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 <, V- (3 5) • r^ ^ 
 
 c3 ^ 
 
 ^^cP<^ 
 
 .0^ 
 
 
 
 ^>^^^'^^ %.<^ 
 
 ^ ^ :ir - ' ^^..^ 
 
 ^' 
 
 '^ .<. s-> A<^ 
 
 
 
 9v ' ■AC'- -; 
 
The latest &the earliest Frost in each year j^rom a plantation book of record kept 
 by James H.Hannmond near Silver Bluff S.C. 
 
 5:; ^^ SummerSolstice 
 ^^^^ ££:^ Uu.ne. 
 
 cxr, ^ 
 
 Explanation op Tadi.k — Take the Istpolumn, the Year 1832, and it will be seen by the heavy lines (whicli denote the day on which the frost fell) that 
 tliere was frost on March 7th, and lower down, in same column, on November 11th, showing that the last frost that fell in 1832 was on March 7ti), and the 
 first on November 11th, and so on throui;h each vear. 
 
^ 
 
 TH CAROllNA. 
 
 IJOURCES AND POPULATION, 
 
 riTUTIONS AND INDUSTRIES. 
 
 riii'.i-isiii;i> i!V Till'; 
 
 ;tate board oi^^ agriculture 
 
 OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Govsrnor HUGH S. THOMPSON, Cliairman. 
 
 A. P. BUTLER, Corrimissionor'. 
 
 CHARLESTON. 8. 0. 
 
 Wa 
 
 LKICK, EVANH & CoOSWKiL, Fill NTKIiH, 
 
 NoK. ••( J5rosi(l iind lOfl Kiist I'.uJLs! r.M'tK. 
 
 188-^. ., 
 
 r /' 
 
' uC, 
 
PREFACE, 
 
 i 
 
 HM cm. B<«-/. Ma>ui. S.,. Ca.. WU (Mob.; 18SS. 
 
 /-'""-■"""" '"■^''■"' •' "' ., ;„ ,„,„■,,, U, im all ihr Mail, of th 
 
 „,„„.,7,„...^ n,n>oM <I.U, o, ^^^^ _^ ^^^^ ^^^ ,^^, ,,,, 
 
 //iii^i^r HAMMOND, 
 
 ." 
 
 TISTICS. 
 
% 
 
 IH; 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Red Cliffe, Beech Idand, So. Oct., 15th October, 1883. 
 
 I have brouglit together hi these pages as mang facts and figures as I could^ 
 in tJic time at mg disposal, touching the Eesources of South Carolina, and thA 
 more obvious conditions of life in^ Iter liviits. The Map I have prepared tc 
 accompani/ tJiix volnmc ivill crndtlc the reader to loccde and. bound each 
 Ennvierafiov Disfrief <f the lOfh Suited States Census tvithin the State. TJlit 
 givr^,f()i- the fivi^f tinir, the frame ivorh inivhicli to fill all the details of th' 
 Census. Tliese uiaij be eouxidcred in co)niectio)i with the PJigsical and P' 
 lugiral feuturcx of the State, u^JiicJi, in .so far as ascertained, are also el 
 on thin Map. 
 
 I return mg thdiiLs to luaug j)erson,s ivho, in respont^e to nig inquirieb^ 
 contributed important data for tJiis volume, and in especied to General Joh 
 JIagood, who, being tlicn (rovernor of the Stede, caused tlie work to be un 
 taken, and gave it effective furtherance. d 
 
 SJiould. this b()(/k induce others to pronaAe or to prosecute similar uvrk, 
 assist tJiem In e.vtending our- hiowledge in tltese regards, and in making 'i, 
 available for Jiuman axe, I shall esteem mgself fortunate. 
 
 HARRY HAMMONR 
 
■T MH U,Uu,,v.„.Us..,s.v,,..,v,.,U..linU,M <, U,,. I.U.win. „ave , 
 
 Ihhmi consulted: 
 
 1718 
 
 limTOUY OK CAUOl-lNA, by .1"11N I-anvsi.n 
 
 fouKnNAI. COMMUNICATIONS TO TlIK AGlvK UI.ll KAL ^^^^^ 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA r;ir,vpv "ik-'O h> iS45 l«4(i 
 
 1>U0CEKI)1N(;S 8TATK AGRlCUl/nHlAL SOClM ^ IS.- 1 > ^ ^-••- ^ 
 
 HISTORICAL COLLKCTIONS oK SoM U * ■'•;|^';'_; ' ,s:3(> 
 
 2 Vol'.iines , vj,,,m< l^-l-! 
 
 .KoauArHY OK S0.T1I ^---';^;,;:>',;^;:;:;:;r: vr;:una7'"" 
 
 REPORT OF AGRICm/riTRAL SUKA l-A Ol M)l ^^^,. 
 
 by RuKKiN r ...'Vw/w'K'M SIM? V FY OF SOUTJI 
 
 ,KT OF AGRICULTFRAL AND (JFOlAX.K AL 
 
 ESOTTRCES OF SOUTHERN FIFLDS AND I'OKl. U , > ..jsSO-1-2 
 
 x'FAR BOOKS OF CHARLESTON ^^^. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA STATE (iAZETTFEU 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS, 
 
 P»^RT I. 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 ('MAPTKRr. INTRODUCTORY. Location'. Auka : Miips. Gknkrai. KKATiuica 
 UiVKiis. RicciioNS. A(iiucui/ruin: : Small (Jrain, Rioo, In(lif«;o, Indiim (!oni, Cotton 
 Soa iHland Cotton, Remarks. I)ia(;ra.m oi' Ckoi-s, KwO to !8S(l pj). l-i;5. 
 
 CHAPTER II. COAST RI'XJIOX. Location: Area, Churactoristics. (Jkomxi^ 
 Subsidence, Erosion, Sedimciilatioii, i-'ormation oT Islands, TcjiKjiirapliy, Piiysicai.' 
 Features, Tides. Soils: Ui)lands. I'.ays, Salt-Marslios. A.nai.vsks : Error, Occurrenc( 
 of Marls, &c. Climatic: Ilealtli. Statistics. Picoductions. (.'otton : Three Kinds of 
 Seeds, Hybrids, Origin, Improvement, and Characteristics of Sea Island. Farms: 
 Number, Value of Land. Laror: Tenures, Credits, l)ia<j;ram, EneloHure.s, Drainaj,'e, 
 Plows, Hoes, Fallows. Cn/riRi: : Of Sea Islan<l Cotton. Enkmiks: Of the Plant, 
 Handling. Skkd: Santees and IMaiiis. Limits: Of Culture. Cost of Production, 
 Yield, Itemized Statement of Ivxpcmdiliires pp. Pt-J:!. 
 
 CHAPTEIi Jil. LOWER PINE HELT, OR SAVANNA REtHON. Location. 
 I'll VsicAL— Features, Rivers, Lakelets, Elevation, Drainage, Irrigratiou, Freshets 
 OiooLoov: Cretaceous, liuhrstone, Santee Marls, Ashley and CoojKn- Marls. PiioK 
 I'hatks : Occurrence, Characters, Fos.sils, Chan.tres, Origin, Extent. Mining. S(jii.fe 
 Ui)!ands, Analyses, Swamps. (hiowTii. Cm.mati;: Health. Statistics. Piu)i)i!(;rjoNs : 
 Rice Culture, Oats, Classes. Arka: In Cotton. Farms: Labor, Wages, Rents, Value 
 of Land, Credits. Tim-ack: Eallowiug, Rotation of Crops, Manures. Cotton: Culture, 
 Handling. Cost : Of I'roductioii. Disasters to the Plant. Abstract of Townshii) Cor- 
 resj.ondence pp. 4-1 -70. 
 
 OIIAPTER IV. rpPEL' PI.NE P.ELT. Location. Ei.icvatk.n : Water ( '..iir.scs- 
 CKOi.ofiv: Crctacc^oiis, Mi(tcene, and Eoci'iu! .Marls, P.iihrstrine. Soils: Analys(!S. Pee 
 De(( Lands, River I-ands, Swamp Lands. (Jmmati: : i-'rost Diagram. Growth: Indian 
 Fires, Productions Statistics. Advancks: To Farmers. Sizic of Farms. Larok: 
 Wages, Rent, Value of Land. Tabi.k: E.xhibiting Production in Relation to Credits, 
 Size of Farms, those Rented and those Worked by Owners. Enclosuimcs: Drainage, 
 Fallows, Rotation, Tillage, Growth on Lands Lying Out, Manures. Cotton: (Jultiu-e, 
 Handling. Ratio : Of Lint to Seed Cotton. Siiiim'inc. (Jrass, Lice, Rust. Coht\ Of 
 Production. Ditto in iStS. Aiistract; Of Township Correspondc-ncc! pp. 7I-';(l!).' 
 
 CHAPTER V. RED HILL REGION. Location. (Jkoloov : Sienna Colored 
 ( 'lay, Grav(!l Red, Buhrston(% Siliceous Rock. Sons: Analyses. Ciimatk. tJiiowTii. 
 
 >^T\TlsrU'H r pp_ IP) ii,;_ 
 
 CHAPTER VI. S.WDHILL REGIO.X. Position and Area: Elevation, Contour, 
 Diagram, Streams, Lakelets, Blowing Wells. (Jkoi.oov : Granite, Sandstone, Loose 
 Sand, Kaolin Clay. Soils: Analyses. (Jrowtii and Productions, Climate. Sta- 
 ■''•^■'•"'" pp. 117-125. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 evil Vll PIEDMONT REGION. Location, Nuu.e, Elevations, tall in 
 
 Witeisheds, Rivers, Table, Navigation. Geology: Triple Occurrence of 
 
 Gneiss Hornblende Mica Slate, Ores and Minerals, Talc Slate, Diamonds, 
 
 - te T^ g"i> Mines : Occurrence, Diagran., Golden Age, Sii.vkk, T^ad, Zinc, 
 
 BillLlron, Barytes, Manganese, (Graphite. I^^^P-"' f ^j^f «;^;:^^^; 
 
 rournialine, Corundum, Zircons. Soils: Disintegration ^^^l^.^^^^l 
 
 T Analyses Red Loams, Analyses, Hornblendic, Analyses, Mica Slate, Clay Slat^, 
 
 Advances, Bank's. Labor, Wages. Value of Lands. Rents. Tn laok : Rotation Fall^^^^ 
 ing, Old Fields, Manuring. Cotton Culture, Enemies, (rab Grass. <--^^^;' ^' I^^J^^^' 
 Cost of Production. Abstract of Township Correspondence PP- i- 
 
 rwAPTKl'VlTT VTPINE REGION. Location: Features, Great Fault, Water- 
 slXlo't:!,' Knot:: "elfoL. Aspect. G.o.„.v : RooU. 0-,M^-«^.. ^^ 
 ^ T ^Vrr-r .r-,^ Pntton CulturB GiNNiNG. Abstract of iownsnip <^orres 
 
 Statistics. Labor. Iiixack. i^otton ^^uiuut!. virn>i 183-195. 
 
 pondence 
 
 CHAPTER IX WATER POWERS. Sources of Information. Three Regions, 
 Pi'^itrXii^onrClimate, Rainfall. Water Courses, ^ab^ Power Ltibze Ta e 
 Method of Estimating Water Power. Summary ot Powers, Note. Apfllent oj e 
 Savannah, Aggregate of Power, Employment of Water Power, Cost PP- !•»<. - 
 
 CHAPTER X. LIST OF VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CA^C)LINA. 
 Mammals,Birt>s,Reptiles, Fishes, Bibliography li-" 
 
 CR^PTKR Xr LIST OF THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTH a\RO- 
 L;?!^'}i;^o^cTC^^ Iksects, Bibliograpliy, S.ioers, H^;^--;;-- ^kabs^s 
 Parasites, Cutti.e-eish, Snails, Mussels. Star-fish, ^^'^'^;^;;;;^; J^^^'^^^'o^^^n, 
 Infusoria, Bibliography 
 
 CH^PTFRXII LIST OF THE PLANTS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. Flowering 
 eHAl ILKXii. i.iM ui Floweeless Plants. Horsetails, 
 Plants, with two seed leaves, ^"^\^«"^J^^^^ '^^'l g^^^^^ed Mushrooms. Sum- 
 Ferns, Cnub-inosses, Water-ferns. Mosses. Lichens, ^ea^^^^^- ^^^ 312-359. 
 
 mary. Bibliography 
 
 TABLES. 
 
 T\BLEI Meteorological Records from 1752 to 1880. 
 
 tIbLE II Statistic-s of the Agricultural Regions of South Carolina, 1880 
 
 '•'SlK V.'l'H'ui'iral S.a.i.ti.. of eaol, Tow...n,. of So,,.,, C .ina, in 1S»0. 
 
 N. B. Tl,o data of Tables 11., 111., a„d V. „,ay be localised by >efere,.ce to the Ma,, 
 accompanying this Volumi;. 
 
TAfeLE Ol' CONTENTS. Vll 
 
 Pi^RT IT. 
 
 CH.IPTER I. POPULATION. Indians, Origin, Numbers, Synopsi ■ >f Nations and 
 Tribes, Survivors. Negroes, Introduction of, Numbers of Imported, R\ e of Increase 
 from 1714 to 1790, from 1790 to I860, Increase of Free Negroes, Increase \ South Cai-o- 
 lina, 1810 to 1880, Comiiared with Other Populations, Intermixture, Female , Centres of 
 Population, Divergence of African and European. Distribitiox of Negro, Foreign, and 
 Aggregate Population according to Elevation, to Mean Annual Temi>erature, to Summer 
 Temperature, to Winter Temperature, to Highest Temperature, to Lowest Temperature, 
 to Rainfall. Distribution within the State, Chronologically. Difkusiox. Eiropeans, 
 Chronology 1497 to 1783, Numbers, 1790 to 1880, Increase, 1790 to 1880, Tables, Diagram, 
 No Antagonism of Races, Prospect. Movement of Population, Population Maps, 1790 to 
 1880, Tables. Foreigners. Sexes. Ages, Aggregate Years Lived, Ratio of Difi'erent Ages, 
 Tables, INIilitary Age, Citizenship Age, Table. Dwellings and Families, Tables. 
 
 pp. 363-399. 
 
 CHAPTER II. VITAL STATISTICS. Mortuary Records, Comparison of Deaths 
 •in South Carolina and in the United States, Diagram, Death Rate of Foreigners. Mar- 
 riages : Table, Season. Births : Number, Table, Season, Plurality Births, Still Births. 
 Deaths: Table, 1853-59, Months, Ages, Longevity, Causes of Death. Malarial Dis- 
 eases : Census of 1880, Mortality in the Difi'erent Regions of the State, Age, Sex, 
 Princi pal Diseases. . , pp. 400-421 . 
 
 CHAPTER III. INSTITUTIONS. Governuient and Laws of South Carolina. Origin 
 of the name Carolina. Character and Nationalities of the Colonists, Government 
 under the Lords Proprietors, Locke's Constitution, the Royal Governors, Con!^titutions of 
 1770 and 1790, Progress between the Revolutionary War and Secession. Leading Prin- 
 ciples of the Constitution, Declaration of Rights and Form of Government, Legislative 
 Department, Executive Department, Judicial Department ; The Sutlrage, Taxation, 
 Education ; The Militia, IMarriage and Divorce, Amendments and Revision of the 
 Constitution. The Statute Law, Crimes and Punishments, Murder, Rape and Arson, 
 Manslaughter, other Crimes aud Misdemeanors. Law ok Property, Publu- Instruc- 
 tion, Department op A(;riculture, Immkjrants and Seamen, General Remarks, 
 Authorities consulted pp. 4i'] -444 . 
 
 CHAPTER IV. A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 p])^44.")-549. 
 
 CHAPTER V. CHURCHES. Church of England, other Churches, Negro Churches, 
 Tables PP- 550-.'i5(). 
 
 CHAPTER VI. OCCUPATIONS. Population Accounted for. Percentage of Work- 
 ers, Increase Sex, and Nativity, Changes of Occupation, Agriculture, Professional and 
 Personal Services, Trade aud Transportation, Manufactures and Mining. The Insane : 
 Idiots, Blind, Deaf Mutes, Paujiers, Prisoners PI), •"i.57-572. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. MANUFACTURES. Compared with Agriculture, Ifetrospect, 
 Growth, Present Condition. Cotton Goods, Cotton Ginning. Fertilizers, Flour and 
 Grist Mills. Sawing Lumber, Turpentine, and other Manufactures. Mining : Phos- 
 phates, Kaolin, Granite, Fisheries PP- r>73-f)10. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. THE HISTORY AND PRESENT CONDITION OF TRANS- 
 PORTATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA pp. 011-640. 
 
VI 11 
 
 TA15LK OK CONfEJ^fS. 
 
 CHAPTP:U IX. debt and taxation. Fiscal History, Bank of the State. 
 LvTERNAL Impuovkmkxts : Financial Condition, 1859-1808, 1871-2, 1882. T.vijlk of 
 Dep.t Axn Taxation: 1801-1881. Fkokual Taxation : Internal Revenue Customs: 
 Suniniarv, tliroo Plates pp. f541-(558. 
 
 CHAPTER X. TOWNS OF SOUTH C.VPOLINA. Retrospect, Table of Towns 
 and Tradiuii Points; Bank Statement, 1849 to 1881. Coast Recuon : Port Royal, Beau- 
 fort, Mount Pleasant, Charleston, Georgetown. Lower Pine Belt : Hampton, Colleton, 
 Berkeley, Williamsburjr, Clarendon, Horry. Upper Pine Belt: Barnwell, Orange- 
 burg, Sumter, Darlington, Marlboro, Marion. Red Hili^ and Sand Hills: Aiken, 
 Lexington, Rirhland, Columbia, Kershaw, Ciiestertield. Piedmont Region: Abbeville, 
 .\nder.son, Chester, Fairtield, Greenville, Lancaster, Laurens, Newberry, Spartanburg, 
 I'nion, York. Alpine Re(jion : Oconee, Pickens pp. 6ri9-716. 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 10th page, last lino, for lS(i() read IS^'iO. 
 
 11th page, ")th line, for 1S.")(1 read 1S(>0. 
 
 12th page, tth line, forState read United States. 
 
 l.")th page, :^()th line, for erosive read eroded. 
 
 '22d page, .'!Tth line, for being read was. 
 
 S2d page, U.h line, for 11.4 read l.n. 
 111th page, .'>7th line, for by read but. 
 112th page, -tth line, for literal read littoral. 
 115th page, 19th line, for included read unculti- 
 vated. 
 lUlth page, 2Mth line, for in read if. 
 122d page, ;Wlh line, for said read sand. 
 124tli page ISth line, for IMedniont read Alpine. 
 124th page, 2()th line, for truly read to rely. 
 124th page. :)9lh line, for herd read head. 
 182d page, 19th line, omit "and their gradual 
 
 slopes on their northeastern face." 
 20Sth page, .Ith line, for 1S7{) read 1S70. 
 214i.h page. 14th line, for uctivagans read nocti- 
 
 vagans. 
 238th page, IStli line, for spring read spiny. 
 24^M page, 27th line, after Prof. (Joode insert 
 
 annu.'illy. 
 24()tli page, i;ith line, for Pelarls read Polaris. 
 219th page, l.')th line, for ratari us read aratrarius. 
 249tli page, 27th lino, for Hollosoma read Holeo- 
 
 sonia. 
 251st page, .id line, for Blethari read Blcphario. 
 2:">lst page, 15th line, for colsos read Colias. 
 'i'Ad page, 4th line, for basis read bases. 
 25.Sd page, :?Oth line, for Ilinirhamphus read 
 Honiirbaniplms. 
 
 '.i'>lth page, 14th line, for of fislies read of other 
 fishes. 
 
 2.51th page, 22d line, for eyloid read cycloid. 
 
 2-54th page 24ih Hue, for kell read well. 
 
 2.>')th page 24tli line, for v^ertebrate read verte- 
 brae. 
 
 2.59th page, 12th line, for Sepidosteusread Lepid- 
 osteus. 
 
 318th page, 24th line, forcoplUtnareadcopallina. 
 
 325t.h page, 13th line, for niasculata read macu- 
 lata. 
 
 ;i59th page, otith line, for Hooke's read Hooker's, 
 
 3(Wth page, 5th line, for natives read nations. 
 
 ."WOth page, 2()th line, for counties read States. 
 
 ;vSlst page, 13th line, for 377 read 402. 
 
 ;?89th page, (ith line, for eighty road seventy- 
 eight. 
 
 ;W8tli page, 2(ith line, for Belquiver read Belgium. 
 
 lOOth page, ISth line, for 428 read 417. 
 
 40t)th page, 24th line, for 277 read 2()9. 
 
 40(ith page, 24th line, for 9 read ,9. 
 
 4I3th page, 20th line, after mortality read from 
 this cause. 
 
 ■)(>8th page, ;!8th line, for B read F. 
 
 574th page, 21st line, for possesses read pos- 
 sessed. 
 
 .578th page, 17th line, for renumeration read re- 
 enuincration. 
 
 GOlst page, lOth line, for changes read charges. 
 
 648t.h page, 1st line, read " j^ears subsequently 
 was, in the hands," &c. 
 
PART I. 
 
 AN ACCOUNT OF THE COUNTRY. 
 
CHi^LPTEK I. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 LOCATION. 
 
 The State of South C^arolina lies between Nortli hititude 32° 4' 30^' and 
 35° 12' and longitude West from Washington 1° 30' and 0° 54\ 
 
 AREA. 
 
 William Gerald De Brahm gave to the ])ul)lie, in 1757, the lirstMaj) of 
 South Carolina, estimating the area of the State at 33,7(50 square miles. 
 James Cook, in 1771, and Henry Mouzon, in 1775, published in London 
 excellent maps of the State, from which Drayton and Ramsay make the 
 area 24,080 square miles. Between 1816 and 1820 the State expended 
 $52,760 on a map of the State, under the direction of John Wilson ; this 
 map was published in 1822. The State spent $12,000 more for this pur- 
 pose in 1825, and obtained Robert Mills' large Atlas of South Carolina, 
 probably the most accurate map of the State even to this day. Mills 
 estimates the area of the State at 30,213 square miles, The United States 
 Census of 1870 places it at 34,000 square miles, while the census of 1880 
 makes it 30,170. Thus, although geography may be held as one of the 
 exact sciences, it seems that these geogra})hers, with no material changes 
 in the boundaries, vary in their estimates from twenty-six to thirty- 
 seven per cent. 
 
 BOUNDARIES. 
 
 The State approaches in shape the form of an isosceles-triangle. The 
 equal sides being on the North, the boundary line of North Carolina, and 
 on the South and West, the Savannah river separating it from (Jeorgia. 
 The apex of the triangle rests upon the summits of the Blue Ridge moun- 
 tains. The base sweeping with a gentle s shaped curve from the south- 
 west to the northeast, forms part of the Atlantic shore line of North 
 America. This line is parallel, or nearly so, with about one-half the 
 
4 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 coast lines of the continents of the earth, as witness the northwest coast 
 lines of America, Europe and Africa, and the southeast coast lines of 
 South America, Africa and Asia. 
 
