi, se ; suus, «, um, are used when 
 an object (person or thing), is opposed to itself. 
 
 Omnia animalia se diligunt. Haec oratio sihi repugnat. Alexander, 
 quum interemisset Clitum, familiarem suum, vix a se manus abstinuit. 
 Hannibalem sui cives e civitate ejecerunt. Dux cum militibus suis 
 fugit. Oravi amicum, ut sihi consuleret. 
 
 4. When these reflexive pronouns stand as the subject of 
 an Infin., or with a Part., or in dependent clauses and refer 
 to the subject of the leading clause, they may generally be 
 translated into English by, he, she, it, to him, to her, to it, 
 him, her, it, they, them, to them. 
 
 Animus sentit, se sua vi moveri(the soul is conscious, that it is moved 
 by its own power). Caesar exercitu per se comparato rempublicam 
 
§ 94.] OF THE USE OF THE PRONOUNS. 24*7 
 
 liberavit (with an army collected by him). Caesar milites adhortatus 
 est, ut se sequerentur (that they should follow Mm). 
 
 5. The oblique cases of is, ea, id, on the contrary, are 
 used, when an object is not opposed to itself, but to another 
 object ; ejus, eorum, and earum in this case, are translated 
 into English by his, her, their. 
 
 Pater ei ignovit {him, e. g. his son, or her, e. g. his daughter ; but : 
 pater sibi ignovit, himself). Pater semper ejus memor erit {his, e. g. 
 friends). Pater eum valde diligit. Mater earn valde amat. Dux et 
 milites ejus fugerunt (and his soldiers ; but : dux cum militibus suis 
 fugit). Caesar fortissimus fuit : ejus facta admiramur {his deeds). Hos- 
 tes multas urbes exciderunt, earumque mcolas in servitutem abduxe- 
 runt (and their inhabitants). 
 
 6. The pronoun ipse, a, um often stands with the person- 
 al pronouns, either in the same case with the subject, when 
 the subject is contrasted loith other subjects, or in the same 
 as the object, when the object is contrasted ivith other objects. 
 
 Ego me ipse vitupero (/ and not another). Ego me ipsum vitupero 
 {myself QA-iA not another). Saepe ii homuies, qui sihi ipsis maxime pla- 
 cent, aliis maxime displicent. De me ipse loquor. De me ipso loquor, 
 
 7. The genitives : ipsius, ipsorum and ipsarum, which 
 often stand in connection with the possessive pronouns, are 
 to be translated into English by, oivn. 
 
 Meus ipsius pater (my own father). Mea ipsius mater {my oivn moth- 
 er). Meum ipsius consihum (my own counsel). Tuus ipsius frater. 
 Dux sua ipsius culpa victus est. JVoster ipsorum pater. Vestra ipso- 
 rum mater. Duces sua ipsorum culpa victi sunt. Sorores mea siui 
 ipsarum voluntate domi manent. 
 
 8. Besides what was said of the difference in usage be- 
 tween the interrogatives quis ? quid ? and qui ? quae 1 
 quod ? in Rem. 3. § 30 ; it should be here stated, that, when 
 quis has a noun with it, the noun is to be regarded as in 
 apposition with it ; that quis inquires barely after the name of 
 the person or thing (what), qui after its nature (what sort of), 
 as: quis philosophus ? (what philosopher?), ^^wz philoso- 
 phus ? (what sort of a philosopher ?). 
 
248 OP THE USE OF THE PRONOUN. [^ 94, 
 
 Rem. 1. For the distinction between the double forms of the inde- 
 finite pronouns quis, qua, quid, qui, quae quod, etc. See § 31. 
 
 9. The indefinite pronoun quis (qzd), qua (quae), quid 
 (quod), some one, one, is less emphatic than aliquis, etc., and 
 stands most commonly after si, nisi, ne, num, quum, qui, 
 quae, quod, quo or quanto {the, with the comparative). 
 
 Si quis de immortahtate animorum dubitat, insanus est. Vide, ne 
 quern laedas. JVum quis dubitat hac de re ? Quo [quanto) quis sapien- 
 tior est, eo (tanto) modestior est. 
 
 10. When quisque is connected with the pronouns sui, 
 sibi, se, suus, it stands immediately after them. 
 
 Trahit sua quemque voluptas. Minime sihi quisqae notus est. 
 
 11. When quisque stands after superlatives, it may be 
 translated by precisely the, the very, and when it stands after 
 ordinal numbers by each, every. 
 
 Sapientissimus quisque virtutem maxime amat (precisely the wisest). 
 Quarto quoque anno (every fourth year). 
 
 12. Uterque (each of two, both) in connection with a 
 noun takes the same gender, number and case as the noun ; 
 but when uterque is connected with a pronoun, this pro- 
 noun stands in the genitive. In both cases the predicate is 
 in the singular. 
 
 Uterque dux clarus fuit (both leaders were renowned). Uterque 
 eorum clarus fuit (both these were renowned). Uterque nostrum, ves- 
 trum (we both, you both). Quorum uterque (both of whom). 
 
 Rem. 2. The plural of uterque is used when two parties are spoken 
 of, to hoih or at least, one of which, several belong, or when it stands in 
 connection with nouns used only in the plural, as : utrique duces (the 
 generals, of which there are several on both sides). Utrique, Caesar et 
 hostes. Utrdque castra (both camps). 
 
 13. liter, alter, neuter are used when the discourse is of 
 only two ; quis, alius, nullus, on the contrary, when the dis- 
 course is of several. 
 
 Uter fratrum ad te venit (which of the two brothers) ? Uter vestrum 
 hoc dixit (which of you two) ? Duo sunt fratres : alter (the one) litteris 
 operam dat ; alter (the other) miles est. JVeuter nostrum (neither of 
 
§ 94.] OF THE USE OF THE PRONOUNS. 249 
 
 US two). When a compai'ison occurs Avith uter, alter, neuter, the com- 
 parative is used where we sometimes use the superlative, as : uter 
 fortior est ? which of the two is the bravest ? 
 
 14. The phrases, alius aliud, alius aliter, etc., are trans- 
 lated : the one this, the other that; the one in this way, the 
 other in that. 
 
 Alii aliud probant. Mii aliter vivuiit. 
 
 Rem. 3. The indefiuite pronouns, one, they, we are expressed in 
 Latin : 
 
 a) By the third Pers. Plur. Act. as: dicunt, ferunt, tradunt ; 
 
 b) By the third Pers. Sing. Pass., as: narratur ; bene vivitur ; 
 
 c) By the personal Pass., as : amor, one loves me, amai'is, one loves 
 thee, sapientes beati existimantur, we account the wise happy ; 
 
 d) By the first Pers. Phu\ Act. (in this case the speaker must be in- 
 cluded under the 07ie), as: viro sapienti libenter paremws ; 
 
 e) By the second Pers. Sing. Act., particularly of the Subj., as: cre- 
 dos (one may believe). 
 
 CXXVI. Exercises for translation. (^94.) 
 I. a. Parents love their children. Manlius punished (multare) the 
 bravei-y of his son with death. The remembrance of you will always 
 be agi-eeable to us. To each of us the love of life is inborn. The 
 soul is the governor of us. The hand is a part of us. A pai't of us, 
 to-morrow, will betake ourselves into the country. Pity thou me, 
 wretched. Few of us have fulfilled their duties. A good king cares 
 less for himself than for the welfai*e of the citizens. The wise man 
 zealously coiTects the faults inborn in him. So long as Hannibal was 
 in Italy, nobody resisted him in battle (acies). After the general had 
 fallen (perf ) in batde, the soldiers fled. My friend and his son have 
 set out for Rome. The Allobroges entreated (orare) Umbrenus, that 
 [ut with Subj.) he would pity them. Cicero had effected by Fulvia, 
 that [ut with Subj.) Curius might disclose (aperire) to him the plans of 
 Catiline, The Germans occupied themselves (studere) with agriculture, 
 and the greatest part of their food (victus, us) consisted of [consistere 
 with abl.) milk, cheese and flesh. I have often reflected (cogitare) 
 with myself concerning the immortality of the soul (plur.). We see 
 (cernere) faults (delictum) in others more than in ourselves. The 
 soul itself moves itself Our soldiers have conquered the enemies, not 
 by the wisdom (consilium) of their general, but by their own bravery. 
 We ought to care (inservire, c. dat.) not only for our own advantage, 
 but also for [that] of others. 
 
250 OF THE USE OF THE PRONOUNS. [§ 94. 
 
 I. b. Children love their parents. It is the duty of the king to look 
 out for the welfare of his subjects. Lysander, king of the Lacede- 
 monians, left behind (peif ) a great report of himself With delight 
 we pity thee. Each of us will always recollect thee and thine. I 
 shall always preserve a recollection of you. The best part of us is 
 immortal. A part of us had remained at home. Many of us have de- 
 served [well] of (de) our country. The general and his soldiers have 
 distinguished themselves in battle by bravery. Men use beasts for 
 their advantage. [His] friends exhorted Darius, that (ut with Suhj.) 
 he should subject Greece to himself The king Em-ystheus command- 
 ed (imperare) Hercules, that {ut with Suhj.) he should bring (afferre) 
 to him the arms of the queen of the Amazons. Cleopatra admitted 
 (admittere) a viper (aspis, idis) to herself and was killed (extinguere, 
 per/.) by its poison. After the encounter at Issus, the mother of Da- 
 rius, his wife and his daughter, were taken captives. We ourselves 
 ought to govern (imperare) ourselves. Virtue itself protects itself. 
 Many are wise for themselves indeed, but not for others. The (is) 
 general cannot restrain (continere) [his] army, who does not restrain 
 himself (se ipsum). The companions of Ulysses perished (perf ) by 
 their own folly. Many evils happen to us by our own fault (culpa). 
 
 n. a. Each one is the architect (faber) of his fortune. Assign to 
 each his own. With the gi-eatest difficulty (= most difficulty) does 
 each one judge correctly of himself Each one ought to protect his 
 own. Precisely the best [man] undertakes most easily dangers and 
 labors for his country. Money has always been despised by the very 
 best [men]. Every fifth year, all Sicily was rated (perf) Demosthe- 
 nes and Cicero were the most renowned orators of antiquity ; to 
 which dost thou give the preeminence (palma) ? Virgil, Ovid and 
 Horace were very distinguished poets of Rome ; which dost thou con- 
 sider the best? Each is a fault, both to believe each and [to believe] 
 neither. I believe neither, neither thee nor thy brother. Both, Ho- 
 mer and Virgil, were distinguished poets ; the one of them was a 
 Greek and the other a Roman. Both, the Romans and the enemies, 
 fought bravely. One excels in this, another in that. One occupies 
 himself with this, another with that. 
 
 II. b. Each virtue deserves (deberi) its particular (proprhis) praise. 
 Each has (by esse) his way. Each is accustomed to measure dangers 
 according to his fear. Fortune will form each one by his character. 
 The veiy best, we ought always to place before (proponere) others 
 for imitation. The olive (olea) does not bear eveiy year, but general- 
 
§ 95.] OF THE NUMERALS. 251 
 
 ly every two (alter) years. Who of you has heard this news ? Who 
 is the greatest orator of antiquity ? Scipio and Hannibal were very 
 renowned generals, the one was the general of the Romans, the other 
 of the Carthaginians ; which dost thou prefer ? The very most learn- 
 ed men are the most modest. Both, Caesar and Pompey were great 
 jnen ; which dost thou consider the greatest ? Both the Romans and 
 the Germans were very brave ; which considerest thou the bravest ? 
 Neither of us all is free from faults. Neither, neither the wicked 
 [man] nor the flatterer, ought we to praise. Dangers threaten one 
 from here (= hence), another /ro77i </iere (= thence). This pleases 
 one, that another. 
 
 III. a. Jusdy one censures those who act righdy from (prae) fear. 
 All is uncertain, when one departs (discedere) from right. One 
 laughs. They praise me. One has praised me. The earth is sur- 
 rounded (circumfundi) by that sea which we (= one) call ocean. 
 We prepare the mind for (ad) all. He who fears what one can avoid, 
 can in no manner live with a quiet mind. In prosperity, let us flee 
 pride and arrogance. Without virtue we cannot be happy. What is 
 sweeter, than to have [a friend] with whom one may dare to speak 
 as with himself? It is becoming, to do religiously what one does. 
 
 III. b. They called those philosophers sophists, who pursued philo- 
 sophy for gain or ostentation. They run. Honorable conduct (= the 
 honorable) excites (movere) the approbation of those with whom one 
 lives. They will censure me. We deride fools. The perversities 
 (pravitas) of the soul, one properly (= correctly) calls faults. Tlie 
 means of living (victus) and care of the body, we refer to health and 
 strength, not to property. How short is the longest life of man, 
 when one compares (subj.) it to eternity! What one has promised, 
 he must make good. By entreaties, one often effects (perficere) more 
 than by force. It is becoming, not to censure that which one does not 
 understand (intelligere, Suhj.). 
 
 § 95. Of the Numerals. 
 
 1. Concerning mille and milia, see § 33. Rem. 4. 
 
 2. The distributives, which answer the question, hoiu 
 
 771 any each 1 or how many at a time? are used when one 
 
 wishes to express, that a number is divided equally a7nong 
 
 several objects, or a certain number of tunes. 
 
 Pater filiis senos libros dat (six books a piece, i. e. the father gives 
 each of his sons six books ; hence, if we suppose three sons, the father 
 
252 OF THE NUMERALS. [§ 95. 
 
 divides eighteen books into three equal parts). Sex fossae, quinos pe- 
 des ahae, ducebantur (each six feet deep). 
 
 3. Besides, the distributives are used for the cardinal 
 numbers with nouns which have only the plural, as : bina 
 castra, tiuo camps. For singulis ae, a, in this case, uni, ae, a 
 is used, as : una castra, one camp, unae nuptiae, one lued- 
 dingy unae litterae, one letter, trina castra, three camps (but : 
 terna castra, three camps a-piece). 
 
 CXXVII. Exercises for translation. (^95.) 
 
 I. A thousand soldiers have defended the city spiritedly against 
 3000 enemies which assaulted it. All (omnis) Gaul which is em- 
 braced (continere) by the Pyrenees mountains, the Alps and the Se- 
 venns (mons Gehenna) is 3,200,000 paces. The leader of our army 
 has pursued the enemy with 1000 soldiers. As at Rome two consuls, 
 so at Carthage tw^o kings, were annually elected. The Roman legions 
 consisted (esse) at certain times of 5000 footmen and 300 horsemen. 
 The army of the enemies had pitched 2 camps, ours 3. The father 
 wrote a letter to each of his 4 sons. Veiy often by a truce, have the 
 already enfeebled powers of an army been restored (reparare). Two 
 acres of land a-piece were divided (perf ) to the people. The mother 
 gave to each child 1 apple, 6 pears, 7 plums, 8 cherries. The enemies 
 pitched (perf) 3 camps, each of which 3 trenches surrounded. 
 
 II. The army of the enemies consisted (esse) of 28,000 footmen 
 and 13,500 horsemen. According to (ex) the opinion of Posidonius, 
 there are 20,000,000 stadia from the earth to the moon [andj 5,000,000 
 stadia thence to the sun. The citizens with 1000 soldiers have de- 
 fended the city against the enemy. The mother gave (perf) to each 
 boy 2 apples, 3 pears, 4 plums and 12 cherries. Caesar divided (perf) 
 among (dat.) the people, man for man, 10 bushels of grain and just 
 so many pounds of oil and 300 sesterces (nummus). The enemies 
 drew (perf) around the camp 3 trenches, 11 feet deep and 6 feet 
 broad. Two walls surround the city, 18 feet high and 8 feet broad. 
 The towers upon the walls of Babylon, were about 10 feet higher than 
 the walls. In each camp of the enemies, there were 7000 footmen and 
 4000 horsemen. Cicero received (perf) in one day, 3 letters from (ex) 
 each of tliree different places. How many scholars are in a class in 
 (gen.) your school? about 30. The fingers of men have 3 joints, the 
 thumb 2. A father divided (perf) equally among (dat.) his 4 sons 
 
^ 96, 97.] INFINITIVE. SUPINE. 253 
 
 4444 dollars, how many dollars did each receive (perf.) ? 1111. My 
 brother has 3 writing-tablets. Yesterday I received (perf.) 2 letters. 
 The city has 6 towers, each of which is 268 feet high. After a long 
 time, at length (tandem) a letter came, and this whole letter consisted 
 (esse) of these 22 letters : Si vales, bene est ; ego valeo. 
 
 § 96. Infinitive. 
 The Infinitive is used : 
 
 a) As subject, as : dulce et decorum est pro patria mori; 
 
 b) As object ; this is especially the case with verbs sig- 
 nifying to loill, to be able, ought, should, as: volo (cupio, 
 studeo, possum, debeo) discere. 
 
 Rem. 1. In animated description, the Latins often used the Infin. 
 Pres. for the finite verb (historical injinitive) , as : multum ipse pugnare, 
 saepe hostem/enVe. 
 
 Rem. 2. For the Ace. with the Infin., see § 105. 
 
 §97. Supine. 
 
 1. The Supine in U7n stands with verbs of going-, com- 
 ing, sending, calling, in order to express the end of these 
 verbs. It takes the same case as its verb. 
 
 In urbem migravi habitatum. Ingens hominum multitudo in urbem 
 convenit ludos publicos spedatum. 
 
 2. The Supine in u stands : a) with many adjectives as 
 a nearer definition of them, as : dulcis, jucundus, molcstus, 
 dignus, indignus, facilis, difficilis ; b) s^iXh. fas est (it is law- 
 ful), nefas est (it is not lawful) and opus est. 
 
 Pira dulcia sunt gustatu. Fas est didu. Nefas est didu. Deliher^ 
 cdu opus est. 
 
 CXXVIII Exercises for translation. (^^96,97.) 
 I. To a cultivated and learned man, to think is to live. They, whose 
 fathers or ancestors have distinguished (praestare) themselves by 
 some renown, seek to excel in the veiy same kind of praise. Practice 
 teaches to bear (ferre) labor. Without virtue nobody can be happy. 
 The army hastens, in order to deliver the city from the siege. The 
 Romans sent (perf) ambassadors to Delphi, in order to consult the 
 oracle. What is so pleasant (jucundus) to perceive and to hear, as a 
 22 
 
254 GERUND. [^ 98. 
 
 discourse adorned with wise thoughts and weighty (gravis) words ? 
 An unripe grape is bitter to taste. The fish is easy to catch in disturb- 
 ed water. 
 
 n. To prefer money to fi-iendship is base. Poets wish both to de- 
 light and to profit. The soul cannot decay. It is easier to see errors 
 than to correct [them]. All that comes to pass by our fault (culpa), 
 we ought to bear patiently. A great multitude of men assembled 
 (perf ) in [in with ace.) the city, in order to see (spectare) the public 
 games. The shorter a narrative is, the plainer (dilucidus) and easier 
 it is to understand (cognoscere). The orators pass over all which is 
 base to speak. 
 
 § 98. Gerund. 
 
 1. The gerund in the Nom. in connection with est, as : 
 scribendum est, is translated into English : it is to he (writ- 
 ten) or: one must, one should (write), llhe person which 
 must or should do something is put in the dative. Hence 
 we may translate it into English by : /, thou, he, she, it must, 
 should (write), we must, should (write), etc. 
 
 2. The gerund, like the infinitive, takes the same case as 
 its verb. But instead of the gerund with an object in the 
 accusative, the gerundive is used. See § 99. 1. 
 
 Obtemperandum est virtutis pratceptis. Suo cmquejudido utendum 
 est (each one must use his own judgment). 
 
 3. The remaining cases of the gerund supply the cases 
 of the Infin. Still the Ace. of the gerund is used only in 
 connection with a preposition. The use of the cases of the 
 gerund is the same as the use of the cases of substantives. 
 
 Nom. JVatare est utile (swimming is useful). 
 
 Gen. JVatandi ars utilis est (the art of swimming is useful). JVatandi 
 sum peritus (I am skilled in swimming). 
 
 Dat. Katando homo aptus est (man is fitted for swimming). 
 
 Ace. JVatare disco (I learn to swim, or swimming) ; but : ad natandum 
 homo aptus est (is fitted for swimming, or: to swim). 
 Inter natandum [vfhWQ swimming); oh natandum (on ac- 
 count of swimming). 
 
 Abl. JVatando corj)oris vires exercentur (by swimming). In natando 
 (in swimming), a natando (by swimming), ex natando, de 
 natando. 
 
§ 99.] GERUNDIVE. 255 
 
 Remark. The Gerund being of the nature of a noun, is governed 
 in its different cases in the same manner as a noun. 
 
 4. The gerund in the oblique cases also, like the Infin., 
 takes the same case as its verb. Still, instead of the ge- 
 rund in the Dat. and Ace. with an object in the accusative^ 
 the gerundive is used. See § 99. 1. 
 
 Ars pueros bene educandi difficilis est. Pauci idoni sunt ad aliis im- 
 perandum. 
 
 CXXIX. Exercises fo?- translation. {§ 98.) 
 
 L Man should always think that life is short. The laws of Lycur- 
 gus formed (erudire) the youth by labors, by hunting, running, hun- 
 gering, thirsting, freezing, sweating. The effort to relieve the misery 
 of others, is very agreeable to good men. Avoid thou all enticements 
 to (gen.) sinning (peccare). Not for (dat.) the school, but for life we 
 should learn. A good scholar is desirous of learning much. During 
 (inter) the deliberation (cousultare) one ought not to contend (decertare) 
 with arms. Oue must not spare an enemy. Boys and youths should 
 use exercise of body and mind. Who has not learned to obey, is not 
 fit (idoneus) to command. Caesar and Pompey were inclined (propen- 
 sus ad) to spare the enemies. By nothing do men approach (accedere) 
 nearer to God, than by giving safety to men. By teaching we learn. 
 
 II. It is sufficiently known, that good men must contend with the 
 bad. Socrates was accustomed, by inquii-y (percontari) and question- 
 ing (= asking) to elicit the sentiments (opinio) of those with whom he 
 discoursed (disserere). One must come for aid, not merely to the 
 body, but much (multo) more to the understanding and the mind. 
 We should forget injuries. Wlio does not know, that the hope of im- 
 punity is a very great enticement to (gen.) sin (peccare). All the citi- 
 zens burned (exardescere, per/.) with desire to fight for the safety of 
 their countiy. One must use the occasion. Learn, O boys, early the 
 art of using time wisely ! Few men are fitted {idoneus with dat.) to 
 speak. Man is born to act. The Persians were very skilful in (gen.) 
 riding. The character (mos, plur.) is discovered (= uncovered) in 
 (inter) playing freely. From delaying (cunctari) Fabius w^as called the 
 delayer. One must abstain from ignoble pleasures. 
 
 § 99. Gerundive. 
 1. When the gerund would take an object in the accusative^ 
 
256 GERUNDIVE. [^ 99. 
 
 the gerundive is commonly used instead of the gerund in the 
 Gen. and Ab\. and always instead of the gerund in the 
 Nom., Dat. and Ace. The agent or doer^ as with the ge- 
 rund, stands in the dative. 
 
 2. The change of the construction of the gerund into 
 that of the gerundive takes place in the following manner : 
 
 a) The noun standing in the Ace. with the gerund, is 
 put in the same case in tvhich the gerund stands ; 
 
 b) The gerund is changed into the gerundive. 
 
 c) But the gerundive is put in the sa7ne case, number and 
 gender as the noun. 
 
 E. g. If in the phrase : ars pueros educandi one would use the ge- 
 rundive instead of the gerund, he must: a) put the Ace. pueros in the 
 case of the gerund educandi, hence in the Gen. : puerorum (ars puer- 
 orum) ; b) he must then change the gerund educandi into the gerundive 
 educandus, a, urn ; c) finally, must put this gerundive in the same gen- 
 der, number and case as puerorum, hence educandorum. 
 
 JVbm 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. 
 Ace. 
 AU. 
 
 Pueri nobis bene educandi sunt. 
 
 Ars civitatis guhernandae est dif- 
 ficillima. 
 
 A sinus idoneus est oneribus por- 
 
 tandis. 
 Puer aptus est ad litteras trac- 
 
 tandas. 
 Litteris tractandis ingenium acul- 
 
 tur. 
 
 Nobis bene educandum est pue- 
 ros, must be changed into : 
 
 Ars civitatem gubernandi est dif- 
 ficillima ; for v^hich common- 
 
 Asinus idoneus est oneraportan- 
 
 do, must be changed into : 
 Puer aptus est ad litteras trac- 
 
 tandum,m\}st\}Q changed into : 
 Litteras tractando ingenium acur- 
 
 tur, for which commonly : 
 
 Remark. But the gerund in the Gen., Dat. and Abl. is not changed 
 into the Gerundive when the object in the Ace. is the neuter of an ad- 
 jective or pronoun, as : studium vera cognoscendi (not verorum cognoscen- 
 dorum), cupidus sum hoc audiendi (not hujus audiendi). 
 
 3. The gerundive stands also with verbs signifying to 
 take, to give, care, attend to, give up, cause and the like, in 
 order to express an intention or end. 
 
 Urbs a duce niilitibus diripienda data est (for plundering). Urbem 
 dux militibus diripiendam dedit. Perfugam Fabricius reducendum cura' 
 vit (caused to be led back). 
 
§ 99.] GERUNDIVE. 257 
 
 CXXX. Exercises for translation. ('J 99.) 
 
 I. When wrath moves thee very much (maxime), thou must curb 
 thy tongue very carefully. The art of governing (gubernare) a state 
 v/ell and wisely, is very difficult. Many are more desirous of increas- 
 ing [their] riches than of exercising [their] virtue. One must account 
 wisdom the art of living well and peacefully. The camel is fitted 
 (aptus, a, um, with dot.) for bearing great loads. Water is very useful 
 for preserving our health. Gymnastic exercises avail very much (plu- 
 rimum) for (ad) confirming the health. The Phenicians were very 
 skilful in the art of governing ships. No possession is to be esteemed 
 higher than virtue. The soldiers tried (experiri)all [things] in order to 
 (ad) capture the city. The first book of Cicero's Tusculan Disputations 
 treats (est) of the contempt of death ; the second of the enduring of 
 pain ; the third of the relieving of sorrow. Socrates passed (perf ) 
 [his] whole life in improving the morals of others. To be drawn 
 (abdaci) from active duties (res gerere) by the eflfort to investigate truth, 
 is inconsistent with duty (contra officium). The life of the wise man 
 consists in the exercise of virtue. Good parents bestow [collocare in 
 with abl.) all care upon the proper (= good) bringing up of their chil- 
 dren. Some (nonnulli) sports are not unprofitable for (dat.) sharpening 
 (acuere) the wits (ingenium) of boys. The contempt of death avails 
 very much in delivering the soul from fear. Nature has given (tradere) 
 to woman, the attending to (procurare) and managing (administrare) the 
 domestic aflfairs (res). Caesar gave up (concedere) the taken city to 
 the soldiers, for plundering (diripere). Good parents take care (curare) 
 to instruct then" children well. 
 
 II, He (is) is to be accounted (existimare) free, who sei-ves no vice 
 (turpitudo). The desire (cura) to preserve itself, is inborn by nature 
 in every living being. In joking (jocari), we must preserve (adhibere) 
 temperance. The faculty of curbing the tongue is very useful. Many, 
 on account of a desire for fame, are desirous to carry on war. We 
 should pronounce nobody happy before death. Virtue has the greatest 
 power of freeing minds from the passions. Soldiers should know 
 how (= be acquainted with) to endure hunger and thirst. Innumera- 
 ble things have been created by God in order (dat.) to delight men. 
 Many plants are useful for (dat.) healing wounds. How many things 
 are necessaiy for the preservation of life ! Thou must try all [things] 
 in order to obtain the praise of the good. The winds are very useful 
 for (ad) dispersing the injurious dust. By the pursuit (tractare) of 
 literature, we should become (evadere) not merely more learned, but 
 
 22* 
 
258 PARTICIPLE. [$ 100. 
 
 better also. The book of Plutarch concerning the bringing up of 
 children (puer) contains many useful precepts. In the performance 
 (persequi) of all duties, one must bestow an effort (contentio) of the 
 soul. Be unwilling to receive an office to the management (adminis- 
 trare) of which thou art not competent (= hast not grown). In the se- 
 lection (eligere) of friends, we should bestow the greatest foresight. 
 Conon caused (curare) the walls of Athens, destroyed by Lysander, 
 to be repaired (reficere). We give the boys good books to read. 
 Mithridates took means (curare) to kill all Roman citizens in (abl.) the 
 whole of Asia in one day. 
 
 § 100. Participle. 
 
 1. The participle, like the Infin., governs the same case as 
 its verb, as : epistolam scribens, hosiihus parcens, and like an 
 adjective, agrees in gender, number and case with its noun, 
 as : puer laudatus, puella laudata. 
 
 2. The participle is used as follows : 
 
 a) Wholly as an adjective, as : rosa florens pulchra est 
 (the blooming rose). Rosa est florens (the rose is 
 blooming) ; 
 
 b) Instead of the relative ivho, luhich with some form of 
 the finite verb, as: cives acriter cum hostibus dimica- 
 bant urbem oppugnantibus (who were assaulting the 
 city) ; 
 
 c) Instead of the conjunctions, loliile, as, after, ivlien, if, 
 because, since, although with the finite verb, as : cog- 
 itmites coelestia, haec nostra ut exigua et minima con- 
 temnimus (when we think upon heavenly things). 
 Hostes, amnem transgressi, castra muniverunt (after 
 they had passed over the river). 
 
 3. The Part. Fut. Act. is often used in order to express a 
 design or purpose, and in this case is to be rendered by that, 
 in order that with the finite verb, or by in order to with the 
 Infin. 
 
 Ingens hominum multitudo in urbem convenit ludos publicos speda- 
 tura. 
 
 4. There are two kinds of participial construction in 
 
§ 100.] PARTICIPLE. 259 
 
 Latin : the one is called the conjunctive participial construe- 
 tion, the other the ablative absolute. Since we generally 
 translate the participle into English by a subordinate clause, 
 the difference between these two constructions may be ex- 
 plained as follows : 
 
 a) The conjunctive participial construction is used, when 
 the subordinate clause has no subject of its own, but 
 has for its subject either the subject or object of the 
 principal clause. In this case, the participle agrees in 
 gender, number and case with this subject or object. 
 
 Sol oriens pellit noctem (when the sun rises, it (i. e. the sun) chases 
 away the night). Aristides, patria pulsus, Lacedaemonem fugit (as Aris- 
 tides had been expelled from his countiy, he (Aristides) fled to Lace- 
 demon). Hostes, victoriam adepti, in castra se receperunt (after the 
 enemy had obtained the victory, they (the enemy) returned to the 
 camp). Caesar hostes fiigatos persecutus est, after the enemy had been 
 put to flight, Caesar pursued them (the enemy). 
 
 b) The ablative absolute is used, when the subordinate 
 clause has its own subject, which is neither the subject 
 nor the object of the principal clause. In this case 
 the subject of the subordinate clause stands in the 
 ablative and the participle is added in the same case. 
 
 Sole oriente, nox fugit (when the sun rises, the night flees). Recupera- 
 td pace, artes efllorescunt (as soon as peace is regained, the arts 
 flourish). 
 
 Rem. Very often both the conjunctive participle and the ablative 
 absolute may be translated by a substantive with or without a pre- 
 position, as : the rising of the sun dispels the night ; after obtaining 
 the victory, the enemy returned to the camp ; with the setting of the 
 sun night flees. 
 
 Rem. 2. Substantives and adjectives also, are often used in the same 
 way as participles, as : helium Gallicum, Caesare imperatore, gestum 
 est (under the conduct of Caesar). JVaturd duce, errare nullo pacto 
 potest (under the guidance of nature). Natus est Augustus, Cicerone 
 et Antonio consulibus (in the consulship of Cicero and Anthony). 
 
 CXXXL Exercises for translation. (§ 100.) 
 I. a. What is so inhuman, as to convert (convertere) eloquence, 
 which is given by nature for the safety and preservation of men, to the 
 
260 PARTICIPLE. [§ 100. 
 
 destruction of the good? Change of country does not always change 
 the morals. The enemies pitched a camp in a place which was sur- 
 rounded by mai'shes (palus) and woods. When we wish to begin 
 (exordior) a work, we must (gerundive) bestow a careful preparation. 
 Tarquinius Superbus was deprived of [his] dominion, as he was besieg- 
 ing Ardea. Since the Romans feared the snares of the Germans, they 
 returned over the Rhine. After Dionysius the tyrant had been expell- 
 ed from Syracuse, he instructed (docere) boys at Corinth. A laugh 
 sometimes breaks forth so violently, that we cannot, even when we 
 desire, restrain (tenere) [it]. Hephaestion, of all the friends of Alexan- 
 der, was the most dear, because he had been brought up in like man- 
 ner with himself. When the storks wish to migrate (abire) they as- 
 semble at [in with ace.) one place. In the third Punic war, Scipio 
 passed over to Africa in order to destroy Chathage. 
 
 I. b. What do eighty years, which are spent (exigere) in (per) in- 
 activity (inertia), profit (juvare) a man ? Two friends are like one soul 
 which dwells in two bodies, When Alexander had possessed himself 
 of Egypt, he built Alexandria. Hipparchus, a son of Pisistratus, fell 
 in the battle of Marathon (Marathonius, a, um), while he was bearing 
 arms against his country. Sulla was sent to Asia, in order to carry 
 on war with the king Mithridates. After the enemies had possessed 
 themselves of the city, they plundered it. By day (interdiu) we do not 
 see the stars, because they are obscm'ed by the light of the sun. We 
 have confidence in upright men, even if they are not sworn. The ene- 
 mies dispersed (dilabi, per/.) into the city, in order to protect them- 
 selves, by (abl.) the walls (moenia). We cannot live happily (beate), 
 if we fear death. 
 
 II. a. When we strive against nature, the labor is vain. Men have 
 invented innumerable arts, while nature taught [them]. What solici- 
 tude would torment the wicked, if the fear of capital punishment were 
 taken away? Since God guides human affairs, we should be destitute 
 of all fear. When humanity is extirpated from the soul, the man 
 ceases to be man. When Cato had read through (passive) the Phedo 
 of Plato, he took his life. Under the reign of Augustus, the Roman 
 empire was rated (perf ). After the troops were drawn together, the 
 general determined (perf) to attack the canip of the enemies. After 
 taking away piety and religion, disturbance of life and a great confu- 
 sion follow. At the instigation (by audor) of the magians, Xerxes was 
 to have burned (inflamare) the temples of Greece. The wise man re- 
 mains rich even after the loss (amittere) of all the goods of fortune. 
 We hope, that our army, which has distinguished itself under the con- 
 
§ 101.] COOEDINATE SENTENCES. 261 
 
 duct (regere) of a bad general, will acquire for itself still (etiam) great- 
 er glory under the conduct of a good general. 
 
 11. b. When pleasure (voluptas) reigns (dominari), all great virtues 
 are m a low condition. The wise man will not be unhappy, after the 
 loss of all his goods. After the rising of the sun, the mists were 
 scattered (discuti, j^er/!). After a knowledge (cognoscere) of the nature 
 of all things, we are freed (levare) from (abl.) superstition. Caesar, 
 after the line-of-battle of the enemies was broken through and scatter- 
 ed, led back his soldiers into the camp. The sedition of the soldiers, 
 which had been quieted by the wisdom (consilium) of the general, 
 hroke out again (recrudescere, perf.^ in his absence. After the expul- 
 sion of the kings, Junius Brutus and Tarquinius Collatinus were made 
 consuls. Under the reign of Augustus, Christ was born ; under the 
 reign of Tiberius, he died. The Greeks took possession of Thermo- 
 pylae as the Persians approached. Caesar, although he had conquered 
 (passive) the Gauls, did not dismiss the army. The Greeks, under 
 the conduct of Cimon, fought against the Persians at Marathon. Be- 
 cause the night came on (ingruere), Caesar led back his soldiers into 
 the camp. 
 
 COMPOUND SENTENCES. 
 § 101. A. Coordinate Sentences. 
 
 1. Coordinate sentences are those which have a common 
 reference to each other, but otherwise are independent of 
 each other, as : Demosthenes was a great orator, Cicero also 
 was a great orator. 
 
 2. The relation of coordinate sentences is : 
 
 1) Copulative^ which is expressed : a) by : et, atque, 
 ac (never before a vowel or /i), que, and; b) by: 
 etiam, quoque, also; c) neque or nee (and not, 
 also not) ; d) et — et, both — and^ as loell — as also ; 
 e) non modo (solum, tantum) — sed etiam, not only 
 (inerely) — hut also; f) quum — tum, so loell — as 
 especially; g) modo — modo, or nunc — nunc, or 
 tum — tum, now — now^ then — then; h) neque (nee) 
 — .neque (nee), neither — nor ; 
 
 2) Adversative^ which is expressed by : sed, but^ hut 
 
262 SUBORDINATE SENTENCES. [$ 102. 
 
 rather; autem, at, vero, verum, hut; tamen, yet; 
 attamen, veruntamen, but yet ; 
 
 3) Disjunctive^ which is expressed by : a) aut, vel, ve, 
 sive (seu), or; b) aut — aut, vel — vel, either — or; 
 sive — sive, ivhether — or^ either — or ; 
 
 4) Causal^ which is expressed by na77i and enim (for) ; 
 
 5) Deductive^ which is expressed by: igitur, itaque, 
 ergo, hence^ therefore ; ideo, on this account^ and 
 
 the like. 
 
 • 
 
 Rem. 1. Que and ve always stand attached to the word to which they 
 belong, as : pater mater^we, pater mater?;e ; autem, vero, enim, quoque, 
 igitur do not stand at the beginning of the sentence, but after the first 
 word. 
 
 Rem. 2. Sive — sive are used with the indicative, as : sive id verum est, 
 sive falsura (whether it be true or false). Aut — aut and vel — vel differ 
 from each other in this, that in aut — aut the one clause really and ne- 
 cessarily excludes the other, so that one can be conceived of as hold- 
 ing good only when the idea of the other is excluded; but in vel — vel 
 the exclusion is only ollowahle or optional. 
 
 § 102. B. Subordinate Sentences. 
 
 1. Subordinate sentences are those which complete or de- 
 fine other sentences and hence are dependent. 
 
 2. The sentence to which another belongs as a dependent 
 part, is called the principal sentence^ the dependent sentences 
 or clause, on the contrary, is called the sudordinate sentence. 
 E. g. in the compound sentence : " when the spring comes, 
 the trees bloom," the last clause : " the trees bloom," is the 
 principal sentence, and the first " when the spring comes," 
 the subordinate sentence. 
 
 3. Subordinate sentences are: 
 
 a) Substantive sentences^ i. e. such as are but the ex- 
 panded idea of some case of a substantive^ as : I re- 
 joice, that thou art in health (= I rejoice at thy 
 health) ; 
 
 b) Adjective sentences^ i. e. such as are but the ex- 
 panded idea of an adjective (or participle), as: the 
 
§ 103.] USE OF MODES IN SUBORDINATE SENTENCES. 263 
 
 rose, ivhich blooms, is beautiful (== the blooming- 
 rose) ; 
 c) Adverbial sentence Sy\. e. such as are only an expan- 
 sion of an adverb or an expression of the nature of 
 an adverb, as : after the enemy luas conquered, 
 , our soldiers returned (= after the conquering of 
 the enemy). 
 
 § 103. Of the use of the Modes in Subordinate Sentences. 
 
 1. In the subordinate sentences which are introduced by 
 the indefinite relative pronouns : quisquis, quicunque, qualis- 
 cunque, quotcunque, ubicunqne, quocuqnue, quotiescnnque, 
 utcunque, quotquot, etc. the indicative is used in Latin, while 
 we, in English, generally use the pronoun whoever, etc. with 
 the subjunctive. 
 
 Sapiens, uhicunque est, beatus est (wherever he may be). Quoquo 
 modo res sese hahet, in sententia mea permanebo (however the thing 
 may be). Quicquid est, ego te non deseram (whatever it may be). 
 
 2. The use of the Subj. in subordinate sentences will be 
 more fully explained in treating of particular subordinate 
 sentences. For the present the following may suffice : 
 
 a) Ut, that, in order that, ne, in order that not, that 
 not, quin (after the phrases : it is not doubtfid, I do 
 not doubt), that, always take the Subj. ; 
 
 b) In questions depending upon another sentence [in- 
 direct questions) the Subj. is always used, as : die 
 mihi, cur rideas (tell me, why you laugh). Nes- 
 cio, ubi fueris (I do not know, where you have 
 been). 
 
 § 104. Succession of the Tf^.nses in Subjunctive Subordinate 
 
 Senleu 6,y. 
 
 The following rules may be given for the succession of 
 the tenses in subjunctive subordinate sentences : 
 
 a) Upon a principal tense : Pres. Perfect-present and 
 
264 SUCCESSION OF THE TENSES. [§ 104. 
 
 Fut., there follows again a principal Tense : Pres. Perfect- 
 present and the Future Periphrastic Present, according as 
 the discourse in the subordinate sentence is of a like timed, 
 completed or future action; 
 
 b) Upon an historical tense : Imperf. Perfect-historical 
 and Plupf., there follows again an historical tense: Imperf. 
 Plupf and Future Periphrastic Imperf, according as the 
 discourse in the subordinate sentence is of a like timed, 
 completed or future action. 
 
 Scio, quid agas. 
 
 Scio, quid egeris. 
 
 Sdo, quid adurus sis. 
 
 Cognovi (I have learned), quid agas. 
 
 Cognovi, quid egeris. 
 
 Cognovi, quid audurus sis, 
 
 Audiam, quid agas. 
 
 Audiam, quid egeris. 
 
 Audiam, quid adurus sis. 
 
 Scieham, quid ageres. 
 Scieham, quid egisses. 
 Sciebam, quid adurus esses. 
 Cognovi (I learned), quid ageres. 
 Cognovi, quid egisses. 
 Cognovi, quid adurus esses. 
 Cognoveram, quid ageres. 
 Cognoveram, quid egisses. 
 Cognoveram, quid adurus esses. 
 
 1 
 
 Opto, ut ad me venias. Optabam, ut ad me venires. Te rogo, ne 
 mihi succenseas. Te rogaham, ne mihi succenseres. Non duhito, quin 
 rem tuam bene geras. Non duhitavi (I have not doubted), quin rem 
 tuam bene geras. Non dubitabo, quin rem tuam bene gesturus sis. 
 Non dubitabam [dubitavi, I doubted, dubitaveram), quin rem tuam bene 
 gereres (gessisses, gesturus esses). 
 
 CXXXII Exercises for translation. (§ 103, 104.) 
 
 I. In whatever way the thing has itself, it is not permitted to thee 
 to desert (deserere) the post committed to thee. Whoever that wretch- 
 ed [man] may be, we would lend aid to him ! The goods of the body 
 and of fortune, however great they may be, are uncertain and frail. 
 Wherever thou mayest be, thou shouldst live uprightly. Who is so 
 powerful, that he can dispense with (carere) the aid of others. Tell me, 
 what thou doest now, did yesterday, and wilt do to-morrow. The 
 friend related to me, where he had been, where he was, and where he 
 would be. Who doubts, that Hannibal fought very bravely against 
 the Romans? Nobody doubted, that Hannibal fought very bravely 
 against the Romans. I do not doubt, that our soldiers will bear off 
 the victory over the enemy. Nobody doubted, that we should bear off 
 the victory over the enemy. 
 
 II. Whatever the opinion of the philosophers may be concerning 
 
§ 105.] ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE. 265 
 
 the highest good, virtue has in itself sufficient protection for a peace- 
 ful life. Whatever we may do, we should do it deliberately. I do not 
 doubt, that you have benefited your country. However great thy 
 wisdom may be, thou shouldst still always be modest. Whithersoever 
 thou mayest turn thy eyes, thou seest the traces of the divine wisdom. 
 What man is so wise, that he can never be deceived ? I do not doubt 
 that thou art now contented with thy lot. I did not doubt, that thou 
 wast contented with thy lot. Tell me where thou hast journied and 
 whither thou art about to [journey]. It is not doubtful, that, when (ubi) 
 [their] country may be in danger, the citizens will fight bravely. It 
 was not doubtful, that, when [their] country was in danger, the citi- 
 zens would fight bravely. 
 
 I. SUBSTANTIVE SENTENCES. 
 
 Preliminary Remark. In the English language, substantive sentences 
 are introduced by the conjunctions: that, that not, in order that, in order 
 that not. In Latin they are expressed by : a) the accusative with the 
 Infin. ; b) by substantive sentences with ut, ne, quo, quomtnus, quin, 
 quod. 
 
 § 105. A, Accusative tvith Infinitive. 
 
 1. When a sentence, as : rosa floret, is the object of one 
 of the verbs mentioned below (No. 2.), in Latin, the subject 
 (rosa) is changed into the Ace. (rosam) and the finite verb 
 into the Infin., as: video rosam florere (I see, that the rose 
 blooms). "When the predicate is expressed by an adjective 
 or substantive with the verb 5wm, fio^ etc. (§§84.), the adjec- 
 tive or substantive is also put in the Ace, as: aqua/ng"fc^ 
 est; sentio aquam frigidam esse (I perceive, that the water 
 is cold). Audimus, Cyrum regem Persarum fuisse (we 
 hear, that Cyrus was king of the Persians). This construc- 
 tion is called the Ace. with the Infinitive. 
 
 Rem. 1. In English, this construction is generally expressed by that 
 with a finite verb and a noun, adjective or participle in the nominative. 
 
 2. The Ace. with the Infin. is used in the following cases : 
 a) After verbs of believing', thinking, feeling and per- 
 ceiving; of saying and relating; 
 
 23 
 
266 ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE. [§ 105. 
 
 b) After verbs of ivilUng, desiring-^ leUing-, bidding' and 
 forbidding; volo, nolo, nialo, cupio, studeo ; sino 
 and patior ; jubeo and veto ; 
 
 c) After the expressions : apparet, (it is evident), co?2- 
 statj (it is known), and the like ; opus est, (it is 
 necessary), licet, jusium est, aequum est, mos est, and 
 the like. 
 
 Sentimus calere ignem, nivem esse albam, duke mel. Historia narrat, 
 Romam a Romiilo condUam esse. Folo te ex ilinere mox redire. Virtus 
 non patitur nos luxuria indulgere. Caesar milites castra munire jussit. 
 Caesar milites pontem resdndere vetuit. Constat inter omnes, Romanos 
 fuisse fortissimos. 
 
 Rem. 2. When no agent is expressed after jubere, vetare, sinere and 
 pati in the Infin., the Infin. Pass, is used in Latin. Caesar castra 
 muniri jussit. Caesar pontem rescindi vetuit. Caesar urbem diripi pas- 
 sus est. 
 
 Rem. 3. With licet (it is permitted) there is commonly found the 
 Dat. (of the person) with the Infin., instead of the Ace. with the Infin. 
 as : quieto esse tibi licet. 
 
 Rem. 4. Oportet and necesse est are connected either with the Ace. 
 ivith the Infin. or with the Subjunctive without uty as : oportet nos virtuti 
 studere, or, virtuti studeamus oportet. JVecesse est sapientem semper bea- 
 tum esse, or : sapiens semper beatus sit necesse est. 
 
 3. The Nom. with the Infin. stands with the passives : 
 dicor, trador, feror (they say that I, or I am said) ; putor, 
 credor, existimor (they believe that I), videor (it seems that 
 T),jubeor, vetor (they bid me, forbid me). 
 
 (Ego) bonus esse dicor (they say, that I am good, or; I am said, etc.) 
 (Tu) bonus esse diceris (they say, that thou art good, or : thou art 
 
 said, etc.) 
 Romulus fortissimus fuisse dicitur (traditur, fertur) . 
 (JVos) boni esse putamur (they beheve, that we are good). 
 (Vos) boni esse putamini (credimini, existimamini, judicamini) . 
 Romani fortissimi fuisse dicuntur (traduntur, putantur). 
 Romulus ad deos transisse creditus est. 
 (Ego) rem intelligere videor (I seem to understand the thing, or: it 
 
 seems that I understan(J). (Tu) laetus esse videris. Ille laetus 
 
 esse videtur. (JVbs) laeti esse videmur. (Vos) laeti esse videmini. 
 
 Illi laeti esse videntur. (Ego) laetus esse videbar, etc. 
 
§ 105.] ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE. 267 
 
 (Ego) juheor scribere (they bid me write). (Tu) vetaris sciibere 
 (they forbid thee to write). Milites pontem facerc jussi sunt (they 
 commanded the soldiers to build a bridge). 
 
 CXXXIII Exercises/or translation, {k 105.) 
 I. I know that my body is mortal, [but] that my soul is immortal. 
 Aristotle shows, that the poet Orpheus never existed. It is known, that 
 the Romans destroyed Carthage. Some philosophers believed, that 
 tiie world came into existence (nasci) by chance. Titus was unwilling, 
 that any one (quisquam) should go away from him sad. We hope, 
 that thou wilt soon return from (ex) the journey. Who can deny, that 
 God governs the whole world ? It is known, that Hannibal fought 
 very bravely against the Romans. History relates, that, in the Persian 
 wars (bella Perslca), innumerable troops of the Persians were routed 
 by the Greeks. Darius promised, that he would give 1000 talents to 
 the murderer of Alexander. It is not permitted to many men, to be 
 idle. The Germans suffered no (non) wine to be imported (importaj-e, 
 see Rem. 2.) to them. We should be willing (velle) to live with an 
 inferior (inferior), as we wish a superior (superior) to live with us. 
 There is no one, who should not wish, that his children should be 
 happy. Demosthenes did not permit, that the Athenians should make 
 peace with PhiUp, king of Macedon. It is related (tradi) that Aristides, 
 was the most just of all the Athenians. They relate that the Milesian 
 Thales first (primus) predicted an eclipse of the sun (defeciio solis). 
 Who reigns well, must (necesse est) sometime (aliquando) have obey- 
 ed. We should (oportet) serve philosophy, in order that true freedom 
 may fall to our lot. A good citizen should (oportet) prefer the digni- 
 ty of the state to all his own advantages. Caesar bade (perf ) his 
 soldiers to assault the city. Caesar caused (jubere) the city to be as- 
 saulted. The general forbade his soldiers, to plunder the taken city. 
 The general forbade, to plunder the taken city. They say, that Ceres 
 first (prima) taught the use of grain to men. Alexander allowed the 
 grave of Cyrus to be opened. It seems, as though the sun were small- 
 er than the earth. It is said, that the war is finished. 
 
 II. Wlio does not know, that the wise man is peaceful in every (om- 
 nis) condition of life ? Who can deny, that he has ever done wrong ? 
 It is known of all, that Athens was the inventress of most arts and 
 literature. It is better (satius) that we benefit even the bad on ac- 
 count of the good, than that we he wanting (deesse) to the good on 
 account of the bad. The wise man frankly (ingenue) acknowledges, 
 
268 UT, NE, UT NE, UT NON. [$ l06. 
 
 that he does not know much. Thales said, that water is the beginning 
 of all things. We know, that the course of life is short, [but] that [the 
 course] of fame will be eternal. It is known, that the conspiracy of 
 Catiline was detected by Cicero. Who does not know, that the health 
 is strengthened by the exercise of the body ? The laws do not permit, 
 that an injury should be done to the citizens. I would rather, that the 
 enemies should hate me, than that I them. Hadrian wished, that the 
 Euphi-ates (Euphrates, is) might be the border of his kingdom. I 
 hope, that by length of time, thy sorrow will be abated. Alcibiades 
 could not endure (pati), that Athens should serve the Lacedemonians. 
 Men are not willing, that the very same [man] should be distinguished 
 in very many things. It was not permitted to the Romans, to depait 
 uninjured from the country of the enemy. It is related (tradi), that 
 Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome, were brought up by 
 Faustulus, a royal shepherd. They relate (ferri), that the giants made 
 war upon the gods. It is believed, that letters were invented by the 
 Phenicians. It is necessary (necesse est), that the world be ruled by 
 God. It is needful (oportet), both that thou shouldst learn, and that 
 thou shouldst establish (confirmare) what thou hast learned by deed 
 (agere, gerund). Whom you (second pers. subj.) would make learned, 
 you must (oportet) at the same time make attentive. It is necessary 
 (oportet), that virtue should despise (aspernari) and hate what is op- 
 posed (= opposite) to it. Marcellus first bade (perf ) the footmen, 
 then the horsemen to break forth against the enemies. Reason forbids 
 us, to obey (obtemperare) the passions. The general caused (jubere) 
 three camps to be fortified. Caesar forbade the soldiers, to desert the 
 camp. It appears, as if thou hast not understood the thing. It ap- 
 pears, that you have read this book carefully. It is said, that the enemy 
 have broken into oui* camp. 
 
 § 106. B. Ut^ ne^ ut ne^ nd non with the Subjunctive. 
 
 1. Ut, that (ne, ut ne, that not^ neve (neu), and that not, 
 nor), in the first place, is used to express the end or object 
 (ut final), and stands after expressions o( making and effect- 
 ing ; caring and striving; asking, demanding, exhorting, 
 persuading, aduising, exciting, urging, commanding (impe- 
 ro), ordering; of wishing, alloiuivg oy permitting (concedo, 
 permitto); finally, after every sentence, in order to express 
 an end or object (ut = in order that, ne = in order that not). 
 
j 106,] UT, NE, UT NE, UT NON. 269 
 
 Sol efficit, ut omuia Jloreant. Ante senectutem curavi, ut bene vive- 
 rem; in senectute, ut bene moriar. Oro te, ut raihi succurras. Te 
 rogo, ne defatigere, neu diffidas. Caesar milites hortatus est, ut acriter 
 dimicarent. Dux imperavit, ut milites stationes suas servarent. Edimus, 
 ut vivamus ; non vivimus, ut edamus. 
 
 Rem. The verbs : volo, nolo, malo, cupio are more frequently used 
 with the Ace. with the Infin., than with ut and the Subj. Comp. §§ 105, 
 2. b). Impero is used with the Ace. with the Infin. only when the 
 Infin. is in the passive, as : dux imperavit urbem difipi. Concerning 
 juheo and veto see § 105, 2. b.) and Rem. 2. 
 
 2. In the second place, ut (that), ut non, that not, is used 
 in order to express a result (ut consecutive)^ and stands es- 
 pecially after: est^fit^ accidit^ everiit, conting-it ; reliquum est^ 
 restat and the like ; after ita, sic, adeo, tarn, tantus, talis, etc.: 
 finally, after any sentence, in order to express a result {ut 
 = so that). 
 
 Persaepe evenit, ut utilitas cum honestate certet. Restat, ut de litter- 
 arum utilitate loquar. Ita vivere debemus, ut in omni re recti conscien- 
 tiam servemus. 
 
 3. After expressions of fear and solicitude, ne is to be 
 translated by that and ut and ne non by that not. 
 
 Omnes cives metuehant, ne urbs ab hostibus expugnaretur. Timeo, 
 ut hos labores sustineas. Vereor, ne non perjidam, quod suscepi. 
 
 CXXXIV. Exercises for translation. (§ 106.) 
 
 I.Cicero, informed (edocere) of all [things] by the ambassadors, 
 commanded the pretors, that they should seize the Allobroges at the 
 bridge. The laws of the Lacedemonians looked (spectare) to this (id), 
 that the youth should be formed by labors. Virtue alone eflfects, that 
 we may please God and man. It often happens, that advantage contends 
 with uprightness. The teacher exhorted the scholars, that they should 
 not devote themselves to indolence. Reason demands, that we should 
 restrain the desires. The citizens of the captured city entreated 
 Caesar, that he would spare their children. Love virtue, in order that 
 thou mayest live happily (beate). Themistocles sought a narrow pass, 
 in order that he might not be surrounded by the multitude of the ene- 
 mies. At Athens it was accustomed to happen to the very best, that 
 he was banished (in exilium pelli). The wise man is excited (movere) 
 to act rightly by virtue itself, not by advantage. The power of upright- 
 23* 
 
270 QUO, QUOMINUS AND QUIM. [^ 107. 
 
 ness is so great, that we esteem it, whether (vel) in those whom we 
 have never seen, or (vel) even in an enemy. Aristides died in so 
 great poverty, that he scarcely left behind wherewith (qui) he might 
 be buried (efferre). It is possible, that one (quis) may think (sentire) 
 correctly, and [yet] that which he thinks may not be expressed (eloqui) 
 elegantly (polite). I fear (vereor), that I may have renewed (refricare) 
 thy pain by my letter. A great (ingens) fear had seized the Roman 
 senate, that a tribune of the people w^ould be chosen from the plebeians 
 (plebs). We feared, that our measures had displeased you. The ene- 
 mies apprehended, that their allies could not bear the attack of the 
 Romans. 
 
 n. Before old age, we should look out, that we live well, in old age, 
 that we die well. If all [things] happen (fieri) by fate, nothing can 
 admonish us, that we should be more cautious. Natm-e incites us, to 
 strive to obtain the agreeable, to flee the disagreeable. The sun effects, 
 that all trees, plants and herbs bloom and reach maturity. It comes to 
 pass by (abl.) nature, that children are loved by [their] parents. Pa- 
 rents look out, that [their] children are not surrounded by bad men. 
 Themistocles advised, that the Athenians should desert the walls and 
 defend themselves with ships. The soldiers demanded, that the citi- 
 zens should deliver up tlieir arms. Many praise others, in order that 
 they may be praised [in turn] by them. The Gauls, after they had 
 received the gold of the Romans (abl. abs.), returned, in order to 
 besiege the capitol. Caesar commanded the soldiers, not to go out 
 from the camp. He is happy (beatus), to whom it happens, to obtain 
 (assequi) wisdom. The composing of the book concerning old age, 
 was so delightful to Cicero, that it took from (abstergere) him all the 
 burdens (onus) of age. In a short time, the minds coalesced into 
 (abl.) so great friendship, that every distinction of rank (ordo et locus) 
 was forgotten. So great is the multitude of stars, that they cannot be 
 counted. It happened, that the very same night in which Alexander 
 the great was born, the temple of the Ephesian Diana was burned 
 (conflagrare) . There was very gi-eat fear at Rome, that the Gauls 
 would return the second time (iterum) to Rome. The Romans fear- 
 ed, that the victory would cost them much blood. All the citizens 
 feared, that the peace would not be of longer continuance. 
 
