^-^<^' .''v^- .V^. V '^. '^. •■ ,'S>^ -^^ ^> \ %^ ^& ^'^' o: ' ^ < 4 O "hv :k William Penn. PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER By BARR FERREE Secretary of The Pennsylvania Society NEW YORK Leonard Scott Publication Company MCMIV LIBRfiRY '^' CONGRIiSS Two Oooies Secetved JUN 29 1904 -v CoDyrljrht Entry CLASS H- XXo. No. S' i J L COPY B Copyright, 1904. By Barr Ferree. PREFACE The following pages have been prepared to present, in the most concise form possible, the essential facts of Pennsylvania history. Intended to serve as a summary of Pennsylvania affairs, available for the busy man searching for facts only, the narrative form has been abandoned, and the text arranged in paragraphs, which, in their turn, are gathered together into related chapters. In an elementary text book, such as this is designed to be, little display of original research can be expected ; but the author believes the plan and scope of the book to be new, and trusts it sufficiently covers the subject to have genuine usefulness. No history of the State can be intelligible which ignores its geography, its geology, its political divisions, its government. His- tory is best understood by comparing the past with the environment of the present. Considerable space is, therefore, given to summar- izing the present form of government in Pennsylvania and related topics, subjects that ordinarily would be omited from a book of this size and which give it a broader scope than a history alone, and being presented in an eminently elementary manner, justify the title "Primer" which has been chosen as descriptive of the book. The Author's heartiest thanks are due to a number of gentlemen who have kindly aided him in sundry special matters. And first of all he must acknowlelge his heavy obligations to Dr. Julius F. Sachse, whose keen advice and profound knowledge of Pennsylvania history and bibliography have been most helpful. Dr. Sachse has also aided in the illustrations and has loaned a number of cuts from his remarkable monographs on the Pennsylvania-Germans. Mr. David McNeely Stauffer has rendered much valuable aid and has permitted free access to his great collection of illustrative material and has contributed many of his own drawings to the adornment of the Primer. Messrs. James M. Beck, Hampton L. Carson, William U. Hensel, M. Hampton Todd and S. Raymond Roberts have kindly furnished special suggestions to the author. His thanks are also due Mr. Thomas Lynch Montgomery, State Librarian of Pennsylvania, for the use of a number of cuts of seals and arms. Mr. Alva Burton Konkle has permitted the reproduction of two interesting maps of 4 PREFACE Pennsylvania counties compiled by himself, from his valuable Life and Times of Thomas Smith. The Site and Relic Society of Ger- mantown has also permitted the use of two cuts from The Guide to Historic Germantozvn by Mr, Charles F. Jenkins. Dr. Gregory B. Keen, Curator of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, has per- mitted the reproduction of his interesting map of New Sweden, and Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. have supplied an illustration from Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America and from Fiske's Critical Period of American History. Thanks are also due Henry Wharton Shoemaker, Esq., for help in reading the proofs, and to the Publication Committee of the Pennsylvania Society, Henry F. Shoemaker, Esq., Chairman, for rendering possible the publication of the book, which, having appeared in the Year Book of the Society for 1904, is also issued in separate form by its permission. CONTENTS CHAPTER I. PAGE Chronology 17 1. Chronological Summary 17 CHAPTER n. Description 30 2. Physical Features 30 3. Geology 31 4- Title 31 5. State Divisions 32 6. Cities and Towns 37 7. Capital of the State 44 8. Counties 44 CHAPTER ni. Early History 53 9. First Grants 53 10. Discovery and First Settlements 53 11. The Swedes on the Delaware 56 12. The Dutch on the Delaware 59 13. Early English Settlements 60 CHAPTER IV. Penn and the Province 62 14. William Penn 62 15. Penn's Family 69 16. The Holy Experiment of Pennsylvania 70 17. The Royal Charter 72 18. Frames of Government 74 19. The Great Law 78 20. The Proprietaryship and the Province 78 21. The Province and the Penn Family 80 22. Provincial and Home Government 82 23. Attempts to Abolish the Proprietaryship 83 6 CONTENTS PAGE 24. Legislative Growth : Provincial Period 84 25. Religious Tests 87 26. The Lower Counties : Delaware 89 CHAPTER V. The Elements of Population 92 27. Elements of Population 92 28. Quakers 92 29. Welsh 98 30. Germans 98 31. Moravians 102 32. Scotch-Irish and Presbyterians 103 33. Episcopalians 104 CHAPTER VL The Indians 105 34. Indians in Pennsylvania 105 35. Indian Purchases 1 16 36. The Friendly Association 117 CHAPTER VII. Boundary Adjustments 118 37. The Maryland Boundary 118 38. Dispute with Connecticut 121 39. Dispute with Virginia 126 40. Northern Boundary 128 41. Delaware Boundary 129 42. Eastern Boundary 130 CHAPTER VIII. The Governors of Pennsylvania 131 43. The Governors of Pennsylvania 131 A. Colonial Period, 1614-1618 131 B. Provincial Period, 1681-1776 133 C. Governors During the Revolution, 1 776-1 790 142 D. Governors of the Commonwealth, from 1790 146 44. Political Parties 162 45. Party Votes for Governor 166 CONTENTS 7 CHAPTER IX. PAGE The Revolution 170 46. Change from Proprietary to State Government 170 47. The Beginnings of the Revolutionary War 172 48. Pine Creek Declaration of Independence 174 49. The Revolutionary War 176 50. After the Revolution 188 51. The Pennsylvania Navy 189 CHAPTER X. The Land, Money and Credit, Taxation, Industries, Ways OF Communication 191 52. The Division of the Land 191 53. Depreciation Lands 194 54. Donation Lands 196 55. Westsylvania 198 56. Reservations in the Northwest 198 57. Manors 200 58. The Certified Townships 200 59. Money and Credit 201 60. Taxation 203 61. Industrial Development 204 62. W^ays of Communication : Indian Trails, Roads, Canals, Railroads 208 CHAPTER XI. War in Pennsylvania 213 63. Military Afifairs in the Provincial Period 213 64. Frontier Forts 214 65. The Civil War 216 CHAPTER XII. Miscellaneous 221 66. The Judicial System 221 A. Provincial Period 221 B. Present System 223 67. Slavery 225 68. Education 228 8 CONTENTS PAGE . 69. Naturalization 232 70. Pennsylvania and the National Constitution 233 71. The Post 237 ^2. The State Seal 237 73. The State Arms 237 74. The State Flag 239 CHAPTER XIII. Government 241 75. State Constitutions 241 76. State Officers 243 yy. General Assembly 244 78. Local Government 247 A. Provincial Period 247 B. Present System 248 Index 249 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Portrait of William Penn Frontispiece From the original oil painting in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Portrait of Benjamin Franklin 17 From the rare engraving by L. C. de Carmontelle. Pennsylvania Arms, 1823 29 From Report of the State Librarian, Harrisburg, 1902. Pennsylvania Arms, 1778 32 From Report of the State Librarian, Harrisburg, 1902. Map of Virginia, Nev^ Albion and Sv^eeds Plantation, 1651 32 Compiled by "Domina Virginia Farrer." Published in London in 165 1. Pennsylvania Arms, 1805 33 From Report of the State Librarian, Harrisburg, 1902. Pennsylvania Arms, 1809 34 From Report of the State Librarian, Harrisburg, 1902, Pennsylvania Arms, 1820 35 From Report of the State Librarian, Harrisburg, 1902. Seal of Philadelphia County, 1683 36 Adopted by resolution of March 23, 1683. Drawn by D. McN. Stauffer, Seal of City of Philadelphia, 1701 38 From Report of the State Librarian, Harrisburg, 1902. Chew House, Germantown, 1760 39 From C. F. Jenkins : The Guide Book to Historic German- town, Germantown, 1902. Morris House, Germantown, 1772-1773 40 From C. F. Jenkins: The Guide Book to Historic German- tozvn, Germantown, 1902. Sketch Map of Fort Duquesne 41 From the Royal Magazine, London, 1759. From a print in the collection of D. McN. Stauffer. Seal of Germantown, 1691 42 From J. F. Sachse: The Fatherland, Philadelphia, 1897. 10 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Map of Counties and County Seats in Pennsylvania 45 Drawn by G. A. Skrzyneki. Pennsylvania Counties in 1771 46 Compiled by Burton Alva Konkle ; from his Life and Times of Thomas Smith, i/4j-i8op, Philadelphia, 1904. Copy- right, 1903. Pennsylvania Counties in 1772-1773 48 Compiled by Burton Alva Konkle ; from his Life and Times of Thomas Smith, i/4§-i8op, Philadelphia, 1904. Copy- right, 1903. Keen's Map of New Sweden between 1638 and 1655 48 From original drawing by Gregory B. Keen. Seal of Chester County, 1683 49 From Report of the State Librarian, Harrisburg, 1902. Seal of Philadelphia, 1683 51 From Report of the State Librarian, Harrisburg, 1902. Visscher's Map of New Sweden, 1651 54 From Campanius: Nye Swerigo, Stockholm, 1702. Fac-simile of Title Page of Campanius's Indian Cate- chism 55 Translated in 1646 and published in Stockholm in 1696. From J. F. Sachse: The Fatherland, Philadelphia, 1897, after the original in the Historical Society of Penn- sylvania. Autograph of William Usselinx 56 Lindstrom's Map of New Sweden, 1654-1655 57 From Campanius: Nye Swerigo, Stockholm, 1702. Autograph of Peter Minuit 58 Autograph of Johan Printz 58 Campanius's Map of the Atlantic Colonies 61 From Campanius : Nye Szverigo, Stockholm, 1702. Baptismal Record of William Penn, All Hallows Church, Barking, London 62 From a photograph of the Parish Register. Title Page of Penn's Manuscript Journal of his Journey into Holland and Germany 63 From J. F. Sachse: The Fatherland, Philadelphia, 1897. ILLUSTRATIONS ii PAGE High (now Market) Street, Philadelphia 64 From The Stranger in America, London, 1807. From a print in the collection of D. McN. Stauffer. Fac-simile of Title Page of Penn's "Some Account of the Province" 65 Published in London in 1681. From J. F. Sachse: The Fatherland, Philadelphia, 1897. Map of Philadelphia by Thomas Holme, 1700 66 Published in London, 1700. Map of Pennsylvania, 1698 67 From Gabriel Thomas : Account of Pennsylvania, London, 1698. Tombstone of William Penn and Hannah Penn, Jordan's Meeting House, England 69 Drawn by Horace Moran from a rubbing. Armorial Bearings of the Penn Family 71 Drawn by D. McN. Stauffer. Fac-simile of Title Page of Penn's Frame of Government, 1682 75 Published in London, 1682. From J, F. Sachse: The Fatherland, Philadelphia, 1897. Fac-simile of Signatures to Frame of Government y6 Arms of Penn 79 Portrait of Thomas Penn 80 From the original oil painting in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Proprietary Seal of William Penn 81 Drawn by D. McN. Stauffer. Map of Pennsylvania, 1730 85 From David Humphreys : An Historical Account of the In- corporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, London, 1730. Proprietary Seal of Pennsylvania 87 Receipt and Seal of the Society of Free Traders, 1682. ... 88 Organized in London to develop a tract of 20,000 acres in Pennsylvania to be known as the Manor of Frank. Drawn by D. McN. Stauffer. Arms of Lord de la Warr 90 Drawn bv D. McN. Stauffer. 12 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Seal of the Lower Counties^ 1751 91 Drawn by D. McN. Stauffer. Map of Colonial Pennsylvania 93 Drawn by G. A, Skrzyneki. Fac-simile of Title Page of German Translation of Penn's "Some Account of the Province." Published in Amsterdam, 1681. From J. F. Sachse: The Fatherland, Philadelphia, 1897. The Evans Map of Pennsylvania, 1755 96 Compiled by Lewis Evans. Autograph of Francis Daniel Pastorius 99 From J. F. Sachse : The Fatherland, Philadelphia, 1897. Seal of Unitas Fratrum 103 From J. F. Sachse : The Fatherland, Philadelphia, 1897. Map of the Country of the Six Nations 107 Compiled by Guy Johnson, 1771. From E, B. O'Callag- han: The Documentary History of New York, Albany, 1850. French Map of Western Pennsylvania 109 From Pouchot : Mhnoires de la derniere Guerre, Yverdon, 1781. Fac-simile of a Celoron Plate, 1749 no From the Pennsylvania Archives. Map of Braddock's Route, 1755 112 Drawn by Middleton, From Winthrop Sargent : The His- tory of an Expedition against Fort Dn Quesne, in 1755, Philadelphia, 1855. A Paxton Caricature 112 Published in 1 763-1 764. From the original in the Histori- cal Society of Pennsylvania. Map Showing the Various Purchases Made From the Indians 116 From W. H. Egle : An Illustrated History of the Common- wealth of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, 1876. Map Illutrating Pennsylvania Boundary Disputes 118 Mason and Dixon Line Stone, near Oxford, Chester Co., Penn 121 Drawn by Horace Moran from a woodcut by W. T. Smed- ley, after a photograph. From a reprint in the collection of D. McN. StaufTer. ILLUSTRATIONS 13 PAGE Map of the Wyoming Forts 123 From Report of the Commission to Locate the State of the Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, 1896. Map of Virginia Claims in Southwestern Pennsylvania. . 127 Redrawn by G. A. Skrzyneki from Report of the Secretary of Internal Affairs, Harrisburg, 1893. View of the Wyoming Valley 128 From a drawing made for the Centennial observance of the Battle of Wyoming in 1878. From John Fiske: The Critical Period of American History, Boston, 1898. By permission of Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Seal of the Pennsylvania Society 130 Autographs of the Provincial and State Governors of Pennsylvania 134-162 From original documents in the collection of D. McN. Staufifer and in the State Library at Harrisburg. A View of the State House in Philadelphia 144 From the Gentleman's Magazine, London, September, 1752. From a print in the collection of D. McN. Staufifer. Fac-simile of Title Page of Buckshot War Pamphlet. ... 153 Harrisburg, 1839. From the original in the Historical So- ciety of Pennsylvania. The Old Capitol at Harrisburg 160 Built, 1821 ; burned, February 2, 1897. From an engrav- ing in the collection of D. McN. Stauffer. Pennsylvania Arms, 1829 164 From Report of the State Librarian, Harrisburg, 1902. Pennsylvania Arms, 1832 165 From Report of the State Librarian, Harrisburg, 1902. Fac-simile of First Republican Electoral Ticket in Pennsylvania, 1856 169 From original ballot in the collection of J. F. Sachse. Seal of the Convention for the State of Pennsylvania, 1776 170 Drawn by D. McN. Stauffer. Seal of the Committee of Safety, 1775 171 Drawn by D. McN. Stauffer. Map of Battlefields near Philadelphia 175 Drawn by G. A. Skrzyneki. 14 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE The Forge at Valley Forge 176 From an engraving by C. Tiebout after a drawing by Wil- liam Strickland made about 181 3. From a print in the collection of D. McN. Stauffer. Map of the Campaign of 1777 177 From Joseph Galloway : Letters to a Nobleman, London, 1779. Plan of the Works and Encampments of the British Forces in Philadelphia, 1777-1778 179 From Scharf and Westcott : History of Philadelphia, Phila- delphia, 1884. Map of the Battle of Germantown, 1777 181 From the Pennsylvania ArcJiives. Faden's Map of the Operations on the Delaware, 1778. . . . 182 Sketched from an adaptation of William Faden : Course of the Delazvare, 1778, in Wallace: Col. Wm. Bradford. From Winsor: Narrative and Critical History of Amer- ica, Boston. By permission of Houghton, MifBin & Co. Seal of the Supreme Executive Council, 1777 183 Drawn by D. McN. Stauffer. Autograph of Anthony Wayne 185 Map of Valley Forge 186 Plan of camp occupied by Washington and the Continental Army from December 9, 1777, to June 19, 1778. Pre- pared by the Valley Forge National Park Association. The heavy line shows the State property in 1900. The Watchman 190 From a Watchman's New Year's Address, Philadelphia, 1835. From a print in the collection of D. McN. Stauf- fer. Map of the Certified Townships 192 From the original survey in the American Philosophical Society, Map of the Depreciation Lands 193 Redrawn by G. A. Skrzyneki, from Report of the Secretary of Internal Affairs for i8g2, Harrisburg, 1893. Map of the Donation Lands 195 Redrawn by G. A. Skrzyneki, from Report of the Secretary of Internal Affairs for i8p^, Harrisburg, 1896. ILLUSTRATIONS 15 PAGE Map of Westsylvania 197 From the original in the Historical Society of Pennsyl- vania. Map of the Purchase of 1784 and Reservations in the Northwest 199 Redrawn by G. A. Skrzyneki, from Report of the Secretary of Internal Affairs for i8p6, Harrisburg, 1897. Vane ON Pusey's Mill, 1699, William Penn, Samuel Car- penter, Caleb Pusey 205 Drawn by D. McN. Stauffer. Battlefield of Gettysburg from the Summit of Little Round Top 208 From a photograph by W. H. Rau, Philadelphia. CoNESTOGA Wagon 210 From J. F. Sachse: The Fatherland, Philadelphia, 1897. Fac-simile of President's Medal, The Pennsylvania So- ciety 1899 212 Map of the Frontier Forts in Pennsylvania 215 Redrawn from Report of the Commission to locate the Site of the Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, 1896. Autograph of Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds 219 Autograph of Maj. Gen. George G. Meade 219 Autograph of Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock 219 Seal of Germantown, 1691 220 Pennsylvania Arms, 1873 224 From Report of the State Librarian, Harrisburg, 1902. Plan of the Battlefield of Gettysburg; Positions and Charges of the Pennsylvania Reserves 224 From Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, Harrisburg, 1893. Fac-simile of Anti-Slavery Clause in Benjamin Furly's Suggestions to William Penn 226 From J. F. Sachse : The Fatherland, Philadelphia, 1897. Slavery Advertisement 227 From The Pennsylvania Journal, August 15, 1765. The Academy, 4th Street, Philadelphia 229 Drawn by D. McN. Stauflfer. Fac-simile of Oath of Allegiance, 1777 233 From Scharf and Westcott : History of Philadelphia, Phila- delphia, 1884. 1 6 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Great Seal of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 238 First Engraved Arms of Pennsylvania, 1777 238 From Report of the State Librarian, Harrisburg, 1902. Pennsylvania Arms, 1875 239 Map of Pennsylvania Congressional Districts, Act of 1901 240 Redrawn by G. A. Skrzyneki from Smull's Legislative Hand Book, Harrisburg, 1903. Centre Square Water Works, Philadelphia 240 Built, 1820; removed, 1828. On Penn Square, now occu- pied by the City Hall. From a print in the collection of D. McN. Stauflfer. Seal of the Assembly, 1776 244 Drawn by D. McN. Stauffer. State Senatorial Districts, Act of 1874. Census of 1900. . .245 Redrawn by G. A. Skrzyneki from Smull's Legislative Hand Book, Harrisburg, 1903. Apportionment of Representatives in State Legislature, Act of 1887 246 Redrawn by G. A. Skrzyneki from Smull's Legislative Hand Book, Harrisburg, 1903. Pennsylvania Arms 248 Benjamin Franklin. PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. \^ CHAPTER I. Chronology. 1. Chronological Summary. 1584 Queen Elizabeth's patent to Sir Walter Raleigh. 1606 April 10, King James's patent to the London Company. 1609 August 28, Henry Hudson discovers the Delaware [South] River. 1610 Thomas West, Lord de la Warr, said to have visited the bay, which is named after him. 1616 Cornells Hendrickson explores the Delaware River to the mouth of the Schuylkill. 1618 Dutch West India Company organized: chartered, 1621 ; Cor- nells Jacobsen Mey names the Cape at the extreme end of New Jersey. 1621 Dutch Government purchases the rights of Hudson's dis- coveries. 1623 Dutch take possession of the Delaware, call it Zuydt [South] River, and build Fort Nassau, near the mouth of Timber Creek, at Gloucester, nearly opposite Philadelphia. Wil- liam van Hulst, Governor. 1624 Swedish Australian Company ; more complete charter in 1626. 1625 Charles I., King of England. 1626 Trading Station built on Biles Island within the bounds of Bucks County. 1627 Swedes and Finns settle at Point Paradise. 1631 Dutch colonists settle on the Hoarkill [Lewistown]. 1632 June 20, Charter granted by King Charles I. to Cecilius, sec- ond Lord Baltimore. 1634 King Charles I. grants to Sir Edmund Plowden as "Earl Pala- tine" of New Albion. 1638 April 28, Swedish settlements on the Delaware, Peter Minuit, Governor. 1641 Settlement on the Schuylkill by the English or New Haven Colony, Thomas Lamberton, Director. i8 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 1643 February 15, Governor Johan Printz [Edler von Buchen] es- tablishes his seat of government on Tinicum Island; first mill in Pennsylvania built on Cobb's Creek. 1644 October 14, William Penn born, Tower Hill, London. 1646 First Church in Pennsylvania built at Tinicum ; Indian mis- sions started and Luther's Smaller Catechism translated into the Indian tongue; first mention of Upland [Chester]. 1649 Commonwealth of England; New Haven Colony applies for aid to commissioners at Boston. 1 65 1 Dutch erect a trading house on present site of New Castle. 1653 Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector; English or New Haven Colony expelled by the Dutch and Swedes. 1655 Dutch under Peter Stuyvesant conquer the Swedes on the Delaware. 1656 Amsterdam takes possession of part of the Delaware lands. 1659 Dutch colony in Minisink Valley founded. 1660 Charles II., King of England ; George Fox thinks of a Quaker colony in America. 1662 Pieter Cornelisz Plockhoy of Zierik Zee founds a communal colony at Schwanendael on the Hoarkill. 1664 King Charles II. grants patent to his brother, the Duke of York ; Sir Robert Carr takes possession of the Dutch set- tlements. 1668 William Penn joins the Quakers. 1672 Delaware River recaptured by the Dutch. 1674 Restored to England by treaty ; Sir Edmund Andros, Governor. 1675 First meetings of Friends in Pennsylvania at the house of Robert Wade at LTpland. 1676 The Duke of York's laws formulated. 1680 William Penn petitions King Charles II. for a grant of land. 1 68 1 February, Penn and others buy Carteret's interest in New Jer- sey : confirmed by Duke of York in March ; March 4, grant of the Province to Penn under the great seal ; Penn in May sends Markham to take possession. 1682 October 27, William Penn lands at New Castle; October 28, reaches Upland and changes name to Chester; November 2, attends court at New Castle ; Philadelphia laid out ; first Assembly meets at Chester, December 4, passes Penn's "Great Law" and adopts his first "Frame of Government." PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 19 1683 April 2, Penn's second "Frame" known as the "Great Charter of the Province" ; August 20, Francis Daniel Pastorius ar- rives ; October 6, arrival of the Crefeld Colony from Ger- many; October 10, Governor and Council consider the necessity for an English school ; October 24, Germantown laid out. 1684 August 17, Penn sails for England. 1685 James II., King of England ; first book printed in the middle colonies, "The Excellent Privilege of Liberty & Property" by William Bradford at Philadelphia. 1688 William and Mary, King and Queen of England; April 18, first anti-slavery protest in America by the German Quakers of Germantown. 1689 Friends originate a public school in Philadelphia, George Keith, first master [now William Penn Charter School]. 1690 First paper mill in America erected on the Wissahickon by William Rittenhouse. 1 69 1 Germantown incorporated as a borough ; Schism among the Quakers, known as the Keithian Schism. 1692 October 20, Penn deprived of his proprietary rights. 1694 June 24, arrival of German Pietists and Mystics at German- town under Magister Johannes Kelpius ; August 20, Penn reinvested with his proprietary rights. 1695 First Protestant Episcopal congregation [Christ Church] or- ganized in Pennsylvania. 1696 Markham's "Frame" ; first book in high German printed in America by Bradford for Heinrich Bernhard Koster. 1697 Three Swedish Lutheran pastors arrive; provision made for establishing a Post Office. 1698 Shawanese Indians from Carolina settle on the Susquehanna. 1699 November 28, William Penn arrives at Chester with his wife, daughter Letitia and James Logan as his secretary ; yellow fever in Philadelphia during summer. 1700 January 29, Penn's son John, "the American" born in the slate roof house ; Swedish Lutheran Church in Wicaco, "Gloria Dei," dedicated. 1701 October 28, Charter of Privileges; Philadelphia constituted a city, Edward Shippen, first Mayor ; November 3, Penn em- barks for England. 1702 Anne, Queen of England. 20 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 1703 Separation of the Three Lower Counties [now State of Delaware] . 1709 Great exodus of Palatines from Europe to America. 1 712 Warrants issued to Huguenot settlers in the Pequea Valley. 1714 George I., King of England. 1716 First successful effort to establish iron works, on the Schuylkill near Pottstown. 1718 July 30, William Penn died at Ruscombe, Berkshire, Eng- land, aged 74; September 17, first treaty with Delaware Indians. 1719 December 22, first newspaper in the middle colonies, "The American Weekly Mercury" published at Philadelphia by Andrew Bradford; Schwarzenau Tunkers arrive at Ger- mantown. 1722 Scotch-Irish settlements in Donegal and Paxton. 1723 October, Benjamin Franklin reaches Philadelphia; first issue of Pennsylvania paper money; Tulpehocken Valley settled by Germans from New York. 1724 Carpenters' Company instituted. 1726 Log College founded at the forks of the Neshaminy, Bucks Co., by Rev. William Tennent. 1727 George II., King of England. 1728 Bartram's Botanic Garden begun; Indians attack iron works at Manatawney ; Mennonites arrive in large numbers. 1729 Conrad Weiser settles in Pennsylvania. 1730 Lancaster City founded; Mariner's Quadrant invented by Thomas Godfrey in Germantown ; first Masonic Lodge opened in America at Philadelphia. 1731 Library Company of Philadelphia founded by Franklin; small- pox epidemic in Philadelphia. 1732 State House, Philadelphia, commenced on plans of Andrew Hamilton; June 21, Die Philadelphische Zeitung, published by Franklin, the first German newspaper in America ; Au- gust II, Thomas Penn arrives at Philadelphia; Schuylkill Fishing Company, called the Colony [afterwards the State] in Schuylkill, established. 1733 Regular stage line established between Philadelphia and New York ; Schwenkfelders arrive from Germany. 1734 September 20, John Penn [the American] visits Philadelphia. PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 21 1735 October, State House occupied by the Assembly; John Penn returns to England. I1736 October, Indian Council in Friends' Meeting House, Second and Market streets; second Indian treaty; large influx of German emigrants, also many Scotch-Irish ; first Volunteer Fire Company in America organized. 1737 September 19, 20, The Walking Purchase. 1738 October 10, Benjamin West born; first German press in Amer- ica set up in Germantown. 1739 First Moravians [Unitas Fratrum] come to Pennsylvania; "Zionitischer Weyrauchs Hiigel" printed at Germantown for Ephrata mystics, first book printed with German type in America; Rev. George Whitefield arrives. 1740 April 14, War with Spain proclaimed at the Court House; first American medical book published by Dr. Thomas Cadwalader ; Sunday schools established at Ephrata ; White- field House built at Nazareth. 1741 January, Franklin publishes the "American Magazine," the first magazine in America; November, Count Zinzendorf arrives ; Bethlehem founded by the Moravians ; yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia. 1742 November 25, Rev. Henry Melchior Muhlenberg arrives. 1743 German Bible printed in Germantown by Christopher Saur, the first Bible printed in a European tongue in America; American Philosophical Society founded by Franklin. 1745 January i, Anthony Wayne born at Paoli, Chester County; Ephrata Cloister press set up, the first in America to print in both German and English ; Lindley Murray, grammarian, born at Swatara, Lancaster County. 1746 February, Christopher Saur of Germantown began publica- tion of the first religious magazine in America. 1748 Ohio Company formed. 1749 August 22, Third Indian treaty, the Six Nations sell 100,000 acres [Allegheny County] to George Croghan; Reading founded; St. Andrew's [Benevolent] Society founded; the Academy, College and Charity Schools [now University of Pennsylvania] established. 1751 First Medical School in the Colonies at Philadelphia; Penn- sylvania Hospital chartered, first in America devoted to the relief of the sick ; Loganian Library founded. 22 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 1752 June 15, Identity of lightning and electricity demonstrated by Franklin ; September, first lightning rod used in the world set up by Franklin at S. E. corner of Second and Race streets ; The "Philadelphia Contributorship," the first fire insurance company in the colonies, founded. 1753 March 4, The first Arctic expedition in America fitted out by Philadelphia merchants ; Washington's expedition to Ven- ango, forks of the Ohio fortified by his advice; French build forts at Presqu' Isle, Le Boeuf and Venango ; French and Indian War commenced, devastation of Western and Central Pennsylvania ; Connecticut colonizes land in Peuu- sylvania. 1754 Ensign Ward driven from the forks of the Ohio; Fort Du- quesne built ; Jumonville defeated ; battle of Great Meadows ; surrender of Fort Necessity by George Wash- ington. 1755 July 9, Gen. Edward Braddock defeated; commissioners ap- pointed to open a road from the Delaware to the Ohio ; David Rittenhouse constructs his orrery ; Irish settlement at Great Cove destroyed ; settlements at Tulpehocken at- tacked. 1756 Quakers withdraw from political activity; Gen. John Arm- strong's expedition to Kittanning. 1757 Franklin in London as agent of Pennsylvania; destruction of Dunker settlement on Cheat River; Baron Stiegel estab- lishes a manufactory for flint glassware at Manheim, Lan- caster County. 1758 October 23, Fourth Indian treaty with Six Nations at Easton ; December, first Fort Pitt built. 1759 Company for Insurance on Lives [Presbyterian] founded; Red Stone Old Fort erected. 1760 George III., King of England. 1762 Settlers from Connecticut arrive at Wyoming and are at- tacked by the Indians; anthracite coal discovered in Wyoming ; November 26, first School of Anatomy in North America opened by Dr. William Shippen at Philadelphia. 1763 Pontiac's war; battle of Bushy Run by Col. Bouquet; Mason and Dixon's Line begun; December 27, murder of Mo- ravian Indians at Lancaster by "Paxton Boys"; John Penn [son of Richard], Governor. PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 23 1764 January, "Paxton Boys" threaten Philadelphia, but are turned back at Germantown; Col. Bouquet's expedition against the Ohio Indians; first Medical School established in the colonies. 1765 March, Stamp Act passed; Pittsburg laid out; Robert Fulton born at Little Britain, Lancaster County. 1766 Anthracite coal from Wyoming sent to England ; House of Employment built. 1767 John Dickinson publishes his "Farmer's Letters." 1768 November 5, Fifth Indian treaty with Six Nations at Fort Stanwix. 1769 June 3, Transit of Venus observed by Rittenhouse; November 9, observed transit of Mercury ; Obediah Gore burns an- thracite coal in his smith forge; Pennamite War, lasted to 1771. 1771 January 17, Charles Brockden Brown born, Philadelphia; "Pennsylvania Packet" [weekly] begun by John Dunlap, became first daily newspaper in America under D. C. Clay- poole, 1774; Richard Penn, Governor. 1773 John Penn [second time]. Governor; Wilkesbarre named; Oliver Evans suggests steam as a motor for land carriage ; December 27, tea ship "Polly" turned back. 1774 Boundary dispute with Lord Dunmore of Virginia; September 5, first Continental Congress meets in Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia ; September 22, preliminary Non-Importation resolve passed by Continental Congress ; November 17, First Troop Philadelphia City Calvary formed; first so- ciety formed for promoting abolition of slavery. 1775 May 10, Second Continental Congress meets; June 15, Wash- ington appointed Commander-in-Chief; June 30, Commit- tee of Safety formed ; July 19, "Experiment," first boat of Pennsylvania Navy, launched ; Congress issues paper money. 1776 May 8, River fight with British vessels "Roebuck" and "Liver- pool" ; July 4, Declaration of Independence, State House, Philadelphia ; July 23, Council of Safety formed ; Septem- ber 28, first State Constitution of Pennsylvania ; December 26, battle of Trenton. 1777 January 3, Battle of Princeton; March 4, Pennsylvania State Government formed ; June 14, National flag made by Betsy 24 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. Ross adopted by Congress; September ii, battle of the Brandywine ; September 20, Paoli Massacre ; September 26, British occupation of Philadelphia ; September 27, Congress removed to Lancaster; 30, to York; October 4, battle of Germantown; October 22, defeat of Hessians at Fort Mercer, Red Bank; November 16, Fort Mifflin captured by the British; December 19, American Army goes into winter quarters at Valley Forge. 1778 May 18, Fete of the Meschianza; June 18, British evacuate Philadelphia ; June 28, battle of Monmouth Court House ; July 2-4, Wyoming Massacre ; December, Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania Free Masons reorganized; General Mc- intosh's expedition. 1779 Gen. SulHvan's expedition up the Susquehanna; Col. Brod- head's expedition to the Indian towns on the Allegheny ; Royal Charter annulled. 1780 January i. Last delivery of two beaver skins at Windsor Castle by the Proprietaries on account of the Province; first abolition act of America providing that slavery be abolished in Pennsylvania ; Humane Society of Philadelphia in- stituted. 1781 January, Revolt of the Pennsylvania Line ; February 20, Robert Morris, Superintendent of Finance ; May 26, Bank of North America incorporated by Congress ; September 2-4, American and French army passes through Philadelphia. 1782 First English Bible in America printed by Robert Aitken. 1783 Dickinson College, Carlisle, incorporated. 1784 April II, Boundary adjustment between Pennsylvania and Virginia ratified ; October 23, sixth Indian treaty with Six Nations at Fort Stanwix; P. E. diocese of Pennsylvania organized, William White, first bishop. 1785 Albert Gallatin purchases land on the Monongahela and estab- lishes glass works ; Depreciation Lands offered for sale ; Harrisburg founded; July i, Philadelphia Society for Pro- moting Agriculture organized ; September 2^, first Gen- eral Convention of P. E. Church at Philadelphia ; Septem- ber, John Fitch exhibits models of a steamboat before the American Philosophical Society. PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 25 1786 Donation Lands opened; first American Dispensary founded by Dr. Benjamin Rush ; July 2'j, John Fitch navigates a steam vessel on the Delaware. 1787 Convention to frame Constitution of the United States sits in Philadelphia ; March 10, German High School [Franklin College] at Lancaster chartered ; Pennsylvania Society for the encouragement of manufacturers and the useful arts organized. 1788 Moravian Society for Propagating the Gospel among the Heathen incorporated. 1789 September 29, New York boundary line ratified ; Lucian's "Dialogues," the first Greek book printed in America by Joseph James at Philadelphia. 1790 Philadelphia becomes Capital of the United States ; Gen. Harmar's expedition against the Miami Indians ; John Fitch's steamboat makes regular trips on the Delaware ; second State Constitution; April 17, Franklin dies at Philadelphia. 1 79 1 February 25, First Bank of the United States established at Philadelphia ; State system of internal improvements com- menced. 1792 First Turnpike Company in the United States incorporated, Philadelphia to Lancaster ; April 2, first U. S. Mint estab- lished at Philadelphia; April 19, Schuylkill & Delaware Canal chartered, first public canal in the United States; deed of confirmation of Erie triangle from the United States. 1793 March 4, Washington inaugurated President at Philadelphia; Gen. Wayne's campaign against the Indians ; May 16, Citizen Genet arrives at Philadelphia ; great epidemic of yellow fever at Philadelphia, total deaths about 5,000; Washington and Federal officers retire to Germantown ; French refugees arrive from San Domingo ; Bank of Penn- sylvania chartered. 1794 Whiskey insurrection in Western Pennsylvania; Pennsyl- vania Blue Laws passed ; packet boats run between Pitts- burg and Cincinnati. 1795 February 9, John Penn, formerly proprietary Governor, died at Philadelphia ; November 4, schooner "White Fish," built 26 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. at Presqu' Isle, arrives at Philadelphia: first vessel to demonstrate transportation could be established between Lake Erie and the Hudson. 1/97 March 4, John Adams inaugurated President at Philadelphia; National Academy of Painting and Sculpture instituted at Philadelphia. 1798 Fries's insurrection [Hot Water or House Tax Rebellion] ; yel- low fever epidemic. 1799 Seat of State Government removed to Lancaster. 1800 Seat of Federal Government removed from Philadelphia to Washington. 1802 Anthracite coal first burned in grates in Philadelphia. 1804 First bituminous coal sent down the Susquehanna; first cotton carded and spun at Pittsburg by carding and spinning jenny ; first steam dredging machine for cleaning docks constructed by Oliver Evans ; frigate "Philadelphia" burned by Decatur in harbor of Tripoli. 1805 Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts founded ; first agency in United States for sale of American manufactures estab- lished in Philadelphia by Elijah Waring. 1807 Manufacture of carbonated water introduced into the United States at Philadelphia by Joseph Hawkins. 1S08 First flint glass manufactured at Pittsburg by Bakewell & Co. ; Roman Catholic diocese of Philadelphia created. 1809 September, Experimental railroad set up at Bull's Head Tavern, Third street above Callowhill, Philadelphia, the first laid down in America; Thomas and George Leiper build railroad at their quarries in Delaware Co. 181 1 October 29, First steamboat leaves Pittsburg for New Orleans. 1812 Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, founded; seat of State Government removed to Harrisburg; May 12, Stephen Girard purchases building of the U. S. Bank, Philadelphia. 1813 Perry's f^eet built at Erie in seventy days ; meets and defeats the British September 10. 1814 First successful experiment made in the use of anthracite coal in an iron furnace. 181 5 Schuylkill Navigation Co. chartered. 18 16 First steam paper mill in the United States started at Pitts- burg ; Second Bank of the United States organized ; Afri- can M. E. Church formed at Philadelphia. PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 27 1818 First School District [County of Philadelphia] established; first light-house on Great Lakes at Presqu' Isle; Model [Normal] School for teachers, Philadelphia, Joseph Lan- caster, principal, first training school for teachers in the United States ; Lehigh coal advertised for sale. 1819 March 9, Destruction of Masonic Hall, Philadelphia, by fire. 1820 Regular shipments of anthracite coal begun. 1822 First cylinders for printing calico engraved in the United States at Philadelphia. 1823 March 31, First railway act in America passed by General As- sembly of Pennsylvania. 1824 December 2, Historical Society of Pennsylvania organized. 1825 Schuylkill Canal completed from Philadelphia to Mt. Carbon. 1827 Paper made from straw at Meadville by Col. William Magraw ; Society for the Promotion of Public Schools organized at Philadelphia. 1829 First locomotive in the United States used on Carbondale and Honesdale road. 1830 James Gillespie Blaine born, West Brownsville. 1 83 1 Girard College founded. 1832 National Anti-Masonic Convention meets in Philadelphia. 1833 American Anti-Slavery Society formed at Philadelphia. 1834 Railroad and canal communication opened to Pittsburg; com- mon school system established. 1838 October 26, Central High School for Boys, Philadelphia, opened ; Third State Constitution ; Buckshot war ; May 27, abolition riots, destruction of Pennsylvania Hall, Phila- delphia. 1839 Whig National Convention met at Harrisburg. 1840 Scranton laid out as a city. 1843 William Pepper born, Philadelphia ; Roman Catholic diocese of Pittsburg created. 1844 Native American riots, Roman Catholic churches burned. 1845 George M. Dallas, of Pennsylvania, Vice-President of the United States ; April 10, great fire in Pittsburg. 1848 Whig National Convention met at Philadelphia. 1849 Delaware circle resurveyed. 1850 State Judiciary made elective. 1 85 1 July 9, Great fire in Philadelphia. 28 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 1852 Dr. Kane's Arctic expedition ; Pennsylvania State Teachers' Association organized at Harrisburg; Free Soil National Convention at Pittsburg. 1853 February, Pennsylvania Railroad opened to Pittsburg ; Roman Catholic diocese of Erie created. 1854 Consolidation of the City and Liberties of Philadelphia, the first of the kind in America. 1856 First Republican National Convention met in Philadelphia. 1857 James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, President of the United States; July 31, State sells main line of transportation works to the Pennsylvania R. R. Co. ; financial panic. 1859 August 29, Col. E. L. Drake successfully bored for petroleum ; first State Normal School opened at Millersville. i860 Dr. Hayes's Arctic Expedition. 1861 April 16, Pennsylvania Troops first to reach Washington. 1862 Chambersburg raided by Confederates under Gen. J. E. B. Stuart. 1863 July I, 2, 3, Battle of Gettysburg. 1864 Chambersburg burned by McCausland's Confederate Cavalry. 1865 P- E. diocese of Pittsburg organized. 1868 Roman Catholic dioceses of Scranton and Harrisburg created. 1871 P. E. diocese of Central Pennsylvania organized. 1872 Republican National Convention met in Philadelphia. 1873 Fourth State Constitution. 1875 Roman Catholic Province of Philadelphia created, James F. Wood, first archbishop. 1876 Centennial International Exhibition at Philadelphia. 1877 Great railroad riots. 1881 William Pepper, Provost of the University of Pennsylvania, resigns, 1894. 1882 Bi-Centennial of Landing of William Penn celebrated at Philadelphia. 1883 Bi-Centennial of the founding of Germantown. 1889 June I, Johnstown flood. 1890 April 15, New York boundary approved by Congress. 1891 April 15, Pennsylvania-German Society organized at Lancaster. 1893 Adjustment of the Delaware boundary. 1894 The Philadelphia Museums organized. 1895 Compulsory education law approved. PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 29 1897 International Commercial Conference at Philadelphia; Febru- ary 2, State Capitol at Harrisburg burned. 1898 April 25, The Pennsylvania Society (New York) organized. 1899 National Export Exposition at Philadelphia; State Free Li- brary Commission created. 1900 Republican National Convention meets in Philadelphia; Wil- liam McKinley, of Pennsylvania ancestry, nominated for President. 1901 State Department of Forestry established; Roman Catholic diocese of Altoona created. 1902 Strike of anthracite coal miners, 147,000 men on strike for five months. 1903 State Highway Department, Departments of Fisheries and of Mines established. PENNSYLVANIA ARMS, 1823. 30 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. CHAPTER 11. Description. 2. Physical Features. — Pennsylvania is bounded on the north by Lake Erie and New York ; on the east by New York and New Jersey, on the south by Delaware, Maryland and West Virginia; on the west by West Virginia and Ohio. Its eastern boundary is the Delaware River ; its other limits are determined by parallels of lati- tude and meridians of longitude. It lies between latitude 39° 43' and 42° 15' N., and longitude 74° 40' and 80° 36' W. It is 302 miles long in the longest parts from east to west, and 175 miles wide. It has a coast line of 50 miles on Lake Erie, and an area of 45,215 square miles. Its population in 1900 was 6,302,115. Physically the State is divided into two nearly equal parts by the Alleghany Mountains, popularly known as Eastern and Western Pennsylvania, and widely differing in surface and in geological structure. In the southeast corner is an open country lying between the South Mountain and the Delaware River ; a series of parallel valleys occupy the centre of the State, and in the west, beyond the Alleghany Mountains, is an elevated plateau with an average height of 2,000 feet above the sea. The chief river is the Delaware, which is navigable by the largest vessels as far as Philadelphia, 96 miles from its mouth, and into which flow the Schuylkill and Lehigh rivers and many lesser streams. The Susquehanna, which cuts the State in two beyond the South Mountain, is the largest river within its boundary, but it is only navigable at high water in spring and autumn ; its chief tributary is the Juniata. In the southwest the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers unite to form the Ohio. The surface of the State is exceedingly rich and diversified, including many fertile valleys admirably adapted to agricultural pursuits, and brought to a high grade of cultivation. Pennsylvania contains many extensive mineral deposits, especially coal, iron and petroleum. Natural gas has been used in the State for manufacturing purposes since 1874. No Eastern State contains forests of such varied and abundant timber. PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 31 3. Geology. — The geological divisions of the State include the Older Appalachian Belt, lying east and south of the South Mountain, a comparatively level country, with valleys of moderate depth and soil of extraordinary fertility; the Newer Appalachian Belt to the north and west of this region, a newer mountain system with ridges and intervening valleys, many of the latter with almost parallel sides : here are deposits of limestone, slate, iron ore and anthracite coal ; and the Alleghany Plateau in the far western part of the State, containing petroleum, natural gas and bituminous coal. Western Pennsylvania is an unbroken bituminous coal field; eastern Pennsylvania is a labyrinth of parallel and interlocked mountains and valleys of Devonian and Silurian age, and partly open country of older Cambrian or Primordial, Azoic or Fundamental strata, across which runs a broad belt of Triassic or Mesozoic brown stone and trap. Cretaceous rocks underlying a narrow strip along the Delaware River below Trenton, and a mantel of glacial drift (the Terminal Moraine) cover the surface of the northern part of the State between lines drawn from Belvedere on the Delaware River to Olean, N. Y., and through Franklin and Beaver to the Ohio State line north of the Ohio River. The State originally contained much higher mountains than now remain within it, the entire surface having been weathered down to the present levels. The Pittsburg coal beds once spread over south- western Pennsylvania from the Ohio River to the Alleghany Mount- ains, and formerly came much further eastward, some of the anthracite beds being apparently identical with it. The anthracite beds in the east are contained in three chief coal fields, the Schuylkill, the Lehigh and the Wyoming, each being narrow basins. The bituminous coal beds cover the western third of the State in six parallel basins. The Great Valley — a region of great fertility — runs across the State before the Blue Mountains ; it has two beds of soil: slate next the Blue Mountains and limestone next the South Mountain. 4. Title. — Section i of the Constitution of 1776 contains the expression "The Commonwealth or State of Pennsylvania shall be governed." Other sections of the same instrument contain the ex- pressions "And whereas the inhabitants of this Commonwealth have," etc. ; and again, "Of the people of this State." The constitutions of 1790, 1838 and 1873 begin "We, the people of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania." The words "Commonwealth" and "State" are used 32 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. interchangeably in all these instruments and are without distinction in meaning. The word "Commonwealth" in Pennsylvania stands for the designation of the Government. The limitations of the powers of Government are defined in the Constitution established and or- dained by the people, and in the Constitution the Government is called a Commonwealth. Article IV., Section 22 of the present Constitution provides that "All commissions shall be in the name and by the authority of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and be sealed with the State seal and signed by the Governor." PENNSYLVANIA ARMS, I778. 5. state Divisions. — Pennsylvania is divided into 6"] counties, 56 judicial districts, 50 senatorial districts, and 32 congressional districts. The State House of Representatives has 204 members. Counties. — No new counties may be established that are less than 400 square miles in area, or contain less than 20,000 inhabitants or which reduce an existing county to less area or less population. The county has important local powers, possessing authority to erect public buildings, construct bridges over which it may have assumed control, and levy taxes. The powers of the county are vested in three County Commissioners, elected for three years. The commis- '"::»&■■' .