 GENERAL FEATURES. 
 
 Parallel also with this coast line trend the divisions between the various 
 geological formations of the State. First, extending not more than ten miles 
 inland, we have the strata of the post pleiocene resting on the formations 
 of the eocene. These, with here and there a patch of the meiocene and 
 cretaceous formations, stretch back into the interior about one hundred 
 miles, until they reach the crystalline rocks, whose well marked line has, 
 during the entire past history of the State, divided it socially, politically 
 and industrially, as well as phj'^sically, into what has always been known 
 as the up-country and the low-country of Carolina. This division of the 
 State into up-country and low-country by the line bounding the southern 
 margin of the crystalline rocks, and trending northeast and southwest 
 across its central portion, is strongly marked in everything, in the hills 
 and highlands of the up-country, with their heavy red clay soils, and in 
 the gentle slopes or wide flats of lighter colored sandy loam of the low- 
 country, in the rapid, turbid water courses of the one, and the slow, clear 
 currents of the other; in the vegetable growth, the chestnut, the deciduous 
 oaks and the short leaf pine, occupying the up-country, and the long leaf 
 pine, the magnolia and the evergreen oaks, with the long gray moss, 
 marking the low-country ; and lastly, in the manners, character, ancestry, 
 and even in the very tones of voice of the inhabitants. Passing beyond 
 the lower margin of the crystalline rocks and proceeding towards the 
 mountains, we find in all the various strata — in the order of their super- 
 position — one above the other, the limestones, the itacolumite, the clay 
 talc and mica slates, the gneiss and the granite — that the same parallel- 
 ism is maintained throughout, the prevailing strike in all being N. 20° to 
 30° E. If we regard the movements of the atmosphere, we find here also 
 that the predominating currents of the air move in a northeasterly and 
 southwesterly direction. 
 
 RIVERS. 
 
 Perpendicular to this direction — that is to say, in a southeasterly 
 course — the four great rivers, with their numerous tributaries that drain 
 and irrigate South Carolina, make their way from the mountains to the 
 sea. Before leaving the crystalline rocks — the point that marks their 
 lower falls and the head of steam navigation — the rivers have received 
 the rapid currents of nearly all their affluents. Thereafter their stately 
 
INTRODUCTORY. O 
 
 flow proceeds more slowly, passing the great inland swamps of the low 
 country, as if the waters still remembered when they found issuances 
 through these ancient deltas. In the great freshet of 179G, the waters 
 of the Santce river broke through at Hell-Hole swamp, and made their 
 way to the s^a through Cooper river. During the same freshet, the 
 Savannah river made its way through the swamps of Hampton county, 
 and emptied its waters through Broad river into the sea at Port Royal. 
 As each river leaves the region of rocks to enter the borders of the low- 
 country, it makes a sudden and well-marked detour eastward, except the 
 Savannah, which seems to have had its bed shifted westward at this line 
 of demarcation. Thus, had the grooves cut through the ancient strata of 
 the crystalline rocks by these streams been prolonged among the sands 
 and clays of the low-covintry, their estuaries would have been quite 
 different from what they are at present. Had the line of the Savannah, 
 as it channeled its way ages ago through the mica, slate and gneiss rock 
 of Oconee, Anderson and Abbeville counties, not been thrown westward 
 by the granites of Horse creek and the high sand and clay hills of Aiken 
 county, it would liave continued its course to Broad river, at present 
 that magnificent arm of the sea forming the head of Port Royal harbor. 
 Here it would have been joined, too, by the waters of the Korth and 
 South Edisto, had they not been deflected eastward by the granite rocks 
 and sand hills of Aiken and Orangeburg counties. Here, also, the 
 waters of the Santee, containing those of the Wateree and Congaree, 
 would have joined them, had they followed the line of the ancient 
 channel of the Catawba, their most easterly affluent, as it grooved its 
 way through talc slates and granites of Lancaster, York and Chester 
 counties. It would seem more appropriate that some great Father of 
 Waters, having these proportions, should have built up such a grand 
 delta as the islands, rivers, sounds and bays of Beaufort present, rather 
 tlian it were the sole and undisputed estuary of such insignificant 
 claimants as the rivers Tillifinny, Pocotaligo and Coosawhatchie, 
 preserving in their long names alone the memory of the noble river 
 that once must have found its way to the ocean here. Noting the 
 remarkable parallelism in this eastward deflection of nearly all the Avater 
 courses of Carolina, it would seem that one and the same cause must 
 have produced these changes. Such a cause would have been an 
 upheaving force — or forces, rather — operating from the southwest to the 
 northeast, in the line of the eruptive rocks that cross the State from 
 Edgefield to York counties. We may readily imagine how these 
 successive elevations running from the southwest, after turning the 
 Savannah into its present delta, pushed the other streams eastward, 
 dropping the different affluents as it passed along, leaving the Combahee 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 and .Edisto at St. Helena sound, as the Tillifinny, Pocotaligo and 
 Coosawhatchie were left at Port Royal to mark the delta there, and losing 
 the Ashley and Cooper rivers at Charleston harbor, while the Santee, 
 moved further westward, still marks out its channel to the sea near 
 Winyaw bay. 
 
 Again, on the near approach of the rivers to the sea, some of them 
 show a deflection westward. But the previously noticed parallelism does 
 not obtain in this case. In some, as in the Pee Dee, the westward bend 
 is well marked. In others, as in the Edisto, the river is merely turned 
 from an eastward to a south course, while the Santee seems scarcely at 
 all diverted from its eastwardly course. It would not seem, therefore, 
 that this change had resulted from the action of any single cause, but, 
 rather, that it was the resultant of opposing forces, operating with 
 varying intensities. Such forces would be found in the southeasterly 
 currents of the streams themselves, opposed by that southwesterly ocean 
 current — a recurrent of the Gulf Stream — that sweeps along the Carolina 
 coast. Where the river currents were strong, and loaded with a wealth 
 of detritus from the drainage of an extensive back country, it would hold 
 its own against the ocean current, dam it out and establish for itself the 
 direction of its outlet. Hence the Santee piles up its banks and carries 
 the shore line out beyond Cape St. Romain, and all the coast southwest 
 of it, the site of ancient and actual deltas, is lined with islands. Short 
 or sluggish streams, however, supported by the detritus of no* great 
 water-shed — as the Waccamaw river — would yield readily to the action 
 of the ocean currents, conform to their direction, establish no nests of 
 islands at their deltas, but leave the sea to make a smooth, bare sand 
 beach. Such we find the curving shore from Georgetown entrance to the 
 North Carolina line to be, where, for twenty miles on a stretch, a carriage 
 may roll along the beach at low water, leaving in the hard sands not 
 the slightest impress of its wheels. 
 
 Crossing the crystalline rocks nearly at right angles, the waters, in 
 their course through the up-country, encounter a series of natural dams, 
 which, while it renders them easily available as water-pow6rs, seriously 
 obstructs navigation. The passage of boats, say of two hundred tons 
 burthen, as a rule, reaches inland but very little farther than the 
 remarkable belt of high and healthy sand hills which lie along the lower 
 borders of these rocks. 
 
 The tortuous course into which the streams have been forced by the 
 causes already stated, after entering the low country, while it has 
 increased the navigable waters of the State, giving, " apart from creeks 
 and inlets of the sea, an inland navigation of twenty -four hundred miles," 
 has seriously impeded the drainage of the low country, creating there 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 7 
 
 some fifty-five hundred square miles of swamp lands, which, though 
 naturall}^, when reclaimed, of almost inexhaustible fertility, remain to 
 this day for the most part waste, the prolific source of the miasms so 
 deleterious to the health of this region. Numerous suggestions to remedy 
 this evil have been made, but as yet nothing has been attempted on a 
 scale commensurate wdth the importance of the undertaking. The 
 Legislature even refused, in 1846, to grant a charter to a company 
 proposing to prolong the channel of the Edisto in a direct line through 
 Wassamassaw swamp to the Ashley river ; and a suggestion of a similar 
 character, for straightening the Santee through to the Cooper river, and 
 draining, thereby. Biggin, Fair Forest, Walleye, and the numerous 
 adjacent swamps, made by Governor Seabrook, in 1848, met with no 
 response. Such works would have reclaimed for the plow large bodies 
 of soil, consisting of fine mud and decomposing vegetable matter, resting, 
 at a depth of five to ten feet, on marl or gravel ; restored the adjoining 
 uplands to remunerative culture; and would have established on a 
 secure foundation the healthfulness of the entire region. 
 
 PHYSICAL AND AGRICULTURAL REGIONS. 
 
 In addition to the two grand divisions of South Carolina already dwelt 
 upon into the " up-country " and " low-country," it will facilitate the con- 
 sideration of the agricultural characteristics of tlie State to treat of them 
 under certain minor natural and parallel sub-divisions, which are quite 
 well marked. These are as follows : 
 
 I. The Coast Begion. It coincides very nearly with the post pleiocene 
 formation, rareh^ extending inland more than ten miles from the shore 
 line. It consists — 
 
 1st. Of the Sea Islands lying south of Santee river, and containing 
 about eight hundred square miles. 
 
 2d. The salt marshes, uncovered at low tide, bordering and intercalating 
 with the Sea Islands, capable of being reclaimed, and embracing six 
 hundred square miles. 
 
 3d. The continuous shore line north of Santee river and Georgetown 
 entrance, three hundred square miles in extent. 
 
 II. The Lower Pine Belt or Savannah Begion, lying inland and parallel with 
 the Goad Begion. It has a width of about fifty miles, attains a maximum 
 elevation above the sea of one hundred and thirty feet. It may be 
 divided, 
 
 1st. Into the region below the influence of the tides, the rice fields of 
 South Carolina. 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 2d. The region above tide water, notable for its turpentine farms and 
 its cattle ranees. 
 
 'to^ 
 
 III. The Upper Pine Belt or the Central Cotton Belt, having a icidth of twenty 
 to forty miles. It is covered icith a cjrowth of lour/ leaf pine, mixed with oak and 
 liiekorj/. The soil consists of a liglit sandy loam underlaid by red and 
 yellow clays. It has an elevation above the sea of from one hundred and 
 thirty to tAvo hundred and fifty feet. Large inland swamps, bays and 
 river bottoms of unsurpassed fertility, covering five thousand five hundred 
 square miles, are interspersed among the two regions last named. 
 
 IV. T)ie Bed Hills are immediately north of the last region. They 
 have an elevation of three hundred to six hundred feet above the sea. 
 The soil is red clay and sand, and there is a heavy growth of oak and 
 hickory. They embrace the range of hills extending from Aiken county 
 through Orangeburg to Sumter, where they are known as the High Hills 
 of Santee, and also the ridge lands of Edgefield, famous for their fertility. 
 
 V. The Sand Hill Bcgion. A remarkable chain of i«Hnd hills, attaining 
 an elevation above the sea of six hundred to seven hundred feet, and 
 extending across the State from Aiken to Chesterfield counties. 
 
 VI. The Piedmont Begion includes that portion of the State known as 
 the upper country. It has a mean elevation above the sea level of four 
 hundred to eight hundred feet. Its soils are — 
 
 1st. The cold gray lands overlying for the most part the clay slates. 
 2d. The gray sandy soils from the decomposition of granite and gneiss. 
 3d. The red hornblende lands. 
 
 4th. The trappean soils, known as flat woods meadow or black-jack 
 lands in various sections. 
 
 VII. The Alpine Begion is the extreme northwestern extension of the 
 rocks and soils of the region just mentioned, differing from the former by 
 its more broken and mountainous character, and by its greater elevation, 
 ranging from nine hundred feet to three thousand four hundred and 
 thirty feet at Mount Pinnacle, near Pickens C. H., the highest point in 
 the State. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL RETROSPECT. 
 
 The first permanent settlers established themselves on the sea-coast of 
 South Carolina in 1070. Bringing with them the traditions of a hus- 
 bandry that must have been very rude at a period so long ante-dating the 
 
INTRODUCTORY, 9 
 
 Tullian era of culture, and adapted solely to the requirements of 
 colder latitudes, they met with such poor success in the cultivation of 
 European cereals that they soon found it would be more profitable to em- 
 I)loy themselves in collecting and exporting the products of the great for- 
 ests that surrounded them. In return for the necessaries of life, they ex- 
 ported to the mother country and her colonies, oranges, tar, turpentine, 
 rosin, masts, potashes', cedar, cypress and pine lumber, walnut timber, 
 staves, shingles, canes, deer and beaver skins, etc. It is interesting to re- 
 mark in the accompanying diagram, that after being more or less in 
 abeyance during a period of two hundred years, amid the fluctuations of 
 other grciit staple crops, these forest industries seemed, in 1870, about to 
 assume their ancient sujn'emacy once more. With the settlement of the 
 up-country the culture of small grain became more successful ; and wlien 
 Joseph Kershaw established his large flouring mills near Camden, in 17()0, 
 flour of excellent quality was produced in such abundance as to become 
 an article of export of considerable consequence. In 1802, flouring mills 
 had proven so profitable that quite a number were established in tlic 
 counties of Laurens, Greenville and elsewhere. About that time, how- 
 ever, the attractions of the cotton crop became so great as to divert atten- 
 tion from every other, and the cereals lo.st ground, ulitil the low prices of 
 cotton prevailing between 1840 and 1850 prepared the -way for a greater 
 diversity of agricultural industries, and the small grain crop of 1850 ex- 
 ceeded four million bushels. Since then cereal crops have declined, and 
 seem likely to do so, unless the promise held out by the recent introduc- 
 tion of the red rust proof oat should be fulfilled and restore them to 
 prominence. 
 
 In 1693, Landgrave Thomas Smith — of whose descendants more than five 
 hundred were living in the State in 1808 (a number doubtless largely in- 
 creased since), moved perchance by a prophetic sense of the fitness that 
 the father of such a numerous progeny should provide for the support of 
 an extensive population — introduced the culture of rice into South Caro- 
 lina. The seed came from the island of Madagascar, in a vessel that put 
 into Charleston harbor in distress. This proved a great success, and as 
 early as 1754, the colony, besides sup])lying an abundance of rice for its 
 own use, exported one hundred and four thousand six hundred and 
 eighty two barrels. Great improvements were made in the grain by a 
 careful selection of the seed. Water culture was introduced in 1784, by 
 Gideon Dupont and General Pinckney, rendering its production less de- 
 pendent on the labor of man or beast than any cultivated crop. In 1778, 
 Mr. Lucas established on the Santee river the first water power mill ever 
 adapted to cleaning and preparing rice for market — the model to which 
 all subsequent improvements. were due — diminishing the cost of this pro- 
 
10 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 cess to a degree incalculable without some standard of reference as to the 
 value of human labor, on which the drudg-erv of this toil had rested for 
 ages. In 1828, one hundred and seventy-tive thousand and nineteen 
 tierces were exported, and the crop of 1850 exceeded -two hundred and 
 fifty thousand tierces, that of 1860 was something less, and in 1870 the 
 product tumbled headlong to fifty-four thousand tierces. 
 
 INDIGO. 
 
 In 1742, George Lucas, governor of Antigua, sent the first seeds of the 
 indigo plant to Carolina, to his daughter, Miss Eliza Lucas (afterwards the 
 mother of Charles C^otesworth Pinekney). With much perseverance, 
 after several disappointments, she succeeded in growing the plant and ex- 
 tracting the indigo from it. Parliament shortly after placed a bounty on 
 the production of indigo in British possessions and this crop attained a 
 rapid development in Carolina. In 1754, two hundred and sixteen thou- 
 sand nine hundred and twenty -four pounds and in 1775, one million 
 one hundred and seven thousand six hundred and sixty pounds were 
 produced. But the war with the mother country, the comi)etition of in- 
 digo culture in the' East Indies, the unpleasant odor emitted and the 
 swarms of flies attracted by the fermentation of the weeds in the vats, but 
 above all the absorbing interest in the cotton crop, caused the rapid de- 
 cline of its culture, and in the early part of this century it had ceased to 
 be a staple product, although it was cultivated in remote places as late as 
 1848. 
 
 INDIAN CORN. 
 
 Indian corn, the grain which, " next to rice, supplies food to the largest 
 number of the human race, * * the most valuable gift of the new 
 world to the old," as a plant unknown to European culture, and in ill 
 repute as the food of the ever hostile «red man, received little attention 
 from the early settlers. Nevertheless, with the steadiness that marks true 
 merit, it worked its way to the front rank among the crops grown in the 
 State. As earh^ as 1739 it had become an important article of export and 
 continued such until after 1702, in which year ninety-nine tliousand 
 nine hundred and eighty-five bushels were exported. About this time, 
 in consequence of the absorption by cotton of all surplus energy, it fell 
 from the list of exports and shortly after entered that of imports, on 
 which to-day — taken in all its forms — it stands the largest: But its cul- 
 ture was by no means abandoned; on the contrary, the crop grew in size 
 with the increase of the population. In 1860, more than sixteen millions 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 11 
 
 of bushels were produced. In 1857, Dr. Parker made, near Columbia, the 
 largest crop per acre ever obtained anywhere ; from two acres he gath- 
 ered three hundred and fifty-nine bushels, and one acre gave two hun- 
 dred bushels and twelve quarts. In consec[uencc of the higher prices of 
 cotton the corn crop was reduced in 1850 by one million of bushels ; in 
 1870 it had gone down one half, having fallen to seven and a half 
 million bushels. 
 
 COTTON. 
 
 Cotton is mentioned in the records of tlie colony as early as 16G4, and 
 in 1747, seven bags appear on the list of exports from Charleston. In 
 1787, Samuel Maverick, and one Jeffrey, shipped three bags of one hun- 
 dred pounds each of seed cotton from Charleston to England as an ex- 
 periment, and were informed for their pains by the consignee, that it was 
 not worth producing, as it could not be separated from the seed. In 1790 
 a manufactory of cotton homespuns was established by some Irish, in 
 Williamsburg county, the lint used being picked from the seed by hand, 
 a task of four pounds of lint per week being required of the field laborers 
 in addition to their ordinary work. All this speedily changed with the 
 invention of the saw gin by Eli Whitney, in 1794. The first gin moved 
 by water power was erected on Mill Creek, near Monticello, in Fairfield, 
 by Capt. James Kincaid, in 1795. Gen. Wade Hampton erected another 
 near Columbia, in 1797, and the following year gathered from six hundred 
 acres, six hundred bales of cotton, and cotton planting became soon after the 
 leading industry in nearly every county in the State. The crop steadily 
 increased in size until 1860, when the three hundred and fifty thousand 
 bales produced in the State were worth something overTourteen millions 
 of dollars. From this date to 1870 there was a great decline, the crop of 
 that year being more than one-third less than the crop of ten years pre- 
 vious, and reaching only .two hundred and twenty -four thousand five 
 hundred bales. 
 
 TABLE, 
 
 Showing the Production of Cotton in South Carolina from 1830 to 1880: 
 
 . voo-o Number Averaee ^ u^ t i.,* n^t*^^ 
 
 Years. of Bales, WeiRht. Lbs. Lint Cotton. 
 
 1830 .... 185,160 X 341 = 63,446,606 
 1840 ... . 156,600 X 394 = 61,710,274 
 1850 .... 300,301 X 429 = 128,829,129 
 1860 .... 353,412 x 477 = 168,577,524 
 1870 .... 224,500 x 442 = 90,229,600 
 1880 .... 516,490 x 475 = 245,486,305 
 
12 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 SEA ISLAND COTTON. 
 
 The first crop of sea island cotton was raised on Hilton Head, in 1790, 
 by William Elliott. This crop reached its year of maximum production 
 in 1827, when 15,140,798 pounds of long staple cotton was exported from 
 the State ; in 1841 it had fallen to 6,400,000 pounds. Since 1856 this crop 
 has fluctuated from a minimum in 1867 of 4,577 bales to a maximum in 
 1872 of 13,150 bales. 
 
 Even in so brief a summary as this, the attention of the reader must be 
 called to the remarkable influence exerted on the three great crops of 
 corn, cotton and rice, by their culture on the South Carolina coast. 
 
 The finest, as food for man, of all the known varieties of corn is the 
 white flint corn, peculiar to the sea islands. 
 
 The finest cotton ever produced is the long staple cotton of Edisto 
 island, which has sold for $2 per pound, when other cottons were bring- 
 ing only nine cents. 
 
 Carolina rice heads the list in the quotations of that article in all the 
 markets of the world. Not only has its yield and culture been brought 
 to the highest perfection here, but mankind are indebted to the planters 
 of this coast for the mechanical inventions by which the preparation of 
 this great food stuff, instead of being the most costly and laborious, is 
 made one of the easiest and cheapest. 
 
DIAGRAM 
 
 13 
 
 1070 
 
 Showing the relative importance and fluctuations of the staple crops cultivated 
 in South Carolina from 1670 to 1880. The money value 
 of each crop is estimated for the year of its maximum pro- 
 duction anterior to 1880, and a point assigned it above the 
 line A B. From this point the distance of the line of each 
 crop above the line A B is determined by the amount pro- 
 duced without regard to prices. 
 
 ■X Upland Cotton. 
 
 Corn 
 
 Sea Island Cotton 
 
 Rice 
 
 ~ Indigo. 
 
 ^" Forest Products. 
 
 -^ Small Grain. 
 
CHi^PTER II. 
 
 THE COAST REGION. 
 
 LOCATION AND AREA. 
 
 The coast of Carolina, from the mouth of the Savannah river to that of 
 Little river, on the North Carolina line, is about one hundred and ninety 
 miles in length. East of the outlet of the rivers, that is northeast of 
 Winyaw Bay, the coast line curves inland, there are no islands, and the 
 smooth hard beach (noted for its delightful seaside residences during the 
 supimer months) tliat forms the continuous shore line, is of little interest 
 agriculturally. South of Winyaw Bay, whence issue the waters of Black 
 and Lynch's ri^^ers, and of the Great and Little Pee Dee, with the Wac- 
 camaw, the Santee river, with its great watershed in North and South 
 Carolina, draining an extensive region stretching to the highest eleva- 
 tions of the Apalachian range, dikes its delta out into the ocean, and the 
 shore line swelling seaward becomes lined with numerous islands. From 
 this point to Charleston Harbor the islands, though numerous, are small 
 and low, and in this distance of more than fifty miles not more than seven 
 hundred acres are planted in cotton, yielding about two hundred and 
 seventy-five bales of long staple. South of Charleston Harbor the islands 
 increase rapidly in size and number to the M'aters of Port Royal, where 
 they line the shore in tiers three and four deep. They attain their maxi- 
 mum development around Broad river, and diminish again in size and 
 number more rapidly even than they had increased, as they approach 
 the Georgia line at the mouth of Savannah river. The Sea Islands are 
 separated from the mainland by numerous salt water rivers, creeks and 
 inlets of the sea.. 
 
 GEOLOGY. 
 