 § 107. C. QuO) quommus and quin with the Subjunctive. 
 1. Quo is used for ut eo, and indeed : a) in the meaning, 
 in order that thereby ; b) in the meaning, that [in order that^ 
 so that) so much the, when a comparative follows. 
 
^ 107.] QUO, QUOMINUS AND QUIN. 271 
 
 Haec lex data est, quo malefici deterrerentur. Caesai* milites cohor- 
 tatus est, quo ammo fortioi'e essent. 
 
 2. QuojJimus stands after expressions of hindering', pre- 
 venting-, resisting, refusing and is to be translated into En- 
 glish by that. 
 
 Aetas non iynpedit, quominus litteras trademus. Quid sapienti potest 
 ohstare, quominus beatus^iY? Non repugnaho, quominus hunc librum 
 legas. 
 
 3. Quin is used : 
 
 a) In the meaning that not, instead of ut non after a 
 negative principal clause. 
 
 Facere non possum, quin quotidie ad te mittam litteras (I cannot for- 
 bear to write to you daily). Fieri non potuit, quin urbs ab hostibus 
 caperetur. jYihil abest, quin sim miserrimus. Aon multum ahfuit, quin 
 hostes vincereniur. Homines barbari sibi non temperahant, quin in 
 Italiam contenderent 
 
 b) In the meaning tliat, after non diihito, nemo dubitat, 
 quis dubitat? duhium non est. 
 
 vYoji dubito, quin verum dixeris. %i{s dubitat, quin in virtute divi- 
 tiae sint positae ? Dubium non erat, quin victoriam de hostibus reporta- 
 turi essemus. 
 
 Rem. Besides, quin is used after a principal negative clause instead 
 of qui non, quae non, quod non, as : nemo est, quin optet, ut liberi sui 
 virtutem ament. 
 
 CXXXV. Exercises for translation. {§ 107.) 
 
 I. Good scholars bestow all toU and care, that they may make the 
 better progi-ess in literature. Pride did not stand in the way to our 
 ancestors, to imitate foreign institutions. Indolence prevents, that 
 scholars should make progress in literature. Not even faults of nature 
 could deter Demosthenes from studying eloquence. By the swiftness 
 of our horsemen it was prevented, that the enemies should attack our 
 troops. Caesar could not forbear, to reprove the seditious soldiers. 
 It is not possible, that we should not consider (judicare) him foolish, 
 who is (subj.) not master of himself Nothing is so sacred, that rash- 
 ness may not violate it. It cannot be doubted, that already before 
 Homer, poets lived (esse). Who can doubt, that the whole world is 
 ruled by God ? It is not doubtful, that all which is considered evil, 
 
272 QUOD WITH THE INDICATIVE. [f 108. 
 
 seems severer (gravior, us) [when] unforeseen. There is nobody 
 who may not wish, that his children may love virtue. Nothing is 
 found in nature, w^hich is not very wisely constituted by God. 
 
 II. Good parents do not cease (intermittunt) to exhort [their] 
 children to virtue, in order that they may grow better daily (in dies). 
 All the soldiers believed, that nothing w^ould stand in the way of 
 their gaining (adipisci) the victory. Superstition prevents attaining 
 (== reaching) much true knowledge of things. No hindrance deterred 
 AlexEinder from penetrating (penetrare) to the Ocean. Nothing keeps 
 a wise man from pursuing (studere) virtue. Avarice prevents men 
 from enjoying the good [things] which they possess. Who [ever] 
 contemplates (fut.) the heavens, the earth and the order of the whole 
 world, will not doubt, that there is a God. We do not doubt, that our 
 souls are immortal. The soldiers did not doubt, that they should bear 
 off a victory over the enemies. It is not possible, that they who are 
 contented with their lot do not live happy. We cannot forbear des- 
 pising those who prefer money to virtue. Nothing was so sacred to 
 the enemies who had captured the city, that they might not violate it. 
 There was then no one in the city, who did not desire peace. There 
 is almost nothing so difficult, that man, by the exertion of his powers, 
 cannot do it. 
 
 § 108. D. Qiiod (that) with the Indicative. 
 
 1. Quod (that) introduces a substantive sentence, which 
 gives the explanation or ground of the predicate or some 
 other word of the principal clause. The subjunctive stands 
 with quod^ only when the sentence is expressed as the sen- 
 timent of another. The cases in which quod is used are 
 the following : 
 
 a) After certain expressions, as : hene^ male, prudenter 
 facio ; bene, male evenit, accidit and the like ; 
 
 b) In order to introduce the explanation of a substan- 
 tive or pronoun in the principal sentence ; 
 
 c) After verbs signifying an affection of the mind, as : 
 laetor, g-audeo, doleo, indignor, aegre fero, moleste 
 
 fero, queror, miror,glorior ; also after verbs oi prais- 
 ing, censuring, accusing, thanking. 
 Bene fads, quod me adjuvas. Magnum beneficium est naturae, quod 
 
§ 109.] ADJECTIVE SENTENCES. 273 
 
 necesse est mori. Gaudeo, quod vales. Laudo te, quod rem tuam bene 
 gessisti. Laudat Africanum Panaetius, quodfuerit abstinens. 
 
 Remark. Verbs signifying an affection of the mind are more fre- 
 quently connected with an Ace. with the Infin., as : te vdere, gaudeo. 
 
 CXXXVI Exercises for translation. (^ 108.) 
 
 I. Thou hast done me a great favor, that thou hast sent me (ad me) 
 this book. The generals of the king of Persia sent ambassadors to 
 Athens, in order (sup.) to complain (queri), that Chabrias was carrying 
 on war against the king of Egypt. The Lacedemonians sent ambas- 
 sadors to Athens, who should accuse Alcibiades, that he had made a 
 league with the king of the Persians, for subjecting (opprimere) Greece. 
 I rejoice, that thou and thy brother are well. We wonder, that Greece, 
 which excelled in fame, glorj^, learning (doctrina), the greatest number 
 of arts, in dominion and warlike (bellicus) praise (laus), occupied (tene- 
 re) so small a place in Europe. Nobody will censure thee, that thou 
 hast aided thy friend. 
 
 n. It is very agreeable to me, that thou hast already returned from 
 (ex) the journey. Thou doest vrell, that thou wishest to live in the 
 country for the strengthening (gerundive) of thy health. We rejoice, 
 that thou and thy brother are returned safe. It is a great kindness to 
 boys, that they are instructed in literature in school. We grieve very 
 much, that you are not able to come. Unjustly was Socrates accused 
 by the Athenians, that he corrupted (corrumpere) the youth. Caesar 
 praised the soldiers, that they had fought so spiritedly against the ene- 
 mies. All citizens rejoiced, that the city was delivered from the siege. 
 That Caesar was killed by Brutus, we complain (= censure). How 
 great is the goodness of nature, that she produces so many, so various 
 and so agreeable [things] ! 
 
 § 109. 11. Adjective Sentences. 
 
 1. The relative qui^ quae^ quod agrees in gender ^nd num- 
 ber with the word to which it refers ; the case of the rela- 
 tive, on the contrary, depends upon the construction of the 
 clause to which it belongs. 
 
 Beati sunt ii homines, quorum vita virtutis praeceptis regltur. Deus 
 est, qui omnem hunc mundum regit. 
 
 2. The person of the verb in adjective sentences, is deter- 
 
274 ADJECTIVE SENTENCES. [$ 109. 
 
 mined by the person of the substantive or pronoun, to which 
 the relative refers. 
 
 Ego, qui scribo ; tu, qui scrihis ; pater, qui scrihit ; nos, qui scribimus ; 
 vos, qui scribitis ; fratres, qui scribunt. 
 
 3. The subjunctive stands in adjective sentences in the 
 following cases : 
 
 a) When the adjective sentence expresses an aim or 
 result, and qui seems to stand for ut ego, ut tu, ut 
 is ; especially after dignus, indignus, aptus, idoneus ; 
 after is (such), talis, ejusmodi, tam, tantus; 
 
 b) With the indefinite expres^3ions : est, sunt, qui ; re- 
 periuntur, inveniuntur, qui; nemo est, nullus est, 
 qui; nemo est, nullus est, qui; nihil est, quod; 
 
 c) With the expressions, est, quod; non est, quod; 
 nihil est {quid est?), quod; habeo, non habeo, nihil 
 habeo, quod, there is reason (no reason), I have 
 reason {no reason), that (with the finite verb) or to 
 (with the Infin.), etc. 
 
 d) When the adjective sentence gives a reason, where 
 qui can be translated by since I, since you, since 
 he, 
 
 Hostes ad Caesarem legates miserunt, qui pacem ab eo peterent (who 
 were to ask), Vir probus dignus est, cui fidem habeamus (deserves, 
 that we give him our confidence). Sunt, qui censeant, una animiim et 
 corpus occidere. JVullum est animal praeter hominem, quod habeat no- 
 titiam aliquam dei. Non is eram, qui aliorum miseriam ad me non 
 pertinere censerem. O fortunate adolescens, qui tuae virtutis Homerum 
 praeconem inveneris ! 
 
 CXXXVII Exercises for translation. {§ 109.) 
 I. Thou art worthy (dignus es) on account of thy uprightness, that 
 we should have confidence in thee {= to whom). Who does not love 
 his parents, is unworthy, that he should be loved by any one (uUus). 
 God has given us reason, in order that by it we may govern the ap- 
 petites (appetitus, us) of the soul. There is no duty so sacred, that 
 avarice is not accustomed to infringe (comminuere) and violate it 
 There are men, who think (censere), that the soul is mortal. There is 
 
§ 109.] ADJECTIVE SENTENCES. 275 
 
 nothing so difficult, that it cannot be traced out (investigare) by search- 
 ing (=seeking). Who does not honor virtue, is not fit, that we should 
 receive him into our friendship. The Romans sent ambassadors to 
 Antiochus, w^ho might remind him of the Roman alUance. Many 
 have been found, who were ready to devote (profundere) not only 
 money but life even to their country. What is sweeter, than to have 
 [a friend] with whom thou canst share every thing {= all) as with thy- 
 self? There is no living being, except man, which has any knowl- 
 edge (notitia) of God. There is no reason, that one should envy those, 
 whom the people (populus) call great and good. Innocence is such a 
 state of the soul, as injures nobody. You have always been such, that 
 you considered life without the pursuits of literature disagreeable (in- 
 suavis). You are worthy, that we should obey your will in all things. 
 O fortunate (fortunatus) youth, since you are eminent among all by so 
 many noble deeds ! 
 
 II. Who obeys modestly, seems worthy sometime (aliquando) to 
 command. Every upright man is undeserving (non dignus est), that 
 the ungrateful citizens should deride him. Fabricius was such, that 
 he could not be corrupted by the money of Pyrrhus. The husband- 
 men cultivate the earth, in order that it may bear fruit. Caesar sent 
 horsemen, who might pursue the fleeing enemy. History is of that 
 nature (idoneus), that by it the mind of the boy may be cultivated. 
 There are and have been philosophers, who think (censere), that God 
 has no concern (procuratio) at all (omnino) about human affairs. Thou 
 art worthy, that we should have confidence in thee in all things. 
 There is no grief of the soul, which may not be abated by length of 
 time. There were philosophers, who said, that property is the high- 
 est good. Nero was not worthy, to reign over the Romans. What 
 (quis) so great advantange was there in prosperity, when thou hadst 
 not a friend who would rejoice at it in like manner (aeque) as (ac) thy- 
 self? There was nothing so sacred, that it was not violated by the 
 insolence of the enemy. You are not such (ii), that we should obey 
 you. There is nothing by which a boy can please others more, than 
 by modesty. I pronounce myself happy, that I have [a friend], who 
 rejoices at my prosperity even as (aeque atque) I myself There is no 
 reason, that we should fear death. 
 
276 ADVERBIAL SENTENCES. [§ llO. 
 
 m. ADVERBIAL SENTENCES. 
 § 110. a. Adverbial Sentences of Time. 
 1 . Adverbial sentences of time are introduced by the con- 
 junctions : quum,postquam,tit,ubi, simulatque^ ex quo (since), 
 priusquam and antequam, dum, quoad, donee. These con- 
 junctions generally take the Indie, but sometimes the Subj. 
 
 1) Quum is used either of time or cattse. The temporal 
 quum (when, while, as) is used with the indicative of all the 
 tenses, yet almost invariably with the subjunctive of the 
 imperfect and pluperfect, when a perfect stands in the prin- 
 pal clause. The causal quwn (since), is always connected 
 with the subjunctive. 
 
 a) Quum coelum contemplamur, dei magnitudinem ad- 
 miramur [luhen). Ager, quum multos annos quievit, 
 uberiores fructus efferre solet (ivhen, after). Sapiens 
 non ejulabit, quum doloribus torquebitur (when). 
 Quum ad me litteras dederis, ad te proficiscar [when), 
 
 b) Quum milites de h ostium adventu edocerentur, con- 
 tinuo summo pugnandi ardoYe jtag-raverunt (as). Al- 
 exander, quum interemisset Clitum, familiarexn suum, 
 vix a se manus abstinuit (as). 
 
 c) Quum philosophia animis medeatur, totos nos peni- 
 tusque ei trad ere debemus (since). Quum milites pe- 
 ricula vererentur, non audebant cum hostibus confli- 
 gexQ (since). 
 
 2) Postquam (after that), ut (just as == as soon as), ubi 
 (as), simulatque (simulac never before a vowel or h), as soon 
 as, are connected with the indicative, and indeed, most fre- 
 quently with the perfect which we commonly translate into 
 English by the Plupf. 
 
 Postquam Caesar aciem instruxit, omnes hostes in unum locum con- 
 volaverunt. Ut dies illuxit, profectus sum. Hostes, uhi nostros equi- 
 tes conspexenint, fugerunt Simulatque aliquid audiero, ad te scribam. 
 
 3) Priusquam and antequam (before that, ere, before), are 
 connected : 
 
§ 110.] ADVERBIAL SENTENCES OF TIME. 277 
 
 a) With the Subj. Pres., more rarely with the Indie. 
 Pres. ; 
 
 b) With the Indicative Perfect ; 
 
 c) With the Indicative Fut. Perf. ; 
 
 d) With the Subj. Imperf. and Pluperf. 
 
 a) Tempestas minatur, antequam surgat. 
 
 b) Antequam bellum urbis nostrae opes ahsumpsit, potentissima fuit. 
 
 c) Non dives eris, priusquam divitias contempseris. 
 
 d) Hostes propulsati sunt, antequam urbem obsidione dngerent. Dies 
 obrepsit hostibus, priusquam aggerem exstruxissent 
 
 4) Dum in the meaning ivhile^ at the same time, as long 
 as, and quoad in the meaning as long' as are connected with 
 the indicative. 
 
 Dum haec geruntur, hostium copiae conveniuut. Lacedaemoniorum 
 gens fortis fuit, dum Lyciirgi leges vigehant Cato, quoad vixit, virtu- 
 turn laude crevit. 
 
 Remark. Dum in the meaning at the same time that is commonly 
 used with the Indie. Pres., whatever tense stands in the principal sen- 
 tence, as : dum dux aciem instruit, hostis totam urbem cinxerat. 
 
 5) Dum, quoad and donee in the meaning till, until, till 
 that are generally connected with the subjunctive of the 
 Pres., Imperf. and Pluperf., or with the indicative of the 
 Perf. and Fut. Perf. 
 
 Milites exspectant, dum dux se e castris contra hostes ediicat. Mili- 
 tes exspectabant, dum dux se e castris contra hostes educeret. Cicero 
 omni quiete abstinuit, donee Catilinae conjnrationem detexisset. Milites 
 tamdiu restiterunt, quoadhosies fiigam cupessiverunt. Tamdiu manebo, 
 dum omnem rem cognovero. 
 
 C XXXVIII. Exercises for translation. (HlO.) 
 I. a. When we contemplate the lives of abandoned men (maleficus) 
 we are deterred from vices. When a wise man is derided (fut.) by 
 the foolish people, he will not be indignant. As Caesar entered (in- 
 gredi) the captured city, the inhabitants extended- [their] hands to (ad) 
 him, and intreated (orare) him, that he would spare them. Health we 
 are then at length (tum demum) accustomed to estimate high (multum), 
 when we have recovered from a severe sickness. As Tullus Hostilius 
 had reigned 32 years, he was struck (icere, perf.) by lightning. As 
 24 
 
278 ADVERBIAL SENTENCES OF TIME. [HlO. 
 
 (ubi) Caesar had ascertained (perf.) by spies, that the enemies ap- 
 proached, he led (perf.) forth his soldiers out of the camp. As 
 (quum) the enemies could not rout the army of the Romans, they 
 betook (perf.) themselves back to the fortified camp. As soon as the 
 enemies were discovered (perf), the soldiers seized (capessere, ^er/".) 
 their arms. Why should we fear death, since our souls will not de- 
 cay at the same time with our bodies ? After Caesar had seen (perf) 
 that the troops of the enemies approached, he hastened (maturare, 
 perf.) to conduct (transducere) his army over (ace.) the river. 
 
 I. b. We shall be happy, when we shall be free from passion (plur.). 
 He, who does not prevent (defendere) injustice nor repel (propulsare) 
 it when he can, acts (facere) unjustly. A virtuous man will be happy 
 (beatus), even when he shall have lost all the gifts of fortune. Since 
 the weather is clear, we will take a walk. As Caesar came out of the 
 wood, he was surrounded (perf) by the enemies. As Alexander had 
 taken Thebes, he spared (perf.) the family of the poet Pindar. As 
 ■ soon as Verres had reached (perf) the province, he gave (tradere) 
 himself wholly (totus) to avarice. After the general had fallen, the 
 soldiers fled (perf). As (ubi) the Romans heard, that the enemies 
 approached, they went (perf) spiritedly against them. 
 
 II. a. The enemies did not cease (desistere) to flee, before they 
 came (perf) to the Rhine. When Epaminondas went to a [social] 
 circle, in which a conversation was (subj.) held (habere) either con- 
 cerning the state or concerning philosophy, he never went away from 
 there before the conversation had been brought to an end. Before 
 thou reapest, thou must (oportet) sow. Mithridates thrust through 
 (transfigere) Datamas with a sword, and before any one (quisquam) 
 could come to his aassistance (succurrere), killed [him]. As long as 
 (quoad) the city was guarded by the citizens, the enemies did not dare 
 (perf) to assault it. I shall wait until thou returnest. Epaminondas 
 held back the iron in [his] body, until (quoad) it was announced (re- 
 nuntiare, perf.) that the Boeotians had conquered. The Romans 
 waited, until the enemies had approached the camp. The soldiers re- 
 mained in the camp, until the day dawned (illucescere). 
 
 II. b. The storm threatens before it arises ; buildings creak before 
 they fall (corruere). In all business (plur.), before thou enterest upon 
 [it], thou shouldst make (adhibere) careful preparation. The Gauls 
 came into (transcendere) Italy 200 years before they took (imperf ) 
 Rome. Ere Ariovistus had arranged the line of battle, Caesar at- 
 tacked (perf) the Germans. The Romans pursued the enemies until 
 it was evening (advesperascere). Wait thou, till I come. As long as 
 
§H11, 112.] ABVERBIAL SENTENCES. 279 
 
 Hannibal lived, he burned (flagrare) with anger against the Romans. 
 As long as (quoad) Epaminondas and Pelopidas presided (perf.) over the 
 Thebans, their power increased (perf.) in a wonderful (unicus) manner. 
 I remained at home yesterday, till my brother had returned. Until the 
 citadel was surrendered (dedere joer/.), slaughters took place (caedes fit) 
 every where (passim) through (abl.) the whole city. We should (ge- 
 rundive) remove (subtrahere) from the enraged, those whom they are 
 offended at, till [their] anger burns out (defervescere). 
 
 § 111. b. Causal Adverbial Sentences. 
 Adverbial sentences expressing the cause ox ground^ are 
 introduced by the conjunctions : qiiod^ quia, quoniam. 
 These conjunctions are properly used with the indicative ; 
 the subjunctive is used with them, only when the cause is 
 given as the sentiment or from the vieic of another. (Con- 
 cerning the causal quum see § 110, 1). 
 
 Cicero pater patriae appellatus est, quod ejus consilio et vigilantia 
 Catilinae conjuratio deteda est. Quia natura mutari non potest, idcirco 
 verae amicitiae sempiternae sunt. Quoniam jam nox est, in vestra tec- 
 ta discedrte. 
 
 § 112. c. Conditional Adverbial Sentences. 
 
 1. Conditional adverbial sentences are introduced by : si 
 (if), nisi and si non (if not, unless). 
 
 2. The indicative is used in sentences of this kind, when 
 the condition is expressed as real and certain. In this case 
 the Indie, is generally used in the principal sentence also. 
 
 Si hoc dicis, erras. Si hoc dicehas, errabas. 
 
 3. The subjunctive is used, when the condition is spoken 
 of as something barely imagined; and in the principal sen- 
 tence, in this case, the subjunctive is used also. 
 
 a) The Subj. Pres. and Perf. is used, when the condition 
 is represented as a mere supposition ; 
 
 b) The Subj. Imperf. and Pluperf., when the condition 
 is represented as a supposition the contrary of luhat 
 actually is or is not. 
 
280 CONCESSIVE ADVERBIAL SENTENCES. [Hl3. 
 
 Si hoc dicas, erres (if thou shouldst say this, thou wouldst err.) Si 
 hoc diceres, errares (if thou saidst this, thou erredst ; but I know thou 
 didst not say it ; hence thou didst not err). Si hoc dixisses, errasses (if 
 thou hadst said this, thou wouldst have erred ; but I know thou hast 
 not said it; hence thou hast not erred). 
 
 Remark. JVisi makes a supposition negatively but leaves the thing 
 supposed affirmative : " if it be not supposed, that something is ;" but 
 si non makes a supposition affirmatively while the thing supposed is 
 negative : " if it be supposed, that something is notJ^ Non potes ju- 
 cunde vivere, nisi cum virtute vivis. Homo beatus est, si cupidatibus 
 non succumbit. 
 
 4. Dum, dummodo, modo \n the mesming provided that, if 
 only ; dum ne, dummodo ne, modo ne (provided that not, if 
 only not) always take the subjunctive. 
 
 Multi omnia recta et honesta negligunt, dummodo potentiam conse- 
 quantur. 
 
 § 113. d. Concessive Adverbial Sentences. 
 Concessive sentences are introduced by : 
 
 a) etsi, tametsi (even if, although), quamquam (although), 
 commonly with the indicative ; 
 
 b) etiamsi (even if, although), more frequently with the 
 subjunctive than with the Indie. ; 
 
 c) quamvis (although, however), and licet (although) are 
 always connected with the subjunctive of one of the 
 principal tenses. 
 
 Virj boni recte agunt, etsi nullum consecuturum emolumentum vi- 
 dent. Etiamsi secundissimis rebus utdre, tamen beatus non eris, si vir- 
 tute cares. Sapiens dolorem patienter tolerat, quamvis acerbus sit. 
 
 CXXXIX. Exercises for translation. {§§ HI, 112, 113.) 
 I. Themistocles said, that he walked (ambulare) by night, because 
 he could not sleep (somnum capere). If we shall always follow the 
 way of virtue, the entrance to heaven will sometime stand open to us. 
 If our friend had obeyed (obsequi) the prescriptions (praeceptum) of 
 the physician, he surely would not have died. If we shall not have 
 removed (resecare) the passions, we shall strive in vain to be happy. 
 Men desirous of fame endure all hardships, if they may only obtain 
 what they wish (subj.). Although (etsi) the place was unfavorable, 
 
§ 114.] ADVERBIAL SENTENCES OF COMPARISON. 281 
 
 nevertheless Caesar determined to attack the enemy. However thou 
 mayest have suffered under misfortune (incommodum, plur.), thou 
 shouldst not be offended at fortune. Even if the body is bound, yet 
 no chains are placed (injicere) upon the soul. Who is not offended 
 (offendere) by a foul deed itself, even if it does not hurt him ? 
 
 n. The laws we obey, not from (propter) fear, but we follow them, 
 because we judge, that this is most salutary. As Xenocrates was ask- 
 ed, why he was almost always silent (silere), he answered : Because it 
 has often (aliquando) repented me to have spoken (dicere), but never to 
 have been silent (tacere). If you hate those whom you should love, 
 you act wickedly. If we discharge our office religiously, we shall en- 
 joy the good opinion (bona existimatio) of men. If we do not follow 
 virtue, we cannot live peacefully (beate). If all [things] happened by 
 fate, all (omnis) foresight would be useless. Fire becomes extinct, if 
 it is not nourished. We are ready to endure toils and burdens, if we 
 may only obtain (adipisci) the victory. Folly thinks (credere), that 
 it has never obtained (consequi) enough, although (etsi) it has ob- 
 tained (adipisci) what it desires (concupiscere). Nobody, however 
 wealthy he may be, can be without the aid of others. We should cul- 
 tivate virtue (honestas), even if no advantage may follow it The 
 good [man] does not avenge himself on his enemies, even if he has 
 obtained (nancisci) an opportunity. It is a terrible (dnus) and abom- 
 inable (abominandus) saying (= word): They may hate, if only they 
 fear. 
 
 § 114. e. Adverbial Sentences of Comparison. 
 1. The comparing of the subject of the principal sen- 
 tence in respect to manner, or greatness and degree is ex- 
 pressed : 
 
 a) By : ut (uti, sicut, quemadmodum) with the indicative 
 — ita (sic), as, even as — so ; tarn (tantopere, tantum) 
 — quam (quantopiere, quantum), so great — as; non tarn 
 — quam, not so much — as. 
 
 Rem. 1. In a barely imag^'nan/ comparison, the subordinate sentence 
 is introduced by : quasi, tanquam and the like, with the subjunctive. 
 The succession of the tenses in this case is according to the principles 
 already stated (§ 104.). 
 
 b) By the comparative with quam (than). 
 Melior tutiorque est certa pax, quam sperata victoria. 
 
 24* 
 
282 ADVERBIAL SENTENCES OF COMPARISON. [§ 114. 
 
 Rem. 2. Instead of quam with the Nom. or Ace, the ablative without 
 quam may be used with the comparative of the first member. See 
 101, 7. The Enghsh even, still with the comparative, is expressed by 
 etiam, as: etiam major or major etiam. 
 
 2. When two qualities or actions of one object are com- 
 pared with each other, both adjectives or adverbs are put in 
 The comparative and the last is connected to the other by 
 quam. 
 
 PestOentia minacior quam perniciosior, cogitationes hominiim a cer- 
 taminibus publicis avertit (a more threatening than destructive pesti- 
 lence). Belhim a rivibus nostris fortius, quam felicius gestum est (with 
 more bravery than success). 
 
 Rem. 3. The comparative is very often used without the second 
 member of the comparison, and may then be translated by too, too 
 much, very, somewhat with the positive, as : senectus est loquacior (some- 
 what loquacious ; properly : mnre loquacious i. e. more loquacious than 
 is proper). 
 
 Rem. 4. When the comparison is limited definitely to two objects, 
 in Latin, the comparative and not the superlative is used, as : uter ves- 
 trum est mMJor natu ? (which of you two is the older ?) 
 
 3. Quo — eo, or quanto — tanto (the — so much the) in con- 
 nection with two comparatives, express a unifonn proportion 
 between two qualities or actions. 
 
 Quo plura habent homines, eo ampliora expetere solent. 
 
 4. When the discourse is of an indefinite subject, instead 
 of the last mentioned mode of expressions we commonly 
 iind : ut quisque — ita with two superlatives. 
 
 Ut quisque est sapientissimus ita est m^destissimus (the wiser a man 
 is, the more modest he is). 
 
 CXL. Exercises for translation. (H14.) 
 
 I. Many men, forgetting (perf. part.) the precepts of virtue, com- 
 plain of their lot, as if it had not been permitted (perf) them to en- 
 ter (mgredi) the way of virtue. Many men live, as though they had 
 been born to pleasures. One should so think, as if (tanquam) some 
 one (aliquis) could look into his inmost breast. A more thi'eat- 
 ening than destructive disease turned the minds of men from public 
 duties (munus,eris). Alexander pursued the enemies more cautiously 
 (prudenter) than eagerly. When pleasure is too great and too long, 
 
^ 115.] INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES. 283 
 
 it extinguishes all (omnis) the light of the soul. Old men are too lo- 
 quacious. The air (aer) is so much the thicker, the nearer it is to the 
 eai'th (plur.). The better any thing is, so much the rarer it is. We 
 are all influenced (trahere) by the struggle (= effort) after praise; 
 and the better one is, so much the more is he governed by fame. The 
 more prudent one is, the more cautious he is. The more one refers 
 whatever (quaecunque) he does (agere) to (ad) his own advantage, 
 so much the less is he a good man. 
 
 n. Most men strive eagerly to obtain riches and power, [and] neg- 
 lect virtue, as if true prosperity rested not upon virtue, but upon rich- 
 es. Always act thus (sic), as though thou wast seen and heard by 
 others. The w^ords of the orator were more acute than true. It did 
 not escape Hannibal (fallo, ^er/".), that the enemies would dispatch 
 (gerere) affairs, ivith more spirit (ferociter) than deliberation (consulto). 
 The wise man abstains from too violent emotions of the soul. This 
 book is somewhat difficult to understand. The greater and more di- 
 vine the excellence in minds, so much the greater care they need (in- 
 digere). The more eminent (= higher) men are, so much the more 
 condescending they should be to the more humble. The better one is, 
 so much the more he serves his descendants. The better one is, so 
 much the more his mind strives to obtain immortal fame. The better 
 one is, with so much the more difficulty (difficile) he considers others 
 bad. 
 
 § 115. Of Interrogative Sentences. 
 
 1. Questions are either independent (direct), as : Wast 
 thou at school yesterday ? or dependent upon another sen- 
 tence going before (indirect questions), as : I do not know, 
 ivhether thou loast at school yesterday. 
 
 2. In the direct question the indicative is used, when it is 
 asked positively, the subjunctive when it is asked doubtingly. 
 In the indirect question the subjunctive is always used. 
 
 Quid agis"} Quid agamus ? (what can we do?). Die, quid agas. 
 
 3. Both direct and indirect questions are introduced : 
 
 a. By interrogative and relative pronouns, as : quis, 
 uter, qualis, quantus, ubi, unde, quo, quando, quomo- 
 clo, cur, etc. 
 Qmw hunc librum legit? Uter vestrum major natu est? Cwr ad 
 
284 INTEHROGATIVE SENTENCES. [$ 115. 
 
 me non venisti ? Die, quis hunc librum legtrit. Nescio, inter vestrum 
 major iiatu sit. Narra, cur ad me non veneris. 
 
 b. By the interrogative words ne^ nonne^ num, utrum. 
 
 a) iVe, which is always attached to the accented 
 word, leaves it undecided whether the interroga- 
 tor expects an affirmative or negative answer ; 
 
 b) Nonne (not ?) always implies that the interroga- 
 tor expects an affi;rmative answer ; 
 
 c) Num (is it possible that?) always implies that 
 the interrogator expects a negative answer ; 
 
 d) Utrum is used only in double questions. 
 
 Rem. 1. JVe and utrum, in direct questions, can be translated into 
 English by no particular word. In indirect questions, ne, utrum, num, 
 may be translated by whether, and nonne by whether not. 
 
 Fuistlne heri in schola? Dio,, futrisne heri in schola ? J^onne sapi- 
 ens beatus est ? Quaeris ex me, nonne putem sapientem beatum esse ? 
 J^um vita beata in divitiis posita est ? Dubito, num vita beata in divitiis 
 posita sit. 
 
 4. In disjunctive questions, in which one member ex- 
 cludes the other, the first member is introduced by utrum or 
 the enclitic ne, and the second by an (or), both in direct and 
 indirect questions. 
 
 Utrum unus, an plures sunt mundi? Quaeritur, utrum unus, an 
 plures sint mundi. Mortalisne, an immortalis est animus humanus ? 
 Quaeritur, mortalisne, an immortalis sit animus humanus. 
 
 Rem. 2. Or not is expressed in Latin, by annon in direct, by n^cne 
 in indirect questions. 
 
 5. The answer yes or no is expressed : 
 
 a) Yes : by a repetition of the word upon which the 
 stress of the question lies ; and no in the same way, 
 but with non placed before it ; 
 
 b) Yes : by, ita, ita est, sane, vero and the like ; no : 
 by, non, non ita, minime and the like ; Yes (no) 
 rather, by, immo with the addition of a word ex- 
 pressing the opposite of what is implied in the 
 question. 
 
^ 115.] INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES. 285 
 
 Fuistine heri in schola ? Fui. Fuistine heri domi ? Vero. Estne 
 frater domi ? JVbn est. Venitne pater tuus ? Minime. Egebat ami- 
 cus tuus ? Immo locupks erat. 
 
 CXLI. Exercises for translation. (^ 115.) 
 
 I. What each night and each day may bring [with itself], is uncer- 
 tain. On account of fear, I know not who I am. Who has said this? 
 I know not, who has said this. When (quum) we behold (cernere) the 
 whole earth, we cannot doubt, that a governor presides over it. Is the 
 sun greater, or smaller, than the earth ? Is it possible that thou be- 
 lievest, that our souls decay after death ? I doubt, whether the news 
 is true. Ere thou beginnest a thing, deliberate, whether it be good or 
 bad. Has not God filled the earth with all good things ? Was the 
 world made (efiicere) by chance, or by a divine power ? Is thy brother 
 at home ? Yes. Is it possil)le that the three-headed Cerberus in the 
 lower regions frightens thee ? Wast thou yesterday at my house, or 
 not? Tell me, whether thou hast been at my house or not? I know 
 not, whether I can come to thee to-morrow. Wilt thou go to walk to- 
 day, or not ? Tell me, whether thou wilt go to walk to-day, or not ? 
 Who knows, whether fortune will always smile upon him. There 
 were philosophers, who doubted, whether the world was made by 
 chance, or by the divine reason. Hast thou read the book, which I 
 lately sent thee ? No. It is a question, whether wisdom makes men 
 happy, or not. Will thy father return to-morrow from (ex) [his] 
 journey ? Yes. Is the wise man alone to be accounted happy ? Yes. 
 Wast thou at home yesterday ? no rather I was far from home. 
 
 II. What will be to-morrow, we know not. Is lead, or gold the 
 heavier ? Did (perf ) Philip, or his son accomplish (efficere) the great- 
 est deeds ? Is not virtue to be preferred to the greatest riches ? Is it 
 possible that thou doubtest concerning the immortality of the soul? 
 Who wrote (perf) this letter ? Tell me, who wrote this letter. Is it 
 possible that thou believest, that I do not know where thou wast yes- 
 terday ? We would first see, whether the world is governed by the 
 providence of God ; then, whether he [also] cares (consulere) for hu- 
 man affairs. Among the generals of the Athenians there was a great 
 strife, whether they should defend themselves by (abl.) the walls, or 
 should go against the enemies. Hast thou read Cicero's book concern- 
 ing friendship ? Yes. It is a question, whether wisdom alone makes 
 us happy (beatus), or not. Hast thou read this book, or not ? I do 
 not know, whether I shall approve thy view or reject it. Dost thou 
 approve my view, or not ? I do not know, whether I shall approve 
 
-886 DIRECT AND INDIRECT DISCOURSE. [Hl6. 
 
 thy view, or not. It was uncertain, whether the Romans had con- 
 quered, or been conquered. Anciently many doubted, whether the 
 earth was round. Wast thou in school yesterday ? Yes. Canst thou 
 tell me, what the soul is? No. Hast thou received joyful news con- 
 cerning the health of thy brother ? No rather, very sad [news]. 
 
 § 116. Of the Form of direct and Indirect Discourse. 
 
 1. Oratio recta {direct discourse), is that kind of discourse, 
 in which the words of a person are repeated precisely as 
 they were pronounced by him, as : The messenger an- 
 nounced : peace is concluded. 
 
 2. Oratio obliqua (indirect discom*se), is that kind of dis- 
 
 com-se, in which the words of a person are made dependent 
 
 upon some verb of perceiving- or communicating^ as : The 
 
 messenger announced : that peace was concluded. 
 
 Remark. Of the two verbs: inquam and mo, the first is used in 
 direct and the second in indirect discourse. Inquam is never placed 
 before the words quoted, but is introduced among them. 
 
 3. Principal sentences in indirect discourse, are express- 
 ed: 
 
 a) By the Ace. with Infin., when they express a sim- 
 ple statement, as : nuntius allatus est, pacem esse 
 compositam (direct discourse : pax est composita) ; 
 
 b) By the subjunctive, when they express a command 
 or wish, as: dux dixit, omnia esse perdita; milites 
 suae saluti considerent {direct discourse: omnia 
 sunt perdita; consuUte, milites, vestrae saluti). 
 
 4. Subordinate sentences in indirect discourse are express- 
 ed by the subjunctive. 
 
 Caesar dixit, se, postquam hostes fusi essent, castra muniturum esse. 
 Apud Hypanim fluvium Aristoljeles ait bestiolas quasdam nasci, quae 
 unum diem vivant. 
 
 CXLII Exercises for translation. (^ 116.) 
 We should be sufficiently convinced, that, [even] if we could con- 
 ceal [it] from God and men, still nothing should be done unjustly (in- 
 jusie). I can never be persuaded, that the soul (plur.), while it is in 
 
§ 117.] PROSODY. 287 
 
 the mortal body, lives, [but] when it has departed from it, dies. The 
 Lacedemonians wrote to Pausanias, that, if he did not retm-n home, 
 they would condemn him to death. Tanaquil said, The king still lives ; 
 let the Romans be quiet and obey Servius TuUius. 
 
 11. Nobly Socrates said, that the nearest way to renown is, when 
 one exerts himself {id agere) that he may be such as (qualis) he wishes 
 to be considered. When ambassadors had come from king Mithrida- 
 tes requesting peace, Sulla answered, that he would not give it unless 
 (nisi) he, after deserting the fields which he had taken, should return 
 into his own kingdom (regnum). The ambassadors announced to the 
 senate. That the Aeduans had pitched their tent in their territory and 
 were laying waste the country ; that the Romans should come and 
 bring aid to them. 
 
 FIRST APPENDIX. 
 
 OF PROSODY. 
 
 § 117. Quantity of Syllables. 
 
 Preliminary Remark. The general rules of quantity have already 
 been given {§ 3.) and should be reviewed before proceeding to the fol- 
 lowing special rules. 
 
 1. The derived word generally follows the quantity of its 
 primitive^ as : amor, amabilis, amicus, amator, redamo. 
 
 Rem. 1. In declension are excepted; Idr, par, sal. Gen. laris, paris, 
 salis ; — In the verb it is a general principal, that, the forms of the dif- 
 ferent tenses, have the same quantity as the tense-forms from which 
 they are derived, i. e. either as the Pres. Perf Sup. ol' Infin. accord- 
 ing as they are derived from the one or the other; e. g. (divido), divi- 
 dam ; (divisi), diviseram ; (divisum), divisurus ; (dividere), dividerem. 
 
 Rem. 2. Concerning the quantity of the Perf and Sup. the following 
 should be observed : 
 
 1) All dissyllabic perfects and supines lengthen the short syllable of 
 the stem, as : video, vidi visum ; moveo, movi motum, etc. (but, /mi, rui, 
 sHi according to ^ 3, 3). 
 
 Ten dissyllabic supines have the stem-syllable short : datum, statum, 
 ratum, satum, itum, quitum, citum, litum, situm, rutum, from : do, sisto, 
 
288 PROSODY. [§ 117. 
 
 reor, sero, eo, queo, cieo, lino, sine, nio. The compounds of sto have 
 together with stdtum, stitum also ; two compounds of nosco, notum also: 
 cognosco and agnosco, have in the supine : cogmtum, agnltum. 
 
 2) Reduplicated perfects, besides the short syllable of reduplication, 
 have also the stem-syllable following its short, as : cado, cecidi, disco, 
 dldlci^ etc. (but momordi, cucurri from : mordeo, curro are long accord- 
 ing to § 3, 4). 
 
 To reduplicated perfects belong also : dedi, steti, stiti ; tuli is con- 
 tracted from tetuli; bihi comes, apparently, from an obsolete stem 
 bo ; fmaWy,fidi and sddi have rejected their syllable of reduplication. 
 
 Rem. 3. In derivation and composition also, there are some departures 
 from the general rule (rule 1), as : sopor and sopire, ditc (in dux ducis) 
 and diico, reg (in rex, regis) and rego, etc. 
 
 2. For the quantity of the penult we have the following 
 alphabetical list. (The quantity of the penult in declension 
 and conjugation is best learned from the paradigms). 
 
 -dciis, -ucus, -uca, as : meracus, caducus, lactuca ; Exc. : -acus in : 
 
 Aegyptiacus, Corinthiacus and others of the kind ; 
 -ddes, and -ides in Patronymics, as : Priamides, Atlantiades ; but Ides 
 
 in Patronymics from primitives in eus and cles, as : Pelides, Atrides, 
 
 Heraclides, and in Belides, Lycurgides, Amphiarides, Coronides ; 
 -ago, -ego, -Igo, -iigo in nouns, as : vorago, vertigo, lanugo (but the 
 
 Greek harpago has a short) ; 
 -dis, -eis, -itis, -otis, -ois, -ine, -one in Patronymics, as : Ptolemais, Chry- 
 
 seis, Memphitis, Icariotis, Minois, Nerine, Acrisione ; Exc. : Danais, 
 
 Thebais, Phocais, Nereis ; 
 'dlis, -elis, -ela, -iilis, -ivra, as : canalis, conjugalis, fidelis, querela, edu- 
 
 lis, pictura ; 
 -amen, as : examen, flamen ; 
 -anus, -ana, -enus, -ena, -Inus, -ina, -onus, -ono, -iinus, -una, as: monta- 
 
 nus, membrana, egenus, habena, peregrinus, caninus, Gabinus, sagi- 
 
 na, piscina (except pagma), patronus, annona, tribunus, lacuna ; 
 
 but mws is short in adjectives which express time or material, as: 
 
 crastlnus, diutlnus, cedrinus, elephantlnus, except in : vespertinus, 
 
 matutinus, repentinus ; 
 -drus, -dris, -orus, -osus, as ; avarus, singularis, canorus, pilosus ; Exc. : 
 
 barbarus, opiparus, hilaris ; 
 -dtim, -itim, -iitim, as : privatim, viritim, tributim (in affdtim, stdtim the 
 
 a belongs to the stem); 
 -dvu^, -ivus, -Iva, as : octavos, aestivus, saliva ; 
 -edo, -ulo, -iido in substantives, as: albedo, ciipido, consuetudo ; 
 -ego, see ago; 
 -eis, see ais ; 
 -elis, -ela, see alis ; 
 -emus, as : extremus ; 
 
§ 117.] QUANTITY. 289 
 
 -eni and -ini in distributive adjectives, as : bini, viceni ; 
 
 -enus, -ena, see anus ; 
 
 -ero, -ICO {Icor), -igo, -ino [inor, cinor), -ilo, -{do {ulor), -itoy verbal endings, 
 as: vitupero, claudlco, rusticor, levigo, fulmlno, destino, crimmor, 
 patrocinor, mutllo, pullulo, gratulor, ventito : but the i is long when 
 it belongs to the stem and is long there, as : cornicor (from comix., 
 ids), festlno, sagino, opinor, propino, inclino, from : festinus, sagina, 
 opinio, TTtvoj, xXivoj ; — besides, i in the ending ito is long when the 
 stem has an i immediately before it, as : dormito (for dormi -ito)', 
 
 -etus, as : fletus ; 
 
 -erus, as : inf eri, posteri ; but ems in : austerus, sincerus, severus, pro- 
 cerus ; 
 
 -etum, -eta, as : dumetum, raoneta ; 
 
 -ico, see ero ; 
 
 -icus, -lea, as : modlcus, famelicus, so also adverbs in icus, as : modl- 
 cus ; Exc. : amicus, pudicus, apricus, anticus, posticus mendicus, 
 umbilicus ; formica, lectica, lorica, urtica vesica ; 
 
 -ides, see ades ; 
 
 -Ida, see edo ; 
 
 -idus, as: cupidus; 
 
 -Igo, see ago ; 
 
 -igo, see ero; 
 
 -Uis, -ilus (a, um), -olus (a, um), -vliis (a, um), as: humilis, parilis, simi- 
 lis, utilis, and all in His which come from verbs, as: facilis, fertilis, 
 sterllis ; rutilus, filiolus, filiola, catulus, canicula, baculum ; adjectives 
 derived from personal appellations have the i long, as : servilis, pue- 
 rilis ; also, exilis, subtilis, and the names of the months, as : Aprilis ; 
 
 -ilo, see ero ; 
 
 -imen, as : specimen, regimen ; Exc. : those derived from verbs of the 
 fourth Conj. have imen, as: lenimen, farcimen; 
 
 -imiis in : bimus, trimus, quadrimus, of two, three, four years, and in : 
 opimus, matrimus, patrimus, primus, imus (lowest) ; but -Imus in 
 superlative-endings, as : probisslmus, and in finitimus and intlmus ; 
 
 -Ine, see ais ; 
 
 -Ini, see eni; 
 
 ■^no {inor), see ero ;* 
 
 -inus, ina, see anus ; 
 
 -Uim, see atim ; 
 
 -Itis, see ais ; 
 
 -ito, see ero ; 
 
 -itor and itus retain the quantity of the supine from which they are 
 derived, as: monitor (from monltum) auditor (from audltum), exitus 
 (from exttum); 
 
 -Itus, -Iter, adverbial endings, as : divinitus, acriter ; 
 
 -Ivu^, -Iva, see avus ; 
 
 -ois, see ais ; 
 
 -one, see ais; 
 
 -onus, -ona, see anus ; 
 
 25 
 
290 PROSODY, [§ 117. 
 
 -orus, -osus, see 'arus ; 
 -otis, see ais; 
 -UCM5, -itca, see acus ; 
 -udo, see edo ; 
 -ugo, see ago ; 
 -ulis, see alls ; 
 -ulo [ulor), see ere ; 
 
 -umen in tegumen (for tegimen), but -umen in : acumen, cacumen, flu- 
 men (contracted from Jluvimen) ; 
 -unus, -una, see anus: 
 -urn, see alis; 
 -idim, see atim ; 
 
 3. For the quantity of Jinal syllables ending in a vowel, 
 
 we have the following general rule : a, e, ?/, are short; i, o, 
 
 u are long: To this rule there are the following exceptions : 
 
 a is long : 1) the Abl. of the first Dec, as: mensa; 2) in the Voc. of 
 Greek proper names in as, as : Aenea (from Aeneas, ae), Palla (fi*om 
 Pallas, antis) ; the Voc. of those in es has partly d and partly a, as : 
 Anchisa, Atrida ; 3) in the Imper. of the fii'st Conj., as : ama, except 
 pvid in the meaning namely, to wit ; — 4) in adverbs, prepositions and 
 conjunctions of two or more syllables, as : circa, juxta, intra, infra, 
 supra , antea, postea, praeterea, frustra ; Exc. : ita, quia and the in- 
 terjection eid ; 5) in the indeclinable numerals, as : triginta ; 
 
 e is long: 1) in the Abl. of the fifth Dec. as : re, specie, die (hence 
 also, hodie, postridie, pridie, quare ; also fame) ;■ — ^2) in all Greek 
 words of the first Dec, as : crambe, epitome, and those used in the 
 plural only, as : Tempe, mele, cete ; — 3) in the Imper. of the second 
 Conj., as : doce ; but e is double-timed in : cave, habe, tace, mane, 
 vale, jube, vide (hence i7tofem for: vide, si vis) ; — 4) in adverbs de- 
 rived from adjectives of the second Dec, pulchre, longe, acerbe, val- 
 de (from validus); so also: fere, ferme and the interjection ohe ; 
 but e is short in : bene, male, temere, as well as in all adverbs de- 
 rived from adjectives of the third Dec, as: facile, impune; 
 
 i is short: J) in : mihi, tibi, sibi (in the arsis sometimes long), and cui 
 when it is two syllables; but it is commonly one syllable and is long, 
 so also its compounds : cuidam, cuilibet ;-— 2) in the Voc. of Greek 
 words, as : Alexi, and in the Dat. of Greek imparisyllabic words, as : 
 Paridi (from Paris, idis); — 3) in : nisi and quasi (although si is long), 
 sicubl, necubi ; but uhi and ibi are double-timed, in : ubinam, ubivis, 
 ubicunque i is generally short, while in : ubique, ibique it is always 
 long, generally also in ibidem ; — 4) in : utlque, ullnam the i is short, 
 although they come from utl ; 
 
 is short : 1) in the adverbs : cito, immo, illico, cedo (give here, say), mo- 
 do with its compounds, as: dummodo, postmodo, quomodo (but sepa- 
 rated, qxw modo) ; — 2) in : ego, duo, octo ; but commonly amho ; — 3) in 
 verbal endings and in the Nom. and Vocative-endings of Latin words 
 
i 
 
 $ 117.] QUANTITY. 291 
 
 of the third Dec. the poets of the golden age generally made o long, 
 as : amo, araavero, amato, scribo, scribito, scripsero ; origo, consuetu- 
 de ; in Greek words o is always long, as : echo, Argo ; 
 u is always long and y always short according to the rule, except in 
 the contracted Dat, as : Coty for Cotyi. 
 
 4. For the quantity of final syllables in words of two or 
 
 more syllables ending in a consonant, we have the following 
 
 general rules : 
 
 I. c final makes the preceding vowel long", as : alec, illuc ; 
 Exc. : donee: 
 
 II. 05, es, OS are long- ; w, us, ys are short; to this gener- 
 al rule, there are the following exceptions : 
 
 a) 05 is shoH : 1 ) in the Nom. of Greek words of the third Dec. 
 which have ddis in the Gen., as : lampas, adis, Pallas, adis ; so 
 anas, atis ; — ^2) in the Ace. Plur. of Greek words of the third 
 Dec. as: heroas. Arcades from heros, Areas; 
 
 b) 65 is short: 1) in the Nom. and Voc. Sing, of imparisyllabic 
 words of the third Dec. whose genitive has the penult short, as : 
 miles, itis, seges, etis, praeses, idis, hebes, etis ; Exc. : Ceres, 
 abies, aries, paries and the compounds of pes, as : tripes, except 
 praepes, etis; — 2) in the Voc. Sing, of Greek words in 65, where 
 in Greek the termination is fc, as : Demosthenes (but Demosthe- 
 nes in the Nom. = rjg) ; — 3) in the Nom. and Voc. Plur. of 
 Greek words, as : Arcades, Troades ; but in Latin words, or such 
 as were naturalized in the language, es is long, as : patres, matres ; 
 — 4) in the compounds of es (thou art), as : ades, abes, potes ; 
 — 5) in the preposition penes ; 
 
 c) OS is short : 1) in : compos, impos (otis), exos (from os, ossis) ; — 2) 
 in Greek words, when os corresponds to og in Greek, as : Delos, 
 chaos, melds; Pallados, Gen. of Pallas (but: heros = ilgtag, Minos 
 = Mlvcag, Nicocleos = Niy.oKXEMg ; 
 
 d) is is long: 1) in the Dat. and Abl. Plur., as: mensis, pueris, no- 
 bis, vobis ; hence also, in the adverbs: gratis, foris; — 2) in the 
 Ace. of the third Dec. (for es), as: omnis; — 3) in the Nom. Sing, 
 of proper names of the third Dec. which have the penult of the 
 Gen. long, as : Samnis, itis, Salamis, inis, Simois, entis ; — 4) in 
 the second person Sing. Pres. of those verbs which have Itis in 
 the second person Plur., as: audis, possis (as well as: sis from 
 sum), velis, nolis, malis ; also in : mavis, quivis, quamvis, utervis, 
 since vis (from volo) is long ; in the second person Sing, of the 
 Fut. Perf is of itself is short, but by the necessity of the verse is 
 often made long, as : dixeris , so also is the i in the plural-end- 
 ings imus, itis of the Fut. Perf often made long by the poets 
 for the same reason, as: scripserimus, scripseritis ; 
 
 e) us ia long: 1) in the Nom. Sing, of words of the second Dec. 
 
292 QUANTITY. [§ 118. 
 
 which have u long in the penult of the Gen., as: virtus, 
 utis, pah'AS, udis, tellus, uris, (but: corpus, oris, vetus, eris, 
 etc.); — 2) in the Gen. Sing, and in the Nom. Ace. Voc. Phir. of 
 the fourth Dec, as: fructus (contracted from fruduis s^nA frudu- 
 es) ; — 3) in Greek words, when us corresponds to ovg in Greek, 
 as: tripus, odis {jQiJiovg), Panthtis; in the Gen.: Sapphus from 
 Sappho (-^oiTT^oLc), Clius from CeHo. etc.; but in: Oedipus, i, 
 polypus, i, the Greek ovg becomes us, in Latin ; 
 f ) ys is long : J) in words which have an associate form in yn, as: 
 Phorcys and Phorcyn ; — 2) when ys stands by contraction for 
 yes and yas, as : Erinnys. 
 
 III. /, m^ fij '/*, d, t final, make the vowel of the final 
 syllable short, as : animal, tectum, circum-ago, carmen, car- 
 eer, amor, apud, viden (for videsne), nostin (for nostine)^ 
 Thetin, Pylon, Ilion, illiid, caput, amat, monet, regit, audit. 
 To this general rule there arc the following exceptions, in 
 which the vowel before these consonants is long : 
 
 a) I: in Hebrew proper names in el, as : Daniel; 
 
 b) 7i; 1) in the Greek Ace. of words in as, es, e, as: Aenean, An- 
 chisen, Calliopen, epitomen ; — ^2) in the Nom. of masculine and 
 feminine nouns which come from the Greek, as : titan, hymen, 
 Salamin, Pandion (except Lacedaemon and some others), and in 
 the Latin lien; 
 
 c) r ; in the compounds of par, as : dispar, and in Greek impari- 
 syllables in er, as : aer, aether, crater, Iber. 
 
 5. Monosyllabic words are long, as: sal, sol, mos, spes, 
 par, h5c, etc. 
 
 Exceptions: 1) the substantives: me], fel, 6s (ossis), a tone, (but: 
 6s, oris, the face), cor (rarely cor); — 2) the pronouns: quls, quid, quod; 
 j8. Id ; quot, tot ; hie, this, is generally, and hie, here, always long ; — 3) 
 the adverbs : bis, ter, sat ; — 4) the verbal forms in t : fit, sit, scit, dat, 
 d6t, Stat, stet, it ; the imperatives Jer,fdc and es thou art (but es, thou 
 eatest) ; — 5) the particles : ah, ad, an, at, cis, et, in, nee, 6b, per, pol, 
 ggd, sub, ut, vel, and the suffixes (enclitics): que, ve, ce, ne (but: ne, 
 tlwt not, in order t/uit not), tetute), pte (suopte). 
 
 § 118. Hexameter Verse. 
 
 . 1. A verse is a series of poetic feet forming, in general, 
 a line of poetry. The particular feet or members of which 
 it is composed are called metres. 
 
H18.] HEXAMETER VERSE. 293 
 
 2. When the last foot of a verse is complete, the verse is 
 called acatalectic ; but when incomplete, catalectic. 
 
 3. Every foot or metre consists of an arsis and a thesis. 
 The arsis is that part of the foot (in hexameter verse, the 
 first syllable of the foot), on which the stress or elevation of 
 the voice is placed in pronouncing it. The rest of the 
 foot (whether one syllable or more) is called thesis^ and is to 
 be pronounced in a falling tone of voice. The stress of 
 voice laid on the arsis is called the ictus (beat) and may be 
 regarded as the poetic accent ; hence it is often marked as 
 such by the sign (/). A succession of feet pronounced 
 with due regard to arsis and thesis constitutes rhythm. 
 
 4. Hence it will be apparent, that a line of poetry, in a 
 given kind of measure, consists of a fixed number of feet 
 and a variable number of words, which, of course, must 
 occasion a disagreement between the terminations of the 
 feet and words. Besides, as rhythm was the leading ele- 
 ment in ancient poetry, it was not, except for a given pur- 
 pose, attempted to produce a coincidence between the feet 
 and words, that it might be apparent that the rhythm was 
 independent of the words as such. This division of the 
 feet by the terminations of the words is called caesura^ as : 
 
 Infandum | regina | jubes | renovare | dolorem. 
 In feet of three syllables, as : - - " , the word may end either 
 after the arsis (- | "") or in the middle of the thesis (- ^ | "). 
 In the first case it is called the masculine^ in the second the 
 feminine caesura. The coincidence of the termination of a 
 word with the termination of a foot is called diaeresis^ as : 
 Persequar \ <^t raris habitata, mapalia, t6ctis. 
 
 In certain kinds of verse, certain caesuras and diaereses are 
 necessary, and are to be especially observed in reading the 
 verse ; these are called principal caesuras and diaereses. 
 