•Sfp-i ' k ^;!Ml" Oh > PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 33 sioners correct, if necessary, the assessment or valuation of property, lay the county tax and fix the rate, have power to borrow money, appoint the mercantile appraisers, fill vacancies in the office of as- sessor by appointment, and appoint attorneys to act as county solicitors. No person can vote for more than two candidates for office of County Commissioner. The jurors are chosen from the general body of electors of the county by a board composed of the law judge and two commissioners elected so as to represent different political parties. The county officers, some of whom are established by the Con- stitution and others by legislative enactment, include the sheriff, PENNSYLVANIA ARMS^ 1805. coroner, prothonotary, register of wills, recorder of deeds, jury com- missioners, commissioners, treasurer, surveyor, auditors or controller, clerk of the courts, solicitor, district attorney, directors of the poor and superintendent of schools. The three county auditors audit all accounts and report to the Court of Common Pleas ; they see that taxes are collected, properly accounted for and no illegal payments made. In counties of over 150,000 a controller is elected to perform the duties of the auditors. School funds, statistics and reports are sent to the county commis- sioners and thence to the State authorities. In counties of 150,000 inhabitants the county officers receive salaries, and all fees are turned into the treasury. Officers in counties with less than 150,000 in- habitants receive fees or daily compensation. 34 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. Townships, (§78B). — The counties are divided into townships, which form the poHtical unit, and whose number depends on the size and population of the county. They are of two classes ; townships of the first class have a population of at least 300 to the square mile ; townships of less population form the second class. The township lays the school taxes, determined by the school board, the township and school district being generally identical ; it also levies the road tax laid by the road supervisors. Where the county has no poorhouse the township lays a poor tax and appoints overseers of the poor. The corporate power is vested in the Board of Township Commissioners, at least five in number, elected for two years. If the population is more than 5,000 an additional commissioner is chosen for each 2,000 population. The courts may erect new townships, PENNSYLVANIA ARMS, iSOQ. change the boundaries of or divide those already erected if the majority of the voters so determine. Each township contains one or more election precincts. The township officers are township commissioners, constable, assessors, treasurer, town clerk, three auditors, tax collector, school directors, overseers of the poor and road supervisors and justices of the peace. School Districts (§78B) are established in the townships for the consideration of minor affairs by the local directors subject to the approval of the township school board. Boroughs. — Incorporated towns are called boroughs. They are formed whenever a district becomes so thickly populated as to need a government different from the township and are incorporated on detition to the court signed by a majority of the inhabitants of the PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 35 proposed borough, which must contain not less than 300 persons. The petition must be approved at the next term of court, and recorded in the recorder's office. The legislative department is vested in the town council, one- third being elected annually for three years. Large boroughs may be divided into wards by the courts of quarter sessions, and in such cases there are two or three councilmen from each ward. The laws adopted by the council are called ordinances. The burgess is the executive officer ; he has the criminal power of a justice in enforcing ordinances and for that purpose only is ex-officio a justice of the peace. He signs or vetoes the ordinances passed by the council, but his veto can be overruled by a two-thirds vote ; he is not eligible to re-election to the next succeeding term. The burgess is elected by PENNSYLVANIA ARMS, 182O. the people for three years ; the borough treasurer and borough solicitor are chosen by the borough council. The borough board of health is appointed by the burgess with the approval of the council. Cities. — A city is formed from a borough of 10,000 or more inhabitants. A general law (May 8, 1889) classifies the cities throughout the State in three classes : First Class, with a population of 1,000,000 or more. Second Class, with a population of 100,000 to 1,000.000. Third Class, with a population of 10,000 to 100,000. City charters are general laws applicable to each class of cities throughout the State. The corporate authority is vested in the mayor and councils. The mayor is the chief executive officer in cities of the first class ; he is chosen by the people for four years and cannot succeed himself. He signs ordinances or vetoes them, and they can only be passed over 36 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. the veto by a two-thirds vote of both councils. He has the powers of a justice of the peace, and may hold daily courts, but actually he delegates that duty to magistrates. His term of office in cities of the other classes is three years ; he cannot be elected for two con- secutive terms. The councils form the legislative branch of the city government. They consist of a select and a common council. Cities are divided into wards for convenience and thickly settled wards into election precincts. The select council usually consists of one member from each ward, elected for four years. The common council has two members from each ward chosen for two years. The councils fix the rate of tax and appropriate money for city expenses. No debt shall be contracted SEAL OF PHILADELPHIA COUNTY, I nor liability incurred by a city or municipal commission except for an appropriation previously made by the municipal government. The city must establish a sinking fund for the extinction of its funded debt. Ordinances must not conflict with the general law and they have no force without city limits. Other officers of cities are a Director of the Department of Public Safety (with which is connected the Board of Health), Director of the Department of Public Works, Receiver of Taxes, President of the Board of Education, President of the Department of Charities and Correction, Sinking Fund Commission, City Treas- urer, City Controller, City Auditor, constables, aldermen, assessors, etc. The officers of cities of the second and third classes are not so numerous as those of the first class. iSgo. 1900. 1,046,964 1,293,697 238,617 321,616 105,287 129,896 75.215 102,026 58,661 78,961 40,634 5^,733 37,718 51-721 39,385 50,167 32,011 41.459 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 37 Cities incorporated before the classification legislation can adopt it or not; most of them have done so; those adhering to their old charters have each special provisions. 6. Cities and Towns. — Pennsylvania contains (1900) 833 incorporated cities and boroughs, of which 93 have a population of more than 5,000 each. The following list includes the largest cities and their population for three decades : 1880. Philadelphia 847,170 Pittsburg 156,389 Allegheny 78,682 Scranton 45,850 Reading 43,278 Erie '^7,7^1 Wilkesbarre 23,339 Harrisburg 30,762 Lancaster 25,769 Philadelphia. — Philadelphia is the chief city of Pennsylvania and the third city of the United States ; it was the second city until the census of 1890. It is situated at the junction of the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, at latitude 39° 57' 7.5" N., and longitude 75° 9' 23.4" W. It covers about 129 square miles, and v/as founded and named in 1682 by William Penn, whose first charter is dated 3d month 20, 1691, in which Humphrey Morrey is named as the "present Mayor." Edward Shippen was the first Mayor under the charter creating it a borough city granted by Penn October 25, 1701. The city was governed by this document until February 17, 1776, although it was modified several times. During the Revolution its affairs were administered by Committees of Safety and local bodies. The first State charter was dated March 11, 1789 ; the "Consolidation Act" of. February 2, 1854, made the boundaries of Philadelphia city and Philadelphia county identical and brought the independent sur- rounding districts, liberties and townships of the county under the city government. The latest charter of the city, which is a general law governing cities of the first class, is known as the "Bullitt Bill," from its originator, John C. Bullitt, Esq. ; it was approved June i, 1885, ^"d became operative on the first Monday of April, 1887. The seat of the Government of Pennsylvania was fixed at Philadelphia March 12, 1683, and it continued to be the capital for 116 years. During the Revolution it was the virtual capital of the Colonies, and 38 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. was the scene of many notable events. It was occupied by the British forces from September 26, 1777, to June 18, 1778, and was the capital of the United States from December, 1790, to the summer of 1800. Historic Buildings. — Independence Hall; known as the State- house prior to July 4, 1776. Built 1732- 1753. First used by the Assembly of Pennsylvania in October, 1735, and used as State- house until 1777; British hospital and prison, September 26, 1777, to June 18, 1778; used by the Continental Congress, 1775-1783; Decla- ration of Independence agreed to July 2, 1776, adopted, July 4, 1776; Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union signed by eight States, July 9, 1778, fully ratified, March i, 1781 ; Federal Conven- tion to frame Constitution of the United States, May 14 to September 17, 1787; Pennsylvania State Convention approves the same, Decem- SEAL OF CITY OP PHILADELPHIA, I7OI. ber 12, 1787; State Convention to frame State Constitution, July 15 to September 28, 1776, and in 1790. Carpenters' Hall. Built 1770-1792. Meeting place of the first Continental Congress, September 5, 1774; headquarters of the Penn- sylvania "Committees of Correspondence;" Provincial Convention meets for State Government, 1776; Philadelphia Library Company, 1 773- 1 790; Bank of the United States, 1 791 -1797; United States Custom House, 1798, 1802- 18 19. Hall of the American Philosophical Society, Independence Square; built 1 785-1 789. Gloria Dei ; old Swedes' Church ; built May 23, 1698, to July 2, 1700. Christ Church; begun April 2y, 1727; tower built, 1753-1754. PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 39 Penn's cottage (formerly in Letitia Court) ; now removed to Fairmount Park; built for William Penn by Markham, 1681-1682. Bartram's Garden ; first botanical garden in America ; laid out by John Bartram (b. March 23, 1699, d. September 22, 1777) ; house built, 1 73 1. Betsy Ross House, 239 Arch Street ; first American flag said to have been made here by Mrs. Ross; adopted June 14, 1777. CHEW HOUSE, GERMANTOWN, I760. Congress Hall ; northwest corner of Independence Square ; built 1788-1789. Seat of U. S. Congress from December, 1790, to 1800; George Washington inaugurated President here March 4, 1793; John Adams inaugurated March 4, 1797 ; it was in this building that the Constitution of the United States first went into practical operation. Germantown ; site purchased by F. D. Pastorius, August 12, 1683 ; located October 24, 1683 ; surveyed March 2, 1684 ; incorpo- rated as a borough 1691 ; contains many houses of historic interest ; notably the Chew house or Cliveden, where the fight was thickest in 40 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. the Battle of Germantown ; the Wister house or Grumblethorpe, headquarters of General Agnew; Stenton house, homestead of the Logan family; headquarters of General Howe; Morris house, 5442 Germantown Avenue, occupied by President Washington, November I, 1793. Fairmount Park contains a number of historic mansions, and others are in the outskirts of the city. BAPTISMAL RECORD OF WILLIAM PENN, ALL HALLOWS CHURCH, BARKING, LONDON. At the age of twenty young William entered Christ Church College, Oxford. The controversies between Puritan and Cavalier were active in the universities, and Penn manifested a sympathy with the former, coming under the influence of Thomas Loe, the Quaker. His college career came to an end in two years, probably through his participation in the religious riots of the students. His leanings towards the Quaker faith were now so marked that his father dis- patched him to France, where he spent some time at the gay court of Louis XIV. He studied at the Protestant Theological School at Saumur ; was admitted a student of law at Lincoln's Inn in 1665, saw service in the Dutch war, and aided in the suppression of a mutiny in Ireland. In 1667 Penn's adherence to the Quaker faith was complete, and he became a preacher ; and began an active life in his new religion. In prison many times for preaching and participating in religious PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 63 meetings, and estranged from his father, his life was an arduous one. He published many books and pamphlets relating to the Quaker doctrine, and was the first Quaker theologian. His tract entitled "The Sandy Foundation Shaken," led to his imprisonment in the Tower of London. While there he published, among other works, m^^ jt(^T. TITLE PAGE OF PENN's MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL. his most important book, "No Cross, No Crown." This book, with another entitled "Innocency with Her Open Face" and "The Sandy Foundation Shaken," is still an authority on the original doctrines of the Quakers. Soon after his release he was arrested for preaching in London, and his trial was a memorable one in its results. The jury acquitted the prisoner contrary to the instructions of the Court, 64 PENNSYLVANIA : A PRIMER. and was imprisoned in consequence. An appeal being taken, it was forever established that the jury should determine the verdict on the evidence submitted, without regard to the views of the court. Penn's father dying September i6, 1670, left his son a handsome income and a claim on the Crown for £14,000 for money advanced by the Admiral and for sums due for him for services rendered. In 1672 Penn, after his first religious visit to Holland and Ger- many, married Gulielma Maria Springett, a daughter of Mary Pen- nington by her first husband, Sir William Springett. In 1676 he became one of the five proprietors of the province of West Jersey in America, and for the first time became directly interested in the development of the American colonies. In 1677 he made his cele- brated religious tour through Holland and the Rhine country, where he formed acquaintances and connections that were afterwards use- ful in drawing emigrants to his province in America. A plan for the establishment of a Quaker colony, in which there would be perfect freedom of conscience and complete religious lib- erty, had for some time been agitated among the leading Quakers. It was possibly with the immediate intention of realizing this plan, or perhaps because through his West Jersey interests he recognized the value of a colonial possession, that Penn, in 1680 asked from the Crown, in payment of the debt due his father's estate, a tract of land in America, "lying north of Maryland, on the east bounded with the Delaware, on the west limited as Maryland is, and northward to extend as far as plantable, which is altogether Indian." The grant was confirmed by King Charles II. March 4, 1681, who added the name of Penn to the title "Sylvania" that Penn had suggested, in honor of Admiral Penn. Penn sailed for his province in the ship "Welcome" on Sep- tember I, 1682, having meanwhile obtained from James, Duke of York, the lower land on the Delaware, known as the "Lower Coun- ties" and now forming the State of Delaware, thus giving free access to Pennsylvania by the river. A year earlier he had been pre- ceded by his cousin. Colonel William Markham, whom he had named as Deputy-Governor, and who was accompanied with three Com- missioners. Penn landed at New Castle October 27 and soon afterwards moved up the river to Upland, to which he gave the name of Chester. December 7 the Great Law (see §19) was adopted by the Assembly called by Penn ; it embodied his ideas on the subject of government. PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 65 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE PROVINCE PENNSILVANIA I N AMERICA* Lately Granted under the Great Seal o F ENGLAND T O William Penn, &c. Togetlier with Privilcdges and Powers necef- fary to the well-governing thereof. Made publick (or the Information of fuch as are or nuy be difpofcd CO Tranfport themfelves oj Scrvancs into thofe Parts. LONDON: Printed, and Sold by ^atJMUH CUrk Booklellet in Ctar^-'Jard Lem^ani^itet,' uS 3 1 « FAC-SIMILE OF TITLE PAGE. 66 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. While Penn had hoped to remain permanently in America, he was recalled to England within two years by the pressing claims made by Lord Baltimore in connection with the Maryland boundary (see §37). Shortly afterwards (February 6, 1685) Charles II. died, and Penn, who had long been a close friend of James, whom his father had especially requested to look after his son's interests, now became an important character at Court. Penn's intercourse with James, and his life as one of the conspicuous figures of his Court, forms one of the most complicated chapters of his history. The question of Universal Toleration and liberty of conscience became MAP OF PHILADELPHIA BY THOMAS HOLME, I7OO. acute. James sought to bring it about by arbitrary methods, if by no other means, in order to secure the restoration of the Roman Catho- lics to full political rights ; while Penn worked towards the same ends that the Quakers might be free from any disability. Much of his time was now consumed in aiding the Quakers who were in prison and in securing their release ; and so constant were his labors and so numerous his engagements at Court that his connection with the King seemed to offer too many differences with his avowed faith as a Quaker, and he was openly accused of being a Jesuit. On the flight of James in 1688 Penn was one of the few friends of the King who remained in London, though the succeeding five years were spent in retirement and apparently in hiding. Charges of treason were brought against him, and on October 20, 1692, an PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 67 MAP OF PENNSYLVANIA, 1698. 68 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. order in Council deprived him of the Governorship of Pennsylvania and gave it to Benjamin Fletcher, Governor of New York. On February 23, 1693/4, his wife died, and on August 20, 1694, he was reinstated in the government of his province. On March 5, 1696, he married Hannah Callowhill, of Bristol, and it was her children who succeeded to the proprietaryship on his death. In 1699 he returned to Pennsylvania, where he remained until the fall of 1701, when he was recalled to England, by the introduction of a bill into the House of Lords to convert the private colonies into colonies of the Crown. The province had been a source of constant expense to Penn, and he had had much trouble with the conduct of its affairs, not only with the Deputy Governors he had chosen to represent him, but with the people who did not always respond to his efforts to provide them with a wise system of government. His financial difficulties with the province culminated with the death of his steward Ford, who had accumulated a large indebtedness from Penn, and to whom he had given a deed in fee simple of the whole province of Pennsyl- vania as security, and from whom he afterwards accepted a lease of the province. There is no doubt this transaction was made as a mortgage only, but it formed the basis of a heavy claim against Penn, which was only discharged by the payment of a large sum of money. In February, 171 2, Penn's difficulties had reached such a point that he proposed to sell his proprietary rights to the Crown, retaining his land and the rents due from lands already disposed of ; but before he could sign the deed he was stricken with paralysis, and although he did not die until July 30, 17 18, it was impossible to effect a legal transfer. The province thus remained in his family until the Revolution. William Penn was one of the great characters of his age. He was a man of education, with a knowledge of Latin, Greek, French, German and Dutch. His published writings show a wide reading, especially in theology and government, and his quotations from classic and mediaeval writers prove him to have been a man of broad learning. He was an active man of affairs in every sense of the word. He was a politician, a courtier, the founder of a colony, a leader and organizer of the Quakers. Being a man of wealth, and naturally associating with people of the highest standing in England, he lived well both there and in America, maintaining in the province a state that was in keeping with his means and with his position as pro- PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 69 prietor, and yet which seemed somewhat at variance with his charac- ter as a Quaker leader. Pohtically Penn was far in advance of his time. He acquired universal fame in Europe for the perfect faith he kept with the Indians. Not only did he maintain his engage- ments for thirty years, but the people of Pennsylvania enjoyed a freedom from Indian warfare for seventy-five years as a direct result of his fair treatment. No other incident in his career brought him such fame as this, and possibly no other cause attracted so widespread attention to his province. It formed the real founda- tion of its later prosperity. Ill TOMBSTONE OF WILUAM PENN AND HANNAH PENN, Jordan's meeting house, England. 15. Penn's Family. — Of Penn's seven children by his first wife, Gulielma Maria Springett (1643/4- 1693/4) four died in in- fancy or early childhood. His son Springett (1675-1696) died in his twenty-first year. His daughter Letitia (1678-1746) married Wil- liam Aubrey, of London, and was sixty-eight years of age when she died; she had no children. Another son, William Penn, Jr. (1680- 1720) survived his father two years; he spent some time in Pennsyl- vania, where he made an unsavory record, although at one time a member of the Provincial Council. On his father's death he claimed the Governorship of the Province, but was not recognized by the Assembly nor by the Board of Trade in London. 70 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. Penn had also seven children by his second wife, Hannah Cal- lowhill (1664-1726). Three died in childhood; one daughter, Mar- garet (1704- 1 750/51) married Thomas Freame; three sons, John (1699/ 1 700- 1 746), Thomas (1701/02- 1775) and Richard (1705/06- 1771) succeeded to the proprietaryship under the final settlement of their father's will. The eldest son, John, was born in Philadelphia, and was called "the American." He was unmarried, and received one-half of the proprietary estate in Pennsylvania and the Lower Counties. He visited America in 1734 and remained about a year. Thomas and Richard Penn each received one-fourth of the proprie- tary estate, the portion of John being charged with certain money payments to his sister Margaret. Thomas Penn was for nearly thirty years the principal proprietor of the province, and his influence on its growth was only second to that of his father. He lived in Philadelphia for nine years, and, throughout his life devoted much time to proprietary affairs. He received his brother John's share of the estate on the latter's death, and thus became the holder of three-fourths of the proprietary and family estates in Pennsylvania and Delaware. Richard Penn, the third brother, never visited America. Of William Penn's grandchildren, two sons of Thomas, John (1760-1834) and Granville (1761-1844) both visited America, but not until after the Revolutionary War ; they had, therefore, no part in Pennsylvania history. Two sons of Thomas's brother Richard be- came governors of the province. Richard Penn (1735-1811) was Lieutenant-Governor from October, 1771, to July, 1773; his brother John Penn (1729- 1795) held the same office from November, 1763 to April, 1 77 1, and again from August, 1773, to September, 1776. He was the last of the provincial governors, and with him the con- nection of the Penn family with the government of Pennsylvania came to an end. 16. The Holy Experiment of Pennsylvania. — The "Holy Experiment" was a term used by Penn to describe his undertaking in America. His aim was to found a colony in which there should be absolute religious liberty and perfect equality. The principles upon which his plan was carried out involved (i) perfect democracy, (2) perfect religious liberty, (3) perfect justice and fairness in dealing with aborigines and neighbors, (4) the absence of all military and naval provision for attack and defence, and (5) the abolition of oaths. His avowed intention was "to lay the foundation of a free PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 71 colony for all mankind," and more especially those of his own faith. But he distinctly declined to entrust the government exclusively to the Quakers, his aim being, he said, not to "lessen the civil liberties of others, because of their persuasion, but to screen and defend our own from any infringement on that account." ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF THE PENN FAMILY. Pennsylvania was the most successful of the proprietary colonies of America. Rapidly becoming the richest and most thickly popu- lated colony, the province failed to realize all the ideals of its founder, and it was not until after Penn's death that it became profitable to his family, and founded the large fortune he hoped it 72 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. would create for himself. The Pennsylvania Assembly abolished the political rights and feudal ownership of the land at the Revolu- tion, and permitted the Penns to retain some estates that had been settled on the children of Penn's first wife, the manors owned by the proprietors, and some quit rents, and voted them i 139,000 in money for what was confiscated. The Penns laid a claim against the English government for losses occasioned by the Revolution, for £944,817, which was settled by an annuity of £4,000, commuted in 1884 by a payment of £67,000. The family still own some manors in the interior of the State, and some quit-rents are still paid to their agents. While the governmental claims of Penn failed of realization, his ideals dominated the province for seventy years, and have never been extinguished. With the Indian wars Pennsylvania ceased to be a land of constant peace, and other circumstances materially changed the character of the government and the people. Two notable facts hastened this result : ( i ) The veto of the English Crown, and its undefined authority over the charter and the many wars and demands made upon the province, both forming a constant interference with the plan of government; and (2) the proprietors of the second gen- eration were members of the Church of England and not in sympathy with the principles of their father. The Quakers, although long in a minority in the province, lost their political control in 1756. Penn's "Holy Experiment," however, ranks among the most notable efforts in human government. It was a unique attempt to realize lofty ideals of peace, good-fellowship and perfect democracy under con- ditions that contained many elements of possible success. Yet that he achieved so much as he did is high testimony to the sagacity of Penn's views and the soundness with which he put them into practice. The history of the province and the State demonstrates that the "Holy Experiment" was well worth the making. 17. The Royal Charter. — The Charter of Charles II. was signed by the King March 4, 1681. It was the basis of the pro- vincial constitution. It constituted William Penn proprietor of about 40,000 square miles, whose boundary was almost the same as that of the present State. Penn and his heirs were made absolute pro- prietors of this great area, the sovereignty alone being reserved to the English Crown. For payment Penn was required to deliver an- nually to the King at Windsor two beaver skins and the fifth part of all gold and silver found within the province. PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 73 The proprietor was given full authority to establish the form of government and to make laws with the consent of the freemen, "or the greater part of them or of their delegates or deputies ;" in cases of emergency or inability to bring the people or their delegates together Penn was authorized to issue laws himself, which were to be reasonable; in every instance the laws must be consonant with those of England. The right of appeal to the Crown was especially reserved. Full power of punishment and pardon for crime was given, except for treason and wilful and malicious murder, for which only reprieves could be issued until the will of the Crown was made known. All laws were, within five years from their adoption, to be submitted to the Privy Council, and if not acted on in six months were to stand. Power was given to appoint officers, judges and magistrates ; to lay out towns, cities and counties ; to create sea- ports and harbors ; to levy customs and subsidies ; to trade with any English ports and to reship goods in England to foreign countries ; to dispose of lands ; to erect manors. Correspondence with States and sovereigns at war with England was forbidden, but Penn was given the full power and rank of a Captain-General, with authority to maintain an armed force for use against savages, pirates and other enemies. It was stipulated that a resident agent be maintained in London, and it was also provided that if damages be obtained by the Crown for any cause, and remain unpaid for a year, the govern- ment might be removed by the Crown, though the ownership of land and other property vested in the proprietor would not be affected. The King agreed not to levy taxes in the Province without the con- sent of the Proprietary or Chief Governor or Assembly or by an act of Parliament. It was also provided that if twenty inhabitants of the Province should express a desire for a preacher to the Bishop of London he should be permitted to perform his duties without molestation. Question of interpretations of the Charter were to be submitted to any court convenient to Penn. The Charter was drawn by Penn on the model of the Maryland Charter, and was revised by Lord Chief Justice North and the At- torney-General, Sir William Jones. It did not aim to establish a trading corporation, as did many of the colonial charters, but sought to create a government by a single person in whom was vested the sole right to the land. Advantage was taken of the experience gained by previous charters granted for America, to provide for a just supervision of the colony by the English Government; the re- 74 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. strictions were moderate and wise, and the Charter was, from this point of view, superior to those of Maryland and the Carolinas. A royal letter was issued by the King under date of April 2, 1681, directed to the inhabitants of the Province, commanding their obedience to the new proprietor. A quit-claim dated August 21, 1682, was also issued by the Duke of York for the region included within Pennsylvania, though he had no legal jurisdiction over the new Province. The tribute of beaver skins was paid until 1780. The original Charter has disappeared. Penn's rights in America were thus established by four docu- ments or grants: i, The Charter given by Charles II.; 2, the let- ter issued by the same King ; 3, the deed of the Duke of York ; and, 4, the Duke of York's deeds covering Delaware, or the Lower Counties. 18. Frames of Oovernment. — The form of government pro- posed for the Province was contained in a document drawn by Penn in England, in the preparation of which he consulted many persons, and which he called the Frame of Qovernment. It is dated May 3, 1682, and formed the first constitution of Pennsylvania. Government, the Preface declared, was of divine origin, and "any government is free to the people under it where the laws rule and the people are a party to those laws." The Frame provided for a Governor or Deputy Governor, to be appointed by the proprietor, and a Council and Assembly to be elected by the freemen. The Council was to consist of 72 persons, to be chosen for three years, one-third retiring each year, and after seven years the retiring members to be ineligible for re-election until the lapse of a year. The Governor or his deputy was to preside at meetings of the Council and to have three votes. Together they formed the executive part of the government. The Council had the sole right of originating legislation. To it was given the execution of the laws, the establishment of courts of justice, the preservation of the peace, and the duty of upholding the constitution. It had the care of the public treasury, the right to found cities, ports and towns, to build highways, erect schools and the encouragement of literature, science and invention. Once a year it was to submit to the Governor a list of double the number of persons needed to serve as judges, treasurers and masters of the rolls, and from this list, within three days, he must make a selection or the first named would be entitled to the office. It had the right PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 75 The FRAME of the GOVERNMENT OF THE of IN AM E R I C A = Together with certain A W S Agreed upon in England GOVERN OUR AND Divers E R E E - M E N of die aforcfaid PROVINCE To be funhcr Explained and Confirmed there by the firit Trovincial Council said (jcneralJlfemhly that (hall be held, if they fee meet. Prmted ill the Year MDCLXXXIl. FAC-SIMILE OF TITLE PAGE OF PENN'S "fRAME OF GOVERNMENT, 1682. 76 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. to summon or dissolve the General Assembly. To facilitate business the Council was divided into four committees of i8 members each. One-third of the members of each committee formed a quorum, and the four quorums together were to form the Standing Council of 24 members. The Assembly was, for the first year, to consist of all the free- men of the province. It had the right to approve or reject bills, and to propose amendments to measures adopted by the Council. It could impeach criminals for trial before the Council. The Frame could be amended only by consent of the Governor and six-sevenths of the Council and the Assembly. FAC-SIMILE OF SIGNATURES TO FRAME OF GOVERNMENT. The Frame did not differ widely from the constitutions then in force in the other colonies, but it contained two provisions that had not appeared before in any American constitution, and which after- wards came into general use. These were the provisions for its own alteration or amendment and the system of impeachment. In order to start the government going Penn appointed the first officers to act under the Frame. The Penn Papers in the possession of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania contain twenty drafts of the Frame, showing many changes and alterations, and proving the care Penn had taken in PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. yy its compilation, and the many persons he must have consulted before reaching the final form. The last draft is dated April 26, 1682. The Act of Settlement was a bill adopted at Chester, March 19, 1683. It modified the Frame in some particulars where it had been found unwieldy or unsuited for practical conditions. The Council was reduced to three from each county and the Assembly to six from each county, making the numbers 18 and 36 respectively. A Second Frame was agreed upon between Penn and the Council and Assembly on April 2, 1683, which contained a number of changes from the earlier one. The Council was to consist of not less than 18 members, three from each county, nor more than 72; the Assembly was not to number less than 36 nor more than 200. The Governor's three votes in the Council were abolished, and he was not to perform any public act without the advice and consent of that body. There was no division of the Council into committees, but a Standing Council of one-third the whole number of members was constituted. The guardian of the proprietor's heir, if a minor, was to have the management of the private estates of his ward, as well as direction of the public affairs of the Province. The estates of aliens were to descend to their heirs if they had been naturalized. The privilege of hunting and fishing anywhere in the Province was given in general terms, except on located manors and other private property. The full and quiet possession of lands to which any per- son had lawful or equitable claim was guaranteed, with the exception of rents or services that were or ought to be reserved to the pro- prietor. The absolute power of appointing officers was reserved to the proprietor during his lifetime. Markham's Frame. The assumption of the Government of Pennsylvania by Governor Fletcher of New York produced great confusion in the administration of affairs in the Province. Mark- ham, who continued as Governor after Fletcher's withdrawal, adopted a policy towards the previous arrangements of Penn that complicated matters still further. A new constitution was finally drawn and agreed to by Markham and the Assembly in 1696, which was a complete recognition of the popular will. It permitted both the Council and the Assembly to originate legislation, gave the Assembly authority to sit on its own adjournments, and agreed that the Governor should perform no public act without the consent of a majority of the Council. This document is known as "Markham's Frame," and while not formally approved by Penn, remained in force 78 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. until 1700. It was a most important paper in the legislative develop- ment of Pennsylvania. The Charter of Privileges was granted by Penn and accepted by the Assembly in 1701, and supplanted the earlier Frames. It dif- fered widely from the previous documents. The Council was de- prived of its parental authority, rotation in office and the use of the ballot were not mentioned ; the Governor and Council were excluded by implication from the power to propose legislation; no provision was made for the family or the estate of the proprietor. 19. The Great Law. — With the Frame of Government Penn also submitted a code of laws entitled Laws Agreed Upon in Eng- land, or the Printed Laws, which were to be altered or amended by the Assembly in Pennsylvania. The result, known as The Great Law, was adopted by the Assembly at Chester, December, 1682. This law established absolute religious liberty to those who believed in one God, but required all office holders to profess belief in the divinity of Jesus Christ as well as all who voted for them. Prisons were to be workhouses and places for reformation and cleanliness; trial by jury was established, but oaths were not re- quired; murder was punishable with death; and careful provision was made against swearing, drunkenness, card-playing, scolding, theft and other crimes. 20. The Proprietaryship and the Province. William Penn was feudal lord of Pennsylvania. The Charter of Charles II. con- stituted him Governor and owner of the land, with the right to devise the form of government in conjunction with the freemen of the Province. In selling his land Penn provided for the payment of a quit-rent, which he supposed would be paid to the end of time, and thus the Province be a perpetual source of revenue to his family. The proprietors were, on the whole, popular in the Province. It is true that much of its early legislative history is concerned with conflicts between the Assembly and the proprietor, but Penn was per- sonally popular with his people, and many of the disputes which were acute while he was in England were quickly settled to the satisfac- tion of all on his arrival in America. An opposition to the proprietors, developed very early in the his- tory of tlie Province, was continued during the whole of the time of their control, and in the lifetime of William Penn centred in David Lloyd, a Welsh Quaker lawyer, who conducted a bitter campaign PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 79 against him. Robert Quarry, Judge of the Admiralty, and a leader of the Church Party, was also most aggressive in his opposition to Penn. The opposition, however, aimed more directly at obtaining legislative and political rights than real objection to the proprietary- ship itself. On the death of Penn the disputes with his successors became more numerous, and none of his sons enjoyed the personal popularity of their father. The most serious problem involved in the proprietaryship was the taxation of the proprietary estates. The proprietors refused again and again to assent to it, as much of their land was unoccu- pied and held for sale. The Assembly, on the other hand, argued that it was necessary to defend the lands of the settlers by military Arms of P&nn, force, and as the expense of the Government was considerable the proprietors should meet a part of these expenditures by the taxation of their estates. In April, 1759, Governor Denny signed a bill which provided for the taxation of the estates, and when an appeal was taken to the Board of Trade, Benjamin Franklin and Robert Charles, agents of the Assembly in London, agreed to offer amend- ments in the Assembly which would meet most of the objections raised by the proprietors. With but one exception the taxation of the estates appears to have been fair and equitable. William Penn maintained a policy of paternalism towards the Province and its people ; he treated the colonists kindly and expected to be treated in a similar manner by them. It was a matter of great regret and annoyance to him to find that this was not done, and it 8o PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. was not until after his death that the Assembly gave evidence of realizing the real character of the great Founder of Pennsylvania. His sons constantly displayed a real and personal interest in the Province, but they did not revive the paternalism of their father. They were content to maintain their rights against the claims of the Assembly by a much more rigid policy than their father had shown at any time. 21. The Province and the Penn Family. — Penn granted the Government of Pennsylvania by will, April 6, 1712, to the Earl of Oxford, the Earl Mortimer and Earl Powlett and their heirs, in trust, with instructions to sell it to the Crown or to a private person if advantageous terms could be obtained. Provision was made in the will for the disposition of money received from this sale. All lands and other property in Pennsylvania or elsewhere in America were bequeathed to his wife and other trustees. They were to sell suffi- cient land to pay his debts, and convey to his daughter and each of the three children of William, his son by his first wife, 10,000 acres. The remainder of the Province was to be given to John, Thomas, Margaret, Richard and Dennis, his children by his second wife, as she might direct. His personal estate and all arrears of rent in Pennsylvania were given to his wife, together with an annuity of £300 out of accruing rents. Mrs. Penn was made sole executrix. As Penn had, by his will, separated his government rights from his property rights, various legal questions arose which were the occasion of much controversy. The heir at law, William Penn, Jr., maintained that these rights could not be separated, and on his death in 1720 his eldest son Springett asserted his right to the govern- ment. An agreement made between Mrs. Penn and Springett in 1725 designated Gordon as Governor in succession to Keith, with the express stipulation that Springett's rights of government should not be impaired. In 1718 Mrs. Penn conveyed the Province and the Lower Counties to John, Thomas, Richard and Dennis as joint ten- ants by deed poll. In January, 1726, on the death of Dennis, she re- voked this deed, and granted half the Province to John, and the other half to Thomas and Richard, with certain reservations. In the follow- ing year a decree of the Exchequer declared Penn's will duly proved, and immediately afterwards, by a sextipartite deed, the tenure of the younger brothers was changed to tenancy in common. In Janu- ary, 1730, the surviving trustees made a reconveyance of the land Thomas Penn. PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 8i to the three brothers, and their rights were further estabhshed by deeds executed in 1735, 1737, 1741 and 1742. The rights of government were claimed by Springett Penn until his death. The younger brothers would have purchased these powers had they been able to command the money necessary to buy them. In 1731, immediately after the death of Springett, his son William agreed to relinquish all claim to the land and the govern- ment for is, 500 and certain reservations. The young proprietors at once mortgaged the Province to him as security for this payment, and February 11, 1744, the surviving trustee conveyed the govern- ment to them. PROPRIETARY SEAL OF WILLIAM PENN. When Thomas Penn visted the Province in 1732 his two brothers urged him to sell the land at almost any price if he could obtain sufficient money by this means to relieve them from the pres- sure of debt. They offered to sell him their entire interest, but he was unable to raise the funds. An agreement was finally made by the three brothers for the entail of the estate. Each, on his death, was to devise his share to his eldest son in tail male, with the re- mainder to the other sons in like manner ; if any should die without male issue his portion was to go to the survivors and their heirs as appointed. John Penn, on his death in 1746, bequeathed his half of Pennsylvania to Thomas for life, then in succession to the sons of Thomas, or, in failure of these, to the descendants of Richard. John Penn, eldest son of Richard, succeeded to his father's proprietary- ship in 1771. 82 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 22. Provincial and Home Government. — The relations of Pennsylvania with England chiefly centred in questions relating to defence and to trade. The matter of defence was complicated by the conscientious scruples of the Quakers against bearing arms or the use of military force for any purpose. The applications of the Crown for military assistance from the Province were at first ignored, but the demands became so persistent that they could not be avoided, and a compromise was finally adopted whereby appro- priations were voted for the King's use or the support of the Gov- ernment, and no inquiry made as to the disposition of the funds. The questions of defence were closely connected with the efforts to enforce the laws of trade. The early history of the Province is filled with reports of piracy and smuggling, which seemed to have been stimulated by the non-m.ilitary character of the Quaker gov- ernment. These were so numerous that the King told Penn the Charter would be forfeited unless these disorders were suppressed. Penn undertook to accomplish this, and while the Assembly denied that conditions were as represented, it passed an act in 1698 "for pre- venting frauds and regulating abuses in trade." This act defined the methods of collecting customs and provided for the suppression of illegal commerce. The Board of Trade early placed itself on record as opposed to all proprietary governments, claiming they had failed to accom- plish what it was proposed they would when established, that they had not enforced the laws of trade, and in other ways were in oppo- sition to the Crown. A bill was introduced into Parliament revoking all the proprietary charters, but failed of passage; for many years, however, the Board of Trade made representations against the con- dition of affairs in Pennsylvania. Other representations followed on information to the Board that the Province was unwilling to contrib- ute to defence, and throughout the entire provincial period the Board concerned itself with the state of the Province, alleging neglect of security and defence, and even advocating the exclusion of Quakers from the Assembly. It was not until the Quakers voluntarily re- frained from offering themselves as candidates for the Assembly in 1756 in response to a suggestion from the London Meeting that these matters assumed less acute form. Pennsylvania's relations with the home Government not only included matters of trade and of defence, but, by the Royal Charter, all laws passed by the Assembly were to be transmitted to England PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 83 for approval within five years after passage ; an agent was to be maintained in London ; and provision was made for a minister of the Church of England on a duly supported request. For the first few years the provision requiring the transmission of the laws was ignored. In 1694 a few acts were laid before the King in Council. The Board of Trade being established in 1696 it then became the custom to lay before it all acts passed by colonial legislatures. They were then referred to the attorney-general and the solicitor-general for inspection, and on their opinion for or against approval by the Crown they were reported to the committee of the Privy Council for Plantation Affairs, by whom a report was made to the King in Council. After 1746 the proprietors directed that all acts should be laid before the clerk of the Privy Council without refer- ence to the Board of Trade. 