 The coast region corresponds almost exactly with the post-pleiocene for- 
 mation. Its strata of sand, claj'' and mud, have an estimated thickness of 
 about sixty feet, stretching inland some ten miles and thinning out at a 
 slight elevation above tide water. They rest in Horry and Georgetown 
 on the pleiocene, and for the remainder of the coast, on the eocene, in 
 which occur the phosphate deposits of the Ashley, the Cooper and the 
 Ooosaw rivers. 
 
^ THE COAST REGION. 15 
 
 The origin and formation of the sea ishmds may be accounted for by 
 one of four possible suppositions. 
 
 1st. By a subsidence of the coast resulting in the submergence of the 
 lower lands. This explanation was offered by Sir Charles Lyell, and 
 recently by Professor G. H. Cook, who believes that the whole Atlantic 
 seaboard is sinking. 
 
 ^d. By the elevation of the sea bottom. This theory has not been 
 maintained by any one and need not be considered. 
 
 3d. By the erosive action of the tides and currents of the sea, cutting 
 into the shore line and detaching, as it were, portions of the mainland. A 
 theory of Professor Shaler. 
 
 4th. By an outgrowth of the land into the sea, resulting from the depo- 
 sition at the mouths of the rivers of the detritus brought down by their 
 currents from the interior. 
 
 Mr. Tuomey shows in detail that the instances of the submergence of 
 oak, pine and cypress trees, and other landmarks, adduced as evidence 
 of subsidence of the coast, occur in localities of restricted area. That the 
 lands immediately adjacent show no signs of ^participation in this move- 
 ment, which they would do if the cause were so general a one as the sub- 
 sidence of the coast. That encroachments of the sea of a purely local 
 character after storms explain the phenomena. And lastly, that if it were 
 admitted that the submerged live oak and pine stumps near Little River, 
 or the dead cedars and cypress of the " Church Flats," on Wadmalaw 
 island, were evidence of a subsidence of the coast, the rate at which it is 
 progressing, according to this data, is so rapid that on this low lying 
 shore, sea water would long since have been admitted to the rice planta- 
 tions, totally destroying them, and that St. Michael's Church, the orna- 
 ment of Charleston, would now be a geological monument of the greatest 
 interest, with its tall spire only protruding above the waves. 
 
 If the sea islands resulted from the erosive action of ocean currents, we 
 should expect to find them most numerous in localities where the erosive 
 action is most manifest. Such a localit}^ is the recess of Long bay, hol- 
 lowed out by the action of the sea, between Winyaw bay, the outlet of the 
 great rivers of South Carolina and the outlet of the rivers of North Caro- 
 lina at Cape Fear. So far is this from being the case, however, that there 
 is not a single island on this incurving line of erosive coast. On the con- 
 trary, it is only when the land bellies out into the sea near where the 
 great rivers deliver their detritus to its waves that the sea islands make 
 their appearance. 
 
 At this point, namely, at Georgetown entrance, we look in vain for 
 evidence of erosion. The records all point the other way, to a gradual 
 encroachment of the land upon the sea. Thus, in the year 1700, the 
 
16 THE COAST REGION. 
 
 " Rising 8un," a large vessel, witli three hundred and forty-six passengers, 
 that could not cross the Charleston bar, made its way without a pilot to 
 the present site of Georgetown, a thing utterly impossiVjle during the last 
 one hundred years. Moreover, a comparison of the soundings on Chart 
 No. 428, of U. S. Coast Survey of 1877, with a Chart of the same locality, 
 published in Drayton's View of South Carolina, in 1802, shows tliat, instead 
 of any scouring out or erosion, there has been a great filling up in the 
 interval. Seaward from Georgetown Jjight House, Drayton gives depths 
 of 9 feet to 30 feet, where Ca))tain Boutelle only found 6J feet to 19 feet 
 of water. Inside tlie entrance, where tlie water once was 30 to 30 feet, the 
 mean level of low tide now only gives a deptli of 9 to 31 feet. Ten sound- 
 ings taken off South Island average now 7h feet, while ten soundings in 
 the same locality on Drayton's Chart average 18 feet. 
 
 It would seem, then, according to the fourth and remaining hypothesis, 
 that the Sea Islands were an outgrowth of the mainland into the sea. 
 And that this is but a continuation of the process by which the tertiary 
 plain, stretching back to the feet of the ancient and lofty Apalachian 
 chain, was itself formed. The broadest portion of this plain lies under 
 the loftiest and broadest vestiges of this mountain chain, whose denuda- 
 tion furnished the most abundant material. Northward, under lesser 
 elevations, which could only furnish less material, the tertiary plain 
 gradually wedges out and the sea approaches the mt)untains. The slow 
 uniformity of this long process of growth is further sliown by the gentle 
 and uniform slope with which this plain approaches the sea. Nor does 
 it end abruptly there. For one hundred miles or more the sea scarcely 
 exceeds one hundred fathoms, until it suddenly deepens to two thousand 
 fathoms under the gulf stream. The sea islands are not isolated phe- 
 nomena peculiar to this period. In the interior the intricate network of 
 swamps and bays corresponding with the present inlets, creeks and rivers 
 of the coast, represent the old channels and deltas through which the 
 waters flowed, when the pine flats and ridges, still resting in the meshes 
 of this network, were themselves veritable sea islands. 
 
 Prof Toumey refers to INIurphy's island, south of South Santee inlet, as 
 furnishing a typical illustration of the manner in which this occurs. A 
 bar is formed at the mouth of the river by the action of the ocean. 
 " Breakers make their api)earance seaward, and gradually push forward 
 the sand as they approach the shore. When the sand rises above the 
 surface, the water becomes too shallow to produce breakers ; they disap- 
 pear, and commence again off" the shore, and further south. An eddy is 
 formed between the sandbar and the shore, in which the river deposits 
 its sediment. From an eddy it is changed, first into a lagoon, and then 
 into a mudflat, which increases until the level of high water is reached. 
 
~ THE COAST REGION. 17 
 
 It then becomes a marsh and is taken possession of by the marsh reed, to 
 be succeeded, when the debris collected by their growth has raised the 
 locality above high water, by tufts of rushes. Meanwhile seaward, the 
 sands, first pushed up against the outflowing current of the river by the 
 ocean, are dried by the sun, and then blown forward and heaped into 
 hills and ridges, forming a protection against the encroachments of the 
 waters whence they came. Every breeze blowing landward carries along 
 with it particles of fine sand, till they meet with a log or bush, or other 
 obstacle, when they begin to accumulate in proportion to the velocity of 
 the wind, sometimes with extraordinary rapidity — piling up and running 
 over the top, rising in ridges and hills to the height of thirty or even of 
 forty feet. The prevailing winds of this region, the southwest and north- 
 east, are indicated by valleys running in this direction through these 
 hills." 
 
 In the manner thus described, the salt water of the ocean being ex- 
 cluded, the surgent island is prepared for the growth of fresh water 
 plants, such as the cypress and other swamp trees, while pines and pal- 
 mettoes, the advance guard of the vegetable kingdom, establish outposts 
 wherever a few inches of intervening sand renders them safe from im- 
 mediate contact with sea water. 
 
 This theory will also account for certain topographical features observed 
 on these islands and in their vicinit3^ The highest land is usually found 
 on the margin of the island. A fact which, viewed in connection with 
 the general observation that the banks of streams are higher than the 
 adjacent alluvial lands, strongly sustains the view of their deposition from 
 river currents. The prevailing shape of the islands is triangular. The 
 apex is directed southwest, often terminating in marshes, while the higher 
 and dryer base faces northeast. From Mr. Tuomey's observations, it 
 appears that it is the sandbar on the northeast that first rises above the 
 waves, remaining the most elevated, while the growth proceeds in a south- 
 westerly direction. This southwardly growth results from a deflection of 
 the river current that is transporting the material of which the island is 
 to be formed. Whether this deflection toward the right (or the southwest) 
 be due, as Prof. Kerr thinks, to a force arising from the earth's rotation, 
 which deflects all moving bodies to the right in the northern hemisphere, 
 or to the prevailing southwcstwardly current along these shores, or to 
 both, it is certain that such a deflection clearly exists. Seaward it ma}'' 
 be clearly noted in the charts of the coast survey in the depositions now 
 taking place at the mouths of the rivers. The ship channels are always 
 found to the south of the harbors. Inland, the south and southwest bend 
 of the rivers has been already mentioned ; and coupled Avith it is the 
 observation made long since by Mr. Ruffin, that the bluff's are on the west 
 2 
 
18 THE COAST REGION. 
 
 and the swamps are on the east banks of these streams, or as it would be 
 stated from observations on the sea islands, the short slopes face north 
 and east, and the long slopes south and west. The contours of the slopes 
 throughout the tertiary plain conform generally to this rule, and may 
 be accounted for in this way. 
 
 PHYSICAL FEATURES. 
 
 In approaching the coast from the sea about the time the white caps of 
 the first breakers are seen, a long, low line of smooth, hard, sandy beach, 
 for the most part of a snowy whiteness, makes its appearance. Immedi- 
 ately inland from the beach swell the undulating ridges of blowing sand, 
 ripple-marked by the action of the wind, in striking similarity to the 
 wave marks of water. 
 
 Here the palmetto meets you, standing often solitary and alone, a con- 
 spicuous landmark in the picture. Beyond rise the dark green turrets of 
 the pine, beneath which a tangled growth of myrtles and vines is found. 
 Sometimes more than one ridge of sand hills, with an average elevation of 
 ten or fifteen feet, must be traversed before the borders of the salt marsh ar6 
 reached. The salt marshes, their stiff, green reeds rising out of the black 
 ooze visible at low tide, and at the flow apparently floating on the water, 
 with here and there a stray palmetto or a group of under-sized live oaks, 
 their limbs covered with the long, gray moss, form the scarcely varying 
 framework of all landscapes among the sea islands. Everywhere these 
 marshes are penetrated by salt rivers and creeks of greater or less width 
 and depth, and surround islands varying from a few acres to many square 
 miles in area. These islands attain a height of ten to fifteen feet — -rarely 
 of twenty-five or thirty — above high tide. The mean rise and fall of the 
 tides is 6.9 ft. at the mouth of the Savannah river ; 6.7 ft. at Port Royal ; 
 5.1 ft. at Charleston harbor, and 3.5 ft. at Georgetown entrance, showing 
 a marked diminution as you advance northeast along the coast. The 
 influence of the tide extends to a distance of thirty miles in a direct line 
 from the sea, up the Savannah river, and about fifteen miles up the San- 
 tee. Salt water, however, usually ascends the Santee river only about 
 two miles, and even Avhen the current of the river is diminished in seasons 
 of great drought, not more than four miles. Up Georgetown bay it 
 reaches ftirther, and is sometimes injurious to the crops at a distance of. 
 fourteen miles. What has been said of the Santee in regard to fresh and 
 salt water, is true to nearly the same extent of the Savannah river. 
 
 SOIL 
 
 The soil of the sea island consists, for the most part, of a fine, sandy 
 loam. This soil rests on a subsoil of yellow sand or yellow clay, of fine 
 
THE COAST REGION. 19 
 
 texture and deepening in color, sometimes to red. These clays give a yel- 
 low hue to the otherwise gray surface, which is noticed by Mr. Seabrook 
 as indicating lands peculiarly adapted for the production of the silky 
 fibre of long staple cotton. Besides these soils there are numerous flats, or 
 fresh water swamps, known as bays; here and there a few of these have 
 been reclaimed by drainage ; the soil is a black vegetable mould of great 
 fertility, resting on fine blue clay and marl. To a very limited extent 
 the salt marsh has also been reclaimed, but as yet agriculture has availed 
 itself so little of the vast possibilities in this line, that the chief value of 
 the salt marsh attaches to its u,se in furnishing forage and litter for stock 
 and inexhaustible material for the compo.st heap. Low as these lands lie, 
 they are susceptible of drainage. The following analyses will indicate 
 more in detail the character of the soils : 
 
 (1) 
 Insoluble matter 89.308 
 
 Soluble silica 2.0G2 
 
 Potash 0.131 
 
 ,Soda 0.077 
 
 Lime 0.077 
 
 Magnesia 0.038 
 
 Br. ox. manganese 0.154 
 
 Per oxide iron 0.598 
 
 Alumina 3.051 
 
 Phosphoric acid 0.163 
 
 Sulphuric acid 0.154 
 
 Water and organic matter 4.789 
 
 Carbonic acid 
 
 (1) Is soil from northeast end of James island, furnished by Elias Riv- 
 ers, Esq., for analysis, to Dr. Eugene A. Smith, of Tuscaloosa, Ala., and 
 may be taken as a specimen of the less sandy soils of the sea islands. 
 Such land will yield three hundred pounds of long staple lint one year 
 with another. 
 
 (2) Is by Prof. C. U. Shepard, of Charleston, of soil from Mr. J. J. Mi- 
 kell's place on Edisto island, famous for having long and profitably pro- 
 duced the finest grade of sea island cotton, and may be considered as a 
 representative soil. 
 
 (3) Is also by Prof. C. U. Shepard, being an analysis of an air-dry speci- 
 men of .salt marsh. 
 
 These analyses will serve to correct serious errors in statements as to 
 the poverty of sea islands, made by J. B. Lyman and J. R. Sypher, in a 
 
 
 (2) 
 
 (3) 
 
 
 92.480 
 
 58.110 
 
 
 0.425 
 
 0.328 
 
 } 
 
 0.200 
 
 0.190 
 1.47« 
 
 
 0.892 
 
 0.420 
 
 
 trace 
 
 0.317 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 2.490 
 
 1.8G0 
 1.131 
 
 
 0.095 
 
 0.0G2 
 
 
 0.070 
 
 0.422 
 
 
 2.928 
 
 44.805 
 
 
 0.420 
 
 0.840 
 
20 THE COAST REGION. 
 
 work on cotton culture, published by Orange Judd & Co., New York. It 
 is stated there (page 129) that a chemical analysis discloses the fact that 
 the soil on an acre of sea island cotton land, taken to the depth of one 
 foot, contains only fifteen pounds of phosphoric acid and twenty pounds 
 of potash. By the above analyses, however, we find an average of more 
 than one-tenth of one i)er cent, of phosj-horic acid, and one-sixteenth of 
 one per cent, of potash. Allowing a cubic foot of earth to Aveigh one hun- 
 dred pounds, we would have on an acre to the depth of one foot four mil- 
 lion, three hundred and fifty-six thousand i)Ounds, of which one-tenth of 
 one per cent, would be four thousand, three hundred and fifty-six pounds, 
 showing nearly two long tons of jDhosphoric acid instead of fifteen pounds 
 to the acre. The potash, by the same calculation, would amount to five 
 thousand and fifty pounds instead of twenty pounds to the acre. Thus, in 
 the place of being barren for lack of these ingredients, each acre of the sea 
 islands possess an amount which, if rendered available to plant growth, 
 would suffice for the production of over eight million, six hunch'cd and 
 eighty thousand pounds of lint cotton, as the}- do not, by Jackson's and Shep- 
 ard's analyses, constitute the one-twentieth of one per cent, of cotton fibre. 
 Besides, the salt marsh materials for maintaining and developing the fer- 
 tility of the soil abound throughout the coast region. There are numer- 
 ous deposits of post pleiocene marl on the islands, as at Baton's swamp, 
 Johnson's island, Stono creek, Edisto island, James Seabrook's island, 
 Distant island, near Beaufort, and elsewhere. The banks of " raccoon 
 oyster " shells, peculiar to this latitude, are found in abundance on 
 this coast and furnish excellent and easily accessible stores of lime. 
 These shells are also used for concrete for walls, known as tabby 
 work. The walls of forts several centuries old attesting its dura- 
 bility. Roads and streets are also made smooth and hard by their use. 
 Here, also, in the Stono, Edisto, Coosaw, Bull, Morgan, Johnson's, Beau- 
 fort and Broad rivers, and in other creeks and marshes, is found, and 
 largely exported as a fertilizer to foreign lands, the phosphate rock. Ex- 
 periments have ialso demonstrated that the fish, so numerous in these 
 waters, may be caught and used for manures. 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 Notwithstanding their proximity to the mainland, the sea islands 
 enjoy in a high degree the equable climate peculiar to islands generally. 
 The extremes of temperature are, as might be expected, greatest in the 
 direction of low temperature, and the cold, which is sometimes injurious 
 to the orange and olive trees, destroys, also, the germs of many insects, as 
 of the cotton caterpillar, inimical to vegetation ; and of more importance 
 
THE COAST REGION. 21 
 
 still, it destroys the germs of disease, as of yellow fever and of numerous 
 skin diseases that flourish in similar regions elsewhere, preventing them 
 from becoming indigenous, and keeping them exotics forever, requiring 
 yearly renewal from without. 
 
 Table I, at the end of Part I, presents the leading features of the coast 
 climate, as preserved in the records of meteorological observations made 
 at Charleston, S. C. 
 
 Notwithstanding the amount of rainfall and proximity to the sea, the 
 climate is not excessively moist, as might be inferred. This is owing to 
 the large number of clear days, averaging about two hundred and thirty- 
 five during the year, against an average of eighty-six days in which rain 
 fell, and forty-four cloudy and rainless days. Fogs are of very infrequent 
 occurrence. Vegetation is usually checked b}' cold for not more than six 
 weeks in the year, from the middle of December to the first of February. 
 Nature, that does not allow the inhabitants of higher latitudes to become 
 purely agricultural in their pursuits, forcing them, during the snows and 
 ice of winter, to seek occupation in other arts and industries, here bares 
 her bosom the year round to furnish food and work for man, and seed 
 time and harvest occur in every month. 
 
 HEALTH. 
 
 By the U. S. Census for 1870, it appears that the minimum number of 
 deaths in South Carolina occur during the month of October. After that 
 month the number steadily increases during winter and spring, until the 
 month of May, when the maximum number of deaths take place. From 
 this date the mortality diminishes, more rapidly than it has increased, 
 until the minimum in October is reached. By the same authority it 
 is also shown that the groups of diseases most fatal during the month of 
 May are such as hydrocephalous, apoplexy, accidents and injuries, none 
 which can in any way be considered as due to climatic or local influences. 
 From this it follows that death, and, consequently, ill health, in South 
 Carolina cannot be attributed to the preponderance of any climatic or 
 local causes, but supervene from such causes as may and must exist 
 everywhere. The correctness of this negative conclusion may be safely 
 accepted as descriptive of the sanitary condition of the State at large. 
 There has been, however, and not without some foundation, an idea 
 prevalent regarding the unhealthfulness of the coast region from malarial 
 causes, which requires mention, especially as occurrences of recent date 
 have greatly modified it. While the sand ridges between the rivers have 
 always been esteemed healthy ; while the well-kept vital statistics of the 
 city of Charleston show that its health record will compare favorably 
 
22 THE COAST REGION. f 
 
 witli that of other cities ; and while numerous localities along the coast, - 
 as INIount Pleasant, Sullivan's island, and Beaufort, and many other ''^ 
 placi^s were much frequented as health resorts during the summer j 
 months, even by i)eo])le from the up-country, it was confidently predicted, \ 
 at the commencement of the late war, that no picket line along the ccast i 
 betAvcen the armies could be maintained during the summer months. }, 
 To the surprise of nearly every one, however, such did not prove to be ,i 
 the case. Climatic influences interfered in no way with the vigorous J 
 prosecution of hostilities. And it was demonstrated that large bodies of }. 
 white men, under proper hygienic regulations, w'ith the use of quinine as ^ 
 a preventive, might be safely counted on to endure unusual exposure and y 
 toil on these shores during the heat of summer. Since the Avar numerous I 
 white families, who formerly removed to the North or to the up-country ^^ 
 during summer, have remained upon their farms the year round in the d 
 enjoyment of their usual health. By the census enumeration of June, 1 
 1880, the death rate among the rural population of the entire sea island ? 
 district AA'as fourteen per one thousand for the preceding year. Of the ,; 
 tAventy-three Avhite men Avho were enumerators of the tenth census on ? 
 the sea islands, during the months of June and Julv, 1880, there Avas no ^ 
 day lost from work on account of sickness, though man}' of them A\'ere h 
 unaccustomed to the exposures Avhich the AA'ork necessitated. Doubtless f: 
 the prophylactic use of quinine has had something to do Avith the : 
 apparently increased healthfulness of this section, but it is also true thai j 
 the danger to health Avas formerly greatly overestimated. With thorough I 
 drainage and careful attention to the rules of health, and especially to 
 securing pure drinking AA^ater, there is no question that fevers might be i 
 expelled here as completely as they AA'cre from the fens of Cambridgeshire, i 
 in England, Avhere they once pre\'ailed, but have since yielded to 
 the above methods. During the excessively hot and dry summer of 
 1728, "yelloAV fcA^er" made its first appearance in Charleston. At greater 
 or less intervals of time it has since visited the city during the summer 
 months. After 1748 it did not make its appearance during a period of 
 forty -four years. John Drayton AA^rites, in 1801, "to the natives and long 
 inhabitants of the city it has not yet been injurious." The germs of this 
 disease haA'^e never been naturalized on this coast, and require a fresh 
 importation eA'ery year. An epidemic occurring in Charleston during the 
 war being clearly traced to a vessel from Ha\'ana, that had run the block- 
 ade, and, as Mr. Drayton describes it, this disease still remains restricted 
 to certain localities, w^ithin a fcAV miles of Avhich perfect immunity from 
 it may be enjoyed. This Avas clearly shown in the very fatal epidemic 
 imported into Port Eoyal in 1877, causing a number of deaths there, 
 AA'hile no case originated in the toAA'n of Beaufort, four miles distant, to 
 
THE COAST IlEGION. 
 
 23 
 
 which place, however, patients suffering from the disease in Port Royal 
 were carried for treatment. 
 
 The following table is from the reports of the Board of Health, and 
 shows the number of deaths occurring in each one thousand of the 
 population of the city of Charleston : 
 
 
 1881 
 
 1880 
 
 1879 
 
 1878 
 
 1877 
 
 AVERAGE. 
 
 Whites 
 
 29 
 47 
 
 22 
 41 
 
 23 
 40 
 
 23 
 41 
 
 25 
 50 
 
 23 
 
 Negroes 
 
 46 
 
 Total 
 
 40 
 
 33 
 
 32 
 
 38 
 
 37 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 The figures for 1880 show fifty per cent, more deaths than were 
 reported by the enumerators of the tenth U. S. Census. Of 1,021 deaths 
 in 1881, 61, or nearly 4 jjer cent, were of persons over 80 years of age. 
 
 STATISTICS. 
 
 The j)opidation of the coast region, exclusive of the towns of Beaufort, 
 Charleston and Georgetown, is 67,132. Of this number, 83 per cent, are 
 colored, being the largest percentage in any region of the State, the 
 proportion of the colored to the white population decreasing in each 
 successive region as you go inland, until it is only 27 per cent, in the 
 mountain region. This percentage has decreased on the coast since 1870, 
 appearing in the census of that year as 90 per cent., a difference of 7 per 
 cent. The population per square mile is 39.4, which, in spite of the 
 large amount of marsh land, is the largest of any region in the State, the 
 ratio varying elsewhere from 11.7 in the sand hills, to 37.8 in the upper 
 country or region of the metamorphic rocks. 
 
