ITS • I «i' '%''^'^^" -oo^ o *,^^^^^^ A SMALLER SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA TO THE YEAR 1877. By DAYID B. SCOTT, AUTHOR OF "A SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.' WITH MAPS AND EXGRA VINOS. '^o,4yAtJj:^ NEW YORK: - HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, FRANKLIN SQUARE. 1878„ Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1878, by Harper & B r o t h f r s. In the Office of the Librarian of Congiess, at "Washington. PREFACE. This work has been prepared to meet the wants of students who have not time to complete the study of " Harper's School History of the United States." While it is little more than half the size of that book, care has been taken not to omit any j^oints of importance, nor to sacrifice clearness to brevity. In general arrangement it is much the same as the larger work. Each paragraph is introduced by promi- nent type, which will aid in impressing important events on the memor}^ With these few words, the " Smaller History of the United States" is now presented to the notice of teach- ers, and other friends of education. CONTENTS CHAPTER I. DISCOVERIES AND EXPLOR.^TIONS. From tue Discoveuy of America, 1492, to the Settlement of Jamestowx, 1G07 — A Period of 115 Yeaes. Spanish Discoveries and Explorations Page 1 Erench Explorations JO English ^Explorations 13 General Summary of Claims on this Continent 17 CHAPTER II. colonial history. From tue Settlement of Jamestown, 1007, to tue Commenoement of tue Frekou and Indian War, 1754. PART L— VIRGINIA AND MARYLAND. Virginia , 20 Maryland 27 PART II.-NEW ENGLAND COLONIES. Massachusetts 29 Connecticut 38 Rhode Island 41 New Hampshire , 42 PART III.— MIDDLE COLONIES. New York 43 New Jersey 46 Delaware — Pennsylvania 48 PART IV.— EXTREME SOUTHERN COLONIES. North Carolina - 50 South Carolina 52 Georgia 53 General Reflections on Colonial History 54 CHAPTER III. French Explorations and Settlements prom 1C09. GO VI CONTENTS. CHAPTER IV. French and Indian War ., Page G5 Events of 175-1: 06 Events of 1755 G8 Events of 175() 70 Events of 1757 71 Events of 1758 72 Events of 1759 73 Results of the French and Indian War 76 CHAPTER V. Causes of the American Revolution 78 CHAPTER VI. War op the Americ.\:n Revolution 85 Events of 1775 85 Events of 1776 90 Events of 1777 95 Events of 1778 102 Events of 1779 105 Events of 1780 , 108 Events of 1781 112 Events of 1782-'83 116 Government from 1781 to 1789 117 CHAPTER VII. THE UNITED STATES UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. PAET I.— FROM 1TS9 TO ISIT. Administration of George Washington 121 " John Adams 12-t " Thomas Jefferson 125 " James Madison 128 War with England— 1812 129 1813 133 " " 1811-15 136 PART II.— FROM ISlT TO l&il. Administration of James Monroe , 142 " John Quincy Adams 144 " Andrew Jackson 145 *' INIartin Van Buren 147 CONTENTS. VU PART III.— FROM ISll TO 1849. Admiuistration of William Henry Ilanison Pago. 119 " John Tvler 149 " James K. Polk 151 PART IV.-FROM 1S49 TO ISGI. Administration of Zachary Taylor 158 " Millard Pillmore 158 ' ' Franklin Pierce 159 " James Buchanan IGO General Reflections 163 PART v.— FROM 1S61 TO 1SC9. Administration of Abraham Lincoln 166 Civil War: Events of 1861 166 " Events of 1862 175 " Events of 1863 184 " Events of 1864 188 " Events of 1865 191 Administration of Andrew Johnson 196 PART VI.-FROM 1S69 TO 1S72. Administration of Ulysses S. Grant 198 General View 205 States admitted and Territories organized since 1787 209 Settlement and Admission of the States 210 Presidents and Vice-presidents of the United States 211 Declaration of Independence 213 Constitution of the United States .' 216 Chronological Table 229 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. aUEBLC I6Q8 LANDING or COLUMBUS CHAPTER I. DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA, 1492, TO THE SETTLEMENT OP JAMESTOWN, 1G07 A PERIOD OF 115 YEARS. 1. Christopher Columbus. — In the year 1480 there was living in the city of Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, a navigator named Christopher Columbus, who supported his family by making maps and charts. This was an im- portant business in those days, particularly in Lisbon, be- cause the King of Portugal was A^ery active in sending out ships on voyages of discovery. These A^oyages were southward, along the west coast of Afi-ica, which was then A 2 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. only partially explored ; and their object was to find a direct route to India by sea. 2. India and its Kiches. — For many centuries India had been celebrated for its wealth. Its silks, its shawls, its spices, and fragrant woods, its ivory and pearls, its dia- monds and precious stones, togetlier with its strange an- imals, made it to Europeans the wonder-land of those ear- ly days. 3. The India Trade. — From the shores of India the goods were trans23orted over the Arabian Sea to the Red Sea; thence on camels to the River Nile; then down the Nile to Alexandria. From this point they were conveyed across the Mediten-anean to Italy. Such a route was very tedious. It was, moreover, exposed to danger from storms and from pirates. AVe can thus understand why Portugal was so actively seeking a safer and more direct road, and to control this rich trade. 4. The Reasoning of Columbus. — While Columbus was busy making cliarts, his daring mind was thinking of a new route to India by sea. lie reflected on the round- ness of the earth. He saw that the geographers knew little of the extent of Asia, and he was convinced that its eastern shores must reach nearer Europe than they supposed. Finally lie came to the conclusion that, by sailing directly westward, he would easily reach the great islands on the shores of Farther India. 5. The Geography of the Earth was little known before the time of Columbus. To show this, tlie two following maps have been inserted. In Map No, 1 we see that much of Africa is wanting; America and Australia- are not seen ; and on the shores of Asia are figures of strange animals, of monsters, and men without lieads. What was 1. What is said of Columbus? Why was chart-making important? What is said of the Portuguese A-^oyages ? 2. state what is said of the wealth of India. 3. What is said of the route to, India ? Of its dangers ? Of Porfuiral ? 4. What idea tilled the mind of Columbus ? State the steps iu his reasoning, and his conclusion. DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. unknown the ge- ographers filled with shapes of terror. 6. Columbus seeking Aid. — Be- ing a native of Genoa {je7i'o-aJi)^ m Italy, Columbus first applied to tliat city for as- MAP I. — THE W'OBLl) AS KNOWN BEFORE COLUMBUS. MAP II. — TUB y\Oii.l.U A» Ji.iNOVV.N liN OUli 1>AV. sistance to make a westward voyage. But she turned a deaf ear to his requests. Next he tried the King of Portugal, and failed. He then went to the Court of Spain, where he waited wearily for several years. Here he was opposed by the learned men to whom the king referred his schemes. He was ridiculed as a wild dream- er. The very children in the streets smiled at him as he passed, and put their fingers to their heads. At last, in 5. What does Map No. 1 s^how ? Map No. II ? 4 IIISTOEY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1490, he was leaving Spain sad and disappointed, leading his little son by the hand, and so poor that he begged bread and water at a convent-door. Fortunately some of his friends jDersuaded him to return. Y. Columbus obtains Assistance. — Isabella, the queen, now listened to liim with interest, as he painted, in imag- ination, the wealth of the new lands in the West. She w^as stirred to enthusiasm wdien he spoke of the natives to be converted to the Christian religion. Her husband, Ferdinand, was not so easily moved. The long wars with the Moors of Spain had just ended, and his treasury was nearly empty. Isabella offered to pledge her crown-jew- els for the expenses of the expedition, and he at length yielded. The jewels were not needed, however, and the money was advanced from the royal treasury. 8. The Vessels. — The king's orders secured, at the port of Palos (jKih'los), in the south of Spain, two little ves- sels, called caravals; Columbus and his friends added a third. They were so small that we are struck with wonder at the courage of Columbus, who was about to sail in them over a stormy and unknown ocean. The largest was not over one hundred tons burden, and this was the only one that had a deck throughout its entire length. 9. The Voyage. — In these three vessels Columbus, made Admiral by the king, and his companions sailed from Pa- los, August 3, 1492. When, at last, after leaving the Ca- nary Islands, they pushed ont into the great sea, across W'hich no ship had ever sailed, the hearts of the sailors failed them for fear. After many days they became de- spairing and mutinous. They even spoke of throwing the Admiral overboard and returning to Spain. Through all this the lofty spirit of Columbus was unmoved. He sail- 6. To whom did Columbus first apply, aud why ? To whom next ? With what success ? Where is Genoa ? Where did he go after trying Portugal ? What was his success ? What is said of his leaving ? 7. Who proved his great friend ? What is said of her ? Of Ferdinand ? S. What were the king's orders? What is said of the vessels? DISCOVERIES AND EXPLOKxlTIONS. 5 ed stoaclily westward, and at dawx of October 12, 1492, LAND WAS SEEN. 10. Landing of Columbus. — He approaclied the shore richly attired in scarlet, holding the royal standard. On landing, he threw himself on his knees, kissed the earth, and retnrned thanks to God with tears of joy. Rising, he took possession of the country, with great ceremony, in tlie name of Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen of Spain. 11. Further Discoveries. — The land was found to be an island, which Columbus named San Salvador, one of the Bahamas. Remaining a few days liere, he then sailed, away, and discovered the islands of Cuba, Jamaica, Hayti, (hd-te), and Porto Rico (ree'ko). Here, then, thought Co- lumbus, were the long-wished-for islands off the coast of India, and he named the inhabitants Indians. 12. Discovery of the Main-land. — Columbus made, in all, four voyages to the New World. In the third of these, in the year 1498, he touched the main-land at the mouth of the River Orinoco, on the coast of Paria, South Amer- ica. But he never dreamed that this was the shore of a new continent. When lie died, in the year 1506, he re- mained firm in the belief that he had discovered the east- ern shores of India. 13. The Naming of America. — Columbus discovered the road to the Western Continent. It Avould, therefore, ap- pear a matter of the simplest justice that it should have been named after him. An accident, however, gave that honor to another. Amerigo Yespucci {d-7ntr'e-go ves- 2:)ootch-ee)^ a Florentine, visited the continent in the year 1499. After his return, his account of the new regions was published in Europe. A geographer suggested tliat 9. What was Columbus's title? When, aud from -what place, did they sail? Where is Palos ? What of their voj'age ? When was America discovered ? 10. What is said of the landing of Columbus ? 11. What land had Columbus first touched? What else did he discover? Where did he suppose he had arrived? What did he call the natives, and why? 12. How many voyages did Columbus make? When and where did he first discover the main-land ? What did he himself think this to be ? 6 HISTORY 01? THE UNITED STATES. the land be called America, and by degrees the new con- tinent became known by tliat name. 14. John and Sebastian Cabot. — Columbus was not, however, the first that discovered the main-land. In the year 1497, one year before the coast of Paria was visited, a ship from Bristol, England, nnder the command of John Cabot {cab'ot), sailed along the coast of North America for three hundred leagues or more. lie discovered the " new-found island," now known as Newfoundland. Next year, 1498, his son Sebastian, who was with his father the previous year, coasted from Labrador to Florida, in liopcs of finding a passage to India. On the voyages of the Cabots the English founded their claim to a large part of the North American continent. 15. Spanish Exploration continued. — Multitudes of ad- venturers from Spain flocked to the New World. Many of these were brave soldiers who had been fighting the 3Ioors for years. Now that these wars were ended, they thirsted for fresh excitement. Darien was settled by Oje- da {o-ha'dah), a companion of Columbus, in 1510. The Andes were climbed ; the Isthmus Avas crossed ; and in the year 1513 Balboa [bal-bo'a/t), from the southwestern slope of the mountains, first saw the Pacific Ocean, which he named the South Sea. IG. Florida— Ponce de Leon. — In the beginning of 1512, the brave old soldier Ponce de Leon {pon-thd' da Icion) was cruising among the Bahama Islands. He had heard from the Indians the story of a fountain that would im- part immortal youth to those who should bathe in its wa- ters. In searching for this, he found no fountain, but he gained that which has made his name immortal. His ship accidentally touched the main-land, rich with flow- ers, on March 12, 151 2. This being Easter-Sunday, called 13. Why was the continent not named after Cohimbns? 14. Did Cohimbns first discover the main-land? Who did, and when? Who followed in 1498? What was the object of this voyage? 15. What is said of those that followed Columbus ? What was settled ? What discovery was made in 1513 ? DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 7 by the Spaniards Pasqua de Flores — the feast of flowers — ■ he named the new country Florida. 17. Yucatan— Mexico. — The coast of Yucatan was ex- plored by Cordova in 1517. Mexico was visited by Grijalva (gre-hal'vah) in 1518, and the conquest of that rich country was achieved by Cortez in 1521. The Spaniards under Pizarro {2)e-zdrro) pushed down the west coast of America as far as Peru, and to all of these possessions, richer than the grandest dreams of Colum- bus, there Avas given tlie name of New Spain. 18. Carolina— Ayllon. — In the year 1520 some vessels from Hayti, under Ayllon {ile-ydne')^ were cruising among the Bahamas, searching for Indians to carry them as slaves back to the mines. A storm drove the ships on the coast, north of Florida. In this way the shore of what is now South Carolina was first discovered. 19. Florida— Narvaez. — In all their expeditions the Spaniards were guided chiefly by their thirst for gold. This led to the exploration of Florida, wdiich had been named by the adventurers the land of gold. Narvaez {nar-vah' eth) first made the attempt, in 1528, with 300 men. After enduring terrible disasters, only four of his companions returned to Spain to tell the story of their sufterings. 20. De Soto. — This did not prevent fresh adventurers. There came from Spain a renowned soldier, named De Soto, who had fought with Pizarro, and grown rich in Peru. His great ambition was to rival the conquest of Mexico by Cortez, and he thought he could find such an empire in Florida. He had been made governor of Cuba, and had obtained a royal grant of land in Florida. The thousand gallant men that landed with him in Tampa 16. Who was Ponce de Leou ? What was the object of his voyage ? What was his success ? Why did he name it Florida ? 17. What occurred in 1517 and 1518? What iu 1521 ? What else is said of the movements of the Spaniards? 13. What was the object of Ayllon's expedition? What discovery did it make? 19. What chiefly prompted the Spanish expeditious? What was Florida call- ed ? Describe the expedition of Narvaez. 8 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Bay in 1539 fared little better thaiiKarvaez and his com- panions. Their march, first north, then westward, was al- most a continuons battle with the Indians. 21. The Mississippi discovered. — In the year 1541, after two years' wanderings through Georgia, Alabama,' and Mississippi, they reached the Mississippi River. On its banks De Soto, worn out with care and disappointment, died in the spring of 1542, and was buried in its waters. The few survivors made their way down the river to a Spanish settlement on the Gulf of Mexico. 22. Melendez {ma-len'deth)^ a Spanish noble, was more successful. Being made governor of Florida, he organ- ized an expedition, and settled St. Augustine {fMc-giis- teen!). This was in the year 1565. It is therefore the oldest town in the United States. 23. Pacific Coast. — In the year 1542 Cabrillo {ca-lreeH- yo) was sent from Mexico to explore the Pacific coast to the northward. There were hopes that he would find a strait or passage to the Atlantic. Cabrillo reached the 44th degree of north latitude, and thus explored the coast of California and part of Oregon. 24. New-Mexico— Coronado. — Previous to the expedi- tion of Cabrillo, Coronado {nah-do) was dispatched, in 1540, by the Viceroy of Mexico to strike north into the interior by the Avay of the River Gila (he'lah). While De Soto was in the wilds of Alabama, Coronado, far west, was, in 1541, toiling among the mountains near the head- waters of the Rio Grande {re-o gran-cly). He is said to have jTone as fiir north as Colorado. 20. Who was De Soto? What was his ambitiou? What had been given him by the Kinj? of Spain ? IIow many men went with him ? Where is Tampa Bay ? See Map, page 9. What is said of their march ? 21. What great discovery did he malce, and when ? What became of De Soto ? Through what states did he go ? What became of his companions ? 22. Who was Melendez ? What did he accomplish ? 23. Who was sent from Mexico in 1542 ? What was the object ? What did he explore ? 24. What expedition was dispatched in 1G40? What was its object? What is said of him and De Soto ? IIow far is Coronado said to have gone ? DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 9 25. Espego. — Forty years after, Espego (es-^yd'ho) pass- ed up the valley of the Rio Grande, and explored the same region. He named it New Mexico, and founded the town of Santa Fe (fa) in the year 1582. EAKLY VOYAGES OF TUE SPANIARDS FKOSI CUBA AND OTUER ISLANDS. 26. Summary of Spanish Explorations. — The Spaniards, having planted themselves on the great islands they first discovered, pushed out in different directions to the main- land. They soon overran Central America, Mexico, and Peru. Within the present limits of the United States they were also active : 1. Florida, a vast and undefined region, was partially explored ; 2. The Mississippi Mas discovered ; 3, New Mexico was explored ; 4. St. Au- gustine and Santa Fe were founded; 5. The coast of California was examined for many leao:ues. 25. What exploration v.'as made in 15S1 ? What town did he found ? 26. What is said of the great islands they first discovered ? Give a list of their various explorations and settlements north of the gulf. A 2 10 HISTORY OF TUE UNITED STATES. 27. We have seen that the discovery of America arose out of a desire to find a new route to India. This was in the interests of trade. Columbus started to reach India, and found what lie thought were the islands on its coast. 28. But no India trade came ; no pearls, no rubies, no rich goods. This, for some years, was a great disappoint- ment to Spain; all the more because Portuguese navi- gators sailed round the Cape of Good Hope in 1498, and secured the trade of India to Portugal. 29. The Spaniards did not gain what they first sought, but they soon obtained wealth nearly as great. In less than twenty years immense quantities of gold and silver began to flow into Spain from Mexico and Peru. Before long she became the richest and mightiest nation of Eu- rope. So much the discovery of Columbus did for Spain. FRENCH EXPLORATIONS. 1. French Fishing-grounds. — As early as the year 1504 there were a number of French fishing-vessels around the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It was not then known by that name. In the year 1506 Dexys {den-ee), a Frenchman, drew, for the use of these fishermen, a rude map of the Gulf. This became a favorite fishing-ground, and ships of other nations congregated there. 2. Verrazani (vd-rat-tsah'ne), a Florentine, was sent out by the French king, in the year 1524, in command of an exploring expedition. He first touched the coast at North Carolina, and explored as far north as Newfound- land. It is believed that he entered the harbors of New York and Newport. Verrazani's voyage was the founda- tion of the French claim in America. 2T. What led to the discovery of America? 28. Why was Spain so much disappointed after the discovery? 2d. How were they compensated for not gaining the India trade ? What did this do for Spain ? 1. Where were the French in the beginning of the 16th century? What is eaid of Denys ? Who visited the Gulf besides the French ? . 2. Who was Verrazani ? What of his expedition ? What was founded on iL ? DISCOVERIES AXD EXPLORATIONS. 11 3. The St. Lawrence — Cartier {cdr-te-d), sent out from 'France in 1534, entered the gulf which he named St. Lawrence, and then sailed a short distance up the river. In a second expedition, in the following year, he w^ent up the river as far as an Indian town, which he named Mon- treal. He tried to plant a settlement on the Island of Orleans {or-le-anz) ^ but failed. The terrible severity of the Northern winter and its extreme length so discour- aged his companions, that they were glad to return to France in the spring. Cartier tried it again at the same place in 1541, with no better success. 4. The Huguenots in Florida. — Twenty-one years later, 1562, some French Pi*otestants, called Huguenots {hu-ge- nots)^ were sent out by Coligny {ko-leen-ye)^ admiral of France, under Ribaut {re-bo), to try the milder climate of Florida. They built a fort at Port Royal Inlet, and twenty- six men were left to take care of it. Ribaut sailed back to France. 4The little garrison soon became homesick, quarreled among themselves, and killed their commander. Almost in despair, they then built a rude vessel, in which they set sail to France, and were picked up in a starving condition by an English ship. 5. Laudonniere. — Two years afterward, in 1564, three ship-loads of Huguenots, under Laudonniere {la?i-don- ydre), came to St. John's River and built a fort called Carolina. This was in honor of King Charles of France — Carolus being Latin for Charles. Melendez, of whom we have already read on page 8, determined to expel the Huguenots from his territory of Florida. Marching rap- idly from St. Augustine, in 1565, he fell suddenly on the French at the fort, and put nearly all the men, women, and children to death. 3. What voyage was made in 1534? What is said of the cue in 1535? Did he ever make another attempt to settle ? 4. What attempt at settlement was made in 1562? Where did they settle? What became of the baud ? Where is Port Royal Inlet ? 5. What attempt was made soon after? How soon ? Why was the fort called Carolina ? What happened to the colony ? 12 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 6. De Gourges. — The French king did nothing when the news of this massacre reached Europe ; but De Goukges {du gooij'), a French soldier of fortune, equipped an expe- dition at his own expense, and sailed secretly to Fort Carolina. Swift destruction came to the garrison. Two hundred Spaniards "svere surprised, captured, and hung on trees. IlavinG^ taken this terrible reveng^e, De Gourc^es returned immediately to France. 7. Acadia— De Monts. — In the year 1603 a rich Hugue- not courtier, named De Monts [dti-mong')^ obtained a grant of all the country from what is now New York to the Isl- and of Cape Breton. Tliis tract w^as named Acadia, and in 1G05 the first permanent French settlement in Amer- ica was made on it at Port Royal, now called Annapolis. 8. Champlain. — The distinguished explorer Champlain {sham-plane)^ a former companion of De Monts, founded Quebec on the St. Lawrence in 1608. In the spring of 1609 he discovered the lake that 'bears his name. 9. Divisions of French Territory. — Now, at last, the French foothold on the St. Lawrence and its neighborhood was secure. To the whole of that vast and little known region, stretching^ indefinitely westward, and embracing within its borders Canada and Acadia, was given the name of New Fran'ce. Canada was applied to the tract watered by the St. Lawrence and its tributaries. Acadia was limited to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Isl- and of Cape Breton {hrit'-iin). 10. Summary of French Explorations. — The principal points to be borne in mind are, 1. The French fishixg- GROUNDS in and around the Gulf of St. Lawrence, as early as 1500; 2. the gulf explored, and a rude chart 6. How did the French king revenge this ? Who did revenge it ? Give an ac- count of this. 7. What was Acadia at first ? Who obtained this tract? Give its first settle- ment. Where is Annapolis? 8. Who founded Quebec? Who was Champlain? What did he discover in 1G09 ? In what states is this ? 9. Name the divisions of French territory. What was meant by New France ? What did Canada embrace ? What did Acadia ? Did Acadia ever embrace more ? DISCOVERIES AXD EXPLORATIOXS. 13 made of it, in 1506; 3. then came, naturally, the explo- ration of the St. Lawrence, in 1534 and 1535; and, 4. ATTEMPTED SETTLEMENTS on that rivev, 1535, 1541. 11. Permanent settlements, after more than sixty- years, were made at Port Royal in 1605, and Quebec in 1608. The settlements in French Carolina, 1562 and 1564, as it was for some time called, were only tem- porary. The French made no claim, in after years, to this part of America. The French occupation was on the St. Lawrence and in Acadia. 12. The EARLY SETTLERS wcrc chicfly Huguenots. Re- ligious persecution, or a desire for greater religious free- dom, sent them to America. ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS. 1. Frobisher. — Eighty years passed after the voyages of the Cabots before any English navigators again ex- plored North America. In the year 1576 Martin Fro- bisher, in search of a north-west passage to India, entered the straits that bear his name. We see that one of the great ideas of these times was still the India trade, 2. New Albion— Drake. — In 1579 Sir Francis Drake was cruising in the Pacific in pursuit of plunder from Spanish merchant-ships. Sailing north, along the coast of California, he named it New Albion. He then enter- ed and explored the Bay of San Francisco, hoping to find a passage to the Atlantic. He then returned to England by way of the Cape of Good Hope. 3. Gilbert. — About the same time an English gentle- man, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, became desirous of plant- 10. Give the summary to the year 1541. 11. Mention the permanent settlements. What is said of those in French Car- olina? "VNTiere was the French foothold? 12. Who were the early settlers? What prompted the emiijration ? 1. What exploration was made in 15TG ? What was its object ? What dees this show ? Ilow loner was this after the Cabots ? 2. Where was Drake ia 1579 ? What explorations did he make ? What did he hope to find ? 14 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. ing a colony in America. For this purpose lie received from Queen Elizabeth the grant of a large tract of land on the continent. In 1583 he sailed with three vessels. After taking possession of the Island of Newfoundland in the name of the queen, he sailed toward the main-land, near which one of his vessels was lost. The other two then put back to Europe. The one in which Sir Hum- phrey sailed foundered, and all on board perished. 4. Walter Raleigh {raw'li)^ a half-brother of Gilbert, took up the plan of colonization where Gilbert's death had left it. Being a courtier, and a great favorite of Queen Elizabeth, he readily obtained an ample patent. 5. Amidas and Barlow. — In 1584 Raleigh sent out two vessels, under Amidas and Barloav, to trade with the na- tives and explore the country. They coasted along Al- bemarle and Pamlico Sounds, and returned to England with a very favorable account of the region. It was named Virginia, in honor of the virgin queen ; and Ra- leigh received the honor of knighthood from Elizabeth. 6. First Colony— Lane. — He immediately went to work with energy to plant a colony. Seven ships were sent out under Grenville in 1585. He landed at Roanoke Isl- and, where he left one hundred and ten men under Ralph LxVXE. They nearly died from starvation in the year that followed, and, at their urgent entreaty, were carried back to England by Sir Francis Drake, who was cruising near the coast, looking for his friend Raleigh's colony. 1. Second Colony— White. — A second and more vigor- ous attempt was made b}^ Raleigh in 1587. In that year John White left one hundred and seventeen men, wom- en, and children on Roanoke Island, and sailed back to 3. Who was Gilbert, and what object did he have in view ? What grant did he receive ? What did he accomplish ? 4. Who adopted Gilbert's scheme ? Who was Raleigh ? What did he obtain ? 5. Whom did Raleigh send out? What did they explore? What was the re- sult ? What title was given him ? 6. What preparations did Raleigh make ? Who was left in charge of the col- ony ? IIow many were there ? How did the colony succeed ? DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIOXS. 15 Englaiul for supplies. Three years passed before he re- turned, and tlien no vestige of tlie colony was to be found. 8. Raleigh gives up his Patent. — Raleigh had spent nearly ^200,000 in his attempts to settle a colony in Vir- ginia. He was now deeply in debt, and assigned his pat- ent to some citizens of London. These Londoners did not attempt to settle any colonies, but contented them- selves with sending trading-vessels to the coast. 9. Gosnold— Pring. — In one of these ships Gosxold, in 1602, discovered and named Cape Cod, Nantucket, Mar- tha's Vineyard, and the Elizabeth Islands. He was fol- lowed by a trading- vessel under Peixg in 1603, who ex- plored a large part of the coast of Maine. 10. Virginia divided. — King James L, who succeeded Elizabeth, confiscated Raleigh's patent, and paid no at- tention to the interests of those to whom Raleigh had as- signed it. He then, in 1606, dividq^. Virginia, which was, in fact, the entire English claim %n the continent, into two parts — North and South Virginia. To the Lon- don Co:mpany he gave South Virginia, extending from the 34th to the 38th degree north latitude. To the Plymouth Company he gave North Virginia, extending from the 41st to the 4oth degree. 11. London Company. — The object that both companies had in view was the colonization of the country. The London Company was the first to move. An expedition was sent out late in 1606, wdiich resulted in the planting of the colony of Jamestown, May, 1607. An account of this will be found in the history of Virginia. 12. Summary of English Explorations. — Of the three 7. When and where was the second attempt made ? What is its history ? S. How much had Raleii^h spent on Virginia? What was he forced to do? What nse did the new owners make of the patent ? 9. What was accomplished by Gosnold? What by Priug? Where are these places discovered by Gosnold? 10. W^hat finally became of Raleigh's patent? WTiat was done with Virginia by the king ? What was the extent of these grants ? 11. What did these companies mean to do with the country? Which of them moved first ? When, and with what result ? 16 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. ( earlier J^3f/.^ ^ Punr Rov U/ Innch under Uibault E.V14LY DISCOVEEIES AND KXPLOiiATiOb. DISCOYEKIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 17 maritime nations, Spaix, France, and England, the last Avas the least active in America for nearly a century af- ter the voyages of the Cabots. 13. Tlie chief points to be borne in mind are, 1. explo- ration of California — New Albion — and the Bay of San Francisco, 1579; 2. attempted settlements on Ro- anoke Island, 1584, 1587; 3. exploration of the coast of Massachusetts, 1602 ; 4. division of Virginia by King James I. into North and South Virginia, and the grants to the London and Plymouth Companies; 5. the first permanent settlement, one hundred and ten years af- ter Cabot's voyage, at Jamestown, 1607. 14. General Summary of Claims on this Continent. — The period just gone over properly ends with the settle- ment of Jamestown in 1607. But a Dutch vessel, com- manded by Hudson, discovered and explored the Hudson River in the year 1609. (See page 43.) In order, there- fore, to obtain a clearer idea of European claims on this continent, the summary includes that year. 15. Four European nations claimed portions of the continent by discovery or exploration — the Spaniards, French, English, and Dutch. The Spanish claim of Florida stretched northward without any definite limits. It was chiefly based on the expedition of De Leon. The French claim, under the name of New France, extend- ed from New York to Labrador, and was founded on the voyage of Verrazani. During the following century it was extended to the great lakes and the entire Missis- sippi valley. The English claim of Virginia stretched from Florida as far as Labrador, and was based on the voyages of the Cabots. 16. All these three nations claimed westward to the Pacific Ocean. Spain claimed the Pacific Coast by ex- ploration. The Dutch claim, named New Netherland, 12. What is said of the activity of the En^lieh ? 13. Mention the principal points to be borne iu mind. 14. How many and what Enropeau nations churned parts of North America? 15. What was the Spanish claim ? The French ? The English ? 18 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. in the year 1614 was based on ITudson's discovery, and extended from the 40th to the 45tli degree north latitude. 17. Let us notice how all this affected the English. The Fkexcii claim overlapped Virginia on the north and west. The Dutch claim entered it like a wedge, up the Hudson, spreading out as has been already stated. The Spanish claim stretched up over the southern border. .The French and Dutch claims gave the English most trouble, and their disputes about territory were finally settled at the cannon's mouth. TABLE OF PRINCIPAL DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS NORTH OF THE GULF OF MEXICO. Voyages from Labrador to Florida Cabots 1497-1 49S. Exploration of the Gulf of St. Lawrence Deuys , 150C. Discovery of Florida De Leon 1512. Exploration of the coast north of Florida Verrazani 1524. Exploration of Florida. The Mississippi discovered. De Soto 1539-1542. Exploration of New Mexico Corouado 1540. Exploration of Pacific Coast Cabrillo 1542. Exploration of New Mexico, Rio Grande Espego 1582. Acadia granted and explored De Monts 1603-1004 Massachusetts coast explored Gosnold 1602. Northern New York entered Champlain 1609. The Hudson Eiver discovered Hudson 1609. FIRST PERMANENT SETTLEMENTS. Florida St. Augustine Melendez — Spanish 1565. New Mexico Santa Fii Espego Spanish 15S2. Acadia Port Royal De Monts French 1005. Virginia Jamestown Newport English 1607. Canada. Quebec Charapiain French 1608. REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. What ideas had Europeans of the extent of the world previous to the dis- covery of Columbus ? 2. Give an account of the India trade of those early times. 3. To what did it lead, and why? 4. Why is Portugal connected with the mention of this trade ? 16. What is said of their western boundaries ? Of the Dutch claim ? 17. How v.-as the English claim affected by that of the French ? By that of the Dutch? How much trouble arose from the Spanish claim? Be prepared to re- cite, and write out from memorv, the above tables. DISCOVERIES AXD EXPLOEATIOXS. 19 5. Give the early history of Cohimbus — the growth of his great idea — and his struggles for assistance. 6. State the connection of Ferdinand and Isabella with Coliimbuei. 7. How many voyages did he make, and when ? 8. What was his own belief about his discoveries ? Why ? 0. Give the story of the naming of America. 10. Give an account of the voyages of the Cabots. 11. What claim was founded on them? 12. Give the leading Spanish expeditions from 140S-15S5. 13. Which of these belong to the history of the United States? 14. Narrate De Soto's expedition. How far did Florida extend? 15. What attempts were made by another nation to settle there ? With what result? IG. Where else did the French attempt to settle on the coast of America? IT. Name the explorers connected with the St. Lawrence. IS. What did these early French and English explorers hope to lind ? 19. What Englishman tirst explored San Francisco Bay? His object? 20. Where and when did the English attempt settlements previous to ICOO? 21. Give a brief history of the attempts at Roanoke. 22. Give the dates of— 1. the settlement of St. Augnstine; 2. Santa Fo; 3. the St. Lawrence ; 4. Jamestown ; 5. Port Royal ; 6. Quei)ec. 23. With what explorations was Gosuold connected? 24. Who was Henry Hudson ? 25. What was the original extent of Virginia? 26. What division was made of Virginia in 1600 ? To whom granted ? 27. What use was made of the grants? 28. How many and what European nations were connected with the North American Continent previous to 1610 ? Give the extent of their claims. 29. Give a summary of Spanish discovery and explorations. 30. Give a summary of French discovery and explorations. 31. Give a summary of English discovery and explorations. 82. Give, from the table, the principal explorations north of the Gulf of Mexico. 20 IIISTOEY OF THE UNITED STATES. ^^-^URE OF SM r^ CHAPTER II. COLONIAL HISTORY. FROM THE SETTLEMENT OF JAMESTOWN, 1G07, TO THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, 1754. PART I.— VIRGINIA AND MARYLAND. VIRGINIA. 1. Under the first Charter, 1606-1609.— In the division of the territory of Virginia, South Virginia was given to the London Company. In December, 1606, shortly after receiving this grant, they sent out three vessels, under Christopher Newport, to form a settlement at Roanoke Island. This was the place where the English had al- ready met with so many disasters. 2. The Voyage. — A storm drove the vessels north of this point, and they entered Chesapeake Bay. They finally sailed up the River Powhatan, and on a spot fifty 1. What grant was given to the Loudon Company ? Wha., use did they make of it? COLOXIAL HISTORY VIRGIXIA. 21 miles from its moutli tliey formed a settlement, May, 1607. This, in honor of the king, they called Jamestown, and the river they named the James. 3. Character of the Settlers. — There were 105 men in all, but, for the most part, they were poorly fitted to found a colony in an unbroken wilderness, being quite unused to labor. They had no wives nor families with them, and came only to dig gold, and then return to England to enjoy it. They landed in May, and by September fol- lowing fifty of them had died of disease and exposure. 4. Government of the Colony. — The little colony was governed by a council of seven, selected by King James before the colonists left England. Of the members of this council by fiir the ablest was John Smith ; but the others were jealous of him, and put him under arrest while on board ship. On their arrival at Jamestown, they at first prevented him from taking his seat in the council, but Smith soon compelled them to receive him. 5. Smith saves the Colony. — When the colony seemed to be going to ruin, in the fall of 1607, and the other councilors were unable to regulate its affairs, the settlersi were glad enough to put every thing into the hands of Smith. He Avas a brave, energetic, and cheerful man. He gained the confidence of the Indians, and obtained supplies of corn. He raised the spirits of the settlers by persuading them to build log-houses, and in this way kept them from brooding over their troubles. At length af- fairs began to brighten under his management. 6. His Capture by the Indians. — While he was explor- ing the River Chickahomin}^ in the winter, he was taken prisoner by the Indians. There is a romantic story that 2. TMiere and when did they settle? Why did they change their intention? What names M'ere given ? 3. What is said of the settlers ? What befell them ic a few months ? 4. What is said of the government of the colony? What occurred on their voyage, and after their arrival ? 5. In what way did Smith rise into importance in the colony? What is said of hivS conduct and influence ? 22 HISTORY 0¥ THE UNITED STATES. liis life was saved by a young girl, Pocahontas, the daugh- ter of tlie chief Powhatan, who tlirew herself between Smith and the clubs of his executioners. Whetlier this be true or not, Smith was not killed by the Indians, but was allowed to return to Jamestown after an absence of seven M'eeks. 7. Smith again saves the Colony. — On his arrival, he found every thing in disorder. Some of the colonists were preparing to escape to England in the little vessel belonging to the company. Smith was able to prevent their doing this; and in a short time, though not witli- out threats of severity, he succeeded once more in redu- cing the colony to order. 8. New Settlers— Smith's Explorations. — There arrived from England in the spring of 1608 about one hundred and twenty colonists, who were no better than the first. They spent their time digging and washing some "glit- tering earth," which they mistook for gold. With tliis they loaded the vessels to be sent back to England. Smith warned them of their folly, but it was of no use, and he started to explore the Chesapeake Bay and the rivers that flow into it. After sailing more than three thousand miles, he returned to Jamestown. The map tliat he made of tlie bay is still preserved. 9. The Company complain. — The company in London were beginning to grow impatient. They had received no return for the money they had spent on the colony, and they sent out a very angry letter to Jamestown. Smith, Avho was now President of the Council, wrote back tliat "it were better to send out thirty working-men than a thousand like the present colonists." 10. The Second Charter— 1609 to 1612.— In 1G09 the com- 6. What occurred on the Chickahominj' ? 7. What did Smith find on his return to Jameptown ? How did he act ? 8. What addition was made to the colony ? In what way did they busy them- selves ? How did Smith employ himself meanwhile ? What was the extent of his voyage ? 9. What is said of the Loudon Company ? How did Smith reply ? COLONIAL HISTORY — VIRGINIA. 23 pany obtained from the crown a new and more favorable cliarter. They at once determined to act with greater vigor, and in the summer of 1609 sent out nine ships, with five hundred colonists. Lord Delaware was appointed governor, but he did not sail with the ships. 11. The new Emigrants at Jamestown. — One of these sliips, carrying the commissioners who were to govern the colony until the arrival of Lord Delaware, was strand- ed on the Bermudas, and compelled to remain all winter. Seven of the vessels arrived at Jamestown in the month of August. Among the passengers there was no person of authority, and they refused to obey Smith, asserting that Lord Delaware had been appointed governor. But Smith told them that he would act as governor until Delaware's arrival. This he did, notwithstanding their threats, and brought them quickly to obedience. 12. Smith leaves the Colony— the Starving-time.— This was not long, however. In October he was severely wounded by an explosion of a small bag of gunpowder, and was compelled to sail to England for surgical aid. Soon after Smith left, every thing ran rapidly to ruin. The provisions were wasted ; sickness spread rapidly ; and of five hundred persons there remained only sixty when the winter was past. These terrible winter months of 1609-1610 were long remembered in the colony as the "starving-time." 13. The Colony saved— 1610. — Li May the shipwrecked men arrived from the Bermudas, and saved the misera- ble remnant from death. But they brought only a small stock of provisions, and in June they all concluded to leave Jamestown and disperse among the fishing-vessels oiF IS'ewfoundland. Before they left the river. Lord Del- aware arrived with provisions and settlers. He persua- 10. What change took place in 1G09 ? What efTect had this on the company ? 11. What happened to the expedition? How did the new settlers behave? What did Smith do? 12. What unfortunate occurrence soon took place, and when ? What effect was produced by Smith's leaving ? By what name was this long known ? 24 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STxiTES. ded them to return, and Jamestown was once more saved. 14. Third Cliarter-1612 to 1624. — An important change was made in the charter of the company in the year 1612. The members Avere allowed more voice in the man- agement of its affairs. It thus became more dem- ocratic, and was less un- der the influence of the king. But this did not greatly help the growth of tlie colony. 15. Tobacco-planting. — The first thing that gave life and vigor to Jamestown came from its own settlers. In 1615 the cultivation of tobacco began, and spread with great rapidity. The settlers found a ready market for the plant in Europe, where Raleigh had introduced the custom of smoking thirty years before. We can see how valuable the staple became, for it was used as the currency of the colony. 16. First Colonial Assembly. — In 1619 the first colonial assembly of Virginia met at Jamestown. It was com- posed of planters or " burgesses," elected from districts called " boroughs." 17. Importation of Women. — That which put the colony on a still firmer footing was the arrival of a number of young women, who became wives to the planters. They EAKLY BETTLKMENT8 IN VIKGINIA AND MAEYLAND. 13. What did the remainder do in the spring? How were thej' saved? 14. What chanire took place in 1612 ? What ri,2:hts did it grant ? 15. What plant became the staple of the colony ? When was it tirst cultivated ? From what circnmstance can we see its valne ? 16. In what year did the first colonial assembly of Virginia meet? Wlierc? Of what was it composed ? COLONIAL HISTORY — YIKGINIA. 25 were sent out in 1G19, as a business speculation, and the purchasers paid 100 lbs. of tobacco, worth then about $75, for a wife. The consignment paid so well that more were sent out in 1621, who were readily disposed of for 150 lbs. of tobacco apiece. 18. Negro Slavery— Cotton first planted. — Two events of vast importance in the after-history of America oc- curred about the same time. In the year 1C20 a Dutch trading-vessel arrived at Jamestown, with twenty ne- groes. These were sold as slaves to the settlers. This Avas the beginning of negro slavery in the English col- onies. In the year 1621 some seeds of cotton were first planted at Jamestown as an experiment. Its cultivation did not spread, however, for many years. 19. Indian Massacre. — The settlers were at last begin- ning to be prosperous and contented. The plantations, or collections of farms, numbered eighty, and stretched to a considerable distance from Jamestown. The In- dians, who had thus been pushed back, looked with ha- tred on the white men, who had their lands, and in 1622 fell suddenly on the settlers with frightful vengeance. In one morning three hundred and forty-seven persons were killed, and the number of plantations was reduced from eighty to eight. The Indians, after a long and bloody war, were finally driven back from the settlements. 20. London Company dissolved— Second Indian War. — The disasters of the colony produced quarrels among the London stockholders. King James I. shortly dissolved the company, and declared the charter forfeited to the crown. Virginia then became a royal province, after be- ing seventeen years under the London Company. In 1644 the Indians a second time suddenly attacked and mas- IT. What important cargoes arrrived in 1G20 aud 1621 ? What is said of these ? How did they benefit the colony ? IS. What other arrival was there in 1620? Wliat seeds were first planted about this time? 19. What broke out in 1622? How far did the colonists expect this? Whaf was the extent of the disaster, and the final result ? 