23. Attempts to Abolish the Proprietaryship. — Pennsylvania was a vast fief held by the proprietors of the Crown. Though feudal lords they were the executives of a democracy. This double character was the cause of the struggles between the proprietors and the people, and between the proprietors and the home Government. These struggles began so early in the history of the Province that in May, 1703, Penn proposed the surrender of his powers of gov- ernment to the Board of Trade. The offer was declined, and Penn made a new proposition offering to sell his governmental rights for £20,000. A counter proposition to purchase for i 12,000 was re- ported upon favorably by the Board, February 13, 17 12, and a bill introduced into Parliament to complete the bargain. One thousand pounds was paid on account, but the bill failed to pass, and after Penn's death his sons ceased the effort to dispose of their rights. Dis- continued by the proprietors, an agitation looking towards the same end was developed in the Province, especially after the influx of the Germans and Scotch-Irish had introduced new elements of population into the Province, which the Quakers feared would be disastrous to their own participation in the provincial government. Two politi- cal parties were formed, whose purposes were, respectively, the con- tinuance of the proprietary rule and its extinction. The proprietary party was composed chiefly of the Presbyterians and the Episco- palians ; the anti-proprietary included the larger body of the Quakers and many Germans, who feared compulsory military legislation. Proposals for the assumption of the government by the Crown were talked of soon after the death of Penn, but the first definite 84 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. petition to that end appears to have been made in 1742, and was adversely reported upon by the Board of Trade. Other petitions and addresses looking towards the same end followed in 1751, 1753 and 1756, and later, the occasions being requests for contributions for the Indian campaigns and difficulties with the governors in mat- ters of appropriations and legislation. The Assembly set earnestly to work to deprive the proprietors of their governmental rights. Party strife became acute. The proprietary party was headed by the Rev. Dr. William Smith, Provost of the University of Penn- sylvania, Richard Peters, Benjamin Chew, William Allen, Richard Hockley, and the anti-proprietary by Benjamin Franklin and Joseph Galloway. John Dickinson, while not friendly to the Penns, main- tained a conservative policy and was most serviceable in helping the proprietary side. Meetings were held, pamphlets were published, and much of the time of the Assembly was consumed with questions centring around this most important matter. Franklin was appointed a special agent to assist Jackson, the provincial agent in London, in bringing the petitions and addresses looking to a change of government be- fore the Crown. In November, 1765, Franklin laid an address from the Assembly and several private petitions before the King in Coun- cil. The Privy Council decided that the King had no power to grant the request made and the matter was indefinitely postponed. The proprietors, meanwhile, had been assured by the ministers of the Crown that nothing would be done ; yet in 1766 the Ministry tried to induce the proprietors to surrender the government. The passage of the Stamp Act, however, had aroused public interest in a new and more important affair, and in 1768 a resolution was adopted favoring the proprietors. In September, 1773, a congratulatory address to John Penn, Governor after the death of Richard Penn, was adopted by the Assembly and signed by Galloway as Speaker. This address marked the close of the efforts of the Assembly to change the gov- ernment. U''-' 24. Legislative Qrowi;h : Provincial Period. — Much of the legislative history of Pennsylvania in the proprietary period is concerned with conflicts with Penn and his successors concerning the rights and privileges of the Assembly and its relationship with the other parts of the Government. It began in the first session of the Council and Assembly, both of which proved to be too large, and which Penn consented to reduce to 18 for the Council and 36 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 85 MAP OF PBNXSYLVANIA, I73O. 86 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. for the Assembly. At the same time the Assembly asked for author- ity to originate legislation, but the request was refused. Many ex- tended controversies arose in this connection with the proprietary and the deputy governors and between the Council and the Assembly. On Penn's departure for England at the conclusion of his first visit, the Assembly took the decided position of rejecting as many of the Council's proposals as possible. The disputes were frequently over the smallest matters ; but the position of the Assembly was that it was contending for a vital principle, and its final victory came from the persistency with which it maintained its position at every point. Two important questions soon developed that helped the As- sembly in its battle for independence: applications for money to carry on the wars of England, and the Governor's salary. The Assembly very early perceived the value of these weapons and although war grants were, for a long time, only given without definite mention of their destination and purpose, even this support was refused unless some desired favor was granted to the Assembly. Markham's Frame, which permitted both the Assembly and the Council to originate legislation, gave the Assembly the right to sit on its own adjournments and agreed that the Governor should perform no public act of treasury or trade without the consent of a majority of the Council, was the first tangible result of the agitation for increased legislative powers. The constitution granted by Penn in 1701 marked the end of the first legislative conflict; for by it the Assembly was granted the privileges given it in Markham's Frame, together with the right to judge of the qualifications of its own mem- bers and the general powers and privileges of a free legislature. The question of adjournment soon entered upon a new stage. The Council contended that while the Assembly could adjourn from day to day or for short periods during the session, the session itself could only be closed by the Governor and Council. The Assembly paid no attention to this contention and subsequently Governor Gookin yielded to it in its demand of the right to adjourn at pleasure. The Assembly pressed its demands for independence of action with so much vigor that before 1740 it had obtained two important con- cessions ; these were, i, that to it belonged exclusively the right to dispose of the public money and determine the means and ways by which it should be raised ; and, 2, that the decision of the Deputy Governor approving or disapproving a bill passed by it should not be subject to reversal by the proprietary. PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 87 The Council was at first elective, but was appointive after June, 1700, when the Frame of 1683 was set aside. Its members were appointed under Governor Fletcher, but were elected after the close of his administration. From 1684 to 1686 and from 1690 to 1692 it acted in an executive capacity. Until 1700 it formed a part of the Legislature; after that date it was composed chiefly of the best known and most conservative inhabitants of the Province, appointed by the proprietors and generally depended upon to support their interests. Its participation in the government of the province was never desired by the Assembly. The proprietors endeavored to continue their control of the Government by means of instructions to the Deputy Governors, issued on their appointment, and by private letters from time to time as circumstances seemed to demand. At first the Assembly made no OBVERSE. REVERSE. PROPRIETARY SEAL OF PENNSYLVANIA. objection to this procedure; but as the contest for supreme control was continued, more and more opposition was manifested towards the instructions, which became the subject of much controversy. It was not, however, always possible for the Governors to comply lit- erally with their instructions, and from time to time they were per- mitted to act as seemed to them best. After 1764 little real impor- tance was attached to this feature of proprietary administration. 25. Religious Tests. — The Great Law of 1682 provided that "no person now or hereafter living in the Province who shall confess one Almighty God to be the Creator, Upholder and Ruler of the world, and professeth him or herself obliged in conscience to live peaceably and justly under civil government, shall in any wise be molested or prejudiced for his or her conscientious persuasion and practise, nor shall be obliged at any time to frequent or maintain any religious worship, place or ministry contrary to his or her mind, but 88 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. ,,, '" the Summ o£<^R^-^>^^ ^y.,^^^^^y^^-^^^y^ I^'^^f* <=^^^ I" SteHing, for the uft of the Frte S4P J}V "REGNE DI LOVI.$ XV "ROY 3>i:^ FKANCE MOV5 CELOROIM COMM AMDATvTT "DVN DETACHEMENT ENVOI E PAR H ONS li EVR. LE n'^ DE LA GAU650NJERE COMMAKIDA MT C?ENE"RAL DE LA NO UVELLE TRANCE TOVR "RETABiiK -LA TRANciviLLlTB JDANS qVEL^VES VlLLhC^^ SAUVACfS DE CES CANTOUS AVONS ENTERRE CETrti PXA<=3VE: AU CONTLUE-NT DE LOKIO ET'DETCHADAKOIN CE^^iV'IIeT PRESPEJ-^ "RiyiETiE OYO AUTREMENT BELLE RiviETlE TOV-R MONUMENT DU RE INrOUVEELEM Ef^T "DB TOSST.SSio-H HVE HOVS kVOHS TKlS DELA *DLTTE KlviKKE OYO ET D"E TOVTES CEELES ^Vl y TOWBEKT ET DE TOUTED LBS TERRES -DES DWX corns JVSqvn AVX >S0VRCE5 PE3DiTTE>STliVlERE>S AlUSl qVEN OWT JOVY OV DV JOVJR LES PKHCEDENTnS RoIs PE FRANCE ETQUil^S sV sour MAINTENV^ PAR JLES Al^HB^BT TARJIES T-RAITTBS SPBCiAUUMEKT TAR CEVXDERl'^iVtCK PVtRECHT ET P'AIX LA CKAPELLE FAC-SIMILE CF A CELORON PLATE, 1749- ernor of Virginia, who, in 1753, sent George Washington, then a youth, to present a formal request for the withdrawal of the French troops to Legardeur de St. Pierre, the French commandant. Wash- ington reached the forks of the Ohio November 23, and afterwards visited Forts Venango and Le Boeuf. He returned to Williamsburg early in 1754, bearing a sealed letter from St. Pierre, declining to discuss treaties. An expedition for the expulsion of the French was immediately organized by Virginia, and the command of two com- panies was given to Washington. The news of the surrender of the PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. in fort at the forks of the Ohio by Ensign Ward marked the begin- ning of the French and Indian War, which lasted seven years. Washington continued his advance with 150 men, looking for larger reinforcements under Col. Fry. In May he threw up an en- trenchment at Great Meadows called Fort Necessity, and on the 27th attacked a company of French and Indians under de Jumonville, which he defeated in a severe skirmish. Shortly after he was joined by Fry's troops, and Fry having died, the chief command devolved upon Washington. On July 3 Fort Necessity was attacked by a strong force under Coulon de Villiers, and Washington, realizing the strength of his opponents, surrendered and retired with the honors of war, returning to Williamsburg. The French were exceedingly active in promoting discontent among the Indians. They were continuing their efforts for the con- trol of America, and hoped, by dominating the land to the west of the colonies, to shut them off from westward expansion. The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which nominally brought peace to England and France in Europe, was without effect on the French in America, who continued their encroachments to such an extent that the British ministry in January, 1755, sent Major-General Edward Braddock to America with 500 men to put an end to these aggressions. He landed at Hampton, Va., in February. Braddock's Expedition was the first important British cam- paign in the interior of the American forest. Owing to disputes in the Assembly no money was voted to the expedition by the Province, but a post road towards the Ohio and provisions were granted, and wagons and other help were obtained by Benjamin Franklin, the royal Postmaster General in Pennsylvania, who assumed consider- able personal obligations in providing this assistance. In June, with Braddock's disappearance into the forest, the first Indian massacre in Pennsylvania occurred, 30 people being killed. July 9, 1755, Brad- dock, who had been joined by Washington with a little more than 2,000 men, was defeated at a point about seven miles from Fort Duquesne. The catastrophe was chiefly owing to his unfamiliarity with Indian warfare ; for while his troops were accustomed to fight- ing in the open field and were well trained in European methods, they were totally unprepared for the Indian sharpshooting from behind trees and their defeat was practically inevitable. The expedition was most disastrous to Pennsylvania, for the Indians immediately entered upon a campaign of border warfare, the horrors of which, while long familiar to other colonies, had here- 112 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. > o ■;; = D .^JB H O <" t: — U ^ X X -a 2 o H "^ .^ ^ - 3 (i; ■^"o < '-< « I. PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 113 tofore been unknown in the Province. Farms were plundered, and men, women and children murdered with the terrible refinements of Indian cruelty. Quakers and Moravians found their scruples against war and military service not so pronounced as they had thought them to be now their own homes and lives were attacked. A military law was passed by the Assembly November, 1755, and Franklin was named commander of the first company organized under it. In the following year a further effort at protection was made by beginning a chain of forts from the Delaware River near Easton along the frontier to the forks of the Susquehanna, and thence to the Maryland boundary, at a cost of £85,000. About fifty forts were erected, but many of the worst atrocities of the Indians were committed be- neath their walls. They were chiefly valuable as places of refuge (§64). In July, 1755, a treaty of peace was made with the Delawares and Shawanese that was largely brought about by Quaker influence. In August of the same year a vigorous campaign was undertaken against the Indians still engaged in war, and an expedition was led against the Indian village of Kittanning on the Allegheny by Col. John Armstrong, the first real soldier produced in Pennsylvania. The movement was entirely successful ; the village was destroyed and the Indians did not again locate themselves east of Fort Du- quesne. The beneficial effects of this battle lasted but six months, and then the western tribes renewed their activity against the Prov- ince. There were no notable massacres as in the earlier years of the war, but the Indians advanced to within thirty miles of Philadelphia, and the people were kept in a state of constant terror. In 1757 William Pitt, on becoming Prime Minister of England, adopted a broader policy towards the colonies, with a view of ending the war. A large army was dispatched to America and a better feeling was developed between the colonies and England. The war was ended November 25, so far as Pennsylvania was concerned, by the aban- donment of Fort Duquesne to an expedition conducted by Brigadier- General John Forbes. The troops remaining on the site gave the name of Pittsburg to the village they built for their shelter, and in the following autumn General Stanwix built a larger fort, called, like the other one. Fort Pitt. Meanwhile difficulties with the Indians had been greatly lessened by a convention at Easton in October, which was attended by the Governors of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and many provincial officials and citizens and about 300 114 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. chiefs. The lands obtained by the Penns at the Albany purchase were reconveyed back to the Indians. Pontiac's War. — The war between France and England was concluded by the treaty of Paris, signed February lo, 1763. The celebrated Indian Pontiac, chief of the Ottawas, then undertook to regain for the French in America what they had lost at Paris, and immediately began a campaign against the English that speedily destroyed the more important forts, leaving only Detroit, Niagara and Fort Pitt in the hands of the English. In June, 1763, scalping parties appeared in the Province, and the unsuspecting people were once more forced to fly from their homes. A notable victory was gained at Bushy Run, almost on the site of Braddock's memorable defeat, by Col. Henry Bouquet, who had gone to the relief of Fort Pitt. Superior generalship and a perfect knowledge of Indian methods gave a victory to the English forces that is rightly ranked among the most remarkable conflicts between the whites and savages in America, The war conducted by Pontiac produced the utmost feeling of resentment towards the Indians, especially among the Scotch-Irish settlers, who had then become conspicuous for the first time in the Province. Though they had declined to help Bouquet in his march towards Bushy Run, they soon afterwards organized ranging com- panies for their own protection. Fresh conflict was induced by sus- picion of the friendly Conestogoe Indians, who were the survivors of the clans that had met the first settlers on the opening of the Province, and of the Moravian Indians, a name given to the Indians converted by the Moravians, and who lived near Bethlehem. In December, 1763, a small company of helpless Indians were murdered by a band of rangers from Paxton, near Harrisburg. The remainder of the band, fourteen in number, were imprisoned at Lancaster, but the jail was captured by rangers and the Indians killed. This was probably the first instance of the so-called lynch law in America. The rangers, while strongly condemned in the eastern part of the Province, were fully supported by the frontier settlers. The incident is known as the Paxton Riots. The feeling against the Indians ran so high that a company of backwoodsmen, numbering from 590 to 1500 started in January, 1764, for Philadelphia, with the avowed purpose of seizing 140 Moravian Indians that had been taken to that city, but were turned back at Germantown. The Indian problem had now resolved itself PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 115 into a conflict between the Scotch-Irish Presbyterians and the Quakers and the provincial government. The former submitted a statement of grievances directed against the Indians, the govern- ment and Quaker control. Governor John Penn thereupon issued a proclamation on July 7, 1764, offering bounties for the lives and scalps of Indian enemies. It was a melancholy end to the wise and fraternal policy of the founder of the Province. The war with Pontiac was finally ended in 1764 by Col. Bouquet, who conducted an expedition into Ohio at the same time that Gen. Bradstreet was sent through the lakes to relieve Detroit. In the revolution the colonists were not only fighting for political rights from the English, but they had also to defend their territorial rights against the Indians. This aspect of the conflict was of special importance to Virginia and Pennsylvania. The Indians fought not only with the English against the colonists, but fought on their own account for lands they desired. Throughout this entire period there was more or less border warfare with the Indians, and several seri- ous engagements of troops. The colonists were once more com- pelled to protect themselves by means of companies of rangers. The last Indian war within Pennsylvania prior to the Revolu- tion was in the extreme southwest in 1774. It was known as Cre- sap's or Lord Dunmore's War, from Lord Dunmore, Governor of Virginia, who undertook to assert the claims of Virginia to south- western Pennsylvania by arms (see §39). Ligonier was the centre of Pennsylvania influence in the region. The Indians were particu- larly aggressive, although claiming the war was with the Virginians. It was the last American conflict in which the colonists engaged with the mother country as her subjects. The name of Cresap's was sometimes given to this conflict because of the alleged, but wrong, connection of Capt. Michael Cresap with the murder of the Indian Logan and his family, an event that took place early in the war. For many years the management of Indian affairs was in the hands of the Governor and Council, or members of the latter body; but as the Assembly made appropriations for presents to the Indians, it felt it should determine the disposition of the money so appro- priated, if not actually conduct the negotiations. Requests were made of the proprietors for money for this purpose on the grounds that they would be greatly benefited by the settlement of Indian affairs difficulties. In 1758 a law was enacted appointing nine com- missioners for Indian affairs, answerable to the Assembly, Ii6 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. Numerous agreements with the Indians were concluded by means of presents, which were sums of money appropriated by the Assembly for this purpose. The Friendly Association (see §36) did much good work, but it was discouraged by the proprietors and the royal government. Efforts were made to bring about a better state of affairs by preventing the people from settling or intruding on Indian lands in any way, and some stringent regulations for the ac- complishment of this purpose were adopted in 1768 and 1769. The Indian troubles were, however, finally closed in Pennsylvania for the proprietary period by the treaty of Fort Stanwix, in 1768. The SHOWING THE VARIOUS PURCHASES Quakers did little to civilize the Indians, but moved them on from place to place with each new purchase; they made few or no con- verts to Qiristianity. Indian Wars inWyom ing. — See §38. 35. Indian Purchases. — The territory of Pennsylvania was ac- quired by purchase from the Indians, at first by purchase from tribes occupying the land bought, and afterwards by treaties with the Six Nations. The fonner included the treaties made by William Penn and his agents, and comprised many sales and confirmations of deeds in the early history of the Province. The latter included six treaties as follows: PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 117 I. September 17, 1718, from the Delawares, confirmed by the Five Nations, October 25, 1736, for land in the southeast portion of the Province. 2. October 11, 1736, from the Five Nations at Phila- delphia, including a tract of land enclosing the area ceded in the first treaty. 3. August 22, 1749, from the Six Nations at Philadelphia, for a tract reaching from the Delaware to the Susquehanna to the north of the second purchase. 4. October 23, 1758, from the Six Nations at Easton, for a tract west of the Susquehanna and reaching to the southern boundary. 5. November 5, 1768, from the Six Nations at Fort Stanwix, for a vast and irregular extent of territory reaching from the northeast portion of the Province to the extreme southwest portion. 6. October 23, 1784, from the Six Nations at Fort Stanwix, for the remaining area in the northwest of the State. The Indian rights in the triangle at Lake Erie were extinguished by purchase in 1789. 36. The Friendly Association. — "The Friendly Association for regaining and preserving peace with the Indians by pacific meas- ures" was formed by the Friends in 1756 for the purpose of bring- ing Quaker influences to bear on the adjustment of the Indian diffi- culties. Its necessity was deemed apparent because the executive of the Province had disregarded the universal peaceful and just policy followed by Penn, and the Friends hoped to restore it in an un- official way. Though without official standing and unrecognized by the proprietors and Governors, the Association performed much use- ful service. Its work was done through conferences and by presents of money and merchandise and several important treaties were made largely through its influence, especially with Tedyuscung, the cele- brated King of the Delaware Indians. Its later records have been lost, but it seems to have survived until 1764 and possibly until 1767. ii8 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. CHAPTER VIL Boundary Adjustments. The early history of Pennsylvania is largely taken up with three important boundary disputes that, at one time, threatened her ex- istence as a Province, and if decided against her, would have re- MAP ILLUSTRATING PENNSYLVANIA BOUNDARY DISPUTES. duced her territory to a narrow strip of land of small commercial and political importance. These disputes were with Maryland and Vir- ginia on the south, and with Connecticut and New York on the north. 37. The Maryland Boundary. — Three points were at issue in the dispute over the Maryland Boundary : ( i ) the lines between Maryland and Delaware, then called the "Territories" or "The PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 119 Lower Counties"; (2) the half circle forming the northern boundary of Delaware; and (3) the line running westward from the circle, forming the southern boundary of the Province. The difficulty be- gan with the founding of the colony in 1682 and was only settled in 1774. The dispute had its origin in some uncertainties in the geo- graphical limits given in the charters of Penn and Baltimore, and in the interpretation of certain phrases in these documents ; in the irregularities in the deeds of enfeoffment granted by the Duke of York to Penn, which never gave Penn the full legal title he thought he had obtained to the Lower Counties; and to the lack of sound geographical knowledge when the charters were drawn and the boundaries came to be fixed. The Baltimore Charter fixed the northern boundary of Mary- land as extending "unto that part of Delaware Bay in the north whicli lieth under the fortieth degree of northern latitude," and it was claimed this included the land contained within the whole of the fortieth degree, or land between the 39th and 40th parallels. Penn's Charter was more accurate, and placed the southern limit of Pennsyl- vania at the beginning of the 40th degree. Had Lord Baltimore's contention prevailed Philadelphia would have been a Maryland town, while if Penn's limits had stood Baltimore would have been within the limits of Pennsylvania. Further complications were caused by the fact that the real latitude of New Castle, from which the half circle forming the present boundary of Delaware was to be struck, had been incor- rectly located on the early maps, and it was impossible for a radius of 12 miles from that point to strike the 40th parallel. Penn repeatedly offered to compromise the matter and even to purchase a harbor for Pennsylvania at the head of the Chesapeake. But Baltimore refused, hoping to add to the area of his colony, and an appeal was taken to the Privy Council. November 7, 1685, a de- cision was rendered that Baltimore had no title to Delaware, as his grant was for land uncultivated or inhabited only by savages, while the district in dispute had been settled by the Dutch before Balti- more's grant, though abandoned and settled by the Swedes without recognized authority from any one. A division was then ordered by a line drawn between the Chesapeake and the Delaware at the lati- tude of Cape Henlopen, running north to the 40th degree. I20 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. In 1709 an appeal to the Privy Council by Lord Baltimore for a reversal of this judgment was refused, and the previous judgment ordered to be carried out. Meanwhile the uncertainty that attended the settlement of the 40th degree boundary had caused many diffi- culties among the people who had settled on the disputed region. As there was no definite authority to collect taxes, the people on both sides, fearful of being forced to pay twice, refused payment alto- gether, and some disturbances resulted from this state of affairs. In February, 1724, Charles, Lord Baltimore, made an agreement with Penn's widow that no further grants of land should be made in the disputed territory for eighteen months, in which time it was hoped the matter would be settled. Nothing further was done until 1 73 1. In 1732 Baltimore signed an agreement with the Penns that promised a definite settlement. Commissioners were appointed by both parties to mark out the boundary by December 25, 1733, but the Maryland commissioners interposed so many causes for delay that nothing had been accomplished at the time set for the conclusion of the work. Lord Baltimore now claimed that the agreement had been broken, and made a fresh demand for the whole of Delaware. But the signing of the agreement was a legal fact, that rendered it amen- able to the action of a court of law. In 1735 the Penns filed a bill in equity to compel specific performances, and the case was decided in their favor May 15, 1750, the decision being rendered by Lord Chancellor Hardwicke. The Delaware line was to run west from near Cape Henlopen to the centre of the peninsula, thence northerly, tangent to the circumference of a circle drawn with a twelve mile radius around New Castle as a centre, and thence around the cir- cumference to the Delaware River. The Pennsylvania boundary was to start at the point of tangency and run north to a parallel of latitude fifteen miles south from the southernmost point of Phila- delphia, and then west for the whole length of the Province. Further objections were made until, in 1760, Frederick, Lord Baltimore made a new agreement with the Penns that practically ratified the earlier judgment. Commissioners were appointed and the circle around New Castle was drawn by the noted Philadelphia astronomer, Rittenhouse. In 1763 the two expert surveyors, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, were sent out by the Penns to complete the work. Interruptions from the Indians compelled them to abandon their task at the Monongahela in 1767. Their PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 121 work was ratified by an order in Council dated January ii, 1769, and the celebrated Mason and Dixon Line was an accomplished fact. It located the southern boundary of Pennsylvania at 39' 44'. Stones marked with the arms of Penn and of Baltimore were erected at every five miles, the miles being designated with intermediate stones marked P and M. All the stones were brought from Eng- land. Over the mountains the line was marked by heaps of stones, and beyond with posts, heaped with stones and earth. In 1774 a proclamation of the Government of Pennsylvania ex- tended its authority over a quarter of a mile of territory that lay MASON AND DIXON LINE STONE NEAR OXFORD, CHESTER CO., PENN. between the actual boundary and a temporary line to which the settlers had been accustomed. The total length of the Mason and Dixon Line is 266 miles, 24 chains, 80 links. The balance of the southern boundary of the State was run in 1784 by Robert Andrews, Andrew Ellicott, John Ewing, David Rittenhouse and John Hutchins. A resurvey of the boundary was made jointly under direction of the Maryland and Pennsylvania authorities by the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1901-1903. 38. Dispute with Connecticut. — The Royal Charter of April 23, 1662, which united the colonies of New Haven and Connecticut, gave them a western boundary that extended to the Pacific Ocean, 122 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. or the South Sea, as it was then called, but excepted from this grant any territory "then possessed or inhabited by other Christian prince or state." No claim was made to New York, which was directly in the path of this great westward extension, the boundary between the two colonies being fixed by agreement in 1664. In 1750 some explorers from Connecticut entered the Wyoming Valley, which had previously been visited by but one white man, the Moravian missionary. Count Zinzendorf; but it had now become valuable by reason of the adjoining settlements and its great fertility. It was forthwith claimed by Connecticut under its charter, although subsequent to the issuing of that document Charles II. had granted this land to William Penn. In 1753 the Susquehanna Company was formed by residents of Windham County, Connecticut, for the settle- ment of the region; it included 638 persons from Connecticut, 33 from Rhode Island, 10 from Pennsylvania, 8 from New York and 5 from Massachusetts. A deputation was sent to the Council of the Six Nations at Albany in 1754, and 7200 square miles of territory was purchased for £2,000 New York currency, July 11, though the land had previously been sold several times to the Penns. Other lands between those of the Susquehanna Company and the Delaware River were subsequently secretly purchased by another Connecticut company called the Delaware Company. The Susquehanna Company resolved upon five townships, each five miles square, to be assigned to forty settlers who would remain on the land and defend their property; but it was not until 1769 that any steady influx of settlers from Connecticut appeared in the valley. The first forty, who built a block house called Forty Fort, found some Pennsylvania settlers established near Wilkesbarre, where they had leased land from the Penns for seven years on condition of remain- ing there and defending their rights. The miniature civil strife, known as the Pennamite and Yankee Wars, resulted from the efforts of the two bodies of settlers to retain the privileges each had obtained from contending principals. The Pennsylvania settlers had Captain Amos Ogden as their leader, with whom was associated John Jennings, sheriff of North- ampton County, the official in whose name all the eft'orts to remove the Connecticut settlers were made. The Connecticut party attacked the Pennsylvanians, but were arrested by the sheriff and taken to Easton, where they v/ere dismissed on bail. This happened again, PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 123 but in the following year their new fort, Fort Durkee, was captured by Ogden, and they finally went back to Connecticut. The next attempt was made by some settlers from Lancaster County, who joined with some Connecticut men and undertook to establish a township given them by the Susquehanna Company. They captured Fort Durkee, which had been left by Ogden in the hands of a small force; but he returned to the valley and re-estab- MAP OF THE WYOMING FORTS. A. Site of Fort Durkee. F. The Battle Ground. B. Wyoming or Wiikes Barrc Fort. G. Wintermoot's Fort. C. Fort Ogden. H. Fort Jenkins. D. Village of Kingston. I. Monocasy Island. E. Forty Fort. J. The Three Pittstown Stockades. Hshed himself, but was driven out by the settlers, who, when peace was established, began to come into the valley in considerable num- bers. In September, 1770, Ogden returned, seized many of the settlers on the farms, captured Fort Durkee and once more broke up the Connecticut settlements. But the New Englanders returned again, only to be expelled by Ogden for the fifth time, and once more, in April, 1771, came again 124 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. with about 150 men. They were now more successful, and the Penn- sylvania garrison was compelled to surrender to the Connecticut force in August. The valley now became a part of Connecticut; it formed the town of Westmoreland, and was made a part of Litchfield County in Connecticut, sending its representatives to Hartford. But a new settlement being made at Muncy, outside Westmoreland, the Penns resolved on a fresh attempt to regain the land, and in September, 1775, sent an expedition under Colonel Plunkett for that purpose. May, 1776, Westmoreland township be- came Westmoreland County of Connecticut. The chief difficulty that had attended the previous efforts of the Penns was that the question was largely a property one between them and Connecticut. In seeking to gain Wyoming the Penns were trying to obtain land which they would sell to settlers, a ques- tion in which the Province was not interested. But by the time the second attempt was made by the Penns they had sold a good deal of land in the valley in the manors of Stoke and Sunbury. People from Pennsylvania had settled there and Pennsylvania interests were now much larger than they had been. It was thus easier to obtain men and money, and Plunkett was sent into the valley with 500 men. He was defeated at Nanticoke, and the Continental Congress having adopted a resolution calling on both parties to cease hostilities until the dispute could be legally disposed of, the fighting for Wyoming came to an end. In 1778 the Indians of the Six Nations, who had long regarded the valley with envious eyes, made a descent into it with a large body of British. The Indians were led by the celebrated Mohawk, Joseph Brant; the English by Col. John Butler. Massacre succeeded massacre, and culminated, July 3, in the terrible catastrophe of Forty Fort, in which the settlers had taken refuge, and which completeI> annihiliated Wyoming for the sixth time in fifteen years. This was the Battle of Wyoming, and the horrors that accompanied it weak- ened the Tory party in England and created universal sympathy for the American cause. It was the most disastrous victory the British won in America. Yet some of the settlers ventured to return later in the year, hoping to garner such crops as might still remain ; but the Indians, while no longer forming an army, continued their out- rages, and were only finally dispelled by General Sullivan, who assembled an army in Wyoming, and on July 31, 1779, moved north- ward into New York, where the strongholds of the Indians were, PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 125 and where he destroyed many of their towns and put an end to their poHtical and military importance. On the conclusion of peace the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania petitioned Congress to establish a court to settle the matter. Seven commissioners were appointed for the purpose, Aug- ust 28, 1782, and five of them organized the court at Trenton, N. J., November 19. December 30 they announced that the court was "unanimously of opinion that Connecticut had no right to the lands in controversy," and "that the jurisdiction and pre-emption of all the territory lying within the charter of Pennsylvania and now claimed by the State of Connecticut do of right belong to the State of Pennsylvania," a judgment known as the Trenton Decree. No reasons were given for this opinion, which is notable not only for its importance to Pennsylvania, but because it was the first instance in which a serious question between two States had been settled by the powers given to the Union by the Articles of Confederation. The political questions being determined, there remained the property rights of the Connecticut settlers, who had acquired land in the valley, erected buildings and permanently established them- selves there. The matter was complicated by the claims of Pennsyl- vania men to land already occupied by the Connecticut settlers, who produced title-deeds of purchase from the Penns to support their contention. Pennsylvania refused to permit the settlement of this problem by Congress, and undertook the task herself. The valley was soon dominated by land-jobbers. Alexander Patterson and Col. Armstrong were sent into it with bodies of troops, nominally to effect a settlement, but really to oust the Connecticut settlers in the interests of the Pennsylvanians. Their work was so disastrous and so annoy- ing to the settlers that a proposal was made to create a new State out of the valley, and a serious efifort was made to accomplish this pur- pose, which at one time seemed almost realized. In 1787 the Assembly passed an act known as The Confirming Act of 1787, which undertook to settle the question by confirming every Connecticut settler who had a land ownership before the Trenton Decree, and giving to the Pennsylvania claimants land of equal value in the unopened lands of the State, This act was de- clared unconstitutional, because it took away property and substituted other property for it without the consent of the original owner. It was repealed April i, 1790, and the matter thrown into the civil 126 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. courts, where title to the land might be legally established. The only case that came to trial resulted in the defeat of the Connecticut defendant, and in 1799 a further act was passed by the Assembly, known as the Compromise Act. This act required both Pennsylvania and Connecticut claimants to give their title to the Commonwealth; the former to be paid in money for their claims, the latter, being actual settlers and owners before the Trenton Decree, to receive back their land again, paying from eight and two-thirds cents to $2.00 per acre for it. The Penn- sylvania claimants frequently refused to act under this, and a further act of Assembly was passed in 1802, giving title to the Connecticut settlers without release from the Pennsylvania land-jobbers, who were advised to establish their rights in the courts. A final act was passed in 1807 which did away with the provision that the Connecticut settlers must have occupied land prior to the Trenton Decree, and allowing Pennsylvania claimants to release and be paid in money if they had acquired title before the Confirming Act of 1787. Certified Townships, §58. 39. Dispute with Virginia. — The boundary dispute with Virginia was largely concerned with a grant of 500,000 acres by George II. in 1749 to the Ohio Company, an organization chiefly composed of residents of Virginia. It was complicated by the indefinite claims of Virginia to the lands west and northwest of her coast line. The Penns tried unsuccessfully to have their western boundary fixed, and in 1754 Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia pro- posed as a safeguard against the encroachments of the French the erection of a fort on the site of the present city of Pittsburg. Thomas Penn assented to the suggestion, but stipulated that, if carried out, it must be without prejudice to his own claim if the site be found within Pennsylvania limits. The fort begun by the Virginians was cap- tured by the French and English before completion. About 1770 the government of Virginia began to actively interest itself in the colony on the Ohio and some settlers came into the region. In 1773 the Penns petitioned the King for the settlement of the boundary, but Lord Dunmore, Governor of Virginia, denied their rights, and declared a large tract of land, some of which extended fifty miles within the Pennsylvania territory, under his control. Settlers were granted land by Virginia, and many petty feuds ensued between settlers claiming rights from both parties. PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 127 MAP OF VIRGINIA CLAIMS IN SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 128 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. In 1775 a temporary boundary was proposed by the Board of Trade, but the proposal was unacceptable to the Penns. The matter was postponed, and the Revolutionary War put an end to further negotiations in England. During the revolution, Virginia proposed that the Mason and Dixon line be completed due west from the Delaware, and that the western boundary be fixed by a line due north. An agreement between the two States ratified this suggestion April II, 1784. The line was run to the Ohio River in 1785 by David Rittenhouse and Andrew Porter, acting for Pennsylvania, and Andrew Ellicott and Joseph Neville for Virginia. It was completed to Lake Erie in 1786 by Andrew Porter and Alexander McClean. Courts of law were established by the Governor of Virginia in Pittsburg, February 21, 1775, and were maintained by that State for West Augusta County, as it was called, until November 30, 1776, when the three Virginia counties of Yohogania, Ohio, and Monon- gahela were formed. The jurisdiction of Virginia was supreme over Pittsburg and the territory across the Monongahela and the Ohio from 1775 to 1780. The settlers generally sided with Vir- ginia, as that Province asked less for land than did Pennsylvania. 40. Northern Boundary. — The northern boundary of Penn- sylvania was fixed by the Royal Charter at the beginning of the 43d degree of north latitude ; but the location of the parallel led to some differences of opinion between the Penns and the governors of New York, both parties setting up claims for the same lands. The Board of Trade paid no attention to several requests for a settlement by the Penns, and after the Revolution commissioners were appointed March 31, 1785, to determine the northern line of Pennsylvania. The line was run in 1788-87 by Andrew Ellicott for Pennsylvania and James Clinton and Simon Dewit for New York, and fixed at parallel 42*. Both States ratified this boundary September 29, 1789. This survey did not include the small triangle at Lake Erie, which belonged to New York and Massachusetts, and had been claimed by Connecticut and Virginia. New York ceded it to the United States in 1781, and Massachusetts in 1785. June 6, 1788, Congress resolved upon the sale of the tract to Pennsylvania; October 2, 1788, £1,200 were voted to the Indians to purchase their rights as a preliminary to the sale to Pennsylvania, and these were ceded by the Indians at the Treaty of Fort Harmar, January 9, 1789. April 13, 1 791, the Governor of Pennsylvania was authorized to make the purchase, and March 3, 1792, announced to the Leg^sla- > PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 129 ture that it had been made in Continental certificates of various de- scriptions. The price paid was $151,640.25. The area comprised 202,187 acres. The Pennsylvania Population Company was formed March 8, 1793, to enlarge and encourage settlements on the newly acquired lands. The laws of New York State require a triennial examination of the monuments between the States of Pennsylvania and New York, to be made under the direction of the State Engineer and Surveyor. The Pennsylvania law directs the co-operation of the Secretary of Internal Affairs with officers of other States in this work. A State law of Pennsylvania requires the boards of county commissioners of the counties adjoining the boundary lines of the State to examine the monuments every five years and report to the Secretary of Internal Affairs. 41. Delaware Boundary. — The circular boundary between Pennsylvania and Delaware was first measured by Isaac Taylor and Thomas Pierson in 1701, in determining the boundary between the counties of Chester and New Castle, Its location was further de- termined by surveys for patents which were closed upon the circle soon after it was run, mostly executed between 1701 and 1718; some of these were made by Isaac Taylor. A re-survey was made by Lieut.-Col. I. D. Graham in 1849 ^"*^ 1850. A joint commission representing the States of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Delaware adopted a report February 27, 1859, fixing the point of junction of these States. The present line is a compromise curve, struck by direction of a joint commission composed of commissioners from Pennsylvania and Delaware, the former being appointed by act of May 4, 1889. The curve is drawn from the spire of the court house at New Castle, Delaware, with a radius of 12 miles. The compound curve was adopted, as it was found a true arc struck from this centre would not pass through the old points, and would deprive Delaware of con- siderable land long considered as belonging to that State. The monuments marking out the line were completely in place April 26, 1893. The report of the commission was accepted by the Penn- sylvania Legislature in 1897, but the boundary has not yet been finally determined by Act of Congress. A compromise survey to determine the jurisdicticn of Pennsyl- vania and Maryland was made in 1739. I30 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 42. Eastern Boundary. — The eastern boundary of Pennsyl- vania is determined by the Delaware River, and was at no time open to dispute. It was confirmed as the boundary between Pennsylvania and New Jersey by an act of September 20, 1783. This act also rati- fied an agreement made by George Bryan, George Gray, and William Bingham for Pennsylvania, and Abraham Clark, Joseph Cooper, and Thomas Henderson for New Jersey, commissioners for the two States, to settle the jurisdiction of the islands in the Delaware. They were assigned according to their proximity ; Windmill, League, Mud or Foot, Hog, and Little Tinicum islands were assigned to Pennsyl- vania; and Petty's and Red Bank islands were attached to New Jersey. It was also agreed that the Delaware River should be a public highway, with concurrent jurisdiction between the shores by the two States. In 1786 the islands were distributed among the counties bordering on the river. ^ SOCIETY ® FOUNDED 1898© SEAL OF THE PENNSYLVANIA SOCIETY. PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 131 CHAPTER VIII. The Governors of Pennsylvania. 43. The Governors of Pennsylvania. Government in Pennsylvania falls naturally into four great di- visions (i) The Colonial period, covering the time from the dis- covery of the Delaware to the grant of Pennsylvania to Penn; (2) the Provincial period, which extended from Penn's grant in 1681 to the Revolution in 1776; (3) the Revolutionary period, which ended with the adoption of the State Constitution of 1790; and (4) the Commonwealth, which began at the last-named date. A. Colonial Period, I614=-168!. The history of the government of Pennsylvania practically be- gins, as did the Province itself, with William Penn. The Dutch (1614-1654), the Swedes (1638-1655), the Dutch again (1655- 1664), the English (1664-1673, 1674-1681), and once more the Dutch (1673-1674), had sought to establish themselves upon the river, but without effecting permanent settlements. The early gov- ernors were limited in jurisdiction to their immediate settlements, or were Dutch or English governors of New Amsterdam or New York. These early colonies lasted too short a time to attain per- manent growth or to permanently affect the later settlers of Pennsyl- vania. The governors were not governors of Pennsylvania, but of colonies on soil that afterwards became Pennsylvania. GOVERNORS AND DIRECTORS OF NEW NETHERLAND AND OF THE DUTCH ON THE DELAWARE, 1614-1654. Cornells Tacobsen Mev / -ir- -n- <. r^ . .r^-. » , • T • ^- " t i Vice-Directors 1614-1623 Adrian Jonsz Tienpont ) to William Van Hulst, Vice-Director 1623-1624 Peter Minuit, Director-General 1624-1632 Giles Osset, Commissary, killed by the Indians 1630-1632 Wouter Van Twiller, Director-General 1633-1638 Arent Corssen, Vice-Director 1633-1635 Jan Jansen Van Ilpendam, Commissary 1635-1638 Sir William Kieft, Director-General 1638-1647 Jan Jansen Van Ilpendam, Vice-Director 1638-1645 Andreas Hudde, Vice-Director 1645-164S Alexander Beyer, Acting Commissary 1648-1649 Peter Stuyvesant, Director-General 1647-1654 Gerrit Bricker, Commissary 1649-1654 132 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. GOVERNORS OF THE SWEDES ON THE DELAWARE, 1638-1655. Peter Minuit, Governor 1638-1640 Jost de Bogardt, Acting Governor, January to October. .. . 