 The /arms are 5,847 in number, and average 3.4 per square mile, which 
 is the largest average of any of the regions of the State except that of the 
 upper country, which is 3.7 per square mile ; but excluding the six 
 hundred square miles of marsh on the coast, no similar tract of waste land 
 being found in the upper country, the ratio of farms to area is much greater 
 on the coast than elsewhere. This is not the case with the ratio of farms to 
 population, which here reaches a minimum of eight-hundredths of a 
 farm per capita, or twelve and one-half people to the farm, while in the 
 sand hills it reaches fourteen-hundredths of a farm per capita, or seven 
 people to the farm. This shows that here the population is in excess 
 even of the small farms; and there being no other occupation, except, 
 
24 THE COAST REGION. 
 
 perhaps, phosphate mining, in which they may be employed, it follows 
 that a large number must earn a living as farm laborers or live without 
 employment, both of which conclusions are correct. 
 
 The work stock numbers 7,092 animals, being eleven-hundredths of an 
 animal per capita, which is more than the ratio in the lower pine belt, 
 but less than that of the other regions. The work stock per square 
 mile is 4.5, being greater than in any other region, except in the upper 
 pine belt and Piedmont regions. 
 
 The product of /7ram, including corn, small grain and rice, is 793,G69 
 bushels, being 11 bushels per capita, the minimum found in any region 
 of the State. Per square mile, the average is 466 bushels, which 
 compares favorably with an average of 501 bushels for the whole State, 
 especially when the salt marshes are allowed for. This is an increase on 
 the crop of 1870, which was only stated at 389,720 bushels, or 229 bushels 
 per square mile, and 18 bushels per capita, the latter figure being much 
 diminished by the larger population returns of 1880. 
 
 The total of all stock, including work stock, is 43,946, averaging 25.8 per 
 square mile against an average of 57.1 for the whole State, and 0.65 per 
 capita, being a little less than half the average of the whole State, which 
 is 1.27. This is an increase since 1870, the average then being 9.4 per 
 square mile, and 0.70 per capita. 
 
 The acreage of improved land is 106,772, being 62 acres per square mile, 
 not quite one-tenth of the total area, and 1.5 acres per capita, as against an 
 average of 3.8 acres per capita for the whole State. The bulk of this 
 land is planted in corn, cotton, small grain and rice, there being only 
 9,552 acres in other crops and fiillow ; a large part of the latter being, 
 doubtless, the cotton lands left fallow by the best planters each alternate 
 year. 
 
 PRODUCTIONS. 
 
 The olive and orange tree bring their fruit to full perfection on the 
 South Carolina coast. Once onh^ during a period of sixteen years pre- 
 vious to 1880 were the orange trees injured by frost, when the tops of 
 about one-fourth were killed, while the roots put out fresh shoots ; the 
 fruit from single trees in the neighborhood of Beaufort has for a series of 
 years sold for $150 to $250. The oranges of this region bring a higher 
 price in the market and are thought superior to those grown further 
 south. Even the banana, with a not expensive winter protection, has 
 been made to ripen its fruit. Fig trees of every variety, with little or no 
 attention, grow everywhere and produce several abundant crops yearly ; 
 so that could some process similar to the Alden process for drying fruit 
 
THE COAST REGION. 25 
 
 be adapted to tliem, they might become an important staple of export. 
 Every variety of garden produce does well, as witness the extensive truck 
 gardens on Charleston Neck, which furnish large supplies of fruits and 
 vegetables of the finest quality to distant markets. The wild grapes, 
 which attracted the notice of the first French colonists in 1562, still 
 abound, and perhaps the largest grape vine in the world is one eighteen 
 inches in diameter, near Sheldon Church, Beaufort County. Hay made 
 of Bermuda grasses, ranking in the market with the best imported hay, has 
 been profitably grown. Five acres at the Atlantic farm have, for a series 
 of years, yielded nine thousand pounds per acre yearly, and on the Stono 
 farm two tons one year, and four and a half another, has been made to 
 the acre. Winter vetches grow wild, and the vine of the cow pea fur- 
 nishes an abundant forage, besides increasing the fertility of the soil. The 
 red rust proof oat, recently introduced, is peculiarly adapted to the mild 
 winters of this region, yielding readily, and with great certainty, thirty to 
 fifty bushels per acre. Should an increase of the population call for a 
 larger food supply, the sweet potato would furnish it to an extent prac- 
 tically unlimited. Indigo, rice, hemp, beans, peanuts, the castor oil bean, 
 the sugar cane, and many other sub-tropical fruits and vegetables, too nu- 
 merous to catalogue here, have been successfully cultivated as field crops. 
 Indian corn, of the white flint variety, yields in the coast counties a little 
 more per acre than the average yield of the same crop throughout the 
 State. Nevertheless, only a very limited attention is bestowed on the 
 culture of any of these articles, the leading crop, to the exclusion or 
 dwarfing of all others, being 
 
 LONG STAPLE COTTON. 
 
 In every handful of ordinary cotton seed, three varieties, presenting 
 well marked differences, may be recognized at a glance. The largest of 
 these is covered with a green down ; another, smaller and much more 
 numerous seed, is covered with a white or grayish down ; the third variety 
 is naked, smooth and black. Whether these three sorts of seed corres- 
 pond to three classes under which the numerous varieties of cotton are 
 arranged, that is, the green seed with gossypium hirsutum or shrub 
 cotton, attaining a height of ten or twelve feet, a native of Mexico, and 
 varying as an annual, biennial or perennial, according to the climate in 
 which it is grown ; the white seed, with gossypium herbaceum, or 
 herbaceous cotton, an annual, attaining a height of two feet, native of the 
 Coromandel coast and the Nilgeherries ; the black seed, with gossypium 
 arboreum, or tree cotton, a native of the Indian Peninsular, but attaining 
 a height of one hundred feet on the Guinea coast, and producing a silky 
 
26 THE COAST REGION. 
 
 cotton, it may not be possible to say. The black seed, however, is not 
 clistingnished from the seed of the long staple or sea island cotton. If 
 selected from among the other varieties of upland cotton seed, it will in a 
 series of years produce a finer, silkier and stronger fibre than ordinary 
 uplands. If the best and purest sea island cotton seed be planted in the 
 neighljorhood of the upland or short staple cotton they will readily 
 hybridize. Among the numerous varieties of hybrids thus produced, 
 there will prominently appear a vigorous plant, with a very large green 
 seed. The staple of these green seed plants varies greatly, in some in- 
 stances being very short and coarse, in others longer and finer even than 
 the best sea island. The most marked characteristic, however, of theee 
 hybrids will be the size and vigor of the plants, the size of the seed 
 and the very small amount of lint they yield. A noticeable feature, 
 too, is the large number of vigorous, growing, but unfruitful, plants that 
 these green seed hybrids produce, their large, glossy leaves showing above 
 the other plants, but bearing the season through neither bud or blossom. 
 Possibly such plants merely resume the biennial character of the tree or 
 the shrub cotton and would be fruitful the second season. 
 
 Were it in place here to offer a theory, these characteristics of this 
 green seed hybrid might be adduced as evidence of a reversion to the 
 original type of the allied species which Darwin refers to, as a frequent 
 occurrence among hybrids produced between remoter and more dissimilar 
 varieties. 
 
 ORIGIN OF LONG STAPLE COTTON. 
 
 It would be a matter of much interest to determine the origin and his- 
 tory of the varieties of cotton now in cultivation. The difficulties of doing 
 this are much increased by the very wide geographical range occupied by 
 the plant. The earliest explorers, Columbus, Magellan, Drake, Capt. 
 Cook, and others, seem to have found it almost everywhere in the broad 
 belt extending from the equator to 30° S. and to 40° and 45° N. latitude, 
 where it now grows. Although it is not found among those oldest of vest- 
 ments, the wrappings of Egyptian mummies, its use was known to man in 
 Europe, Asia, Africa, America, and the outlying islands of the sea, in 
 the remote past, far beyond the historic age. Its very name itself bears 
 evidence to this, occurring as it does in many, and in the most ancient 
 languages. . Thus through the Dutch ketoen, Italian cotone, Spanish al- 
 godon, we pass to the Greek kiton, turned wrong side out in the Latin tunic, 
 to the Arabic katan, the Syriac kethene, the Samaritan kitana, the Sanscrit 
 katan, the Hebrew kuttoneth (Gen. xxxvii : 23, 31), the Ethiopic kethan, 
 the Chaldee kethan ; and Gesenius conducts us to a most ancient and 
 obsolete Semetic root, kathan, signifying to cover. Nevertheless nothing 
 
THE COAST REGION. 27 
 
 can show more clearly the imj}ortance of tracing and understanding the 
 histoiy of plants under cultivation than the variations and improvements 
 in black seed cotton since its introduction on the Carolina coast. It is 
 known that the first bale of long staple cotton exported from America, in 
 1788, was grown on St. Simon's island, Georgia. That this bale was 
 grown by a Mr. Bissell, from seed that came from either the Bahama or 
 the Barbadoes islands. Singularly enough the authorities leave this mat- 
 ter in doubt — the Hon. Wm. Elliott saying it came from Anguilla, one of 
 the Bahamas, and Signor Filippo Partatori (Florence, 18GG) saying it 
 came from Cat island, one of the Barbadoes. But as Anguilla is one of 
 the Barbadoes, and Cat island one of the Bahamas, it would seem difficult 
 to decide*to which group of islands we are indebted for these seed. How- 
 ever, as Mr. Thomas Spalding, of Sapelo island, says in a letter to Gov- 
 ernor Seabrook, in 1844, that three parcels of long staple cotton seed were 
 brought to a gentleman in Georgia, from the Bahamas, in 1785 and 1786, 
 it would seem that the seed reached our coast from those islands. In the 
 Bahamas it was called gossypium barbaclense, in consequence doubtless of 
 being brought from Barbadoes. In the latter island it was known as 
 Persian cotton (Edward's West Indies, vol. iv., p. 363) and was thought to 
 have come from that country where it was originally derived from the 
 gossypyum arboreum of India. Be this as it may, Mrs. Kinsey Burden, of 
 Burden's island, Colleton county, S. C, obtained some of these seeds from 
 Georgia and planted them. This crop failed to mature, and the first suc- 
 cessful crop of long staple cotton grown in South Carolina was planted in 
 1790, by William Elliott, on the northwest corner of Hilton Head, on the 
 exactspot where Jean Ribault landed the first colonists and erected a column 
 of stone, claiming the territory for France a century before the English 
 settled on the coast. Mr. Elliott's crop sold for 10|d. per pound. Other 
 planters made use of this seed, but it was not until Kinsey Burden, Sr.,of 
 Colleton county, began his selections of seed, about the year 1805, that at- 
 tention was strongly called to the long staple. Mr. Burden sold his crop 
 of that year for twenty-five cents per pound more than did anj^ of his 
 neighbors. He continued to make selections of seed and to improve his 
 staple, and in 1825 he sold a crop of sixty bales at $1.16 per pound. The 
 year subsequent his crop sold for $1.25, and in 1828, he sold two 
 bales of extra fine cotton at $2.00 per pound, a price not often exceeded 
 since. The legislature was on the point of offering Mr. Burden $200,000 
 for his method of improving the staple of cotton, and Mr. Wm. Seabrook, 
 of Edisto, was prepared to pay him $50,000 for his secret, when it was 
 discovered that the fine cotton was due wholly to improvements made in 
 the seed by careful and skillful selections. Since then the greatest care 
 has been bestowed upon the selection of the seed, and to such perfection 
 
J 
 
 28 THE COAST REGION. t 
 
 was tlie staple brought by tliis means, tliat the crops of some planters 
 were sold, not by sample, but by the brand on the bale, as the finest 
 wines are. During the war the cultiyation of the finest varieties being 
 al)andoned on the islands, the seed removed to the interior greatly dete- J 
 riorated in (piality. 80 scarce, on this account, was good seed directly • 
 after the war, that J. T. Dill, a cotton merchant in Charleston, at one i 
 time had in an ordinary letter envelope the seed from which all the bet- J 
 ter qualities of long staple cultivated now was derived. Nor have the 1 
 improvements made by careful selection of the seed ceased in later years. -* 
 The staple has kept fully up to the best grades of former days, and the )i 
 })roportion of lint to seed cotton has been increased. Formerly one pound 
 of lint cotton from five pounds of seed cotton of the fine varieties was con- 
 sidered satisfactory. Thanks to the efforts of Mr. E. M. Clark, a fine va- 
 riety of cotton has been recently found, which yields one pound of lint to 
 three and one-half j)ounds of seed cotton, })reserving at the same time the 
 strength, length and evenness of fibre characteristic of the best varieties, ^j 
 
 APPEARANCE OF THE PLANT. 
 
 The sea island cotton plant is a larger and more vigorous grower than ]' 
 the upland i)lant. It withstands the vicissitudes of the heat and cold » 
 better, and it is less subject to disease ; blight and rust do not affect it as ;|y 
 readily as they do the uj^land cotton, nor does it shed its forms and bolls 
 to anything like the same extent. These remarks as to rust apply also 
 to those varieties of uplands in which the length of the staple has been 
 improved by selection of the seed, and rows of this are often seen healthy 
 and vigorous, while the short stai)le uplands around are withered with 
 the rust. The early growth of the sea island is so vigorous, that it main- 
 tains itself in fields infested with Bermuda and nut grass, as the uplands | 
 could not do. The leaves are larger, smoother, and of a brighter green 
 than uplands, and the flowers are larger, handsomer, and of a more 
 golden yellow. But the bolls are smaller, and instead of being five-lobed 
 are only three-lobed — these lobes being so sharp pointed as to prick the 
 fingers, to the serious inconvenience of pickers not accustomed to gather |i 
 it. Of course the small size of the bolls requiring so many to make a j^ 
 pound, adds much to the tediousness and exi)ense of harvesting the crop, tj 
 The fibre of the lint is much finer, stronger, smoother and silkier than ;i 
 uplands; and while the latter is only J to | inches in length, the sea .i 
 island will measure IJ to 2} inches; the color, too, has a cast of creamy 1 
 yellowness not observed in uplands. * , | 
 
THE COAST REGION. 20 
 
 LABOR AND SYSTEM OF PLANTING. 
 
 On the sea islands of Oarolina, field labor is performed almost exclu- 
 sively by ncf^roes. Nearly all of them are en,£^a^'ed in farmin<^ on their 
 own account; a large number own ftirms; a still larger number rent lands 
 for cultivation, and even the laborers are paid most generally by granting 
 them the use of so many aenjs of land for certain stii)ulated services. 
 The total luimber of I'arnis on the islands is stated to 1)0 fifty-four hundred 
 and fifty-three, but the number probably exceeds six thousand, the enu- 
 merators having had the lands and crops cultivated by renters returned 
 by the landowner, and consolidating them as being in some sort under 
 one management, when they were, in reality, entirely indei)endent — an 
 error ever likely to occur, and sometimes quite difficult to avoid, and 
 which has no doubt caused the number of farms to be underestimated 
 and their size overestimated in many sections of the South. The largest 
 number of acres of sea island cotton planted under one management 
 nowhere exceeds one hundred acres. The white planters do not |)roba- 
 bly average more than thirty acres, and this necessitates that they 
 should be landlords of considerable estate. For as the laborers are fre- 
 quently given five to seven acres for two days' work in the week, and as 
 this two days' work jjcr week does not suffice for the cultivation of more 
 than four acres, to cultivate thirty acres of cotton under this system 
 requires seventy-five acres of land; add to this the amount usually 
 ]>lanted in corn and other crops, and we will have one hundred and 
 twenty acres. As under tlie best system the land lies fallow every other 
 year, the planter of thirty acres of cotton wilj require two hundred and 
 forty acres of open land ; and as scarcely one-fifth of the land is under 
 cultivation, such a planter will probably own some twelve hundred acres. 
 Thus there is no pro])ortion between the size of the farm actually culti- 
 vated and the land holdings — the first being quite small and the last 
 large. This state of things is owing to absence of capital and the low 
 price of land and labor. Lands which were worth $.10 to $00 an acre 
 more than half a century ago (Mill's Statistics S. C, pp. 372 and 472), and 
 which had increased in value down to 1860, being until recently either 
 wholly unsaleable or selling at $10 per acre or less. 
 
 WAGES. 
 
 On James island, which at this time is perhaps under a more progres- 
 sive system of culture than the other sea islands, laborers are paid cash for 
 their work, at the rate of fifty cents per diem and $10 per month, with 
 
30 THE COAST REGION. 
 
 board — the latter being a ration of tliree pounds of baeon and one peck 2 
 
 of urist a week, with shelter and iiud. I'he soil and the condition of the s 
 
 laborers is reported as im})ro^•ing■, and cash wages are considered i)refer- % 
 
 able to the share, or the land system of payment. Arable land rents | 
 
 here at $2 an acre per annum. The price of land is from $15 to $30 an * 
 
 acre. A few laborers own their houses, but very few own anv farming % 
 
 land. ' " ■' 
 
 On John's island, cash wages are from $8 to $10 a month, with board, j 
 
 Most of the laborers, however, are engaged for two days' work a week by 'm 
 
 allowing them a house, fuel, and six to seven acres of land free of rent. * 
 
 The re|)ort is that the system is not satisfactory. The lands worked by -1 
 
 the landlords are improving ; that woi-ked l>y the laborers on their own 1 
 
 account is deteriorating rapidly. The labor is not so easily controlled as 1-, 
 
 when cash wages are i)aid. The lands vary greatly in price — })riccs J 
 
 ranging from $2.50 to $20 per acre, with some lands valued recently still B 
 
 higher. Rent is higher than on James' Island, in consecjuence of a sys- ^ 
 
 tenx that increases the demand by multiplying small farmers, and it is ,-; 
 
 about $3 per acre per annum. : 
 
 On Edisto island, the tw^o days' system prevails. The laborer gives '' 
 
 the landlord two days' work in every week during ten months of the year, '^ 
 
 and receives in return a house, fuel, and six acres of arable land, which, ] 
 
 together with such other land as he may rent, he cultivates on his own f-^ j 
 
 account during the remainder of the week. When extra work is required j 
 
 on the farm, these laboring tenants are employed at fifty cents by the day. j 
 
 The system is reported as l)eing quite unsatisfactory, these two days | 
 
 hands not cultivating more than two acres as an average for the i)ro- j 
 prietor, and burdening his estate with the support of a much larger 
 
 i)opuhition than necessary to its cultivation. By means of this, however, | 
 
 a large amount of resident labor is secured on the place, which is of prime i 
 importance during the cotton-picking season. The laborers themselves 
 prefer this system, having four days out of the week for themselves, they 
 are more independent, and can make any day they choose a holiday. As 
 a rule, they are comfortably off, and about seven per cent, are reported as 
 
 owning homes of their own and some land. The land for wdiich they f 
 
 pay rent service generally deteriorates in value. The lands worked by ji 
 
 the })roprietors are among the very best on the sea-coast, and are improv- m 
 
 ing. The average yic'ld of cotton on the whole island is a bale to 2.6 ,i 
 
 acres; for the six largest planters it is a bale to 1.7 acres. Considering || 
 
 the quality of the staple produced, it may be safely said that the larger ,\ 
 
 farms yielded between tw^o and three times as much as the small ones. Ii 
 
 Lands here are w^orth from $10 to $25 per acre — formerly they were ! ] 
 
 worth from $50 to $70 per acre. Small tracts rent for about $4 per acre jj 
 
THE COAST REGION. 31 
 
 per annum, larger tracts for less. And there is a state of things which 
 tends to reduce the saleable value of lands, while it increases the rental 
 value of it. 
 
 West of St. Helena sound, land is almost without exception in the 
 hands of small negro farmers, either as tenants or proprietors. Much of 
 this land, valued formerly at $40 to $60 an acre, was confiscated, as a 
 war measure, by the U. S. government. A good deal of it was purchased 
 by negroes at the government sales, at $1.25 an acre, on credit, and is still 
 owned by them. The size of the land-holdings is from one to twenty 
 acres, and nowhere is more than fifteen acres of cotton cultivated under 
 one management. Much of the land is uncultivated, and the remainder, 
 in small patches, varying from one-eighth of an acre and less to three 
 acres in size, is planted in corn, cotton and sweet potatoes, curiously 
 intermingled. Nowhere in the State, not even among the gardens on 
 Charleston Neck, is the system of small culture so strikingly illustrated. 
 The farmers usually own a cow, a mule or horse, and the work stock is 
 sufficiently numerous, though of a very inferior quality. Farm fixtures 
 are of the simplest and cheapest description. There is seldom any shelter 
 for the stock, the cabin of the proprietor being generally the only house 
 on the premises. The stock is fed on marsh grass, with a little corn, and 
 is, in a large measure, subsisted by being picketed out, when not at work, 
 to graze on such weeds as the fallow spontaneously furnishes. Plows 
 are numerous enough, but the chief reliance is upon the hoe, which, for 
 several generations, Avas the only implement known to agriculturists on 
 this coast. These small negro farmers have enjoyed many advantages. 
 They bought their lands on easy terms, at one-thirtieth to one-fiftieth of 
 their value. They had the benefit of the famine prices of cotton during 
 the war for their staple product. Since the war, the industries connected 
 with the working of the phosphate rock in the rivers, and on the main 
 lands adjacent to them, have furnished the men with employment at 
 Jiigher wages than could be obtained elsewhere in the State. The 
 opening of the railway to Port Royal harbor has, also, made a demand 
 for labor in loading and unloading vessels, at a better per diem than was 
 elsewhere obtainable. Graded schools were early established here, and 
 have been maintained on a large scale, uninterruptedly, for many years. 
 Fish, oysters and game abound, and poultry, as chickens, ducks and 
 turkeys, do particularly well. Tliis adds largely to the ease with which 
 these people subsist. They live comfortably, happily and peacefully. 
 All the larger houses and buildings about the old farmsteads have rotted 
 down or been burned down, and have been replaced by small cabins and 
 a few country stores, where the traders, invariably white men, who take no 
 part in the cultivation of the soil, collect and dispose of the crop and supply 
 
32 THE COAST REGION. 
 
 the community with such articles of food and dress as are required. Most 
 of the men are engaged at the phosphate works, or on tlie wharves at Port 
 Royal, and the heft of the farm work is performed by the women and 
 children. Land is wortli |10 to $15 an acre. (See opposite table, showing 
 relation of size of farms, number of work stock and production.) 
 
 CREDITS AND ADVANCES. 
 