1^ 26 HISTORY OF TUE UNITED STATES. sacred the settlers. Another Indian war followed, at the end of which the savages were compelled to submit. 21. Virginia under the Parliament. — The great civil war in England broke out during the reign of King James's son, Charles I. The king quarreled with his Parliament, and war followed. The latter triumphed, and beheaded Charles. Cromwell then came into i)ower as Protector of England. During the struggle Virginia remained loy- al to the crown. 22. The Navigation Act. — For this loyalty his son Charles II. showed little gratitude when he was placed on the throne. In 1660 was passed the Navigation Act, a most oppressive measure, which was made still more so in 1663. By this act the American colonists were compelled to ship their staples to England alone. They were forced also to buy all their European goods there. Still more, the carrying -trade was confined to English vessels. The act pressed heavily on the productions of Virginia, which were increasing rapidly. 23. Bacon's Rebellion. — The colonists were far from be- ing at peace among themselves. The rich planters and officeholders levied taxes for their own benefit, and the mass of the people had to pay them. An Indian war broke out in the year 1676, and this gave the people an opportunity of showing their feelings. Governor Berke- ley refused to give them arms for their defense. There- upon 500 men rallied around a young man by the name of Bacon, and marched against the Indians. Berkeley immediatelj^ proclaimed Bacon a rebel. Bacon, in turn, attacked and defeated Berkeley. In the struggle, the village of Jamestown was burnt — never to be rebuilt. 20. To what event did these misfortunes lead ? How was the colony under tho company? How many charters were there ? 21. How was Virginia afiected by the civil war in England? From what did this war arise ? What was its result ? 22. How did Charles IT. treat the American Colonies? Describe some of the provisions of the Navigation Act. 23. From what other cause did the colonists have trouble ? When and in what way did these reach a crisis ? Describe what followed. COLONIAL HISTORY MxVRYLAND. 27 24. Bacon's Death— Berkeley's Revenge. — While in the midst of his success, Bacon suddenly died. He was the life of his party, and his followers, being left without a leader, scattered to their homes. Berkeley came again into power, and hanged twenty-three of the rebels, as he called them. So cruel did his conduct seem to the easy- going king, Charles II., that the latter said of him, "The old fool has hanged more men in that naked country than I did in England for the murder of my father." 25. Virginia granted to two Favorites. — In 1673 Vir- ginia was granted to two royal favorites, Lords Arling- ton and Culpepper, for thirty-one years. Culpepper final- ly obtained the entire grant, and was appointed govern- or for life in 1677. In 1684 he surrendered his patent to the crown. Virginia thus again became a royal prov- ince, and so remained until the American Revolution. MARYLAND. 1. The Grant. — The territory of Maryland was origin- ally a part of Virginia. In the year 1632 King Charles I. granted to George Calvert — Lord Baltimore — a tract of land north of the Potomac. To this was given the name of Maryland, in honor of the queen, Henrietta Maria. 2. The Charter— its Liberality. — Lord Baltimore's pur- pose was to found in America a colony for persecuted Catholics. He died, however, before the patent for the grant received the king's seal, and it was made out in the name of Cecil, his son. The charter was the first that secured to the people of any colony in America the right to make their own laws. It also declared that all Chris- tian sects should enjoy equal rights throughout the ter- ritory of Maryland. 24. How did the rebellion end? What is said of Berkeley's conduct? 25. What occurred in 1G73? IIow long had it been a royal province? How long did it remain under the new proprietors ? 1. What is said of the territory of Maryland ? What of the grant ? To whom made, and Vv'hcn ? Why named Maryland? Where is the Potomac ? 2. What was the object of Lord Baltimore ? What is remarkable about the charter ? to 28 IIISTOKY OF THE UXITED STATES. 3. Opposing Claim. — Meanwliile one William Clayborne, from Virginia, had already establislied, under license from tlie king, two trading-posts within the limits of Maryland. One of these was at the mouth of the Susquehanna, the other on an island in the Chesapeake. Clayborne felt that Baltimore's grant interfered with his right. 4. First Settlers— Trouble with Clayborne. — In Febru- ary, 1G34, Leonard Calvert, brother of Lord Baltimore, arrived in Chesapeake Bay with a company of Catholics. On March 27 he settled on tlie site of an Indian village, which he named St. Mary's. Chayborne soon began to quarrel with the colonists ; but was compelled to flee to Virginia. In 1644 he returned, and, after a short strug- gle. Governor Calvert was compelled to flee. Then, in 1646, Calvert returned, and drove oflT Clayborne. 5. The Toleration Act. — The year 1649 is celebrated in tlie history of Maryland for the passage of the "Tolera- tion Act." This famous law secured to all Christians the right to worship God according to their owm con- sciences, which right had already been embodied in the charter. 6. Fresh Trouble from Clayborne. — In the year 1652 Clayborne, the old enemy of the colony, reappeared in Maryland. He came as one of the commissioners from the Parliament of England sent out to look after " the plantations within Chesapeake Bay." These men forced the governor, Stone, to resign ; and when his friends took up arms, the latter were defeated, and several of the chief men were hung. 7. Maryland a Royal Province. — For three years the col- ony was in constant turmoil with the quarrels between Protestants and Catholics. There were two governments, 3. Who claimed a part of the territory ? By what rijiht ? 4. Where aud when did the first colonists settle? Who led them? State the troubles that soou followed. 5. What important act was passed, aud when? Why was its mention in the charter not euou^h ? 6. When and how did Cloyhorne return ? What took place? COLOXIAL HISTOKY — MASSACHUSETTS. 29 and almost hopeless confusion. Finally, in 1660, the friends of Lord Baltimore gained the mastery. This con- tinued until 1691, when King William III. made Mary- land a royal province, and it remained so for twenty-one years. 8. Proprietary Government.— In 1715 the fourth Lord Baltimore was restored to his rights. At his death the territory passed into the hands of the fifth Lord Balti- more, who continued proprietor until the Revolution. PLYMOyTHJ620 ANDROS AMD THE CHARTER PART II.— NEW ENGLAND COLONIES. MASSACHUSETTS. 1. Exploration of North Virginia. — By the charter of King James L, North Virginia was given to the Plymouth Company. In the fall of 1607 they sent some settlers to the mouth of the Kennebec, but these remained only one 7. How long did disturbances continue ? What change took place in the gov- ernment? 8. When was it restored to Lord Baltimore ? How long did it remain under proprietors ? 30 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. winter. For some years after this the coast was visited only by fishing or trading vessels. The famous John Smith was engaged in this business off the coast of Mas- sachusetts in the year 1614. In a ship's boat, with eight men, he explored the shores from the Penobscot to Cape Cod, and made a chart of the country, which he named 'New England. 2. The "Great Patent."— On Smith's return to England, he persuaded the Plymouth Company to apply to the king for a new grant. This they obtained in the year 1620, and it was known as the " Great Patent." It gave to forty noble and influential persons, as " the Council for New England," the whole country between the 40th and 48th degrees of north latitude, westward to the Pacific, and covering more than 1,000,000 square miles. 3. The Puritan "Pilgrims." — The first permanent set- tlement on this tract was not made under the Council for New England, but by a small band of persecuted English Protestants, called Puritans. They first went from En- gland to Amsterdam, in Holland, in 1608; thence they removed to Leyden (H'-cIen), and from their wanderings they assumed the name of " Pilgrims." Soon wearying of Holland, with its foreign language and manners, and being very poor, they determined to emigrate to Amer- ica. With much difficulty they obtained from the Lon- don Company a small grant of land in South Virginia. 4. The Speedwell and Mayflower. — They bought a little vessel, which they named the Speedwell. In this a por- tion of them sailed from Delft Haven in 1620, and landed first at Southampton, in England. Here they were joined by the Mayflower, with another band of "Pilgrims" from London, and then sailed for America. 1. To what company was North Virginia given ? What use did they make of their grant ? What explorations were made ? 2. W^hat new grant was given, and when ? By whose persuasion was this sought for? 3. Who first settled on the tract? What is said of them? What grant did they get from the Plymouth Company ? 4. State the preparations they made for emigrating. COLONIAL HISTORY — MASSACHUSETTS. 31 5. The Speedwell condemned. — The Speedwell was quick- ly found to be leaky, and, after two attempts, both ves- sels finally put back to Plymouth, w'here the Speedwell was condemned as unseaworthy. The little Mayflower, crowded with men, women, and children to the number of 101, set sail alone, September 16, 1C20. 6. The Voyage— the Landing. — "We can readily under- stand what a wearisome voyage it must have been, in this crowded condition, and lasting as it did sixty-three days. Tlie first land they saw was Cape Cod. Though this was far north of the limits of South Virginia, they were so worn out by confinement that they determined to anchor in Cape Cod Harbor. On the 21st of Decem- ber, 1620, they landed on the place chosen for a settle- ment, and named it New Plymouth. 1. Their Form of Government. — This spot was within tlie limits of the Plymouth Company's tract, where they had no grant of land or powers of government. They ac- cordingly signed a " compact," or agreement, before they left the Mayflower, " to govern themselves for the com- mon good," and chose John Carver governor for one year. 8. Early Sufferings. — The colonists suflfered severely from the eflects of their voyage, and from exposure in their new settlement in the cold w^intry weather. Half their number died during the first five months; among these was Governor Carver. Fortunately, the Indians proved friendly, and a treaty was made Avith Massasoit {}uas-sas'o-it), their chief, early in 1621. 9. A Charter obtained. — The colony grew very slowly, and their London friends, who had assisted them with money, began to grow impatient for returns. In the year 1627 the Londoners sold out their interest to leading col- 5. Did both vessels sail? Why did both not finally go? How many persons sailed ? When ? 6. How long was the voyage ? W^here did they first see land ? Where did they anchor, and finally land ? Why did they determine to settle here ? 7. In what condition did the Pilgrims find themselves ? What did they do ? 8. How did they bear the climate and the new country ? How did the Indians behave ? 32 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. onists for 9000 dollars. In 1630 a charter, containing a grant of land embracing New Plymouth, was obtained from the Council for New England. The after history of Plymouth Colony is closely connected with that of Mas- sachusetts Bay Colony, on which we now enter. NEW ENGLAND COLONIES AND PART OF NEW NETUEEL.VNDS. 10. Endicott's Grant.— In the year 1G28, John Endicott and others obtained from the Council for New England a grant of territory bounded by a line three miles south of the Charles River and Massachusetts Bay, and three miles north of every part of the River Merrimac. Under this grant, a settlement was begun at Salem the same year. Presently fresh settlers arrived from England, and Chaelestown was founded in 1629. 9. How did the colony succeed ? What followed ? When did they first obtain a grant of land ? How Ion? were they in America without a grant? 10. What grant was obtained in 1628 ? What places were settled, and when ? COLONIAL HISTORY MASSACHUSETTS. 33 11. Change in the Charter. — In the charter it was pro- vided that the governor should reside in England. This was changed in 1629, and his residence, together with the charter, was transferred to the colony. Many of the best Puritan families in England at once determined to emigrate; and in 1G30, 1500 settlers arrived, some at Salem, and others at Charlestown. A portion of these, under the new governor, John Winthrop, settled Boston. 12. Early Sufferings. — Although they were better pro- vided than the New Plymouth colonists, the winter of 1630 made sad havoc among the settlers in Massachu- setts Bay. Before December passed, two hundred of them died. But fresh arrivals came, and the colony grew rap- idly. 13. Religious Intolerance. — The Puritans had sought America to obtain religious freedom ; but when they ar- rived here, they allowed little difference in opinion among themselves. Roger Williams, minister of the Salem Church, claimed that no power on earth could bind the conscience of men in religion. For this and other opin- ions he was banished from the colony in the year 1635. Another instance will show liow far they carried this in- tolerance. An able woman, Mrs. Hutchinson, held raeet- in2;s of her own sex, where she advanced new views on religious matters. This was not to be permitted, and in 1637 she also was sentenced to banishment. Such a sen- tence meant the sufferings of the wilderness, and the company of Indians. 14. Harvard College founded. — In 1637 the freemen of the colony, meeting in " General Court," set apart about 1000 dollars to found a seminary at Newtown. Two years after John Harvard left to this school his library 11. What important change was made in 1G29 ? Ho^* did this affect the col- ony ? What place was now settled, and wheu ? 12. What is said of their early sufferings? 13. For what chiefly had the Pilgrim^ and Puritans come to America? How did they treat those who differed from them ? State about Williams. Give the particulars of Mrs. Hutchinson's case. What did banishment uiean ? B2 34 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. and nearly 4000 dollars besides. It was then named Har- vard College, and the name of Newtown was changed to Cambridge, the seat of a famous English university. 15. New England Union. — Three colonies, settled prin- cipally from Massachusetts, had in the mean time sprung into existence. These were New Haven, Connecticut, and Khode Island. In the year 1643 the colonies of Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, New Haven, and Connecti- cut formed a union for mutual protection against the Dutch of New Netherlands, French, and Indians. This lasted for more than forty years. Rhode Island was re- fused admission because she would not acknowledge the authority of Plymouth Colony, which claimed the terri- tory. 16. Religious Persecution. — Some members of a perse- cuted sect called Quakers arrived from England in 1656. They held peculiar views, the spread of which the Mas- sachusetts authorities thought to stop by banishing the Quakers from the colony. This only brought greater numbers, of whom four were hanged, and many were im< prisoned and cruelly punished. They gloried in their sufferings, and their steadfastness and patience at last Avrought such a change on popular feeling that the per- secution was stopped. 17. Navigation Act. — New England felt severely the oppression of the Navigation Act mentioned in the his- tory of Virginia. The colonists had already a thriving business in ship-building and commerce. This was ruined by the Act, and the loss naturally produced great indig- nation against the mother country. 18. The Indians— King Philip. — The treaty of peace with the Indians continued unbroken nntil the year 1675. 14. Give the origin and founding of Harvard College. What was the old name of Cambridge, and wh^chauged ? 15. What important union was formed ? What was its object ? How long did it last,? 16. Who were the Quakers ? What is said of their treatment in Massachusetts ? IT. How did the Navigation Act affect Massachucetts ? State the provisions of this act. See Virginia. COLONIAL HISTORY — MASSACHUSETTS. 35 Massasoit, the old chief, died, and his son Philip became Ids successor. Philip had long brooded over the grow- ing power of the whites, and the loss of the hunting- grounds of his tribe. The colonists, on the other hand, were too ready to believe that Philip was their enemy. 19. King Philip's War. — A converted Indian, who lived with Philip, told tlie Plymouth people that the Indian chief was plotting their destruction. Soon after the in- former was found murdered. Then the colonists hung three Indians charged with the crime. Philip, in revenge, attacked Swanzey, 35 miles southwest from Plymouth, in June, 1675, and killed some settlers. The colonists flew to arms. Philip united the ^N'ew England tribes, and soon along the frontier settlements on and near the Con- necticut fire and blood marked the track of the Indians. 20. End of the War-Death of Philip.— The war contin- ued until August, 1G7G. Philip made the most extraor- dinary exertions, but the energy, resources, and numbers of the colonists prevailed. Philip, broken-spirited, and almost alone, went back to his old home at Mount Hope, where he was shot, in August, by a treacherous Indian, His little son was sold as a slave. This ended what is known as King Philip's War. 21. The Charter annulled. — The people of Boston, in resisting the "Navigation Act," compelled one of the ofii- cers of customs to return to England. King Charles 11. at once resented this as an afi*ront, and, to punish the colony, proceeded to annul tlie charter of Massachusetts. He died before this was done, and his successor, James II., completed the work. 22. Royal Government. — The charters of the other New England colonies were also taken away, and Ed- IS. Who was King Philip? What is said of his feelings toward the whites? 19. What directly brougtit on the war? How did Philip revenge this? How far did hostilities extend ? 20. How long did they continue? Describe the last days of Philip. How Jong did the war last ? Where was Mount Hope ? 21. What important change occurred ? Why was this ? 36 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. mund Andres, " the tyrant," as he was called, was ap- pomted royal governor of New England in 1686. When his master, King James, was expelled from the throne in 1688, the Massachusetts people heard the news with great rejoicing, and quickly sent off the tyrannical Andros to England under arrest. 23. First Intercolonial War— King William's. — The ex- pulsion of James from the English throne was followed by the reign of William of Orange, known as William III. This change involved the English colonies in a war with the French on their borders. The French king took up the cause of the exiled James, and proclaimed war against England in 1689. The French colonists united with the Indians, and attacked the settlements of Xew York and New Hampshire. 24. Principal Events. — The English colonists were not idle. In 1690 Massachusetts sent out an expedition a^^ainst Acadia, which captured Port Royal, and returned with a great amount of plunder. A second expedition, by land and water, j^roved a costly failure The war was ended by the treaty of Ryswick {nz'icik) in 1697, and Acadia was restored to France. 25. Salem Witchcraft. — While the war was going on, a remarkable delusion broke out at Salem on the subject of witchcraft, in 1692. It spread rapidly through the col- ony, and before long nearly one hundred persons were in prison, charged with what was called the crime. At first they were principally old women that were arrest- ed. Soon charges were made against some of the first families in the colony, and a special court tried and hanged twenty of the prisoners. One of the hanged was a clergyman. When the excitement reached its height, eight persons were under sentence of death, and the jails 22. What events followed ? Who was appointed governor ? IIoav was his ad-: ministration brought to an end? '23. What involved the French and English colonies in war? Why then is this called King William's War? 24. Mention the principal events. By what was it closed? COLONIAL HISTORY JIASSACnUSETTS. 37 TTcre full of prisoners awaiting ti-iul. This excessive se- verity worked a cure; tlie people began to see their fol- ly, and in 1693 all the prisoners were discharged. 26. Massachusetts under Royal Government. — Another important event took place during the war. In the year 1692 Massachusetts, Maine, and Nova Scotia Avere united in one province, under the name of Massachusetts. From this time onward to the Revolution the colony remained under royal government. 27. Second Intercolonial War — Queen Anne's. — King William's War ended in 1697. Five years after, Avar broke out in Europe between England and France, and the colonies in America Avere forced into the quarrel. The Avar sprang out of the conduct of the French king, Louis XIV. When James, the exiled English monarch, died in France, Louis proclaimed his son king of England. This Avas deemed by the English an insult to Queen Anne, and war Avas declared in 1702. 28. Principal Events. — In America the suffering fell chiefly on the frontier inhabitants of Noav England and South Carolina. The active operations of the Northern colonies Avere directed against the French in Acadia and Canada. Port Royal, in Acadia, was captured in 1710. The expedition against Canada proved a failure. Hos- tilities Avere terminated by the treaty of Utrecht (u-trekt), in 1713. By it Great Britain gained Acadia, Avhich Avas made a province, under the old name of Nova Scotia. 29. Third Intercolonial War — King George's. — Thirty years of peace folloAved. George II. now reigned in En- gland. Disputes arose in Europe about the succession to the Austrian throne, and France and England took op- 25. When and how did the witchcraft excitement arise ? To what length did this extend? How was it stopped? 26. How long did Massachusetts govern itself after Audros left? What hap- pened in 1G02? 27. AMien did Queen Anne's War begin ? What was the cause of it ? How many years were there between this and King AA'illiam's AVar? 28. Give the principal events. How long did it last? What territory did Great Britain gain on this continent by the treaty ? 38 HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. posite sides. Wav followed, and the colonies in North America were once more compelled to fight in a Euro- pean quarrel. 80. Principal Event. — The war began in 1744. The principal event in America was the capture of the strong French fortress of Louisburg, on Cape Breton {brit'-un) Island. This success was very gratifying to the North- ern colonies, because the capture was mainly the result of their own efforts. It surrendered June 28, 1745. 31. End ofthe War— its Results. — The war was ended in 1748 by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle {akes-Id-shd-pel'), in Prussia. Louisburg, the capture of which had cost the colonies so much eifort, was restored to France. These three wars have been placed in the history of Massachusetts, because she was the most powerful New England colony. But all the New England colonies join- ed actively in them, and bore their own share of suffering. CONNECTICUT. 1. The Connecticut Grant. — The Council of Plymouth in the year 1G30 granted to the Earl of Warwick a tract of land extending one hundred and twenty miles along the coast Avest of the Narragansett River, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Next year he transferred the grant to Lord Say-and-Seal and Lord Brooke, Avith other English gentlemen. 2. Dutch Claim— English settle Windsor. — The Dutch of New Netherlands claimed the land along the Connecti- cut River. In the year 1633 they built a block-house, on the present site of Hartford, to command the valley. Some traders from New Plymouth, not heeding this, sail- 29. What was the cause of King George's War? How many years had passed since ? 30. What were the principal events? 31. W^hat ended the war ? How many years did it last ? What Is said of one of the places captured during the war? Why are these three wars given under Massachusetts Colony ? 1. When and to whom was ll-.e grant of the present State of Connecticut made ? What was its extent ? Vv'hal change in proprietors took place ? COLONIAL UISTOEY — CONNECTICUT. 39 ed past the fort, and set up a trading-house at Windsor the same year. Two years after sixty emigrants came across the wilderness from Massachusetts, and settled near these traders. 3. Saybrcok Colony. — In the same year, 1635, a fort was built at the mouth of the river to close it against the Dutch. It was named after the two proprietors, Say and Brooke. Tliis was the beginning of Saybrook Colony. 4. Connecticut Colony. — Next year, 1636, one hundred persons from the neighborhood of Boston, under the Rev. Thomas Hooker, settled at AVindsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield. The settlements took the name of the Connecticut Colony, and were under the protection of Massachusetts. 5. Pequod War. — These settlements were scarcely be- gun, before the Pequod Indians commenced depredations around the Saybrook Colony. This was toward the close of the year 1636. Next year they extended their rav- ages up the river as far as Wethersfield. The Connecti- cut towns promptly raised a force of some eighty men for their defense, and placed them under Captain Mason. He pushed the war with so much vigor that by the end of the year 163*7 nine hundred Pequods had perished, and the tribe was exterminated. 6. Government of the Colony.— In 1639 the settlers agreed on a plan of government. It was based on the great idea that all power springs from the people. Under this agreement, all residents of good character were de- clared freemen. Every officer was chosen by these free- men. The Connecticut Colony is therefore the first exam- ple of a pure democratic form of government in America. 2. Who claimed a large part of the territory ? How did they attempt to keep it ? What is said of the English settlement ? Where did the settlers come from ? 8. What was the origin of Saybrook Colony ? Why so named ? 4. Describe the origin of Conuecticut Colony. Was it independent at first ? 5. When and where did an Indian war break out ? Give the progress and re- sult of the war. How long did it last ? 6. What is said of the government of Connecticut Colony ? Why is it remark- able ? 40 HISTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. v. New Haven Colony ^vas founded in the year 1638 by a body of emigrants under the Rev. John Davenport and Theophilus Eaton. The first place of settlement was at New Haven, on land purchased from the Indians. It was a purely religious colony ; that is, the Bible was made the only rule of government, and only members of the church were allowed to be freemen. In this we see it was quite different from the Connecticut Colony. 8. Union into one Colony. — Until the year 1644 there were three colonies within the limits of the present State of Connecticut. In that year the remaining proprietor of Saybrook Colony sold his interest therein to the Con- necticut Colony. In the year 1 665 New Haven was united to Connecticut, under the most liberal charter ever given to any of the colonies. Its provisions were nearly the same as those adopted by the people in 1639, and it was so perfect that no change was made in it for many years after Connecticut became a State. 9. Attempt to seize the Charter. — Andros, the royal governor of Xcw England, already spoken of, tried to get possession of this famous charter. In 1687 he went to Hartford, where the Connecticut Assembly were in ses- sion, and demanded that it should be given to liim. It was brought out and placed on the table. The discus- sion that followed was long and earnest, and ran into the night. Suddenly the lights were extinguished. In the darkness a trusty hand carried off the precious parch- ment and hid it in the hollow of a tree, which was fa- mous for more than 150 years after as the Charter Oak. When Andros was expelled from Xew England, the char- ter was taken from its hiding-place, and the old govern- ment was quietly resumed. 7. Wheu and by whom was New Haven fouiulecl ? How did it differ from Connecticut Colony ? 8. How many and what colonies were there in Connecticut ? When were these reduced to two ? Wheu was there but one ? What is said of the charter ? 9. What story is told about it? Who was Andros? Has he been spoken of before ? Where ? See page 3G. COLONIAL HISTORY — RHODE ISLAND. 41 10. Yale College founded. — In the year 1701 a school for the education of ministers was established at Say- brook. It was afterward removed to New Haven, and named Yale College, after its first patron, Elihu Yale. RHODE ISLAND. 1. Roger Williams, minister of tlie church at Salem, was banished from Massachusetts in the year 1635. He made his way, in the deptli of winter, to the Narragansett Indians, who gave him shelter and welcome, and also a grant of land on the east side of Pawtucket Kiver. 2. Providence settled. — Learning that this was within the limits of the Plymouth grant, he and five companions removed to the west side of the river in the spring of 1636. In remembrance of" God's merciful providence to liini in his distress," he named the new settlement Prov- idence. 3. The Island of Rhodes settled. — By tlie advice of Williams, settlers came from Massachusetts in 1637. They bought the island of Aqnidneck from the Indians, and named it the Island of Rhodes. Portsmouth was set- tled, and in 1639 Newport was founded. 4. A Charter granted. — Wlien, in 1643, the New En- gland union was formed, Providence Plantation and Rhode Island were refused admission. Williams there- upon determined to get a charter from the crown. He liimself went to England, and in 1644 obtained a charter uniting Providence and Rhode Island in one colony. 5. Religious Freedom. — It was some years before the united colonists met and chose a governor. They then, in 1647, agreed on a set of laws, the greatest of which was that celebrated act which granted freedom of re- 10. When was Yale College founded ? State what is said about it. 1. What led to the fouuding of Rhode Island Colony ? When and where did Williams first reside ? 2. Why did he move from this ? To what place did he go, and what did he name it ? 3. When was the island of Rhodes first settled ? At what point ? By whom ? 4. Why did Williams determine to get a charter ? How did he succeed ? 42 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LTGious FAITH AND WORSHIP TO ALL SECTS. Rogei* Wil- liams was determined that no one should be expelled from Rhode Island as he had been from Massachusetts. 6. The new Charter. — In 1663 Charles II. confirmed by a new charter all the rights and privileges guaranteed by the first. So liberal was this new instrument, that it con- tinued to be the charter of Rhode Island until 1842. NEW HAMPSHIRE. 1. Early Settlement.— The Council of Plymouth in 1622 made a grant of land, lying between the Merrimac and Kennebec rivers, to Sir Ferdinand Gorges and John Ma- son. As early as 1623 some feeble fishing -settlements were made at Little Harbor, near the present Ports- mouth, and at Dover. 2. Proprietary Government. — In 1629 Mason became sole proprietor, and named the tract New Hampshire, af- ter the shire in England where he lived. He subdivided his grant among a number of proprietors, and there then sprang up endless quarrels about titles. 3. Colonial Troubles. — The people at length, in 1641, put themselves under the protection of Massachusetts ; but in 1680, at the request of Mason, New Hampshire was made a royal province. Three times it Avas joined to Massachusetts, and as often restored to a separate jorovin- cial government. From 1741 until the Revolution it re- mained under its own governor. 4. Sufferings of the Settlers. — New Hampshire suffered severely from the Indians during the intercolonial wars already mentioned in the history of Massachusetts. The settlers were greatly exposed to the inroads of the sav- 5. When did the colonies unite ? What celebrated act did they pass ? When was this ? 6. What change was made in 1G63 ? What is said of this charter ? 1. What grant was made in 1G23 ? What use was made of this ? 2. Who became sole proprietor ? Why was the country named New Hamp- ebire ? What troubles sprang up ? 3. Give a sketch of the changes of government. What was the last govern- ment of the colony ? COLONIAL HISTORY NEW YOEK. 43 ages and the French. The villages were laid waste, and families murdered, but the hardy settlers rallied with re- newed energy after every trial. PART III.— MDDLE COLONIES. NEW YOEK. 1. Henry Hudson entered the Hudson River in the year 1609. This discovery was the foundation of the Dutch claim to New ISTetherland, a name which, in 1614, was given by the States of Holland to the territory lying be- tween the 40th and 45th degrees, north latitude. After- ward the name was limited to the country between Cape Henlopen and Cape Cod. 2. Opposing Claim to the Territory. — The English re- garded this as an interference with their claim, and re- monstrated. The States of Holland paid no attention to 4. What is said of the sufferings of the New Hampshire settlers ? 1. What was the foundation of the Dutch claim in America? What was its extent and name ? Why was this called New Netherlands ? 2. Who disputed the Dutch claim, and why? How did the Dutch show their regard for this remonstrance ? 44 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. this. In 1623 the Dutch built Fort Nassau, on the Del- aware, and Fort Orange, near the present site of Albany. 3. Early Settlements. — There were a few block huts for the protection of Dutch fishermen on Manhattan Isl- and as early as 1614. The real settlement of the island, however, did not begin until the year 1625. In the fol- lowing year the Walloons, French Protestants from Hol- land, settled Long Island, at Wallabout Bay, Avithin the present limits of Brooklyn. 4. Nev/ Amsterdam founded. — Minuits was the first "director," or governor. Under him Fort Amsterdam w^as built, and the village that sprang up around it was named New Amsterdam. This was the beginning of the city of New York. 5. Bad Government of Kieft. — Kieft, the third govern- or, behaved with great cruelty to the Indians. This brought on an Indian war, in 1643, which for years threatened the destruction of the colony. The conduct of Kieft became so bad that he was recalled by the Dutch authorities, and was succeeded by the brave and energet- ic Stuyvesant {stive-scmt)^m 1647. 6. Serious Troubles. — Stuyvesanthad much trying work to do. A colony of Swedes, in 1638, had settled on the Delaware, near the present Wilmington, and built a fort ; this was within the limits of New Netherland, and a trespass on the Dutch claim. The Connecticut people w^ere quarreling with the Dutch about boundaries. Worst of all, the colonists, many of whom were settlers from New England, were growing very restless under the severity of Dutch rule. 7. Energy of Stuyvesant. — The brave old soldier vrent to work with spirit. He first settled the boundary line 3. Where were the first settlements, and when ? 4. Who was the first governor ? What was now begun ? Of what was this the befrinuiug? 5. What is said of the results of Kieft's rule ? When and by whom was he suc- ceeded ? W^hy was this ? 6. How many and what troublesome aCairs did Stuyvesant encounter? , COLONIAL IIISTOKY — NEW YORK. 45 on the Connecticut side. He then turned liis attention to the Swedes. In the year 1655 he took possession of every one of their posts, and reduced them to entire sub- mission. The Swedish Colony existed seventeen years. 8. New Netherland seized by the English. — He could not so easily settle aftairs with his own colonists. An English fleet, under Colonel Nichols, appeared before New Amsterdam, in 1604, and demanded, in the name of the Duke of York, that the keys of the fort should be given up to him. Stuy vesant refused, but found himself unsup- ported by the citizens, and the fort was surrendered in opposition to his most earnest entreaties. 9. The Territory under English Rule.— The whole region from the Connecticut to the Delaware had been given by King Charles II. to his brother James, duke of York and Albany. On the surrender of New Amsterdam, the name Avas changed to New York, and Fort Orange to Albany New Netherland became the province of New York, of which the duke was proprietor. 10. New York seized by the Dutch. — The Dutch regained possession of New York in the year 1673, during a war jjetween England and Holland. AVhen the war ended, it passed, by treaty, under English rule, after having been held by the Dutch fifteen months. 11. Execution of Leisler. — The colonists gained nothing by the change to English rule. The duke's governors, among whom was Edmund Andros, were much worse than the stern but just Peter Stuy vesant. The execution of Leisler {Us'ler) and Milborne, in 1691, produced great ex- citement in the colony. When William III. ascended the throne, Leisler, with some of the citizens, seized the fort in the name of the new king. William, however, did not 7. How did Stnyvesaut settle two of them? How long was this little Swedish colony iu existence ? 8. What ended Stnyvesant's rule ? Why did he not make forcible resistance ? 9. Why was New Amsterdam claimed by the Duke of York ? What changes took place ? 10. What intcnuplion was there to English rule? IIow long did this last? 46 IIISTOEY OF THE UNITED STATES. sanction what he did, and sent out Col. Sloughter as gov- ernor. Leisler was brought to trial for treason, and he and his son-in-law, Milborne, were condemned and executed. 12. King William's War. — The northern frontiers suf- fered severely during King William's war. The French and Indians committed great barbarities. Schenectady was burned, and men, women, and children were tortured and put to death. 13. The Negro Plot— 1741. — Another event of impor- tance in the early history of the colony was the supposed negro plot to burn the city of New York and massacre the inhabitants. During the excitement thirty persons were executed for their supposed connection with the plot, some of whom were whites. The people, after some time, became ashamed of their cruelty, and common sense resumed its control. 14. Love of Liberty. — The colonists of Kew York en- dured much from the oppression of the royal governors, some of whom were most unprincipled men. The strug- gles of the colonists for liberty under these bad rulers prepared them for the trying times of the Revolution. NEW JERSEY. 1. Early Settlement. — The present State of New Jersey formed part of the territory of New Netherland. Under the Dutch no active efforts were made to settle the coun- try west of the Hudson. In the same year that the En- glish rule began, 1664, Elizabetiitown Avas settled under a grant of land from Governor Nichols. 2. Sale of New Jersey by the Duke. — Meanwhile the Duke of York had sold the Avhole tract between the Pludson and the Delaware to Lord Berkeley and Sir 11. Did the colonists gain by the change ? What governor is mentioned ? What event produced great trouble ? Describe this. 12. How did King William's War affect the colony? Where is Schenectady ? 13. What excitement sprang up in 1T41 ? Describe this. 14. From M'hat cause in particular did the colonists suffer? What good result followed ? 1. What is said of the territory of New Jersey? Of its early settlement? COLONIAL IIISTOEY NEW JERSEY. 47 George Carteret. The lat- ter named the territory New Jersey, after the isl- and of Jersey, in the En- glish Channel, of which he had been governor. 3. Carteret and the ear- ly Settlers.— Philip Car- teret came over as gov- ernor in 1665, and re- sided at Elizabethtown. Settlers flocked in large numbers to the mild climate of the new prov- ince, where no rents were charged for the lands for the first five year MIDDLE COLONIES. These easy terms For part of New Netherland, see Map, p. 82. led to serious disturbances, for when rent did become due, the settlers refused to pay any, and the governor was forced to leave the colony for a time. 4. East and West Jersey.— Lord Berkeley sold out his rights to two English Quakers in the year 1674. A few years after the entire tract Avas divided into two parts — East and West Jersey. Carteret took the east, and the other proprietors the west part. 5. Andros in New Jersey. — When Andros was govern- or of Xew York, under the duke, in 1678, he claimed the governorship of New Jersey. In 1680 he went to Eliza- bethtown, and carried off Governor Carteret a prisoner to New York. Ne^xt year the duke gave up all claim to Jersey, and the proprietors were restored to their rights. 2. Who owned the territory first under English rule? To whom was it sold ? Why named New Jersey? 3. What is said of the early settlers ? W^iat troubles ensued ? 4. What is said of Berkeley's right ? How was the territory divided ? 5. What is said of Major Andros, and the claim? llow did he enforce this claim ? What was the end of the business ? 48 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 6. Carteret no longer Proprietor. — In 1682 Carteret sold his rights in East Jersey to William Penn and eleven other Quakers. They had very troublesome times with their tenants, many of whom were Scotch settlers, and were glad to give up their right of government to the crown in the year 1702. v. New Jersey a royal Province. — The same year all New Jersey was united with New York under one gov- ernor, and the union continued for 36 years. At the end of that period New Jersey obtained a royal governor for it- self. No further change took place until the Revolution. DELAWARE — PENXS YLYAXI A. 1. The Swedes on the Delaware. — Delaware Avas first set- tled by the Swedes, near the present city of \Yilmixgtox, in 1638. To the territory around their fort they gave the name of New Sweden. In 1643 they built a fort on Tinicum Island, a few miles below the present city of Philadelphia. Stuyvesant, as we have seen, conquered the colony of New Sweden. The Swedish settlers, how- ever, still remained on the Delaware. 2. Penn's Grant.— William Penn, in the year 1681, ob- tained from King Charles II. a grant of land v/est of the Delaware, in payment of a debt due his father. The grant covered Avhat is now the State of Pennsylvania. In 1682 the Duke of York, with whom Penn was a great favorite, gave him in addition all that territory now known as the State of Delaware. This was j^resently named " the ter- ritories or three lower counties on the Delaware." 3. First Settlers— Penn's Arrival. — On these two tracts Penn was desirous of providing a home for oppressed Quakers, or " Friends," as they called themselves. The 6. What became of Carteret's right? Ilow did the new proprietors succeed? 7. What happened iu 1702 ? State what is said of its further history. 1. Where aud by whom was Delaware first settled ? What was its first name ? What other settlement was made by them ? What can you state of the conquest of New Sweden ? See page 44. How long did it exist as a colony ? 2. Whence was the origin of Pennsylvania? What other tract did Penn re- ceive ? By what name was it known ? COLO:S'IAL HISTORY — DELAWARE PENNSYLVANIA. 49 •first settlers came out and settled at Xew Castle, on the Delaware, in 1681. Penn himself came over late in 1682. Early in 1683 he laid out the city of Philadelphia, or " brotherly love." 4. His Treatment of the Indians. — There is something very pleasing in the way Penn treated the Indians. He bought their lands, and, under the great elm-tree of Ken- sington, made a treaty of peace with them, which lasted seventy years. In all his dealings with them he was so kind and truthful that the natives always trusted one Avho wore the dress of a Quaker. 5. Penn and the Colonists.— This great and good man was not equally fortunate in retaining the good-will of all the colonists. He made the terms of settlement very easy, and gave them great liberty in the management of their affairs ; but the " territories " on the Delaware caused him much anxiety. They wanted a government of their own, distinct from that of Pennsylvania. 0. Delaware a separate Province.— At last, in 1691, while lie was on a visit to England, Penn sent word that the territories might have their own Avay; and he appoint- ed a deputy-governor over them. In 1703 a final agree- ment of separation was made. Each colony had its own Assembly, but both remained under one governor. 7. Happiness of the Colonists. — The history of these two colonies is marked by no event of striking impor- tance. This is the best evidence of their growth and hap- piness. Beyond the disputes with Penn on the lower Del- aware, there Avas nothing to mar their comfort. Swedes and Quakers were treated alike, with the same noble gen- erosity that marked the conduct of Penn. 8. The Government of both Colonies. — After his death, 3. What use did Peun intend to make of these grants ? What is said of the first settlements'? 4. What is said of Peun's treatment of the Indians? How did they treat his Fettlers in return ? 5. What is said of Penn and the Delaware settlers? What did they want? 6. What arrangement was made in 1691 ? What one in 1703 ? 7. What is said of the happiness of the colonists? c 50 IIISTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. in 1718, tlie colonies were governed by his descendants or their deputies. In the year 1779 the State of Pennsyl- vania, grateful to the memory of Penn, paid to his heirs nearly $600,000 for their proprietary riglits. PART IV.— EXTREME SOUTHERN COLONIES. NORTH CAEOLINA. 1. Early Settlements. — The first attempts at settlement within the present limits of North Carolina were made by Ilaleigh, at Roanoke Island. About seventy years later, in 1651, a few emigrants from Virginia settled near the mouth of the Chowan River. Ten years after, some 'New Englanders settled on Cape Fear River, near the present city of Wilmington. Neither of these two col- onies prospered. 2. The Clarendon Grant— In the year 1663 Charles II. granted a large tract of land, south of Virginia, to Lord Clarendon and seven noblemen. They named this prov^- ince Carolina, in honor of the king. 8. How were the colonies governed ? How did Pennsylvania show its regard for the memory of Penn ? 1. When and where were the first settlements attempted in North Carolina ? What two settlements were made later? 2. What was the Clarendon grant? What was it named; and why ? COLOXIAL HISTORY — NORTH CAROLINA. 51 3. Albemarle and Clarendon Colonies. — In 1gg4, some emigrants from Virginia landed near the old spot on the Chowan River, and formed a settlement whicli tliey named x\lbemarle Colony, in honor of one of the pro- prietors. This Avas found to be north of the Clarendon grants, and new boundaries were therefore granted. Tlie present southern boundary of Virginia became the line on the north ; the line on the south took in more than one lialf of Florida. In 1665 emigrants from Barbadoes settled near Wilmington. This was named the Claren- don Colony, but it did not succeed. 