1640 Peter Hollandare, Governor 1640-1643 Johan Printz [Edler von Buchen], Governor 1643-1653 Hendrick Huygen, Commissary 1646 John Pappegoya, Acting Governor 1653-1654 Jehan Claudius Rysingh, Governor 1654-1655 DIRECTORS OF THE ENGLISH OR NEW HAVEN COLONY ON SOUTH (DELAWARE) RIVER. Thomas Lamberton 1641-1653 DOMINION OF THE DUTCH, 1655-1657. Peter Stuyvesant, Governor of Nevir Netherland and Director-General of the settlements on the Delaware 1655-1664 John Paul Jacquet, Vice-Director 1655-1656 Andreas Hudde, Commissary 1655-1659 Captain Deryck Smidt, Commissary- 1655 Cornelis Van Ruyven, Commissary 1659 THE COLONY OF THE CITY, 1656-1663. Jacob Alricks 1656-1659 Alexander D'Hinoyossa 1659-1663 THE COLONY OF THE COMPANY, 1657-1663. Gerrit [Goeran] Van Dyck, Schout-fiscal 1657-1658 William Beekman, Vice-Governor 1658-1663 THE COLONY UNITED, 1663-1664. Alexander DTIinoyossa, Vice-Director 1663-1664 DOMINION OF THE DUKE OF YORK, 1664-1673. Colonel Richard Nicolls, Governor 1664-1667 Sir Robert Carr, Deputy Governor 1664-1667 Colonel Francis Lovelace, Governor 1667-1673 Captain John Carr, Deputy Governor 1668-1673 DOMINION OF THE DUTCH, 1673-1674. Anthony Colve, Governor-General of the Netherlands.... 1673-1674 Peter Alricks, Deputy Governor of the Colonies on the west side of the Delaware 1673-1674 DOMINION OF THE ENGLISH, 1674-1681. Sir Edmund Andros 1674-1681 Captain Matthias Nicolls, Deputy Governor 1674-1675 Captain Edmund Cantwell, Deputy Governor 1675-1676 Captain John Collier, Deputy Governor 1676-1677 Captain Christopher Billop, Deputy Governor 1677-1680 Captain Anthony Brockholls, Governor, January to June. . 1681 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 133 B. Provincial Period, 1681=1776. William Penn's difficiilites with his governors, deputies and rep- resentatives in Pennsylvania form one of the most unpleasant chap- ters of the history of the Province. He was a good judge of prin- ciples and an interpretative reader of history, but he failed in his judgment of men. His governmental difficulties were complicated by the fact that the people whom he had induced to settle in his Province were not so thoroughly alive to his interest in their welfare as he had hoped they would be. Himself an idealist, Penn looked for an appreciation of idealism in others, and this he quite failed to receive from his people in Pennsylvania. Proprietary instructions to the deputy governors were con- cerned with two classes of acts : administrative and legislative. The former comprised appointing officers, executing the laws of the Province and carrying out the policy of the Crown and the proprie- tors in reference to it ; the latter was concerned with the prevention of undesirable legislation. When absent from the Province Penn's administrative instructions were issued to and through the Deputy Governor, who was bound by his commission to obey his superior. After 1708 the deupty governors were required to give a bond for their obedience. The proprietary's administrative powers were rarely questioned, but serious controversies arose in connection with legislative affairs. While the proprietary had an unquestioned right to express assent or dissent to any law passed by the Assembly, the fact that the Royal Charter required the submission of all laws to the King in Council for approval, together with the provision that if not disapproved within six months they would stand, deprived the proprietary veto of much of its value. Penn surrendered the practise of reserving the final assent in 1704. Legislative difficulties began after the death of Penn, when an attempt was made to thwart the Assembly in its plans for complete control of the Province ; the proprietors, in order to protect their personal interests, then issued definite instructions to their deputies on legislative matters. Aluch friction ensued because the Assembly was unwilling to pass laws which might be directly in violation of instructions, and therefore be worthless pieces of legislation. am^f± 134 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY, 1681-1693. William Markham, Deputy Governor April 20, 1681 — Oct. 24, 1682 William Penn, Proprietary and Governor Oct. 27, 1682— Sept. 18,1684 The Council (Thomas Lloyd, President) Sept. 18, 1684— Feb. 9,1688 Thomas Lloyd ] Robert Turner Five commissioners ] Arthur Cooke ^ appointed by }■ Feb. 9, 1688— Dec. 18, 1688 John Simcock William Penn J John Eckley J Capt. John Blackwell, Deputy Governor Dec. 18, 1688— Jan, 2, 1690 The Council (Thomas Lloyd, President) Jan. 2,1690 — March — ,1691 Thomas Lloyd, Deputy Governor of Axrn?''°\T'^^i'i, T^ . n > March — 1691— April 26,1693 William Markham, Deputy Governor ' ^ ^ > vo of Lower Counties } THE CROWN OF ENGLAND, 1693-1694. Benjamin Fletcher, Governor of New York, Governor April 26, 1693 — March 26, 1695 William Markham, Lieutenant- Governor April 26, 1693 — March 26, 1695 WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY, NOV. 24, 1694— JULY 30, 1718. William Markham, Governor March 26, 1695 — Sept. 3, 1698 Dr. John Goodson { Deputies to Samuel Carpenter \ Gov. Markham Nov. 24, 1694 — Sept. 3,1698 William Markham, Lieutenant Governor Sept. 3, 1698— Dec. 21, 1699 William Penn, Proprietary and Governor Dec. 21, 1699 — Oct. 27, 1701 Andrew Hamilton, Deputy Governor Oct. 27, 1701 — April 20, 1703 The Council (Edward Shippen, President) April 20, 1703— Feb. 3,1704 John Evans, Deputy Governor Feb. 3, 1704 — Feb. 1,1709 Charles Gookin, Deputy Governor. .. Feb. i, 1709— May 31.1717 Sir William Keith, Deputy Governor May 31, 1717— July 30, 1718 JOHN PENN, RICHARD PENN AND TPIOMAS PENN, PROPRIETARIES, 1718-1746. Sir William Keith, Deputy Governor July 30, 1718— June 22, 1726 Patrick Gordon, Deputy Governor. . June 22, 1726 — Aug. 4, 1736 The Council (James Logan, President) Aug. 4, 1736— June 1,1738 George Thomas, Deputy Governor. . June i, 1738 — May — , 1746 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 135 RICHARD PENN AND THOMAS PENN, PROPRIETARIES, 1746-1771. George Thomas, Deputy Governor. . May — , 1746 — May 29, 1747 The Council (Anthony Palmer, President) May 29, 1746— Nov. 23,1748 James Hamilton, Deputy Governor. . Nov. 23, 1748 — Oct. 3, 1754 Robert Hunter Morris, Deputy Governor Oct. 3, 1754— Aug. 25,1756 William Denny, Deputy Governor. . , Aug. 25,1756 — Nov. 17, 1759 James Hamilton, Deputy Governor Nov. 17, 1759 — Oct. 31, 1763 John Penn (son of Richard Penn), Deputy Governor Oct. 31, 1763— May 4,1771 THOMAS PENN AND JOHN PENN (SON OF RICHARD), PROPRIETARIES, 1771-1776. The Council (James Hamilton, President) May 4, 1771— Oct. 16, 1771 Richard Penn (brother of John Penn), Lieutenant Governor Oct. 16,1771 — July 19,1773 The Council (James Hamilton, President) July 19,1773— Aug. 30, 1773 John Penn, Governor Aug. 30, 1773— Sept. 28,1776 [August 30, 1773, John Penn, who was confirmed Lieutenant Gov- ernor by the King June 30, was awarded the title of Governor by the Provincial Council.] Perm's original intention was to spend most of his time in the Province himself as Governor, but his venture required so much at- tention in England that he was only able to act personally as such during two brief periods of two years each, from October 27, 1682, to September 18, 1684, and from December 21, 1699, to October 27, 1 701. His first Deputy Governor was his cousin, William Markham, who served in that 4?/l^ /0>^ // capacity several times, both under Penn and //•• \J^iCOJ^^:A^/7i^ Governor Fletcher, of New York, when the latter represented the Crown during the sequestration of the Prov- ince. On Penn's departure for London in 1684 he delegated his powers as Governor to the Provincial Council, of which Thomas Lloyd, a Welsh Quaker, and the only Quaker ^^^-— ■— . Deputy Governor of the Province, was ^^^^^^ jj 1 president. The Assembly, deprived of the * J Jzo : I LC(j<^ power of originating legislation, now began its contest with the executive, which continued until it had obtained all it desired. This result, however, was not achieved without an- noyance to the proprietary and at times seemed to be affecting the Province injuriously. (See §24.) 136 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. Governing through a Council of eighteen soon proved cumber- some, and Penn named five commissioners as the executive. These /I y /7 j^"^ X were Thomas Lloyd, Nicholas More, James (2/rvirniz^ / Ij e^ Claypole, Robert Turner and John Eckley; lO^/^^^yiQxt and Claypole not acting, Arthur Cooke v>-/ and John Simcock were substituted in their places. Three were authorized to act as the executive. These commissioners held office from February 9 to December 18, 1688. Apparently the five were no more success- ful than the eighteen, and in December Penn appointed Captain John Blackwell as Deputy Governor. Blackwell was a soldier, a son-in-law of General Lambert, and found his efforts to rule a Quaker community so uncomfortable that he begged Penn to relieve him, and surrendered his commission January /Z. "^Cy^/^ ^' 1690. Penn then offered to name a Gov- // ^^^iL-^ ernor from a list of three to be suggested by the Council, or to designate the Council as the executive body. The Council chose the latter method, and was once more given executive power, with Thomas Lloyd as President. In March, 1691, Lloyd was named Deputy Governor, with Markham as Deputy Governor of the Lower Coun- ties, an arrangement that lasted until April 28, 1693. In 1694, when Penn received his Prov- ince, Markham was made Lieutenant Governor, with two deputies or assistants, Samuel Carpenter and John Goodson, by the advice of one or both of whom he was required to r^ ^ act. September 3, 1688, with the adop- '^^^,^S^^/'0:^^C>2r' tion of the constitution known as "Mark- ham's Frame" (§18), he became sole Lieutenant Governor, and continued as such until December 31, 1699, when Penn returned to the Province. On leaving the Province in 1701 Penn named Andrew Hamilton, a former proprietor of East Jersey, and afterwards Governor of East and West Jersey, as Deputy Governor, with /f\ /p -dj- . James Logan as Provincial Secretary and ^<,o;C:^^ Clerk of the Council. During Hamilton's administration the Lower Counties chose a separate Legislature for themselves, an arrangement that continued PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 137 until the Revolution. At this time, also, the church party, which had been developed in the Province, began to interest itself in a bill be- fore Parliament to turn all the proprietary colonies into royal ones, which would have made an end to Quaker rule in Pennsylvania. Penn, however, stopped the bill before it was passed, and resumed his earlier life in London as a conspicuous figure at court. Hamilton originated the postal system of the colonies, and was the first Pennsylvania Governor to organize a military force. Hamilton died in office, and nearly a year intervened while the executive business of the Province was administered by the Council, of which Edward Shippen was president. John Evans was then named ^^s -^ /^ Deputy-Governor. He was an officer of ^Koiiw: J/Uppd7P^ the Queen's Household, much too young, if the accounts are to be credited, for his high office. His adminis- tration was highly unsatisfactory to the Assembly and the people, and was marked by several controversies that greatly injured the proprietary. Especially unfortunate was an efifort he made to create a military feeling in the Province by giving a false alarm of the approach of French ships, an incident that covered him with ridicule and completely failed of its pur- ' -? 3 pose. He was embroiled in a number of escapades which greatly lessened his personal influence and he was recalled by Penn because of general dissatisfaction. Col. Charles Gookin, who succeeded Evans, was an older and much more experienced man. The first years of his administration were the most restful and satisfactory of Penn's ^^ -^ proprietary ship. The Assembly assumed part I ■^// ' fyfiffhyi) of the expenses of the government, and the \r\ y ' f^O-y^ Province began to be a source of revenue. His / later years, however, were marked by much violent conflict with the Assembly and by personal eccentricity and extravagance. An act of Parliament had extended to the colonies an earlier act requiring oaths, and was intended to prevent the Quakers from holding office, sitting on juries, or giving evidence in criminal cases. Gookin maintained that it repealed the Provincial Law permitting affirma- 138 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. tions, and thus aroused the whole Quaker element against him. He was recalled by Mrs. Penn, who was acting for her husband owing to his mental disability. The change in the proprietaryship which followed the death of William Penn did not immediately affect the government of Penn- sylvania. The Province still lived under its Charter of 1701, which was the organic law. New conditions arose with the increase of population, with the influx of different nationalities and peoples of varying religious faiths ; new problems came into being with the spread of the colonists westward and the constant pushing back of the frontier ; the proprietaries' own point of view changed from time to time, but chiefly because new conditions necessitated such changes. But throughout the proprietary period, the change in the pro- prietaries was accomplished without disturbing conditions in Penn- sylvania. The most notable difference between the rule of the younger Penns and that of the Founder was that William Penn was distinctly paternal in his views of government ; his sons and grand- sons were not. William Penn died shortly after Sir William Keith had been appointed Governor by Mrs. Penn. Keith was a Scotch baronet and the only titled Governor of Pennsylvania, familiar with Pro- vincial affairs and was acceptable to all parties. The adjustment of Penn's estate and the settlement of his affairs did not disturb his tenure of office. He was one of the most successful of the Proprietary Gov- ernors. Although he soon manifested a tendency to ignore the Council, and at one time seemed on the point of abolishing it, he maintained his popularity with the Assembly by granting its re- quests. Under his administration paper money was first issued by the Province (§59), whose material prosperity had greatly increased, and Mrs. Penn was enabled to pay off her husband's debts and mort- gages. Keith obtained from the Assembly an act permitting the formation of a Provincial militia, and an allowance for his own salary. A dispute with Logan ended in his recall, but he was awarded the only vote of thanks given a Colonial Governor in Penn- sylvania by the Assembly. Patrick Gordon, who succeeded Keith, was 82 years of age when he assumed office, and described himself as a "plain, blunt soldier." ^ yy J the only titled Goveri /^j//^^2^^^ He was thoroughly /V ^c^i-~^___f ^^ ^ vincial affairs and ^^ PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 139 He was the most successful of the Colonial Governors and retained the good will of all parties. He "ZZ^^^ X7 '^~^ wisely made the proprietary and /^ J^^ ^..^^ /77u ^^^^7^ colonial interests identical, and for ^<^~^^ /v ^ the first time in its history Pennsyl- ^ vania enjoyed a peaceful rule without legislative conflicts. He died in office, and on his death the Council, with James Logan as Presi- dent, conducted the administration of the Province. Never Governor by appointment, Logan practically held that office from 1736 to 1738. He had been Secretary of the Council /-\ and Chief Justice, and had long main- h^,^,^,,^^ (^^^-^ ^^r^^ — ^ pathies were with the King of England, Y^^- (J/t^/^^^^a/' rather than with either the proprietaries or -^ the people. At first, placing himself in conflict with the Assembly, he was the first Deputy Governor to learn the lesson of successful administration in Pennsylvania, which was to give heed to its wishes. Applying to the Assembly for men for the war he was informed that no aid could be given, but that he might raise men for military pur- poses without its assistance. Disinclined to act on this hint, he after- wards did so, and raised 700 men. Later, Benjamin Franklin ren- dered his first conspicuous public service by forming an associa- tion for defense, called the Associators, by which 10,000 volunteers were enrolled and which took a conspicuous part in the later mili- tary history of the Province. When the Assembly was asked to con- tribute to the expedition against Louisburg it voted £4,000 for the purchase of "bread, beef, pork, flour, wheat or other grain," and the two last words were taken by Governor Thomas to mean gunpowder, which he purchased without being called to account. Already the primitive Quaker character had lost some of its austerity, and the Province was about to enter on a period in which war and military 140 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. matters were to be very prominent. Governor Thomas resigned his office because of ill-health. Trouble with the Indians, which had commenced under Gov- ernor Thomas's administration, now became a permanent element in Pennsylvania affairs. Wars, mas- sacres, atrocities and efforts to estab- ^^—^ ^ "^ lish peace distinguished the rule of all C2->*^-^ subsequent Governors. An ad interim administration of the Council followed, with Anthony Palmer as President. He had acquired large wealth in the West Indies, and supported the dignity of his office with much splendor. The Span- ish privateers became so aggressive as to enter the Delaware, but the Assembly, content in the safety of the Province and its chief city, remained inactive in matters of defense until the Indian wars reached such a stage that military precautions could no longer be neglected. Then came James Hamilton, the first native American to hold the office of Deputy Governor, a son of a former Speaker of the Pro- vincial Assembly. The Assembly, apparently always ready to oppose ^U/.riTSI^ the Governor, now found a fresh cause for difference in protesting against the secret instructions with which the younger Penns accompanied their commissions for deputies. Hamilton was succeeded by Robert Hunter Morris, a son of Lewis Morris, Chief Justice of New York and New Jersey, and at one time Governor of the latter. He took office when the relations between the executive and legislative de- partments were strained almost to the breaking point. Differences with the As- sembly over the issue of a paper currency had been acute during Hamilton's administration, and were con- tinued under Morris, who was hampered on the one hand by the proprietary instructions and on the other by the refusal of the As- sembly to provide funds. He was regarded as one of the most obnoxious of the proprietary Governors. Braddock's campaign oc- curred during his administration. He was followed by William Denny, who met with renewed dis- sensions with the Assembly on currency and the taxation of the PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 141 proprietary estates. The Governor's personal straits became so pro- nounced that he finally gave his approval to a bill taxing them. The proprietors opposed /y/^. ^^ this measure before the Privy Council, /^^^^*-*^ <^^^^ which gave Franklin an opportunity to argue for it, — a circumstance that led to the imposition of the tax. Denny was immediately recalled by the Penns, and James Hamilton was re-appointed Governor. Although a Philadelphian by birth, Hamilton was a warm ad- herent of the proprietaries. He was the last of the Provincial Gov- ernors who was not a member of the Penn family. He filled the executive office for a third time for seven months in 1771, when affairs were directed by the Council. His administration included the Indian War with Pontiac. Some public buildings were erected in his time, including a light- house at Cape Henlopen. Between Hamilton's second and third term came the first admin- istration of John Penn. He was the eldest son of Richard Penn, a son of William Penn. Much more severe in his dealings with the Indians than his grandfather, John Penn conducted his ofiice with good judgment and tact. It was during his administration that the last of the great Provincial problems began to develop, namely, the relations of America with the mother country. Scarcely had he taken office than he was called upon to settle the riots and disturb- ances known as the "Paxton riots," which followed the massacre of the Conestogoe Indians, an event that created much excitement in the Province, and which was followed by the expulsion of the survivors from Pennsylvania. Public affairs with England now began to de- velop towards separation from the mother country, although revo- lution was as yet unthought of. November i, 1765, the stamp act went into effect, the vessel bringing the obnoxious documents be- ing received with public mourning in Philadelphia. It was repealed March 18, 1766. John Dickinson began to publish his "Farmer's oJi^^^- /^^^^^e^ il 142 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. Letters" December 2, 1767, and the non-importation policy was adopted. In 1771 Governor Penn succeeded to his father's pro- prietaryship, and left America May 4. He was followed by his younger brother, Richard Penn, who filled the Lieutenant-Governor's chair for two years, John Penn then resumed office in the Province, and * ^^^ personally witnessed the end of his fam- ily's rule in Pennsylvania. He lived at his country seat of "Lansdowne," now in Fairmount Park, throughout the Revolution, and died there in 1795, at the age of 67. His name was omitted from the official documents in May, 1776. For Change from Proprietary to State Government see §46. C. Governors During the Revolution, 1776=1790. THE COMMITTEE OF SAFETY, 1776-1777. Benjamin Franklin, Chairman Sept. — , 1776 — March — , 1777 PRESIDENTS OF THE SUPREME EXECUTIVE COUNCIL, I 777- I 790. Thomas Wharton, Jr March 5, 1777— May 23, 1778 George Brj'an, Vice President (act- ing President vice Wharton de- ceased May 23,1778 — Dec. 1,1778 Joseph Reed Dec. i, 1778— Oct. 8, 1781 ] WilHani Moore Nov. 14, 17S4— Oct. 8,1782 John Dickinson Nov. 7, 1782— Oct. 18,1785 Benjamin Frankhn Oct. 18, 1785— Oct. 14,1788 Thomas Mifflin Nov. 5, 1788— Dec. 20,1790 Political parties, no longer centred in questions of proprietary control, divided themselves on revolutionary questions. The new con- stitution gave the balance of power to the radical element, called the Constitutionalists; the opposition, called the Anti-Constitutionalists or Republicans, was made up of various elements, some of which were friendly to the Revolution, but were actively opposed to the radicalism of the Constitutionalists. Pennsylvania was in a thoroughly disorganized condition. Many citizens, especially in Philadelphia, were unwilling to take part in the Revolution, and their passive inaction had an effect upon the people as a whole. There were no regular courts for more than a year ; an PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 143 oath of allegiance was insisted on, which was declined by a large part of the population, and much of the better element withdrew from the conduct of public affairs ; new methods of electing members of Assembly had been introduced ; money was needed for the war and for State purposes ; speculation was rampant ; the soldiers were dis- satisfied with the delays in their payments and with the worthless money with which they were finally paid ; business was crippled and almost at a standstill. These conditions prevailed not only during Wharton's Presidency, but throughout most of the time when the President of the Supreme Executive Council was the chief officer of the State. Wharton had been President of the Council of Safety, and died a short time after being chosen President of the Supreme Executive Council. George Bryan, the Vice-President, then became Acting Presi- dent. He had served in the Provincial Assembly and Continental Congress, and brought large experi- ^ ence and enthusiastic patriotism to his y ^V office. He was a zealous advocate for /jA/y-' ' ^^''^TZ/C^l^^.^ the abolition of negro slavery, and in yf^ ^y/ 1780 secured the enactment of a bill ^ providing for the freedom of all children who might thereafter be born in Pennsylvania of slave parents. At the time of his death, in 1791, he was a Justice of the Supreme Court. Joseph Reed, the second President of the Supreme Council, was one of the most conspicuous figures in the early history of the Com- monwealth of Pennsylvania. He was of Scotch-Irish parentage and a graduate of Princeton. He had filled many public offices and brought great ability and energy to his executive work. He abolished slavery, helped in the establishment of the University of Pennsyl- vania, secured the loyalty of the Provincial troops to the Continental Army, and after his retirement from office conducted Pennsylvania's claim for the Wyoming region against Connecticut (§38), and pre- served a large territory to his own State. 144 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. Reed's position, as was Wharton's, was a trying one, and his period of office-holding was difficult and stormy. Recognizing Benedict Arnold's unfitness for _/" the military governorship of Phil- yf//f ^J/ /7 /^ /!r adelphia, he secured his removal //f/ rV^'^^^^^^^V^ ^"^ ^^^ active in reorganizing f the militia. The financial condi- tion was so bad that an attempt was made to regulate prices by law, and as an aditional help the State established salt works at Tom's River ; food beciame scarce, and remedies were sought by law ; the financial condition became so complicated and disastrous that re- pudiation was talked of, and the legal tender laws were suspended in June, 1780; taxes came in slowly, and the depreciation of the paper currency was more marked than ever. Fortunately, the financial condition suddenly improved, when, in 1781, the Supreme Executive Council adopted a resolution that the paper currency should be received in public payments at a ratio of 175 to i. Gold and silver immediately appeared, and President Reed described the situation in declaring that history afforded "no instance of such a transition." The payment of taxes and the money due the soldiers continued pressing questions, and much friction was occasioned by the fact that, while elections were held annually, the franchise was denied to those who had not taken the oath of allegiance to the State. William Moore, who had been Vice-President with Reed, suc- ceeded him as President. He held the latter office for less than a year, being compelled to retire from the Council by constitutional limitation of service. He was a brother-in-law of President Wharton and a son-in-law of Thomas Lloyd. He had been a member of the Council of Safety and the Board of War, and after retiring from the Presidency became a Judge of the High Court of Errors and Appeals and a member of the General Assembly. Taxes and payments to the army continued to be burning questions during his administration. The Supreme Executive Council now returned to the tactics that had prevailed in the Assembly under proprietary rule, and complained that the Assembly tended to dimin- '^^^A/KH /^ . ish its authority. An important u^F ^ r-yY/^&^PJ^ administrative officer was appointed ' * under Moore in the creation of the office of Comptroller-General, whose function it was to settle the public accounts. PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 145 Few names are more notable in Revolutionary history than that of John Dickinson, who followed Moore in the Presidency. He became a member of the General Assembly in 1764; he was a member of the first Colonial Congress and was an active participant in the move- ment for independence. The public opinion of the day was largely influenced by his celebrated "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania to the Inhabi- tants of the British Colonies," which had made their author the most important pub- lic man in America until the Declaration of Independence. Yet he favored reconciliation with England rather than separation, and absented himself from the Continental Congress at the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. This led to his retirement from that body, but he almost immediately entered the Continental Army as a private and retired from service as Brigadier-General. For two years he was President of the State of Delaware, and was then elected President of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania. He represented Delaware in the National Constitutional Convention of 1789 and took an active and leading part in framing the Constitu- tion of the United States. His writings are among the most impor- tant of their period. As was the case with the preceding Presidents, his tenure of office was characterized by much personal bitterness and dispute. In 1785 the election laws were modified by restricting the voting to the precinct or township in which the electors lived, although here- tofore persons living in one county could vote in another. The test laws were modified in 1787. Benjamin Franklin, the most conspicuous figure in the Revolu- tionary history of Pennsylvania and one of the greatest in the early history of the United States, succeeded Dickinson as President of the Council. His administration crowned a career of many years of public usefulness for Pennsylvania and for his country. Owing to his age and infirmities many of his duties fell to the Vice-Presidents, Charles Biddle and Peter Muhlenberg; David Redick succeeded Muhlenberg on his resignation as Vice-President, and held ofiice for little less than a month. The most important event in Franklin's administration was the ratification of the Federal Constitution, De- cember 12, 1787. Steps were taken to ascertain the amount of the State debt and to arrange for the payment of the sums due the Penns and the United States, and provision was made for a larger revenue. 146 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. The severity of the criminal law was lessened and milder forms in- troduced. Thomas Mifflin was the last of the Presidents of the Supreme Executive Council and the first of the Governors, being elected to succeed himself on the adoption of the second State Constitution in 1790. He held executive office continuously from November, 1788, to December, 1799, and conducted the longest administration in a. the history of Pennsylvania. He was a Quaker who had entered military service, and served as Major, first Aide-de-Camp to Wash- ington, Quartermaster-General, Brigadier-General, and again as Quartermaster-General. He was chosen a member of Congress in 1783, and as President of that body received Washington's resigna- tion from the command of the army. He was a member of the Na- tional Constitutional Convention in 1787, and signed the Constitu- tion as adopted. He became a member of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania in 1788, and was President of the State Con- stitutional Convention of 1790. At the conclusion of his term as Governor, for which he was elected three times for periods of three years each, he was chosen a member of the General Assembly, but survived his election only a few weeks. D. Governors of the Commonwealth, from 1790 Under the Constitution of 1790. Thomas MifBin Dec. 21, 1790— Dec. 17, 1799 Thomas McKean Dec. 17, 1799 — Dec. 20, 1808 Simon Snyder Dec. 20, 1808 — Dec. 16, 1817 William Findlay Dec. 16, 1817— Dec. 19, 1820 Joseph Hiester Dec. 19, 1820 — Dec. 16, 1823 John Andrew Schulze Dec. 16, 1823— Dec. 15, 1829 George Wolf Dec. 15, 1829— Dec. 15, 1835 Joseph Ritner Dec. 15, 1835— Jan. 15, 1839 The adoption of the National Constitution required the election of members of Congress and of electors of the President and Vice- President of the United States. A new State constitution was urged PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 147 by the Federalists, the party supporting the National Constitution, and composed of the former Anti-Constitutionalists ; the Anti-Fed- eralists were the previous Constitutionalists. The Pennsylvania constitution of 1790 was framed, and after its adoption the Anti- Federalists were known as the Democratic-Republicans, or by either title separately. Parties changed so rapidly that Mifflin, nominated as a Republican, came in as a Democrat. Thomas Mifflin (b.i744-d.i8oo) was the last President of the Supreme Executive Council and the first Governor of the State chosen under the constitution of 1790; he served three terms (nine years). Many important public improvements were projected and begun in his administrations. Much popular excitement was mani- fested in 1793 for the French Revolution, and in the same year Phila- delphia was visited by a severe epidemic of yellow fever. Indian troubles in the western part of the State led to the adoption of an act for raising soldiers for the defense of the Delaware River and the western frontier, and at the same time troops were solicited from the National authorities to aid the commission appointed to lay out towns and provide for the development of the northwest. The Indian difficulties were settled in October, 1794, in a conference at Canan- daigua, N. Y., and the plans for the establishment of a town at Presqu' Isle (Erie) were carried out in April, 1795. Meanwhile the western part of the State was greatly disturbed by the insurrection known as the Whiskey Rebellion, which culminated in 1794. This insurrection originated among the Scotch-Irish in western Pennsylvania. The settlers beyond the western mountains, who were chiefly engaged in raising grain, found the transportation of their products across the mountains a heavy tax that prevented a profitable sale of their products. By making whiskey from the grain it was possible to reduce it to a form that could readily be carried, and hence this industry grew to large proportions, whiskey becoming, in fact, the circulating medium. It had been found impossible to enforce the Pennsylvania State excise law in this region, and a national law, passed March 3, 1791, was the occasion of the outbreak. Collectors were tarred and feathered soon after, and the difficulties increased until July 15, 1794, when blood was shed in open conflict with the authorities. Two weeks later an attempt was made to capture and plunder Pittsburg, and was only averted through the conciliary efforts of the townspeople. The matter now became so serious that the National Government 148 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. sent a commission to pacify the rebels, and arranged for the raising of troops in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia to enforce its requirements. The difficulties were adjusted by the com- mission, and on the appearance of an army of 12,950 men all resist- ance disappeared and the insurrection came to an end. In 1794 General Anthony Wayne won a victory over the com- bined Indian forces that led to the treaty of Fort Granville and the cession by the Indians of the eastern part of Ohio to the United States, and removed all danger of hostile invasions into western Pennsylvania. Governor Mifflin had another local insurrection to settle in the Fries or Hot Water Rebellion of 1798. This name was given to a disturbance among the Germans of Bucks and Montgomery and parts of Lehigh, Berks and Northamp- ton counties, who objected to a national house tax law that required the measuring and registering of the panes of window glass in each house, passed during the administration of John Adams for the purpose of reducing the debt incurred in the Revolutionary War. Its name is derived from the hot water poured by a woman on an assessor who was engaged in measuring a house ; it is also sometimes called the House Tax Rebellion, or Fries's Rebellion, from John Fries, who took a leading part in it. The agitation lasted during 1798 and 1799, and suppressed itself on the appearance of an armed force drawn from Philadelphia, Bucks, Chester, Montgomery and Lancaster counties, sent by the Governor to settle it. Fries was twice tried for high treason, and was sentenced to death, but was pardoned by President Adams. Mifflin was succeeded by Thomas McKean (b.i734-d.i8i7), one of the most active and conspicuous figures in early Pennsylvania history. Born in Chester County, of Irish parentage, he was ad- mitted to practice before the Supreme Court at the age of twenty- two, and in the same year was chosen Clerk of the Assembly. In 1762 he was elected to represent New Castle County in the Assembly, and did so for seventeen years, during which period the Lower Counties were developed into the State of Delaware. He was a member of the Colonial Con gress of 1765, of the Continental Congress of 1776, in which he was a member of the committee which drew up the Articles of Confederation ; he signed the Declaration of Independence, and was ^^%^^^ PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 149 a Colonel of the Associated Militia. Elected a member of the Dela- ware Constitutional Convention, he drew alone the State constitution which was unanimously adopted. From 1777, for twenty-two years he was Chief Justice of Pennsylvania. He was President of Delaware and represented that State in Congress. As Governor of Pennsyl- vania he excited general animosity by selecting his officials according to merit and without regard to their official affiliations. Articles of impeachment were brought against him but were never pushed to trial. He was a strong Democrat, and was the regular candidate of that party in 1799 and 1802; in 1805 he ran as an Independent Democrat, being the candidate of a new party called the "Tertium Quids" or "Quids," and was successful a third time in opposition to Simon Snyder, the candidate of the regular Democrats. The first law for the free education of the poor was adopted in 1802, pro- visions for such instruction, inserted in the constitutions of 1776 and 1790 not having been previously acted upon. Party feeling had risen to a high pitch in Governor McKean's administrations. Simon Snyder was a man of little education but of wide popularity, and was brought forward again at the end of Mc- Kean's third term, and was chosen Governor for the next three terms following. He was a son of German immigrants and was without revolutionary military experience. He was a Justice of the Peace, a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1789, a member of the House of Representatives from 1797 to 1808, and Speaker of the House for the last six years of his congressional life. He was the first Governor to substitute an annual written message to the Legislature for the annual address in person heretofore the custom. His administration covered the period of the War of .8112 While contributing more men and more money to this war than any other State, Pennsylvania escaped invasion, but the blockade of the Delaware was proclaimed in March, 1813, and cut off most of the foreign commerce of Philadelphia. The war expenses of Pennsylvania were $268,000, repaid by the National Government, and twice as much assumed by the State, which also offered to subscribe $1,000,000 to an issue of United States bonds. Both the Pennsylvania Senators and all her Representatives except two, who were not returned at the next election, voted for the war. I50 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. When Washington was captured by the British, Pennsylvania pre- pared for an invasion by throwing up defences west of the Schuylkill, repairing the Delaware forts and forming a camp at Kennett Square. The enemy withdrew to Maryland while the Pennsylvania Legis- lature was debating whether troops should be raised by conscription or by voluntary enlistment. Among the Pennsylvanians who achieved distinction in the war were Jacob Brown, afterwards Major-General and General-in-Chief of the United States Army; James Biddle, and Charles Stewart ("Old Ironsides") ; Stephen Decatur spent much time in Philadel- phia, where his father lived. William Findlay (b.i768-d.i846) was Governor for one term, beginning in 1817. He was born at Mercersburg. His political career began with his appointment as Major and Brigade Inspector of Militia. In 1797 and again in 1803 and until 1807 he was a member of the Legislature; he resigned his membership to become Treasurer of the Commonwealth, an office he held for nearly eleven years. As Governor he proposed in 181 8 a nev/ and extensive system of internal improvements by utilizing the natural waterways of the State, and his administration witnessed the opening of the anthracite coal trade. He encountered much opposition from the Legislature, which appointed committees to investigate his official conduct at each adjournment during his term of office. The building of the State Capitol at Harrisburg was begun in his administration. He was subsequently United States Senator and afterwards Treasurer of the United States Mint at Philadelphia. He was elected Governor in a hotly contested campaign on the regular Democratic ticket and was opposed by Joseph Hiester, who was supported by a group of political parties, the Federalists ; moderate Democrats, also called Independent Republicans, Democrats of the Revolution and Old Schoolmen; and Quids. Pie was defeated for re-election by a small majority. PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 151 General Joseph Hiester (b. 1752-d. 1832), the opponent of Gov- ernor Findlay in his first campaign for the Governorship, succeeded him in 1820. He was of German parentage and was born at Read- ing. In 1776 he was a member of the Conference held at Phila- delphia for advocating and assisting the Revolutionary cause. He raised a company, was imprisoned by the British, was exchanged, rejoined the army, was wounded in the battle of Germantown, and continued in service until the close of the war. In 1787 he was a member of the convention called to ratify the National Constitution, and two years later was a member of the State Constitutional Con- vention. He was a member of the State Legislature for several terms, and for fourteen years (1799-1805, 1815-1821) represented the Berks district in Congress. His administration as Governor was marked by increased attention to internal improvements. Governor Hiester was succeeded by John Andrew Schulze (b.i755-d.i852) ; he filled two terms, and his election marked the end of the Federal Party in Pennsylvania. He was the only ordained clergyman elected to executive office in Pennsylvania. The son of a German Lutheran clergyman, he was born in Berks County. Ill health caused him to abandon the ministry after six years of pastoral work. He was a member of the House of Representatives, Register, Recorder, Prothonotary, Clerk of the Orphans' Court and Clerk of the Sessions Court of Lebanon County ; he represented Lebanon County in the State Legislature ; he was chosen State Senator for Dauphin and Lebanon counties, but within a year of his election was elevated to the Governor's chair. Much important work in canals was completed during his ad- ministration, including the completion of the Schuylkill Navigation and Union canals, and extensive work on the Pennsylvania Canal, although he had been elected on a retrenchment platform. Large State loans were made to these undertakings. Lafayette's second 152 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. visit to America in 1825 was one of the national and social events of his administration. A proposal to call a convention to prepare a new State constitution was defeated at the general election in that year. Like many of the early Governors of Pennsylvania, George Wolf (b.i777-d.i84o), was of German descent, and was elected as a Demo- crat. He was born in Northampton County and began his official life as a clerk in the Prothonotary's office of that county. He was a postmaster of Easton, Clerk of the Orphans' Court of Northampton County, member of the Legislature in 1814, and was elected to Congress in 1824, 1826 and 1828. The anti-Masonic movement had so seriously affected the old parties that he was elected for the first time with but a narrow margin, which, in its turn, had almost disappeared when he was re-elected. His administration was embarrassed by financial difficulties resulting from the aid given to transportation proposals by his predecessor, but it also witnessed the complete establishment of the common school system throughout the State. He was a can- didate for a third term, but was defeated. He then became Comp- troller of the Treasury and afterward Collector of the Port of Philadelphia. A State Constitutional Convention was authorized at the general election in 1835. Joseph Ritner (b.i78o-d.i869), who had twice been the candidate of the Anti-Masonic party, was chosen Governor in 1835 by that party with the support of the Whigs (Federalists and National Republicans) and some conservative Democrats. He was the son of an Alsatian immigrant and was born in Berks County. His early schooling was limited to half a year at the age of six, yet he so applied himself to study in a hard-working young manhood that he perhaps achieved a greater proportional success than any other incumbent of the executive office. His early life was passed in the west of the State. He represented Washington County in the Legislature from 1820 to 1826, for the last two years serving as Speaker of the House. He put into practical operation tfie common PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 153 THE BUCKSHOT WAH,^ LAST KICK OF ANTI-MASONRY. A BUBlESaUE. WEPl!?Yf-»POETIC, PROSAIC, HUMOROUS, SATIRICAL &C. Bt PELfeG STURTEVANT. " I have attartnfed tho highest point of all my greatness."— 0th elio. But such a fall — Oh 'tnas a fall— And long to be Temembered. HA^RISBURG. 1839. FAC-SIJIILE OF TITLE PAGE OF BUCKSHOT WAR PAMPHLET. 