LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ^ . n A SYJVOPSIS OF HIS TO BY. GENEEAL HISTOEY, FROM B.G. 800 TO A. D. 187C, OUTLINED IN DIAGRAMS AND TABLES; INDEX AND GENEALOGIES. GENERAL REFERENCE, AND FOR SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. >r+? i>> BY V SAMUEL WILLARD, AM., M.D., ritOFEBSOE OF HISTOKY IN CIIICAUO UIGU-SCUOOL. NEAV YORK: D. APPLE TON AND COMPANY, 649 k S51 BROADWAY. 1878. 9r COPYKIGnT HY SAMUEL WILLAKD, 1S11. PREFACE, Tins little work is not the result of a purpose to write a book, but is a growth from the author's experience first as a student and next as a teacher. He used the method in his own reading long before he contrived to simplify it and make it practical for his pupils. Every reader of history finds it difficult to bring before his mind the parallel currents of events in different countries, so as to connect those occurring in the same period. History seems not a web, but long, parallel threads of warp, without the cross-threads of woof. Histories of countries are read separately, and remain separate in the mind at last. It is desirable, then, to study history by periods, as well as in national lines ; and, on the whole, no other periods prove so convenient as the centuries by which we reckon ; for, if we choose periods by the history of any one people, we shall not find them coincident pre- cisely with proper periods of the history of the other contemporary nations ; and, for ease of remembrance, the centurial periods have special and manifest ad\'an- tages. The use of diagrams or charts to present the contemporaneousness of events is a well-known and long-used device ; and different forms have various excel- lences and defects. The present work follows mainly a plan common enough since Dr. Priestley's day at least ; and its author claims only to have made an appi'opriate selection of the most important events of each century from 800 13. c. to the present time, and especially to have devised a simple, expeditious, and convenient method of making and using such diagrams or charts in the study of history. All other modes of making them, that he has ever seen, are too difficult, complicated, or arbitrary, for practical nse by pupils or common readers ; from years of experience he knows these to be readily understood and easilv drawn by his classes. 3 PREFACE. Ill the selection of events it has seemed best to choose so many as to sug- gest the points most notable and worthy to be studied, and yet so few that one may hope to remember something of each. For the most part, those have been chosen wbicli bear close relation to the great movements of history; and often a small matter may have great consequences. Thus, on the first chart are the words "Gyges attacks Ionian cities;" this incident leads on to the great Greck and Persian War, and is the earliest link that can be dated in the chain of causes. The death of a woman, noted 5i is. c, helps to bring on a great civil war. The dates of ancient history have been carefully taken from Prof. Piawlin- son's " Manual of Ancient History," which attempts to correct the errors of the Eoman calendar, and hence differs from most Koman histories in dates prior to 2S0. For instance, the battle of the Allia is generally dated 390 b. c. ; Momm- sen so dates it, but says in a note that the true date is 388 b. c, which date is here used. If in modern history dates occur in these charts differing from current ones, the author is sure he will be always justified by competent author- ity ; to take a notable instance, the death of Egbert is generally dated 83G ; this work follows Mr. Freeman in dating it 838. For explanations of the diagrams, and for special modes of use of them in reading, studying, and teaching history, the reader is referred to the pages imme- diately following. It is hoped that these tables, with their notes, the genealogi- cal taljles, all of which have been drawn for this work, and the inde.x, will pi'ove useful as a text-book for students, and as a manual of reference for general readers. E XPLANATI O N S 1. Ox each pago, or, alter 1200 a. r>., on orich pa,ir of opposite pages, is a dingram of a century's history. Each page is divided by lines from lop to bottom, which mark off successive periods of four years each. Each line (not sjxtce) is dated at the top. Events are entered on this principle : everi/ event hapitening in a year represented by a line is noted on that line ; events of other years are noted at pro- ]}07'tionate distances from the lines. This is a fundamental characteristic, never departed from, and adhered to as closely as possible in all the diagrams or charts. Hence, relations of time are shown as accurately as those of space on a map. Successive events are shown in succession from left to right ; those of the same date are on the same line, from top to bottom, of the diagram or chart. As far as con- venient, events relating to any one country are grouped in the same line or adjacent lines ; but events affecting several countries are entered but once. Illustrations. — In the chart of Century III. b. o., the line dated 220 has noted on it the event "Hannibal takes command" of the armies of Carthage; the next line to the right, 21fl, has noted on it the battle of Canure; the events of 219, 218, and 217, are noted at equal dis- tances in the intervening space ; 218 is in the middle of the space ; 219 is near the line of 220 ; and 217 is near the line of 216. As to contemporaneous events: on the line 18-48 in the last diagram, or chart of Century XIX., are found the deposition of Louis Philippe; the end of the reign of Ferdinand of Aus- tria; the accession of Francis Josepli ; the beginning of the Danish War of Sclileswig-IIolstein ; theTliird French Revolution; the Hungarian, Gorman, Italian, and Irish Revolts; the Chartist movement; and the end of the Mexican War. As to grouping, see Centuries XVII. and XVIII., wherein, under tlie lines of kings, the events principally affecting France come first; next those touching Germany; then those touching England ; then those of other European powers, and of the Turks and Asiatics ; and lastly tliose relating to the New World. This order of grouping is followed as tar as possible. 2. An event is noted by a dot with figures before or after it. Sometimes a short vertical line is used for two or more dots of the same date. A line denotes a con- tinuous event, as a war, or a reign ; figures at beginning and end denote its term or time of continuance. When a continuous event runs on from one centurv into the next, the right-hand side-space has a date to show how far it goes on into the next r> GENERAL HISTORY. centurj- ; and, correspondingly, a date in the left-liand side-space shows when in the preceding century a reign or other continuous event began. Illustkations. — The short vertical line see in 1609 and 1848. The lines for contimions events are in every chart. Sometimes such an event is not shown in hoth centuries : thus, in Century VII., the reign of Chosroes II., of Persia, is shown to have hegun in 590 ; but the first part of liis reign being unimportant, it is not shown on the cliart of Century VI. To save space, a single dot or sign with its figures is used for two events; thus in 322 b. c, one dot and date stand for the deaths of Demosthenes and Aristotle; often the same figures denote the end of a war, and the date of the peace or other result of the war, as in 1435, 1552, 1559, 1G48, and 1009. 3. Lines of monarchs are represented by lines for the reigns, joined by vertical lines, with no breaks except for interregnums or changes of dynasty. Few lines are represented fully except those of Persia, Rome, France, Germany, England, and Prussia; but, after 800, the uppermost line is always France ; the next, Germany ; and the third, England. Partners or rivals in government are shown by separate parallel lines for each, or by names joined by and; successive rulers coming to power in the same year are shown by one name under another. Illustrations. — Co-rulers see in Century VI. b. o., Ilippias and Hipparchus; in Century II., Marcus Aurelius and Verus, co-emperors; Diocletian and tliree others at the close of Century III. Use of and for co-rulers see in Century III., Gallus, Volusian, and Ilostilian. Rivals, see in Century XIII., Philip and Otho IV.; William of Holland, rival to Frederick III. and Conrad IV. ; Alfonso and Richard. Successive rulers, see in Century I. ; Otho succeeds Galba in 09 ; he is succeeded in the same year by Vitellius, and he by Vespasian, whose reign extends into the following years. So in Century III., Masimin's reign ends in 238; Gordian I. and Gordian II. follow in succession; then Pupitnus Maximns .and Balbinus, co-rulers, fol- low in the same year; when they are slain, Gordian III. fills out the year and reigns to 244. 4. An oblique cross X, as often on maps, denotes a hotd-haitlc ; two crosses mean batllcx oit land ; a square, D, representing a .sail, .stands for a naval liattk. The algebraic sign, >, means dt'/eats ; or, if but one party is named, it means %cins the hattlo ; the reverse sign, <, means is defeated, or loses the battle ; the sign opens toward the victorious party and points to the losing one. Illti.strations. — In Century XIX., lS05-'G-'7 show the b.ittlo of Austcrlitz, France defeats Austria ; the naval battle of Trafalgar, England defeats France ; and the indecisive battles of Eylau and Friedland, between France and Russia. In Century XV., in the Wars of the Roses, the fortunes iif tha House of Lancaster are shown; " L. >" means that the Lancastrians win; but " L. < " means that the Lancastrians lose. .5. The sign vs. (that is, versus) means ar/a/'nst ; the Greek D, a triangle, A, means died / the interrogation-point, ?, before or after a date, an age, or a state- ment, denotes doubt or uncertainty ; the time or age is uncertain, or it is doubtful whether the statement, though current, is true. A number inclosed in parentheses after a name always denotes the age of the person at death. Illustrations. — In Century I. e. c, .at dates 53, 44, and 42, it is shown that the ages of Crassus, Ca'sar, and Brutus, were 01, 50, and 43. On tlie same chart, at the bottom, it appears that neither the exact date of the death of Catullus nor his iirecise age is known ; and the age of Lcpidus is not to be given even ajjproxiiuately. In Century VII., date 040, we find "Alex- andria taken ; library burnt (?)." This indicates that the story of the burning of the library is a doubtful one. 6 EXPLANATIONS. 6. The sign @ signifies about ; the sign of equality, =, means the same us, or eqtiivalent to ; the sign plus, +, means and afterward, or in following years ; the abbreviation etc. is used to mean and others. In close or crowded passages the brackets, [ ], are used to separate items that might otherwise be taken together ; sometimes they join an item in two or more parts or lines. For flourished, fl. ; for founded, f. Illustrations.— For the sign @ sec dates 760 b. c, 1033, and 1360 a. u.; the sign of equal- ity is seen twice in Century VIII., to show that "Karl the Great" is equivalent to "Charle- magne," and "Abu Jaafer" is the same as " Almansor." So in Century XIX., date 1806, it is meant that the battle of Koniggratz is sometimes called Sadowa. In Century III. the date 2G0-I- shows that the rise of the usurpers and the weakness of Gadienus began in 260 and went on for some years. 7. Imjiortant names, dates, and suggestive words, are printed in bold-faced type ; every student of history will find it desirable to commit these dates to memory, and to make himself specially acquainted with the persons and events so designated. The running titles suggest the most important matters of each century still more briefly. MODES OF USING THESE CUAETS, FOR INSTRUCTION OR STUDY. To ol)taiii the greatest benefit from any chart, table, or diagram, it should be cxamiiu'il until its plan is comprehended, and then it should be copied. The act of writing it serves to fix the substance and the words in mind ; and if the location of tlie several parts of the diagram is significant, the memory of place, conveniently called the faculty of locality, comes in to aid the recollection ; and for many per- sons this is the best aid to the memory. The w-riter of this work makes his pupils copy the charts carefully, seeing that they do it neatly and accurately ; and, lacking printed copies, he has written these diagrams upon the blackboard, commenting upon the events while so doing. All good teaching of history requires that the teacher shall furnish explanations, illus- trations, statements of causes and eifects, details, and anecdotes, to enlighten and vivify the subject. When the diagram of a century is completed, it is made the special subject of study in connection with the text-book, or with the oral lessons of the teacher and with reading. By writing the chart first, the pupil has already acquired a general knowledge of the history of the century, and has retained in mind many of the facts and much of the chronological order of events. This copying is of the utmost importance, even if the pupil relies upon his printed cojiy as his permanent resource ; he will remember the event because he has written it and associated it with a certain part of his page ; and with it he will remember much else that he has learned of it. The chart is an abstract of the history of the century, and is most convenient in reviewing as well as in the original study of the period. The writer often marks oft' on the blackboard spaces of one hundred inches for centuries, dividing each again into five parts bj' vertical lines ; he then sends one or two pupils to each century- space, telling some to write events in their proper place, and others to write the names of persons in tiiat part of the century to which their career belongs ; thus the chart is substantially reproduced. But the pupils should not be recjuircd to remember the dates. The effort necessary to remember precise dates is painful to most, impossible to many; and it is better to expend the intellectual and mnemonic power in comprehending the events and their succession than in fixing the numbers s MODES OF USING THE CHARTS. in mind. A few dates, especially those given in bold-faced type on the charts, should be remembered. If the teacher thinks that too many events or unimportant ones are on the chart, let him order the omission of some of them ; and, conversely, lie may direct the addition of others ; but the danger is, that too much will be attempted rather than too little. The history of each country may be taken separately, or the entire chart of a century may be copied at once. The author's experience leads him to prefer the latter method. Thus, in the fifth century before Christ, the pupils write the events of Roman history, while they are studying Greek history, though but little is said of Roman affairs. In this way events belonging to two or more countries are entered but once, and are considered in turn in the separate history of each coun- try. In the middle ages, history can hardly be studied by countries at all ; we must consider the period of Justinian, of Charles Martel, of Charlemagne. The author is asked, " Why not use inks of different colors for different coun- tries ? " Because it is too much trouble, and complicates the work ; because our assortment of inks (black, blue, red, and violet) is too small for the number of coun- tries ; and because it is difficult to represent the joining of nations in one event. How can we conveniently use different colors to record the battle of Bouvines, A. D. 1314, involving four powers ? or the War of tiie Austrian Succession, involving- seven powers ? Again, " Why not have the space between lines represent five years instead of four ? " Because the pupil can easier divide the space into fourths than into fifths ; and again, if a sheet of cap-paper be used as hereinafter directed, the chart will be made too short from left to right, if five-year spaces be used. Paper foe the Charts. — For some of the author's pupils, stationers have pro- pared paper on which to write the charts, with lines ruled in each direction, so that the pages are about ten by thirteen inches in dimension, or the size of a common school-atlas, this having been found the most convenient size. Jiut specially-ruled paper is not necessary ; and herein are a special convenience, economy, and practi- calness of this method of making charts. Ordinary foolscap-paper with the common ruling of twenty-six spaces in ten inches will do very well, in half-sheets for most centuries, or in whole sheets for the fullest centuries. Turn the half-sheet so that the long edge may be the top of the chart ; then the blue lines will represent the dated lines of these printed charts ; and twenty-five spaces (iiot lilies), as nearly central on the sheet as possible, with two more for the marginal spaces of the chart, may be taken to be used like the corresponding spaces on these printed charts. The side-lines having been ruled, head-lines should bo drawn between them near the edge of the paper, so as to give places for the title- lines and for the figures to date the blue lines which run from top to bottom. The sheet will now be like what these printed and ruled charts would be if the words and figures were omitted. The sheet so prepared lacks the ordinary lines upon which to write; but these maybe lightly put in with a pencil and afterward erased. Now put in dates at the top, dating the lines and not the intervening spaces ; it will gen- erally be best, except at the beginning and end and once in twenty years, to put in only two figures to date the lines, thus : liSOO. '4, '8, '12, '16, 1820, '24, '28, etc., in- stead of writing out the full numbers 1804, 1808, 1812, etc. 1 9 y GENERAL HISTORY. Never put more than one century on a page ; ami, if you use common cap-paper, write on but one side of the paper. Special Suggestions to Readers and Students. — Persons who use this work as a book of reference and as a help in reading history wOl find themselves much aided in their studies if they will prepare sheets of paper as above said, and will make abstracts of events as they read, following the method of these charts. The selection of events for these abstracts will both test and aid their judgment and knowledge, and will help their memories as well. Besides the evidence of his own personal use of the plan, the author has always found that his best pupils take most pleasure and interest in making their charts ; or else it is true that their interest and work make them the best learners. THE MOST IirORTANT DATES. The learning of many dates is very repugnant to most pupils, and causes them to dislike the study of liistory. It is a useless cruelty to insist upon more than four or five to a century in general history ; and a pupil may he really very intelligent in history who has not tried to learn a hundred dates in the twenty-seven centuries herein presented. By selection of "pivotal events" or " landmarks," the general course of history can be located in the centuries with sufficient accuracy for a gen- eral understanding of it, taking sometimes a single date in a century, sometimes even six or eight, it ma}' be ; and more than a sufficient accuracy should not be posi- tively required ; for the available intellectual power of reader or pupil may be bet- ter spent in acquiring an intimate knowledge of facts, and their causes and efl'ects, of persons and institutions, and of geographj-, than in committing to memory lists of kings and columns of dates. The following' paragraphs give the dates printed in bold-faoc type in the charts, with reasons for their value where it may be desirable ; and a few not so printed are added : Century VIII., b. c. 776, Era of Olympiads, when tlie Olympic games l)egan to be held regularly once in four years ; and this was the finly era or point of reck- oning used throughout all Greece. 776 is also the earliest positive date of Greek history-. (To remember it, associate it with 1770, date of American independence.) 753 (April 21), the assumed date of the founding of Rome, according to Varro ; the Romans reckoned from this date, designating the year by the letters " A. U. C." Century VII., n. c. 625, End of Assyria ; Nineveh destroyed ; Media and Babylonia divide her territory. This marks the fall of a very ancient power and the rise of its immediate successors. Next in importance is 660, Height of Assyrian Power. Century VI., n. c. 594 to 570, Solon's Legislation, by which, and from the time of which, Athens grows in liberty, power, and importance. 510, Expulsion of Hippias, and the Roman Regifuge, which latter may have been a little later. By the expulsion of Hippias, Athens enters on her career of democratic freedom. By the Regifuge or exjmlsion of the kings, the aristocratic republic of Rome is founded. 501, the Ionic Revolt begins ; this revolt of the Ionic cities against Persia is really 11 GENERAL HISTORY. the beginning of the great struggle of Greece with Persia. Inferior dates are 558, Persia founded by Cyrus ; 525, Persia conquers Egypt. Centuey v., b. c. 490, the Battle of Marathon. This is the first decisive bat- tle of European liistory ; it decided that the Greeks would, and successfully could, resist Persia. 480, Battles of ThermopylEe and Salamis. 450, Height of Athenian Power. 431 to 404, the Great Peloponnesian War, and Fall of Athens ; the deadly struggle of Athens and Sparta, in which Athens was subjected and taken. 401, Anabasis of Cyrus ; this provoked the following Spartan-Persian War, and showed the possibility of the conquest of Persia, which took place seventy years later. Century IV., b. c. 400, Height of SjDartan Power. 387, Peace of Antalcidas ; and the Gauls take Rome. The Peace of Antalcidas marks the humiliation of Sparta, the power of Persia exercised in Greek affairs, and the ignominious sur- render of the Asiatic coast to her. The Gauls took Rome in February of that year; the Romans related a fiction of a rescue by Camillus ; and the battle of Allia is gen- erally erroneously dated 390 B. c, and this capture or rescue in 389. 