4. Locke's Plan of Government. — The celebrated philos- opher, John Locke, had been asked by the proprietors to draw up a frame of government for Carolina. In doing this he provided for an order of nobility, who were to govern and make laws for the people. Perhaps this might have suited a thickly settled country, but in the ■wilderness of Carolina it proved w^orse than useless, after a trial of twenty years. 5. Progress of Carolina. — The Albemarle Colony was the only one that flourished in numbers. Locke's scheme of government, and quarrels with the proprietors about lands and rents, produced constant contentions. About the beginning of the ISth century numbers of French and German Protestants settled in Xorth Carolina. There came also considerable bodies of Scotch and North Irish emigrants. The colony was at last fixed on a firm foot- ing, and, but for the oppression of the governors, the peo- ple would have been happy. 6. Carolina divided. — The government of the propri- etors came to an end in 1729. That year the King of England, George II., bought the rights of the proprietors, and divided the province into ^orth and South Carolina. 3. Where Avas the first settlement under this grant ? What mistake was made ? How was this remedied ? What occurred in 16G5? What was its success ? 4. What duty was assigned to a distinguished Englishman ? What is said of it ? 5. How did the Carolina Colony succeed at first ? What is said of the later setllers? 52 IIISTOIIY OF THE UNITED STATES. From this time onward to the Kevohition each of these was a separate royal province. SOUTH CAKOLTXA. 1. Charleston settled. — Under the Clarendon grant some colonists settled on the west bank of the Ashley River, in 16*70. Here they founded Old Chaklestox. The settlement was named Carteret Colony. It was very soon seen that the land at the junction of the Ashley and Cooper rivers was more desirable. Thither the settlers on the west bank of the Ashley moved, in the year 1680, and laid the foundation of the present city of Charlestox. 2. Early Settlers— the Huguenots. — Many of the early settlers of South Carolina Avere Huguenots, driven from France by religious persecution. Their patient, industri- ous, and strictly moral lives had a marked influence on the success of the colony. 3. Trouble with the Spaniards and Indians. — The col- ony had serious trouble, at diflerent times, with the Span- iards of Florida. A combined Spanish and French fleet, in 1706, attempted to capture Charleston, but was re- pulsed, with heavy loss. The settlers suffered also severe- l}'- from the Indians on their borders as late as the year 1715. 4. Effect of the Indian Wars.— It was the expense in- curred by the Indian wars that led to the change of gov- ernment in 1729, already mentioned in the history of North Carolina. The colonists were heavily taxed, and the proprietors paid nothing. The people rebelled; the king interfered; Carolina was divided; and South Caro- lina became a royal province. G. What important event occurred in 1729 ? What was the government of North Carolina after this ? 1. What and where were the first settlements made in South Carolina ? What led to the settlement of New Charleston ? 2. What is said of the early settlers ? 3. From what source did the colony have trouble ? Did they have trouble from viny other? 4. What led to the change in 1T20 ? State what is said. COLONIAL HISTORY GEOKGIA. 53 GEOEGIA. 1. Founding of Georgia. — The Colony of Georgia was formed out of the original Clarendon grant. In 1732 James Oglethorpe obtained a grant from King George II. of all the land between the Savannah and Altamaha rivers. In honor of the king, he named this Georgia. 2. Oglethorpe the Founder. — Oglethorpe was a soldier of some distinction, and a member of Parliament. He was a man of a very benevolent nature, and his object in founding Georgia was to provide a home for the suffering poor of England. The colony was placed in the hands of 21 trustees, for 21 years, who were to carry out this plan. 3. Character of the early Settlers. — Oglethorpe himself led the first emigrants to the Savannah River, in the year 1733, and founded SxIvanxaii. The colony increased in numbers. But these poor people did not make it a suc- cessful colony. A large number of sturdy Scotch High- landers and industrious Germans arrived ; and they gave whatever vigor and life Georgia had for a long time, 4. Oglethorpe's Energy. — Tiie bravery and activity of Oglethorpe save'd the colony from destruction by the Spaniards, in 1742. Florida bordered on Georgia, and the danger from this cause was by no means small ; but the Spaniards were frightened by Oglethorpe's prepara- tions, and retired. 5. Treatment of Oglethorpe. — The colonists showed great ingratitude for all Oglethorpe's kindness. They went so far as to send an agent to England with com- plaints against him. These, after careful trial, were pro- nounced to be utterly without foundation. 6. Success of the Colony. — The colony, meanwhile, did 1. Out of what was Georgia formed? Who obtaiued the grant, and when? What was its extent, and why named Georgia? 2. Who was Oglethorpe ? What was his object ? How was the trust arranged ? B. Where was the first settlement made ? How did the colony succeed at fli'St ? What is said of later settlers ? 4. What is said of Oglethorpe's care of the colony ? 5. How did the colonists repay his kindness ? 54 IIISTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. not flourish. The trustees were wearied with tlie com- plaints of the colonists, and at length, in the year 1*752, they resigned their powers into the hands of the king. Georgia then became a royal province. GENERAL REFLECTIONS ON COLONIAL HISTORY. 1. Period of Settlement. — The number of English col- onies was thirteen. Maine, which was a separate colo- ny and province until 1692, was in that year annexed to Massachusetts. The settlement of the colonies extended through a period of 126 years. Virginia, the first, was settled in 1607. Georgia, the last, was settled in 1733. The most active period of settlement was from 1607 to 1637. During this time Virginia, Maryland, New York, and the New England colonies, were founded. Georgia was the only colony begun after the commencement of the 18th century. The period of settlement may there- fore be said to be the 17th century. 2. Different Nationalities. — In the year 1750 the great body of the inhabitants in the colonies were eithei" En- glish or their descendants. But many of the settlers came from other nations of Europe. The Dutch were numerous in New York ; the Feench were found in New York and South Carolina ; the Scotch and Irish, in East Jersey, the Carolinas, and Georgia ; the Swedes, on the Delaware ; the Germans, in Pennsylvania and Nortli Carolina. 3. Their Industries. — In New England the inhabitants were occupied in farming, lumbering, manufacturing, ship- building, and the fisheries. In the Middle States they were chiefly farmers. In Virginia and Maryland the pi-incipal staple was tobacco, and farming was the main business. In Carolina and Georgia were the rice planta- 6. What is said of the final success of the colony ? 1. How long was the period of settlement ? What Avas the most active period ? €. From what nation were the great mass of the settlers? What other nations were repi*esented? Where were they fouud in the colonies? GENERAL EEFLECTIOXS ON COLONIAL HISTORY. 55 tions, near the coast : on the high lands the settlers were farmers. Cotton was not yet cultivated to any extent. 4. Trade and Commerce. — The most commercial, colony was ^lassachusetts. Boston, from the first, w^as the most active of all the towns in shipping. Philadelphia and New York were both considerable ports. Virginia had no shipping-ports worthy of note. If we examine a map of Virginia, we may notice how many large rivers run into Chesapeake Bay. Up these the ships went to the l^lantations, and took away the jjroduce of the planters, leaving other things in exchange. This is the reason why the colonists of Virginia did not collect in large towns. Jamestown was never more than a village. 5. Currency. — The trade of the colonies was, in early times, mainly carried on by exchange or barter. In Vir- ginia, for a long time, tobacco was used as money ; in New England, wampum, made of shells ; in New York, beaver- skins. The currency was English — j^ounds, shillings, and pence. Dollars and cents came in Avith the Revolution. 6. Colonial Habits. — The mode of life was exceedingly simple. They had abundance of plain food, but there were few luxuries. They wore homespun clothes, and made their yarn from the wool of their own sheep. The roads were poor, and wheel vehicles were very few. The farmer's wife rode to church or market behind her hus- band, on one horse. The young people managed to en- joy themselves very merrily. They had corn-huskings, apple-parings, election parades, thanksgiving feasts, and out-of-door sports. It was a simple life, with plenty of hard labor, but it was a very free one. Thei-e was no waste, and there was little or no want. 3. In what were the settlers of New Eugland engaged ? Of the Middle States ? Of Virsinia and Maryland ? Of Carolina and Georgia ? 4. What was the most commercial colony ? The most commercial town ? What two others are mentioned ? Why had Virginia no large towns ? 5. How was trade carried on ? What was \\?ed instead of currency ? In what money were accounts kept? When Avas the Federal currency adopted ? 0. What is said of the mode of life? Clothing? Roads and modes of convey- ance ? Amusements of the j-oung ? What remark is made ? 56 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 7. Class Distinctions. — In Virginia, and to a certain ex- tent in the Middle States, the large land-holders formed an aristocracy. By this it is meant that a few leading families kept the chief offices in their own hands. For example, there were the planters, on great estates, in Vir- ginia; the PATROONS, or large land-owners, in New York; and the proprietors in New Jersey. In New England the land Avas divided into small farms, and there was thus less contrast in wealth between the settlers. This made the people of these Eastern colonies more demo- cratic from the first. 8. Eeligious Denominations. — There was very great variety of religious belief in the colonies. The Church of England was supreme in Virginia and the Carolinas. The Catholics settled in Maryland ; the Puritans, in New England ; the Quakers, in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and West Jersey; the Presbyterians, in East Jersey; the Reformers from Holland, in New York; and the French Huguenots, in New York and South Carolina. 9. Religious Freedom. — Puritans, Catholics, Quakers, Huguenots, fled from persecution in order to enjoy their own faith unmolested in America. But some of these sects were very intolerant to those who differed from them. Thus, we saw Williams and the Quakers driven from Massachusetts ; and in Maryland the Catholics wxre, before many years, disfranchised by the Presbyterians. In looking at this we must not be too ready to blame these sects ; for we must remember that the principles of religious freedom were not then well understood in any part of the world. 10. Education. — The New England colonies were the most active and careful to provide for the education of the T. What distinction was there in Vii-trinia? What is an aristocracy? Give examples. What is said of New England in this particular? 8. What is said of religion in the colonies? Name the denominations spoken of. Where was each of these to be found ? 9. Prom what cause were many colonies settled? What is said of religious freedom among them ? Why do they not deserve great blame for this ? GENERAL REFLECTIONS ON COLONIAL HISTORY. 57 young. Under the Dutch rule, New Amsterdam had its school-master almost as soon as its minister. The Quak- ers of Pennsylvania and New Jersey established schools at an early day. Virginia and Maryland at first moved very slowly in this work ; but toward the close of the 1 Vth century schools began to multiply. 11. Printing— Nev/spapers. — The first printing-press in the colonies was set up in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in tlie year 1639. The first newspaper was established at Boston, in 1690, but stopped after the first number. In 1700 there was not one in the thirteen colonies: in 1774 there were not less than 37. In Virginia it was the boast of the governor that there was neither printing-press nor school in tlie year 1675. 12. Different Kinds of Government. — Three forms of government j^revailed in the colonies : the Proprietary, the Charter, and the Royal, or Provincial. 13. Proprietary Governments. — Nearly all the colonies were, at one time or other, under prorrietors, who had certain rights of government granted by the crown. Pennsylvania is an example of proprietary government, undisturbed from its settlement until the Revolution. Maryland and Delaware are also examples. 14. Charter Governments were carried on under certain rights granted to the people in w-ritixg by the crown. Hence the name charter, from tlie word charta^ a sheet. The principal charter governments were Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts. We may remember what was said about the Connecticut and Rhode Island char- ters. Under this form of government the people had the right of choosing their own governors. 10. When was public education first cared for ? What is said of other colonies ? 11. What is said of the first printing-press ? Of newspapers ? What is said of Virc;inia in 1G75? 12. How many and what kinds of government prevailed in the colonies? 13. What was proprietary fj^overnment ? What examples are given of this ? 11. What was charter government? Give examples of this form. What right did the people have under this ? C2 58 IlISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 15. Royal Governments. — Nearly all the colonies, by the year 1750, had passed under the crown. They had thus become eoyal provinces, in Avhich the governor and his deputies were chosen by the King of England. The only exceptions were Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, which remained under proprietors ; and Connecticut and I'ihode Island, which kept their free charter governments. 16. Love of Liberty. — The nature of these governments did not seem to make any difference in the love of liberty among the people of the colonies. Virginia was made a royal province in 1624, six years before Boston was set- tled, and yet she had in 1775 as active and liberty-loving a population as Connecticut, which had the freest charter in America. So it was with New York, which, either as a Dutch or English province, had no charter. 17. How the Love of Freedom was nourished. — The truth is, that the great new country was thinly settled, and the lands were cheap. The frugal and independent habits of the people nourished the spirit of liberty. When the royal governors troubled and oppressed them, they resisted, and would vote no money. The rulers might go a certain length, but they did not dare to go too far. The early settlers, for the most part, came to America to enjoy freedom, and their descendants inher- ited the LOVE OF LIBERTY and HATRED OF OPPRESSION. RE\aEW QUESTIONS. 1. How many Euglish colonies were there ? Name them. 2. Which was the first settled ? The last ? Give dates, 3. What was the chief period of settlement ? 4. How many were first settled by the English? 5. How many were begun by people of other nations ? G. What nations' colonies bounded the Euglish on the north and south ? 7. Which of the thirteen colonies were settled by persecuted religious sects ? 8. Give the particulars of the settlement of the first colony. 9. What difiiculties did it encounter at first? 10. Who formed the London Company ? Give account. 15. What is said of royal government ? To what extent did it prevail ? IG. How did these diflerent forms affect the settlers ? What examples are given to prove this ? 17. What causes produced this love of freedom? EEVIEW QUESTIONS. 59 11. Who was Johu Smith? 12. Show how his labors benefited the colony. 13. Show his ability by what occurred when he left. 14. What important events occurred during the period of the third charter? 15. Why were these important? 16. What misfortune befell the colony in 1G22 ? 17. To what great change did this lead ? IS. Give some account of the rule of the Loudon Company. 19. What were the provisions of the Navigation Act ? 20. What was the object of the English in passing this? 21. Frtmi what cause did Bacon's rebellion arise ? 22. Why did Virginia have no large towns ? 23. Under what grant was Maryland settled ? 24. What was there remarkable about its charter ? 25. What difiiculties did the colony encounter at first ? 26. Who was Clayborne? Sketch his connection with Maryland. 27. What kind of government had Maryland ? 2S. When did the connection of the Baltimore family end? 20. When and by whom was New England named ? 30. How many New England colonies were there ? Name them. 31. Was Maine one ? Why not ? Was Vermont one ? 32. What was the origin and extent of the Great Patent ? ?>i. Give au account of the settlement of New Plymouth. 34. What was the history of the Pilgrims in Europe ? 35. What was the origin of the great colony of New England? 36. Who were the Puritans ? 3T. Where were the first settlements made in Massachusetts Bay? 3S. How did the Puritans treat those who differed from them ? SD. Give examples of this. 40. To the establishment of what colony did this lead ? 41. What other colony sprang from Massachusetts ? 42. What were some of the principal events in the history of Massachusetts? 43. Give au account of King Philip's War. 44. Give the name, cause, and duration, of each of the first three intercolonial wars. 45. Name the principal event in each. 46. To whom did Acadia originally belong ? What did the English name it ? 47. What was the extent of the Connecticut grant? 48. What nation claimed the territory, and what steps did they take to main- tain their claim? 40. How and when was this claim settled ? See New York. 50. How many and what colonies v.-ere there originally in Connecticut ? 51. When and how did they become one colony ? 52. What was peculiar about the Connecticut charter? 53. Give the account of the settlement of Rhode Island. 54. Give the history of its charter. Why was it obtained ? 55. What colony did it resemble in one of the provisions? 56. What events marked the first settlement of New Hampshire ? 57. Who was the proprietor, and what difiiculties did he meet with? 5S. With what colony was New Hampshire intimately connected ? 50. Name the Middle colonies. Give their extent. 60. How much of this was claimed by another European nation? 61. Under what name and claim did they hold it? 62. Give a short account of the first settlement of this territory. 63. Name some of the most important events of New Netherland history. CO HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 64. Sketch the character of Peter Stuyvesant. C5. What change took place under his admiuistraliou ? GG. How did this change affect the future history of New Jersey and Delaware? G7. How long did the Duke of York hold New York? 65. Who was King William ? What is said of him elsewhere in the history? CO. What sad affair occurred in New York after the accession of King William ? 70. What sort of rulers were the royal governors? 71. Who were the Patroons ? 72. How long was New York under proprietors ? A royal Province ? 73. When and where was New Jersey first settled by the English? 74. What changes took place in the proprietorship of New Jersey ? 75. Who were the principal settlers of New Jersey? 7G. From what cause did troubles arise ? 77. How long was it a royal province? and under proprietors? 7S. What led to the settlement of Pennsylvania? 79. How was Peun's grant increased ? SO. Who were the first settlers on the Delaware? 81. Give the history of this colony. 82. Why is the history of those two middle colonies so closely connected ? S3. What difficulties ensued between the English settlers on the Delaware and Penu? 84. How were these finally settled? 85. Sketch the character of William Penn. 86. Who were the Quakers ? In what colonies are they mentioned ? 87. What was the government of Delaware and Pennsylvania? 88. How long did it last ? 89. With what colonies was Penn closely connected ? 90. What southern colony was first settled from Virginia? 91. What was its early success ? 92. How far did the first Carolina grant extend ? 93. Name the different colonies within the present limits of North Carolina. 94. Name those within the limits of South Carolina. 95. Give the history of Locke's Constitution. 96. What was the character of the settlers in these two colonies ? 97. What useful foreigners settled near Charleston ? 9S. How long were the Carolinas under proprietors? 99. For what object was Georgia founded? 100. Who was Oglethorpe ? Sketch his character. 101. How did the colony succeed ? 102. How was Georgia governed at first ? 103. What was its final success as a colony? 104. What were the industries of the several colonies? 10.5. Which were the commercial colonies and towns ? 106. State what is said of the early habits of the people. 107. How many kinds of government were to be found in the colonics ? 108. Give examples of each. 109. How was trade carried on with the scarcity of money? 110. Which was the greatest trading colony? 111. Name the principal sea-ports of the colonies. 112. What strengthened among the people the love of freedom ? 113. Give an example of this. FEENCH EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS. 61 CHAPTER III. FRENCH EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS. FROM THE TEAR 1609. 1 . A Knowledge of French Explorations necessary.— We have now reached that period when the great and iiiial straggle between the French and EngUsh colonies was about to begin. We can not clearly understand the causes that led to this contest without knowing some- thing of the French explorations that had been going on from the year 1609. 2. The French forced westward. — It will be remember- ed that the Frenchman, Champlain, entered the northern part of New York in the year 1609. He did this to as- sist the Huron Indians against the Iroquois (e-ro-qud/i). The consequence was that the latter became bitter ene- mies of the French, and completely prevented them from exploring southward. The French were thus compelled to push westward along the shores of the great lakes. 3. The Jesuits and their Labors. — The explorers were chiefly Jesuit missionaries — brave, self-devoted men, who 1. Why is a knowledge of French explorations necessary at this point? 2. Who entered northern New York in 1G09 ? For what purpose ? What was the consequence of this ? 62 IIISTOrcY OF THE UXITED STATES. were ready to endure every privation, torture, and even death itself, to raise the banner of the Cross among the red men of the forest. These remarkable men moved steadily westward, and planted stations, or missions, giv^ ing them French names. Many of these remain to the present day. In 1668 they founded St. Mary's, the old- est settlement in tlie State of Michigan. 4. Upper Mississippi discovered. — One of the mission- aries, the celebrated Father Marquette (mar-ket), with a trader named Joliet {zJiol-yd')^ floated down the Wiscon- sin River in a birch-bark canoe, and discovered the Mis- sissippi, in June, 1673. On their way back to Green Bay, they stopped at the present site of Chicago. 5. La Salle. — The most remarkable of all these French- men was La Salle {sal). He was the explorer of the lower Mississippi and the founder of Louisiana. His life was one constant scene of adventure. While he was yet a young man, he attracted the notice of the French king by his explorations of lakes Erie and Ontario. The king rewarded him by granting him Fort Frontenac and a large tract of land adjoining. 6. Explores the Mississippi— Louisiana. — His active spir- it urged him to explore the great river that Marquette had seen, and in 1682 he descended the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. The country on its banks he named Louisiana, in honor of Louis XIY.,king of France. Four years after this. La Salle sailed from France with an ex- pedition, to plant a colony in Louisiana. He missed the mouth of the Mississippi, and landed his colonists some- where on the Texas coast. 7. La Salle's sad Fate. — The supplies that were expect- 3. Who were the French explorers? What is said of their self-denial? What is said of their labors ? What evidence do we still have of their movements? 4. What discovery was made by two Frenchmen ? When ? Where did they stop on their return ? 5. W^ho was the most remarkable of the French explorers? What is said of his early history? G. What did he explore, and when? What territory did he name, and why? What is said of his colony ? FRENCH EXPLORATIOXS AND SETTLEMENTS. 63 :+ Shmf general lines ot ENGLISH, FKEJsCn, AND SPANISU OCOUPATIO>f. 64 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. ed from France did not come. The settlers sickened, jxnd many of them died; and La Salle started north, with six- teen men, to go to Canada, through the wilderness, for help. On the way, he was treacherously slain by two of his companions. Such was the fate of La Salle, the explorer and founder of the vast territory of Louisiana. Nothing was ever learned of the fate of the colony. 8. Ill Success of French Colonies. — Although the French were very active in their explorations, the settlements around the missions did not increase greatly. Louisiana also grew very slowly. AVhat the French principally gained was a claim to the country by exploration and occupation. 9. Remarkable Activity of the French. — Before the year 1750 they had, in addition to their missions, sixty small military stations, stretching from Lake Ontario, down the Mississippi, to New Orleans. By 1 748 they had traversed the country south of Lake Erie east to the mountains. At diiferent places they buried leaden plates engraved with the arms of France, and in this way took formal l^ossession of the territory. ^ 10. English Colonization — Confiict of Claims. — Nearly all this time the English colonies confined themselves to the strip of land on the coast east of the Alleghanies. The moment the English frontiersmen crossed to the west side of the mountains, the two nations came in contact on DISPUTED TERRITORY. Then followed the French and Indian War. 7, Whither did La Salle start, and why ? What happened ? What became of the colony ? S. How did the French succeed iu settling the country ? What did the French chiefly gain ? . 9. What idea is given of the way the French occiipied the territory? How did they mark their claim ? 10. Where were the English meanwhile ? What brought on the war ? THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 65 CHAPTER IV. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 1. Immediate Cause of the "War. — In the year 1749 a grant of 600,000 acres of land west of the Alleghanies, on and near the Ohio River, was made to a body of specula- tors called the Ohio Comi^any. This sent traders into this tract, to traffic with the Indians. The grant em- braced a part of that region claimed by the French. 2. Promptness of the French. — The latter drove the company's traders away, and in some cases made prison- ers of them. This was in the year 1752. To maintain their hold of the territory, the French next year built a fort at Presque Isle {pres-keel') ^ now the present town of Erie, Pennsylvania. Farther south they built two forts — one. Fort Le Boeuf {la-buff')^ at the present town of Waterford, Pennsylvania; the other, Fort Venango, on French Creek, which flows into the Alleghany River. 3. George Washington sent to the Forts. — These forts were within the territory claimed by Virginia. In 1753 Governor Dinwiddle resolved to send a letter to the 1. What jrrant was made in 1749 ? What use was made of this ? Wliy was this the immediate cause of war? 2. What did the French at first do ? What did they do to keep the British out? 66 iiiSTor.Y OF THE united states. French commander demanding their removah To carry this message he chose George Washington, a native of Virginia, and then only twenty-one years of age. It was a very arduous undertaking in the winter. Four hundred miles of wilderness lay between Williamsburg, the capi- tal of Virginia, and the forts. 4. Washington's Journey. — Washington found the French commander, St. Pierre {2)e-dre), at Fort Le Boeuf, where the young Virginian delivered Dinwiddle's mes- sage. After remaining a few days, Washington started home with St. Pierre's answer to Dinwiddle, and, through all the perils of winter and of savages, arrived safe at Williamsburg, January, 1*754. St. Pierre's letter contain- ed a positive refusal to give up the forts. 1754. 5. Building of Fort Du Quesne.— On his journey, Wash- ington had noticed the point of land formed by the junc- tion of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers as an ad- mirable place for a fort. To this point, early in 1754, the Ohio Company sent men to build one. The French fell suddenly on tlie Avorkmen, drove tlicm away, and, com- pleting the works, named tliem Fort Du Quesne (kane). 6. First Skirmish of the War. — Meanwhile 600 Virginia militia, under Colonel Frye, Wasliington being second in command, were on their way to tlie company's new^ fort. On learning the news, Washington, with a small part}^ went on to reconnoitre, and met some French troops at a place called Great Meadows. A skirmish ensued, and the French officer, witli some of his men, was killed, May 28. 7. Washington builds Fort Necessity. — Colonel Frye died about this time, and Wasliington took the command. 3. W' hat did Virginia do ? What is said of his messenger ? 4. Where did Washington find the French commander? What is said of his journey home, and of St. Pierre's letter ? 5. W^hat point did Washington notice on his journey? "What use was made of this ? What happened there ? 6. In what way was Virginia active ? How did the first skirmish occur? THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 67 CUIEF SCENE OF OPERATIOKS. FKENCII ASD INDIAN WAE, As he did not know tlie number of the French in the neighborhood, he built a stockade at Great Meadows, v.hich he named Fort Necessity. This was about fifty miles from Fort Du Qiiesne. 8. Attacked by the French. — Here Washington was attacked by 1500 French and Indians nnder De Yilliers (vil-yd'), in July. After ten hours' hard fighting, the French captain offered Washington honorable terms on account of his brave defense. These were accepted, and the Virginia troops marched out with the honors of war. 7. What fort did Washington build soon after? Why did he build it? Why do you suppose he thus named it? 8. What happened here ? Describe the battle and the result. G8 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STxVTES. 9. Colonial Congress at Albany. — War had not yet been declared between England and France ; nor was it until two years later. But the fighting had begun, and the colonies prepared for the contest. Delegates from seven of them, accordingly, met at Albany, in 1754, to agree on some plan of defense. 10. Plan of Union agreed on. — Benjamin Franklin, a delegate from Pennsylvania, drew up a plan of union, which was adopted by the delegates, subject to the ap- proval of the colonies and the English government. It was probably a very wise plan, for it pleased neither the king nor the colonies: each was afraid that it gave the other too much power. 1755. 11. Arrival of General Braddock. — The English govern- ment therefore determined to go forward itself, trusting to get lielp from the colonies. In February, 1755, Gen- eral Braddock arrived in Virginia, with two regiments of British troops. At a meeting of colonial governors w^ith Braddock, at Williamsburg, it was determined to send out three expeditions — one against Fort Du Quesne, an- other against Fort Niagara, a third against Crown Point. 12. The Position of these Forts. — The first, as we have seen, was in the disputed territory. The second was a strong post on the Niagara River, on the line of the French communications with the great lakes and the val- ley of the Mississippi. The third commanded the en- trance to Canada. These were the great points of attack during the war. 13. Braddock's Character and Movements.— Braddock 9. Was war declared ? When was it ? What meeting was held ? 10. Who was Benjamin Franklin? What did he do at the meeting? What is said of this plan ? 11. W^hat did England determine to do? Who arrived in 1755? What plan of a campaign was resolved on ? 12. Give the position of Du Quesne. Of Niagara. Of Crown Point. What is said of these three? THE FREXCH AND INDIAN WAR. 69 in person, Avith a well-appointed army, went against Fort Du Quesne. He was a brave but headstrong officer, who would take no advice from Washington, his aid-de-camp, nor, in fact, from any one else. He despised Indian bush- fio-htino;, and marched his men throuo^h the woods as though they were on parade. 14. The Ambuscade. — The advanced corps under Brad- dock arrived, July 9, within seven or eight miles of Fort Du Quesne. They were marching gayly along the banks of the Monongahela, their drums beating, and their mus- kets glistening in the sun, when suddenly the Indian war- whoop resounded through the forest. Braddock had fall- en into an ambuscade. A few French, with a large force of Indians, had come out from the fort, and, hidden be- hind trees, now poured a steady fire on the British. 15. Braddock's terrible Defeat. — The men were terror- stricken; order was lost; they became huddled together like sheep, and their red coats formed a terrible mark for the unseen foe. Braddock and many of his officers, w^hile trying to restore order, were either killed or mortally wounded. What remained of the British were only saved by the coolness of Washington and the despised Virginians, who knew how to fight the wily savages. The wreck of the army retreated to Fort Cumberland, and finally to Philadelphia. IG. Expedition against Fort Niagara. — Governor Shir- ley, who was sent against Fort Niagara, reached Oswego, on Lake Ontario, in the month of August. While there he received the news of Braddock's defeat. He then con- cluded to go no farther, and, leaving a garrison at Oswe- go, he returned to Albany. 17. Expedition against Crown Point. — General John- is. Where did Braddock go ? What is said of him ? 14. What occurred on his march ? What was the force of the enemy that met him ? What is an ambuscade ? 15. How did the English troops behave ? What became of Braddock himself? How did the battle end ? Where is Fort Cumberland ? See Map, page 67. IG. Who moved against Fort Niagara ? llow far was he successful ? 70 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. son, of New York, went against Crown Point. In Au- gust he was on the shore of Lake George, with a large body of provincial troops. The French, under Dieskau {de-es-ko')^ pressed forward to attack hiin. On their way they met 1000 Massachusetts men, under Colonel Wil- liams, defeated them, and pursued them to the camp. Fortunately the provincials had thrown up breastworks; and from behind these they poured a deadly fire on the French. Dieskau was severely wounded, and made pris- oner. His troops fell back to Crown Point. ] 8. Result of the Expedition. — No forward movement was made by Johnson after the battle. He contented himself with building a fort near the camp, and named it Fort William Henry. Into this he put a garrison. The rest of his army returned to Albany, and Avas there dis- banded. Johnson had accomplished very little, but was greatly praised and rewarded — mainly, perhaps, because he had not suiiered a terrible defeat like Braddock. 19. Acadia seized. — In addition to these three expedi- tions, Massachusetts sent out a large force, in the month of May, to attack two French forts, Gaspereau {gas-2Xi-ro') and Beausejour (bo-sd-zhoor'), at the head of the Bay of Fundy. They were easily taken, and Acadia fell into the hands of the colonial troops. The simple French inhab- itants, who liad taken no part in the war, were driven from the country with great cruelty. 1756. 20. The Plan of the Campaign for 1756 was precisely the same as that of the previous year. The three points of attack were forts 'Du Quesne, Niagara, and Crown Point. Every one of the expeditions failed. IT. What is said of Johnson's movements ? Who was opposed to him ? What sharp skirmish occurred? What battle followed ? IS. What was done by Johnson after the battle ? What notice was taken of him ? Why was he so rewarded ? 10. Give an account of a colonial expedition. What befell the Acadians ? 20. What was the plan of operations for 1750 ? THE FEE^CII AXD INDIAX WAE. 71 21. The French capture Oswego. — While tlie troops in- tended to act against Crown Point were idling at Albany, the Marquis de 3Iontcalm, the successor of Dieskau, cross- ed Lake Ontario, with some Canadians and Indians, and captured the forts at Oswego. 'Fifteen hundred prison- ers and 135 cannon, together with a great quantity of military stores, and a fleet of vessels collected there for the attack on Fort Niagara, fell into the hands of Montcalm. After destroying the forts, he returned to Canada. 22. Affairs on the Frontiers. — Meanwhile, all through the western part of Virginia and Pennsylvania, the In- dians were scalping and burning. So long as the French flag flew over Fort Du Quesne, that post was the centre and support of these depredations. 1757. 23. English Movements. — This year the plan of attack was entirely changed. The only expedition prepared was sent against the important fortress of Louisburg. A fleet carrying a heavy land force, under Lord Loudoun, started from New York. Meanwhile a French fleet, Avith re-en- forcements for the garrison, entered the harbor of Louis- burg ; and Loudoun, on learning the news, sailed back to Xew York without making any attempt on the place. 24. Montcalm at Fort William Henry.— Montcalm, with liis usual activity, moved up Lake George and laid siege to Fort William Henry, in the month of July. There was a garrison here of 2000 troops, under Colonel Monroe. After holding out bravely for six days, JMonroe capitu- lated, with the honors of war. Fort William Henry was destroyed, and Montcalm returned to Crown Point. 21. W^ho was Montcalm ? What movement did he make ? With what success ? 22. What was the state of things ou the frontiers ? Why was Fort Dn Quesue so useful to the French? 23. How did the plan of the campaign for 1T5T differ from that of 1T5G ? What is said of the expedition ? 24. What is said of Montcalm's movements ? Describs the attack, and give the result. 72 HISTORY OF THE UNTIED STATES. 1758. 25. The Eesult of the War — Plan for the Year. — The Avar had now gone on for three years. The English had thus far gained nothin^^ of importance. They had men and money in abundance, but their affairs were badly managed. The Government of England this year made very great exertions, and sent out 22,000 regulars: the colonies raised 28,000 men. Over all Lord Abercrombie was appointed commander-in-cliief The j^lan of military operations was against the three places — Louisburg, Ti- conderoga, and Du Quesne. 2G. Movement against Louisburg. — Louisburg was cap- tured, after a vigorous bombardment, by a powerful En- glish fleet and land force — the latter under the command of General Amherst. The French made a brilliant de- fense with the means at their disposal, but were com- pelled to surrender, July 27. Cape Breton and St. John's islands also fell into the hands of the English. 27. Ticonderoga not taken. — General Abercrombie led a well-appointed army against Ticonderoga. Young Lord Howe, the favorite of the army, was killed while leading the advance. Abercrombie pushed on his main body to the assault without waiting for his artillery, and it ended in a bloody repulse, July 8. 28. Bradstreet takes Fort Frontenac.~One success shed a little glory on the expedition. Colonel Bradstreet, at his own earnest request, was dispatched with 3000 men against Fort Frontenac, on Lake Ontario. The place was easily taken. Nine vessels, with a large quantity of pro- visions, fell into his hands. This proved of great impor- tance, because it led to the fall of Fort Du Quesne. 25. What is said of the progress of the war ? What great efforts were made ? What Avas the plan of the campaign ? 20. What is said of the movement against Lonisbnrg ? Where was Louisbnrg situated ? What also fell into the hands of the Englisli ? 27. Give an account of the movement against Fort Ticonderoga. '23. What important movement was made by part of Howe's army ? With what success ? Why is this so important ? THE FEENCII AND INDIAN WAR. 73 29. Expedition against Fort Du Quesne. — The expedi- tion against Fort Du Quesne was commanded by General Forbes, and Washington led the Virginia troops. It was a badly-managed expedition. Forbes, a man very much like Braddock, found himself fifty miles from the fort as winter was approaching. He and his troops were much dis- couraged, and were about to return home in November. 30. The French abandon the Fort. — Fortunately they learned from some deserters that the French at the fort were greatly dispirited by the loss of their Indian allies. These had left them on the news of the loss of Fort Fron- tenac, with the provisions. Washington pushed on in ad- vance, and Fort Du Quesne was abandoned by the French. The Virginia troops entered, and the name was changed by the English to Fort Pitt — a name which is still re- tained in that of the thriving city which has risen there. 1759. 31. Plan of the Campaign. — There were this year three points of attack — Crown Point, Niagara, and Quebec. The expedition against Crown Point was under General Amherst ; that against Niagara was led by General Pj-i- deanx (2^re-do'). Both of these commanders, after finish- ing what they were ordered to do, were instructed to join General Wolfe in front of Quebec. 32. Fort Niagara taken. — General Prideaux was killed shortly after the siege of Niagara began, and the place was taken by his successor. Sir William Johnson, in July. For want of provisions and boats, he could not proceed to the St. Lawrence, as had been planned. 33. Movements against Ticonderoga. — Ticonderoga and Crown Point w^ere abandoned on the approach of Am- 29. Who commanded against Fort Du Quesne ? What is said of Forbes and his movements? 30. What fortunately saved the expedition ? What was the final result ? 31. What was the plan for 1T59? Who were to command these expeditions ? How were they all to combine '? 32. Describe the movement against Niagara. What followed ? D '/4 HISTOEY OF THE UNITED STATES. herst. There were, however, no boats ready to carry his men to the assistance of General Wolfe. There was no help for that general, either from the Niagara expedition or Amherst. 34. Quebec— its Position. — On the 26th of June, General Wolfe arrived opposite Quebec with 8000 men and a large fleet. He first tried to batter tlie works from Point Levi, across the river, but his guns could do no liarm to the upper town. Above Quebec the river bank was de- fended by precipitous cliffs. Below were the Charles and Montmorenci rivers, and an intrenched camp, defended by the ever-watchful Montcalm. OPERATIONS AROTJJSD QUEBEC, 1753. MONUMENT TO WOLFE AND MONTCALM. 35. Wolfe climbs the Heights of Abraham.— Wolfe tried to storm this camp, but was repulsed with severe loss. No help came from Niagara or Amherst ; and at last it was proposed, in a council of war, to scale the precipice above the city. At night his troops climbed, by a nar- row pathway, up the cliff, and at six in the morning of September 13 were drawn up on the Plains of Abraham. 36. Battle of Quebec— its Results. — Montcalm was sur- prised, but at once saw he must fight to save the city, 33. What success did Amherst meet with ? What prevented him from going to the St. Lawrence ? 34. Where was Wolfe in June ? What did he try to do ? How was Quebec defended ? 35. Detjcribe Wolfe's different movements. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 75 and promptly attacked him. Tlie battle was short, bloody, and decisive. AVolfe died in the moment of vic- tory, when the French had begun to flee. Montcalm, mortally wounded, was carried into Quebec. The city was the reward of the victorious English ; it surrender- ed four days after, and the British flag supplanted the French banner on the heights of Quebec, September 17. 37. French Attempt to retake Quebec. — Early in the following year, 17G0, the French came down in force from Montreal. A severe battle was fought, and the British were driven within the walls of Quebec. Before the French could take advantage of their success a British fleet arrived, and they retreated to Montreal. Soon after they surrendered Montreal and a4l the posts in Canada. 38. Treaty of Peace. — In 17G3 a treaty of peace Avas made. By this France i-elinquished all her possessions east of the Mississippi, with the exception of the Island of Orleans, to the British forever. From Spain, Avhich liad joined the French in the war. Great Britain obtained Florida. England was now mistress of the North Amer- ican Continent east of the Mississippi. 39. Pontiac's War. — The Indian tribes friendly to the French were not willing to submit to the English rule. In 1763 they formed a league under Pontiac, a famous Ottawa chief. All the British posts west of Niagara, ex- cepting Detroit and Fort Pitt, were either captured or destroyed, and their garrisons made prisoners or mas- sacred. Many settlers ^vere killed, and the rest fled east- ward for protection. In 1764 the Indians, overawed by the i^reparations made to put them down, sued for peace. S6. What did his last movement force Montcalm to do ? Give an account of the battle. What important event followed in a few days? 37. Was there any more fighting? When and where, and with what result? What interfered with French movements ? What important surrender followed this ? 8S. When was the treaty of peace made? What were its provisions? What was the first great result of the French and Indian War? 39. What other war soon broke out ? What was the cause of this? What ia said of its ravages ? IIow did it end ? 76 HISTOEY OF THE UNITED STATES. RESULTS OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 40. The Colonists learn their Ability. — England had driven France from the Continent of America. The colo- nists were very proud of the triumph ; for they had fought in the same expeditions with the British troops, and had found that they were quite as active and hardy as the regulars. The English officers sneered at the awkward manners of the young farmers. But the work the latter were set to do was generally well done. 41. The Lesson of Union— Trained Officers. — The colo- nists, in this way, learned to know their own strength and what they could accomplish by union. Besides, the war gave them trained officers for the great struggle that was fast approaching. Washington, Putnam, Gates, Mont- gomery, Stark, Arnold, Morgan, and a great many others, less known, were trained in this war. 42. What the War cost the Colonists. — All tliis was not gained without heavy cost. They had lost 30,000 young men by the war. Their frontiers had been ravaged far and wide by the Indians. The colonies had expended $16,000,000. They were repaid only $5,000,000 of this by the English Government. 43. The Effect of the War on England.