 Purchasing supplies on a credit prevails to a considerable extent, 
 especially among the small farmers. The exact rate at which these \j 
 advances are made cannot be given, as it is not charged as interest, but , 
 is included in an increased price asked for supplies purchased on credit. - 
 It varies from twenty to one hundred per cent, above the market value 
 of the goods, according to the amount of competition among the 
 store-keepers, who here, as elsewhere in tlie State, are by far the most ^' 
 pros])crous class of the community, in proportion to the skill and capital j 
 employed. The better class of farmers do not approve of this credit ,; 
 system. It furnishes facilities to small farmers, and encourages them to ^^ 
 undertake operations they cannot make remunerative to themselves; it .^i 
 reduces the number of laborers, and precludes high culture. The rental ''■'' 
 value of land is thus increased, and land which could not be sold for $10 I 
 may be rented for $5. The thriftless culture resulting from the small i 
 farms, unduly multiplied by this unhealthy stimulus of credit, causes I 
 many acres to be thrown yearly out of cultivation. Thus the increasing ; 
 demand to rent land, in consequence of the increasing facilities for credit ' 
 to small farmers, and the constantly diminishing area of arable land, 
 resulting from the very imperfect system of culture their lack of means | 
 forces them to adopt, create high rents, injurious to the small farmer, | 
 and impoverishes the landlord by deteriorating the quality of his land, | 
 as well as by abstracting the labor he could employ in remunerative \ 
 culture. 
 
 TILLAGE AND IMPROVEMENT. | 
 
 The sea islands have, since ISdC), enjoyed a law s})ecial to them, requir- j- 
 
 ing the owners of live stock to enclose them. Owing to this and to the ^ 
 
 numerous creeks and marshes that intersect these islands, and which ; 
 
 serve as natural divisions, when required, between the different fields, :■ 
 
 fences are not a burden on the agriculture of the coast lands, and there. ii 
 is comparatively little fencing. 
 
 Drainage, although said by Gov. Seabrook to be so little attended to on II 
 
 the sea islands as to be scarcely worthy of being considered a regular ag- \\ 
 
 ricultural operation, has of necessity always been practised to some extent, j.; 
 
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 CO ^ 
 
 LOCALITY. 
 
 
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THE COAST REGION. 33 
 
 The rcmarkul>ly high beds on whicli cotton is planted here, being fron) 
 eiglite(!n inches to two feet liigh, subserves this ])urpose. 'J'^iie best plant- 
 ers have long had oi)en drains through tluiir fields. These were gener- 
 ally made by j'unning two furrows with a })low, and afterwards liauling 
 out the loose dirt with a hoe, thus leaving an open ditch, if it may be so 
 termed, a foot or more in depth. In recent ywirs the enter})rising farm- 
 ers on James' island have made deei)er ditches and placed plank drains 
 in them. Seeing the great benefit resulting from this, they subsequently 
 replaced the plank with regular drainage tile. In this way they have 
 reclaimed a good deal of land, besides adding largely to the value of that 
 already un<ler cultivation. The outlets open to the sea at low-water 
 mark and the pressure of the water in the pipes j)reserves a constant out- 
 flow even at high ti<le. Ho that land only a foot or two above high-water 
 mark, is susce[)tible of thorough drainage to the de]>th of four or even 
 five feet. The borders of these islands being usually their highest j)arts, 
 and the interior often quite low, a wide field for improvement is offered 
 in this direction. 
 
 In the early j)art of the century, when agriculture had so far devel- 
 oped the value of these lands as to make $G0 an acre for planting land 
 not an uimsual price, the use of the plow was entirely unknown here, and 
 all the operations of tillage were performed by hand with the hoe alone. 
 This continued to be the usual practice until the war. Since then plows 
 have come more and more into use, until their employment is now quite 
 general. 
 
 Fallowing is })racticed to the extent that land planted in cotton one 
 
 year is pastured by cattle and sheep, not hogs. It is claimed that great 
 
 I benefit is derived b}'^ having the loose soil of the islands trodden by stock 
 
 ■ during the year tljcy lie fallow. The raj)id growth of bushes, briars and 
 
 I weeds is ke])t down by the stock, and the dri<!d stems of the cotton stalks 
 
 j of the previous year are broken uf) and trampled down. W care be taken 
 
 I " that the grass is not ciiten so close as to ex[»ose the soil on the toj)S of 
 
 1 the beds to tin; summer sun," it is found when the stock are turned off in 
 
 ! November, to range through the fields, that the pasture " is in exactly the 
 
 right condition for the coming season's cotton fields, with no cotton 
 
 stalks, or troublesome growth to be got off, or under the land and make 
 
 it too husky." 
 
 1 About one-half of the land formerly cultivated is reported as "turned 
 
 I out " on John's island, and the same or a larger proportion on Wadma- 
 
 i] law. On the other islands less land has passed out of cultivation, but no- 
 
 ' I where has the acreage under cultivation increased. 
 
34 THE COAST REGION. 
 
 CULTIVATION. 
 
 A mule can do the plowing required in the cultivation of thirty acres 
 in sea island cotton, and can, in addition, cultivate a sutiieiency of land to 
 supply corn for its own feed, perhaps something over. The first step in 
 the preparation of the land is to hoe oft' the weeds (" hurricane "), cut up 
 the cotton stalks, and pile and burn this litter. This costs forty cents per 
 acre. Bushes are grubbed up at a cost of seven cents per acre. The land 
 is not broken up broadcast with the plow, but early in February two fur- 
 rows of a single-horse turning plow are run in the old alleys, making a 
 trench seven or eight inches deep. In this furrow a subsoil plow may or 
 may not be run, according to the character of the subsoil. Wherever un- 
 der drainage is practised, as on James island, the furrow is generally used. 
 Before plows came into use this trench was never made, and even now it 
 is omitted by some of the most successful planters. Into this trench, or 
 into the middle of the alley, where there is no trench, the manure is. 
 placed. This consists usually of about twenty cart loads of marsh mud 
 and one thousand to one thousand four hundred pounds of cotton seed. 
 Stable and lot manure, together with composts of marsh mud and rushes, 
 are also applied in the furrow at the rate of forty cart loads per acre on 
 • such a portion of the land as the limited number of stock enables the 
 farmer to treat in this method. On the lines of manure thus laid down, 
 a certain quantity of commercial fertilizer is drilled. This practice, 
 wholly unknown formerly, is very common now, even the smallest negro 
 farmers often going heavily in debt to obtain these fertilizers from the 
 store-keepers. They are handy, obviate the labor and care of stock and 
 the forethought and toil of collecting and manipulating composts. On 
 James island and John's island a mixture consisting of two hundred and 
 fifty pounds acid phosphate, two hundred pounds kainit (German potash 
 salt) and two hundred pounds calcined marl is applied per acre. On 
 Edisto island they use two hundred pounds fish scrap (half dry in bar- 
 rels), two hundred pounds kainit and two hundred pounds acid phosphate 
 per acre. On St. Helena island little fertilizer is used. Cotton seed is 
 worth $15 to $20 per ton, and the commercial fertilizers from $15 to $30, 
 which would make $15 an acre the cost of the manure among the best 
 farmers. 
 
 The land is now ready for listing, which is done by hauling oh to the 
 manure with a hoe the soil from the tops and sides of the old bed. A 
 more recent practice is to lap in with two furrows of a turning plow on 
 the manure. This costs only seventeen and one-half cents per acre, 
 
THE COAST REGION. 
 
 3S 
 
 while the listing with the hoe costs eighty cents, although the latter has 
 the great advantage of bringing all the vegetable mould and humus di- 
 rectly to the spot where the roots of the plant are to grow. Over the 
 mass of dirt, weeds, manure, etc., thus collected in the old alley, a double 
 roller, five feet from centre to centre, and weighing about eight hundred 
 pounds, is passed to press together and compact the whole, completing 
 two rows at a time. All this should be completed by the first to the mid- 
 dle of IShirch, and the bed is then built up by lai)ping in two more fur- 
 rows on a .side, with a single or double horse turning plow. 
 
 The land is now ready for planting, which may begin any time after 
 the 20th of March ; but the 1st to the 10th of April is the time preferred. 
 Cotton planters are not used. Three hands do this work ; the one ahead 
 chops a hole with a hoe on the top of the bed at intervals of twelve to 
 eighteen inches; another hand drops eight or ten seed in each hole, and 
 the third follows and covers carefully w^ith the hoe. Three to four pecks 
 of seed are used to the acre. The seed makes its appearance above ground 
 in eight to twelve days after being planted, and the stand is perfected 
 from the second week in April to the first week in May. Hoeing begins 
 about the first of May. The second hoeing takes place the last of May. 
 The plows then break out the middles (the spaces between the new beds 
 where the old beds stood). The hoe hands follow, and pull up the loose 
 dirt left by the plow to the foot of the cotton. This is called hauling ; 
 by it the new bed is completed, the cotton is kept from "flagging "(falling 
 down), and the grass is kept under. It costs eighty cents per acre. At 
 the second hoeing some stalks are thinned from the bunch in which the 
 seed breaks the ground, and at each succeeding hoeing and hauling other 
 stalks are removed, until in July only one , stalk of each bunch is left. 
 There are four hoeings and four haulings by the last week in July, one 
 or more furrows with a sweep plow being run through the middles pre- 
 vious to each hauling. By the last of July the culture is completed, 
 except to run a furrow with the sweep between the rows in August, to 
 destroy grass and keep the cotton growing. 
 
 The first blossoms appear about the middle of June, when the cotton 
 is fifteen inches high, and the^olls open towards the end of August, when 
 the plants have attained a growth of four to five feet. Cotton picking 
 commences from the last week in August to the second week in Septem- 
 ber. For the first picking, while the cotton is thin, one and a half cents 
 per pound seed cotton is paid. Subsequently the price is one cent per 
 pound, never less, until the last of November, when it rises again to one 
 and a half to two cents. By the 15th December the crop is gathered. 
 
 Mr. W. E. Fripp, a progressive planter on John's island, remarks in 
 concluding his report : " No improved implements are used or needed 
 
36 THE COAST REGION. 
 
 in sea island cotton culture." " Any one hand, with ordinary implements 
 and manaocmcnt, can make four times as much cotton as he can gather." 
 Naturally this suggests the reflection, what is to he done, in a region 
 devoted almost exclusively to cotton culture, with the three hands not 
 needed during the cultivation of the crop, hut of paramount importance 
 during the picking season. What industries can be introduced to give 
 them employment? It would seem, whatever they are, they must be of 
 such a character as is suited not only to cheap labor, but to cheapen labor. 
 Already the cotton picker pockets one-sixth of the gross value of the crop, 
 and is a heavy burden on the producer. At $7.50 per bale, which is 
 below the actual cost of picking, it requires an expenditure of $40,000,000 
 to $45,000,000 to gather the crops now made. This large sum is ])aid out 
 in the space of two months for work in which the most unskilled and 
 least robust laborers excel. Just here there is a gorge in the industry of 
 the cotton belt, piling up a vast reserve of stagnant energies to surmount 
 the obstacle of cotton picking. Should it ever be removed, and ma- 
 chinery be invented to reduce the cost of this work, improvements in 
 culture would follow so rapidly, and the product of cotton could be so 
 greatly increased, that, besides being used for clothing, it might become 
 one of the cheapest materials for building purposes. Everywhere, in the 
 production of this staple, improvements are possible to an indefinite 
 extent; but when cotton picking is reached, there, as in gold digging, 
 the only resource is a human being, an unskilled drudge, at low wages. 
 This absolute dependence of cotton production on purely human labor 
 has not been without its humanizing influences, and king cotton has been 
 more powerful to preserve friendly relations between the stronger and 
 the weaker race than militarj^ governors and reconstruction acts. The 
 comparatively small amount of manual labor necessary for crops of grain 
 or hay might, had such crops replaced the culture of cotton, have left the 
 negro with as little support on American soil as the Chinaman, and their 
 hegira to the West, or to Africa, might have been possible ; as it is, the 
 home of the cotton pickers has been made too soft and easy a place to 
 them to render any such occurrence at all probable. 
 
 DISEASES AND ENEMIES. 
 
 As has been already stated, the long staple cotton is a more vigorous 
 grower and less subject to diseases than upland cotton. Neither sore 
 shin, blight, rust, or the shedding of fruit in unfavorable seasons, seems 
 to affect it to the same extent. Its enemies are in the vegetable kingdom, 
 weeds and grass, especially the nut grass and the Bermuda, and against 
 these the constant and skillful use of the hoe and plow are the only safe- 
 
THE COAST REGION. 37 
 
 guards. The most dreaded enemy of the crop is the cotton caterpillar, 
 which makes its appearance in warm wet spells in the latter part of 
 summer, and speedily consumes the foliage. At one time so great and 
 constant were the depredations of these worms, that it was feared that 
 they would, as they did for some years, put a stop to the profitable cul- 
 ture of this crop. Now, however, by the use of paris green the planter 
 counts securely on contending successfully with them, and no crop has 
 been lost in late years where it has been used in season. A mixture of 
 one pound of paris green, one of rosin, and forty pounds of flour, is dusted 
 by hand over the leaves on the first appearance of the worm, and this 
 inexpensive process secures exemption from their ravages, even when 
 they come in such numbers and work with such rapidity, that the por- 
 tion of a field hot treated to the mixture in consequence of the interven- 
 tion of Sunday, is consumed beyond remedy. 
 
 PREPARATION OF THE COTTON FOR MARKET. 
 
 When the cotton has been picked, weighed and housed, it is next 
 spread out in the sun, on what is called " an arbor." This is a platform, 
 usually made of inch boards, raised a few feet above the ground and 
 some twenty-five feet or more square. Here the sun and air dries the 
 cotton, preventing it from heating, wiiich it is liable to do when stored 
 in bulk, and it is also thought to cause the lint to absorb some of the oil 
 in the seed, which adds to the silky lustre of the fibre. After being thus 
 dried, it may be either stored or passed at once to the " whipper," a 
 machine that knocks out the dust and sand, and leaves the cotton whiter 
 and more open. Formerly, when the price was higher than it is at 
 present, it was all assorted. A hand was given one hundred and fifty 
 pounds of seed cotton as a day's task, which he thoroughly overhauled, 
 picked out all specks, stained cotton, fragments of leaf, etc. At present, 
 however, this is usually done by two hands, who examine the cotton as it 
 passes into the gin, and two others behind the gin, who pick out cracked 
 seed, motes, etc., as the lint issues from the gin. The roller gin in 
 some form has always been used for detaching the lint from black 
 seed cotton. Nearchus, the admiral of Alexander the Great, reports its 
 use among the Hindoos in his time. The first roller gin used in this 
 country was one constructed in 1788, by Mr. Bissell, of Georgia, the gen- 
 tleman already mentioned as having introduced this variety of cotton. 
 It consisted of two short wooden rollers moving in opposite directions, 
 each turned by a boy or girl, and giving, as the result of a day's work, 
 five pounds of lint cotton. To this succeeded the foot or treadle gin, im- 
 ported from the West Indies, where they had been in use, having reached 
 
38 THE COAST REGION. 
 
 there with this varieiy of cotton seed, descendants, doubtless, of the Hin- 
 doo gins, mentioned by Nearchus. In 1790, Dr. Joseph Eve, a distin- 
 guished physician and poet, then of the Bahama islands, but subsequently 
 a resident in Georgia, near Augusta, made great improvements in this 
 gin, and adapted it to be run by horse or water poAver. It was claimed 
 that his gin would detach the seed from short staple cotton ; but it ap- 
 pears not to'have succeeded in doing this. Other improvements took place 
 in the roller gin, from time to time ; and about 1840, F. McCarthy, of 
 Alabama, devised a machine which bears his name, and has been in use 
 ever since on the sea islands. Shortly after this, small steam engines 
 Avere used with the McCarthy gin, and now oxen and horses have been 
 discarded and all the gins on the sea islands are run by steam power. 
 A two horse powder is required for each gin, which turns out on an average 
 a bale weighing three hundred and fifty pounds as a day's work. 
 There is a recent English improvement of the McCarth}' gin, known on 
 the sea islands as the double McCarthy. This gin gives two bales in a 
 day's work; but as it requires greater skill to attend 'it, they are not in 
 general use ; two, however, are in successful operation in the large gin- 
 house of Mr. John G. Nichols, on St. Helena island. 
 
 The great subdivision of the land into small farms under independent 
 management, renders it impracticable for each cotton planter, as formerly, 
 to have a gin and ginhouse of his own. To meet this state of things, 
 ** toll" gins have been established. They are usually in the hands of 
 store-keepers at the various boat landings. The largest establishment of 
 this sort is the one above mentioned on St. Helena island. Here ten gins 
 under one shelter are run by one steam engine. Bagging is kept on hand 
 for the convenience of customers, and the cotton is either purchased by 
 the proprietor of the gin, or shipped by him directly from the ginhouse 
 to any American or European port the planter may prefer. There being 
 a large store on the premises, where the wants of the planters are sup- 
 plied throughout the year, and a skilled machinist being in constant 
 attendance on the gins, to keep everything running in the best order, it 
 is much patronized. Almost the entire crop is prepared and marketed 
 here, and planters, even as remote as Edisto island, bring their cotton to 
 be ginned and disposed of at this gin, saving thereby, as they say, the 
 heavy charges of wharfage, storage, insurance and commission, which are 
 incurred when sent to city factors to be sold. This establishment is 
 worked, in connection with others of a similar character along the coast 
 df Georgia, and in Florida, which together handle and dispose of eight 
 thousand or nine thousand bales of long staple cotton annually. 
 
 The usual charge at these gins is three and a half to four cents per 
 pound, lint, and they are said to pay well. The cotton is packed in 
 
THE COAST REGION. 39 
 
 Dundee bagging, in round bales. No press is used, as it is thought it 
 would injure the fibre. The work is done by hand, the cotton being 
 beaten into the bag with a pestle. At the large ginhouse on St. Helena, 
 however, even this work is accomplished by machinery. The bag is con- 
 veniently suspended from an iron hoop, and a disc of two inch plank, 
 exactly fitting the bag, and moved by steam, pushes the cotton in, secur- 
 ing greater dispatch and accuracy in the packing. 
 
 The seed is used for manure, and when sold for this purpose, brings 
 twenty-five to thirty -five cents per bushel of forty pounds. In 1880, only 
 about fifty tons were exported from Charleston, chiefly to Egypt, to be 
 used as planting seed. In this connection an incident related by Governor 
 Seabrook illustrates the difficulties attending the handling of newly in- 
 troduced products. In 1796, on Mr. Brisbane's White Point plantation, in 
 St. Paul's Parish, the disposition to be made of the cotton seed, which 
 " the gins began to furnish freely, became a perplexing question. Being 
 carelessly thrown on the ground, the hogs ate it and they died. It was 
 then put into pens, but the pigs found their way between the interstices 
 of the rails and shared the fate of their elders. As a last resort, and with 
 a view to be rid of the nuisance, it was deposited in a small creek con- 
 tiguous to the Mansion House. There, at low tide, it soon generated a 
 miasmatic odor, which, when the wind was favorable, was so offensive 
 as to create a strong feeling against the future culture of the crop." 
 
 What has been written refers distinctly to the sea islands. A consider- 
 able quantity of long staple cotton in addition is grown on the mainlands 
 and is known as Santees and as mains. The general economy of the cul- 
 ture is the same as on the sea islands. The seed is obtained annually or 
 biennially from the islands, as it is thought to deteriorate very rapidly on 
 the mainland. In the absence of determinate experiments for a series of 
 years it is not easy to say what the cause of this deterioration is, or even 
 if it is due to causes of a permanent character. That the seed does deteri- 
 orate is a fact beyond question. But whether it would do so if not ex- 
 posed to hybridization with uplands, and if the selections were made with 
 the same skill and patience that is show^n by the sea island planters, can- 
 not be said to have been demonstrated. To be perfectly secure from the 
 influence of uplands it should be planted at least three miles distant from 
 it, that being determined as the range of the bee whose search for honey 
 and pollen is the fruitful source of this miscegenation. New factors too 
 might have to be taken into consideration in the selection of the seed on 
 new soils and in a new climate. Crops of sea island cotton have been 
 made as high up as Orangeburg and Aiken counties. The yield was as 
 good as on the coast, and the staple, while ranking well in the market, 
 did not command the higher prices. Were a serious effort made for a 
 
40 THE COAST REGION. 
 
 number of years, it is not improbable that the culture of this high-priced 
 cotton might be much extended. 
 
 It is difficult to find a satisfactory answer to the question why is long 
 staple cotton planted exclusively on the coast. Uplands have been tried 
 there, and it has been found that they yield no more than long staple, 
 which of course caused their abandonment as less profitable. The only 
 explanation offered is to refer this case to that general law of cultivated 
 plants, that their culture is most profitable at the northern limit at which 
 they can be grown, inasmuch as their yield at that point is greater, their 
 cultivation cheaper, the period of growth being shorter, and their product 
 of better quality. This certainly is true to a large extent of cotton. 
 Latitude is the onl}-^ reason that can be given why the Carolina long sta- 
 ples are superior to those of Florida and Georgia. Cotton samplers say 
 that the same is true of uplands, and the staple grown near the moun- 
 tains are finer, stronger, and more even than the crops raised south of 
 them. The rapid advance that cotton culture is making in the Piedmont 
 country would seem to show that its culture there was being found more 
 profitable than further south. 
 
 THE COST OF COTTON PRODUCTION. 
 
 The cost of production may be considered from two points of view. 
 First, the actual cost to certain producers, of whom inquiry has been 
 made. Second, what may be termed the rational cost, that is, the labor, 
 material and capital necessarily expended in jjroduction, directly or 
 indirectly, by the producer himself, or by some one else. The first is 
 real, but by no means expresses everything involved. For instance, on 
 unsaleable land, a landholder, with little or no expenditure of capital, 
 may j^roduce a certain amount of cotton with labor given in return for debts 
 that could not be otherwise collected. Such cotton would cost almost 
 nothing to the producer. Between this and the opposite extreme, where 
 the land had been bought above its real value, and a large expenditure 
 made in the culture, there is every variation of individual experience — 
 from one of immense profits, to one ending directly in bankruptcy. The 
 rational cost, on the other hand, is purely theoretical ; in estimating the 
 cost of each item of expenditure, it must be generalized and reduced to an 
 average that does not, perhaps, conform exactly to the experience of any 
 individual. It summarizes these items, and leaves them recorded for 
 consideration. Both methods are given.' Messrs. Hinson & Rivers, on 
 James' island, say $80 a bale of 400 pounds, or 20 cents per pound. Dr. 
 A. B. Rose, of Charleston, puts the cost at $70 per acre, which should yield a 
 bale. of 350 pounds, which gives, likewise, 20 cents per pound. One of 
 
THE COAST REGION. 41 
 
 the most, if not the most, successful among sea island planters, Mr. 
 J. J Mikell, of Edisto, says the cost is 15 cents per pound there. 
 
 Before considering the rational cost, a word should be said as to the 
 amount of production. The highest yield on record to one acre is 500 
 pounds of lint, on a single acre on Mr. SchafFer's place, on Wadmalaw 
 island. A planter on John's island made an average of 290 pounds of lint 
 per acre, on a tract of 20 acres, while small farmers in the same locality 
 produced only 50 pounds to 75 pounds lint per acre. The members of 
 the Farmers' Club on James' island recorded, for 1870, an average yield 
 on their fields of 280 pounds of lint. On Edisto island, there is a tract 
 of 100 acres, producing, in that year, 210 pounds of lint per acre, and 
 conservative farmers there consider 200 pounds of lint an average on the 
 larger farms, year in and year out, a fair yield of fine staple. In Mills' 
 Statistics of South Carolina, published in 1825, it is stated that a 
 farmer on Edisto island produced, on an extensive scale, an average of 
 270 pounds of clean cotton to the acre. He also states that there were 
 lots of land that had produced 435 pounds of lint to the acre. From 
 which it would appear that the soil, climate, and old methods of culture 
 had a capacity not very far inferior to tliat with which the invention of 
 fertilizers, and of improved implements and methods, at the present time, 
 endows this locality. 
 