362, Battle of Mantineia ; Epaminondas dies ; tiiis is the end of the brief period of Theban great- ness. Connect with this the Licinian Legislation at Rome ; for the First Plebeian Consul, elected in 3C3, was in the last month of his office, June, 302, when the bat- tle was fought. The Licinian Legislation was as important in Roman politics as the results of the Secession War in American history. 333, Battle of Issus (notice three 3's in the date and three s's in Issus), Alexan- der's first great battle with Persia. 301, Battle of Ipsus, which settles the division of Alexander's great kingdom : Cassander has Greece and Macedon ; Lysimachus gets Thrace with Northern and Western Asia Minor ; Seleucus gets Southeast Asia Minor, Syria, and the East, to the Indus ; Ptolemy holds Egypt and Libya. 300, the Ogulnian Law opens the offices of Pontiff and Augur to the plebeians, and ends, in effect, the long struggle of the two Orders. Century III., b. c. 264, Beginning of First Punic War ; 201, End of Second Punic War. It may easily be remembered that in the year before the First Piitiic War, 265, Rome is Mistress of Peninsular Italy ; iiaving all of Italy, she grapples a foe outside of it. < )f notable importance is 280, Rise of the Achaean and yEtolian Leagues. Century' II., b. c. 140, Destruction of Carthage and of Corinth ; end of the Third Punic War, and conquest of Greece, ended by the fall of the Ach;i?an League. 133, Tiberius Gracchus slain : a rapid degradation of Roman politics follows this election riot and partisan murder. 101, End of the Great Cimbrian War, which was regarded by Rome as a danger almost ec[ual to the Second Punic War. "^ (Notice" the scries of similar dates : 501, 401, 301, 201, 101.) Century I., B. c. 100, Julius Ca3sar born. 44, Caesar assassinated. 31, Battle of Actium, which threw all power into the hands of Octavian (Augustus), and firmly established tlie empire which Julius had begun. 48, Battle of Pharsalia, is hardly less important, which overthrew the senatorial party and Pompey, and gave Julius Crosar supremacy. 4, Birth of Jesus Christ. This is the commonly-received date ; the monk (Dionysius Exiguus, 527 A. P.), who introduced the use of the Christian Era, supposed Christ to have been born December 25th, in the year 1, b. v., that is, just a week before the first New-Year's-day of the new ei'a. There is not agreement 12 THE MOST IMPORTANT DATES. among scholars as to tlie precise time of Christ's birth. See Blair's " Chronological Tables" (Bohn's Scientific Library), p. 147. Century I. 9, Battle of Teutoberg Forest, which prevents the conquest of Germany by Rome. Dr. Arnold deems this one of the two most important battles of history, the other being 733 a. d., Battle of Tours. It was best that the Teutonic nations should not be conquered and corrupted by Rome. 70, Destruction of Jeru- salem ; the Jews were dispersed and their political existence ended. Cextuey II. 180, End of the Good Emperors. Gibbon calls the time of the Good Emperors "the period in the history of the world during which the condition of the human race was most happy and prosperous." Century III. 250, First great Army of Goths crosses the Danube. This will recall Decius and his fate, and will fix this century as one of great barbarian in- roads and of military emperors. Century IV. 313, Edict of Milan ; Christians favored ; rights restored. This marks the time of Constantine, and the political success of Christianity just after the worst persecution it had ever experienced. 395, Final Division of the Empire into East and West ; all previous divisions had been temporary arrangements for administration. Other dates of most importance in this century are 325, Council of Nice (Nica?a), and 385, Paganism abolished, ten years before the division of the empire. Century V. 451, Battle of Chalons ; great defeat of the ravaging and destroy- ing Huns under Attila. 476, End of the Western Empire ; this was, however, revived by Charlemagne in 800 and by Otho 11. in 962 ; for the people of the mid- dle ages regarded that as the true Roman Empire. 486, Frankish kingdom founded in Gaul. Observe, only ten j'cars elapse between the fall of the great ancient gov- ernment and the rise of another from which grew the great modern powers of Ger- many and France with no break in their continuity. If a date is wanted for Alaric, take 410, Alaric sacks Rome, and dies the same year. 449, Reputed date of Saxon occupation of Britain, is notable for English his- tory, being its proper beginning. Century VI. This is the century of Justinian ; for him we may take 533, Issue of the " Civil Law ; " but on the chart 555 is given, which may be learned thus : about 555, Silk-culture brought to Eastern Empire, in Justinian's reign. This will fix Justinian as well as the special event. Some claim that 551 is the exact year. The culture was probably introduced from Persia, or perhaps from Mesopotamia only. Century VIL 622, the Hejira, Flight of Mohammed. From July 16, 622, the Mohammedans reckon dates, designated by Europeans by the letters "A. H.' that is Anno Hejirw, or year of the Hejira (Hegira, or Hejra). But their year consists of 354 days, occasionally 355, being 10, 11, or 13 days shorter than our year ; hence, to add 623 to the number of a year a. h. will not give our corresponding year. Thus, A. H. 906 was not our year 1528, but began July 27, 1500 a. d. Nor is it true that Mohammed's flight was on July 16th, but only that Mohammedans reckon from that day as the beginning of the year of the Hejira. There are published tables for making accurate calculations of dates in both eras. {See Ducange, and Dunham's " History of Spain and Portugal.") The most important date of European history for this century is 687, Battle of Testry, which leads to the Karling monarchy. 13 GENERAL HISTORY. Century VIII. 733, Battle of Tours ; Charles Martel defeats the Saracens, and stays their career of conquest. (*S'ee Dr. Arnold's remarks, cited under Century I.) But Dr. Freeman says that the repulse of the Saracens from Constantinople in 718 by Leo III. is more important still, being one of the most important events in all history. 752, End of the Merovingian kings ; Pepin the Short becomes king. This founds the line of Karling or Carlo vingian monarchs. An event of the last week of this century is entered upon the next chart, as its effects fall into that century. Century IX. On Christmas-day, December 25, 800, Charlemagne is crowned Emperor of the West. The Empire of the East was at this time usurped by a wicked woman, Irene, and Charlemagne took the title of Roman Emperor, and was held to be the true Western Emperor ; and his empire was deemed a revival of the Roman Empire, which was, in the time of Frederick I., Barbarossa, called the Holy Roman Empire. Remember, when Charlemagne became emperor, Irene was Empress of the East, Haroun-al-Raschid was Abbasside Calif, and Egbert, afterward King of all England, had just come to his throne as King of Wessex. 840, First division of Charlemagne's Empire, to his three grandsons. The divis- ion made then was ratified and arranged by the Peace of Verdun. 888, Final divis- ion of Charlemagne's Empire: it began in November, 887, when the Germans elected King Aruulf, and was completed in 888, when the other jiarts of the emjiire had their several and independent rulers. Remember 900 as near the close of the reign of Alfreil the Great ; fix, by con- trast, Charlemagne, 800 ; Alfred, 900. Century X. The Hungarians ravage Southern and Central Euroj)e till 955, Battle of Augsburg ; Otho I. almost destroys them. Because of the loss of their warriors, they keep the peace, settle down in the Dacian or Avaric land, and become civilized, especially under their first king, St. Stephen. If other dates are wanted, take 912, Normandv given to Rollo ; and 987, Accession of Hugh Capet. It may be noticed that from (187, when Pepin of Hcristal gained power by the battle of Testry, to the death of his descendant, the last Karling ruler by male descent, in 987, is exactly 300 years. Century XI. 1066, Battle of Hastings ; Norman conquest of England by AVilliam the Conqueror, 7th Duke of Normandy. 1077, Henry's submission at Canossa, marks the time of the contest of the Emperor, Henry IV., and the Pope, Gregory VII., Hildebrand, respecting the appointment of bishops ; and thus fixes the time of these men by a striking event. lOOG, the First Crusade moves. Century XII. 1190, Freilerick I., Barbaiossa, dies ; Emperor and German king. He was drowned in the Calycadnus in Cilicia, going on the Third Crusade, which was joined by Philip Augustus, of France, and by Richard the Lion-hearted, of England. This date fixes tliese three great kings, the most powerful in Europe ; it fixes also their contemporaries, Henry the Lion and Saladin, and the Third Cru- sade. Notice, the first crusade makes a king, Godfrey, of Bouillon, King of Jerusa- lem ; the second is joined by two kings, and the third by three. Century XIII. 1215, Magna Charta. This gives the time of King John and of the first great struggle for English liberty, which was much aided by the result of the Battle of Bouvines of tiie previous year. 1250, Death of Frederick II., 14 THE MOST IMPORTANT DATES. " Wonder of the World," and beginning- of the Great Interregnum in the Empire, during which no one was by all parties recognized and obeyed as emperor. This dates also the end of the power of the great Hohenstaufen dynasty, of which the two Fredericks are the most noble and most notable. 1270, Seventh (and last) Crusade, and Death of Louis IX., St. Louis. Centuky XIV. 1327 to 1377, Time of Edward III., the greatest of the Plan- tagenet kings (who are Henry II. to Richard II.). 1337, Edward claims the crown of France ; the "Hundred Years' War" begins. This reminds one of the battles of Crecy and Poitiers, and of the Black Prince. The date of next importance in Eng- lish history is 1314, Battle of Bannockburn, by which Bruce gains the independence of Scotland. Century XV. About 1436, Invention of Printing. 1453, Turks take Constan- tinople, and Fall of Eastern Empire ; also, English expelled from France, and End of the " Hundred Years' War." 1492, Columbus discovers America. Next to these in importance are 1429, Battle of Patay, or Orleans ; Jeanne d'Arc (or "Joan of Arc") defeats the English; 1455 to 1485, the Wars of the Roses, Red and White, Lancaster and York; and 1477, Death of Charles the Bold (better "the Rash"), Duke of Burgundy, the most powerful uncrowned prince in Europe, who intended to make a kingdom of his domains, rival to France. Century XVI. This century is crowded with notable events. 1517, the Reformation begins, which was soon a great political as well as religious move- ment. The time of the Reformation is the time of Leo X., Francis I., Charles V., Henry VIIL, Luther, Loyola, and Calvin ; it is also the height of Polish and of Turkish power. 1588, Spanish Armada defeated. This marks the height of Span- ish Power, and tiio reigns of Philip II. and Elizabeth. 1590, Battle of Ivry, which secured the French throne to Henry IV. and to the House of Bourbon. 1598, Edict of Nantes, which proclaimed toleration to Protestants in France. In this and the following centuries it is easy to pick out important dates ; it is a virtue and a wisdom not to find too many. Next to those named stand these : 1556, Abdication of Charles V. and accession of Philip II., the Bigot ; 1525, Battle of Pavia ; 1534, Separation of the English Church from Rome, making the king (then Henry VIII.) head of the Church ; 1540, Establishment of the Order of Jesuits ; 1555, Diet of Augsburg, which confirms toleration of Protestantism in Germany, and secures cessation of religious wars in that country ; 1506, Revolt of the Netherlands, resulting in independence. Century XVH. 1618 to 1648, the Thirty Years' War, which began from the tyrannous bigotry of Ferdinand of Austria, desolated and depopulated Germany, and ended the political power of the Empire ; while " in character, in intelligence, and in morality, the German people wore set back two hundred years." {See Bayard Taylor's "History of Germany," close of chap, xxix.) 1649, Charles I., of England, beheaded ; beginning of the Commonwealth. 1688, "The Glorious Revolution" in England, and the War of the League of Augsburg (= "King William's War"). The revolution secured the liberties of England, and resulted in bringing in the House of Brunswick, or Hanover, in place of the Stuarts ; the war checked the grasping ambition of Louis XIV. ; England joined in it at once as a consequence of the accession of William, the author of the League. In American history, 1607, Jamestown, Va., founded ; 1620, Plymouth, Mass., founded. 15 GENERAL HISTORY. If other dates are desired, let them be 1632, Battle of Lutzen, in which Gustavus Adolpluis was killed, and the power of Sweden broken ; 1643, End of Richelieu's life and ministry, and beginning of Mazarin's ministry ; and 1G85, Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, which renews persecution of Protestants in France. Centukt XVIII. 1701 to 1713, War of the Spanish Succession (= "Queen Anne's War" in America), the unsuccessful effort of Eng-land and the Empire to prevent the accession of a French Bourbon to the Spanish throne ; it was notable for the great military career of Marlborough. 1740 to 1748, War of the Austrian Succession ; it arose from the attempt of Charles Albert, of Bavaria (the Emperor in 1742), to deprive Maria Theresa, daughter of Charles VI., of her hereditary states ; and in the war Frederick the Great joined, merely to secure territory for Prussia. 1763, France cedes Canada to England at the end of the Seven Years' War. 1776, American Declaration of Independence. 1789, French Revolution begins. Of other dates, most notable are 1709, Battle of Pultawa, the decisive battle of the contest of Sweden and Russia. 1782, Steam-engine perfected hy James Watt. 1769 is remarkable for births of great men, including these : Alexander von Hum- boldt, George Cuvier, Brunei, Thomas Lawrence, Chateaubriand, Napoleon, Welling- ton, Ncy, Soult, Lord Castlereagh, Tallien, John Q. Adams, Mehemet Ali. Century XIX. 1804, Napoleon becomes Emperor. 1815, Battle of Waterloo. 1832, Parliamentary Reform, a change in the representation and suffrage in Eng- land. 1848, Third French Revolution, expelling the Orleans dynasty ; Hungarian, German, and Italian Revolts ; a year of political disturl)ance. 1861 to 1865, War of the Secession in the United States, ending in the abolition of slavery. 1871, New German Empire, result of the Franco-German War. To these may be added, if desired, 1807, Fulton's first Steamboat ; 1830, Man- chester Railway opened, the beginning of the railway system ; Greek Independence; French Three-Days' Revolution, expelling the Bourbon line of kings ; 1832, Deaths of Cuvier, Bentham, Scott, Champollion, Goethe, Legendre, Clementi, Pugin, Adam Clarke, Say, and others. Resuming these in one statement, the following may be deemed of primary im- portance, so chosen as to include at least one in each century, but on the average less than three to a century : r c, 776, 753, (625, 594), 510, (501), 490, 450, (431 to 404), 400, (387, 362), 333, (301, 264), 201, 146, 133, 48, 44, (31) ; a. d., 9, (70, 180, 250), 313, 395, (451), 476, (555), 622, 718, 732, (753), 800, (888, 900, 955), 1066, (1077), 1096, (1190), 1215, (1250, 1270, 1327 to 1377), 1337, 1436, 1453, 1492, 1517, 1588, 1590, (1607), 1618 (to 1648), 1649, 1688, (1701 to 1713), 1740 (to 1748, 1763), 1776, 1789, (1804), 1815, (1832), 1848, 1861, 1871. If the dates in parentheses are omitted, the remaining are the forty dates of most importance from 800 B. c. to the present time ; the birth of Christ being omitted as sufficiently shown by the Christian era. The following dates from the preceding pages are secondary in importance, those in parentheses being least valuable : b. c, (660, 570), 558, 525, 480, 401, 363, 300, 280, (265), 101, (100, 4) ; a. n., (325, 385, 410, 449), 486, 533, (687, 840), 912, 987, (1314), 1429, 1455 to 1485, (1477, 1525), 1534, 1540, (1555), 1556, (1566), 1598, (1620, 1632), 1642, 1685, (1709, 1769), 1782, (1807), 1830, (1865). 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Peace of Cambi id England. 2 o o So »-'; (— — o -3 d '5t a s g » Pi » ■a • 1521 . Diet of Worms condemns L First Duke of Prussia, 1525 . . 1529 Diet of Sf Confession of Augsburg, 1530 .. 1531 League 1525 . Peasants' War, Souths 01 France and Spain take 1508 . League of Camljr 1510 . 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CO „ o~53 J-HJHco — ra :" — ' ^ Qo CD rr 'J. j; '2- a; K < ' a ^ < • Ci <] • CO O) • 1--. 00 oo '"' td ^ •500'^ 00 ""^ TABLE OF PKINCIPAL DATES, IN FOUR GRADES. FOR FULL EXrLAXATIOX, sec INTRODUCTIOX, p. IL (The sign +, after a date, shows that it may bo taken in connection with a later one, as 161S refers to 104S ; the sign - before a date, ineaus that it must be taken with a previous one.) I. II. III. IV. 7T6, 753. to 625. COO. 510. 490, 450, 400. 594 + , 501. 431 to 404. 553, 52.5. 430,401. -570. 833. 8S7, 862, 801. SC3, 800. 201. 204. 2S0. 2C5. UO, 13.3. 101. 100. 1 Si 1 4S,«. 31. 4. 9. 70. ISO. 250. 81.3, 395. 325, 385. 470. 451. 4S0. 410, 449. 655. 58.3. 623. GS7. 718, 7.32. 753. 63 800. 8S8. 840. s 900, 955. 912, 987. a 10G6, 109C. 1077. ^ 1215. 1190. 1250, 1270. 1337. 1327 to 1377. 1314. 143fi, U.W, 1192. 1429, 1455 to 1433. 14T7. 1S17, loss, 1500. 1534, 1540, 1556, 1598. 1525, 1555, 1560. Si 1 llilS + , 1649, ICSS. 1(507, -1043. 1042, 1635. 1C20, 1032. 1740 + ,lT7f., 17^9. 1701 to 1713, -1748, 176:3. 17S2. 1709, 1769. 1815,1848, 1801 +, 1871. 1S04, 1832. 1.830. 1807, -1 365. 53 ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE HISTORICAL CHARTS. ^^^ The figures refer to duten; the character — {mhiiut) denotes a date before Christ: thus, —44 is 44 n. r. Other signs are the same as in the charts ; but j denotes a death by violence. Nf,TE.— Additional matter, that could not be put upon the charts, is often given in this index ; and a few titles and dates thus added are marked *. There an; frequent references to the genealogical tables. Abassides (or Abbassides), lino of thirty-seven califs, 750 to 1258; first was Abul Abbas, or Abdallah, gr.-gr.-grand- son of Al Abbas, uncle of Mohammed ; see Calif, Sara- cens. Abdallah, general, 647; calif in Spain. ;i 912. Abderrahman, first Ommiade calif in Spain, 755 4- ; A — III., 912. Abelard, A 1142. Abolition, see Slavery. Abrutum. x, 251. Abu Bfkr, first calif, Mohammed's wife's father, G32. Abu Jaafer (Almansor = Victorious), 754, 763. Abul Abbas, 750 ; see Abbassides. Achaean League, —280, —251, —243, —220, —214, — ISS, —167, —151, —146. Its great men, Marcus.* A 229 ; Aratus; Lydiadas,* A 226 ; Philopwmen. Acre, crusaders take, 1104, 1191 ; lose, 11S7, 1291. Act, Navigation, 1651; of Uniformity, 16G2; Test, 10T3; Habeas Corpus, 1679; Stamp, 171)5. Actium, D, —31 ; Octavian defeats Antony ; see p. 12. Adams, John, second Pres. U. S., 1797; A July 4, 1826; John Quincy Adams, sixth president, 1S25; A 1S48. Addison, Joseph, author, A 1719. Adelnng, John C, philologist, A 1S06; not 1807, as in text. Adolf of Nassau, Emp., 1292. Adolphus, Gustavus, 1611-1632, + 1032. Adrian — Hadrian, 117. Adrianople, x , 378. Agates, a,— 241. ^Egospotamos, d , —405 ; Lysander's victory. ^milian. 2ri3; .Emillanus Scipio. see Scipio. .^neas Sylvius Piccolomini, Pius II., A 1464 ; see Popes. jEsehylus, — 456. Au-tius, 425. 451, 454; called "last of the Romans." >Etolian League 0>egan —343*) ; — 2S0, —220, —214, —190, dissolved by Rome. Africa, originally meant the Tunisian region only. See names of cities, countries, and nations : Carthage, Egypt, Ro- mans, Vandals, E. Empire, Saracens, Algiers, etc. Necho's fleet goes around Africa, ® — 600. Africanus, see Scipio. Agathocles, Tyrant of Syracuse, — 317. *Agesilaus IL, King of Sparta, —309 to —301. Agincourt, x,1415; England > France. Agis IV., King of Sparta, —244 to —241. Aglabites, 800. Agrarian Laws, Rome, to distribute public lands to citizens by general enactment (there were often ftpecidl grants) ; Spurius Cassius's, — 4S4 ; Licinius Stolo's. —364 ; Tibe- rius Gracchus's, — 133. Agricola, Cn. Julius, 78, A 93. ♦Agripp.a, M. Vipsanius ; and Agrippina, Gen. Tab., Cen- tury I. Aix, X , -102. Aix-la-Chapelle (or Aachen), Charlemagne's capital; Peace of, 1748; other "peaces of A—,'" 1668,* 1818.* Akbar, Jellaladin, Mohammed, Mogul Emp., 1556 to 1605. Akiba, A 133. Alabama claims. $15,500,000 paid to U. S., 1S72. Alalia, a,® -550; 539 (?).* Al Amin, 809, Alans, 405, 406, 409. Alaric, Visigoth, in E. Emp., 895-396 ; in Italy, 402-403, 408-410. Alaric II.,* 485 to 507. Albert L, Emp., 1293; A— II.. Emp., 1438; both of Austria. Albert of Brandenburg,* first Duke of Prussia, 1525, A 1568.* ^SeG Gen. Tables. Albigenses, 1208; destroyed as heretics. Alboin, Lombard king, 543 to 578 ; 568. Alcibiades, —420 to —404 ; sundry events. Alcuin of York, b. 735 (?),* A 804. (Saxon form of name, Ealhwine.) Alemanni or Allemanni (in Swabia, etc.), 214, 234, 256, 268- 271, 309, 320, 354-359, 496 ; name disappears about 1000.