— The war spread all over the world. Wherever the French and English met, on land or sea, there was fighting. All this was done at heavy cost, and the consequence was a large in- crease of the English national debt. We shall presently see that the great triumph of England in America has- tened the loss of her American colonies, and in less than twenty years proved England's great misfortune. 40. How did the colonists look iipon the result of the war ? What did it teach them as to their own value as soldiers ? 41. What other lesson did it teach them? What did the war give them, of great value for the future ? Name some of these. 42. What did the war cost tlie colonies in men ? In money ? 43. What was its effect on England? Why was this so heavy? What did the war lead to directly ? EEVIEW QUESTIONS. ^7 EEVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. How mauy and what iutercolouial wars were there before the French aud Indian war? 2. How did these differ in origin from the last mentioned ? 3. lu what direction did the French carry their explorations after the year 1009? 4. When was the Mississippi a second time discovered ? 5. Who discovered it the first time, and when ? G. Name the distinguished French explorers after 1G09. 7. Give the exploration and early history of Louisiana. 8. Slvetch the career aud character of La Salle. 9. Describe the extent of the French claim on the Continent. 10. How did they maintain possession of the territory? 11. Where were the English colonies during all this time? 12. Where, when, and how did the French come into collision with the En- glish? 13. Give the principal movements of the French in the year 1T53. 14. Describe W\ashington's journey, giving its cause aud results. 15. When, and where, was the first blood shed? IG. State the principal events of 1T54. 17. What occurred at Fort Necessity ? What led to this ? IS.'When was war declared between France aud England ? 19. What does this show? 20. What great American was active at Albany in 1754 ? 21. What was the object of this Convention, and its success ? 22. Who was Braddock ? 23. What was the plan of operations for 1755? 24. Why were these places important? 25. Describe Braddock's expedition and defeat. 26. What was the result of the year's operations? 27. What was the plan for 175G ? 2S. How much was accomplished? 29. Give the plan of operations for 1757. 30. What were the principal events of the year? 31. Who were the French and English generals mentioned these two previous years ? 32. On which side were the adv-autages previous to 1758? 33. State the reason of this. 84. Give the plan of operations for 1758. 35. How much of this succeeded ? 30. What event contributed to the fiill of Fort Du Quesne next year? 37. State the plan of the war for 1759. 38. How far was this carried out ? 39. Describe the movements against Quebec, and the battle on the heights. 40. To what did this lead? 41. What attempt did the French make to recapture Quebec? 42. Where, and when, was a treaty of peace proclaimed ? 43. Give its terms. 44. What advantages did the colonies reap from the war? 45. What illustrious man was brought prominently into notice by the war? 46. How was England affected by the contest ? IlISTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. BOSTON MASS/>-> c<>^-- f^C^f CHAPTER V. CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN KEVOLUTION. 1. Remote Causes— Navigation Act. — England, from the first, had treated the colonies with considerable severity. What she wanted was to make money out of them. She took their productions, sending them her own in return ; and would only allow them to ship their staves, lumber, flour, fish, tobacco, or rice, to other parts of the world in British vessels. 2. Their Manufactures stopped. — England would not al- low them to make any thing that would interfere with her own manufactures. The colonists, having plenty of beaver- skins, made a great many hats. The English stopped that: they said that America would soon sup- ply all the world with hats. The colonists manufact- ured iron. The English stopped that : they said that the Americans "had no right to manufacture even a nail for a horse-shoe." 3. Oppression by Royal Governors. — The English kings took away the rights of the colonies, and sent them royal 1. In what way had England treated the colonies? Give examples. Under ■what act was this done ? 2. What was the treatment of the colonies in manufactures? In hats? In iron? CAUSES OF THE AMEEICAlSr KEVOLUTION. 79 governors. These men had very high salaries, and spent their time chiefly in quarreling with the assemblies, or in trying to extort money from the people. 4. Writs of Assistance. — The Navigation Act, which was so detested by the colonies, and so ruinous to their trade, created a large number of custom-house officers. They were like their royal masters, very tyrannical. To assist them in finding smuggled goods, they obtained Writs of Assistance, which were neither more nor less than leg.al permits to enter and search any man's house. No free people could submit to this. 5. Immediate Cause of the Revolution. — These Avere a few of the remote causes that led to the Revolution : the IMMEDIATE CAUSE Sprang out of the attempt made by England to tax the colonies for the expense of the French and Indian war. The English Government said the war had been begun in their defense, and they ought to bear their share of the cost. G. Argument of the Colonies, — The colonies answered to this effect: "No, we will not pay England's debts. We defended ourselves. We suffered heavily in men and money. England spent her money as much for her own pride and glory as for our good. Besides, we have learned that we can defend. ourselves." v. England answers by a Tax Bill. — The English Gov- ernment treated this view with scorn. In 1764, the year after the close of the war. Parliament passed an act tax- ing a long list of articles imported into the colonies. The Americans remonstrated against, this. They asserted that the English had no right to tax them without their con- sent; that they had no representation in the English Par- liament; and that taxation without eepeesentatiox WAS TYRANNY. 3. What is said of the royal governors ? 4. What is said of the Navigation Act ? What were Writs of Assistance ? 5. What was the immediate cause of the Revolution ? What did England say ? 6. What was the argument of the colonies ? 7. How did England treat this view? What did the Americans do and say? 80 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 8. The Stamp Act— Quartering Act. — The government replied to this by passing the Stamp Act, March, 1765. This levied a tax on all paper, vellum, and parchment, used in the colonies. No document could be legal with- out a stamp. There was passed also, at the same time, the Quartering Act — a very hateful aud irritating meas- ure. A standing army was ordered for the colonies, and the people were required to provide the troops with QUARTERS, bedding, fire-wood, drink, soap, and candles. It was a new thing to see British soldiers among the colonists in time of peace. 9. Resistance in Virginia. — The Assembly of Virginia was in session, in May, when the news of the passage of these acts arrived. The aristocratic members did not M\ant to take any action ; but a young lawyer, named Patrick Henry, sprang to his feet and presented a series of resolutions denouncinoj the conduct of Enojland. His fiery eloquence carried the day, and they were passed. 10. Massachusetts and other Colonies. — In the same month Massachusetts spoke. She recommended that del- egates from the different colonies should meet in New York in October, and consult on what ought to be done. The spirit of the people Avas thoroughly aroused. In June, copies of the Act were hawked about the streets of New York, headed " England's Folly and America's raiin." 11. Sons of Liberty. — The people of Boston met under a tree, which they named "Liberty Tree." Upon this they hung in efiigy those who favored the English Gov- ernment. Soon associations called the "Sons of Liberty" spread among the Northern and Middle colonies. They w^ere very active, and thoroughly frightened the oflicers appointed to distribute the stamps. 8. What was the answer of the English Government? What was the Stamp Act? When passed? The Quartering Act? 9. How was the news received in Virginia ? 10. What was the conduct of Massachusetts? What was done in New York? 11. Who were the Sons of Liberty ? What was their object ? CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REYOLUTIOX. 81 12. First Colonial Congress. — The Colonial Congress met in October, 1765, at New York, and agreed on a "Declaration of Rights and Grievances of the Colonies." A petition to the king, and memorials to both houses of Parliament, were also prepared and adopted. 13. The Operation of the Stamp Act. — The 1st of No- vember, the day when the Stamp Act was to go into operation, at length arrived. Not a stamp was to be seen. The frightened stamp-distributors had everywhere resigned. The royal governors dared not say a word; and business, in a few days, went on as usual without stamps. 14. Non-importation Agreement. — The colonists did not stop here. The merchants generally, throughout the col- onies, agreed to import no more goods from England till the Stamp Act was repealed. The people also entered into a combination to wear garments made only of Amer- ican cloths. 15. Repeal of the Stamp Act.— The English manufact- urers and merchants felt this severely. The government also was alarmed ; for the firmness of the colonies sur- prised them. Accordingly, in March, 17G6, the Stamp Act was repealed. In repealing it, they still asserted "the right and power of England to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever." 16. A nev/ Tax Bill passed. — In a few months, January, 1767, a bill was passed in Parliament taxing tea, paints, paper, glass, and lead, used in the colonies. This roused the anger of the people to a higher point than ever. They renewed their former non -importation agreements, and the newspapers were filled with patriotic pieces. 17. Military sent to Boston. — Boston was considered by 12. What is said of the Colonial Conjzress ? 13. State what is said of the First of November. 14. What did the merchants agree to ? And the people ? 15. What followed, and why? How was this apparent .coucessionon the part of the cjoverninent modified ? IG. IIow did the government show their true feeling? How did the people meet this ? D2 82 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. England as the very focus of rebellion, and four regi- ments, under General Gage, were ordered there, in Sep- tember, 1768, to overawe the people. The authorities would not supply the troops with quarters, and some of them were put by Gage into Faneuil (fan'il) Hall. This was the great public room where the patriots often met, and has been called the Cradle of American Liberty. 18. Riot in Boston. — The citizens, naturally, hated the red-coats, and the troops repaid the hatred. Quarrels took place, and on March 5, 1770, a picket-guard fired upon the crowd, killing three citizens and wounding eight. The towns-people rose in a body, and Gage was forced to remove the soldiers from the town to the fort in the harbor. 19. Government relents. — Meanwhile the English mer- chants suifered severely from the non-importation agree- ments among the Americans. At length the English Government relented, and a bill was passed in May, 1773, repealing the tax on all articles except tea. The gov- ernment no longer hoped to raise revenue; it was con- tending only for the right to tax the colonies. 20. The Tax on Tea resisted. — To establish this right, the duty on tea was made only threepence a pound : the colonists were really to get their tea cheaper than the English people. But the Americans saw through the plan, and scorned the concession ; they Avould pay no taxes to the English Government. 21. Arrival of the first Tea-ship. — The colonial mer- chants generally agreed to import no tea: the English merchants, therefore, resolved to send it at their own risk. The first of the tea-ships arrived at Boston November 25, 1773, and a committee of the people notified the captain 17. How did Euglaud attempt to punish Boston ? How did the people act ? IS. What occurred in Boston ? 19. What was the effect of the non-importalion and other agreements? What was the governmcut contending for? 20. What was the amount of the tax on tea ? Why did not the Americans pay this small tax ? CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN EEYOLrXIOX. 83 that they would not permit it to be landed. The captain v/ould gladly have returned to England, but the governor would not allow him to leave. 22. Boston Tea-party. — The patience of the people was worn out, and they proceeded to settle the business in their own way. On the night of December 16, forty citi- zens, disguised as Indians, Avent to the vessels, took out the tea-chests, 342 in number, and emptied the contents into Boston harbor. This was done in the presence of thousands of spectators ; yet their secret was so well kept, that not one of them was ever discovered. 23. The Tea at other Places.— At New York and Phil- adelphia, the people would not permit the tea to be land- ed ; in Charleston, it was stored in damp cellars, and soon became worthless. 24. Boston punished. — The indignation of the govern- ment was very great when the news of the Boston busi- ness reached England. " Boston," said they, " must be punished ;" and Parliament at once passed the Boston Port Bill, prohibiting all ships from landing there. At the same time the port and seat of government were re- moved to Salem. In addition. General Gage was ap- pointed Governor of Massachusetts. 25. Excitement in the Colonies. — This severity on the part of the English Government only roused the sjoirit of the colonies, and they adopted the cause of Boston as their own. The Virginia Assembly, for example, appoint- ed the day when tlie Boston Port Bill was to go into operation, June 1, 1774, as a fast-day. For this the gov- ernor dissolved the Assembly. 26. First Continental Congress.— Presently it was agreed among the colonies that a colonial Congress should meet 21. What is said of the colonial and English merchants ? What took place on the arrival of the first tea-ship? 22. How was the question of the tea-ship settled? What was done to those who were active in this ? 23. How was the tea disposed of at other places? 24. How did the government treat Boston ? Who was made governor ? 25. Did the colonies look quietly on ? What did they do ? 84 IIISTOllY OF THE UNITED STATES. in September. On the 5th of that month, delegates from all the colonies, except Georgia, met in Philadelphia, and formed the First Continental Congress. Peyton Pan- dolpli, of Virginia, was chosen president, and Charles Thomson, of Pennsylvania, secretary. 27. Declaration of Rights. — The delegates passed a Dec- laration of Rights, together with addresses to the king and people of England. At the same time, they rec- ommended the suspension of all commercial intercourse with Great Britain. They then adjourned to meet at Philadelphia, IMay 10, 1775. 28. Active Measures taken.— Governor Gage, in Septem- ber, 1774, began to fortify Boston ISTeck ; he also seized some powder stored by the patriots, at Cambridge. On the other hand, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress called out the militia, ordered them to train and be ready at a minute's notice, and voted £20,000 for expenses. 29. The leading Patriots in Massachusetts were Jolm Hancock, Samuel Adams, John Adams, and Joseph War- ren. The last sealed his patriotism with his life in the second battle of the Revolutionary War. SO. Colonies only desire their Eights. — Both sides were preparing to fight. Tlie colonists did not desire this — the struggle was forced upon theai in defense of their dearest rights. They did not as yet seek for independ- ence. In spite of all she had done, the mass of the colo- nists had continued to be proud of Old England. But this regard was fast wearing away. The lines were already drawn between the king's friends, or Tories, and the pa- triots, or Whigs — names adopted from English politics. 2G. What agreement was made? When and where did it meet, and who were its officers ? By what name is it known ? 27. What measures were passed ? To what time did it adjonrn ? 28. What were the movements of Gage? What was done by Massachusetts? Who were tlie minute-men ? 20. Who were the leading patriots in Massachusetts ? What is said of Warren ? 30. What is said of the feeling of the colonists ? By what names were they beginning to be known ? REVOLUTIONARY WAR 1775. 85 CHAPTER VI. WAR OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. EVENTS OF 1775. 1. First Movements. — Sixteen miles north-west from Boston lay the village of Concord. Here the provincials had collected a quantity of stores, and General Gage de- termined to destroy them. He kept his plans very se-" cret, and on the night of the 18th of April sent out 800 regulars from Boston. Sharp patriot eyes Avere watch- ing the movements of the British, and swift horsemen at once started from Boston to warn the minute-men. 2. The Killing at Lexington Green. — Before sunrise next morning seventy or eighty of these were assembled on the green at Lexington, within six miles of Concord. The head of the British column soon appeared, and their commanding officer, as he rode forward, shouted, "Throw down your arms, you rebels, and disperse !" The patriots did not immediately obey, and the regulars fired, killing seven of the minute-men, and wounding others. 3. Fight at Concord Bridge — The Retreat. — The British 1. Where is Concord, and what was there ? What is said of Gage ? How did the patriots prepare for him ? 2. What happened at Lexington Green ? Where was this ? 86 HISTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES, then marched to Concord, and destroyed the stores. Be- fore this was completed, large bodies of minute-men ar- rived, and a skirmish took place at Concord Bridge. Then began the retreat : it was full time, for the country far and near was roused. Even boys of fifteen and men of seventy hastened to take part in the fight. From behind fences, and stone-walls, and trees, and buildings, the patriots fired on the long line of British. UOSTON AN1> ITS VICIMTV, 1775-0. 4. Re-enforcements from Gage. — Through these six miles the British fought their weary Avay to Lexington. It looked as though not one of them would ever reach Boston. Fortunately for them, re-enforcements sent by General Gage met them at Lexington. By this time they were so utterly worn out, that when their new com- rades opened ranks to receive them, they threw them- selves exhausted on the ground. 5. Close of the Fight— its Cost. — When they had rested awhile, the whole force made its way to Charlestown, 3. "WTiat occurred at Concord ? Who were the iniunte-raeu ? What forced the British to retreat ? What is said of it ? 4. In what condition did the British reach Lexinston ? What saved them ? DEVOLUTION AEY WAR — 1775. 87 harassed by tlie Americans. In the entire retreat the British lost nearly 300 men ; the American loss was 90. Such was the running light, or Battle of Lexington, as it was called — the first of the Revolutionary War. 6. Effect of the Battle of Lexington. — The news of the fight spread like fire over the j^rairie. Men left their farms and their workshops, and rushed to Boston. There were soon 20,000 militia, under General Ward, behind intrench ments in front of that town, and General Gage found himself completely shut off from the country. 7. The Patriots fortify Breed's Hill. — In May, fresh troops from England increased Gage's force to 10,000 men. The patriots, fearing that the British would now attempt to force their way into the country, resolved to fortify Bunker Hill, which commanded the northern road. Colonel Prescott, with 1000 patriots, was ordered to for- tify the hill, but, by mistake, went in the night to Breed's Hill, much nearer the town, and threw up intrenchments. When the morning broke, the British were surprised to see the works, and Gage at once determined to drive the Americans from them at any cost. 8. Battle of Bunker Hill.— At three o'clock in the af- ternoon of June 17th, 3000 picked British troops crossed the harbor, and, after landing, began to ascend the hill. Thousands of spectators, from the roofs and steeples in Boston, watched the movements with breathless anxiety. The Americans waited until the enemy were within 150 yards, and then poured on them a destructive fire. The British staggered, then broke, and retreated in dismay. A second attempt ended the same way. 9. The final Attack.— The third time the British were re-enforced. The patriots' ammunition was exhausted, and the British, taking advantage of this, pushed forward, 5. At what place did they arrive at last ? What was the loss on both sides ? C. What was the tirst effect of the battle ? 7. Why did the. Americans determine to fortify Bunker Hill ? What hill did they fortify, and why? On what did Ga#.My'' i^ now Jersey City, and' took 160 prisoners. While these events Avere taking jDlace, Gen. Tryon, from New York, sailed through Long Island Sound, plundered New Haven, and burned Fair- field and Norwalk. 8. Disaster on the Penobscot. — A severe disaster happened as far east as the Penobscot River, in Maine. Some 1500 Massa- chusetts militia, sent in a flotilla to attack a British post on that river, were followed by five En- glish war vessels. The whole flotilla was either destroyed or captured on the river, and the men were driven into the wil- derness, August loth. 9. Indians punished. — General Sullivan Avas sent in the summer to Western New York, to avenge the massacre of Wyoming and punish the Indians. He defeated them, August 29, at a place now known as Elmira, in the battle of the Chemung. After destroying the Indian vil- lages and laying waste the country, he returned. 10. Naval Victory. — Paul Jones, an American officer, in command of three ships of war fitted out in France, was cruising near the British coast in September. He fell in with two heavily armed English frigates, and, at the close of a bloody engagement of three hours, both frigates sur- rendered to Jones. TV CSJ THE HUDSON — NEWBUEG. 7. What occurred opposite xsew York about this time ? Describe the British expedition to the eastward. 8. What disaster befell the Americans farther east ? Xarrate this. 9. Who was sent to Western New York ? What happened there ? 10. Who was Paul Jones ? What occurred during his cruise ? 108 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1780. 1. Events in the South— Capture of Charleston. — Clin- ton left New York December 26, 1779, at the head of a large force, and appeared before Charleston, South Caro- lina, in February. The place wavs defended by General Lincoln. The siege began on the 1st of April. Tarle- ton, an active cavalry ofiicer, was sent to cut off an Amer- ican force stationed at Monk's Corner, thirty miles north of Charleston. He surprised and defeated them with se- vere loss. This and the loss of some other posts shut off Lincoln's communications with the country. The siege was meanwhile pressed with such vigor that Lincoln was forced to surrender Charleston, with 6000 men. May 12. 2. Carolina subjugated. — Clinton proceeded to overrun Carolina by sending off different expeditions. Tarleton, at the head of one of these, fell suddenly on a body of Americans under Colonel Buford, at Waxhaw {icdh-hmo) Creek, May 29, and put nearly all of them to the sword. The other expeditions were also successful. 3. Cornwallis in Command. — Clinton thought his work was done in South Cai'olina, and, leaving Cornwallis in 1. What important movement was made in January? How was it defeated? What event hastened the surrender ? When did it surrender ? 2. How did Clinton follow this up? Narrate what is said of these. EEVOLUTIONARY WAR — 1780. 109 commaiul, sailed to ^ew York. The Tories were very active, and large numbers joined the British. On the other hand, the patriot leaders, Marion, Sumter, and Pick- ens, rallied around them small bodies of men, who gave the British great trouble. At Hanging Rock, east of the Wateree River, on the 6th of August, Sumter defeated a large body of regulars and Tories. M O R T H V \x'^ ■ S4«}pi IM A- \rles SAVAf SCENE, OF OPERATIONS INTHE SOUTH (779 - 1781 4. Gates defeated at Camden. — There was no regular army at the South, and Congress sent Gates, the con- queror of Burgoyne, to form one. He gathered an army together, and met Cornwallis at Sanders's Creek, near Camden, South Carolina, August 16. The battle, which was short and violent, ended in the complete defeat of Gates. De Kalb, who was present, was mortally wounded. 5. Sumter defeated— Greene succeeds Gates.— This was not the only disaster. On the 18th of August Tarleton surprised Sumter on the Catawba, and destroyed nearly 3. Who Avas appointed to the command ? Why was this ? How did the Amer- ican patriots act ? Give an example of Snmter's activity. 4 Who was eeut into Carolina, and why ? What important event followed ? 110 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. all his corps. Gates made some efforts to get together an army, but failed, and Congress appointed General Greene to his command. G. Battle of King's Mountain. — Cornwallis moved into North Carolina, and sent Colonel Ferguson before him to rally the Tories in the mountainous region. Ferguson Avas attacked at King's Mountain, October 7, by Colonel Campbell and a number of backwoods riflemen, and Avas slain, with 150 of his men. Campbell's men were so in- censed by the barbarities of the Tories in Ferguson's band, that they hung a number of the prisoners after the battle. Cornwallis, Avhen he heard of the defeat, fell back into South Carolina. 7. Events in the North— Suffering at Morristown. — The American arrny, under Washington, Avas encamped among the hills of Morristow^n during the winter of l779-'80. They suffered greatly for Avant of proA'isions, and could get no pay, for Congress could not send them money. When May came, there Was absolute famine among them. To such a point did this reach, that two Connecticut regiments Avere about to march into the country and gain subsistence at the point of th.e bayonet, but Avere finally persuaded by Washington to remain in camp. 8. British in New Jersey. — In the absence of Clinton at Charleston, General Knyphausen (nijyhoic-ze7i), Avho was left in command at Ncav York, heard of this state of things at MorristOAvn, and thought it a good time to moA^e into NeAV Jersey. He Avas firmly met at Spring- field by General Greene, Avhere a sharp fight occurred, June 23. Knyphausen soon after returned to Ncav York. 9. The French at Newport.— A French fleet, Avith 7000 5. WTiat other disaster occurred ? Who succeeded Gates ? What movements •were made by the British ? C. Describe the battle of King's Mountain. How did this affect Cornwallis? 7. AVhere was Washington's army during the winter ? What was its condition ? What happened in camp ? 8. What advantage did the British take of this ? How were they resisted? EEYOLUTIOXAKY WxVR — 1780. Ill men on board, arrived at Newport in Jul}^ Rliode Isl- and had been evacuated by the Britisli some time pre- vious. Great things were hoped for from this assistance ; but a heavy fleet arrived from England, and blockaded, the French inNarragansett Bay. 10. Treason of Arnold— his History. — The great event of the year was the treason of Benedict Arnold. He had greatly distinguished himself by his reckless bravery, and Washington trusted him so much as to appoint him commander at Philadelphia after Clinton left that city. He married here into a wealthy family, and lived so far beyond his means that he became deeply involved in debt. His enemies charged him with embezzling the public funds ; and on this charge he was tried, and sen- tenced to be reprimanded by Washington. His proud mind could not endure this disgrace, and he resolved on revenge. 11. Takes Command of West Point. — He had still so much influence with Washington as to get the command of West Point, the works that had been built to guard the Highlands on the Hudson. He shortly opened a cor- respondence with Clinton, at New York, to surrender this post to the British ; and Major Andre, a young English oflicer, under the name of John Anderson, was sent up the riv^n* to complete the arrangements with Arnold. 12. Andre captured— Arnold escapes. — They met near Haverstraw, September 22, and settled every thing. On his way back, by land, to New York, Andre was arrested by three American militia-men, and the plans of West Point were found concealed in his boots. He was taken to the nearest American post, and the commander thought- lessly wrote to Arnold, informing him that Anderson was taken. Arnold at once escaped on his barge to the 9. What help arrived in July ? Of how much service did it prove ? 10. What was the jjreat event of ITSO ? Give some account of his life at Phila- delphia. Why Avas he removed from his command ? State the result. 11. What new appointment did he leceive ? What use did he make of this? What issaidof AudrJ? 112 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Vulture, the British ship that had brought Andre up the river, and so reached New York in safety. 13. Execution of Andre. — Andre was taken to Tappan — opposite to Tarrytown — where he was tried by court- martial as a spy. On the trial he made a frank statement of the whole aflair, and was condemned to death. He was executed October 2, 1780. His fate excited great pity, but he died justly, according to the laws of war. Arnold received from the British the rank of brigadier general and £10,000. 1781. 1. Mutiny at Morristown. — A large part of the north- ern troops were again at Morristown during the winter of 1 780-'81. They had more food, but they Avere in great want of pay and clothing. Some 1300 troops of the Pennsylvania line thought their time of service was up, left the camp on January 1, and began their march to Philadelphia to demand redress from Congress. On their way, spies from Clinton met them, with persuasions to join the British service. But though angry with Congress, they were still American patriots, and the agents were promptly seized and handed over to General Wayne. 2. The Mutiny quieted. — A committee from Congress met these troops at Princeton, and yielded to their de- mands. This trouble was no sooner settled than the troops at Pompton, New Jersey, mutinied. But Wash- ington promptly took the business in hand, and put the mutineers down by force. Congress now made extraordi- nary exertions to relieve the sufferings of the army, and in part succeeded. Being without money or credit, it was forced to plead with the States for hel^^, but they 12. Where did he and Arnold meet? What happened to Andre? What be- came of Arnold? 13. Give the story of Andre's trial and death. How was his death regarded? How was Arnold rewarded? 1. What was the condition of the troops at Morristown? To what did this lead ? What occurred on their march ? REVOLUTIOXARY WAR 1781. 113 were also very poor. It was at this time that Robert Morris, a Philadelphia merchant, stepped in, and by his ef- forts greatly helped to save the American cause from ruin. 3. Events in the South— Arnold ravages Virginia. — The traitor Arnold began the military movements of the year in January by leading an expedition to the James River, and plundering and burning Richmond. The militia as- sembled, and he fell back to Portsmouth. There was a plan laid to catch the traitor, by means of the French fleet on one side, and Lafayette with the troops on the other ; but it failed. A British fleet defeated the French admiral ofl* the Chesapeake, and the British, nnder Gen- eral Philips, intrenched themselves at Portsmouth. 4. Cornwallis in North Carolina. — About the same time Cornwallis moved into North Carolina. He sent Tarle- ton to get between Greene and Morgan, whose divisions were separated. This fiery ofiicer struck Morgan at the Cowpens, January 17, and was sweeping every thing be- fore him, when Morgan turned on hira, and defeated him with great loss. 5. Cornwallis pursues Morgan. — Cornwallis, on hearing of Tarletoii's defeat, pushed on to cut ofl* Morgan's re- treat into Virginia, but reached the Catawba a few hours after Morgan had crossed. The rain swelled the river, and Cornwallis could not follow for several days. Mor- gan, with Cornwallis behind him, pressed for the Yadkin, where he was joined by Greene, who took command. 6. Greene's Retreat. — At that river the rain again saved Morgan, as at the Catawba. Every nerve was now strained by both armies for the Dan. Greene, with many of his men tracking the ground with their shoeless feet, reached the river and crossed it just as Cornwallis 2. How was the mutiny quieted ? What occurred elsewhere ? What good re- sulted to the army generally? What was the condition of Congress ? 3. How was the year begun ? W^hat plan was laid, and with what success ? Why did it fail ? 4. Where and when did Coniwallis move ? What about Tarleton ? How did he lose the battle of the Cowpens ? 5. How did this affect Cornwallis ? Why did he not catch Morgan ? 114 IIISTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. came in sight. The British general now gave up the pur- suit, and retired slowly south. Greene received great praise for his skillful retreat. 1. Battle of Guilford Court-house. — Ko sooner had Cornwallis retired than Greene, being re-enforced, fol- lowed him to watch his motions. On the 15th of March Cornwallis attacked him at Guilford Court-house, and drove him for several miles. Greene fought so well that Cornwallis, notwithstanding his victory, thought it wise to fall back to Wilmington, near the sea-coast. 8. Hobkirk's Hill. — Greene now went into South Caro- lina, to watch the British forces there, under Lord Raw- don. At Hobkirk's Hill, near Camden, Greene was de- feated by Rawdon, April 24, after a severe battle. Like that of Guilford Court-house, the victory was of no use to the Britisli. They suftered so much, and Greene was so active after the battle, that Kawdon was forced to re- treat to the neighborhood of Charleston. 9. South Carolina recovered. — The partisan officers, Ma- rion, Lee, and Pickens, were in the mean time so active that, by the month of June, only three posts were held by the British in South Carolina — Charleston, Kelson's Ferry, and Ninety-six, near the Saluda River. Greene tried to take the latter by assault, on June 18, but was repulsed with severe loss. On June 5, Augusta, Geor- gia, was surrendered to Lee and Pickens. 10. British driven toward Charleston. — Stewart, wlio succeeded Raw don in South Carolina, was attacked by Greene, September 8, at Eutaw Springs. The battle at first was in favor of the Americans, but the British ral- lied, and Greene fell back in good order. In tlie night C. Who now took command of the Americans ? Describe the retreat of Greene. 7. What movements followed ? Give the battle of March 15. Its result. 8. Where did Greene now go, and for what ? State the battle that followed, and its result. See, for these movements. Map, page 109. 9. By whom were the British harassed ? What is a partisan officer? A parti- san officer is one who commands a body of licht troops which are not closely connected with the army, and which often act independently. What was gained from the British ? EEVOLUTIONAKY WAR — 1781. 115 Stewart was followed by Greene as far as Monk's Cor- ner, some thirty miles north of Charleston. 11. Cornwallis in Virginia. — Cornwallis, whom we left at Wilmington, moved north from that place, and entered Petersbnrg, Virginia, on the 20th of May. It will be re- membered that General Philips occupied Portsmouth af- ter Arnold was on the Chesapeake. Philips joined Corn- wallis, and the latter, under orders from Clinton, encamp- ed at Yorktown, at the mouth of York River, and threw up fortifications. 12. He is entrapped at Yorktown. — Washington now saw^ that the time had arrived for a decisive movement. The French army numbered 7000' men ; the American troops had been re-enforced ; there w^as a ])owerful French fleet, and a plan was agreed on to blockade the Chesapeake witli the fleet, Avhile the French and Ameri- can allied army attacked Cornwallis from the land side. Washington, who had been threatening New York, quiet- ly moved his troops into New Jersey, and so deceived Clinton that he was flir on his way to Virginia before the British general suspected his designs. 13. Arnold burns New London. — It was too late to stop him, and Clinton, thinking to draw him back, sent a pow- erful force, under Arnold, to attack New London. Fort Griswold was taken by assault, and a number of the gar- rison shamefully massacred after surrender. The town also was burned, together with the shipping. It did not for one moment delay Washington's marcli, however; and the New England militia soon compelled Arnold to return to New York. 14. Surrender of Yorktown. — On September 28 the al- io. What is said of the battle of September 8 ? Where were the British com- pelled to go ? 11. What were Coriiwallis's movements? W^ho was at Portsmouth? Why did Cornwallis go to Yorktown ? 12. How did Washington regard this movement ? What plan was laid ? IIow did Washington deceive Clinton? 13. What steps did Clinton take to draw Washington back ? How far wei e they successful ? What was done by Arnold ? 116 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. lied army of 16,000 men was in front of Yorktown, the French under the command of Count Rocliamheau {ro-sham-ho'). The French fleet, under Admiral De Grasse, blocked up the Chesa- peake. The siege went on with very great rapidity ; intrench- ment after intrenchment was taken by the allies; and on the 19th of October Cornwallis sur- rendered his army, of nearly 7000 men, prisoners of war. The shipping and naval stores, with 1500 seamen, were given to the French admiral. 15. Effect of the Surrender. — The news of this surren- der filled the hearts of the American patriots everywhere with joy. It was felt that the contest was at an end. A second English army, with all its appointments, had fallen into their hands. But the English king, George III., and his Parliament did not think so, and in ^N'ovember they talked about continuing the war. tJlECJE OF YOKKTOWN. 1782-'83. 1. The War ended — Treaty of Peace. — Before spring opened, public opinion in England changed. In March Parliament voted to end the war; and on the 30th of November, 1782, a preliminary treaty of peace was signed by the American commissioners at Paris. The final trea- ty of peace was signed at the same place on September 3,1783. 2. Distressing State of the Army. — The bulk of the American army was in camp at Newburg, on the Hud- 14. What was the state of things at Yorktown in September ? State what is said of the siege, and the surrender. 15. What was the eflect produced on the Americans by the surrender? What on the Engli.sli Government ? 1. What change took place in the spring of 1T82? State the different impor- tant events that followed. GOVERNMENT FROM l781-'89. 117 son, in the years 1782 and 1783. The officers and soldiers had great wrongs, which they thought ought to be right- ed. They had suffered terribly during the war. They had received no pay except in worthless bills, and they were going back to their homes poor, and without the means of obtaining a livelihood. Serious difficulty was apprehended from the excited state of the army. 3. They obtain some Redress. — Washington used his great influence to quiet the feelings of the troops, on the one hand. At the same time, he was able to persuade Congress to grant five years' pay to the officers in one sum, instead of half-pay for life, and four months' pay to the privates. This settlement was accepted by the army. 4. Terms of the Treaty of Peace.— By the terms of the treaty of Paris the independence of the United States was acknowledged; and the boundaries of her territory were, westward by the Mississippi, south by Florida, now given to Si:)ain, and north by the great lakes and the jorovinces. All west of the Mississippi was understood to belong to Spain. 5. Ooncludin^ Events. — On the 3d of November the army was disbanded. Not until the 25th did the English evacuate New York, and, on the 2d of December, Wash- ington, in that city, bade farewell to his officers. He then went to Annapolis, where Congress was in session, and resigned his commission as commander-in-chief of the armies of the United States. In a few days he retired to his estate at Mount Yernon, on the Potomac, which he had never once visited from the beginning of the war. GOVERNMENT FROM 1781 TO 1789. 1. Articles of Confederation. — YThen Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence, in 1776, it ordered a 2, What was the state of things at Newbnrg in 17S2-'S3 ? o. Who used his iuflueuce to quiet matters ? What settlement was agreed on ? 4. When was the treaty of peace concUided ? What were Its terms ? 5. When was the army disbanded? When did the last English troops leave New York ? What is said of Washington ? 118 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. committee to prepare Articles of Confederation. These were designed to give the United States a national form of government, and were adopted by Congress in 1777. They were then sent to the States for their approval. Four years j^assed before this was obtained, and in 1781 they Avere at last ratified by the States. 2. Powers of Congress during the War. — Till the year 1781, daring almost the entire war, there was no Consti- tution or guaranteed form of government. Each State was entirely independent. Congress did what it could, and worked with great activity, but it had no j^owers granted by the States to enforce its orders. The States obeyed or not, just as they saw fit, and this was the cause of much of the distress that the army sufiered. 3. Weakness of the new Government. — The Articles of Confederation, when adopted, did not greatly imj^rove matters. The public creditors remained unpaid, and the States treated the orders of Congress w^ith indifference. When the Government attempted to raise money by tax- ation, the people resisted. In 3Iassachusetts, in the year 178G, a rebellion, led by Daniel Shays, broke out, and Avas only put down by an armed force. 4. The Constitution adopted. — It was plain that a stronger government V\'as necessary. Accordingly, in May, 1787, a convention of delegates met at Philadelphia to revise the Articles. They soon saw that it would be better to frame a new Constitution ; and, after four months' deliberation, they recommended the present Con- stitution of the United States for adoption by the States. 5. Its Ratification by the States. — It had been agreed in convention that the Constitution should go into opera- 1. What important measure was adopted by Congress in 1777? What was the object of these Articles ? When were they ratified by the States ? 2. What is said of the government till 17S1 ? What is said of Congress and the States ? What did this state of things produce ? 3. How did the Government succeed under the Articles ? What happened in Massachusetts ? 4. What was soon seen ? What occurred in May, 17S7 ? What Avas the result of these deliberations ? GOVERNMENT FEOM 1 781-89. 119 tion when nine States had ratified it. Eleven States gave their assent to it before the end of 1788; North Caro- lina did not until 1789, and Rhode Island not until 1790. 6. First Election of President. — The old Continental Congress, in 1788, appointed the first Wednesday of Jan- uary, 1789, as the day for the choice of presidential elect- ors, and March 4, 1789, for the first meeting of the new Government, in the city of New York. In the election, George Washington was unanimously chosen President, and John Adams, of Massachusetts, Vice-President. REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. Give an account of some of the remote causes of the Eevolution. 2. What was the immediate cause ? 3. Why did the colonies oppose this, and what arguments did they use ? 4. What measures greatly increased tlie quarrel ? Describe these. 5. What two colonies were most active iu their opposition ? G. Give a few instances of this activity. 7. What effect did the opposition of the colonists have on England ? 8. What right did the English Government still claim? 9. What occurred iu Boston iu 17T0 ? What led to this ? 10. IIow did England attempt to reconcile the colonies to taxation ? 11. How far was this successful? 12. Give an account of the famous proceedings at Boston in 1TT3. 13. In what way was Boston punished for this ? 14. Show the feeling of the other colonies in regard to this severity. • 15. What great movement was made in October, 1774 ? IG. What preparations were made by both sides this year ? 17. Who were the minute-men ? IS. Where and how was the first blood shed ? 19. Describe the Lexington fight till its cloee. 20. What was the result of the battle of Lexington ? 21. What led to the battle of Bunker Hill ? Describe the battle. 22. When and where did the second Continental Congress meet? 23. Who was appointed commander-in-chief? 24. For what were the colonies fighting during 1775? 25. What other military events were there in 1775 ? 2G. State briefly the result of the Canada expedition. 27. Why was this undertaken ? 28. Where were military operations carried on during 177C? 29. With what important events did the year begin and end ? 30. Sketch the movements of both armies from August until December. 31. What great measure was passed by Congress in July ? 5. What important agreement was made in convention ? When was it rati fied, and by what number of States ? When did the others give their assent ? 6. What l)ody determined when and where the new Government should begin Who were elected President and Vice-president ? 120 HISTOEY OF THE UNITED STATES. 32. Give the names of the members of the committee that prepared this. 33. What attempts were made by England to conciliate the colonies? 34. To whom did the Americans turn for help ? 35. Where were military operations carried on during 1777 '/ 36. What were the objects of these two lines of operations ? 87. Give the principal events that occurred on Howe's march to Philadelphia. 3S. Why was Philadelphia so important? 39. Name the principal events in Burgoyne's operations. 40. Which of these directly led to his destruction ? 41. Describe Burgoyne's movements during the last month. 42. What was the eftect of the surrender? 43. Where was the American army during the winter, and what was its con- dition ? How did this compare with that of the British ? 44. What was the first great event of the year 1778? 45. To what important military event in America did this lead ? 46. What can you tell about the battle of Monmouth? 47. Where was the scene of military operations till December, 1778? 48. To what point was the principal seat of war then changed? 49. What generals conducted operations during 177S ? 50. What w'as the state of military affairs at the end of the year? 51. Where was the scene of military operations during 1779 ? 52. Meution the chief events in the South this year. 53. Give the leading incidents at the North. 54. Name some of the generals engaged during 1779. 55. What was the scene of military operations during 1780 ? 56. Give the principal events at the South. 57. Who were the tories ? 58. What famous event took place at the North in 1780 ? 59. Give an account of this. 60. Where did we hear of Arnold previously in this history ? CI. Where was the American army in the North during the winter? C2. With what event did the year open ? 