154 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. school law adopted under Governor Wolf, and was a zealous and sincere abolitionist. In later life he became a stanch adherent of the Republican party. Governor Ritner was a zealous supporter of the free school law. The commercial panic of 1837 occurred during his term of office, and a new State Constitution was ratified at the October elec- tion in 1838. Under the Constitution of 1838, David Rittenhouse Porter Jan. 15, 1839 — Jan. 21, 1845 Francis Rawn Shunk Jan. 21, 1845 — July 9,1848 William Freame Johnston July 26, 1848 — Jan. 20, 1852 William Bigler Jan. 20, 1852 — Jan. 16, 1855 James Pollock Jan. 16, 1855 — Jan. 19, 1858 William Fisher Packer Jan. 19, 1858 — ^Jan. 15, 1861 Andrew Gregg Curtin Jan. 15, i86x — Jan. 15, 1867 John White Geary Jan. 15, 1867 — Jan. 21, 1873 David Rittenhouse Porter (b.i788-d.i867) was the first Gov- ernor chosen under the new constitution. He was elected by the Democrats after a campaign of unexcelled virulence, in which the opposite party, called the United Whig party, and made up of Fed- eralists, Anti-Masons and conservative Democrats, supported Gov- ernor Ritner. The organization of the State House of Representa- tives at the time of his election led to a disturbance known as the ^„^ Buckshot War, which, however, was ^^2Zu-*i^ ^C /^^^^^T^^^u^ adjusted without actual conflict. Gov- ernor Porter was born in Montgomery County, near Norristown, and be- longed to a distinguished family. He represented Huntingdon County in the Legislature in 1819 and 1820, and afterward became Prothonotary and Clerk of the Courts of that county, to which were added the offices of Recorder of Deeds and Register of Wills. He entered the State Senate in 1836. His administration suffered from the financial depression occasioned by the over-issue of paper currency, and the Governor was compelled to take a firm stand in the riots occasioned by the Native American Association in Philadelphia in 1843- 1844, an organization that looked to the exclusion of foreigners from public office, the retention of the Bible in the public schools, and a greater severity in the requirements for naturalization. The disturbances were suppressed by the militia. The financial stringency which began in 1837 reached Pennsyl- vania in 1844, and caused the suspension of the two great banks in PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 155 Philadelphia, the United States Bank of Pennsylvania and the Girard Banks. "Relief Notes" (§59) were issued and both stocks and notes became greatly depreciated. In 1842 the State paid its bonded interest in certificates, which, being funded, added to the principal of the State debt. Tax loan laws of 1842 and 1843 helped to replenish the treasury and restore credit. The State ultimately paid its entire indebtedness, including interest on the delayed in- terest. At the end of his second term Governor Porter was succeeded by Francis Rawn Shunk (b.i788-d.i848), who was twice chosen Governor, but resigned July 9, 1848, on account of ill health, and died a few days after on July 30. He was of Pennsylvania-German descent and was born at Trappe. He was admitted to the bar in 1816, and became Clerk in House of Representatives and after- wards Chief Clerk. He then became Secretary of the Canal Com- missioners, and was later Secretary of State by appointment of his boyhood friend. Governor Porter. His first public office obtained through the ballot was that of Governor, which he obtained as a Democrat, defeating the Whig candidate. His administration in- cluded the Mexican War, and during its continuance the attention of the people was concentrated on events connected with it. The President's call for six regiments resulted in an offer of nine, which were declined. Two regiments were afterwards mustered into ser- vice, the first, which was the first from a Northern State to start for the seat of war, was mustered in at Pittsburg, leaving that city on December 23, 1848. An interregnum of two weeks from July 9 to July 26 followed the resignation of Governor Shunk. William Freame Johnston (b.i8o8-d.i872), who was then the Whig Speaker of the House, was the constitutional successor to the office. He was of Scotch descent and was born at Greensburg. His first public office was that of District-Attorney of his county, which he afterwards represented from 1836 to 1841 in the Legislature. In 1847 he was elected to the State Senate and was chosen Speaker. On the death of Governor 156 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. Shunk he waived the constitutional privilege of immediately becom: ing Governor, issued writs for an election and was chosen for the full term, defeating his Democratic opponent. The valuable State publications, the Colonial Records and the Pennsylvania Archives, were begun under his administration. The first State hospital for the insane was begun at Harrisburg in 1848, and in the same year the common school system was estab- lished throughout the entire State. The erection of a bridge over the Ohio River at Wheeling occasioned some excitement in Pitts- burg and Western Pennsylvania, owing to the obstruction of the river at high water. The Legislature, Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States were appealed to and the matter amicably settled. The enactment of the compromise measure of 1850 by Con- gress vitally affected Pennsylvania, as fugitive slaves had heretofore considered themselves free on reaching the State. Various riots followed in 1850, notably one at Christiana, Lancaster County. William Bigler (b. 1813-d. 1880), a Democrat, was the next Gov- ernor. He was a journalist, born of German ancestry at Shermans- burg. In 1841 he was elected to the State Senate and was chosen Speaker in 1843 and 1844. Pie supported the bill to build a rail- road from Pittsburg to Harris- burg, and witnessed its comple- tion before the end of his term. It enormously helped in the de- velopment of the natural resources of the State. The last of the internal improvements undertaken by the Commonwealth was fin- ished with the completion of the North Branch Canal in 1854. Gov- ernor Bigler failed to be re-elected and on the conclusion of his term was sent to the United States Senate. James Pollock (b.i8io-d.i89o) was the candidate of the Native American or Know-Nothing Party. He was born in Milton, and was a man of education, a graduate of Princeton University. He was a member of Congress from 1844 to 1850, and was appointed President Judge of the Eighth Judicial District in 1850. One of PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 157 the most important measures of his administration was the sale of the public works of the State, the railroad between Pittsburg and Philadelphia being sold to the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1857 ^^^ $7,500,000. The State debt was largely reduced by this means, but the financial panic of the same year resulted in suspension of specie payment by the banks of Pennsylvania. A special session of the Legislature passed an act legalizing the continuation of the sus- pended banks and public credit was saved. In 1861 Governor Pol- lock was made Director of the Mint at Philadelphia, and from 1880 to 1884 he was Naval Officer of the same port. William Fisher Packer (b.i8o7-d.i87o) was one of the few men of Quaker ancestry who reached the Governor's chair in Pennsyl- vania. He was born in Centre County. Originally a printer by trade, he took up the study of law. He was a member of the Board of Canal Commissioners from 1839 to 1841, and from 1842 to 1847 was Auditor-General of the Commonwealth. In the latter year he became a member of the Legislature and was at once made Speaker .^ of the House, an office he again received in 1848. He became Sen- ator in 1849. -^s Governor he was a firm supporter of State sov- ereignty and State rights, but was not a believer in the right of seces- sion. He strongly opposed the withdrawal of the Southern States from the Union. He was elected as a Democrat, and his strongest opponent was David Wilmot, the Free-Soil candidate. The question of the admission of Kansas to Statehood was then exciting public attention throughout America, and the events imme- diately preceding the secession of South Carolina absorbed public interests in every part of the Union. On December 24, i860, an attempt to remove ordnance from the arsenal at Pittsburg for the defence of Southern ports was resisted by the citizens. Andrew Gregg Curtin (b.i8i7-d.i894), the famous "War Gov- ernor" of Pennsylvania, occupied the Governor's chair from 1861 to 1867. He was the first candidate of the newly formed Republican party for Governor. He was of Irish ancestry, was born in Belle- 158 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. fonte, and was a graduate of the Dickinson College Law School. He was a member of the Electoral College for Taylor, managed the Governorship campaign for James Pollock, and was appointed by the latter Secretary of the Commonwealth. His administration of his office as Governor was one of the strongest factors in the mainten- ance of the Union and forms a notable chapter in our national his- tory. Unflagging in his duties, zealous and able in his advice, he rose to the emergencies of his great office in a splendid and unrivaled manner. Throughout his administrations the interests of the people were centred in the events of the Civil War, which culminated in the invasion of the State and the terrible battle of Gettysburg. (See §65.) Governor Curtain was United States Minister to Russia from 1869 to 1872, was a conspicuous figure in the Constitutional Conven- tion of 1873, and was a member of Congress from 1881 to 1887. John White Geary (b.i8i9-d.i873) enjoyed the unusual distinc- tion of having been Governor of Kansas and of having declined the Governorship of Utah before he was chosen Governor of Pennsyl- vania. He was born in Westmoreland County, and was a graduate of Jefferson College. He raised a company for service in the Mexi- can War and was wounded in the storming of Chapultepec. In 1849 he was appointed Postmaster of San Francisco and Mail Agent for the Pacific Coast. He was chosen first Alcalde of the city, then made Judge of the First Instance, and in 1850 became the first Amer- ican Mayor. He declined the Governorship of Utah in 1855, but accepted that of Kansas in the following year. He raised a regiment at the opening of the Civil War, became Brigadier-General of Vol- unteers in 1862, and at the close was brevetted Major-General of Volunteers. The State debt was reduced $10,000,000 during his terms of office. The industries of Pennsylvania were greatly developed during PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 159 this period, and the foundations laid for the later industrial pros- perity of the State. Riots in Williamsport in July, 1871, neces- sitated the calling out of the militia, but the disturbances, known as the Saw-Dust War, were quieted without actual conflict. Under the Constitution of 1873. John Frederick Hartranft Jan. 21, 1873 — Jan. 18, 1879 Henry Martyn Hoyt Jan. 18, 1879— Jan. 16, 1883 Robert Emory Pattison Jan. 16, 1883 — Jan. 18, 1887 James Addams Beaver Jan. 18, 1887 — Jan. 20, 1891 Robert Emory Pattison Jan. 20, 1891 — Jan. 15, 1895 Daniel Hartman Hastings Jan. 15, 1895 — Jan. 17, 1899 William Alexis Stone Jan. 17, 1899 — Jan. 20, 1903 Samuel Whitaker Pennypacker Jan. 20, 1903 — In 1871 the General Assembly had taken the first steps towards obtaining a new constitution for the State, and it was adopted at an election in December 18, 1873, going into effect in the following January. John Frederick Hartranft (b.i830-d.i889) was the first Governor to serve under the new organic law. Like his immediate predecessor, he was of distinguished military eminence. He was of German ancestry and was born in Montgomery County. He was educated at Marshall and Union colleges. He became Deputy- Sheriff of his county in 1854 and was admitted to the Bar in 1859. He entered the army at the beginning of the war, was commissioned Brigadier-General in 1864 and brevetted Major-General in the fol- lowing years for "conspicuous gallantry in recapturing Fort Stead- man." He was Auditor-General of the State from 1866 to 1872. On relinquishing the Governorship he was appointed Postmaster of Philadelphia, and was Collector of that port from 1880 to 1885. He was Commanding General of the National Guard, with the rank of Major-General, from 1879 until the time of his death, in 1889. Various labor troubles in 1874 and in later years necessitated the calling out of the militia for the protection of property. These dis- turbances included the suppression of the "Molly Maguires" in the coal regions, a body of terrifiers whose operations had begun as far i6o PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. back as the Civil War; and the great railroad strike of 1877, when the railroad employees throughout the State refused to work and much damage was done in Pittsburg and Reading. The celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of the independence of the United States by the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia in 1876 was an event of great importance to the arts and industries of America, and marked the beginning of industrial art in its best sense in this country. Henry Martyn Hoyt (b.i830-d.i892) was born of English an- cestry at Kingston, He passed two years at Lafayette College, and was graduated from Williams College in 1849. He was admitted to the Bar of Luzerne County in 1853. He entered the army at the d ^ — -^^ — beginning of the Civil War and was held in captivity at Charleston for some time ; on his release he was brevetted Brigadier-General. He was appointed an additional Law Judge for Luzerne County in 1867; from 1869 to 1873 he was Collector of Internal Revenue for Luzerne and Susquehanna counties, and he was Chairman of the Republican State Committee in 1875. He was elected Governor as a believer in "honest money" and was the first Governor to serve a term of four years under the Constitution of 1873. Robert Emory Pattison (b.1850) enjoys the distinction of hav- ing served two terms as Governor of Pennsylvania which were not consecutive, and of being the only Democratic Governor of the State since the Civil War. He was born at Quantico, Md., of Pennsyl- vania parentage. He was graduated from the Central High School of Philadelphia, and was admitted to the Bar in 1872. He was twice elected Controller of Finances in Philadelphia, in 1877 and 1880. He was elected Governor on a Democratic ticket ; unable to succeed himself by a constitutional provision, the same party elected him a u o PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. i6i second time in 1890. In the interval between his two terms he was a member of the Commission to Investigate the Pacific Railways, and was chosen Chairman of that body. James Addams Beaver (b.1837) succeeded Governor Patti- son at the conclusion of his first term. He was born in Millerstown in 1837, and was a descendant of a Palatine settler. He was grad- uated from Jefferson College, at Cannonsburg, and was admitted to the Bar of Centre County in 1859. He early entered the war and lost his right leg at Ream's Station in 1864. He was brevetted Brigadier-General for distinguished gallantry. Mustered out through disability occasioned by wounds received in the war, he continued his interest in the National Guard, in which he served as Major-Gen- eral from 1875 to 1878, and as Brigadier-General from 1878 to 1883. He was Chief Burgess of Belief onte in 1865 ; member of the Com- mission for the Construction of the State Hospital for the Insane at Warren from 1873 to 1881 ; Chairman of the Pennsylvania delega- tion to the Republican National Convention of 1880; was unsuccess- ful candidate for United States Senator in 1881 ; an unsuccessful candidate for Governor in 1882, but was chosen to the latter office by a large majority in 1886. He was appointed a Judge of the Superior Court of Pennsylvania in 1895, and in 1898 was made a member of the Commission to Investigate the Conduct of the War Department in the war with Spain. Governor Beaver was succeeded by his predecessor, ex-Governor Robert E. Pattison, and the latter was followed, on the conclusion of 7/MuC. second term, by Daniel Hartman Hastings (b.i849-d.i903). He was born in Centre County, of Scotch-Irish parentage, and was admitted to the Bar in 1875. Too young to serve in the Civil War, he took i62 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. great interest in the National Guard, and was appointed Adjutant- General of the Commonwealth by Governor Beaver, He displayed remarkable executive ability in connection with the Johnstown Flood, and was chosen Governor in 1894. William Alexis Stone (b.1846) was born in Tioga County. Notwithstanding his youth he was permitted to enlist in the 187th Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served with his regiment until it was mustered out in 1865. He was admitted to the Bar in 1870; was District- Attorney of Tioga County from 1875 to 1877, and United States Attorney for the Western District of Pennsylvania, with head- quarters at Pittsburg, from 1880 to 1886. He was a member of Con- gress from 1 89 1 to 1899. The inauguration of Samuel Whitaker Pennypacker (b. 1843) in January, 1903, completes the roll of the Governors of Pennsylvania. Governor Pennypacker was born in Phoenixville, Chester Co. The descendant of a German Quaker, in 1862 he en- listed as a U. S. volunteer and afterwards was graduated from the Law Department of the University of Pennsylvania, In 1868 he was JOv^^Or^ .^AA.^-*^ chosen President of the Law Academy ; in 1886 he became a member of the Philadelphia Board of Education and in 1889 was appointed a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas by Governor Beaver. He was President Judge of the Court of Common Pleas No. 2 of Philadelphia at the time of his nomination for Governor. He is President of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and is widely known for his his- torical researches and writings. He possesses one of the finest pri- vate libraries of early Pennsylvania publications in existence. 44. Political Parties. — Political parties in Pennsylvania be- gan with differences on the rights and privileges of the proprietary- ship. The earliest were ( i ) the Proprietary party, headed by James Logan, which included warm adherents of William Penn; (2) the Popular party, headed by David Lloyd, which desired much greater political freedom than even the liberal views of Penn provided ; and PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 163 (3), the Church party, headed by Col. Robert Quarry, composed of the EpiscopaHans in the Province, and was also in opposition to Penn. At a later period party spirit was developed under Governor Thomas about 1740, who actively espoused the cause of military de- velopment. In the election of 1742 there were two parties (i), the Popular or Country party, having an overwhelming majority in the counties, and opposed to the military proclivities of the Governor; and (2) the Gentlemen's party, consisting of the Governor and his followers, and strong in the city of Philadelphia. About 1755 the question of taxing the proprietary estates de- veloped party feeling. At this time the Proprietary party included the Episcopalians of Philadelphia and the Presbyterians of the country; while the Popular party included the Quakers and Ger- mans, and won overwhelmingly in the election of that year. The division of the people into two great parties, the Proprietary and the Anti-Proprietary, continued after the arrival of Governor John Penn; and the agitation for making Pennsylvania a Crown colony was openly spoken of and discussed in the Assembly. The Penns being now members of the Church of England, a readjust- ment in the composition of the parties ensued. The Crown colony project was opposed by the Episcopalians and the Presbyterians. The Quakers were divided, most of them supporting Franklin in his agi- tation for a Crown colony ; the Germans sided with the Quakers. The Proprietary party made some slight gains in the election of 1764, but did not have more than a third of the Assembly. Frank- lin failed of election and was sent abroad to continue the agitation. He was soon advised to await favorable circumstances, but when he reached England the discussion occasioned by the Stamp Act ren- dered further negotiations useless. With the Revolution party lines ceased to be drawn on ques- tions relating to the proprietaryship, and the two great parties be- came the Radicals and the Loyalists. The haste to declare independ- ence drove many Quakers to the Loyalists. They, however, were not active, and gave no aid to that cause. The Whig party grew rapidly from November, 1775, to June, 1776, and advocated not only an early declaration of independence, but also an immediate substi- tution of government by constitution instead of the Penn Charter. The Pennsylvania constitution of 1776 gave the powers of the State to the radical revolutionary party, now called Constitutional- i64 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. ists; the opposition were called Anti-Constitutionalists or Repub- licans, and was made up of the old Proprietary party, who had mostly gone over to the Royalists ; the Quakers, who withdrew en- tirely from public affairs, and moderate men like Dickinson, Robert Morris and Mifflin. The Constitutionalists came into power imme- diately after the evacuation of Philadelphia, and at the end of the Revolution the Anti-Constitutionalists came in. When the Constitution of the United States was completed a fresh distribution of parties took place, and the division became more and more on national lines. The old parties took new names. The Constitutionalists became Anti-Federalists, and the Anti-Con- stitutionalists became Federalists. A fierce pamphlet war ensued, and the Federalists were overwhelmingly victorious on questions PENNSYLVANIA ARMS, 1829. that were neither Provincial nor State, but national. Later on the opposing party, owing to the popularity of the Constitution, could not call themselves Anti-Federalists, but were known as Democratic- Republicans, or by either name separately. The election of McKean in 1799 and of Jefferson in 1800 placed Pennsylvania in the Demo- cratic ranks, where she remained for many years. An agitation for a change in the Constitution making the election of Senators annual, reducing the Governor's patronage and limiting the tenure of the judiciary was begun in 1805 by a party assuming the title of "Con- stitutionalists ;" the opponents called themselves "Friends of the Peo- ple" ; no results. Then came the demand for the representation of the "common people" as opposed to the aristocracy from which Pennsylvania officials and legislators had heretofore been chiefly chosen. It cul- minated in the nomination of Simon Snyder when first nominated for the Governorship — a man of no education and little known. A PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 165 new party was formed for a short time, called "The Tertium Quids" [meaning an intermediate or middle party], soon shortened to "Quids," with McKean as its candidate. It included the Federalists generally, and McKean was elected, but by the end of his third term it had disappeared. In the election that resulted in the election of Governor Findlay (1817) the parties were (i) Federalists; (2), moderate Democrats, calling themselves Independent Republicans, Democrats of the Revo- lution, and Old Schoolmen; and (3), a few independents called Quids. The same parties took part in the succeeding campaign, but Findlay was defeated. At the election of Governor Schulze the Federal party practically came to an end, and his opponents hardly ventured to call themselves Federalists. PENNSYLVANIA ARMS, 1832. An entirely new feature in party development came in with the Anti-Masonic movement, which originated in New York in 1826 and soon developed great popular interest. It first seriously manifested itself in Pennsylvania in the campaign for Governor in 1829. In 1838 Governor Ritner was for the fourth time proposed for Gov- ernor by his party, now called the United Whig party, and made up of Federalists, Anti-Masons and conservative Democrats. He was defeated, and with the election of Porter the Anti-Masonic party disappeared, and its members became Whigs and afterwards Liberty Men and Republicans. With the approach of the Civil War political issues in Penn- sylvania centred more and more around the slavery question. The i66 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER "Know Nothing," or Native American party, originated early in the fifties; it proposed to change the naturalization laws so as to exclude foreigners who had been in the country less than 21 years from voting, to support schools with the Bible, and to oppose political Romanism and denominationalism. The party elected Gov- ernor Pollock (1854), but ceased to influence State and national politics at the expiration of his term. The Free Soil party cast a large vote in 1857, ^"^ soon after the Republican party, which originated in Michigan, was formed. In Pennsylvania this great party was, at the beginning, made up of many incongruous elements, and old enemies became allies. The first national convention of the new party was held in Philadelphia in June, 1856. John C. Fremont was nominated for the Presidency, but James Buchanan of Pennsylvania was nominated by the Demo- crats in the hope that he would carry Pennsylvania, long regarded as a pivotal State whose vote would determine the election. Buchanan won, and Pennsylvania's electoral vote was, for the last time, cast in the Democratic column. Pennsylvania was firmly committed to anti-Slavery by i860, Andrew G. Curtin was chosen Governor as a Republican by a large majority, and Abraham Lincoln a month later received the vote of the State, although it had long been consistently and con- servatively Democratic. 45. Party Votes for Governor. Successful Candidates. Defeated Candidates. 1790 Thomas Mifflin, Democrat. 27,725. .Arthur St. Clair, Federalist 2,802 1793 Thomas Mifflin, Democrat. 18,590.. F. A. Muhlenberg, Fed- eralist 10,706 1796 Thomas Mifflin, Democrat. 30,020.. F. A. Muhlenberg, Fed- eralist 1,011 1799 Thomas McKean, Democrat 38,036. .James Ross, Federalist 32,641 1802 Thomas McKean, Democrat 47,879. .James Ross (Pittsburg), Federalist 9,499 James Ross, Federalist 7,538 Scattering 94 1805 Thomas McKean, Inde- ..Simon Snyder, Democrat.. 38,438 pendent Democrat 43,644 Simon Snyder 395 1808 Simon Snyder, Democrat.. 67,975. James Ross, Federalist 39,575 John Spayd, Federalist... 4,006 Scattering 8 1811 Simon Snyder, Democrat.. 52,319. -William Tilghman, Fed- eralist 3,609 Scattering 1,675 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 167 Successful Candidates. Defeated Candidates. 1814 Simon Snyder, Democrat. . 51,099. .Isaac Wayne, Federalist. .. 29,566 George Lattimer, Inde- pendent 910 Scattering 18 1817 William Findlay, Democrat 66,331 . .Joseph Hiester, Federalist. 59,272 Scattering 11 1820 Joseph Hiester, Federalist. 67,905. .William Findlay, Democrat 66,300 Scattering 21 1823 J. Andrew Schulze, . .Andrew Gregg, Federalist. 64,211 Democrat 89,928 Scattering 8 1826 J. Andrew Schulze, ..John Sergeant, Federalist. 1,175 Democrat 72,710 Scattering i,i74 . .Joseph Ritner, Anti-Mason 61,776 1829 George Wolf, Democrat. . . 78,219 Scattering 12 . .Joseph Ritner, Anti-Mason 88,165 1832 George Wolf, Democrat... 91,335. .George Wolf, Independent 1835 Joseph Ritner, Anti-Mason 94,023 Democrat 65,804 H. A. Muhlenberg, Democrat 40,586 . .Joseph Ritner, Anti-Mason 122,321 1838 David R. Porter, Democrat 127,825. .John Banks, Whig II3473 1841 David R. Porter, Democrat 136,504 F. J. Lamoyne, Abolition.. 763 Scattering 23 . .Joseph Markle, Whig 156,040 1844 Francis R. Shunk, F. J. Lamoyne, Abolition.. 2,566 Democrat 160,322 1847 Francis R. Shunk, ..James Irvin, Whig 128,148 Democrat 146,081 E. G. Reigart, Native American 1 1,247 F. J. Lamoyne, Abolition.. 1,861 Scattering 6 1848 William F. Johnson, Whig. 168,522. .Morris Longstreth, Democrat 168,225 E. B. Gazzam, Free Soil... 48 Scattering 24 1851 William Bigler, Democrat. 186,489. .William F. Johnston, Whig 178,034 Kimber Cleaver, Native American 1.850 Scattering 67 1854 James Pollock, Whig and . .William Bigler, Democrat. 166,991 American 203,822 B. Rush Bradford, Free Soil 2,194 Scattering 33 1857 William F. Packer, ..David Wilmot, Free Soil.. 146,139 Democrat 188,846 Isaac Hazelhurst, American 28,168 Scattering 12 l86o Andrew G. Curtin, . .Henry D. Foster, Democrat 230,230 Republican 262,346 1863 Andrew G. Curtin, . .George W. Woodward, Republican 269,506 Democrat 254,171 Scattering 2 i68 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. Successful Candidates. 1866 John W. Geary, Republican 307,274- 1869 John W. Geary, Republican 290,552. 1872 John F. Hartranft, Republican 353,28; 1875 John F. Hartranft, Republican 304,i75 1878 Henry M. Hoyt, Republican 319,567 1882 Robert E. Pattison, Democrat 355,791 1886 James A. Beaver, Republican 1890 Robert E. Pattison, Democrat 1894 Daniel H. Hastings, Republican 412,285 464,209 574,801 1898 William A. Stone, Republican 476,206 Defeated Candidates. .Hiester Clymer, Democrat. 290,096 .Asa Packer, Democrat.... 285,956 .Charles R. Buckalew, Democrat 317,760 S. B. Chase, Prohibition... 1,259 .Cyrus L. Pershing, Democrat 292,145 R. Audley Brown, Prohibition 13,244 .Andrew H. Dill, Democrat 297,060 Samuel R. Mason, National Greenback 81,758 Franklin H. Lane, Prohibition 3,653 .James A. Beaver, Republican 315,589 John Stewart, Independent Republican 43,743 Thomas A. Armstrong, Greenback-Labor 23,484 Alfred C. Pettit, Temperance 5,196 .Chauncey F. Black, Democrat 369,634 Charles S. Wolf, Prohibition 32,458 Robert J. Houston, Greenback 4,835 .George W. Delamater, Republican 447,655 John D. Gill, Prohibition.. 16,108 T. P. Rynder, Labor 224 ..William M. Singerly, Democrat 333,404 Charles L. Hawley, Prohibition 23,433 Jerome T. Ailman, People's 19,464 Thomas H. Grundy, Socialist Labor 1,733 Scattering 182 .George A. Jenks, Democrat 358,300 Silas C. Swallow, Prohibition 125,746 Silas C. Swallow, People's. 2,058 Silas C. Swallow, Liberty. 632 Silas C. Swallow, Honest Government 4,495 J. Mahlon Barnes, Socialist Labor 4,278 Scattering 33 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 169 Successful Candidates. 1902 Samuel W. Pennypacker, Republican Samuel W. Pennypacker, Citizens' Defeated Candidates. 592,867. .Robert E. Pattison, Democrat 436,451 461. .Robert E. Pattison, Anti-Machine 9,55° Robert E. Pattison, Ballot-Reform 4,977 Silas C. Swallow, Prohibition 23,327 William Adams, Socialist Labor S.iSS J. W. Slayton, Socialist... 21,910 Scattering 78 ELECTOKS. JOHN C. FREMONT. James Irvin. Joseph Edwards. George N. Eckert. Mahlon H. Dickinson. Wilson Jewell. Albert 0]r Rowland. Caleb N. Taylor. "William Darlington, M. D, William M. Baird Michael H. Shirk. Simon Cameron. John McCormick. Smith B. Thompson. Kussell F. Lord. Frederick E. Smith. Abraham Updegraff. Joseph D. Simpson. Hezekiah Easton. Edward Scull, William M. Stewart. Al&ed Patterson. Benair C Sawyer. Jacob Painter. Lawrence L. M'Guffin. George W. Arnold. James Skinner. FAC-SIMILE OF FIRST REPUBLICAN ELECTORAL TICXET IN PENNSYLVANIA, 1856, IJ^O PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. CHAPTER IX. The Revolution. 46. Change from Proprietary to 5tate Government. — In 1775 Congress resolved to establish a Continental Army, and the As- sembly of Pennsylvania superseded the jurisdiction of Governor Penn by the Committee of Safety on June 30, recommending, at the same time, that the County Commissioners provide arms and direct- ing that the officers of military associations select minute men to be held ready for service. The Committee of Safety numbered 25, afterwards increased to 33, with Franklin as President; it was em- powered to call volunteer troops into action, support them and care for the defense of the Province. The soldiers of the associations re- SEAL OF THE CONVENTION FOR THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA, 1776. fused to sign certain regulations of the Committee if the Quakers were exempted from service. April 5, 1776, the Assembly resolved that all able-bodied persons, except ministers, schoolmasters and cer- tain classes of servants, should join a military association or pay an equivalent, which was fixed at £3 los. The formation of a commonwealth government began June 18, 1776, with a Provincial Convention of 108 members representing each county equally, held in Philadelphia. This body ordered a constitu- tional convention to consist of eight representatives from each county. The latter body met July 11, with Franklin as President, PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 171 and elected the delegates who afterwards signed the Declaration of Independence. On July 23, it created the Council of Safety to suc- ceed the Committee of Safety. It was voted that "every person proscribed by a committee of inspection or safety as an enemy to the liberties of America, and not yet restored to the favor of his country, should be excluded from the franchise ; and every elector, if required, should take an oath or affirmation that he did not hold himself in allegiance to George III. and would not oppose the establishment of SEAL OF THE COMMITTEE OF SAFETY, 1775. a free government within the Province, nor the measures adopted by Congress against the tyranny of Great Britain." After a session of two months a constitution was completed, signed by the President, and, on September 28, "committed to the Council of Safety with directions to deliver it to the General Assembly of the Common- wealth at its first meeting." During the time of its duration the constitutional convention assumed the entire political power. Mean- while the Whigs had withdrawn from the Assembly, which found itself powerless to transact business in the absence of a quorum. The last record of the Provincial Assembly and the last phase of pro- 172 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. prietary government in Pennsylvania was a protest against these doings, made September 26, 1776. The new State government was finally organized under the Constitution of 1776 on March 4, 1777, by the Supreme Executive Council, with Thomas Wharton, Jr., as President and George Bryan as Vice-President. 47. The Beginnings of the Revolutionary War. — Penn- sylvania occupied a very different position from the colonies of Mas- sachusetts and Virginia which took the lead in events leading to the Revolution. Massachusetts had been founded as a free colony, with very large rights of self-government. It was the loss of these rights, and the adoption of a new colonial policy by the English Crown that caused the agitation in Massachusetts that resulted in the Revolution. Virginia, though less favorably situated in its origin, had acquired an independence almost as great as Massachusetts, and its loss resulted almost exactly as had been the case with the New England colony. Pennsylvania, on the other hand, hesitated to enter the Revolu- tion because it had never known a more liberal government than that given it by Penn ; and this was itself so liberal, and the colony had flourished so abundantly under it, that the people did not feel the necessity for further agitation than what had already been done in their own Legislature. The religious and racial differences of the people had a most important bearing on this matter. The Quakers were opposed to all revolutions, and dominated the eastern part of the Province. The Germans, unfamiliar with the English language and largely unable to comprehend the points in dispute, were indifferent to the cause in its early stages, and relied on the Quakers for guidance. Many non- combatant sects also entertained views identical with the Quakers as to the bearing of arms. The Churchmen were largely conserva- tive, and a number of its clergy were Tories on account of their ordination vows. The Scotch-Irish were alone eagerly in favor of a revolution. The problem of the pre-revolutionary movement in Pennsyl- vania was one of acquiescence and support. The events that im- mediately brought it about took place in Massachusetts, and the people of that colony, knowing they could depend on Virginia, very early turned their attention towards securing the co-operation of Pennsylvania, which was needed to complete the chain of colonies PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 173 for successful agitation. Paul Revere reached Philadelphia May 19, 1774, on a mission from Massachusetts to gain the support of the Province. John Dickinson, George Ross, George Clymer, Charles Thomson, Thomas Mifflin, Joseph Reed and Thomas McKean were the most conspicuous leaders of the Liberal party in Pennsylvania. Resolutions of sympathy with Massachusetts were adopted at a meet- ing held at the city tavern on Second street above Walnut, and again at the State House, at a public meeting held June 18, 1774, at which a congress of all the colonies was recommended, and a committee of correspondence appointed for Philadelphia, to act with the county committees that had been established in the country districts by the liberty leaders some months before. The Congress of all the Colonies, known as the Continental Con- gress, assembled in Carpenters* Hall, Philadelphia, in September, 1774. Delegates from eleven colonies attended September 5, and representatives from North Carolina joined them September 14. Pey- ton Randolph was chosen President and Charles Thomson Secretary. Joseph Galloway, Samuel Rhoads, Thomas Mifflin, Charles Humph- reys, John Morton, George Ross and Edward Biddle represented Pennsylvania. John Dickinson was afterwards added to this num- ber, and all the important conclusions of the Congress were drafted by him, including the petition to the King and the address to the people of Canada. The approval of these proceedings by the As- sembly was also obtained by Dickinson. A Provincial Conference was held January 23, 1775, with Joseph Reed as President, to enforce the measures recommended by Congress. It authorized the Committee of Correspondence of Philadelphia to act as a standing committee of correspondence for the Province, and empowered it to call a Provincial Convention when deemed necessary. The non-importation agreement was vigorously enforced by the committee. After the battle of Lexington the com- mittee actively interested itself in military afifairs and companies of militia or associators were formed through its influence. June 14, 1775, Congress recommended the raising of six com- panies of expert riflemen in Pennsylvania for service near Boston; two more companies were ordered, and a battalion was formed. Six infantry battalions of eight companies each were raised by order of Congress in the last half of 1775. Boats and ships were built to protect the Delaware, and a chevaux-de- frise, made of logs, was placed across the river. Forts were 174 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. erected at Billingsport, N, J., and at other places. May 8, 1776, an engagement took place in the Delaware between the British vessels "Roebuck" and "Liverpool," and the local ships, which re- sulted in the withdrawal of the attacking vessels to the Capes. Con- gress then established a continental marine, and provided for the building and equipment of a number of vessels. In February, 1776, the Committee of Safety applied to the Assembly for permission to raise 2,000 men, and authority was granted for raising 1,500, to serve until January i, 1778. The Flying Camp of 10,000 men was established by Congress June 3, 1776, and 6,000 men were apportioned to Pennsylvania, 600 to the Lower Counties, and the balance to Maryland. By August 12 the Pennsylvania forces consisted of (i) the associators or associated battalions, of 57 companies; (2) the State militia of three battalions of 1,500 men; and (3) the Flying Camp, to which four battalions had been added, apportioned among the various counties. The Assembly of 1775 yielded to the associators and the Com- mittee of Safety through necessity and not from conviction. June 14, 1776, it declared that all hopes of compromise or peaceful adjust- ment were at an end, and resolved to unite with the other colonies in such matters as might be determined for the public good, but left the question of separation to be determined by Congress. The vote for independence taken in Congress on July 2, 1776, was given by Pennsylvania as three in favor, Franklin, Wilson and Morton, and two against, Willing and Humphreys. Franklin was the only one of the Pennsylvania delegation who voted for independ- ence from the beginning; Dickinson and Robert Morris absented themselves from the voting. The Declaration of Independence, adopted July 4, was a public expression of the vote taken on July 2. The signatures were attached in August, and the Pennsylvania signers, owing to some changes in the delegation, made by the con- vention of July 20, were Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Tay- lor, James Wilson and George Ross. 48. Pine Creek Declaration of Independence.- The Pine Creek Declaration of Independence is the name given to resolu- tions similar to those adopted by the Continental Congress that were adopted by the Scotch-Irish living near Horn's Fort on the west branch of the Susquehanna River, which is now in Wayne Town- ship, Clinton County, at a meeting held on the Pine Creek plains. No PENNSYLVANIA : A PRIMER. 175 176 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. written records of this meeting have been preserved, but the tradition of the gathering and the resolutions, adopted July 4, 1776, is a per- sistent one. 49. The Revolutionary War. — The events of the Revolution- ary War in Pennsylvania were chiefly concerned with the occupation of Philadelphia and military events in the vicinity of that city. (For the invasion of the Wyoming Valley by the British see §38.) On December 8, 1776, Washington was on the west bank of the Delaware with the American Army ; Howe, with the British forces, reached Trenton before the rear-guard of the Americans had landed in Pennsylvania. The utmost consternation pervaded Philadelphia on the approach of the British, and on news of their arrival at Tren- ton Congress adjourned to Baltimore, giving Washington "full power to order and direct all things relative to the department and to the operations of the war." The American Army was encamped from Coryell's Ferry to Bristol. Sterling, Mercer, Stephen and Fermoy guarded the crossings above Trenton. Ewing was opposite Trenton; Dickinson was opposite Bordentown, and Cadwalader with the Pennsylvania militia was at Bristol. On December 26th Washington, having recrossed the Delaware on Christmas night, at- tacked the British forces at Trenton and was successful. Some of the Hessian prisoners were marched through Philadelphia as a demonstration of the victory. The engagements at Princeton fol- lowed, and Washington remained in winter quarters at Morristown from January 7 to May 28, 1777. Battle of the Brandywine. — On July 23 Howe sailed from New York with a large fleet and entered Chesapeake Bay August 15, landing at Elk Ferry on the 25th. Washington, uncertain of the movements of the enemy, marched towards Philadelphia, sta- tioning himself in Bucks County, where he was joined by Lafayette, De Kalb and Pulaski. August 24 he marched through Philadel- phia, halting south of Wilmington, and sending forward a picked corps under Maxwell, who was driven back in a severe skirmish at Aitken's Tavern. In order to prevent the British from crossing the Brandywine, and gaining the road to Philadelphia, Washington en- camped at Chadd's Ford, September 8. Howe was at Kennett Square, and on the nth sent a portion of his force under Knyphausen to attack Maxwell, who had crossed the stream to meet him, and engaged the Americans while Howe and Cornwallis with the bal- ance of the British Army, crossed the Brandywine and moved south U-, PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 177 MAP OF THE CAMPAIGN OF I777. A. British army before the battle of the Brandywine. B. Knyphausen's ad- vance. C. Cornwallis having turned the wing of the American army. D. SulHvan advanced to oppose him. E. American army. F. Howe's quar- ters, a a a. Washington's retreat to Chester and Philadelphia. G. His camp at Chester. Zigzag marks show where Americans might have been attacked after the battle. H. Washington's flight after his skirmish at Goshen. I. His retreat when Howe crossed the Schuylkill. K. Washing- ton's camp before the battle of Germantown. L. His camp at Whitemarsh. _M. First position of British. N. Second position. O O O. Where Wash- ington rnight have been attacked. P. British camp at Germantown. Line of — indicates marches of British. Line of marches of American army. Q. Washington's lines at Valley Forge. 178 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. to attack the American flank. Misled by a message from General Sullivan that the British were not coming from the north, Washing- ton remained where he was, and being attacked from both sides was compelled to retreat to Chester, subsequently passing through Phila- delphia to Germantown. Paoli Massacre. — Though but twenty miles away, the British consumed two weeks in getting to Philadelphia. The two armies met near Warren Tavern, on the Lancaster road, twenty-two miles from Philadelphia, on September i6; but a violent rainstorm ruined the ammunition of both forces, and Washington retreated across the Schuylkill, leaving Wayne to protect his rear. On the night of the 20th Wayne was surprised about two miles west of the Paoli Inn, and lost 300 killed, with many prisoners, an incident known as the Paoli Massacre. Howe sought to cross the Schuylkill at Swedes Ford, but finding Washington entrenched there, moved up the river. Wash- ington followed him, but Howe returned and crossed at Fatland and Gordon's Fords on the night of the 22d. On the 25th he en- camped at Germantown and the next day Cornwallis took possession of the city. Occupation of Philadelphia. — The greatest alarm pervaded Philadelphia on the defeat of Washington at the Brandywine. The public books and papers were taken to Easton, and the floating bridge across the Schuylkill was removed. The Congress and As- sembly adjourned to Lancaster September 18, and returned only on June 25, 1778. The British immediately fortified the city, defend- ing the two river fronts by batteries and guards, and completing a line of redoubts, begun by General Putnam as a defense against the British, and discontinued after the battle of Germantown, when they were no longer deemed necessary. They extended from river to river, along the present line of Poplar, Green and Callowhill streets. An encampment was established on Society Hill, which followed the southern side of Dock Creek; the artillery was placed in Chestnut street, between Second and Third, with their cannon in the State House yard; the 42d Highlanders were on Chestnut street below Third; and the 15th Regiment was at Fifth and Market streets. A strong force was maintained at Germantown, extending from the Schuylkill, near the mouth of the Wissahickon, along Old School Lane, across Germantown, and along Mill street to the Old York Road. Cornwallis was in Philadelphia and Howe near German- PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 179 town. Washington was about fifteen miles away, and moved from Metutchen Hills to attack the enemy at Germantown. Battle of Germantown. — Washington began his movement on the night of October 3, and the battle took place the next day. One PLAN OF THE WORKS AND ENCAMPMENTS OF THE BRITISH FORCES IN PHILADEL- PHIA, I777-I778. division of the American Army under Armstrong attacked the British near the Wissahickon ; another under Sullivan and Wayne attacked the British centre at Market Square, and were followed by the reserves ; a third, under Greene, moved by the Lime Kiln Road to attack the right wing of the British on the Old York Road. Arm- strong was unable to drive the British back from the Wissahickon i8o PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. Sullivan threw the enemy at Market Square into confusion, and would doubtless have been successful had not Greene, having accom- plished the task given him, come up in a fog, and being mistaken for the enemy, caused Sullivan to retreat. Greene, being unsupported, fell back, and the victory was lost to the Americans. The American casualties were 1,157 ^^^ ^^^ British 521. Washington withdrew to Pennybacker's Mills, and finally entered winter quarters at Valley Forge December 19, where the army passed one of the most dreadful winters experienced by the Americans during the Revolution. Valley Forge. — The encampment of the American Army under Washington at Valley Forge, which lasted from December 19, 1777, to June 19, 1778, was one of the most terrible and heroic experiences of the Revolutionary War. Disheartened by failure, without suf- ficient shelter and clothing, reduced to the utmost extremity in the matter of food, the condition of the Americans during their enforced retirement in a winter of great severity was one of the utmost hard- ship. Opposition to Washington developed to such an extent that a movement was begun looking to his replacement in the command by Gates, who had received Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga ; for- tunately this eflfort did not succeed. Capture of the Delaware Forts. — On October 19 Howe re- moved his troops from Germantown and occupied Philadelphia. The redoubts across the northern part of the city were completed. The Queen's Rangers under Simcoe were at the first redoubt on the Delaware ; the Hessian Grenadiers were between Fifth and Seventh, Noble and Callowhill streets; the British Grenadiers extended to Broad street ; and the other divisions reached to the Schuylkill. It now became necessary for Howe to capture the forts which com- manded the Delaware, in order to establish communication with New York, as otherwise the British would be in a state of seige within the city. These forts were three in number, and consisted of Fort Mifflin, on Mud Island, immediately below the mouth of the Schuylkill on the Pennsylvania side; Fort Mercer, at Red Bank, almost opposite, on the Jersey side; and Billingsport, further down on the Jersey side. They were connected by the chevaux-de-frise, and, in addition, there were a number of small vessels known as the Pennsylvania Navy, commanded by Commodore John Hazelwood. Fort Billingsport, being undefendable, was abandoned by its commander. Col. William Bradford. By October 21 Admiral Howe had passed the lower chevaux-de-frise, and his ships were PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. i8i nearly opposite Fort Mercer at Red Bank. Count Donop, with about 2,500 men, attacked the fort on October 22. It was defended by Col. Christopher Greene with 600 men, who forced the enemy to retire with great loss ; Count Donop was mortally wounded at the first fire. Meanwhile the ships had been unable to afford assistance, and were gallantly attacked by Hazelwood. It was the most important naval engagement on the Delaware. The next attack was upon Fort l82 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. Mifflin, which was abandoned November i6, after several days of severe fighting. On the i8th Cornwallis moved to Chester to attack Fort Mercer, which was abandoned by Varnum November 20, who deemed defense useless. Many of the smaller vessels of the Pennsyl- vania Navy escaped up the river, but the larger ones were destroyed, including nearly all those built by Congress. The river was now completely in the control of the British. On December 4 Howe marched out of Philadelphia with most of his troops for the purpose of dislodging Washington from his position at Whitemarsh, but finding him too strongly entrenched, returned to the city without having accomplished anything. FADEN's map of the operations on the DELAWARE, I778. I. Howe in the "Eagle" with the "Apollo" and transports. 2. "Ca- mille" and "Zebra." 3. "Vigilant" and "Fury," which moved up to attack Fort Mifflin on Mud Island. 4. "Experiment" and transports. 5. Camp on November 18. 6. Wreck of "Merlin." 7. "Augusta" blown up (other ves- sels at 6 and 7). 8. Between American fleet here and Mud Island is the "upper stackadoes" (zigzags). 9. Nearer of islands off Fort Mercer is Woodbery Island, the other is Red Bank Island. 9. The rest of the Ameri- can fleet at this point. 10. Battery. Evacuation of Philadelphia. — The winter passed by the Brit- ish in Philadelphia was one of the most memorable incidents in its history. It was ruled by martial law, the single effort to revive the civil authority being the appointment of Joseph Galloway as super- intendent of police and of magistrates under him, all of whom, through Galloway, received orders from headquarters. Not before nor since was the city so gay, much of the time of the British officers and men being filled with amusements. Efforts to form loyalist regi- ments were only partially successful, the "Pennsylvania Loyalists," with William Allen, Jr., as colonel, and the "Queen's Rangers," com- manded by Lieut.