* Alembert, d\ mathematician, etc., A 1783. Aleria = Alalia, above, — 550. Alexander, the Great (III.), —336 to —323; Gen. Table III. A— Severus, Emp., 222 ; A— I., Russian, 1801 ; A— IL, 53 ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE HISTORICAL CHARTS. Eus9., 1855; Gen. Tab, XXXIII. Aloxander YI., Bor- gia, worst of all popes, A 1503. Alexandria, founded —33*2; token, 640; see Hypatia. Alexandrian Library, 3i)0, 640 (story of its destruction in 640 very doubtful ; see Library). Alexius L, Comntous, E. Euip. and founder of line, 1081 to 1118. Alfonso L, Leon, 739; A— L, Ara^on, HIS; A— X., Castile, Enip. elected, 125T, A 1284. Gen. Tab. XI. Alfred, the Great, 871 to 001 ; 878. Gen. Tab. XX. Algiers, founded by the pirates Iloruc and Hayraddin (P.ar- barossa), 1518; 1S17; 1S30. Al Ilakim I., Oraniiade calif, Spain, 705 to 820; A— II., 061. Ali, calif, married Fatima, dau. of Mohammed; hence the Eatiuiites, t (iGl. Allia, X , —388. Alliance, Holy, 1815; Northern, rs. Charles XII, HV.tO; *Quadrn[ile, England, France, Holland, Empire, 1718; see Coalition, Luayue, Peace, etc. Al Mamun, 813. Almansor, calif, see Abu Jaafer ; A—, regent, 076,* A 1002. *Almohades, dynasty in Morocco, 1121 to 1270; in Si)ain, overthrowing Alnioravides, 1145 to 1232; kingdom of Granada was an offshoot, 1237. Almoravides, dynasty in Morocco @ 1050;* in Spain, lOLM ; see Ahnohades. Al Motassein, 833. Alp Arslan, Sdjukian, 1063. ^Alphabet, Egyptian invention, of gradual growth, very an- cient ; carried about by Phieniciaus. Alyattes, — 625 ; expelled Scythians. Amalfi, Italian city, lUO. Aniasis, — 51(9 to — 525. Ambrose (St.). Bishop of Milan, 374*, A 397. Amendments, U. S. Const., I3th and 15th, 1865, 1870. America, disco v., 1403; Portuguese colonies till 1550; Span- ish America revolts 1810. See United States and Cen- turies XVL to XIX. Amiens, Peace of, 1802. *Amphictyonic Council, noted only in Sacred Wars q. v. Amphipolis, —422, Amni. 030; A 603 (?i.* Amurath (= Murad) I., 1350. Anabasis (= expedition) of Cyru."*, —401. Anafftto. Luc, first Doge of Venice, G97. Anastasius, E. Emp., 491. *Anaxagoras, Greek philosopher, A © — 428. Andernncb, x , S7G. Andrew II.. King of Hungary, 1205-^35; 1217. Andros. Sir Edmund, 16^0. Angflo (Buonarottit, A 1564. Angora (— Ancyra), x, 1402. Anjou, Margaret, 1445, 1471, 1475. (County in France held by English Plantagenets and by French bouses, Gen. Tab. XVII.^ Anne, Queen of England, 1702; "Queen Anne's War," 1702. Antalcidas, Spartan envoy, peace of, —387. Anthemius, 467. Antietam, x , 1862. Antigonus, Cyclops, A — 301 ; A— Gonatas, — 277, King of Macedon ; A— Boson, —229. Gen. Tab. III. Antioch, capital of Seleucus L and followers, from 300 it. c. ; 115; 1097-'08, 1208. Autiocbu.'? Ill , King of Syria, —223 to -187; —195; —192 to —100. Antislavcry movement, U. S., 1830 + . Antoninus Pius, 13s to 101 ; wall of, 140. Antony (Marcus Antonius), triumvir, —43, —36, —30; Gen. Tab., Century L Antony. St., first monk, A 3.">7. Apollonia (Illyrian), f. by Corinth, —600. Appian Way, Kome to Capua, —310. Apries = Hopbra = Uaphra, — 5S8. Apulia, Norman, 1040. A<(uileia, 452 ; rebuilt, 552.* Aquinas (^St. Thomas, "Angelic Doctor"), A 1274. Aquitaine. Franks get, 507 ; au English kingdom, 1360 + . Arabia, Arabs: Table, Cent. VIII. b. o. See Mohammed, Saracens, Karamites, Califs, and Cent. VII. Aragon (independent about 737;* kingdom, 1035*), gets Saragossa, 1118; gains Sicily, 1282; joined to Castile, 1479; Ferdinand, king, 1474. Gen. Tab. XI. Aramaeans = Syrians and Mesopotamians ; Table. Century VIII. B.C. Aratus, —213; see Achaean. Arausio (= Orange), x, —105. Arbela, x,— 331. Are, see Joan. Arcadius, 305. Archimedes, — 212. Archons {chief magistrates at Athens), —684. Ardshir I. (often made into Artaxerxes), 226. Ardys, — 666. Argos, -800, —780, —418, —272. In Acha-an League, —236.* Arians, Cent. IV.; followers of doctrine of Arius. Ariosto, A 1533. Aristidcs, -482, —468 ; " the Just." Aristophanes (comic dramatist, from —427 * on), A — 380. Aristotle (''the Stagirite"). A —522. Arius, A 830. (Dispute with Athanasius whether Christ is homoi-ousios, as Arius said, or homo-ousios — of like sub- stance or of same substance with God. The Church was rent by the dispute.) Aries (in S. E. France, Provence), 508, 536; kingdom, 879; 033. Armada (Spanish navy), 15S8. "-'The Invincible." Armagnacs (political party, France, rs. Burgundians and English). 1410 + . Armed Neutrality (coalition vs. England), 1780 till 1801. Armenia (indep., — 188;* province of Rome, 114*), 603. Arminius, 9; A 21 (?*). Arnold, of Brescia, A 1155; Dr. Thos. A—, A 1842; treason of Benedict A — , 1780; Emp. Arnold is Arnulf. Arnulf, Emp., 887; Gen. Tables VL, VII. Arras, Peace of, 1435. Arsaces I., — 255; Arsacida? were his followers. Arses, — 33S. Art,ixerxes I., -465; A— II., —105; A— III., —359; see Ardshir. Articles of Confederation, U. S., 1777. Ary.an, Table of Races, Cent. VIII. b.o. Ascalon, x,1101. Asculum. X. — 279. Asia: at first a small distrie* near Ephesus ; then the land between the Mediterranean and Euxine, or Asia Minor; finally, as now used. Asia Minor, see names of coun- tries, nations, and cities, as Lydia, Cilicia, Ephesus. Sar- dis, etc. Also. Crusades, E. Empire, Turks, etc. Espe- cially —800, —644, —100, 258, 603, 1401. Asiatic War, — 103. ♦Assassins, see Karmathians. Assyria (capital, Nineveh), Table in Cent. VIII. B.C.; see that and next century. Line of kings, —745+ ; events, —698, -68.^ — 07i», —660, —644, —625. 54 ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE HISTORICAL CHARTS. Aeturias, kingdom founded by Polnyo, 713, in N. W. Spain ; became Oviedo, and Leon. A sty ages, — 593. Athalaric, 52C. Athanasius, A 873. Atbanasians, bis disciples. See Arius. Athelstan, King of England, 924. Gen. Tab. XX. Athens, leading city of Greece, of Ionic family or race. See Centuries — V. and —IV., generally ; also, —800, — 6S4, —612, —594, — 5GI) + , —509, —394, —35b, —357, —SOT, —86, and 258. Atlanta campaign, 1S64. Atlantic cable, 1866. Attila, Hun, 441, 450, 451, 45-3. A. U. C. (Anno Urbis Conditw). —753; assumed date of founding of Rome by Romulus (q. v.). Auction of Empire, 193. Augsburg, x,955; Confession, 1530 ; Diet, 1555; League of A—, 1686, 16S9 ; War of League, 1GS8. Augurs, plebeian, — 300. Augustine, St., A 430; St. Augustin(e) = Austin, 597; A 605 (?).* Augustus: at first, Octavius; then, C. Julius Ciesar Octavia- nus; %e& Gen. Tab., Cent. I.; —43, —31 (Actium), —SO, —27 ; A 14 A. V. Aurelian, 270, 273. Aurelius, Marcus, 161 + . Austerlitz, x, 1S05. Austin, aee Augustine. Austria: a march or raargraviate, duchy, aixhduchy, empire, successively. Held by the Babenbergs till 1246; gained by the Hapsburgs, 1278.* This house held the empire 1273, 1298, and from 14;i3 on; hence Austria and Ger- many are often identical in history. Specially Austrian events: x,1315, x , 1386 ; 1526, gain of Hungary; 1713; wars, 1701, 1716, 1740. 1756. 1792, 1859, 1866; partitions of Poland, 1772, 1793, 1795; marriage, 1810; Holy Alli- ance, 1815. Became " empire," 1804; often called Austro- Hungarian Empire. Avars (sometimes called "Huns"), 557, 568, 609; conquered, 791 +. Averrhoes. A 1225 (?), 1198 (?). Avicenna (Ibn Sina), A 1037. Avidius Cassius, 175. Avignon, papal residence, 13U9 ; owned by papacy, 1348* till 1791.* A Vitus, 455. Babylon, capital; Babylonia, country; greatest Asiatic city, of unknown antiquity. Table of Kaccs, and note, Cent. VIILd.c; and —747, —70S, —625, -5S5. Kings, and division of Assyria : — 6:)5, —535, —569, — &4S, —538, —516, —174. Alexander made Babylon his capital, anlc's Charter." Chartres, 911. Chaucer, Geollrey, A 1400. Chazar (tribe of Tatars? on border of E. Emp.), title of Leo IV., 775. Chcrona3a, x , —538. Chicago, fire, 1871. Children's crusade, 1212. Chilo, Table, Cent. —VI. Chimneys, note, Cent. XIV. China, Chinese; Tabic, Cent. —VIIL; silk from China (?), 555; opium war, ls42. Cholera, enters Europe, lb30 ; began in India. Chosroes (Kosru) I.,* Nushirvan, great King of Persia, *531- 579; C— II., 590-628. Christ, Jesus, — 4, 29 ; see p. 12, at foot. Christianity: rise in Cent. I.; persecutions. Table, Cent II.; tolerated, 311 ; favored, 313; quarrels, note. Cent. IV. ; opposed by Julian, 861 ; triumphant over paganism, 385; forced on Saxons, 785 ; suppressed in Japan, 1637. See Catholic, Church, Council, Image- worship ; Papacy, Popes, and Great Schism ; Paganism, Persecution, Tol- eration ; Protestant, Reformation, Huguenots. Chrysostom = " Golden Mouth," real name John, A 407. Church, see Christianity, etc. Quarrels, in C-ent. IV.; reor- ganized by Gregory, 590+ ; divides into Greek and Roman, 867, 1054 ; separation of English from Roman, 1534 ; Rise of Protestants, 1517, 1529. Arian contro- versy. Cent. IV.; image-worship, 726-»- ; Cathulicism restored in France as state-church, 1801. Si.e Claren- don. Cicero. Marcus TiiUius, —58, —57, — 43. *Cid, the; title of Rodrigo Di;iz del Bivar, a Spanish hero; career, 1005 lo 1099 ; A 1099. Cilicia, — 716, — 685. Cimbrians, Cimbrian "War, —113, —105, —101. (Celtic peo- ple.) Cimon, son of Miltiades, ^66, —461, —449. ♦Cincinnattis, time of, about — 460, at Rome. Chxesium, — 605. (Carchemish, in Bible.) Circumnavigation: of Africa, about 000 (?) ; first, of world, 151i»-1522. Citizenship, universal, of Rome, 216 (?). Civil Law (= Roman law, in contrast with Common [Eng- lish] law. statute law, local laws, etc.), 528, 1140. Civil war; Rome, —8:3, — 19, —14 U) — 42, and many later, in contests for the place of emperor. France, 1410, 1560- 1594; 1615-1629, 1648-1653. England, 1W2-1651 ; of Roses, 1455-1485; Stephen's, 1136+ ; b.irons and Henry III., 1262-1268; others, 1214, 1403, 1685, 16?9 + , 1715. 1745. United States, 1661-1865. Civihs, 69. Civitella, x,1053. Clarendon, Constitutions of, 1164; a declaration of the rela- tions of the Church to tlie English sUte. *Assize of Clarendon, 1106, declaration of English judicial law, courts, trials, etc. Claudius I., 41-54; 43; Gen. Tab,, Cent I. C— II., 268, 269 (Gothicus). Clay, Henry, American orator and statesman, A lb52. Clement XIV., pope, suppresses Jesuits, 1773. CleobuUis, Table, Cent —VI. Cleomenes III., -230 to —219 ; Cleomcnic War, —227. Cleon, democratic leader at Athens, —429 to — 122, t — 422, Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt — 51 to — 30. Clermont, Council, 1095; another, 1130.* Cleve succession, 1609 ; Gen. Tab. XXX. Clisthenes. —509. Clodius Albinus, rival of Septimius, 197. Cloth of Gold, Field of, 1520. Clovis, several events, 481-511. Cnidus, D, — 394. "Coalitions" V8. France, six, 1793, 1798, 1&05, 1806, 1809, 1813. Code, 528, Codomannus, Darius III., —336, Coff-ee, 1718. Coinage, first in Greece, —269 (?). Colonization : Greek, - -760 (?) ; first silver at Rome,* 735, -730, -724, —657. —631, —600, and later. Of America, Ceuturiea XV-J. and XVII. Colosseum (— Coliseum), 60. Columbus, 1492, A 1506. Commodus, 1S0 + , 163. Comneni, dynasty, 1081 to 1135. Compass, Mariners', note. Cent, XIV. Compromise, Missouri, 1820, 1854; on investitures, 1122. Coude, Louis II., great general. A lO.-^O; *Louis I., noted Huguenot, + 1569. Gen. Tab. XVIII. Confederacy of Delos, — 477 ; union of Greeks to fight Persia. Confederation : United States, 1777 ; Conli-derate States, 1801, seceding States, U. S. Confession, Augsburg. 1530. Congress: first American, 1754; C-ontiuental, 1774; fh-st under U. S. Constitution, 1789. Connecticut, 1633. Conon, Athenian general, — 413 to —393 ; — 394 ; A 390 (?).+ Conrad I., 911 ; C— II., Salic, 1024; C^ III., Iloheustaufen, 57 ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE HISTORICAL CHARTS. 113S, 1146; C— IV., 1250; *Conradm, t l'.!OS. Gen. Tab. VIII. Constance, Peace of, lls3 ; *C'oundl (,lTth), 1411. Constans, 837. Constnntine I., the Great, 806 to .5.37, many events. Gen. Tab. IV.; C— II., 887 to 340; C— V., Coprnnymus, 741; C— VI., Porphyrogenitus, '.111; C— IX., a76. Last E. Einp. was *C— XIII., 1 1458. Constantinople (= old Byzantium, named New Home), 324, 03(1, 550, i;6S, 710, 004, 1204, 1453. Constantius I., Clilorus, 292-306; C— II., 837. Constitution, ,sve (.'larendon : tJ. S., 1787. Consuls, Uoman chief magistrates from — 508 (?) to —30 ; lirst plebeian, —863; both may be plebeian, —330; Marins, consul seven times, —107+ ; Clovis, 510; last. Ml ; in France, Napoleon, 1802. Consular Tribunes, military tribmies, with consular power, —442 till -363. Contests of popes and luonarclis, notable, 11173, 1227-1250, 1296; with Philij] .Vuguslus,* 1200; with John,* 1208- 1213. Copenhagen, 1801, 1>07. Co[iernieus, Nicholas, A 1548. Copronymus, 741. Corbulo, 63. Corcyra (= Corfu), — T30, —485. ♦Cordova, seat of Oinmiades in Spain from 757. Corinth, Doric city, —800, —027, —435, —394. —24.3, —1 16, destroyed. Corinthian War: Corinth, Argos, Thebes, Athens, aud Persia, vn. Sparta. Corneille, Peter, French dramatist, A 1684. Corn-law.s, Kome, —123; linglish, 1.^46. Cornwall, Uichard, Earl of; emperor, 1257; Gen. Tab. X.\I. Coroneia 0>r — nea), x , — 447, — 394. Corsairs (= jjirates) ; see Algiers. Corsica, — 23-i, 1050. Genoese hold or claim it, 12s4- 1768. Cortez (in Spani.sh, Cortes). 1519, A 1547.* Council: Nice, .325: Kiercy. s"7 ; Placentia, 1095; Clermont, 10'.5; Trent. 1545; Vatican, 1870. There have been twenty-one Councils, called General, Nice being first; Trent, 20th ; Vatican, 21st. Covenant, Scotch. 1638. Crassus, — 60, — 53. Crocy, X , 1346. Cre.Kpy, Peace of, 1,544. Crete (= Candia), 828, taken by Spanish Saracens ; recov- ered, 962 ; Me Candia. Crimean War, 18,53-1856 ; France, Fugland, Turks, aud Sar- dinia, 7?.s. llussia. Crispus. 320, 326. Crissa'an Sacred War, — .591. Croats, Table, Cent. —VIII. Cra'sus, —56s, noted for wealth. Cromwell, 165:1-1658, A Battles, several, especially 1644, 1645, 1650 1651. Cross, " Holy." Jcsus's cross was said to have been found by Helena, Constantine's mother, 328 ;* tak'-n by Per- sia. 614 ; recovered, (528.* Crucifixion of Jesus, 29 (or 33?). Crusades, specially, attem|its of Western Christians to take Palestine from Mohanmiedans ; afterward, any religious war of so-called " Catholics" against pagans, Moslems, or so-called "heretics.'' 1st, 1096+ ; 2d, 1146; .3d, 1189 + ; 4t,ll. 1202 + ; .5th, 1217-'29; 6th, 1'24>^'54; 7th (last), l'270-'72. Crusaders lose Antioch, 1268 ; Acre, 1291. Children's crusade, 1212, Albigensian, I'2(l8-''i9. Ctesiphon, 198. Ciilloden, x, 1746. Cuvier, George, great naturalist, born 1760, A 1S32. Cyaxares, — 6;33. Cylon, — 612. Cynosccphalie, x. — 197. Cyprus, see Sargon ; 048, 1191; gauied by Venice, 1489;* by Turks, 1578. Cyrene, —631. Cyrus, the Great, founder of Persia, — 558, —054, —538, A 629 ; C— the Younger, —401. Cyzicus. — 410. D Dacia, Dacian.s, 81, 86-90, 101-100, 200, 270, 274, 889. Uagobert I., 622 Dagucrre, photographic inventor, A 1851. Damascus, 632; Onmiiade capital, 661. Dandolo, Henry, the blind doge, A 1205. Danes, Table, Cent. —VIII. The English called all northern piratical adventurers Danes. Great piracies, Cent. IX.; in Kngland, '187, 8:3-2, 863-871, .878, 994, 1002 ; " Danish intrusion" = Danish kings ruling England, 1016-1642, In France, S45, S.';6, 861 ; see Northmen. Danish duchies; War, 1848, 1863. Dante (i. e., Dm-ante Allighieri), A 1321. Danube, provinces on (Mccsia, Pannouia, Noricum, RluTtia, Viiidelicia), -16 to —0. Movements on, 104-105, 119, 260, 322, 37,5-376. '*'Darc, true surname of Jfian. commonly called d'Arc. Darius I., organizer of Persia, — 521, — 508, A — 480. D — I!., —4-24. D— III.,— .336. ■^Dark Ages, indefinite term, to mean either the Mid4, causes third Messenian "War ; 115, at Antioeh; 1755, at Lisbon, fdt from Bohemia to the West Indies. Eastern Empire, 395 to 1453 : great extension of power under | Justinian, 527-565; decline, after Heraclius, 641 ; revival under Isauriau dynasty, 717-797; and under the .Mace- donian, S67-I056.* Coumenian dynasty, 10S1-11S5;* the Pala-olngi,* 12SIM4.53. E. Emp. and Attila, 441 ; con- quers Vandals. 533, and Ostrogoths, 553 ; Uulgarians and Avars attack, 559, 557. Silk culture, 555 (?). Per- sian wars, 603-62$; Saracens attack, 632+ ; sieges of Constantinople, G6S; peace, 677. Avars again, 609-620. Saracens attack Constantinople, 716-713. Iconoclast con- troversy on image-worship. 726 + ; loss of Exarchate of Kavenna, 753; loss of Sicily, STS. Russians attack, 904, 941.971; Crete and Syria regained, 962 +; Sicily regained and lost, 1038, 1061 + ; Turks attack, 1065; Manzikert, X , 1071, Emp. Eomanus taken ; crusades, 1096 + : fourth crusade takes Constantinople, 1204, and holds till 1261 ; Empire continued at Nice and Trebizond ; Turks in Europe, 1343, gradually take Empiro till close, 145:3, fall of Constantinople. East Indies, see India. Eclipse, remarkable, —610; aids chronologj* by fixing a date. Ecnomus, —256. Edessa. 1097, 1144. Edgar, King of England, 959. Edgehill. x , 1642. Edict: Toleration, 311 ; of Milan, 313; of Nantes, 159S; same revoked, 16S5. Edmund I., 940; E— 11, Ironside, 1016, king .seven months. Edred, 946. Edrisites (from Edris, g.-g.-g.-son of AH), founded kingdom, 737 (?) ; build Fez, SOS (?), till 931 (?),* 9iJ0 (?),* 9,>v4 (?).* Edward (Saxon kings) the Elder, 901 ; the Martyr, 975 ; the 'onfessor. 1042; (Plantagenets, etc.): Edward I., to Palestine, 1270; king, 1272; E— II.. 1307; E— III., 1827; E—, Black Prince, A 1376; E— IV., 1461; E-V., 1463 ; E— VI., 1547. Gen. Tables XX., XXI. Edwy (= Edwin), 955. Egbert, 800, 827, A S38. Gen. Tab. XX. Eginhard, A 844. Egj'pt, Table, Cent. —VIII. ; country of most ancient civili- zation known, extending back to 2500 u. c, or earlier; kings, — e&i; —670, —605, —569, —525; under I'tol- emies, — 312, — 47 ; Cleopatra, —30 ; under E. Em- pire, 603, 639. See Alexandria; Fatimites, 90s, i)G9, 1096; Saladin, 1171 to 1193; crusades, 1217, 124^; Mamelukes, 1250; Turks, 1517, 1798, iSil. Elagabalus, 218; same as HeUogabalus. Elba, 1S14. Electors, the seven lords who in Cent. XIII. secured to themselves the power to choose the emperor, viz. : Arch- bishops of Mentz, Treves, and Cologne (Mainz. Trier, and Kuln), King of Bohemia, Electors of Brandenburg and Saxony, and Elector Pulatine. An Elector of Bava- ria was added, from 1545* to 1777.* The Elector of Hanover, created 1692;* llesse-Cassel, Wiirtemberg, Salzburg, and Baden, l-jOl,* Cologne and Treves being abolished. Title is now abolished, except for Hesse- Cassel; office has ceased. Elector Palatine, Frederick V. (Gen. Tab. XXV.), 1620; the great Elector of Branden- burg, 1640-1688. Elizabeth, Queen of England, 1558. (Same Eame as Isabella in other countries.) Emanuel, of Portugal, 1495 to 1521. Emancipation, see Catholic, Slavery. Emperor, first (Julius Ca-sar sometimes so called;. Augustus, —27; good emperors, 96-lsO; last lloman, old W. Em- pire, Romulus, 476; E. Empire, Constintino XIII., 1453; last of "Holy Komau Empire," Francis II., iMlti. who took the title " Emjieror of Austria," 1804 ;* first French, Napoleon, 1S04; first German, William I., 1871. "L.atin Emperors," Constantinople, 1204-'GI : Golden Bull, 1356. Empire, see Emperor. Roman, di\ided. 292+, 3:37 + , 364 + , and, finally, 395. Branches end. 476, 14.V3. Western, re- newed, 800 ; division, &40. ratified, n43 ; reunion. SS4 ; division, SS3; no emperor, 924* to 0iy2; revived by Otho I., 962; became "//o^y Roman Empire" under Frederick I. New German Empire, 1871. Events are too many to be indexed under this title, and must be sought on tho Charts, or under other titles. England, English, see Table, Cent. —VIII.; Britain, India, Danes, Normans, Saxons, Civil Wars, Church, Scotland, Plantagenets, Tudors, and other titles, for special events. Line of kings, from 800 ; third from top, on the Charts, from 900. Ennius, A —169. Epaminondas, Theban general and statesman, from —379; t -362. Ephesus, great Ionic city, burnt by Goths. 262. Epicurus, —270. Era, of Olympiads, —776; Roman, —753; of Nabonassar, — 747. (The latter used by nstronou.ers aneiently, as it notes the foundation of an observatory, and begins a series of observations.) Erasmus, A 1536. Erie, Lake, □ , 1813. Erigena, John the Scot, A 875. Esarhaddon. —680. Erhandune, x, S78. Ethelbald, 85S. Gen. Tab. XX. Ethelbert, 860. Ethelred I., 866; E— II., 978, the Unready, A 1016. Ethelwolf. S38. 59 ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE HISTORICAL CHARTS. Ethiopians (not negroes, but from Abyssinia), Tal»Ie, Cent. — VIII. ; — 73U. Etruria, Etruscans, — SOO, —550, —318, —308, — 2S3. Euclid, —300. Euf.'1-Mii.', Prince, of t?avoy, gicat general, A 1T36. Gen. Tab. XXVI. Eugenius, usurping Emperor, 392. Euric, 466. Euripides, — 406. Euryinedon, a, — 466. Eusel)ias, A 340; writer of riiurch history. Evesham, x, 126?. Exareliate of liavenna. 5."t3, 752, 7."4, 755. (Exarchate, dis- trict governed by an txardi.) Exuiouth, 1817. Eylflu, X , 1807. Fabius, Q. Mnximus, "■ Cunetntor," dictitor, —217. Faineant (= do-notliin;r, <>r idler), Louis V., 9>i6. Fauiine, Irish, 1S46. Fatimitcs, descendants of Mahouiot by Fatiuia and Ali; 661, 1108, 969. Faviia, 737. Ferdinand I., Einp., 1558; F— II., 1619; F~ III., 1637; F— I., of Austria, 1835 ; F— V., of Aragon, 1474, A 1516. ♦Feudal System. Dehnition — A system of tenure of land and sovereignty upon conditions, generally, of milihu-y service. Time.— 500 to 15iH) ; special prevalence, ^50 to 1350. Akea.— Where Cliarlemagne ruled, or the Empire was extended, and where Normans conquered ; thus, in France (its special field), Germany, Italy, England ; little in Spain or E. Empire. Terms. — Lord = suzerain, aov- ereiffJi, seigneur, the superior party in the feudal bond, grantor of the laud. Vanml, inferior party, who ren- derey growth of royalty through marriages, forfeitures, inci-case of judicial power ; (2) by froo cities; rise of lower classes; (3) by crusades, sales of privileges and of estates ; (4) by mercenary sol- diers, standing armies, especially after 1422, accession of Charles VII. in France. Fez, 603 ; see Edrisites. Fiefs, hereditary in France, S77: see Feudal System. "Field of Cloth of Gold." place of conference of Francis I. and Ik-nry VIII., 1520, near Calais. Finland. 174:3 ; Finns, Table, Cent. —VIII. Fire: Chicago, 1871; London, 1666; Moscow, 1812; Home, (U. Fire-arms, note. Cent. XIV. Flanders, Sfe Netherlands, and (ien. Tab. XXXII. France BeizoR. 1667. Flavius, family name of Emperors Vespasian, Titus, Domb tian; Flav. Severus, 305. Flodden, x, 1513 Florence, free city ; plague, 1348 ; Medici, 137S ; ste Pisa. Florian, 276. Fontaine, John de la, poet, A 1G95. Fontenay, x, S41. Fonteuoy, x, 1745. Forum Trebonii, x,251. Fox, George, founder of Quakerism, A 1G91. France; see events under other titles, especially Gaul, Franks, Visigoths. Burgundy, Feudal System: French lino of kings, upper line on Charts, from 8s8. Franche Comte, i4. Golden Age, Rome,* time of Augustus ; Saracens of East, 760-820; Saracens of West, 950-1001). Golden Bull, Germany, 1:356. Gomates (= Smerdis), —522. Gonatas (= Antigonus I.), — 277. Good Emperors, 96-180. Good Hope, Cape of, 1498 ; discovered, 1 193.