63. How did this end, and what good resulted to the army? 64. Where was the scene of military operations during 17S1 ? 65. Name the principal events of the year in the South, 66. Where did the British take post early in the year ? 67. Sketch the movements of the British south of Virginia. 68. Give an account of Greene's celebrated retreat, 69. What was the general result of the war in the South in June ? 70. Name some celebrated partisan officers there. Define this term. 71. Describe the movements of Cornwallis. 72. Where did he at last take up a position, and why ? 73. Describe the plans of Washington at this time. 74. What is said of Clinton at New York ? 75. What effect was produced by the surrender of Cornwallis. 70. Give the terms of the treaty of peace. 77. What dangerous movement occurred in the army before the treaty? 78. How was the difficulty met and remedied ? 79. What was the condition of the finances during the war? 80. Who was King of England dtxriug the Eevolution ? 81. Under what form of government were the United States till 1781? 82. What were then adopted? Give their history. 83. How did this form of government succeed ? 84. Give the history of the adoption of the Constitution, 85. What arrangements were made to start the new Government? "VVASHINGTOX'S ADMINISTIlxVTION — 1 789-'97. 121 CArlTUL, WASHINGTON CHAPTER YIL * THE UNITED STATES UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. PART I.— FROM 1789 TO 1817. ADMIXISTKATIOX OF GEORGE WASHINGTON TUE FIRST PRESIDENT. 1789-1797. 1. Commencement of the new Government.— On tlic sd of March, 1789, the great Continental Congress of the Revolution Avent quietly out of existence. From May, 1775, until that time, a period of fourteen years, it had been in constant session, principally at Philadelphia. The new Government had been ordered to begin on March 4, but the members of Congress arrived so slow- ly that Washington was not inaugurated until April 30. The ceremony took place on the balcony of Federal Hall, in the city of New York, the first capital. 1. What is said of the old Continental Conjrress? When and by what v^'ti!^ it • succeeded ? What is said of the iuangiiratiou ? 122 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 2. Appointment of the Cabinet.— Congress at once cre- ated three executive departments in the Government. Washington chose Thomas Jefferson as the head of the Department of State; Alexander Hamilton, of the Treas- ur}^ ; and General Knox, of the War Department. These three heads, called secretaries, were AYashington's advis- ers, or Cabinet officers. 3. Hamilton's Financial Measures.— The heaviest labor fell on Hamilton. The finances of the country were in the greatest disorder. Public credit was well-nigh gone, and the States were either unable or unwilling to pay the public creditors. Hamilton succeeded in getting Con- gress, in 1790, to adopt his plan. The national debt was to be paid in full, and the nation agreed to assume the debts of the States. 4. New Capital— United States Bank. — The same year the scat of government was changed from New York to Philadelphia, to remain there until the year 1800. It was then to be changed to its present place, on the banh^ of the Potomac. In 1791 the Bank of the United States was chartered by Congress for twenty years. 5. Vermont admitted. — Vermont, for a long time claimed by New York as part of her territory, was admitted first into the Unionr— thus making the fourteenth State. She applied for admission during the war, but New Y^ork then opposed it, on the ground that Vermont was part of New Y^ork territory. Two other States were admitted during Washington's administration — Kentucky, in 1792, and Tennessee, in 1796. 6. Indian War. — The Indians north of the Ohio had be- come very troublesome. In the year 1790 General Har- mar was sent against them, but was defeated with con- 2. What departments were created by Cougress ? Who were chosen as secre- taries ? What did they form ? 3. What is said of Hamilton's hibors? How did he succeed ? 4. What arrangements were made about the change of the capital ? What was formed in 1T91 ? 5. What State was the first admitted? Why was she refused admission pre viou.'^ly '/ What other States were admitted, and when ? 123 siclcrable loss. Next year General St. Clair was surprised in liis camp, near the Miami River, and compelled to re- treat. General AYayne was next sent to the Indian country, and in the battle of the Maumee, August, 1794, defeated the savages with great slaughter. The Indians were compelled to cede, by treaty, more than 25,000 square miles in the present State of Ohio. 7. Washington re-elected— M. Genet. — The presidential election took place in the fall of 1792. Washington was again chosen President, and Adams Vice-^jresident. In the year 1793 the French republican Government sent out M. Genet {zJid-oia) as ambassador to the United States. France was then at war with England, and Genet began to fit out privateers from American ports to capture British ships. 8. Genet recalled by France. — Washington was greatly displeased with Genet, because he was anxious that the country should not be involved in a war with England. Genet behaved very defiantly, relying on the support of a large party in the United States who took sides with France. In tlie end Washington demanded the French- man's recall by his Government, which was promptly complied with, in 1794. This affair produced much ex- citement throughout the United States. 9. The Whisky Rebellion. — It was partly owing to the unsettled state of feeling produced by Genet's quarrel that the "Whisky Rebellion" broke out, in the year 1794. One of Hamilton's plans of raising revenue was by a tax on distilled spirits. The men of Western Penn- sylvania refused to pay the tax, and took np arms. Washington sent an armed force among them, and they at once submitted. G. Where and when did an Indian war break out ? What two generals foiled : What one was successful ? Give an account of this. 7. What is said of the election of 1T92 ? What difficulty began in 1703 ? S. IIow did Washington meet this ? Was his conduct unanimously approved : How did the affair end ? 0. What took place in Pennsylvania ? IIow was it ended ? 124 HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 10. Treaty with England. — Serious misunderstanding liad arisen with England, chiefly about giving up some of the Western posts. Accordingly John Jay was sent to England, and concluded a treaty in 1794, which settled this and other points in dispute. The IViL'nds of France wlio had taken part with Genet, and who hated England, became still more bitter when the news of tlie treaty was made public. They burned Jay in efligy, and in the newspapers severely criticised the conduct of Washing- ton. The treaty, however, was ratified by the United States Government. 11. John Adams chosen President. — When the time for election of President drew near, Washington, in a fare- well address to the people of the United States, said that he w^ould not be a candidate. A vei-ybitter and excit- ing canvass followed — John Adams being nominated by one party, and Thomas Jeflerson, of Virginia, by the other. The former received a majority of electoral votes, and Jefferson, receiving the next lower number of votes, became Vice-president. This was the method of choos- ing that oflicer in the early history of the Government. ADMINISTEATIOX OF JOIIX ADAMS THE SECOND TKES- IDENT. 1797-1801. 12. "Washington goes to Mount Vernon. — Washington Avas present at the inauguration of President Adams, in Philadelphia, March 4, 1 797. He was received on that oc- casion by the people with great honor. Soon after, he re- tired to Mount Vernon — " fikst in war, first ix peace, AND first in the HEARTS OF HIS COUNTRYMEN." 13. Troubles with France. — The treaty between En- gland and the United States displeased France so much Id Wliat fresh trouble had been brewing? How was it settled ? How did a large part of the people look on this, and how did they show their feelings ? 11. What is said of Washington's decision ? What is said of the election ? 12. What IS stated about Washington's leaving the Presidency ? Jefferson's administeatiox — 1801-'09. 125 that she ordered Mr. Pinckney, the American Minister at Paris, to leave the country. The President called a meeting of Congress, warlike preparations were ordered, and Washington was made commander-in-chief. There was some fighting at sea, but before hostilities went far- ther. Napoleon Bonaparte, first consul of France, signed a treaty of peace, in the year 1800. 14. Death of Washington.— Meanwhile Washington died at his home in Mount Vernon, after a short illness, De- cember 14,17.99. All parties united in paying the high- est honors to his memory, and he was mourned through- out the nation as the father of his country. In Eu- rope the most sincere tributes Avere awarded to the no- bleness, the purity, and the grandeur of his character. 15. JelTerson chosen President. — The quarrel between the two great political parties — the Federalists and Re- publicans — grew more and more bitter as the presidential election approached. Adams was renominated by the former; Jefferson was the candidate of the latter. The Republicans triumphed. Thomas JeflTerson, of Virginia, was chosen President, and Aaron Burr, of New York, Vice-president. administration of THOMAS JEFFEKSOX — THE THIRD PRESIDENT. .1801-1809. 16. Jefferson and the Mississippi. — The capital had been changed in the year 1800 to the city of Washington, ac- cording to act of Congress. Jeflferson was inaugurated liere on the 4th of March, 1801. In 1802 Ohio was ad- mitted into the Union, as the seventeenth State. The greatest event of his administration, certainh^ the one ■ ■ - . 13. How did France look ou the treaty with England ? To what did this feel- ing lead ? How was the difficulty settled ? 1 1. What sudden event occurred about this time ? What remarks are rflade ? 15. What two political parties divided the country? To which of these d:d Adams belong ? Jefferson ? What is said of the election ? 126 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. tliat lie liimself was most proud of, was the purcliase of tlie territory of Louisiana from France. His far-seeing mind led him to perceive that whatever power hekl the mouth of tlie river mast control the trade of the entire Mississippi Valley. He therefore tried to persuade Bo- naparte to sell New Orleans to the United States. Tliis place, along with Louisiana, had been receded to France by Spain. 17. Louisiana purchased.— To Jeiferson's gi-eat delight, Bonaparte, who needed money, oflered to sell not only Kew Orleans, but the whole of Louisiana. The offer was accepted, and more than 1,000,000 square miles of terri- tory became the property of the United States, in 1803, for 115,000,000. Congress divided it into two territories : one, covering what is now the State of Louisiana, was named the Territory of New Orleans ; the other, embra- cing the remainder, was called the District of Louisiana. 18. War with the Barbary Powers. — In 1803 Commo- dore Preble was sent to the JNlediterranean to punish the Barbary pirates for their long-continued ill-treatment of American vessels in that sea. One of his ships, the frig- ate Philadelphia, stranded in tlie harbor of Tripoli, and her crew were made slaves by the Tripolitans. 19. Decatur's brilliant Exploit. — Tlie pirates did not long keep their prize. In February, 1804, Lieutenant Decatur, in a small schooner, with a picked crew, ran alongside of the Philadelphia, in the harbor of Tripoli, killed or drove into the sea the Tripolitan crew, and set lire to the vessel. He escaped without the loss of a man. 20. Eaton's romantic Expedition. — Hamet, the elder 'brother of tlie Bey of Tripoli, had been driven from the throne. Eaton, the American consul at Tunis, arranged IG. To what place, aud when, was the capital chanp;ed ? What was the great- est event of his aclministration ? What is said of this ? IT. What fortunate offer was made? IIow was it received? What d'd Con- gress do with the territory ? IS. What war sprang up in 1S03 ? What happened to one of the ships ? 19. What brilliant exploit revenged this ? Describe it. Jefferson's administration — lS01-'09. 127 with liim an expedition to capture Tripoli. On their way they captured Derne, a Tripolitan city, awd were advancing on Tripoli itself, when they were stopped by the news that the Bey liad already made peace with the American Minister, Mr. Lear, in 1805. 21. Death of Hamilton in a Duel.— In July, 1804, Alex- ander Hamilton, Washington's Secretary of State, w^as shot in a duel by Aaron Burr, the Vice-president. The duel grew out of a political quarrel, and created intense excitement throughout the country. It ruined Burr in the good opinion of the people, Avho thought that he forced the quarrel to kill Hamilton. Finding his political character gone, he became mixed up in a treasonable at- tempt to found an empire south-west of the Alleghanies. For this he was arrested and tried, but was acquitted for want of evidence. He never afterward appeared in pub- lic life. Jefferson was re-elected President in Nov., 1804. 22. Injury to American Commerce.— France and England were still at war. The latter, Avho claimed to be " mis- tress of the seas," in the year 1806, declared the French coast in a state of blockade. Napoleon, in retaliation, declared the British Island blockaded. This was a seri- ous blow to American commerce, for her shipping was busy carrying goods to both countries. 23. English Oppression— The Right of Search.— A most serious grievance was "the right of search" which En- gland exercised. It was an insult to American national honor. Her ships of war stopped our merchant vessels, and picked out from their crews whatever seamen they wanted, under the claim that the men were deserters from the English service. Even American vessels of war were stopped on the high seas, and searched under this 20. Who was Hamet ? Who took up his cause ? What romantic expedition was arranged ? How did it succeed ? How was the war ended, and when ? 21. What happened in July, 1S04 ? What occasioned the duel ? What did the people generally believe ? What became of Burr ? 22. What was the state of affairs between England and France ? What meas- ures did they adopt ? How did this affect the United States ? 128 HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. plea. On the 22d of June, 1807, the British sliip Leopard tii-ed into the frigate Chesapeake because she liad refused to give up four seamen claimed as British deserters ; yet three of these men were American citizens. 24. Ruin of American Commerce. — An additional griev- ance came in tlie shape of " Orders in Council," which forbade any nation to trade with France and her allies. This was followed by a decree from Bonaparte forbid- ding all trade with England and her colonies. These measures gave another severe blow to the foreign com- merce of the United States. If her vessels escaped the cruisers of one nation, they were almost certain to be cap- tured by those of the other. 25. Congress retaliates. — Congress determined to re- taliate, and in December, 1807, passed an embargo pro- hibiting all American vessels from leaving the United States, thus stopping all trade with Fiance and England. This measure proved so ruinous to American merchants, that they petitioned for its removal, and it was repealed on the 1st of March, 1809. Jefferson declined a re-election. James Madison, of Virginia, was elected President, and George Clinton, of New York, was chosen Vice-president. ADMIXISTRATIOX OF JAMES MADISON— THE FOURTH PRES- IDENT. 1809-1817. 26. English Arrogance rebuked. — In 1810 the French abolished the decrees which had proved so hurtful to the United States, but the English continued to enforce theirs with even increased energy. One of their war vessels, the Little Belt, Avhile cruising off the American 23. What serious insnlt to American honor is mentioned ? What was the right of search ? To what extent did they go ? Mention an instance. 24. What further injnries came to American commerce ? Why did these meas- ures work so much injury ? 25. What did Congress do about all this ? How did this measure operate ? Who was chosen President ? WAR WITH E^'GLA^'D 1812. 129 coast, Avas bailed by the frigate President. Slie liaughtily answered by a shot that struck the mainmast of the frig- ate. The President returned tlie fire so spiritedly that ill twenty minutes the Little Belt had thirty-two of her crew killed or wounded. 27. Indian War — Battle of Tippecanoe. — The Indians, in the mean time, were troublesome on the north-west frontier, and it was thought that the British were encour- aging them. Tecumtha, a very brave and wily Shawnee chief, led the various tribes. General Harrison, governor of Indiana Territory, at the head of a large foi-ce, marched against them, and defeated them on the battle-field of Tippecanoe, This battle broke up the confederacy that liad been planned by Tecumtha, and put a sudden end to the dano-er of an Indian war. auEENSTUN HtlCHTS. t r ' 1812. 28. War proclaimed with England. —For a series of years England had oppressed American commerce. She liad, besides, haughtily seized American seamen from the decks of American vessels, claiming them as desert- ers from her flag. It was no longer to be borne, and on 20. How did the French and English governments behave ? How was British, arrogance rebuked on the ocean ? 27. W^here did Indian hostilities break out ? Who was Tecumtha ? How was the war ended ? F2 130 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. G ^ li ^ OTE 1!L "m 'X "\. C O c^^/^^^^ MAP OF TUE UXITEU STATES IN 1812. WAR WITH ENGLAND — 1812. 131 the 19th of June, 1812, President Madison published a prochamation of war against England. 29. Invasion of Canada. — Hostilities began with the invasion of Canada by Governor Hull, of Michigan Ter- litory. On the 12th of July he crossed the river from tlie fort at Detroit, to attack the British post at Maiden. While he was idling away precious time in camp at Sandwich, a small British force appeared at Fort Mack- inaw, July 17, and captured it without resistance. 30. Surrender of Detroit. — Hull's delay allowed tho British and Indians under Brock and the chief Tecum- tha to collect in force, and he returned rapidly to De- troit, followed by the British. On the first demand to surrender, Hull hung out a white flag, and Detroit, with its garrison, and the whole of Michigan Territory, fell into General Brock's hands, August 16. Hull was cash- iered for his disgraceful and cowardly conduct, and but for his services in the Revolutionary War he would have been shot. 31. The Battle of Queenston Heights.— A body of New York militia encamped at Lewiston, on the Niagara, crossed the river on the IStli of. October, and attacked 28. When was war proclaimed ? State what led to this. 20. How did hostilities begin? Describe Hull's first movements. What plr.ce Avas captured? This is on the straits between Lake Huron and Superior. 80. What was the effect of Hull's conduct? What disgrace followed? How did the Government punish Hull ? 132 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. the British batteries on Queenston Heights. At first tliey were successful. Geueral Brock was killed, and the en- emy were driven back; but the British were afterward re-enforced, and nearly all the Americans were either kill- ed, wounded, or taken j3risoners. The day was lost, be- cause their comrades at Lewiston would not cross over in sufficient numbers to their help. Colonel, afterward General, Scott first distinguished himself in this battle. 32. Naval Operations. — The misfortunes of the army during the year 1812 produced great mortification among those who favored the war. At sea the American navy redeemed the honor of our arms. In July, the Essex, Captain Porter, captured the Alert. In August, the GuERRiERE, British frigate, was captured by the frigate Coxstitutiox, Captain Isaac Hull, after a fierce fight. In October, the Wasp, Captain Jones, captured the Frolic. In the same month, the United States, Commodore De- catur, captured the Macedonian. In December, the Con- stitution, Commodore Bainbridge, captured the Java. 33. American Rejoicings. — These victories over the " mis- tress of the seas," as England was styled, created great rejoicing among the American people, particularly the capture of the Guerriere by the Constitution. This was the first victory gained over an English fi-igate by anoth- er frigate in fifty years. The American privateers, also, were very active, and captured during the year 300 Brit- ish merchant-vessels, many of which had valuable cargoes. 34. Popular Feeling about the War. — A fai-ge part of the people w^ere opposed to the war. It was very unpop- ular in the Eastern States, but throughout the country a sufficient majority were in favor of it to re-elect Madison president for a second term, in the fall of 1812. 31. W^hat movement was made on the New York frontier in October? De- scribe the battle. Why did it result so nufortnnately ? 32. What is said of the events on land and at sea ? Name the victories at sea. 33. How did the Americans regard these snccesses, and why? In what way was British commerce harassed? 34. Ilow was the war regarded ? Which party had the m.ijority ? How shown ? ■^VAR AVITII EXGLAXD 1813. 133 1813. So. Extensive Operations. — The oi^crations on land were commenced this year on a mnch larger scale. Three ar- mies Avere formed. General Harrison commanded the Army of the West, near the head of Lake Erie ; Gen- eral Dearborn the Army of the Centre, on the Niag- ara frontier; General Hampton the Army of the North, near Lake Cham plain. 2(^. The Army of the "West. — Tlie work assigned to Harrison was t]:ie recovery of Michigan Territory. Gen- eral Winchester, with a part of the Army of the West, moved to Frenchtown, on the River Raisin, and attacked and dispersed a small British force. While lying care- lessly encamped, ho was attackecl Ly 1500 British and Lidians, under General Proctor, and, after a bloody fight, was forced to surrender, January 22. 37. Harrison at Fort Meigs. — Harrison, hearing of this disaster, fortified himself at the rapids of the Maumee, and called the works Fort Meigs [megs). Proctor laid siege to the fort May l,but General Clay, with 1200 Ken- tuckians, came to the relief of Harrison, and Proctor, af- ter a sharp engagement, abandoned the siege. Proctor next attacked Fort Stevenson, at Lower Sandusky, com- manded by Colonel Croghan {crog-cm)^ a young man of twenty-one years of age, but was beaten back, Augnst 2, Avith severe loss. The same night he returned to Maiden. 38. Perry's Victory.— The theatre of war now changed to Lake Erie. There were two small fleets on its waters : one, the British, commanded by Commodore Barclay, the other, American, by Commodore Perry. On the lOtli of September a severe battle of three hours was fonglit at £5. What preparations were made in ISIS ? Give the armies, their positions, and the generals commanding. 36. What Avas Harrison to attempt? With what unfortunate event did the campaign begin ? 8T. What did this compel Harrison to do? "^Tiat occurred there ? What took place at Lower Sandusky ? Give the dates. 134 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. the western end of the lake, and Peny came off victori- ous. He immediately wrote to General Harri-son, in these words : " We have met the enemy, and they are ours." 39. Battle of the Thames. — Perry's vessels conveyed Harrison's army across the lake to Canada. Proctor at once abandoned Maiden, and retreated, with Tecumtha, northward. Harrison pursued, and came up with them, October 5, at the River Thames. After a short but se- vere battle, Tecumtha was killed, and Proctor defeated, and was only saved from capture by the fleetness of his horse. The battle of the Tliamcs recovered Michigan Territory, which was lost by the base surrender of Hull, and the north-western frontier was relieved from the fear of invasion. 40. Capture of Toronto. — In April, General Dearborn, with 1700 men, crossed Lake Ontario to attack York, now Toronto, the capital of Upper Canada. In the assault, General Pike, who led the advance, was killed, with near- ly two hundred of his men, by the explosion of a maga- zine. The place, however, with a large amount of stores, w\as captured by the Americans. 41. Americans take Fort George. — Leaving York, the troops sailed to attack Fort George, on the Xiagara. The British, on their approach, blew up their magazines, abandoned the fort, and retreated to the head of the lake. The Americans followed, but were attacked at midnight, June G, and fell back to Fort George. 42. gackett's Harbor— Fort George. — In the absence of Dearborn at Fort George, the British, under Prevost, attacked Sackett's Harbor, but were so vigorously re- ceived by the militia that they left precipitately. They were more fortunate at Fort George, where they surprised a detachment of 600 men belonging to the garrison. Gen- 38. To what place did the contest change ? Why ? What occurred here ? 39. To Avhat did this battle lead? Whom did Harrison follow? What oc- curred ? What was the great res^ult of the battle ? 40. What place was attacked in April, and by whom ? With what result? 41. To what point did thej' next go? What occurred tliere? WAR AVITII EXGLAXD 1813. 135 oral Dearborn was recalled, fur liis want of success, and General Wilkinson was appointed to succeed him. 43. Expedition against Montreal. — Wilkinson moved against Montreal, and Hampton, with a part of the Army of the North, w^as ordered to join him on the St. Law- rence. On the 1 1th of November the Army of the Centre fought the undecisive battle of Chrysler's Farm. Wilkin- son then moved to St. Regis, where he waited for Hamp- ton. That general failed to unite Avitli him, and the expedi- tion was abandoned. 44. Creek Indian War. — Tecumtha, in tlie spring of 1813, visited the Indians in the south-west, and stirred tliem to war. In August the Creeks attacked and took Fort Minis, on the Al- abama River, slaugh- tering nearly 400 set- tlers who had gone thither for protection. Generals Jackson and Coffee were sent against the Indians, and, after some mi- nor engagements, defeated 1000 of them at Tohopeka, on the Horseshoe Bend of the Tallapoosa River. Over 600 warriors Avere slain, and 250 women and children were captured. This ended the Creek War, March 27, 1814. 45. Naval Events. — The naval engagements at sea be- gan Avith the capture of the British brig Peacock by the 42. Give the British movements elsewhere. Who succeeded General Dearborn, and why? 4?.. What was Wilkinson's first movement, and what was the plan ? What oc- curred on the river? W^hat ended the expedition ? 44. Who was Tecumtha ? See 1S12. What weie his movements and success ? Who were sent against the Indians? How did they succeed? §b=., G\5"L:P ox M'E.'SlCO^^c.'^^ ^p9M\iS\SS\PV\ R ^vvt^'* SEAT Ol' THE OKEEK W Aii. 136 HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. Hornet, Captain Lawrence, at the mouth of the Demera- ra River, South America, February 25. The action lasted fifteen minutes, and the Peacock sank shortly afterward. 4G. The Shannon and the Chesapeake. — Captain Law- rence was promoted to the command of the CheSxVpeake, refitting in Boston Harbor. The British ship Shannon, in admirable condition, was cruising outside with a finely-trained crew ; and the captain sent a challenge to Lawrence to fight the Chesapeake. Lawrence was ill prepared to fight, for his crew was new ; but he sailed out pi'omptly, and met the Shannon on the 1st of June. The battle was terrible, and was over in fifteen minutes. Lawrence was carried below mortally wounded, crying, "Don't give up the ship," and 14G of his crew were eitlier killed or wounded when the Chesapeake surrendered. 47. Other Naval Battles. — In August, the American ves- sel Argus was captured by the Pelican while cruising in the British Channel. In September, the Enterprise, Captain Burrows, captured the British brig Boxer off the coast of Maine. Both captains were killed in this action. 1814-'15. 48. Successes at Fort Erie and Chippewa. — In the be- ginning of May, General Brown, with 2000 Americans, moved from Sackett's Harbor to the Niagara Piver. Shortly after he arrived, his force was increased to 5000 men. He then crossed the river, and Fort Erie surren- dered to him without bloodshed, July 3. The Americans then pushed forward and attacked the British at Chip- pewa, fifteen miles north, near the river- bank, July 5, where the enemy were defeated, with the loss of 500 men. 49. Battle of Lundy's Lane. — On the 25th, the British being re-enforced and led by General Drummond, ad- 45. What was the first naval event ? 4G. What led to the battle between the Shannon and the Chesapeake? What was the condition of the two vessels and their crews ? Describe the ens^agement. 47. Mention the other naval battles. Where is the Demerara River? 48. How did the Americans obtniii possession of Fort Erie? Where was this? To what battle did this lead ? WAR WITH ENGLAND 1814-15. 137 vaiiced against the Americans, and the severe battle of Lundy's Lane was fonght. This was probably the most stubbornly-contested battle of the war, and ended with- out any decisive result. The American generals. Brown and Scott, were both severely wounded, and General Rip- ley next day fell back with the army to Fort Erie, where General Gaines took the command. 50. British besiege Fort Erie.— General Drummond laid siege to Fort Erie on the 4th of August. On the 15th, he made a midnight assault, and Avas repulsed, with the loss of 1000 men. On the 17th, Gen. Brown, who had recov- ered from his wounds, made a sortie from the fort, and cap- tured 400 British; after which Drummond raised the siege, and fell back across Chippewa Creek. In November Brown blew up Fort Erie, and crossed the Niagara into New York. 51. Events at Plattshurg. — General Macomb was in command of 2000 men at Plattsburg,onLake Cham- plain. In September, Gen- eral Prevost, at the head of 14,000 British veter- ans, advanced against Ma- comb, who fell behind the River Saranac. On the 11th, a combined attack was made by the British. Commodore Downie bore down on the American fleet, under Commodore MacDonough,in Plattsburg Bay. Prevost at the same time attempted to cross the Saranac. 52. The two Battles at Plattsburg. — After a two hours' fight, the British commodore surrendered to MacDon- ough. On land, General Prevost was repulsed at every 40. What battle followed that of Chippewa ? Describe it. 50. How did Dniiiimoiid press the Americans? The assault. Describe the snrtie of the garrison. What further is said of Drummond and Brown ? 51. Who was at Plattsburg? What movemeut was made against him? De- scribe the plan of attack. 138 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. point, and during the YICINITY OF \VASUi:SGTON, 1S14. nio-ht retreated, leavinf>' liis Bick and wounded behind him, and a large part of his military stores. His whole loss was about 2500 men. 53. Burning of Washington. — In the month of August, 4500 British troops, under General Ross, landed at Ben- edict, on Chesapeake Bay, and marched to attack Wash- ington, some fifty miles dis- tant. The British were en- tirely unexpected, and only a few marines and militia, under Commodore Barney, at- tempted to stop them at Bla- densburg, six miles from the capital, August 24. The ma- rines were quickly dispersed, and Barney was wounded and made prisoner. The l>ritish immediately entered AYashington, and burned the Capitol, President's House, and other buildings. 54. Attack on Baltimore. — Ross then retreated to his ships, and the British troops were taken to Korth Point, fourteen miles from Baltimore. From this point the troops were to move by land to at- tack that city, while the fleet bombarded Fort M'Henry. Ross was killed in a skirmish shortly after he began the march, March 12, and his troops advanced next day to the city. On the 13th the fleet bombarded the fortwith- TICINITY OF B.VLTIMOKE, 1S14. 52. Describe the battle on laud. On the lake. What was the result ? 53. To what place did the war change ? What preparations were made there ? Where was a staud made ? What occurred at Washiu'rton ? "VVAR WITH ENGLAND 1814-^5. 139 out effect, and daring the night the troops got on board the fleet and sailed away from the Chesapeake. Thus ended the attack on Baltimore. 55. British in Mobile Bay and Florida. — Florida was at this time still in possession of Spain, and was con- sidered neutral territory. The Spaniards permitted the British to fit out an expedition at Pensacola against Fort Bowyer, in Mobile Bay. On September 15, the attack on the fort was repulsed, with severe loss on the part of the British, wlio retui'ned in haste to Pensacola. Gener- al Jackson, the hero of the Creek War, was in command at the South. Marching rapidly from Mobile, he drove the British from Pensacola, Xovcmbcr 7. 5G. British move against New Orleans.— Shortly after this he hastened to the defense of Xew Orleans, which was threatened by the British. In December, a British fleet entered Lake Borgne (born), and its barges captured a small American flotilla that disputed its way. The arm}^, composing 12,000 soldiers under General" Paken- liam and 4000 marines, was landed nine miles below the city. The advance-guard was attacked by Jackson on December 23, and a sharp fight took place. 57. Battle of New Orleans. — Four miles below the city, Jackson was encamped behind a broad trench stretching from the Mississippi, on his right, to a swamp on his left. On the 8th of January, 1815, the British moved to the assault, but were met by so steady and well-directed a fire from behind the intrenchments, that they were com- pelled to fall back in confusion, after showing wonderful bravery. Pakenham was killed, and 2000 of his men were killed or wounded. StrauG^e to sav, the loss of the Americans w^as only 7 killed and 6 wounded. 54. What was the next poiut of attack ? What was the plan ? What occurred on the march ? How did the fleet succeed ? What was the end of it all ? 55. Where were the British active in the South ? Why were they here ? Where were they repulsed ? Who drove them from Florida ? 56. Against what place did the British move ? Describe their movements, and what happened on their route. What is said of Jackson's attack ? 57. Describe Jackson's position. Give a sketch of the battle of New Orleans. 140 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 58. Naval Events. — The Americans were less fortunate at sea during the years 1814-'15 than before. The Es- sex, Captain Porter, was captured by two British vessels in the harbor of Valparaiso, March, 1814. In Jajiuary, the President, Commodore Decatur, was captured by a British squadron near the southern shore of Long Island. In February, 1815, the Constitution, Captain Stewart, captured two British sloops of war off Lisbon, Portugal; and in March the British brig Penguin surrendered to the Hornet, Captain Biddle, of equal force, near the Cape of Good Hope. 59. The Hartford Convention.— It has been already said that a large ^^arty in Xew England was opposed to the war. In the month of December, 1814, a convention, composed of 26 delegates from Massachusetts, Rhode Isl- and, and Xew Hampshire, assembled at Hartford to dis- cuss the grievances they had suiFered from the war. The friends of the war declared the " Hartford Conven- tion" treasonable; but there is no evidence that this charge was true. The Convention confined itself to a simple statement of grievances, and recommended some changes in the Constitution ; it then, after a three weeks' session, adjourned. But it ruined the Federalist party in the estimation of the people. 60. Treaty of Peace. —- The whole nation, without dis- tinction of party, was rejoiced when the news arrived, in February, 1815, that a treaty of peace had been con- cluded at Ghent, December 24, 1814. Not a w^ord was said in the treaty about oppressions on American com- merce, nor about the right of search — the two causes of the war. When the war between Fi-ance and England ended, there was no longer any necessity for continuing these oppressive measures. ns. What was the snccess at sea? Mentiou each naval event. 50. How did New Eufrland show her opposition to the war? How did the friends of the war regard this? What did the Convention do? How did it af- fect the Federalists as a party ? CO. When and where was the treaty of peace made ? What is said of it ? AVAR WITH ALGIERS — 1815. 141 Gl, War with Algiers. — At the beginning of the war with England, tlie Dey of Algiers declared war against the United States, under pretense that his presents were not what he had demanded. In May, 1815, Commodore Decatur Avas sent with a fleet to the Mediterranean, and on board his ship compelled the Dey to sign a humiliating treaty of peace. Tunis and Tripoli were also ettectually liumbled by him. The States admitted during this admin- istration were — Louisiana, in 1812, and Indiana, in 1816. REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. What was the first capital, and how loug? The second ? The third? 2. Name the first four Presidents, give length of administrations, and dates. 3. Name and sketch some leading events of Washington's administration. 4. Who formed Washington's first cabinet? 5. What is said of Hamilton's measures ? C. Give the particulars regarding his death. 7. Name two important events in Adams's administration. 8. Mention the most important event of Jefferson's admiuistratiou. 0. State why this was so important, and give particulars. 10. What foreign war occurred, and who were the chief actors in.it? 11. What events took place, and how was it brought to a close? 12. What can j^ou say of the difficulties with England? 13. How did Congress retaliate, and with what result? 14. What Indian war broke out in ISll ? Give the cause and result. 15. What great event marks Madison's administration ? 10. State clearly the causes of this. 17. With what movements did the war begin ? IS. Where was the seat of war in 1S12 ? 10. Describe the leading events of that year. 20. What was the general result of the year to the Americans? 21. Where was the seat of war in 1813 ? 22. What is said of the Indian war ? 23. From whom did the English obtain active military assistance in 1812,1813? 24. Give some of the leading events of 1813. 25. Where was the war carried on during 1S14-'15? 2(5. Name the principal events at these points. 27. Describe the last battle of the war. 28. Mention two or three of the most brilliant naval events during the war. 29. Name the leading American generals. Who was the most celebrated? Why? 30. What foreign power gave assistance to the British in the South ? 31. State what active measures were taken in reference to this. 32. What is said of the treaty of peace, and what it did not settle ? 3.3. What war followed ? Wtmt was the cause and result ? 31. Where was the war unpopular, and how was opposition shown to it? 35. State what is said of the Hartford Convention, and its results. 36. Name the States admitted up to the year 1817. fil. What expedition was dispatched in 1815? Why? What was its success? What States were admitted during Madison's administration, and when ? 142 IIISTOliY or" TUE UNITED STATES. -" 'f PART II.— FROM 1817 TO 1841. ADMINISTEATIOX OF JAMES MONROE- IDENT. -THE FIFTH PRES- 1817-1825. 1. The New President. — James Monroe, of Virginia, elected in the fall of 1816, was now President, and Dan- iel D. Tompkins, of New York, Vice-president. Mr. Mon- roe was personally very popular, and began^ his admin- istration under the most favorable circumstances. The country was fast recovering from the ruin that had flillen on its commerce and manufactures during the war. There was now only one party, the Democratic. 2. Jackson's Disregard of Spain. — Toward the end of the year 1817, the Seminole Indians, instigated by the Spanish in Florida, attacked the settlers in Georgia. General Jackson, after subduing the Indians, marched to Florida, and took Fort St. IMarks. While in this neigh- 1. Mention the circumstances under which President Monroe begau his ad- uiiuislruliou. monkoe's admixisteatiox — 1817-'25. 143 borliood, lie hung two British subjects, on tlic charge of inciting the Indians to war. He then marched to Pensa- cola, which he occupied May, 1818. 3. Florida ceded to the United States. — Jackson was greatly blamed for liis violation of Spanish territory, but was sustained by tlie Government. Spain was indignant at the conduct of the United States, and a long, unfriend- ly correspondence followed. Finally, in the year 1819, Spain agreed to cede Florida to the United States for the sum of $5,000,000. The territory, however, was not form- ally given up until the year 1821. 4. The Missouri Compromise. — In 1820 Missouri applied for admission to the Union. This led to a bitter contest in Congress. The Korth favored her admission as a Free State; the South, as a Slave Btate. At length, in 1820, the famous "Missouri Compromise" was agreed on. By this she was admitted as a Slave State, but thenceforth slavery was prohibited in all other territory north of 36° 30' west of the Mississippi. This compromise was faithfully kept for more than thirty years. 5. The Monroe Doctrine.— In the foil of 1820 Monroe was re-elected Presid<3nt for four years. In the year 1822 the South American republics were struggling with Spain for independence. Monroe, in a message, advised that the independence of these republics should be recognized by the United States; and, in addition, declared that "the American continents are not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European pow- ers," or, in other words, that America liiust be republic- an. This is known as the "Monroe doctrine." 6. Lafayette's Visit. — The fomous Frenchman, the friend of America, General Lafayette, now an old man, came to 2. What broke out in ISIT ? Who was sent there, and what of his conduct ? 3. How was his conduct regarded ? What did this lead to ? 4. What is said of Missouri ? Of the contest ? How was it settled ? State its provisions, 5. Wliat is said of the election of 1S20 ? What is the Monroe doctrine ? What led to the annonncemffut of this ? 144 IIISTOEY OF THE UNITED STATES. America on a visit in 1824. From the moment lie land- ed he became the guest of the nation, and wherever he went he was regarded M'ith the most profound respect. 1. Election for President. — Monroe declined a re-elee- tion, and a very exciting canvass followed, chiefly becaus-;e party lines were very much confused. There were four candidates put in nomination — John Q. Adams, son of the second President, General Jackson, W. II. Crawford, and Henry Clay. Tliere was no choice by the people, and the election went to the House of Representatives in Congress. Here Adams was chosen President, in 1824. ADMIXISTRATIOX OF JOHX QUIXCY ADAMS — THE SIXTH PRESIDENT. 1825-1829. 8. John Quincy Adams, son of the second President, Avas inaugurated March 4, 1825. His administration had few events of great importance. The year 1826 w'as re- markable for the death of the Presidents, John Adams and Thomas JeiFerson. They died on the 4tli of July, within a few hours of each other. 9. The Tariff Act of 1828.— The country had increased steadily in prosperity since the war. Manufactures had s])read extensively throughout the Eastern and gome of the Middle States. But the goods from Europe, particu- larly from England, interfered with these American man- ufactures. To enable the latter to compete favorably W'ith those of Europe, a tariff with high protecting duties was passed by Congress in 1828. 10. The American System— Protection. — The great advo- cate and autlior of protection to American manufactures was Henry Clay, of Kentucky, and it received the name of "The American System." It was adopted only after G. State what is said of Lafayette. 7. Give the particulars of the election for President in 1S24. "8. Whose son was the new President ? What occnrred in 1S2G ? 9. What act was passed in lS-23 ? What ?cd to its passage ? JACKSOX'S ADMINISTEATIOX 1829-'37. 145 many fierce debates, and became a fruitful source of dis- pute during succeeding administrations. 11. Jackson elected President. — The election for Presi- dent during the fall of 1828 ended in the choice of Gen- eral Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee, the hero of New Or- leans. His election was considered a triumph of the Dem- ocrats over the Whigs and the protective system. ADMINISTKATIOX OIT AXDKEW JACKSOX THE SEYEXTII PKESIDEXT. 1829-1837. 12. Jackson and the United States Bank. — President Jackson began his administration by an attack on the United States Bank, Avhich had applied to Congress for a renewal of its charter. In spite of the President's op- ])osition. Congress passed a bill renewing the charter. Jackson vetoed this, and the friends of the bank not hav- ing votes to pass the bill over his veto, the charter ex- pired in 1836. Thus Jackson finally gained the day. 13. South Carolina resists. — His next and still more se- rious contest was with the " Nullifiers" of South Carolina. Congress, in the year 1832, added new duties to the tar- iff. Immediately the people of South Carolina met in Convention, and declared the tariff acts nnconstitutional, and therefore " x^ull axd void." They, moreover, threat- ened to resist the collection of duties at Charleston by force of arms, and to secede from the Union. 14. The Quarrel settled. — Jackson proceeded promptly to put down the Carolina Nullifiers by force. Before any collision took place, a compromise was effected in Con- gress through the influence of Henry Clay. It was agreed that the tariff duties should be gradually reduced ; and 10. Who was the author of this system ? What was the effect of its passage ? 11. Who was chosen President, and when? How was his election regarded? 12. With what did he begin his term ? How far did the bank succeed ? 13. What was his next contest? What led to this? What did the Carolinians do ? Why were they called " Nullifiers ?" G 140 IIISTOIIY OF THE UNITED STATES. thus the feelings of the Carolinians were for the time quieted. 15. Black Hawk War. — While this Avas going on, the Indians in the north-west, in what is now^ Wisconsin, led by the chief Black Hawk, attacked the whites. Then followed a struggle of six months, called the "Black Hawk War," in which the chief was taken prisoner. At its close, the Indians removed beyond the Mississippi. 16. Jackson and the French.— In the fall of 1832 Jack- son was re-elected President, and Martin Van Buren was chosen Vice-president. In 1834 he made a demand on France for $5,000,000, which that Government had agreed to pay the United States for injuries done to American commerce. For some years the installments of this mon- ey were not paid as agreed. Jackson ordered the Ameri- can minister to leave Paris, and urged Congress to seize French vessels. The French Govern- ment was alarmed at these move- ments, and paid the money. 17. War with the Seminoles broke out in Florida in 1835. They had agreed by treaty to re- move west of the Mississippi, but refused to go when the time ar- rived. On the 28th of December, Major Dade, while on his march with 117 men, was mas- sacred by the Seminoles, and only four of the party es- caped. On the same day, many miles away from the scene. General Thomson and some friends, while dining quietly outside of Fort King, were surprised and killed. 18. A protracted War. — There was severe fighting on 14. IIow did Jackson act ? What quieted matters ? 