 The following table presents the rational cost, giving an itemized 
 account of all expenditures, as reported by intelligent sea island planters. 
 The first three columns are from Edisto, the yield being placed at 200 
 pounds of lint cotton to the acre. Number four is from James' island, 
 the yield taken at 280 pounds of lint per acre. Number five represents 
 the average expenditures of the better class of small farmers on John's 
 island : 
 
42 
 
 THE COAST REGION. 
 
 Cost of each Item of Labor and Material expended in the Caltiire of an Acre 
 
 of Cotton. 
 
 ITEMS. 
 
 ONE. 
 
 TWO. 
 
 THREE. 
 
 FOUR. 
 
 FIVE. 
 
 Rent or interest on money invested 
 in lands 
 
 $ c. 
 5 00 
 
 $ c. 
 
 5 00 
 1 00 
 
 40 
 07 
 
 $ c. 
 
 5 00 
 1 00 
 
 40 
 07 
 
 $ C. 
 
 3 00 
 
 $ c. 
 3 00 
 
 Wear and tear of implements . . . 
 Cleaning and burning weeds and 
 
 stalks 
 
 Other cleaning up 
 
 Diuuins and carting salt mud . . . 
 
 1 00 
 
 40 
 07 
 
 1 00 
 
 80 
 
 6 40 
 121 
 
 2 65 
 
 1 50 
 
 2 00 
 30 
 
 
 * 25 
 
 30 
 25 
 
 OO o o 
 
 Spreading salt mud . 
 
 Cotton seed for manure, 20 bushels, 
 at 35 cents 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lapping mud and seed in with two 
 furrows, or rolling ditto .... 
 
 Fish scrap, 200 lbs., and spreading, 
 15 cents 
 
 Kainit, 200 lbs 
 
 121 
 
 ; . . 
 
 15 
 
 . . . 
 
 Acid Phosphate, 200 lbs 
 
 Spreading last two, 15 cents each. . 
 Commercial manures 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 50 
 
 7 25 
 1 45 
 
 40 
 25 
 121 
 50 
 25 
 30 
 5 60 
 25 
 121 
 10" 
 
 8 00 
 15 
 
 6 50 
 
 7 25 
 1 45 
 
 40 
 25 
 121 
 
 10 00 
 
 2 00 
 
 55 
 
 . 50 
 
 50 
 
 2 50 
 
 Home-made manures 
 
 
 50 
 
 Applvin^T manures ... 
 
 
 10 
 
 Bedding up with plow 
 
 Splitting middles 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 50 
 
 Breaking out ridge of old bed . . . 
 
 Planting 
 
 Replanting 
 
 121 
 45 
 20 
 30 
 
 5 60 
 25 
 121 
 10 
 
 8 00 
 15 
 
 3 00 
 55 
 
 50 
 2 50 
 
 
 50" 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 5 60 
 25 
 121 
 10" 
 
 8 00 
 
 50 
 25 
 
 1 50 
 6 00 
 
 2 50 
 50 
 
 " 50 
 25 
 
 Seed 
 
 Eight to ten hoeings and haulings. 
 Blowings with sweep plow .... 
 Thinning and regulating stand . . 
 Cleaning ditches 
 
 40 
 6 00 
 2 50 
 
 50 
 
 Picking cotton 
 
 Sunning and drying cotton . . 
 
 Ginning, cleaning and packing . . 
 
 Bagging and twine, per bale. . . . 
 
 Hauling to gin 
 
 Hauling to steamboat and freight to 
 city . 
 
 Storage, insurance, weighing, dray- 
 age and selling 
 
 11 20 
 
 4 00 
 
 8 00 
 55 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 2 50 
 1 50 
 
 7 00 
 55 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 2 50 
 
 8 80 
 55 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 2 50 
 
 3 50 
 27 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 1 25 
 
 Foreman's wages and rations. . . 
 
 2 75 
 
 
 Total 
 
 45 69i'51 291148 52 1 
 
 52 25| 
 
 27 32 
 
THE COAST REGION. 
 
 43 
 
 It would be a still more difficult problem to arrive at a satisfactory 
 estimate of the profit per acre to the farmer. This would vary, in the 
 first place, according to the grade of cotton produced, the prices fluctuat- 
 ing, with the fineness of the staple, from 30 cents all the way up to $1.10 
 pt?r lb. The value of the cotton, too, would depend greatly on the hand- 
 ling of the crop, whether it was picked in time, properly stored, sunned, 
 dried, ginned, and moted — in all of which operations the skill, care, and 
 forethought of the farmer would count for a great deal. But if we place 
 the price of the cotton at 40 cents per pound, we may offer the following 
 estimates as coming somewhere near the correct deductions to be made 
 from the data furnished by the foregoing figures. 
 
 Cod of Cotton Per Pound, and Profit Per Acre. 
 
 
 ONE. 
 
 TWO. 
 
 THREE. 
 
 FOUR. 
 
 FIVE. 
 
 Cost per pound . . . 22 8-lOc. 
 
 251c. 
 
 241c. 
 
 18 3-5c. 
 
 27 3-lOc. 
 
 Do. plus value of seed "j 
 produced and less in- V 17 0-lOc. 
 terest on investment, j 
 
 20 7-lOc. 
 
 19 3-lOc. 
 
 15 1-lOc. 
 
 21|c. 
 
 Profit per cultivated acre $45 20 
 
 $38 20 1 $41 40 i $69 72 
 
 $78 25 
 
 These figures can, of course, only be approximately correct, but the 
 wide difference that prevails between large farms and high culture, and 
 the small farms and insufficient culture, is a hopeful indication that the 
 efforts at improvement have met with success, a success that would be 
 much enhanced if we estimate the improved value of soil itself, where 
 high culture has been practiced. 
 
CHAT^TER III. 
 
 THE LOWER PINE BELT, OR SAVANNA 
 
 REGION. 
 
 LOCATION AND BOUNDARIES. 
 
 Contiguous to and immediately inland from the coast region lies the 
 Lower Pine Belt, or Savanna region, of South Carolina. Northward it 
 may be bounded by a line dividing Hampton county nearly in half, 
 leaving the Savannah river in Lawton township, running east across the 
 county and through Broxton and Warren townships, in the northwest 
 corner of Colleton county, to Orangeburg county, including the town- 
 ships of Branchville and Cow Castle. Thence along the northern bound- 
 ary of Charleston county to the Santee river. Leaving the Santee river 
 about Wright's Bluff, this line traverses Clarendon county to its north- 
 east corner, crosses Lynches river, descends that river to a point opposite 
 where Catfish creek empties into the Great Pee Dee ; follows that stream to 
 Barker's creek, passes up it to Reedy creek, down it to the Little Pee Dee, 
 and up that river to the North Carolina line. The section thus bounded 
 includes the half of Hampton county, nearly all of Colleton, two town- 
 ships in Orangeburg, all but the northwest corner of Clarendon, the 
 southwest portion of Marion, the whole of Williamsburg, and all Charles- 
 ton, Georgetown and Horry counties not lying on the coast, and com- 
 prises nearly one-third of the entire State. 
 
 THE PHYSICAL FEATURES 
 
 of the Lower Pine Belt bear a striking analogy to those of the coast 
 region. The uplands, the so-called " pine barrens," represent the sea 
 islands. Numerous large fresh water rivers replace the great salt water 
 rivers and arms of the sea along the coast, and the interminable net-work 
 
THE LOWER PINE BELT, OR SAVANNA REGION. 45 
 
 of extensive swamj^g and bays recall the salt marshes of the coast. Eight 
 large rivers receiving all the Mater that falls in South Carolina, and a 
 large proportion from the watershed of North Carolina, besides several 
 smaller rivers and innumerable lesser streams, traverse this region and 
 furnish more than 1,000 miles of navigable waters. The general ap- 
 pearance of the country is low and flat. The uniform level of the sur- 
 face is scarcely broken anywhere, except here and there on the banks of 
 the streams by the occurrence of slightly rolling lands. Lime sinks are 
 found and there is a notable chain of them south of EutaAvville, between 
 the great bend of the Santee river and the head waters of Cooper river. 
 In a depression of the sjarface a miniature lake, never exceeding fifty 
 yards in length by a dozen in width, and sometimes only a few feet in 
 diameter, is found. The water is oi crystalline clearness, with a visible 
 depth of twelve to fifteen feet, and is contained in a funnel-shaped hollow 
 of the blue limestone rock, tliat underlies the soil at the depth of a few 
 inches. These lakelets or springs have no outlet, but at their bottom 
 fissures in the limestone rock, leading to unknown depths, are observed. 
 Through these fissures numbers of all the varieties of fresh water fish 
 common to this locality, including eels and alewives, some of them of 
 considerable size are seen to pass. So numerous are these fish that if all 
 these open basins were put together into one, it would not afford food or 
 breeding space for one-hundredth part of the fish found in anyone of them. 
 The inference seems warranted that there is here, in the caverns of 
 the limestone rock, a subterranean stream or lake many miles in extent. 
 The maximum elevation of this region above tide-water is reached at 
 the village of Branchville on the South Carolina railway, and is 134 
 feet. From the data furnished by the surveys of the railroads traversing 
 this region, the Port Royal, South Carolina and Wilmington roads (the 
 Charleston and Savannah road runs near to and parallel Avith the coast, 
 and the surveys of the Northeastern road have been destroyed), it ap- 
 pears that the average slope is about S^ feet per mile. This slope, how- 
 ever, seems to be much more rapid in the western and narrower part than 
 it is in the eastern and broader portion of the belt. Altmans, on the 
 Port Royal railroad, is 105 feet above mean high tide at the head of 
 Broad river, 18 miles distant in a direct line, giving a fall of 5.8 ft. per 
 mile. Branchville is 134 ft. above the sea, which at North Edisto inlet, 
 near Jehossee island, is 48 miles distant, making the fall 2.8 feet per mile. 
 In the east the railroad bridge of the Great Pee Dee is 52 miles from the 
 sea and has an elevation above it of only about 59 feet, or but little more 
 than one foot to the mile. This fall would, with skillful engineering, be 
 sufficient for thorough drainage. Left as it is, however, wholly to the 
 operations of nature, this desirable object is far from being accomplished, 
 
46 THE LOWER PINE BELT, OR SAVANNA REGION. 
 
 and the broad but slow currents of the tortuous streams never free the 
 swamps and lowlands of their superfluous water. So level is the country 
 and so abundant the supply of water, that the engineering skill and out- 
 lay required to perfect its drainage would, at comparatively small addi- 
 tional outlay, render the larger part of the surface susceptible to cultiva- 
 tion by irrigation. In connection with drainage and the embankment 
 of the rivers, the assertion is frequently made, that such works are less 
 practicable now than formerly, when they were attempted in conse- 
 (|uence of the increased size and frecjuenc}^ of freshets, resulting from 
 cutting down the forests, the chief obstructions to the rapid passage of 
 rain water into the streams. In the absence of records giving exact data 
 on this point, this assertion rests more on the apparent nature of the 
 case than on ascertained facts. On the contrary, nothing can be more 
 certain than that no subsequent freshet has attained the height and ex- 
 tent of the great flood of 1796, known as the Yazoo freshet, and that none 
 has exceeded the May freshet of 1840. 
 
 GEOLOGICAL FEATURES. 
 
 Out-crops of the cretaceous rocks of the secondary formation occur 
 east of the Santee river, in numerous localities in the Lower Pine Belt of 
 South Carolina. Commencing at Little river, in the southeastern corner 
 of Horry count\^JProf. Tuomey followed these rocks to Mars Bluff on the 
 Great Pee Dee^B^Bpoints as far north as Darlington C. H. They make 
 their appearaiiH^B^PPWfes river in about the same latitude, and were 
 traced by Mr. Kumn as far west as Kingstree, the county seat of Williams- 
 burg. They consist of a soft marl of a dark gray color, containing (as at 
 Mars Bluff) the remains of belemnites in great number. This marl- av- 
 erages about 34 per cent, of carbonate of lime, and rests on a stratum of 
 hard lime or marl stone, which yields 75 per cent, of carbonate of lime. 
 The marl stone in turn rests on a black shale of laminated clay, which 
 rests on beds of sand. The buhr-stone reaches down into the Lower Pine 
 Belt in several localities along its northwestern edge. Prof. Tuomey 
 thought he had traced it as far as the Ashepoo river in Colleton and to 
 Huspa creek in Beaufort county. But as the rocks he referred to are now 
 recognized as belonging to the phosphate rock formation, the buhr-stone 
 does not extend so far south as he supposed. 
 
 The body of the Lower Pine Belt is underlaid by marl belonging to 
 that portion of the eocene formation of the tertiary, designated by Mr. 
 Ruffin the Great Carolina Bed. These marl beds are divided into two 
 well-marked groups, known as the Santee marls and as the Ashley and 
 Cooper river marls. The Santee marls are the older, lower and more ex- 
 
THE LOWER PINE BELT, OR SAVANNA REGION. 47 
 
 tensive formation. Reaching from Mazyek's ferry on the Santee in 
 Charleston county to A^ance's ferry on that river in Orangeburg county, 
 and underlying nearly the whole of Clarendon county, they have been 
 traced along Potato creek as far north as Sumter county. Westward they 
 extend through Colleton, Orangeburg, Hampton and Barnwell counties, 
 to the Savannah river ; reaching as high up on that stream as Shell bluff, 
 a noted locality in Burke bounty, Ga. Their northern margin rests on 
 the buhr-stone, and to the west and south they pass under the Ashley and 
 Cooper marls. The Santee marls form the lowest member of the cal- 
 careous strata of the Charleston basin, and was designated by Prof. 
 Tuomey the Coralline bed of the Charleston basin, being composed of 
 the remains of corals and gigantic oyster shells. It consists of strata of 
 soft marl, marl-stone and green sand, and is very rich in carbonate of 
 lime, averaging 90 per cent, of that valuable ingredient of the soil. 
 
 Resting on the Santee marls, and passing out with them beneath the 
 pleiocene and post-pleiocene of the coast under the sea to a great depth, are 
 the Ashley and Cooper marls. Unlike the Santee marls, they contain 
 neither corals or oyster shells, but are composed of minute many cham- 
 bered shells (Polythalamia and Foraminfera). These marls are of a 
 dark gray color and granular texture, sometimes so compact as to render 
 the material suitable for building purposes. Prof. Tuomey mentions a 
 ruined house, erected long ago, by Sir John Colleton, of this material, 
 which reminded him of Portland stone. The marl^^^^he tools upon 
 the walls exposed to the weather were as well de&^^^^Btliey had been 
 impressed yesterday, and the angles of a tasteful^^W^B^, handsomely 
 moulded and decorated, were as sharp, despite its long neglect, as when 
 first executed. These marls are not so rich as the Santee marls and av- 
 erage only about 60 per cent, of carbonate of lime. They have long 
 been known, however, to contain a notable quantity of phosphate of 
 lime, and a great interest attaches to them, as it is the fragments broken 
 from their irregular surface, and rounded by the Avaves, which have been 
 converted into the nodules rich in phosphate of lime and known as 
 
 PHOSPHATE ROCK. 
 
 The deposits of phosphate rock occur over a wide range of country, 
 reaching from North Carolina to Florida, and extending in some instances 
 as much as 60 miles inland. Vertically, so far as their occurrence in 
 quantities of value economically is concerned, their distribution is con- 
 fined within narrow limits. They are found at the bottom of rivers, 20 to 
 30 feet in depth, and on land they occur at an, elevation but slightly 
 above mean high tide, so that the tides of the existing sea, supplemented 
 
48 THE LOWER PINE BELT, OR SAVANNA REGION. 
 
 in a few instances perhaps by the action of storms, is sufficient to account 
 for any movements that these water- worn nodules have undergone. The 
 rock of commerce occurs always above the marl, and is known as the land 
 or water rock, according as it is found in the one element or the other. 
 The water rock is darker in color and harder than the land rock, and is 
 frequently found in a layer or sheet of cemented or tightly compacted 
 nodules, overlying the marl at the bottom of the rivers and creeks, where 
 it either forms the bottom itself or is overlaid by a deposit of mud of 
 greater or less depth. It has been seldom dredged for at a depth exceed- 
 ing 20 feet. The land rock is found at a depth of 2 feet to 10 feet (and 
 more under elevations) below the surface of +he soil, but is not mined at a 
 depth exceeding 5 to 7 feet. It is found in masses or nodules, varying 
 from the size of a potato to several feet in diameter. These nodules are 
 rounded, rough, indented, and frequently perforated with irregular cav- 
 itias. They vary in color from olive or bluish black to a yellowish or 
 grayish white. Their specific gravity is 2.2 to 2.5. Their hardness from 
 3.5 to 4. The fragments of a nodule give off a peculiar foetid odor on 
 friction. By analysis it is found to contain phosphate of lime 55 to 61 
 per cent., carbonate of lime 5 to 10 and organic matter and water 2 to 
 10 per cent., with small quantities of fluorine, iron, magnesia, alumina 
 and sulphuric acid, besides sand. The land rock is found in .a loose 
 layer, varying from a few inches to 30 in depth, averaging about 8 
 inches. It occurs in sand, mud, clay or peat, and is often intermingled 
 with numerous remains of land and marine animals. Among the former 
 are the remains of the mastodon, elephant, tapir, deer, and of our do- 
 mestic animals, the horse, the cow and the hog. Thus showing that these 
 very animals which were imported by the first white settlers had once 
 inhabited this region, from which they had disappeared, so far as tradi- 
 tion informs us, before the advent of man, furnishing Prof Agassiz with 
 one of his strongest arguments in favor of " independent centres of crea- 
 tion." The remains of these land animals are found intermingled with, 
 but never imbedded in, the phosphate rocks, giving no evidence that there 
 was any community of origin between them. So abundant are the re- 
 mains of marine animals that INIr. Tourney named this formation the 
 " Ashley Fish Bed." Most striking among these remains are the beauti- 
 fully preserved teeth of sharks, from 2 inches to 4 inches in length ; if the 
 proportioiTS between the teeth and the bod^' found among existing sharks 
 obtained with these monsters, they must have been 60 feet to 80 feet in 
 length. The sharks teeth, on the other hand, found in the Santee marls 
 do not differ much as regards size from those of the sharks now living on 
 the coast, and artesian wells in the phosphate region yield, at a depth of 
 700 feet below, these colossal teeth — teeth similar in size to the ancient 
 
THE LOWER PINE BELT, OR SAVANNA REGION. 49 
 
 fossil teeth found far inland, imbedded in ihe Santee marls, and to those 
 of the fish now living in the vicinity. As to the origin of the phosphate 
 rock, the identity of the fossil shells it contains with those of the under- 
 lying marl make this much certain, that it consists of fragments broken 
 from the irregular surface of the marl, and that its rounded and nodular 
 form was imparted to it by the action of the waves and currents to which 
 it was subsequently subjected. The imjiortant question of how a marl 
 containing originally 60 per cent, of carbonate of lime and 2 to 4 per 
 cent, of phosphate of lime has been changed into one containing 50 to 60 
 per cent, of phosphate of lime and 5 to 10 per cent, of carbonate of lime 
 remains for consideration. It is a noteworthy circumstance, that, while 
 the great body of the eocene marls in South Carolina have preserved their 
 constitution almost unchanged, a remarkable change is manifest at the 
 beginning and at the close of the series ; in the buhr-stone on the north- 
 ern border, and in the widely removed phosphate rock on the southern ; 
 in the buhr-stone the original carbonate of lime composing the shells has 
 been replaced b}^ silica, rendering great masses of rock, that once might 
 have imparted valuable properties to the soils, valueless agriculturally ; 
 in the phosphate region masses of carT)onate of lime have been converted 
 into the phosphate, rendering them still more valuable to the tiller of the 
 soil. Two theories have been offered to account for this substitution of 
 the phosphate for the carbonate of lime. 
 
 One theory assumes that the fragments of marl were charged with the 
 sweepings from guano beds formed above them by the congregation there, 
 at some indefinite time in the past, of vast flocks of birds ; in this case, 
 bones of the birds should be among the fossils preserved in these beds. 
 No such remains having been found, but instead the remains of numerous 
 animals, such as the mastodon and elephant above mentioned, and it was 
 thought that immense herds of these animals had collected at one time 
 about the shallow salt lakes in which the nodules were left upon the re- 
 cession of the sea, just as animals noAV do about the salt licks of Kentucky, 
 and that the phosphoric acid derived from their excrements and remains 
 wrought the change in the marl. To this it is objected that the spots 
 where the most of these bones are found are not the richest in phos- 
 phates ; and while it is by no means probable that the nodules were in 
 all, or even in most instances, formed where they are at present found, it 
 is difficult to suppose that agencies of such local and restricted character 
 as salt licks could account for the conversion of so great a mass of material, 
 over an area so extensive, as that presented by the phosphate formation. 
 
 The other explanation of the formation of these rocks is, that certain 
 mollusks possess the power of separating the phosphate of lime from sea 
 water, and that through their instrumentality the marl, and especiallv 
 4 
 
50 THE LOWER PINE BELT, OR SAVANXA REGION. 
 
 the upper strata, became charged with a certain amount of phosphate of 
 lime. That the proportion of the phosphate of lime thus obtained to the 
 whole body of the superficial layers of the marl was afterwards increased ; 
 1st, by the removal of a considerable amount of the carbonate of liftie, 
 rendered soluble by tlie percolation through it of rain water containing 
 carbonic acid, derived from the decomposing vegetable matters in the soil 
 overlaying the marl. 2d, by a well known proneness of phosphoric 
 acid, when diffusely distributed, to concentrate and to give rise to concre- 
 ■tionary processes similar to those observed in the flint nodules and peb- 
 bles of the English chalk. This theory agrees with the diffused occur- 
 rence of phosphate of lime in the superficial layers of the marl, as well as 
 with the fact that the upper layers of the deposits and the outside of the 
 nodules are the richest in phosphate. It substitutes for a local cause a 
 general one, commensurate at once with the wide area occupied by the 
 phosphate rocks and by the phosphatic marls of the South Atlantic sea- 
 board. Such a cause also might have been in operation ages ago, when 
 the layers of phosphate rock, found at a depth of 300 feet in artesian 
 borings, were forming ; and it may be in operation now, as the dredging 
 work of the United States Coast Survey shows that the marls accumulat- 
 ing at the depth of 200 ftithoms on the floor of the Gulf Stream, between 
 Florida and Cuba, contain a considerable percentage of phosphate of 
 lime. 
 