 5. Hexameter verse is measured by six feet which may 
 be either spondees or dactyles, except the last foot, which is 
 a dissyllabic catalectus (No. 2). A spondee consists of 
 25* 
 
294 
 
 PROSODY. 
 
 [U19. 
 
 two long syllables, designated thus 
 long and two short, designated thus : 
 
 ; a dactyle of one 
 Hence we have : 
 
 Sed fugit intere a fugit irrepa rabile tempus. 
 Adspici unt ocu lis Supe ri mor talia justis. 
 
 Rem. 1. The Jljlh foot is generally a daetyle, rarely a spondee, and 
 ^nly when the poet wishes to give the line a character of slowness, se- 
 riousness and solemnity ; such a verse is called a spondaic verse, a dac- 
 tyle usually precedes the spondee and the verse generally closes with 
 a word of three or four syllables, as : 
 
 Cara deuni suboles, magnum Jovis ] incre [ mentum. 
 
 Rem. 2. Dadyles often express a rapid and brisk, as spondees do a 
 slow and heavy motion, as : 
 
 Uuadrupedante putrem sonitu quatit ungulo campum 
 Illi inter sese magna vi brachia tollunt. 
 
 Rem. 3. The principal caesura in Hexameter verse, generally oc- 
 curs ajler the arsis of the third foot and sometimes in the thesis of the 
 same foot ; but occasionally also, after the arsis in the fourth foot, in 
 which case another caesura generally precedes, after the arsis of the 
 second foot. Sometimes, also, several caesuras of this kind are found 
 in the same verse ; in which case the sense must determine which is 
 to be observed as the principal one. Besides the principal caesura, 
 there may be other subordinate caesuras, e. g. 
 
 Sed I fugit interea, || fugit irrepabile tempus. 
 Dum vires ] annique | sinunt, || tolerate labores. 
 Oderunt ] peccare | boni, || virtutis | amore. 
 
 ignava | colono. 
 dolorem. 
 
 Nudus I ara, | sere | nudus; || hiems 
 Infandum j regina | jubes \\ renovare 
 
 Rem. 4. The commonest and most graceful close of an hexameter 
 verse is made by a word of two or three syllables. 
 
 § 119. Scansion. 
 Scansion is the division of a verse into the feet or mem- 
 bers of which it is made up. In doing this, however, the 
 proper terminations of the words must not be wholly over- 
 looked, but should be observed by making a slight pause 
 at each of the caesuras and a marked pause at the princi- 
 pal ; caesura, as far as this can be done without obscuring 
 the proper division into feet. In scanning, the following 
 things are to be observed : 
 
U19.] SCANSION. 295 
 
 a) A vowel at the end of a word before another vowel 
 or an h in the following word is absorbed (elision), as : 
 
 Nulla n(e) hab6s viti(a)? imm(o) ali(a), haiid fortasse minora. 
 
 Rem. 1. Elision rarely takes place at the end of a line, as : 
 
 O'mnia M6rcuri6 siniilis vocemque colorem^we 
 E't crines flavos et membra decora juventae. 
 
 In this case, the last syllable is to be joined to the first of the follow- 
 ing line. Such a line is called versus hypermeter. 
 
 Rem. 2. When elision is neglected in the beginning or middle of a 
 verse, there arises what is called the hiatus (gaping, difficulty of pro- 
 nunciation). This the poets endeavor if possible to avoid ; yet it is 
 allowable before monosyllables, before one of the stronger punctuation 
 marks, and in a long vowel followed by a short one ; also in the arsis, 
 the hiatus occasions less difficulty of pronunciation, as : 
 
 O' et d6 Latia, O e't de gente Sabina. 
 E't succus pecori et lac subdiicitur agris. 
 Posthabita coluisse Samo: hie illius arma. 
 Nubibus esse solet aut piirpureae Aurorae. 
 
 Rem. 3. Occasionally a long vowel in the thesis before another vow- 
 el is short, as : 
 
 I'nsulae I'onio in magno. 
 
 b) An m at the end of a word with a vowel before it and 
 before a vowel in the following word long by nature or po- 
 sition, is, together with the vowel before it, omitted in read- 
 ing (ecthlipsis), as: 
 
 Quod latet, ignot (um) est; ignoti nulla ciipido. 
 Rem. 4. In monosyllabic words which stand in the arsis, principally 
 before a strong punctuation mark or in the caesura, the ecthlipsis is 
 sometimes omitted. Before a short syllable the ecthlipsis is difficult. 
 
 c) When the last syllable of a word ends with a conso- 
 nant and the following word in the same line begins with 
 a consonant, that final syllable is uniformly long-y as: 
 
 N^mo adeo ferus est, ut ndn mitescere possit. 
 
 d) The ictus ohen makes a short syllable long; still this 
 
 is generally the case only : a) when the short syllable ends 
 
 in a consonant^ especially r, s or t; — b) when the caesura 
 
 follows it ; — c) when upon a vowel in the close of a word, 
 
 a word follows beginning with two consonants ; e. g. 
 
 o'mnia vincit Amor, et nos cedarnus Amori. 
 T.'; canit agricola, | magna quuni v^nerii lirbe. 
 Nil opus ^st mori^ pro me, sed amore fid^que. 
 
296 ABBREVIATIONS. [} 120* 
 
 e) Two vowels in two successive syllables are often con- 
 tracted into one (Synaeresis or Synizesis), as: Phaetbon, 
 Thesei, deerunt, vehemens (two syllables), particularly, huic, 
 cui, ii, iidem; so also, dein, dehinc, deinceps, deinde, 
 proinde, prout ; so also those vowels which are pronounced 
 with more difficulty in one sound, as : quoad, postea, alveo 
 pueri. 
 
 f ) A short u or i is often rejected before I and m, as : pe- 
 riclum for periculum^ tegmen for ieg-imen or tegumen, 
 
 g) The letters i and w, having been originally both con- 
 sonants and vowels, when they follow another consonant 
 and are followed by a vowel, make the preceding vowel 
 long by position^ as : fluviorum (= fluvjorum) ; genwa 
 (= genva), etc. 
 
 h) From the necessity of the verse, a long syllable is 
 sometimes used as short (Systole), and, on the contrary, a 
 short syllable as long (Diastole). The systole is very com- 
 mon in the third person Plur. Indie. Perf. Act, and in alte- 
 rius and in names^ as : Aeneades ;-— the diastole is used es- 
 pecially in the Subj. Perf. Act. and Fut. Perf. Act., (audi- 
 verilis), also in names, in which three short syllables follow 
 one another, of which the first is then made long by the 
 ictus, as : 
 
 O'bstupui, steteruntque comae, vox faiicibus ha^.sit. 
 
 SECOND APPENDIX. 
 
 § 120. Of Abbreviations. 
 
 1) Personal Names: A. Aulus. App. Appius. C. or 
 G. Cains or Gains. Cn. or Gn. Cnaeus (Gnaeus). D. 
 Decimus. K. Kaeso. L. Lucius. M. Marcus. M'. Manius. 
 N. Numerius. P. Pvblius. Q. Quintus. Ser. Servius. 
 Sex. or S. Sextus. Sp. Spurius. T. Titus. Ti. Tiberius, 
 
 2) Appellatives: P. Pater. F. Filius. Fr. Frater, etc. 
 
 3) Designations of honor and office: Aed. Aedilis. Cos. 
 Cos. Coss. Consules, Cos. d. Consul designatus. D. 
 
^ 121.] ABBREVIATIONS, ROMAN CALENDAR. 297 
 
 Divus. Imp. Imperator. O. M. Optimus maximus. P. C. 
 Patres conscripti. P. R. Populus Romanus. Pr. Praetor. 
 Praef. Praefectus. P. M. Pontifex Maximus. P. S. Plehis- 
 citum. S. P. Q. R. Senatas populusque Romanus. S. C. 
 Senatus consuUum. Tr. PL Tribunus plehis. 
 
 4) Designations of money and weight : HS. or H-S. 
 Sestertius (Sestertium). L. Libra. L. \a. Dupondius. 
 
 5) Designations of time : A. D. Ante diem. A. U. C. 
 Ab urbe condita. C. or K. Calendae (Kalendae). Id. Idus. 
 Non. Nonae. 
 
 6) Abbreviations in letters : S. Salutem. S. D. Salutem 
 dicit. S. P. D. Salutem plurima7n diciU S. V. B. E. E. V. 
 Si vales, bene est ; ego valeo. 
 
 THIRD APPENDIX. 
 § 121. Of the Roman Calendar. 
 1 Kalendae means Xh^ first day of each month; Nonde 
 the seventh day of March, May, July and October, but the 
 fifth of the remaining eight months; Idus was Xhe fifteenth 
 of the four months named above, and the thirteenth of the 
 other eight. 
 
 2. Since the names of the months are properly adjectives, 
 they generally agree with Kalendae, Nonae and Idus in 
 gender, number and case, and are rarely governed by them 
 in the Gen. as: Calendis Juniis, ow the first day of June; 
 Nonis Octobribus, o/z ^Ae seventh of October; Idibus Sep- 
 tembribus, on the thirteenth of September. 
 
 3. The days lying between the three fixed days just men- 
 tioned, were reckoned backwards from each of these fixed 
 days, as, the 1st, 2d, 3d etc., day before the Kalends, Nones, 
 or Ides as the case might be, and dies and ante were gen- 
 erally omitted. The day from which one began to reck- 
 on was always included in the number mentioned, as : 
 Claudius excessit III. Idus Octobres, i. e. tertio die ante 
 Idus Octobres, on the thirteenth of October. Hence, in order 
 to get the true day before one of the divisions, we must 
 subtract one from the number mentioned. 
 
298 
 
 ROMAN CALENDAR. 
 
 P 121. 
 
 4. In determining what day of the previous month any 
 day before the Calends of a given month is, we must know 
 how many days the month has (see table) and reckon back 
 from the Csdends of the month mentioned (i. e. the month 
 following), as : tertio Calendas Apriles, on the ZOth of 
 March; tertio Calendas Maias, on the 29th of April; tertio 
 Calendas Martias, on the 27th {2Sth) of February ; since 
 March has 31, April 30 and February 28 (in leap year 29) 
 days. 
 
 The days 
 
 March, May, 
 
 January, August, 
 
 April, June, Sep- 
 
 February (has 28, 
 
 of our 
 
 Julv, and October 
 
 and December 
 
 tember,andNovem- 
 
 and in Leap Tears 
 
 months. 
 
 (have 31 days). 
 
 (have also 31 days.) 
 
 ber (have 30 days). 
 
 29 days). 
 
 1 
 
 Kaiendis. 
 
 Kaiendis. 
 
 Kaiendis. 
 
 Kaiendis. 
 
 2 
 
 VI^ 
 
 IV ^ante 
 III 5 Nonas. 
 
 IV ^ante 
 III 5 Nonas. 
 
 IV >ante 
 Hi 5 Nonas 
 
 3 
 
 V ante 
 
 4 
 
 IV ^Nonas. 
 lllj 
 
 Pridie Nonas. 
 
 Pridie Nonas 
 
 Pridie Nonas. 
 
 5 
 
 A'onis. 
 
 Monis. 
 
 jYonis. 
 
 6 
 
 Pridie Nonas. 
 
 vijn 
 
 
 VIII ^ 
 
 VIII ^ 
 
 
 7 
 
 J^onis. 
 
 VII 
 
 
 VII 
 
 VII 
 
 
 8 
 
 viin 
 
 
 VI 
 
 ante 
 ^Idus 
 
 VI I ante 
 
 VI 
 
 ante 
 
 9 
 
 VII 
 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 fldus 
 
 V 
 
 'Idus. 
 
 10 
 
 VI 
 
 ante 
 
 IV 
 
 
 IV 
 
 
 iV 
 
 
 11 
 
 V 
 
 ^Idus. 
 
 III J 
 
 
 III J 
 
 
 III J 
 
 
 12 
 
 IV 
 
 
 Pric 
 
 lie Idus. 
 
 Pridie Idus. 
 
 Pridie Idus. 
 
 13 
 
 III J 
 
 
 Idibus. 
 
 Idibus. 
 
 Idibus. 
 
 14 
 
 Pridie Idus. 
 
 XIX ^ 
 
 
 XVIII ^ 
 
 p 
 
 XVI ^ 
 
 
 15 
 
 Idibus. 
 
 XVIII 
 
 p 
 
 3 
 
 XVIl 
 
 g. 
 
 XV 
 
 
 16 
 
 XV IL -] 
 
 3 
 
 XVII 
 
 s- 
 
 XVI 
 
 (t. 
 
 XIV 
 
 p 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 XVI 
 
 ?? 
 
 XVI 
 
 w 
 
 XV 
 
 p 
 
 XIII 
 
 ^ 
 
 18 
 
 XV 
 
 W 
 
 XV 
 
 2- 
 
 XIV 
 
 a" 
 
 XII 
 
 f^ 
 
 19 
 
 XIV 
 
 P 
 
 XIV 
 
 D 
 
 xni 
 
 s 
 
 O- 
 
 XI 
 
 P 
 
 20 
 
 XIII 
 
 en 
 
 3 
 
 XIII 
 
 ^ 
 
 XII 
 
 g 
 
 X 
 
 
 21 
 
 XII 
 
 P 
 
 XII 
 
 X. 
 
 XI 
 
 > ^ 
 
 IX 
 
 22 
 
 XI 
 
 CD 
 
 XI 
 
 y ^ 
 
 X 
 
 VIII 
 
 w 
 
 23 
 
 X 
 
 ^ '? 
 
 X 
 
 s- 
 
 IX 
 
 ? 
 
 VII 
 
 ^ 
 
 24 
 
 IX 
 
 B- 
 
 IX 
 
 ^ 
 
 VIII 
 
 IT 
 
 VI 
 
 1. 
 
 25 
 
 VIII 
 
 o 
 
 VIII 
 
 2l 
 
 V]I 
 
 s 
 
 V 
 
 p 
 
 26 
 
 Vil 
 
 ^ 
 
 VII 
 
 3 
 o 
 
 VI 
 
 3 
 
 IV 
 
 
 27 
 
 VI 
 
 B 
 
 o 
 
 VI 
 
 V 
 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 HI J 
 
 
 28 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 
 IV 
 
 Prid. Kalendas 
 
 29 
 
 TV 
 
 s 
 
 IV 
 
 
 "I 
 
 Martias. 
 
 30 
 
 III 
 
 p- 
 
 III J 
 
 
 Prid. Ka 
 
 endas 
 
 
 31 
 
 Prid. Ka 
 
 endas. 
 
 Prid. Kalendas 
 
 of the fol. 
 
 
 
 of the fol. 
 
 of the fol. 
 
 month. 
 
 
 
 month. 
 
 month. 
 
 
 
COLLECTION OF LATIN READING LESSONS. 
 
 I. FABLES. 
 
 1. Lupus et capra. 
 
 Lupus, capram conspicatus, quae in rupe pascebatur, quum ad earn 
 accedere non posset, earn, ut de rupe descenderet, hoitabatur, apud se 
 mollia prata ac varias herbas esse praedlcans. Ei vero capra respon- 
 dit: Mi amice, non me ad pascua vocas, sed ipse cibi indiges! 
 
 2. Lupus et opUiones. 
 
 Opiliones aliquot, caesa atque assata ove, convivium agebant. Quod 
 quum lupus, qui praedandi caussa forte stabula circumibat, videret, ad 
 opiliones conversus : Quos clamores, inquit, et quantos tumultus vos 
 contra me excitaretis, si ego facerem, quod vos facitis ? Turn unus ex 
 iis : Hoc interest, inquit : nos, quae nostra sunt, comedimus ; tu vero 
 aliena furaris. 
 
 5. Vulpes et uva. 
 
 Vulpes, extrema fame coacta, uvam appetebat ex alta vite dependen- 
 tem. Quam quum, summis viribus saliens, attingere non posset, tan- 
 dem discedens : Nondum matura est, inquit ; nolo acerbam sumere. 
 Sic saepe homines, quae facere non possunt, verbis elevant. 
 
 2. 0^\\\o^oms^m. shepherd, assol. to roast. conv\v'ium,\, n. feast ; conv. 
 agere, to have a feast, stabulum, i, n. stable, tumultus, us, m. ado. furor 
 1. steal. 
 
 3. Vitis, is,/, vine, dependeo, di, 2. to hang dmcnfrom. elevo 1. to raise 
 up; 2) to disparage. 
 
300 FABLES. 
 
 4. Rusticus et canis fiddis. 
 Rusticus in agios exiit ad opus simm. Filiolum, qui in cunis jace- 
 bat, reliquit custodiendum cani fideli atque valido. Arrepsit anguis 
 immanis, qui puemlum exstincturus erat. Sed- custos fidelis corrlpit 
 eum dentibus acutis, et, dum necare studet, cunas simul evertit super 
 exstinctum anguem. Mox ex arvo rediit agi icola ; ut videt cunas ever- 
 sas cruentumque canis rictum, ira accenditur. Temere igitur custo- 
 dem filioli interficit ligone, quern manibus tenebat. Sed ubi cunas 
 restituit, supra anguem occisum reperit puerum vivum et incolumem. 
 Sera turn poenitentia fuit facinoris temere patrati, 
 
 5. Leo, asinus et vulpes. 
 
 Vulpes, asinus et leo venatum iverant. Ampla praeda facta, leo asi- 
 num illam partiri jubet. Qui quum singulis singulas partes poneret 
 aequales, leo eum correptum dilaniavit et vulpi negotium partiendi tri- 
 buit. Ilia astutjor leoni maximam partem apposuit, sibi vix minimam 
 reservans particulam. Turn leo subridens ejus prudentiam laudare, et, 
 unde hoc didicerit, interrogare coepit. Et vulpes : Hujus me, inquit, 
 calamitas docuit, quid minores potentioribus debeant. 
 
 6. Asinus pelle leonlna indutus. 
 
 Asinus fugitivus reperit forte in silva pellem leoninam, eaque indu- 
 tus territare coepit homines et bestias, Venit is, qui asinum perdide- 
 rat, eumque quaerit. Asinus, quum herura vidisset, horrendum in 
 modum rugire coepit, ut ilium quoque falleret. At herus, comprehen- 
 sis auriculis, quae exstabant : Etiamsi alios, inquit, fallas, me tamen 
 non falles. Ita probe verberat domumque abigit. 
 
 7. Rusticus etflii. 
 Inter filios rustici cujusdam grave dissidium ortum erat. Diu frustra 
 operam impenderat pater, hortans, ut pacem atque concordiam cole- 
 rent. Tandem filiis : Virgulas, inquit, mihi afFerte quinquaginta et con- 
 
 4. Arrepo, psi, ptum 3. to creep up. corrlpio, ripni, reptum 3. to seize. 
 cruentus, a, um, bloody, rictus, us, m. mouth, poenitentia, ae,/. repen- 
 tance. 
 
 6. Pcliis, is,/, s/cm; p. leomna, lion's skin, fugitivus, a, um, r?m-airajy. 
 terriio I, to frighten, auricula, ae,/. car-Za/>. 'r\.\g\o 4. to roar, exsto, stiti 
 1. project. 
 
 7. Dissidium, i, n. disagreement, virgula, ae, /. stick, fasciculus, i, m. 
 bundle, colli go 1. to collect, concors, rd'is, uniled. 
 
FABLES. 301" 
 
 sidite. Turn omnes virgiilas in nnum fasciculum colligavit, eumque 
 constrictum singulis filiis obtiilit, hortans, ut frangerent. Illi autem 
 quanqnam vim omnem adhibebant, friistra laborarunt, nee quicquam 
 profecei-unt. Turn pater nodum discidit singulasque illis virgulas 
 dedit, quas sine ullo labore confregerunt. Quo facto, rusticus filios ita 
 allocutus est: Haec res vobis exemplo sit. Tuti eritis ab inimicorum' 
 injuriis, quamdiu vos amabitis et Concordes eritis ; at, simulac facta erit 
 dissensio atque discordia, inimici securi in vos irrumpent. 
 
 8. Luscinia et cuculus. 
 
 Luscinia verno quodam die dulcissime canere coepit. Pueri aliquot 
 baud procul aberant in valle ludentes. Hi quum lusui essent intenti, 
 lusciniae cantu nihil movebantur. Non multo post cuculus coepit cu- 
 culare. Continuo pueri, lusu neglecto, ei acclamabant vocemque cu- 
 culi identidem imitatantur. Audisne, luscinia, inquit cuculus, quanto 
 me isti plausu excipiant et quantopere cantu meo delectentur ? Lus- 
 cinia, quae noUet cum eo altercari, nihil impediebat, quomlnus ille 
 suam vocem miraretur. Interea pastor fistula canens cum puella lento 
 gradu praeteriit 
 
 Cuculus iterum vociferatur, novas laudes captans. At puella pasto- 
 rem allocuta : Male sit, inquit, huic cuculo, qui cantui tuo odiosam 
 vocem intermiscet. Quo audito, quum cuculus in pudorem conjectus 
 conticuisset, luscinia tarn suaviter canere coepit, ut se ipsam superare 
 velle videretur. Pastor, fistula deposita : Considamus hie, inquit, sub 
 arbore et lusciniam audiamus. Turn pastor et puella cantum lusciniae 
 eertatim laudare coeperunt, et diu taciti intentis auribus sedent. Ad 
 postremum adeo capta est puella sonorum dulcedine, ut etiam laerimae 
 erumperent Turn luscinia ad cueulum conversa: Videsne, inquit, 
 quantum ab imperitorum opinionibus prudentiorum judicia distent? 
 Una sane ex istis lacrimis, quamvis muta sit, locupletior tamen est 
 artis meae testis^ quam inconditus iste puerorum clamor, quern tanto- 
 pere jactabas. Monet fabula, magnorum artificum opera non vulgi 
 opinione, sed prudentium existimatione esse censenda. 
 
 8. Cuculus, i, m. cuckoo, vallis, is, /. valley, cuculo 1. to coo. acclamo 
 1. to cry out to. altercor 1. to quarrel, fistula, ae, /. pipe, lentus, a, um, 
 slotc. gradus, us, m. step, vociferor 1. to screech, intermisceo, miscui 
 mixtum or mistum 2. to intermingle, eertatim, adv. emulously. disto I 
 without Perf. and Sup. to differ. 
 26 
 
302 FABLES. 
 
 9. Auceps et vipera. 
 
 Auceps ibat venatum et mox vidit in altissima arbore palumbem ; 
 approperat eum capturus, sed inter eundum premit forte pede altero 
 viperam in herba latentem, quae ilium mordet. Me miserum, inquit, 
 dum alteri insidior, ipse dispereo. 
 
 10. Mendax. 
 
 Puer in prato oves pascebat atque per jocum clamitabat, ut sibi auxi- 
 lium ferretur, quasi lupus gregem esset adortus. Agricolae undique 
 succurrebant, neque lupum inveniebant. Ita ter quaterque se elusos 
 a puero viderunt. Deinde, quum ipse lupus aggrederetur, et puer 
 revera iraploraret auxilium ; nemo gregi subvenit, et oves lupi praeda 
 sunt facta. Mendaci bomini non credimus, etiam vera quum dicit. 
 
 11. Formica et columha. 
 
 Formica sitiens descenderat ad fontem ; sed undae eam abripuerunt, 
 nee multum aberat, quin misera periret. Quum veio columba sortem 
 ejus videret, misericordia tacta ramulum in aquam injecit. Hunc as- 
 secuta est formica in eoque natans effugit mortem. Paullo post vena- 
 tor, arcu instructus, illuc venit, columbamque telo suo transfixurus fuit. 
 Periculum sentit formica, et, ut piae columbae opem ferret, accurrit 
 atque venatoris talum momordit. Dolore impeditus ille telum non 
 recte misit, et columba incolumis avolavit. Juva et juvabere ; raro be- 
 neficium perit. 
 
 12. Vulpes et corvus. 
 
 Corvus, quum frustum carnis rapuisset, in arbore quadam consedit. 
 Quo conspecto, vulpes, carnem cupiens, accurrit eumque callidis verbis 
 adoritur. O corve, inquit, quam pulchra es avis, quam speciosa ! Te 
 decuit esse avium regem. Sane oinnes aves regiis virtutibus antece- 
 deres, si vocem haberes. His corvus laudibus inflatus, ne mutus ha- 
 beretur, clamorem edidit, sed simul, aperto rostro, carnem amisit; 
 quum vulpes statim rapuit, atque irridens dixit'. Heus, corve ! Nihil 
 tibi deest praeter mentem. 
 
 9. Auceps, tipis, m.foioler. vipera, ae,/. viper, appropero 1. to approach. 
 dispereo, ii, 4. to perisk. 
 
 10. Clamito 1. to cry out often, revera, adv. in earnest. 
 
 11. Formica, ae,/. ant. ramulus, i, m. branch, talus, i, m. ankle. 
 
DIALOGUES. 303 
 
 11 DIALOGUES. 
 
 1. Excusatio. 
 
 Geta. Quid caussae est, quod tam diu nos non inviseris ? Quid im- 
 pedimeiito fuit, quominus jam diu feceris nobis tui videiidi copiam ? 
 Syrus. Volui quidem saepe te convenire, sed non licuit mihi per mea 
 negotia ; non licuit per valetudinem ; laboravi enim aliquamdlu febri ; 
 non licuit denique per tempestatem, quae saepe fuit pluviosa. G. 
 Equidem accipio tuam excusationem, sed hac lege, ne saepius utare. 
 Excusatio tua justior est, quam vellem, siquidem valetudo fuit in caus- 
 sa. Haec lege mihi purgatus eris, si, quod cessatum est, me saepe in- 
 visendo compenses. S. Tu nihil moraris istius modi officia nimium 
 vulgaria. Amicitia nostra firmior est, quam ut sit ofRciis istis vulgari- 
 bus alenda. Satis crebro invisit, qui constanter amat. G. Male sit is- 
 tis curis, quae te nobis adimunt. Quid imprecer istis negotiis, quae 
 talem amicum nobis invident ? Pessime sit isti febri, quae nos tam 
 gravi desiderio torsit tui. Male pereat ista febris, le quidem incolumi. 
 
 2. Colloquium jocosum. 
 
 Andreas. Salve, mi Mauriti. Mauritius. Gratias ago, mi Andrea. 
 Quid affers ? A. Me ipsum. M. Sic rem baud magni pretii hue attulis- 
 ti. A. At magno constiti patri meo. M. Credo pluris, quam quisquam 
 te aestimet. A. Sed Rudolphus estne domi .? M. Nescio. Pulsa fores 
 ejus et videbis. A. Heus, Rudolphe! domine es? R. Non sum. A. 
 Impudens ! Non ego audio te loquentem ? R. Immo tu es impudens. 
 Nuper ancillae vestrae credidi, te non esse domi, quum tamen esses, 
 et tu non credis mihi ipsi ? A. Aequum dicis ; par pari retulisti. R. 
 Equidem ut non omnibus dormio, ita non omnibus sum domi. Nunc 
 vero adsum. A. Sed tu mihi videris cochleae vitam agere. jR. Quid 
 ita ? A. Quia perpetuo domi latitas, nee unquam prorepis. R. Foris ni- 
 hil est negotii. A. At serenum coelum nunc invitat ad deambulandum. 
 R. Ita est. Si igitur deambulare libet, te comitabor ; nam per totum 
 hunc mensem pedem porta non extuli. Vocabo Mauritium, ut una 
 nobiscum eat. A. Placet. Sic enim jucundior erit ambulatio. 
 
 1. Cesso 1. to omit, compenso 1. to make wp. imprecor 1. to imprecate. 
 
 2. Aestimo 1. to estimate, pulso ]. to beat, latito I. to keep one's self con- 
 cealed. 
 
304 DIALOGUES. 
 
 3. Colloquium ejusdem generis. 
 Syrus. Opto tibi multani felicitatem. Gda. Et ego tibi duplicatum 
 opto, quicquid optas mihi. S. Quid agis rei ? G. Confabulor. S. 
 Quid ? confabularis solus ? G. Ut vides. jS*. Fortasse tecum. Proin- 
 de tibi videndum est, ut cum homine probo confabulere. G. Immo 
 ■cum lepidissimo congerrone confabulor; legoenimlibrumjoci plenum. 
 .S. Tu perpetuo litteris studes. G. Non est ulla studiorum satietas. 
 jS. Verum; sed est tamen modus quidam. Non omittenda quidem 
 sunt studia, sed tamen intermittenda nonnunquam. Nihil suave, quod 
 perpetuura. Voluptates commendat rarior usus. Tu litteris studes 
 noctes ac dies. G. Age, tuo more facis. Rides me, ut soles. Non 
 me fallit tuus jocus. Ipsi codices pulvere situque obducti loquuntur, 
 quam sim iramodicus in studio. ♦S. Emoriar, ni loquor ex animo. 
 
 4. Ludus. 
 
 Cardlus. Veni, mi Ludovicei Ludovicus. Quo tandem.^ C. In hor- 
 tum ; satis jam legimus et scripsimus ; ludamus quoque. L. Ego pen- 
 sum meum ante absolvam. C. Nondum absolvisti? L. Nondum 
 omnia. Tune jam omnia _didicisti et scripsisti, quae praeceptor nos 
 discere et scribere jussit ? C. Non omnia. L. Ergo nondum licet lu- 
 dere. C. Cur non liceat ? Reliqua discam et scribam post ludum. L. 
 Sed praestat, primum discere, deinde ludere. C. Quam morosum so- 
 dalem habeo ! L. Non sum morosus, sed facere volo, quae jussa sunt. 
 C. Ergo una ediscamus. Ego tibi recitabo, tu mihi. Deinde, quum 
 omnia didicerimus, statim ad ludum properabimus. L. Placet; nam 
 peracti labores jucundi sunt. 
 
 5. De surgendo.. 
 Frider'icus. Heus, heus, Carole ! expergiscere ! Tempus est surgere. 
 Audisne? C. Non audio. F. Ubi ergo habes aures? C. In lecto. 
 F. Hoc video. Sed quid facis adhuc in lecto ? C Quid faciam ^ 
 Dormio. F. Dormis? et loqueris tamen mecum? C. Saltem volo 
 dormire. F. Nunc autem non est tempus dormiendi, sed surgendi. 
 C. Quota est hora ? jP. Septima. C. Quando tu surrexisti e lecto ? 
 F. Jam ante duas horas. C Num sorores meae jam surrexerunt? 
 J^. lam pridem. C. Sed frater mens certe adhuc jacet in lecto. F. 
 Erras. Quum expergefacerem eum, statim reliquit nidum suum. C. 
 Mox igitur surgam. 
 
 3. Duplieo 1. to double, confabulor 1. to chat, congerro, onis, m. com- 
 rade, jAay-fdlow. satietas, atis,/. satiety, intermitto 3. to intermit. 
 
DIALOGUES. 305 
 
 6. Amhulolio, 
 
 Friderlcus. Age, mi frater, ambulemus ; tempestas serena est. Au- 
 gmtus. Placet; sed ubi ambulabimus? Num in pratis ? F. Minime ; 
 prata enim pluvia inundavit, et viae lutulentae sunt. Placetne adscen- 
 dere in montem, quern e fenestra prospicimus ? A. Placet ; jam pri- 
 dem enim in monte non fuimus. F. Hiems nos prohibuit; liieme 
 enim mons glacie et nive tectus erat. Quid stas autem ? A. Duae 
 viae ducunt ad montem : altera recta, altera flexuosa. Utram elige- 
 mus ? F. Flexuosam censeo ; est enim umbrosior, et sol fervet. Des- 
 cendentes altera ibimus et ambulationem variabimus. Vesperi enim 
 sol minus fervet. A. Earnus igitur! 
 
 7. Naufragium. 
 
 Mauritius. Redisti nobis obesior ac procerior. Cyprianus. At equi- 
 dem mallem prudentior, aut doctior. M. Imberbis abieras, redisti bar- 
 batulus. At quid sibi vult hie pallor ? quid frons corrugata ? C. Ut 
 est foituna, sic est corporis habrtus. M. Num adversa ? C. Nunquam 
 mihi quidem alias secunda ; sed nunquam, quam nunc, reflavit odio- 
 sius. M. Dolet mihi tua calamitas. Sed quid hoc mali est ? C. Uni- 
 versae pecuniae naufragium feci. M, In mari ? C. Non, sed in littore, 
 nondum navem ingressus. M. Ubinam? C. In littore Britannico. 
 M. Bene habet, quod ipse nobis vivus enatasti. Praestat pecuniae jac- 
 turam facere, quam vitae. Levius est pecuniae damnum, quam famae. 
 C, Vita famaque incolumi, periit pecunia. M. Vita sarciri nullo pacto 
 potest, fama aegre potest, pecunia facile alicunde sarcietur. Qui ma- 
 lum hoc accidit ? C. Nescio, nisi quod sic erat in fatis meis. Sic 
 visum est superis. M. Vides igitur, doctrinam ac virtutem tutissimas 
 esse divitias, quae nee eripi possunt, nee onerant circumferentem. 
 C. Pulchre tu quidem philosopharis ; sed interim ego ringor. 
 
 8. Jussum herile. 
 
 Rabinus. Profer ocreas ; nam equitandum est. Syrus. En adsunt. 
 
 6. Pluvia, ae^f. rain, inundo 1. to overfioic. lutulentus, a, um^ muddy. 
 fenestra, ae,/. tmndow. flexuosus, a, um., winding, umbrosus, a, um, shady. 
 ferveo, vi 2. to burn (intrans.). vario 1. to vary. 
 
 7. Obesus, a, um,/a«. imberbis, e, beardless, barbatulus, a, um, slightly 
 bearded, pallor, oris, m. pa^encs 6-. corrugatus, a, um, lOj-mArZerf. reflo 1. fo 
 bloio against, odiose, adv. odiously. Britannicus, a, um, British, enato, 1. 
 to sivim out. circumfero, tuli, latum 3. to carry around, philosopher 1. to 
 philosophize, r'mgor 3. to show the teeth; 2) to be fretful. 
 
 8. Albeo 2. to be clean, rigeo 2. to be stiff, siccitas, atis,/. dryness, uvi- 
 
 26* 
 
306 DIALOGUES. 
 
 R. Probe quidem abs te ciiratae ; totae albeiit situ. Opinor nee de- 
 tersas, nee unctas hoc anno, adeo rigent prae siccitate. Deterge uvi- 
 dulo panno : mox unge ad ignem diligenter, ac macera, donee moUian- 
 tur. S. Curabkur. R. Ubi calcaria ? 5*. Adsunt. R. Verum ; sed 
 obducta rubigine. Ubi frenum et ephippia? jS*. Sunt in promptu. 
 R. Vide, ne quid desit, aut ne quid ruptum, aut mox rumpendum, ne 
 quid nobis sit in mora, quum erimus in cursu. Propere hoc lorum 
 sarciendum cura. Reversus inspice soleas equorum, num qui clavi de- 
 sint, aut vacillent. Quam macri sum equi, quamque strigosi ! Quoties 
 absterges, aut pectis illos in anno ? 5'. Immo quotidie. R. Nimirum 
 res ipsa loquitur. Jejunia colunt, opinor, nonnumquam totum triduum. 
 S. Minime. R. Negas tu quidem, sed aliud dicturi sint equi, si loqui 
 liceai : quanquam satis loquuntur ipsa macie. >§. Curo sedulo. R. 
 Cur igitur tu habitior equis ? S. Quia non pascor foeno. R. Hoc 
 igitur restEU, Adorna manticam celeriter. )S'. Fiet. 
 
 9. Monita paedagogi. 
 
 Paedagogus. Tn mihi videris non in aula natus, sed in caula : adeo 
 moribus es agrestibus. Puerum ingenuum decent ingenui mores. 
 Quoties alloquitur te quispiam, cui debes honorem, comj)one te in rec- 
 tum corporis statum, aperi caput. Vultus sit nee tristis, nee torvus, 
 nee impudeus, nee protervus, nee iustabilis, sed hilari modestia tem- 
 peratus : oculi verecundi, semper intenti in eum, quocum loqueris : 
 juncti pedes, quietae manus. Nee vacilles altemis tibiis, nee manus 
 agant gestus, nee mordeto labrum, nee scabito caput, nee fodito aures. 
 Vestis item ad decorum comppnatur, ut totus cultus, vultus, gestus et 
 habitus corporis ingenuam modestiam et verecundam indolem prae se 
 ferat. Puer. Quid, si mediter ? Pae. Fac. Pu. Siccme satis ? Pae. 
 Nondum. Pu. Quid, si sic ? Pae. Propemodum. Pu. Quid, si sic ? 
 Pae. Hem satis est; hoc tene, ne sis inepte loquax, aut praeceps. 
 Neve vagetur animus interim, sed sis attentus, quid alter dicat. Si 
 
 dulus, a, um, slightly moist, pannus, i, vi. rag. macero 1. to soak, rubigo, 
 inis, /, rust, ephippium, i, n. horse-cloth^ (corresponding to our saddles). 
 clavus, i. m. nail, maeer, era, crum, lean, strigosus, a, xxm^lank. nimirum, 
 adv. doubtless, jejunium, i, n. fast, ^ej. colere^ to keep fast, triduum, i, w. 
 the space of three days. ma.c\es, e\.,f. leanness, hahitas, a. , \xm, fleshy, foe- 
 nura, i, n. hay. raantica, ae,/. portmanteau. 
 
 9. Monitum, \.n. admonition, instruction, paedagogus, i.m. private tutor. 
 caula, ae, /. sheep-cote, agrestis, e, rustic, rude, torvus, a, um, stern, pro- 
 tervus, a, um, shameless, instabilis, e, unstable, verecundus, a, um, re- 
 spectful, alternus, a, nm, alternate, gestus, us, gesture; gestus agere, <o 
 make gestures. ' labrum, i. n. lip. scabo, 3. to scratch, fodio, odi, ossum, 3. 
 
DIALOGUES. 307 
 
 quid erit respondendum, id facito paucis ac prudenter, interdum prae- 
 fatus honorem, nonnunquam etiam addito cognomine, honoris gratia: 
 atque identidem modice flectas alterum genu, praesertim ubi respon- 
 sum absolveris. Neve abeas, nisi praefatus veniam, aut ab ipso dimis- 
 sus. Nunc age, specimen aliquod hujus rei nobis praebe ! 
 
 Quantum temporis abfuisti a maternis aedibus ? Pu. Jam sex fer- 
 me menses. Pae. Addendum erat : domine. Pu. Jam sex ferme 
 menses, domine. Pae. Non tangeris desiderio matris ? Pu. Non- 
 nunquam sane. Pae. Cupis earn revisere? Pu. Cupio, domine, si 
 id pace liceat tua. Pae. Nunc lectendum erat genu. Bene habet. 
 Sic ])ergito ! Quum loqueris, cave, ne praecipites sermonem, aut haesi- 
 tes lingua, aut palato murmures, sed distincte, clare, articulatim con- 
 suescito proferre verba tua. Si quem praeteribis natu grandem, ma- 
 gistratum, sacerdotem, doctorem, aut alioqui virum gravem, memento 
 aperire caput. In convivio sic te praebebis hilarem, ut semper me- 
 mineris, quid deceat aetatem tuam : postremus omnium admoveto man- 
 um patinae. Si quid datur lautius, recusato modeste : si instabitur, 
 accipe, et age gratias : mox, decerpta particula, quod reliqimm est, illi 
 reddito, aut alicui proximo accubanti. Si quis praebibet, hilariter illi 
 bene precator, sed ipse bibito modice. Si non sitis, tamen admoveto 
 callcem labris. Arride loquentibus : ipse ne quid loquare, nisi rogatus. 
 Ne cui obtrectato, ne cui temet anteponito, ne tua jactato, ne aliena 
 despicito. Esto comis, etiam erga tenuis fortunae sodales. Ita fiet, 
 ut sine invidia laudem invenias, et amicos pares. Si videris, convivium 
 extrahi, precatus veniam, ac, salutatis convivis, subducito te a mensa. 
 Vide, ut horum memineris. Pu. Dabitur opera, mi praeceptor ! Num- 
 quid aliud vis ? Pae. Adito nunc libros tuos. Pu. Fiet. 
 
 10. Venatio. 
 PauUm. Trahit sua quemque voluptas ; mihi placet venatio. Thorn- 
 
 to dig ; f . aures, to prick the ears, indoles, is,/, natural disposition^ nature. 
 propemodum, adv. almost, hem, inter] . hem! ah! inepte, adv. foolishly. 
 praefor 1 . to premise ; praefatus honorem, premising : loith your leave be it said ; 
 pra.ei'dix'i\ema.m,to first ask permission, cognomen, Inis, n. title, specimen, 
 inis, n. specimen. 
 
 maternus, a, um, mother's, reviso, visi, isum 3. to revisit, praecipito l.to 
 hasten, haesito 1. to hesitate, palatum, i, w. iAroai. mnr mu.ro 1. to mutter. 
 distincte, adv. distinctly, articulatim, adv. articulately, alioqui, adv. other- 
 wise, patina, ae,/. dish, lautus a, um, dainty, recuso 1. to refuse, prae- 
 bibo, i, 3. to drink to. extraho, traxi, tractum 3. to protract, subduco, xi, 
 ctum 3. to withdraw. 
 
 10. Venabtilum, i, n. hunting-spear, cuniculus, i, m. rabbit, laqueus, i, 
 
308 DIALOGUES. 
 
 as. Placet etiam mihi ; sed ubi canes, ubi venabula, ubi casses ? P. 
 Valeant apri, ursi, cervi et vulpes ! nos insidiabimur curiiculis. Vin- 
 centius. At ego laqueos injiciam locustis. Laurentius. Ego ranas 
 captabo. Bartholus. Ego papiliones venabor. L. Difficile est sec- 
 tari volantia. B. Difficile, sed pulchrum ; nisi pulchrius esse ducis 
 sectari lumbricos aut cochleas, quia carent alis. L. Equidem malo 
 insidiari piscibus ; est raihi hamus elegans. B. Sed unde pai-abis es- 
 cam ? L. Lumbricorum ubivis magna est copia. B. Est, si tibi ve- 
 iint prorepere e terra. L. At ego mox efficiam, ut multa milia prosi- 
 liant. B. Quo pacto ? incantamentis ? L. Videbis artem. Imple 
 banc situlam aqua, Hos juglandium summos cortices virentes con- 
 fractos immittito. Hac aqua perfunde solum. Nunc observa paullis- 
 per. Vides emergentes ? B, Rem prodigiosam video. Sic olira, 
 opinor, exsiliebant arraati ex satis serpentis dentibus. Sed plerique 
 pisces delicatioris et elegantioris sunt palati, quam ut esca tam vulgari 
 capiantur. L. Novi quoddam insecti genus, quo talibus insidiari so- 
 leo. B. Tu vide, possisne imponere piscibus ; ego ranis facessam 
 negotium. L. Quomodo ? reti ? B. Non ; sed arcu. L. Novum 
 piscandi genus. B. At non injucundum. Videbis et fatebere. V. 
 Quid, si certemus nucibus ? P. Nuces pueris relinquamus ; nos 
 grandiores sumus. V. Et tamen nihil aliud adhuc, quam pueri sum- 
 us. P. Sed quibus decorum est ludere nucibus, iisdem non indeco- 
 rum est equitare arundine longa. V. Tu igitur praescribito lusus 
 genus ; sequar, quocunque vocaveris. P. Et ego futui'us sum omnium 
 horarum homo. 
 
 11. RedUus patris. 
 
 Petrus. Quid ita laetus es, mi Sigismunde ? Sigismundus. Quia 
 pater domum rediit. P. Ubinam fuit ? S. Lipsiae. P. Cur eo fuerat 
 profectus ? jS". Nescisne, mercatum ibi esse habitum, eumque frequen- 
 tari a mercatoribus negotiandi caussa ? P. Utrum pedes, an eques 
 rediit, an in rheda ? *Sl Equo vectus est. P. Quando advenit ? S. 
 
 in. noose, locusta, ae, f. locust, himbrlcus, i, m. earih-ioorm. ala, ae,/. 
 wing, hamus, i, m. fishing-hook, esca, ae,/. bait, prosilio, lui 4. to leap 
 forth, incantamentum, i, n. magic influence, situla, ae, /. pail, juglans, 
 ndis,/. walnut, immitto, misi, missum 3. to put in. perfundo, fudi, fusum 
 3. to wet. exsilio, lui 4. to spring forth, serpens, tis, serpent, delicatus, a, 
 um, delicate, impono, posui, positum 3. to impose upon; c. dat. to deceive. 
 piscor 1. to fish, indecorus, a, um, unbecoming, arundo, inis,/. reed, praes- 
 cribo, psi, ptum 3. to prescribe. 
 
 11. Lipsia, ae,/. Leipsic. mercatus, us, m. a fair, rheda, ae,/ wagon. 
 
DIALOGUES. 309 
 
 Ante horam. P. Quis tibi tarn cito nuntiavit ? jS. Famulus, qui eum 
 jam e longinquo venientem viderat. P. Jamne salutasti ? S. Saluta- 
 vi, quum vix ex equo descendisset. P. Quid amplius illi fecisti ? jS. 
 Calcaria detraxi et ocreas. P. Bene fecisti ; sed miror, te propter ad- 
 ventum ejus Don domi mansisse. iS. Id nee pater permisisset, nee ego 
 ipse vellem, quum nunc tempus adsit in scholam eundi. P. Id qui- 
 dem laude diguum est ; sed quomodo valet pater tuus ? jS". Optima 
 dei beneiicio. P. Ego gaudeo tecum, quod salvus rediit. 5". Sed 
 alias pluribus colloquemur. Nunc in scholam eamus ! 
 
 12. Colloquium scholasticum. 
 Cornelius. Scite tu quidem scribis ; sed charta tua pei'fluit Charta 
 subhumida est ac transmittit atramentum. Andreas. Quaeso, ut ap- 
 pares mihi pennam banc. C. Deest mihi scalprum librarium. A. En 
 tibi. C. Hui, quam obtusum ! A. Accipe cotem. C. Utrum soles 
 scribere cuspide duriore, an moUiore ? A. Accommoda ad manum 
 tuam. C. Ego molliore soleo. A. Quaeso, ut mihi describas ordine 
 figuras elementorum. C. Graecas, an Latinas ? A. Latinas primum 
 conabor imitari. C. Suppedlta chartam. A. Accipe. C. Sed meum 
 atramentum dilutius est saepius infusa aqua. A. At meum atramen- 
 tarium prorsus exaruit. Rogabo alicunde. C. Praestat habere domi, 
 quam rogare mutuum. A. Quid est discipulus sine calamo et atra- 
 mento ? C. Quod miles sine clipeo et gladio. A. Utinam mihi sint 
 digiti tam celeres ! Equidem non possum dictantis vocem scribendo 
 assequi. C. Prima cura sit, ut bene scribas ; proxima, ut celeriter. 
 Sat cito, si sat bene. A. Belle ; sed istam cantionem cane praeceptori, 
 quum dictat : Sat cito, si sat bene. 
 
 12. Scite, adv. skilfully, charta, ae, /. paper, perfltio, uxi, uxum 3. fo 
 fiow through, subhumidus, a, um, somewhat moist, transmitto, Isi, issum 
 3. to let through, atramentum, i, n. ink. quaeso, 7 a^A;. apparo 1. to pre- 
 pare ; app. pennam, to mend a pen. scalprum librarium, i, n. pen-knife, hui, 
 interj.Oh! obtusus, a, um, dull. — cuspis, idis, /. ^oiwi. accommodo 1. ^o 
 fit. infundo, fudi, fusum 3. to pour in. atramentarium, i, n. inkstand. 
 exaresco, arui 3. to become dry. mutuus, a, um, reciprocal; mutuum rogare, 
 to borrow, caldimas, \, m. stalky quill, dicio I. to dictate. he\le, adv. finely. 
 cantio, onis,/. song. 
 
310 REMARKABLE SAYINGS. 
 
 Ill REMARKABLE SAYINGS. 
 
 1. E Lacedaemoaiis unus, quum Perses hostis in colloquio dixisset 
 glorians : Solem prae jaculomm multitudine et sagittarum non videbi- 
 tis : In umbra igitur, inquit, pugnabimus. — C. Tusc. 1, 42, 101. 
 
 2. Lacaena quum filium in proelium misisset et interfectum audis- 
 set : Idcirco, inquit, genueram, ut esset, qui pro patria mortem non duhita- 
 ret occumbere. — Ibid. 102. 
 
 3. Cyi-enaeum Theodorum, philospSphum non ignobilem, nonne mi- 
 ramur ? cui quum Lysimachus, rex Thraciae et Macedoniae, crucem 
 minaretur: Mis quaeso, mquit, ista horribilia minitare purpuratis tuis ! 
 Theodori quidem nihil interest, humine, an sublime putescat. — Ibid. 43, 102. 
 
 4. Diogenes, Cynlcus, projlci se post mortem jussit inhumatum. 
 Tum amici: Volucribusne et feris? Minime vero, inquit; sed bacillum 
 propter me, quo abigam, ponitote. Qui poteris ? illi (quaesiverunt) ; iion 
 enim senties. (^uid igitur mihi ferarum laniatus oberit nihil sentienti ? 
 —Ibid. 43, 104. 
 
 5. Praeelare Anaxagoras, quum Lampsaci moreretur, quaerentibus 
 amicis, velletne Clazomenas in patriam, si quid accidisset, aufeiTi : JVi- 
 hU necesse est, inquit ; undique enim ad inferos tantundem viae est. — Ibid. 
 
 6. Anaxagoram ferunt, nuntiata morte filii, dixisse : Sciebam, me ge- 
 nuisse mortalem. — Ibid. 3. 14, 30. 
 
 7. Noctu ambulabat in publico Themistocles, quod somnum capere 
 non posset : quaerentibusque respondebat, Miltiddis tropaeis se e somno 
 suscitari' — Ibid. 4. 19, 44. 
 
 8. Soorates, quum esset ex eo quaesitum, Archelaum, Perdiccae 
 filium, qui turn fortunatissimus haberetur, nonne beatum putaret : Haud 
 sdo, inquit ; nunquam enim cum eo collocutus sum. Ain' tu ? aliter id 
 scire non potes ? JSMlo mjodo. Tu igitur ne de Persarum quidem 
 rege magno potes dicere, beatusne sit ? An ego possim, quum ignorem, 
 quam sit dodus, quam vir bonus ? Quid ? tu in eo sitam vitam beatam 
 
 1. Perses, ae, m. a Persian; adj. Persian, jaculum, i, n. javelin. 
 
 3. Cyrenaeus, i, m. Cyrenean,from Cyrene, chief city of Lybia. crux, ucis, 
 /. cross, purpuratus, i, m. a courtier, sublime, adv. in the air. putesco, 
 
 tui 3. to rot. 
 
 4. Cynicus, i, m. the Cynic, projicio, jeci, jectum 3. to cast forth, inhu- 
 matus, a, um, unburied. bacillum, i, n. staff, laniatus, us, m. the tearing. 
 
 5. Lampsacus, i,/. Lampsacus,c\iy of Mysia. Clazomenae, arum,/. Cla- 
 zomenae, city of Ionia, si quid accidisset, if any thing should happen to him, 
 i. e. if perchance he should die. tantundem viae, just ns long a way. 
 
EEMARKABLE SAYINGS. Ill 
 
 putas ? Ita prorsus existimo : honos, beatos ; improhos, miseros. Miser 
 ergo Archelaus ? Cerie, si injustus. — C. Tusc. 5. 12, 34. 35. 
 
 9. Lacedaemonii, Philippo minitante per litteras, se omnia, quae co- 
 narentur, prohibiturum, quaesiverimt, num se essd etiam mori prohihitu- 
 rus.—lbid. 14, 42. 
 
 10. Xenocrates, quum legati ab Alexandre quinquaginta ei talenta 
 attulissent, quae erat pecunia temporibus illis, Athenis praesertim, max- 
 ima, abduxit legates ad coenam in Academiam ; iis apposuit tantum, 
 quod satis esset, nuUo apparatu. Quum postridie rogarent eum, cui 
 numerari (sc. pecuniam) juberet : Quid ? vos hesternd, inquit, coenuld ■ 
 non intellexistis, me pecunia non egere ? Quos quum tristiores vidisset, 
 triginta minas accepit, ne aspernari regis liberalitatem videretur. — Ibid. 
 32, 91. 
 
 11. Lacedaemone quum tyrannns coenavisset Dionysius, negavit, se 
 jure illo nigro, quod coenae caput erat, delectatum. Turn is, qui ilia 
 coxerat : Minime mirum ; condimenta enim^efuerunt. Quae tandem ? 
 inquit ille. Labor in venatu, sudor, cursus ad Eurotam, fames, sitis ; 
 his enim rebus Lacedaemoniorum epulae condiuntur. — Ibid. 34, 98. 
 
 12. Quum Athenis, ludis, quidam in theatrum grandis natu venisset, 
 in magno consessu locus ei a suis civibus nusquam est datus. Quum 
 autem ad Lacedaemonios accessisset, qui, legati quum essent, certo in 
 loco consederant, consurrexerunt omnes et senem ilium sessum re- 
 ceperunt. Quibus quum a cuncto consessu plausus esset multiplex 
 datus, dixit ex iis quidam: Athenienses sciunt, quae recta sunt ; sedfacere 
 nolunt. — C Sen. 18, 63. 
 
 13. Bias, qui numeratur in septem sapientibus, quum ejus patriam 
 Prienen cepisset hostis, ceterique ita fugerent, ut multa de suis rebus 
 secum asportarent, quum esset admonitus a quodam, ut idem ipse 
 faceret : Ego vero, inquit, facio ; nam omnia mecum porto mea. — C. Parad. 
 1. 2, 8. 
 
 14. Quum tyrannus Hiero quaesivisset de Simonide, quid Deus esset, 
 [hie] deliberandi sibi unum diem postulavit. Quum idem ex eo pos- 
 
 10. Appono, posui, posltum 3. to place (jefore. apparatus, us, m. Jilting out. 
 hesternus, a, um, of yesterday, coenula, ae, /. a spare meat, mina, ae,/. 
 mina (worth about 17i^ dollars). 
 
 11. Jus, uris, n. broth, soup, venatus, us, m. hunting. Eurotas, ae, m. 
 Eurotas, river in Sparta. 
 
 12. Lud\s, games, theatrum, i, n. theatre, consessus, us. m. assembly. 
 consurgo, surrexi, surrectum 3. to arise, senem sessum receperunt, received 
 the old man, in order to seat him, i. e. took him to their seat, multiplex, icis, 
 manifold. 
 
312 REMARKABLE SAYINGS. 
 
 tridie quaereret, biduum petivit. Quum saepius duplicaret numerum 
 dierum, adrnkansque Hiero requireret, cur ita faceret : Qwia, quanta, 
 inquit, diutius considero, tanto mihi res videtur ohscurior. — C JV*. D. 1. c. 
 22. 
 
 15. Quum Hannibal, Carthagine expulsus, Ephesum ad Antiochum 
 venisset exsul, proque eo, quod ejus nomen erat magna apud oranes 
 gloria, invitatus esset ab hospitibus suis, ut Phormionem philosophum 
 audiret ; quumque is se non nolle dixisset : locutus esse dicitur homo 
 copiosus aliquot horas de imperatoris officio et de omni re militari. 
 Turn, quum ceteri, qui ilium audierant, vehementer essent delectati, 
 quaerebant ab Hannibale, quidnam ipse de illo philosopho judicaret. 
 Hie Poenus non optime Graece, sed tamen libere respondisse fertur, 
 multos se deliros series saepe vidisse ; sed qui magis, quam Phormio, deli- 
 raret, vidisse neminem. Neque mehercule injuria ! Quid enim aut ar- 
 rogantius, aut loquacius fieri potuit, quam Hannibali, qui tot annos de 
 imperio cum populo Romano, omnium gentium victore, certasset, 
 Graecum hominem, qui nunquam hostem, nunquam castra vidisset, 
 nunquam denique minimam partem ullius publici muneris attigisset, 
 praecepta de re militari dare ? — C. De Or. 2, 18, 75. 
 
 16. Quum, Tarento amisso, arcem tamen Livius Salinator retinuisset, 
 multaque ex ea proelia praeclara fecisset, quum aliquot post annos 
 Maximus id oppidum recepisset, rogaretque eum Salinator, ut mera- 
 inisset, opera sua se Tarentum recepisse : Quidni, inquit, meminerim ? 
 nunquam enim recepissem, nisi tu perdidisses. — C. De. Or. 2. 67, 273. 
 
 17. Nasica quum ad poetam Ennium venisset, eique ab ostio quae- 
 renti Ennium ancilla dixisset domi non esse ; Nasica sensit illam domi- 
 ni jussu, dixisse, et ilium inlus esse. Paucis post diebus quum ad 
 Nasicam venisset Ennius, et eum a janua quaereret, exclamat Nasica, 
 se domi non esse. Tum Ennius : Quid ? ego non cognosco vocem, 
 inquit, tuam ? Hie Nasica : Homo [inquit] es impudens. Ego quum te 
 qucuererem, ancillae tuae credidi, te domi non esse ; tu mihi non credis ipsi ? 
 —lb. 68, 276. 
 
 18. Orator quidam malus quum in epilogo misericord iam se movisse 
 putaret, postquam assedit, rogavit Catulum, videreturne misericordiam 
 movisse : Ac magnam quidem, inquit ; neminem enim puto esse tam du- 
 rum, cui non oratio tua miseranda visa sit. — C. De Or. 2. 69, 278. 
 