-Col. Simcoe, being the most important. The PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 183 festivities culminated in a famous fete called the Meschianza, held May 18, 1778, as a farewell to General Howe, who had been sup- planted in the command by Sir Henry Clinton. It had been apparent to the British for some time that there would be no further advantage in occupying Philadelphia, and the evacua- tion of the city had long been expected by Washington. Lafayette SEAL OF THE SUPREME EXECUTIVE COUNCIL, I777. was sent across the Schuylkill to Barren Hill, to be ready to enter the city the moment the British had left. The day following the Meschianza had been set by the British for an attack on Lafayette ; the attempt was unsuccessful, and Lafayette withdrew to Valley Forge. A month later the city was evacuated by the British, on June 18, and General Benedict Arnold was placed in command of Philadelphia. Washington followed the British across New Jersey, and defeated them in the battle of Monmouth June 28, 1778. i84 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. Philadelphia was in a shocking condition after the withdrawal of the British. The city had experienced much injury; there was no government ; and there was an intense feeling of hatred towards the Tories of every degree, which culminated in the hanging of two men, Abraham Carlisle and John Roberts, for treason. Arnold grew rich and was court-martialed, but escaped with a reprimand. The currency depreciated, and many of the better citizens were viewed as dangerous and were subjected to riotous treatment by the mob. The Constitutionalists came into power and drove from office the better men who had formerly dominated affairs in the city. Pennsylvania Troops in the Revolution. — Two companies of men from Cumberland and Lancaster counties, started with Arnold from Boston, September ii, 1775, in his campaign against Quebec; they were taken prisoners in the assault on the city on December 31. The reinforcements sent to Canada in the spring of 1776 included four regiments or battalions from Pennsylvania, the First, Second, Fourth and Sixth, with Nelson's Independent Company of Riflemen. In the defeat at Three Rivers the Americans were represented by the Pennsylvania troops, the Second and Sixth battalions, three com- panies of the Fourth and two of the First, together with a small New Jersey battalion. Four regiments from Pennsylvania returned with the American Army in its retreat to Ticonderoga; they numbered about half the entire force. April 12, 1777, Washington directed Wayne to join him at Morristown and take command of a brigade of troops called the Pennsylvania Line. Of Washington's army of 7,389 men, 2,063 were Pennsylvanians. These included Col. Hand's regiment of riflemen, the Third and Fourth battalions, many militia from the Flying Camp, Col. Miles's Rifle Regiment of two battalions, Col. Atlee's Musketry Battalion, Lieut.-Col. Lutz's battalion from Berks County, and Lieut.-Col. Kachlein's battalion from Northampton County. All these troops were engaged with Washington in the battle of Long Island, and on his withdrawal from Brooklyn the Pennsylvania regiments commanded by Hand, Magaw and Shee, with fragments of a Delaware regiment, were assigned the duty of covering the retreat. Pennsylvania contributed thirteen regiments of the line in the opening of the Revolutionary War. The First and Second regi- ments were formed on the First Battalion of Riflemen ; the Third on the Second Battalion ; the Fourth on the Third ; the Fifth on the PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 185 Fourth (Col. Wayne's) ; the Sixth on the Fifth (Col. Magaw's) ; the Seventh on the Sixth (Col. Irvine's) ; the Eighth was a regi- ment raised on the western frontier in Westmoreland and Bedford counties; the Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh and Twelfth were raised by authority of Congress, September 16, 1776; the Thirteenth was the G^^^^=v^^y^^ ^^^^s-^^^^-T-v.-^C- State Regiment of Foot, taken into continental service November 12, 1777. Other troops included Col. Thomas Hartley's and Col. John Patton's regiments; the New Eleventh Pennsylvania, organized by Congress in 1779; the German Regiment, organized June 27, 1776; the Corps of Ottendorff or Armand's Legion; "Congress' Own" (Col. Moses Hazen), authorized by Congress, January, 1776, for Canadian service, contained many Pennsylvanians ; and a cavalry regiment commanded by Col. Stephen Moylan. In 1781 the thir- teen regiments of the Pennsylvania Line were consolidated into six. A Board of War was created by warrant of the Supreme Executive Council dated March 13, 1777. It was composed of David Ritten- house, Owen Biddle, William Moore, Joseph Dean, Samuel Morris, Samuel Cadwalader Morris, John Bayard, George Gray and John Bull. It ceased to hold office August 7, 1777, by an order of Council dated the day before. Fort Washington on the Hudson, when attacked by the British, was almost wholly garrisoned by Pennsylvania troops, and was under the command of Col. Magaw ; it surrendered after a brave re- sistance. Col. Hand's regiment took part in the battle of Trenton, to- gether with Capt. Forrest's Company of Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery of six pieces. A large number participated in the battle of Princeton, including Col. Hand's regiment, Capt. Forrest's bat- tery, Capt. Moulder's battery of two pieces, the City Troop of Phila- delphia, several associated battalions and Haussegger's German battalion. Nearly all the Pennsylvania troops were engaged in the battle of the Brandywine. In the winter of 1778-9 the troops of the Pennsylvania Line, encamped at Middlebrook, N. J., suffered severely through want of food and clothing, their wages being paid in money of nominal value. Anthony Wayne had been commander of the Pennsylvania Line, but i86 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 187 had retired ; Washington induced him to assume command of a new light infantry corps, which included two Pennsylvania brigades, for the purpose of capturing Stony Point on the Hudson. This was taken on the night of July 15, 1779, in an engagement which ranks among the most remarkable of the Revolution. Towards the close of 1780 the men of the Pennsylvania Line became so dissatisfied with their treatment and poor pay that they threatened to march to Philadelphia and compel Congress to redress their wrongs. Janu- ary I, 1 78 1, they revolted, and moved towards Philadelphia. Presi- dent Reed met them at Princeton, and the matters in dispute were satisfactorily adjusted. About 2,400 men were concerned in this mutiny, and of these 1,250 accepted a discharge, almost dissolving the Line. In June, 1783, the soldiers of the Pennsylvania Line, wearied with delays in the settlement of their claim for payment on the dispersal of the troops preparatory to disenrolment, repaired to Philadelphia with the intention of asking justice of Congress. Their demands were so preemptory that Congress withdrew to Princeton, N. J., and afterwards adjourned to Annapolis, Md. Sev- eral of the leaders of the mutiny were court-martialed, but all ad- judged guilty were afterwards pardoned by Congress. PENNSYLVANIA TROOPS, 1775 TO 17S3. 1775- 1776. 1777- 1778. 1779- 1780. 17S1. 1782. 1783. First Battalion . . 600 Pennsylvania navy 398 2,190 1,500 480 250 280 195 217 Associators 5,000 25,000 Battalions and line 6,000 7,800 1,200 Privateers and Continental navy 1,137 SU i,3i4 4,665 2,809 4,322 1,953 State Regiments and Militia 6,000 2,500 1,500 1,500 1,260 1375 450 450 Rangers on the frontier 7,500 7,500 3,420 4,400 3,080 2,640 1,760 7 months' men 1,800 375 600 18 months' men 720 Recruits "during the war" 1,230 Re-enlistments i,350 700 Recruits for Southern army 550 Totals 5,998 40,327 19,814 14,514 11,440 10,699 9,672 5,810 2,210 Grand total 120,484 i88 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 50. After the Revolution. — The years that followed the treaty of peace, in 1783, formed a period of reconstruction and settle- ment. Pennsylvania emerged from the Revolution a sovereign State, freed from its proprietary control and with the Quaker and peaceful party that had so long dominated its politics reduced to a social force only. The general irresponsibility that seems to have gained control in the State is well shown in the cancellation of the charter of the College of Philadelphia, presided over by Provost William Smith, and the giving of its property to a new institution, called the University of the State of Pennsylvania. In 1789 it was revived, and a little later joined with the new institution to form the present University of Pennsylvania. In 1780 the Pennsylvania Bank was founded, and chartered by Congress, but wound up its affairs in 1784. In 1781 the Bank of North America was chartered by the State Assembly, but it with- drew its charter in 1785, though granting a re-charter two years later. The convention to frame a national constitution was held in the State House in Philadelphia from May to September, 1787. On September 17 it was sent to Congress, with a letter from Washing- ton, to be transmitted to the States. It was read before the Assembly of Pennsylvania, then sitting in the State House immediately below the Constitutional Convention, on September 18. A convention was called to ratify or reject it, and on December 12, 1787, the follow- ing resolution was adopted : — RATIFICATION. In the Name of the People of Pennsylvania : BE it known unto all men — That, we the delegates of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, in general convention assembled, have assented to and ratified, and by these pres- ents do, in the name and the authority of the same people, and for ourselves, assent to and ratify the foregoing con- stitution for the United States of America. Done in convention the 12th day of December, in the year 1787 and of the Independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof, etc. The vote was 46 in favor of ratification and 23 against. PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 189 51. The Pennsylvania Navy. — The attention of the Com- mittee of Safety was drawn to the defense of the Delaware River as early as July 4, 1775. Proposals for boats were immediately asked for, and the first one, the "Experiment," was launched from the yard of John Wharton on July 19. It was the beginning of the Pennsylvania State Navy, and antedated the first legislation of Con- gress (October 13, 1775), on the subject of a navy by three months. A return of August i, 1776, gives the number of vessels as 27 — in- cluding ten fire rafts, two floating batteries, a ship of war, a fire sloop and six guard-boats — and the number of men in naval service as 768. The river was further protected by the chevaux-de-frise, sunk be- low the mouth of the Schuylkill, Many officers of the Pennsylvania navy subsequently resigned to enter the more active continental service. January 13, 1776, Andrew Caldwell was appointed Commander- in-Chief of the fleet. Captain Thomas Read received the appoint- ment of Commodore October 23, 1775, and was the first officer of that rank in the naval forces of America. The first battle of the Pennsylvania navy occurred on May 8, 1776, when it engaged with the British frigate "Roebuck" and the sloop "Liverpool." As the result of the conflict the British vessels returned to Cape May, where they organized invasions of the neighboring shores. In December, 1776, the Pennsylvania navy helped to transport Washington's army across the Delaware, and the marines commanded by Captain Wil- liam Brown took part in the battle of Princeton, January 3, 1777, and remained attached to the army until January 23. February 13, 1777, the Supreme Executive Council created a Navy Board, composed of Andrew Caldwell, Joseph Blewer, Joseph Marsh, Emanuel Eyre, Paul Cox and Robert Ritchie; February 19 William Pollard, Samuel Massey, Thomas Barclay and William Bradford were added to the first appointees. The minutes of the Board to September 24, 1777, have been preserved. The State navy was active in the engagements before the Delaware forts, and wintered in various places on the river, the Navy Board holding its sessions at Trenton, Bordentown and other convenient points. The galleys, shallops and brig forming the navy were dismantled and sunk in April, 1778, in compliance with the orders of Washington and were raised in June in anticipation of the evacuation of Phila- delphia. I go PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. August 17, 1778, the Navy Board was dismissed, the number of vessels in commission was reduced, and many officers discharged March 25, 1779, the officers, seamen and marines in the naval ser- vice of the State were, by resolution of the General Assembly, de- clared entitled to all the benefits of the officers and soldiers of the State employed in the U. S. Army. All the officers and men were discharged November 25. A few remaining were discharged February 13, 1781. The last man discharged was Captain Nathan Boys, December 20, 1781. THE WATCHMAN. PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 191 CHAPTER X. The Land, Money and Credit, Taxation, Industries, Ways of Communication. 52. The Division of the Land. — Penn was the largest landowner in the world, possessing by royal grant 47,000,000 acres, and empowered to grant it to others in any way he saw fit. Three general divisions of the land were made by him and his sons: (i), the common land, generally sold at uniform prices; (2), the pro- prietary tenths or manors, reserved and held by the proprietors jointly, usually consisting of one-tenth of the best land in a given tract; and (3), the private estates of the individual proprietors, ob- tained by purchase one from another, or from previous purchasers in the Province. Penn's first proposal to sell land, issued in England, included shares, called "a. property," of 5,000 acres, free of Indian incum- brances, for iioo; a quit-rent of i shilling per 100 acres was to be imposed after 1684. Large tracts were sold to persons residing in England; every one who purchased or leased 500 acres was to re- ceive 10 acres in the city it was proposed to establish if space would permit. The lands included in the first purchases were not located or surveyed at the time of the grant, and the deeds were not always recorded, a practice that created defective titles from the outset. All land was to be appropriated or settled within three years after being surveyed, or it might be given to others. The general price for land before 1713 was £$ per 100 acres with I shilling quit-rent ; soon after it became iio per 100 acres. After 1719 it was iio per 100 acres and 2 shillings quit-rent. After 1732 it was ii5 10 shillings currency per 100 acres and a quit-rent of a half penny sterling per acre. After 1765 the price was £5 sterling per 100 acres, with a quit-rent of i penny sterling. Some lands were sold at higher prices. The land office had charge of the administration of territorial affairs. It consisted of a secretary, who was also the secretary of the Province, a surveyor general and from three to five commis- sioners of property. The keeper of the great seal and the master of the rolls were associated with the commissioners. After 1746 192 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. the keeper of the great seal was the receiver general, an office in- stituted in 1689, previous to v^^hich date it had been filled by the commissioners. As the population increased deputy receivers were appointed in the various counties. From 1741 on the Governor received two commissions, one relating to governmental matters and one to territorial affairs. In the latter he was empowered to grant lands by warrants issued by the secretary under the seal of the land office. In the same year special agents were appointed by the Penns to manage their manors and private estates. A board of property was formed in 1765 to administer territorial affairs. It was com- posed of the Governor, the Secretary, the Surveyor General and the Receiver General. The Auditor General was added to it in 1769, For many years territorial affairs were in great confusion. Penn's own views appear never to have been definitely stated. His long absences from the Province, the lack of method in recording sales and transfers and the loose system of administration opened the way to frauds and disputes that lasted almost throughout the entire time of the proprietary control. The system of quit-rents failed to work as easily as Penn had hoped it would, and was an additional cause of annoyance and complaint. It was not until 1742 that a regular rent roll was undertaken, and it was only between 1770 and the Revolution that the proprietors met with little diffi- culty in collecting the quit-rent. A new class of complications arose with the settlement of the frontier regions by the Scotch-Irish and Germans, many of whom located themselves on lands from which the Indian rights had not been extinguished, and for which they had made no formal applica- tion of purchase from the Penns. It was found impracticable to prevent the occupation of the frontier lands by squatters, and as the Province developed much land was taken up by speculators with- out due authority. In 1765 the proprietors introduced a new system, termed the "application system," which it was hoped would regulate these evils. Warrants were not, under this system, granted at once, but the application was recorded and the survey made within six months. Warrants were then issued within six months of the return on full payment for the land and interest from six months after the application to the time of payment. Penn's intention was to preserve one-fifth of his land in its natural condition. When opened to settlement the valleys were first chosen as offering the richest and most productive soil. The clearing Ma \p OF THE Certified Townships. PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 193 194 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. • of the trees and underbrush was the first task. The Germans accom- plished this more thoroughly than the other settlers, though they preferred land which contained a large quantity of meadow. Many of the early settlers moved further into the wilderness as the land filled up around them, as many as four consecutive farms being cleared by a single settler. The first crops were exceedingly abun- dant, but it was soon found necessary to take up new land or apply fertilizers. The Divesting Act vested the estates of the proprietors in the Commonwealth, The private estates of the proprietors, and the tenths or manors of which surveys had been returned before July 4, 1776, with the quit-rents and arrears, were confirmed to their owners, and the sum of £130,000 voted to the claimants and legatees of Thomas and Richard Penn. A law of April 9, 1791, provided for the final payment of this debt. The Penn family still retains some small pieces of property in Pennsylvania, including some ground rents in Philadelphia. Practically all public land in Pennsylvania has now been dis- posed of; small unappropriated tracts are discovered from time to time, and warrants for such vacant lands may be obtained under certain conditions. The land office is now a bureau of the office of the Secretary of Internal Affairs. This bureau contains the records of the first titles acquired by the proprietaries and the Commonwealth to all land within the State limits ; the records of all grants and con- veyances from the proprietaries and the State to the purchasers of land ; the papers relating to the surveys of the State and county lines. State and turnpike roads; the reports of the organization of the different counties; the charters, maps and other papers pertaining to the colonial history of Pennsylvania ; the records of the Pennsyl- vania commissioners relative to the Centennial Exhibition of 1876; and the reports and investigations made relative to the State boun- dary monuments. 53. Depreciation n < s. — December 18, 1780, the General Assembly passed the first act adopted by that body looking to a settlement on a gold and silver basis of the depreciation in the pay of the officers and enlisted men in the Federal Army, known as the Pennsylvania Line. Certificates were authorized specifying the sums due in specie, which were to be received and considered as equal to specie in payment for certain lands designated to be sold and paid for with them. These lands consisted of the estates of persons at- PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 195 NEW YORK f^ \ MAP OF THE DONATION LANDS. 196 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. tainted with treason and of unlocated lands. A scale of deprecia- tion was included in the act, beginning with a rate of 13^ for Janu- ary, 1777, and increasing to 643^ to i for July, 1780. March 12, 1783, a further act was passed providing for the sale of certain lands for the purpose of redeeming and paying the cer- tificates of depreciation given to the officers and men of the Pennsyl- vania Line or their representatives, and setting aside a tract between the Ohio and Allegheny rivers to be disposed of in this way, and which was known as the Depreciation Lands. It comprised an area of 1125 square miles, including parts of the present counties of Allegheny, Armstrong, Butler, Beaver and Lawrence. Reserva- tions were made at the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers on the site of Allegheny City, and at Fort Mcintosh, now Beaver. Indian title to these and other lands within the territory acknowledged as within the State limits was not extinguished until January, 1785. The tract was divided into five districts and surveys were begun in the summer of 1785 and completed July, 1789. The act provided for the sale of the lots in numerical order, and the first sale was held at auction in 1785, November 21 and 23, and the last sale in March, 1787. The act of April 4, 1792, opened the unsold lands to settlement and improvement together with other vacant lands within the Commonwealth. 54. Donation Lands. — The Donation Lands of Pennsyl- vania originated in an act of the Assembly of March 7, 1780, setting apart "certain donations and quantities of land" for the soldiers of the Pennsylvania Line, to be "surveyed and divided off" at the end of the war. An Act of March 23, 1783, extinguished all right and title to these lands save for the purpose indicated in it, and set aside parts of the present counties of Lawrence, Butler, Armstrong, Ven- ango, Forest and Warren, all of Mercer and Crawford counties, and Erie County south of the triangle. In this and in later acts pro- vision was made for the distribution of the land, which was divided into ten districts for survey purposes, numbered consecutively from the line separating them from the Depreciation Lands. The lands were awarded by lot, beginning October i, 1786, and various extensions of time within which application must be made were made until April i, 18 10, which was the final date for receiving applications. After the assignment of lots it was found that, in some cases, they had been located in the State of New York, and several acts of the Assembly were passed to correct these errors and pro- PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 197 198 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. vide for the holders of the lots within the State. Lots unassigned by April I, 1810, were, by legislative provision, sold under special con- ditions until March 31, 1845, when their price and conditions of sale were made identical with other vacant lands in the same region. The Struck District comprised certain lots near the Allegheny River in Butler County which were considered unsuited for cultiva- tion; their numbers were stricken from the list of lots to be drawn from and were not placed in the wheel until after the passage of the act of April 2, 1802. An act of March 25, 1805, directed that the numbers of these lots be withdrawn from the wheel, and those un- drawn became a part of the unappropriated lands, open to sale and settlement. 55. Westsylvania. — The "Province and Government of West- sylvania" was a proposal made by the settlers in the southwest of Pennsylvania and the adjacent territory for the creation of a new State. It originated in connection with the troubles between Vir- ginia and Pennsylvania, and the scheme was brought forward early in July, 1776. A description of the proposed government defines the bounds as "beginning at the Eastern Branch of the Ohio opposite the mouth of the Scioto, & running thence in a direct line to the Owasioto Pass, thence to the top of the Allegheny Mountain, thence with the top of the said Mountain to the Northern Limits of the Purchase made from the Indians in 1768, at the treaty of Fort Stan- wix aforesaid, thence with the said limits to the Allegheny or Ohio River, and thence down the said River as purchased from the said Indians at the aforesaid Treaty of Fort Stanwix to the Beginning." A call for a convention to organize the government was issued, but a memorial of the Virginia committee of West Augusta County to the Lower House of Assembly led to the abandonment of the plan. Most of the proposed State was outside the limits of Pennsylvania. 56. Reservations in the Northwest. — The act of March 12, 1783, providing for the Depreciation Lands, created two reservations for the use of the State. One included "3000 acres, in an oblong of not less than one mile in depth from the Allegheny and Ohio Rivers, and extending up and down the said Rivers, from opposite Fort Pitt, so far as necessary to include the same." A town that subsequently grew into the city of Allegheny was laid out on this tract under a law of September 11, 1787, and the proceeds of the sale devoted to paying the debts of the State. May 5, 1789, 312 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 199 200 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. acres of the tract, not divided into town lots, were patented to James O'Harra. Another reservation was established of "3000 acres on the Ohio and on both sides of Beaver Creek, including Fort Mcin- tosh," An act of September 28, 1791, directed that 200 acres of this area be surveyed into town lots, together with 1000 acres adjoining on the upper side into out lots. The survey was authorized by act of March, 1793, and the Governor authorized to proceed with the sale ; the town was called Beaver-town, and is now known as Beaver. The towns of Erie, Franklin, Waterford and Warren were es- tablished by an act of April 18, 1795. An act of April 11, 1799, pro- vided for the survey of the reserved tracts adjoining these towns into lots. The smaller reservation in the Erie triangle, of 2000 acres, was donated to General William Irvine by act of Legislature to idemnify him for the loss of Montour's Island (now Neville Island) in the Ohio River below Pittsburg. He held this under a Pennsylvania patent, but had been divested of his rights by the Supreme Court of the United States in a suit for ejectment brought against him by a holder of a Virginia patent, and which the court deemed valid under the boundary settlement. 57. Manors. — Strictly speaking, no manors were actually es- tablished in Pennsylvania, although the right to erect them was given to Penn in the charter. Several warrants were issued creating manors, but none of these tracts were developed as manors, and no manorial courts appear to have been created. The proprietary tenths were frequently designated as manors as well as some other large tracts, but they were manors in name only. 58. The Certified Townships. — The Certified Townships were the original seventeen townships in the old County of Luzerne settled by the Connecticut settlers ; Athens was added to the list, making eighteen in all. They were certified to the Connecticut set- tlers in the act of 1799 passed for the adjustment of the claims of Pennsylvania and Connecticut and Pennsylvania settlers in the Wyoming region, and by which the titles of the Connecticut settlers were confirmed by the payment of small amounts per acre for their land. They comprised the townships of Braintrim, Putnam and Northmoreland in Wyoming County ; Exeter, Providence, Pitts- ton, Wilkesbarre, Hanover, Newport, Salem, Huntington, Bedford, PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 201 Plymouth and Kingston in Luzerne County ; and Springfield, Claversack, Ulster and Athens in Bradford County. 59. Money and Credit. — The earliest current pay in the Province was flax, hemp, linen and woolen cloth and other products of the country. Laws of 1683 and 1693 provided that wheat and other grains, hemp, flax, pork and tobacco should be current pay at the market price. The tendency of money was towards England, due to the unfavorable balance of trade with that country, and the supply of coin was extremely scant. The rate of sterling exchange was advanced 25 per cent, in 1683, while New England money was quoted at par. Pieces of eight were to pass for 6 shillings, Peru pieces for 5s. 8d., "Caroluses" and "Jacobuses" for 30 and 32 shil- lings, respectively, Spanish pistoles for 20 shillings, ducats at lis. 6d. Provision was made for deductions for broken or debased coin in 1683, and in 1698 the sterling rate was again increased. A proc- lamation by Queen Anne, June 18, 1704, confirmed by the Assembly in 1708, fixed the rates of foreign coins in the colonies. The first act of the xA.ssembly for the issue of paper money was enacted under Governor Keith and was dated March 2, 1723. It was for £15,000, to be loaned for eight years at five per cent., secured by mortgages in fee simple estates or ground rents, or for one year in plate. It was to be loaned in amounts not less than £12 los., or more than £100, and was to be repaid in annual installments of one- eighth in current money or bills of credit. Many bills followed for the issue of paper money, including a number of reissues and issues for the exchange of ragged and torn notes. For a time the interest on the bills of credit was sufficient to meet the expenses of the government without the levying of taxes. Up to 1746 the issues were based on reliable securities. Pennsyl- vania bills were sought in other colonies and the financial condition of the Province had greatly prospered through the conservatism that had been used in providing it. Larger sums were, however, being constantly needed for Provincial expenses, and the later issues were made on less definite security. In 1766 some Philadelphia merchants formed an association for the issue of promissary notes, amounting to £20,000, in denomina- tions of £5, payable on demand with 5 per cent, interest ; but as the Assembly declared the eflfect of such an issue to be injurious to the credit of the Provincial currency they were withdrawn. After the battle of Lexington several issues were emitted by resolution of the 202 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. Assembly without reference to the Governor. These issues (June 30. 1775; November 18, 1775, and April 8, 1776), were called resolve money. The authority of the Commonwealth of Pennsyl- vania appears for the first time in the issues of March 20, 1777. In January, 1777, a Pennsylvania law declared the notes issued by Congress to be a legal tender. March 23, 1778, the Assembly voted that all notes issued prior to April 17, 1775, should not be legal tender after June i, and provision was made for their reception for taxes and for exchange with other issues. The issue of June i, 1780, for $1,250,000 was made in compliance with the request of Con- gress (March 18) that the States should contribute a certain pro- portion towards the support of the general government. In June, 1781, it was voted that the old continental and resolve money should be no longer legal tender and be received at the treasury- only at their current value. An act of December 4, 1789, provided that the re- solve money and the issue of 1777 should not be received by the treasury after January i, 1791. The last legislation of the State on the issue of money is dated April 4, 1805, and provided that all bills outstanding and not paid into the treasury before the second Tuesday in January, 1806, should be forever irredeemable. The total amount of bills of credit issued by Pennsylvania in the colonial period was upwards of £950,000. Relief Notes were bills of small denominations issued by banks during the financial difficulties which culminated about 1837, and loaned to the State and made redeemable in lots of $100 in State stock. About $2,000,000 were issued and were redeemed at the rate of about $200,000 per year. Public loans have been issued by the Commonwealth for vari- ous purposes. The earliest was dated April 22, 1821, and consisted of $1,000,000 for expenses and other purposes. Other loans were for the continuance of the Pennsylvania Canal and Railroad (De- cember 18, 1828, $800,000; April 29, 1844, $60,643.72) ; canal and railroad (April 22, 1829, $2,200,000; March 21, 1831, $2,483,161.88; March 30, 1832, $2,348,680; April 13, 1835, $1,959,600; July 19, 1839, $2,054,000) ; interest and internal improvements (January 26, 1839, $1,200,000) ; to pay maturing loans (March 27, 1839, $470,- 000; June 27, 1839, $iji50>ooo) > interest and temporary loans (Janu- ary 23, 1840, $870,000) ; for resumption of specie payments (April 3, 1840, $927,010) ; for improvement of State and interest (June II, 1840, $1,957,362.15) ; for regulating banks, etc. (May 5, 1841, PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 203 $575,737.50) ; relief loan (May 4, 1841) ; interest certificates (July 27, 1842; March 7, 1843; May 31, 1844) ; expenses and repairs of canal, etc. (April 16, 1845, $4,476,572.09) ; arming the State (May 15, 1 86 1, $3,000,000). Two acts of June 8, 1881, provided for an issue of $9,450,000 in registered State bonds, 30 years, about half of which are now outstanding, for the redemption of maturing loans. Only small amounts of the earlier bond issues are now outstanding. 60. Taxation. — The "Laws agreed upon in England'' pro- vided that nothing should be raised or paid as a public tax except by a law for that purpose. The "Great Law" of 1682 further provided that no tax be levied except by a law "for that purpose made by the Governor and freemen" of the Province, and unless it continued for no longer than "the space of one whole year." The Royal Charter provided that Parliament might levy a tax without the consent of the "Proprietary or chief Governor and Assembly." In 1693 it was enacted that the County Court should be em- powered to "assess and lay such taxes upon the county" as should defray its expenses, "so that it be equal and proportionate." One- half was to be raised from land, and the other half by poll; non- residents were to pay one-half more than residents. In 1693 a law was enacted to provide funds to meet "the neces- sary charges in each county for the support of the poor, building of prisons, or repairing them, paying the salary belonging to the As- sembly, paying for wolves' heads, the judges' expenses and many other necessary charges." Yearly or oftener, as required, the county court should estimate the expenses of the county and make the proper assessments. The Grand Jury might also present any sum neces- sary to be raised. In 1696 it was enacted that the County Court and Grand Jury, with any three of six assessors to be elected by the freemen of the county, "should calculate the public charge of the county and allow all just debts, dues and accounts." In 1 71 5 three commissioners were named for each county in a law enacted by the Assembly. They were to order the sheriff to summon the six assessors to meet them when the sessions of the County Court were held. They were to issue warrants to the con- stables of the townships to bring to the assessors the names of the residents and a statement of their property. They alone had the right to hear and determine appeals. Collectors appointed by the assessors were to render accounts to the Provincial treasurer. The 204 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. uses to which the money was to be put were distinctly stated and the right of appropriation by the Assembly alone asserted. The com- missioners were made elective in 1724 and made amenable to the county courts. In 1732 their tenure of office was limited to three years, and they and the assessors were directed to render yearly accounts to the county court and the Grand Jury. The first Provincial tax bill was prepared in 1693. Other bills were passed in 1696, 1699, i7oo> i705» 1715 ^nd ^1^7- I^or many years no taxes were levied in Pennsylvania, the expenses of the gov- ernment being met from the interest on the bills of credit. Various attempts, in 1684, 1738, 1744 and 1772, were made to collect a rev- enue from the excise, but the laws were so unpopular that, as a rule, they remained in force only a few months. It was not until the Revolution that any considerable revenue was obtained from this source. The earlier enactments authorized the Governor and Council to expend the sums voted, but they were required to account to the Assembly for them. After 171 5 the Assembly assumed the power of disposing of the public money. In 1754 it was provided that com- missioners, usually seven in number, and named in the act, should "with the consent of the Governor dispose of the money in support- ing troops, in giving supplies to distressed settlers, etc." In acts passed between 1755 and 1762 "the Governor's participation in the disposal of the money is distinctly affirmed, but in cases where a surplus existed the Assembly assumed sole power of expending it." The present income of the State is obtained from fees for granting charters ; from taxes on the capital stock of corporations and associations, on loans created by corporations, on gross receipts of transportation and electric light companies, on premiums re- ceived by insurance companies, on the net earnings of brokers, pri- vate banks and savings institutions ; from the sale of State lands, licenses, fines, penalties, interest on government bonds owned by the State, from the State tax on personal property, from the collateral inheritance tax, from escheats and sundry other sources. 61. Industrial Development. — The industrial development of Pennsylvania, which has grown to mammoth proportions, had its origin in efforts to supply the people of the Province with the sim- plest necessities of life. A grist mill was built by Johan Printz on Cobb's Creek in 1643, and was the first mill built in Pennsylvania. PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 205 "Robert's Mill," Germantown, was built about 1683 ; another at Chester for Penn and some associates, in 1699; Thomas Parsons built a mill at Frankford in 1695 ; "Governor's Mill" was built for William Penn in Northern Liberties, on Cohocksink Creek in 1700- 1702. Flour mills and saw mills appear to have been the earliest in- dustries. In 1683 Penn wrote from Philadelphia, "Some vessels have been built here and many boats"; between 1719 and 1725 the clearances at the city averaged 119 sail annually; by 1748-49 they had increased to nearly 300. VANE ON PUSEY's MILL, 1699. WILLIAM PENN, SAMUEL CARPENTER, CALEB PUSEY. The first paper mill was built near the Wissahickon by William Ryttinghuisen or Rittenhouse in 1690. A letter of William Penn's, written in 1683, mentions the making of iron in Pennsylvania, but it was not until 1716 that iron works were first successfully estab- lished in the Province ; this was a bloomary forge, erected by Thomas Rutter on Manatawny Creek in Berks County near Pottstown, and known as "Pool Forge." Coventry Forge, Chester County, was be- gun by Samuel Nutt about 171 8; Colebrookdale furnace, near Boy- ertown, Berks County, was started in 1720; iron works are said to 2o6 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. have been established in Lancaster County in 1726; in 1728-29, 274 tons of pig iron were exported to England. The first furnace west of the Alleghany Mountains was built by William Turnbull and Peter Marmie on Jacob's Creek, Fayette County, and was first blown in 1790. The first iron furnace in Pittsburg was built at Shady Side in 1792 by George Anshutz, but it was soon abandoned and pig iron was not again made in Pittsburg until 1859. Cannon and guns were made in Pennsylvania during the Revolution, but great difficulty existed in obtaining proper and sufficient ammunition. The early furnaces were charcoal furnaces ; the introduction of anthracite and bituminous coal in the blast furnaces about 1840 revolutionized the iron industry and greatly accelerated its development. Owing to the increased use of bituminous fuel and the employment of iron ore from the Lake Superior region, the localization of the iron in- dustry in Pennsylvania has, in recent years, been centred in the western part of the State, especially in the Pittsburg district, where the blast furnaces are in close proximity to the Connellsville coke. The manufacture of steel was attempted as early as 1750, but it was not until i860 that crucible steel of the highest grade was made in Pittsburg as a regular product. The manufacture of Bessemer steel was begun in 1867 at Steelton, Dauphin County. During the last fifteen years the most characteristic development of the steel industry in Pennsylvania has been the increased importance of the open-hearth as compared with the Bessemer process. The textile industries were also of early origin. The Swedes hoped to export wool to Sweden. The Germans were especially in- dustrious in manufacturing linen and hosiery, and flax and hemp were largely cultivated by them and by the Scotch-Irish. A joint stock company to manufacture cotton goods was organized in Phila- delphia in 1775 — perhaps the first company of this description in America. Felt-making was also an important early industry and tanned leather was included among the exports from Philadelphia in 1721. William Bradford set up the first printing press, the first in the colonies outside Massachusetts, in Philadelphia at Shackamaxon, now Kensington, in 1685, and in that year the first book printed in the middle colonies was issued. Glass was manufactured at Man- heim, Lancaster County, in 1762 by Baron William Henry Stiegel in conjunction with his iron furnaces. Three potteries were in operation in Lancaster in 1786. About 1797 Albert Gallatin, who PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 207 had purchased land on the Monongahela, established glass works at New Geneva. Anthracite coal was first used for smith's work by Obediah Gore in Wyoming in 1769, although the Connecticut settlers had discovered its existence as early as 1762. The Lehigh Coal Mining Company originated in 1792, one year after coal had been found at Mauch Chunk; in 1808 Judge Fell first used it in a grate in Wilkesbarre ; it was first brought to Philadelphia by George Shoemaker; and was first analyzed and its combustible qualities de- termined by an English chemist in Philadelphia in 1812. The industrial development of Pennsylvania throughout the Provincial period was thriving and varied. The industries were numerous and the people industrious. Their prosperity, however, was seriously injured during the French and Indian wars, when the manufacturing resources of the Province were first clearly made known to the British Government. The efforts at suppression that followed and the means of retaliation adopted by the colonists had harmful results. The resources of the colonists were, moreover, quite inadequate to cope with the difficulties and conditions brought about by the Revolutionary War. Ammunition, food, clothing were all scarce and dear during that time, and it was not until the prob- lems brought forward by that conflict had been fully settled that Pennsylvania entered upon the marvelous industrial career that has been so overwhelmingly successful. The national census of 1900 shows that Pennsylvania stands first among the States in the manufacture of iron and steel, carpets, locomotives, tin and terne plate, tanning and currying and finishing leather, iron and steel shipbuilding, car building, glass, petroleum refining and coke; it stands second in the manufacture of textiles, silk, woolen goods, hosiery and knit goods, metal-working and pump- ing machinery, printing and publishing, railroad car construction and malt liquors ; it is third in the manufacture of worsted goods ; fourth in lumber and paper and wood pulp ; fifth in cotton goods, the factory manufacture of boots and shoes, and cheese, butter and con- densed milk ; it is sixth in the manufacture of leaf tobacco ; twelfth in the production of wheat and thirteenth in the production of corn. The following table gives the number of establishments in the classified industries and the value of their products by the same census : — 2o8 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. PENNSYLVANIA INDUSTRIES, 1900. Value Industry. Number. of products. Agriculture 244,948 $207,895,600 Manufactures 52,185 1,834,790,860 Tin plate 25 12,530,991 Iron and steel 1,102 158,782,087 Foundry and machine shop products 1,260 127,292,440 Tanning and leather 254 55,615,009 Car building 144 43,065,171 Flouring and grist-mill products 2,719 36,639,423 Printing and publishing 1,795 36,455,629 Sugar 7 36,163,817 Lumber 2,338 35,749,965 Refinmg petroleum 38 34,977,7o6 Liquors 281 34,520,358 Tobacco 2,712 33,355,932 Slaughtering 1 1 1 25,238,772 Clothing factories 481 23,389,043 Coke 88 22,282,358 Glass 119 22,011,130 Electrical apparatus 63 19,112,665 Planing-mill products S42 16,736,839 Iron and steel ship building 3 14,085,395 Boot and shoe factories 146 ^3,235,933 Chemicals 100 13,034,384 Paper and wood pulp TJ^ 12,267,900 Cheese, butter and condensed m.ilk factories . 749 10,290,006 62. Ways of Communication : Indian Trails, Roads, Canals, Railroads. — Ways of communication in Pennsylvania have followed the usual course of progressing from natural or Indian trails to roads, canals and railroads. Each system had its period of special activity, which had a marked influence upon the policy of the State for the time being. Indian Trails. — The earliest ways of communication were the Indian trails, which were available for men and horses, but not for wagons. The more important were as follows: i. Beginning at the northern boundary on the head waters of the north branch of the Susquehanna, a few miles west of Wyalusing ; then south along the mountains west of Wilkesbarre to Northumberland ; then to the Juniata, southwest to near the mouth of the Tuscarora branch ; then to Huntingdon ; then southwest along Woodcock Valley and keeping between the mountain ranges called the "Great Warrior's Moun- tains" to the southern boundary ; and thence to the Potomac. 2. Somewhat parallel to the preceding, twelve or fifteen miles further west ; beginning with the Bald Eagle and Mushanen creeks on the west branch of the Susquehanna, south along the Alleghanies to Frankstown to Bedford, where it joined the other trail. Oi> J o PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 209 3. Running northwest to southeast, beginning at Bedford and Fort Littleton and then northwest to Kittanning. 4. A more northerly trail left this some distance beyond Cherry Tree Canoe Place through Venango. 5. The Catawba or Cherokee Trail led from the south through Virginia and Western Pennsylvania to Western New York and Canada. It entered the State at the mouth of Grassy Run in Fayette County, passed through Uniontown, across Westmoreland County, up the Allegheny to the head of the Susquehanna in New York. A branch left the main trail at Robinson's Mill on Mill or Opossum Run and led towards Pittsburg. 6. The most important east and west trail was Nemacolin's, which was used by Washington and Braddock, and to which the latter gave his name; it was afterwards known as the Cumberland or old National Road from Cumberland, Pa., to near Uniontown, Pa. Roads. — In 1677 a highway was in use from Philadelphia to the Falls of the Delaware [Trenton] called the King's Path. The Queen's Road extended from Philadelphia to Chester, and was es- tablished in 1706. The Old York Road was opened in 171 1, and a branch to Doylestown and Easton was added in 1722. The road to Lancaster was begun in 1733, and in 1736 was extended to Harris's Ferry [Harrisburg]. In 1735 a road was run from Harris's Ferry through the Cumberland Valley, towards the Potomac. Forbes's Road was built in 1758 by Col. Bouquet for Gen. Forbes to con- nect Raystown with Pittsburg; unlike Braddock's route, it lay wholly within Pennsylvania. It was of great importance in the French War, Pontiac's War and the Revolution, and for many years was the main highway across the mountains. At the beginning of the Revolution it was known as the "Pennsylvania Road" and was the direct route to Pittsburg. It was afterwards improved by the State and called the "Western Road to Pittsburg" or the "Pitts- burg or Chambersburg-Pittsburg Road." Early traders in the West penetrating to the Ohio Valley, made use of the wagon road that passed through Lancaster from Philadel- phia to Harris's Ferry ; thence by bridle path to Will's Creek on the Potomac, and thence by an Indian trail to the forks of the Ohio ; another Indian trail led from this point to the Miami's towns Indian trails led from the Great Island on the west branch of the Sus- quehanna to various points, one crossing the mountains to the Allegheny. 