* Gordian, I., II., III., 9:38. Gordon (= "No Popery") riots, 1780. Gorm the Old. A 936 or 939. (He was certainly king in 863 ;* hence ruled at least 73 years, if not 81.) Goths, Table, Cent. — VIII. ; three sections, Ostro- and Visi-goths (i. e. East- and West-Goths, as they settled on the Danube) and Gepid* ; the latter remained in Dacia till conquered by Lomb-irds. 2(10, 250. 256, 258, 2G9, 270, 822, 333, 376; see Ostrogoths, Visigoths. Gower, John, A 1403. Gracchus, Tib. Sempronius, —ISS; Gen. Tab., Cent. —II.; Cains, —123, —131. s.ame Gen. Tab. Granada, kingdom of, 1237-1493 ; see Almohades. Granicus, x , 3:34. Grant, Ulysses S., general U.S., 1861 + ; President, 1869-1877 ; campaign in Va., 1864. Gratian, 375. Gray, Thomas, poet, A 1771. Great Britain. James I took title. "King of Great Britain," at accession, 1603; first united Parliament of England and Scotland meets, 1707; united with Ireland, 1800;* title since is "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland." "Great Schism," 1:378-1429. Greece, Grecian, Greek. Table, Cent. —VIII. ; —790, —730, — 500. (^entuiies — V., — IV., —III., — II., pas>^im; see Ionia, Corinth, Sparta, Athens, Thebes, and names of other cities ; Solon, and other persons. Barbarian irrup- tions, —279, 256, 258; under Consfans, 337. IVIodern Greece, revolt, 1821 ; independence, 1830. See Morea, Turks, Venice. Greek Church, 807, 1054; see Photius. Greek Fire, 668. Gregory (sixteen popes so named) I., 590-604; G— II., 715, and G — III., 731, oppose Emp. Leo on image-worshij) ; G— VII., 1078, 1077; G— IX., 1227, opposes Frederick II. ; G — XIII., 1572 ; revises Calendar, 1583. Guelfs ( = party against Emperor ; as family, the Welfs, Gen. Tables VII., VIII.), see Ghibelins and same dates. Guide (Aretino = of Arezzo), 1024. *Guise, Dukes; see Gen. Tab. XIX. Noted in time of Henry IV., France. Guizot, Francis P. G., statesman and historian, A 1874. Gunpowder, note. Cent. XIV. ; G— plot, !i;o5. Gust.avus: — Adolphus, 1611-16-32; — Vasa, founder of line, 1.523. Gen. Tab. X.WII. Guy of Spoleto, 888; Gen. Tab. V. Gygys^ — 724, founds Mermnad dynasty in Lydia. II Habeas Corpus Act, 1C79. Hadrian (or Adrian), 117, 119, 121, etc., to 138. Halidon Hill, x , 13:33. Hamilcar (.we Barca), 248, 236. A 228. Ilamitie, Table, Cent. — VIII. Some ctll Hamitic people.s Semitic ; it is difficult to discriminate them. But Sem- ites are never maritime, commercial, unless the Ilamites are included as Semites. ♦Hampden, John, patriot statesman. + ir43; in Sliipmoney controversy, 16:34. Handel, George Frederick, musician, A 1759. Hannibal, son of Hamilcar Barca, born —247 ; conducts sec- ond Punic War, —320 to — 201; to Antiochus, —195; A— 183. Ilanseatic League ; union ol trading-towns of German)-, etc., for mi.tual protection ; origin cannot be d.ited. but about 1220;* comes to notice, 1245; greatest power, about 1360; broken up, 1630.* Hardicanuto (Harthaknudt). 1040. Gen, Tab. XX. Harold, Harefoot, 1035 ; 11— II., Godwin's son, 1060. Haroim (= Aaron) al Kasehid, 786, 800. Harvey, Dr. William, A 1 657 ; discovered circulation of the blond. Hassan, 660. Hasting. Danish pirate. Cent. IX. Hastings (or Senlac\ x . 1066. Hastings, Warren, Gov. -general of India, 1773;* impeached, 1786;* trial. 1788; A 1818. Hattin (or Tiberias), x . 1187. Haydn. Joseph, great musician, A 1809. Hebrews. Table. Cent. —VIII. Height of Power: Assyri.1. —600: Athensi. —4.50, —358; Babylon, — 569 ;* Empire, Western, Frederick XL, 1230(?);* Empire, Roman, Trajan, 117;* H.anse.itic, 1360(?);* Holland, 1631 to 1672; Persia, Darius I., —600;* Polard, 1510;* Saracens, 780;* E. Saracens, 600;* W. Sar.accns, 1000;* .Spain, Philip II., 1500;* Sparta, —400; Turks. 1520-f ;* Venice, Cent. XV. Hejira (= Ilejra, Hegira), 622 ; see p. 13. *Heliogabalus (= Elngabalus). 218. Helvoet Sluys, one of the mouths of the Rhine, d , 1:340. 61 AJTALYTICAL INDEX TO THE HISTORICAL CHARTS. Hennepin, IGSO ; Catholic missionary. Henry ; of EnfjlanJ, H— 1. (Beaiiclerc = fine scholar), 1100; II— II., Plantanenet, 1154, 116'2, 1109; II— III., lilfi, 1264, 12()5; II— IV., Lancaster, usurper, Vi'.i'J, 1403; H— v., 1413,1415, 1430; II- VI. (weak-minded), 1422, 1445, 1460, i 1471; H— VII., Tudor, usurper, 14S.'); 11— VIII , 1500. Of France, II— I., 1031 ; II— II., 1547; H— III. (Duke of Anjou, King of Poland), 1574 ; H— IV., Bourbon, 1580, 1.590, 1.59S, + ICIO. H— V.,* title claimed by present representative of Bourbon line. Of Germany, 11— I., the Fowler, of Saxony, 919, 9S3; II— II., "Holy," 1002; H— III., "Black," 1039; II— IV., 1050,1077; II— v., HOC; H— VI., 1186,1190; II- VII., (if Luxemburg, 1308. Henry the Lion, 1178. Heptarchy, English (commonly called ^txof}) kingdoms in Britain; really, often more or less than seven; note, Centuries VI., VII. Ileradeia, x , —280. Ileraclius I., OKI, 622. Ileristal, Peijin of, 6j7. Hermanric, 350. Herod the Great, A— 4. Herodotus, —484. Heruli, 470-493. Hexham, x , 1404. Hienipsal, cousin anil co-heir of Jugurtlia, t — 118. IlieroII., — 20;j, A— 210. llildebrand (= Gregory VII, ), 1073. Himera, x , -480. Ilincmar, 882. Hindoos. Table, Cent. — Vlll. ; fff India. Hipparclius, —527, brother of lii|i[iias. Hipjiias. — .527, —510; son of Pisistratus. Hixem I.. 976. Hochstadt (= Blenheim), x,1704; a previous biittle there, 1703.* Hogue, la. battle .11 Cape, 1092. Hohenlinden, x,1800. Hohenstaufen : German dynasty, 1135-12,54; p.wer ends, 12.50 Holland: William the Silent, 1579; declares independence, 1.5S1; see Dutch; 1.595, 1002, 1609; power of, wn+; war-s 1 0.52, 1 064. 1 672, 1 688 ; in Le.-igue of Augsburg, 1 6S6 ; in war, Austrian succession. 1740; King Louis, 1806; Joined with Belgium. l.sU ; separated, 1830. *Holstein. xee Danish Duchies. Holy Alliance. 1M5; Holy Cros?, Sir Cross; Holy League, 1.510. *IIomer, Greek poet before history, of very uncertain date. Honorius. Emp.. 395; Pope H— III., 1210. Hood. Thiimas, poet, A 1S45. Hophra (= Apries), — 588. Horace (Q. Horatins FLaceusl. A —8. Hostages, Achfcnn, — 167, — 151. Hostilian, 251. Howard. John, philanthropist, A 1790. Iluhertsburg, Peace of, 1763. Hudson, river. 1607. Hugh. Capet, founder of line, 987. Gen. Tables VI.. VII., XIII. Huguenot-. French Protestants, forming also political party, 1.598, 1615, 1628. 1029, 1685. Humboldt, Alexander von, A ls.59: great scientis^ Hume, David, histoiian and jihilosopher, A 1770. Hundred Years' War, 1337-14.53. Hungarians, Hung.ary; Table, Cent. —VIII.; .'€• Magyars; 889, 900, 933, 9.55; regular government formed, Cent. X., 997, 1444; united to Austria, x Moh^cs, death of last king, 1520; Maria Theresa, 1740; revolt, 1S48. Huns, 375.441,451,469; Avars and Hungarians were erro- neously so named, because Turanians. See Attila. IIuss, John, 1 1415; Hussite wars, 1419, Huygens, Christian, scientist, inventor, A 1695. Hyder Ali, 1761. Ilypatia, teacher, brutally murdered by Alexandrian Chris- tians with connivance of St. C^tU, 415. Hyphasis, E. branch of Indus, now Sutlej, — .320. Ilystaspis, see Darius I., a title, from bis father's name. I Ibn 8ina, 1037 (= AvicennaV Iconiuin, Iloum, kingdom. 1074. *Iconoclasts, ojiponents of image-worship, q. v. Illyrian War, — 230. Image-worship forbidden, 726; see Gregory, Leo. Imposture of Simnel, 14s7; pretended to be Edward, Earl of Warwick, son of (ieorge, Duke of Clarence. Gen. Tab. XXII. See Warbeck. Independence: Holland, 1581, 1009; Prus&i:t, from Poland, 1057; United States, 1770. India: T.able, Cent, —VIII.; —320; 712, 99T, 1SG8, 1498. Portuguese colonies, 1.560, 1695, 1002-1120; Moguls, 1,526,1556; Xavier, 1.542 ; Enghsh, 1757, 1774. Mutiny, 1857. E. Indies: Dutch take Portuguese, 1602-1620 ; slavery abolished, 18:^8. W. Indies : slavery abolished in English. 1>S4-1S38. Infallibility of the Pope us head of the Eoman Catholic Church, explained and declared, Vatican Council. 1^70. Innocent 111, pope, 1198-1216; interdicts and crusades, sw Pojies : I. -IV., 124;^: opposed Frederick II. Inquisition, 1229 ; see Torquemada, 1498. Not entirely sup- pressed till 1SS5! Institutes of Justinian, 528 + . Interdict: on France, 1200; on Engl.and. 1208.* Intermarriage of patricians and plebeians, — 442. Interregnum in W. Empire, 1250-1273 (or some say 1250- 1273, from death of William of Holland). Inventions, see note, Cent. XIV.: printing about 1436; watches for pocket, 1658 ; spinning-machinery, 1707; steam-engine perfected, 1782 ; balloons, about 17^3. Seven of the greatest inventions or discoveries of the nineteenth century are the railroad and locomotive, jiho- tography, electric telegraph, sewing-machine, reajiers, anai'Sthetics, and friction matches ; but the century is full of inventions and improvements innumer.able, most- ly from people of Teutonic stock. Investitures, contest. 1073, 1122. Ionia, Ionic, etc., — 70>, -501, —494; see Athens. Ipsus, X , — 301. Iranian. Table, Cent. —VIII. Ireland. 1169; see Great Britain. Irish famine, 1546; rebel- lions. 1798, 1818; Boyne. x.lGOO. Irene, usm-ping Empress, 780, 797. Isabella, Castile. 1474; Gen. Tab. XL; usurping Queen of England. 1326; Gen. Tab. XIV. Isaiah, —712, or earlier. Isaurian dyna.sty : Leo III,, 717. to Irene's son, Constantino VI., 797. Isidore, St , A 636. Islam, Mohammed's religion, 6:W. Israel, —721 ; see Sargon. Issus, «, —333; x, 194. Isthmian games, near Corinth, —196. Italy ; see Rome, and many other titles. Table, Cent. —VIII. 62 ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE HISTORICAL CHARTS. _800, —712, —265. History of Rome and Italy identical till 476 ; 256, 200, 271 ; barbarians in, 402, 405-412 ; 455, 476, 4S9, 538, 56S ; kings, H40, S55, 8S8+; subject to Germany, 'J51, UOl ; free cities rise. Cent. X.; Normans, 1029; Lombard Leag:ue, 1154+ ; Eienzi, lo47; Charles VIII. invades, 1494; 1529; great wars, Cent. XVI.; new liinpdom of Italy, 1S61. *Ivan the Terrible, Czar of Kussia, 1538-16S4 ; Gen. Tab. xxxni. Ivry, X , 1590. Jackson, Andrew, LTnitcd States general; President, 1829; A 1845. " Jacquerie," 135S. James I., Stuart, King of England, 1(103; J— II., 1685. IfiOO, A 1701; J—, the Pretender, A 1765; (Jen. Tab. XXIII. Jamestown, Va., 1607. Janseni^ts, opponents of Jesuits in France, from 1(150;* Jan- sen,* A 1638. Bull '' rnigenitus" against them, 1713. Janus, temple of, closed, — 235, — 29 ; also, — 25,* and by Ves- pasian. 71 ;* sign that Rome had nu war. Japan. 1637. Java, 1713. Jeflerson, Thomas. United States President, 1801 ; A July 4, 1826. Jemappes, x , 17D2. Jena, x , 1800. Jenner, Dr. Edward, discovers vaccination; introduces it, 1799;* A 1823. Jeremiah, — 629. Jerome, St., A 420; author of Vulgate or Latin translation of the Scriptures. Jerome Bonaparte, King of Westphalia, 1807, A 1860.* Jerusalem, — 5S6, —63 ; destroyed by Titus, 70; 614, 637; iu the crusades, 1076, 1096, 1099, 1187, 1227, 1243. Jesuits (= "Society of Je.sns"), begun, 1534;* estiiblished by Paul TIL, pope, 1540 ; suppressed, 1773; revived by Pius VII., 1S14.* Jesus, see Christ. Jews, see Jerusalem, — 5S6. —63; Judrea, — 166. Itetnrn from Babylonian captivity, — 536 ;* Jewish war, 66-70; revolt, 131 + ; persecuted with Christians, 202. Perse- cuted in, or expelled from, all European countries till the eighteenth century ; not allowed in England from 1287* to 1650;* driven from Spain, 1492 ;* perfect liberty of religious worship not given in England till 1855.* See Israel, Herod, Hebrews. Joan Dare, commonly, but incorrectly, d'Arc {or "of Arc"), 1428, 1 1431. Jobst or Josse of Moravia, rival emperor, 1410, A 1411; cousin of Sigismuud. Jolm L, Zimisces, E. Emp., 969, 971. J—, of England, 1199, 1213, 1214. J— I., of France, often omitted from list of kings, 1316. J— II., 1350, 1356, A 1364, prisoner in Eng- land. J— the Scot, Eiigena, A 876. J— the Notary, or Secretary, 423. J— of Austria, natural son of Charles V., commander at Lepanto, A 1578. Twenty-two popes of this name. Johnson, Dr. Samuel, author, lexicographer, A 1784. Joseph I., Emp., 1705. J— IL, 1765. J_ Bonaparte, King of Naples, 1806;* of Spain, 1808 ; A 1844.* Josephus, 93. Jovian, 363 ; peace of. 363. Judjea, see Jews and Judas. Judas, Maccabff-uH. —160, —166. " Judices," —123. These were not, like our judges, to decide upon law ; they decided upon facts only. Caius's law made judices from the cquites ; previously they had been from senators only. Jugurtha, —118; Jugurthino War, —111 to —106; see Hiempsal. Julia, daughter of Ctesar, wife of Pompey, A —54. Gun. Tab., Cent. I. Julian, 354, 361, t 363. Julius Caesar, .see Caisar. J— Nepos, 474. Pope J— II., 1503; seeVopes. Justin L, 518; J— IL, 565. Justinian I., the Great, 527, and events to 5G5. Juvenal, A 118^0; some say 125,* 128.* 'S^W^ Names beginning with K or C may be found under C, if not here, Kant, Immauuel, great philosopher, A 1804. Karamites, sec Karmathians. Karism (=: Charisme. Chowarcsm, Corasmia; Kharasm in Lippiiicott's Gazetteer ; same as Khiva now), Karismians, 1216, 1243. Karl, German for Charles ; Karl the Great — Charlemagne. Karling line, the line of Charlemagne ; Karlings, or Carlo- vingians = descendants of Karl, i. e. of Martel, or of Charlemagne. Mayors of this line, 687 + ; kings, 752 + ; last German, A 911 ; last French, A 987. Karmathians, Cent. X., especially 929. The famous "Assas- sins" were a band of Karmathians, 1090.* Kempis. Thomas a, A 1471. Kepler, John, astronomer, A 1630, Khoras.san, 813. Kiercy (= Quercy, Chiersi, etc.), 877. "King George's War.'' 174i; "King Philip's War," 1675: "King William's War," 16S>, " Kingmaker," Ilicimer, 456; Earl of Warwick, 1 1471. Knights: St. John, or llospitaler.s, founded, 1099; recog- nized by authority, 1113; take Rhodes, 1307-1310; lose it, 1522; get Malta, 1530; dissolved. 1803.* K— Tem- plars, 1118, 11S7; suppressed. 1307-1314. Teutonic K—, established, 1192 ; broken up, 1525;* dissolved, 1809.* Kno.Y, John, A 1572. Knudt = C.nnute, 1016. Kilniggralz = Sadowa, x. 1866. *■ Koran, book of Mohammed's revelations, compiled, C32-C33. Ladies' Peace, 1529. Lafontaine, see Fontaine. Lagi (= son of Lacrus), —312, Ptolemy. Gen. Tab. III. Lallogue, n, 1692. Lambert, King of Italy and Emp., 694. Lamian War. at Lamia, —323. Lancaster, House of; Henry n*".. King of Englan-l, 1399; War of Roses, 1455. Langton, Stephen, A 1228; to him. ami to Willi.ini, Earl of Pembroke.* England is indebted for Magna Charta. Laplace, mathematician, A 1827. Lapps, Laplanders, Table, Cent. — VIII. Lasalle, 1682. + 1687.* Latins. Latium. etc.. see Rome, Italy, etc., — 491, — 346, -337, —335. "Latin Emperors," J2nj^l2('>I. Lavoisier, chemist. 1 1794. Law, Civil, see Civil Law, Law's Mississijipi scheme (baseless speculation), 1717. Leagues : Achffian, —280 to —146 ; ^tolian, —280 to —190 ; armed neutrality, 1780; Augsburg, 16S6, 16SS, 1689; 63 ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE IIISTOKICAL CHARTS. Cambray, 1508 ; Catholic, organized 1576,* defeated 1550, ends 1596;* llanseatic, see that; Holy, 1510; Latin, ^91; Lombard, 1138, 1167, 1176; Public Good, 1465; Scotch, loys; Snialcald, 15^1; Swabian cities, 138S. See Coalition, Alliance, Peace, Leoupt'nus, liomanus, 019. Legislation: of Solon, — 594; Licinius, —374; Canuleius, — 442 ; Publilius Yolero, — 470 ; Decemvirs, — 451 ; A., 307,311,314,8*22, t 324. Liguiian Wars, —193 to —114. Lincoln. Abraham, ISOl, t 1865. Linna'us (= Linne), Charles, 177^. Lisbon earthquake, see Earthi|uake. Lithuanians, Table, Cent. —VIII. Liuti>rand, historian, bishoi>, A 97tl ; a noted Lombard king, *712-744. Livy, A 17. Locke, John, pbilosofdnr. 1704. Locrian Sacred War, - 339. Lombards, Lombardy : Table. Cent. —VIII. ; 526. 568, no'e; Cent. VII., 752, 774. London: plague, 1348, 1665; Ore, I6G6. Lonu'imanus, — 465. Longinus, A 273. Lords, House of, 1G49 ; see Parliament. The early parlia- ments, so called, were not representative, but composed only of men of rank. Lorraine, King of, S55; Duke becomes emperor, 1745. Lor- raine was part of empire till 1542 ;* j-5ri ; L— I.. Hungary, of House of Anjou, 1342, 1370; L— the Klind, Provence, 887; L— IJona- l)arte. King of ilolland, IsoO. A 1846;* Louis Napoleon (= Nai.oleon III.), 1851, l.s70, A 1873. Louisburg, 1745. Louisiana, 1803. Loyola, Ignatius (St.), founder of Jesuits, see that, A 1556. Lucian, A 182. Lucretius, —52 or — 55 (?). Lusitanian War, —149. Luther at Worms, 1521 ; A 1546 ; see Reformation. Latter, x, 1626. Lutzen, x, 1632. Luxemburg emi)erors : Henry VIL, Charles IV., Wenzel, Sigismund, v/iic/i att. Lycurgus, institutions end, —188. Lycurgus was of un- known date and deeds, or mythical ; revised laws of Sparta (?). Lydia. —800, —724, —COO. —620, —615, —554. See Sardis, Gyges, and kings following. ♦Lydiadas, see Achieau League. Lyons, x , 197. *Lysander, in Peloponnesian War, —407 ;* took Athens, —404 ; t-y95.* Lyttuu liulwcr, novelist, A lb72. M Macaulay, Thomas li., A 1859, critic and historian. Macbeth, 1039. I Maccabees, — 100, — 166. I Macedon: kings, —359 to -823; —316 to —287; —277 to j —168. Events, fre(]Uent, —359 to —14.8. Goths ravage, 1 256, 258, 395. Wors with Koine: lirst, —214; second, —200; third, —171 ; fourth, —148. Ste Greece, Philip, t Alexander, Diadochi. *Machiavel, Nicholas, political writer, A 1527, age 53. Macrinus, 217. Madison, lNi9; A b^36.* "Mad Parliament,^' 1258. Magellan's circumnavigation, 1519-1522 ; + 1521.* Magaita, x, 1859. Magna Cbarta, 1215 ; pledge of King John to abstain from acts of tyranny, enforced upon him and Ins successors ; see Langton; under Popes, sec Innocent HI. Magnentins, Tisnr])er, 350. Magnesia, x, — 190. Magyars, Table, Cent. —VIII. ; same as Hungarians of Cen- turies IX. and X.; ifte that title. Mahmoud of Ghizni, 997. Maimonides (= Muimun). A 1209, or 1204 (?). Mnjorian, 457. Malek Shah, 1072. Malplaquet, x, 1709. Malta, 1530 ; taken by England, IsOl.* Mamelukes (— Memlooks, i. e. captives, soldiers made ot captives), 12.-;0, 1268, 1291, 1517. Manchester Itailway, 1830. Manlius, saved Rome, -388;* t 3S1 (?). Mantineia, —418. —362. Manzikert {or Malaskerd, in Spruiier's Atlas ; various spell- ings), X, 1071. Mar, Earl, rebels. 1715. Marathon, x.— 490. March, Spanish (i. e. border-land in Spain), 778. Marcian, 450. Marcomanni, 167 + - Mardonius, —402; t -479 at riatiia. Marengo, v, iNUO. Margaret: of Anjoii. 1445, 1471, 1475, A 14S2 ;* M-, Queen of Denmark. Sweden, and Norway, 1387. Maria Theresa, 1740 ; Queen of Hungaiy and Archduchess of 64 ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE HISTORICAL CHARTS. Austria; not Queen of Germany; empress, after her husband was elected. Marignano, x , 1515. Marius, Caius; called third founder of Rome after battle of Vercellae; —107, —102, —101, — S8, —87, —80. Marlborough (= John Churchill), Duke of, 1702, 1722; bat- tles of, 1704, 1700, 1708, 170'J. Marseilles, founded by Phoca^ana, —COO. Marstou Moor, x , 1644. Martel (i. e., the Hammer), Charles, 715 + . Martial, A I05 (?). Martin I., pope, 649. Mary I., Queen of Euj^Iand, 1553. M— II., ICSD, A 1694. M— , Queen of Scots, 1M2, deposed 1567, beheaded 1587. Maryland, 1634. Massacre : Danes in England, 1002 ; Glencoe,* 1692 ; St. Bar- tholomew's Day, 1572 ; Sicilian Vespers, set Sicily, 1282 ; Thessalonica, 390, Master of Knights (= Magister Equitum. lieutenant of a dic- tator), first plebeian, —353. Matilda, of England, 1130; of Tuscany, A 1115. Geu. Tables XXL, VIII. Matthias, Emperor, 1613. M— Corvinus Huniadcs, son of John Huniades, King of Hungary, 1458-1490. Maurice, 582. Maxentius, 306. Maximian, 236, 305, 306, t 310. Maximilian I., 1493; M— II., 1564. Maximin, 235, first barbarian emperor; M— II., 305. Maximus, 383; M — II., 4o5; also Pupienus. Max., 238. Mayors of Palace, Frank, Karling line, 687-752. Gen. Tab. V. Mazarin, Cardinal, lfU2, A 1662. ** Meal-tub Plot," 1679, another imposture. Mecca, 929. Medes, Media; Table, Cent. —VIII.; —721, —633, -025, —615, —558, —164. Medici, 1378; Lorenzo, A 1492; his son John, Pope Leo X., 1513. Megalopolis, —370. Melanchthon (real name Schwarzcrd), A 1560. Merino sheep, note, Cent. XIV. Merovings, or Merovingians, Frank kings of line of Clovis, 486-752; Dagobert I., 622; note. Cent. VII. Men-imac, 1862 ; called by the (.'onfederates "Virginia." Merseburg, x , 933. Mesopotamia, part of Assyrian Empire, Babylonian, Persian, etc.; see Karmathians, note. Cent. X. Mcssene, Mcssenians; Doric Greeks; —743, —685, — 164, — 370, —361 ; Messenian wars are always against Sparta. Metaurus, x,— 207; decisive battle of second Punic War. Mexico: Cortez conquers, 1519; "War, United States. 1845; French usurpation. 1S61. ♦Middle Ages, variously dated ; in round numbers. 500-1500. beginning wth the barbarian possession of W. Europe; ending when gunpowder, printing, and maritime discov- ery changed warfare, literature, and commerce Some say 476-1453, from the fall of the W. Empire to the faU of the E. Empire, llallam closes them at 1494. St-e Dark Ages. Milan : Edict of, 313 ; used as residence by emperors, 286* to 403 ;* free city in middle ages. Miletus, —494. Miltiades, A —489, commander at Marathon. Milton, John, poet and statesman, A 1674. Minden, x, 1759. *Mirabeau, French orator and statesman, A 1791, ngt- 42. Mississippi: river discovered. 1541; explored, 1682. M- scheme, see Law. Missouri Compromise. 1820, 1854. Mithradates (or Mithridates) Parthia, —174 to —136; M— VI., Ponius, —120 to — 63; wars with Kome, —88, —83, —74. Mitylene, see Pittacus ; — 128, —427. Moawiah, first Oramiade caHf, 661. Moesia, see Danube ; 81, 453, 454. 660. Moguls in India, 1526, 1556; those so called were really Turks, different from Mongols, q. v. Mohacs, X , 1526. Mohammed {= Mahomet; Mahmoud. Mahamed, etc., arc the same name), 509, 610, 622, 622-032, Mohammed Mehdi, 775. Molicre, dramatist, A 1673. Mollwitz, X, 1741. Mongols, Table, Cent. -VIII., 1206, 1216-1227, 1224, 1236, 1258. Monitor, battle with Merrimac, 1862. ♦Monks, Monasteries, see Antony, St Monmouth's rebellion, 1685. Montaigne, A 1592. Montesquieu, philosopher, A 1755. Montfort, Simon, father, 1 1218; son, t 1265; founder of the ■" House of Commons.'" Montlh6ri, x, 1405. Moors, Moorish kingdom ; see Almohades, Aluioravidcs, 1091,1237,1482-1492; expelled, 1CU9 + . Morea (= Peloponnesus), so named about 750 (?),* 1715. Morgarten, x,1315. Morse telegraph, 1844 ; M— , S. K. B., A 1872.