 No systematic survey, determining the extent of these deposits, has 
 yet been a-ttempted. The only information on this head comes from 
 prospectors, seeking easily accessible rock in localities convenient for 
 shipment. Widely varying estimates as to the quantity of the rock have 
 been ventured. Some have placed it as high as five hundred millions of 
 tons, and others as low as five millions. The latter is the estimate of 
 Prof Shepard, who has prepared a map of the region. He traced the 
 deposit over 240,000 acres, and roughly estimates the accessible rock as 
 covering only about 10,000 acres. Even this estimated area at 800 tons 
 per acre, which he gives as an average, should yield 8,000,000 tons. But 
 if we examine a single mining region, as that for instance occupied by 
 the Coo-aw company, we must conclude that he has very greatly under- 
 estimated the amount. This company has the exclusive right to a terri- 
 tory of about 6,000 acres in Coosaw river, besides the adjacent marshes, 
 yet unexplored. Everywhere the river bottom is covered with rock, 
 which for the most part forms a solid sheet, varying from 8 inches to 1^ 
 feet in thickness. Taking the lesser thickness, we have, with a specific 
 gravity of 2.5, after subtracting 25 per cent, for loss in washing and dry- 
 ing, something over 1,700 tons to the acre, which would give for tKe 
 river territory alone belonging to this one company something more than 
 
THE LOWER PINE BELT, OR SAVANNA REGION. 51 
 
 ten millions of tons. And in effect this company (which is the only 
 thoroughly equipped river mining company now at work, 1881) con- 
 sider, in spite of their large plant, consisting of extensive drying sheds 
 and wharves, tliree heavy dredges, four large steam tugs, sixty large flats 
 and a numerous fleet of smaller ones, besides washers, Avorkshops, &c., 
 by which they daily raise and prepare for market hundreds of tons of 
 rock, that their supply of material is practically unlimited. From the 
 works of this company fleets of dredging boats belonging to other parties 
 maybe seen at work, and in the neighborhood there are several well 
 known localities where rock as rich, as abundant, and, with suitable ma:- 
 chinery as accessible, is found, but which remain un-\vorked. It seems re- 
 markable that while coal mining at great depths is found profitable, 
 when the product sells at $3.00 per ton, that capital has not more eagerly 
 sought employment in these superficial deposits, worth never less than 
 $5.00, and now $0.00 per ton. 
 
 There are ten (1881) companies engaged in land mining. The land 
 either belongs to them or is leased by them for a term of years. Parallel 
 ditches, two yards wide, are sunk through the soft soil to a depth of 4 feet 
 to 7 feet, to the stratum of sand or mud in which the loose layer of phos- 
 phate nodules is found. The rock is shoveled out, thrown into heaps 
 and transported by rail to the washers situated on the wharves, whence it 
 is shipped. A common laborer will raise a ton a day, for which he is 
 paid $1.75. The product of the land rock is about 100,000 tons a year, 
 and the most of it is ground and manufactured into acid phosphates and 
 other fertilizers, by the eight manufacturing companies within the State. 
 
 The river miners work under charters from the State, which grant 
 them a general right to work a specified territory with any other comers, 
 or under an exclusive right to such territory. In either case they pay a 
 royalty to the State of $1.00 for every ton of rock raised. The river 
 works yield about 100,000 tons of rock per annum ; being harder, and 
 therefore more difficult to grind, it has been mostly shipped to foreign or 
 northern ports to be manufactured. Labor receives good wages at this 
 work. Divers raising the rock from a depth of 10 feet or 12 feet, paid, by 
 the amount raised, working IJ hours on the ebb and 1| on the flood tide, 
 earn as much as $18 a week. This work is neither dangerous or un- 
 healthy, and those engaged in it seem to enjoy their aquatic exercise. It 
 is thought that large quantities of rock underlie the salt marshes between 
 the high and low water mark, which would be the property of the State. 
 So far very little work, and no extensive exploration, has been made in 
 this direction. In fact, vast quantities of the best rock yet unworked 
 cover the bettmi of n any of the e rivers. 
 
 The total amount of phosphate rock mined from the 1st of June, 1874, 
 
i>I THE LOWER PINE BELT, OR SAVANNA REGION. 
 
 to tlie 31st of January, 1882, is estimated at 1,505,-150 tons; of this about 
 44 per cent, was shipped to foreign i)orts. The royalty of $1.00 per ton 
 })ai(l to tlie State for rock raised from navigable waters amounted, in 1881, 
 to 1124,541; a single company, the Coosaw, paying $90,135. In this 
 year 71,310 tons of river rock were shi[)i)cd to foreign, and 52,225 tons 
 to domestic ports. The State can safely count on a much larger revenue 
 from this source for years to come, for at this rate of production the 
 Coosaw company itself would not exhaust the rock in sight, without 
 further exploration in its own territory, in 120 years, and the demands of 
 agriculturists for this valuable material, while they can scarcely be less 
 than at present, are likely to increase very much. 
 
 SOIL. 
 
 The 7,000 square miles of u})lands in the Lower Pine Belt comprises 
 three leading varieties of soil : 1st. A sandy loam, with a white sandy 
 subsoil. 2d. A sandy loam, with a yellow subsoil. 3d. A sandy loam, 
 with a clay subsoil ; the clay is generally yellow, but sometimes it is red. 
 The surface soil is lighter or darker, in proportion to the varying quan- 
 tities of vegetable matter it contains, and where the clay subsoil occurs, 
 it assumes, on cultivation, a mulatto color. These soils bear a strong re- 
 semblance to the sea island soil, having this advantage, however, over 
 them that are very generally underlaid by easily accessible beds of 
 marl, richer in lime than those of sea islands. In drainage, however, 
 they compare unfavorably with the sea islands. For the scouring effect 
 of the rise and fall of the tide, which keeps the water ways around the 
 islands open, ivS not only not experienced in this belt, but, on the contrary, 
 the luxuriant water growth that flourishes here has filled up the chan- 
 nels, converting them into swamps, through which scarcely any current 
 passes. This, in connection with the level character of the country, 
 renders the body of these lands wet. But for this, the good mechanical 
 constitution of the soil, being light and easily tilled, and at the same 
 time (except in the case of white sandy subsoil) sufficiently compact to 
 be retentive of manures and moisture, together with the abundance of 
 marl and of peat and muck at hand as amendments to the virgin soil, 
 would have made them most desirable lands for tillage. As it is, not 
 more than one acre in 22 is under cultivation, and the prices of lands arc 
 from $5.00 down to 50 cents. 
 
 The following analyses by C. U. Shepard, Sr., from Toumey's report, 
 give an idea of the constitution of some of the poorer soils of this re- 
 gion, classed as pine barren. 1. Loose sandy soil. 2. Dark gray soil. 
 3. Very light sandy soil. 4. Loose yellow sandy soil : 
 
THE LOWER PINE BELT, Oil SAVANNA REGION. 
 
 53 
 
 T 
 
 9 
 
 Silica 
 
 Ahiniiiiii 1.70, 1.70 
 
 l'(.'n>.\i(k' iron, and cai'boiiatc! and [)li().s])luitei | 
 
 lime j 0.71' 0.50 
 
 Waaler ol' al^sorplioii and organic niailL'r. . . 5.03 G.IG 
 
 02.57- 01.041 94.00 93.00 
 
 .94 
 
 0.50 
 
 4.5GI 4.99 
 
 .81 
 1.20 
 
 llOO.OO 100.00 100.00,100.00 
 
 Dr. J. L. Sniitli furnishes, in the report cited, the followinpj analyses of 
 cotton lands in this section. In 1,000 jjurts of surface soil : 
 
 Saixl 
 
 Clay 
 
 Moisture .... 
 Veirctable matter 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 4 
 
 700 
 
 900 
 
 800 
 
 680 
 
 140 
 
 62 
 
 165 
 
 270 
 
 30 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 70 
 
 30 
 
 22 
 
 30 
 
 800 
 
 170 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 l^ortions of these soils, soluble in warm muriatic acid, were found to 
 contain i)li()sphoric acid. 
 
 The 4,500 square miles of overllowed lands in the savanna re.a;ion 
 present quite a variety of swamp lautls. The mo.st elevated of these are 
 cypress ponds — shallow Hats, with an inii)ervious clay Ijottom, thickly 
 orown with smidl cypress. Home of them contain a thick deposit of 
 vi'L;(la!)lc matter, and, when di-aincd, have |>roved very productive. Next 
 in order come the almost inii)enetrahle hays, thickly set with a growth of 
 hay, gum and tuli)) trees, and a dense un(k'rgrowth of vines and l)ushes. 
 The soil is })eat or muck, resting on Mue mud, and underlaid hy marl 
 and sand. Then come the open savannas and the river bottoms, a rich, 
 tough, loamy soil, having at times a depth of sixty feet, derived froiri the 
 denudation of the upper country, whose " ricliest possessions ai'e found 
 in well-sifted ])urity iii these vast swamps." These are the rice lands of 
 (Jarcdina. Taken all in all, whether we consider the physical character 
 of the soil, the amount <jf organic matter it contains, the variety of its 
 mineral constituents, or the subtroj)ical climate^ of the locality, with the 
 facilities for irrigation, either for culture or to renew the surface fertility, 
 Ihey are, perhaps, excelled in i)roductiveness by ' no lands in the 
 world. 
 
 GKOWTir. 
 
 The characteristic growth of the uplands is the long-leaved [)ine, ex- 
 tending in open ])ine woods over th<^ wide plain, witli scarcely any 
 inidergrovvth excejit here and I here the scruh oak and gra.sses of the 
 
54 THE LOWEK PINE BELT, OR SAVANNA KEGION. 
 
 genus aristada and spordolus, the wire and drop seed grass. The palmetto 
 reaches only a few miles inland from salt water, but the live oak is found 
 as much as sixty miles from the shore line. The magnolia, tulip tree, 
 sweet and black gum, the white and red bays, the white oak, the black 
 walnut, the elm, hickory and cypress are among the largest and most 
 conspicuous trees of the swamps; the undergrowth, commencing with a 
 fringe of gall berry (prinos glahcr) on the margin of the swamps, and 
 consisting of a great variety of grape, briar and other vines, myrtles, &c., 
 is very dense. 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 In the absence of weather records, it is diffijult to express the difference 
 between the climate of lower pine belt and that of sea coast, already 
 described, more definitely than to say that it is such difference as is to 
 be found between the conditions favorable for the growth of the cabbage 
 palmetto, which barely touches the southern border of the belt, and of the 
 live oak, that just extends to its northern or inland margin. A low, flat 
 country, intersected by numerous swamps, might naturally be thought 
 very sickly. This region, however, has one advantage. Almost eA'ery- 
 where there are found small tracts, islands, as it were, of dry, sandy soil, 
 heavily timbered with the long leaf pine, which is a barrier to the in- 
 vasion of malaria. These retreats furnish places of residence as healthy 
 as are to be found anywhere ; such a place is the village of Summerville, 
 on the S. C. R. R., a health resort that divides with Sullivan's island the 
 patronage of the citizens of Charleston during the warm weather. 
 McPhersonville, in Hampton, and Pineville, in Georgetown, are villages 
 of the same character, and there is scarceh' a neighborhood that has not 
 some such healthy spot as a place of residence during summer. The 
 dread of malaria is much less than it was Avhen the opinion that the 
 colored race was exempt from such influences was adduced as an argu- 
 ment to show the providential nature of their location here to develop 
 these fertile lands. The reverses of fortune, sustained as a result of the 
 war, have forced many white families to reside the summer long where it 
 was once thought fatal to do so, and the experiment has been successful, 
 thus exploding the idea that white j^eople cduld not enjoy health here 
 during the summer months. Replies from twenty-three townships state 
 without exception, that the inhabitants enjo}' good health, and that a 
 considerable portion of the field work is performed by whites — ^a great 
 change .since the war. The census returns give fifteen deaths per one 
 thousand population in the portions of Charleston and Colleton counties 
 Ivinc: in this reajion. for the vear ISSO. 
 
THE LOWER PINE BELT, OR SAVANNA REGION. 55* 
 
 STATISTICS. 
 
 The lower pine belt contains 10,226 square miles, of which 4,500 are allu- 
 vial or swamp lands, either covered with water or subject to overflow. The 
 tilled land is 358,533 acres, by the census returns of ISSO, which is 30 per 
 cent., or 171,306 acres, less than the number given by the census of 1870. 
 There are 1.6 farms and 35 acres of tilled land per square mile, or 20 
 acres of tilled and 400 acres of untilled land to the farm. Something 
 less than 1 per cent, of the total area, or 6.4 acres per square mile, is 
 planted in cotton : there is in grain of all kinds 15.8 acres, and in other 
 crops and fallow, 13 acres per square mile, with 1.8 head of work stock 
 and 23 head of all live stock. These figures represent the minimum 
 (the area in other crops and fallow alone excepted) to be found anywhere 
 in the State. Notwithstanding the small proportion of stock to the area, 
 the people here are the staunchest adherents of the fence law, and claim 
 entire freedom of range for their cattle. This, too, while the entire num- 
 ber of stock of all sorts is only 1.15 per capita of the population, being 
 less than in any part of this State, except upon the coast. 
 
 The population numbers 203,748 (including 49,999 im the city of 
 Charleston), or 1S.9 per square mile, which is less than in any part of 
 the State, the sand hills excejitetl, where the number is 11.7. The ratio 
 of colored to white is greater than elsewhere except upon the coast, and 
 is sixty-nine per cent., the same that it was given at in 1870. 
 
 The tilled land is 1.7 acres per capita ; .2 acres more than on the coast. 
 This is not quite one-half the average for the whole State, and is owing, 
 1st, to the large area of unreclaimed swamps; 2nd, to the number of the 
 population engaged in the turpentine and lumber business. The large 
 bodies of land held solely for the forest products they yield, as turpentine, 
 lumber, shingles, staves, &c., accounts for the fact that while the number 
 of farms to the square mile is few, the number in proportion to the pop- 
 ulation is as great, even as among the small farms on the coast, being one 
 to every twelve and a half of the population. Nevertheless the amount 
 of land tille<l per capita has decreased thirty-eight per cent, since 1870. 
 Showing that the forest industries are gaining on agriculture. 
 
 In point of production we have 2.7 bales of cotton per square mile 
 against 1.9 in 1870, an increase of forty-one per cent., but still less than 
 half the minimum produced elsewhere, except on the coast. Per capita 
 the yield is only sixty-eight pounds of lint, but per acre planted in cotton 
 it is 219 "pounds, showing that in this little cultivated region the yield of 
 the land planted is not only above the average of the State, but is abso- 
 lutely the maximum any where reached. So, too, of the grain crop, while 
 
^6 THE LOWER PINE BELT, OR SAVANNA REGION; 
 
 it was only seven bushels in 1870, and in 1880 only eleven bushels per 
 capita, and only 236 bushels to the square mile, it averages over fifteen 
 bushels to every acre planted, which is nearly fift}^ per cent, above the 
 average of the State. Tlie increase in the amount of grain produced has 
 been eighty-two per cent, on the crop of 1870. The work stock during 
 the same period have increased fifty per cent., and the live stock seventy- 
 six per cent. 
 
 The explanation of these seemingly paradoxical facts is found in the 
 consideration, that this fertile but thinly peopled region is scarcely re- 
 claimed at all from the dominion of the waters for man's uses. That there 
 being neither capital or organized labor commensurate with this under- 
 taking, what of either of these forces is to bo found, employs itself in cul- 
 tivating the poorer, but more easily tilled land, or in the more tempting 
 occu[)ation still of gathering the products of the forest, which nature with 
 lavish hand otters in abundance. 
 
 ' PRODUCTIONS. 
 
 The most characteristic, if not the most important, crop of this region 
 is the rice crop. The various methods of its culture fall under two classes, 
 the dry and the wet culture. 
 
 The dry culture is pursued on uplan(fs and on low grounds not suscep- 
 tible of irrigation. It is cultivated very much like cotton, planted in 
 drills two and a third to three and a half feet, and in hills eighteen to 
 twenty-four inches apart, twenty to thirty seed being dropped in the hills. 
 The ground is afterwards kept clean and stirred by the use of the plow 
 and hoe, with one hand picking of the grass in the hills, when the rice 
 is about six inches high. The yield varies with the soil and culture, from 
 fifteen bushels to fifty bushels to the acre. This rice sometimes fetches a 
 fancy price, as seed ri^e, being free from the seed of the red rice that 
 springs up as a volunteer in the fields under water culture. 
 
 The water culture of rice is conducted on three sorts of low grounds. 
 1st. Flats, which may be irrigated from ponds or water " reserves " lying at 
 a higlier level. 2nd. River swamps, into which water may be conducted 
 by canals running from tlie river above, and returned to it again at a lower 
 level ; such lands may be found anywhere in the State. 3rd. The tide 
 water lands, which are only found near the coast. These lands lie in such 
 a position on the lower course of the rivers, that while the}'- are subject to 
 a sufficient " pitch of the tide " to irrigate them on the flood and to drain 
 them on the ebb, they may be dammed against the invasion of salt water 
 below and from the freshets above. By taking in the fresh water from 
 the rivers above and letting it out below at low tide, these lands have been 
 
THE LOWER PINE CELT, OR SAVANNA REGION. 57 
 
 reclaimed as low down as the salt marshes. They are of limited quantity 
 and of inexhaustible fertility, the waste of cultivation being constantly 
 restored by the rich deposits from the turbid streams that irrigate them. 
 Formerly their value was estimated in hundreds of dollars per acre. Since 
 the war the difficulty of obtaining labor has changed this, many of the 
 finest plantations remain uncultivated, or are only partially cultivated, and 
 lands once worth from fif200 to $300 per acre may now be bought at from 
 $20 to $30, or less. There are more tlian two million of acres of land, 
 consisting of inland and river swamps, and of fresh water and of salt 
 marshes, admirably adapted to rice culture, now lying unused, in this 
 .section of the State, most of it in its original wilderness. There are nu- 
 merous methods employed in the water culture of rice, from that known 
 as dry culture, when water is sparingly used, to that known as the "all 
 water culture," where the crop is only dried once or twice during the 
 season for the purpose of weeding it. Usually it is flowed four times. 
 Known as the " sprout flow," to perfect germination, the " point flow," to 
 stretch up the young plant, the " long flow," when the plant is six to eight 
 inches high, after the first and second hoeings, and the " lay by flow," 
 after the tliird hoeing and until harvest. The fine mud and decomposed 
 vegetable matter that compose this soil is so soft that a horse will readily 
 bog in it, and therefore horse power has been little used in their cultiva- 
 tion, an objection that, with the solid cross dams at short distances, would 
 not apply to the plow moved by steam power. Horse power has, how- 
 ever, been used so far as to show that seed drills for planting and the 
 mowing machine for harvesting may be successfully employed in rice 
 culture. Under these circumstances, taking into consideration the amount 
 and certainty of the yield, from forty to eighty bushels per acre, and the 
 improved machinery for threshing and hulling, there is perhaps no food 
 crop so entirely under the control of mechanical inventions, and so little 
 subject either to the vicissitudes of season, or the uncertainties of human 
 labor as the rice crop. The straw is much superior as forage to that of 
 any of the small grains, and except the hulls of the grain, there is no 
 waste in the crop, the very dust from the pounding, known as rice flour, 
 being most nutritious food for stock. 
 
 Although eighty bushels per acre is generally given as a large field 
 crop, the possibilities of the product are much greater, and Mr. Kinsey 
 Burden reports a yield from selected seed at the rate of 1,48G bushels per 
 acre. The rice crop for the whole State averages 20 bushels to the acre. 
 This means 600 pounds of merchantable rice, worth say $30 ; 400 pounds 
 of straw, worth $2.80 ; and 100 pounds of flour, $1.50— in all, $35.30. 
 Cotton gives an average of 182 pounds per acre, which, at ten cents, 
 would be only $18.20, or a little over half the gross yield of rice. Why 
 
58 THE LOWER PINE BELT, OR SAVANNA REGION. 
 
 is it, then, that rice culture is in so depressed a condition, and cotton 
 culture so flourishing ? It may be briefly stated as that condition of in- 
 dustry which favors small enterprises, and discourages accumulation of 
 capital in large investmerits and the organization of labor into large 
 masses, which the embankment, drainage and irrigation of a rice field 
 requires. 
 
 It has also been asserted that the protective duty of 2| cents per 
 l^ound on rice operates adversely to its culture. This culture requires a 
 large outlay of vested capital in dams, ditches and waterways. But as 
 an act of Congress may any day remove the protective tariff, and thus 
 lower the market value of the product by one-third or more, capital is 
 unwilling to encounter such a risk, refuses to enter into permanent in- 
 vestments in improving and restoring these lands, or in mortgages given 
 for this purpose, and prefers to restrict itself to hand to mouth advances 
 on the growing crop at exorbitant rates. Thus throwing largely into the 
 hands of mere speculators what was once the most solid and certain in- 
 dustry of the State. One thing is certain : while the cotton crop has 
 largel}'^ increased, even while burdened with a tax of two cents per pound 
 on it, the rice crop, with the protection of a duty of two cents per pound, 
 has not recuperated, and amounts to scarcely one-third of the production 
 it attained formerly without protection. 
 
 The allurement of the ready money realized by collecting the products 
 of the forest, and by rice and cotton culture, has diverted attention from 
 other crops in this section. The culture of corn as a market crop would 
 be profitable. The red rust proof oat is admirably adapted to this 
 climate, and is one of the most certain crops, yielding readily thirty 
 bushels to fifty bushels to the acre. Although New England, and even 
 European, hay has for many years been purchased to subsist, in part, the 
 work stock in this section, Mr. Ruffin, who came from the clover fields of 
 Virginia, says in his official report on the agriculture of the lower and 
 middle parts of South Carolina : " Few countries possess greater natural 
 facilities, or which are more improvable by industry, for producing in 
 abundance, grasses, hay and live stock, and their products of meat, butter 
 and milk, all of which are now so deplorably deficient." 
 
 COTTON. 
 
 Although the lower pine belt comprises nearly one-third of the State, 
 it produces only a fraction over five per cent, of the cotton crop. The 
 per centage of the total area planted in cotton is less than one-tenth of 
 one per cent, in the southeastern third of Charleston county, in the whole 
 of Georgetown county, and in the greater portion of Horry county. 
 
THE LOWER PINE BELT, OR SAVANNA REGION. 59 
 
 From one-tenth to one per cent, of the area is planted in cotton in the 
 lower half of Hampton county, in Colleton county, in the northeastern 
 portion of Charleston county, in the southern third of Williamsburg, and 
 in portions ©f Horry. From one to five per cent, of the area is planted 
 in cotton in the northeastern corner of Colleton, in the northeastern part 
 of Charleston, in the upper two-thirds of Williamsburg, in the lower one- 
 fourth of ]\Iarion, and in Clarendon county. 
 
 LABOR AND SYSTEM OF FARMING. 
 