 15. Exsul, ulis, m. exile, proque eo, quod, and on accovnt of this, that non. 
 nolle, to will with pleasure, res militaris, warfare, hie, here. Poenus, 
 i, m. Carthaginian. Graece, adv. in Greek, delirus, a, um, silly, dellro 1. 
 to be silly, mehercule, adv. by Hercules, indeed, arrogans, lis, arrogant. 
 
NARRATIVES. 31S 
 
 IV. NARRATIVES. 
 
 1. Xerxes. Leonidas. Themistodes. (Cf. Justin. 2, 10. 11.) 
 Xerxes bellum a patre coeptiim adversus Graeciam per quinquen- 
 nium instruxit. Septingenta milia de regno armaverat et trecenta railia 
 de auxiliis, ut non immerito proditum sit, flumina ab exercitu ejus sic- 
 cata, Graeciamque omnem vix capere exercitum ejus potuisse. Naves 
 quoque milia ducentas numero habuisse dicitur. 
 
 Ut introltus Xerxis in Graeciam terribilis fuit, ita turpis ac foedus 
 discessus. Nam quum Leonidas, rex Lacedaemoniorum, cum quat- 
 tuor milibus militum angustias Thermopylarum occupasset, Xerxes 
 contemptu paucitatis eos pugnam capessere jubet, quorum cognati 
 Marathonia pugna interfecti fuerant : qui, dum ulcisci suos cupiunt, 
 principium cladis fuere : succedente deinde inutili turba, major caedes 
 editur. Triduum ibi cum dolore et indignatione Persarum dimicatum : 
 quarto die, quum nuntiatum esset Leonidae, a viginti milibus hostium 
 summum cacumen teneri, tunc hortatur socios, recedant, et se ad 
 meliora patriae tempora reservent : sibi cum Lacedaemoniis fortunam 
 experiendam : plura se patriae, quam vitae, debere : ceteros ad praesi- 
 dia Graeciae servandos. Audito regis imperio, discessere ceteri, soli 
 Lacedaemonii remanserunt. Initio hujus belli sciscitantibus Delphis 
 oracula responsum fuerat, aut regi Lacedaemoniorum, aut urbi caden- 
 dum esse. 
 
 Et idcirco rex Leonidas, quum in bellum proficisceretur, ita suos 
 firmaverat, ut ire se parato ad moriendam animo scirent. Angustias 
 propterea occupaverat, ut cum paucis aut majore gloria vinceret, aut 
 minore damno reipublicae caderet. Dimissis igitur sociis, hortatur 
 Lacedaemonios, meminerint, quocunque modo proeliaturi sint, caden- 
 dum esse: caverent, ne fortius mansisse, quam dimicasse viderentur; 
 nee exspectandum, donee ab hoste circuravenirentur, sed, dum nox 
 occasionem daret, securis et laetis superveniendum ; nusquam victores 
 honestius, quam in castris hostium perituros. Nihil erat difficile per- 
 suadere paratis mori : statim arma capiunt, et sexcenti viri castra quin- 
 gentorum milium irrumpunt; statimque regis praetorium petunt, aut 
 
 1. Quinquennium, i, n. iAe sjoflce o//ow7- years. ^xmo\. to arm. immeri- 
 to, arf». reof w«7/tOM^ justice, numero, «&/., m number. Thermopylae, arumj 
 /. Thermopijlae, a narrow pass in Thessaly. conlemtus, us, m. contempt. 
 paucitas, atis,/. fewness, cognatus, i, m. relative. MarathonTus, a, um, of 
 Marathon, triduum, i,n. space of three days, indignatio, onis,/. indignation. 
 sciscTtor 1. to inquire, proelior 1. to fight, circumvenio, veni, ventum 4. to 
 
 27 
 
314 NARRATIVES, 
 
 cum illo, aut, si ipsi oppress! essent, in ipsius potissimum sede moritu- 
 ri. Tumultus totis castris oritur. Lacedaemonii posteaquam regem 
 non inveniunt, per omnia castra victores vagantnr, caedunt sternuntque 
 omnia, ut qui sciant se pugnare non spe victoriae, sed in mortis poe- 
 nam. Proelium a principio noctis in majorem partem diei tractum. 
 Ad postremum non victi, sed vincendo fatigati, inter ingentes strato- 
 rum hostium catervas occiderunt. 
 
 Xerxes, duobus vulrieribus terrestri proelio acceptis, experiri maris 
 fortunam statuit. Ante navalis proelii congressionem miserat Xerxes 
 quattuor milia armatorum Delphos ad templum Apollinis diripiendum : 
 prorsus, quasi non cum Graecis tantum, sed etiam cum diis immortali- 
 bus bellum gereret : quae manus tota imbribus et fulminibus deleta 
 est, ut intelligeret, quam nullae essent hominum adversus deos vires. 
 Post haec Thespias, et Plataeas, et Athenas vacuas hominibus incendit : 
 et quoniam ferro in homines non poterat, in aedificia igne grassatur. 
 Namque Athenienses post pugnam Marathoniam, })raemonente Them- 
 istocle, victoriam illam de Persis reportatam, non finem, sed caussam 
 majoris belli fore, ducentas naves fabricati erant. Adventante igitur 
 Xerxe, consulentibus Delphis oraculum responsum fuerat: Salutem 
 muris ligneis tuerentur. 
 
 Themistocles, navium praesidium demonstratum ratus, persuadet 
 omnibus, patriam municipes esse, non moenia ; civitatemque non in 
 aedificiis, sed in civibus positam. Itaque melius salutem navibus, 
 quam urbi commissures. Hujus sententiae etiam Deum auctorem esse. 
 Probato consilio, conjuges liberosque cum pretiosissimis rebus abditis 
 insulis, relicta urbe, demandant ; ipsi naves armati conscendunt. Ex- 
 emplum Atheniensium etiam aliae urbes imiiatae sunt. Itaque quum 
 eonjuncta omnis sociorum classis, et intenta in bellum navale esset, 
 angustiasque Salaminii freti, ne cireumveniri a multitudine posset, 
 occupasset ; dissensio inter civitatium principes oritur. Qui quum, 
 deserto bello, ad sua tuenda dilabi valient, timens Themistocles, ne 
 discessu sociorum vires minuerentur, per servum fidelem Xerxi nuntiat, 
 uno in loco eum contractam Graeciam capere facilime posse. Quodsi 
 civitates, quae jam abire vellent, dissiparentur, majore labore ei sin- 
 gulas consectandas. Hoe dolo impellit regem, ut signum pugnae daret. 
 
 ao around^ svrround. supervenire, to surprise, sterno, stravi, stratum 3. 
 to prostrate, ut qui, as those., who. fatigo 1. to weary, cater va, ae,/. troop. 
 statuo, tii, utum 3. to determine, quam nullae essent hominum vires, how 
 insignificant the power of man might be. congressio, onis, /. engagement. 
 Thespiae and Plataeae, arum,/, cities in Boeotia. vacuus, a, um (c. abl.), 
 empty, gr&ssor i. to icalk ; in aliquid gr. to rage against, praemoneo, ui, 
 
NARRATIVES. 315 
 
 Graeci quoque, adventu hostium occupati, proelium collatis viribus 
 capessunt. 
 
 Iiiterea rex, velut spectator pugnae, cum parte navium in littore 
 remanet ; Artemisia autem, regiiia Halicarnassi, quae in auxilium Xerxi 
 venerat, inter primos duces bellum acerrime ciebat: quippe ut in viro 
 muliebrem timorem, ita in muliere virilem audaciam cerneres. Quum 
 anceps proelium esset, lones ex praecepto Themistoclis pugnae se 
 paullatim subtrahere coeperuiit : quorum defectio animos ceterorum 
 fregit. Itaque circumspicientes fugam pelluntur Persae et mox, proelio 
 victi, in fugam vertuntur. In qua trepidatione multae captae sunt na- 
 ves, multae mersae ; plures tamen, non minus saevitiam regis, quam 
 hostem, timentes, doraum dilabiintur. 
 
 2. Piso orator et servus. 
 Marcus Piso, orator Roman us, servis praeceperat, ut tantum ad inter- 
 rogata responderent, neve quicquam praeterea dicerent. Evenit, ut 
 Clodium ad coenam invitari juberet. Hora coenae instabat; aderant 
 ceteri convivae omnes, solus Clodius exspectabatur. Piso servum, qui 
 solebat convivas vocare, aliquoties emisit, ut videret, veniretne. Quum 
 tandem jam desperaretur ejus adventus, Piso servo : Die, inquit, num 
 forte non invitasti Clodium ? Invitavi, respondit ille. Cur ergo non 
 venit? Quia venturum se negavit. Turn Piso: Cur id non statim 
 dixisti ? Respondit servus : Quia non sum a te interrogatus. 
 
 3. Ca7iis fidelis. 
 Pyrrhus rex in itinere incidit in canem, qui interfecti hominis cor- 
 pus custodiebat. Quum audisset, eum jam tres dies cibi expertem 
 assidere, nee a cadavere discedere, mortuum jussit humari, canem ve- 
 ro deduci et curari diligenter. Paucis post diebus militum lustratio 
 habetur. Transeunt singuli, sedente rege. Aderat canis. Is quum 
 
 itum 2. 2Jre-admo/iis/i. fdihncor 1. to make, municeps, ipis, m. citizen of a 
 free city; 2) citizen, conjux, ugis,/. ?ri/"e. abdo, dldi, diium 3. to conceal. 
 demsLndo I. to commit. Salaminium fretum, i, w. bay of Saiarais. Halicar- 
 nassus, \.f. city in Caria. rnuJiebris, e, of a v)oiiian. cerneres, one might 
 see. lones, um, m. lonians. paullatim, adv. gradually, subtraho, traxi, 
 tractum 3. totcit/idraw. defectio, onis,/. desertion, trepidatio, onis,/. trepi- 
 dation^ haste, mergo, tnersi, mersum 3. to sink, saevitia, ae,/. cruelty. 
 
 2. PraecTpio, cepi, ceptum 3. to direct, praeterea, adv. besides, aliquo- 
 ties, adv. several times, num forte non invitasti ? can it be possible that thou 
 hast not invited. 
 
 3. Assideo, sedi 2. to sit by. humo \.to bury, deduco, xi, ctum 3. fo 
 lead away, lustratio, onis,/. review, tacltus, a, um, silent, percussor, oris, 
 
316 NARRATIVES. 
 
 antea quietus et tacitus fuisset, simulac vidit, domini sui percussores 
 transire, prociUTit furens eosque allatravit, saepius se ad Pyrrhum con- 
 vertens, ita quidem, ut non modo rex, sed oranes, qui aderant, suspi- 
 cionem de iis conciperent. Ergo comprehensi et examinati, levibus 
 quibusdam signis aliimde accedentibus, fassi caedem poenas dederunt. 
 
 4. Archimedis mors. 
 
 Captis Syracusis, quas Archimedes machinationibus suis mirificis diu 
 defenderat, Marcellus, imperator Romanus, gravissime edixit, ne quis 
 Archimedi vim faceret. At is, dum animo et oculis in terra defixis, 
 formas in pulvere describit, militi Romano, qui praedandi caussa in 
 domum irruperat strictoque gladio, quisnam esset, interrogabat, propter 
 nimium ardorem studii nihil respoudet, nisi hoc : JSPoli tubare drculos 
 meos! A milite igitur, ignaro, quis esset, interficitur. 
 
 5. Amicus infiddis. 
 Duo amici una iter faciunt atque, sohtudinem peragrantes, ursum 
 ingentem vident advenientem. Alter celeriter in ai'borem adscendit ; 
 alter recordatus, illam bestiam cadavera non attingere, nisi fame efFera- 
 tam, humi se prosternit animamque continet, simulaus se esse mortuum. 
 Accedit ursus, coutrectat jacentem, os suum ad hominis os et am-es 
 admovet et cadaver esse ratus discedit. Tunc ambo metu liberati in- 
 ceptum iter persequuntur. Inter eundum autem interrogat is, qui in 
 arborem adscenderat, alterum, quidnam ursus ei in aurem insusurrasset. 
 Malta, inquit ille, quae non recordor ; sed imprimis hoc praeceptum 
 dedit, ne quem pro amico haberem, cujus iidera adverso tempore non 
 essem expertus. 
 
 6. DemostMnes. 
 Demosthenes caussam oraus qnum judices parum attentos videret: 
 Paullisper, inquit, aures mihi praebete : rem vobis novam et jucundam 
 narrabo. Quum aures arrexissent : Juvenis, inquit, quispiam asinum 
 conduxerat, quo Athenis Megaram profecturus uteretur. In itinera 
 quum sol flagraret, neque esset umbraculum, deposuit clitellas et sub 
 
 m. murderer, procurro, cucurri, cursum 3. to rush forth, furo 3. to rage. 
 allatro 1. to bark at. suspicio, onis,/. suspicion. 
 
 4. Edico, xi, ctum 3. to give out command, vim facere, to inflict violence. 
 forma, die., /.figure. 
 
 5. Infidelis, e, unfaithful, ursus, i. m. bear, effero 1. to render fierce. 
 anima, ae,/. breath, contrecto 1. to handle, insusurro, fo whisper. 
 
 6. Arrlgo, rexi, rectum 3. to prick up. conduce, xi, ctum 3. to take with ', 
 
NARRATIVES. 3 17 
 
 asino consedit, cujus umbra tegeretur. Id vero agaso vetabat, damans, 
 asinum locatum esse, non iimbram asini. Alter quum contra conten- 
 deret, tandem in jus ambulant. Haec locutus Demosthenes, ubi hom- 
 ines diligenter auscultantes vidit, abiit. Tum revocatus a judicibus 
 rogatusque, ut reliquam fabulam enarraret : Quid ? inquit. De asini 
 umbra licet audire ? caussam hominis de vita periclitantis non audietis ? 
 
 7. Cyri mors. 
 Postquam Asiam Cyrus subegit, Scythis bellum infert, quibus eo 
 tempo Tomyris regina praeerat. Rex aliquantum in Scythia progres- 
 sus, quasi refugiens, castra deseruit atque in iis vini affatim et quae 
 epulis erant necessaria reliquit. Tum regina filium adolescentem 
 tertia parte copiarum ad hostes insequendos misit ; is vero, rei militaris 
 ignarus, omisit hostes et milites in castris Cyri vino se onerare patitur. 
 Cyrus autem noctu redit omnesque Scythas cum ipso reginae filio in 
 castris interficit. Sed Tomyris, poenam meditata, hostes, recenti vic- 
 toria exsultantes, pari fi^aude decipit. Quippe simulato timore refu- 
 giens Cyrum ad angustias pertraxit ibique in insidiis regem cum innu- 
 merabilibus Persarum copiis occidit. Tum caput Cyri amputatum in 
 utrem, sanguine humano repletum, conjecit, crudelitatem his verbis 
 exprobrans: Satia te sanguine, quem sitisti, et quo nunquam satiari 
 potuisti ! 
 
 8. Androcli ho. (Of. Gell. N. A. 5, 14, 5—30.) 
 Romae in circo maximo venationis amplissimae pugna populo daba- 
 tur. Multae ibi saevientes ferae erant ; sed praeter alia omnia leonum 
 immanitas admirationi fuit, praeterque ceteros omnes eminebat unus. 
 Is leo corporis impetu et ingenti magnitudine terribilique fremitu, toris 
 comisque cervicum fluctuantibus, animos oculosque omnium in sese 
 converterat. Introductus erat inter complures ceteros ad pugnam bes- 
 tiarum servus viri consularis. Ei servo Androclus nomen fuit. Hunc 
 
 2) to hire, umbraculum, n. shade, clitellae, arum, /. -pack-saddle, agaso, 
 onis, m. hostler, loco 1. to hire, enarro 1. to relate through, periclitor 1. 
 to be in danger of. 
 
 7. Aliquantum, io some extent, refugio, fugi 3. to flee back, affatim, a^Zz?. 
 abundantly; aff. vini, abundance of wine, insequor, secutus sum 3. to pur- 
 sue, recens, tis, recent, decipio, cepi, ceptum 3. to deceive, pertraho, axi, 
 actum 3. to draw, amputo 1. to cut off. uter, utris, m. leather bag. 
 
 8. Circus maximus, i, m. the Circus Maximus, a great race-course. \m- 
 manitas, atis, /. AMo-ene55. torus, i, m. protuberance ; 2) muscle, coma, ae, 
 /. hair; 2) mane, cervix, Icis,/. neck, fluctuor 1. to wave, introduco, xi, 
 
 27* 
 
318 NARRATIVES. 
 
 ille leo ubi vidit procu], repente, quasi admirans, stetit ; ac deinde sen- 
 sim atque placlde tanquam exploraturus ad honiinem accedit ; turn 
 caudam more adulantium canum clementer et blande movet hominis- 
 que fere corpori adjungit cruraque ejus et manus prope jam exanimali 
 raetu lingua leniter demulcet. Homo Androclus inter ilia tarn atrocis 
 ferae blandimenta amissum animum receperat ; paullatim oculos ad 
 contuendum leonem refert. Turn, quasi mutua recognitione facta, lae- 
 tos et gi-atulabundos videres hominem et leonem. Ea re prorsus admi- 
 rabili maximi a populo clamores excitantur, arcessiturque a Caesare 
 xVndi'oclus, quaeriturque ex eo, cur ille atrocissimus leonum uni peper- 
 cisset. 
 
 Hie Androclus rem mirificam narrat atque admirandam. Quum pro- 
 vinciam, inquit, Africam proconsulari imperio meus dominus obtineret, 
 ego ibi iniquis ejus et quotidianis verberibus ad fugam sum coactus ; 
 et, ut mihi a domino terrae illius praeside tutiores latebrae essent, in 
 camporum et arenarura solitudiues concessi: ac, si defuisset cibus, 
 consilium fuit mortem aliquo pacto quaerere. Tum, sole flagrante, 
 specum quendam nactus remotum latebrosumque, in eum me recondo. 
 Neque multo post ad eundem specum venit hie leo, debili uno et 
 cruento pede, gemltus edens et murmura, dolorem cruciatumque vul- 
 iieris indicantia. Ac primum quidem conspectu advenientis leonis 
 animus meus summo terrore impletur ; sed postquam leo, introgressus 
 in latibulum illud suum, vidit me procul delitescentem, mitis et man- 
 suetus accessit : ac sublatum pedem ostendere et porrigere, quasi opis 
 petendae gratia, visus est. Ibi, ego stirpem ingentem vestigio pedis 
 ejus haerentem revelli conceptamque saniem vulnere intimo expressi 
 accuratiusque sine magna jam formidine siccavi penltus atque detersi 
 cruorem. Ille tunc mea opera et medicina levatus, pede in manibus 
 meis posiio, recubuit et quievit. Atque ex eo die triennium totum ego 
 et leo in eodem specu eodemque victu viximus. Nam, quas venaba- 
 tur feras, membra opimiora ad specum mihi suggerebat: quae ego, 
 
 ctum 3. to introduce, vir consularis, m. a man of consular rank, sensim, 
 adv. by degrees, cauda, ae,/. tall, adjungo, xi, ctum 3. to join to. demul- 
 ceo, mulsi, raulsuin 2. to soothe ; 2) to lick, blandimentum, i, n. caressing. 
 rnutuus, a, um, mutual, recognitio, onis, /. recognition, gratulabundus, a, 
 uni, congratulating. Hie, here, proconsulare imperium, n. proconsular pow- 
 er, latebrae, arum,/, lurking places, arena, ae,/. sand, latebrosus, a, um, 
 full of lurking places, recondo, idi, Ttum 3. to conceal, introgredior, gres- 
 sus sum 3. to enter, latibulum, i, n. den. delitesco, tui 3. to conceal one's 
 self, mansuetus, a, um, tame, ostendo, di, sum 3. to skoio. porrigo, rexi, 
 rectum 3. to extend, vestigium, i, n. sole, revello, elli, ulsum 3. to tear out. 
 sanies, ei,/. bloody matter, formldo, ims, f fear, suggero, gessi, gestum 3. 
 
NARRATIVES. 31# 
 
 ignis copiam non habens, sole meridiano torrens edebam. Sed ubi 
 me vitae illius ferinae jam pertaesum est, leoiie in venatum profecto, 
 reliqui specum: et, viam fere tridiii permensus, a militibus visus com- 
 prehensusque sum et ad dominum ex Africa Romam deductus. Is me 
 statim rei capitalis damnandum dandiimque ad bestias curavit. Intel- 
 ligo autem hunc quoque leonem, me tunc separate, captum gratiam 
 mihi nunc etiam beneficii et medicinae referre. Itaque, cunctis peten- 
 tibus, dimissus est Androclus et poena solutus, leoque et suffragiis 
 populi donatus. 
 
 9. Somnium mirum. 
 Quum duo quidam Arcades familiares iter una facerent et Megaram 
 venissent, alter ad cauponem devertit ; ad hospitem alter. Qui ut 
 coenati quieverunt, concubia nocte visus est in somnis ei, qui erat in 
 hospitio, ille alter orare, ut subveniret, quod sibi a caupone interitus 
 pararetur : is primus perterritus somnio surrexit; dein, quum se col- 
 legisset idque visum pro nihilo habendum esse duxisset, recubuit ; turn 
 ei dormienti idem ille visus est rogare, ut, quoniam sibi vivo non sub- 
 venisset, mortem suam ne inultam esse pateretur ; se interfectum in 
 plaustrum a caupone esse conjectum, et supra stercus injectum : pe- 
 tere, ut mane ad portara adesset, priusquam plaustrum ex oppido ex- 
 iret. Hoc vero somnio is commotus mane bubulco praesto ad portam 
 fuit ; quaesivit ex eo, quid esset in plaustro : ille perterritus fugit ; mor- 
 tuus erutus est : caupo, re patefacta, poenas dedit. — C. Div. 1. 27, 57. 
 
 10. Cleohis et Bito. Tropltonius et Agamedes. 
 
 Argiae sacerdotis, Cleobis et Bito, filii, praedicantur. Nota fabula 
 est. Quum enim illam ad sollenne et statum sacrificium curru vehi 
 jus esset satis longe ab oppido ad fanum, morarenturque jumenta ; 
 tunc juvenes ii, quos modo nominavi, veste posita, corpora oleo perun- 
 xerunt: ad jugum accesserunt. Ita sacerdos advecta in fanum, quum 
 currus esset ductus a filiis,. precata a dea dicitur, ut illis praemium 
 daret pro pietate, quod maximum homini dari posset a deo. Post, 
 
 to bring. sol meridianus, m. midday sun. ferlnas, a, um, loild. me per- 
 taesum est alicujus rei, I had become very tired of, (from pertaedet). perme- 
 tior, mensLis sura 4. to pass over, rei capitalis damnare, to condemn for a 
 capital offence. sufFraglum, i, n. potsherd ; 2) vote., voice. 
 
 9. Caupo, onis, m. inn-keeper, devertor, ti, 3. to put up. concubia nocte, 
 dead of night, hospitium, i, n. hospitality, supra, adv. upon that, bubulcus, 
 i, m. teamster. 
 
 10. Arglus, a, um, .^rgive. solenni8,e, customary, solemn, status, a, um, 
 
320 NARRATIVES. 
 
 epulatos cum matre adolescentes somno se dedisse, mane inven- 
 tos esse mortuos. — Simili precatione Trophonius et Agamedes usi di- 
 cuntur: qui, quum Apollini Delpbis templum exaedificavissent, ve- 
 nerantes deum, petierunt mercedem non parvam quidem operis et la- 
 boris sui, nihil certi, sed quod esset optimum homini. Quibus Apollo 
 Se id daturum ostendisse dicitur post ejus diei diem tertium : qui ut 
 illuxit, mortui sunt reperti. — C. Tusc. 1. 47, 113, 1 14. 
 
 11. Dolus Pythii. 
 C. Canius, eques Romanus, quum se Syracusas otiandi (ut ipse di- 
 cere solebat), non negotiandi caussa, contulisset, dictitabat, se hortulos 
 aliquos velle emere, quo invitare amicos, et ubi se oblectare sine inter- 
 pellatoribus posset. Quod quum percrebuisset, Pythius ei quidam, 
 qui argentariam faceret Syracusis, dixit venales quidem se hortos non 
 habere, sed licere uti Canto, si vellet, ut suis : et simul ad coenam 
 hominem in hoitos invitavit in posterum diem. Quum ille promisis- 
 set, tum Pythius, qui esset ut argentarius apud omnes ordines gratio- 
 sus, piscatores ad se convocavit et ab iis petivit, ut ante suos hortulos 
 postridie piscarentur : dixitque, quid eos facere vellet. Ad coenam 
 tempore venit Canius : opipare a Pythio apparatum convivium : cym- 
 barum ante occulos multitudo : pro se quisque quod ceperat, afferebat : 
 ante pedes Pythii pisces abjiciebantur. Tum Canius : Quaeso, inquit, 
 quid est hoc, Pythi? tantumne piscium, tantumne cymbarum? Et 
 ille : Quid mirum ? inquit. Hoc loco est, Syracusis quicquid est pis- 
 cium : hie aquatio : hac villa isti carere non possunt. Incensus Canius 
 cupiditate contendit a Pythio, ut venderet. Gravate ille primo. Quid 
 multa ? impetrat. Emit homo cupidus et locuples tanti, quanti Pythius 
 voluit, et emit instructos : negotium conficiL Invitat Canius postridie 
 familiares suos ; venit ipse mature : scalmum nullum videt. Quaerit 
 ex proximo vicino, num feriae quaedam piscatorum essent, quod eos 
 nullos videret ? Nullae, quod sciam, inquit ille, sed hic piscari nulli 
 
 stated, sacrifici um, i, n. 5ricr</ice. ]\xmeniyxm.,\. n. beast of burden, peiun- 
 go, xi, ctum 3. to anoint, precatio, onis, f. prayer. exaedifico 1. to build. 
 11. C^Caius. oi\or \. to be unoccupied, hortulus, i, m. a little garden ; 
 2) small country house, interpellator, oris, m. disturber, percrebesco, cre- 
 bui, to become known, argentaria, ae,/. banking ; argentariam facere, to fol- 
 low banking. venaWs, for sale, qui esset, since he was. gratiosus, a, um, be- 
 loved, opipare, adv. splendidly, apparo 1. to prepare, pro se quisque, each 
 for himself, abjicio, eci, ectum 3. to cast down, tantumne piscium ? so many 
 fish? aquatio, onis, /. watering place, villa, ae, country-seat, scalmus, i, 
 m.thowl; 2) boat. quodsc\am,as far as I know. siorndLchari., to be indignant. 
 The Infin. here stands for stomachatur. formula, ae,/. legal form. 
 
NARRATIVES. 321 
 
 solent. Itaque heri mirabar, quid accidisset. Stomachari Canius. 
 Sed quid faceret ? nondum enim Aquillius protulerat de dolo malo 
 formulas.— C. Off. 3. 14, 58—60. 
 
 12. Ardtiis. 
 
 Aratus Sicyonius jure laudatur, qui, quum ejus civitas quinquaginta 
 aiinos a tyrannis teneretur, profectus Argis Sicyonem, clandestino in- 
 troitu urbe est potitus, quumque tyrannum Nicoclem improviso oppres- 
 sisset, sexcentos exsules, qui fuerant ejus civitatis locupletissimi, res- 
 tituit, remque publicam adventu suo liberavit. Sed quum magnam 
 animadverteret in bonis et possessionibus difficultatem, quod et eos, 
 quos ipse restituerat, quorum bona alii possederant, egere iniquissimum 
 arbitrabatur, et quinquaginta annorum possessiones moveri non nimis 
 aequum putabat, propterea quod tam longo spatio multa hereditatibus, 
 multa emptionibus, multa dotibus tenebantiu* sine injm-ia : judicavit, 
 neque illis admi, nee iis non satisfieri, quorum ilia fuerant, oportere. 
 Quum igitur statuisset, opus esse ad earn rem constituendam pecunia, 
 Alexandriam se proficisci velle dixit, remque iutegram ad reditum 
 suum jussit esse : isque celeriter ad Ptolemaeum, suum liospitem, ve- 
 nit, qui tum regnabat alter post Alexandriam conditam. Cui quum ex- 
 posuisset, patriam se liberare velle, caussamque docuisset ; a rege op- 
 ulento vir summus facile impetravit, ut grandi pecunia adjuvaretur. 
 Quam quum Sicyonem attulisset, adhibuit sibi in consilium quindecim 
 principes, cum quibus caussas cognovit et eorum, qui aliena tenebant, 
 et eorum, qui sua amiserant: perfecitque aestimandis possessionibus, 
 ut persuaderet aliis, ut pecuniam accipere mallent, possessionibus ce- 
 derent ; aliis, ut commodius putarent, numerari sibi, quod tanti esset, 
 quam suum recuperare. Ita perfectum est, ut omnes, concordia con- 
 stituta, sine querela discederent. O virum magnum dignumque, qui 
 in nostra republica natus esset! — C. Off. 2. 23, 81, 82. 
 
 12. Sicyonius, SicyoniaA, (from Sicyon, a city of Achaia). Argi, orum, 
 m. Jlrgos, chief city of Argolis. clandestinus, a, um, secret, improviso, adv. 
 unexpectedly, possideo, sedi, sessum 2. to possess, heredltas, atis,/. inheri- 
 tance, satisfacio, feci, factum 3. to make satisfaction, expono, posui, positum 
 3. to explain. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH YOCABULARY. 
 
 The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 written after the verbs, denote the conjugation 
 which they follow : the numerals, which are introduced in § 33, and the pre- 
 positions which are introduced in § 34, are omitted. The adjectives of three 
 endings in us, a, urn, instead of their endings have the figure 3 after them. 
 
 A. absQmo, sumpsi, sump- accuso 1. to complain of, 
 
 Abduco, xi, ctum 3. turn 3. to consume. accuse. 
 
 to lead away, draw abundo, 1. c. abl. to acer, eris, n. maple-tree. 
 
 away. have an abundance of, acer, cris, ere, sharp, 
 
 abeo, li, itum 4. to go abound {7i(soinething). zealous, ferce. 
 
 away, depart. abutor, usus, sum 3. c. acerbus 3. bitter, pun- 
 
 abhorreo, ui 2. ab. c. abl. to use up; 2) gent. 
 
 abl. to shun, to have abuse. Achilles, is, m. Achilles. 
 
 a strong aversion (to ac, conj. (never before acies, ei, /. edge ; 'd) 
 
 something). a vow^el or h), and; as. line-of-battle. 
 
 abigo, egi, actum 3. to Academia, /. Academy, acriter, adv. spiritedly. 
 
 drive away. accedo, cessi, cessum actio, onis,/. action, 
 
 ahominor 1. to execrate. S. to approach. acuo, ui,utum 3. fos^ar- 
 
 abrlpio, ripui, reptum accelero 1. to hasten. pen. 
 
 3. to take away, carry accendo, di, sum, 3. to acus, us, f. needle. 
 
 off. enkindle, inflame. acute, adv. shaiply, ac- 
 
 absens, tis, absent. acceptus 3. received. utely. 
 
 absolvo, vi, utum 3. to accidit 3. it happens. acutus 3. sharp, pointed, 
 
 complete, 2) to dis- accipio, cepi, ceptum 3. acute. 
 
 charge. to take, receive. adaequo 1. to level to. 
 
 abstergeo, si, sum, 2. <o accommodatus3.c. dat. adamas, antis, m. dia- 
 
 wipe off, take away, fitted to, suited to. mond. 
 
 remove. accresco, evi, etum 3. addictus 3. devoted to. 
 
 abstlnens, tis, temperate. to increase, to aug- addo, didi, ditum 3. to 
 abstlneo, tinui, tentum merd. join to, add. 
 
 2. to keep off; 2) c. accubo, bui, bitum 1, to adduco, xi, ctum 3. to 
 
 abl. <o abstain, (from recline by, to sit [at bring to, induce. 
 
 something). table). adeo, adv. so much, so 
 
 absum, fui, esse, to be accurate, adv. accurate- very. 
 
 absent, to be removed; ly, fully. adeo, li, Itum 4. to come 
 
 nihil abest, (non accuratus 3. exact. to, approach. 
 
 multum) abest, quin, accurro, cucurri, cur- adhibeo 2. to apply, be- 
 
 it wants nothing {not sum 3. to run up, to stow, give. 
 
 much), that. hasten up. adhuc, adv. as yet, still. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 323 
 
 adjaceo, ui 2. c. dat. to adsum, fui, esse c. dat. aequus 3. just, equal ; 
 
 lie upon, hy, near (a to he present at (some- aequus animus, equa- 
 
 thing). thing), to be present. nimity. 
 
 adimo, emi, emtum 3. adulatio, onis,/. ^a^en/. aerunma,ae, /.hardship. 
 
 to take, take aicay. adulor 1. c. dat. to flat- aes, aeris, n. brass. 
 
 adipiscor, adeptus sum ter. Aeschines, is, m. JEschi- 
 
 3. to obtain. adulterinus 3. fdse, nes. 
 
 aditus, us, m. approach. counterfeit. aestas, atis, /. summer. 
 
 adjutor, oris, m. assis- aduro, ussi, ustum 3. aestimo 1. to value, es- 
 
 tant. to set on fire, hum. teem. 
 
 adjuvo, uvi, utum 1. c. advenio, veni, ventum aestivus 3. pertaining to 
 
 ace. to aid, assist, sup- 4. to come to, arrive. summer ; aestivum 
 
 port. [ble. advento 1. to approach. tempus, summer sea- 
 
 admirabilis, e, admira- adventus,us, m. arrival. son. 
 
 admiratio, onis,/. admi- adversarius, i, m. oppo- aetas, atis,/. age,period. 
 
 ration. nent. aeternltas, atis, /. der- 
 
 admiror 1. to admire. adversus, 3. placed nity. 
 
 admisceo, iscui, istum against, contrary, op- aeternus 3. eternal. 
 
 or ixtum 2. to inter- posite ; res adversae, affabilitas, atis, /. affa- 
 
 mingle. adversity. hiliiy. 
 
 admodum, adv. very. adverto, ti, sum 3. to affero, attuli, allatum 3. 
 
 admoneo 2. to admon- turn to. to hear to, bring. 
 
 ish. advolo 1. to hasten to, afficio, eci, ectum 3. to 
 
 admoveo, movi, motum aedes, is, /. temple ; pi. affect ; Part, affectus 
 
 2. c. dat. to bring up house. 3. affected. 
 
 to. aedificium, i, n.. edifice. affinllSiS, atis, f. relation- 
 
 adnitor, nixus or nisus aedifico l.to build. ship. 
 
 sum 3. to endeavor. aedilis, is, m. Edile. afflicto 1. to afflict, 
 
 adolescensy lis, m. young aeger, gra, grimi, sick, affluenter, adv. abun- 
 
 man, youth, young. aegritudo, inis, /. sick- dantly. 
 
 adolescentulus, i, m. ness, sorrow. affluentia, ae, /, ahun- 
 
 young man, youth. aegre, adv. reluctantly, dance. 
 
 adolesco, adolevi, adul- with difficulty ; aegre affiuo, uxi, uxum 3. to 
 
 tum 3. to grow up. fero, to he dissatisfied, flow to ; overflow, have 
 
 ador, oris, n. wheat. aegrotus, 3, sick. an abundance. 
 
 adorior, ortus sum 4. aemulor 1. c. ace. to afFulgeo, si 2. to shine. 
 
 to attack, undertake. emulate. Afranius, i. m. Afra- 
 
 adorno 1. to put in or- Aeneas, ae, m. Mneas. nius. 
 
 der, adorn. aenigma,atis, n. en?g-ma. Africanus, i, m. Africa- 
 
 adscendo, di, sum 3. aequalis, e, equal. nus. 
 
 to ascend. aeque — atque (ac), in Agamemno, onis, m. 
 
 adscisco, ivi, itum 3. like manner — as. Agamemnon. 
 
 to adopt, receive. aequiparo 1. to equal. ager, gri, m. field, land. 
 
 adsplcio, exi, ectum 3. aqultas, atis,/. equity. Agesilaus, i, m. Age^i- 
 
 to look upon, discover, aequo 1. to equal. laus. 
 
 adstringo, inxi, ictum 3. aequor, oris, n. surface, agger, eris, m. rampart. 
 
 to draw up tight ; 2\ espec. : surface of aggredior, gressus sum 
 
 bind, to make binding. the sea. 3. rem, to approach. 
 
324 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 begin something ; 2) alius — alius, one, an- amplus 3. bi'oad liber- 
 attack, other. al, magnijicent. 
 agmen, inis, n. hand, allicio, exi, ectum 3. amussis, is,/, a rule (of 
 
 Jlock. to allure. mechanics), 
 
 agnosco, novi, mtum 3. alligo 1. to fasten, tie an, (in questions) or. 
 
 recognize. up. anas, atis, f. a duck. 
 
 ago, egi, actum 3. to Allobroges, um, m. Al- anceps, cipltis, twofold, 
 
 drive, make, do, pass ; lohroges. double, doubtful. 
 
 agere annum, to be in alloquor, cutus sum 3. Anchises, ae, m. An- 
 
 the year; age, come to address. chises. 
 
 on. alo, alui, (alltum) 3. to ancilla, ae,/, a maid. 
 
 agricola, ae, m. husband- nourish. ancillaris, e, pertaining 
 
 man, farmer. aloe, es,/ the aloe. to a maid, servile. 
 
 Ajax, acis, m. Ajax. Alpes, ium,/ Alps. ango, xi, 3. to trouble. 
 010,1 say, say yes, assert, alter, era, erum, the one angor, oris, m. vexation. 
 
 affirm. or other of two. angulus, i, m. an angle. 
 
 alacer, cris, ere, sptWfec?, alteruter, utra, utrum, angustiae, arum,/ nar- 
 
 lively. one of the two. row pass. 
 
 Albis, is, m. the Elbe. altitudo, inis,/ height, angustus 3. narrow. 
 albus 3. white. depth. animadverto, ti, sum 3. 
 
 Alcibiades, is, m. Aid- altus 3. high, deep. to observe, perceive. 
 
 biades. alvus, i,/ belly. animal, alis, n. animal. 
 
 Alexander, dr\,m.Alex- amabilis, e, amiable. ammus, \,m. soul, spirit, 
 
 ander. amarus 3. bitter. mind, heart, courage. 
 
 Alexandria, ae, Alexan- ambio, ivi, itum 4. to annulus, i, m. a ring. 
 
 dria. go around (some- annus, i, m. a year. 
 
 algeo, si 2. to feel cold, thing), swround. anser, eris, m. a goose. 
 
 freeze. ambo, ae, o, both. ante, adv. before. 
 
 alias, adv. at another ambulatio, onis, / a antea, adv. before. 
 
 time. walk. antecedo, cessi, cessum 
 
 alicunde, adv.from some ambulo 1. to go to walk, 3. c. dat. or ace. to go 
 
 place or other. to stroll. before, be superior to 
 
 alienigena, ae, m. stran- amicitia, ae, / friend- (some one). 
 
 gerjrom another coun- ship. antepono, posui, posi- 
 
 try. amicus, i, m. friend. turn 3. to prefer. 
 
 alienus 3. foreign, an- amitto, misi, missum 3. antequara, conj. before 
 
 other^s. to lose. that, ere, before. 
 
 aliquamdiu, adv. a long amnis, is, m. river. Antiochia, ae,f.Antioch. 
 
 time. amo 1. to love. antiquitas, atis, / an- 
 
 aliquando, adv. some amoenus 3. pleasant (of tiquity. 
 
 time. countries), agreeable, antiquitus, adv. ancient- 
 
 aliquis, a, id or allqui, a, amor, oris, m. love. ly, formerly. 
 
 od, some one. am])lexor 1. to embrace, Ant'isllus, \,m.Antistius. 
 
 aliquot (indecL), some. cherish. Antonius, i, m. Antony. 
 
 aliter, adv. otherwise. amplitudo, inis, / au- anus, us, / old looman. 
 aliunde, adv. from an- thority, dignity. anxie, adv. anxiously. 
 
 other source, place. amplius, adv. more, fur- aper, pri, m. boar, wild 
 alius, a, ud, another ; iher. hoar. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 325 
 
 aperio, mi, rtum 4. to arciis, us, m. a how. assiduus 3. unremitting, 
 
 open, (caput) to un- ardenter, adv. glowing- persevering. 
 
 cover ; apertus 3. ly, ardently. assuefacio, feci, factum 
 
 open. ardeo, si, sum 2. to 3. c. dat. to accustom 
 
 aperte, adv. openly. burn, glow. to. 
 
 apex, icis, m. summit. ardor, oris, m. heat, de- assuesco, evi, etum 3. 
 apis, is,/, a bee. sire. c. dat. or abl. to ac- 
 
 Apollo, mis, m. Apollo, area, ae,f.open space. custom one's self to, 
 ApolloEia, ae, /. Apol- argeiiteus 3. of silver. be accustomed to 
 
 Ionia. [evident, argentum, i, n. silver ; (something), 
 
 appareo 2. to appear, be arg. vivum, quicksil- Assyria, ae,/. Assyria. 
 appello 1. to call. ver. astutla, ae,/ cunning. 
 
 appeto, ivi, itum 3. to Argo, us, / the Argo. at, conj. but, yet. 
 
 strive to obtain. argumentum, i, n. con- Athenae,arum,f Athens. 
 
 appetens, ntis, c. gen. tents. Atheniensis, e, Atheni- 
 
 eager for something. Aristides, is, m. Aristi- ian ; subst. an Athe- 
 appetitus, us, m. desire. des. nian. 
 
 applaudo, si, sum 3. c. Aristoteles, is, m. Aris- Atlas, antis, m. Atlas. 
 
 dat. to applaud. totle. atque, conj. and, as. 
 
 applico 1. to rest upon; arma, orum, n. arms. atrox, 6cis,ferce, violent ^ 
 
 se applicare, to ap- aro 1. to plough. frightfid, bloody. 
 
 proach, join one's self Arpinas, atis, m. inhab- attendo, di, tum 3. to 
 
 to (some one), apply itant of Arpinum. attend to, give atten- 
 
 one's self to (some- arrideo, si, sum 2. c. tion. 
 
 thing). dat. to smile upon. attente, adv* attentively. 
 
 a})p6no, posui, positum ars, tis,/ art. attentus 3. attentive. 
 
 3. to place by, before, artlfex, icis, skilful ; attero, trivi, tritum 3. 
 approbo 1. to approve. subst. artist. to impair., exhaust. 
 
 appropinquo 1. to ap- artus, us, m. joint, limb. Atticus 3. Attic, inhah- 
 
 proach. Aruns, ntis, m. Aruns. itant of Attica. 
 
 Aprilis, is, m. April. arvum, i, n. a ploughed Atticus, i, m. Atticus. 
 aptus 3. c. dat. or ad c. field. attingo, igi, actum 3. 
 
 ace, fit, fitted. arx, cis,/ citadel. to touch. 
 
 aqua, ae,/ water. as, assis, m. an as (a auctor, oris, m. author, 
 
 aratrum, i, n. a plough. Roman copper coin.) adviser ; me auctore, 
 arbltror 1. to think, to ascendo, di, sum 3. to upon my advice. 
 
 account (one some- ascend, mount. auctoritas, atis, / au- 
 
 thing). ascensus, us, m. ascent. thority. 
 
 arbor, oris,/ a tree. asinus, i, m. an ass. audacia, ae, / self con- 
 arcanum, i. n. a secret, asper, era, erum, rough, fidence. [bold. 
 Areas, adis, m. an Ar- aspernor 1. to spurn. audax, acis, corifident, 
 
 cadian. asporto 1. to carry away, audeo, ausus sum 2. to 
 
 arceo, ui 2. to keep off. assentior, sensus sum dare, venture. 
 arcesso, ivi, itum 3. to 4. c. dat. to assent to. audio 4. to hear. 
 
 send for, bring. assequor, secutus sum auditor, oris, m. hearer. 
 
 Archias, ae, m. Archias. 3. to attain. aufero, abstuli, ablatum 
 
 Archimedes, is, m. Ar- assido, edi, essum 3. 3. to take away, hear 
 
 chimedes. to sit down. away. 
 
 28 
 
326 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 augeo, xi, ctum 2. to beate, adv. peacefully, buris, is, /. a plough- 
 increase^ enrich. beatus 3. peaceful, hop- tail. 
 
 augurium, i, n. augury, py. butyrum, i, n. butter, 
 divination. bellum, i, n. war. 
 
 auguror ]. to divine, pre- belliis 3. beautifid, neat. C. 
 
 diet. bene, adv. ivell, lightly. Cachinnatio, onis, /. 
 
 Augustus, i, m. Augus- benedico 3. c. dat. to loud, unrestrained 
 
 tus. praise. laugh. 
 
 aula, ae, /. court. beueficentia, ae, f he- cacumen, inis, n. top. 
 
 aureus 3. golden. neftcence. cadaver, eris, n. carcass, 
 
 Aureus, i, m. Aureus beneficium, i, n. kind- corpse. 
 
 (mountain). ness, favour. cado, cecidi, casum 3. 
 
 auris, is,/, the ear. beneficus 3. beneficent. to fall, happen. 
 
 aurum, i, n. gold. benevole, adv. kindly, caducus 3. ready to fall, 
 
 ausculto 1. to listen. benevolentia, ae, /. be- falling. 
 
 auspicor 1. to commence. nevolence. caecus 3. blind. 
 
 aut, conj. or; aut — aut, benignus 2. kind. caedes, is,/, slaughter, 
 
 either — or. bestia, ae,/ beast. caedo, cecidi, caesum 
 
 autem, conj. but (takes bestiola, ae, /. a little 3. to fell, to kill. 
 the second place in animal. caerimonla, ae, / cere- 
 its sentence). bibliotheca, ae, / li- mony. 
 
 autumnus, i, m. autumn. hrary, Caesar, aris, m. Caesar ; 
 
 auxilium, i, n. aid; pi. bibo, bibi, bibitum 3. 2) an emperor. 
 
 auxiliary troops. to drink. [bodied. Caius Marius, Caius 
 
 avaritia, ae,/ avarice, bicorpor, oris, double- Marius. 
 
 avarus 3. c. gen. ava- biduum, i, n. the space calamitas, atis, /cafom-r 
 
 ricious, covetous, gree- of two days. ity, loss, misfortune, 
 
 dy. bilis, is, f. the gall. calcar, aris, n. a spur. 
 
 aversor 1. to shun. blande, adv. gently. calculus, i, m. pebble. 
 
 averto, ti, sum 3. to blandior, itus sum 4. to caleo 2. to be warm, 
 
 turn away, to avert. flatter. Q,dM^o,ims,f. darkness. 
 
 avidus 3. c. gen. desir- bombyx, ycis, m. the calix, icis, m. a cup. 
 
 ous, greedy. silk worm. callidus 3. cunning. 
 
 avis, is,/ a bird. bonitas, atis, / good- Callisthenes, is, m. Cal- 
 
 avoco 1. to call off. ness. listhenes. 
 
 avolo 1. to fly away. bonus 3. g-oot? ; bonum, calor, oris, m. heat. 
 
 avus, 1, m. a grandfa- i, n. the good, good, calyx, ycis, m. the bud. 
 
 ther. Boreas, ae, m. Boreas, camel us, i, m. camel. 
 
 axis, is, m. an axle. north wind. campus, i, m. a plain. 
 
 bos, ovis, c. ox, cow. canalis, is, m. a canal. 
 
 B. brevis, e, short ; brevi, canis, is, c. a dog. 
 
 Babylon, onis,/ Baby- (sc. tempore), in a cannabis, is,/ hemp. 
 
 Ion. short time, soon. cano, ceclni, cantum 3. 
 
 Bactra, orum, n. Bactra. Britannus, i, m. a Bri- to sing. 
 
 barba, ae,/ beard. ton. canto 1. to sing. 
 
 barbarus 3. barbarian. Brundusium, i. n. Brun- cantus, us, m. song. 
 
 basis, is, / foundation, dusium. Canusium, i, n. Canu- 
 
 pedestal. Brutus, i, m. Brutus. sium. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 327 
 
 capesso, ivi, itum 3. to to be on one's guard, circumdo, dedi, datum, 
 
 seize ; proelium, to ab aliquo, before some dare, to place around, 
 
 commence battle. one ; 2) establish, pro- surround, (c. dat. of 
 
 capillus, i, m. the hair. vide. • [to give way. pers. and ace. of 
 capio, cepi, captiim 3. cedo, cessi, cessum 3. thing,orc.acc.ofpers. 
 
 to take, seize, capture, celeber, bris, bre, fre- and abl. of thing), 
 
 capra, ae,f. she-goat. quanted. circumeo (circueo), ii, 
 
 capto 1. to catch, strive celebrltas, atis, /. great Itum 4. to go around. 
 
 to catch. number, great multi- circumsedeo, sedi, ses- 
 
 caput, itis, n.head, chap- tude. sum 2. to sit around, 
 
 ter, chief city. celebro 1. to celebrate. besiege. 
 
 carbasus, i,fflax. celer, eris, ere, swift. circumsplcio, spexi, 
 
 career, ^ris, m. a prison, celeiitas, atis, f. celerity, spectum 3. (c. ace.) 
 cardo, mis, m. hinge. swiftness. to look around (after 
 
 careo 2. c. abl. to want, celerlter adv. swiftly. something). 
 
 Oaria, ae,/. Carta. celo 1. c. dupl. ace. to circumsto, eti 1. to 
 
 caritas, atis,/. love. conceal. stand around. 
 
 carmen, inis,/. poem. censeo, sui, sum 2. to cito, adv. quickly, 
 
 caro, ca.Yms,f. flesh. value, account, think, civilis, e, ciinZ ; bellum 
 
 Carolus, i, m. Charles. Centaurus, i, m. a Cen- civile, civil war. 
 
 carpentarlus i, m. wheel- taur. civis, is, c. citizen, sub- 
 
 wright. cerasum, i, n. cherry. ject, 
 
 Carthago, Inis, /. Car- cerasus, i,f. cherry-tree, civltas, atis, /. citizen- 
 
 thage. Ceres, eris, /. Ceres. ship, state ; 2) right 
 
 Carthaginiensis, is, m. cerno, crevi, cretum 3. of citizenship. 
 
 a Carthaginian. to see, judge. [test, clades, is,/ defeat. 
 
 carus 3. beloved, dear. certamen, inis, n. con- clamo \. to cry out. 
 
 casa, ae,/ a hut. certe, adv. surely. clamor, oris, m. a cry. 
 
 cassis, idis,/ helmet. certo, 1. to contend. clare, adv. dearly, evi- 
 cassis, is (commonly certo, adv. surely. dently. [ed. 
 
 pi. casses, ium), m. certus 3. sure, certain, clarus 3. clear, renown- 
 
 hunter^s net. definite, positive. classis, is, / fleet. 
 
 Casslus, i, m. Cassius. cervus, i, m. stag. claudo, si, sum 3. to 
 castigo 1. to reprove. ceteri, ae, a, the rest. close. 
 
 castra, orum, n. camp, chalybs, ybis, m. steel, clausus 3. dosed. 
 
 casus, us, m. fall, mis- chorda, ae,/ string. clavis, is,/ key. 
 
 fortune, chance. Chrisius, i. m. Christ, clemens, tis, mild. 
 
 catena, ae, / chain. cibus, i, m. food. clementer, adv, mildly. 
 
 Catilina, ae, m. Catiline, cicer, eris, n. chick-pea. Cleoinenes, is, m. Cleo- 
 caulis, is, m. cabbage. Cicero, onis, m. Cicero. menes. 
 
 Cato, onis, m. Cato. ciconla, ae,/ stork. Clitus, i, m. Clitus. 
 
 caussa, ae, / ground, cicur, uris, tame. Clodius, i. m. Clodiv^. 
 
 cause, civil process ; cieo, ivi, itum 2. to raise, elypeus, i, m. shield, 
 
 (with a gen. preced- cingo, xi, ctum 3. to coactor, oris, m. collec- 
 
 ing) on account of. gird, surround. tor. 
 
 cautus 3. cautious, care- cinis, eris, m. a^hes. coalesco, lui, litum 3. 
 
 ful. circulus, i, m. circle, cir- to grow together, to 
 
 caveo, cavi, cautum 3. cuit. coalesce. 
 
328 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 coaxo 1. to croak. 
 
 cochlea, ae,/. a snail, 
 
 codex, icis, m. hook. 
 
 codicilli, orum, m. lorit- 
 ing-tablet. 
 
 coelestis, e, heavenly. 
 
 coelum, i, n. heaven. 
 
 coena, ae,/. a meal. 
 
 coeno 1. to partake of 
 food ; coenatus 3. 
 having eaten. 
 
 coepi, pisse, to have he- 
 gun. 
 
 coerceo 2. to restrain. 
 
 cogitatio, onis,/! re/lec- 
 tion. 
 
 cogitate, adv. with re- 
 fection. 
 
 cogito 1. to think, con- 
 sider. 
 
 cognitio, onis, f know- 
 ledge. 
 
 cognltus 3. known. 
 
 cogEOsco, novi, nitum 
 3. to hecome acquaint- 
 ed with, perceive, un- 
 derstand. 
 
 cogo, coegi, coactum 3. 
 to compel. 
 
 cohaereo, si, sum 2. to 
 hold together. 
 
 cohors, tis./. cohort. 
 
 cohortor 1. to encourage, 
 incite. 
 
 coUigo, egi, ectum 3. 
 to collect. 
 
 collis, is, m. a hill. 
 
 coUoco 1. in c. abl. to 
 place in, hestow upon 
 something. 
 
 folloquiLim, i, n. con- 
 ference. 
 
 coUoquor, locutus sum 
 3. to converse. 
 
 collum, i, n. neck. 
 
 collustro 1. to illumi- 
 nate. 
 
 colo, colui, cultum 3. 
 
 to attend to, cultivate, 
 revere, honor. 
 
 colonia, ae,/. colony. 
 
 color, oris, m. color. 
 
 columba, ae,/. dove. 
 
 col us, i,/. distaff. 
 
 comburo, ussi, ustum 
 3. to hum up, hum. 
 
 comedo, edi, esum 3. 
 to eat, consume. 
 
 cometes, ae, m. comet. 
 
 comlcus 3. comic; poe- 
 ta comlcus, comic poet. 
 
 comis, e, courteous. 
 
 comitas, atis, /. kind- 
 ness. 
 
 comitia, orum, n. as- 
 semhly of the people. 
 
 comitor 1. to accompa- 
 ny. 
 
 commemoro 1. to men- 
 tion. 
 
 commendatio, onis, /. 
 commendation. 
 
 commendo 1. to recom- 
 mend. 
 
 committo, misi, mis- 
 sum 3. to commit to ; 
 2) to commit, 
 
 commodrtas, atis,/. con- 
 venience, 
 
 commodum, i, n. ad- 
 vantage, use. 
 
 commodus ^.convenient. 
 
 commonefacio, feci, 
 factum 3. to remind. 
 
 coramoiieo 2. to remind, 
 admonish. 
 
 commoveo 2. to move. 
 
 communis, e, common, 
 known hy all. 
 
 commutatie, onis, /. 
 change. 
 
 como, compsi, comp- 
 tum 3. to comb, adorn, 
 
 comoedia, ae,/. comedy. 
 
 compare 1. to prepare, 
 acquire. 
 
 comperio, peri, pertum 
 1. to ascertain, 
 
 compes, ed'is, f, a fetter. 
 
 complector, exus sum 
 3. to emhrace. 
 
 compleo, evi, etum 2. 
 tofll, 
 
 complico, avi, atum 1. 
 to fold together ; com- 
 plicatus 3. involved. 
 
 compliires, a or ia, gen. 
 ium, very many. 
 
 compono, sui, sltum 3. 
 to put together, dis- 
 pose ; pacem, to es- 
 tablish peace ; se 
 comp. in aliquid, to 
 set one's self light. 
 
 compos, Otis, c. gen. 
 powerful, possessed of, 
 
 compositus 3. composed. 
 
 comprehendo, di, sum 
 3. to seize. 
 
 compungo, xi, ctum 3. 
 to prick, 
 
 concede, essi, essum 3. 
 to allow, confess, 2) to 
 surrender out's self, 
 
 concilio 1. to conciliate, 
 unite, 
 
 conclne, iniii, entum 3. 
 to sing together, sound 
 together. 
 
 concionor 1. to ha- 
 rangue the people. 
 
 conclpio, cepi, ceptum 
 3. to conceive, receive ; 
 suspicionem, conceive 
 a suspicion. 
 
 con cite 1. to excite, raise. 
 
 conclamo 1. to call out. 
 
 conclude, si, sum 3. to 
 include, 
 
 Concordia, ae. /. harmo- 
 my. 
 
 concresce, crevi, cre- 
 tum 3. to grow to- 
 r. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 329 
 
 concupisco, pivi, pitum congrego 1. to assemble. conserva1ao,6nis,/.pre- 
 
 3. to desire. conjicio jeci, jectum 3. servation. 
 
 condemno 1. to con- to throw ; in pudo- conservator, oris, m ; 
 
 demn ; ca^itis,to death. rem conjici, to be dis- conservatrix, icis, /. 
 
 condimentum, i. n. seas- graced. preserver. 
 
 oning. conjugo, 1. to unite. conserve 1. to preserve. 
 
 eondio 4. to season. conjungo, nxi, nctum3. consider© 1. to consider. 
 
 condiscipulus, i, m.fel- to join. consido, edi, essum 3. 
 
 low-student. conjuratio, onis,^^ con- to sit down. 
 
 conditio, onis,/. condi- spiracy. consign© 1. to note, 
 
 iion. conjuratus 3. conspired, point out. 
 
 condo, idi, itum 3. to a conspirator. consilium, i, n. counsel, 
 
 preserve, conceal, connect©, exui, exum 3. deliberation, purpose, 
 
 found. to connect. plan, wisdom. 
 
 confectio, onis, /. mak- Cono, onis, m. Conon. consolatio, onis, /. con- 
 ing, composing. Conor 1. to undertake, soling, consolation. 
 
 confer©, contuli, colla- venture, try. c©ns6lor 1. to console. 
 
 turn 3. to bring to- c©nquiesc©, evi, etum 3. c©ns©rs, tis c. ^en. par- 
 
 gether, join, compare, in c. abl. to find taking of. 
 