2IO PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. State roads began to be constructed in 1785, the earliest being one from the western part of Cumberland County to Pittsburg. Then came the turnpike, of which the Lancaster Turnpike built in 1 792- 1 795, was the first of the kind in the United States. Its cost was met by a lottery, which was greatly oversubscribed for. Im- perfectly constructed at first, it was afterwards remodelled, and became the model public road of America. The trunpike roads, which were public highways built at private expense, speedily became popular, and charters for their erection in all parts of the State were obtained in great numbers. By 1832 it was estimated that more than 3000 miles of such roads had been authorized, by far the larger amount of which had been built. At that time there were two stone turnpikes between Philadelphia and CONOSTOGA WAGON. Pittsburg, one by the northern route and the other by the southern. A continuing road ran from Philadelphia to Erie, passing through Sunbury, Bellefonte, Franklin and Meadville. Two roads ran north from Philadelphia, one to the New York State line, passing through Berwick; the other passed through Bethlehem to the northern part of Susquehanna County. A continued road ran through Pittsburg to Erie, passing through Butler, Mercer, Meadville and Waterford. The building of bridges followed the construction of the turnpikes, a work often undertaken by companies incorporated for that purpose. The National Road was built at government expense and partly through an agreement with the newly created State of Ohio. It was begun in 1806, but was not completed until 1822; in Pennsyl- vania it crosses the counties of Somerset, Fayette and Washington. The government abandoned it in 1836, and it was subsequently main- tained as a part of the common road system. PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 211 Canals. — As early as 1690 William Penn had alluded to the possibility of connecting the Schuylkill and Susquehanna rivers by canals; in 1762 a partial survey was made for such work, but it was not until 1791 that the first charter was issued to a canal company : this was the Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation Co. Several other important companies were incorporated soon after, and in the next twenty or thirty years the building of canals took an important part in the internal development of the State. After a somewhat checkered career the Schuylkill and Sus- quehanna Co. was united with the Delaware and Susquehanna Co. under the title of the Union Canal Co., and a canal from Middletown on the Susquehanna to near Reading on the Schuylkill was opened to navigation in 1827. The Schuylkill Navigation Co. was incor- porated in 181 5, and built a canal from Philadelphia to Port Carbon, made navigable in 1826. An act of March 27, 1824, authorizing the appointment of com- missioners to explore a route for a canal from Harrisburg to Pitts- burg and connecting Harrisburg with the eastern points of the State was the first legislative effort towards the establishment of a general system of internal improvements. An act of February 25, 1826, au- thorized the construction at the expense of the State of the Pennsyl- vania Canal. Very expensive and extensive works were undertaken in this connection, known as the "main line" of works, and for a number of years the credit of the State — sometimes quite seriously — was pledged to the digging of canals. No portion of the great Penn- sylvania Canal is now operated. Most of the canals built in Penn- sylvania have long been out of use. Railroads. — Meanwhile the railroad had made its appearance. In 1809 Thomas Leiper set up a tramroad — the forerunner of the railroad — in the yard of the Bull Head's Tavern in Philadelphia ; it was but twenty-one yards long. Other similar roads followed. The first steam locomotive operated in America was on the railroad con- necting the Delaware and Hudson Canal with the mines at Car- bondale. The first charter for a railroad was to the Philadelphia and Co- lumbia Railroad, March 31, 1823, an enterprise that failed of realiza- tion. A railway between Philadelphia and Lancaster was likewise a failure. The Allegheny Portage Railroad was more successful. It was operated in connection with the canal system between Holli- daysburg and Johnstown by the Canal Commissioners to December, 212 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 1853, when the Pennsylvania Railroad ran its first cars from Phila- delphia to Pittsburg. The latter company completed its link over the Alleghanies in 1855 and the Portage Railroad was then aban- doned. The earliest railroads in Pennsylvania were chartered for con- veying mineral products to market, and at first were built in con- junction with the canal systems. In 1831 the Philadelphia, Ger- mantown and Norristown Railroad and the West Chester Railroad were incorporated; in 1832 the Philadelphia and Trenton; in 1833 the Philadelphia and Reading. About 1835 the building of rail- roads began in earnest. Agitation for the building of the Pennsyl- vania Railroad began in 1838, and the road was chartered in 1846. It was a significant fact that the charter declared the railroad a pub- lic highway. The Pennsylvania Railroad operated the railroad part of the State's system of internal improvements until 1857, when it purchased the main line of works. The first general law regulating railroads was passed in 1849. The State Constitution of 1873 did not affect existing charters, but touched in some respect on management, organization, etc., of rail- roads, and gave the Secretary of Internal Affairs a general over- sight over them. FAC-SIMILE OF PRESIDENTS MEDAL, THE PENNSYLVANIA SOCIETY, iSqQ. PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 213 CHAPTER XL • ' War in Pennsylvania. Dutch and English Wars, §§12 and 13; Braddock's Expedi- tion, Indian Wars, Paxton Riots, Lord Dunmore's War, §34; Pennamite and Yankee Wars, §38; Revolutionary War, §49; Whiskey Insurrection, Hot Water Rebellion, House Tax or Fries's Rebellion, War of 1812, Buckshot War, Saw^Dust War, §43D; Pennsylvania Navy, §51. 63. Military Affairs in the Provincial Period. — Penn's char- ter gave him authority "to levy, muster and train all sorts of men of what condition soever or wheresoever born, in the said Province of Pennsylvania, for the time being, and to make war and pursue the enemies and robbers aforesaid as well by sea as by land, even without the limits of said Province, and by God's assistance to van- quish and take them, and being taken to put them to death, by the law of war, or to save them at their pleasure, and to do all and every other thing which unto the charge and office of a Captain-General of an army belongeth, or hath accustomed to belong, as fully and freely as any Captain-General of an army hath ever had the same." Penn himself was opposed to war and all armed resistance. The first military question that presented itself to his Province was in 1689, when the crown suggested the formation of a militia in view of a French attack, a position supported by Governor Blackwell and maintained by Markham and the non-Quaker portion of the Council. In 1693 Governor Fletcher of New York, while in control of Penn- sylvania, made an application for money for the French and Indian war in Canada, and received a grant on promising it should not be applied to distinctly warlike purposes. In 1695 a requisition for 80 men for the defense of New York resulted in a vote of money in the following year to be used to "feed the hungry and clothe the naked" Indians. In 1709 Pennsylvania was asked to contribute 150 men in the war against Canada, at a cost, the Governor suggested, of £4,000. The Assembly replied by voting £500 as a gift to the Queen. Other sums were granted in the same way, the Quakers taking the position that it was no concern of theirs what was done with the money, but that they could not vote it for military purposes. With 214 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. the beginning of the Indian troubles in 1737 the military question became more complicated. The Assembly pointed out that the Gov- ernor had authority to form militia under the charter without appeal to it, and this suggestion was afterwards acted upon. Under Gov- ernor Thomas a vote of £3,000 was made for the King's use on condition that the indentured servants who had enlisted in the militia should be discharged and no more enlisted. The Governor refused his assent, but the Assembly voted £2,500 to the masters of enlisted servants. The question of military supplies was used by the Assembly as a means of obtaining desired approval from refractory Governors. As time went on sums were voted for the King's use and for other indefinite purposes, but frequently with such conditions attached that the Governors could not assent to them. Then the taxation of the Penn estates became a vital issue, and in 1755 i6o,ooo were voted provided these estates were taxed. This particular emergency was relieved by a gift of £5,000 by the Penns, and the Assembly immediately voted £55,000 for the relief of friendly and distressed frontiersmen "and other purposes," afterwards enacting a military law for those "willing and desirous" of bearing arms. Matters became so acute, the Province being without proper defense, that a petition to the Board of Trade recommended that "the King be advised to recommend it to his Parliament that no Quaker be per- mitted to sit in any Assembly in Pennsylvania or any part of Amer- ica." Nearly £600,000 were granted for military operations by the Pennsylvania Assembly between 1755 and 1766. When the majority of the Quakers withdrew from the Assembly in 1756 on the declaration of war against the Delaware and Shawan- ese Indians, and the offering of rewards for the scalps of men and women — an offer renewed in 1764 — Quaker views on military ques- tions ceased to be a factor in Pennsylvania. In 1747 Franklin organized bodies of militia called Associators, by which name the Pennsylvania militia were known to the time of the Revolution. The military establishment in Pennsylvania dates from this time. 64. Frontier Forts. — The fortifications known as the "fron- tier forts" of Pennsylvania were erected by the Provincial Govern- ment between the Delaware and the Potomac between 1752 and 1763 as a defense against the Indians. They included (i), a chain of forts along the Blue Mountains from the Susquehanna to the PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 215 2i6 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. Delaware, placed ten to fifteen miles apart at prominent gaps or openings and on the north or south side of the mountains as cir- cumstances determined; (2), forts in the Wyoming Valley; (3), forts south of the Blue Mountains between the Delaware and the Susquehanna; (4), forts in the Juniata and Cumberland Valleys, east of the Susquehanna; and (5), forts west of the Alleghany Mountains. In all, 207 forts were erected during the French and Indian wars of 1755-1758 and Pontiac's war of 1763, at the expense of the Assembly of the Province and garrisoned by troops in its pay. In addition to the forts authorized by the Provincial Council were a number of blockhouses or private forts erected by the settlers for their own defense or that of their immediate neighbors. The Pro- vincial forts were sometimes places already fortified and taken by the Government for inclusion in the general defense. The typical form was a stockaded enclosure containing from one to four blockhouses. The defensive equipment sometimes included guns and swivels in addition to the ordinary muskets. The blockhouses varied greatly ; sometimes they were stockaded enclosures, sometimes they were dwellings built with a view to their fortification. The relative importance of the forts depended on their situa- tion, the population in their immediate neighborhood and other circumstances. The blockhouses, as a rule, were small, and were chiefly used by the persons building them, and were not intended for general defense. The remains of these forts have almost all disappeared, but the site of most of them has been ascertained. The more important were built as defense against the Indians ; but the old forts of the State also included some Revolutionary strong- holds, forts built to protect certain places or otherwise erected with- out regard to the Indian warfare. The names of most of them had local significance, and were drawn from the owners of the land, commanding officers, or chosen in honor of distinguished men or officials 65. The Civil War — Pennsylvania was emphatically and completely a loyal State during the war of the Rebellion. Secretary of War Floyd, who, in 1859 ^"d i860, had undertaken to deplete the northern arsenals by removing arms and ammunition from them, was only stopped in his work when he attempted to send war ma- terial from Pittsburg. It was the first State to respond to President Lincoln's call for 75,000 volunteers on April 15, 1861, and Penn- PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 217 sylvania troops, consisting of 530 men, were the first to reach Wash- ington immediately afterwards. The Ringgold Light Artillery of Reading, a Pennsylvania-German organization (Captain McKnight), arrived in Harrisburg April 16, and was the first troop to respond to the call of Governor Curtin. The Logan Guards of Lewistown (Captain Selheimer), the Allen Rifles (Captain Yeager), the Washington Artillery (Captain Wren) and the NationafLight In- fantry of Pottsville (Captain McDonald) were almost equally prompt. A special session of the State Legislature was called April 30 by Governor Curtin to adopt measures for the better establishment of the State militia; and an act was passed, May 15, providing for the organization of the Reserve Corps of thirteen regiments of infantry, one of cavalry and one of artillery. Pennsylvania's total contribution to the Civil War was 270 regiments and several un- attached companies, numbering 387,284 men in all, including 25,000 State militia in service in September, 1862. General Robert Patterson and General William H. Keim were placed by Governor Curtin in command of the Pennsylvania troops, and General Patterson, with the Pennsylvania forces, was placed by General Scott, then at the head of the Regular Army, in command of the Department of Washington, embracing Pennsylvania, Dela- ware, Maryland and the District of Columbia. The purpose of this command was the protection of the Capitol at Washington and to keep the line of communication open through Maryland for troops from the north and west. The burning of the railroad bridges closed the route through Baltimore, but it was re-opened by the 17th Pennsylvania Regiment and some companies of the Third Regulars and remained open during the whole war. Pennsylvania's first quota of 14 regiments was immediately filled, and soon increased to 25. The Pennsylvania Reserves were au- thorized by the State Legislature and consisted of 15,000 men to serve three years, to be ready for any emergency. After the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861, the capture of Washington seemed inevitable and the President called on the Pennsylvania Reserves. In four months Pennsylvania preserved the National Capital twice. Pennsylvania supplied 43 regiments under the call of July 7, 1862, and 15 under the draft of August 4, and at the same time organized nine in- dependent batteries of artillery. In September, 25 additional regi- 2i8 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. ments with four companies of infantry, 14 unattached companies of cavalry and four companies of artillery were raised. On October 10, 1862, J. E. B. Stuart, with 1800 horsemen and four pieces of artillery, made a dash into Pennsylvania as far as Chambersburg, which he captured and most of which he burned. June 12, 1863, the entire State militia was called out by Governor Curtin, who offered its services for an emergency, but they were not ready to enlist in the regular troops for the Government's period of six months. On June 26 the Governor issued a second call, limit- ing the service to 90 days ; but eight regiments and one battalion had been mustered in between the dates of these calls. The real problem of the Civil War was the control of the Shen- andoah Valley. The two routes to the South were through this valley and through Washington. The latter was in the hands of the Government, and General Lee therefore made two efforts to secure an entrance to the North through the Shenandoah. His first attempt resulted in his defeat at Antietam ; his second was made at Gettysburg. His real aim was the control of the anthracite coal beds of the eastern part of Pennsylvania ; for could he set fire to these the railroads and ships of the North, which were dependent on them for their fuel, would be rendered useless and the fire once started would be inextinguishable. Lee swept into Pennsylvania and hoped to reach Harrisburg and secure the bridge over the Susquehanna at Columbia. Unable to accomplish these purposes he marched towards Gettysburg which place General Meade was rapidly approaching with the army of the Potomac. The battle begun on July i, 1863, at Seminary Ridge, where the Confederate forces met the advance of the Union Army under Reynolds, who was killed early in the conflict, and who was succeeded in the command by Hancock, by order of Meade. This date is known as the First Day of Gettysburg. The Union Army was slowly driven back to Cemetery Hill, where it passed the night. The losses on both sides were enormous, but Lee's were larger than the Union losses. The Second Day, July 2, saw both forces facing each other, Lee northwest of the town on Seminary Ridge, and Meade, who commanded the Union Army, to the southwest on Cemetery and Gulp's Hills, his left extending south to the Round Tops. Late in the afternoon Lee attacked the Union left and was only repulsed after the most furious fighting of the entire war. The Union right PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 219 was then attacked, and only maintained its position by fierce fighting. The Federal losses were greater than those of the Confederates. On the Third Day, July 3, Lee made a final attempt by a terrific onslaught with Pickett's division, directed against the centre of the Union line. After a prolonged cannonading Pickett, with 18,000 men, rushed into what was supposed to be an open way; but the charge <^2e^:^..^ /HuukM>L^ was well sustained by the Union forces and the entire division was annihilated. The Union victory was complete. Lee's retreat took place on the night of July 4. Competent critics maintain that the /. tc/l cc percentage of losses in the battle of Gettysburg was greater than that of any battle known in history. The final engagement within Pennsylvania was the burning of Chambersburg by a force under McCausland and Johnston, on July 30, 1864. It was the only town within the limits of a loyal State that was entirely destroyed during the war. 220 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. PENNSYLVANIA TROOPS IN THE CIVIL WAR. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864 1865. Call of April 15 for 3 months. . 20,979 Call of July 22 for 3 years, Pennsylvania reserve volunteer corps 15,856 Act of Congress July 22, 3 years 93.759 Call of July 7, including 18 and 9 months' regiments 40,383 Draft of August 4, 9 months 15,100 Independent companies, 3 years 1,358 Recruits 9,259 4,458 26,567 9,133 Enlistments in other State Organizations and regu- lar Army 5.000 934 2,974 387 By War Department for 3 years 1,066 9,867 Call of June for 6 months 4,484 For emergency 7,062 Militia for 90 days 25,042 Re-enlistments for 3 years 17,876 Call of July 27 for i year 16,094 Call of July 6 for 100 days 7,675 Drafted men and substitutes 10,651 6,675 Call of December 19, 1864, for I year 9,645 Totals 130,594 71,100 43,046 91,704 25,840 Grand total 387,284 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 221 CHAPTER XII. Miscellaneous. 66. The Judicial System. A. Provincial Period. Penn's Charter conferred upon him or his representatives the right to appoint judges and to endow them with such power as seemed suitable ; he was authorized to estabUsh courts and determine their procedure. Generally speaking, the courts in the provincial period were of three kinds : County Courts, Orphans' Courts, and the Provincial Court. County courts were composed of justices of the peace ; they met irregularly and had jurisdiction to try inferior criminal offences and all civil cases except where title to land was involved ; they were frequently assisted by boards of peacemakers, which were appointed annually for the adjustment of minor differences. The judges of the County Courts sat in Orphans' Courts, which were established to control and distribute the estates of deceased persons. The Pro- vincial Court had jurisdiction in cases of serious crime and where land titles were involved ; appeals to it were taken from the County and Orphans' Courts. Before 1684 large judicial powers rested with the Provincial Council; after that date this body was chiefly concerned with ad- miralty cases, the administration of estates — often neglected by the Orphans' Courts — and a general superintendence of the various courts. A vice-admiralty court was established in 1693. The Eng- lish system of jurisprudence prevailed in Pennsylvania during the period of proprietary rule ; it subsequently underwent various modi- fications. Equity was, however, from the time of Penn, administered in common law forms of action, a procedure long peculiar to Penn- sylvania, but a system now so general as to be followed in England. In 1683 the omission of provision for the trial of capital offenses and hearing appeals in the code of 1682 was remedied by fixing pro- cedure in criminal cases. In 1684 a Provincial Court of 222 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. five judges was established to sit twice a year in Philadelphia and twice on circuit. County Courts were empowered in 1685 to try all cases except heinous crimes, which were to be tried in the county where committed, by three judges especially commissioned by the Governor and Council. By 1 701 the Provincial Court and other tribunals were firmly established and their jurisdictions defined. Quarter sessions were established for each county by justices of the peace who were authorized to hold Orphans' Courts and to hear cases in equity; appeals were allowed to five judges appointed by the proprietor or his deputy and a final appeal to the Crown was allowed on deposit of the amount decreed against the appellant or a bond for double the amount to prosecute the appeal in England within a year. In 1705 this act was repealed by the Queen in Council and in 1707 Governor Evans established courts by ordinance. These in- cluded a Supreme or Provincial Court composed of a chief justice and two associate justices ; county judges were to hold general ses- sions of the peace and jail delivery as well as courts of common pleas and courts of equity ; special commissions of Oyer and Terminer were to be issued for the trial of capital crimes. In 1709 (February 28) Governor Gookin proclaimed all ordinances and commissions in force on February i in force until his further pleasure. In 1 710- 11 the Assembly increased the Supreme Court judges to four and established courts of quarter sessions and com- mon pleas. This act was repealed by the Queen in Council in 1713- 14 and on July 20, 1714, Governor Gookin established courts by ordinance similar to that issued by his predecessor. In the following year he approved an act establishing courts similar to the act of 1710. In 1718 an act was passed extending to Pennsylvania such statutes as might be needed to supply defects in the laws of the Province ; high treason, murder, robbery, mayhem, witchcraft, arson and six other crimes were made capital offences. In 1720 the As- sembly assented to the establishment of a Court of Chancery, with the Governor as chancellor and all members of the Council residing near Philadelphia as assistants ; it was abolished in 1735. An act was passed in 1722 estabHshing courts substantially as defined by the law of 171 5 and remained in force, with few amend- ments, until after the Revolution. It constituted a formal reorgani- zation of the judicial system. A supplemental act was adopted in 1759 providing for courts of common pleas in each county to con- PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 223 sist of five judges; justices of the courts of quarter sessions were forbidden to act as judges of common pleas. This was repealed by the Crown in 1760 and a final supplemental act was adopted in 1767. Justices, from the beginning, were appointed for life or for good behavior. Their term was limited to seven years by the Con- stitution of 1776, but life appointments were restored in 1790. The Constitution of 1838 reduced the term to ten years. A radical change was the introduction of the elective judiciary by the constitutional amendment of 1850. A City Court was maintained in Philadelphia from 1701 to 1782. A High Court of Errors and Appeals was established by act of February 28, 1780, and abolished by act of February 24, 1806; it was created to hear appeals from the Supreme Court, the Regis- ter's Court and the Court of Admiralty. The Mayor's Court of Phila- delphia was created March 11, 1789, and abolished March 19, 1838. The District Court for the City and County of Philadelphia was or- ganized by act of March 30, 181 1, and abolished by the Constitution of 1873. The Court of Criminal Sessions for the City and County of Philadelphia was maintained from 1838 to 1840; the Court of Gen- eral Sessions for the City and County of Philadelphia existed be- tween 1840 and 1843. B. Present System. The judicial powers of the Commonwealth are vested in a Su- preme Court, Superior Court, Courts of Common Pleas, Courts of Oyer and Terminer and General Jail Delivery, Courts of Quarter Sessions of the Peace, Orphans' Courts, Magistrates* Courts, and in such others as the General Assembly may establish from time to time. The Supreme Court is composed of seven judges, elected by the people for twenty-one years ; they are not eligible to re-election. If two justices are to be voted for at one time each voter may vote for one only ; if three are to be chosen he may vote for two. The justice longest in service is the chief justice. The jurisdiction of the court extends over the State; annual sessions are held in Philadelphia (Eastern District), Harrisburg (Middle District), and Pittsburg (Western District). The justices, by virtue of their office, are justices of Oyer and Terminer and General Jail Delivery in the sev- eral counties; they have original jurisdiction in cases of injunction 224 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. where a corporation is a party defendant, of habeas corpus, of man- damus to courts of inferior jurisdiction and of quo warranto as to all officers of the Commonwealth whose jurisdiction extends over the State; they have appellate jurisdiction by appeal, certiorari or writ of error in all cases as provided by law. The Superior Court, created in 1895, is composed of seven law judges, elected by the people for ten years. When four or more are to be chosen at one time (two or more after 1909) the electors may vote for as many persons less one as are to be chosen. The court holds sessions each year in Philadelphia, Scranton, Williams- port, Harrisburg and Pittsburg. It was created to expedite the business of the Supreme Court. It has no original jurisdiction ex- PENNSYLVANIA ARMS, 1873. cept that it may issue writs of habeas corpus. It has final and ex- clusive appellate jurisdiction in civil cases in which the value in con- troversy does not exceed $1,500, and in other cases as prescribed by law ; but in certain specified instances appeals from its decisions can be taken to the Supreme Court. For the Courts of Common Pleas the State is divided into fifty- six judicial districts; each county containing 40,000 population con- stitutes a separate district, and is entitled to one judge learned in the law. Counties of less population shall be formed into single districts or may be attached to contiguous districts. The judges are elected by the people for ten years. When there is more than one judge in any district the one whose commission expires first is the President Judge. Associate judges, not learned in the law, may be elected in judicial districts for five years, except where counties form separate \^eil ■rS0' ATi.'sth lorUOnlJ.r^^',, •''/ REHEL BATTtRY . ■ft/ NIGHT OV axo HiSny.tr,-^ % DEVILS^'y/ottJ J.ru,:h,rr<;\ * M r,i,.-il,nuur " ■-- .'■W' .t.Vlvdfr ♦^;,. LITTLE ROUND TOP BIG ROUND TOP C^#I/v,> }l'l'l('l' /l,^; Plan of the Battlefield of Gettysburg ; Positions axu Ciiauc.es of THE Pennsylvania Reserves. PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 225 districts. The Constitution of 1873 abolished the then existing Court of Common Pleas and District Court in the counties of Al- legheny and Philadelphia, and substituted a new series of Courts of Common Pleas. Judges of the Courts of Common Pleas learned in the law are also judges of the Courts of Oyer and Terminer, Quarter Sessions of the Peace and General Jail Delivery, of the Orphans' Courts and. within their own district. Justices of the Peace in criminal matters except that in counties wherein Orphans' Courts shall be established the jurisdiction of the judges of the Common Pleas within such counties shall cease. Justices of the Peace or Aldermen are elected in the wards, dis- tricts, boroughs and townships for five years and are commissioned by the Governor. No division can obtain more than two without the consent of the qualified electors of such division. Only one Alder- man is permitted for each ward or district in cities of more than 50,000 population. They can hear persons charged with criminal offenses and discharge them or bind them over to court. They have civil jurisdiction in matters involving not more than $300, subject to appeals from any judgment they render exceeding $5.33. Magistrates are chosen in Philadelphia instead of Aldermen. Their term of office is five years, and a Magistrates' Court is estab- lished for each 30,000 of population. They are designated as courts "not of record" for police and civil causes, with jurisdiction not ex- ceeding $100. Separate Orphans' Courts must be established by the General Assembly in any county where the population exceeds 150,000, and may be established in counties of less population. They are ad- ministered by one or more law judges, and have charge of all matters relating to decedents estates. 67. Slavery. — As early as 1662 Peter Cornelisz Plockhoy announced that in his colony on the Delaware no slavery should exist. William Penn, however, was a slave owner. In 1688 came the celebrated German Protest in the form of an address to the Yearly Meeting adopted by the German Quakers of Germantown against the buying and keeping of negroes. No action ensued, but in 1696 an address by the Yearly Meeting advised against bringing in any more negroes. In 1698 the separate meeting of Friends under George Keith in Philadelphia declared its sense of the duty of emancipation "after some reasonable time of service." 226" PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. In 1700 a law proposed by Penn for "regulating negroes iH their morals and marriages" was rejected by the Assembly, and in 1705 a stringent law was enacted inflicting capital and other punish- ment on negroes for certain crimes that were not so punished when committed by whites. In this year the sale of Indians as slaves was prohibited. At the same time the owners of imported negroes were taxed 40 shillings per head, with a drawback of one-half on their re-exportation ; a tax that was again levied in 1710, but repealed by the Privy Council in 171 4. In 1 712 a tax of £20 per head was voted f^'tx FAC-SIMILE OF ANTI-SLAVERY CLAUSE IN BENJAMIN FU«LV'S SUGGESTIONS TO WILLIAM PENN. by the Assembly and repealed by the Privy Council. Other at- tempts were made, and in 1729 a tax of £2 per head was permitted to stand. In 1761 it was increased to iio, and in 1773 to i20. March i, 1780, the first abolition act passed in America was adopted by the Assembly of Pennsylvania "for the gradual abolition of slavery." It had been originally proposed by Vice-President Bryan in 1778. It provided that "all negro children born after March i, 1780, might be held in service until the age of 21 and no longer." It has been estimated that there were then in Pennsyl- vania about 4,000 slaves; the census of 1790 gives the number as PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. S37 3,737; in 1820 they had decreased to about 200. A later law pro- vided that slaves brought into Pennsylvania by its citizens were to be immediately free, as well as those brought in by citizens of other States intending to reside there. The last slaves held by the Quakers in Pennsylvania were manumitted wherever possible about the time of the battle of Yorktown. The Quaker agitation for the abolition of slavery having been successful in Pennsylvania after nearly one hundred years of effort, the Friends determined to extend their labors to the nation at large. An address to Congress was made in 1783, and again in 1790. The Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery was formed in 1774 with Benjamin Franklin as president. In 1794 a Juft Imp.rled in tho (hi]^ GRANBY, JOSEPH BLEWER. Mailer, Seventy Gold-Coaj SLAVES of vari'ousages, and bclh fexes, TobcfolJonboarafaidftipalMr Plumfled's V^T^if.ljy WILLING and M0BR1S, Andapart'of tiicm areintendefJtobeferitfnaffwdlayatoDook Crtek, tTier* to be fold, by Mr. Thomas Mudock foTcashoR country produce, SLAVERY ADVERTISEMENT. convention of abolition societies were held in Philadelphia, with delegates from Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland. No results were accomplished by these early proceedings save to direct public attention to the subject. In 1797 Albert Gallatin presented a Quaker petition to Con- gress pointing out that slaves freed by Quakers in North Carolina were re-enslaved by laws passed after their manumission. After the cession of her territory north of the Ohio to the Union by Virginia Pennsylvania, New York and the four New England States voted in favor of the proposal that after 1800 neither slavery nor invol- untary servitude should exist in this or any other land ceded to the United States. The proposition failed of adoption in Congress. In 1804, Bard, a Pehnsylvanian, introduced a resolution taxing every slave imported $10. In 1817 the Philadelphia Friends signed a memorial for suppressing the fitting out of vessels for foreign trade and prohibiting interstate traffic. In 1819 the Pennsylvania Sen- ators, Roberts and Lowry, took positive grounds for freedom in the struggle for the extension of slavery west of the Mississippi ; a unanimous vote of the Pennsylvania Legislature sustained them in 228 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. their action. A convention of colored men in Philadelphia in 183 1 adopted strong resolutions against colonization, and in 1833 the first anti-slavery convention in the same city met at the call of Evan Lewis, a Quaker. In 1846 David Wilmot, a Democratic member of the House from Towanda, offered a resolution on the question of the acquisi- tion of new territory by the United States that "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory except for crime." It was adopted by the House, but failed in the Senate. The "Wilmot proviso," as it was called, became the rally- ing cry of the free party in the North for a considerable time. Al- though supported by the Pennsylvania Legislature by an overwhelm- ing vote the resolution had been prepared by Brinckerhoff of Ohio. A serious riot occurred at Christiana, Lancaster Co., in 1850, fol- lowing the agitation that ensued on the adoption of the compromise measure of 1850; and many disturbances happened elsewhere throughout the State. By i860 Pennsylvania was fully committed to anti-slavery. Yet immediately after Curtin and Lincoln had been elected by enormous majorities in the State, resolutions were introduced into the Legisla- ture declaring it to be the duty of the State to ofifer every facility for the restoration of fugitive slaves, and December 13, i860, a mass- meeting in Independence Square indicated the warmest sympathy with the Southern slave owners. Pennsylvania was, however, a strongly Unionist and anti-slavery State throughout the entire period of the Civil War, and her history shows a more consistent and longer sustained condemnation of slavery than does that of any other State. 68. Education. — Penn's Frame provided that the Governor and Provincial Council shall "erect and order all public schools," and the laws agreed upon in England provided that "All children within this Province of the age of twelve years shall be taught some use- ful trade or skill." The Great Law provided that "the laws of this Province, from time to time, shall be published and printed, that every person may have knowledge thereof ; and they shall be one of the books taught in the schools of this Province and territories thereof." The first English school was opened in Philadelphia by Enoch Flower in 1683. The first school established by Penn was the "Friends' Public School," opened in 1689 and chartered in 1697. It has been continuously in operation to the present time, and is PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 229 known as the "William Penn Charter School." The earliest charter has been lost, but the originals of others, dated 1701, 1708, and 171 1, are preserved in the school, while duplicates are in the office of the Secretary of Internal Affairs at Harrisburg. Notwithstanding that Penn's earliest papers exhibited a very keen interest in education and his intention to incorporate public education as one of the duties of government, the Charter of 1701 contains no provision relating to education and in the first three-quarters of the xviii. century nothing appears to have been done by the authorities to provide edu- cational facilities for the peo]:)le. — '^ The Academy; 4-'^ Sf. In 1743 a plan for the "Academy and Charitable School of the Province of Pennsylvania" was drawn up by Benjamin Franklin. These proposals were renewed in 1749 and the institution organized which subsequently developed into the University of Pennsylvania. The trustees were given a charter as the "Trustees of the Academy and Charitable School of the Province of Pennsylvania" in 1753; in 1755 the institution was incorporated as a college, with the right to confer degrees. In 1754 a "Society for Propagating Christian Knowledge among the Germans in America" (Society for the Education of the Ger- 230 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. mans in America) was founded in London, largely through the rep- resentation of the Rev. Michael Schlatter, a minister of the reformed church who came to Pennsylvania in 1746, and Provost William Smith. A considerable sum of money was raised and trustees resi- dent in Pennsylvania were appointed to manage it. A number of English schools were immediately started and deputy trustees ap- pointed to have local charge of them. This movement was at once violently opposed by Christopher Saur in his newspaper of June 26, 1754, and was the signal of a determined and long continued opposition of Saur to all of Dr. Smith's schemes for educating the German youth. While flourishing for a time these schools failed to gain the support of the people for whom they were especially created ; as they were intended to supplant the parochial schools which had existed in the colony from its earliest settlement. Consequently the system collapsed in 1763 from want of support. Free public schools were established in the Wyoming Valley by the Connecticut settlers ; they were entirely without the educational system of the Province, but continued in operation in that region until the adoption of the common school system in 1834. Education in Provincial Pennsylvania was chiefly provided by the various religious denominations and churches. The Friends es- tablished many schools. The establishment of Christ Church by the Episcopalians in Philadelphia in 1695 was quickly followed by a school, and other early churches were equally active in the cause of education; the Academy of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Philadelphia was founded in 1785 and incorporated and endowed in 1787; the Academy at York, started by the same church, was in- corporated in 1787 and became a county Academy in 1799. The Baptists, whose first church was established at Cold Spring, Bucks Co., in 1684, also founded schools, although the earliest record goes back only to the schoolhouse of Lower Dublin Church in 1732. The Presbyterians were especially active in school work, a law en- acted by the Scottish Parliament in 1695 having provided that "there be a school founded and a schoolmaster appointed in every parish by advice of the Presbyteries," a custom that appears to have been generally followed in Pennsylvania. The most noted Presbyterian school was the academy established by the Rev. Mr. Tennent in Bucks County in 1726 and popularly called "Log College." The de- velopment of Roman Catholic education in Pennsylvania has been a work chiefly of the last sixty or seventy years ; but a school was at- PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 231 tached to the first Roman Catholic church — St. Joseph's, Philadel- phia (erected, 1730), — although it is not known at what date it be- gan. It is not known that the Methodists had a parochial school in Pennsylvania. The idea of the union of church and school was brought to Pennsylvania by both the Reformed and Lutheran Germans, and, when circumstances permitted, was consistently carried out. There is little evidence of either churches or schoolhouses among these peo- ple before 1720. Much of the German emigration into Pennsyl- vania was without the systematic purpose that characterized the emigration of the Friends and Moravians, and they were much be- hind the other people of the Province in their educational work. Philadelphia possessed several private German schools before the Revolution, and special provision was made for German students in the University. In 1780 a select school or academy was founded at Lancaster, and was the nucleus of Franklin College, chartered in 1787. It was merged into what is now Franklin and Marshall Col- lege in 1853. The school formed an integral part of the Moravian system. Almost immediately after reaching Pennsylvania in 1740 they erected their first school house. The first Moravian school in Amer- ica was a "Boarding School" opened in Germantown in 1742. A similar school was opened in Nazareth in 1745 and the first building in Bethlehem erected especially for school purposes was commenced in the same year. The Moravians still maintain three schools of a high grade, Nazareth Hall, Nazareth, the Seminary for Young Ladies, Bethlehem, and Linden Hall, Lititz; the first two were or- ganized as at present in 1785, the latter in 1794. Neighborhood schools were established in a number of communities by parents who were unwilling to send their children to the denominational schools ; only the most rudimentary instruction was given in these places. The State Constitution of 1776 provided for the establishment of schools in each county, although the Province had done nothing for general education for fifty years previously. An act approved April 7, 1786, appropriated lands for the endowment of Dickinson College and set aside 60,000 acres for the endowment of public schools. These lands, however, seem afterwards to have been ap- propriated to county academies. The Constitution of 1790 pro- vided for free schools for the instruction of the poor gratis, a pro- vision incorporated in the Constitution of 1838. The wording of this 232 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. clause raised the question whether free instruction was not intended only for the poor, and the Supreme Court of the State (in 185 1) only agreed that such instruction was not to be so restricted on the ground that free instruction for the rich was not forbidden. The application of these early laws was, for a long time, limited to ex- isting schools, chiefly carried on by religious bodies ; higher learn- ing, however, received more support, many colleges, and an acad- emy for nearly every county being chartered between 1790 and 1834. The first act of the Legislature looking to free education was approved March i, 1802; it was found defective in its operation, and other acts were passed in 1804 ^"^ 1809, 181 2, 1818, 1822, 1824, 1826. Many of these acts were inefficient. Philadelphia was created the first school district of Pennsylvania in 1818, and the city of Lancaster was made a separate district in 1822. Frequent refer- ences to free education occur in the messages of the Governors prior to 1834. A prolonged agitation resulted in the passage of "an act to establish a general system of Education by Common Schools" in 1834, which was the foundation of the present free school system of Pennsylvania ; it had long been earnestly advocated by Governor Wolf. The adoption of the law did not, however, end agitation on the subject, for the measure encountered much opposition, and the question became, for a time, an important one in State politics. Another law, passed in 1836, and which had the eloquent and power- ful support of Thaddeus Stevens, removed some of the defects of the previous act and was the real foundation of the present system of free education in Pennsylvania. A law approved May 8, 1854, greatly expanded and improved the earlier law, and contained a number of provisions that strengthened and improved the public school system. An independent school department was created in 1857. The Normal School Law of the same year was another notable piece of educational legislation. A compulsory education bill was approved May 16, 1895. The Soldiers' Orphan Schools form a special chapter in the history of education in Pennsylvania, and constitute one of the most notable schemes of modern public benevolence. Their establishment was first recommended by Governor Andrew G. Curtin in his annual message of 1864. 69. Naturalization. — Immediately on his arrival in Pennsyl- vania Penn caused a law to be passed by the Assembly at Chester naturalizing the Swedes and Dutch then in the Province. An act PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 233 of 1700, giving the proprietor power to naturalize all foreigners coming to the Province, was disallowed by the Crown in 1705. An act of Parliament (7-8 William III, Chap. 22) provided that no pro- prietor should sell or otherwise dispose of land to any but natural- born English subjects, without the King's license issued in Council for that purpose had created some distrust of Pennsylvania titles, where the practice of selling to aliens was common. Relief was sought in acts of Assembly naturalizing the applicant, and in 1708 an act was passed naturalizing by name a number of prominent Ger- mans living in Germantown. Similar acts were passed in 1729, 1730, 1734 and 1737. A general act was passed in 1742 providing for the naturalization of all foreigners who had lived seven years o o o O hereby CERTIFY, That % hatK voluntai4ty taken aKaTublcribed the Oath op-Af- rinmatioii of Allegiance and Fidelity* as direAed by aa A A of General Affembly of Pcnnfylvania, paiTed the 1 3th day of Jwne, yf.D. ^Jf^7y Witnefs my hand and feal. the^^^^^day of ^/*^4y' A.D, O K- o > • ou (y%.) rRlNTED BY } oyM% DUNLAP. FAC-SIMILE OF OATH OF ALLEGIANCE, 177/. O o o Q O e> o © o o O O O © O in Pennsylvania and who were Protestants willing to take the re- quired religious tests. March 4, 1786, an act was passed repealing all laws requiring an oath or affirmation of allegiance from the in- habitants of the State. 