* Mortimer, paramour of Queen Isabella, En^ilaud, 1 1320. Moscow, burnt, 1812. Mozart, musical composer, A 1791. Munda, X, — 45. Murad (= Amurath) I., Turk, 1359. Murat, King of Naples, 1808, 1 1815. Musa {= Moses), general, 711 ; Musa al Hadi, 7S5, Mycale, d , — i79. Myla?, D , —260. Mysore, 1761. N Nabonassar, —747 ; see Era. Nabopolassar, — 625. Nadir Shah, 1736, 1739. Naissus, X , 269. Nantes, Edict, 1508, 1685. Naples, part of Norman kingdom of Sicily, when taken by Charles of Anjou, 1265; France and Si)ain take, 1501; Spain gets, 1504; under Spain or Spanish family mostly, till it ends. 1800. Murat, king. 1808. Gen. Tab. XVII. Napoleon I,, Bonaparte: first campaign. 1796 ; consul 1802, emperor 1S05; marriage to Austrian princess Maria Louisa, 1810 ; to Elba, 1814; beaten, Waterloo, 1815 ; to St Helena; A 1821. N— III.. 1851. 1870, A 1873 N- II., son of N— I., never reigned ; A 1832.* Narbonne, 759. Narses, 538, 570. Narva, x, 1700. Nflseby, x. 1645. ♦Nasica, P. Cornelius Scipio, led mob to murder Gracchus, —133. Gen. Tab.. Cent. —II. Naupactus, —217. Navarino, o, 1827. Navarre, kingdom rises, 858. Henry III. of Navarre be- comes Henry IV. of France, 1589; but Ferdinand V. had taken Spanish Navarre, 1512.* 65 ANALYTICAL INDKX TO TIIK HISTORICAL CHARTS. 421. 1 -413.+ Navigation Act, 1C5I, English. Nebuchadnczzfir, —004 to — riOl ; insane, after — DO'J.* Necho, Pharaoli, — HIO ; see AlVica. Negro slavery, in United States, 1G19; se^; Abolition. Nelson, Horatio: Nile, 1798; Copenhagen, ISUI ; Trafalgar, t 1S05. Nci)o.s, Julius, 474. Nero, 54, W, etc.; Oen. T:ib., Cent. I. Norvft, 1)5; first of " Good Eniporore." Netherlands, liJliO, 103o, ItJDy ; tiec Holland, Dutch. Celgiuxn, Flanders. Neville's Cross, x , 134G. New Amsterdam. 1G14. *Ne\v England: settlements, etc., Cent. XVII., second page of it. New Netherlands (= New York), IGtU. New Orleans, x, 1>>15. New Style, IIJS'2 in Catholic countries, calling October ntli the 15th ; in England, 11b2, calling September 3d the Utli. New Te.stjinient, Wielif's. 1380. New York = New Amsterdam or New Netheriaiuls, which nee. Newton, Sir If*aar, scientist, A 1727. Ney, Marshal,! lsl5. Nicita = Nice, bchuc. Nicator = Seleucu.s I., — 312. NJco {= Nicica), 2:>S, 325, 1007. Nicci»horus, Phocas, \}&i. Nicholas, Czar, 1825. Nicias, Athenian general and politician, Nicopolis, X , 1306. Niebuhr, li. G., historian, A 1831. Nile, D, 1708. Nmiegucn, Nimwegcn, 1G78. Nineveh, — G25, capital of Assyria. Nismes, 1G20. NonUinpen, x , 1G:M, 1G15. Normandy, Normans, Table, Cent, Cent IX. In France, 845, sTiG, In Italy. 1020, lit4(l, lorKl, loril-H.iT2 ; sec Sicily. In Eng- land, lilOG. Kobert the Devil, 1035. Northanii.tiin, x, 1400. Northern Alliance, IGOO; northern powers, 1700, IT'-O (i.e., Denmark, Sweden. Norway, and Kussia). Northmen, pirates or settlers from the Baltic and Norway; see Danes. Normandy. Those who settled in Normandy were the Normons, Norway, see Calmar, Margaret, Northern. Novgortid, SG2 ; a great free rei)Ublican city in 14110 ;* joined llanse Loagno. Nullification, 1.832. Numantia, — 133. Nnraerian, 2S3. *N\miidia, country of Jugurtha, which see, O Ochus, —350. Octavius, Octavianus, *tt Augustus. Odenatus, 2G4. Odo = Eudes, 8SS. Odoaccr, 47G-4i)3. (Enophyta. x , — 45G. Ogulnian Law. -300. Olnf I., Trygvason. King of Norway, attaeks London, 004. *01iva, see Peace. Olybrins, 472. Olympiad : a i)oriod of four year.' between celebrations of — VIII.; i)iracies. note, 861, 885, 912. 1203-1214. Olympic g:uncs, which began regularly in 77lJ li. c. Era of Olympiads began then. Olympic games, ttee Olympiads ; abohshed, 804, Olynthian War, Sparta vs. Olyathus, —382. Omar, G34. Ommiades, GGl ; in Spain, 755; see Califs. Opium War, 1839. Origen, 253. Orleans, x, 1429. Houses of Orleans: 1. Branch of Valois, from wliicli was Louis XII.. 140S; 2. liranch of liour- bons, from which was Louis Philippe. ISJO. Ostracism, an Athenian mode of exiling, for ten years only, a defeated political leader ; n<;f properly banishment, which was for crime ; —482, — 471, — 4G1 ; it was used less than a century. Ostrogoths, see Giiths. 453, 475,-489. 508, 535-553. Othman, emir, 1288;* independent of Iconium (q. v.), 1200; 0—, the CaUf, G44. See Ottoman Turks. Otlio, Roman Emperor, GO. Of Germany; Otho {= Otto) I.. O.SG, 951, 955, 901, 9G2 ; O— XL, 973; O— IIL, 083; O— IV.. 1108.1214. Ottoman Turks, those following Othman (uhove) and his suc- cessors; 1200, 1^43: 1359. 1380; 1401,1402; 1444; take Constantinoplo, 1453; Solyman (= Solomon), 1520; highest power, about 1550; 1517; get Uhodes, 1522; 152G, 1571. 1573; 1G45. IGOO; IG82, 1G83; 1715-1718. 1723, war with Persia; 1827, 187G; Greek revolt, 1S21- 1830. Oudenarde, x, 1708. Ovid. A 18. Oviedo, city and kingdom, 718. Oxford: university, 688; parliament, 1258. Pacific, Drake's exploration, 1578, 1579. Pacification of Nisnics, 1G20. Paganism : restored, 361 ; abolished, 3>5. Paine. Thomas, political writer, A 1809. Palestine ; Sie Crusades, Syria, Judaa, Jews, Jerusalem. Palmyra, 254. Pandects, 52S-533. Pannonia, 52G, 5G8. Panormus, x,— 250. Paoli, Pascal, Corsican patriot, A 1^07. Papacy, see Popes. First ])apal territory, 755 ; height of j)ower, 1200; secular authority affirmed by the bull " Uiiam Sauctam," 1-303; moved to Avignon, 1300 till I37G ; '* the Groat Schism,'' 1378-1420. Paper (invention brought west by Saracens), note, Cent. XIV. Papinian, + 21*2. Paris : Northmen attack or take, 845, 856, 8G1, 885 ; Pence of, ntVJ ; Germans take, 1S71. P— was not generally the royal residence before Hugh Capet. Parliament: see Lords, Montfort ; 1248; 12G6; time of Ed- ward III.; the Long Parliament, IGUMG.''.;?; war r«. king. 1G42+ ; House of Lords abolished, 1610, till Charles II.; reform, lSi2. Parthia. —255, —174, -51, —53, —40, —36; 63, 115, 117, IGl, IGG, 105 ; 226, ends. Partition, see Poland. Pascal, Blaise, philosophL-r, etc., A 1G62. Passau. Peace, 1552. I^itay, X , 1420. Patrick. St., s,f about 4G0. Paul. St.. t OS. Pavia, Lombard capital, 572;* battle, 1525. 66 ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE HISTORICAL CHARTS. Peace: see Alliance, Coalition, League, Pacification, Prag- matic Sanction, Treaty, Truce. Of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1668,* France and Spain settle territory. 17-18; Amiens, 1802; Arras, 1435; Brctigny, 1300; liruudusium, —40; Callias, in Theban War, —872 ; Cambray, 1.V20 ; Cateau Cambresis, 1559; Cimou, —449; Coustnuee, 1183; Cres- py, 1^44 ; " False peace " in Peloponnesian War = truce of Nicias, —421; Ghent, 1814; Hubertsburfr, 17(J3; Ladies', 1629; Luneville,* ISOl, French Kcpublic and Empire; Naupactus, — 217 ; Nismes, 1629; Ollva,* 1660, on Swedish succession, territory, independence of Prus- sia, between Sweden, Poland, Empire, and Brandenburg ; Paris, 1763 ; to settle results of French Kevolution and Napoleon's wars,* 1814, 1815, 1817; 1856,* ends Crimean "War; Passau, 1552; Pyrenees, 1659 ; Kyswick, 1697; "Thirty Tears'," —445; Til-sit, 1607; Utrecht, 1713; Verdun, 843 ; Versailles,* 1783, closing wars of American Independence; Vervains, 1598; Westphalia, 1648. Peasants' Insurrections: England, 1381; France, 1358; Ger- many, 1525. Pelasgic, Table, Cent. — VIII. (Means there the common an- cestry of Greeks and Latins.) Pelayo, 718. Pelopidas, Theban general, A —863. Peloponnesus (modernly Moroa, q. v.) ; seii Sparta, and other countries; —431 to —404; —879 to —361 ; —870, etc.; 396. Pelusiuni, —098 ; x , —625. Peninsular: Italy, — 205; war, 1808; canijiaign. United States, 1662. Penn, William, 1082. Pepin, d'lloristal, 687 ; Pepin tlic Short, 741, 752, "M, 75.5, 759. Percy Kebellion, 1403. Pergamus, —133; kingdom founded,* —289. Periander, —627, Table, Cent. —VI. Pericles, —461, —429. Persecutions: Table of Ten, Cent. II. Frequent from the Keformation onward, especially 1085: see Toleration, Albigenses, Christians, Arians, Torcjuemada. Perseus, —197. Persia, Persians, Table, Cent. —VIII.; founded, —558; see Centuries following to —380 ; —52.5, —513, —508 ; great war with Greeks, —501, —600, —494; —492 to —449, many events; — 401, — 399 to —387; war with Ale.van- der, —384 to —831 ; kings, —558 to —330. Parthia gets the territory about —104.* Persia and Kome, 226, 231, 266, 284, 330, 363, 372 ; 624, 540, 571, 603-628 ; takes .Jeru- salem, 614 ; Heraclius invades, 622; taken by Saracens, 632-651 ; Turks, 1038; 1723, 1736. Pertinox, 193. Peru, 1631. Pescennius Niger, 1 194, rival of Septimius. Peter the Great, 1682; the Hermit, 1115; St. Peter's church begun 1506. finished 1614. Peterwardein, x,1716. Petition of Eight, 1628. Petrarch, 4 1374. Pharsalia, x , — 48. Phidias, —482. Phidon (Pbcidon), -780. Philip: of M.ieedon, P— II., —3.59; P— V., — 220: Kome, 244; Germany, 1198; France. P— I.. 1060; P— II., 1180, 1189, 1203-1214; P— III., 1270; P- IV., 1385, 1296-1803; P— V., 1;SI«; P— VI., l:?2s: Louis PhiUppc. 1830+ ; Spain and Netherlands, P— II., \WM \ ; North American Indian, 1675. Philippi. — 42. Philipoemen, —168, + —182. PhocEeans, — 660. Phocas, 602 ; Nicophorus P— , 968. Phoeian Sacred War, —367. Phocion, —817. Phtenicia. Table, Cent. — VIII.; note, same century; note under Sargon; note, Cent. — VII. ; set; Tyre, Carthage. *Photius, politician, learned voluminous writer. Patriarch of Constantinople ; helped to mako the rupture between the Greek and Koman Churches, 807 ; A &90 (?). Pindar (Theban), —443. Pirates: Pompey's War, — 67; Danish and Nonnan, Cent. IX.; of Algiers, 1618, 1817. Pisa, flourishing city by 978;* pains Sardinia and Corsica, 1050; constant wars with Genoa; loses independence, taken by Florence, 1406.* Pisistratus, see Ilippias ; —560 to —527. Pitt, William (son of Pitt, Lord Chatham, who A 1778). states- man, A 1806. Pittacus, Table, Cent. VI. Pius II., A 1464; see Popes. Placentia, 1095. Plague: Athens, —430 ; P.oman Empire, 100+ ; Italy, 1340, 1348; London, 1848, 1065. Plantagenets : English royal family, 11.54; York and Lan- caster were branches. Gen. Tables XXI., XXII. Plassey, x , 1757. Plata'a, x , ^79 ; —429, ^27. Plato, -847. Plebeians (all Romans who were not of certain families called patrician; these latter at first had all political power), —493, —363, —353, —816, -839, -33.5, -300; the dis- tinction rapidly became unimportant from —300. Pliny, the Elder, 79; the Younger, 110. "Plots": gunpowder, 1600; popish, 1673; Meal-tub, 1670; Rye-house, 1683. Plutarch, A 121. Plymouth, Mass., 1620. Poitiers, x, 1356. Poland, Poles: Table, Cent. —VIII. Rise. 6.50, Casimir. 1833; Louis, great kingdom. 1:170; Varna, 1444; Sigis mund, height of power, 1506; Prussia independent. 16.57; Sobieski, 1674, 1683; Election War, 1733; imrtitions, 1772, 1793,1795; insurrection, 1830. Pollenti.1, X , 408. Polo, Marco, Venetian, A 1324. Polybius. A —124. Pompadour, Marchioness, mistress of Louis XV., of great political influence, A 1764. Pompeii, 79 ; discovered and dug out, from 1721* onward. Pompey. —67, —65, —63, -CO, —43; Soxtus P— , —.39, —30 Pontiac'8 conspiracy, 1763. Pontiffs, plebeian, —300. Pontius, Cains, Samnite, — 292. Pontus, see Mithradates, Pope, Alexander, poet, A 1744. Pope, title of the Bishop of Rome, who became head of West- ern or Roman Church ; not limited to them till after 606 ; see Papacy, Church, etc. Popes in wars. 10.53. 1.50S, 1510, 1571. Notable Popes: Leo I.,* 440-461. ambitious, able; Gregory I., 590-604; Boniface III., 607: Theodorua I., 642-049; Martin I., 649-654: Gregory 11. against Emp. Leo III. in Iconoclast (q. v.) controversy; Gregory III., 731-741, same controversy; Stephen III., first territorial prince, 752-767; Leo III.,* 795-816, crowned Charle- m.agne; .John XII.,* the Infamous, 9.56-963: Leo IX., 1049-1054, fought Normans: good pope, Gregory VII., Ilildebrand, 1073-1085; Urban II., I»S«-1009, started 67 ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE HISTORICAL CHARTS. cnisades; Adrian IV.* ll.'>4-nr)9, haughty, the ouly English pope; Alexander III.,* lt*arued, able, opposed Frederick Barbarossa, nSli-llSl; Innocent III., 119s- 1216, guardian of Frederick II., opposed Philip Augus- tus and John, condemned Magna Charta, most power- ful of all popes ; Honorius III., I'216-r227, urged crusade r«. Albigenses; Gregory IX., 12'27-1'2-11, struggle with Frederick II., more crusades. Innocent IV., 12-43-1254, struggle with Frederick II. and Conrad IV.; Boniface VIII.. 1294-1303, bull Vmim Sanctam, struggle with Philip IV.; Clement V.,* 1305- 1314, carried jiapacy to Avigimn, persecuted the Tem- plars ; John XXU.,* 1316-1334, politician, active; Greg- ory XI.,* 1370-1378, went back to Kome from Avignon, condemned Wiclif; Pius II., 145S-14t>4, scholar, diplo- matist ; Ale.xander VI., Borgia, 1492-1503. profligate, in- human, unscrupulous; Julius II., 1503-1513, great poli- tician, began St. Peter's; Leo X.. 1513-1521, prodigal, magnificent, indirectly caused the Eeformation ; Pius V..* 156tJ~1572, had been Grand-Inquisitor, persecutor, haughty, severe ; Gregoiy XIII., 1572-15S5, learned, zealous, reformed calendar; Si.xtus V., 15S5-1 590, vigor- ous, politician, and politic, patron of learning, public works; Clement XIV., Ganganelli, 17t)9-l775. hberal. suppressed Jesuits; Pius VII.,* 1800-1^23, captive to Napoleon, revived Jesuits; Pius IX.,* 1846, reigning now. of excellent cliaracter, first who has filled tUo i)Iaco mnro than twenty-five years. Observe, the best popes are likely to be least notable, hence not listed. "Popish plot" (an imposture), 1673. Porphyrogenitus = Constantino VII., 911. Portugal: 1139; Emanuel I., 1495-1521 ; colonies, 1550, 1595, 1602. Si)ain seizes Portugal, 15S0-1640 ; Lisbon earth- quake. 1755 ; P— in Seven Years' War, see 1703 ; France seizes, 1S07; Brazil separated, 1S26; King Pedro I. abdi- cated Portugal, taking Brazil himself. Pom.?, —326. Postumus, 259. Potatoes (an American vegetable), 1556. Prfetor (a judge, by Licinian law of —363), —335. Pretorian Guard, formed by Augustus ; in Rome, 26 ; sells empire. 193; dissolved, 312. Pragmatic Sanction, 1713. Prague, x, 1620; x, 1757 Pretender: first, James Stuart, A 1765; second. Charles Ed- ward,* A 1785; fter Civil Wars, England. Gen. Tab. XXIII., Simnel. Warbeck. Priestley. Joseph, scientist, philosopher, A 1S04. Printing, 1436. Probus. 276. 277. Procopius, 365. "ProRcription," —S3 ; term first used then. " Protector," Duke of York, 1454 ; Cromwell, 1653. Protestants, Protestantism, 1529. 1531, 1552; 1560,1572,1685. See Eeformation, Toleration, Persecutions, etc. Provence, —121 ; 50S, 536; kings: Charles, So5; Boson, 879; joined to Burgundy. 933. Prussia, Prussians. (Oriirinally a small district on the Baltic hehl by the Borussi, Slavonians ; conquered by the Teu- tonic Knights, beginning 1230.) Table, Cent. —VIII. ; first duke, Albert of Brandenburg. 1525; falls to Bran- denburg, 1618;* Great Elector of Brandenburg. ll>40 ; P— independent of Poland, 1657; a kingdom, 1701 (so called because the Emperor would not allow title " King of Brandenburg"); line of kings, fourth from top in Charts of Cent. XVIU., XIX.; other dates. 1740-1742. 1756,1757,1763,1772,1793,1795; lol5, Waterloo and Holy Alliance; 1866; in Franco-Gennan War of 1S7I ; King of Prussia is to be German Emperor, hereditarily. Psamatik (= Psammetichus) I., — C&4 ; P— II., —594 ; P— III. or Psammenitus. — 525, for six months. Ptolemy I., Lagi, — 312 ; all his Une took this name. Ptole- my of Alexandria, astronomer, 161. '' Public Good," see League ; War, 1465. Publilian law, —470 ; gave power to plebeians, which were predominant in tribes. Pulcheria, regent 408, empress 450. Fultawa, x , 1709. Punic {= Carthaginian) Wars,— 264, —218, — 1J9. Pupienus Maximus, 238. Pyramids (built somewhere from 1100 to 3500 years b. c, ac- cording to different scholars), x, 1798. Pyrenees, Peace of, 1659. Pyrrhus. —287 to —272. Q Quadi, l'?0. Quebec, taken 1759. " Queen Anne's War," 1702. Quintilian, A 118. R Rabelais, A 1553. Kaces, Table of. Cent. —VIII. Racine. John, jtoet, dnamatist, A 1699. Badegast (= Kadagaisus), 405. Batraelle (^ Raphael), A 1520. Railway, Manchester; first one successfully using locomo- tives, 1^30. Raleigh, Sir Walter, 15S4,t lOlS. Ramillies. x , 1706. Ravenna, 403 ; ete Exarchate. Reform, Parliamentary, 1832; suffrage, 1867. Reformation, 1517. Regifuge(= expulsion of kings), Roman, —510. Regulus, — 250, — 255; story of his death a fiction. Reign of Terror (French Revolution), 1793. ReHgious Wars: see Sacred Wars, Ilug-nenots, Piotesfants; Hussite, 1419; in France,15G0, 1615; (Jerniany, 1546. ReuchHn. A 1522, ♦■■Return of the Heraclidie," invasion and si-ttlement of tho Pcloi)onnesu8 by the Dorian Greeks, before dated his- tory. Revolts, Revolutions ; generally see other titles. American, 1775 ; French. 1789, 1830 (called " the Three Days' Revo- lution'"), 1>>48; "the Glorious Revolution," 1688. Rhode Island, 1C36. Rhodes (Doric people in Greek history), 653, 1124, 1307. 1522. Rice. 1702. Richard I., England, 1189, 1191. 1192, 1199 ; R— II., 1377; R— III., 1483; R— of Cornwall, Emperor, 1257; R— . Duke of York, 1435, 14M, 1460. RichcHeu, Cardinal, 1624-1(542. Richter, '-Jean Paul," humorist, etc., A 1825. Ricimcr, 456. Rienzi, 1347. Right, Petition of. 1628. Robert I.. France, 922 ; R— II., 996; R— , Count Palatine and Emperor, 1400; R— the Strong, 866 ; R— the Devil, Duke ot Normandy, 1035. Robespierre, 1793, 1 1794. Kochelle, 162'^. Rocroy, x , 1<>43. 68 ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE HISTORICAL CHARTS. Eoli; or EoUo, note, Cent. IX.; 911, 912 ; Btayed in France from 876.* Komans : se^ Rome. King of Romans, title of Einperor-elect, in line of Germany, ujitil crowned; first used by Henry II. ; dropped for title of "Emperor-elect" by Maximilian I. Roman Church : sec Church ; in present time called Roman Catholic Church. Roman Era, — T53. Roman Regifuge, — 510. Romanus I., 919 ; R- 11., 959 ; R— IV., 1071. Rome, the city, -387, Gauls take ; fire. 64 ; ceases to be capital (.s"ed Milan and Constantinople), 330; sacked, 410, 455 ; taken, retaken, diswalled, 536, M6, 647, 549 ; stormed by Bourbon's Germans, 1527. Rome, the state. Events on all Charts from 500 b. o. onward, to 476 A. D. ; the Eastern Empire thereafter, to 1453, called itself Roman Empire ; so did the Empire in Ger- many, See other titles. Romulus, mythical founder of Rome ; Romulus " Augustu- ius," 475, 470. Roncesvalles, x,77?. Roses, "Wars, 1455-14S5 (York, white ; Lancaster, red). Rossbach, x, 1757. Roima, see Iconium, Roxana, —311. Rubens, painter, A 1640. Rudolf: Transjurane Burgundy (Gen. Tab. VI.), SSS ; France, 923 ; of Swabia, rival Emperor, 1077 ; R — of Hapsburg, 1273 ; R— II., 1576 (Gen. Tables IX., X.). Rurik, 86-2. Russell, Lord William, 10^^. Russia, Russians : Table, Cent. —VIII.; 862,904, 971, 1224; Czar Peter, 10S3 ; line of Czars, 1801+ ; 1700, 1709, 1721, 1733; partitions of Poland, 1772, 1793, 1795 ; 1807, 1S12 ; 1S15, Holy Alliance; 1827, 1859. War with Turkey, 1877. See Northern Powers, etc., Moscow, Mongols. Rye-llouse Plot, 16>3. Ryswick, Peace, 1697. S Sacred Wars, Greek, —GOO {Crissa^an), —357 (Phocian), —839 (Locrian). Sadowa, x, 18G6. Sadyattes, —637, Lydia. Saguntum, —219. Saint , referring to a person, see the name of the person. St. Albans, x,1455; x, 1461. St. Bartholomew's Day, Massacre of Protestants, 1572. St. Jacob's, X , 1444. near Basel or Basle. St. John, see Knights. St. Peter's Church, begun 1506, finished 1614. St. Quentin, x, 1557. Saladin, 1171, 1187, 1191, 1192. Salamis, Island in bay near Athens, □ , — 4S0. Samarcand, in Tartary, 980. Samnite Wars, —840, —323, —298 to —290. Sanction, Pragmatic, 1713. Sapor I., 260, captures Valerian; S— II., A 8S0, king from his birth, seventy-one years. Saracens, at first Arabians; then the people forming the political power which began with Mohammed's Arabians and incorporated other nations; they break into various independent nations; and their lands are occupied, in the East by Turks chiefly ; 1h the West, by Moors. See Califs, Abassides, Ommiades, Fatimiles, Crusades, Otto- man Turks, Seljuk Turks, Mohammed, .Vlmohadcs, Almo- ravides, Moors, Granada. Take Syria, 632+; Egypt, 639; Persia, 632+ ; North Africa, 647+ ; Cyprus, 648; Rhodes, 653 ; Syracuse, 669, 878 ; destroy Carthage, 698; take Armenia, 693; attack Constantinople, 66S + , 716- 718 ; peace with Eastern Empire, 677 ; in Africa, Turkis- tan, India, 705, 706, 712; Spain and France, 711, 713, 732 ; lose Narbonne, 759 ; civil wars, 737+, 743+ ; Crete, 823 ; Sicily, 827, 878 ; break up from 800 ; lose Crete and Syria, 9G2. Princes of Saracen Spain, 755, 900-1031. Golden Age of letters, etc.: East, 760-820; West, 950- 1000. Saracus, — 647. Saragossa, 1113. Sardauapalus, —667. Sardinia, Rome takes, —238; Pisa, 1050; kingdom (under house of Savoy, who gave Sicily for it), 1720; 1859. Sardis, -554, —500. Sargou, —721, and note near his Hne. Sarmatians (Slavonians), 322, 332. Sassanids, Persian dynasty, 226-651. Savonarola, Jerome, 1 1498. Savoy, 1625 ; grew from a county in 1050,* to a dukedom in 1416,* a kingdom (with Sicily) in 1713;* see Sai-dinia and Gen. Tab. XXVI. Saxons, Table, Cent. —VIII. Saxons enter Britain, 449; con- quer it. Seven kingdoms, lleptarchy {see that), notes, Centuries VI. and Vll.; become Enfjlinh. Saxons in W. Germany, conquest by Charlemagne, 775, 7h5. Dukes of Saxony: line of Emperor.s, 919-1024; another, 1125. Saxony, King Lewis, S76 ; dukes, 919, 1125, 1178. Scanderbeg, 1467, see Castriot. Scandinavians, Table, Cent. — VIII. Scandinavian nations, Danes, Norwegians, Swedes, to have one king, 1S97. See Northern Powers, etc. Schiller, Frederick, poet, A 1805. ♦Scinde = Sinde, q. v. Scipios : Gen. Tab., Cent. II., -218 to —211 ; S— Afric^nus, —209, —204, —202, —\^i. 8— yEmilianus, took Car- thage, —146, and Numantia, —133, A —129. Scotch League and Covenant, 1638. Scotland, Scots, Scotch, etc. Macbeth, 1039+ ; Edward takes, 1293+ ; Wallace, 1305; Bruce, Bannockburn, 1314; freed, 1328 ; wars again, 1832, 1333 ; Flodden, 1518; Quf-n Mary, 1542; Protestantism prevails, 1560; in civil war, 1644, 1650; League, 1638; union, 1707. Gen. Tab. XXIX. Scott, Sir Walter, poet, novelist, A 1832. Scythians, —644, —508. Secession, first Plebeian at Rome, ^492 ; Secession War in the United States, 1861-1865. Secular Celebration of Rome, 248. Sejanus, 23-31. Seleucida?, line of descendants of Seleucus I.; kings of SjTia; end —65. Seleucus I., —312 ; in battle of Issus, —301, t —280. Seljuk, a Turk, 980; becomes leader of Seljukian Turks; their conquests, 102S, 1044, 1055; 1065,1071,1076; kings, 1037-1092. Sellasia, x, —221. Semitic, Table, Cent. —VIII. ; see Ilamitic, above. Sempach, x, 1886. Seneca, t 65. *SenIac. battle, = Hastings, 10C6. Sennacherib, — 705 to — 680. Sentinura. x, —295. Septiniius Severus, 193-211, sundry events; Table, Cent. II. Seraparum, temple of Serapis, 890. Sertorian War, —81 to —72. Serbia, Servians; Table, Cent. —VIII. Servian Revolt, com- ing into Russo-Turkish War, 1876. Servile Wars, Roman Sicily, —134, — 104. 