 2) to confer (e. g. fa- consolation in some- c©nspectus, us, m. sight. 
 
 v©rs) ; se c©nferre, thing. c©nsperg©, rsi, rsum 3. 
 
 to betake one's self. c©nsanesc©, niii 3. to to besprinkle, strew. 
 
 confici©, feci, fectum become well. c©nspici©, exi, ectum 3. 
 
 3. to perform, con- c©nscend6, di, sura, 3. to discover, 
 
 elude ; 2) to impair, to mount up, to as- conspic©r 1. to discover, 
 
 consume. cend. see. [cuous. 
 
 confido, isus sum 3, c. c©nscientia, ae, f con- c©nspicuus 3. conspi- 
 
 dat. or abl. to trust to, sdousness, conscience. c©nstanter, adv. with 
 
 confide in. c©nsclus 3. c. gen. con- constancy, constantly. 
 
 coniirmo 1. to confirm. scious of. constantia, ae, /. stead- 
 
 confiteor, fessus sum consector 1. to pursue. fastness. 
 
 2.to acknowledge, con- consenesco, nui 3. to c©nstern©, stravi, stra- 
 
 fess. grow old. turn 3. to strew. 
 
 confiigo, xi, ctum 3. to c©nsensus, us, m. agree- constituo, ui, utum 3. 
 
 fight, ment. to establish, determine, 
 
 confluo, xi, xum 3. to consentaneus 3. suited constitute, 
 
 fiow together. to. c©nst©, iti, atum 1. c. 
 
 c©nfodr©, odi, ©ssum 3. c©nsenti©, nsi, nsum 4. abl. ©r ex c. abl. to 
 
 to stab. to agree with. consist of; to cost ; 
 
 c©nf6rmo 1. to form. c©nsequor, secutussum c©nstat. it is known, 
 
 c©nfring©, fregi, frac- 3. to follow, to attain. c©nstringo, inxi, ictum 
 
 turn 3. to break in conser©, rui, rtum 3. 3. to draw together, 
 
 pieces. to join together ; ma- bind together. 
 
 conger©, essi, estum 3. num cum aliqu©, to c©nsuesc©, evi, etum 3. 
 
 to colled together. be hand to hand with to accustom one's self 
 
 congredi©r,gressus sum som£ one. be accustomed. 
 
 3. to meet (with one), conser©, sevi, situm 3. c©nsuetud©, inis,^ Aa6- 
 
 fight. to set with plants. it, intercourse. 
 28* 
 
330 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 consul, ulis, m. consul, contremisco, tremui 3. corrado, si, sum 3. to 
 coiisulatus, us, m. con- to tremble. scrape together. 
 
 sulship. . contueor, tultus sum 2. correctio, onis, /. cor- 
 
 consulo, lui, Itum 3. to to consider. rection. 
 
 deliberate; c. ace. to contundo, udi, usum 3. corrigo, rexi, rectum 3. 
 
 consult some one ; c. to crush, bring to to correct, improve. 
 
 dat. to consult for naught. [covei: corruo, ui 3. to rush to- 
 
 some one. convalesce, lui 3. to re- gether. 
 
 consulto, adv. designed- conveho, exi, ectum 3. cortex, icis, m. rind, 
 
 ly. to bring together, car- bark. 
 
 consultus 3. c. gen. ac- ry together. corvus, i, m. a crow. 
 
 quainted with. convello, velli, vuisum cos, cotis, /. whetstone, 
 
 consumo, mpsi, mptum 3, to rend, convulse. grindstone. 
 
 3. to consume. convenlo, veni, ventum crambe, es,/. cabbage, 
 
 cont'dmlno 1. to contam- 4. to come together; eras, adv. tomorrow. 
 
 inate. c. ace. to visit. crebro, adv. frequently. 
 
 conterano, mpsi, mp- converto, rti, rsum 3. credo, didi, ditum 3. 
 
 turn 3. to despise. to turn around, turn to believe, to trust. 
 
 comtemplor 1. to con- to, turn. credulus 3. credulous. 
 
 sider. conviva, ae, m. guest. cremo 1. to hum. 
 
 contendo, di, turn 3. to convivium, i, n. enter- creo 1. to create, choose. 
 
 stretch, stretch one's tainment. crepo, ui, itum 1. to 
 
 self, strive after some- convivor 1. to eat with. creak. 
 
 thing; in locum, to conwoco 1. to call togeth- cresco, crevi, cretum 3. 
 
 march ; to contend ; er. to increase, grow. 
 
 ab aliquo, to demand, convolo 1. to fly , hasten Creta, ae,/. Crete. 
 contentus 3. c. abl. con- together. crimen, Inis, n. crime, 
 
 tented. coorior, ortus sum 4. crinis, is, m. hair. 
 
 contero, trivi, tritum 3. to arise, burst forth, crinitus 3. hairy. 
 
 to break in pieces; copla, ae,/ abundance, Croto, onis, m. Croton. 
 
 contritus 3. threshed. multitude ; opportu- cruciatus, us, m. torture. 
 conticesco, ticui 3. to nity ; -pi. troops. cvucio 1. to torment, tor- 
 
 be silent. copiosus 3. abundant ; ture. 
 
 contlneo, inui, entum 2) rich in expression, cru delis, e, cruel. 
 
 2. to hold together ; fluent. cru dell tas, atis,/ crwcZ- 
 animam, to stop the copulo 1. to join. ty. 
 
 breath ; abstain. coqua, ae, / a cook. cruentus 3. bloody. 
 
 contingo, tigi, tactum coquo, xi, ctum 3. to cruor, oris, m. blood. 
 
 3. to fall to one^s lot. cook. crus, uris, n. shin, leg. 
 continuo, adv. forthwith, cor, cordis, n. heart. cubo, ui, itum 1. to re- 
 coniinuus3. continuous. Corinthius 3. Corin- dine. 
 contorqueo, rsi, itum 2. thian. cucumis, eris, m. cu- 
 
 tohurl, shoot. Corinthus, i,/. Corinth. cumber. 
 
 contra, adv. on the con- corneus 3. of horn. culina, ae,/. kitchen. 
 
 trary. cornu, us, n. horn. culmen, inis, n. top. 
 
 contraho, axi, actum 3. corona, ae,/ garland, culpa, Q.e,f guilt, fault. 
 
 to draw together. corporeus 3. corporeal, cultus, us, m. attention 
 
 contrarius 3. opposite, corpus, oris, n. body. to, clothing, worship. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 331 
 
 cumulo 1. to heap up, decerno, crevi, cretum dejicio, jeci, jectum 3. 
 
 load, 3. to determine, dis- to cast down. 
 
 cuB'de, arum, f. a cradle. cern. delecto 1. to delight; 
 
 cunctor 1. to delay. decerpo, psi, ptum 3. pass. c. abl. to he de- 
 
 cunctus 3. the whole ; to pluck off, break off, lighted, to rejoice. 
 
 pi. all, all together. take from. deleo, evi, etum 2. to 
 
 cupidrtas, atis,y. desire, decerto 1. to contend. destroy, annihilate. 
 
 cupidus 3. c. gen. de- decet 2. c. ace. it is delibero 1. to deliberate, 
 
 sirous. proper. consider. 
 
 cupio, pivi, pitum 3. to declare 1. to declare. delictum, i, n. offence. 
 
 desire, wish. decorus 3. becoming ; dellgo, egi, ectum 3. to 
 
 cur, adv. why ? decorum, propriety. select. 
 
 cura, ae,/. care; curae decresco, crevi, cretum Delphi, orum, m. Del- 
 
 mihi est, 1 am anx- 3. to decrease. phi. 
 
 ious. decus, oris, n. honor. Delphlcus 3. Delphic. 
 
 curculio, onis, m. the dedecet 2. c. ace. it is delinquo, iqui, ictum 3. 
 
 corn-worm. not proper. to do wrong. 
 
 Curlus, i, m. Curius. dedico 1. to dedicate. delude, si, sum 3. to 
 
 euro 1. to care ; c. ace. to dedo, idi, Itum, 3. to de- deceive. 
 
 he concerned, to look liver up. Delus (os), i. f. Delos 
 
 out for something; c. defatigo 1. to iveainj, to (an island). 
 
 gerundivo, to cause. make weary ; pass, to Demaratus, i, m. De- 
 
 curriculum, i, n. race become weary. maratus. 
 
 course, course. defendo, di, sum 3. to demerge, si, sum 3. to 
 
 curro, cueurri, cur sum defend. plunge under, sink. 
 
 3. to run. defere, detuli, delatum, demeto, ssui, ssum 3. 
 
 currus, us, m. chariot. deferre 3. to offer. to cut down. 
 
 cursus, us, m. a course, defervesco, bui, 3. to demitte, misi, missum 
 
 custedia, ae,/. watch. cease boiling, cease 3. to send down, let 
 
 custedio 4. to guard, raging. fall. 
 
 watch, keep. defetiscor, fessus sum demo, mpsi, mptum 3. 
 
 custes, odis, m. keeper. 3. to become iveary, be to take away, 
 
 cymba., ae,f boat. wearied. [to fail, demollor, itus sum 4. 
 
 Cyrus, i, m. Cyrus. deficio, feci, fectum 3. to demolish. 
 
 Cyprus, i,/. Cyprus. defigo xi, xum 3. in c. demonstro 1. to point 
 abl. to fix firmly, fix out. 
 
 D. upon something. Demosthenes, is, m. 
 
 Damno 1. to condemn, definio 4. to define. Demosthenes. 
 
 damnum, i, n. injury, deflagro 1. to burn up. demum, adv. first, at 
 
 dea, ae,/. goddess. deflecto, xi, xum 3. to length. 
 
 deambulo 1. to go to turn from, deviate. denique, adv. at last, 
 
 walk. [must, defuglo, ugi, ugitum 3. finally. 
 
 debeo 2. to owe, ought, c. ace. to escape. dens, tis, m. tooth. 
 
 debilis, e, weak. degener, ris, degenerate, densus 3. thick. 
 
 decedo, eessi, cessum degusto 1. to taste. dentatus 3. toothed. 
 
 3. to go away, die. deinde, thereupon, then, denuo, adv. anew. 
 December, bris, m. De- Deiamra, ae, /. Deja- depasce, pavi, pastum 
 
 cember. nira. 3. to feed down. 
 
332 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 ^ 
 
 depono, posui, positum detraho, axi, actum 3. diligo, lexi, lectum 3. to 
 
 3. to lay down, lay to draw from, remove. esteem, love. 
 
 aside. detrimentum, i, n. in- dilucidus 3, dear. 
 
 deprehendo, di, sum 3. . jury. diluo, ui, utum 3. to di- 
 
 to seize, catch. detrudo, si, sum 3. to lute, weaken. 
 
 deprlmo, pressi, pres- thrust down. dimlco 1. to Jlght. 
 
 sum 3. to depress. deus, i, m. God. dimidium, i, n. half. 
 
 depugno 1. to fight (for devasto 1. to lay waste, dimitto 3, to dismiss. 
 
 life or death). devinco 3. to conquer. Dionyslus, i, m. Diony- 
 
 derideo, isi, isum 2. to devoco 1. to call down. sius. 
 
 deride. devolo 1. to fly forth, diphthongus, i, / diph- 
 
 descendo, di, sum 3. hasten away. thong. 
 
 to descend. devoro 1. to devour. dirlpio, ipui, eptum 3. 
 
 describo, psi, ptum 3. dialectica, ae,/. ^ogic. to plunder. 
 
 to describe, note. dialectus, \,J. dialect. dimo, m, utum 3. to de- 
 
 deseco, cui, ctum 1. Diana, ae,f Diana. stroy. 
 
 to cut off. dico, xi, ctum 3. to say, dirus 3. horrible. 
 
 desero, mi, rtum 3. to call. discedo, cessi, cessum 
 
 desert. dictator, oris, m. dicta- 3. to go away, depart. 
 
 desideriura, i, n. long- tor. discessus, us, m. de- 
 
 ing, earnest desire. dictito 1. to say often. parture. 
 
 desidero 1. to long for, dies, ei, m. day. discindo, cidi, cissum 
 
 feel the want of some- difficllis, e, difficult. 3. to tear in pieces, 
 
 something. difficultas, atis, /. diffi- rend. 
 
 desido, edi 3. to fall cidty. disciplina, ae, /. disci- 
 
 down, diffido, isus sum 3. to pline. 
 
 designo 1. to designate. distrust. discipulus, i, m. disciple. 
 
 desino, sli, situm 3. to diffiudo, ftdi, fissum 3. discludo, si, sum 3. to 
 
 cease. to split. separate. 
 
 desisto, stiti, stitum 3. diffundo, fudi, fusum 3. disco, didici 3. to learn. 
 
 to desist, cease. to diffuse, disperse. discolor, oris, parly-col- 
 
 despero 1. to despair of. digero, essi, estum 3. to ored, variegated. 
 despicio, spexi, spec- separate, digest. discordia, ae,/. discord. 
 
 tum 3. to despise. digitus, i, m. finger. discordo 1. cum aliquo, 
 
 destituo, m, utum 3. to dignltas, atis,/ dignity. to disagree with some 
 
 desert, leave behind. dignus 3. c. abl. worthy, one. 
 destmo, uxi, uctum 3. deserving. discrimen, inis, n. dis- 
 
 to destroy. dijudico 1. to distin- tinction, danger. 
 
 desum, fui, esse, to be guish. discutio, ussi, ussum 3. 
 
 wanting ; c. dat. rei, dilabor, lapsus sum 3. to disperse, to dispel. 
 
 to neglect. to glide away, disap- disertus 3. eloquent. 
 
 detego, xi, ctum 3. to pear. [pieces, disjiclo, jeci, jectum 3. 
 
 detect. dilacero 1. to tear in to scatter. 
 
 detergeo, rsi, rsum 2. dilanlo 1. to lacerate. dispar, aris, unequal, 
 
 to wipe off. dilfgens, tis, diligent. diverse. 
 
 deterreo 2. to frighten diligenter adv.diligently. dispell©, puli, pulsum 
 
 from, deter. diligentia, ae, /. dili- 3. to drive asunder, 
 
 detestabllis, e, detestable. gence, exactness. to dispel. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 333 
 
 dispergo, rsi, rsum 3. to 
 disperse, scatter, 
 
 displcio, exi, ectum 3. 
 to open the eyes. 
 
 displiceo 2. to displease. 
 
 dissenslo, ouis, f. dis- 
 sension. 
 
 dissero, rui, rtum 3. to 
 discuss, discourse. 
 
 dissimilis, e, dissimilar. 
 
 dissipo 1. to scatter. 
 
 dissolve, vi, Litum 3. to 
 dissolve. [dissuade. 
 
 dissuadeo, si, sum 2. to 
 
 distineo, inui, entum 2. 
 to hold from each oth- 
 er, occupy, detain. 
 
 distingno, nxi, nctum 3. 
 to distinguish. 
 
 distraho, axi, actum 3. 
 to draw asunder, dis- 
 solve, waste. 
 
 distribuo, ui, utuni 3. 
 c. dat. to distribute. 
 
 diu, adv. a long time ; 
 diutiiis, longer. 
 
 diuturnltas, atis,/ long 
 continuance. 
 
 diuturnus 3. long-con- 
 tinued. 
 
 diversus 3. different. 
 
 dives, Itis, rich. 
 
 divido, isi, isum 3. to 
 divide. 
 
 divinus 3. divine. 
 
 divitiae, arum,/, riches. 
 
 do, dedi, datum, dare, 
 to give, attribute ; lit- 
 teras dare, to write a 
 letter. 
 
 loceo, cui, ctum 2. to 
 teach, inform. 
 
 docllis, e, teachable. 
 
 doctor, oris, m. teacher. 
 
 doctrina, ae,/. doctrine, 
 instruction, science. 
 
 ductus 3. learned, versed 
 
 documentum,i, n. proof. 
 
 doleo 2. to grieve, feel 
 pain. 
 
 doliarium, i, n. cellar. 
 
 dolor, oris, in. pain, 
 grief. 
 
 dolus, i, m. fraud. 
 
 domesticus 3. domestic. 
 
 domicillum, i, n. resi- 
 dence. 
 
 dominatio, onis, /. do- 
 minion. 
 
 dommor 1. to reign. 
 
 domlnus, i, m. lord, mas- 
 ter. 
 
 domo, ui, Itum 1. to 
 subdue. 
 
 domus, us,/, house, pal- 
 ace ; do mi, at home ; 
 domo, from home. 
 
 donee, cunj. until, until 
 that, even until. 
 
 dono 1. to give, present. 
 
 donum, i, n. present. 
 
 dormlo 4. to sleep. 
 
 dos, AbtAS,f. dowry, por- 
 tion. 
 
 dublto 1. to doubt. 
 
 dublus 3. doubtful. 
 
 duco, xi, ctum 3. to 
 lead, draw, lead away ; 
 2) to consider, regard 
 as something. 
 
 dulcedo, inis /. sweet- 
 ness, pleasantness. 
 
 dulcis, e, sweet, lovely. 
 
 dum, conj. while, so long 
 as ; with subj. until, 
 until that, so [as) long 
 as ; provided that. 
 
 dumetum, i, n. a thicket. 
 
 dummodo, conj. with 
 subj. provided that. 
 
 duplico 1. to double. 
 
 duro 1. to last, endure. 
 
 durus 3. hard. 
 
 dux, cis, c. leader, gen- 
 eral. 
 
 Dyrrhachium, i, n. 
 Dyrrhachium. 
 
 E. 
 
 Eblandior itus sum 4. 
 
 to gain by flattery. 
 eburneus 3. of ivoiy, 
 
 ivory. 
 ecclesia, ae,/. church. 
 echo, us,/ echo. 
 edisco, didici 3. to com- 
 mit to memory. 
 edo, di, sum 3. to eat. 
 edo, idi, Itum 3. to put 
 
 forth, proclaim, per- 
 form. 
 edoceo, ciii, ctum 2. to 
 
 instruct, inform. 
 edolo 1. to hew properly, 
 
 to squm-e. 
 educo 1. to bring up. 
 educo, xi, ctum 3. to 
 
 lead forth. 
 effector, oris, m. maker. 
 efFeminatus 3. effemi- 
 
 nite. 
 effero, extuli, elatum 3. 
 
 to carry forth, bury. 
 efFlcio, feci, fectum 3. 
 
 to effect, make. 
 effloresco, rili 3. to 
 
 flourish. [dig up* 
 
 efibdio, odi, ossum 3. to 
 efFuglo, fugi, fugitum 
 
 3. c. 0.0.0,. to flee away. 
 eflFundo, udi, usum 3. 
 
 to pour forth, throw 
 
 off 
 effusus 3. unrestrained. 
 egeo, ui 2. to want, be 
 
 in want. 
 egestas, atis,/ want. 
 ego, pron. I. 
 ejlclo, eci, ectum 3. to 
 
 cast forth. 
 ejulo 1. to complain. 
 ejus modi, of this kind, 
 
 of like kind. 
 
334 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 elabor, lapsus sum 3. ernolumentum, i, n. ad- eruo, iii, utum 3. to dig 
 
 to glide aivay, vantage. up. 
 
 elahovol.to bestow pains emorlor, ortuus sum 3. esuno 4. to be hungry. 
 
 upon ; in c. abl. to to die. [chase, et, conj. and ; et — et, 
 
 occupy one's self with emptio, onis, f. pur- both — and, so [as) 
 
 something. en, adv. behold ! well — as also. 
 
 elegans, tis, elegant. Endymio, onis, m. En- etiam, conj. also. 
 elegantia, ae,/ elegance. dymion. etiamsi, conj. even if. 
 
 elementum, i, n. ele- eneco, cui, ctum 1. to Etruria, ae, /. Etruna. 
 
 ment, beginning, ele- kill by inches, vex to etsi, conj. even if, al- 
 
 mentary principle, let- death. though. 
 
 ter (of the alphabet), emm, for {§ 10] . R. 1). Europa, ae,/. Europe. 
 
 elephantus, i, m. ele- enitor, isus or ixus sum evado, asi, asum 3. to 
 
 phant. 3. to exert one's self, go aid, become. 
 
 elicio, ui, itum 3. to strive. evanesce, nui 3. to dis- 
 
 draw out, elicit. ensis, is, m. sword. appear. 
 
 elido, isi, isum 3. to enumero 1. to enumer- evello, velli, vulsum 3. 
 
 dAish, break, weaken. ate. to pluck out. 
 
 eltgo, egi, ectum 3. to eo, adv. thither, so far. evenit 4. it happens. 
 
 select out, elect, choose, eo, ivi, Itum, ire, to go. eventus, us, m. event, re- 
 
 eloquentia, ae, /. elo- Epaminondas, ae, m. suit. 
 
 quence. Epaminondas. everto, ti, sum 3. to 
 
 eloquor, cutus sum 3. Ephestus 3. Ephesian. overturn, prostrate, de- 
 
 to pronounce. Ephesus, i, /. Ephesus. stroy. 
 
 eluceo, xi 2. to shine Epicurus, i, m. Epicu- evito 1. to avoid. 
 
 forth. rus. [gram, evolo 1. to fy forth. 
 
 eludo, iisi, usum 3. to epigramma, atis, n. epi- evolvo, Ivi, latum 3. to 
 
 elude, deride. epilogus, i, m. epilogue. unfold, bring out. 
 
 emendo 1. to improve, epistoia, ae,/. letter. evomo, ui, itum 3. to 
 
 ementior, itus sum 4. to epulae, arum,/ a meal, belch forth, send forth. 
 
 state falsely. feast. exacuo, ui, utum 3. to 
 
 emerge, rsi, rsum 3. to eques, itis, m. horseman ; sharpen. 
 
 emerge, to work one's cavalry, knight. exagito 1. to harass. 
 
 self out. equidem, adv. indeed. examen, inis, n. swarm. 
 
 emetior, emensus sum equlto 1. to ride. examtno 1. to examine. 
 
 4. to measure off; equus, i, m. horse, steed, exanimo 1. to deprive of 
 
 travel through. Erechtheus, ei, m. Erec- life, to kill. 
 emlco, ui, atum 1. to theus. exardesco, arsi, arsum 
 
 gush forth. ergo, conj. therefore. 3. to take f re. [ion. 
 
 emigro 1. to move out. eripio, ipui, eptum 3. to exascio 1. to hew, fash- 
 emineo, ui 2. to be emi- snatch Jrom. exaudio 4. to listen to. 
 
 nent. erraticus 3. wandering, excedo, cessi, cessum 
 
 emitto, misi, missum 3. erro 1. to wander, or. 3. c. abl. or ex c. abl. 
 
 to send forth, thrust error, oris, m. error ; pi. to go forth, depart. 
 
 out. wanderings. excello, ui 3. to excel. 
 
 emo, emi, emptum 3. erudlo 4. to instruct. excelsus 3. elevated. 
 
 to purchase. erumpo, rupi, ruptum excerpo, psi, ptum 3. 
 emollio 4. to soften. 3. to break forth. to take out, extract. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 335 
 
 excessus, us, m. depar- exoro 1. to entreat ear- exsul, ulis, c. an exile, 
 
 ture. nestly, obtain hy en- exsulto 1. to leap wp^ 
 
 excido, idi, isum 3. to treaty. exult. 
 
 destroy. expedio 4. to disengage ; extemplo adv. immedi- 
 
 excieo, ivi, itiim 2. or se exp. to get ready. ately. 
 
 excio, ivi, itum 4. to expello, puli, pulsum 3. exteniio 1. to lessen. 
 
 excite, arouse. to expel. extermino 1. to exter- 
 
 excipio, cepi, ceptum expergefacio, feci, fac- minate. 
 
 3, to receive. turn 3. to arouse externus 3. external. 
 
 excito 1. to excite, raise. (from sleep). exterus S. foreign. 
 
 exclamo 1. to cry out. expergiscor, perrectus extimesco, mui 3. c. 
 
 exciudo, usi, usura 3. sum 3. to ivake up. ace. to be afraid of 
 
 to shut out, hatch. experior, pertus sum 4. something. 
 
 excolo, olui, ultum 3. to ascertain, to try. extorqueo, rsi, rtum 2. 
 
 to cultivate. expers, rtis, c. gen. des- to wrest from, extort. 
 
 excors, rdis, senseless. titute of. extremus 3. outermost, 
 
 excrucio ] . to torment, expeto, ivi, itum 3. to last. 
 
 excusatio, onis, f. ex- strive to obtain. extrinsecus, adv. from 
 
 cuse. expingo, nxi, ctum 3. without. 
 
 exedo, edi, esum 3. to to paint out. extrudo, si, sum 3. to 
 
 consume, corrode. expleo, evi, etum 2. to thrust from, out. 
 
 exemplar, aris, n. mod- fill up, fulfil. exulcero 1 . to make sore, 
 
 el, pattern. explico 1. to explain. render worse. 
 
 exemplum, i, n. exam- explodo, si, sum 3. to exuo, ui, utum 3. to 
 
 pie, instance. clap off, drive off. draiv off, take off. 
 
 exeo, ii, itum, ire, to go explorator, oris, m. spy. 
 
 out, go forth. exploro 1. to search out, F. 
 
 exerceo 2. to exercise. explore. Faber, bri, m. artisan 
 
 exercitatio, onis,/. e.rer- exposco, poposci .3. to (of each art); faber 
 
 dse, practice. demand, request. lignanus, carpenter, 
 
 exercitus, us, m. army, exprimo, pressi, pres- fabricator, oris, m. waA:- 
 
 exhaurio, si, stum 4. sum 3. to express. er,framer. 
 
 to exhaust. exprobro 1. to reproach. Fabriclus, i, m. Fabri- 
 
 exhilaro l.to exhilarate, expugno ]. to take. diis. 
 
 exigo, egi, actum 3. to exquiro, isivi, isitum 3. fahula, ae, f. Jable. 
 
 pass (time). to examine. facesso, ssivi, ssitum 3. 
 
 exiguus 3. little, paltry, exsilium, i, n. banish- to make ; negotium, 
 
 eximius 3. distinguish- ment. [become, be. to make trouble, vex ; 
 
 ed, excellent. exsisto, stiti 3. to arise, 2) to take one's self 
 
 existimatio, onis, /. es- exsors, rtis, c. gen. des- off 
 
 timation, opinion, titute of. facetus 3. delicate, witty. 
 
 judgment. exspecto 1. to expect, facile, adv. easily. 
 
 existimo l.to esteem, con- await, wait. facilis, e, easy. 
 
 sider one something. exstinguo, nxi, nctum facinus, oris, n. deed, 
 
 exordlor, orsus sum 4. 3. to extinguish, ob- foul deed. 
 
 to begin. literate, kill. facio, feci, factum 3. to 
 
 exorlor, ortus sum 4. to extruo, uxi, uctum 3. make, to esteem. 
 
 appear, arise. to erect, construct. factum, i, 7i. deed. 
 
336 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 facultas, atis, f. faculty, ferrum i, n. iron, sword, flagro 1. to bum. 
 
 power. fertilis, e, c. gen. fertile, flam ma, ae,fjlame. 
 
 facundia, ae, /. fluency ferns 3. ivUd ; ferae, flavus S. yellow, fair. 
 
 of speech. arum, f wild beasts, fleo, evi, etum 2. to 
 
 fagiis, i.f. beech tree. fessus 3. wearied, fa- weep. 
 fallax, acis, deceptive. tigued. flo 1. to blow, wave. 
 
 fallo, fefelli, falsiim 3. festivltas, atis, /. pleas- flocci facere, to consid- 
 
 to deceive. antness. er of no account. 
 
 falsus 3. false. festivus 3. flne, sprightly. {§ 88. 9.) 
 
 fama, ae, /. fame, re- ficus, i and us, /. flg- floreo, ui 2. to bloom. 
 
 nown, rumor. tree. flos, floris, m. a flower. 
 
 fames, is,/, hunger. fidelis, e, faithful. fliimen, inis, n. river. 
 
 familla, 8ie,f family. fideliter, adv. faithf idly, fluvlus i, m. river. 
 familiaris, e, belonging fides, ei, f fidelity ; fi- foede, adv. basely, in a 
 
 to a family ; res fa- dem habere c. dat. base manner. 
 
 mWkiis, property ; fa- to trust, have confl- foedus 3. base, foul. 
 
 miliaris, subst. friend. dence in some one. foedus, eris, n. league. 
 famulus, i, m. sei-vant. fides, is,/, string; fidi- folium, i, n. leaf. 
 fanum, i, n. temple. bus cauere, to play follis, is, m. bellows. 
 
 fascis, is, m. bundle. on a stringed instru- foiis, ntis, m. fountain. 
 
 fastidio 4. c. ace. to ment. foris, is,/ in plur./wZrf- 
 
 loathe, spurn. fido, fisus sum 3. to ing doors. 
 
 fataliter, adv. according trust. foris, adv. without. 
 
 to fate. fidus S. faithful, true. fornix, jcis, m. vault, 
 
 fateor, fassum sum 2. figura, ae, / flgure, arch. 
 
 to acknowledge, allow, form. fortasse, adv. perchance. 
 
 fatum, i, n.fate. filia, ae,/ daughter. forte, adv. by chance, 
 
 faux, cis,/ throat. filiolus, i, m. little son. perhaps. 
 
 faveo, avi, autum 2. c. filius, i, m. son. fortis, e, strong, bold. 
 
 dat. to be favorable fingo, finxi, fictum 3. to fortiter, adv. bravely. 
 
 to, favor some one. form, feign. fortitudo, inis,/ bravery. 
 
 febris, is, f. fever. finlo 4. toflnish. fortuito, adv. fortui- 
 
 fecundus 3. fruitful. finis, is, m. end. tously. 
 
 felicitas, atis, / happi- finitlmus 3. neighbour- fortuna, ae, f fate, for- 
 
 ness. ing. tune. 
 
 felix, icis, happy. fio, factus sum, fieri to fortunatus 3. fortunate. 
 
 ferax, acis. c. gen. pro- be made, become, hap- forum, i, n. market, mar- 
 
 ductive of pen; fieri non po- ket place, 
 
 fere, adv. almost. test, quin, it is not fossa, ae,/ ditch. 
 
 ferlae, arum, / holi- possible, but that. foveo, ovi, otum 2. to 
 
 days. [strike, firmitas, aus,fflrmness. warm, cherish, attend 
 
 ferlo, ire, to thrust, firmiter, adv.flrmly. to. 
 
 ferme, adv. almost. firmo 1. to render flrm, fragilis, e, frail. 
 
 fero, tuli, latum, ferre, strengthen, to har- frango, egi, actum 3. to 
 
 to bear, bring, relate. den. break, break hi pieces ; 
 
 ferociter, adv. flercely. firmus 3. /rm. molis frangere, to 
 
 ferox, oc'is, flerce. flagitium, i, n.foul deed. grind. 
 
 feVreus 3. of iron. flagito 1. to demand. frater, tris, m. brother. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 337 
 
 fraiis, das, /.fraud. furor, oris, m. rage. Gordius, i, m. Gordius. 
 
 fremitus, us, m. noise, fustis, is, m. a cudgel. Gottingensis, e, of Got- 
 frenum, i, n. {plur. fre- futllis, e. useless. tingen. 
 
 ni and frena) hit, rein, futuius S. future. Graecla, ae,/. Greece. 
 
 frequento 1. to frequent. Graecus, i. m. a Greek. 
 
 fretus 3. c. abl. relying G. Graecus 3. Greek. 
 
 upon something. Gallia, ae,/. Gaul. grammaticus 3. gram- 
 
 frigidus 3. cold. Gallus, i, m. a Gaul. matical ; grammatl- 
 
 fi'igus, oris, n. coZrf. galllna, ae, /. a hen, cus,i,m. grammarian. 
 
 frondosus 3. leafy. fowl. grandis, e, great ; natu 
 
 frons, nus,f forehead. . garrlo 4. to chatter. grandis, aged. 
 
 fructus, us, m. advan- garrulus 3. loquacious, gi'anum, i, m. a grain. 
 
 tage. gaudeo, gavisus sum, grate, adv. gratefully. 
 
 fi-uges, um, / fruit (of gaudere c. abl. or de gratia, ae, /. favour, 
 
 field and trees.) c. abl. to rejoice. thank ; gratias agere, 
 
 frugifer, era, erum, gaudlum, i, n. joi/. to thank, give thanks ; 
 
 fruitful. gelidus 3. ice-cold, cold. gratiam referre, to re- 
 
 frumentum, i, n. grain, gemitus, us, m. groan. turn a favour ; gra- 
 fruor, fi'uctus or fi'ultus gener, eri, m. son-in- tia (with a foregoing 
 
 sum 3. c. abl. to en- law. gen.), on account of. 
 
 joy. genero 1. to produce. gratulor 1. to congrat- 
 
 frustra, ac?y. in vain. gens, n\.\s, f a people. ulate. 
 
 frutex, icis, m. shrub ; genu, us, n. knee. gratus 3. agreeable ; 2) 
 
 pi. bushes, shrubbery, genus, eris, n. race, kind. grateful. \ly. 
 
 fuga, ae,f. flight. geometricus 3. geomet- gi*avate, adv. unioilling- 
 
 fugio, gi, gitum 3. c. rical. gravis, e, heavy, difficult ; 
 
 ace. to flee. Germanla, ae, /. Ger- serious. 
 
 fugo 1. to put to flight. many. gi*a vitas, atis,/ seriovs- 
 
 fulcio, Isi, Itum 4. to gero, gessi, gestum 3. ness, dignity. 
 
 support. to carry, carry on. gi*avlter, adv. heavily, 
 
 fulgur, uris, n. a flash of gestio 4. to make ges- violently, forcibly ; 
 
 lightning. tures, be transported. graviter ferre, to he 
 
 fulmen, inis, n. light- gesto 1. to bear. displeased. 
 
 ning. gigas, antis, m. giant, grex, gis, m. herd,flock. 
 
 funambulus, i, m. rope- gigno, genui, genitum gubemator, oris, m. pi- 
 dancer. 3. to beget, bring Jorth, lot. 
 fundamentum, i, n. to bear. guberno 1. to govern, 
 
 foundation. glacies, ei,/. ice. rule. 
 
 fundrtus, adv. from the gladiator, oris, m. fen- gusto 1. to taste, relish. 
 
 foundation, wholly. cer, gladiator, 
 
 fundo 1. to found. gladius, i, m. 5i^orc?. H. 
 
 fundo, fudi, fusum 3. glis, iris, m. a dormouse. Habeo 2. to have, hold ; 
 
 (of an army), to rout, globosus 3. globular. consider ; sese ha- 
 
 fungor, nctus sum 3. c. gloria, ae,/. glory. bere, to be ; bene ha- 
 
 abl. to discharge. glorior 1. to glory. bet, it is ivell. 
 
 funis, is, m. a rope. gnarus 3. c. gen. ac- hablto 1. to dwell. 
 
 furfur, uris, n. bran. quainted with. habitus, us, m. habit, 
 
 furiosus 3. raving. gnavlter, culv. zealously. bearing, condition. 
 
 29 
 
338 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 haereo, haesi, haesum Hispania, ae,/. Spain, identidem, adv. repeat- 
 
 2. to adhere, to stick, historia, ae,/. history. edly. 
 Hannibal, alls, m. Han- histrlo, onis, m. actor, idoneus Z. Jit, fitted. 
 
 nibal. hodie, adv. to-day. igltur, conj. therefore, 
 
 harpago, onis, m. hook, Homerus, i, m. Homer. hence. 
 
 grappling-iron. homo, inis, m. man. ignarus 3. c. gen. unac- 
 
 haruspx, Icis, m. sooth- honefita.s,Sit\s,f.integrity. quainted with. 
 
 sayer. honeste, adv. decently, ignavla, ae,/. indolence, 
 
 hasta, ae,/ 5joear. honorably, virtuously. cowardice. 
 
 baud, adv. not. hoaestus 3. honest, up- ignavus 3. indolent, in- 
 
 haurio, hausi, haustum right, honorable, vir- active, sluggish, cow- 
 
 4. to draw. tuous. ardly. 
 
 hebdomas, adis, / a honoro 1. to honor. igneus 3. fiery. 
 
 week. honos, oris, m. honor, ignis, is, m. fire. 
 
 hebes, etis, blunt, dull, post of honor, mark of ignobilis, e, unknown. 
 
 obtuse. honor. ignominia, ae, / dis- 
 
 hebesco 3. to become bora, ae,/ hour. grace. 
 
 dull, torpid. Horatlus, i, m. Horace, ignoro 1. not to know; 
 
 hebeto 1. to stupify, hordeum, i, n. barley. non ignorare, to know 
 
 weaken. horno, adv. of this year, perfectly well. 
 
 Hector, oris, m. Hector, horrendus 3. dreadful, ignosco, novi, notum 3. 
 herba, ae,/ /?er&. horreum,i, n. granary. to pardon. 
 
 Hercules, is, m. Hercu- horribilis, e, horrible. ille, a, ud, that. 
 
 les. hortor 1. to exhort. illuc, adv. thither. 
 
 heri, adv. yesterday. hortus, i, m. garden. illucesco, luxi 3. to be- 
 
 lierilis, e, of, pertaining hospes, Itis, m. a guest. come light, dawn. 
 
 to a master. hostilis, e, hostile. iniago, Inis, /. image, 
 
 Herodotus, i, m. Hero- hostis, is, m. enemy. imbecillus 3. iveak. 
 
 dotus. hue, adv. hither. imber, brig, to. shower, 
 
 herus, i, m. master. humanitas, atis, / hu- rain. 
 
 heus, adv. ho there ! manity. imbuo, ui, utum 3. to 
 
 hibernus 3. belonging humanus 3. human. immerse ; c. abl. to 
 
 to winter. humerus, i, to. shoulder, fill with, imbue. 
 
 hie, haee, hoc, this ; hie, humidus, moist. imitatio, onis, / imita- 
 
 adv. here ; upon this humilis e, low. tion. 
 
 occasion. humus, i, f. ground, imitator, oris. to. imita- 
 
 hiemo 1. to pass the earth. tor. 
 
 vnnter. imitor 1. c. ace. to im- 
 
 hiems, emis, / winter. \. itate. 
 
 hilaris, e, cheerful. Ibi, adv. at that place, immanis, e, vast, cruel. 
 
 hilaritas, atis, / hilari- there. immaturus 3. unripe, 
 
 ty. ico, ici, ictum 3. to immature, untimely. 
 
 hilariter, adv. cheerfully, strike; (of a league), immemor, oris, c. gen. 
 
 joyfully. to conclude. [count. unmindful. 
 
 hinnio 4. to neigh. idcirco, adv. on that ac- immineo 2. to threaten. 
 
 Hippi-ds, ae, m. Hippias. idem, eadem, idem, immo, adv. yes rather^ 
 hirundo, inis, / swal- pron. the very same, nay rather, on the con- 
 low, same. trary. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 339 
 
 immoderalus 3. intern- ing ; c. gen. unac- indul'gentia, ae, /. in- 
 
 perate. quainted ivith. dulgence. 
 
 immodestus S.immodest impubes, eris, youthful, indulgeo, Isi, Itum 2. c. 
 immodlcus 3. excessive. immature. dat. to give one's self 
 
 immortalis, e, immortal, impudens, ntis, impu- to, he indulgent. 
 immortalltas, atis, /. dent, shameless. induo, ui, utum 3. to 
 
 immortality. inipurus 3. impure. put on, clothe. 
 
 immortallter, adv. in- inanis, e, empty, vain. Indus, i, m. an Indian ; 
 
 finitely. incedo, cessi, cessum 2) the Indus (a river), 
 
 irnpedimentum, i, n. 3. to walk upon. industria, ae, f. indus- 
 
 hindrance. incendlum, i, n. confia- try. 
 
 impedio 4. to hinder. gration. industrius 3. active, in- 
 
 impello, puli, pulsum 3. incendo, di, sum 3. to dustnous. 
 
 to impel. enkindle, injiame. indutiae,arum,/.a frwcc. 
 
 impendeo 2. to impend, incertus 3. uncertain. inermis, e, unarmed, de- 
 impendo, pendi, pen- incesso, ivi, itum 3. to fenceless. 
 
 sum 3. to bestow. attack. iners, rtis, unskilled, in- 
 
 imperator, oris, m. gen- incldo, Idi 3. to fall up- active. 
 
 eral, emperor. on. inertia, ae,/. inactivity. 
 
 imperitus 3. inexperien- incipio, cepi, ceptum 3. infans, ntis, c. a child, 
 
 ced. to begin. minor. 
 
 imperium, i. n. com- inclto 1. to spur on, in- infero, intuli, illatum, 
 
 mand, reign. cite. inferre, to bring ; bel- 
 
 tmpero 1. c.dat. to reign, incognltus 3. unknown. lum inferre alicui, to 
 
 reign over, command, incola, ae, m. inhabitant. make war upon one. 
 impetro 1. to obtain. incolCimis, e, unhurt. inferus 3. being below, 
 impetus, us, m. attack ; inconditus 3. unarrang- low, inferior ; inferi, 
 
 2) vast extent. ed. \ble. the dead in the lower 
 
 impius 3. impious. incredibllis, e, incredi- world. 
 
 impleo, evi, etum 2. to increpo, ui, itum 1. c. infidus 3. unfaithful. 
 
 fll. ace. to berate, re- inftmus 3. the lowest, 
 
 implico, avi, atum 1. to proach. meanest. 
 
 involve. incumbo, cubui, cubi- infirmitas, atis, /. infir- 
 
 imploro 1. to implore. tum 3. in aliquid, to mity. 
 
 importo 1. to import. lay one's self upon, at- infirmus 3. tveak. 
 
 importunus 3. trouble- tend to something. iufligo, xi, ctum 3. c. 
 
 some. indago ] . to trace out. dat. to strike upon, in- 
 
 impotens, ntis, c. gen. inde, adv. thence. Jiict. 
 
 not mxister of. India, ae,/. India. inflo 1. to inflate. 
 
 imprimis, adv. especially, indico 1. to indicate. informo 1. to instruct. 
 imprlmo, pressi, pres- indlgeo, ui 2. c. gen. et ingenlum, i, n. genius, 
 
 sum 3. to press into, abl. to be in want. spirit. 
 
 impress. indignor 1. to be indig- ingens, ntis, immense, 
 
 improbitas, atis,/. ivick- nant. very great. 
 
 edness. indignus 3. c. abl. un- ingenue, adv. nobly, re- 
 
 improbus 3. wicked. worthy. spectably. 
 
 smprudens, ntis, not induco, xi, ctum 3. to ingenuus 3. free-born, 
 
 foreseeing, not know- bring in, induce. noble. 
 
340 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 ingjgno, genui, genl- insectum, i, n. insect. intereo, ii, itum, ire, to 
 
 twm 3. to implant. insero, sevi, situm 3. c. decay, come to naught. 
 ingratus 3. ungrateful; dat. to sow in, in- interfector, oris, m.mwr- 
 
 2) disagreeable. S^'oft- derer. 
 
 ingredlor, gressus sum insidlae, arum, /. am- iiiterficio, eci, ectum 3. 
 
 3. c. ace. to go into, buscade, snares. to kill. 
 
 enter upon. insidlor 1. to lie in wait, interim, adv. in the mean 
 
 inhaereo, haesi, hac- insignis, e, distinguish- time. 
 
 sum 2. in c. abl. to ed ; subst. insigne, is, interimo, emi, emptum 
 
 inhere. n. badge. 3. to kill. 
 
 inhumanus3. inhuman, insiplens, ntis, unwise, interitus, us, m. destruc- 
 inimicitia, ae, /. hostil- insltus 3. implanted, in- tion. 
 
 ity. born. interpreter 1. to inter- 
 
 inimicus 3. hostile ; ini- insperans, tis, not ex- pret, explain. 
 
 micus, i, m. enemy. pecting, contrary to interpungo, nxi, nctum 
 
 iniquus 3. unjust. expectation. to distinguish. 
 
 initium, i, n. beginning, inspicio, exi, ectum 3. interrogo 1. to ask. 
 injiclo, jeci, jecium 3. to look into, inspect, intersum, fui, esse c. 
 
 to throw into ; la- instituo, ui, utum 3. to dat. to be in, to be 
 
 queos, to lay snares. instruct. presented at; interest, 
 
 injucundus 3. unpleas- institutio, onis, f. in- there is a difference ; 
 
 ant, disagreeable. sf ruction; inst. scho- c. gen. it concerns 
 
 injuria, ae,/. injustice, lastica, scholastic in- one {§ 88, 10). ' 
 
 injury. struction. intimus 3. inmost. 
 
 injuste, adv, unjustly. insto, stiti 1. to threat- intolerabilis, e, intolera- 
 innascor, natus sum 3. en, press upon, com- ble. 
 
 to be implanted. pel (some one). intro 1. c. ace. to go 
 
 innocens, ntis, innocent, instruo, xi, ctum 3. to into, to enter. 
 innocentia, ae, f. inno- furnish; aclem in- introitus, us, m. en- 
 
 cence. struere, to arrange trance. 
 
 mnoxvi\s 3. harmless. the line of battle ; he\- intueor, tuitus sum 2. 
 
 innumerabllis, e, innu- lum instr. to prepare to look upon, consider. 
 
 merabh. for war. intus, adv. within, in 
 
 inopia, ae, /. helpless- insula, ae,/. island. the house. 
 
 ness, need, want, in- integer, gra, grum, inultus 3. unrevenged. 
 
 digence. sound. inutllis, e, useless. 
 
 inops, 6])\s,helpless,poor, intelltgo, exi, ectum 2. invenlo, veni, ventum 
 
 destitute, needy. to understand. 4. to find, find out. 
 
 inquam, / say. intempestive, adv. un- investlgo 1. to trace outy 
 
 insanus 3. insane. timely. investigate. 
 
 insclus 3. c. gen. not intentus 3. stretched ; invictus 3. invincible. 
 
 knowing,not acquaint- c. dat. or in c. ace. invideo, vidi, visum 2. 
 
 ed with. attentive, fixed upon c. dat. to envy. 
 
 inseribo, psi, ptum 3. something. invidla, ae,/. envy, ha- 
 
 c. dat. to write in or interdum, adv. some- ired. 
 
 upon something, in- times. invidus 3. envious. 
 
 scribe. [to engrave, interea, adv. in the mean inviso, isi, isum 3. to 
 insculpo, psi, ptum 3. time. visit. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 341 
 
 invito 1. to invite. juba, ae,/. m. mane. lac, ctis, n. milk. 
 
 m\itus 3. unwilling. jubeo, jussi, jussum 2. Lacaena, ae, f. Lace- 
 involvo, vi, utum 3. to to bid, order. demonian woman. 
 
 involve ; involutus 3. jucunde, adv. pleasant- Lacedaemon, onis, /. 
 
 difficult to understand. ly, agreeably. Lacedemon, Sparta. 
 
 Iphicrates, is, m. Iphi- jucundltas, alls, f. pleas- Lacedaemonius, i, m. 
 
 crates. antness, agreeableness. a Lacedemonian. 
 
 ipse, a, uxn,pron. self, jucundus 3. pleasant, lacero 1. to lacerate, tear 
 \ra, ae,f. anger. agreeable. in pieces. 
 
 iracundia, ae, f. anger, judex, icis, m. judge. lacesso, ivi, itum 3. to 
 
 irascibility, judicium, i, n. judg- provoke. 
 
 irascor, iratus sum 3. ment. lacnma, ae,/. tear. 
 
 c. dat. to be enraged, judico 1. to judge ; c. lacus, us, m. lake, pond. 
 iratus 3. enraged, an- dupl. ace. to consider laedo, si, sum 3. to hurt. 
 
 gry. on something. Laelius, m. Laelius. 
 
 irrideo, si, sum 2. to jugum, i, n. yoke, top, laetitla, ae,f.joy. 
 
 mock, deride. nc?ge( of a mountain), laetor 1. c. abl. to re- 
 
 irrumpo, rupi, ruptum Julius (i) Caesar (aris) joice. 
 
 3. to burst in. m. Julius Caesar. laetus 3. joyful, delighi- 
 
 is, ea, id, pron. he, she, jungo, nxi, nctum 3. to ed. 
 
 it ; that one ; the same, join, unite. lapideus 3. of stone. 
 
 Isocrates, is, m. Isocra- Junius, i, m. June. lapis, Idis, m. a stone. 
 
 tes. Juno, onis,/ Juno. larglor, itus sum 4. to 
 
 iste, a, ud, pron. that. Jupplter, Jovis, m. Ju- bestow largely. 
 ita, adv. so, thus. piter. late, adv. widely. 
 
 Italia, ae,/. Italy. juro 1. to swear. lateo, iii 2. to be con- 
 
 itaque, conj. therefore. jus, juris, n. right. cealed. 
 
 item, adv. liketvise. jussum, i, n. command. Latinus 3. Latin. 
 
 iter, itineris, n. course, jussus, us, m. command. Latmus, i, m. Latmus 
 
 way, journey, march, justitia, ae,f justice. (mountain in Caria). 
 
 itei'um, adv. again, the Justus 3. just. lat us 3. feroac?. 
 
 second time. Juvenalis, is, m. Juve- laudabllis, e, praise- 
 
 nal. worthy. 
 
 J. juvenilis, e, youthful. laudo 1. to praise. 
 
 Jaceo 2. to lie low. juvenis, is, m. a youth, laurus, i or us, / tht 
 
 jacto 1. to throw hither young man. laurel. 
 
 and thither, extol. juventus, utis, / youth, laus, dis,/ praise. 
 jactura, ae,/ loss ; jac- juvo, juvi, jutum 1. c. lavo, lavi, lavatum 1. 
 
 turam facere, to svf- ace. to assist. to wash. 
 
 fer loss. lectus, i, m. bed. 
 
 jam, adv. now, already. L. legatus, i, m. ambassa- 
 
 jam pridem, long since. Labefacto 1. to cause to dor. 
 janua, ae, / gate. totter, shake. lector, oris m. reader. 
 
 jecur, jecinoris, n. the labor, lapsus sum 3. leglo, onis,/ legion. 
 
 liver. to fall. lego, gi, ctum 3. to read. 
 
 jocor, 1. to jest. labor, oris, m. labor, toil, lenlo 4. to soothe. 
 
 jocosus 3. sportive, laboro 1. to labor ; c. leniter, adv. mildly, 
 
 iocus, i, m. a jest. ahl. to suffer from. leo, 6ms, m. lion. 
 
 29* 
 
342 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 lepidus 3. elegant, neat littus, oris, n. sea-shore, magis, adv. more. 
 lepor, oris, m. agreea- loco 1. to place, set. magister, tri, m. teacher, 
 
 bleness, jest. locuples, etis, wealthy, maigi&tYSitus, us, m. ma- 
 
 lepus, oris, m. a hare. rich, gistracy, authority ; 
 
 Lesbus, i,f. Lesbos. locupleto 1. to enrich. magistrate. 
 
 levir, iri, m. brother-in- locus, i, m. place, situa- magnif Icus 3. magni- 
 
 law. tion, room ; pi. loca. Jicent. 
 
 levis, e, light. longe, adv. far, widely, magnitudo, inis,/. mag- 
 
 levitas, atis,/. levity. longinquitas, atis, /. nitude. 
 levo ]. to lighten, re- length, extent. magnopere, adv. greai- 
 
 lieve ; c. abl. to free longinquus 3. remote, ly. 
 
 from. [tion. distant ; e longinquo, magnus S.great ; comp. 
 
 lex, gis, /. law, condi- from afar. major, us, greater, 
 
 libens, ntis, willing. longus 3. long. older. 
 
 libenter, adv. willingly, loquacitas, atis,/. loqua- majores, um, m. ances- 
 
 with delight. city. tors. 
 
 liber, bri, m. book. loquax, acis, loquacious, male, adv. badly. 
 
 liber, era, erum,/r6e. loquor, locutiis 3. to maledico 3 c. dat. to 
 iiberalis, e,free. speak. reproach. 
 
 Ijberalltas, atis,/. liber- Lucerla, ae, / Luceria. maledicus 3. sZawrferoiw. 
 
 ality. Lucretius, i, m. Lucre- maleficus 3. doing evil, 
 
 liberaliter, adv. liberally. tins. evil, wicked ; subst. 
 
 libere, adv. freely. lucrum, i, n. gain, ad- evil-doer. 
 
 liberi, orum, m. children vantage. malevolus 3. ill dispos- 
 
 (in relation to their luctus, us, m. grief ed, malicious. 
 
 parents). ludibrlum i, n. sport. malitla, ae, /. malice, 
 
 libero 1. to liberate. ludo, si, sum 3. to play. wickedness. 
 
 libertas, atis,/ liberty, ludus, i, m. play. malo, malui, malle, to 
 
 libet, uit 2. it pleases. lugeo, xi 2. to grieve, la- ivish rather, prefer. 
 libido, inis, / desire, mtnt. malum, i, n. apple. 
 
 passion, lust. luna, ae,/ moon. malum, i, n. evil, mis- 
 
 Whr a, ae, f a pound. iui^us, i, m. wolf, fortune. 
 
 licet, uit 2. it is allowed, luscinia, ae, / nightin- malus, i,/ apple-tree. 
 ligneus 3. wooden, of gale. malus 3. evil, bad. 
 
 wood. lusus, us, m. sport. mando, di, sum 3. to 
 
 lignum, i, n. wood. lux, lucis,/ light. chew. 
 
 Iimpidus3. limpid, clear, luxuria, ae,/ luxury. mane, adv. in the morn- 
 lingua, ae, / tongue, Lycurgus, i, m. Lycur- ing. ' 
 
 language. gus. maneo, nsi, nsum 2. 
 
 linter, tris,/ boat, skiff. Lysis, is, m. Lysis. to remain; c. ace. to 
 
 Hquefacio, feci, factum await. 
 
 3. to melt. M. Mantinea, ae, / Man- 
 
 lis, litis, / civil process, Macedo, onis, m. a tinea. 
 
 strife. Macedonian. manus, us,/ hand; 2) 
 
 littera, ae, / letter (of Macedonia, ae, / Ma- a company. 
 
 alphabet); litterae, cedonia. MarceWiis, i, m. Marcel- 
 
 arum, f letter, litera- machinatio, onis,/ ma- lus. 
 
 ture. chine ; device, artifice, mare, is, n. sea. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 343 
 
 margo, inis, m. margin, mentior 4. to lie. misere^ adv. wretchedly. 
 
 MariLis, i, m. Marius. mercator, oris, m. tra- misereor, misertus or 
 marmor, oris, n. marble. der. miseritus sum 2. c. 
 
 marmoreusS. q/'/nar6Ze, merces, edis,/. recom- gen. to pity. 
 
 marble. pense. miseret me alicujusrei, 
 
 Martius, i, m. JWar^. mereor, meritus sura 2. it excites my pity for 
 mater, tris,/. mother. to deserve; de aliqua something. 
 
 mathematlcus, i, m. re mereri, to deserve miseria, ae, /. misery^ 
 
 mathematician. of something. want. 
 
 mature, adv. speedily, in merltum, i. n. desert. m\seYicoidia,ae,f.pity. 
 
 season. merx, rcis, /. wares. mitesco 3. to render soft, 
 
 maturus 3. ripe. messis, is,/, crop. tame. 
 
 medeor 2. c. dat. to cwre. Metellus, i. m. JifeM?x5. mitigo 1. to soften^ 
 medicina, ae, /. medi- metlor, mensus sum 4. mitigate. 
 
 cine, remedy. to measure. mitis, e, soft, mild, 
 
 medicus, i, m. physician, metuo, ui 3. to fear. mitto, misi, missum 3. 
 mediocris, e, middling, metus, us, m. apprehen- to send. 
 meditatio, onis,/. medi- sion,fear. mobllis, e, movable. 
 
 tation. meus, 3. mine. moderator, oris, m. gou- 
 
 meditor 1. to reflect mico, ui 1. to glitter. ernor. 
 
 upon, study into. migratlo, onis, /. migra- moderaius 3. temperate, 
 
 Medus, i, m. a Mede. tion. moderor 1. c. ace. to 
 
 Megara, ae, /. Megara. migro 1. to migrate ; c. govern, rule. 
 mel, mellis, n. honey. ace. to transgress. modestia, ae, f. mx)desty. 
 
 membrana, ae,/. mem- miles, itis, m. warrior, modestus 3. modest. 
 
 brane. soldier. modlce, adv. temper- 
 
 membrum, i, n. limb. Miltiades, is, m. Miltia- ately. 
 memini, isse, c. gen. or des. modius, i, m. bushel. 
 
 ace. to remember. mmax, acis, threatening, modo, adv. only, now; 
 
 memor, oris, c. gen. Minerva, ae,f Minerva. conj. c. Subj. if only. 
 
 mindful of. minlme, adv. least, not modo — modo, now — 
 
 memoria, ae,/. wiemor?/, at all. now. 
 
 remembrance, time; minlior 1. to threaten. modus, i, m. manner^ 
 
 memoria tenere, to minor 1. to threaten. way. 
 
 hold in remembrance, minuo, ui, utura 3. to rnoenia, ium, n. walls 
 memorlter, adv. from lessen, diminish. (as defence). 
 
 memory, by heart. minus, adv. less. moeror, oris, m. grief 
 
 memoro 1. to mention, mirificus 3. wonderful. sorrow. 
 
 relate. miror 1. to wonder ; 2) Moesia, ae,fMoesia. 
 