70. Pennsylvania and the National Constitution. — The Charter of Pennsylvania was one of the latest to be granted by the British Crown ; it was not, therefore, an original document in the sense of indicating new lines of political development, but it sum- marized the experience gained in previous colonies and was a more complete and more fully developed paper than any of the other charters. Owing to its date it is not to be expected that it could offer much in the way of original contributions to the development of 234 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. American ideas ; and yet a number of important features that after- wards appeared in the National Constitution first made their appear- ance in it or were proposed or supported by men active in Pennsyl- vania history. Penn's Frame of 1682 contained a provision that "the Governor and Provincial Council shall take care that all laws, statutes and ordinances which shall at any time be made within the said Province, be duly and diligently executed." This was repeated in the Consti- tutions of 1776 and finally appeared in the National Constitution in summarizing the duties of the President : "He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed." Penn's Frame was also the first American Constitution that included a clause providing a way for its amendment. This also was repeated in the Constitutions of 1776 and was inserted in the National Constitution. The provision for trial by jury had appeared in the Concessions of West Jersey, 1677; its next appearance was in Penn's Laws Agreed Upon in England, 1682. No subsequent American constitu- tion contained this requirement until the Constitutions of 1776 were drafted. The Pennsylvania Charter of Privileges, 1701, was the earliest paper to provide that "all criminals shall have the same priv- ileges of witnesses and counsel as their prosecutors" (5th and 6th amendments to the U. S. Constitution). Penn's plan submitted to the Lords of Trade and Plantations in 1 696- 1 697, providing for the union or federalization of the American colonies, contained a number of suggestions afterwards introduced into the National Constitution or influencing its final form. It was the first plan to include all the colonies and provided for two deputies from each, to be called the Congress, which seems to have been the first use of this word for an American Assembly. Penn proposed that this body should have charge of the regulation of commerce, and this became one of the most important provisions of the National Constitution. He suggested that the King's High Commissioner should, in the time of war, be the General or Chief Commander, a suggestion that reappears in the National Constitu- tion, in which the President is styled Commander-in-Chief. Penn's plan, of a congress of deputies, equal in number from each colony, and with a presiding officer or executive head, was the model for all subsequent plans of union of the colonies. Other notable plans for the union of the colonies had their origin in Pennsylvania. The next most important one was Frank- PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 235 lin's plan of 1754. It was well developed and carefully worked out. The President General was given power to carry the acts of the Council into effect, and its distinguishing feature was to give the Grand Council power to "lay and levy general duties, imposts or taxes," a function heretofore exercised by the colonies separately. This plan was adopted by the delegates assembled at Albany to ad- just the Indian difficulties, but failed of general adoption. In the Continental Congress which met in 1774 three plans of general government were considered. These were Galloway's plan of 1774, which was an amplification of Franklin's plan of 1754; Franklin's plan of 1775, which, like Galloway's, contemplated recon- ciliation with England ; and the Articles of Confederation prepared in 1776 and approved by Congress in 1778. The Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 was a rapidly-drawn and ill-considered document, but contained some new provisions that were engrafted upon the National Constitution. It provided "that the people have a right to freedom of speech and of writing and publishing their sentiments ; therefore the freedom of the press ought not to be restrained." A similar provision was inserted in the Vir- ginia Bill of Rights of the same year, and other documents of the same date (First Amendment). This Pennsylvania Constitution also stated "that the people have a right to assemble together, to con- sult for their common good, to instruct their representatives and to apply to the Legislature for redress of grievances, by address, peti- tion or remonstrance." This had previously appeared in the Conces- sions of West Jersey, 1677 (First Amendment). The subordination of the military to the civil power was provided in the Virginia Bill of Rights, 1776, and the Pennsylvania Constitution of the same date (Second Amendment). Apart from the formal expressions contained in Pennsylvania documents the influence of the State on the National Constitution was further manifested in the acts of the Assembly in withdrawing' charters granted by previous assemblies. This was especially the case in cancelling the charters of the College of Philadelphia and of the Bank of North America in 1785, which made it apparent that all institutions might lose their charters through irresponsible legis- latures. Wilson, a friend of both the college and the bank, drafted the clause that "no State shall pass any law impairing the obligation of contracts," a provision that serves as the basis of our present com- mercial and financial system. 2z6 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. Pennsylvania's part in the evolution of Federalism in the Na- tional Constitution is shown in the following summary, which also includes references to other than Pennsylvania documents in which the points referred to have earlier mention : Representation : Senators equal ; Representatives according to population; two from each Province, Penn's plan, 1696; two from each colony, New England Union, 1643. Census. Franklin's Articles of Confederation, 1775 (N. E. Union, 1643). Name. ''The name of this confederacy shall henceforth be the United Colonies of North America"; Franklin. 1775 (United Colo- nies of New England, N. E. Union, 1643). General Pozvers of Congress. President-General with Council to have all legislative rights and powers (also N. E. Union, 1643), Galloway's plan, 1774. Presiding Officer of Congress. The King's commissioners to preside: Penn's plan, 1696 (similar provision in N. E. Union, 1643). State Restrictions. No colony to engage in war without the consent of Congress ; Franklin's plan. Articles of Confederation, 1778 (N. E. Union, 1643; Hutchinson's plan, 1754). Raising Money and Taxation. General powers given ; Franklin, 1754 (N. E. Union, 1643; Lord Stair's plan, 1721). Intercourse Betzveen States. General adjustment of differences and complaints; Penn's plan, 1696 (N. E. Union, 1643). Regulation of Commerce. Penn's plan, 1696. Sending and Receiving Ambassadors. Franklin's plan, 1775. Regulation of the Value of Money. Franklin, 1775 (Dr. John- son's plan, 1660). Army. Congress to consider ways and means ; Penn's plan, 1696 (N. E. Union, 1643). Navy. General powers given ;. Franklin, 1754 (Lord Stair, 1721). Controversies Betzveen States. Power given to Congress in Franklin's articles, 1775. Treaty-Making Pozver. Assigned to Congress in Franklin's plan, 1754. Issue of Money b\ Lazv Alone. Franklin, 1754. April 3, 1809, Governor Snyder approved a resolution of the Assembly of Pennsylvania recommending an amendment to the Federal Constitution providing for the creation of a tribunal to de- PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 237 termine disputes between the general and State governments. The proposal was submitted to Congress by President Madison and tabled. The General Assembly of Virginia adopted resolutions dis- approving of the proposed amendment. April I, 1 90 1, the Pennsylvania Assembly adopted a resolution in favor of a constitutional amendment providing that U. S. Senators be elected by direct vote of the people. It was approved by Governor Stone April 24, 1901. 71. The Post. — The first post office in Pennsylvania was es- tablished by William Penn in July, 1683, for service between Phila- delphia, New Castle, Chester or the Falls. A general post office in Philadelphia was organized in 1700. The delivery of letters by the penny post was begun in 1753. In 1756 a stage line was established between Philadelphia and New York, to cover the distance in three days, traveling by way of Trenton and Perth Amboy, The Moravians organized a weekly post between Philadelphia and Bethlehem in July, 1742. The first stage line between Philadelphia and Boston began June 24, 1772. Benjamin Franklin was, for a long time, postmaster general in Philadelphia. In July, 1775, a postmaster general for the colonies was established in Philadelphia by the Second Continental Congress. 72. The State Seal. — Three seals were in use in the Pro- vincial period : the Great Seal, the Lesser Seal and the Seal at Arms. The first was used on treaties, proclamations and important docu- ments ; the second on the laws, opinions of the Supreme Court and less important papers ; the third on summons to the Assembly and orders to the Provincial officials. The Great Seal has a counter seal or posterior face ; the other seals had only one face. The Great and Lesser Seals differed only in size ; the chief device was the Penn coat of arms, the inscriptions being changed with the Pro- prietorships. The Seal at Arms varied with the different Gov- ernors, who introduced their own arms or modifications of them. The Constitutional Convention of 1776 provided that all com- missions should be signed with the State Seal, but it was not until 1778 that a seal appeared bearing the inscription "Seal of the State of Pennsylvania.'" It has been modified and re-engraved several times. 73. The State Arms. — The earliest appearance of a coat of arms for the State was in 1777, when it was printed on an issue of State paper money; it was a shield only, without supporters, crest 238 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. or inscription. In 1778 a design was prepared by Caleb Lownes, of Philadelphia, which has served as the basis of all subsequent modifi- OBVERSE. REVERSE. GREAT SEAL OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLTANIA. cations, which were very numerous, and often without authority of law. The present form of the arms was determined by a commission whose report was accepted by the Legislature in 1875. The tech- nical description is as follows : Escutcheon : Party per fess, azure and vert. On a chief of the FIRST ENGRAVED ARMS OF PENNSYLVANIA, 1777- . first, a ship under sail. On a fess, a plough proper. On a base of the second, three garbs, or. Crest : An eagle, rousant, proper, on a wreath of its colors. Supporters : Two horses, sable, caparisoned PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 239 for draught, rearing-, respectant. Motto : "Virtue, Liberty and In- dependence," 74. The State Flag. — Pennsylvania seems to have had no Provincial flag in the strict sense of the word. The military com- panies in the later Provincial period adopted flags of their own, many of which were elaborate in design and gorgeous in coloring. Benjamin Franklin proposed a number of designs for flags for the Associators, none of which, however, is known to have been made or used. Among the early Pennsylvania flags of historic interest are the Standard of the Philadelphia Light Horse (now First Troop, City Cavalry), 1775; flag of the First Rifle Regiment, 1775-1783; flag of the Hanover Associators of Lancaster County, 1775 ; and flag of the Independent Battalion of Westmoreland County, 1775, PENNSYLVANIA ARMS, 1875. A provision for a State flag, emblazoned with the arms of the State, was made by act of Legislature dated April 9, 1799. A joint resolution of May 26, 1861, required the Governor to procure regi- mental standards with the arms of the State. In the Civil War many regimental flags were made of the National Flag with the arms of Pennsylvania substituted for the field of stars. The State flag is of deep blue bearing the State arms in heraldic colors, the whole surrounded with gold fringe. 240 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. Philadelphia is the only city in Pennsylvania with a civic stan- dard of its own. It has three vertical stripes, the central one yellow, bearing the city arms, the outer ones blue. It was adopted by an ordinance of the City Councils, March 27, 1895. MAP OF PENNSYLVANIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS. ACT OF I9OI. PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 241 CHAPTER XIII. Qovernment. 75. State Constitutions. Peniis}lvania has had four State Constitutions, adopted in 1776, 1790, 1838 and 1873. Constitution of 1776. — A resolution of the Continental Con- gress, dated May 15, 1776, recommended "to the respective assem- blies and conventions of the United Colonies where no government sufficient to the exigencies of their afifairs had been hitherto estab- lished, to adopt such government as shall in the opinion of the representatives of the people best conduce to the happiness and safety of their constituents." A Provincial Conference was held in Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia, June 18, 1776, with Thomas McKean as President, in response to a call issued by the committee of the city and liberties of Philadelphia in accordance with this resolution. The conference adjourned June 25, and agreed that on July 8 an election should be held for members of a convention to form a new government. This convention met in Philadelphia from July 15 to September 28, 1776, with Benjamin Franklin as Presi- dent, and adopted a "Bill of Rights and Constitution of the Com- monwealth of Pennsylvania." This Constitution provided for a General Assembly of one House, to be chosen annually, and a Supreme Executive Council of twelve members, one from each of the eleven counties and one from Philadelphia, chosen for three years. There was no Governor, the Council electing its own President from its members. A Board of Censors was created to note infractions of the constitutions and to prepare criticisms of it every seventh year ; it was composed of two persons from each city and county. Constitution of 1790. — The Constitution of 1776 proved in- adequate in operation and March 24, 1789, the General Assembly adopted a resolution submitting to the people the question of calling a convention to draft a new constitution. This being favorably 242 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. voted on, a convention met in Philadelphia from November 24, 1789, to September 2, 1790, with Thomas Mifflin as President. The constitution which was adopted in the latter year provided for two legislative houses, the House of Representatives and the Senate, to be elected by the people, together with the Governor of the State. The Supreme Executive Council was abolished. The religious tests provided by the preceding constitution, as well as by the constitutions of Penn, were modified; the recognition of God and of a future state of rewards and punishments were retained for office holders, but a belief in the divine inspiration of Scripture was omitted. The Governor was to be chosen for three years, but could only serve nine out of twelve. The Lower House, to be chosen annually, was not to have more than 100 or less than 60 members; the Senators were to serve four years, and be between a quarter and a third of the number of the Lower House. Constitution of 1838. — An act of April 14, 1735, submitted the question of calling a constitutional convention to popular vote, and being favorably voted on, an act of March 29, 1836, appointed November 4, 1836, as the date of the election of delegates to the convention. It met at Harrisburg, May 2, 1837, with John Sergeant as president. November 23 it adjourned to Musical Fund Hall, Philadelphia, where it was in session from November 28 to Feb- ruary 22, 1838. The constitution was ratified by popular vote October 9, 1838, and went into effect January i, 1839. Amend- ments were adopted in 1850, 1857 and 1864. The political year was now begun with January; the Gov- ernor was allowed only two terms of three years each in any nine years ; the term of Senators was made three years ; the right of the Legislature to grant banking privileges was restricted to not more than twenty years ; a provision was inserted forbidding the taking of private property for public use without just compensation; many offices heretofore filled by appointment by the Governor were made elective; the life tenure of Supreme Court judges was changed to a period of fifteen years and the terms of other judges fixed at ten years ; much of the Governor's patronage was taken away from him and his nominations were to be passed on by the Senate in open ses- sion; the suffrage was extended only to white freemen; amend- ments could be made once in five years by two successive legislatures with the approval of the people; an amendment of 1850 made th« judges elective. PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 243 Constitution of 1873. — An act of June 2, 1871, submitted the question of a new constitution to popular vote on October 10, 1871, and was favorably decided upon. An act of April 11, 1872, regu- lated the holding of the convention and the delegates were elected October 8, 1872. The convention met in the House of Representa- tives at Harrisburg, November 12, 1872. November 27 it adjourned to meet in Philadelphia, January 7, 1873, and it completed its ses- sions there November 3, 1873. William M. Meredith was the first president of the convention, but died during an adjournment, and John H. Walker was chosen president, September 16. The constitu- tion was favorably voted on by the people December 16, 1873, and went into effect January i, 1874. The term of Governor was made four years and he was for- bidden to succeed himself; the office of Lieutenant-Governor was created and a pardon board established; the membership of the Senate and House was increased ; Senators served four years and Representatives two years ; sessions of the Legislature were made biennial ; all special and local legislation was forbidden ; the articles dealing with the school system were modernized; new economic and commercial conditions were recognized; voters, who are no longer required to be "white," in addition to a year's residence, must have resided in their district election district at least two months ; the oath of office of members of Legislature was made much stronger than heretofore; and provision was made for minority representa- tion of certain offices. Amendments to the Constitution determining the qualification of electors, providing for a secret ballot and regulating registra- tion, were adopted November 5, 1901. 76. State Officers. — The Executive Officers of the Common- wealth are, the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of the Commonwealth, Attorney-General, Auditor-General, State Treas- urer, Secretary of Internal Affairs, and Superintendent of Public Instruction. The Lieutenant-Governor, the State Treasurer, the Secretary of Internal Affairs and the Auditor-General are elected by the people ; the other officers are appointed by the Governor. Other State officers include the Insurance Commissioner, Com- missioner of Banking, Secretary of Agriculture; State Librarian, Factory Inspector, Superintendent of Public Grounds and Buildings ; Superintendent of Public Printing and Binding; Adjutant-General; 244 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. Commissioner of Forestry ; Chief of the Department of Mines ; Com- missioner of Fisheries. Commissions and Boards, deaHng with various State offices and affairs are appointed from time to time by authority of the Legislature. 77. Qen€?ral Assembly. — The legislative body of the State is the General Assembly, composed of a Senate and a House of Repre- sentatives. It meets biennially, beginning on the first Tuesday in January of the odd years. Special sessions are convened at the call of the Governor, but can enact no legislation not mentioned in the Governor's proclamation. Each house adopts its own rules for SEAL OF THE ASSEMBLY, 17/6. government, publishes its own journal, determines the qualifications of its members. Each member must have been a resident of his dis- trict for one year and a citizen of the State four years. The Speaker of the House presides over that body; the Lieutenant-Governor is the presiding officer of the Senate. No closed sessions can be held unless the business is of such a nature as should be kept secret. Members may be expelled upon proper evidence. A majority forms a quorum. Neither House may adjourn for more than three days without the consent of the other. No Senator or Representative may hold any other office in the State or nation. Members are chosen every second year at the general election, and in the case of a vacancy the presiding officer of the House in which it occurs must issue a writ of election to fill the vacancy during the remainder of the term. Members receive $1,500 for regular sessions, and $500 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 245 for special sessions, with stationery, postaj^e and mileage of 20 cents per mile each way. Both Houses unite in joint session in electing United States Senators and the Governor, in case of a tie vote. Senate. — The State is divided into fifty senatorial districts, with one Senator from each district. Each county containing one or more ratios of population is entitled to one Senator for each ratio and to an additional Senator for a surplus of population exceeding three- fifths of a ratio. The senatorial ratio is obtained by dividing the whole population of the State by 50. The Senators are elected by the people for four years, one-half being chosen every two years. STATE SENATORIAL DISTRICTS : ACT OF 1874, CENSUS OF I9OO. They must be at least twenty-five years of age. The Senate orig- inates and passes bills ; it confirms or rejects appointments of the Governor ; it acts as a court of impeachment, and elects a president pro tempore. House of Representatives. — The number of members is deter- mined by dividing the population by 200, giving the "ratio" or number of people entitled to one Representative ; the number for any county is found by dividing the population of the county by the ratio. The House has 204 members. Representatives serve for two years and must be at least 21 years of age. The House originates and passes bills and originates all revenue bills. It prosecutes all impeachments. 246 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. Enactment of Laws. — A bill to become a law must be referred to a committee, received therefrom, printed, read three times on three different days, passed by both Houses, signed by their presid- ing officers and signed by the Governor. In case of change or amendment in either House the bill must be returned to its place of origin and the changes approved. A bill vetoed by the Governor may become a law when repassed by a two-thirds vote of each House. Bills not returned by the Governor within ten days become laws without his signature; but if the Legislature adjourns he has thirty days from the adjournment to sign or veto bills. He may disapprove any item or items of bills appropriating money, and the same is void unless repassed by a two-thirds vote. APPORTIONMENT OF REPRESENTATIVES IN STATE LEGISLATURE. ACT OF 1887. PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. 247 78. Local Government. A. Provincial Period. Under the Duke of York's laws the town was the centre of local government. Under Penn and his descendants the county was the centre. The County Court was the centre of authority and all local affairs were administered by officers which it appointed. County taxes were raised for "the support of the poor, building of prisons and repairing them, paying the salary of members belonging to the Assembly, paying for wolf's heads, expenses of judges with many other necessary charges." An act of 1682, afterwards declared a fundamental law, provided that no separate tax at any time should continue longer than a year. The justices of the Court of Sessions, with the help of the Grand Jury, were to estimate the county ex- penses and make assessments. In 1696 a new system was instituted, and six assessors were chosen annually for each county, to act in con- junction with the judges and the Grand Jury. Later, supplemental acts provided for the collection of arrears of taxes. A law of 1742 changed the procedure considerably. Three commissioners were to be elected to perform the functions previously performed by the Court of Sessions. The counties were divided into districts to facilitate the collection of rates. The system developed under pro- prietary rule continued after the Revolution, In 1779 an assess- ment board was formed, composed of three commissioners and six county assessors, who appointed two assistant assessors for each township. Stringent measures were also provided for collecting un- paid taxes. It was subsequently provided that all local rates should be assessed on the basis of the last State tax. The management of roads and bridges and the care of the poor were vested in the county. The most important act with regard to the poor was passed in 1771, and provided for the appointment of two overseers in each township by the justices of the peace, who held yearly meetings for that purpose. With the authority of two judges these officials could levy a rate on property and a poll tax as often as deemed necessary. 248 PENNSYLVANIA: A PRIMER. B. Present System. The township (§5) is the present political unit, but neither it nor the county predominates in the administration of local affairs. The powers of each are somewhat restricted. The highest township authority is the Board of Road Supervisors, two or more in num- ber, elected annually, and having charge of the highways. Certain rates can be laid by the township independently of the county ; it pro- vides for the support of the pauper poor in some counties, though in most of the larger ones the poor are supported in almshouses by the county at large. Every township, borough or city also constitutes a separate common school district, with powers to elect school directors, vary- ing in number from six, unpaid, and generally elected triennially, one-third of the whole number being chosen every year. Under certain constitutional limits the school board levies a separate tax, which partly supports the common schools, although each district also receives a very considerable appropriation from the State, which annually distributes five or six million dollars for this purpose. The county (§5) regulates its affairs directly. Three commis- sioners, elected for three years, constitute the chief authority. PENNSYLVANIA ARMS. INDEX Abbott, Philip, 42 Abolition, 167, 225-227 Academy of P. E. Church, 230; and Charitable School, 229; York, 230 A :t of Settlement, 77, 88 Adams, John, 39, 148; William, 169 Admiralty Court, 221, 223 Affirmation, 88, 89, 138, 233 Agnew, Gen. James, 40 Aitken's Tavern, 176 Albany Purchase, 108, 114, 122 Aldermen, 225 Allegheny city, 42, 196, 198 Allen Rifles, 217 Allen, William, 84; William Jr., 182 Alricics, Jacob, 132; Peter, 132 American Philosophical Soc, 38 Amsterdam, colony of, 59. 132 Andrews, Robert, 121 Andros, Sir Edmund, 132 Anne, Queen, 88, 201 Anshutz, George, 206 Anti-Constitutionalists, 142. 147, 164. Anti-Federalists, 147, 164 Anti-Machine candidate, 1G9 Anti-Masonic party, 152, 154, 165, 167. Anti-Proprietary party, 83. 84, 163 Application system, 192. Armand's Legion, 185 Arms, state, 237, 238 Armstrong, Col. John. 113; Gen. John, 179; Thomas A., 168 Arnold, Benedict, 144, 183, 184 Articles of Confederation, 38, 125. 23s, 236 Assembly, provincial, 64, 74. 77, 80. 82, 84, 86, 87, 88, 94- 96, 115, 116, 133. ^35, 137, 138, 139, 140, 163. 201, 203, 204, 213, 214, 222, 226, 247; state, 125, 126, 143, 171, 174, 178, 244, 246 Assessors, 33, 203, 247 Associators, 139, 170, 173, 174. 185. 187, 214, 239 Atlee, Col. Samuel J., 184 Aubrey, William, 69 Auditors, county, 33 Ballot Reform candidate, 169 Baltimore, Lord, claims of, 53, 60, 66, 90, 1 19-121 Bank, of North America, 188, 235: of the U. S., 38; failures, 154, 155 Banks, John, 167 Baptists, 98, 230 Barclay, Thomas, 189 Bard, David, 227 Barnes, J. Mahlon, 168 Barre, Isaac, 43 Barren Hill, 183 Bartram, John, 39 Bayard, John, 185 Beaver, city, 200 Beaver, James A., 159, 161, 162, 168 Beekman, William, 132 Bcissel, Conrad, 100 Bethlehem, 102, 114, 231 Beyer, Alexander, 131 Biddle, Charles, 145; Edward, 173; James, 150; Owen, 185 Bigler, William, 154. 156, 167 Bill of Rights, 241 Billop, Capt. Christopher, 132 Bingham, William, 130 Black, Chauncey P., 168 Blackwell, Capt. John, 134, 136, 213 Blewer, Joseph, 189 Blockhouses, 216 Board, Assessment, 247; Censors, 241; Navy, 189, 190; Pardon, 243; Property, 191; State. 244; Trade, 69, 72, 82, 83. 84. 128. 214; War, 185 Bonds, state, 202 Border warfare, 104. 111-115, 124 Boroughs, 34 r>oundary adjustments, 1 18-130; state, 30 P.ouquet, Col. H., 41. 114, 115, 209 Boys, Capt. Nathan, 190 Braddock, Gen. E., 42, in. 140, 209 Bradford, B. R., 167; William. 206; Col. W., 180. 189 Bradstreet, Gen.. 115 Brant, Joseph, 124 Brandywine, battle of, 176-178, 185 Bricker, Gerrit, 131 Bridges, 32, 210, 247 Brockholls, Capt. Anthony. 132 Brown, Jacob, 150; R. A., 168; William, 189 Bryan, George, 130, 142, 143, 172, 226 Buchanan, James, 166 Buckalew, Charles R.. 168 Buckshot war, 154 Bull, John, 185 Bullitt, John C., 37 Burgess, duties of, 35 Bushy Run, 114 Butler, Col. John. 124 Cabots, 60. no Caldwell. Andrew, 189 Callowhill, Hannah, 68, 70 Campbell, Col. John, 42 Canals, 150, 151, 156, 2n Candidates for Governor, 166-169 Cantwell, Capt. Edmund, 132 250 INDEX. Capital of state, 37, 43, 44 Capitol, 44, 150 Carlisle, Abraham, 184 Carpenter, Samuel, 134, 136 Carpenters' Hall, 38, 173, 225, 241 Carr, Capt. J., 132; Sir R., 60, 132 Censors, board of, 241 Centennial Exhibition, 160 Certified townships, 200 Chambersburg, 218, 219 Chancery, court of, 222 Charles I, 53, 62, 103 Charles II, 53, 60, 62, 64, 66, 89, 122 Charles, Robert, 79 Charter, Royal, 72-74, 203, 213, 233; of Privileges, 78, 86, 91, 138, 229, 234 Chase, S. B., 168 Chester, 64, y6, 78, 90, 178, 182, 205 Chevaux-de-frise, 173, 180, 189 Chew, Benjamin, 84 Christ church, 38, 104, 230 Christiana, Lancaster Co., 156, 228 Christina, 61 Christina, Queen, 56 Chronological summary, 17-29 Church party, 79, 137, 163 Cities, 37-44 Citizens' candidate, 168 City Troop, Phila., 185, 239 Civil war, 158-162, 165, 216-220, 228, 239 Clark, Abraham, 130 Claypole, James, 136 Cleaver, Kimber, 167 Clinton, Sir Henry, 183; James, 128 Cliveden, 39 Clymer, George, 173, 174; Hiester, 167 Coal, 30, 31, 150, 206, 207, 218 College of Phila., 188, 235 Collier, Capt. John, 132 Collin, Rev. Nicholas, 59 Colonial period, 53-61, 131; gov- ernors, 131, 132; Records, 156 Coke, 206, 207 Colve, Anthony, 132 Commissioners, county, 32, 129, 248; Indian, 115 Commissions, state, 244 Committee of Correspondence, 38, 173; of Safety, 37, 142, 170, 171, 174 Commonwealth, meaning of, 31; beginnings of government, 172 Communications, ways of, 208-212 Compromise act, 126 Comptroller General, 144 Compulsory education, 232 Conestogoe Indians, 105, 114, 14T Conference, provincial, 173 Confirming act, 125, 126 Congress, continental, 38, 89, 173, 174, 176, 178, 235, 241; U. 5., 39, 125, 128; Hall, 39 Connecticut, dispute with, 121-126; settlements on Schuylkill, 59, 60; settlers, 92, 200, 207, 230 Consolidation act, 27 Constitution, of 1776, 31, 38, 163, 172, 223, 231, 234, 235, 237, 241; of 1790, 31, 38, 147, 156, 223, 231, 241, 242; of 1838, 31, 154, 231, 232, 242; of 1873, 31, 159, 223, 22s, 243; national, 145, 188, 233-237 Constitutionalists, 142, 147, 163, 164, 184 Convention, of abolition societies, 227; anti-slavery, 228; federal constitution, 38, 188; provincial, 38, 89, 170, 241 Cooke, Arthur, 134, 136 Cooper, Joseph, 130 Cornwallis, Gen., 176, 178, 182 Corrsen, Arent, 131 Cotton, 206, 207 Council, privy, 73, 83, 84, 88, 119, 120, 141; provincial, 74, 76, 77, 84-8S, 94, 115, 134, 138, 140, 141, 204, 213, 221, 234; of Safety, 171; Supreme Executive, 125, 142-146, 147, 185, 189, 172, 241, 242 Counties, 32, 44-52, 247, 248 Country party, 163 Courts, 142, 203, 221-225, 247; Quaker, 94; Virginia, 128 Cox, Paul, 189 Credit, see Money Crefeld Economy, 99 Cresap's war, 115 Crime, 72,, 76, 78, 82, 96, 106, 137, 146, 221, 222, 225, 226, 234 Cromwell, Oliver, 62, 103 Currency, early, 201; depreciation, 184, 194 Curtin, Andrew G., 154, 157, 158, 166, 167, 217, 218, 228, 232 Custom house, U. S., 38 Dean, Joseph, 185 de Bienville, Celoron, no de Bogardt, Jost, 132 Debt, state, 157, 159, 202 Decatur, Stephen, 150 Declaration of Independence, 38, 149, 171, 174; Pine Creek, 174 de Jumonville, in De Laet, Jan, 56 Delamater, George, 168 Delaware, boundary, 120, 129; com- pany, 122; river, discovery of, 53; defense of river, 147, 149, 173. 174, 180-182, 189; Indians, 105, 108, 113, 117, 214; province, 53, 64, 70, 74, 89-91, 118, 119, 136; state, S3. 64 INDEX. 251 dc la Warr, Lord, 53 Democrats, 147, 149, 150, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157, 160, 164, 165, 166-169; Re- publicans, 147, 164; of the Revolu- tion, 151, 165 Denny, William, 79, 135, 140, 141 Depreciation lands, 194-196 de St. Pierre, Legardeur, no Description, 30 de Villiers, Coulon, in De Vries, David Peterszen, 56 Devirit, Simon, 128 D'Hinayossa, Alexander, 132 Dickinson college, 231 Dickinson, John, 84, 141, 145, 164, 173, 174. 176 Dill, Andrew H., 168 Dinviriddie, Robert, 40, no, 126 Discovery, 53 District court, 223. 225 Divestment act, 72, 145, 194 Dixon, Jeremiah, 120 Donation lands, 196-198 Donop, Count, 181 Dunmore, Lord, 115, 126 Duquesne, Marquis, 43, no Durkee, Col. John, 43 Dutch, 53, 54, 56, 59, 60, 92, 232; governors, 131, 132 Eastern boundary, 130 Easton, 113, 117, 122, 178 Eckley, John, 134, 136 Education, 149, 152, 154, 156, 228- 232, 248; German, roi; Quaker. 94, 97 Election laws, 145 Elizabeth, Queen, 53, 103 Ellicott, Andrew, 121, 128 Elm Tree Treaty, 106 Emigration, 92, sqq. Enfoeffment deeds, 60, 74, 89, 119 English governors, 132; settle- ments, 60, 61 Ephrata, 100 Episcopalians, 72, 73, 79, 83, 92, 98, 104, 163, 172, 230 Equity, 221, 222 Erie, 43, no, 147, 200; triangle, 117, 128, 129, 200 Escutcheon, 238 Evans, John, 134, 137, 222 Ewing, John, 121 Exchange, sterljng, 202 Excise, 147, 204 "Experiment," 189 Eyre, Emanuel, 189 Fairmount Park, 40, 142 Farmer's Letters, 141, 145 Federalists, 147, 151, 152, 154, 164, 165, 167 Fell, Judge Jesse, 207 Finance, 144, 154, 157, 201-204 Findlay, William, 146, 150, 165, 167 First grants, 53; settlements, 53; school district, 232 Five Nations, 117, 195 Flag, national, 39; Pennsylvania, 238, 239 Fletcher, Benjamin, 68, 77, 87, 88, 90, 134, 135, 213, 237, 239 Flower, Enoch, 228 Floyd, John B., 216 Flying Camp, 174 Forrest, Capt., 185 Fort, Beversrede, 56; Billingsport, 174, 180; Casimir, 54, 59; Christi- na, 58; on Delaware, 150, 180- 182; Duquesne, 40, in, 113; Dur- kee, 123; Forty, 122, 124; Gran- ville, 148; frontier, 113, 214-216; Harmar, 128; Horn's, 174; Le Boeuf, no; Mcintosh, 200; Mer- cer, 180, 181, 182; Mifflin, 180, 182; Nassau, 54; Necessity, in; Pitt, 41, 105, 113, 114, 198; Presqu'Isle, 43, no; Stanwix, 116, 117, 198; Trinity, 59; Venango, no; Washington, 185 Forbes, Gen. John, 41, 113, 209 Ford, Philip, 68 Forests, 30 Foster, Henry D., 167 Frames of Government, 74-78, 234 Frankfort Company, 99 Franklin, Benjamin, 79, 84, in, 113, 139, 141, 142, 145, 163, 170, 174, 214, 227, 229, 234, 235, 236, 241 Franklin and Marshall college, loi, 231 Freame, Thomas, 70 Freedom of speech, 235 Free Quakers, 97 Free Soil party, 157, 166, 167 Fremont, John C, 166 French and Indian wars, 104, in- 114, 207, 213, 216 French in Pennsylvania, 108- 113 Friendly Association, 116, 117 Friends of the People, 164 Friends' Public School, 228 Fries's rebellion. 148 Fry, Col. Joshua, in Furly, Benjamin, 100 Gallatin, Albert, 206, 227 Galloway, Joseph, 84, 173, 182, 235, 236. Gas, natural, 30, 31 Gates, Gen. Horatio, 180 Gazzam, E. B., 167 Geary, J. W., 154, 158, 159, 167, 168 Gentlemen's party, 163 Geography, 30 252 INDEX. Geolog}'. 31 George II. 126 German Baptist Brethren. 99 German Protest, 225 German Regiment, 185 Germans, 83, 92, 98-103, 148, 163, 172, 192, 194, 206, 229, 231, 2SS Germantown, 39, 40, 99, 100, 114, 178, 231, 233; battle of, 151, 179. 180, 205 Gettysburg, 158, 218, 219 Gill, John D., 168 Glass, 42, 206, 207 Gloria Dei church, 38. 59 Godyn, Samuel, 56 Goodson, Dr. John, 134, 136 Gookin, Charles, 86, 134, 137, 138, 139, 222 Gordon, Patrick, 43, 80, 134, 139 Gore, Obediah, 207 Government, present, 241-248; frames of, 74-78, 234; provincial and home, 82, 83 Governor, powers of, y-i, 77, 78, 86, 191, 204, 234, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246 Governors, 131-162; colonial. 131, 132; candidates for, 166-169; deputy, 68, 74, 86, 87. 133. 135; provincial, 134-142: state, list of. 142, 146, 154, 159 Graham, Col. I. D., 129 Gray, George, 130, 185 Great Law, 64, 78, 87, 203. 228 Great Meadows, in Greenback candidate. 168 Greenback-Labor candidates, 168 Greene, Gen. N., 179. 180; Col. C. 181 Gregg, Andrew, 167 Grumblethorpe, 40 Grundy, Thomas H., 168 Gustavus Adolphus, 56 Hamilton. Andrew, 134, 136; James, 135, 140, 141 Hancock, Gen. Winfield S., 218 Hand. Col. Edward, 184, 185 Hanover Associators, 239 Hardwicke. Lord Chancellor. 120 Harris. John. 43 Harrisburg. 43, 44, 150, 156 Hartley. Col. Thomas, 185 Hartranft, John F., 159, 168 Hastings, D. H., 159, 161, 162, 168 Haussegger's batallion, 185 Hawley, Charles L., 168 Hazelhurst, Isaac, 167 Hazelwood, John, 180, 181 Hazen, Col. Moses, 185 Henderson, Thomas, 130 Hendrickson, Capt. Cornells. 53 Hermits, German, loi Hiester, Joseph, 146, 151, 152, 167 Hockley, Richard, 84 Hollandare, Peter, 132 Holy Experiment, 70-72 Honest government candidate. 168 Honest money, 160 Hot water rebellion, 148 House of Representatives, 242, 243, 244, 245 House tax rebellion, 148 Houston, Robert J., 168 Howe, Admiral, 180; General, 176, 178, 180, 182, 183 Hoyt, Henry M., 159, 160, 168 Hudde, Andreas. 131, 132 Hudson, Henry, 53 Humphreys, Charles, 173, 174 Huss, John, 102 Hutchins, John, 121 Huygens, Hendrick, 132 Impeachment, McKean's, 149; pro- vision for, 76, 245 Income, present, 204 Indentured servants, 100, 214 Independence Hall, 38, 173, 188 Independent Democrats, 149, 166. 167; Republicans, 151, 165 Indians, 105-117, 226; massacres. Ill, 113, 124; Penn's treatment of, 69, 105, 106; purchases from, 56, 58, 59, 60, 104, 105. 106, 108, 116, 117, 122, 128, 192. 196; trails, 208, 209; wars, 94, 96. i2.d, 140, 141, 147, 148, 214, 216 Industries, 158, 204-208 Insane hospital, first, 156 Instructions, proprietary, 87, 133 Internal improvements, 147. 150, 152, 156, 157, 211. 212 Iron, 42, 205, 206, 207 Iroquois League, 105 Irvin, James, 167 Irvine, Gen. William. 185. 200 Islands, 130 Jacquet, John Paul, 59, 132 James I, 53, 103; James II, 66, 89 JefYerson, Thomas, 164 Jenks, George A., 168 lennings, John, 122 jews, 88 Johnston, W. F., 154, 155. 156, 167 Johnstown flood, 162 Jones, Sir William, 73 Judges, 73, 74, 221, 222, 225, 226, 242, 247 Judicial system. 221-225 Jurors, 33, 138, 203, 234, 247 Kachlein, Col., 184 Keim, Gen. W. H., 217 Keith, George. 225; Sir William, 80, loi, 134, 138, 201 INDEX. 253 Kennett Square, 150, 176 Kieft, Sir William, 59, 131 Kittanning, 113 Know Nothing party, 156, 166 Labor candidate. 168; troubles, 159, 160 Lafayette, Marquis de, 151, 176, 183 Lamberton, Thomas, 132 Lamoyne, F. J., 167 Lancaster, 43, 44, loi, 178 Land, depreciation, 194-196; divi- sion of, 191-194; donation, 196- 198; for colleges, 231; jobbers, 125, 126, 192; office, 191; sales of, 78, 126, 191, 233 Lane, Franklin H., 168 Lansdowne, 142 La Salle, 108 Lattimer, George, 167 Law, enactment of. 246; Great, 78, 203, 228; legal tender, 144, 202; school, 231, 232; tax loan, 155 Laws agreed upon in England, 78, 203, 234 Lee, Gen. R. E.. 218, 219 Legislative growth, 84-87 Leiper, Thomas, 211 Lenape, 105 Lewis, Evan, 228 Liberal party, 173 Liberty candidate. 168; Men, 165; religious, 78, 96 Lieutenant Governor, 243. 244 Ligonier, 115 Lincoln, Abraham, 166, 216, 228 Lititz, 231 "Liverpool," 174, 189 Lloyd, David, 78, 162; Thomas, 90, 134. 135. 136, 144 Loans, state, 152, 155, 202 Local government, 247. 248 Loe, Thomas, 62 Log College, 230 Logan, Indian, 115; James, 40, 134, 137. 138, 139; Guards. 217 London Company, 53 Longstreth, Morris, 167 Lovelace, Col. Francis, 132 Lower Counties, sec Delaware Lownes, Caleb, 238 Lowry, Senator, 227 Loyalists. 163, 182 Lutherans, 58, 59, 100, loi. 102. 103. 231 Lutz, Col., 184 Lynch law, first, 114 Madison, James, 237 Magaw, Col. Robert, 184, 185 Magistrates' courts, 223. 225 Manheim, 206 Manors, 191, 200 Marine, continental, 174; Pennsyl- vania, 189, 190 Alarkham, William, 39, 60, 64, y?, 88, 90, 105, 134, 135, 136, 213; his Frame, 77, 78, 86, 136 Markle, Joseph, 167 Marmie, Peter, 206 Marsh, Joseph, 189 Maryland boundary, sec Baltimore, Mason and Dixon Line, 120, 121, 128 Mason, Charles, 120; S. R., 168 Massacres, see Indian wars Massey, Samuel, 189 Mayor, duties of, 35, 36; court. 223 McClean, Alexander, 128 McDonald, Capt., 217 McKean, Thomas, 146, 148, 149, 164, 165, 166, 173, 241 McKnight, Capt. James, 217 Meade, Gen. G. G., 218 Mennonites, 99, 103 Meredith, W. M., 243 Meschianza, 183 Message, first written governor's, 149 Methodists, 102, 231 Metutcheon Hills, 179 Mexican war, 155 Mey, Cornells J., 53, 131 Mifflin, Thomas, 142, 146, 147. 164. 166, 173, 242 Miles, Col. Samuel, 184 Military affairs, 82, 86, 96, 97. loi, 103, 137, 138, 139, 140. 144. 163, 213-220 Mineral deposits, 30 Minisink settlements, 56 Minuit, Peter, 56, 131, 132 Molly Maguires, 159 Molndal, 58 Money and credit, 201-203; provin- cial, 138, 140, 141, 201; state, 141, 154, 237 Monmouth, battle of, 183 Moore, William, 142, 144, 185 Moravians, 92, 100, 102, 103, 113, 231, 237; Indians, 103, 114 More, Nicholas, 136 Morrey, Humphrey, 37 Morris house, 40 Morris, Lewis, 140; Robert, 174; Robert H., 135, 140: Samuel, 185; S. C, 185 Mortgage of Pennsylvania, 68 Mortimer, Earl, 80 Morton, John, 173, 174 Moulder, Capt., 185 Mountains, 30. 31 Moylan, Col. Stephen, 185 Muhlenberg, F. A., 166; H. A.. 167; H. M., loi, 102; Peter, 145 Mutiny of Pennsylvania line, 143, 187 254 INDEX. National Greenback, i68; Repub- licans, 152 National Light Infantry, 217 Native American Assn., 154, 155; party, 156, 166, 167 Naturalization, 232-233 Navy board, 189, 190 Nazereth, 102, 231 Neighborhood schools, 231 Nelson's Independent Co., 184 Neville, Joseph, 128 New Albion, 53 New Anistel, 59, 60 New Castle, 54, 59, 60, 61, 64, 90, 119, 120, 129 New Geneva, 207 New Haven colony, 59, 60, 132 New Jersey boundary, 130 Newspaper, German, 100, 102, 230 New Sweden, 58 New York boundary, 128, 129 Nicolls, Capt. M., 132; Col. R., 132. Non-importation agreement, 173 Normal school law, 232 North, Lord, T^i Northern boundary, 128, 129 Northwest, reservations in, 198 Oaths, 78, 88, 89, 97, 137, 143, 144, 171, 233, 243 Officers, borough, 35; city, 35, 36; county, ly, state, 243, 244; township, 34 Ogden, Capt. Amos, 122, 123 O'Harra, James, 200 Ohio Company, 40, no, 126; county, 128 Old Schoolmen, 151, 165 Ordinances, 35, 36 Osset, Giles, 131 Ottendorff corp, 185 Oxenstern, 56 Oxford, Earl of, 80 Packer, Asa, 168; W. F., 154, 157, 167 Palatines, 99 Palmer, Anthony, 135, 140 Panic, 154, 15s, 157 Paoli massacre, 178 Paper mill, first, 205 Pappegoya, John, 132 Parochial schools, 230, 231, 232 Parsons, Thomas, 205 Pastorius, F. D., 39, 99 Patterson, Alex., 125; Gen. R., 217 Pattison, R. E., 159, 160, 161, 168 Patton, Col. John, 185 Paxton riots, 114, 141 Peacemakers, 221 Pcnnamite and Yankee wars, 122- 125 Penn, Dennis, 80; Granville, 70; John, 80, 81; Letitia, 69; Mar- garet, 70, 80; Margaret Jasper, 62; Springett, 69, 80, 81; William, Admiral Sir, 62, 64; William Jr., 69, 80; William 3rd, 81 Penn, Hannah, 68, 70, 80, 94, 120, 138 Penn, John 2nd, 70, 81, 84, 115, 135, 141, 142, 163, 170 Penn papers, 76 Penn, Richard, 42, 70, 80, 81, 84, 135; (11), 70, 135, 142 Penn, Thomas, 42, 70, 80, 81, 126, 135 Penn, William, family, 39, 69, 70, 80, 81, 194; charter, 72-74, 213; frames, 74-78, 88, 228, 234, and Dela- ware, 89-91, 119; Holy Experi- ment, 70-72; and Indians, 105, 106, 108, 116; proprietaryship, 37, 60, 71, 78-84, 92, 94, 98, 100, 133- 138, 162, 163, 172, 191, 192, 205, 225, 229, 236, 237, 247; sketch of, 62-69 Pennington, Mary, 64 Pennsylvania, Abolition Society, 227; Archives, 156; Bank, 188; canal, 151, 211; Dutch, 98-102; grant of, 64; islands, 130; Line, 184, 185, 187, 194, 196; Navy, 173, 174, 180-182, 187, 189, 190; origin of name, 64; payment for, 72, 74; Population Co., 129; Railroad, 157, 212; road, 209 Pennypacker, S. W., 102, 159, 162, 169 People's party candidate, 168 Perry, Commodore, 43 Pershing, Cyrus L., 168 Peters, Richard, 84 Petit, Alfred C, 168 Philadelphia, 37-40, 44, 70, 94, 97, 104, 106, 107, 113, 117, 119, 144, 147, 154, 155, 160, 166, 176, 178- 184, 194, 214, 232, 239 Physical features, 30 Pierson, Thomas, 129 Pietists, 99 Piracy, 182 Pitt, William, 41, 113 Pittsburg, 40, 41, 42, 113, 126, 138, I47> 155, 156, 157, 158, 160, 206, 217 Plockhoy, P. C, 225 Plowden, Sir Edmund, 53 Plunkett, Col., 124 Political parties, 83, 84, 96, 142, 147, 149, 151, 152, 154, 162-169, 184; votes for governor, 166-169 Pollard, William, 189 Pollock, James, 154, 156, 157, 158, 167 Pontiac, 114, us, 141, 216 Poor, care of, 247, 248 Popular party, 162, 163 INDEX. 255 Population, cities, 37; county, 44- 52, early, 60; elements, 92-104; state, 30 Portage railroad, 211 Porter, Andrew, 128; David R., 154, ISS, 165, 167 Post Office, 137, 237 Powlett, Earl, 80 Presbyterians, 83, 92, 103, 104, 115, 163, 230 Presqu'Isle, no, 147 Printed laws, 78 Printing press, 100, 102, 206, 207 Printz, Johan, 58, 59, 132, 204 Prohibition candidate, 168, 169 Proprietary authority, T2-']y, col- onies, 71, Ty, government, 72-80; party, 83, 84, 162, 163, 164; rights, sale of, 68 Proprietaryship, abolition of, 82, 83, 84; and province, 78-81, 82, 87 Puritans, 92 Quakers, 62, tz, 64, 68, 71, 82, 83, 89, 92-98, loi, 113, 115, 116, 117, 137, 138, 140, 163, 164, 170, 172, 188, 213, 214, 225, 227, 230 Quarry, Col. Robert, 79, 163 Quids, 149, 151, 165 Quit rents, 78, 191, 192 Radicals, 163 Railroads, 156, 157, 211, 212 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 53 Ratification of national constitution, 188 Read, Commodore Thomas, 189 Reading, 42, 160, 217 Red Bank, 180, 181 Redemptioners, 100, loi Redick, David, 145 Reed, Joseph, 142, 143, 144, 173, 187 Reformed church, 100, loi, 102, 231 Reigart, E. C, 167 Relief notes, 155, 202 Republican party, 154, 157, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169 Reservations in northwest, 198 Reserves, 217 Resolve money, 202 Revenue, present, 204 Revere, Paul, 173 Revolt of Penn. Line, 143, 187 Revolutionary war, Germans in, 101 ; Indians in, 115; Pennsylvania in, 142-146, 170-190, 207; Quakers in, 97 Reynolds, Gen. J. F., 218 Rhoads, Samuel, 173 Ringgold Light Artillery, 217 Riots, 154, 156, 158, 159, 160, 228 Ritchie, Robert, 189 Ritner, Joseph, 146, 152, 154, 165, 167 Rittenhouse, David, 120, 128, 185; William, 205 Rivers, 30, 211 Roads, 194, 209, 210, 247, 248 Roberts, John, 184; Senator, 227; mill, 205 "Roebuck," 174, 189 Roman Catholics, 88, 230, 231 Ross, Betsy, 39; George, 173, 174; James, 166 Royalists, 164 Rush, Benjamin, 174 Rutter, Thomas, 205 Rynder, T. P., 168 Rysingh, J. C, 59, 132 St. Clair, Arthur, 166 Saur, Christopher, 100, 102, 230 Saw Dust war, 159 Scalps, bounties for, 115, 214 Schlatter, Michael, loi, 102, 230 School districts, 34, 248 Schulze, J. A., 146, 151, 165, 167 Schwanendael, 56 Schwenkfelders, 99, 100 Scotch-Irish, 83, 92, 103, 104, 114, 115, 147, 172, 174, 192, 206 Scranton, 42 Seal, state, 237 Sectarians, 99 Selheimer, Capt., 217 Senate, state, 242, 243, 244, 245 Senators, U. S., 237 Sergeant, John, 167, 242 Settlement, act of, ^^, 88, 91 Settlements, first, 53; Dutch, 54, 56, 59, 131 ; English, 60, 61, 131 ; Ger- man, 99; New Haven. 59, 60; Swedes, 56, 58, 131 Seventh Day Baptists, 100 Shawanese, 105, 113 Shippen, Edward, ZT, I34. ^ZJ Shoemaker, George, 207 Shunk, Francis R., 154, 155, 167 Simcock, John, 134, 136 Simcoe, Lt. Col. J. G., 182 Singerly, William M., 168 Six Nations, 105, 108, 116, 117, 122, 124 Slavery, 143, 165, 166, 225-228 Slayton, J. W., 169 Smidt, Capt. Deryck, 132 Smith, Rev. William, 84, 104, 188, 230; James, 174 Snyder, Simon, 146, 149, 164, 166, 167, 236 Socialist-Labor candidates, 168, 169 Soldiers' Orphans' Schools, 232 South river, 53, 56, 59 Spayd, John, 166 Springett, Sir W., 64 ; Julielma, 64, 69 Stamp act, 84, 96, 141, 163 Stanwix, Gen. John, 41, 113 256 INDEX. State, divisions, 32 ; government or- ganized, 170, 172; militia, 174; pro- posed new, 125 Steel, 42, 206 Stenton, 40 Stevens, Thaddeus, 232 Stewart, Charles, 150; John. 168 Stiegel, Baron William, 206 Stone, William A., 159, 162. 168, 237 Stony Point, 187 Strike, railroad, 159 Struck district, ig8 Stuart, Gen. J. E. B., 217 Stuyvesant, Peter, 56, 59, 131, 132 Sullivan, Gen. John. 124, 178. 179, 180 Superior court, 223, 224 Supreme court, state, 222, 223, 232. 242 Susquehanna Company, 122, 123 Sutherland, Lord. 91 Swallow, Silas C. 168. 169 Swedes, 56-59, 91, 92, 119, 131, 132, 206, 232 Swedesborough. 60 Swedish Australian Company. 56 Taxation of proprietary estates, 79, 141, 163. 214 Taxes, 73, 120, 144, 147, 155, 201, 202, 203, 204, 247 Taylor, George, 174; Isaac, 129 Tedyuscung, 117 Temperance candidate, 168 Tennent, Rev. William, 230 Tertium Quids, 149, 151. 165 Tests. 87-89. 97, 233, 242 Textile industries, 206, 207 Thomas, George, 134, 135. 139. 140, 163. 214 Thomson, Charles, 173 Tienpont, Adrien Jorisz. 131 Tilghman, William, 166 Title, 31 Toleration, 66, 70, 87-89, 96, 145 Towns, 37 Townships, 34, 248; Certified, 200 Trade. 82, 209 Trails. Indian, 208. 209 Treason. 184 Trent, Capt. William, 40 Trenton, battle of, 176; decree, 125, 126 Troops in civil war, 216, 217. 218. 220; Mexican war, 155; war of 1812, 150; revolution, 173, 174, 184- 187 Tunkers, 99, 100 Turnbull, William, 206 Turner, Robert, 136 Turnpikes, 194, 210 United Brethren church, 102 United Whigs, 154, 165 University of Penn., 104. 143, 188. 215, 229 Upland, 61, 64, 90 Usselinx, William, 56 Valley Forge, 180, 183 Van Dyck, Gerrit, 132 Van Hulst, William, 131 Van Ilpendam, J. J., 131 Van Rensselaer. Killiaen. 56 Van Ruyven, Cornelis, 132 Van Twiller, Wouter, 131 Virginia, campaign against French, no, in; conflict with, 115, 126- 128, 198, 200; jurisdiction, 128 Walker, John H., 243 Walking Purchase, 108 War, 213-220; of 1812, 149, 150 Ward, Ensign Edward, 40, no Warrants, land, 192 Warren Tavern, 178 Washington artillery, 217 Washington, George, 40, no, in, 146, 176, 178, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184, 187, 188, 189, 209 Wayne, Anthony, 148, 178, 179. 184, 185; Isaac, 167 Welsh, 92, 98, 135 West Augusta county, 128, 198 West, Benjamin, 106 West Jersey concessions. 234, 235 Westmoreland, 124 Westsylvania, 198 Wharton, John, 189; Thomas, Jr., 142, 143. 144, 172 Whigs, 152, 155, 163, 167, 171 Whiskey rebellion. 147, 148 Whitemarsh, 182 Wicaco, 61 Wilkes, John, 43 Wilkesbarre, 43, 122, 207 Williamsport, 159 Wilmot, David, 157. 167. 228 William Penn Charter School, 229 Wilson. James, 174, 235 Wolf, Charles S.. 168; George, 146, 152. 167. 232 Woodward, George W., 167 Wren, Capt., 217 Wright's Ferry, 44 Wyoming, battle of, 124; valley, 43, 92, IDS, 122-126, 143, 216, 230 Yeager, Capt., 217 Yellow fever, 147 Yohogania county, 128 York, Duke of, 53, 60, 64, 74, 89, 90, n9, 132, 247. Unitas Fratrum, 102 Zinzendorf. Count, 102, 103. 122 m :^ ■P. « 4 "3^ J- , -^ ^C^ .V' vv _^" 7 9 '>y S' > t^A't ^/ .•c;^::?^/).