69 ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE HISTOKICAL CHARTS. *Servius Tullius, Koman king;, contemporary with Solon, probably. Beven Weeks' War, ISCC; Seven Wise Men, Table, Cent. —VI.; Seven Years' War, 1756. Severus, four emperors, l'.i.3, 'l'2'l^ 305, 461. Shakspere (= Shakespeare), Wilham, dramatist, 1616. Shalmaneser IV., — 727. Shiloh, X , 1S6-2. Ship-money Controversy, 1634. Shrewsbm-y, x , 1403. Sicily, Sicilian : Greek colonization, Cent. —Till. ; wars, —ISO; —415 to —418, — 40i); —344, Timoleon; -SIT, —278 ; first Pnnic War, —263, —250, — 24S ; this war was there chiefly ; in second Punic War, —214, and after- ward; servile wars, —134, —1*4. Saracens from Spain attack, take, 827, 878 ; Eastern Empire, lO^iS ; Normans, 1061-1072; kingdom, 1130; Hohenstaufeus get it, 1186; Anjou seizes it, 1265 ; " Sicilian Vespers " (= vespers of Palermo), massacre of French, 12^2; Aragon obtains Sicily, held thenceforth moslly by Spain or the Spanish royal family till 1860; joined with Naples as Kingdom of Two Sicilies. House of Savoy held it 171:3-1720. See Naples, Syracuse, etc. Gen. Tables VIII., XI. Sicyon, — 251, a Doric city. Sidney, Algernon, 16s;3, in Kye-House Plot ; grand-nephew of Sir Philip Sidney. Sigismund of Bohemia-Luxemburg. King of Hungary, 1387 ;* beaten by Turks at Nicopolis, 1;106; emperor, 1410; King of Bohemia, 1419 ;• A 1437; Sigismund I., Poland, 1.500-1548. Silesia, 1742. Silistri.1, x,971. Silk-culture, 555 ; $ei' p. 13. Simeon Stylitcs, A 460; hved forty years, day and night, on the tops of pillars of diHcrent heights ; had imitators ; is called St. Simeon. Simnel, s^e Imposture. Sindo {= Scindo), land on the lower part of the Indus, 18-13. Sixtus v., 15S5; sfa Popes. Slaverj- : that for debt abolished at Rome, - 315 ; negro, in the United St^ites, 101!), 1808, 1836. 1865 ; at Algiers, 1817; sl.ave-tr.ide, 1807,1808; in British Empire, abol- ished, 1834, 18:38. Slavic, Slavonians, Table, Cent. —VIII. See nations sepa- rately. Smalcald (Schmalkald), League, 1531. *Smerdis (= Gomates, real name), —522. Smith, Ecv. Sydney, humorist, critic, A 1845. Smyrna, — G'20. Sobieski, John, King of Poland, 1674, 1683. Social War (1. e., war with recent allies), Athens, -357; Rome, —90. Socrates, + —899. Sogdianus (or Secydianus), — 125. Soissons, X . 486. Solferino, x , 18r)9. ♦Soliman = Solyman; also, Suleiman or Solomon. Solon, —594, —558; Table, Cent. —VI.; -vvisest of ancient legislators. Solyman II., 1520. Sophocles. — 405. South-Sea Bubble, 1720 ; set' Bubble. Spain, Spaniards, Spanish: Table, Cent. —VIII. Cartha- ginian period, —236,-218,-209; Roman times. —149, —143, —SI, —27 to —19 ; barbarians, 256,409; Visigoths {acf that), 414, 604,711; Saracens (fiee Omniiades), 711, 718, 737, 755, 778, 900-1000, 1031 ; nee now Asturias, Leon, Castile, Ar.agon, Moors, etc. ; 1072, 1084, 1091, Ills ; s,v Portugal, 1139 ; 1157, 1230, 12.37, 1282; Ferdinand, 1474, 1601, 1504, 1508 ; many wars. Cent. XVI., Charles V., King of, and Philip II, ; seized Portugal, 1580-1040, see Armada, Netherlands, Holland, Dutch; Moors expelled, 1609 ; in Cent. XVII., many wars, England and France ; Spanish Succession, war, 1701 (Gen. Tab. XXXI.); in wars. Cent. XVni., 1733, 1740, 1766, and in War of the American Revolution, 1779;* King Joseph, ISOS; Spanish America revolts, 1810 ; revolution, 1866; Queen Isabella expelled; Alfonso returns as king, 1875.* Gen. Tables XL, XII. Sparta, city ; same as Laceda-mon : chief Doiian state, note, — 800; —743, —685, and in Greek history constantly, Centuries —V. and —IV., till — 361. Reforms and down- fall, —244, —227, —226, —221, —188. Spartan-Persian War, —399, becomes the Corinthian, —394. Spartacus, — 73. Spectacles, note, Cent. XIV. Spenser, Edmund, A 1598. Sphacteria, — 125 (same place as Navarino). Spinning-machinery, 1707. Spires (Spcyer), Diet, 1520. Spoleto, Guy, and Lambert, 888, 894. Gen. Tab. V. Spurius Cassius. .see Cassius. Stael, Madame de, author, A 1817. Stamp Act, 1765. Star-chamber, 1025; an ancient court revived with arbitrary l>ower by Henry VII., 1487;* abolished, 1641.* States-General of France, met 1789; last previous meetings, 1589,* 1614.* Steamboat, Fulton's, first successful one, 1807. Steam-engine, perfected 1782, by Watt. Stephen III., 7.55, «ee Popes ; St. S— , Hungary, 997; of Eng- land, llS.'i. Stei)heuson, George, inventor of our locomotive-engine, A 1848; see Railway. Stilicho, 39.5, 396, t 4US. Strabo, A 24. Strafford, + 1C41. Stuart family to English throne, 1603 ; deposed and banished 1688, exce])t Mary H. and Anne; rebellions to replace them, 1715, 1745 ; see Pretender. Style, see Calendar. Stylitcs, see Simeon. Succession: Clcve, 1609; Spani.'^h, 1701; Austrian, 1740; Polish, 17!33. Suetonius, 120. Sueves, Suevi, 405, 406, 409, 584. Suffrage, reform, England, 1867 ; Amendment, United States (Constitution, 1870. Sulla (Sylla), —88, —86, —S3, -79, A —78. Sully, Duke of, minister of Henry IV., A 1641. Swabiii, Dukes of, make Hohenstaufen line, 1133-)-. Sweden, see Scandinavians, Calmar, Northern. King Gusta- vus Vas.i, 1.523; Gustavus Adolphus, 1611, 1032 ; in Thir- ty Years' War, 1631. 1632, 1634 ; wars of Charles XII., 1699, 1700-1721; 1700, 1709; loses Finland, 1748; in Seven Years' War, 1756. Gen. Tab. XXVI I. Swedenborg, Emanuel, scientist, theologian, seer, A 1772. Sweyn, King of Denmark, 985-1018; attacks England, 994 ; conquers it, 1003-1013. Swift, Jonathan, satirist, A 174,5. Swiss, Switzerland, 1308, 181,5, 1386, 1444. Syagrius, 486, Roman governor in Gaul. Sylvester II., see Gerbert. ' Syracuse, see Sicily; —786, —480, —415, —263, -214 ; 069, 878, Syria, see Saracens, Asia, Crusades, Seleueida>, etc., — 705, —017, —0.5, —40 ; 161, 622, 632, 962, 1401. 70 ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE DISTOKICAL CHARTS. Tacitus, historian, A IIS ; emperor, 275. Tuberites, 813, S'>0. Talleyrand, diplomatist, A 1838. Tamerlane = Timur. Tanagra, x , — 457. Tancred, 1112. Tarentine War, —280. Tarik, 711. *Tarquins, Roman kings about — C21 to —578; and —634 to — 5in. Tasso, Torquato, A 1595. Tatars (true loriii of Tartars), Tatary, or Tartary ; Tabic, Cent. — VIII. Mongols in, sec Zinghis ; Timur, lUfiS. Teias, 552. Telegraph, Morse's electric, 1S44. "Tempest, miraculous," 174. Terence, — 159. Terror, Keign of, 1793. Tost Act, 1073. Testament, see Bible. Testry, x , 6S7. Tetricus, 258. Teutoberg Forest, 9 A. D. ; see p. 13. Teutonic Knights, see Knights. Teutons, Table, Cent. — VUI. ; —102 ; see Teutonic nations by name. Tcwksbury, x, 1471. Thackeray, William Makepeace, novelist, A 180^3. Thales, Table, Cent. —VI. Thames, x , 1S13, in Canada. Thapsus, X , — 46. Thebes, city, head of Bwotia; Theban ; — 45G, —447; —379 to —361; — 371, — 335; see Cadmeia. (Also, an ancient city of Egypt.*) Themistocles, —171, ^449. Theodatus. 534. Theodoric, Ostrogoth, 473, 489-520; Visigoth, 419; 451. Thcodorus. pope, 542. Theodosius I., 379+ ; T— II., 408. Thermopylae, x , ■ — 480. Thessalonica, 390. Thirty Tyrants, —404, —403 ; so called, 260. Thirty Years' War, 1018-1043 ; p. 15. Thomas, Aquinas, 1274; a Kempis, 1471; Becket, 1162-1170. ♦Thrace, kingdom under Lysimachus, from division of Alexander's empire; ends — 2S1. Thucydides, —401. Tiberias, x, 1187. Tiberius,- 12; 10 A. D.; 10-37; 27; Oen.Tab., Cent. I. T— H., 574. Ticinus, x,— 218. Tiglath-Pileser II., —745. Tilsit, Peace of, 1807. Timoleon, —344, —337. Timur-lcng (= Tamerlane), Tatar, 1368 + , 1401. Titus, 79. Togrul Beg, 1 037. Tolbiae, x , 496. Toledo, 1084. Toleration, see Persecutions ; 311, 313, 1552, 1555, 1598, 1629. Torquemada, 149?. Totila, 540, 546, 649. Toulouse, 607, 1229. Tours, x,732; s«« p. 14. Towton, X, 1461. Trafalgar, o,lS05. Ti-ajan, 98-117, sundry events. Trasimene, x, — 217. Treaty, see Peace : of Home and Carthage, — 508. Trebia, x,— 218. Trebizond, 258; Greek Emperors there,* 1204-1201, Trebonjan, prepared the Civil Law, 528 + , A 545. Trent, Council of, 1545. *Tribonian = Trebonian. Tribunes, always plebeian, to defend their order, — 492, —470, —442, —123. Triumvirates, -60, —43, —39. Troyes, Treaty of, 1420. I Truce, Nicias, — 421, = False peace : Kome and Etruria, I —348 ; " of God," 1033, 1038 ; Saladin's, 1 192. Tudor, house of, accession to Enghsh throne, 1485; branch of Lancaster; Gen. Tables XXII. and XXIIL Tunis, 800, 1270. Turanians, Table, Cent. —VIII. Turenne, Henry de la Tour d'Auvcrgne, Marshal, t 1075. Gen. Tab. XXVIII. Turin, x,— 218; x,1700. Turkey, Turks: Table, Cent. —VIII.; kingdom, 550 (»„ drive Avars, 557 (?) ; see Ottomans, Seljuks. Turkistan, Saracens enter, 706 (?) ; Mongols, 1210 i,?). Tuscany, Matilda, 1115; see Florence, Medici. Twelve Tables, —451. Tyrants, see Thirty Tyrants. Tyre ; see Pha?nicia ; —585, —332 ; 1124. Tyrtaius, — 6S5. U Ulfilas, 883. Ulpian, 228. "Unam Sanctam," 1303. Uniformity, Act of, 1662. " Unigenitus," 1713. Union of Calmar, 1397, 1524. *•' United Provinces," seven provinces of Netherlands revolt- ing against Spain, 1500, tjike this title. 1681. "United States," see Centuries XVlll. and XIX., from 1754 onward. First Congress, 17.54; Kevniution, 1775-1783; Confederation, 1777 ; Constituliou, 1787, 1788. " Universal Bishop," 007. Universities, note. Cent. XIV.: O.vford, 888; Cambridge, 915. Urban II., 1088; see Popes. Utrecht, Peace of, 1713. ♦Vaccination, see Jenner. Vadimonium, Lake, x , —308 ; x , —243. Valcns, 364, 376, 378. Valentinian I., 304 ; V— II., 076 ; V— III., 42.3^56. Valerian, 253, 200. Valmy, x, 1792. Valois, house of, accedes to French throne, 1328; Gen. Tab. XIV. Vandals, 405, 40fr409; 423; 429-439; 439,405,460,468; 533. Varna, x , 1444. Varus, 9 a. d. Vasa, Gustavus, 1523. Vasco de Gama, 1498. Vatican Council, 1870. Vega, Lope de la, dramatist, 1635. Veil, Etruscan city, —402, —392. Venice, 452 ; first duke, 697 ; Dandoio, 1205 ; wars, 1508, 1510, 71 ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE HISTORICAL CHARTS. 1571, lC-15; loses Cyprus, lbT'i\ Morea, 1715; subjected by France, \191. Vercelia;, x , — 101. Verdun, Teaoe of, 643. Verona, x , 403. Verus, 161. Vervains (= Vervins), Peace of, 1598. Vespasian, 69. ♦Vesuvius, overwhelms Pompeii, 79. Vicksburg, x,1863. Victor II., pojio, 1080. Victor Emanuel II., Italy, 1S49. Victoria, Queen of England, 1837. Vienna, x, 1683. Vikings, s«;6 Danes; nortbern adventurers. Virgil, A —19. Virginia canijiaign, Grant, 1&G4. ViriatUus, — 149. .Visigotbs, see C.otbs; 375, 395, stc Alaric; 412, 414, 419,451, 466; 507, driven from Gaul; 584; 711. Vitellius, 69. Vitiges, .'>36. Voltaire, noted author, A 1778. Volusian, 251. Vouille (Vougle, Vogle), x, 507. *Vulgate, see Jerome. W Wagram, x,180S. Wakefield, x,1160. Wales, conquest of, 1276. WalLicc, Sir William. + 1305. Wallenstein. Albert, general, t 1034. AValls, Koman : Germany, 120; Britain, 121, 140, 210. Warbeck, Perkln, 1492; claimed to be Kieliard, Duke of York, younger sou of Edward IV. ; validity of his claim uncertain. Wanvick, Richard, Earl, " King-maker," + 1471 ; Gen. Tab. XXII. ; see Imposture. Washington, George, general in American Revolution, Presi- dent, 1789; A 1799. Washington City, burut, 1814. Watches, invented, about 1658. Waterloo, x, 1815. Watt, flames, inventor, A 1819; see Steam-engine, Wat the Tyler''s insurrection, 1381. Webster, Daniel, orator and statesman, A 1852. Wellington (^ Arthur Wellesley), Duke of, A 1852. Wends, Table, Cent. —VIII. Wenzel, 1378. W^erner, 1140. Wesley, John, founder of the Methodist Church, A 1791. Weasex, see Heptarchy, Egbert Western Empire, 395-470 ; see Empire, Romulus, etc. West Indies, see India. Westphalia, Peace of, 1048; kingdom, 1S07. Wiclif (several spellings), 1380, 1384. Wieland, author, A 1813. William: Of England, W— I., 1066 ; W— 11., 1087; W— III., 1689, 1690 ; W— IV., 1830. Germany, W— of Hol- land, Emperor, 1247; new Empire, 1871. Prussia, W— L, 1861 ; W— the Silent, 1578, and Gen. Tab. XXVIII. Witikind, A 807. Wolfe, General James, 1 1759, takes Quebec. Wolscy, Cardinal, fall of, 1529. "Wonder of the World," Emperor Frederick II.; also, Albert of Austria,* father of Emperor Albert II. Worcester, x, 1651. Worms, Diet of, 1521. Wren, Christopher, architect, A 1723. Wurtemberg, kingdom, ISOO. Xavier, St., a Jesuit, 1542, A 1552. Xenophon, in Anabasis, — 401 ; A - Xeres, x,7n. Xerxes I., —486; X— II., —425. -355. Yermuk, x , 636 (corruption of Ilieroniax). York, branch of Plantagenets; we that, and Roses, War of; Richard, Duke of York, 1435, 1454, 1460. Gen. Tab. XXII. Yorktown. x, 1781. Zama, x , — 202. Zela, X,— 47. Zeno, Isaurian, 474 ; Ze Zenobia, 264. Zinghis Khan (Jengis, Dschingis, etc.), 1206, 1216. Ziska, John, 1419, A 1424. ■ Stoic philosopher, A — 268 (_?). n PART II. GENEALOGICAL TABLES. Those parts of history in wliich dynastic considerations and inheritances have much influence need genealogical tables for the explication of them. Such tables are of greater importance in the history of the Middle Ages than in later times ; for the successions to thrones, to land, and to sovereignty over it, under the feudal sys- tem, depended upon lineage and upon the rules of inheritance. But genealogies and descents have their influence in later times. Even in the last century there were two great wars of succession, the Spanish and the Austrian. In the beginning of this ccnturj'. Napoleon tried to establish a network of kingdoms controlled by dynastic motives. Louis Napoleon found one pretext for his disas- trous war, in the selection, for the Spanish throne, of Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sig- maringeij, a very remote relative of the King of Prussia, and not a member of the royal family. The "Orangemen" of Ireland and America take their name from a Hollander of the German family of Nassau, whose title — " Prince of Orange " — came from a principality in the south of France, and who became King of Groat Britain because his mother and his wife were of the Scotch royal family of Stuarts, wliicli had come to the throne of England through a marriage contracted just a century before their accession. The marriages of families often show their policies. There were times when the English royal families sought marriages with France ; others, when alliances with Spain were sought ; in each period, England's policy varied accordingly. But now, for more than two centuries, indeed, ever since James Stuart (King James IL) in 1673 married Mary of Modena, no member of the English royal families has sought a bride or received a husband from the south of Europe. The following genealogical tables have been prepared to aid students and read- ers in the history of medieval and modern Europe, especially. Of necessity, they present chiefly English, French, German, and Spanish lines. They may be regarded as systematized hints at the biography of several hundred persons of ro^-al and noble families, who were those most prominent in the political and military history of Europe for a thousand j'cars. No attempt is made to make names uniform in the different tables. A princess may be Mary in one table and Marie or Maria in another, though generally the Eng- 9 73 GENEALOGICAL TABLES. lish forms of names are used. This variety is retained, to remind students of the different forms of names, which, if not known, may be a puzzle. The following equivalences are not uncoumion : Alice is exchanged for Alix, Alicia, Adela, Adeliza, Adelaide (Adelheid), Ade- line, etc. Blanche is Blanca or Bianca. Eleanor may be Leonora, etc. Elizabeth is transformed into Isabel, or vice versd. Jacqueline appears as Jacquetta or Jaoo- ba'a. Jane is Joan, Joanna, Johanna, Juana, Jeanne. Yolanda, Jolande, lolanthe, and Violante, with still other variations, are one name. Charles is Karl, Carlo, Carlos. Ferry is Frederick. Ferdinand may be Ferrand, oven Ferraud, and Hernando. Guy may be Guido, Wido, Weit, or Veit. Henry is sometimes Hein-i, Henrico, Heinrich, Enrique, Errico, or Erick. Hermann becomes Arminius and Armand. Hugh is Ugo or Hugues. James is represented by Jacob, .Tacopo, Jaime, etc. John is Johann, Hans, Jan, Jean, Juan, Ivan, Giovanni ; and John Baptist may appear as Giambattista. Jerome is found in Hieronimo, Geroni- mo, Glrolamo, etc. Lewis is Louis, Luigi, Ludwig, Ludovico, etc. Otho is Otto, Odo, Eudo, Eudes. Peter, Pedro, Pielro, and Pierre, are one. Philip may be Felipe or Filippo. Ralph has many forms ; as, Rodolf, Rudolf, Raolfo, Raoul, Rollo, and even Ron. Reinhold, Reynold, Renaud, Rainald, are varieties of Reginald. Rene is also Renatus. Thierry is Dietrich, Diederick, or Dirk, and these are all from Tlieodoric. Most other names are changed less than these ; and ae'|uaintance with this list and the use of analogies will enable a reader to guess shrewdly. These tables are drawn on the plan of those of Le Sage, with some slight varia- tions of detail. To explain them, the following imaginary table is given : Alhoit, g.-s. of Robert, A 1071. 1. Hiirlmra, sht. S/ipfirn, A 1645. 2. U/am, d. Walln; A Ujoli. 3. Lcoitora^ und. Murthi, ■«. a. Denis, A 1720. VinhtHte, hs. Theodore. 6 l>. Fmnoes, 2. Gt'orffe. Guy. Jant\ % J.itnes. I Victor. I . A(pifs. h. Km], f 17211. J/.»V/. Henry, nnm. 1 Ariiolii. O Irene, li. 1077. O (iertriule, b. ICSO. I # r.cwis, A IfiSS. 1. .V. 2. JlJ/ff/iiii'f, ^. O M:irv, A 1727 Xieholas. 6 fllivia. # I'liilip. The circular character, •, denotes a male, and O, a female. In this example, Albert, said to be grandson (,'/.-«.) of Robert, ha showing from which wife. Denis had for wife Violante, lieiress (/(.s.) of Theodore ; their son Guy married Jane, but died childless, as denoted by ^. The first husband of Frances is not named, from which it is to be understood that all the children are of the second hus- 74 GENEALOGICAL TABLES. band, George. The children of Frances are James, who had children by a wife, which is denoted by the line drawn downward from his circle ; Henry, who died un- married (icmn.), but had a natural (t;) or illegitimate son, Arnold; and Irene and Gertrude, sisters, born (S.) 1677 and 1680 ; for want of room, the circles of these are not both joined to the horizontal line, but one is under the other, not joined by a line ; for a line running down from the ujjper circle to the lower would mean that Gertrude was daughter of Irene. Victor and Lewis were brothers, as their circles are joined by an horizontal line a little above them, as those of Denis, Frances, and Karl, are joined. .Victor's wife, Agnes, is marked 1, to show that she was the first of two or more ; the depending line shows that they had unnamed children. The first wife of Lewis is supposed to be unknown ; hence she is denoted by JV. {nameless) ; she was, however, the mother of Mary, as Eugenia was childless. The marriage of Mary to Karl is denoted both b}' putting the name of each under the other, and by joining their circles by a line below them, from which lines run down to the circles of Nicholas, Olivia, and Philip, their three children; this shows another way of representing brothers and sisters when space is scanty. Relationships can be easily traced. Every circle that can be reached by going only down and to the right or left from Albert is either child, grandchild, or great- grandchild of his ; but that Mary is not one of his descendants is plain, because her circle cannot be reached from his by going down and to the right, without an up- ward turn. Mary is niece and Olivia grandniece of Victor. As the children of brothers and sisters are cousins, so Nicholas, Olivia, and Philip, children of Karl, are cousins to James, Henry, Irene, and Gertrude, as they are children of Frances^ and to Guy, son of Denis. Signs and Abbreviations. — A, died ; f, violent death ; b.,born; u, illegitimate ; d., daughter; s., son, or, with a female name, sister; sist., sister ; f., father; m., mother; bro., brother ; g.-s., grandson ; g.-d., grand-daughter, etc. ; g.-g.-s., or g."s., great-grandson ; g.'s., great-great-grandson ; the figure shows how many times the words great and grand are to be used ; similarly interpret g.^f., g.'m., etc. Dep., deposed ; dethr., dethroned ; mar., married ; div., divorced ; rep., repu- diated ; abd., abdicated; hs., heiress; co-hs., co-heiress; sr., elder; jr., younger; beh., beheaded. The meaning of the figures 1, 2, 3, when against the names of husbands or wives, and the correlatives a, b, c, etc., is explained above. The sign of equality (=) indicates two equivalent names, or two different names for the same person. *^* indicates a note, or is equivalent to " N. B." Tab., table. Abp., archbishop ; Bp., bishop ; Ct., Count ; Cts., counts or countess ; Ctj^, county ; Card., cardinal ; Cr.-Pr., crown-prince, or heir-apparent to the ihrone ; Dk., duke ; Dks., dukes ; Dchs., duchess ; E., or Emp., emperor ; E^ (in some tables), a king of Germany not crowned emperor ; (E.), in some tables, a rival emperor ; E. Emp., Eastern emperor or Eastern empire ; EL, elector ; G.-dk., grand- duke ; Kg., king; Landgr. or Lgr., landgrave ; Ld., lord; Mgr., Mrq., margrave or marquis ; Pr., prince ; Prs., princes or princess ; Q., queen ; Vet., viscount. The word of is frequently omitted, as in the sample table above. Tables I. and II. are those of the Scipios and the C;i?sars, on the Charts of Century II. B. c. and Century I. a. d., in Part I. 75 6 H 1 — i ■Fn •fe> Hi t. 