 Menander, dri, m. Me- to admire. moles, is,/, mass. 
 
 nander. mirus 3. wonderful, ex- moleste, adv. grievous- 
 
 mendax, acis, lying ; traordinary. ly ; mol. fero, take it 
 
 subst. liar. misceo, scui, stum or ill. 
 
 mens^tis, f sense, mind, xtum2. to mix, to dis- molestla, ae, f. annoy- 
 under standing, spirit, turb. ance. 
 
 state of mind. miser, era,erum, lurefc^- moleslus 3. trouble- 
 
 mensa, ae, /. table. ed. some. 
 
 mensis, is, m. month. miserandus 3. pitiable, molior, itus sum 4. to 
 
344 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 prepare, get ready. mumo 4,. to fortify. lum navale, naval- 
 
 moUio 4. to soften, make muuus, eris, n. service ; war. 
 
 soft, alleviate. 2) present. navlgo 1. to navigate. 
 
 mollis, e, soft. murex, icis, m. a pur- navis, \s,f. ship ; navis 
 
 moW'itiSi, ae, f. softness. pie fish, purple. Ion ga, war-ship. 
 
 Molo, onis, m. Molon. murmur, uiis, n. mur- ne, adv. not (with Im- 
 
 momentum, i, n. cir- mur. perat., and Subj. of 
 
 cumstance. murus, i, m. wall (as a exhorting), 
 
 moiieo 2. to admonish. structure). ne, conj. that not ; that 
 
 mons, ntis, m. moun- mus, muris, m. mouse. [§ 106, 1 and 3.) 
 
 tain. musca, Sie,f. afy. ne, interrogative partide, 
 
 monumentum, i, n. musicus, i, m. musician. {§ 115. 3. b. a.) 
 
 monument. muto 1. to change, ex- ne — quidem not even, 
 
 mora, ae,/. delay. change. not also, (has the 
 
 morbus, i, m. disease. mutus 3. dumh. word on which the 
 
 mordax, acis, biting. emphasis rests be- 
 
 mordeo, momordi, mor- N. tween its parts). 
 
 sum 2. to bite, to hack- Nam, namque, conj. for nebula, ae,/. mist. 
 
 bite. nanciscor, nactus sum nee (neque), and not, 
 
 morior, mortuus sum, 3. to obtain. also not ; nee (ne- 
 
 mor'i, to die. narratio, onis,/. narra- que) — nee (neque), 
 
 moror 1. to delay, re- tion, narrative. neither — nor. 
 
 main; c. ace. to narro 1. to relate. necdum, and not yet. 
 
 make nothing of. nascor, natus sum 3. to necessarlus 3. neces- 
 
 morosus 3. morose. be burn, to spring. sary ; related ; homo 
 
 mors,Us, f death. uatalis, is, m. birth-day. necessarlus, friend. 
 
 moitalis, e, mortal. natlo, onis, /. nation, necesse est, it is neces- 
 
 mos, oris, m. custom, tribe. sary (§ 105. R. 4.) 
 
 manner ; Tplur. charac- nato 1. to swim. necessitas, atis,/. ncce«- 
 
 ter. natura, ae,/ nature. sity. 
 
 motus, us, m. m.ove- naturalis, e, natural. neco 1. to kill. 
 
 ment ; motus terrae, natus, us, m. birth ; ma- nectar, aris, n. nectar. 
 
 earthquake. jor natu, older; minor necto, xui, xum 3. to 
 
 moveo, vi, tum 2. to natu, younger. join together, weave. 
 
 move. natus 3. burn ; post nefarlus 3. infamous. 
 
 mox, adv. thereupon, Chrhtuni natum, af- nefas, {indecl.) n. lorong. 
 
 afterwards. ier the birth of Christ ; negligo, lexi, lectum 3. 
 
 mulier, eris, / woman, old (when the year to neglect. 
 
 wife. has been specified, nego 1. to deny, say no. 
 
 MiJUerus, i, m. Mulier. which in this case negotior 1. to pursue 
 
 mullitudo, inis, / mul- stands in the ace.) business, trade. 
 
 titude. naufragium, i, n. ship- negotium, i, n. busi- 
 
 multo 1. to fine, punish. wreck; naufr. facere, ness. 
 
 multus 3. much, many. to suffer shipwreck. nemo (inis) c. nobody, 
 
 mundus, i, m. world. nauta, ae, m. sailor. no one, (gen. andabl. 
 
 munificentia, ae,/ mit- navaWs, e,naval,pertain- not used). 
 
 nificenre: ing to a ship ; pugna neptis, is, / grand- 
 
 munificus 3. mwwi^enf. naval is, 5ea/g"^f; bel- daughter. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 345 
 
 Neptunus, i. m. JVep- 
 tune. 
 
 nequeo, ivi, itum, ire, 
 not to he able. 
 
 nequicquam, adv. in 
 vain, to no effect. 
 
 nervus, i, m.nerve, sinew. 
 
 nescio 4. not to know. 
 
 nesclus 3. not knowing ; 
 non sum nescius, / 
 know full well. 
 
 ni [nisi], conj. if not, 
 unless. 
 
 nidifico 1. to build a 
 nest. 
 
 nidus, i, m. nest. 
 
 niger, gra, grum, black. 
 
 nihil {indecl.) n. nothing. 
 
 nihilum, i, n. nothing. 
 
 nimis, adv. too much. 
 
 nimium, adv. too much, 
 too very. 
 
 ningo, xi, 3. to snow. 
 
 nisi, conj. if not ; ex- 
 cept. 
 
 nitidus 3. shining, 
 splendid. 
 
 nitor, nisus or nixus 
 sum 3. c. abl. to rely 
 upon something ; ad 
 aliquid, to strive after 
 something ; in aliquid 
 to strive against some- 
 thing. 
 
 nix, nivis,/. snow. 
 
 nobllis, e, known, re- 
 nowned. 
 
 nobilito ] .to make known, 
 renowned. ' 
 
 noceo 2. to injure. 
 
 noctu, adv. by night. 
 
 nocturnus 3. nocturnal. 
 
 nodus, i, m. knot. 
 
 nomen, inis, n. name. 
 
 nomino 1. to name. 
 
 non, adv. not (stands 
 before its verb) ; non 
 solum (tantum, mo- 
 
 do) — sed etiam, not 
 only — but also. 
 
 nondum, adv. not yet. 
 
 nonne? nof? not in- 
 deed") whether not. 
 
 nonnunquam, adv. some- 
 times. 
 
 nosco, novi, notum 3. 
 to become acquainted 
 with. 
 
 noster, tra, trum, our. 
 
 nostras, atis, m. of our 
 country, fellow-coun- 
 tryman. 
 
 nota, ae,/. mark, sign. 
 
 notio, onis,/. notion. 
 
 notitia, ae, /. knowl- 
 
 noto 1. to mark, brand. 
 notus 3. known. 
 November, bris, m. 
 
 JVovember. 
 novi, isse, to know. 
 novus 3. new. 
 nox,noctis,/ night. 
 nubes, Is,/, cloud. 
 nubo, psi, ptura 3. c. 
 
 dat to marry (of the 
 
 v^^oman). 
 nullus 3. no one, no; 
 
 nullus non, every one. 
 num,interrogative word 
 
 rilL5,3,b, c,]. 
 Numa, ae, m. JYuma. 
 Numantia, ae, /. JVu- 
 
 mantia. 
 numero 1. to number, 
 
 reckon. 
 numerus, i, m. number, 
 
 multitude, rhythm. 
 Numlda, ae, m. a JVu- 
 
 midian. 
 Numidia, ae, /. JVu- 
 
 midia. 
 nummus, i, m. money, a 
 
 sesterce. 
 numquis, numqua, 
 
 numquid, is it possi- 
 
 ble that any one f any 
 thing ? 
 
 nunc, adv. now. 
 
 nundinae, arum, f. 
 market. 
 
 nunquam, adv. never. 
 
 nuntio ]. to announce. 
 
 nuntius, i, m. message^ 
 news ; messenger. 
 
 nuper, lately. 
 
 nurus, us, /. daughter- 
 in-law. 
 
 nusquam, adv. no-where. 
 
 nutrio 4. to nourish. 
 
 nutrix, icis,/. nurse. 
 
 nutus, us, m. nod, com- 
 mand. 
 
 nux, nucis,/. a nut. 
 
 O. 
 
 Obdorraisco, mivi, mi- 
 tum 3. to fall asleep. 
 
 obduco, xi, etum 3. to 
 overspread, cover. 
 
 obedio 4. to obey. 
 
 obeo, li, itum, ire, to 
 
 die. 
 
 obitus, us, m. departure, 
 death. 
 
 oblecto 1. to delight. 
 
 oblino, evi, itum 3. to 
 besmear, contaminate. 
 
 oblivio, onis, /. obliv- 
 ion. 
 
 obliviscor, oblitus sum 
 3. c. gen. or ace. to 
 forget. 
 
 obrepo, repsi, reptum 
 3. c. dat. to creep 
 upon, steal upon, sur- 
 prise some one. 
 
 obruo, ui, utum 3. to 
 cover over, overwhelm. 
 
 obscuro 1. to obscure. 
 
 obscurus 3. obscure. 
 
 obsequium, i, n. sub- 
 mission, obedience. 
 
 obsequor, secutus sum 
 
346 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 3. c. dat. to obey, occiipo 1. to take pos- opinor 1. to think. 
 
 comply with. session of, fall upon, opitulor 1. to lend aid. 
 
 observo 1. to ohserve. to surprise. oportet2. it is necessary, 
 
 obsessio, 6ms, f. block- October, bris, m. Oc- (§ 105. R. 4.) 
 
 ade, siege. tober. opperior, pertus sum 4. 
 
 obsideo, sessi, sessum oculus, i, m. eye. to await. 
 
 2. to besiege. odi, isse, to hate. oppidum, i, n. town. 
 
 obsidlo, onis, y! siege. odiosus 3. hateful, hated, oppleo, evi, etum 2. to 
 obsolesco, levi 3. to odium, i, n. fill up, fill. 
 
 pass away, become an- Odofredus, i, m. Ott- oppono 3. to oppose. 
 
 tiquated. fried. opportune, adv. oppor- 
 
 obsto, stiti, statum 1. c. offendo, di, sum 3. to tunely. 
 
 to stand against, in offend. opprlmo, pressi, pres- 
 
 the way of, to he a offero, obtuli, oblatum, sum 3. to oppress. 
 
 hindrance, hinder. 3. to offer. oppugno 1. to attack. 
 
 obsum, fui, esse c. dat. officio, feci, fectum 3. ops (not used), gen. 
 
 to be against, injure. to hinder, prevent. opis,/. aid. 
 
 obtempero 1. to obey. ofRcIum, i, n. duty, ser- optabilis, e, desirable. 
 obtineo, 2. to maintain. vice. optimas, atis, m. chief 
 
 obtingo, igi 3. to fall to ofFundo, fudi, fusum 3. man. 
 
 one's lot c. dat. tofiow against; opto 1. to wish. 
 
 obtrectatio, onis, f. de- pass, to spread one^s opulentus 3. powerful, 
 
 traction. self upon, surround rich. 
 
 obtrecto 1. c. d. to dis- something ; c. ace. to opus, eris, n. work. 
 
 parage. cover. opus est, it is necessary, 
 
 obviam, adv. against, to oleum, i, n. oil. [§ 91. 5, c] 
 
 meet. oYixn, adv. formerly. oraculum, i, n. oracZe. 
 
 occaslo, onis, f oppor- omitto, misi, missum3. oratio, onis,/. speech. 
 
 tunity. ' to let go, pass over, orator, oris, m. orator. 
 
 occasus, lis, m. setting, postpone. orbis, Is, m. circle. 
 
 downfall. omnino, adv. wholly, al- ordior, orsus sum 4. to 
 
 Occidens, ntis, m. set- together. begin. 
 
 ting sun, western re- omnis, e, each, whole ; ordo, inis, m. order, suc- 
 
 gions, west. plur. all. cession, rank. 
 
 occido, cidi, casum 3. onero 1. to load, burden. Orestes, ae, m. Orestes. 
 
 to fall. onus, eris, n. load. Orlens, ntis, m. sun- 
 
 occido, cidi, cisum 3. to onyx, ychis, m. onyx. rising, east, eastern 
 
 kill. opera, ae,/. service ren- regions. 
 
 occo 1. to harrow. dered, labour ; ope- origo, Inis,/. origin. 
 
 occulo, ului, ultum 3. ram dare, navare c. orlor, ortus sum 4. to 
 
 to conceal. dat. to occupy one's rise, spring from. 
 
 occulio 1. to conceal. self with. ornamentum, i, n. orna- 
 
 occultus 3. concealed. opes, um, /. power, ment, jewel. 
 oecumbo, cubui, cubl- property, goods, trea- ornol. to adorn. 
 
 turn 3. to fall, die. sures. oro 1. to speak; caus- 
 
 ocrea, ae,f.greave (cor- opimus 3. fat, rich. sam orare, to plead; 
 
 responding to our opinio, onis,/. opinion, 2) to entreat. 
 boot). belief. oryx, ygis, m. gazdle. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 347 
 
 OS, oris, n. /ace. paiies, etis, / i^aZZ (of pauper eris, joaor. 
 
 OS, ossis, n. hone ; pi. a house). paupertas, atis, /. pov- 
 
 ossa, hones. pario, peperi, partum 3. erty. 
 
 ostium, 1, n. door. to hear, produce ; ova Pausanias, ae, Pau- 
 
 otlum, i, n. leisure. parere, to lay eggs. sanias. 
 
 ovis, is, f. sheep. ]pai'o 1. to prepare. -paxldus S. fearful. 
 
 ovum, i, n. egg. parricldium, i, n. parri- pavo, onis, m. peacock, 
 
 cide, wicked deed. pavor, oris, m. fear, 
 
 P. pars, rtis, f. part, side, fright. 
 
 Paciscor, pactus sum 3. plur. the charojcters in pax, pacis,/. peace ; 2) 
 
 to make a bargain. a play. 'permission. 
 
 pactum, i, n. hargain ; parsimonla, ae, /. fru- peccatum, i, n. si?!, 
 
 nullo pacto, in no gality. faidt. 
 
 way. particeps, cipis, par- pecco 1. to sin, do 
 
 paene, adv. nearly, al- ticipating in. wrong. 
 
 7nost. particula, ae, /. a par- pecten, inis, ?n. comb. 
 
 pallldus 3. pale, livid. tide. pecto, xi, xum 3. to 
 
 pallium, i, n. cloak. partior 4. to divide. comb. 
 
 palumbes, is, m. wood- parum, adv. too little. pectus, oris, n. breast. 
 
 pigeon. parvus, 3. small. pecunia, ae,/ money. 
 
 palus, udis. / marsh, pasco, pavi, pastum 3. pedes, itis, m. footman, 
 
 pool. to pasture (of herds- foot-soldier. 
 
 pando, audi, assum, 3. men), fo/eec? ; pascor, ipeiero l.to swear falsely, 
 
 to open. pastus sum, pasci, to pello, pepuH, pulsum 3. 
 
 pango, pepigi, pactum be fed, pastured, (of to drive. 
 
 3. to fix in, to fasten, herds). Pelopidas, ae, m. Pelo- 
 
 hargain, agree to on pascuum, i, n. pasture. pidas. 
 
 condition. passim, /ar and ivide. pelvis, is,/, basin, bowl, 
 
 panis, is, m. bread. pastor, oris, m. herds- penates, lum, m. pena- 
 
 papaver, eris, n. pop- man. tes, household gods. 
 
 py. patefaclo, feci, factum pendeo, pependi [sup. 
 
 papilio, onis, m. a butter- 3. to make known. wanting) 2. to hang. 
 
 fly. pateo, ui 2. to stand pendo, pependi, pen- 
 
 par, aris, equal; par open. sum 3. to pay for, 
 
 sum c. dat. 1 am a pater, tris, m. father. value. 
 
 match for some one. -patienter, adv. patiently, penitus, adv. wholly. 
 par, aris, w. a pair. patior, passus sum 3. pevma, ae, f feather. 
 
 Parapamisus, i. m. to suffer, alloiv. pensum, i, n. thread. 
 
 Parapamisus. patria, ae, / native peracerbus 3. very hit- 
 
 pavatus 3. prepared, rea- counti-y. ter, severe. 
 
 dy. patroclnor 1. c. dat. to perago, egi, actum 3./o 
 
 parco, peperci, parsum protect. accomplish. 
 
 3. c. dat. to spare, pauci, ae, a. few. peragro 1. to pass 
 
 forbear. paullisper, adv. a little through. 
 
 parens, ntis, c. father or while. percipio, cepi, ceptum 
 
 mother ; plur. pa- pauUulum, adv. a little. 3. to perceive. 
 
 rents. pauUus 3. little ; paulo percrepo, lil, Itum 1. to 
 
 pareo 2. to ohey. post, a little after. resound. 
 
348 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 percurro, cucurri or perpetior,pessussum3. perversTtas, atis, /. per- 
 
 cun'i, cursum 3. to to endure. versify. 
 
 run through. perpetro 1. to perform, pervideo, idi, isum 2. 
 
 perdo, didi, ditum 3. perpetuitas, atis,/. per- to consider, examine. 
 
 to ruin, destroy, lose. petuity, duration.- pes, pedis, m.foot. 
 perdomo, ui, itum 1, to perpetuo, adv. contin- pestilentla, ae,/. pesti- 
 
 tamt, subdue. ually, lence. 
 
 peregre, adv. abroad. perpetuus 3. continued, pestis, is,/, pest, destruc- 
 pereo, ii, Itum, ire, to constant. tion. 
 
 go to ruin, perish. perrodo, si, sum 3. to peto, ivi, itum 3. c. ace. 
 perfectus S. perfect. eat through. to strive to obtain, 
 
 perficio, feci, fectum3. perrumpo, rupi, rup- strive after, attack, 
 
 to finish, effect. tum 3. to break fetch. 
 
 perfidus S.Jaithless. through. petulans, tis, wanton. 
 
 perfringo, fregi, fractum Persa, ae, m. a Per- petulantia, ae,/. wan- 
 
 3. to break through. sian. tonness, licentiousness. 
 
 perfuga, ae, m. deserter, persaepe, adv. very of- Phidias, ae, m. Phidias. 
 perfugium, i, n. refuge. ten. philosophla, ae,/. phi- 
 
 pergo, perrexi, perrec- -persanol. to cure wholly. losophy. 
 
 tum 3. to go, proceed, persequor, secutus sum philosophus, i, m. phi- 
 periculum, i, n. danger. 3. to follow up, pur- lusopher. 
 periodus, i,/ period. sue. pie, adv. tenderly, pious- 
 
 peritus 3. c. gen. ex- perse vero l.io TioZc? owi. ly. 
 
 perienced, skilled in. persolvo, vi, utum 3. pietas, atis, /. piety, 
 permaneo, mansi, man- to pay. filial love. 
 
 sum 2. to continue, persona, ae,f person, piger, gra, grum, sZof^- . 
 
 hold out. persto, iti, atum 1. to ful, dull. 
 
 permano 1. to flow persist. pigritia, ae, /. inactivity. 
 
 through. perstringo, inxi, ictum pilosus 3. hairy, covered 
 
 permitto, isi, issum 3. 3. fo draw through, uith hair. 
 
 to permit. censure. piogo? inxi, ictura 3. 
 
 permoveo, movi, mo- persuadeo, si, sum 2. c. to paint ; acu pin- 
 
 tum 2. to move, stir dat. to persuade, con- gere, io embroider. 
 
 up. vince. pinus, us, f pine. 
 
 permulceo, Isi, Isum 2. perterreo 2. to frighten, piper, eris, n. pepper. 
 
 to stroke, please, put in fear. pirum, i, w. ^ear. 
 
 charm, soothe. pertlnax, acis, obstin- p]rus, i, f pear-tree. 
 
 permultus 3. very many. ate. piscator, oris, m.fisher- 
 
 pemicles, ei,/ destruc- pertineo, 2. to extend; man. 
 
 tion. ad aliqiiem, to per- piscis, is, m.fish. 
 
 perniciosus 3. perni- tain to some one. piscor i.tofish. 
 
 cious, destructive. pertuibatio, onis, fdis- plus S. pious, grateful. 
 
 pernosco, novi, notum turbance. placeo 2. to please. 
 
 3. to become thorough- perturbo 1. to disturb, placide, adv. gently. 
 
 ly acquainted with. pervehor, vectussum3. placidus ^.gentle. 
 perosus 3. hating great- to be conveyed off. placo 1. to appease. 
 
 ly. perverse, adv. perverse- plane, adv. wholly ; 
 
 ly. plainly. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 349 
 
 planetes, ae, W2. pZawef. populor 1. fo Zai/ u-asfe. praeceptor, oris, m. 
 planities, e\,f. a plain, populus, i, m. people. teacher. 
 
 planta, ae,/. plant. populus, i,/ poplar. praeceptum,),n.j9rec€p<, 
 
 Plato, onis, m. Plato. porro, adv. moreover. principle. 
 
 jAaustrum, \,n. draught- porta, ae,f. gate. praeclare, adv. nobly. 
 
 wagon. itorticus, us, f. portico, praeclarus 3. ?io6Ze. 
 
 plausus, lis, m. applause, porto ]. to hear. praecludo 3. to shut 
 
 Plautus, i, m. Plautus. portus, us, m. haven. praeco, onis, m. enco- 
 plenus 3. c. gen. full, posco, poposci 3. to de- miast. 
 plerique, aeque, aque, mand. praecordia, orum, n. 
 
 very many, most. possesslo, onis, /. pos- diaphragm. 
 
 plerumque, adv. com- session, possessing. praecox, cocis, preco- 
 
 monly. possum, potui, posse, to cious. 
 
 Plinius, i, m. Pliny. be able {can). praeda, ae,/. booty. 
 
 ploratus, us, m. com- postea, adv. afterwards, praedico 1. to extol. 
 
 plaint. [many, posteaquam, conj. after praedico 3. to predict. 
 
 plures, a, G. lum. more, that. praeditus 3. c. abl. en- 
 
 plurlmus 3. most. postero die, on thefol- dowed with. 
 
 plus, Oris, n. morft. lowing day; in po- praedlum, i, w.^arm. 
 
 pluviosus 3. ram?/. sterum diem, till the pvaedorl. to make booty. 
 
 poema, atis, n. poem. following day. praefero, tuli, latum, 
 
 'poena,ne,f. punishment ; postis, is, m. post. ferre 3. to prefer. 
 
 poenas dare, to be postquam, conj. after prael6quor,locutus sum 
 
 punished ; 2) revenge. that. 3. to speak before. 
 
 poenltetme alicujusrei, postremus 3. last; ad praemium, i, n. rew^arrf. 
 
 it repents me of some- postremum, lastly. praeparatio, 6nis,//>re- 
 
 thing. postulo 1. to demand. paration. 
 
 Poenus, i, m. a Cartha- potens, lis, c. gen. pow- praeparo 1. to prepare. 
 
 ginian. ^ful, master of. praepono, osui, ositum 
 
 poeta, ae, ?n. ^oe^. potentia, ae,/ poi6'er. S. to prefer. [tily. 
 
 polite, adv. elegantly. potestas, atis, / power, praepropere, adv. has- 
 pollex, icis, m. thumb. potio, onis, / drinking, praesens, tis, present. 
 polliceor, citus sum 2. drink. praesertim, adv. espec- 
 
 to promise. potior, titus sum 4. c. ially. [dent. 
 
 Pompeii, drum, m. Pom- abl. to possess one's praeses, idis, m, presi- 
 
 peii (a city). self of. ])raesidium, i, n. aid^ 
 
 Pompeius, i, m. Pom- poiissimum, adv. es- protection, support. 
 
 pey. pecially, principally, praestabilis, e, excelktU, 
 
 Pompilius, i, m. Pom- potius, adv. much more, superior. 
 
 pilius. rather. praestans, tis, excellent. 
 
 pomum, i, n. plur. eata- potus, us, m. drink. praesto, iti, atum 1. to 
 
 ble fruit. praerdius S. very deep. be distinguished ; aW- 
 
 pondero 1. to ponder. praebeo 2. to afford, cui, to surpass ; to be 
 pono, siii, situm 3. to lend ; se praebere, to better ; to bestow ; to 
 
 lay, place ; ponere in prove, show one's self, pay ; se praestare, to 
 
 aliqua re, to set, place praeceps, clpitis, inclin- shotv one^s self 
 
 upon something. ing, rugged, steep ; praesto, adv. present, at. 
 
 pons, tis, m. bridge. precipitous. hand. 
 
 30 
 
350 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 praesum, fui, esse, to probari alicui, to prohlbeo, bui, bitum % 
 he placed before, pre- please some one. to prevent, keep off. 
 
 side over. probrum, i, n. disgrace, proinde, adv. therefore ; 
 
 praetereo, li, itum, ire, probus 3. upright, ex- proinde (\uas\, just as 
 
 to pass by before. cellent. if. 
 
 praeteritus 3. past. Probus, i, m. Probus. promitto, misi, missum 
 praetor, oris, m. jorae^or. procella, ae,/. siorm. 3. to promise. 
 
 praetoniim, i, n. gener- proceres, um, m. the no- promptu, in promptu 
 
 aFs tent. bles. esse, to be ready. 
 
 prandeo, di, sura 2. to procerus 3. slim, tall. promptus3. ready. 
 
 breakfast. procudo, di, sum 3. (of pronuntlo 1. to pro- 
 
 pratum, i, n. meadow. money) to coin. nounce. 
 
 pravltas, atis, /. deprav- procul, adv. far off, from prope, adv. near ; 2) 
 
 ity. a distance. nearly, almost. 
 
 preces, um,/. entreaties procumbo, cubui, cubi- propere, adv. hastily. 
 precor 1. to entreat; turn 3. to fall down, propitius 3. propitious, 
 
 bene pr. alicui, to procuro 1. to take care of. favorable. 
 
 wish well to one. prodeo, ii, Itum, ire, to propositum, i, n. pur- 
 
 premo, pressi, pressum go forth, depart. pose, design. 
 
 3. to press. prodigiosus 3. wonder- proprius 3. own, pecu- 
 
 pretiosus 3. precious. ful. liar. 
 
 pretium, i, n. price, proditlo, onis,/. treach- propterea, adv. on this 
 
 value. ery. account. 
 
 pridem, adv. long ago ; prodltor, oris, m. traitor, propugnator, oris, m. 
 
 jam pridem, long prodo, didi, ditum, 3. to champion, defender. 
 
 since. deliver up, betray. propulso 1. to drive 
 
 Priene, es, /. Priene (a proellum, i, n. encoun- back. 
 
 city of Ionia). ter. prorepo3. to creep forth. 
 
 primo, adv. in the first profanus 3. profane. prorsus adv. entirely. 
 
 place. profecto, adv. indeed, jirospecto 1. to look 
 
 primum, adv. in the first truly. forth. 
 
 place. profero, tuli, latum, fer- prosperitas, 2X\s,f.pros- 
 
 princeps, ipis, m. first ; re, 3. to bring for- perity. 
 
 the first. ward. [fessor. prosplclo, spexi, spec- 
 
 principium, i, n. be- professor, oris, m. pro- turn 3. to see before 
 
 ginning ; principio, proflcio, feci, fectum3, one's self. 
 
 in the beginning. to profit, accomplish, prosterno, stravi, stra- 
 
 priscus 3. old. proficiscor, fectus sum, lum 3. to prostrate. 
 
 pristin us 3. /ormcr. 3. to set out (on a prosum, fui, desse c. 
 
 prius, adv. sooner. journey), march, de- dat. to be useful, ben- 
 
 priusquam, conj. before part. efit. 
 
 that, ere, before. profiteor, fessus sum 2. T^Yo\xn\is,adv.immediate- 
 
 privatus 3. private. to acknowledge freely, ly. 
 
 probe, adv. excellently, promise, offer freely. proverbium, i, n. prov- 
 
 suitahly, uprightly. profusus3. wnresirainerf: erb. 
 \)r6hlVAS,3l\Q,f. upright- progredior, gressussum providentia, ae, ffore- 
 
 ness. 3. to step forth, ad- sight, providence. 
 
 probo 1. to approve ; vance. provideo, vidi, visum 2, 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 351 
 
 to foresee ; c. dat. to 
 provide for something', 
 2) to be on one^s 
 guard, look out. 
 
 provincia, ae, /. pro- 
 vince. 
 
 proxime, adv. next. 
 
 proximus 3. next. 
 
 prudens, tis, wise, pru- 
 dent, skilful. 
 
 prudenter, adv. wisely, 
 prudently. 
 
 prudentia, ae,f wisdom, 
 prudence. 
 
 piunum, i, n. a plum. 
 
 prunus, 'i,f. plumtree. 
 
 pubes, eris, grown up. 
 
 publlce, adv. publicly, 
 on behalf of the State, 
 at the cost of the State. 
 
 publico 1. to make pub- 
 lic. 
 
 publicus 3. public ; in 
 publico, in a public 
 street. 
 
 pudor, oris, m. shame. 
 
 puella, ae,y. maid. 
 
 puer, eri, m. boy ; pueri, 
 children. 
 
 puerilis, e, childish. 
 
 pueritla, ae, f. child- 
 hood. 
 
 puerulus, i, m. little hoy. 
 
 pugna, ae, f fight, bat- 
 tle. 
 
 pugno 1. to fight. 
 
 pulcher, chra, chrum, 
 beautiful, fair. 
 
 pulchre, adv. beautiful- 
 ly. 
 
 pulchritudo,ini6^. beau- 
 ty. 
 
 pulex, icis, m. afiea. 
 
 pullus, i, m. the young 
 (of animals), chicken. 
 
 pulvis, eris, m. sand, 
 dust. 
 
 pungo, pupugi, pun- 
 
 ctum 3. to sting, to 
 harass. 
 
 Punicus3. Punic. 
 
 punio 4. to punish, cor- 
 rect. 
 
 puppis, is,/, the stern of 
 a ship. 
 
 purgo 1. to purify, justi- 
 
 fy- 
 
 purus 3. pure. 
 
 puto 1. to think, believe, 
 consider. 
 
 Pylades, ae, m. Pylades. 
 
 Pythagoras, ae, m. Py- 
 thagoras. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quaero, sivi, situm 3. 
 to seek, ab or ex ali- 
 quo, to ask of one. 
 
 quaeso, I pray, beseech. 
 
 quaestio, onis, f. ques- 
 tion. 
 
 qualis, e, of what sort, 
 character ; as. 
 
 qualiscunque, of what- 
 ever sort, character. 
 
 quam, adv. how, as; 
 cunj. (with the com- 
 parative) than. 
 
 quamdiii, how long, so 
 long as. 
 
 qiiamvis, conj. with the 
 subj. how much soever, 
 although. 
 
 quando, adv. when. 
 
 quanquam, conj. with 
 indie, though, al- 
 though. 
 
 quanto, (with comp.) 
 the. 
 
 quantopere, how greatly. 
 
 quantus 3. how great ; 
 quantum, hoio much. 
 
 quantuscunque, how 
 great soever. 
 
 quasi, as it loere, as if, 
 as though. 
 
 que, conj. and (always 
 
 attached to its word), 
 quemadmodum, adv. in 
 
 what manner, as. 
 queo ivi, itum, ire, to 
 
 be able {can). 
 quercus, us,/, oak. 
 querela, ae,/ complaint, 
 
 plaintive cry. 
 queror, questus sum 3. 
 
 to complain. 
 qui, quae, quod, who. 
 qui, how,whence,whereby. 
 quia, conj. because. 
 quicimque, quaecun- 
 
 que, quodcunque, 
 
 whosoever. 
 quidam,quaedam, quid- 
 dam and quoddam. 
 
 [§31.6)]. 
 quidem, indeed (is 
 
 placed after its word), 
 quidni, why not. 
 quies, etis,/ quiet. 
 quiesco, evi, etum 3. 
 
 to rest. 
 quietus 3. quiet. 
 quin, [§ 107, 3. b)]. 
 quinam ? who then ? 
 quippe, adv. indeed, 
 
 quis ? quid? who ^what7 
 quis, qua, quid and qui, 
 
 quae, quod [31, 1)] 
 
 any one. 
 quisnam, quaenam, 
 
 quidnam, who, what 
 
 then 7 
 quispiam, quaepiam, 
 
 qiiidpiam and quod- 
 
 piam [§ 31, 3)]. 
 quisquam, quicquam 
 
 and quodquam, 
 
 (scarcely) any one, 
 
 [§31,4)]. 
 quisque, quaeque, quid- 
 
 que and quodque [§ 
 
 31, 7)]. 
 
352 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 quisquis, quicquid,if7/io- recipio, cepi, ceptum refrico, cui, catum 1. to 
 
 ever. {§ 30. R. 2). 3. to take hack, re- rub again, renew. 
 
 quo,adv. whither ; quo- ceive ; se recipere, reglna, ae,f. queen. 
 
 eo, (in comip.) the — to hetakt one's self regio, 6ms, f. region. 
 
 so much the. hack. regliis 3. royal. 
 
 quoad, so long as, until, reclto 1. to read to. regno 1. to reign. 
 
 until that, even until, recordatio, on is, /. re- regnum, i, n. reign, 
 
 quocunque, adv. whith- collection. kingdom. 
 
 ersoever. recordor 1. c. ace. to rego, xi, ctum 3. to 
 
 quod, conj. that, because. remember, call to mind. govern, guide, rule. 
 
 quodsi, if now, but if. recreo 1. to renew, re- rejlclo, jeci, jectum 3. 
 
 quominus,/^a<(H07,2). fresh. to throw away, reject. 
 
 quomodo, adv. how. recrudesco, dui 3. to religlo, onis,/. religion, 
 
 quondam, adv. once, break open afresh. conscientiousness. 
 
 formerly. recte, adv. rightly, cor- religiose, adv. scrupu- 
 
 quonlam, conj. because. rectly. lously. 
 
 quoque, adv. also. vec\.OY,bv'is,m. governor, relinquo, liqui,licturn3. 
 
 quot ? how many ? rectus 3. straight, direct, to leave behind, desert. 
 
 quotannis, adv. yearly. right ; recta consci- reliquus 3. remaining. 
 
 quotcuuque, hoivever entia, a good con- remaneo, nsi, nsum 2. 
 
 many. science. to remain behind, re- 
 
 quotidianus 3. daily. recumbo, cubui, cubi- main, 
 
 quotidie, adv. daily. turn 3. to lie c/ozi;n reminiscor (without the 
 
 quoties, adv. how often. again. P^rf) 3. c. gen. or 
 
 quotiescunque, adv. recupero 1. to recover. ace. to remember. 
 
 however ojten. redamo ]. to love in re- removeo, ovi, otum 2. 
 
 quot(iuot,however many. turn. to remove. 
 
 qnotus 3. what one in redarguo, ui, utum 3. Remus, i. m. Remus. 
 
 order. to refute. ren, (commonly plur. 
 quum, conj. when ; as, reddo, idi, Itum 3. to renes, um, m.) kid- 
 since, give back again, give, neys. 
 
 make. [turn, reor, ratus sum, reri, 2. 
 
 R. redeo, li, itum 4. to re- to be persuaded, think. 
 
 Rabies, ei,yi madness, redltus, us, m. return, repente, adv. suddenly. 
 
 rabiosus 3. nuid. reduco, xi, ctum 3. to reperio, peri, pertum 4. 
 
 radix, icis,y. roof. lead back. tofind, find out. 
 
 rana, 'Ae,f.frog. redundo 1. to redound, repeto, ivi, itum 3. to 
 
 rapidus 3. tearing away, refello, elli 3. to refute. call back, retrace. 
 
 rapid. refercio, rsi, rtum 3. to repleo, evi, etum 2. to 
 
 raplo, pui, ptum 3. to stuff, fill up. fill up. 
 
 snatch, carry off. refero, tub, latum, ferre replico 1. to repeat. 
 
 raro, adv. rarely. 3. to bring back, re- reporto ]. to bear off. 
 
 rarus 3. seldom. turn again ; requite ; repugno 1. to contend 
 
 ratio, onis, f reason ; refer to. against. 
 
 manner. refert 3. c. gen. it con- reputo 1. to weigh, con- 
 
 ravis, is,/, hoarseness. cerns. (§ 88. 10). sider. 
 
 recedo, cessi, cessum reformido 1. c. ace. fo requies, etis, (ace. requi- 
 
 3. to go back, retire. fear something. em),f.rest,relaxation. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 353 
 
 requiesco, evi, etum 3. Rhodus, i.f. Rhodes. saevlo 4. to rage. 
 
 (ex) c. abJ. to repose, rideo, risi, risum 2. to saevus S.Jierce. 
 
 requiro, quisivi, quisi- laugh ; c. ace. to sagitta, ae,/. arrow. 
 
 turn 3. to search ajter, laugh at, deride. sal, sal is, m. salt ; wit. 
 
 inquire for. ridiculus 3. ridiculous, salio, lui, ltum4. to leap, 
 
 res, rei,/. affair, thing, ripa, ae,/. hank. saltern, adv. at least. 
 
 rescindo, idi, issum 3. risus, us, m. laugh. salto 1. to dance. 
 
 to tear off, break off. rite, adv. in a proper salus, \it\s, f. prosperity, 
 
 rescisco, ivi or li, itiim manner. welfare, safety. 
 
 3. to ascertain. rivulus, i, m. stream. salutaris, e, salutary. 
 
 reseco, cui, ctum 2. to robur, oris, n. strength, saluto 1. to salute. 
 
 cut off. robustus 3. strong. salve, hail ! (Imper. of 
 
 reserve 1. to reserve. rogo 1. to entreat, ask. salveo 2. to be well). 
 
 resideo, edi, essum 2. Romanus 3. Roman ', salvus 3. safe, well. 
 
 to remain behind. Rotnanus, i, m. a Samnis, itis, m. a Sam- 
 
 resisto,' stiti, stltum 3. Roman. nite. 
 
 to resist. Romulus, i, m. Romu- sancio, nxi, ncitum 4. 
 
 resono 1 . to resound. lus. to sanction. 
 
 resonus 3. resounding, rosa, ae, / rose. sancte, adv. sacredly, 
 
 echoing. Rosclus, i, m. Roscius. conscientiously. 
 
 respiro 1. to breathe. rostrum, i, n. beak. sanctus 3. sacred. 
 
 respondeo, di, sum 2. rotundus 3. round. sane, adv. truly. 
 
 to answer, reply. ruber, bra, brum, red. sanguis, inis, m. blood. 
 
 responsio, onis, /. an- rudens, tis, m. rope, sano L to heal, cure. 
 
 swer. stay. sapid us 3. palatable. 
 
 responsum, i, n. an- rudis, e, c. gen. crude, sapiens, tis, wise ; subst. 
 
 swer. unacquainted with, wise man. 
 
 respubllca, G. rei pub- rudo, ivi (i), itum 3. to- sapientla, ae,/ ivisdom. 
 
 licae,/. State. roar. sapTo, ui 3. to be wise. 
 
 respuo, ui, utum 3. to rumpo, rupi, ruptum 3. sarclo, rsi, rtum 4. to 
 
 reject. to break, tear. make good again, rt- 
 
 restinguo, nxi, nctum, ruo, rui, rutum 3. to pair. [branch. 
 
 3. to smother, to ex- rush. sarmentum, i, n. shoot, 
 
 tinguish. rupes, is,/ rock, cliff, sat, adv. sufficiently. 
 
 restis, is,/ rope. rus, ruris, n. country. satlo 1. to satiate. 
 
 restituo, ui, utum 3. to rusticusS.rwsfic; subst. satira, ae,/ satire. 
 
 restore. countryman, boor. satis, adv. sufficiently. 
 
 resto, strti 1. to be left; rutilus S.fery red. Saturnus, i, in. Saturn. 
 
 2) resist. saxum, i, n. rock. 
 
 rete, is, n. net, toil. S. scateo, ere, c. abl. to be 
 
 retineo, inui, entum 2. Sacer, era, crum, sa- full of something. 
 
 to hold back, retain. cred ; sacra, orum, n. seaturigo, Inis/ spring. 
 
 reus, i, m. defendant. sacred rites. sceleratus 3. wicked. 
 
 reverter, Perf. : reverti sacerdos, otis, c. priest, seel us, eris, n. crime, 
 
 3. to return. priestess. transgression. 
 
 revoco ]. to recall. saeculum, i, n. a hun- schola, ae,/ school, 
 
 rex, g'ts, m. king. dred years. scPiolasticus 3. (/or per- 
 
 Rhenus, i, m. Rhine. saepe, adv. often. taining to a school. 
 30* 
 
354 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 scilicet, adv. truly, to sententia, ae, /. senti- similitudo, inis, /. like- 
 wit ment, opinion. ness. 
 
 scintilla, ae,/ spark. sentio, nsi, iisum 4. to simplex, icis, simple. 
 
 scio 4. to know. feel, think, judge. simul, adv. at the same 
 
 scipio, onis, m. staff. sentis, is, m. (common- time. 
 
 Scipio, onis, m. Scipio. ly plur. semes), thorn- simulac, conj. (never 
 
 scribo, psi, ptum 3. to bush. before a vowel or h) 
 
 write. separo 1. to separate, as soon as. 
 
 scriptor, oris, m. wiiter. disjoin. simulatio, onis, /. pre- 
 
 scrobis, is, m. hole, ditch, sepelio, pellvi, pultum tence. 
 
 scrupulus, i, m. scruple. 4. to inter, hury. simulatque = simulac. 
 
 Scytha, ae, m. a Scy- sepio, sepsi, septum 4. simulo 1. to liken one^s 
 thian. to hedge in, inclose. self to; to feign. 
 
 secerno, crevi, cretum sepono, posui, positum sin, conj. hut if. 
 3. to sunder, separate. 3. to lay aside. sinapis, is,/, mustard. 
 
 seco, cui, ctum 1. to September, bris,w.»S'ep- smguVi, ae, &, single, 
 cut. temher. sino, sivi, situm 3. to 
 
 sector L c. ace. to pur- sepulcrum, i, n. grave, permit, allow. 
 
 sue, strive after. burial. siquidera, conj. if in- 
 
 secundus 3. favorable, sequor, secutus sum 3. deed, 
 fortunate ; res secun- c. ace. tojollow. siser, eris, n. carrot. 
 
 dae, prosperity. serenus 3. clear, bright, sitio 4. to thirst ; c. ace. 
 
 securis, is, f. axe, hatch- serius 3. grave. to thirst after some- 
 
 et. sermo, onis, m. conver- thing. 
 
 securus 3. secure, safe. sation, discourse. sitis, is,/, thirst. 
 
 sed, conj. but. sero, sevi, satum 3. to situs, us, m. situation ; 
 
 sedeo, sedi, sessum 2. sow, plant. 2) mould., filth. 
 
 to sit. serus 3. too late. situs, 3. placed ; situm 
 
 sedes, is,/ seat. servio 4. to serve. esse, to be placed, bu- 
 
 seditio, onis,/ sedition, servitus, utis, / servi- ried. 
 
 sedo 1. to quiet. tude. sive — sive, conj. wheth- 
 
 sediilo, adv. busily. servo 1. to preseiDe. er — or, either — or. 
 
 seges, etis,/ c7'op. servus, i, m. slave. soccus, i, m. sock, shoe. 
 
 semen, Inis, n. seed. seu, conj. see sive. socer, eri, m. father-in- 
 
 semper, adv. always. severltas, atis,/ sever- law. 
 
 sempiternus 3. ever-dur- ity. societas, atis, / union, 
 
 ing, eternal. si, conj. if, if also. league, alliance, as- 
 
 eenator, oris, m. senator, sic, adv. so, thus. sociation. 
 
 senaius, us, m. senate, sica, ae,/ dagger. socius, i, m. ally. 
 
 senectus, Qtis, / age, sicanus, i, m. assassin. Socrates, is, m. Socra- 
 old age. siccine, adv. is it so ? tes. 
 
 senex, senis, oZc/; subst. s'lcco 1. to dry. socrus, us,/ mother-in- 
 
 old man. Sicilla, ae,/ Sicily. law. [ion. 
 
 senilis, e, belonging to signum, i, n. sign. sodalis, is, m. compan- 
 
 old age; aetas seni- silentium, i, n. silence, sol, soils, m. sun. 
 lis,/ old age. siler, eris, n. willoiu. solatium, i, n. solace. 
 
 sensus, us, m. sense, sWva, 'de,f a wood. solea, ae, / sole; so- 
 
 feeling, similis, e, like. lea equi, horseshoe. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 355 
 
 soleo, solitus sum 2. 
 
 1o he wont. 
 solitudo, Inis,/. solitude. 
 sollers, tis, dextrous, 
 
 skilful. 
 solliclto 1. to disquiet. 
 sollicitudo, inis, /. soli- 
 citude, anxiety. 
 sollicltus 3. anxious. 
 solum, i, n. ground. 
 solus 3. alone. 
 solutus 3. unbound. 
 solvo, vi, utum 3. to 
 
 loose,free. 
 somnlo 1. to dream. 
 somiilum, i, n. dream. 
 somuus, i, m. sleep. 
 sonitus, us, m. sound. 
 sono, ui, itum 1. to 
 
 sound. 
 sonus, i, m. tone. 
 sophista, ae, m. sophist. 
 Sophocles, is, m. Sojjho- 
 
 cles. 
 sordid us 3. mean. 
 sorex, icis, m. a Jield- 
 
 mouse. 
 sorix, icis, m. an owl. 
 soror, oris,/ sister. 
 sors, tis,/. lot. 
 sospes, Itis, safe, sound. 
 spargo, rsi, rsum 3. to 
 
 strow, scatter, spread. 
 spatium, i, n. space, 
 
 length of time. 
 species, e\,fform. 
 speciosiis 3. striking, 
 
 heautful. [tator. 
 
 spectator, oris, m. spec- 
 specto 1. c. ace. to look 
 
 at, behold, have some- 
 thing in view. 
 specus, us, m. cave. 
 speriio, sprevi, spreium 
 
 3. to spurn. 
 spero 1. to hope. 
 spes, ei,/ hope. [let. 
 spinther, eris, n. hrace- 
 
 spirltus, us, m. breath. 
 
 splen, enis, m. the spleen. 
 
 spleudeo, ui 2, to shine. 
 
 splen did us 3. splendid. 
 
 splendor, oris, m. mag- 
 nificence, splendor. 
 
 spolio 1. to deprive, rob. 
 
 spondeo, spopondi, 
 sponsum 2. to he re- 
 sponsible for. 
 
 spurlijs 3. spui'ious. 
 
 stabilis, e, stable, frm. 
 
 stabilitas, atis,/ stabil- 
 ity. 
 
 statim, adv. immediately. 
 
 statro, onis, station. 
 
 statua, ae,/ statue. 
 
 status, us, m. posture. 
 
 Stella, ae,/ star. 
 
 stercus, oris, n. dung. 
 
 stimulo 1. to goad. 
 
 stipendium, i, n. pay. 
 
 stirps, pis, / stem, ori- 
 gin. 
 
 sto, steti, statum 1. to 
 stand, he gained by, 
 cost. 
 
 strenue, adv. vigorously. 
 
 strideo di, 2. to whistle. 
 
 stringo, inxi, ictum 3. 
 to graze,draw {sword). 
 
 strix, igis,/ horned owl. 
 
 studeo, ui 2. to strive, 
 exert one's self, en- 
 deavor ; c. dat. to oc- 
 cupy one^s self zea- 
 lously with, favour 
 some one. 
 
 studiose, adv. zealously, 
 
 studiosus 3. c. gen. de- 
 voted to-; stud, esse 
 c. gen. to occupy one^s 
 self zealously with, 
 to apply one's self to 
 something. 
 
 studTum i, n. effort, zeal, 
 study. 
 
 stuliitia, ae,f. folly. 
 
 stultus S. foolish, silly. 
 
 suavis, e, lovely, agreea- 
 ble. 
 
 sua vitas, atis, / sweet- 
 ness, loveliness of 
 character. 
 
 suaviter, adv. sweetly, 
 agreeably. 
 
 suber, eris, n. cork tree. 
 
 subjgo, egi, actum 3. to 
 ivork ; subjugate. 
 
 subitus 3. suddenly. 
 
 subjicio, jeci, jectum 3. 
 to subject. 
 
 subrideo, risi, risum 2. 
 to smile. 
 
 subsequor, secutus sum 
 
 3. to follow. 
 substerno, stravi, stra- 
 tum 3. to spread un- 
 der. 
 
 subterfuglo, ugi, ugl- 
 
 tum 3. to escape. 
 subvenlo, veni, ventum 
 
 4. to come to help. 
 succedo, essi, essum 3. 
 
 to succeed. 
 succenseo, lii, 2. to he 
 
 enraged. 
 succumbo, cubui, cubi- 
 
 tum 3. to sink under. 
 succurro, cursi, cursum 
 
 3. c. dat. to aid, as- 
 sist. 
 sudo 1. to sweat. 
 sudor, oris, m. sweat. 
 sugo, xi, ctum, 3. to 
 
 suck. 
 sui, pron. of him, [her, 
 
 it) self. 
 Sulla, ae, m. Sulla. 
 sum, fui, esse, to he, be 
 
 peculiar, belong, per- 
 tain to ; c. gen. or 
 dat. to possess ; cum 
 dupl. dat. to tend to, 
 
 serve for something, 
 
 some one. 
 
356 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 summa, ae,/. sum. Syracusae, arum./. Sy- lego, xi, ctum 3. ta 
 
 summus 3. greatest^ racuse. cover. [ering. 
 
 highest. Syrus, i, m. a Syrian, tegumentum, i, n. cov- 
 
 summa aqua, surface of telum, i, n. arrow, dart. 
 
 the water. T. temere, adv. rashly, 
 
 sumo, mpsi, mptum 3. Tabula, ae, /. hoard, without reason. 
 
 to take. [sew. table. temeritas, atis, f rash- 
 
 suo, sui, sutum 3. to taceo, 2. to he silent. ness, hastiness. 
 
 supellex, ectilis, ffur- tacltus 3. silent. temperantia, ae, / tem- 
 
 niture, utensils. taedet me alicujus lei, perance. 
 
 su^erhus 3. proud, mag- it excites disgust in tempero 1. to moderate ; 
 
 nificent. me at something. non temp, mibi quin, 
 
 superior, us, higher ; talentum, i, n. talent 1 cannot refrain from. 
 
 subst. conquerer. (sum of money). tempestas, atis,/. time; 
 
 supero 1. to overcome, talis, e, of such sort, 2) weather, storm. 
 
 surpass. character ; such. templum, i, n. temple. 
 
 superstes, itis, c. dat. tam, so; tam — quam, tempus, oris, n. time; 
 
 surviving. so — as. tempore, at the rigM 
 
 superstitlo, onis, /. su- tamdiu, adv. so long. time. 
 
 perstition. tamen, coiij. yet, still. tenax, acis, c. gen. per- 
 
 superus 3. above ; su- Tamesis, is, m. Thames. severing, tenacious. 
 
 peri, the gods. tandem, adv. finally, tendo, tetendi, tensum 
 
 suppedito 1. to furnish. then. and tentum 3. to ex- 
 
 supplex, icis, suppliant, tango, tettgi, tactum 3. tend, distend ; ad ali- 
 
 supplicium, i, n. pun- to touch ; tangi de quid, to strive after 
 
 ishment. coelo, to he struck by something. 
 supplico 1. c. dat. to lightning. tenebrae, arum, /. dark- 
 entreat. tanquam,yit^f as, as, as ness. 
 supra, adv. above. if, as though, as it teneo, nui, ntum 2. to 
 supremus 3. last. were. hold, holdfast, occupy, 
 surgo, surrexi, surrec- Tantalus i, m. Tanta- restrain. 
 
 tum 3. to arise. lus. tener, era, erum, tender. 
 
 sus, suis,/ sow, swine, tanto, (in comp.) so tento 1. to try. 
 
 suscipio, cepi, ceptura much the. tenuis, e, slender, small, 
 
 3. to undertake, re- tantopere, adv. so great- slight. 
 
 ceive. ly. tergum, i, n. back. 
 
 susclto 1. to arouse. tantum, only. terra, ae,/. earth, land, 
 
 susplcor 1. to suspect, tantus 3. 50 great. terreo 2. to frighten. 
 
 imagine. tarditas, atis, /. slow- terrestris, e, earthly; 
 
 sustento 1. to support. ness. proelium terrestre, 
 
 sustineo, inui, entum 2. tardus 3. slow. land-fight. 
 
 to sustain ; sust. par- Tarentum, i, n. Taren- terribil.is, e, terrible. 
 
 tes, to act a part. tum (a city). terror, oris, m. terror. 
 suus 3. his {her, its), his Tarquinius, i, m. Tar- testamentum, i, n. tes- 
 
 own. quinius. lament, will. 
 
 symbolis, de symbolis Tarquinii, orum, m. testis, is, c, witness. 
 
 edere, to eat at com- Tarquinii (a city). teter, tra, trum, fotU, 
 
 mon expense. tectum, i, n. house, roof hideous. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 Z5t 
 
 texo, xui, xtum 3. to 
 
 weave, hraid. 
 Thebanus, i, m. a The- 
 
 han. 
 Themistocles, is, m. 
 
 Themisiodes. 
 Theophrastiis, i, m. 
 
 Theophrastus. 
 Thracia, ae,/. Thrace. 
 Tiberis, is, m. Tiber. 
 tibia, ae, f. skin-hone, 
 
 p{pe,Jlute. 
 Tigris, is,/. Tigris. 
 timeo, ui 2. to fear. 
 timiditas, atis,/. timidi- 
 
 timid us 3. timid. 
 
 tirnor, oris, in. fear. 
 
 Timoiheus, i, m. Timo- 
 theus. 
 
 tinge, nxi, nctum 3. to 
 color. 
 
 toleranter, adv. pati- 
 ently. 
 
 tolero 1. to endure. 
 
 tollo, sustuli, sublatum, 
 3. to raise up, hear 
 . away. 
 
 tondeo, totondi, tonsum 
 2. to shear. 
 
 tonitru, u, n. thunder. 
 
 tone, ui 1. to thunder. 
 
 tensor, oris, m. harber. 
 
 tonstricilla, ae, / a fe- 
 male barber. 
 
 tormentum, i, n. torture. 
 
 torpeo, ui, 2. to be tor- 
 pid, inactive. 
 
 torqueo, torsi, tortum 
 2. to torment, torture. 
 
 torquis, is, m. neck- 
 chain. 
 
 torrens, tis, m. torrent. 
 
 torreo, torrui, tostum 2, 
 to dry, roast. 
 
 tortus 3. twisted. 
 
 tot, so many. 
 
 totldem, ju^t so many. 
 
 totus 3. the whole. 
 
 tractatio, onis, /. hand- 
 ling, pursuit. 
 
 tracto 1. to handle, pur- 
 sue, perjorm. 
 
 trado, drdi, drtum 3. to 
 deliver over, give, sur- 
 render, relate. 
 
 tradux, ucis, m. a vine 
 branch, vine-layer. 
 
 tragoedla, ae,/. tragedy. 
 
 traho, traxi, tractum 3. 
 to draw. 
 
 transeo, Ti, Itum, ire, to 
 pass by, pass over. 
 
 transfigo, xi, xum 3. to 
 transfix, stab. 
 
 transgredior, gressus 
 sum 3. to pass over. 
 
 translgo, egi, actum 3. 
 to bring about, tran- 
 sact. 
 
 transilio, silui, sultum 
 4. to leap over. 
 
 Trasinienus, i, m, Tra- 
 simenus (a lake). 
 
 tremo, ui 3. to tremble. 
 
 tribuo, ui, utum 3. to 
 distribute, give, im- 
 pute, [pany. 
 
 tribus, us,/, tribe, com- 
 
 tridens, tis, m. trident. 
 
 triennium, i, n. the space 
 of three years. 
 
 tristis, e, sad, lowering. 
 
 triticeus 3. of wheat. 
 
 tropaeum, i, n. trophy. 
 
 tu, pron. thou. 
 
 tuber, eris, n. hump. 
 
 tueor, tuitus sum 2. to 
 behold, keep, protect, 
 defend. 
 
 tum, adv. thereupon, 
 then ; at that time. 
 
 tumeo, ui, 2. to swell. 
 
 ttimultus, us, m. tumult. 
 
 tunc, adv. at that time, 
 then, there. 
 
 tundo, tutudi, tunsum 
 3. to beat, stun. 
 
 tunica, ae, / under- 
 garment. 
 
 turba, ae,/ crowd. 
 
 turbo 1. to cause confu- 
 sion, disturb. 
 
 turgidus 3. swollen. 
 
 turpis, e, disgraceful^ 
 base. 
 
 turpitado, luis,/. base- 
 ness. 
 
 turris, is,/ tower. 
 
 turtur, uris, m. turtle 
 dove. 
 
 tussis, is,/ cough. 
 
 tutus 3. safe. 
 
 tuus 3. thy, thine. 
 
 tyrannus i, m. tyrant. 
 
 Tyrius, i, m. Tyrian. 
 