15. What war broke out ? Give the particulars, and the result. IG. Who was chosen President, and when ? What is said of the French pay- ment ? How did Jackson act, and what was the effect ? 17. What war now broke out, and when? Its origin. Show the sudden ■noveraents of the Seminoles. Where did these take place? ■1837-41. U7 December 31, and during tlie year 1836, but nothing was gained by the Avhites. The Seminoles, as fast as they were driven by the troops to the more open ground, re- tired farther into the swamps and everglades. Some- times the soldiers Avould find them here, but the figliting that immediately followed produced very trifling results. It proved to be a long and terribly expensive contest. 19. Presidential Election. — Jackson's second term was drawing to a close, and the election for President took place November, 1836. Martin Van Buren, the Demo- cratic candidate, was chosen President, and Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky, Vice-president. ADMINISTRATION OF MARTIN VAN BUREN — THE EIGHTH PRESIDENT. 1837-1841. 20. The Panic of 1837.— The beginning of Van Buren's administration was marked by a period of great commer- cial distress throughout the country. Merchants every- where failed, and thousands in all walks of life were tlirown out of employment. The cause of this was spec- ulation and overtrading. Congress met in extra session in September to devise some remedy for the distress, but it could do little. Time proved the only remedy. 21. Rebellion in Canada. — In 1837, a rebellion broke out in Canada, on the Niagara frontier, against England, and the rebels had many active sympathizers on the Ameri- can side of the river. The President issued a proclama- tion forbidding all expeditions from the United States, and sent troops to enforce it. In a short time the British Government put down the rebellion. 22. The Sub-treasury Bill was the great measure of this 18. What is said of the progress of the war ? Why was it so slow ? 19. Who succeeded Jackson ? What party triumphed ? 9.0. With what event did Van Bnren's term begin? Give au account of this. What was done to help the country, and with Avhat success? 21. When and where did rebellion occur ? How did the President act ? 148 IIISTOEY OF THE UNITED STATES. administration. It was Van Biiren's remedy for specula- tion and overtrading, by removing the public funds from the bank vaults to offices throughout the country, called sub-treasuries. The bill passed Congress in 1840. 23. Presidential Election. — The President was blamed for the distress that the country had suftered during his administration. Mainly in consequence of this, he lost his re-election in the fall of 1840, and General William Henry Harrison, of Ohio, the hero of Tippecanoe, and the candidate of the Wliigs, was chosen President. John Tyler, of Virginia, was chosen Vice-president. REVIEW QUESTIONS, 1. How lonij was Monroe President, and when ? 2. Give the leading events of his administration, and dates, 3, What was the only warlike trouble during his Presidency? 4, What illustrious man was connected with this ? 5. State what is said of his movements, 6, To what acquisition of territory did all this lead ? T. Describe the Missouri Compromise, and what led to it. 8. What is understood by the Monroe doctrine ? 9. From what cause did the announcement of this aiise? 10. Who were elected President and Vice-president iulS24? 11. What peculiarity was there about this election ? 12. Name the chief events of Adams's administration. 13. What was the result of the Presidential election in 1S2S? 14. State the principal events in Jackson's military career. 15. What were the leading events of his administration? 16. When, how long, and what was the Black Hawk War? 17. Give an account of Jackson's difficulties with France. IS. What is the history of the South Carolina troubles? 19, Mention some of the events at the beginning of the Seminole War. 20, Who succeeded Jackson as President, and when ? 21, In what condition was the country in 1S37 ? 22, WHiat efforts were made to remedy this distress ? 23, What was Van Buren's remedy ? 24, State what occurred on the Canada frontiers. 25, Who was elected President in 1840? 26, W^hy did Van Buren lose his re-election ? 27, How many Presidents were there up to the year 1S41 ? 28, Name them, and give the respective terms of each, and the dates. 22. W^hat was Van Buren's greatest measure ? Describe it. 2.^. Who succeeded Van Biiren ? Why did he lose the election ? HARRISON AND TYLER — 1841-'4o. 149 PART III.— FROM 1841 TO 1849. ADMINISTRATIONS OF WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON AND JOHN TYLER NINTH AND TENTH PRESIDENTS. 1841-1845. 1. Death of the President. — General Harrison was in- augurated March 4, 1841. He immediately called an ex- tra session of Congress to devise some plan to restore pub- lic prosperity. Before Congress met he died, April 4, and Vice-president Tyler succeeded to the Presidency. 2. Tyler leaves the Whigs. — Congress met, and repeal- ed the Sub-treasury Bill. It also passed a general bank- rupt bill, and two bills to establish a national bank. Ty- ler vetoed the two last, much to the indignation of the AVhig party ; and thereupon all the President's cabinet except Daniel Webster, Secretary of State, resigned. 1. What did Harrison first do? What happened before Congress met? Who succeeded to the Presidency? 2. What measures did Congress pass ? What followed ? 150 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 3. Boundary of Maine settled. — Mr. Webster, and Lord x\shburton, the British commissioner, settled the northern boundary-line of Maine in the year 1842. This bound- ary had been a long standing source of trouble between England and the United States, and at one time threat- ened to lead to war. 4. Rebellion in Rhode Island.— The same year, 1842, an insurrection, known as the Dorr Rebellion, broke out in Khode Island. The old charter, granted to the colony through the efforts of Roger Williams, was still the con- stitution of the State. One of its provisions required that all voters should possess a certain amount of prop- erty. Many of the people washed to change this, and form a new constitution. Two parties were formed, and two governors were elected. One of these, named Dorr, at the head of the " suffrage party," took up arms ; but before blood was shed the President interfered with Uni- ted States' troops. A free suffrage constitution was adopt- ed in November of the same year. 5. Texas seeks Admission. — The great question of Ty- ler's administration was the annexation of Texas. This territory had been a province of Mexico, but its people threw off the Spanish yoke, and declared their independ- ence in 1835. In April, 1844, they applied for admission to the American Union, but their application was rejected by the Senate, July 8. C. Annexation of Texas approved. — The admission of Texas was strongly opposed by a large body of the American people, because it was seen that it would lead to a war with Mexico. During the fall of 1844, the elec- tion for President took place. The canvass, which was very bitter, was mainly fought on the annexation of Tex- as, and the friends of that measure triumphed in the election of James K. Polk, of Tennessee, a Democrat. 3. What boundary was settled? When, and by whom ? 4. What rebellion occurred ? Where ? When ? Give the cause, llow was it settled ? 5. What question came up ? Give its history, and how it was received. C. How far was it popular ? What showed the true feeling ? WAR WITH MEXICO — 1846. 151 v. Annexation settled. — The Texas question was again brought before the Senate in December. On March 1, 1845, a resolution, annexing Texas to the United States, was passed, and was immediately signed by President Tyler, two days before the close of his administration. ADMIXISTRATIOX OF JAMES K. POLK THE ELEVENTH PRESIDENT. 1845-1849. 8. Oregon Boundary settled. — The north-western bound- ary betw^een British America and Oregon was settled soon after the beginning of Polk's administration. There was a very warlike feeling on this point during the latter part of the previous administration. But now the all- engrossing subject in the minds of the people w\as war WITH Mexico, which was rapidly approaching. 9. General Taylor sent to Texas.— On the 4th of July, 1845, Texas approved the bill of annexation passed by the United States Congress in March. In the same month, July, General Taylor was ordered to Texas, and took post at Corpus Christi, near the mouth of the River Nueces (nwa-ces). Mexico considered Taylor's movement as an invasion of Mexican territory, and therefore an act of war. 10. War with Mexico — Fighting at the Rio Grande. — In the spring of 1846, Taylor moved westward to the Rio Grande {re-o-gran'-da), opposite Matamoras, where the Mexicans were stationed, and built a fort, afterward called Fort Brown. Soon after, a reconnoitring party under Captain Thornton was surprised by the Mexicans, and nearly all killed. This Avas the first blood shed. 11. Taylor saves Point Isabel. — There were United States stores at Point Isabel, in Taylor's rear. The Mex- 7. Wlien was it again brought up ? How and when was it settled ? 8. What question was settled early in 1S45? Whj' was this fortunate? What subject now engrossed public attention? 9. How did Texas act ' What occurred in July ? How did Mexico regard this ? 10. When and where did Taylor move? Where was the first blood shed? 152 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. icans began to push in between the fort and tlie Point. Taylor, being anxious about his stores, left Major Brown in command, and marched to Point Isabel, May 1. Here he was re-enforced, and on May 7 began his return to the Rio Grande with 2300 men. 12. Battles of May 8th and 9th.— Next day, 6000 Mexi- cans, under General Arista, met him at Palo Alto (pah'-lo ahl'-to)^ where a severe battle was fought, in which the Mexicans were defeated. Late on the following day. May 9, the Mexicans made a stand atResaca de la Palma {res-d'-kd dec Id 2)ahl-md), and were beaten, with the loss of over a thousand men. 13. Taylor reaches Fort Brown. — Taylor next day reach- ed the fort, which had been constantly bombarded during liis absence, and found Major Brown mortally wounded. In his honor, the fort was named Fort Brown, now known as Brownsville. On the IStli of May, Taylor crossed the river and took possession of Matamoras. 14. War declared— Plan of Operations.— The news from the Rio Grande produced great excitement in the Uni- ted States. Congress, on May 11, declared war, voted $10,000,000, and ordered 80,000 volunteers to be raised. The war was very popular among the young, and the Government readily obtained men enough. The plan of operations was very simple. An army was to overrun New Mexico and California, another was to march into Chihuahua (chee-iod'-wd) and the northern part of Mex- ico, a third was to operate on the Rio Grande. 15. Capture of Monterey. — At Matamoras General Tay- lor's army was re-enforced, making it 6000 men. With these he attacked the strongly fortified town of Monterey (mon-td-rd'), in New Leon {Id-on'), and, after severe fight- ing for four days, the garrison surrendered, September 24. 11. Why did Taylor leave the fort ? What is said of his movements ? 12. What battles occurred on his way back ? Give dates. 13. What happened at the fort ? What was it named ? What of Taylor ? 14. State the effect of the news in the United States. The measures of Con- gress. The feeling of the people abont the war. The plan of the campaign. WAK AVITII MEXICO — 184G. 153 OAMl'AIUISb IN AIEXIOO. Tiiylor then agreed to an armistice with the Mexican Government for eight weeks. 16. Taylor and Wool at Saltillo. — The armistice termi- nated November 13, and General Wool, who had been ordered to abandon operations against Chilinahua, joined tliat part of Taylor's army which had advanced to Saltil- lo {sahl-teel'-yo). On November 14, Tampico {tam-j/e-ko)^ on the Gulf of Mexico, surrendered to a United States squadron under Captain Connor, 1 7. Taylor loses his best Troops. — The United States Government had meanwhile planned an expedition to penetrate to the city of Mexico by way of Vera Cruz {vCi-rd /xTOos), and placed General Scott in command. As a part of the plan. General Taylor was ordered to send to Scott, his superior officer, a very considerable part of his troops and some of his very best officers. By doing this, he was left with little more than 5000 men. 15. What is said of Taylor's operations ? To what did he n^vee ? 10. Who joined Taylor, and where? W^hat occurred elsewhere in November? IT. What loss did Taylor suffer ? What was the cause of this ? G 2 154 IIISTOEY OF THE UNITED STATES. 18. Victory at Buena Vista. — General Santa Anna, tak- ing advantage of Taylor's ciiminisbed numbers, moved against him with 20,000 Mexicans. Taylor took a posi- tion at Buena Yista {bioa'nd vesta), where a severe battle was fought, February 23, 1847, in which Santa Anna was defeated. In the summer Taylor returned to the United States, leaving General Wool in command. 19. Kearny's Operations. — General Kearny {kar'ny) had command of the operations against New Mexico and Cali- fornia. In June, 1846, he left Fort Leavenworth, on the Missouri, and after marching 1000 miles, occupied Sante Fe, August 18. He then pressed westward to California. 20. Doniphan's great March. — When Kearny left Santa Fe, he ordered Colonel Doniphan to push south into Chi- huahua. After a march of more than 1000 miles, he final- ly reached Saltillo in safety. On the way he defeated the Mexicans at Bracito (^rt^i'Ae'-^o), December 25, and at Sacramento, February 28, 1847. 21. Fremont in California. — Important events had al- ready taken place in California. Fremont, an active Uni- ted States officer, was exploring the Far West at the be- ginning of the war. While thus engaged, he Avas ordered to protect the American settlers in California, who were threatened by the Mexican governor. He hastened thith- er with 60 men, and, being joined by his countrymen, com- pelled the Mexicans, after a series of skirmishes, to move to the south. California was declared independent July 5. 22. California conquered.— On the 7th of July, Commo- dore Sloat, with some war vessels, bombarded and cap- tured Monterey, on the Pacific coast. Commodore Stock- ton arrived, and superseded Sloat. In a short time all of California fell into the hands of the United States; and on February 8, 1847, Kearny assumed the governorship. IS. What important battle followed ? What is said of Taylor ? 19. What were Kearny's orders ? Depcribe his march, and his final movement. ♦ 20. What romantic expedition from Sante Fe is mentioned? Its snccess? 21. Who was Fremont? Where did he go ? What did he achieve ? 22. State farther operations in California, What is said of Kearny ? WAR WITH MEXICO — 1847. 155 23. Scott's Expedition— Vera Cruz.— The United States Government, in sending an expedition to the capital of Mexico, determined to "conquer a peace." General Scott, commander-in-cliief, landed near Vera Cruz, with 13,000 men, on March 9. That city was defended by tlie strong castle of San Juan de UUoa (dd-ool-o'd). After a severe bombardment, the castle and city surrendered, March 27. 800TT8 OAAIPAIGN IN MEXICO. 24. March to the Capital. — The march to the city of Mexico now began. Santa Anna, with 15,000 Mexicans, held the lieights of Cerro Gordo, which commanded a mountain pass. On the 18th of April the heights were stormed, and by noon were in possession of the Ameri- cans. Next day Scott entered Jalapa (hd-la-jyd), and on the 15th of May, without resistance, the troops occupied the large city of Puebla (piceb'ld). Here the army rested, and waited thi-ee months for re-enforcements. 25. Within Sight of the City.~On August 7, General Scott resumed his march with 10,000 men, and on the 11th was within fifteen miles of the capital. This was defended by strong works, garrisoned by more than 23. What expedition is now mentioned ? What was its object? Describe the first movements. 24. What is said of the march ? The first engagement ? The occupation of the city? 156 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 30,000 Mexicans. Tlie direct road seemed the most dan- gerous, and therefore General Scott turned to the left, and approached by way of San Augustin {ciw'-goos-teen'). 26. The Defenses of Mexico. — There were strong Mexi- can works on this route. These were the fortified camp of Contreras {con-trd'ras)^ the Castle of San Antonio, the heights of Cherubusco, and the Castle of Chapultepec {chd-pool-td-pek'). On the same day, August 20, Con- treras, San Antonio, and Cherubusco, one after another, were carried by assault. Less than 10,000 Americans had beaten 30,000 Mexicans behind strong defenses. 27. The last Struggle begun. — General Scott advanced Avithin three miles of the city. Santa Anna pleaded for delay, and Scott granted him an armistice, hoping for a surrender. The Mexicans used the time to strengthen the strong works at Molino del Rey {ino-Ve-no del rd) and Chapultepec. Scott, on learning this, ordered an assault, September 8, on Molino del Rey, which w^as captured by General Worth, after a bloody battle. 28. The closing Battle before the City. — On the 12th, General Scott opened a heavy fire on Chapultepec, which shattered the walls, and on the 13th it w^as taken by as- sault. The city now lay at his mercy, and on the 14th General Scott and his army entered the capital of Mex- ico. Santa Anna and his officers had fled. 29. Driven off at Puebla. — At Puebla there were some 1800 sick American soldiers, in the care of Major Childs, besieged by a body of Mexicans, whom Santa Anna joined after his flight from the capital. A detachment sent by General Lane came to the help of the sorely-pressed Americans, and the Mexicans were driven off". 30. Treaty of Peace. — The war was now ended. On February 2, 1848, the Mexicans concluded a treaty of 25. When does he eee the capital ? What of the approach, and change of route ? 2(). Give the defenses of Mexico. The battles. 27. What delay occurred ? When ? The next battle, and results. 2S. The closin^ — N E S;S^lE'E ,44>:^ ^4'''m^-4talt 0110 ecat ui'a^-^viizj53l''e sac • I S v^PIeasanhliirNjd^ GraYicl Gulti -^^1 West rtb' K $)■'"' Phi jiitgomcry *" pxandria li\\ -•— V v>> / i ''> W^ ^'''' "-^ N .Cv^-^ ^^: L F o y jf ^ X i C<^ Al)lKiV\ ^r--"" Vicinity of ^ ■^'•ii Jnsbnr£L VICKSBURG of the Ct ^ iiu MIS sissippi V. ,-^''''* ,rF'j MAP OF Ol'EBATIOJfS LN THE SOUTU ANI> WEST, CIVIL WAR — 1801. 173 back to St. Louis. Here General Halleck took command. and pushed Price southward into Arkansas. 20. Grant at Belmont. — Kentucky was another neutral State, The Confederates, liowever, paid no attention to tliis, and fortified Columbus, thus commanding the Mis- sissippi. Belmont, across the river, in Missouri, was also occupied by tlie Confederates. General Ulysses S. Grant from Cairo attacked it, November 7, but was repulsed. 21. Southern Coast blockaded.— As early as April 27, the Federal Government had ordered a blockade of the Southern coast. All the ports were in possession of the Confederates. It was a long line of coast to watch ; and for some time, on account of the smallness of the United States Navy, the Confederates found no great difficulty in running the blockade with fast-sailing steamers. 22. Capture of Southern Ports. — The Government de- termined to capture some of these ports. On August 29, an expedition under Commodore Stringham and General Butler captured the two forts at Hatteras Inlet, which commanded the entrance to Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds. Another expedition, under Commodore Dupont and General T. W. Sherman, captured the two forts at the entrance of Port Royal Harbor, South Carolina, Novem- ber 7. Thenceforward Port Royal became a useful depot of supplies for the Union fleets and armies. 23. The Trent Affair.— The Confederates expected to obtain help from foreign powers, and, to secure this, de- termined to send Messrs. Mason and Slidell as commis- sioners to Europe. In October, these two escaped from Charleston to Havana, where they took passage on the British steamer Trent to England. Captain Wilkes, in the United States war-steamer San Jacinto, boarded the Trent 10. Who now took command? How long? State the other changes, and success. 20. How did the Confederates treat Kentucky? Where is Belmont? What occurred here ? 21. What was done by Government in April ? State what is said of this. 22. Give the first expedition to the Southern coast. Describe the other. 174 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. at sea, seized the two coinraissioncrs, and carried them prisoners to Fort Warren, in l>oston Harbor. 24. Satisfaction demanded and given. — The British Gov- ernment immediately demanded the release of Mason and Slideil, and satisfaction for the insult to her flag, as the Trent was a neutral vessel. Mr. Seward, Secretary of State, promptly sent Avord to England that Capt. Wilkes had acted without authority, and the commissioners were released and sent on their journey. The Confederates were greatly disappointed at this; they hoped that war Avould at once be declared by England against the United States, and that with this help their own struggle with the North would soon be brought to a close. 25. The Confederate Cruisers. — The South had as yet no navy, but it fitted out privateers to capture American merchant-vessels. The most active of these during the year 1861 was the Sumter, Captain Semmes, which es- caped from New Orleans in July. She continued her de- structive cruise until the next February, when she was sold in Spain. The Nashville, another cruiser, ran the blockade at Charleston in October. She came back to Savannah in 1862, where she was eventually destroyed. 26. Preparations for 1862. — It had already become quite plain that the war would be a long one, requiring many men and much money. The South was making great ex- ertions. The North was straining every nerve to create a vast navy, to drill and equip immense armies. Found- ries, ship-yards, and manufactories, were kept busy night and day. A new currency was created. The banks had suspended specie payments, and the Government issued national bank-notes, called " greenbacks." Gold and sil- ver disappeared from circulation. 23. To whom did the South turn for help? Give the particulars of the Trout affair. 24. Uow did Eugland regard this ? How was the difficulty settled ? 25. How active was the South ou the oceau? Give the history of their cruis- ers in 1S61. 20. What was now plain ? Mention the efforts of the North. CIVIL WAR 1862. no 1862. 27. The Plan of Operations for the Year 1862 covered a large part of the Southern territory. Its leading points embraced the opening of the Mississippi River, then closed by Confederate forts and batteries ; the capture of Rich- mond ; the thorough blockade of tlie Union coast, and the rescue of Kentucky from Secession control. 28. Confederate Line of Defense. — The year's fighting opened Avith the defeat of the Confederates by Colonel Garfiekl, on the Big Sandy River, in Eastern Kentuck}^, January 9. On the 19th, General Thomas drove them from Mill Spring, in the same part of the State. In Western Kentucky, the Confederates had command of a line stretching from Columbus, on the Mississippi, to Bowling Green, in tlie interior of the State. It was a curved line, bending down into AYest Tennessee, where there were two forts, Henry and Donelson. 29. Capture of Fort Henry. — General Halleck, who com- 2T. State the general plan of operations for 1S62. 2S. What battles began the year's fighting? Describe tlie first Coufederato line of defense. 176 IlISTOEY OF THE UNITED STATES. manded the Union army in this quarter, determined to break the enemy's line by capturing these forts. Tlien Columbus would be abandoned, on the one side, and Nashville and Bowling Green, on the other. Commo- dore Foote, with his gun-boats, sailed up the Tennessee River and captured Fort Henry, after a heavy bombard- ment, February 6. General Grant, who went by land, took no part in the attack. 30. Capture of Fort Donelson. — Grant marched against Fort Donelson, and Foote came up the Cumberland River to help him. The attack of the gun-boats failed, and, on the 14th, Foote himself was wounded. Grant meanwhile so surrounded the fort that, though the Confederates made desperate efforts to cut their way through on the 15th, tliey were repulsed, and compelled to surrender on the 16th. The garrison was not less than 12,000 men. 31 . The Result of these Captures. — Columbus and Bowl- ing Green were both evacuated, and Nashville was occu- pied by the Union troops. The Confederates fell back to a second line of defense, on the Memphis and Charles- ton Railroad, the centre of which line was Corinth. To break it, the Union army moved south, up the Tennes- see, as far as Pittsburg Landing, where Grant was to be joined by General Buell, from Nashville, with re-enforce- ments. 32. Battle of Shiloh.— Before his arrival, the Confeder- ates, under Generals A. S. Johnston and Beauregard, on the morning of April 6, fell suddenly on Grant, encamped at Shiloh, with the river in his rear. The Union troops fell back, fighting stubbornly, and nightfall found tliem hemmed into a narrow space near the river, protected by the gun-boats. During the night Buell arrived, and next 29. What was Halleck's plan ? Why was this thought best? Describe the at- tack on Fort Henry. 30. Describe the movements of Grant. Of Foote. The siege of Fort Douel- 6on. 31. What immediately followed, and why ? Give the second Confederate line. How was this to be broken ? CIVIL WAR— 1802. 177 morning tiie battle was renewed. The Confederates were com[)elled to fall back slowly to Corinth, fifteen miles dis- tant, the centre of an important system of railroads, and strongly fortified. 33. Corinth-Third Confederate Line.— General ITalleck moved carefully against Corinth with more than 100,000 men. Beauregard, finding himself outnumbered, aban- doned the place on his approach. The second Confed- erate line was now broken, by the fall of Corinth, and the enemy fell back to a line stretching from Vicksburg through Jackson, Meridian, and Selma. 34. Operations on the Mississippi. — When Columbus Avas evacuated, the Confederates went down tke river to Island ISTo. 10, and New Madrid, below. Commodore Foote for weeks kept up a furious bombardment on the island, without much efiect. Meanwhile General Pope pushed down the Missouri bank, captured Kew Madrid, in March, then crossed the Mississippi into Tennessee, after terrible fighting, and thus got into the rear of the island. The garrison, numbering TOOO men, seeing this, surrendered to Foote, April 7. 35. The River open to Memphis. — The river was now open as fir as Fort Pillow. Here a Confederate fleet was destroyed by Commodore Davis, May 10, and the fort was abandoned on June 4. Another fight with a second fleet took place near Memphis, June 5, and all but one of the enemy's vessels were destroyed. Mem- j)his was then occupied by the Union troops, June 6. 36. Invasion of Kentucky. — After Beauregard left Cor- inth, the Confederate army, under General Bragg, was moved eastward to Chattanooga, Tennessee. General Kirby Smith was at Knoxville w4th another Confederate 32. What took i)lnce on the landing? Descrihe the battle. The result. 33. Describe Halleck's movements, and their result? What was the third Confederate line? 34. Whither did the enemy go afiCr the fall of Columbus ? Describe the events on the i\Iissi.«sipi)i. 35. What is said of the loss? What advance was made by the Unionists ? II 2 178 IlISTOKY OF THE UNITED STxVTES. army. Nearly at tlie same time, both columns moved northward into Kentucky. Smith, after entering Frank- fort, went as far north as the Ohio Iliver, creating great alarm even in Cincinnati early in September. 37. Bragg's Movements— Retreat. — Bragg moved rap- idly to Louisville, but was headed off by General Buell. The Confederates committed great ravages in the centre of the State, and commenced their return, with an im- mense quantity of plunder. Buell overtook Bragg at Per- ryville, where a battle was fought, October 8. It ended doubtfully, and Bragg continued his retreat without fur- ther interruption to Chattanooga. 38. Gtfant Commander — Corinth saved. — Halleck was ordered to Washington, and Grant was appointed to the command of the army west of the Tennessee. Corinth was threatened by two Confederate columns, under Van Dorn and Price. General Rosecrans, under Grant's com- mand, defeated Price at luka, near Corinth, September 19. Grant went north to Jackson, Tennessee, leaving Rosecrans at Corinth. Here the latter was attacked, Oc- tober 4, by Van Dorn and Price, with 30,000 men, who were repulsed, with the loss of GOOO killed and wounded. There was a very bloody and desperate fight. 39. Rosecrans promoted— Murfreeshoro.' — Buell was now removed, and Rosecrans was put in command of the Army of the Cumberland, with his head-quarters at Nash- ville. In December he moved against Bragg, who lay at Murfreesboro', Tennessee. Here Bragg attacked him, and a severe battle, known as Stone River, was fought, continuing from December 31, 1862, to January 2, 1863. Bragg Avas repulsed, but retired slowly, and in good order. 40. Failure at Vicksburg'. — An expedition planned by Grant while at Jackson, to capture Vicksburg, on the 3G. Where was the Confederate army iu Tennessee ? Describe the movements there. 37. Describe Bragg's advance. His success. The battle of October S. 38. What change now in commanders? What battles? Describe tlic:n. 39. What was Kospcrans's promotion ? Describe the battle that fMilowcd. CIVIL WAR — 1862. 179 Mississippi, failed in its object. General W. T. Sher- man landed on the Yazoo, north of this place, but was repulsed from the strong works with considerable loss, December 29. 41. Arkansas— Events in the North-west. — It is to be remembered that, in Missouri, Halleck drove Pi-ice south- ward to Arkansas in 1861. On March 7, 1862, General Curtis, with 11,000 men, was attacked at Pea Ridge, on the north-west edge of Arkansas, by General Van Dorn, at the head of 20,000 Confederates. The battle lasted two days, and Van Dorn was repulsed. 42. Farragut opens the Lov/er Mississippi. — The com- bined expedition for the capture of New Orleans was commanded by Commodore D. F. Farragut and General l^utler. The river was guarded by the strong forts, St. Philip and Jackson, seventy miles below New Orleans, and a fleet of sixteen armed steamers that lay above the forts. A terrible bombardment was tried by Farragut, and this having failed, he determined to fight his way up the river past the batteries. 43. The Battles — New Orleans captured. — Before day- light on the morning of April 24, he sailed up, with sev- enteen ships — his own in the van — and through a terri- ble fire, which he returned, passed above the forts. He then attacked, and in a short time destroyed, the great- er part of the Confederate fleet. Farragut thus fought two battles on the same morning. Next day, the 2oth, he appeared in front of New Orleans, and on the 1st of May General Butler and the troops took formal posses- sion of the city. 44. Operations in Virginia.— In the early part of 1862, Banks was in command in the Shenandoah Valley, Fi-e- 40. What expedition was planned ? What is said of it ? 41. What occuned iu Missouri, 1S61 ? In Arlvausas, 1SG2? Where is Tea liidge ? 42. What expedition was planned ? IIow was the river defended ? What mode of attacli was tinally resolved on ? 41. Descrihe the movements of April 24. What followed? 180 IIISTOEY OF THE UXITED STATES. mont in \Yest Virginia, M'Dowell on the Rappahannock, while M'Clellan was with the army on the Potomac. The plan was that these armies should move forward at the same time, and unite, under M'Clellan, to attack the Con- federate capital. 45. Banks forced back by Jackson. — The Confederates determined to break up this plan, and Jackson was sent against Banks, wlio was compelled to retreat, by forced inarches, across the Potomac. Jackson, on his return, was pursued by two separate columns, under Fremont and Shields. He defeated the first of these at Cross Keys, June 8, the other at Port Ivcpublic, June 9, and tlien leisurely marched to take part in the defense of Kichmond. 46. M'Clellan moves against Richmond.— Gen. M'Clel- lan, with tlie Potomac army, moved on the road to Rich- mond as far as Manassas, March 10. Presently the route was changed, and tlie troops, to the number of 121,000, were moved to Fortress Monroe by water, April 2. From this they advanced against Richmond by way of the pe- ninsula formed by tlie York and James rivers. 47. Yorktown to the Chickahcminy. — On April 4, tliey were stopped by the Confederate works at Yorktown. M'Clellan remained here a month, preparing for a regular siege; but when he was ready to open fire, the enemy were found to have left Yorktown. He overtook the rear of the Confederates at Williamsburg, where the latter were beaten after a sharp action. May 5. The Union army shortly occupied a line stretching along the Chick- ahominy River from Bottom's Bridge on the south to Mechanicsville on the north. 48. The Iron-plated Ram Virginia. — Important events 44. What were the arrangements in Eastern Virginia ? What was the plan ? 45. Ilnw was this disarranged ? Describe Jackson's movements. 40. What was the movemeut of the Army of the Potomac. What is tlic Penin- sula ? 47. What hindered the TTnion advance? How lonir? What occurred May 9? What position did the Uuicwi army occupy fr-ion af.er? CIVIL WAR— 1862. 181 had meanwliile occurred near Fortress Monroe. Tlie steam-frigate Merrimac was one of the sliips scuttled and sunk at Norfolk, April, 1801. The Confederates raised her, cut down her deck, iron-roofed it, gave her an iron prow, and named lier the Virginia. On March 8, she steamed in among the Union fleet that lay off the fortress, and sunk the Cumberland with one blow of her prow. The Congress ran ashore to escape, and was then blown up. 49. The Monitor and the Merrimac— That night a small iron-plated vessel, the Monitor, under Lieutenant Worden, arrived from New York. Next morning he attacked the Merrimac, and drove her back to Norfolk disabled. She was then anchored in the James for the defense of Rich- mond. On M'Clellan's advance up the Peninsula, the Confederates abandoned Norfolk, and General Wool, from Fortress Monroe, occupied it, May 10. The Merrimac was blown up by the Confederates, May 11. 50. Battle of Fair Oaks.- On the 31st of May, the Con- federates attacked the left wing of M'Clellan's army at Fair Oaks, where an indecisive battle was fought. Gen- eral Johnston was severely wounded, and General Robert E. Lee assumed the command. Jackson, in the Shenan- doah Valley, had so disarranged the Union plans, that M'Clellan was compelled to wait for re-enforcements. 51. M'Clellan's Line attacked. — On June 25, Jackson suddenly fell on M'Clellan's I'ight wing at Mechanicsville. Lee, uniting with Jackson, attacked the L'nion troops north of the Chickahominy, and forced them to retreat to the south side, June 27. M'Clellan's base of supplies was on the York River ; the last battle cut him off from this, and he ordered a change of base to the James. 48. Describe the Confederate iron-clad Merrimac, or Virginia. What did she do? 49. What was the Monitor? Describe its operations. What is the after his- tory of the Merrimac? 50. What occurred May 31 ? What was IM'Clellan's situation ? Whv ? 51. Who now became the attackin;; i)arty ? When and where? What resolve did M'Clellan now make ? 182 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 52. The Union Disaster. — The retreat to that river then began. The Confederates followed close, and on the 29th attacked the army at Savage's Station. On the 30th, the engagement was renewed at Frazer's Farm. On the morning of July 1, the Union troops reached Malvern Hill, wljich they hastily fortified with heavy guns. The Con- federates attacked this position with reckless bravery, but were mown down and repulsed with severe loss. 53. The Result of the Retreat. — Next morning, the Union army reached Harrison's Landing, on the James. Tlius ended the retreat, or, as it is called, the Seven Days' Battles. Both armies lost heavily. Tliat of the Confed- erates w\as most severe, but they saved their capital. 54. Invasion of the North. — Lee, after waiting a month to recruit his army, moved north to Washington. The only force to oppose him were the troops of Banks, Fre- mont, and M'Dowell, now united under General Pope, who had been brought from the Mississippi and placed in command. Banks was attacked by Jackson at Cedar Mountain, August 9, and compelled to retreat. 55. Pope's Retreat to Washington. — As Lee pressed for- ward. Pope fell back, fighting stubbornly. A portion of M'Clellan's army came up from the Peninsula and joined liim. Nothing, however, was now of any avail. Pope was defeated on the old field of Bull Run, in the battle of August 29 and 30. The last battle was at Chantilly, September 1, when Pope was again defeated, and then fell back within the defenses of Washington. 56. Jackson captures Harper's Ferry. — M'Clellan now took command of the troops collecting to oppose Lee, who had crossed the Potomac into Maryland. Lee mean- while sent off Jackson to capture Harper's Ferry, the gar- rison of which, numbering 12,000, surrendered Septem- ber 15, with scarcely any show of resistance. In Jack- 52. Describe the retreat. What occurred July 1 ? 53. To what point did the Union army .cjo ? What was the result of the retreat ? 54. What was Lee's next movement ? IIow washemet? What battle occurred? 55- What is said of P(^pc"s conduct? Mention the various battles. The result. CIVIL AVAR — 1SG2. 183 sou's aljsencG, M'Clellan fell on a part of Lee's army, and gained tlie battle of South Mountain, September 14. 57. Lee defeated at Antietam. — Lee retired toward the Potomac, and took up a position, with the Antietam {a7i- tee-tam) River in front. Here he was joined by Jackson. On the lYth, M'Clellan attacked Lee, and fought the bloody battle of Antietam. The loss was nearly equal; more than 12,000 fell on each side. The result was in favor of the Union troops; for Lee, on the night of the 18th, recrossed the Potomac into Virginia. The L^nion army did not follow him until November. 58. Burnside in Command. — M'Clellan was removed from the command, and General Burnside, taking his place, led the army to the Rappahannock, intending to move against Richmond. Lee closely watched Burnside's move- ments, and took up a strong position at Fredericksburg^ on the south side of the river. At this point Burnside crossed and attacked the Confederates. A short but bloody battle followed, December 13, and Burnside, re- pulsed with the loss of 11,000 men, recrossed the river. 59. Expeditions on the Coast— North Carolina. — In the beginning of the year, Commodore Goldsborough and General Burnside commanded an expedition to Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds. The most important point of de- fense here was the works on Roanoke Island, which sur- rendered, after a combined attack, February 8. The Con- federate fleet was destroyed. Xewbern was captured March 14, and Fort Macon, near Beaufort, April 23. GO. Florida Expedition— Georgia. — Another exi)edition from Port Royal, in the month of March, captured Fer- nandina, Jacksonville, and St. Augustine, in Florida. In Georgia, Brunswick and Darien were also taken. 56. Who succeeded Pope ? What occurred September 14th and 15th ? 5T. W'hat is said of Lee and of Autietam ? What was the result of the battle ? 5S. Who supplanted M'Clellan ? What movement did he make ? What is sai I of his march ? Describe the battle of Fredericksburg. 50. W^hat naval and military expedition took place in January ? Describe the various successes. CO. What expeJitiou started from P.irt Koyal ? What did it accompli.-li ? 184 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1863. Gl. Emancipation of the Slaves— Plan of the Campaign. — On the iirst day of Jaiinary, 1863, Lincoln issued liis celebrated Emancipation Proclamation. In tbis docu- ment be declared all slaves forever free in tliose States, or parts of States, tben under tbe control of the Confedera- C3\ Tbcre was no cbange in tbe general plan of tbe campaign from tbat of the previous year. Tbe opening of the Mississippi — tbe capture of Richmond and the de- struction of Lee's army — tiie command of the sea-ports on the Atlantic coast — were tbe great objects to be ac- complished. 62. Hooker and the Army of the Potomac. — Soon after the disaster at Fredericksburg, Burnside, at bis own re- quest, was relieved from tbe command of tbe Army of the Potomac, and General Joseph Hooker took bis place. Toward tbe end of April be crossed the Eappabannock, and advanced toward Richmond. At Cbancellorsville be was attacked by Lee, and defeated, with tbe loss of 12,000 men. Jackson was mortally wounded in tbis battle. 63. Second Invasion of the North. — Lee tben, for tbe second time, invaded the North. Rushing rapidly down Gl. What remarkable proclamation was made January 1, 1SG3 ? Describe this. What was the plan of operations for the year 1SG3 ? 6^. Who took Hooker's place, and why ? What important events foriowed ? CIVIL WAR— 1SG3. 185 the Sliciiandouh Valley, he entered Pennsylvania, and cre- ated great alarm. The Union army, re-enlbrced, and now commanded by General Meade, followed, and took a strong ])Osition on the hills near Gettysburg, Pennsyl- vania. Here Meade was attacked by Lee, July 1. G4. Gettysburg", and the Results. — The battle lasted three days, to the close of July 3. Lee was everywhere repulsed, and on the 4th he recrossed the Potomac, and fell back to the south bank of the llapidan. The Union army followed to the north bank of the same river, but there was no further fighting between them during 18G3. 65. Operations on the Mississippi. — General Sherman, nniting his command with Porter's fleet, moved np Ar- kansas River, and captured Arkansas Post, January 11. The great work before General Grant was the capture of Vicksburg. After failing in several attempts, he moved liis army down the west bank of the river, and crossed below Vicksburg at Bruinsburg, near Port Gibson. His plan was to fight his way to the rear of the city. 66. Grant in the Rear of Vicksburg. — ^Pemberton's army came out of Vicksburg and fought him, while General Johnston attacked him from the east. Grant gained the battle of Port Gibson, May 1. On May 14, he defeated Johnston at Jackson, and, pushing in between him and Pemberton, defeated the latter in two battles, on the 16th and 17th. Grant then shut him up in Vicksburg. 67. Surrender of Vicksburg". — The siege Avas long and wearisome. It ended on the 4th of July, when Pember- ton surrendered, with the garrison, numbering 30,000 men. Port Hudson, lower down the river, besieged by General Banks, immediately surrendered, July 8. The Mississippi was now open through its entire length. 63. What advantage did Lee take of Hooker's defeat ? How was he met ? &i. What is said of the battle, aud of Lee ? What was the result ? 05. How did Sherman begin the year ? What was Grant engaged in ? Describe his attempts, and his final plan. 6G. Why was Grant's task hard ? What is said of his successes ? 07. How long did the siege last, aud how did it end ? Vrhat other place fell ? 188 HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 6S. Rosecrans at Chickamauga. — Rosecrans did not move forward until the last of June, when lie pressed Brascsr out of Tennessee into Georg^ia. Brairor, beins^ heavily re-enforced, turned on Rosecrans at Chickamau- ga, September 19, compelling him to retreat to Chatta- nooga. General Thomas, by his firmness, covered the re- treat, and saved tlie Union army from total ruin. Bragg closely besieged Rosecrans at Chattanooga. C9. Bragg driven into Georgia. — Rosecrans was re- moved IVom his command, and all the armies of the West were placed under Grant. Hooker and Sherman arrived at Chattanooga with re-enforcements, and Grant ordered "an advance. Lookout Mountain, across the river from Chattanooga, strongly fortified, was carried by storm, No- vember 24. Next day Missionar^^ Ridge was occupied, and Bragg then retreated into Georgia. 70. East Tennessee saved. — At Knoxville, in East Ten- nessee, Burnside was besieged and hard pressed by Long- street. On the 29th of November, Longstreet made a fierce assault on the Knoxville fortifications, and was re- pulsed with great slaughter. Sherman was sent by Grant to Bnrnside's assistance. On his approacli, Longstreet retreated into Virginia, and the strong Union population of East Tennessee was never afterward disturbed. 71. Confederate Eaids. — A bold raid was made by John Morgan, with 3000 Confederate cavalry, througli Ken- tucky into Lidiana and Ohio. He was finally run dov»n and captured at New Lisbon, Ohio, July 27, one month from the time he started from Tennessee. Quantrell, an- other freebooter, entered Lawrence, Kansas, plundered and burned the houses, and murdered 140 inhabitants in cold blood, August 21, 22. 72. Movements against Charleston. — Charleston M-as GS. What occttrred in Tennessee ? Describe the battle of September 15. G9. What chan'^e was made in the command there, and why? What successes followed ? 70. What was occurring in East Tcnnespee ? How was Burnside saved ? 71. Describe John Morgan's raid. Describe the raid into Kansas. CIVIL WAK — 1833. 187 still an open port. In Marcli the Govcrnnicnt sent an ex- pedition, nnder Admiral Dnpont,to that point ; bnt in try- ing to run past the forts, April 7, the iron-clads were bad- ly injured, and driven back. A fresh expedition of land troops, nnder General Gilmore, in July, landed on Morris Island and tlu'cw np batteries. The liring was so severe that Fort Wagner, on the island, was evacnated by the Confederates, September G. Fort Sumter was completely destroyed on the land side, and shells were thrown into Charleston. The harbor could now be so easily watched that no blockade-runner could get in or out. 73. Union Successes in 1863. — The year had brought important results. The Mississippi was opened by the capture of Yicksburg and Port Ilndson; Texas and the Red Iliver country were separated from the rest of the Confederacy ; Chattanooga was taken, and made a centre of operation ; Northern invasion was repelled at the bat- tle of Gettysbnrg ; West Tennessee was thoroughly held, and East Tennessee swept clean of Confederates ; Charles- ton Harbor was thoronghly closed, and the blockade was kept np with greater vigor. 74. The North and the South. — The South, growing poor- er and poorer, suftered terribly, but her people endured every tiling with wonderful determination. In the North also, the people bore the expense and snftering nobly, and men were freely furnished. There was, however, one ex- ception. During the absence of the militia at the time of Lee's invasion, the mob in New York resisted the draft. A riot took i)lace, and a nnmber of lives Avere lost before it was put down ; but the draft went on quietly after- ward. In tlie month of June, the western part of Vir- ginia, which had remained constant to the Union, was erected into a separate State, and called West Virginia. 72. What was the success of the naval expedition to Charleston ? Describe Gillmore's movements. What was the result? 73. State what was "rained by the Union arms in 186.^. 74. What is said of the South? Of the North ? Of the draft at Now York? What i!cv,- State was formed ? Out of what ? 188 HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. --^-^6 1864. 