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I Philip J ('., King of Mlriirre. 8ee Table XIV, for the rest I of Navarre, Oidile anil Leon nniteiflinalli/ iimlfr Fcnlinunil III. # Ferdinand II., I A 11S8. • Alfonso IX., A 1230. 1 2. Ui'irni/irrio. Q. of ( 'itilile (liclow). I O Berenjiaria, A 1240. I Al/on.w /.V, Luon. 9 Louis IX. (St, L,), France, • Ferdinand III., A 1262, 1, Jl.'iitrix,(l.ofE>np. Philip. (Tables.) • Alfonso X., A 12S4. o Eleanor, Rival Emperor. (See | Edwa rd I. of Ennhiral. " I O Petronilla, A 1173. 1 liaijmoud, f'oinit of Jlitreelonit. Regent, 1137; King.Uol ; A 1102. Alfonso II., Alloc. (He was als(j Count of l'rove?iee.) « I'eter II., t 1213. • James I., A 1276, " tlie Conqueror." 2. Xolanda, IJungary. • Peter III.,' A 128,5. Contitantia^ hs. .Sicilif. (Table s.) (Peter's brn. .Tames was first King of .Maiorea, 1202.) T.able Vin.) a Sancho IV., A 1295. • FerdiiKind IV.. A 1312. e Alfonso XI., A 1350, I Peter the Cruel, a 5 Henry II., + 1309, I A 1379. a James II.,' A 1.327, I abdicated Sicily, 129.5. O Alfonso IV., A 1336. Peter IV., A 13--7. eiOleil "the Cruel," He had live wives. O Alfonso III., — A 1291. Kings of .Sirii.Y. O Louis,' A 1355 • Frederick II,,' A 1337. I • Peter II,,' A 1:!I2. e Frederick III,, A 1377. 1 O Mary.' A 1 102, "■ Martin, jr.. .tra{fon. O Constantia. I John of Vaunt. O Catherine. llenrit lU. of Caatile. O John I., A 1390, Eleouoril of Aragon. John I., 1 A 1395, O Tolanda. (Table 17.) O Eleonora, A 13S2. fohn /., Kinij of Cantile. O Mai-tin,' sen., A 1410. I *f* On the death of Martin, sen., c Martin,' jr., A 1409. there wa.^ a dispute over the —1. Man/ of iSicily succession, ending iu favor (above), of Ferdinand. 2, Bhinehe. Q. nf Ka- rarre. (Table 14.) e Henry III., A 1406, Castile, q Ferdinand I.,' Aragnn, A 1416, i Catherine, of regular line. i .John II., A 14:4, 1, .Man/ of .Aragon. 2, Imliel of I'ortugal. O Mar)-, A 1445, I John II. of Castile. John II.,' A 1479. 1. Blanehe, Q. Naxarre. 2. Jane Ilenriquez. I Alfonso V.', -, A 14.58. (King of Nai>lcs and Sici- ly as Alfonso 1.) O ". Henry IV., A 1474. O ''. Isahclla, 1. Blanehe of Aragon, •I. of King John 11., hi/frst wife. A 1,504, Ferdinand of Aragon. • Ferdinand II.'. -, O Eleanor, Q. of • t] Ferilinand,^ A 1194 "C.itholic," A 1510 I Navarre, A I.iahella. IJueen if 1479. I 'astile. Gaston of Foix. Jane of Aragon, d. of King John II. 6 Jane, "the In.sane," A 1555. I Philip of Austria, S,\M6. (Table 9.) O Catherin.' A 1.536 O Alfonso II,,' • Frederick,'- dep. 1501, I \. Arthur. Pr. or Wate.i. | A 1495. A 1.M14, 2. Henry VIII., Eiig- „ , , r . Charles I. = Emp. Charles V. (See Table 12.) land. • Ferdin.and II.,^ (Ferduianil of .\ragnn (Isid.fl and Mary, sisters — A 1496. siazes Nariles.) o((.'atlicrine. liotli mar- ry Emanuel 1,, of Portugal,) Rulers i,{ Sicily. 2 Kings of Naples, §3 ) 'JD.. 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Edward. tl521, 8d Uukc of Buckioghain. Eleanor J'ercy. Henry, Baron Stafford. Ursula Pole, 8. of Card. Bole. 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Ills g.-'-dau. Mary marries the fourteenth duke, Cbas. Ema- nuel II, and is mother of the first king of this house. Pkisces of Carionan. • 12. Victor Amadeus I., A lfi37. Christina, d. of Henry IV. (Table 10). • Thomas Francis, A 1656. Mary. Bourbon Conde, hs. of Soissons (Table IS). • 13. Francis Hvacinth, — A 16.58, age 6. • 14. Chas. Emanuel II , age 3; A 1675, affe40. 1. France.*;, Orleans, d. Gaston (Tab. 16). 2. Mary, Nemours. • 1.5. ft. Victor Amadeus II., King of Sicily, 1713; by exchange. King of Sardinia, 1720; abd. 1730; A 1732. 1. Anne of Orleans, d. ofDk. Philip I. (Table 16). • Emanuel. A 1700. # Victor Amadeus, A I 1741. O Louis Viet. Ama- deus, A 1778. • Eugene, Count of Soissons, A 1673. Cilimp'ia Mancini, niece of Cai-dinal Alazarin. • " Prince Eugene." A 1786; the — famous general. • Charles Emanuel III., S., A 1773. I 2. Chri.'21, A l>-'4. — S., A 1831. • Victor Amadeus II., A 1780. • Charles Emanuel, A ISOO. • Charles Albert, 8.. succeeds I Charles Felix, bis father's fifth- 1 cousin ; abd. and A 1849. Sisters of these three kings marry Louis XVIII. and Charles X. of France. Victor Emanuel I. had no surviving son ; his dan. Mary Anne m.arried Emp. Ferdinand I., Austria; another. Mary Christine. m.arried Ferdinand II., of the Two Sicilies. ,See Naples, in Table 12, "King Bomba " 1 Victor Emanuel II., S.. horn is-ii) ; King of Italy, ls61; A 1878. Man/ Adelaide of Austria, hi^ fii-st-cousin, d. of Arch-duke Jiainer (Table 31). • Iluud.ert, Prince of Pied- • Am.adeus. Duke of Aosta; # Otbo. A 1866. o Clotild.i, born 1843. , , „^^ roont. born 1844 ; King King of Spain, lb71-'75. • Charles, A 1864. Prince A apoleon, son of Jerome. oflt-ivlSTS • t" B 1- > O Mary, born 1S47. ol Italy, 1878. ^^^^-.^ j^ ^.^^^^ ^j- p„.(,,gal. 100 IS 8 Co s o s ^ ■« ^ 1 S5' ^ g"fe. J3 2^ 3 S .a. 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N0TK._Figurcs in p.rcnthoses, unless manifestly dates, are references to the Tables by numbers Abbreviations are same as in the Table's. Individuals are rarely indexed ; countries, houses, and families, are mostl> giveu. tho same as LIST OF GENEALOGICAL TABLES BY I'AGES. I. Principal Scipios, and Gracchi, p. 24, on Chart. II. First six Imperial Ciesars, 26, on Chart. III. Macedonian Family, Philip and Alexander the Great, 7(i. IV. Constantino's Family, 77. v. Karliag Lines, First Table, 73. TI. Karling Lines, Second Table, 79. VII. Saxon Emperors ; Early Franconians, with Connections, 80. VIII. Franconian and Ilohenstaufon Houses ; Ouelfs, Tlinrintria, Tuscany, etc., 81. IX. Imperial Luxemburg and llapsburg, 82. X. llapsburg; Austria from l.")M (continued in XXXI.), 83. XI. Spain, 1000-1.556 ; with Sicily and Naples, 84. XII. Spain— Hapsburg and Bourbon, S."). XIII. France, 987-1285 ; Capetians, and First House of Burgundy, 8G. XIV. France, 12S5-1539; Valois, Orleans, Angouleme, Burgundy, Navarre, and Alcncon, 87. XV. House of Bourbon to Henry IV., 88. XVI. French Bourbons, from Henry IV. ; Orleans. 80. XVII. T^vo French Houses of Anjou; Naples and Hungary, 90. XVIII. Houses of Brittany, Conde, and Dreux, 91. XIX. Houses of Lorraine and Guise, with Branches, 92. XX. England to lOCfi ; Saxon and Danish Kings, 98. XXI. England, 10GC-1827 ; Normjin Dukes and Kings; Plantjigenets, 94. XXII. England, 1327-1485; Last Plantagenets ; York and Lancaster. 9.5. XXIII. England from 1485; Tudors, Stuarts, House of Brunswick, 90. XXIV. House of Hohenzollern ; Brandenburg and Prussia. 97. XXV. Part I. Bavaria from 1180; Electors Palatine, Dukes, anil Kings, 98. XXV. Part II. Bavaria; Line of Deux- Pont.s 90. XXVI. Houseof Savoy from 1417; Sardinia and Italy, 100. XXVII. Sweden from 1.523; Houses of Vasa and Bernadotte, 101. XXVIII. Relations of Willijim the Silent; Orange-N.-is.snu, Holland, 102. XXIX. Scotland from 1055; Scottish Succession in 1290-1343, 103. XXX. Succession of Cleves, 104. XXXL Spanish Succession, 1096-1711; Recent Austria, 105. XXXII. Parti. Flanders; Latin Emperors ; Relations to Normandy, Hainault. Holland, etc., 106. XXXII. Part II. Flanders; Burgundy, Holland, llainault, Brabant, Bavaria, etc., 107. XXXIIL House of Romanoff; Russia from 1013, 108. 109 INDEX TO GENEALOGICvVL TABLES. ALPHABETICAL INDEX, Albany. Tab. 2-). ♦Albert tbe Bc-ar, "■• Ascanian ; " so onlled from a castle near Magdeburg. Founds Berlin, 1I4'2 (,?). See Saxony; An- halt *Alcma-ouidn?. An important family at Athens, traced from Megacles, sixtb peri)Ltu:il archon. about 7T6 b. c. Of this family were Megacles of 550 B.C., Clisthenes of 509 B.C., Pericles, Alcibiadc.s, and Oallias of 372 b. o. Alenfon. Tables 14, 10, 19. Alexander the Great. Tab. 3. Alsace — Elsass. Tab. 5. Very ancient house, descended from a chief of the Alemanni of 650 a. d. From this house arc reputed to come the Welfs or Guelfs, the Haps- burgers,the Zaehringers, and tbe Lorrainers. Kspeeially members of the house of Upper Lorraine are often called " of Alsace." Tab. 32 I. Angeli. A short dynasty of Byzantine emperors, 11S5-1204; Irene, Tab. s, dau. of Isaac. *Angevin, means "of Anjou."' Angouleme. Tables 14, 15, 10, 19. Angus. Tables 29, 23. See Douglas. AnhaltZerbst. Tab. S3, Catherine II. House of Anhalt, de- scended from Albert the Bear; see also Saxony. In 15yG it divided into four branches: A.-Berneburg, A.- Bessau, A.-Zerbst (now extinct), and A.-Koetheu. Anjou. Tables G, 12, 13, 14, IG, especially 17 ; 19, 21, 31, 32. House of Anjou began in time of Charles the Bald ; was connected with Flanders (32), Normandy, and England ; became French, time of Philip Augustus, by forfeiture of the territory ; soon was given to Charles, bro. of Louis IX. (13, 17). English kings from 1154-1272 (21) are called Angevin, or "of Anjou." Robert the Strong (0) was not founder of tho house of Anjou. Anspach. Tab. 24. AntigonidiT^. Tab. 3. Antony. Mark. Tab. 2. on Chart. Cent. I., p. 2G. Afpiitiine. First dukes were Merovings; Knrlings (5) fol- low. Then sundry families, especially Counts of Poi- tiers : title, Duko of Aquitaine, is exchanged for Duke of Guienne. Hugh Capet's wife was of this latter connec- tion (13). and Q. Elcanon (21). Edward the Black Prince (22) was " Pi-ince of Aquitaine." Aragon. Tables S. 11. Aries. Tab. 5, Boson and Louis. ♦Armagnac. A Gascon house, importnnt from 1873-1500; related to FoLx and Nav^irro ; merged in Aloncon branch of French royal family, by marriage. Sec Nemours. Aniiaimae-IIarcourt, Tab. 19. Artois. Tab. 13. Only two counts. Robert I., A 1250, and Robert IT., A 1302. Title reappears in Burgundy (32), and in Bourbons {10). Charles X. ♦Ascanian. See Albert the Bear. Aumale. Tables 16, 19 especially. Austri.a. Tables 9. 10, 11. 12. 31. See Eabenbergs. Alsace. Called house of Hapsburg (Habsburg = Habichtsburg = Hawk Mountain) from a castle in Switzerland, canton Aargau, now in ruins. B *B.abpnbergs. The first house of Austria, preceding the Hapsburgers; descendants of Henry I., S60. Duke of East Franks. His g.-g.-son Leopold I. was first Mar- grave of Austria (Oesterreich), 982. Of this house were Henry II., Jasomirgott, 1156-1177 (see Bavaria); his son, Leopold Y., 1177-1194, who imprisoned Richard Lion- heart ; and Frederick the Quarrelsome, g.-son of Leopold v., end of the line, A 1246. From his sister Constance came the Saxon house of Wettiu. See Saxony. Baden. Grand-dukes since 180G ; previously, margraves: Hermann I., A 1074, tirst took that title; he was son of a duko of Zaehringen. The elder line, or Zaehringers, traced their hne to Erchanger of Swabia, 900 ; they be- came extinct in 121S. The Baden line divided in 1527 into Baden-Baden, e.vtinct in 1771. and Baden-Dom-lach, the jtresent line. Connection with Sweden and Den- mark, Tab. 27. Baireuth. Tab, 24. Baliol. Tab. 29. Basilian dynasty, or Macedonian, claiming descent from Alexander the Great. A dynasty of E. Empire, 8G7- 1U5G; nee Charts, Centuries IX., X.. XL Basil L is lirsl; next, his ton, Leo V.; Constantine VIL, son of Leo; Ronianus 11., of Constantino; Basil 11. and Con- stantine IX., sons of Romanus; the empresses Zoe and Theodora, daughters of Constantine. dying 1050 and 1U5G, end the line. Theophano (7) was Basilian. Bavaria. Tables 6, 7, 9. 10, 12,25.80.81.32; especially, 25. The earliest known dukes were the family of Agilolflngs, from Garibald L, 555, to Thassilo II., dethroned by Charlemagne, 7SS. Bavaria falls under the rule of the Karlings, and of the descendants of Henry the Fowler (6. 7), and of various families, until it goes to ^Velf IV., Tab. s. Henry the Lion is the last duke of this line. Leopold IV. and his bro. Henry Jasomirgott, Baben- bergs of Austria, hold Bavaria, 113S-1153. In 11^0. Otto of Wittelsbach succeeds Henry tlie Lion. Rein.irks on his house see in Tab. 25. *Bearn. Henry IV. of France is called '■Bearnese," or "of Beam," a viscounty of Southwest France, which came to the house of Foix by marriage, 1290, on expiry of malo heirs. See Foix. Beauchamp. Tab. 22. An English house, whose name and rank disappear in marriages with Beaufort and Ncvil. Beaufort. Tab. 22. Branch (illegitimate) of the house of Lancaster; legitimated by Richard II. and by Henry IV. Belgium. Leopold I., Tables IG and 23, A isiis, was son of Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha ; his sister, Victo- ria (23), was mother of Q. Victoria ; his bro. Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gothfl. was father of Q. Victoria's Imstiand, Prince-consort Albert; another brother was fathei- I'f Ferdinand, Prince-consort of the Queen of Por- tugal. See Portugal. Berg. Tab. 30. Bernadotte. Tab. 27. Berri. or Berry. T.nbles 14. 10. Always of the royal house of Fnance, but not forming a line. John (14) bought Montpensier. which thus (15) came to the Bourbons. Billung. See Saxony. Birkenfeld. Tab. 25 II. Bischweiler. Tab. 25 II. Blois. Tab. 21. The houses of Blois and Champagne were united a while; see Champagne. Bohemia. Was governed by Slavonian dukes till Premislas Ottocar I. became king. 119S, father of Wenzet (Weuces- las) 111.. Tab. 8. Wenzel's g.-d. Elizabeth married John the Blind, Tab. 9, and tho house of Luxemburg had Bohemia. Ladislas, .son of Elizabeth and Casimir IV. (9), 110 INDEX TO GENEALOGICAL TABLES. united Bohemia and Hungary as one kingdom, which, 1526 (Chart, Cent. XVI.), passed from his son Lewis II. to Austria (10). Bohun. Family-name of the Earls of Hereford; name and title disappear by marriages. Tab. 22, Bonaparte. Tab. 31. The family, in order, were Joseph, Kin^' of Naples, ISOG, and of Spain, A 1S4-1; Napoleon, A 1S21; Lucien, Prince of Canino, A 1S40 (his son Charles, A 1S57, was the noted naturalist); Louis, Kinj? of Hol- land, A 1S46 ; Jerome, King of Westphalia. A 18G0 ; Eli- za ; Pauline ; Caroline, married Murat, King of Naples, who was slain 1S15. Napoleon HI. was son of Louis. The recent '■• Prince Napoleon "" is Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul, son-in-law of Victor Emanuel. Tab. 20. Bothwell. Tab. 23. Boulogne. Tables 21, 32. Bourbon. Tables 15, 16, and 12 especially; also, 13, 14, 18 (Coude), 32, Brabant. HcDry L, son of Godfrey IX. of Loixaine {see Lor- raine, II.), Count of Louvain, was made Duke of Bra- bant by Frederick Darbarossa (32 I.) ; his daughter Mary married Otto IV., Emperor ; his son Henry II. (A 1247) married Sophia, dan. of Lewis IV. of Thuringia (8) and 8t. Elizabeth ; they bad two sons named Henry : the younger became head of the house of Hesse, in all branches ; the other was Henry IH, of Brabant, A 1260, father of John I. Tables-13, 32 U. The rest of the line is in Tab. 32. Mary of Brabant, in Tab. 14, was sister of John I. *Braganza. See Portugal. Braudenbiu-g. Tables 24, 25, 28, 30, Brandenburg was given, 1142, to Albert the Bear {nee Albert, and Saxony) as margrave and elector; it passed to his elder son Otto, whose line ended with "Waldemar, 1320; Emperor Lewis gave it to his sons (25), from whom it went in 1373 to Wenzel, the emperor; in 1376, to his bro. Sigismund, who sold it to the house of Hohenzollern (24). Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. Tab. 23. Brazil. John IV. of Portugal (q. v.) fled from Napoleon in 1808 to Brazil, which he declared a kingdom ; his son, Pedro IV., preferred Brazil, declared it an empire, and himself emperor as Pedro L, Tab. 31. He gave Portu- gal to liis daughter, Maria da Gloria, but gave, in 1S34, Brazil to his son, lier brother, Pedro II., who visited the United States in 1S7G. Brittany. Tab. 13. Under a long line of Celtic princes end- ing with Conan IV. Bruce. Tab. 29. Bruns\vick. The house of Brunswick, descended from Wil- liam, son of Henry the Lion (8), has had an importance from the location and size of its possessions, and not from the ability of its princes. The seventh duke, Frederick, was chosen emperor in 1400, but was killed by an enemy, at once. The twenty-first duke, Ernest Augustus (23, 25 I.), became Elector of Hanover {see Elector in "Index to Charts"). As an English house, Brunswick dates from his son (23). A Russian marriage, Tab. S3. Charles William, Duke of Brunswick, general in the Seven Years'" War and in 1792 and 1806 (+ 1806), was son of Charlotte Philippine, sister of Frederick the Great, and of Charles, brother of Antony Ulrie, Duke of Brunswick- Be vern. The domains of the house were divided to various branches. Buckingham. Tab. 22. The present Duke of Buckingham is a Grenville, not related to the earlier lines. Bm-gundy. See note on this name in "Index to Charts," p. 56. I. Cisjurane Burgundy : only kings. Boson and Louis the Blind, Tab. 5. 11. Transjuraue Burgundy: the whole line is in Tab. 6. Bertha, sister of Rudolf III., and the unfortunate wife of Robert of France, see in Tab. 13. By her first husband she was mother of Odo (Otto) II. of Champagne, and thus ancestress of King Stephen of England and of the lino of Navarre, Tables 11 and 14. ni. The Duchy of (Lower) Burgundy was held by 1, Richard the Justiciary, brother of King Boson; 2, Rudolf, King of France, Tab. G ; 3, Hugh the Black, his brother; 4, 5, 6, Hugh Capet (6 and 13) and his brothers Otto and Henry Otto ; 7, King Robert II. ; 8, by the line in Tab. 13 ; 9, by the Valois Hne, Tables 14, 32 II. The title was borne by the father of Louis XV., Tables 12 and 16. IV. Upper Burgundy = Franche-Cnnite. Set otF as a coun- ty in the time of Hugh the Black, above named ; went to Otto William, Tab. 5, son of Hugh's sister Gcrberga and Adalbert, King of Italy (5) ; Beatrix, hen-ess of his line, in 1156 married Frederick Barbarossa ; li'om his son Otto (A 1200), by an heiress -daughter, Franche- Comt6 went to Otto I. of Meran, whose heiress-daughter married Hugh, Count of Chalons; from his son Otto (t 1303) it went by Jane the heiress to Philip V. of France; by his daughter Jane it went to Eudes IV. of Bur- gundy, Tab. 13; thenceforth, with the other Burgundy, . it went to the Valois dukes, to MaximiUan (32, 9), and so to the Spanish kings, until taken by France, 1678. In seven generations it passed five times from one house to another by an heiress. Cf. Nevers. Byzantine. Dynasties or rulers of E. Empire arc so styled ; see Angeli, Basilian, Comneni, Constantino, Isaui'ians, Palieologi. Caesar, Julius. Family, Tab. 2, in Cliart, Cent. L, p. 20. Calabria. Tables 17, 19. Calembach. Tab. 24. Carignan. Tab. 26. Carlings = Carlovingians = Karlings. Tables 5, G. Carlist claimants in Spain. Tab. 12. Cassander, Macedonian. Tab. 3. Castile. Tables 8, 11. ♦Champagne. This house was descended from Ilerbei-t II. of Vermandois, Tab. 5, note, and from his g.-son 0 his bro. Almeric, whence all the line thereafter. Ajm, Tab. 20, was own aunt of Char- lotte. Catherine Cornaro, the last real Queen of Cyprus, was wife of Charlotte's illegitimate half-brother, James II. Danish Kings of England. Tab. 20. Darnley. Tab. 23. Dauphiny. Tab. 1.3. From this district came the title " Dauphin." Denmark. The lirst line of kings runs from Gorm the Old (20) to Christopher, A 1448, g.-g.-nephew of Margaret tho Great, who was a Dane and l^ueen of Norway and Sweden by marriage (see Norway). The new line began with Chris- tian I., of Oldenburg, A 14S1. Kings after him followed thus: his sun John, A ].")13; his son Christian II., deposed 1523; Frederick I. (A 1533), Duke of llolstein, T.ab. 27, son of Christian I. The crown went then from father to son ten times; Christian III., A 15511 : Frederick 11., A 15SS; Christian IV., A 1048 [he took share in the Thirty Years' War, and his sister Anne (23) married King James ; hence Frederick the Winterking (23, 25) was his nephew by marriage]; Frederick III., A 1670; Christian V., A 1099 (his bro. George married Queen Anne, Tab. 23); Frederick IV., A 1730 ; Christian VI., A 1740 ; Frederick v., A 1700; Christian VII., A 1808; Frederick VI., A ls39. who lost Norway and sold Pomerania. Christian VIII. followed, son of Prince Frederick, who was son of Frederick v.; he died 1848: his son Frederick VII., A 1S08, lost Schleswig-llolstein. The crown then went to Christian IX., present king, scTenlh cousin of Frederick VII., the common ancestor being Christian III. Christian George, son of Christian IX., is King of Greece since 1863, his wife being Olga of Kussia, niece of the Czar. Marriages of the royal house of Denmark are alwavs with England and N. Europe, never with Austria, France, etc., except Christian II., Tab. 9. Deu.v-Ponts = Zweibriiekcn. Tables 2.5, 27, 30. Dietz. Tab. 28. Dillemberg. Tab. 28. Doniitii. Tab. 2, in Chart, Cent. I., p. 20. Emp. Domitian was a Flavian. Douglas. Tab. 2-3. This was Archibald, si.\th E.arl of Angus, g.-son of Archibald " Bell-the-cat." Gawin Douglas, tho early English translator of the J!neid, A 1522, was third son of Archibald " Bell-the-cat," and brother of George, the sixth earl's father. Dreux. T.ables 13, 18. Durazzo. Tab. 17. E Epypt. Ptolemy Lagi, Tab. 8, is ancestor of all the Mace- donian line, which ends with Cleopatra, in the eighth generation after him. All the kiugs are named Ptolemy, with some other title. Elbn?uf Tab. 19. Enghien. Tab. 18, Condc. England. Tables 20, 21, 22, 23 especially ; also, 7, 8, 24, 25, 28, 29, 82. Este. Albert Azo, Tables 7, 8. From Lis son Fulco was de- scended Borso, first Duke of Ferrara and Modena; the line ended in 1803, having had thirteen dukes in nine generations. James II. '8 wife (2:^) was daughter of Alfonso IV. In 1803 Modena went to Ferdinand of Austria, brother of Joseph II. (10). who had married the heiress. His g.-son was deposed in ISOO. Etruria, Louis, King of Tab. 12. Eu, a branch of Artois. Tab. 13. Evreu.