 U. 
 Tiber, uberis, abound- 
 ing in, rich. 
 uber, eris, n. udder. 
 ubertas, atis,/ richness, 
 
 copiousness. 
 ubi, adv. where ; 2) conj. 
 
 as soon as, when. 
 ubicunque, wherever ; 
 
 ubicunque gentium 
 
 where in all the world. 
 ubinam, adv. where then. 
 Ubius, i, n. a Ubian. 
 ubivis, adv. where you 
 
 ivill. 
 ulciscor, ultus sum 3. c. 
 
 ace. to take revenge 
 
 upon some one. 
 ullus 3. any one. 
 uhnus, i,/ elm. 
 umbra, ae,/ shade. 
 una, adv. at the same 
 
 time, together. 
 unda, ae,/ wave. 
 unde, adv. whence. 
 undTque, adv. from aU 
 
 sides. 
 
358 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 ungo, (unguo), nxi, valetudo, mis, /. health, verbero t. to heat. 
 
 Dctum 3. to anoint. valid us 3. strong. verbum, i, n. word. 
 
 unguis, \s, m. nail^ claw, vannus, i,f. corn-fan. verecundla, ae, /. res- 
 universus 3. whole. varlus 3. various. pect. 
 
 unquam, adv. ever. varix, icis, m. swollen veieor, veritus sum 2. 
 
 unus 3. one ; only, alone. vein. to reverence, have res- 
 
 unusquisque, miaquae- vas, vasis, w. (plur. vasa, pect for^ to fear. 
 
 que, unumquidque orum, n.) vessel, vase. Veritas, atis,/. truth. 
 
 and unumquodque, vasto ]. to lay waste. vermis, is, m. worm. ' 
 
 each one {^3\, 7). \ates, ]s, prophet, vernus 3. vernal; ver- 
 
 urbanus 3. belonging to vectigal, alis, n. toll, nus dies, a spring 
 
 the city, city-like. tax, income. day. 
 
 iirbs, bis,/, city. vectis, is, m. lever, holt, vero, conj. hut; 2) adv. 
 
 urgeo, rsi, 2. to press, vehemens, tis, vehement. (as an answer) yes. 
 
 oppress. vehementer, adv. vehe- Verres, is, m. Verres. 
 
 ursus, i, m. a hear. mently, violently, versor 1. inc. abl. to he 
 
 usus, us, m. use. greatly. occupied in a thing. 
 
 ut, adv. as, even as. veho, vexi, vectum 3. versus, us, m. a verse. 
 
 ut, conj. that, in order to carry, bring, equo verto, rti, rsum 3. to 
 
 that, that not, (§ 106); vehi, to ride, he borne turn; v. in fugam, 
 
 as [§ MO, 1. 2)]; ut off. to put to fight. 
 
 primum, as soon as. vel, conj. or ; even ; vel verus 3. true. 
 uter, tra, trum, which of — vel, either — or. vervex, ecis, m. a weth- 
 
 the two. velox, ocis, swift. er. 
 
 uterque, utraque, u- vellum, i, n. sail. vescor (without perf.) 
 
 trumque, each (of the velut, adv. even as, as. 3. c. abl. to eat. 
 
 two), both. vena, ae,/. vein. vesper, eri and ens, m. 
 
 utilis, e, useful. venatio, onis,/ a hunt. evening ; vesperi, at 
 
 utilitas, atis, /. use, ad- venatus, us, m. a hunt. evening. 
 
 vantage. venator, oris, m. hunter, vester, tra, trum, your. 
 
 utinam, con/, with suhj. vendo, didi, ditum 3. vestio 4:. to clothe, attire. 
 O that. [to use. to sell. vestis, is, / a garment, 
 
 utor, usus sum 3. c. abl. veneo, li, ire, to he for cloth. 
 utrum, interrogative sale. Vesuvius, i, m. Vesu- 
 
 word []15, 3. b, d)]. veneror 1. to revere. vius. 
 
 uva, ae,/. grape. venlo, veni, ventum 4. veto, ui, Itum 1. to for- 
 
 to come. bid. 
 
 V. venor 1. to hunt. vetus, eris, old. 
 
 Vacca, ae,/. cow. ventus, i, m. wind. vetustas, atis,/ age. 
 
 vacillo 1. to rock, waver. Venus, eris,/ Venus, vetustus 3. old. 
 vae, alas! venustas, atis,/ grace- vexo 1. to vex, annoy. 
 
 vagor 1. to wander. fulness. via, ae,/ way. 
 
 valde, adv. very much. vepres, is, m. thorn- viator, oris, m. traveller. 
 valeo 2. to be well ; be bush, bramble. vicinus, i, m. neighbor. 
 
 sound, strong, able ; ver, veris, n. spring. victor, oris, victorious ; 
 
 valeat, valeant, adieu verber, eris, n. (com- subst. conqueror. 
 
 to something; 2) to mon\y p\m\ verbera,) victoria, ae,f victory. 
 
 avail. blows. victus, us, m.food. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 359 
 
 video, vidi, visum 2. 
 to see. ; pass, seem, 
 appear. 
 
 vjgeo, ui 2. to he vigor- 
 ous. 
 
 vigil, His, m. watchman. 
 
 vigilantia, ae, /. watch- 
 fulness. 
 
 vigilia, ae, /. watch, 
 night-watch. 
 
 vigilo 1. to watch. 
 
 vigor, oris, m. power. 
 
 vincio, nxi, nctum 4. to 
 hind, restrain. 
 
 vinco, vici, victum 3. 
 to conquer, vanquish, 
 overcome. 
 
 vinculum, i, n. hond, 
 chain. 
 
 vinea, a vine. 
 
 vinum, i. n. wine. 
 
 violo 1. to violate. 
 
 vir, viri, m. man. 
 
 vireo, ui 2. to flourish. 
 
 Virgillus, i, m. Virgil. 
 
 virgo, in is,/, virgin. 
 
 viridis, e, green. 
 
 viritim, man hy man. 
 
 virtus, utis, /. virtue, 
 hravery. 
 
 virus, 1, n. poison. 
 
 vis, {gen. and dat. want- 
 ing ; plur. viresjiiim), 
 /. power, force, mul- 
 titude. 
 
 viscus, eris, n. (com- 
 monly plur.) inwards. 
 
 visum, i, n. appearance. 
 
 Visurgis, is, m. the We- 
 ser. 
 
 vita, ae,/. life. 
 
 vitiositas, atis, /. vice, 
 vidou^sness. 
 
 vitiosus 3. defective. 
 
 vitium, i, n. fault, vice. 
 
 vito 1. to avoid. 
 
 vitulinus 3. of calf. 
 
 vitulus, i, m. calf. 
 
 vitupero 1. to censure. 
 
 vivo, vixi, victum 3. to 
 live. 
 
 vivus 3. living. 
 
 vix, adv. scarcely. 
 
 voco 1. to coll, invite. 
 
 volito 1. to fly, flutter. 
 
 volo 1. to fly. 
 
 volo, volui, velle, to 
 wish (v^^ould). 
 
 volucris, is,/ hird. 
 
 voluntas, atis,/ will. 
 
 voluptas, atis, / pleas- 
 ure, sensuality. 
 
 volvo, vi, utum 3. to 
 roll. 
 
 voveo, vovi, votum 2. to 
 vow. 
 
 vox, vocis,/ voice. 
 
 Vulcanus, i, m. Vulcan, 
 
 vulgaris, e, common. 
 
 vulgus, i. n. people, the 
 common people. 
 
 vulnero 1. to wound. 
 
 vulnus, eris, n. wound. 
 
 vulpes, is,/ fox. 
 
 vultur, uris, m. vulture. 
 
 vultus, us, m. expres- 
 sion, feature, counte- 
 nance. 
 
 X. 
 
 Xenophon, ontis, m. 
 
 Xenophon. 
 Xerxes, is, m. Xerxes. 
 
 Zama, ae,/ Znma. 
 Zeno, onis, m. Zeno. 
 zingiber, eris, n. ginger. 
 
 11. ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Ahate, mollire. 
 
 Ahility, facultas, atis,/ 
 
 Ahle (to be), posse, qui- 
 re, valere ; not ahle. 
 nequire. 
 
 Abode, domicilium, i, n. 
 
 Abound, abundare. 
 
 Abounding in, locuples, 
 etis. 
 
 Ahout, circiter. 
 
 Above, superus. 
 
 Abroad, peregre. 
 
 Absent, absens, tis. 
 
 Absent (to be), abesse. 
 
 Absolve, absolvere. 
 
 Abstain, abstinere. 
 
 Abundance, abundantia, 
 ae, / copia, ae,/; to 
 
 have abundare 
 
 c. abl. 
 
 Accompany, comitari. 
 
 Accomplished, eruditus 3. 
 
 Accounted (to be), exis- 
 
 timari, haberi. 
 Accustomed (to be), so- 
 
 lere, consuescere* 
 Acknowledge, confiteri, 
 
 faleii ; ff^^lyi 
 
 profitiri. 
 Acorn, gians, dis,/ 
 Acquainted with, peritus 
 
 3. coiisultus 3. gna- 
 
 rus 3. c. gen. 
 Acquainted urith (to be), 
 
360 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 novisse [§ 77, 3)] ; Agree to (on condition), Ancus Martins, Ancus 
 
 thoroughly, per- pangere. Martins, i. m. 
 
 noscere. Agreeable, gratus 3. ju- And, et, ac, atque, que. 
 
 Acquire, parare, compa- cundus 3. suavis, e. And not, neque (nee). 
 
 rare (sibi). Agricola, Agricola, ae. Anger, ira, ae,/. iracun- 
 
 Acre, iugerum, i, n. m. dia, ae,/. 
 
 Act, agere. Agriculture, agricultura, Angry, iratus 3. 
 
 Actor, histrlo, onis, m. ae,/. Announce, annuntiare. 
 
 Acute, acutus 3. subti- e/3ic?, auxilium, i, w.prae- Annoy, vexare. 
 
 lis, e. sidium, i, n. Announcement, oracu- 
 
 Adapted, accommoda- Aid, adjuvare c. ace. lum, i, n. 
 
 tus 3. c. dat. or ad c. succurere c. dat. ; to Another (of several), a- 
 
 acc. lend aid, opitulari. llus, a, ud. 
 
 Add, addere. Alas.'vael Another, aVienus 3. 
 
 Address, alloqui. Alcibiades, Alcibiades, Answer, respondere. 
 
 .^rfAer&aZ, Adherbal, alis, is, m. Antiochus, Antiochus, 
 
 m. Alexander, Alexander, i, m. 
 
 w3c?7)wra&Ze,admirabilis,e. dri, m. Antiquity ( = ancient- 
 
 Admiration, admiratio, Alexandria, PdexondndL, ness), vetustas, aiis,/. 
 
 onis,/ ae,/ .y^nw"/, incus, udis, / 
 
 Admire, admirari. All, omnes, ia. Anxious (am), curae, 
 
 Admonish, nionere, ad- Alliance, societas, atis, mihi est. 
 
 monere. / foedus, eris, 7?. Anxiously, anxie. 
 
 Admonition, admonltio, Allohroges, Allobroges, Any, ullus 3. 
 
 onis,/ um, m. Ape, simia, ae,/ 
 
 Adopt, adsciscere. Allow, jubere. Apollo, Apollo, Inis, m. 
 
 ^cforn, ornare,adornare. Ally, socius, i, m. Appear, apparere, vi- 
 
 coraare. Almost, fere, ferme, pe- deri. 
 
 Advantage, lucrum, i, ne, prope. Appease, placare. 
 
 n. commodum, i, n. Aloe, aloe, es,/ Applaud, applaudere, c. 
 
 emolumentum, i, n. Alone, solus 3. unus 3. dat. 
 
 fructus, us, m. Alps, Alpes, ium,/ Apple, malum, i, n. 
 
 Adversity, res adversae. Already, iam. Apple-tree, nialus, i,/ 
 
 Advise, suadere. Also, etiam, quoque. Apply one's self to some- 
 
 JEduan, ^duus, i, m. Although, quamvis. thing, incumbere in 
 
 Mmilius, ^Emillus, i, m. Always, semper. or ad aliquid. 
 
 Mneas, ^Eneas, ae, m. ^mrtZon,Aniazori,6nis/ Apprehend, vereri, me- 
 Affair, res, rei,/ Ambassador, \egai\us^\,m. tuere. 
 
 .^^edec/, affectus 3. Ambuscade, insidiae, a- Appreliension, metus,us, 
 
 Affirm, aio. I'un^,/ m. 
 
 Afford, praebere. Amiable, amabilis, e. Approach, appropin- 
 
 Africa, Africa,/ Ample, amplus 3. quare, adventare. 
 
 Afler that, postquam, c. Anaxagoras, Anaxago- Approach, aditus, us,m. 
 
 ind. per/. ras, ae, m. Approbation, approba- 
 
 Against (prep.), adver- Ancestors, majores, um. tio, onis,/ 
 
 sus. Ancient, antlquus 3. ve- Approve, approbare, 
 
 Age, aetas, atis,/ [m. tus, eris, priscus 3. probare. 
 
 Agesilaus, Agesilaus, i, Anciently, antiquitus. Arch, fornix, icis, m. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 361 
 
 ^irchimedes, Archime- aliquo), interrogare, Await, opperiri. 
 
 des, is, m. rogare (aliquem). Axe, securis, is,y, 
 
 Ardea, Ardea, ae,/. Ass, aslnus, i, m. Axle, axis, is, m. 
 
 Ardor, ardor, oris, ?n. Assassin, sicarlus, i, m. 
 Ariovistus, AriovistLis,i, Assault, oppugnare. B. 
 
 m. Assemble, convocare, ^aftj/Zon, Babylon, onis, 
 
 Arise, surgere, cooriri, congregare, conflu- f. [3. 
 
 exoriri. ere. Babylonian ,B^j\omn?^ 
 
 Aristides, Aristides, is, Assembly, coetus, us, m. Bad, mains 3. 
 
 m. Assent to, assentiri. Badge, insigne, is, n. 
 
 Aristotle, Aristoteles, is, Assiduously, assidue. Bake, torrere. 
 
 m. Assign, tribuere. Band, agmen, inis, n. 
 
 Arms, arniR, orum, n. .^5si5f,juvare, adjuvare manus, us,y. 
 Army, exercitus, us, m. c. ace. succurreri, BanisTier, expultrix, 
 Arpinum, Arpiuum, i, auxiliari c. dat. icis,y. [ae,/. 
 
 n. Assyria, Assyria, ae,f. 5a;zA; (of a river), ripa, 
 
 Arpinum [of ), subst. Ar- Athenian (a. and s.) Bargain (to make), pa- 
 
 pinas, atis, m. Atheniensis, is, m. cisci. 
 
 Artist, artjfex, icis, m. Attach one's self to some Bargain, pangere. 
 
 ^f. one, se applicare ad Base, foedus 3. turpis. 
 
 Arrange (line of battle), aliquem. e, sordidiis, a, um. 
 
 aciem instruere. Attack, impetus, us, m. Basely, foede. 
 
 Arrival, adventus, us. Attack, aggredi, adoriri. Battle, pugna, ae /. 
 
 m. Attacking, oppugnatio, proelium, i, n. 
 Arrogance, arrogantia, onis, f. Be, esse ; in some- 
 
 ae, /. Attain, assequi. thing, versari in ali- 
 
 Airow, sagitta, ae,/. Attains, Attains, i, m. qua re ; present, 
 
 Art, ars, tis, /. Attempt, conari, moliri, adesse, interesse ; 
 Artaxerxes, Ariaxerxes, suscipere. wanting, desse, 
 
 is, m. Attend to, attendere. deficere. 
 
 Artificer, artifex, icis, m. Attention to, cultus, us. Bear, portare, gestare, 
 
 and/ m. ferre; o^,repor- 
 
 As, ut, quum, velut. Attentive, attentus 3. tare. 
 
 quomodo, quemad- Attentively, attente. Beard, barba, ae,/. 
 
 modum, ac (atque). Atticus, Attlcus, i, m. Beast, bestia, ae,/ 
 As if, quasi, ac si, tan- Attic, Atticus 3. Beat, ferire. 
 
 quam. Augustus, Augustus, i, Beautifid,pulchGr,chr8L, 
 
 As often as, quoties. m. chrum. 
 
 As soon as, ubi, atque, Autumn, autumnus, i, Beauty, pulchritudo, 
 
 [§ 110, 2)] m. inis,/ 
 
 As well — as (also), et — Avail, valere. Beautifully, pulchre. 
 
 et. Avarice, avaritia, ae,/ Because, quia, quod, 
 
 Ascend, ascendere. Avaricious, avarus 3, c. quoniam. 
 
 Ascertain, experiri, res- gen. Become, fieri, evadere ; 
 
 ciscere, comperire. Avenge (one's self on it becomes, de- 
 Ashes, cinis, eris, m. one), ulcisci. cet ; it does not 
 
 Asia, Asia, ae,/ Avert, avertere. become, dedecet. (^ 
 
 Ask, quaerere [ex, ab, Avoid, vitare, evitare. 89, 2). 
 
 31 
 
362 
 
 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Becoming, decorus 3. 
 
 Before, ante, prius, an- 
 tea, antequam, prius- 
 quam ; that, an- 
 tequam, priusquam. 
 
 Beget, gignere. 
 
 Begin, inclpere, ordiri, 
 exordiri. 
 
 Begun (to have), cepis- 
 i se. 
 
 Beginning, inittum, 
 principium, i, n. 
 
 Beggar, mendicus, i, m. 
 
 Behold, adsplcere, tueri, 
 spectare. 
 
 Belief, opinio, bms,f 
 
 Believe, credere, putare. 
 
 Bellows, follis, is, m. 
 
 Belly, alvus, \,f 
 
 Belong to some one, es- 
 se alicujus (§ 88, 7). 
 
 Bend, flectere. 
 
 Benefit, utilitas, atis, f 
 
 Benefit, prodesse. 
 
 Beset, circumsedere. 
 
 Besides, porro. 
 
 Besiege, obsldere, cir- 
 cumsidere. 
 
 Besmear, oblinere. 
 
 Bestow, largiri, adhibe- 
 
 re, praestare ; 
 
 upon, collocare in c. 
 abl. 
 
 Betake one^s self, se con- 
 
 ferre ; hack, se 
 
 recipere. 
 
 Betraying, proditio, 
 onis,/. 
 
 Bid, JLibere. 
 
 Bind, vincire. 
 
 Binding (to make), ad- 
 stringere. 
 
 Bird, avis, is, f 
 
 Birds of passage, volu- 
 cres adventitiae. 
 
 Birthday, natalis, is, m. 
 
 Bite, mordere. 
 
 Bithynia, Bithynia,ae,y*. 
 
 Bitter, amarus, 3. acer- 
 
 bus 3. 
 Black, niger, gra, grum. 
 Blind, coecus 3, 
 Blockade, obsideo, onis, 
 
 /• 
 
 Blood, sanguis, inis, m. 
 
 Bloody, atrox, ocis. 
 
 Bloom, florere. 
 
 Blooming, florens, tis. 
 
 Blows, verbera, n. 
 
 Boar, aper, pri,?n ; 
 
 wild, aper, pri, m. 
 
 Boat, linter, tris,/. 
 
 Body, corpus, oris, n. 
 
 Bodily powers, corporis 
 vires. 
 
 Boeotian (s.), Boeotus, i, 
 m. 
 
 Bold, audax, acis. 
 
 Boldness, audacia, ae,/. 
 
 Bolt, vectis, is, m. 
 
 Bone, OS, ossis, n. 
 
 Book, liber, bri, m., co- 
 dex, icis, m. 
 
 Booty, praeda, ae,/. 
 
 Border, finis, is, m. 
 
 Born (to be), nasci. 
 
 Born, natus 3. 
 
 Both — and, et — et. 
 
 Bow, arc us, us, m. 
 
 Boy, puer, eri, m. 
 
 Bracelet, spinther, eris, 
 n. 
 
 Bramble, sentis, is, m. 
 vepres, is, m. 
 
 Brand, notare. 
 
 Brass, aes, aeris, n. 
 
 Brave, fortis, e. 
 
 Bravely, fortiter. 
 
 Bravery, fortitudo, inis, 
 J. virtus, utis,/. 
 
 Bread, pan is, is, m. 
 
 Break down (= over- 
 come), frangere. 
 
 Break down, rescindere ; 
 forth, erumpe- 
 
 re, cooriri ; 
 
 UTumpere ; — — 
 break out afresh, den- 
 
 uo erumpere ; 
 
 through, perrumpere. 
 
 Breakfast, prandere. 
 
 Breast, pectus, oris, n. 
 
 Bridge, pons, tis, m. 
 
 Bright (= clear), sere- 
 nus 3. 
 
 Bring, ferre, arcessere ; 
 
 about, efficere ; 
 
 forward, afFer- 
 
 re ; up, edu- 
 
 care. 
 
 Bring war upon some 
 one, bellum inferre, 
 alicui. 
 
 Britain, Britania, ae,/. 
 
 Broad, latus 3. 
 
 Brother, frater, tris, m. 
 
 Brutus, Brutus, i, m. 
 
 Build, aedificare. 
 
 Building, aedeficium, 
 i, n. 
 
 Bundle, fascis, is, m. 
 
 Burn, ardere, flagrare ; 
 
 up, deflagrare, 
 
 comburere. 
 
 Bushel, modius, i, m. 
 
 Busily, sedulo. 
 
 Business, negotium, i, n. 
 
 Business, it is the busi- 
 ness oj some one, est, 
 alicujus. 
 
 Busy, sedulus 3. 
 
 But, autem, sed, at (^ 
 101. R.). 
 
 But if, sin. 
 
 Butter, butyrura, i, n. 
 
 Butterfiy, papilio, onis, 
 m. 
 
 C. 
 
 Cabbage, crambe, es,/. 
 
 caulis, is, m. 
 Caesar, Caesar, aris, m. 
 Call, appellare, vocare, 
 
 nominare, dicere ; 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 363 
 
 — to mind, recor- thing), curare with CAoice, voluntas, atis,/. 
 
 dari c. ace. and gen. ; gerundive. Choose, eligere, creare ; 
 
 together, con- Cautious, cautus 3. rather, malle. 
 
 vocare. Cease, desinere, desis- Christ, Christus, i, m. 
 
 Called (to be), vocari, tere. Church, ecclesia, ae, /. 
 
 nominari, appellari. Celebrate, celebrare. Chrysogonus, Chryso- 
 
 [§ 84. c)]. Censure, vituperatio, gonus, i, m. 
 
 Callisthenes, Calhsthe- 6ms, f. Cicero, Cicero, onis, m. 
 
 nes, is, m. Censure, vituperare. Cimon, Cimo, onis, m. 
 
 Camel, camekis, i, m. Cerberus, Cerberus,i, m. Cihna, Cinna, ae, m. 
 
 Camillus, Cami\\us,i,m. Ceres, Ceres, eris,/. Circe, Circe, es,/. 
 
 Camp, castra, pi. Certain, certus 3. Circle, orbis, is, m. 
 
 Can, posse, quire. Chabrias, Chabrias, ae, Circle of the earth, orbis 
 
 Cannot, nequire. m. terrarum. 
 
 Canal, canalis, is, 7n. Chain, vinculum, i, n. Circuit, circuitus, us,m. 
 
 Capital punishment, su^)- Chain, vincire. Citadel, arx, cis,f. 
 
 plicium, i, n. Chalets, Chalcis, idis,/. Citizen, civis, is, c. 
 
 Capitol, Capitolium, \,n. Chance, casus, us, m ; Citizenship, civltas, atis, 
 
 Caprice, libido, inis,/. by chance, fortuito. /. 
 
 arbitrlum, i, n. Change, vicis, is,/. City, urbs, bis,/. 
 
 Captive{to take),capere. Change, mutare. Civil, civil is, e. 
 
 Capture, expugnare. Character, mores, urn, Cm7 war, bell um civile. 
 
 Care, cura, ae,/ m. Class, classis, is,/ 
 
 Care, take care, curare, Charge one with some- Claw, unguis, is, m. 
 
 cavere. thing, insimulare ali- Clear, limpldus, 3. 
 
 Careful, diligens, tis. quern alicujus rei. Clear (not cloudy), se- 
 
 Carefully, diligenter. Charles, Carolus, i, m. renus, 3. 
 
 Carefulness, diligentia. Chattel', garrire. Cleomenes, Cleomenes, 
 
 ae,/ CAec^, compesci. is, m. 
 
 Caria, Caria, ae,/ Cheer, exhilarare, del- Cleopatra, Cleopatra, 
 
 Carpenter, faber ligna- ectare. ae?/ 
 
 rius. C/iee//M%, hilariter, se- Cliff, rupes, is, f. 
 
 Carrot, siser, eris, n. rene. Clitus, Clitus, i, m. 
 
 Carry, portare, ferre ; Cheese, caseus, i, m. Clodius, Clodius, i, m. 
 
 on, gerere ; — Cherish, fovere. Close, claudere. 
 
 over, trajicere ; Cherry, cerasum, i, n. Clothe, vestire. 
 
 forth, efferre. Cherry-tree, cerasus, i,/ Cloud, nubes, is, /. 
 
 Carthage, Carthago, Chicken, pull us, i, m. Club, fustis, is, m. 
 
 inis,/ Chick-pea, cicer, eris, Coalesce, coalescere. 
 
 Carthaginian, Cartha- n. Coelius, Coellus, i, m. 
 
 giniensis, is, m. Chief city, caput, itis, n. Coin, procudere. 
 
 Cassius, Cassius, i, m. Childish, puerilis, e. Colchis, Colchis, idis,/. 
 
 Catch, capere, depren- Children (in reference Cold, frigid us, 3. 
 
 dere. to their parents), li- Cold (s.), frigus oris, n. 
 
 Catiline, Catilina, ae, m. beri, orum, m. ; Collect, colligere. 
 
 Cato, Cato, onis, rn. (without such ref- Colony, colonia, ae, /. 
 
 Cause, causa, ae,/ erence), pueri, Color, color, oris, m. 
 
 Cause (to do some- m. Comb, pecten, inis, m. 
 
364 
 
 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Come, venire ; desire to 
 
 come, accire ; 
 
 out, evaders, fugere, 
 efFugere ; to, ad- 
 venire ; together, 
 
 convenire ; to 
 
 pass, fieri, incidere. 
 
 Command, imperare c. 
 dat. 
 
 Commence, aggredi, atis- 
 picari. 
 
 Commit, committere ; 
 to, committere. 
 
 Common, communis, e. 
 
 Companion, soclus, i. m. 
 
 Compare, comparare, 
 conferre. 
 
 Compel, cogere. 
 
 Complain, queri; 
 
 of, accusare. 
 
 Complain (= weep), 
 ejulare. 
 
 Comply with, ohsequi. 
 
 Composed, composltus, 
 3. 
 
 Composition, confectio, 
 6ms,f. 
 
 Conceal, occultare, oc- 
 culare, celare c. 
 dupLacc. [§91.5.6)]. 
 
 Concealed, occultns 3. 
 
 Concede, concede re. 
 
 Concern, cura, ae,y. 
 
 Conclude (of a league), 
 icere. 
 
 Condemn, damnare, 
 
 condemnare ; to 
 
 death, capitis. 
 
 Condescending, submis- 
 sus 3. 
 
 Condition, conditio, 
 onis, /. 
 
 Conduce to something, 
 for some one, esse c. 
 dupl. dat. [§ 90. 4. 
 a)]. 
 
 Confer, conferre. 
 
 Confess, confiteri. 
 
 Confidence (to have), fi- 
 dem habere. 
 
 Confidently, audacter. 
 
 Confirm, confirmare. 
 
 Conflagration, incendi- 
 um, i. n. 
 
 Confused, dissonus 3. 
 
 Confusion, confuslo, 
 onis, /! 
 
 Confusion (to throw in- 
 to), pertubare. 
 
 Connect, connectere. 
 
 Conqueror, victor, oris, 
 m. 
 
 Conscience, conscientia, 
 ae, f ; a good con- 
 science^ conscientia 
 recta. 
 
 Conscious, consclus 3. 
 
 Consciousness, consci- 
 entia, ae,y. 
 
 Consider, intueri, pervi- 
 dere, reputare. 
 
 Consider as, existimare, 
 habere, judlcare, ar- 
 bltrari, ducere c. 
 dupl. ace. [§ 89. 5. 
 a)]. 
 
 Consolation, solatium, 
 i, n. consolatio, onis, 
 
 / 
 
 Consort, uxor, oris,/! 
 Conspiracy, conjuratio, 
 
 6nis,y! [i, m. 
 
 Conspirator, conjuratus. 
 Constitute, constituere. 
 Consul, consul, ulis, m. 
 Consult, consultare. 
 Consume, absumere, ex- 
 
 edere, comedere. 
 Contempt, contemptio, 
 
 onis,/. 
 Contend, certare, de- 
 
 certare. 
 Contented, contentus 3. 
 Continue, pergere. 
 Continuous, continuus 
 
 3. 
 
 Contracted, angustus 3. 
 
 Contrary (on the), con- 
 tra. 
 
 Conversation, sermo, 
 onis, m. 
 
 Convict, convincere. 
 
 Convince, persuadere c. 
 dat. 
 
 Corinth, Corinthus, i,/. 
 
 Corinthian, Corinthius 
 3. 
 
 Cork-tree, suber, eiis, n. 
 
 Corn (a), granum, i, n. 
 
 Cornelius JVepos, Cor- 
 nelius (i)Nepos (otis), 
 m. 
 
 Corn-fan, vannus, i, /. 
 
 Corpse, cadaver, eris, n. 
 
 Correct, corrigere. 
 
 Correctly, recte. 
 
 Corrode, exedere. 
 
 Corrupt, corrumpere. 
 
 Cost, stare, constare. 
 
 Costly, pretiosus 3. 
 
 Cover, tegere ; up, 
 
 obruere. 
 
 Covetous, avarus 3. 
 
 Cough, tussis, is, /. 
 
 Counsel, consilium, i, n. 
 
 Countenance, 6s, oris, n. 
 vultus, us, m. 
 
 Country, terra, ae,/. re- 
 gio, onis, /. rus, ru- 
 ris, n. ager, gri, m. 
 
 Countryman, rusticus, 
 i, m. 
 
 Courage, animus, i, m. 
 
 Courageously, aequo 
 animo. 
 
 Course, cursus, us, m. 
 
 Cow, vacca, ae,/. bos, 
 bovis,c. 
 
 Coi^ar<iice,ignavIa, ae,/. 
 
 Cowardly, ignavus 3. 
 
 Crassus, Ci'assus, i, m. 
 
 Creak, crepare. 
 
 Create, creare. 
 
 Creator, creator, oris, m. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 365 
 
 Crime, scelus, eris, n. 
 Croak, coaxare. 
 Croesus, Croesus, i. m. 
 Crop, messis, is, /. se- 
 
 ges, etis,/. 
 Croton, Croto, onis, m. 
 Crow, corvus, i, m. 
 Cruel, saevus 3. imma- 
 
 nis, e. 
 Cruelty, crudelitas, atis, 
 
 /. 
 Crush, contundere. 
 Cry, clamare. 
 Cry (plaintive), querela, 
 
 ae,/. 
 Cucumber, cucumis, 
 
 eris, m. 
 Cultivate, colere, exco- 
 
 lere. 
 Cultivation, culture, 
 
 cultus, us, m. 
 Cunning, astutia, ae, f. 
 Cup, calix, icis, m. 
 Curb, coritinere, com- 
 
 pescere, perdomare. 
 Cure, curatio, onis,/. 
 Cure, sanare c. ace; 
 
 mederi c. dat. 
 Curius, Curius, i, m. 
 Custom, mos, oris, m. 
 Customary, usitatus 3. 
 Cut off, resecare, dese- 
 
 care. 
 Cyrus, Cyrus, i, m. 
 
 D. 
 
 Dagger, sica, ae,/. 
 Daily, quotidle. 
 Dance, saltare. 
 Danger, periculum, i,n. 
 Dare, audere. 
 Darius, Darius, i, m. 
 Darkness, caligo, inis,/ 
 Dart, telum, i, n. 
 Datamas, Datamas, an- 
 
 tis, m. 
 Daughter, filia, ae,/. 
 Dawn, illucescere. 
 
 Day, dies, ei, m. ; by day, 
 
 interdiu. 
 Dead body, cadaver, 
 
 eris, n. 
 Dear, carus 3. ; to hold 
 
 dear, carum habere. 
 Death, mors, tis,/ 
 Decay, iuterire, occi- 
 
 dere. 
 Deceive, fallere, delu- 
 
 dere. 
 December, December, 
 
 bris, m. 
 Dea-ease, decrescere. 
 Dedicate, dedicare. 
 Deed, factum, i, n. 
 Deep, altus 3. 
 Defend, defendere. 
 Delay, cunctari. 
 Deliberate, deliberare, 
 
 consultare. 
 Deliberately, consulto. 
 Delicate, tenuis, e. 
 Delight, oblectamen- 
 
 tum, i, n. 
 Delight, delectare, ob- 
 
 lectare, permulcere. 
 Delight (with), libenter. 
 Delightful, jucundus 3. 
 
 suavis, e. 
 Delightfully, suavlter. 
 Deliver from something, 
 
 liberare aliqua re, le- 
 
 vare c. abl ; up, 
 
 iradere. 
 Delphi, Delphi, orum, 
 
 m. 
 Demand, postulare, pos- 
 
 cere, deposcere ; 
 
 back, reposcere, 
 
 Demaratus, Demaratus, 
 
 i, m. 
 Demolish, evertere. 
 Demosthenes, Demos- 
 thenes, is, m. 
 Dense, densus 3. 
 Deny, negare. 
 Deplore, deplorare. 
 31* 
 
 Deprive, privare, spo- 
 
 liaro c. abl. 
 Deride, deridere, irri- 
 
 dere. 
 Descend, descendere. 
 Descendant, proles, is,/. 
 Desert, deserere, relin- 
 
 quere. 
 Desert, meritum, i, n. 
 Deserve, mereri, dig- 
 
 num esse ; of 
 
 something, mereri de 
 
 aliqua re. 
 Designedly, consulto. 
 Desire, cupido, inis,/, 
 
 cupiditas^ atis, /, ap- 
 
 petitus, us, m., ardor, 
 
 oris, m. ; unre- 
 strained, libido, inis,/ 
 Desire, concupiscere, 
 
 cupere. [pidus 3. 
 Desirous, avldus 3. cu- 
 Despair, desperare. 
 Despise, contemnere. 
 Destitute, inops, opis ; 
 
 of, expers, rtis, 
 
 exsors, rtis, c. gen. 
 Destroy, delere, destrii- 
 
 ere, diruere, evertere, 
 
 excidere. 
 Destruction, exitlum, i, 
 
 n. pernicies, ei,/ 
 Destructive, periiiciosus 
 
 3. 
 Detect, detegere. 
 Deter, deterrere, abste- 
 
 rere. 
 Determine, constituere, 
 
 decernere. 
 Detraction, obtrectatio, 
 
 onis,/ 
 Deviate, deflectere. 
 Devote one's self, se de- 
 
 dere. 
 Devour, devorare. 
 Dialect, dialectus, i,/ 
 Diamond, adamas, an- 
 
 tis, m. 
 
366 
 
 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Diana, Diana, ae,f. 
 Dictator, dictator, oris, 
 
 m. 
 Die, mori, obire. 
 Dionysius, Dionysius i, 
 
 m. 
 Different, diversus 3. 
 Difficult, difficilis, e, 
 
 gravis, e. arduus 3. 
 Difficulty, difficultas, 
 
 atis,/. 
 Difficulty, with difficulty, 
 
 difficillter. 
 Diffuse, diffundere. 
 Dig, defodere ; -out 
 
 or up, efFodere, eru- 
 
 ere. 
 Dignity, digiiitas, atis, 
 /. amplitudo, mis, /., 
 
 gravltas, atis,/. 
 Diligence, diligentia, 
 
 ae,/. 
 Diligent, diligens, tis, 
 
 industriLis 3. 
 Diligently, diligenter. 
 Diminish, deminuere, 
 
 comminuere, minu- 
 
 ere. 
 Diphthong, diphthon- 
 
 gus, i./. 
 Disadvantage, incom- 
 
 modum, i, n. dam- 
 num, i, n. 
 Disagreeable, inj aciin- 
 
 dns 3. ingratus 3. in- 
 
 suavis, e. 
 Discharge, fungi. 
 Discipline, disciplina, 
 
 ae,/. 
 Discord, discordia, ae, 
 
 /• 
 Discover, prosplcere. 
 Discourse, loqui. 
 Discourse, oratio, onis, 
 
 /• 
 Disease, morbus, i, m. 
 Dishonorable, inhones- 
 
 tus 3. 
 
 Dismiss, dimittere. 
 Disparage, obtrectare 
 
 c. dat. 
 Dispel, discutere, ab- 
 
 stergere. 
 Disperse, dispergere. 
 Displease, displlcere. 
 Disprove, redarguere. 
 Disputation, disputatio, 
 
 onis,/ 
 Disquiet, exagitare. 
 Dissatisfied (to be) with 
 
 something, indignari 
 
 c. ace. ; / am dissat- 
 isfied with something, 
 
 poenitet me alicujus 
 
 rei. 
 Dissent, dissentire. 
 Dissolve, dissolvere. 
 Dissuade, dissuadere. 
 Distaff, colus, \,f. 
 Distinction, discrimen, 
 
 mis, n. 
 Distinguish, dijudicare, 
 
 distinguere. 
 Distribute, distribuere, 
 
 dispertire, dividere 
 
 c. dat. 
 Distrust, diflidere. 
 Disturb, turbare, solli- 
 
 cltare. 
 Disturbance, perturba- 
 
 tio, onis,/ 
 Divine, divlnus 3. 
 Do, agere, facere. 
 Dog, can is, is, c. 
 Dollar, thalerus, i, m. 
 Domestic, domestlcus 3. 
 Dominion, dominatio, 
 
 onis, / imperiura, 
 
 i, n. 
 Door, fores, pi./. 
 Doubt, dubrtare. 
 Doubtful, dublus 3. an- 
 
 ceps, cipltis. 
 Dowry, dos, dotis,/ 
 Draught, potus, us, m. 
 Draw, trahere, ducere, 
 
 baurire : 
 elicere : 
 
 - forth, 
 -together^ 
 
 contrabere. 
 
 Dream, somnium, i, n. 
 
 Dress, vestire. 
 
 Drink, potus, us, m. 
 
 Drink, bibere. 
 
 Drive back, propulsare. 
 
 Drive off, explodere. 
 
 Drunken, ebrius 3. 
 
 Duck, anas, atis,/. 
 
 Duty, officlum, i, n. mu- 
 nus eris, n.; it is the 
 duty of some one, ali- 
 cujus est. 
 
 Dwell, habltare. 
 
 E. 
 
 Each, omnis, e, quisque. 
 Each of two, uterque, 
 
 utraque, utrumque. 
 Eager, avidus 3. 
 Eagerly, avide, cupide. 
 Eagle, aquila, ae,/. 
 Ea7% auris, is,/. 
 Early, maturus 3; too 
 
 early, praematurus 3. 
 Early (adv.), mature. 
 Earth, terra, ae,/ tel- 
 
 bjs, uris,/. humus, i,/ 
 Earthly, terrestris, e. 
 Earthquake, terrae mo- 
 
 tus. 
 Easily, facile. 
 Easy, faciiis, e. 
 East, orlens, ntis, m. 
 Eat, edere, vesci; 
 
 down, depascere. 
 Echo, echo, us,/ 
 Edifice, aedificium, i, n. 
 Effect, efFicere, creare. 
 Effectual, efficax, acis. 
 Effeminate, efFemina- 
 
 tus 3. 
 Effort, studium, i, n. 
 Either — or, aut — aut, 
 
 vel — vel. 
 Elbe, Albis, is, m. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 367 
 
 Elect, eligere, deligere. Enter upon, ingredi. Ever, unquam. 
 
 Elegant, ellgans, tis. Enticement, illecebra, Every, omnis, e, (^ 94. 
 Elegantly, eleganter. ae, f. 11). 
 
 Elephant, elephantus, Entreat, rogare, preca- Evidently, plane. 
 
 i, m. ri, petere (abaliquo). Evil, malus 3. 
 
 JG/zcz7, elicere. Entreaty (to obtain JEmZ(s.), malum. 
 Elm, ulmus, \,f. by), exorare. Evil-doer, maleficus, i, 
 
 Eloquence, eloquentia, Envy, invidla, ae,/. m. 
 
 ae,/. Epaniinondas, Epami- Examine, exquirere. 
 Eloquent, disertus 3. nondas, ae, m. Example, exemplum, i, 
 
 Embrace, amplecti, Ephesian, Epheslus, 3. n. 
 
 complecti. Ephesus, Ephesus, i,/. Excel, excellere. 
 
 Embroider, SiGM pingere. Epicurus, Epicurus, i, Excellence, praestantia, 
 Eminent (to be), emi- m. ae,/. 
 
 nere. Epirus, Epirus, i,/. Excellent, praestabllis, 
 
 Emit, evomere. Equal, aequalis, «, par, e, eximtus 3. prae- 
 Emotion, perturbatio paris. stans, tis. 
 
 onis,/. Equally, aeque. Excite, excitare, excie- 
 
 Emperor, imperator, 6- Equ animity, aequus an- re and excire. 
 
 vis, m. imus. Exercise, exercitatio, 6- 
 
 Emulate, aemulari. Ere, antequam, prius- nis,/. 
 Encompass, cingere. quam. Exercise, exercere. 
 
 Encounter, proellum, i, Erectheus, Erectheus, Exert one^s self, con- 
 
 n. ei, m. tendere, intendere. 
 
 Encourage, hortari, ad- Erect, aediflcare, stru- Exertion, contentio, 6- 
 
 hortari, cohortari. ere. nisjy. labor, oris, m. 
 
 End, finis, is, m. Err, errare. Exhaust, exhaurire ; 
 
 End, finire. Error, error, oris, m. entirely, eneca- 
 
 Endeavor, studere. Escape, efFiigere c. ace. re. 
 
 Endowed, praeditus 3. Establish, cavere. Exhilarate, exhilarare. 
 
 Endure, ferre, tolerare. Estate, res familiaris. Exhort, hortari, adhor- 
 
 sustinere, perferre ; jEsff em,aestrmare (mag- tari. 
 
 (= last), du- ni etc.), diligere. jE.ns^, esse. 
 
 rare. Estimate, aestimare, Expect, expectare. 
 Enemy, hostis, is, m. censere. Expel, exterminare, ab- 
 
 inimicus, i, m. Eternal, aeternus 3. igere. 
 Enfeeble, hebitare, di- seinpitiirnus 3. Experience, experien- 
 
 luere, elidere. Eternity, aeteruitas, a- tia, ae,/. 
 EAZzgma, aenigma, atis, tis,/. Explain, QX^Wckve, in- 
 
 n. Etruria, Etruria, ae, /. terpretari. 
 
 Enjoy, frui, perfrui c. Eumenes, Eumenes, is, Explore, explorare. 
 
 abl. m. Expression, vultus, us, 
 
 Enjoyment, fructus, us, Eurysthcus, Erystheus, m. 
 
 m. ei, m. Extend, tendere. 
 
 Enough, sat, satis. Europe, Europa, ae, /. Extirpate, exstirpare. 
 
 Enraged, irritatus 3. Evening, vesper, eri. Extinct (to become), 
 JEnm/f, augere. and eris, m. extiiigui. 
 
 Enter, intrare. Even if, etiam si. Extinguish,QximguQve, 
 
368 ENG-LISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Extol, praedicare. Fear exceedingly, exti- Flax, carbasus, \,f. 
 
 Extracts (to make mescere. Flaxen, flavus 3. 
 
 from), excerpere. Fear (to put in), per- Flee, fugere c. ace. 
 JJi'MZf , laetjtia exultare, terere. Fleet, classis, is,/. 
 
 Eye, oculus, i, m. Feel, sentire. Fleeting, fluxus 3. 
 
 Feeling, sensus, us, m. Flesh, caro, carnis,/. 
 F. Fell, caedere. Flight, fuga, ae,/. 
 
 Fahius, Fabius, i, m. Fencer, gladiator, oris. Flight (to put to), fu- 
 Fable, fabula, ae,/. m. gare. 
 
 Fabridus^ ahncius, i,m. Fetter, compes, idis, /. Flock, grex, gis, m. ag- 
 Faculty, facultas, atis,/. Fever, febris, is,/. men, inis, n. 
 
 Fail, def icere. Few, pauci, ae, a, pi. Flourish, virere. 
 
 Fair, pulcher, chra, Fidelity, fides, ei,/. Flow together, conflu- 
 
 chrum. Field, ager, gri, m. ere. 
 Faithful, fid us 3. Field-mouse, sorex, icis. Flower, flos, floris, m. 
 Faithless, perf idus 3. m. . Fluency of speech, fa- 
 Fall, labi ; (in war), Fierce, saevus 3. cuncda, ae,/ 
 
 occldere ; down, Fiery, igneus 3. Fly, musca, ae,/ 
 
 procumbere ; Fight, pugna, ae,/ Fly, Yolkre. 
 
 to one^s lot, contin- Fight, pugnare, diml- Follow, sequi, conse- 
 
 gere, obtingere ali- care, confligere, con- qui c. ace. 
 
 cui. gredi. Folly, stultitia, ae./ 
 
 False, falsus 3. Fill, implere, complere, Food, cibus, i, m. 
 
 Far, longe. refercire ; up. Fool, stultus, i, m. 
 
 Fate, fatium, i, n. for- explere, opplere. Foolish, stultus 3. in- 
 
 tuna, ae, / Finally, denlque. siplens, ntis. 
 
 Father, pater, tris, m. Find, invenire, reperire. Foot, pes, pedis, m. 
 Father-in-law, socer, Find satisfaction in. Footman, soldier, -pedes, 
 
 eri, m. acquiescere c. abl. or itis, m. 
 
 Fault, vitlum, i, n. pec- in c. abl. conquies- Forbear (can not), fa- 
 
 catnm, i, n. cere c. abl. cere non possequin. 
 
 Fault (to commit), pec- Finger, digitus, i, m. Forbid, vetare. 
 
 care. Finish, finire. Force, vis, vim,/ 
 
 Faustulus, Faustulus, i. Fire, ignis, is, m. Forehead, frons, ntis,/ 
 
 m. Firm (to make), confir- For hoiv much ? (with 
 
 Favor, beneficium, i, n. mare. verbs of buying and 
 
 benefactum, i, n. Firmness, constantia, selling), quanti. 
 Favor (to do), gratiam ae,/ Foreign, alienigena, ae, 
 
 facere. First, at first, primum. m. alienus 3. 
 
 Favor, favere. Fish, piscis, is, m. Foresee, providere. 
 
 Favorable (to be), fave- Fit, aptus 3. idoneus 3. Foresight, providentia, 
 
 re. Fitted, aptus 3. ido- ae,/ 
 
 Fear, metus, us, m. ti- neus 3. Forget, oblivisci c. gen. 
 
 mor, oris, m. pavor. Fitly, apte. or ace. [gere. 
 
 oris, m. Flame, flamma, ae,/ Form, conformare, fin- 
 
 Fear, timere, vereri. Flatter, adulari, blan- Former, pristlnus 3 ; in 
 
 metuere, reformida- diri. [oris, m. former times, anti- 
 
 re. Flatterer, assentator, quitus. 
 
ENGLIl!rH-LATIN VOCABULAEY. 
 
 369 
 
 Formerly, quondam. 
 Forthwith, continuo. 
 Fortify, munire. 
 Fortuitous, fortiiitus 3. 
 Fortunate, beatus 3. fe- 
 
 lix, icis, prosper, era, 
 
 erum. 
 Fortunately, feliclter. 
 Fortune, fortuna, ae,/ 
 Fortune (gifts of), for- 
 
 tuiiae. 
 Foul, foedus 3. teter, 
 
 tra, trum ; (= 
 
 filthy), sordidus 3. 
 Foul deed, flagitium, i, 
 
 n. 
 Found, condere. 
 Foundation, fimdamen- 
 
 tum, i, n. [m. 
 
 Founder, conditor, oris. 
 Fountain, fons, ntis, m. 
 Frail, fragllis, e. 
 Frailty, fragilitas,atis,/ 
 Freedom, ]ibertas,atis. f. 
 Freely, libere. 
 Freeze, frigere, algere. 
 Frenchman, Francogal- 
 
 lus, i, m. 
 Frequent, frequentare. 
 Frequented, celeber, 
 
 bris, bre. 
 Friend, amicus, i, m. 
 Friendship, amicitia, ae, 
 
 /. 
 Frighten, terrere, per- 
 
 terrere. 
 Frightful, horibrlis, e. 
 
 atrox, ocis. 
 Frog, ran a, ae,/. 
 Fruit, fructus, us, m. 
 Fruitful, ferax, acis c. 
 
 gen. 
 Fulfil, explere. 
 Full, plenus 3. 
 Full (to be), scatere. 
 Fulvia, Fulvia, ae,/ 
 Furniture, suppellex, 
 
 ectilis,/. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gain, lucrum, i, n. 
 
 quaestus, us, m. 
 Garden, hortus, i, m. 
 Garland, corona, ae,/. 
 Garment, vestis, is,/. 
 Gate, porta, ae,/ 
 Gaul, Gall us, i, m. 
 Gazelle, oryx, ygis, m. 
 General, imperator, 
 
 oris, m., dux, cis, c. 
 Generally, plerumque. 
 Genius, genius, ii, m. 
 
 ingenium, i, n. 
 Gentle, placidus 3. 
 German, Germanus, i, 
 
 m. 
 Germany, Ger mania, 
 
 ae,/. 
 Get one's self ready, 
 
 expedire. 
 Giant, gigas, antis, m. 
 Ginger, zingiber, eris,n. 
 Give, dare, tribuere ; 
 
 attention, at- 
 
 tendere ; one's 
 
 self up to, indulgere 
 
 c. dat. ; '^vay, 
 
 cedere. 
 Glide away, dilabi, ela- 
 
 bi. 
 Glory, glorlari. 
 Go, ire, pergere ; 
 
 around, circumire 
 
 hack, recedere 
 
 forth, exire 
 
 out, excedere 
 
 to, accedere 
 
 away, abire. 
 
 Goad, stimulus, i, m. 
 
 God, deus, i, m. 
 
 Gold, aurum, i, n. 
 
 Golden, aureus 3. 
 
 Good, bonus 3. 
 
 Good (s.), bonum, i, n. 
 
 Goodness, bonltas, atis, 
 
 /• 
 
 Goose, anser, eris, m. 
 
 Gordius, Gordius, i, m. 
 Gorgias, Gorglas, ae, 
 
 m. 
 Govern, gubernare, mo- 
 
 derari. 
 Governess, moderatrix, 
 
 Icis,/. 
 Government, imperlum, 
 
 \,n. 
 Governor, moderator, 
 
 oris, m. rector, oris, 
 
 m. 
 Grain, frumentum, \,n. 
 Gramma?', grammatica, 
 
 ae,/. 
 Grand-son, nepos, otis, 
 
 m. 
 Grand-daughter, nep- 
 
 tis, is,/. 
 Grand-father, avus, i, 
 
 m. 
 Grape, uva, ae, / 
 Grappling-iron, harpa- 
 
 go, onis, m. 
 Gravity, gra vitas, atis,/ 
 Great, magnus 3 ; 
 
 very, ingens, ntis. 
 Greatly, valde, vehe- 
 
 menter, admodum. 
 Greatness, magnitude, 
 
 Inis,/. 
 Greece, Graecia, ae,/. 
 Greedy, avid us 3. 
 Greedily, avide. 
 Greek (s.), Graecus, i,m. 
 Greek, Graecus 3. 
 Green, virldis, e. 
 Green (to be), virere. 
 Grief, moeror, oris, m. 
 
 luctus, us, m. 
 Grieve, dolere. 
 Grotto, specus, us, m. 
 Ground, solum, i, n. 
 Grow, crescere ; 
 
 old, consenescere. 
 Guard, custodire ; he 
 
 on one's guard, ca- 
 
 vere. 
 
370 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Guide, regere. He, she, it, is, ea, id. Homer, Homerus, i, m. 
 
 Guilt , culTpa, ae, f. Head, caput, It'is, n. Honor, honos, oris, m. 
 
 Gymnastic,gymnic\JLsS. Health, yaWtudo, mis, f. decus, oris, n. 
 
 Hear, audire. Honor, honorare, co- 
 
 ll. Heart, cor, cordis, n., lere. 
 
 Hadrian, Hadrianus, i, animus, i, m. Honorable, honestus 3. 
 
 m. Heat, calor, oris, m. honoriflciis 3. 
 
 Hair, crinis, is, m. ca- Heaven, coelum, i, n. Hope, spes, ei,/. 
 
 pillus, i, m. Heavenly, coelestis, e. Hope, sperare. 
 
 Haii'y, pilosus 3. Heavy, gravis, e. Horace, Horatiiis, i, m. 
 
 Half, dimidium, i, n. Hedge around, sepire. Horn, cormi, us, n. 
 Halicarnassus, Halicar- Height, altitude, lms,f. Horse, equus, i, m. 
 
 nassus, '\,f. Heir, haeres, edis, c. Horseman, eques, itis, 
 
 Hand, manus, us,f. Helmet, cassis, idis,y. m. 
 
 Hand in hand, manum Helplessness, inopia, ae. Hostile, hostilis, e. 
 
 conserere cum ali- f. Hour, hora, ae,/! 
 
 quo. Hen, gallina, ae, /. House, domus, us, /. 
 
 Hannibal, Hamiibal, Hence, hinc. aedes, \s,f. 
 
 alis, m. Hephaeston, Hephaes- How, qui. 
 
 Happen, acddere, even- tlo, onis, m. How long, quamdiu. 
 
 ii'e, cadere ; it hap- Hei'b, herba, ae, f. How many?- quot ? 
 
 pens, accidit, contin- Hercules, Hercules, is. How much ? quantum ? 
 
 git. m. How often ? quoties ? 
 
 Happily, feliciter. Hei'd, grex, gis, m. However much, quam- 
 
 Happy, feWx, icis,hea- Hesitate, duhltarec. inf. vis. 
 
 tus 3. Heiv, exasciare. Human, human us 3. 
 
 jHrzrc?, durus3. High, altus 3.; very Humanity, humanltas, 
 
 Hardship, aerumna, ae, high, praeahus 3. atis,f 
 
 f. Highest, summus 3. Humble, humilis, e. 
 
 Hare, lepus, oris, m. Hill, collis, is, m. Hump, tuber, eris, n. 
 
 Harrow, occare. Himself, of himself, sui, Hunger, fames, is,f 
 
 Hasten, accellerare ; etc. Hunger, esuiire. 
 
 up, advolare. Hindrance, impedi- Hunt, venari. 
 
 Hastily, propere, prae- mentum, i, n. Hunter, venator, oris, m. 
 
 propere. Hindrance (to be), ob- Hunter^s-net, cassis, is 
 
 Hatch, exclddere. stare, impedimento [commonly plur.),m. 
 
 Hate, odisse, {§ 77. 3). esse. Hurt, laedere. 
 
 Hated greatly, perosus Hipparchus, Hippar- Husbandman, agricola, 
 
 3. chus, i, m. ae, m., rustlcus, i, m. 
 
 Hating greatly, pero- His, her, its, suus, ejus. Hut, casa, ae,f 
 
 sus 3. {§ 94. 3—5). 
 
 Hatred, odium, i, n. Hiss off, exsibllare. I. 
 
 Have, habere, esse (§ History, historia, ae,f I, ego. 
 
 90. 3), in, te- Hoarseness, ravis, is,/! Ice, glacies, ci,f 
 
 nere ; in use. Hold, tenere, obtlnere ; Ides, Idus, ium,f 
 
 uti c. abl. ; one^s hack, retineie. Idle, otiosus 3. 
 
 self, sese habere. Home (at), domi. (§ 92. If, si. 
 Haven, portus, us, m. R.). If not, nisi. 
 
ENG-LTSH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 371 
 
 If also^ etsi, tametsi, Increase, augere, ac- Intelligent, prudens, tis. 
 
 etiamsi. crescere. Intercourse, consuetu- 
 
 igno6/e, illiberalis, e, in- Incredible,\ncvedih\\is,e. do, mis,/! 
 
 honestus 3. Incumbent on some one Interest, one is interest- 
 
 Ignominy, ignominia, (to be), esse aliciijus. ed in, interest, refert. 
 
 ae,y. Indeed, quidem (stands (§ 88. 10). 
 
 Ignorance, ignorantia, after the word to Intermix, admiscere. 
 
 ae,y. which it refers). Invent, invenire, re- 
 
 Ignorant, ignarus 3. Indicate, indic5re. perire. 
 
 Ignorant (to be), igno- Indignant (to be), in- Inventress, inventrix, 
 
 rare, nesoire. dignari. icis,/! 
 
 Ill [adv.), male. Indolence, ignavla, ae. Investigator, mAagatrix, 
 
 El disposed, malevolus f. pigritia, ae,y. in- icis,/! 
 
 3. ertia, ae, f. segni- Invincible, invictus 3. 
 
 Illuminate, collustrare. ties, e\,f. Invite, invitare. 
 
 Image, imago, jnis,y. Indolent, piger, gra, lo, lo, us,/. 
 
 Imitate, imitari c. ace. grum, tardus 3. ig- Irascible, iracundus 3. 
 
 (§ 89. 2). {f. navus 3. Irascibility, iracundla, 
 
 Imitation,\m\taXlo,6ms, Indulgent to [to he), in- ae,/. 
 