75. Grant Commander-in-chief. — General Sherman, leav- ing Vicksbnrg, February 3, marched to INIeridian, Missis- sippi, where he destroyed 150 miles of railroad, 67 bridges, many locomotives, and a great amount of cotton and corn. In the beginning of March, Grant was appointed lieuten- ant-general, in command of all military operations, and went to Washington. Sherman was promoted to the com- mand of three great armies — the Ohio, the Cumberland, and the Tennessee. 76. The Plan of Operations for the year 1864 was very simple. There remained only two large Confederate ar- mies, under Lee and Johnston. Sherman w^as to strike Johnston, who lay between Chattanooga and Atlanta; Avhile Grant at the same time conducted operations against Lee, who was covering Richmond. 77. Sherman's Campaign— Atlanta. — Sherman left Chat- tanooga, May 7, witli 100,000 men, on his march to Atlan- ta. This was a place of great importance to the Confed- 75. What was Sherman's first movement in 1SG4? W^hat changes were made in the command of the armies? TC. What was the plan for 1SG4? Describe this fully. CIVIL WAK — 1SG4. . 189 erates, and. stror.C;ly fortified. Several railroads crossed there, aud it Lad foundries for the making of cannon and shell. Johnston, Avlio opposed Sherman, was constantly outflanked by that general ; and though bloody battles were fought at Kesaca, Dalton,Lost Mountain, and Ken- esaw Mountain, by the 10th of July Johnston was com- j^elled to retire within the defenses of Atlanta. 78. Sherman enters Atlanta. — The Confederate Gov- ernment was dissatisfied with Johnston, and put another general, named Hood, in his place. lie, however, had no better success; for he attacked Sherman thrice in July, and was each time defeated. Then he allowed, the lat- ter to divide the Confederate army, and so lost Atlanta. Sherman entered the city September 2, and there recruit- ed his army. He had lost, in the short campaign, 30,000 men. 79. Ilcod's Army destroyed at ITashvillQ. — Ilood next tried to draw Sherman out of Georgia by moving into Tennessee. After following him some distance, Sherman sent word to General Thomas to watch Hood and protect Nashville. Thomas did this so well that Hood was first repulsed at Franklin, November 30, and on December 15 was attacked in front of Nashville. After a battle of two days, lie was utterly defeated, and with the wreck of his army fled into Alabama. 80. Sherman's March to Savannah. — While Hood was moving against Nashville, Sherman, on November 14, commenced liis march through Georgia to the sea. He cut his communications with the North, and determined to live on the countrj\ He met with little resistance, and reached the neighborhood of Savannah in four weeks. On December 13 he stormed Fort M'Alister, which com- manded the river, and on the 21st entered the city. "I 77. What is said of Sherman's movements ? Why was Atlanta so important ? What was in Sherman's way ? What battles occurred ? What was the result ? 7S. Who took Johnston's place ? What was his success ? What was the result ? 79. State Hood's next*])]an. How far did he succeed with Sherman ? What happened to Hood in Tennessee ? 100 IIISTOEY OF THE UNITED STATES. send you," lie wrote to President Lincoln, " tlio capture of Savannali as a Christmas pi'escnt," 81. Grant's Campaign against Lee. — Agreeably to the plan laid down. General Grant moved against Lee, and crossed the Rapidan on May 4, witli 140,000 men. Gen- eral Meade had immediate command of the army, but Grant directed its movements. Sheridan commanded the cavalry. Lee attacked the Laiion army at Cliancel- lorsville, in the Wilderness, May 5. Three days' terrible fighting followed, and Lee fell back behind heavy earth- works at Spottsylvania Court-house. 82. Lee holds his Ground. — Here the fighting was re- newed on the 9th, and continued for several days. Grant could make no impression, and, moving round by Lee's right flank, attacked him at Cold Harbor, June 1, but was repulsed. A second attack was made June 3, which last- ed half an hour, in which Grant lost '7000 men. From May 5 to June 13, he had lost 54,000 men. 83. Grant moves to Petersburg. — Grant now changed his base to the James River, and, crossing it, June 15, tried to capture Petersburg, then a place of little impor- tance. In this he failed, after several assaults, in which he lost 9000 men. The enemy kept on strengthening the place, until it became the key of Richmond, and the siege of Petersburg, with its long miles of intrenchments, began. 84. Sheridan's Cavalry Movement— Butler. — When Grant entered tlie Wilderness, he sent Sheridan, with 10,000 cav- alry, to destroy the railroads running north from Rich- mond. In this he was successful, and rejoined Grant at Petersburg, June 25. As a part of the general move- ment against Riclmiond, Butler, with the Army of the James, moved up to City Point. lie was forced back by 80. What Is said of Sherman's next campaign ? ITow long was it ? Its success. 81. When and where did Grant move? How was the army commanded? What battles followed ? What is said of Lee's movements ? 82. What bloody battles followed ? What was the result ? 83. To what point did Grant move? What was his success here? What did this place become ? CIVIL WAR — 18G4. 191 the Coiifeclorates, aiul so hemmed in tliat liis force was for a time useless. 85. The Shenandoah Valley.— On May 1, three days be- foi'e Grant crossed the Rapidan, General Sigel was sent np tlie Shenandoah Valley with 10,000 men, and Avas de- feated at JSTewmarket. Sigel was displaced by Hunter, who defeated the enemy at Piedmont, June 5. Hunter ajjproached Lyncliburg, whereupon Lee, becoming alarm- ed, sent a large force, and drove him northward. 86. The Siege of Petersburg*. — Grant's army settled down to the siege, building earth-works and batteries. A mine was run under the enemy's works, and exploded on the 30th of July. An assault was then made by the Union troops, who w^ere driven back, with tlie loss of 5000 men. In August, Grant seized a part of the Wel- don Railroad; but through the remainder of the year there were uo battles of importance. 87. Third Invasion of the North. — When Hunter was driven north down the Shenandoah, Lee saw that Wash- ington was left exposed in Grant's absence. He ordered General Early northward with 20,000 men. Early enter- ed Maryland, July 5, and, having defeated General Wal- lace at Monocacy River, went within gunshot of Balti- more and Washington. He afterward moved into Penn- sylvania, burned Chambersburg, and returned into the Shenandoah Valley with much plunder. 88. Sheridan defeats Early. — Sheridan was sent into tlie valley, and defeated Early at Winchester, September 19. Three days after, he again defeated him severely at Fisher's Hill. Sheridan, under orders, then laid waste the valley, and moved back. Early followed, and at Cedar Creek, October 19, attacked the LTnion army, which was forced back for some miles. Sheridan, who was absent 84. Describe Sheridan's movemeuts. What is said of General Butler? 85. What other operations were made to combine with Grant ? Describe them. 86. How was Grant occupied at Petersburg ? What occurred in July and Au- gust ? 87. Where did Lcc direct his attention, and why ? What was Early's success? 192 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. during tlie first attack, returnecl, re-formed the troops, attacked Early, and routed liim with great loss. 89. Minor Operations— Florida— Forrest's Raid. — Genei-al Seymour led an expedition from Port Royal to Florida. He was badly beaten at Olustee, February 20. The Con- federate Forrest made a raid into Tennessee in March, and captured Union (Jty, but was repulsed at Padiicah, Kentucky. The main feature of his raid was the ^^ap- ture of Fort Pillow, April 12, where he murdered the negro garrison in cold blood after they had surrendered. 90. Banks's Red River Expedition. — Early in March a combined expedition, led by General Banks and Admiral Porter, went up the Red River, Louisiana, to Shreveport ; but the troops were defeated at Sabine Cross Roads, and compelled to retreat. After a series of misfortunes, the army fell back to Alexandria. By the fall of the water in the river, the fleet was nearly lost, but was saved final- ly by Colonel Bailey, who built a dam and floated the vessels over the shallow part of the river. The expedi- tion then returned to the Mississippi. 91. Naval Events. — Admiral Farragut was sent in July to force an entrance into Mobile' Bay. Lashed to the shrouds of his own vessel, Farragut led the fleet past the forts, under a terrible fire. The iron-plated Confederate ram Tennessee was forced to surrender, and the forts were soon after given up to General Granger, in command of the land force : one more Confederate port was thus closed. 92. Attack on Fort Fisher. — Wilmington, another South- ern port, was defended by the strong works of Fort Fish- er. Admiral Porter and General Butler were sent against this in December. After bombarding it some time with- out efiect, the troops were landed near the fort, but But- SS. How did Grant meet this movemeut? How many times, and where, did Sheridan defeat Early ? 89. What is said of Seymour's expedition? Describe the Confederate raid. What occurred at Fort Pillow ? 90. What was Banks's expedition? Describe the movements. From what catastrophe was the fleet saved ? 91. What occurred in Mobile Cay ? What was the result of this ? CIVIL WAK — 18G4. 193 ler decided that it was too strong to be taken "by assault, and the combined force-thereupon withdrew. 93. Confederate Cruisers. — Mention has already been made of the Confederate cruisers. Of these only seven were formidable, and five of them wei-fe built and manned in England ; but they were so successful that they drove American merchant ships from the ocean and ruined our commerce. The most active of all the cruisers was the Alabama, built at Liverpool, from which port she was al- lowed to escape in July, 1862. 94. Destruction of the Alabama.— After a long cruise, during wdiich she never entered a Confederate port, she was attacked by the United States steamer Kearsarge, Captain Winslow, oiF the harbor of Cherbourg, in Franfce, and sunk, June 19, 1864. She had captured and burned, or bonded, sixty-one merchant vessels, and destroyed over $10,000,000 worth of property. By "bonded" is meant that the captain of the captured vessel was forced to sign a "bond" for a certain sum of money, payable when the Confederacy was declared independent. The vessel was then allowed to proceed on its voyage. 95. What was gained in 1864. — Sherman pierced the Confederacy, first by his march to Atlanta, afterward by his famous march to the sea, ending in the capture of Savannah ; Thomas destroyed Hood's army at the battle of Xashville ; Sheridan swept the Confederates from the valley of the Shenandoah, and Grant shut up Lee behind the intrenchments of Petersburg ; the Confederate battle- ground was narrowed to the limits of North and South Carolina and a part of Virginia ; on the coast, Farragut forced an entrance into Mobile Bay ; and at sea, the Ala- bama, the scourge of American merchant vessels, was de- stroyed by the Kearsarge. 92. What is said of Wilmington ? How did the expedition against it succeed ? 93. What is said of the Confederate cruisers ? Of the Alabama ? 94. What became of her at hist? What injury had she wrought? Vvliat is meant by "bonded ?" yo. State ^vhat was gained in ISGJr. I 194 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1865. 95. The Capture of Fort Fisher began the operations of the year 1865. General Terry, with a land force, was sent to that point with Admiral Porter and the fleet. After a heavy bombardment by the fleet, the troops as- saulted the works, and after some of tlie most terrible fighting in the war, the fort was taken, January 15. As a result of this, Wihuington, the last Confederate port, fell into the hands of the Union troops, February 22. 96. Sherman's March North — Charleston evacuated. — Sherman rested his army a month at Savannah, and then commenced his march northward through South Caro- lina. He captured Columbia, and cut the raih-oad north of Charleston. That city was thereupon evacuated by the Confederate troops, who escaped into North Caro- lina, to join General Joseph E. Johnston. Sherman press- ed on through Fayetteville, Nortli Carolina, and toward the end of March, after some severe fighting, reached Goldsboro', not far from Johnston's army. 95. What was the first eveut of the year ? Describe it." To what did it lead ? KG. What was Sliermaii's first movement ? What city fell at last as the result of this ? Describe the rest of his route. CIVIL WAR — 18G5. 195 97. Grant and Lee. — Grant had been busy all winter tightening his hold on Lee in Richmond. In February he sent Sheridan with the cavalry, to cut the canal and railroad east of that city. In this Sheridan Avas quite successful, and joined Grant again at Petersburg. Lee tried to break through the Union lines on March 25, but was driven back with severe loss. 98. Grant's Attack— Lee's Surrender. — On April ], Sher- idan drove Lee from his position at Five Forks. Then came Grant's order to attack along the Avhole line, and it was pierced in several places. On April 3, Petersburg was entered by the Union troops, and Richmond shortly afterward. Lee, closely pursued, fled westward, and, af- ter a series of disasters, surrendered his army to Grant at A2)pomattox Court-house, April 9. 99. Close of the War. — As soon as General Johnston learned the news of Lee's surrender, he made proposals to Sherman. On the 26th, the terms of surrender were signed by both generals. By the end of May all the Confederate armies in the South-west had surrendered, and the AYar for the Union was at an end. 100. Murder of President Lincoln. — Five days after the joyful news of Lee's surrender had been telegraphed over the North, President Lincoln, while sitting in the theatre at Washington, was shot by a Confederate assassin, and died next morning. Another assassin, at the same time, broke into the sick-chamber of Mr. Seward, Secretary of State, and Avounded him severely. Lincoln's death pro- duced the most profound sorrow throughout the United States. He had been re-elected President in 1864, and had served little more than a month on his second term. 91. IIow had Grant been busy ? What important movement did Sheridan execute? 9S. What occurred on April 1 ? What immediately followed ? To what preat event did these lead ? 99. What military events followed Lee's surrender? 100. What occurred on the 14th of April? What circumstance added to the sorrow that this occasioned ? 196 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. ADMINISTRATION OP ANDREW JOHNSON — THE SEVEN- TEENTH PRESIDENT. 1865-1869. 101. Important Political Measures. — On tlie death of President Lincoln, Y ice-i^resident Johnson, of Tennessee, was immediately inaugurated President. One of the first subjects that engaged the attention of Government was the reconstruction of the Secession States. President Johnson, by proclamation in April, removed restrictions on com- merce in the South. In May he proclaimed amnesty to all engaged in secession, excepting certain specified classes. In December, the thirteenth amendment to the Constitu- tion, abolishing slavery, was declared to be adopted, hav- ing been ratified by two-thirds of the States. 102. Breach between the President and Congress. — When Congress assembled in December, 1805, it expressed great dissatisfiiction with the President's course in respect to reconstruction of the Secession States. In March, 1867, Congress passed a reconstruction act over the President's veto, defining the terms on which the Secession States might bo re-admitted. Those States that refused to ac- cept of the terms were placed under military governors. 103. The Quarrel increases. — Among other measures. Congress passed the Tenure of Office Bill. This was done to prevent the President removing from oflSice, with- out their concurrence, any one appointed, without consent of the Senate. In August, 1867, the President suspended from oflSce Mr. Stanton, Secretary of War, and appointed General Grant to perform the duties of the oflice. Con- gress, when it met in December, declared that the Presi- dent had no power to remove Mr. Stanton, and the latter entered again on his duties. 101. Who now became Presidcut ? V^hat political questions came up for con-, eicleratiou ? 102. What difficulty now sprang up ? Why ? What did Congress do ? 103. What bill did Congress pass? Why? How did the President test this, and huw did it cud? johxson's administeatiox— 18G5-'G9. 197 104. The President impeached. — The contest came to a crisis in February, '68. The President removed Mr. Stan- ton, and nominated Gen. Thomas in his stead. The Senate notified Johnson that he had violated the Constitution in so doing, and the House of Representatives impeached the President. After a long and tedious trial before the Sen- ate, he was acquitted. A two-thirds vote was necessary to his conviction, and it wanted one vote of the number. 105. The French in Mexico. — While the war was rag- ing, France joined the Aristocratic party in Mexico, and, with its army, succeeded in defeating the Liberals. Max- imilian, Arch-duke of Austria, was declared emperor, and the empire was supported by a French army. As soon as the War for the Uoion ended, the American Government demanded the recall of the French troops. When these Avere withdrawn, the Mexicans rose against Maximilian, defeated him, captured, and then shot him, June, 18G7. 106. The Atlantic Cable laid. — An event of great im- portance to both hemispheres was the final laying of the great Atlantic cable. This, after repeated failure, was achieved, July, 1866. It is 1800 miles in length, and runs from Yalentia Bay, Ireland, to Trinity Bay, Newfoundland. 107. Purchase of Russian America. — The territory of the United States was increased, October, 1867, by the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7,000,000. It con- tains 5."0,000 square miles, and is chiefly valuable for its fisheries and furs. 108. Grant chosen President— In the fall of 1868, Gen- eral JJ. S. Grant, of Illinois, the candidate of the Repubs- lican party, was elected President over Horatio Seymour, of New York, the Democratic candidate. Schuyler Col- fiix, of Indiana, was elected Vice-president. 104. What occurred in February? Describe this fully. 105. State what had taken place in Mexico. Why did the American Govern- ment not interfere earlier ? 106. For what was the year 1S6G remarkable? 107. What addition was made to United States territory in 1SG7? lOS. What IS said of the Presidential election? 198 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LfcT US HAVE PEA PART VI.— FROM 1869 ONWARD/ ADMINISTRATION OF ULYSSES S. GRANT- PRESIDENT. -THE EIGHTEENTH 1869-1872. 1. Pacific Railroad built.— The year 1869 was noted for the completion of the Pacific Raih'oad, connecting Cali- fornia with the Mississippi Valley. This remarkable en- terprise, 1776 miles in length, was finished in the short space of three years. It has already begun to exercise a powerful influence on the trade of the East. Goods from Japan and China are brought across the Pacific to San Francisco, and then over the Pacific Railroad. 2. Fifteenth Amendment.— In March, 1 870, the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution, ratified by the States, was declared to be adopted. It provided that "the right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." 3. The Alabama Question. — The Alabama question, aris- 1. For v;hat was the year 1 SG9 remarkable ? What is said of this great enterprise ? 2. Describe the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution. grant's administration — 186 9-' 76. 199 ing out of tlie destruction caused by Confederate cruis- ers, created mucli ill feeling between tiie United States and Engdand. The American Government repeatedly de- manded satisfaction from England for tlie injuries that liad been done by Confederate ships. At length, after much tedious negotiation, representatives from the two powers met at Washington, and concluded a treaty, in Avhich it was provided that the settlement of the ^^Ala- hania Claims" should be referred to a Tribunal of Arbi- tration, to be composed of five arbitrators. The Presi- dent of the United States, Her Britannic Majesty, the King of Italy, the President of the Swiss Confederation, and the Emperor of Brazil were each authorized to name one arbitrator. The Tribunal began its deliberations at Geneva, December 15, 1871. 4. The Tribunal and its Award. — On September 14, 1S72, the Tribunal decided that Great Britain should pay to the United States the sum of $15,500,000 in gold for losses sustained by its citizens through depredations committed by the Alabama and other Confederate cruis- ers. This award was paid by Great Britain in the fol- lowing year. 5. North-western Boundary. — By the terms of the Treaty of Washington, the settlement of tlie Nortli- western boundary dispute between Great Britain and the United States was submitted to the decision of the Emperor of Germany. In October, 1872, he decided that the boundary be a line drawn through the middle of the Canal de Haro, between Vancouver Island and the isl- and of San Juan, instead of the middle of Rosario Straits, as demanded by Great Britain. This decision gave the island of San Juan to the United States. 0. The Chicago Fire. — The year 1871 is memorable for 3. What is said of the Alabama Question? To whom was its setllemeut referred? 4. Wliat was the decision of the Tribunal ? 5. How was the dispute regarding the North-western boundary settled? 200 HISTOEY OF THE UNITED STATES. the great fire in Chicago. It commenced October 4, and spread over nearly five square miles, continuing for two days, and i-esulling in immense destruction of property. The loss was estimated as high as 8200,000,000, and over 100,000 of the population were made houseless. 7. The Boston Fire. — The city of Boston suffered from ii like calamity in the following year, November 9, 1872. The fire laid waste the buildings, covering GO acres, in the business part of the city, and destroyed property valued at $80,000,000. 8. Presidential Election.— In the fall of 1872 General Grant was re-elected President; Henry Wilson, of Mas- sachusetts, Avas chosen Vice-president. General Grant's opponent Avas Horace Greeley, tlie candidate of the Lib- eral Republicans, and also of the Democratic party. 9. Financial Panic. — The business of the entire coun- try received a severe shock in the financial panic which took place in the fall of 1873. Beginning with the fail- ure of a large banking house which had become deeply involved in the building of railroads, the panic soon spread through all channels of business; house after house failed, and mercantile credit seemed well-nigh ruined. Bailroad interests, especially in tlie newer States, suffered severely. Over -speculation and exces- sive production are assigned as the chief causes of the crisis. 10. The Modoc Indians, who had been placed on a res- ervation in California, left it, and began depredations on the frontier settlements. Open war broke out in 1872. Several members of the Peace Commission, appointed by President Grant in 1869 to treat with Indians, met the Modocs, and General Canby and Dr. Thomas were treacherously murdered. The war was thereafter prose- 6. What is said of the Chica.a:o fire ? 7. Wliat great fire occurred in 1S72 ? 8. What was the result of the Presidential election in 1S72 ? D. State what is said of the financial panic. 10. Describe the trouble with the Modoc Indians. GRANT'S ADMINISTEATIOX — 18G9-"7C. 201 ciited M'itli vigor, and tlie Indians retired to some nearly inaccessible fastnesses among tlie lava beds of that re- gion. From these they were at last driven, and Captain Jack, their leader, was captured. He and three of his companions were hanged October, 18V3. 11. The Sioux Indians occupied a reservation among the Black Iliils, in the territories of Dakotah and Wy- oming. Gold was discovered within the limits of the reservation, and a bill was passed by Congress taking away that portion of it lying in Dakotah. The Sioux organized for war, and United States troops were sent against them. General George A. Custer, in command of a portion of these, pushed across the country from Missouri to the Yellowstone. Pressing forward regard- less of danger, he was met by an overwhelming force of Sioux under Sitting Bull, and he, with 261 men, nearly his entire force, were killed, June 25, 1876. The Indians afterward retired into the British possessions, where they were safe from the pursuit of the United States troops. 12. The Centennial Exhibition. — Tlie celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of American Independence took place in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, during the year 1876. The Centennial Exhibition was inaugurated with imposing ceremonies by President Gi'ant May 10, and continued open until November 10, a period of 159 days. Its chief object was to show the progress of tlie nation in arts and manuHictures during the first century of its existence, but all foreign nations were invited to contribute, and thirty-three of these exhibited their prod- ucts. Tiie space occupied was 75 aci'es, an area far greater tlian that of any previous exhibition. The grand total of admissions was 9,910,965. The total receipts were $3,S13,725t^VV 11. Where were the Sioux Indians loc.iterl ? Why did they become dissatis- fied ? What happened on Jnne 2.'>, ISTO ? Were the Sionx conquered ? 12. Where and when was the Centennial Exhibition ? What was its ol)ject ? What was its success ? 12 202 UISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 13. Presidential Election. — The rival candidates for the Presidency in the fall of 1876 wei-e Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohu3, Republican candidate, and Sanuiel J. Tilden, of New York, Democratic candidate. When the returns of tlie election were received at Washington, it was found tliat there were three certificates of electoral votes from the State of Florida, and two from each of the States of Louisiana and Oregon. There was much uncertainty as to the power of Congress to determine, in such cases, whicli is tlie lawful electoral vote of a State. After a long discussion in both Houses of Con- gress, the matter was referred to a joint committee to re- port a plan for counting the electoral vote. The result was the appointment of a Commission, to which the re- turns, in all cases of more than one return from a State, were submitted for decision. The Commission was com- posed of fifteen members: five from the Senate, five from the House, and five from tlie Supreme Court of the Unit- ed States. In accordance with the decision of this Com- mission, Rutherford B. Hayes was declared elected Pres- ident, and William A.Wheeler Vice-president. 14. New State. — During the administration of Presi- dent Grant the number of States was increased by the admission of Colorado, " the Centennial State," August REVIEW QUESTIONS, 1. What led to the attack on Fort Sumter? Describe it, 2. What effect was produced on the Nm-th and South by the attack? 3. Name the Confederate States after June 20, ISGl. 4. How did Virginia show her activity ? 5. IIow was Washington, the capital, saved ? C. What officers first acquired celebrity in West Virginia, and at what points? 7. What led to the battle of Bull Run ? Describe this, and state results. 8. What events occurred in Missouri, and what was the result? 13. Who were candidates for the Presidency in 1S76? What diflicalty ap- peared on counting the electoral votes? To whom was the question referred? ilow was it settled ? 14. What State was admitted during Grant's administralion, and when ? REVIEW QUESTIONS. 203 9. State the plan of military operations iu ISGl. 10. Sketch the plan of military operations for the year 1S62. 11. How was the Mississippi opened to New Orleans? 12. What progress was made in opening it from the North? 13. State the chief events on and near the Mississippi during 1SG2. 14. What was the first Confederate line, and how was it broken? 15. What led to the battle of Shiloh, and what was the result ? 16. How was the second Confederate line broken ? 17. Why was Rosecrans made commander of the Army of the Cumberland? 18. To what position was Grant elevated this year, and why ? 19. Give an account of the events near Fortress Monroe in March. 20. What took place in the Shenandoah Valley early in the year? 21. When and with what object did the Army of the Potomac advance? 22. Describe its movements until the month of June. 23. Who commanded the Confederates this year in Virginia? 24. What finally prevented M'Clellau from moving ou Richmond? 25. Describe wliat followed. 20. What use did Lee make of M'Clellan's defeat? 27. What battle checked Lee's invasion ? Describe it. 2S. What change in the command of the Union Army followed ? 29. What was the result of Burnside's campaign ? 30. What were the principal events on the Atlantic Coast? 31. State in a general way what successes were gained during the year. 32. With what great event did the year 1S63 open ? 33. What was the plan of operations for this year? 34. Who commanded the Army of the Potomac? His success? 35. How did Lee attempt to profit by this, and who opposed him? 36. Wliy was the battle of Gettysburg so important ? 37. What great event occurred elsewhere the day after this battle? 38. Sketch Grant's movements on the Mississippi and neighborhood. 39. To what important results did the fall of Vicksburg lead ? 40. How was Rosecrans busy in the year 1SG3, and with what success? 41. How was the Union Army saved at Chattanooga? 42. Describe the battles in that neighborhood, and their object. 43. Give account of the state of aft'airs at Knoxville in November. 44. What Confederate raids marked this year? 45. Mention the operations near Charleston, and what was gained there. 40. Give a general review of the results of the fighting in 1803. 47. What new State was admitted iu 1SG3, and under what circumstances? 48. What was the plan of the campaign for 1864? 49. With what success did Sherman begin the year? 50. What change was made in the command of the Union armies? 51. Against what point did Sherman move ? 5'J. When and with what resistance did he reach Atlanta? 53. What did its capture cost? 54. How was Hood the Confederate disposed of? 55. Describe Sherman's next great movement. 56. When and where did Grant first move? 57. How was Grant opposed, as shown by the battles and losses? 53. To what line of defense did he force Lee? 59. State briefly the result of Grant's eftbrts before Petersburg in 1SG4. GO. What befell Grant's co-operating force in Shenandoah Valley? 61. Who was finally selected by Grant to command there ? 62. Describe the closing battle there in 1SG4. 03. Sketch the principal events of the Red River cxpedkion. 204 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. G4. What was the great uaval event of the year? C5. What attempt was made on the North Carolina coast? (JG. State how much was gained by the Unionists during the year. 07. Where were Grant and Sherman at the close of 1S64? OS. What important result was achieved in January, 1S05? 09. Sketch the plan of operations during the j-ear. 70. Describe Sherman's movements and some of ihelr results. 71, How did Grant close the campaign in Virginia? 72, Wlien were Petersburg and Richmond occupied by the Unionists? 73. What became of Lee and his army ? 74r, Describe the lamentable event that immediately followed. 75. When and to whom did Johnston surrender? 70, Who succeeded Lincoln? 77. What measures engaged the attention of Government? 7S. What difficulties occurred between the President and Congress? 79. To what did these lead ? SO. What was meanwhile occurring in Mexico? 81. What accession of territory was made during this administration? 82. Who succeeded Johnson ? 53. Give the events of 1809 and 1S70. 54. Relate the history of the Arbitration Tril)nnal on the Alahama Claims. 85. How was the North-western boundary settled? 88. Give the principal events of 1873. 87. Narrate the troubles with the Sioux, 88. What is said of the Centennial Exhibition ? S'J. Ill vv'hat way was the Presidential election of 1S7G settled? GENERAL VIEW. 205 GENERAL VIEW. 1. Progress of the United States. — The events narrated after the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 were chief- ly political. They relate, for the most part, to change of rulers, questions of government, wars, treaties, and acqui- sitions of territory. There were other things not hereto- fore noticed which also exercised great influence on the progress of the country. 2. The Introduction of Steamboats on the great rivers of the United States revolutionized the mode of travel. Robert Fulton, an American, was the first in this country to make tlie experiment of traveling by steamboat. In the year 1807 he went from New York to Albany, a dis- tance of 150 miles, in thirty-six hours; and the invention soon spread westward over the great inland rivers. Tliis immensely assisted immigration into the Western terri- tories. 3. Canals also exercised a powerful influence. Fore- most among these are : the Erie Canal, stretching from Albany to Buftalo, a distance of 363 miles, and connect- ing the lakes with the waters of the Hudson and the At- lantic ; the Miami and Erie Canal, 317 miles long, and the Ohio and Erie Canal, 332 miles long, connecting Lake Erie with the waters of the Ohio and the Mississippi ; the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 191 miles long, uniting the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic. The total length of canals in the United States is about 5000 miles. 4. Railroads checked the development of canals, and the United States, more than any other nation, has been ben- efited by the locomotive and the iron road. A vast, un- peopled country, with a fertile soil and poor roads, need- ed rapid communication. In the year 1828 there were but three miles of railroad in operation in the United 1. What is said of the history from 17S9 onward ? 2. State what is said of the iutroductiou of the steamboat, aud its benefits to the country. 3. Mention some important canals, and the waters ll.cv coiiiiect. 12 206 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. States; in the year 1870 there were 53,399 miles. So rapidly did onr country move in this, that in the year 1850 it had three times more miles of railroad in opera- tion than all the rest of the world together. The Union Pacific Railroad in length surpasses all other achieve- ments of the kind. 5. In Arts and Sciences we have still much to learn from the nations of Europe. There have been, and are, United States painters and sculptors, whose genius has been fully recognized in Europe; but, as a people, we have been so busy filling and organizing new territory, in building roads and developing the resources of the country, that the arts have been comparatively neglected.- The same reasons have operated, to a great degree, against the cul- tivation of science. 6. Poetry and Literature have, however, had some cel- ebrated names. With the poetry of Longfellow, Bryant, Whittier, Dana, nearly every pupil in our schools is fa- miliar; and in prose we have Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne, Emerson, Motley, Bancroft, Hildreth, and many othei's. 7. General Education. — The Common School and the United States are almost synonymous terms. Free ed- ucation is one of the peculiar glories which Americans hold very precious. Still, there are some of the States that are greatly in advance of others ; but the day can not be far distant wlien every child throughout the far- thest territory Avill be taught to read and write. 8. The Newspaper Press has gone hand in hand with free education. It has not been fettered in the United States with any stamp-tax, such as was long imposed on newspapers in England. "Wherever a printing-press, and types and paper, can be obtained in our broad land, there is no hindrance to starting a newspaper. The Press has greatly contributed to the material prosperity, as well 4. What is said of the railroad system of the United States? 5. Why have arts and sciences been comparatively neglected? 6. How is it with re<>ard to poetry and literature ? 7. What is said of the common school ? GENERAL VIEAV. 207 as to the liberties of tlic people. Oar immense natural advantages would be of comparatively little importance Avithout a free press and free education. 9. Mineral Eesources. — Our mines of metallic ores and of coal are wonderful in extent, and are being developed with extraordinary rapidity. They liave added enor- mously to the wealth of the country. Rich as the Pa- cific States are in gold and silver, the beds of coal and iron of the Middle and Southern States are still more valuable. 10. The Products of the Soil are also an increasing source of wealth. We hear much of cotton and its value, of the sugar and the rice of the South ; but the vast surplus Avheat crop of the West finds its way to Europe. The hay crop alone of the North is more valuable in money than the cotton crop of the South. There are yet mill- ions of acres in the Far West unbroken by the plough, waiting for the strong arms of freemen who are to occu- py them and make them fruitful. 11. The Increase of States and Territories deserves par- ticularly to be noticed, together with the increase of population. From tliree millions at the beginning of the Kevolution, the United States have increased to forty mill- ions in a period of not yet a hundred years. Our terri- tory has expanded still more rapidly than our population. In 17*76 the thirteen United States occupied little more than a strip of territory on the Atlantic coast, with claims to the country as far west as the Mississippi. Out of this extensive tract were formed : the North-west Terri- tory, lying north of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi, 1787; the territory of the South-west, between the Ohio and Florida, also east of the Mississipi)i. The additions made to the territory of the United States were : S. What is said of the newspaper press ? 9. State what is said of the mineral resources. 10. What of the products of the soil. 11. What idea is given of the growth of population and increase of territory ? What acquisitions of territory are mentioned ? 208 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1. The vast Territory of Louisiann, embracing New Orleans, and lying west of the Mississippi, north of New Mexico, stretching north-west to the Pacific, was purchased from France in 1803 ; 2. Florida, purchased from Spain in 1819; 3. Annexation of the Eepublic of Texas, 1845 ; 4. The Territory obtained partly by treaty and pur- chsEse from Mexico after the Mexican War, in 1848, ex- tending from the Rio Grande westerly to the Pacific south of Louisiana ; 5. The Territory purchased from Mexico in 1853, known as the Gadsden Purchase, embracing what is now^ Arizona ; 6. The Territory of Alaska, purchased from Russia, in 1867. The table on page 205 will show at one view the dif- ferent States and Territories formed from the above. 12. Concluding Remarks. — AVhen we see the vast extent of country covered by the United States and her terri- tories, the different climates through which these extend, the variety of their products, the richness of their mines, the size and length of the navigable rivers and lakes; and when we consider that all these are under the freest Gov- ernment in the world, no future can be painted too grand for the destinies of our country. With union, liberty, and public virtue, she will continue to challenge the respect of the world. OKGANIZATION OF STATES AND TERRITORIES. 209 STATES ADMITTED AND TERRITORIES ORGANIZED SINCE 17S7. States or Territories. When ad- mitted or organized. Extent in sq. miles. 1701 10,000 1820 35,000 1S03 23,000 1S02 40,000 1S16 34,000 ISIS 55,000 18.37 5G,000 1S4S 54,000 1792 38,000 1790 4G,000 1817 47,000 1819 51,000 1812 41,000 1821 G7,000 1830 52,000 1S4G 55,000 1858 83,500 1859 95,000 18G1 81,000 18(37 7G,000 185.3 70,000 1S7G 140,000 ISCl 141,000 18(53 91,000 1SG3 144,000 ISGS 71,000 Unorganized 122,000 1845 59,000 1845 237,000 1S4S 124,000 1S49 88,000 1850 159,000 18G4 112,000 1863 130,800 Unorganized 550,000 From what taken, and when organized. I. From other States : Vermont.... Maine West Virginia II. Frovi KW. Territory, ceded to the United States in 1787: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin » III. From S.W. Territory, ceded to the United States: Keutuclvy Tennessee Mississippi Alabama IV. From Louisiana, 2>ur chased in 1803 : Louisiana Missouri Arkansas Iowa Minnesota Oregon Kansas Nebraska Washington Territory Colorado Dakotah Territory Idaho Territory Montana Territory Wyoming Territory Indian Territory V. From Florida, 2>urchascd 1S19 : Florida VI. By annexation, 1845 : Texas VII. From territory acquired from Mexico in 1S4S : New Mexico Territory Utah Territory v ; . . California Nevada VIII. From the Gadsden Purchase, 1853 : Arizona Territory IX. From the Russian Purchase, 18G7 : Alaska New York. Massachusetts. Virginia. North-west Ter. Indiana T. 1800. Illinois T. 1809. Michigan T. 1805. Wisconsin T. 1S36. Kentucky Co., Va. Mississippi T. 1800. Alabama T. 1817, N. Orleans T, 1803. Missouri T. 1803. Arkansas T, 1819. Iowa T. 1838. Minnesota T. 1S49. Oregon T. 1848. Kansas T. 1854. Nebraska T. 1854. Colorado T. 1S61. Minnesota T. Dakotah T. Florida T. 1819. ludepeud. Republic. Utah T. California T. 1S4S. Nevada T. ISGl. 210 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. SETTLEMENT AKD ADMISSION OF THE STATES. STATES. SETTLED. APiMITTED. 1 When. Where. By whom. Virginia New York 1G07 1614 1G20 1623 1633 1631 1636 1638 1650 1661 1670 1682 1733 1721 1775 1757 1788 1699 1730 1716 1720 1711 1625 1761 1685 1670 1565 1692 1833 1669 1769 1816 1811 Jamestown English Dutch...:... English English English English English Swedes English Dutch English English English English English English English French French French French French French French French French Spaniards .. Spaniards .. English French Spaniards . . Americans. Americans. Americans. 1776 (( i< ti u (( 1791 1792 1796 1802 1812 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1836 1837 1815 1816 1818 1850 1858 1859 1861 1863 1861 1867 1876 New York Massachusetts .... New Hampshire. . Cotmecticut LiUle Harbor Windsor St. Mary's Rhode Island Delaware North Carolina.... New Jersey South Carolina..,. Pennsylvania Wilmington Chowan River Elizabeth Ashley River Philadelphia Savannah Fort Dummer Boonesboro' Fort Loudon Marietta Kentucky Ohio T. nil i til n Tin Iberville Indiana Vincennes Natchez Illinois Mobile Bristol St. Louis Arkansas Post Detroit Missouri Florida St. Augustine S. A. De Bexar... Burlington Texas Iowa Green Bay California San Diego St. Paul Astoria Nevada Carson City Americans . ^ cbraska PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS. 211 « o o _ 'C >H >H >-l "Sc ^ ^ t: [« ^ ~ \S J^ J2 li^ b 3 a5 a3 « c ff (u S ^ S =3 c5 § H h5 S '/^ •y: .. c»2.^ , i= C i^ lib-ill^ o r:: 00 p o O t- >0 Ci t- rH • U-t Ci _• CO t- rH O I— (M (M CO -* 1-1 --H -H S i-'t iri O 00 0000 OO OOCO^OOQO^OOOO 0 Ci o o t^ C» CO (X) CO ^ ■^ ^ "^ -rjH ^ ^^ l^ ^-f, ^ ^ r- "^^ o rC^ ^ ^ ^ '- J2 ^ r-l^ ^ .X3 ci c3o3 cS cj(Sa.c3c3';3Cirt oi <5 1^ ^ c3 -C eS .5 .S-g 'Sc "So M S S 'S^ ^ »-H cc* ^ •- 'B' c '3 ^ ?^ c ^ o > H h-; ^ iz; Ph p rt -^ 5 c< ?pq ■ S S S -?, J 5 I 1 M <1 D p^ "* ICO b- OOClOi-HiMCO^iO O b- 00 C5 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. A DECLARATION BY THK KEPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED, JULY 4, 1776. When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessaiy for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare tlie causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident — that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness ; that, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, de- riving their just powers from the consent of the governed ; that, when- ever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new govern- ment, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to affect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, Avill dictate that governments long estab- lished should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and, accord- ingly, all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suf- fer, while evils are sufterable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty^ to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former sys- tems of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : He has refused his assent to laws the most Avholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be ob- tained ; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large dis- tricts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of repre- sentation in the Legislature — a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfort- able, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance m ith his measures. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the peojile. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others 214 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. to be elected, whereby tlie legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the state remain- ing, in the mean time, exposed to all the danger of invasion from Avith- out and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states ; for that purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners, refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without the consent of our Legislature. He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to the civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our Constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws, giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : Eor protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any mur- ders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states : For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : For imposing taxes on us without our consent : For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefils of trial by jury : For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses : For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring prov- ince, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute I'ule into these colonies : For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laAvs, and altering fundamentally the powers of our governments : For suspending our own Legislatui'es, and declaring themselves invest- ed with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protec- tion, and waging Avar against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our tOAvns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the Avorks of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, Avith circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most bar- barous ages, and totally unAvorthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our felloAA-citizens, taken captiAC on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeaA^ored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, Avhose known rule of Avarfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 215 In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered only by re])eated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. "We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their Legis- lature to extend an unwarrantable juiisdiction over us. We have le- minded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and Ave have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usur- pations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspond- ence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguini- ty. We must, therefore, acquiesce in tlie necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as Me hold the rest of mankind — enemies in war, in peace friends. We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free and inde- pendent states, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do. And for the su])port of this declara- tion, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mu- tually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and signed by the following members : John Hancock. New Hampshire. — Josiah Bart- lett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton. Massachusetts Bay. — Samuel Ad- ams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry. Rhode Island. — Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery. Connecticut. — Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Wil- liams, Oliver Wolcott. Neio ^o?