\. The first house of Evreux is a branch of the house of Normandy; see Montfort. As a branch of the royal house of France, Louis, first Count of Evreux (14), was father of Philip, through whom the line of Evreux be- came that of Navarre (14). Farnese. See Parma. Fitzdarence. Tab. 23. Flanders, Tables 5, 20, especially 32. Flavians. The three emperors, Ves|iasian and his sons Titus and Domitian. Foi.x. An ancient family of Southwest France which, by marriage of its heiress, was united w ith that of Grailly ; but the name of Foix was adopted by the other house. The leaduig branch becomes the royal house of Navarre by marriage of Gaston IV. with Q. Eleanor (14). Gas- ton's brother, Peter of Lautrec, was grandfather of Odet de Foix, A 1528, Marsha] Lautrec of France ; of Thomas do Lescun. marshal, + 1.'25 ; and of their sister Frances, A 1537, Countess Chateanbriant, reputtd mistress of Francis I. John, second son of Q. Eleanor, was father of Gaston de Foix, Duke of Nemours. 1 1512, and of Ger- mana, A 1538, second wifeof Ferdinand Il.of Aragon (11). France. Kariing, Tables 6, G; Capetian, 0, 7, 13; Valois, 14 ; Bourbon and Orleans, 1 ; in Spain by marriage, etc., 11,12; and in Spanish Succession, 31 ; in England, 21, 22, 23 ; in Flanders, 32 ; in Savoy, 26. Franche-Comte. Tab. 5, 32. See Burgundy. Franconia, dukes and kings, emperors. Tables 0, 7, 8. Friuli. Tab. 5. G Germany. Tables 5, 0, 7, 8, 9, 10, 31. Various countries see under their own names. Gloucester. Tab. 22. Godwin's Family. Tab. 20. *Gonzaga. Mantua fell into the power of this family, 1828 ; Sigismund made John Francis a marquis, 1433 ; Fred- erick was made duke by Charles V., 1530 ; line ended, 1708 ; Austria took Mantua. See Nevers. Gracchi. Tab. 1. in Chart, Cent. II. n. c, p. 24. Greece, Kings of, modern. Tab. 25, and Denmark. Grey. T.ab. 2.3. Guelfs or Welfs. Tables 7, 8, 23. See Alsace, Brunswick. Guise. Tab. 19. 11 Hainault = Ilennegau. Tab. 32. Hanover. Tab. 23. .Sot' Brunswick. Ilapsburg. See Austria. Ilarcoiirt. Tab. 19. Beside the Lorraine branch, there was a junior branch noted for Marshal Ilarcourt, 1708-171S, and his sons. 113 INDEX TO GENEALOGICAL TABLES. Harold's line. Tab. 20. Hastings. Tables 2t1, 22. Hesse. Tab. 27. Begins with Henry I., landgrave, 1267- 1309, of whom see Brabant. Central position made Hesse (part of old Thuringia) important. Of several branches Hesse-Cassel and Hesse-Darmstadt have been chief. See Electors in '• Index to Charts,'" p. 59. Hohonstaufens. Tab. 8. Named from a castle near Gup- pingen, east of Stuttgart. Hohenzollern. Tab. 24. Holland. Became a county under Dietrich I., A 1091. His g.-g.-son J'lorent, or Florence III., a crusader, married Ada of Scotland ; see the rest of the line in Tables 29 and 32. Later Holland see in Tab. 2S ; see, too, Orange and Nassau, and Tab. 7. Holstein. Tables 27, 33, Howard. Tab. 23. See Mowbray. Queen Anne Boleyn's mother was Elizabeth Howard, daughter of Thomas, sec- ond Duke of Norfolk. Queen Catherine Howard waa first-cousin of Anne Boleyn, her father Lord Edmund being second son of the same second duke. Into the Howard family came the honors of the Mowbrays and of the titzalans. Earls of Arundel. Hungary. St. Stephen, Tab, 7, had no heirs ; the crown passed to others of the same family, called the house of Arpad (Harpad); then to the house of Anjou, Tab. 17, which ended in that branch with "'King Mary," Tables 9 and 17. After Elizabeth, Sigismund's daughter, and her cousin Ladislas V., came Matthias Corvinus (Chart, Cent. XV.) ; then the Ladislas who united Bohemia and Hungary. See, for the rest, Bohemia. Huntingdon. Tab. 29. Through his mother. Prince Henry had feudal irosscssion of Huntingdonshire in England. Isaurians. A Byzantine dynasty. Loo III. and IV., Constan- tino V. and VI. ; see the succession in Chart of Cent, VIIL Irene was wife of Leo IV., mother of Constan- tiue YI. Jerusalem. First king, Godfrey of Bouillon; see Lorraine, II. Next is his bro. Baldwin; all others are descended from his sister Ida, or have title by marriage with her descendants. Tables 33, 17, 19, and Frederick II. in 8. Joinville. Tables 16, 19. Joyeuse. The ducal title first appears with three brothers : 1, Ann, 1 15S7, admiral, favorite of Henry III.; 2, Henry, general, marshal, head of the Catholic League, A 1603; 3, Francis, A 1615, cardinal and duke. Henry's daughter carries tlie title to the Guises. Tab. 19. Julian Ca'sars. Tab. 2, in Chart, Cent. I., p. 26. Julian, Tab. 3. Juliers. Tab. 80. Karlings. Tables 5 and G. Lancaster. Tables 21 and 22. Latin Emperors. Rule at Constintinople, 1204-1261. Ta- bles 13 and 32. Lenox. Tab, 23. Leon. Tab. 11. Longueville. A French house derived from the noted gen- eral John Dnnois, A 146S, natural son of Louis of Or- leans, Tab. U, brother of Charles VI. It died out in 1707. Most noted duke, Uenrj', A 1663. Famous duch- esses, Mary of Guise, Tab. 19, and Anne of Conde, Tab. 17. Lorraine. Takes its name {LotJiringen in German) from Lothair (5), son of Emp. Lothair. Kings or dukes of different famihes (6 and 7) hold the whole of it, from Alsace to the sea, till it is divided in 959 into Upper and Lower. I. Upper Lorraine, the Moselle region, is given to the Counts of Bar: Frederick I,, A 984; his son Dietrich L, A 1026; his son Frederick III., Tab. 8. It passes, 1027-1048, to the dukes of Lower Lorraine; then to Gerard of Alsace, Tab. 5, who marries a Kariing, and Is founder of the house in Tab. 19. His son Thierry, or Dietrich (32), marries (second wife) Gertrude of Flanders ; Thierry's son Simon by first wife continues the house of Lorraine, while Gertrude's son Thierrj' (32) becomes Count of Flanders. The Lorraine so important in French his- tory is this Upper Lorraine. Connection with Anjou, Tables 17 and 19. II. Lower Lorraine, region of the Maas, Waal, and Scheldt. This is finally called Brabant; but it is not properly so called before 1100. The dukes of Lower Lor- raine are of seven families, and are mostly named God- frey. Charles the Karling and his son Otto, Tab. T), were the second family. The third was from the counts of Ardennes and Verdun: Godfrey III., 1005-1023; his bro. Gozelo I., 1023-1044 ; Godfreys IV. and V., son and g.-son of Gozelo I., Tab. 8; then (after Conrad, son of Emp. Henry IV.) comes Godfrey VI., the renowned crusader called Godfrey of Bouillon, who was son of Ida, sister of Godfrey V. In 1106, the Count of Louvnin, fol- lowing Henry of Limburg, is made duke as Godfrey VII., A 1140; his son Godfrey VIIL (whose sister Adelaide was second wife of Henry I. of England), A 1143; his son Godfrey IX. is duke 1143-1190. His son Henry I., Tab. 32, is Duke of Lower Lorraine and Brabant; after him the older title is dropped. See Brabant. Luxemburg (Luetzelburg). A noted house in the middle ages; see marriages, Tables 7, 14, 15, IS, 32. One branch became imperial, Tab. 9. The branches of Ligny, St. Paul (St. Pol), Piney, etc., became French houses. Famous is the Constable St. Pol, James, killed by Louis IX. in 1475. Jacqueline (notes in Tables 22 and 32) was his sister. Of the Piney line was Francis, Marshal Lux- embourg, time of Louis XIV. M Maccdon, Tab. 3. Macedonian Emperors, see Basilians. Maine. Tables 16 and 17. Majorca. Tab. 11. Only three kings: James I, A 1311; his eon Sancho, A 1324; and James II., g.-son of James I., deposed 1343 by Peter the Cruel. His son James was titular king. Tab. 17, as James III. Mantua. See Gonzaga. March and Marche. The latter, a title in the house of Lusi- gnan, passed to the Bourbons, Tab. 15, March was an English title, given to the Mortimers, lords of Wigmore, on the Welsh march or border. Roger, first Earl March, was paramour of Queen Isabel, murderer (?) of Edward II. (21), and hanged November 29, 1330. His g.-son Ednmnd, third earl, and others, see Tab. 22. Title passes to the crown. Mark. Tab. 30. u 113 INDEX TO GENEALOdlC'AL TABLES. Maurionno. Tab. 26. Maytmne. Tab. 19. Mtckk-nbiirg. The wife of George III. (23), and her niece Louisa (-24), motlicr of Emp. "William I. of Prussia, were of this house, an ancient Slavonian line of dukes. The main line, Mecklenburjj-Schwerin. is now under its twcn- ty-fom-th duke ; the line of Meeklenburg-Strelitz, sepa- rated about 1701), is under its seventh- Protestant fam- ily ; dci)rived in the Thirty Years' "War, but restored by GuRtavus Adolphus (27). Marriages with northern houses only. Medici. Florence, and thus Tuscany, fell into the power of Cosmo dc' Medici in 1448. From him came the elder branch: his g.-son Lorenzo, the Magnificent, A 14'J2; Lorenzo's sous [Pope Leo X., Julian, Duke of Nemours (q. V.)], and their cousin, Pope Clement VIL; and the famous Catherine (14), g.-g. -daughter of Lorenzo. Alex- ander, Tab. 12, was half-brother of Catherine. The younger branch was derived from Lorenzo, brother of Cosmo, founder of the elder. Hence came Lorenzo's g.-g.-g.-son, Cosmo L, the first grand-duke, in 156;*. and his g.-daughter Wary (IG), wife of Henry IV". The lino ended in 1737. Tuscany fell to Emp. Francis I. (10) and his descendants. Merco?ur. Tab. 18. *Merovings, Merovingians, Line of descendants of Clovis. Dagobert I, was his g.-g. -g, -son (Chart, p. 32). Mexico. Maximilian, usurper, Tab. 31. Iturbide, "Emper- or," was a usurping Mexican, 1S22, 1623, t 1S24. Milan. See Visconti. Modena. See Este. Monmouth. Tab. 23. Montague. Tab. 22. *Montferrat. Noted liouse in the middle ages. Conrad of Montferrat (called by Scott, in " The Talisman," Mont- Gerrat) was King of Jerusalem. 1192. Mary, mother of Emp. Frederick 11. 's wife Tolanda (S). was daughter of Conrad. Mary dc Brcn (32 I.) was half-sister of Yolan- da, but not daughter of Mary, Line dated from the time of Charlem.agnc and had many marriages with royal and great houses ; ended 1530. Frederick 11. of Mantua had married the linal heiress. The male line was broken ])re- viously but once, when Theodore, son of E, Emperor Andronicus II., in 1300, became Marquis of Montferrat, as son of the heiress Violante or Irene. Montfort. Tables IS, 21, 32. The line of Montfort I'Amaury came from Aniaury, a lord in Hainault about lt52. Simon II., A 1103. married Agnes of Evrcux, g.-g.-daughter of Eichard I.. Normandy (21). Ilis son (or nephew) Simon III., A lisi, mai-ried Amicia, daughter of EobcrL, third Earl of Leicester, England; their son Simon IV., tho Persecutor, + 121S, was made Earl of Leicester, 1206. nis elder son Amaury took the French possessions, which went by his g.-daughter Beatrix to Dreux (IS); the younger son, Simon (21), became the famous Earl of Leicester, founder of the House of Commons ; he had no grandsons. *Monttnorenci. An ancient, wealthy, and powerful French house, divided into several branches after 1477, as Nivelle Uhe famous Count Horn, t 1568, was of this line), Fosseux, Wastines, and Boutteville, in the Nether- lands : the ducal line, and Laval, in France. Noted are M.itthew I., A 1160; Matthew II.. the great Constable. A 1230, general at Bouvincs. ''allied by birth and mar- riage to all sovereigns of Europe;" Ann. A 1567. oonsta- Me Tuider four kings, dnkf, and peer; Admiral Damville, A 1614: Henry, last duke, executed by liichelieu, 1632, beinir then marshal and Governor of Languedoc. His sister Charlotte, A 1650. was wife of Ilcnry II. of Conde (18), No other family shows such an accumulation of dignities, employments, and merit ; there were six con- stables (Matthew the Great made this office equivalent to commander-in-chief), twelve marshals, four admii-als, and a great number of minor officers; and, at last, four duchy-peerages, viz., Luxembourg, Montmorency, Cha- tillon, and Laval. Montpensier. Tables 15, 16 (two houses). &\'e Berri. Mora^^a. Tab. 9. Mortimer. Tab. 22, See March. Mowbray, Tab. 21. First family name of Earls of Norfolk ; ended in the Howard family by an heiress, [The first Earl of Norfolk was Thomas dc Brotherton (21), son of Edward L] N Naples. Tables 11, 12. 13. 14, especially 17. See Sicily. Napoleon. Tab. 31. See Bonaparte. Nasica. See Scipio, Tab. 1, p. 24. Nassau. House begins with Otto, Tab. 7 ; seventh descend- ant from liim was Henry the Rich. A 12r>4, whose sons Walram IV. and Otto, or Otho, found the lines called Nassau-Walram and Nassau-Otto; tho former line re- mained in Germany; the latter^ained the Netherlands, and became the house of Orange -Nassau. Emperor Adolf (cf 9 and 25) was son of Walram IV. John III., Tab. 28, was sixth descendant from Otto, founder of tho other line. Navarre. Tables 11, 14, 15. Nemours. The title ''Duke of Nemours" is often a puzzle, because it was held by several families. Beginning 14ii4, it was held by Charles the Noble, of Navarre (14), till 1425 ; given by Louis XI. to James of Armagnac, whom he executed 1477 ; given to James's son Louis, A 1503 ; then to Gaston de FoLv (see Foix); then, in 1515, to Juliano de' Medici, A 1516, husband of Philiberta of Savoy, aunt of King Francis I. (20); then to I'hilip of Savoy (26), Philiberta's brother; Henry of Nemours (19), A 1632, was g.-sonof this Philip, once chief of the League iu Fr,ance, and g.-father of Mary, wife of Charles Eman- uel II. (26). About 1666 the title was given to Philip of Orleans, brother of Louis XIV., and remains in that fam- ily, Tab. 16. Neuburg. Tables 25, 30, 31. Nevers, Tab. 32 II. Passes in 1491 from Philip, son of Philip the Bold, by a g,-d. heinss to the house of Cleves; thence, 1563, to the dukes of Mantua, forming the line called Gonzaga-Nevers ; thence, by sale, the lands and title passed. 1641, to Philip Julius Mancini, nephew of Cardinal Mazarin. It illustrates tho changes of posses- sion and title in the middle ages that in less than a cen- turj', 1181-1272. Nevers went by five successive heiresses to the houses of Courtenay. Donzy, Bourbon-Areham- bault. Burgundy, royal France (Tristan, son of Louis IX,), and Flanders. Ne^il. Tab. 22, Ancestry traced to Ethelred II. (20), and so to Egbert and Cerdic. Norfolk, Tab. 21. See Mowbray and Howard. Normandy. Tables 5. 8, 20, 32; especially 21. Norway. " Maid of Norway," Tab. 29. First known King of Norway was Harold HarfaLT. 863-934 (*?), though tradition runs to Olaf Tretelgja, 600 (?). Harold Ilardrada. killed at Stamford Bridge, 1066. was ancestor of all later kings to Mairnu.s Smek. heir of Sweden and Norway, 1319-1361, A 1374. (His mother Ingeburga, first-cousin of the "Maid of Nurw.ay " and heu-ess upon her dejith, married Erik of 114 INDEX TO GENEALOGICAL TABLES. Sweden, brother of Kin;; Birger H.) Magnus's son Hacn VI. married Margaret the Great of Denmark, who united the three crowns. /St'6 Denmark. O Orange. Tables 28, 28. Orange was a princiiMlity near Ayignon in France (see p. 73). The Prince of Orange noted in wars of Charles V. in Italy was Philibert of Chalons, A IMO, brother of Claudia the heiress (28). Orleans. Tables 14, Hi. *PalreoIogi. A dj-nasty of Byzantine emperors beginning with Michael VIII., 1260-1282. All after him were his descendants, except the usoi'per John Cantacuzenus, 1311- 1355. The last of the line, Constantine XII., died May 20, 14,t3, fighting the Turks in the lin.al assault upon Con- stantinople. Palatine, Palatinate. Tables 2.5, 8, 9. I'arnia. Made a duchy in 1545 for Peter Aloysins, son of Pope Paul III., Farnese; held by that family till carried to Philip v., Spain, by Elizabeth, heiress, 1731. Tab. 12 shows later dukes. Penthievre. Tables 16, IS. Percy. Tab. 22. An English family of Norman origin, be- coming Earls of Northumberland. Hotspur's father was fii-st earl, and his son the second. The male hno and name ended 16T0 ; the name was granted, 1766, to Sir Hugh Smithson, who married Elizabeth Seymour, g.-d. of Elizabeth Perc.v, the heiress of 1670. Pinken. Tab. 29. Pi.antagenet. Tables 21, 22. Poland. The house of Piast (Piast was first duke, A S61) ruled as dukes till Premislas became king, 12!I5. Boles- las had assumed in 1077, but failed to maintain, that title. The last Piast, Casimir III. the Great (Chart, Century XIV.), left his kingdom to Louis, Tab. 17, son of his sis- ter Elizabeth and Cbarobert of Hungary-Anjou. Her g.-d. Iledwige (17) married Jagelion, Duke of Lithuania, but their children did not survive to reign. Casimir IV, was son of Jagelion; his g.-son Sigismund II., A 1572, was the last male of that house ; Sigismund's Bister Catherine and her descendants see In Tab. 27. After 1668 the crown was elective. See Tab. 10 and Sobieski. Pole, de la. Tab. 22. Portugal. Henry of Burgundy, Tab. 13, married ft daughter of Alfonso VI., Tab. 11 ; their son Alfonso was first King of Portugal. The legitimate line ending with Ferdinand, ninth king, in 1383, John I., Tab. 22, natural son of Fcr- din.and's father Pedro the Severe, was made king. On the death of King Henry the Cardinal, 15S0, there were si.x claimants ; and one of them, Philip II. of Spain, seized Portugal, which his g.-son Philip IV. lost in 1640. John IV., Duke of Braganza, g.-son of Catherine (who was niece of King Henry and was legal heir in 1580), took the throne. See Brazil. The present king, Louis I., is son of Maria da Gloria and of Ferdinand of 8a.\e-Coburg, a cousin of Queen Victoria. See Belgium. Maria had a war of succession with her father's brother, Miguel, 1828-18-33. Provence. Tables 5, 16. Prussia. Tables 24, 28, 80. Ptolemy. See Egj-pt. Komanoff. Tab. 83. Eos, de. Tab. 29. Eothsay. Tab. 29. PvUrik. Tab. 83. Kussia. Tab. 83. S E Eeichstadt. Tab. 31. Eicheuiont. Tab. 18. Sahsbury. Tab. 22. Savoy. T.ables 6, 26 especially, 32. Sa.TOn, Saxony. Saxon kings of England, Tab. 20. I. Lewis the Saxon, Tab. 6. Saxon emperors : Henry I., Ottos I., II., III., and Henry II., Tab. 6. Their duke- dom of Saxony goes to Hermann Billung, A 973, whose Une ends with Magnus, A 1106, the father of Wulf hilde, Tab. 8. Another part of Saxony (Lower Saxony) had passed to a junior son of Henry the Fowler, thus to Eichenza (Kichsa) and Lothair, Tab. 8. ; to Henry the Proud and Henry the Lion, Dukes of Bavaria. In tho breaking up of his domains. Saxony goes to the next house. II. Albert the Bear, Marquis and Elector of Bran- denburg, 1142, an Ascanian (q. v.), was head of the next house. His mother Elieka was younger sister of Wulf- hilde (above) ; and he had Saxony a few years, 1138-1142; he held also Anhnlt. His son Otto became Elector of Brandenburg, which see. Albert's son, Bernard, in 1180 received Saxony, and was first elector (A 1212). Ber- nard's son Henry (A 1252) received Anhalt ; his other son Albert (A 1280) received Saxony and the electorship. This share was again divided ; the younger son John re- ceived Sa.xe-Lauenburg, which line ended in 1689, and Lauenburg went to Brunswick-ZeU ; the elder son, Albert of Wittenberg (A 1279), had tho rest of Sa.\ony, and con- tinued the line of electoral dukes, which ended with Albert III., A 1422, g. -g.-son of Albert of Wittenberg. III. The electorate and duchy was then transferred to the house of Wettin, who claimed to trace ancestry through the Margraves of Misnia to Witikind. the Saxon chief of 800. Tho first electors of this line see in Tab. 9 and the note there. From John Frederick, Ernest's g.-son, the electorate went to Maurice, son of Henry, son of Al- bert, Ernest's brother. The twelfth elector of this Alber- tine line (eighteenth of Wettin house) becomes king, Ta- bles 10, 25. Scipios. Tab. 1, in Chart, Century I. b. c, p. 24. Scotland. Tables 7, 23, 29. Sempronii, Gracchi. See Scipios, p. 24. Seymour. Tab 23. Sforza. See Viscontl. Sicily. Eoger I., Count of Sicily, A 1101, brother of P,obert Guiscard, A 1085, was one of tho remarkable family of sons of Tancred of Hanteville ; Tancred tho crusader was son of his sister Emma. King Roger, A 1154, was son of Count Eoger. William I. and II., son and g.-son of King Roger, follow ; the latter was brother-in-law of Richard Co?ur de Lion. After Tancred and William III., in 1194, came Constantia. daughter of King Roger, and her husband, Henry VI., Tab. 8. Their descendants. Tab. 8, were rulers till Peter of Aragon, Tab. 11, got Sicily, while Charles of An.jou, T.ab. 17, got Naples. Tho rulers of Sicily and Naples to Charles V. are in Tables 11 and 17; those after Charles V., till the new kingdom of Italy, are in T.ab. 12. Simmeren. Tab. 25. Sobieski, John, A 1096, was a noted warrior and King of Po- land ; Theresa, Tab. 2.5, was his d.anghter ; Mary, Tab. 28, was daughter of his sou James Lewis. 115 INDEX TO GENEALOGICAL TABLES. 8oissons. A French house with branch in Savoy, Tab. 26. Somerset. Tables 23 and 23. The Dulces of Somerset in Tab. 23 are Seymours, and are numbered anew, so that two persons are called third duke. Spain. Tables 9, 10, 11,12; Spanish succession, 31. Spiinish marriages appear in Tables of Austria, France, England, and Savoy. Spoleto. Tab. 5. Stafford. Tab. 23. Stuart. Tables 29, 23. Styria. Tables 9, 10. Suffolk. Tables 23, 23. Sulzbach. Tab. 26. Swabia. Tables T, 8, 9. Sweden. Tables 27 especially, and 24. See Norway. Taranto. Tables 17, 20. Thessalonlca. Tob. 17. Wife of Oassandcr, Tab. 3. Thuringia. Tab. S. Thuringia passed by -Judith, a sister of Lewis IV., the S-aintly, to the Margraves of Misnia, and thus to the house of Wettiu. See Sa.\ouy, III. Toulouse. Tables 13, 10. Tudors. Tables 23, 23. Turenne. Tab. 28. Tuscany. Tables 8, 10. See Medici. Tyrol. Tab. 10. U Ulster. Tables 21, 22. Valois. Tab. 14. Vaudemont. Tab. 19. Vendfime. Tables 15, 16. Vermandois. Tables 5, 6 ; 13, 32. Viana. Tab. 14. Visconti. A family which ruled Milan and thus Lombardy from 1311. The first duke was John Galeazzo, 1376-1402, who married Isabel (14), and whose sister married Lionel (22). With his sons, John Mary, A 1412, and PhiUp Mary, A 1447, the line ended. Francis Sforza, a general whose wife was natural daughter of Philip Mary, succeeded him ; A 1400. His two sons and three g.-sons were Dukes of Milan, the last dying 1630, when Charles V. gave Milan to his son Philip II. of Spain. W Warwick. Tab. 22. Weldentz. T.ab. 26. Welfs. Tables 7, 8. See Alsace, Bavaria, r.ninswick, Sa-x- ouy. Wettiu. See Saxony, Eabenbergs. *Wurtemberg. This house traces back to a Count Eberhard who is said to have married a daughter of C-harlem.agne. Ulric and Eberhard are favorite names in the family. Eberhard III. defeated the Swabian League at Bofliiigen (Chart, Cent. XIV. 1. Eberhard VI. became Duke Eber- hard I. in ]4;i5. The sbcteenth duke became King Fred- erick I. in ISO.i, followed l.slO by William I. (A l.b64), whose son Charles I. now reigns. York. Tab. 23. Zaebringers. See Baden. TnE END. 116 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 459 628 3 (^--