 Immature, immaturus S. dulgerec.dat. [/. Ireland, 'iiiherma,ae,f. 
 
 Immediately, extemplo, Industry, industria, ae. Iron, ferrum, i, n. 
 
 statim, protinus. Inflame, accendere, in- Iron, of iron, ferreus 3. 
 
 Immense, ingens, ntis. cendere. Irruption (to make), ir- 
 Immodesty, immodestia, Inform, edocere. rumpere. 
 
 ae,/. Inhabitant, incola, ae,m. Is it possible thaf? num 
 
 //WTMor/aZ, immortal is, e. Injure, nocere, obesse. [^15. 3. b. (c)]. 
 
 Immortality, immortal- Injurious, noxius 3. Isocrates, Isocrates, is, 
 
 itas, atis,/. perniciosus 3. dam- m. 
 
 Impious, implus 3. nosus 3. Issus, Issus, i,/. 
 
 Implant, igignere. If^jii^y, injuria, ae, /. It is the part of some 
 
 Import, importare. ofFensIo, onis,/. one, est alicujus. 
 
 Impress, impremere. /wmo5#, intlmus 3. /^aZ?/, Italia, ae, /. 
 
 Improve, emendare. Innocence, innocentia. Ivory, of ivory, ebur- 
 Impunity, impumtas, ae,/. neus 3. 
 
 atis,/. Insolence, temeritas. 
 
 Impute, dare, ducere, atis,/. J. 
 
 vertere c. dupl. dat. Innumerable, innumer- Jest, lepor, oris, m. 
 
 In like manner — as, ae- abilis, e. Join together, conjun- 
 
 que — atque (ac). Inquiry, quaestio, onis, gere. 
 
 Inborn, insltus 3. /. disputatio, onis, /. Joint, articulus, i, m. 
 
 Incite, incitare. Instruct, emdire, in for- Journey, iter, itineris, n. 
 
 Include, contTnere. mare, edocere. Journey, proficisci. 
 
 //icome, vectigal, alis, n. Instruction, institutio, Jo?/, laetitia, ae,/. 
 
 Inconsiderateness, te- onis,/. Joyful or joyous,\aetus3. 
 
 merltas, atis,/. Instructress, magistra, Jw^ge, judex, icis, m. 
 
 Inconsiderately, temere. ae,/. /wc?g-e, judlcare, existi- 
 Inconstancy, inconstan- Intellect, mens, tis, /. mare, sentire. 
 
 tia, ae,/. ingenium. Judgment, iud'\cium,\,n. 
 
372 
 
 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Jngurtha, Jugurtha, ae, navare alicui rei, o- 
 
 Julia, Julia, ae,^. 
 
 Julius Caesar, Julius, i, 
 Caesar, aris, m. 
 
 June, Junius, i, m. 
 
 Junius, Junius, i, m. 
 
 Jupiter, Juppiter, Jo vis, 
 m. 
 
 Just, Justus 3. 
 
 Just as, ut, sicut. 
 
 Just so many, totldem. 
 
 Just so much, adv. (with 
 verbs of valuing, es- 
 teeming, buying, sell- 
 ing), tantidem. 
 
 K. 
 
 Keep, servare. 
 Keep from, arcere. 
 Key, clavis, \s,f. 
 Kill, occidere, exani- 
 mare, necare : 
 
 outright, enecare. 
 
 Kind, genus, eris, n. 
 
 Kind, benignus 3. 
 
 Kindly, benevole. 
 
 Kindness, beneficium, i, 
 n. benefactum, i, n. 
 
 King, rex, regis, m. 
 
 Kingdom, regnum, i, n. 
 
 Knee, genu, us, n. 
 
 Knot, nodus, i, m. 
 
 Know, scire ; per- 
 fectly well, non ig- 
 nare, non esse nes- 
 cius ; not to know, ig- 
 norare, nescire. 
 
 Knowledge, peritia, ae, 
 f cognitio, bms,f 
 
 Known, cognitus 3 ; — 
 — it is known, con- 
 stat. 
 
 L. 
 
 Labor, labor, oris, m. 
 Labor (to bestow on 
 something), operam 
 
 peram collicare in 
 
 aliqua re. 
 Labor, laborare, elabo- 
 
 rare. 
 Lacedemon, Lacedae- 
 
 mon, 6nis,y. 
 Lacedemonian, Lace- 
 
 daemonius, i, m. 
 Lake, lacus, us, m. 
 Lament, lugere. 
 Land, by land and by 
 
 sea, terra marique. 
 Language, lingua, ae. 
 
 f oratio, onis,/". 
 Lark, alauda, ae,/. 
 Last, extremus 3.. 
 Lasting, diuturnus 3. 
 Later, posterior. 
 Latin, Latinus 3, 
 Latium, Latium, i, n. 
 Laudable, laudabllis, e. 
 Laugh, ridere. 
 Laugh, risus, us, m. 
 Law, lex, g\s,f 
 Lawgiver, legislator, 6- 
 
 ris, m. 
 Lay before, proponere ; 
 
 open, aperire, 
 
 waste, devasta- 
 
 re, popiilari. 
 Lead, plumbum, i, n. 
 Lead, ducere ; 
 
 hack, reducere ; 
 
 out, educeie. 
 Leader, dux, cis, m. 
 Leafy, frondosus 3. 
 League, foedus, eris, n. 
 Leap, salire ; down 
 
 desilire ; over, 
 
 transilire. 
 Learn, discere. 
 Learned, doctus 3. 
 Leave behind, destitue- 
 
 re, relinquere. 
 Leg, crus, uris n. 
 Legion, legio, onis,/. 
 
 Length (of time), lon- 
 ginqultas, atis, f. 
 
 Less (adv.), minus. 
 
 Letter (epistle), epistola, 
 ae,y. litterae, arum,/! 
 
 Letter (of the alpha- 
 bet), littera, ae,f. 
 
 Level, adaequare. 
 
 Liar, mendax, acis. 
 
 Liberal, ingemlus 3. 
 
 Licentious, petulans,tis. 
 
 Licentiousness, petulan- 
 tia, ae,/. 
 
 Lie, situm esse ; 
 
 by, adjacere. 
 
 Lie (to state a false- 
 hood), mentlri. 
 
 Life, vita, ae,/. 
 
 Light, lux, lucis,/. 
 
 Lightning, fulgur, uris, 
 n. fulmen, inis, n. 
 
 Like, similis, e. 
 
 Limb, membrum, i, n. 
 artus, us, m. 
 
 Line (of battle), acies, 
 ei,/. ; to arrange in a 
 line, aciem instruere. 
 
 Lion, leo, onis, m. 
 
 Listen to, exaudire. 
 
 IAferature,\iterne,ai'um, 
 
 /■ 
 
 Little, exiguus 3; very 
 little, perexiguus 3. 
 
 Little (adv.), paullulum. 
 
 Little (to esteem), par- 
 vi aestlmare. 
 
 Live, vivere, versari. 
 
 Lively, alacer, eris, ere. 
 
 Liver, jecur, jecin6ris,w. 
 
 Living being, animans, 
 antis. 
 
 Livy, Livjus, i, rn. 
 
 Load, onus, eris, n. 
 
 Loathe, I loathe some- 
 thing, me taedet ali- 
 cujus rei. 
 
 Lofty, excelsus 3. [m. 
 
 Loiterer, cunctator, oris. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 373 
 
 hong, longus 3 ; of 
 
 long continuance, diu- 
 
 turiius 3. 
 Longing, desideriuin, i, 
 
 n. 
 Look out f 07' something, 
 
 curare c. ace. curam 
 
 habere, c. gen. pros- 
 
 picere, provldere, 
 
 consulere, c. dat. 
 Look upon intueri ; 
 
 into, inspicere. 
 
 Loose, solvere. 
 Loquacious, loquax, 
 
 acis, garrulus 3. 
 Loquacity, garrulitas, 
 
 atis,/. 
 Lose, perdere, emittere. 
 Loss, damnum, i, n. 
 Lot, sors, tis,y! 
 Love, amor, oris, m. 
 
 caritas, atis,/ 
 Love, amare, diligere ; 
 
 in return, reda- 
 
 mare. 
 Low, humllis, e., infer- 
 
 us3. 
 Low state (to be in), ja- 
 
 cere. 
 Lower regions, inferi, 
 
 orum, m. 
 Lowery, tristis, e. 
 Lucilius, Lucilius, i, m. 
 Luxuriously, luxuriose. 
 Luxury, luxuria, ae,/. 
 Lycurgus, Lycurgus, i, 
 
 m. 
 Lydia, Lydia, ae,/ 
 Lying, mendax, acis. 
 Lysander, Lysander, 
 
 dri, m. 
 
 M. 
 Macedonia, Macedonia, 
 
 ae,/ 
 Macedonian, Macedo, 
 
 on is, m. 
 Magian, magus, i, m. 
 
 / 
 
 Magnificent, magnifi- 
 cus 3., snperbus3. 
 
 Make, facere, reddere ; 
 
 ■ good, praesta- 
 
 re ; war upon, 
 
 inferre helium ali- 
 cui. 
 
 Malice, malitia, ae,/ 
 
 Malicious, male vol us 3. 
 
 Man, homo, in is, m. 
 vir, viri, m. 
 
 Man hy man, viritim. 
 
 Manage, administrare. 
 
 Mane, juba, ae,/ 
 
 Manlius, Manlius, i, m. 
 
 Manner, modus, i, m. ; 
 
 (with a moral 
 
 reference), majoris, 
 m. 
 
 Many, multi, orum ; 
 very many, complu- 
 res, a and ia, plures, 
 a, gen. ium. 
 
 Maple-tree, acer, eris, n. 
 
 Marble, marmor, oris, n. 
 
 Marathon, Maratho, 
 on is, m. 
 
 Marble, of marble, mar- 
 more us 3. 
 
 Marcellus, Marcellus, i, 
 m. 
 
 March, iter, itineris. 
 
 March, proficisci.iter fa- 
 cere. 
 
 Marcus Agrippa, Mar- 
 cus, i, Agrippa, ae, m. 
 
 Margin, margo. In is, m. 
 
 Marsh,\iQ\ns, udis,/ 
 
 Marry (of the woman), 
 nubere c. dat. 
 
 Massagete, Massagetes, 
 ae, m. 
 
 Master, not of, im- 
 
 pos, Otis, impotens, 
 ntis. [/ 
 
 Matter (affairs), res, rei, 
 32 
 
 Maturity, Maturitas, 
 
 atis,yi 
 Means, opes, um, / 
 
 facultates, um,/ 
 Measure, consilium, \,n. 
 Measure, metiri. 
 Meet (adv.), obviam. 
 Membrane, membrana, 
 
 ae,/ 
 Memory, memoria, ae,/ 
 Metal, metal Ium, i, n. 
 Metellus, Metellus, i, m. 
 Mid-day, meridles, ei,m. 
 Migrate, migrare. 
 Mild, raitis, e ; to 
 
 become, mitescere. 
 Milesian, Mileslus, i, m. 
 Milk, lac, ctis, n. 
 Milo, Milo, onis, m. 
 Miltiadts, Miltlades, is, 
 
 m. 
 Mind, animus, i, m. ; 
 
 (state of), mens, 
 
 tis,/ 
 Mindful, memor, oris. 
 Minerva, Minerva, ae,/ 
 Misfortune, calamltas, 
 
 atis,/ malum, i, n. 
 Mist, nebula, ae,/ 
 Mistress, domlna, ae, / 
 Misuse, abuti c. abl. 
 Mithridates, Mithrida- 
 
 tes, is, m. 
 Mix, miscere. 
 Moderately, modlce. 
 Moderation, moderatio, 
 
 onis,/ without 
 
 moderation,'mtem])er- 
 
 anter. 
 Modest, modestus 3., 
 
 pudicus 3. 
 Modestly, modeste. 
 Modesty, modestia, ae,/ 
 Molon, Molo, onis, m. 
 Money, pecunia, ae,/ 
 Month, mensis, is, m. 
 Monument, monumeii- 
 
 tum, i, n. 
 
374 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Moon, luna, ae,/. JVeck-chain, torquis, is, JVot even, ne-quidem. 
 
 More, plures, a, gen. m. JVot only — hut also, iion 
 
 ium. JVeed, indigere c. abl. ; modo (tantum) — sed 
 
 Mortal, mortalis, e. there is need of, opus etiam. 
 
 Most, plurlmus 3. est. J^ot yet, nondum. 
 
 Most (adv.), plurime. JVeedy, inops, opis. jYothing, nihil. 
 
 Mother, mater, tris,/, JVeglect, negligere. JVotion, notio, onis,/. 
 
 Move, movere, commo- JVeigh, binnire. A^ourish, nutrire, alere. 
 
 vere ; out, emi- JVeighhor, proximus, i, JVovemher, November, 
 
 grare. m. bris, m. 
 
 Mound, ager, gri, m. JVeither (of two), neu- JVow, nunc, jam. 
 
 Mountain, mons, ntis, ter, tra, trum. J^iow — now, modo — 
 
 m. Neither — nur, nee (ne- modo. 
 
 Mouse, mus, mm-is, m. que) — nee (neque). JVoxious, noxius, a, 
 Mow, metere. JVero, Nero, onis, m. um. 
 
 Much, multus 3 ; for JVerve, nervus, i, m. JVuma Pompilius, Nu- 
 
 much, (with verbs of Never, nunquam. ma (ae) Pomillus (i), 
 
 buying and selUng), Nevertheless, taraen. m. 
 
 magni (§ 88, 9). JVei<;5, nuntius, i, m. Numantia, Numantia, 
 
 Much (with verbs of A^er^, proximus 3. ae,/. 
 
 valueing and es- Nicomedes, Nicomedes, Number, numerare. 
 
 teeming), magni. is, m. Nurse, fovere. 
 
 Multitude, mukitudo, Night, nox, noctis, f; 
 
 inis,/. copla, ae,/. by night, noctu. O. 
 
 Munificent, Yn\m\ficns^. Nightingale, luscinla, O, O that! utinam c. 
 Murderer, interfector, ae,/ Subj. 
 
 oris, m. No (a.) nullus 3. nemo Obey, obedire, obsequi, 
 
 Must, debere. (inis) c. obtemperare parere. 
 
 No, see § 115, 5 ; no, Object, res, ei,/ 
 
 N. nay, rather, (in opp.). Oblivion, obhvio, onis, 
 
 JVa^e, nominare. immo (§ 115, 5). / 
 
 Napoleon, Napoleo, Noble, praeclarus 3. Obscure, obscurus 3. 
 
 onis, m. Noble {= noble born) Observe, observare. 
 
 Narrative, narratio,6nis, ingenuus 3. Obtain, adipisci. 
 
 / Nobly, praeclare. Occasion, occaslo, onis, 
 
 Narrow pass, augustiae. Nobody, nemo (gen. / 
 
 anun,/ and abl. not used). Occupy one^s self zeal- 
 
 Nation, natlo, 6ms, f JVbd«?'/?a^, nocturnus 3. ously with something, 
 Natural, naturalis, e. Noise, fremitus us, m. studiosus esse alicu- 
 
 Natnre, natura, ae,/ JVb/a, Nola, ae,/ jus rei, studere ali- 
 
 Navigate, navlgare, No one, nullus 3. ne- cui rei, operam na- 
 Navigation, navigatio, mo (inis) c. vare alieui rei. 
 
 onis,/ Not, non; (with Imper. Ocean, oceanus, i, m. 
 
 Near, prope. and Subj. of encour- Offended (to be), suc- 
 
 Nearly, prope, paene. aging), ne. censere, irasci c. dat. 
 
 Neat, lepldus 3. Not merely — but also. Offer, deferre. 
 
 Necessary (it is), opor- non solum — sed eti- Offce, munus, eris, n. 
 
 tet, opus est res or re. am. Offspring, proles, is,/. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 375 
 
 Oftener, saepius; very 
 ojlen, saepisslrne. 
 
 Oil, oleum, i, n. 
 
 Old man, senex, senis, 
 m. 
 
 Old age, senectus, litis, 
 
 /• 
 Older, major, major na- 
 
 tu. 
 On account of, causa 
 
 (§ 88, R. 3). 
 One, uiuis 3. 
 One of the two, alteru- 
 
 ter, utra, utriim. 
 One, the one — the other, 
 
 alter — alter. 
 Onyx, onyx, ychis, m. 
 Open, aperire ; to stand 
 
 open, pate re. 
 Opinion, opinio, onis, /. 
 
 sententia, ae,/. exis- 
 
 timatio, 6nis,y! 
 Opposite, ad versus 3. 
 
 contrarius 3. 
 Oppress, urgere. 
 Oj', aut; (in a double 
 
 question), an ; or not, 
 
 nee ne, annon. 
 Oracle, oraculum, i, n. 
 Orator, orator, oris, m. 
 Order, ordo, mis, m. ; 
 
 of battle, acies, 
 
 ei,/. 
 Order, jubere. 
 Order, in order that, ut ; 
 
 in order that not, ne. 
 Orestes, Orestes, ae, m. 
 Origin, origo, Inis,/. 
 Ornament, ornatus, us, 
 
 m. 
 Ornately, ornate. 
 Orpheus, Orpheus, ei, 
 
 m. 
 Ostentation, ostentatio, 
 
 onis,/. 
 Other, the other of two, 
 
 alter, era, erum. 
 Otherwise, aliter. 
 
 Ought, debere. 
 
 Our, ours, noster, tra, 
 
 trum. 
 Outliving, siisperstes, 
 
 itis, c. dat. 
 Overcome, superare. 
 Ovid, Ovidlus, i, m. 
 Owe, debere. 
 Own, proprius 3. ip- 
 
 sius, ipsorum, ipsa- 
 
 rum, (§ 94. 7). 
 Ox, bos, ovis, c. 
 
 P. 
 
 Pain, dolor, oris, m. 
 Paint, pingere ; 
 
 Old, expingere. 
 Pa^ofce, domus, us,f 
 Palate, palatum, i, n. 
 Pale, pallldus 3. 
 Pardon, venia, ae,y. 
 Parents, parentes, lum, 
 
 c. 
 Parian, Parlus 3. 
 Parricide, (a.), parrici- 
 
 da, ae, c. 
 Parricide, parricidium, 
 
 i, n. 
 Part, pars, rtis,/. 
 Partaking of, particeps, 
 
 cipis. 
 Partner, socius, i, m. 
 Pass over, transire, 
 
 praeterere. 
 Pass (time), agere, ex- 
 
 igere. 
 Passion, cupiditas, 
 
 atis,y. appetitns, us, 
 
 m. libido, inis,/. 
 Past, praeteritus 3. 
 Pasture, pasci. 
 Path, callis, is, c. 
 Patiently, patienter. 
 Pausanias, Pausanlas, 
 
 ae, m. 
 Pay, pendere, praes- 
 
 tare. 
 Peace, pax, pacis, /. 
 
 Peace (to make), pacem, 
 
 coniponere. 
 Peaceful, beatus 3. 
 Peacefully, beate. 
 Peacock, pavo, onis, m,^ 
 Pear, pyrum, i. n. 
 Pear-tree, pyrus, \,f. 
 Peculiar, proprius 3. 
 Peculiarity, it is a pecu- 
 liarity of some one, 
 
 alicujus est. 
 Pedestal, basis, is,/, 
 Pehpidas, Pelopldas, 
 
 ae, m. 
 People, populus, i, m. 
 
 gens, ntis, /. ; com- 
 mon people, vulgus, 
 
 i, n. 
 Pepper, piper, eris, n. 
 Perceive, agnoscere. 
 Perform., fungi, perpe- 
 
 trare. 
 Perhaps, fortasse. 
 Pericles, Pericles, is, m. 
 Period, })eriodus, i,/. 
 Perish, perere. 
 Permit, sinere. 
 Permitted (it is), licet. 
 Pernicious, perniciosus 
 
 3. 
 Persevere, permanere, 
 
 pei'stare. 
 Persia, Persia, ae,/. 
 Persian (s.), Persa, ae, 
 
 m. 
 Persian, Perslcus 3. 
 Persian war, bellum 
 
 Persicum. 
 Pest, pestis, is,/. 
 Phaedo, Pbaedo, onis, 
 
 m. 
 Philip, Pbilippus, i, m. 
 Philippi, Philippi, 
 
 orum, m. 
 Philosopher, philoso- 
 
 plius, i, m. 
 Phihsophise, philoso- 
 
 phari. 
 
376 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Philosophy,-ph\\osoiphia, Poet, poeta, ae, m. Precept, preceptum, ],n. 
 
 ae,/ Point out, consignare, Precious, pretiosi.is 3. 
 
 Phocion, Pliocio, ouis, describere. Precipitately, praepro- 
 
 m. Poison, venenum, i, n, pere. 
 
 Phoenician, Phoeuix, virus, i, n. Predict, praedicere. 
 
 icis, m. [?n. Pompey, Pompeius, \,m. Preeminence, virtus. 
 
 Physician, medicus, i, Pond, lacus, us, m. tuis,/. 
 
 Piety, pietas, atis,/. Pool, palus, udis,y! Prefer, praeferre, an- 
 Pilot, guberiiator, oris, Poor,paupe)',ei-is,'mo]-}s, teponere. 
 
 m. opis. Prepare, parare. 
 
 PiWar, Pin darus, i, m. Ppplar,ip6])u]us,},f. Present, praesens, lis; 
 
 Pine, pinus, i,/. Poppy, papaver, eris, n. to be, adesse. 
 
 Pisistratus, Pisistratus, Portico, portlcus, us,/. Present, donum, i, n. 
 
 i, m. Posidonius, Posidonius, munus, eris, n. 
 
 Pitch (of a camp), po- i, m. [esse c. gen. Present vjith, donare. 
 
 nere. Possess, tenere, habere ; Presei-ve, servare ; (:= 
 
 P%, misericordia, ae,/. Possess one's self of , -po- ])rotect), conservare. 
 Pity{\t excites my), me tiri c. abl. Preside over, praestare, 
 
 miseret (alicujus). Possessed of, compos, praeesse c. dat. 
 Pity, misereri c. gen. ; otis c. gen. [onis,/. Press, premere. 
 
 to have pit}^, mise- Possession, possesslo. Pretence, simulatio, 
 
 reri. Possible (it is), fieri po- onis, /. 
 
 Place, locus, i, m. test ; it is not possi- Pretor, praetor, oris, m. 
 
 Place, ponere, — in c. ble but that, fieri non Prevail upon by entrea- 
 
 abl. potest quin. ty, exorare. 
 
 Place something around Post, postis, is, m. Prevent, impedire, pro- 
 
 something, or swr- Post (of honor), honos, hibere ; obstare c. 
 
 round something with oris, m. dat. 
 
 some^/img, circumda- Pou?ic?, hbra, ae,/. Previously, pnus. 
 
 re ahquid ahcui, or Pour forth, efFundere. Prick, pungere. 
 
 ahquem ahqua re. Poverty, inoplu, ae, / Pride, superbia, ae,/. 
 P?am, campus, i, m. paupertas, atis, / Principle, preceptum, 
 
 Plan, consihum, i, n. Power, vis, (uom. and i, n. doctrina, ae,/. 
 Plant, planta, ae,/. dat. plur. vires, ium). Proceed, proficisci. 
 
 Plato, Plato, onis, m. vigor, 61 is, m. poten- Produce, gignere. 
 
 Play, hidere. tia, ae,/ opes, um,/ Productive, fecundus 3. 
 
 P/er/sanf, amoenus 3. Pou)e?/u/, potens c. gen. frugifer, era, erura, 
 Please, placere, probare opulentus 3. fertilis, e. [ficere. 
 
 ahcui. [m. Practice, exercitatlo, Prog-?-ess (to make), pro- 
 
 PZeasMre, voluptas, atis, onis,/ ( = habit), Promwe, piomittere, 
 Plough^ arare. consuetudo, inis,/ polhccri profiteri. 
 
 P/i/cA:, eve Here. Prazse, la us, d is,/ PronoM?zce,pronuntiare, 
 
 Plnmtree, prunus, i,/ Praise, laudare, collau- eldqui ; — one hap- 
 Plunder, dirlpere. dare ; bene dicere c. py, fortunatum prae- 
 
 Plutarch, Plutarchus, i, dat. dicare aliqnem. 
 
 m. Prayers, pieces, um, f. Proper, it is proper for 
 
 Poem, carmen, Inis, n. Precede some one, prae- me, decet c. ace. it is 
 
 poema, atis, n. cedere alicui. not proper, dedecet. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 377 
 
 Properly, rite, probe. Pythagoras^ Pythago- Rtcently, nuper. 
 Prophet, vates, is, m. ras, ae, m. Recollect, recordari. 
 
 Propitious, proTp'itius 3. Recompense, merces, 
 
 Proportionately, aequa- Q. edis,/. 
 
 biliter. Quantity, numerus, i, Recover, convalescere. 
 
 Propose, proponere. m. vis (gen. and dat. Red, ruber, bra, brum. 
 
 Propriety (of conduct), wanting, ylur. vires, Redound, redundare. 
 
 honestas, atis,/. lum),/. Refer, referre. 
 
 Prosperity, res secim- Queen, regina, ae,/! Reflect upon, cogitare. 
 
 dae, fortuna, ae,/. Question, quaestio, 6- Reflection, cogitatio, 6- 
 Prosperous, prosper, era, nis,/. nis,/. 
 
 erum. Quickly, cito. Refresh, recreare. 
 
 Prostrate, prosternere. Qiwef (s.), quies, etis,/. i?e/i/^e, receptus, us, ?«. 
 Protect, custodire. Quiet (a.), quietus 3. Region, regio, onis,/. 
 
 Protection, tutela, ae,/. tranquillus 3. Reject, rejicere, respue- 
 
 praesidium, i, n. Quiet, sedare. re. 
 
 Proud, superbus 3. Quietly, quiete, tran- Reign, regnum, i, n. 
 
 Provided that, modo, quille. Reign, regnare, domi- 
 
 dummodo. [ae,/ nare, imperare. 
 
 Providence, providentia, R. Rejoice, delectare, gau- 
 
 Provident, cautus 3. Race, genus, eris, n. dere. 
 
 Province, provincia, ae, Rage, saevire. Relate, narrare, memo- 
 
 /. Rai7i, iniber, bris, m. rare. 
 
 Provoke, lacessere. [/ Raise, perciere, or per- Relieve, levare. 
 Prudence, prudentla ae, cire. Religion, religlo, onis,/ 
 
 Prudent, prudens, tis. Rank, ordo, Inis, m. Religiously, religiose. 
 Ptolemy, Ptolemaeus, i. Rapid, rapldus 3. Remain, manere, re- 
 
 m. Rare, rarus 3. [tis,/ manere. 
 
 Pungent, acerbus 3. Rashness, temeritas, a- Remarkable, insignis, e. 
 Punic, Punlcus 3. Rather, potius. Remedy, remedium, i, n. 
 
 Punish, punire, multa- Reach, pervenire. Remedy, mederi. 
 
 re. Read, legere ; Remember, reminisci, 
 
 Punishment, poena, ae, through, perlegere ; memlni, recordari c. 
 
 / supplicium, i, n. to, recitare. gen. or ace. 
 
 Purple flsh, murex, ids, Reading, lectio, onis,/ Remembrance, memoria, 
 
 m. [n. Ready, promptus 3., ae,/ 
 
 Purpose, propositum, i, paratus 3. [us, m. Remind, commonere, 
 Pursue, persequi, con- Readiness, promptus, commonefacere. 
 
 sectari ; some- Reap, metere. Remove, resecare. 
 
 thing earnestly, studi- Reason, ratio, onis,/ Removed (to be), abesse. 
 
 osum esse alicujus Reason, there is no reas- Remus, Remus, i, m. 
 
 rei ; literature, on that, non est quod, Renew, refricare. 
 
 literas tractare, nihil est quod ; with- Renown, fama, ae, /, 
 
 Pursuit, tractatio, onis, out reason, temere. gloria, ae,/ 
 
 / studium, i, n. Recall, revocare. Renowned, clarus 3., no- 
 
 Pylades, Py lades, ae, m. Receive, accipere, susci- biHs, e. 
 Pyrenean, Pyrenaeus 3. pere. Repair, sarcire. [re. 
 
 Pyrrhus, Pyrrhus, i, m. Received, exceptus 3. Repel, pellere, repelle- 
 32* 
 
378 
 
 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Repent, poenitere ; I 
 
 repent of something, 
 
 poenitet me aliciijus 
 
 rei. 
 Report, fama, ae,/. 
 Repose, requies, etis,/. 
 Reproach, probrum, i, 
 
 n. opprobrium, i, n. 
 
 turpitudo, In is,/ 
 Reproach, maledicere. 
 Reprove, castigare. 
 Reputable, honestus 3. 
 Request, petere, rogare 
 
 (ab aliquo). 
 Resist, resistere. 
 Resound, re son are. 
 Resounding, resonus. 
 Resource, opes, um. 
 Responsible, to become 
 
 responsible, spondere. 
 Rest, quies, etis,/. 
 Rest upon something, 
 
 niti c. abl. 
 Restore, reparare, re- 
 
 cuperare. 
 Restrain, coercere. 
 Retain, retinere. 
 Retire, recedere, disce- 
 
 dere. 
 Return, redltus, us, m. 
 Return, redire, reverte- 
 
 re, remeare. 
 Reverence, vereri. 
 Revile, maledicere, c. 
 
 dat. 
 Reward, praemlum, i,n. 
 Rhine, Rhenus, i, to. 
 Rhodes, Rhodus, \,f. 
 Rich, dives, itis, locu- 
 
 ples, etis. 
 Riches, divitlae, arum,/. 
 Ride, equltare. 
 Ridge (of mountains), 
 
 jugum, i, n. 
 Ridiculous, ridiculus 3. 
 Right, jus, juris, n. 
 Right (a.), rectus 3. 
 Rightly, recte. 
 
 Ripe, maturus 3. 
 Rise, oriri. 
 Rising, ortus 3. 
 River, fluvlus, i, m. am- 
 
 nis, is, m. flumen, 
 
 Inis, n. 
 Roar, rudere. 
 Rock, rupes, is,/, sax- 
 
 um, i, n. 
 Rome, Roma, ae,/ 
 Roman (s.), Romanus, 
 
 i, m. 
 Roman (a.), Romanus 3. 
 Romulus, Romulus, i,m. 
 Roof, tectum, i, n. 
 Rope, restis, is,/ 
 Rough, asper, era, erum. 
 Round, rolundus 3. 
 Rout, fundere. 
 Royal, reglus 3. 
 Rub off, detergere. 
 Rub thoroughly, perfrl- 
 
 care. 
 Rude ( = unskilful), 
 
 rudis e, c. gen. 
 Ruin, to go to, dilabi. 
 Rule (a carpenter's), 
 
 amussis, is,/ 
 Rule, regere, guberna- 
 
 re. [dat. 
 Rule over, imperare c. 
 Run, currere ; in- 
 to, diffluere ; 
 
 through, percurrere. 
 Rush in, irriiere. 
 
 Sacred rites, sacra,6rum, 
 
 n. 
 Sacredly, sancte. 
 Sacredness, sanctitas, 
 
 atis,/ 
 Sad, tristis, e. [itis. 
 
 Safe, tutus 3. sospes. 
 Safety, salus, utis,/ 
 Saguntum, Saguntum, 
 
 i, n. 
 Sail, velum, i, n. 
 
 Sailor, nauta, ae, m. 
 
 Salt, sal, salis, m. 
 
 Salutary, salutaris, e. 
 saluber or bris, bre. 
 
 Same, is, ea, id ; very 
 same, idem, eadem, 
 idem ; at the same 
 time, simul, una. 
 
 Samnite (s.), Samnis, 
 itis, TO. 
 
 Sanction, sancire. 
 
 Sapid, sapid us 3. 
 
 Sappho, Sappho, us,/ 
 
 Satirize, perstringere. 
 
 Save, parcere c. dat. 
 
 Save from, something, 
 servare ex or ab al- 
 iqua re. 
 
 Say, dicere, inquam (§ 
 77. Rule), 
 
 Scarcely, vix. 
 
 Scatter, disjicere. 
 
 Scholar, discipulus, i, to. 
 
 Scholastic instruction, 
 institutio scholastica. 
 
 School, schola, ae,/ 
 
 Scipio, Scipio, onis, m. 
 
 Scrape together, conra- 
 dere. 
 
 Scruple, scrupulus, i, m. 
 
 Scrupidously, sancte, re- 
 ligiose, [to. 
 
 Scythian (s.), Scytha, ae, 
 
 Sea, mare, is, n. 
 
 Season, in season, ma- 
 ture. 
 
 Seasoning, condimen- 
 tum, i, n. 
 
 Seat, sedes, is,/ [m. 
 
 Sedition, seditio, onis, 
 
 Seditious, seditiosus 3. 
 
 See, videre, consplcari, 
 earn ere. 
 
 SeeJc, quaerere. 
 
 Seize, deprehendere, 
 comprehendere, ca- 
 pere, occiipare, ca- 
 pessere. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 379 
 
 Self, ipse (§ 94. 6). 
 Self confidence, audacia, 
 
 ae,/. 
 Sell, vendere. 
 Senate, senatus, us, m. 
 Send, mittere ; — —for, 
 
 accire. 
 Sense, sensus, us, m. 
 
 mens, tis,/. 
 Sensible, prudens, tis. 
 Sentiment, seutentia, ae, 
 
 /• 
 
 Separate, separare, dis- 
 cludere, secernere. 
 
 Sepulchre, sepulcrum, i, 
 n. 
 
 Serious, gravis, e. 
 
 Serve, servire. 
 
 Service, officium, i, n. 
 
 Servitude, servltus, utis, 
 
 / 
 Set out on a journey, 
 
 proficisci. 
 Several, plures, a, com- 
 
 plures, a and ia. 
 Severe, gravis, e. [f 
 Severity, severltas, atis. 
 Shake, convellere, labe- 
 
 factare. 
 Shame, lam ashamed of 
 
 something, me pudet 
 
 alicujus rei {§ 88. 1). 
 Share with some one, 
 
 communlcare cum 
 
 aliquo. 
 Sharing in, particeps, 
 
 ipis, consors, tis. 
 Shear, tondere, radere. 
 Shepherd, pastor, oris, 
 
 m. 
 Shin, crus, uris, n. 
 Shine forth, elQcere. 
 Ship, navis, is,/! [i, w. 
 Shipwreck, naufragium. 
 Short, brevis, e ; in 
 
 short time, brevi 
 
 (sc. tempore). 
 Short time, paulisper. 
 
 Should, debere. 
 
 Shout, clamor, oris, m. 
 
 Show one^s self, se prae- 
 bere, se praestare. 
 
 Shun something, aver- 
 sari. 
 
 Shut, claudere. 
 
 Sick, aeger, gra, grum. 
 
 Side (on the other), con- 
 tra. 
 
 Siege, obisdio, onis, f 
 obsesslo, oniSjjT. 
 
 Sight, conspectus, us,m. 
 
 Sign, signum, i, n. ; it 
 is the sign of some 
 one, estahcujus. 
 
 Silence, silentia, ae,f 
 
 Silent (to be), tacere. 
 
 Silkworm, bombyx,ycis, 
 m. 
 
 Silver, argentum, i, n. 
 
 Simple, simplex, icis. 
 
 Sin, peccatum, i, n. 
 
 Sin, peccare. 
 
 Since, quum. 
 
 Sing, rantare, canere. 
 
 Sink, demergere ; 
 
 down, desidere ; 
 
 under, succumbere. 
 
 Sister, soror, oris,/! 
 
 Sit, sedere ; at 
 
 table, accubare. 
 
 Situation, locus, i, m. 
 
 Size, magnitudo, inis,/. 
 
 Skilful, pei'itus 3., pru- 
 dens, tis c. gen. 
 
 Sky, coelum, i, n. 
 
 Slave, servus, i, m. 
 
 Slay, occidere, interfi- 
 cere. 
 
 Sleep, somnus, i, m. 
 
 Sleep, dormu'c. 
 
 Slender, gracilis, e. 
 
 Slim, procerus 3. 
 
 Small, parvus, 3. 
 
 Small, olfacere. 
 
 Smile upon, arridere. 
 
 Smith, faber, bri, m. 
 
 Snares, insidiae,arum,/. 
 
 Snow, nix, nivis,/! 
 
 So, ita ; so — so as, tam- 
 
 quam ; great, 
 
 tantus 3 ; — — long, 
 tamdiu : 
 
 as, dum, quamdiu, 
 quoad [§ 110, 4)]; 
 
 many, tot, in- 
 
 decl. ; soon as, 
 
 ubi, simulac (atque) 
 [§ 110, 2)]. 
 
 Socrates, Socrates, is,m. 
 
 Soldier, miles, Itis, m. 
 
 Solicitude, sollicitudo, 
 inis,y. 
 
 Solid, solid us 3. 
 
 Solon, Solo, onis, m. 
 
 Some, nounulli. 
 
 Some one, alFquis, a, id. 
 
 Sometime, aliquando. 
 
 Sometimes, interdum. 
 
 Son, filius. i, m. 
 
 Son-in-law, gener, eri, 
 m. [pore). 
 
 Soon, mox, brevi (tem- 
 
 Sooner, prior. 
 
 Soothe, lenire. 
 
 Sophist, sophista, ae, m. 
 
 Sorrow, aegritudo, inis, 
 
 Soul, animus, i, m. 
 Sound, integer, gra, 
 
 grum. 
 Sow, serere. 
 .Srpam, Hispama, a.e,f. 
 Spaniard, liispanus, i, 
 
 m. 
 Spare, parcere c. dat. 
 Sparta, Sparta, &e,f. 
 Speak, dicere, loqui. 
 Spectator, spectator, 
 
 oris, m. 
 Speech, sermo, onis, m, 
 
 oratio, 6nis,y. 
 Spirit, animus, i. m. 
 
 mens, tis,y. ingen- 
 
 ium, i, n. 
 
380 
 
 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Spiritedly, acriter. 
 Splendid, splendidus 3., 
 
 nitldus 3. [m. 
 
 Splendor, splendor, oris, 
 Split, diffindere. 
 Sport, ludus, i, m. 
 Spread, pandere; — (= 
 
 cover), oblmere. 
 Spring, oriri, Dasci, ex- 
 
 oriri. 
 Spurn, spernere, asper- 
 
 nere, fastidire. 
 Spy, explorator, oris, m. 
 Stab, confodere. 
 Stability, stabilitas, atis, 
 
 f. perpetmtas, atis,/; 
 Stadium, stadium, i, n. 
 Staff, scipio, on is, m. 
 Stand, stare. 
 Star, Stella, ae,f. 
 State, respublica, rei- 
 
 publicae, f, civitas, 
 
 atis, f. ; at the cost 
 
 of the State, publico. 
 Station, statio, onis, f. 
 Statue, statua, ae,f. 
 Stay {== large rope), 
 
 rudens, tis, m. 
 Steel, chalybs, ybis, m. 
 Steep, praeceps, cipitis, 
 
 arduus 3. 
 Step, passu s, us, 7n. 
 Stern, puppis, is,f. 
 Stick, haerere. 
 Still, adhuc, porro. 
 Stone, lapis, idis, m. 
 Stone, of stone, lapi- 
 
 deus 3. 
 Stork, cicoma, ae,/! 
 Storm, procella, ae, f. 
 
 tempestas, atis,f. 
 Strengthen, firmare. 
 Stretch, tendere. 
 Strife, lis, litis,/. 
 Strike, ferire. 
 Strive, studere c. dat., 
 
 petere c. ace, niti ad 
 
 aliquid, tendere, con- 
 
 tendere ; — against, 
 reluctari ; — against 
 something, niti, in ali- 
 quid ; to obtain, 
 
 petere, expetere, sec- 
 tari. 
 
 Strong, valid us 3. 
 
 Study, studium, i, n. 
 
 Subdue, domare, perdo- 
 mare. 
 
 Subject, civis, is, c. 
 
 Subjugate, subigere. 
 
 Succeed, succedere. 
 
 Such, talis, e ; is, ea, id. 
 
 Sudden, subltus 3. 
 
 Suddenly, sublto. 
 
 Suffer, pati, perpeti ; 
 
 -from, laborare 
 
 c. abl. 
 
 Suffciently, satis. 
 
 Suitable, idoneus, a,um. 
 
 Sulla, Sullae, ae, m. 
 
 Summer, aestas, atis, f 
 
 Sun, sol, solis, m. 
 
 Super stition,suTperstitio, 
 onis,/. 
 
 Suppliant, supplex,rcis. 
 
 Supplicate, supplicare. 
 
 Supply, suppedltare. 
 
 Support, fulcire. 
 
 Supremacy, principatus, 
 us, m, summum im- 
 perlum. 
 
 Surely, certe, sane. 
 
 Surface, aequor, oris, n. 
 
 Surpass, praestare, c. 
 dat. 
 
 Surprise, obreperec.dat. 
 
 Surrender, tradere. 
 
 Surround, circumdare, 
 cingere, ambire ; of- 
 fundi alicui rei. 
 
 Surviving, superstes, 
 Itis c. dat. 
 
 Sustain, sustentare. [/. 
 
 Swallow, hirundo, inis, 
 
 Swear, jurare. 
 
 Sioeet, dulcis, e. 
 Swift, celer, eris, ere, 
 
 velox, ocis. 
 Swiftly, celeiiter, cito. 
 Swiftness, celerltas, atis, 
 
 /• 
 
 Swollen, turgidus 3. 
 
 Sword, gladius, i, m. en- 
 sis, is, m. ferrum, i,n. 
 
 Syracuse, Syracusae, 
 arum, f 
 
 Syria, Syria, ae,f 
 
 T. 
 
 Table, tabula, ae,f 
 Table (to sit at), accu- 
 
 bare. 
 Take, capere, adimere ; 
 
 away, tollere, 
 
 auferre, demere, ad- 
 imere ; Jlre, ex- 
 
 ardescere; — from, 
 
 eripere ; one's 
 
 self off, facessere ; 
 
 possession of 
 
 occiipare ; up. 
 
 tollere ; 
 
 upon 
 
 one's self, suscipere. 
 Talent (sum of money), 
 
 talentura, i, n. 
 Tame, cicur, uris. 
 Tame, domare. 
 Tanaquil, Tanaquil, 
 
 Tarentum, Tarentum, 
 i, m. [m. 
 
 Tarquin, Tarquinins, i, 
 
 Tarquinius Superbus, 
 Tarquinius Super- 
 bus, m. 
 
 Tarquinius, Collatinus, 
 Tarquinius, Collati- 
 nus, m. [tare. 
 
 Taste, gustare, degus- 
 
 Teach, docere c. dupl. 
 ace. [^ 89, 5. b)]. 
 
 Teachable, docilis 3. 
 
 Teacher, praeceptor. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 381 
 
 oris, m. m agister, tri, 
 
 m. 
 Tear in pieces, lacerare, 
 
 dilacerare. 
 Tell, dicere. 
 Temple, templum, i, n. 
 
 aedes, Js,f. 
 Tender, tener, era, 
 
 erum. 
 Tenderly, pie. 
 Terrible, terribilis, e. 
 Territory, finis, is, m. 
 Thahs, Thales, is, m. 
 Thames, Tamesis, is, 
 
 m. 
 Than, quam. 
 Thanks (to give), gra- 
 
 tias agere. 
 That, ille, a, ud ; is, ea, 
 
 id ; iste, a, ud. 
 That, that not, see § 
 
 105—108. 
 The — so much the (with 
 
 the comparative), quo 
 
 — eo, quanto — tanto. 
 Thehan Thebanus, i, m. 
 Thebes, Thebae,arum,/'. 
 Themistocles, Themisto- 
 
 cles, is, m. 
 Tlien, turn, deinde. 
 Thence, illinc, inde. 
 Theophrastus, Theo- 
 
 phrastus, i, m. 
 There, ibi. 
 There are, sunt ; — is, 
 
 est. 
 Thermopylae, Thermo- 
 pylae, arum,/! 
 Thick, crassus 3. 
 Thicket, frutex, icis, m. 
 Thing, res, re],f. 
 Think, putare, arbitra- 
 
 ri, existlmare, cogl- 
 
 tare ; of, med- 
 
 itari. 
 Thirst, sitis, is,/. 
 Thirst, si tire. 
 This, hie, haec, hoc. 
 
 Thornbush, sentes, ium, 
 
 m. 
 Thou, tu. 
 
 Thovghtless, levis, e. 
 Threaten, minari; — (= 
 
 impend), impendere, 
 
 imminere. 
 Threatening, minax, a~ 
 
 cis. 
 Three-headed, triceps, 
 
 cipjtis. 
 Thrust down, detrude- 
 
 re ; out, extru- 
 
 dere. 
 Thumb, pollex, icis, m. 
 Thunder, tonitru, u, n. 
 Thunder, tonare. 
 Thus, ita. [um. 
 
 Thy or thine, tuus, a, 
 Tiberius, Tiberius, i, m. 
 Time, tempus, oris, n. 
 Time, long time, diu. 
 Timid, timidiis 3. 
 Timoleon, Timoleon, 
 
 ntis, m. 
 Timotheus, Timotheus, 
 
 i, m. 
 Tire out, defatigare, de- 
 
 fetisci. 
 Titus, Titus, i, m. 
 Together, una. 
 Toil, labor, oris, m. 
 
 opera, a,/. 
 Tomi, Tomi, orum, m. 
 Tomorroiv, eras. 
 Tongue, lingua, ae,/. 
 Too much, nimlum. 
 Tooth, dens, tis, m. 
 Torment, cruclare, vex- 
 
 are, torquere. 
 Torrent, torrens, tis, m. 
 Torture, cruciatus, us, 
 
 m. tormentum, i, n. 
 Torture, cruciare, tor- 
 quere. 
 Toufh, tangere attin- 
 
 gere, contingere. 
 Tower, turris, is,/! 
 
 Trace, vestigium, i, n. 
 
 Track, vestigium, i, n. 
 
 Trader, m creator, oris, 
 m. [m. 
 
 Ti-aitor, proditor, oris, 
 
 Trajan, Trajanus, i, m. 
 
 Transgress, migrare, c. 
 ace. [gestire. 
 
 Transported (to be), 
 
 Travel through, emetiri. 
 
 Treachery, proditio, o- 
 nis,/ [J. 
 
 Treason, proditio, onis, 
 
 Treat, tractare. 
 
 Tree, arbor, oris,/! 
 
 Tremble, contremiscere. 
 
 Trench, fossa, ae,/! 
 
 Tribune of the people^ 
 tribunusplebis. 
 
 Trojan, Trojanus 3. 
 
 Troop, agmen, Inis, n. 
 
 Troops, copiae, arum,/ 
 
 Trouble, molestia, ae,/. 
 aerumna, ae,/. 
 
 Trouble, angere ; 
 
 one^s self about some- 
 thing, curare allquid, 
 operam dare. 
 
 Troublesome, molestus 
 3., impoi tunus 3. 
 
 Troy, Troja, ae,/ 
 
 Truce, indutlae, arum, 
 
 /• 
 
 True, verus 3. 
 
 Trunk (of a tree), cau- 
 
 dex, Icis, m. 
 Trust in, fidere c. abl. 
 Trust one, credere, fi- 
 dere, fidem habere, 
 
 alicui. 
 Truth, Veritas, atis,/! 
 Try, tentare, conari, 
 
 experiri. 
 Tullus Hostilms, Tul- 
 
 lus Hostillus, m. 
 Turn out, evadere ; — 
 
 out ivell, contingere ; 
 
 — towards, conver- 
 
382 ENG-LISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 tere ; — upon some- Untimely (adv.), intern- facessere ; vex 
 
 thing, defigere in c. pestive. to death, enecare. 
 
 abl. Uhmse, insipleiis, tis. Vexation, angor, 6ns,m. 
 
 Twisted, tortus S. Unworthy, indignus 3. Vice (= viciousness), 
 Tyrant, Tyrannus i, m. c. abl. vitiosltas, atis,/. 
 
 Tyrian{s.), Tyrius, i,m. Uptight, probus 3. hon- Vice, vitlnm, i, 7n. 
 
 estiis 3. Vicissitude,\iic\s, vicis,/. 
 
 U. Uprightly, probe. Victory, victoria, ae,/. 
 
 Udder, uber, eris, n. Uprightness, probitas, View, conspectus, us,m. 
 
 Ulysses, Ulixes, is, m. atis, /.honestas,atis,/. View (= sentiment), 
 
 Umbrenus, Umbrenus, Use, usus, us, m, sententia, ae,/. 
 
 i, m. Use, uti c. abl. Vigorously, strenue. 
 
 Unacquainted ivith, ig- Useful, utTlis, e. Vine-branch, tradux, u- 
 
 narus 3. imprudens. Useless, inutllis, e. cis, m. 
 
 ntis. UticM, Utica, ae,/. Violate, violare. 
 
 Unarmed, inermis, e. Violant, violentus 3., 
 Uncertain, incertus 3., V. vehemens, tis, atrox, 
 
 anceps, cipltis. Vain, irritus 3. ocis. 
 
 Uncover, detegere. Vain, in vain, nequic- Violently, graviter. 
 
 Understand, intelligere, quam. Virgil, Virgillus, i, m. 
 
 tenere. Valuable, canm '3. Virgin, Vwgo, mis, f. 
 
 Understanding, mens, Fa^we, pre tium, i, n. Fifr^we, virtus, utis,/. 
 
 tis,/ Value, aestimare, cen- Virtuous, honestus 3. 
 
 Undertake, suscipere, sere magni etc. Force, vox, vocis,/. 
 
 moliri. Vanish, avolare. Volcanic, ignivomus 3. 
 
 Unfavorable, iniquus 3. Vanquish, vincere, de- Vow, vovere. 
 
 C7?7/bre5een,impr6visus3. vincere. Vulture, vultur, uris, m. 
 
 Unfortunate, calamito- Vapor, vapor, oris, m. 
 
 sus 3., miser 3. Variance (to be at), dis- W. 
 
 Ungrateful, ingratus 3. cordare. Wages, stipendium, i, n. 
 
 Uninjured, integer, gra. Variegated, discolor, Wait, expectare. 
 
 grum. oris. Walk (to take), ambu- 
 
 Unintelligent, impm- Various, varlus 3. lare ; — go to walk, 
 
 dens, tis. Vein (swollen), varix, ambulare. 
 
 Unite, conjungere, con- icis, m. Walk upon, incedere. 
 
 cillare. Venison, caro ferina. Wall (of a house), pa- 
 Unjustly, injuste. carnis ferinae. ries, etis,/. — (as a 
 
 Unknown, incognltus. Venues, Verres, is, m. protection), moenla, 
 
 Unless, nisi. Versed in, peritus 3., ium, n. — (as a 
 Unlike, dissimllis, e. consultus 3. structure), munus. 
 
 Unmindful of, imme- Very, admodum, valde. eris, n. 
 
 mor c. gen. Very often, persaepe. Wander, errare. 
 
 Unprnfddblc, inutllis, e. Vespasian, Vespasia- Wandering, error, oris, 
 Unrestrained, e^nswsZ. nus, i, »?. m. 
 
 Unripe, immaturus 3. Vessel, vas, vasis, n. Want, egestas, atis, /, 
 
 Unskilful, imperitus 3. Vesta, vesta, ae,/ inopta, ae,/. 
 
 Until, donee, quoad, Vesuvius, Ves\\v\\\s,\,m. IFrm/, carere c. abl. 
 
 dum. Vex, angeie, negotlum War, bellum, \,n. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 383 
 
 Warfare, res militaris. 
 Wares, merx, rcis,/. 
 Warlike, bellicosus 3. 
 Warm, callldus 3. 
 Wash, lavare. 
 Waste, atteiere, confi- 
 
 cere. 
 Watch, vigilare ; keep 
 
 watch, exciibare. 
 Water, aqua, ae,/. 
 Waver, vacillare. 
 Way, via, ae,/. iter, iti- 
 
 neris, n. 
 Way (= manner), mo- 
 dus, i, m. 
 Way (to stand in), ob- 
 
 stare, ofFlcere c. dat. 
 Weak, infirmus 3., im- 
 
 potens, tis. 
 Weaken, diluere. 
 Weakness, infirmitas, a- 
 
 tis,/. 
 Wealthy, locuples, etis. 
 Wearied, fessus, 3. 
 Weary (to be), defetisci, 
 
 defatigari. 
 Weather, tempestas,atis, 
 
 /• 
 
 Weep, flere. 
 Welfare, salus, iuis,/". 
 Well [to be), valere. 
 Weser, Visurgis, is, m. 
 West, occldens, ntis. 
 Wether, vervex, ecis, m. 
 Jfhat (in number or 
 
 order) ? quotus ? 3. 
 When, quum. 
 JVhenct, unde. 
 Where, ubi. 
 Whereivith, qui. 
 Whether (in indirect 
 
 questions), num, 
 
 ne, utrum. 
 Whetstone, cos, cotis,/. 
 Which of the two, uter, 
 
 tra, trum. 
 While, dum. 
 Whither, quo. 
 
 Who, qui, quae, quod. 
 Who ? inter, 'quis, quae, 
 
 quid ? 
 Whoever you please, 
 
 quilibet. 
 Whole, universus 3., 
 
 omnis, e. 
 Wholly, omniuo. 
 Why, cur. 
 Wicked, impius 3., sce- 
 
 leratus 3., improbus 
 
 3., malef Icus 3. 
 Wickedly, improbe. 
 Wickedness, pravitas, 
 
 atis,/. 
 Wide, amplus 3. 
 Widely, late. 
 Wife, uxor, 6ns, f. 
 Wild, ferus 3. 
 Will, testamentum, i,n. 
 
 voluntas, atis,/. 
 ^i7/, velle; not to will, 
 
 nolle. 
 Willow, siler, eris, n. 
 Wind, ventus, i, m. 
 Wine, vinum, i, n. 
 Winter, hiems, emis,/. 
 Wisdom, consilium, i, n. 
 Wise, sapiens, tis, pru- 
 de ns, tis. 
 Wisely, sapienter, pru- 
 
 denter. 
 Wise man, sapiens, tis, 
 
 m. 
 Wish, optare, velle, cu- 
 
 pere. 
 Wit, sal, salis, m. 
 Without (to be), carere. 
 Wolf, lupus, i, m. 
 Woman, mulier, eris, /. 
 
 femina ae,/ 
 Wonder, mirari. 
 Wood, lignum, i, n. 
 Wood (a.), silva, ae, /. 
 Wooden, of wood, lig- 
 
 neus 3. 
 Wood-pigeon,-^a\umbQS, 
 
 is, m. 
 
 Word, verbum, i, n. 
 Work, opus, eris, n. 
 World, mundus, i, m. 
 Worm, vermis, is, m. 
 Worthy, dignus 3. c. 
 
 abl. 
 Wrest from, extorquere. 
 Wretched, miser, era, 
 
 erum. 
 Wretchedness, miseri'a, 
 
 ae,/ aerumna, ae,/ 
 Write, scribere. 
 Writer, scriptor, oris, m. 
 Writing, scriptum, i, n. 
 Writing-tablet, codicil- 
 
 li, orum, m. 
 Wrong, injuria, ae,/. 
 Wj'ong {do), delinquere. 
 
 X. 
 
 Xenocrates, Xenocra- 
 
 tes, is, m. 
 Xenophon, Xenophon, 
 
 outis, 7n. 
 Xerxes, Xerxes, is, m. 
 
 Year, annus, i, m. this 
 
 year, (adv.), homo. 
 Yes, see § 115. 5. 
 Yes, (to say), aio, [§ 77. 
 
 1)]. 
 Yesterday, heri, hodie. 
 Yet, at, tamen. 
 Young man, juvenis, is, 
 
 m. [inis,/. 
 
 Young ivoman, virgo, 
 Younger, natu minor. 
 Your, vester, tra, trum. 
 Ybw^/i, juventus, utis,/ 
 
 adolescentia, ae,/. 
 Youth (a), adolescens, 
 
 tis, m. adolescentu- 
 
 lus, i, ?w. juvenis, is,m. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zeal, studium, i, n. 
 Zealously, naviter. 
 
ERRATA. 
 
 Page ]3, line 7, read proavus for proavu. p. 17, 1. 18, debeo for dobeo. 
 23, 34, consonants for vowels. 25, 24, bona for bona. 29, 25, name (m.) for 
 name {n.). 32, 9, neuter ^ox feminine. 33, 39, antecedet for antecedet. 34, 
 20, venator, oris for venator, oris. 35, 38, adversis for adveris. 39, 1, wild 
 for mild. 42, 33, object for objective. 43, 36, cantus, us, m. for cantus, us 
 n. 47, 25, vitupero for vitupero. 51, 5, quoddam for quodam. 60, 10, Ro- 
 mam for Roman. 61. 1 , (ob) for (ab). 62, 26, Aenea for Aena. 68, 25, ate 
 for were. 69, 5, frater for fater. 71, 7, premature for primature. 83, 29, 
 porticus for portlcus. 83, 31, old woman for old man. 90, 8, amatus for 
 amamatus. 105, 5, comparo for comparo. 109, 37, potio for portio. 132, 1, 
 coena for coeno. 146, 24, flagitiafor flagita. 1.52, 9, heat for heart. 157, 10, 
 spondeo for spandeo. 210, 2, pluit for puit. 253, 23, molestus for molcstus. 
 255, 7, idonei for idoni. 263, 23, sentence for sentences. 291, bottom, third 
 for second. 303, 10, Hac for Haec. 307, 10, flectendum for lectendum. 307, 
 note, pick for prick. 310, 8, philosophum for philospophum. 329, 14, Canio 
 or Canto. 
 
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