•^•.— William Floyd, Phil- ip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris. New Jersey. — Richai'd Stock- ton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark. Pennsylvania. — Robert Moms, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wil- son, George Ross. Delaware. — Cffisar Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Kean. Maryland. — Samuel Chase, Wil- liam Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll, of Carrollton. Virginia. — George Wythe, Rich- ard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton. North Carolina. — William Hoop- er, Joseph Hewes, John Penn. South Carolina. — Edward Rut- ledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thom- as Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton. Georgia. — Button Gwinnett, Ly- man Hall, George Walton. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. Preamble. We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the com- mon defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of lib- erty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitu- tion for the United States of America. ARTICLE I. Legiglative Df.paetment. Section I. Congress in General. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Repre- sentatives. Section II. House of Representatives. Clause 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of mem- bers clioseu every second year by the people of the several states ; and t'ne electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for elect- ors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. Clause 2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have at- tained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of tlie United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he sliall be chosen. Clause 3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other ]jer- sons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as the}'' shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thou- sand, but each state shall have at least one representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New Hampshn-e shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Provi- dence Plantations one, Connecticut five. New York six. New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five. South Carolina five, and Georgia three. Clause 4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. Clause 5. The House of Representatives shall choose their speakei' and other ofiice; s, and shall have tlie sole power of impeachment. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 2l7 Section III, Senate. Clause T. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from eacli state, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years, and each senator shall have one vote. Clause 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided, as equally as may be, into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at tlie expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year; and if vacan- cies happen, by resignation or otherwise, dui'ing the recess of the Legis- lature of any state, the executive thereof may make temporary appoint- ments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. Clause 3. Xo person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be au inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen. Clause 4, The Vice-president of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. Clause 5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a pres- ident pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-president, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. Clause 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeach- ments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirma- tion. When the President of the United States is tried, the chief jus- tice shall preside ; and no person shall be convicted without the concur- rence of two thirds of the members present. Clause 7. Judgment in case of impeachment shall not extend fiirther than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States ; but the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according to law. Section IV. Both Houses. Clause 1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for sen- ators and representatives shall be prescribed in each state by the Legisla- ture thereof; but the Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the place of choosing senators. Clause 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a difierent day. Section V. The Houses separately. Clause 1. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent mem- bers, in such manner and under such penalties as each house may ])rovi(le. Clause 2. Each house luav dcterniinu the rules of its proceedings, pun- K 218 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. isli its members for disorderly behaTior, and," with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member. Clause 3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judg- ment require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any question, sliall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. Clause 4. Neither house during the session of Congress shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. Section VI. Disabilities of Members. Clause 1. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensa- tion for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treas- ury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to or returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. Clause 2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, during such time ; and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. Section VII. Mode of passing Laws. Clause 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate ma}' propose or concur ^ith amend- ments, as on other l)ills. Clause 2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Represent- atives and the Senate shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsid- ered, and if approved by two thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the, votes of both houses shall be determined by yens and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays except- ed) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjourn- ment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Clause 3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Kepresentatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by hhn, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STx^TES. 219 the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and lim- itations prescribed in the case of a bill. Section VIII. Powers granted to Congress. The Congress shall ha^e power — Clause 1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be unifoi-ni throughout the United States ; Clause 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United Statjas; Clause 3, To regulate commerce Avith foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes ; Clause 4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies, throughout the United States ^ Clause 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; Clause G, To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securi- ties and current coin of the United States; Clause 7. To establish post-offices and post-roads ; Clause 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by se- curing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries : Clause 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; Clause 10. To define and punish felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations ; Clause 11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; Clause 12. To raise and support armies ; but no appropriation of mon- ey to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; Clause 13. To provide and maintain a navy ; Clause 14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; Clause 15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions ; Clause 16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively the ap- pointment of the officers and the authority of training the militia accord- ing to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; Clause 17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of gov- eiTiment of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased, by the consent of the Legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings ; and, Clause 18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. 220 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Section IX. Powers denied to the United States. Clause 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight; but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. Clause 2, The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- pended unless when, in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. Clause 3. No bill of attainder, or ex-post-facto law, shall be passed. Clause 4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in pro- portion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. Clause 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. Clause G. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another ; nor shall ves- sels bound to or from one state be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. Clause 7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in conse- quence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and ac- count of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be pub- lished from time to time. Clause 8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States ; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, with- out the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. Section X, Powers denied to the States. Clause 1. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confedera- tion; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit ; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex-post-focto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts ; or grant any title of nobility. Clause 2. No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws : and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any state on imports or exports shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States ; and all such laws shall be sub- ject to the revision and control of the Congress. Clause 3. No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any flgi'eement or compact with another state or with a foreign power, or en- gage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delays. ARTICLE II. ExEcrTivE DErAEXiiEHT. Section I. President and Vice-president. Clause l.The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United Stales of America, lie sliall hold his office during the term of COXSTITUTIOX OF THE UNITED STATES. 221 four years, and, togetlier with the Vice-president, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows : Clause 2. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which the state may be entitled in the Congress ; but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be ap))ointed an elector. [^Clause 3, The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhal>it- ant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the govern- ment of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be count- ed. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the Presi- dent, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors ap- pointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President ; and if no person have a majority, then, from the five highest on the list, the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the Presi- dent, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state liaving one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice-president. But if there should remain two or more Avho have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice-president.*] Clause i. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the elect- ors, and the day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be the same throughout the United States. Clause 5. No person exce])t a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. Clause 6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-president ; and the Con- gress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability,'both of the President and Vice-president, declaring what officer shall then act as President ; and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed or a President shall be elected. Clause 7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which lie shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. * Altered by tlie 12th Amendment. See page 223. 222 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Clause 8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation : "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the of- fice of Tresident of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." Section II. Powers of the President. Clause 1. The President shall be conimander-in-t-hief of the army and navy of the United States and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion in writing of the principal officer in each of the executive depart- ments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. Clause 2. lie shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of llie Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the senators present concur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and con- suls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law ; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the Presi- dent alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. Clause 3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies tliat may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of their next session. Section III. Duties of the President. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary occa- sions, convene both houses, or either of them ; and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. Section IV. Impeachment of the President. The President, Vice-president, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for and conviction of trea- son, briber}', or other high crimes and misdemeanors. ARTICLE III. JCDICIAL DErAUTMENT. Section I. United States Courts. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as Congress may from time to time or- dain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior ; and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, Avhich shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. COXSTITUTTON OF THE UNITED STATES. 223 Section TI. Jurisdiction of the United States Courts. Clmise 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equi- ty arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls ; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more states ; between a state and citizens of another state ; between citizens of ditlerent states ; between citizens of the same state claiming lands un- der grants of ditferent states ; and between a state, or the citizens there- of, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects.* Clause 2. In all cases attecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. Clause 3, The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. Section III. Treason. Clause 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levy- ing Avar against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the tes- timony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. Clause 2, The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason ; but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. ARTICLE IV. Section I. State Records. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, rec- ords, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Section II. Privileges of Citizens^ etc. Clause 1. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. Clause 2. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be de- livered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. Altered by the Itth Amendmer.t. See page 223. 224 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Clause 3. No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be dischai-ged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Section III. New States and Territories. Clause 1. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state ; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the Legislatures of the states con- cerned, as well as of the Congress. Clause 2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States or of any- particular state. Section IV. Guarantee to the States. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this Union a repub- lican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion ; and, on application of the Legislature, or of the executive (when the Leg- islature can not be convened), against domestic violence. ARTICLE V. Power of Amendment. The Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it neces- sary, shall ])ropose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the applica- tion of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several states, shall call a con- vention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be Aalid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by Congress ; provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any man- ner aftect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first Ar- ticle ; and that no state, Avithout its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. ARTICLE VL Pttclio Debt, Supremacy of the Constitution, Oatu of Of- fice, Religious Test. Clause 1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution as under the Confederation. Clause 2. This Constitution, and the laAvs of the United States Avhich shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any thing in the Constitution or laws of any state to the contrary not- withstanding. Clause 3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 225 members of the several state Legislatures, and all executive and judicial otHcers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no religious test sliall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. ARTICLE VII. Ratification op tub Constitution. The ratification of the Conventions of nine states shall be sufficient for the establisliment of this Constitution between the states so ratifying the same. Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the states present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names. George Washington, President and Deputy from Virginia. New Hampshire. — John Lang- don, Nicholas Gilman. Massachusetts. — Nathaniel Gor- ham, Rufus King. Connecticut. — Wm. Samuel John- son, Koger Sherman, New York. — Alexander Hamil- ton. New Jersey. — William Living- ston, William Patterson, David Brearley, Jonathan Dayton. Pennsylvania. — Benjamin Frank- lin, Robert Morris, Thomas Fitzsim- ons, James Wilson, Thomas Miffiin, George Clymer, Jared Ingersoll, Gouverneur Morris. Attest, Delaware. — George Read, John Dickinson, Jacob Broom, Gunning Bedford, Jr., Richard Bassett. Maryland. — James M 'Henry, Daniel Carroll, Daniel of St. Tho. Jenifer, Virginia. — John Blair, Jas. Mad- ison, Jr. North Carolina. —William Blount, Hugh Williamson, Richard Dobbs Spaight. South Carolina. — John Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Pierce Butler. Georgia. — William Few, Abra- ham Baldwin, William Jackson, Secretary. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. Article I. Freedom of Religion, etc. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. Article II. Right to hear Arms. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. K 2 226 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Article III. Quartering Soldiers on Citizens. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner ; nor in time of war, but in a manner to be pre- scribed by law. Article IV. Search Warrants. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be vio- lated ; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Article "V. Trial for Crime, etc. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the miUtia when in active service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. Article VI. Rights of accused Persons. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the -.ght to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. Article VII. Suits at Common Law. In suits at common law, Avhere the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved ; and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of the common law. Article VIII. Excesswe Bail. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted. Article IX. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be con- strued to deny or disparage others retained by the people. Article X. The powers not granted to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively or to the people. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 227 Article XL The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. Article XII. Mode of choosing the President and Vice-president. Clause 1. The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-president, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-president ; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice- president, and of the number of votes for each, which Hst they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of government of the United States, directed to the President of tlie Senate ; the President of the Sen- ate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certihcates, and the votes shall then be counted ; the person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding tliree, on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately by bal- lot the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a Presi- dent, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-president shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. Clause 2. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice- president shall be the Vice-president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majori- ty, then from the two highest numbers on tlie list the Senate shall choose the Vice-president; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. Clause 3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-president of the United States. Article XIII. Section 1, Neither slavery nor involuntary senitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdic- tion. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by ap- propriate legislation. 228 IIISTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. Article XIV. Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. Ko state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge "the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Section 2. Kepresentatives shall be apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice- president of the United States, representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial ofhcers of a state, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male members of such state, being twenty%one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state. Section 3. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-president, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previ- ously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an execu- tive or judicial officer of any state, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two thirds of each house, remove such disability. Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, au- thorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation the provisions of this article. Akticle XV. Section 1, The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation the provisions of this article. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1492. 1497. 1498. 1499 1510. 1512. 1513. 1517. 1518. 1521. 1524. 1528. 1534. 1541. 1564. 1505. 1579. 1582. 1584. 1585. 1587. 1602. 1605. 1606. 1607. 1608. 1609. 1610. 1612. 1614. 1615. 1620. 1621. 1622. 1623. 1629. Columbus discovered America. The Cabots discovered Newfoundland. Columbus discovered South America. The Cabots discovered the Atlantic coast. Vasco de Gama discovered the Cape of Good Hope. Amerigo Vespucci visited America. Ojeda settled Darien, on the Isthmus. Juan Ponce de Leon discovered Florida. Nunez de Balboa discovered the Pacific. Cordova discovered Yucatan. Grijalva explored the coast of Mexico. Conquest of ]Mexico by Cortez. Verazzani explores the coast of North America. Pamphilo de Narvaez's expedition to Florida. Cartier explores the Gulf and liiver St. Lawrence. De Soto's expedition — discovers the Mississippi liiver. Huguenots settle in Florida. Melendez founds St. Augustine. Sir Francis Drake enters the Bay of San Francisco. Don Antonio de Espego founds Santa Fe'. Amidas and Barlow sent out by Raleigh. Unsuccessful attempts to settle Roanoke Island. Gosnold discovers Cape Cod. Port Royal, Nova Scotia, settled by De ISIonts. Grants to the London and Plymouth Companies, Jamestown settled by tbe London Company. Quebec settled by Champlain. Henry Hudson discovers the Hudson. River. Champlain discovers Lake Champlain. Second Charter granted to Virginia. Starving-time in Virginia. Third Charter granted to Virginia. John Smith explores the coast of New England. Cultivation of tobacco commenced in Virginia. Slavery introduced by the Dutch at Jamestown. The " Great Patent" granted to the Virginia Company. The Puritans settled at Plymouth. Cotton began to be cultivated. First Indian massacre at Jamestown. New Hampshire settled at Dover and Little Harbor. Charter granted to the IMassachusetts Bay Colony. 230 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. Boston settled. Maryland granted to Lord Baltimore. Maryland settled at St. Mary's. Connecticut settled at Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield. Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts. Providence settled. Pequod War in Connecticut. Harvard College founded. New Haven Colony founded. Union of the New England Colonies. Second Indian massacre in Virginia. Charter granted to Rhode Island. Navigation Act passed. Charter granted to Connecticut. New Jersey settled at Elizabethtown. New York captured by the English. North Carolina settled on the Chowan River, The Erench settle St. Mary, north of Lake Huron. South Carolina settled on the Ashley River. Charles II. grants Virginia to Culpepper and Arlington. Marquette and Joliet discover the Mississippi at the mouth of the Arkansas River. King Philip's War. Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia. Charleston founded. Pennsylvania settled by William Penn. Delaware granted to Penn by the Duke of York. La Salle sails down the Mississippi to the Gulf, naming the coun- try Louisiana. King William's War. Schenectady burned. Witchcraft delusion in Salem, Massachusetts. King William's War ended by the Treaty of Ryswick. Detroit founded by the Erench. Queen Anne's War begun. Port Royal captured from the French, and nnmed Annapolis. The Treaty of Utrecht ends Queen Anne's War. Washington born in Westmoreland County, Virginia. Georgia settled at Savannah. "Negro Plot" in New York. King George's War begun. Louisburg captured from the Erench. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle — end of King George's War. Fort at Presque Isle built by the French. Washington's mission to St. Pierre 'October 31. Convention at Albany to form a plan of union June. Skirmish at Great Meadows May 28. Fort Necessity captured by the Erench July i. Fort du Quesne built by the French Braddock arrives from England as conimander-in- cliief F'ebruarv. CHROXOLOGICxVL TABLE. 231 1756. 1757. 1758. 1759. 17G0. 17G3. 17(35. a 1766. 1767. 1768. 1770. (( 1773. 1771. 1775. 1776, 1777, Conquest of Acadia by the English [June. The French defeated near Lake George jSept. 8. Braddock's defeat July 9. Great Britain declares Avar against France May 17. Oswego captured by the French August 14. Fort William Henry captured by the French August 9. Abercrombie's defeat at Ticonderoga July 8. Louisburg captured by Amherst Fort Frontenac captured by the English Fort du Quesne captured by the English Ticonderoga and Crown Point captured by the En glish Battle of Montmorenci Battle of Quebec Surrender of Quebec Attempt to retake Quebec by the French Montreal surrendered to the English Treaty of Paris ends the French and Indian War... Stamp Act passed July 27. August 27. Nov. 25. July & Aug. July 31. Sept. 13. Sept. 18. April 28. Sept. 8. February 10. March 8. October 7. March 18. June 29. First Colonial Congress at New York Stamp Act repealed New tax bill passed British troops arrive at Boston October 1. Boston massacre ! March 5. Repeal of duties excepting tea 'May. Tea destroyed in Boston Harbor [Dec. 16. "Boston Port Bill" passed March 31. The second Colonial Congress met at Philadelphia... [Sept. 5. Battle of Lexington April 19. Battle of Bunker Hill June 17. Ticonderoga captured by Ethan Allen May 10. Crown Point captured by Colonel Warner jMay 12. George Washington a])pointed commander-in-chief... 'June 15. Montreal captured by Montgomery |Nov. 13. Attack on Quebec — Montgomery killed iDec. 31. Norfolk, Virginia, burned by Lord Dunmore 'January 1. British evacuate Boston March 17. Attack on Fort Moultrie June 28. Declaration of Independence July 4. Battle of Long Island [August 27. New York evacuated Sept. 14. Battle of White Plains [October 28. Fort Washington captured Nov. 16, Nov. 20. Nov., Dec. Fort Lee occupied by the British Washington's retreat through New Jersey Battle of Trenton [Dec. 2;). Commissioners sent to France Dec. 30. Battle of Princeton January 3. Tryon's expedition to Connecticut April. Sag Harbor, Long Island, captured by Colonel Meigs May 23. Ticonderoga captured by the British I July 5. 232 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1777. 1778. 1779. I78i), 1781, 1781. 1782. 1783. Battle of Ilubbardton, Vermont 'Jnly 7. Fort Edward abandoned July 29. Battle of Oriskany, ne^- Fort Schuyler August 6. Battle of Bennington August 16. A British fleet arrives in Chesapeake Bay j August 25. Battle of Brandy wine , Sept. 11. Battle of Saratoga, "Bemis's Heights" jSept. 19. Philadelphia captured by the British |Sept. 26. Battle of Germantown October 4. Forts Clinton and Montgomery captured jOctober 6. Battle of Saratoga, "Stillwater" [October 7. Surrender of Burgoyne October 17. The British evacuate Fhiladelphia I.June 18. Battle of Monmouth jjune 28. Massacre of Wvoming July 3. Battle of Quaker Hill, Rhode Island I August 29. The British capture Savannah, Georgia jDec. 29. Sunbury, Georgia, captured by the British 'January 9. Battle of Kettle Creek Feb. 14. Battle of Brier Creek ^March 3. Capture of Stony Point by General Wayne iJuly 15. Battle of Chemung, "Newtown" — Sullivan's expedi-| tion October 0. Paul Jones's victory August 29. Attack on Savannah — the Americans repulsed Sept. 23. Siege of Charleston hegun iApril, May. Battle of Monk's Corner 'April 14. ' Charleston surrendered to the English 'May 12. Battle of Waxhaw Creek |May 29. Battle of Sprmgfield, New Jersey June 23. Second French fleet arrives at Newport July 10. Battle of Hanging Rock jAugust 6. Battle of Sanders's Creek — first battle of Camden.... August 16. Battle of Fishing C-i-eek August 18. September. October 7. Januaiy 1. Jan. & Felx» Arnold's treason Battle of King's Mountain Mutiny of the Pennsylvania line Greene's famous retreat Articles of Confederation ratified Public buildings burned in Richmond by Arnold January 5. Battle of the Co^^'pens January 17. Mutiny of the New Jersey troops 'January 20. Battle of Guilford Court-house [March 15. Battle of Hobkirk's Hill — second battle of Camden... 'April 25. New London burned by Arnold Sept. 6. Battle of Eutaw Springs Sept. 8. Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown October 19. Cessation of hostilities j April. Preliminary treaty of peace at Paris INov. 30. [Definitive treaty of peace at Paris Sept. 3. Evacuation of New York bv the British Nov. 25. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 233 1783. 1786. 1787. 1788. 1789. a 1790. 1791. 1792. a 1793. 179-t. 1795. 1796. 1797. 1798. (( 1799. 1800. 1801. 1802. 1803. 1801. 1805. 1806. 1807. Wasliington resigns his commission Dec. 2.3. Breaking out of Shays's Eebellion The Constitution adopted by the Convention Sept. 17. The Constitution adopted by eleven States First Congress meets at New York March 4. Washington inaugurated President April 30. Secretary Hamilton proposes his phxn for the payment of the national debt January. General Ilarmar defeated by the Indians Oct. 17, 22. Vermont admitted into the Union JFeb. 18. St. Clair defeated by the Indians November 4. I Kentucky admitted into the Union I June 1. May 11. Discovery of the Columbia River by Captain Gray. Invention of the cotton-gin ■ Difficulties with the French ambassador Genet Battle of the Maumee August 20. Whisky insurrection in Pennsylvania Jay's treaty ratified June. Tennessee admitted into the Union June. John Adams inaugurated March 4. Trouble whh France • Washington commander-in-chief. July. Washington died at Mount Vernon Dec. 14. The capital removed to Washington Treaty of peace with France Sept. 30. j Thomas Jefferson inaugurated President March 4. War declared against Tripoli June. jOhio admitted into the Union Novemhei*. Purchase of Louisiana from the French April 30. Commodore Preble sent against Tripoli Lieutenant Decatur destroys the frigate Philadelphia February 3. Hamilton killed by Burr in a duel July 11. Derne captured by General Eaton April 27. JTreaty of peace with Tripoli June. Blockade of the French coast declared by the British May, I Blockade of the British Islands declared by Napoleon November. June 22. The Chesapeake fired into by the Leopard . British "Orders in Council"' prohibiting trade with France and her allies Napoleon's "Milan Decree" prohibiting trade with England and her colonies Embargo on American ships jDec. 22. Fulton's first steamboat, the Clermont, on the Hud- son jSept. 14. Embargo Ac t repealed \ March 1 . Nov. 11. Dec. 17. 1809 (( 1811 a 1812.jPresident Madison declares war against England J June 10 Commerce with Great Britain and France prohibited James Madison inaugurated Engagement between the United States frigate Presi- j dent and the Little Belt...! Battle of Tippecanoe March 1 . March 4. May 16. Nov. 7. 234 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. Louisiana admitted into the Union General Hull invades Canada Surrender of Mackinaw Surrender of Detroit Battle of Queenstown Naval: The Constitution captures the Guerriere The sloop-of-war Wasp captures the brig Frolic... The frigate United States captures the Macedonian The Constitution captures the Java Battle of Frenchtown Capture of York (now Toronto), Canada Siege of Fort Meigs Attack on Sackett's Harbor Battle of Sandusky Ferry's victory on Lake Erie Battle of the Thames Battle of Chrysler's Farm The Hornet captures the Peacock The Chesapeake captured by the Shannon The Argus captured by the Pelican The Enterprise captures the Boxer The Creek War ended — battle of Horse-shoe Bend... Fort Erie captured by the Americans Battle of Lundy's Lane Battle of Fort Erie Battle of Bladensburg City of Washington captured by the British Battle of Plattsburg Battle of Lake Champlain Battle of North Point Bombardment of Fort M 'Henry *.... Battle of Lake Borgne Hartford Convention Battle near New Orleans Treaty of peace Battle of New Orleans Naval : The frigate President captured The Essex captured by two British vessels War with Algiers Treaty of peace with Algiers Indiana admitted into the Union James Monroe inaugurated Mississippi admitted into the Union Pensacola, Florida, captured by General Jackson.. Illinois admitted into the Union Alabama admitted into the Union Missouri Compromise Act passed Maine admitted into the Union Florida purchased of Spain Missouri admitted into the Union Visit of Lafayette to the United States April 14. July 12. July 17. August IG. October 13. August 19. October 18. October 25. Dec. 29. January 22. April 27. May 1. May 29. August 2. Sept. 10. October 5. Nov. 11. Feb. 2L June 1. August 14. Sept. 5. March 27. July 3. July 25. August 15. August 24. August 24. Sept. 11. Sept. 11. Sept. 12. Sept. 13. Dec. 14. Dec. 14. Dec. 23. Dec. 24. January 8. Januaiy 15. March 28. March. June. Dec. 11. March 4. Dec. 10. May 24. Dec. 3. Dec. 14. March 3. I\Larch 15. October. \ugust 10. August 15. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 235 1825. 1826. 1829. 1832. 183.5. 183G. 1837. 1841. 1843. 1845. 1846. 1847. 1848, 1849. 1850. 1853. 1854. 1857. 1858, 18,59, 1860. 1861. John Qnincy Adams inaugurated I March 4. Ex-Presidents Adams and Jei^erson died J"lv 4. Andrew Jackson inaugurated March 4. Black Hawk War Seminole War begun — Dade's massacre by Seminoles Dec. 28. Arkansas admitted into the Union June 15. Michigan admitted into the Union Jan. 26. Martin Van Buren inaugurated March 4. Battle of Okechobee Dec. 25. William H. Harrison inaugurated March 4. President Harrison died April 4. John Tyler inaugurated April 6. The "Dorr Rebellion" in Ehode Island Resolution of Congress annexing Texas March 1. Acts of Congress admitting Florida and Iowa March 3. James K.Polk inaugurated March 4. The northwestern boundary fixed at 49° General Taylor ordered to the Rio Grande Jan. 13. Captain Thornton's party captured by Mexicans April 26. Battle of Palo Alto May 8. Battle of Resaca de la Palma May 9. Congress declared Avar against Mexico May 11. Matamoras captured May 18. Monterey captured Sept. 24. Battle of Bracito Dec. 25. Battle of Buena Vista Feb. 23. Capture of Vera Cruz March 27. Battle of Cerro Gordo April 18. Battle of Contreras August 20. Capture of Molino del Rey Sept. 8. Capture of Chapultepec Sept. 13, Mexico surrendered Sept. 14. Treaty of peace witli Mexico Feb. 2. Gold discovered in California February. Wisconsin admitted into the Union May 29. General Taylor inaugurated March 4. General Taylor died July 9. Millard Fillmore inaugurated July 10. California admitted into the Union Sept. 9. Franklin Pierce inaugurated March 4. Commodore Perry's treaty with Japan March. James Buchanan inaugurated March 4. Minnesota admitted into the Union May 11. Oregon admitted into the Union Februaiy. South Carolina seceded from the Union Dec. 20. Steamer Star of the West fired into by the Secession- ists at Charleston Jatmary 9. Kansas admitted as a State January 29. A Southern Confederacy formed by South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Florida, at Montgomery, Alabama February 4. 230 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. Jefferson Davis elected provisional president of the] Confederacy February 8. Abraliam Lincoln inaugurated President of the United States March 4. Attack on Fort Sumter April 12, 13. Virginia joins the Confederacy April 17. Harper's Ferry Arsenal captured by Virginia militia. April 18. Massachusetts troops attacked in Baltimore , April 19. Norfolk Navy-yard abandoned April 21. Battle at Bhilippi, Virginia June 3. Union troops repulsed at Big Bethel, Virginia June 10. Battle of Booneville, Missouri iJune 17. Battle of Carthage, Missouri I July 5. Battle of Rich Mountain, Virginia Ljuly 11. Battle at Carricksford, Virginia Jidy 14. Confederate capital changed to liichmond Jidy 20. First battle of Bull Run, Virginia July 21. Battle of Wilson's Creek, Missouri August 10. Capture of forts at Hatteras Inlet, North Carolina ... August 25). Battle at Carnifex Landing, Gauley River, Virginia.. Sept. 10. Confederate repulse at Cheat Mountain, Virginia Sept. 14. Capture of Lexington, Missouri Sept. 20. Union disaster at Ball's Bluff, Virginia October 21. Battle at Belmont, ^lissouri November 7. Capture of Port Royal, South Carolina November 7. SeizAU-e of Mason and Slidell on board the Trent November 8. Engagement at the Big Sandy River, Kentucky January J>. Confederates beaten at Mill Spring, Kentucky January 10. Capture of Fort Heiny, Tennessee February 6. Capture of Roanoke Island, North Carolina February 8. Fort Donelson, Tennessee, captured February 1 6. Union expedition against Florida and Georgia dis- patched 'February 28. Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas March 7, 8. The Ram Virginia sinks the Cumberland and CongressiMarch 8. Engagement between the Monitor and Virginia March 1). Capture of Newbern, North Carolina March 14. Battle at Winchestei-, Virginia March 23. Battle of Shiloh, Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee April 6, 7. Capture of Island No. 10, Mississippi River April 7. Capture of Fort Pulaski, Georgia , April 11. Farragut passes Forts Jackson and, St. Philip, Missis- sippi River Capture of New Orleans Capture of Fort Macon and Beaufort, South Caro lina , Surrender of Forts Jackson and St. Philip 'April 28. Yorktown, Virginia, taken May 4. Battle of Williamsburg, Virginia May 5. Norfolk, Virginia, occupied by Union trooj^s May 10. Banks's reti^eat down the Shenandoah Valley JMay. April 24. April 25. April 25. CIIEONOLOGICAL TABLE. 237 1802. Battle at Front Royal, Virginia. Corinth, Mississippi, taken Pope's battles in defense of AVashington. 1863. 18G4 Battle of Fair Oaks, or Seven Pines - Lee assumes command of the Confederates in Vir- ginia Capture of Fort Pillow, Tennessee Naval battle, and surrender of Memphis, Tennessee. . Seven days' battles from the Cliickahominy to the ( James \ President Lincoln calls for 300,000 troops Battle of Cedar Mountain, Virginia .f ( Battle of Richmond, Kentucky Invasion of Maryland by Lee Battle of South Mountain, Maryland Capture of Harper's Feriy by Jackson Battle of Antietara, Maryland Battle of luka, Mississippi Battle of Corinth, Mississippi Battle of Perryville, Kentucky Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, Vicksburg, Mississippi... Battle of Murfreesboro', Tennessee — first day Emancipation Proclamation by President Lincoln Battle of Murfreesboro' — second day Arkansas Post captured by Union troops Attack on Fort Sumter repulsed Battle of Port Gibson, Mississippi Battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia Confederates defeated at Jackson, Mississippi Battle of Champion Hill, Mississippi I5attle of Big Black River, Mississippi General Grant besieges Vicksburg Lee's second invasion of Maryland West Virginia admitted as a State The Confederate Morgan starts on his raid Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania Surrender of Vicksburg, Mississippi Port Hudson surrendered Draft riots in New York City Morgan captured near New Lisbon, Ohio Lawrence, Kansas, burned by Quantrell Fort Wagner evacuated by the Confederates Battle of Chickamauga, Georgia Battle of Lookout Mountain, Georgia Battle of Missionary Ridge, Georgia Longstreet repulsed at Knoxville, Kentucky Battle of Olustee, Florida Shcrnuurs expedition to Meridian, ]Mis6ibsi])pi [May 23. LMaV 30. May 31, June 1. June 3. June 4. June G. June 25 to July 1. {July 1. I August 9. I August 26 to Sept. 1. ! August 30. Sept. 5. I Sept. IL Sept. 15. :Sept. 17. ISept. 19. |October 4. October 8. Dec. 13. JDec. 29. 'Dec. 31. I January 1. [January 2. 'January 11. I April 7. iMay 1. May 2, 3. 'May 14. May 16. May 17. June. June. 'June 20. 'June 27. IJulv 1-3. 'July 4. IJulv 8. \juW 13-16. tjuly 27. 1 Aug. 21, 22. 'Sept. 6. 'Sept. 19, 20. Nov. 25. Nov. 26. Nov. 29. Feb. 20. February. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. Grant appointed Lieutenant-general Forrest's raid — captures Union City Battle of Pleasant Hill, Louisiana Forrest's raid, Tennessee — Fort Pillow massacre The Army of the Potomac crosses the liapidan Battles in the Wilderness, Virginia Sherman begins his march toward Atlanta, Georgia.. Butler defeated at Bermuda Hundred, Virginia Battles near Spottsylvania Com-t-house, Virginia Sheridan's expedition north of Richmond Battle of Cold Harbor, Virginia Battle of Piedmont, Virginia The Potomac Army crosses the James lliver , Petersburg assaulted Destruction of the Alabama by the Kearsarge , Early invades Maryland Battle of Monocacy, Maryland Battles before Atlanta -; Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, burn ed Union repulse at Petersburg, Virginia Farragut's fleet enters Mobile Bay Fort Gaines and Fort Morgan taken Weldon Kail road seized by the Unionists , Battles on Sherman's route to Atlanta Atlanta captured by Sherman , Battle of Winchester, Virginia Battle of Fisher's Hill, Virginia Battle of Cedar Creek, Virginia Nevada admitted into the Union Sherman's march from Atlanta to tlie sea begun Battle of Franklin, Tennessee Fort M'Allister, near Savannah, captured , Battle of Nashville, Tennessee , Savannah captured by Sherman , First bombardment of Fort Fisher, North Carolina.., Capture of Fort Fisher ,., Capture of Columbia, South Carolina Charleston, South Carolina, evacuated by the Confed- erates Wilmington, North Carolina, captured Sheridan's expedition up the Shenandoah Valley, Vir- ginia , Fayetteville, North Carolina, occupied , Battle of Goldsboro', North Carolina , Battle of Five Forks, Virginia Capture of Petersburg and Richmond , Lee's surrender to Grant Raleigh, North Carolina, entered by Sherman Assassination of President Lincoln Andrew Johnson niauguratcd March 3. March 2i. April 9. April 12. May 4. May 5-7. I May 7. May 7. May 7-12. May, June. June 1-3. June 5. [June 15. IJune 18-21. 'June 19. Julv 5. ! JnlV 9. Julv 20, 22, 28. July 30. July 30. Aug. 5. Aug. 8, 23. lAug. 18. May to Sept. [Sept. 2. Sept. 19. I Sept. 22. 'October 19. October 31. I Nov. 14. Nov. 30. Dec. 13. 'Dec. 15, IG. |Dec. 21. I Dec. 24. j January 15. February 17. February 17. February 22. February 27. March 12. I March 21. April 1. [April 3. ! April 9. [April 13. April 14. I April 15. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 239 186; 1866. 1867. a 1868. 1869. a 1871. 1872. 1873. 1876. Johnston's surrender to Sherman April 26. Jefferson Davis captured Mfiy 10. Surrender of the h\st Confederate force in the South- west May 26. AtUmtic telegraph cable laid July. Amnesty declared Septembers. Treaty for the purchase of Alaska ratified April 9. [mpeachment of President Johnson January 21. General Grant inaugurated March 4. Pacific Railroad completed ^May 10. Great fire at Chicago October 4. Settlement of the ^'Alabama Question" |Sept. 14. Settlement of the North-western boundary [October. Grant re-elected President November. Financial panic begins Sept. 18. War with the Modocs ended June 1. June 25. May 10. August 1. November. Sioux Wai" — massacre of General Custer's force. Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia opened.... Colorado admitted Presidential election THE END. t 761 O '>A •^00^ ^^^.,^• "> ""t t^m^^f '-^m^^' "°°'"- ^ 4-, •■ '-^ C „0 %%^ <<■ ,V