 In Colleton county, the farms on which cotton is planted vary in size 
 from fifty to two liundred acres, and are in some instances as much as 
 four hundred acres. A system of mixed farming is pursued ; food sup- 
 plies mostly, and in an increasing degree, are raised at home. Bacon, 
 however, for the laborers is usually bought in Charleston. There are a 
 few white laborers, and the labor is chiefly performed by negroes. Wages 
 vary from $(j a month to $120 and to $150 a year. Very few farms are 
 worked on shares ; when it is done, the landholder usually furnishes all 
 supplies, and takes one-tliird of the cotton and one-half of the provision 
 crop. The share system is not entirely satisfactory ; the quality of the 
 stai)le is not affected by it, but the Cjuantity produced is small, and the 
 land deteriorates. Money wages are preferred, because it places the man- 
 agement under intelligent control, enables the laborer to meet his current 
 expenses and preserves his independence from debt. The condition of 
 the laborer is good, and about two per cent, of the negro laborers own 
 some land, or the houses in which they live. The market value of land 
 is two to five dollars. The rent is from one dollar and fifty cents to three 
 dollars an acre. The system of receiving advances on the growing cotton 
 crop is diminishing. 
 
 In Williamsburg county, the farms on which cotton is planted vary 
 from one hundred to six hundred acres in size. Mixed farming is ])rac- 
 ticed ; the family supplies of the landlord being usually raised at home, 
 those of the laborer purchased in Charleston ; the tendency to raise sup- 
 plies is increasing. There are some white laborers, but generally negroes 
 are employed ; wages averaging eight dollars a month, are paid monthly 
 or oftener. A few cotton farms are worked on shares — the terms being 
 one-quarter of all crops for the landlord, he for the most part advancing 
 all supplies, for which he is repaid. Land deteriorates under the share ; 
 and improves under the wages system, which latter is better for the 
 laborer, his energies being more intelligibly directed his labor is more 
 productive and worth more, besides it induces economy, enables him to 
 understand fully his financial condition, and he is more satisfied at the 
 
60 THE LOWER PINE BELT, OR SAVANNA REGION. 
 
 end of the year, than when there is a settlement of accounts, the run of 
 which he cannbt keep. There is little demand for land ; the price ranges 
 from two to fifteen dollars an acre. It rents for one to two dollal'S an 
 acre ; more generally for one-quarter or one-third of the ■ crop. The 
 system of credits and advances on the growing cotton crop prevails largely 
 from one-half to three-C|uarters of the farmers, both black and white, 
 receiving such assistance. 
 
 In Clarendon, the usual size of a cotton farm is eighty acres. Mixed 
 farming is practiced, but much of the supplies consumed is purchased in 
 Charleston, though the tendency to raise them at home is increasing. 
 The field labor is performed by native whites and negroes. Laborers are 
 usually contracted with by the year, and the settlement takes place at its 
 close. One-third of the crop to the landlord is the usual rate, where 
 cotton fiirms are worked on shares, he advancing all supplies, for which 
 he is repaid. The share system is preferred to wages. The condition of 
 the laborers is good, and about five per cent, of them own houses and 
 lands. Land is worth from three to five dollars an acre, and rents for 
 one dollar per acre. The liens for advances on the growing crops, re- 
 corded in the Clerk of Court's office for the year 1880, numbered 2,71G, 
 or one to every farm save nine, and aggregate $283,317.18. 
 
 In Horry, the farms average fifty acres, and run from ten acres to two 
 hundred acres in size. All supplies are made at home. The laborers are 
 largely white natives, but there are some negroes. Wages five to sixteen 
 dollars by the month, fifty dollars to $125 by the year. No cotton farms 
 are worked on shares. The soil improves under culture. Wages system 
 preferred. The condition of the laborers is good, and about twelve per 
 cent, of the negroes own hovises and land. Unimproved land sells for one 
 to two dollars an acre ; very few advances on the crop, and those wholly 
 for fertilizers. The liens on the growing crop recorded in the Clerk's 
 office, 1880, numbered twenty-seven, and aggregate $1,179.80. 
 
 TILLAGE AND i:\IPROA^EMENT. 
 
 In Colleton county, one-quarter to one-half of the swamp lands are re- 
 ported as thrown out of cultivation, but none of the lighter uplands. In 
 Williamsburg, ten to thirty per cent, of the cultivated lands have been 
 abandoned. In Clarendon, at least one-third of the cultivated lands have 
 been turned out since the war ; in Horry, very little. These lands all 
 produce as well as virgin soil when reclaimed and again brought under 
 cultivation. The depth of plowing is usually four inches with a single 
 horse plow; sometimes a double horse })low is used, and a depth of six to 
 seven inches attained. Subsoiling is little practiced; fall plowing is es- 
 
THE LOWER PINE BELT, OR SAVANNA REGION. 61 
 
 pecially adapted to these light soils that are not run together and packed 
 hy ■winter rains, but it is not generally practiced, because the weak force 
 on the farms are scarcely ever sufficiently up with the work to afford the 
 time. Fallowing is only practiced to the extent of letting fields lie idle 
 during summer, wliich it is found greatly benefits them. A rotation of 
 crops is attemj)ted so far as the exigencies of the cotton crop allow ; by 
 following cotton with corn, and that in the same year with oats, sowing 
 peas on the stubble, aiid following with cotton again next spring. Home 
 made manures are used, so far as they go, with excellent results. Composts 
 of muck and stable manures are coming more into use, and the field pea, 
 either turned under green or allowed to wither on the surface, adds largely 
 to the fertility ; by these means almost an}' of the uplands are made to 
 produce a bale of cotton to the acre. The limited means at the dis])osal of 
 the farmers in these regards, in a section where little attention is paid to 
 corn and cattle, is largely supplemented by the purchase of commercial 
 fertilizers, especially the Charleston phosphates. In Clarendon, these are 
 used almost exclusively, but in Colleton the}' are coming somewhat into 
 disfjxvor, and tlie preference is given to the potash salts. Cotton seed, 
 which were once thought to be only valuable as a manure for corn, are 
 now applied with great benefit to cotton, and with the exception of a very 
 small amount fed to stock, it is all employed in this manner; selling at from 
 ten to fifteen cents a bushel. 
 
 PLANTING AND CULTIVATION. 
 
 LTnder the best system the land is broken up broadcast, with single or 
 double plows, in the winter or early spring, but the prevailing practice is 
 simply to turn the old beds into the alleys by running the bar of a single- 
 horse plow to them, making two to four furrows to the bed, the usual ^ 
 width of the rows being three and a half feet. This leaves an open furrow 
 in the centre of the old bed, in which the manure is deposited as early as 
 practicable in February and March. The furrows are then re-covered, 
 and the dirt thrown on the manure, the bed built up again, and the 
 land is ready for planting. The seed used belongs to the more prolific 
 and improved varieties of short staple, and passes under the names of 
 Dickson's or Herlong's improved, select, or cluster cotton. From one to 
 three bushels are sown to the acre. Cotton-planters are much used, a 
 cheap machine, drawn by a mule, rolling on a wheel similar to that of a 
 wheelbarrow, by the rotation of which motion is imparted to fingers that 
 keep the seed moving in a hopper containing them, and from which they 
 fall into the furrow ; a plow in front of the hopper opens a trench to receive 
 the seed, and a board follows and covers. There is an arrangement to 
 
62 THE LOWER PINE BELT, OR SAVANNA REGION. 
 
 regulate the amount of seed sown, and a good hand and mule will easily 
 plant six acres a day and do it in the best manner. The only objection to 
 the use of the machine is the difficulty of obtaining a careful hand to 
 work it ; sinqDle and easy as it is, practically it is found they allow the 
 seed to give out, plant them too deep, or neglect to cover them — such care- 
 lessness, Avhich may escape notice at the time, resulting as irreparable loss 
 in injury to the stand. On this account much seed is sown in a trench 
 opened on the top of the bed, made with a plow or some implement de- 
 vised for the purpose, or in holes chopped at proper intervals with a hoe. 
 The latter method has the advantage of spacing the plants more accu- 
 rately than can be done after they come up. by chopping them out with a 
 hoe. Planting takes place about the 10th of April. The seed appear^above 
 ground in five to ten days, although when late planted, in dry time, 
 they may remain in the ground for four weeks, and when the rain 
 comes, still give a good -stand. The work of chopping out the plants 
 in the drill, to a stand twelve to fifteen inches apart, is commenced 
 as soon as they are firmly set, that is when they have a height of 
 five inches, and the third, or first true leaf makes its appearance. 
 It is desirable to complete the thinning early in June, in order 
 that the plants may spread when the forms or squares are making 
 their appearance. The after cultivation consists usually of four hoeings 
 and four plowings, to keep the plant free from grass and the surface 
 soil light and porous. These are completed from the last of July to 
 the Ist of August. The plant attains a height of ten to fifteen inches 
 before blooming, and the first blooms make their appearance from the 
 1st to 20th of June. The first open bolls are seen from the last of 
 Julv to the middle of August. Picking commences from the middle 
 of August to the 1st of September. By the 10th of November the 
 cotton is generally all picked. Black frost occurs sometimes as early 
 as the 20th of October, but is not counted on until the middle of No- 
 vember, and it is sometimes deferred as late as the middle or end of 
 December. 
 
 Cotton attains a height of two to four feet, and is most productive at 
 three feet. Fresh upland, unmanured, yields from 300 to 1,000 pounds 
 of seed cotton, the average being safely set at 600 pounds. Under good 
 cultivation, even without manure, five crops may be taken without 
 diminishing the yield ; 1,200 pounds of seed cotton is thought, on an 
 average, to yield a bale of 400 pounds of lint, and the estimates of the 
 amount required for this purpose range from 1,000 to 1,300 pounds. 
 It is thought by some that the staple on old is shorter than on fresh land, 
 but so nice a point is difficult to decide, and there is no general opinion 
 upon the subject. 
 
THE LOWER PINE BELT, OR SAVANNA REGION. 63 
 
 PREPARATION OF THE CROP FOR MARKET. 
 
 The cotton is housed or carried to the gin as fast as picked, and the 
 object is to prepare it for market with the greatest dispatch. The ginning 
 season closes about the Christmas holidays. A variety of saw gins — the 
 Henry, the Brown, and the Winship — are employed. Mr. Grace, of 
 Colleton, uses the needle gin. They vary in size, from forty to fifty saAvs, 
 require, when run by horse-power, one mule to fifteen saws. About half 
 the gins are run by steam engines of from six to ten horse-power ; the 
 balance by horses. The average of lint turned out per hour is 217 pounds, 
 but it varies from 120 pounds })er hour on a forty-saw Winship gin, run 
 by horse-j^ower, to 400 pounds on the needle gin, run by steam. There 
 is, also, a variety of presses. The old-fashioned screw is gradually being 
 re[)laced by lever presses of cheap construction. Man and horse power 
 alone are used, four men and one to two horses packing from six to 
 eight bales a day. Rope has been entirely replaced by iron ties for baling, 
 and the arrow tie is generally used. Gunny bagging is used, the object 
 being to get the heaviest in the market. Much of it is furnished from a 
 bagging factory established in Charleston, which produces annually 
 about the amount consumed in the State. The bales range from 450 to 
 ^oO pounds, and the average is 500 pounds. The crop is shipped by 
 sailing vessel direct to New York from Horry county, at a cost of $1.75 
 per bale, and all charges, including insurance, commission, &c. &c., 
 amount to $3 to $3.50 per bale. Elsewhere, the crop is mostly shipped to 
 Cliarleston — if by river, the Santee and Pee Dee, at a cost of $1 per bale ; 
 if by rail, on the Northeastern or Charleston and Savannah railway, at 
 $1.25 per bale The total cost of marketing, including freight and all 
 charges, when sent to Charleston, is reported at from $3 to $5 per bale. 
 
 The total cost of production is stated at seven cents per pound, at six 
 cents to seven cents, at five cents to ten cents, varying with the season, 
 and at eight cents. 
 
 •From the following table, taken from the statements of planters as to 
 the cost of the labor and material expended in cultivating an acre of 
 cotton, it would appear that this averages $31.32 in the lower })ine belt. 
 Such cultivation should produce a 500 pound bale, but allowing for the 
 vicissitudes of season, and taking 450 pounds of lint as a fair yield under 
 this plan of operations, putting this at ten cents at the gin house, we have 
 a net profit of $13.68 per acre, making the cost of lint cotton per pound, 
 6 1-10 cents, or a little less than the. above estimates. This profit per 
 acre i..^ not credited with the value of the 1,000 pounds of cotton, seed 
 produced, amounting to about $10 more. 
 
64 
 
 THE LOWER PINE BELT, OR SAVANNA REGION. 
 
 Cost of each Item of Labor and Material expended in the Cultivation of 
 
 an Acre of Cotton: 
 
 Rent 
 
 Fencing, Repairs and. Interest 
 Knocking stalks ...... 
 
 Pulling and burning stalks . 
 
 Other clearing up 
 
 Listing 
 
 Bedding with hoes 
 
 Breaking up 
 
 HarroAving 
 
 Barring old beds 
 
 Splitting middles 
 
 Reversing 
 
 Laying off 
 
 Commercial manures .... 
 Home-made manures .... 
 
 Applying manures 
 
 Bedding up 
 
 Splitting middles 
 
 Knocking off beds 
 
 Planting — opening 
 
 dropping. ... 
 
 covering . . . . ' 
 
 Replanting 
 
 Seed 
 
 Thinning 
 
 Plowing 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 Picking 
 
 Haulincf to sin 
 
 Ginning , 
 
 Management. . . . 
 Wear of implements. 
 Bagging and ties . . 
 
 § 2 00$ 3 00 
 3 OOi 1 00! 
 
 20 
 
 25: 
 
 251 
 
 1 00 
 
 oOj 
 251 
 
 \ 
 
 10 
 00 
 00 
 65 
 30 
 30 
 15i 
 
 20! 
 
 20 
 40 
 10 
 75 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 5 60 
 10 
 
 00 
 00 
 40 
 00 
 
 25 
 5 00 
 8 00 
 50 
 50 
 25 
 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 40 
 50 
 25 
 00 
 60 
 10 
 37 
 
 1 00 
 
 Total 1$31 851135 97 $26 
 
 2 00 
 1 00 
 
 ' 25 
 50 
 
 20 
 40 
 
 20 
 
 2 50 
 1 25 
 
 25 
 30 
 32 
 10 
 40 
 20 
 10 
 10 
 45 
 10 
 1 00 
 
 3 00 
 7 00 
 1 00 
 1 50 
 1 00 
 
 1 00 
 
 DISEASES, INSECTS, ENEMIES, &C. 
 
 It may be safely said that more injury is done to cotton in this section 
 b}^ grass than by anything else, and the onh^ remedy that can be devised 
 against this is hoeing and plowing. Crab grass is the chief intruder. In 
 
THE LOWER PINE BELT, OR SAVANNA REGION. 65 
 
 warm and wet seasons the cotton sometimes grows too much to weed, when 
 lioavily manured. Topping is tried as a remedy, but it is thought that un- 
 der-drainage would be more effective. " Sore shin " is supposed to result 
 from bruising the plant from careless hooing, and is not a trouble of 
 much consequence here. Shedding occurs in extremes of heat and cold. 
 Rust and blight make their appearance late in July and August ; they 
 are attributed to the exhaustion of some elements of the soil, and' potash 
 is very popular as a remedy ; they are likely to occur on coarse, sandy, 
 ill-drained soil. Caterpillar is seldom hurtful, and Paris green has been 
 used successfullv for its destruction. 
 
 ABSTRACT OF THE REPORTS OF TOWNSHIP CORRESPOND- 
 ENTS IN THE LOWER PINE BELT. 
 
 HAMPTON COUNTY. 
 
 Coosmvhatchie Township: Pine uplands — light, porous, gray, sandy 
 loam, with yellow sand, sometimes with yellow and red clay subsoil. 
 Swamp lands — vegetable ©lould or fine alluvial deposits, resting on blue 
 mud. About one per cent, under cultivation. Land for sale at from two 
 to ten dollars per acre ; improved land rents at from one dollar to three 
 dollars per acre. Phosphate rocks found, but not developed. Clay of 
 good qualit}'^ for Ijrick making. Summer pasturage of native grasses 
 good ; fine growth of cane in swamps for winter pasturage. Little at- 
 tention paid to stock. Very little white labor in the loAver, but a good 
 deal in the upper portion of the township. — H. D. Burnett, Grahamville, 
 S. C. 
 
 Peeples Township: Uplands — light, sandy loam, with clay in some 
 sections ; subsoil generally a coarse, yellow sand, under which is found 
 red clay, with strata of coarse, white gravel and quicksand. Price of 
 land, one dollar to five dollars. Rents, one dollar per acre. Wages of 
 labor, fifty cents to one dollar per day. One-half of field labor performed 
 by whites. — J. H. Steimage, Jr., Early Branch, S. C. 
 
 COLLETON COUNTY. 
 
 Adamh Run : Level, light, sandy loam, on dark sandy subsoil. Depth 
 to water in wells, five to ten feet. Price of land, three dollars to five 
 dollars per acre. Wages of day labor, seventy-five cents for men, fifty 
 cents for women. One twentieth of field work is done by whites. Marl 
 in abundance. 
 5 
 
66 THE LOWER PINE BELT, OR SAVANNA REGION. 
 
 Cam : Lands level, flat, mostly clay loam, sometimes sandy, yellow 
 clay subsoil. Corn yields ten to thirty bushels per acre ; rice, ten to forty 
 bushels per acre. Much land is rented, little for sale, price two dollars to 
 four dollars per acre. Much ash, poplar and cypress timber in Four-Hole 
 swamp. Little attention paid to stock. Day wages, forty cents. 
 
 George's : Lands level ; two-thirds fine'sandy loam, light gray color, four 
 to six inches to sandy subsoil, resting on clay. Corn yields ten bushels, 
 rice fifteen bushels, and sugar cane 300 gallons syrup per acre. One-third 
 in swamps and bays unreclaimed. Price of land $2 to $5 per acre. Clay 
 for brick. Three water-powers, one working, the other two abandoned. 
 Wages forty to fifty cents a day. One-third of field work done by whites. 
 
 Glover : Fifteen per cent, pine uplands, barely rolling enough for good 
 drainage. Soil coarse sandy loam, resting on red clay, with a white coarse 
 sand below it. Ten per cent, abandoned rice fields. Soil, vegetable mould 
 two to four feet deep, resting on stiff" blue clay ; easily reclaimable by 
 cleaning out the old canals and ditches, which, while serving to drain 
 and irrigate the land, would also give water transportation for the pro- 
 duce. Seventy-five per cent, swamps and hammocks unreclaimed, but 
 very fertile, yielding, when fresh, fifty bushels corn per acre, and yield- 
 ing now twenty-five bushels to thirty bushes corn, after being worked 
 every year without manure since 1852. Nearly all the land owned by 
 non-residents, and for sale ; rents when improved for two dollars per acre. 
 Sells for cash at from fifty cents to two dollars per acre. Lower portion 
 underlaid by phosphate rock, but not developed. Stock do well, but little 
 attention is i)aid to it. Wages fifty cents a day. One-tenth of the farms 
 worked by white men. — H. C. Glover, Walterboro, S. C. 
 
 CHARLESTON COUNTY. 
 
 St. Thomas and St. Denis : Once one of the wealthiest and most popu- 
 lous parishes of the Colony and State/ now scarcely one per cent, of the 
 land under cultivation. Uplands level, light, sandy loam, resting on 
 clay. Natural growth — pine, live oak, palmetto. Swamp lands unre- 
 claimed, except the rice plantations on Cooper river. Industries — three 
 brick -yards, five turpentine stills, and wood for fuel boated to Charleston. 
 Phosphate rock abounds in Wando river and the adjacent swamps, not 
 developed. 
 
 St. John's Berkeley : Much of the land unreclaimed swamp ; there is a 
 belt of open prairie near the Santee, running from Orangeburg to the 
 St. Stephen's line. Soil, light, fine sandy loam, resting on yellow clay ; at 
 six inches to twelve inches depth below chalk and marl are found. Lime 
 rock crops out on Santee river, that hardens on exposure and might be 
 
THE LOWER PINE BELT, OR SAVANNA REGION, 67 
 
 utilized for building material ; water, near the river, limestone ; inland, 
 free stone. Price of land, $1 to $5 an acre. One place sold for $8. Very 
 little field work bv whites ; negroes hire at from twenty cents to forty 
 cents per day, or $50 to $75 by the year, or work two days in the week 
 for a house and as much land as they can cultivate, or on shares, the land- 
 owner furnishing all except manures, and taking half. Timber abundant 
 for lumber, staves, shingles, hoops, &c. 
 
 St. Stephen's : Lands along the river rolling, for the rest level and 
 swampy ; soil, a sandy loam, resting, at depth of six inches to twenty 
 inches, on subsoil of stiff red clay. Much unreclaimed swamp, composed of 
 alluvial deposits and rich vegetable mould. Some marl stone found on the 
 river, with some green sand. Price of land, $1 to $5 ; per diem wages, 
 average forty cents ; the long staple cotton, known as Santees, formerly 
 grown here, neglected now ; woods grass, swamp cane and marsh 
 furnish a good range for stock, to which little attention is paid. 
 
 St. Andrew's: Fine, dark, gray, sandy loam, resting, at six to ten inches 
 depth, on blue clay, underlaid by phosphate rock and marl. No land for 
 sale ; rents at from $1 to $3 per acre ; eighty per cent, not under cultiva- 
 tion ; cane, woods grass, and swamp marsh furnish a good range for stock. 
 
 CLARENDON COUNTY. 
 
 3fott's Township : Three-fourths level, fine, gray, sand}'^ loam, six inches 
 to twelve inches to yellow sand (sometimes clay) subsoil, clay found one 
 to two feet beneath surface; one-fourth white, sandy soil, and stiff clay 
 land, or black flat land. Yields 700 pounds of seed cotton, five to twenty- 
 five bushels of corn, ten to twenty-five bushels of rice. Land sells from 
 $2 to $10 an acre, and rents for from $1 to $5 ; unimproved water-powers 
 on Lynch's river and Douglass swamp. Two-thirds of field work done 
 by whites ; wages average sixty-two and a half cents by the day. 
 
 St. PjmVs : Isfc. Light sandy soil ; near the river swamp, not subject to 
 overflow ; contains lime, and is very productive. 2d. Inland from last, a 
 belt of stiff clay land, called " bay land," produces a bale of cotton to the 
 acre, without manure. 3d. The highlands, comprising the body of 
 the township, known under the name of " clay lands," low and somewhat 
 rolling, a sandy loam with small gravel iii it, subsoil, yellow clay. Marl 
 is found four to eight feet below low water mark ; yields 700 pounds of 
 seed cotton, ten to twenty bushels corn, and the same of rice. Sugar-cane 
 two to three hundred gallons of syrup per acre ; potatoes two to four hun- 
 dred bushels. Half the landholders reside outside the township ; land 
 mostly rented to negro farmers for four hundred pounds of lint for one 
 mule farm ; two hundred pounds for one ox farm. White farroers do their 
 
6S THE LOWER PINE BELT, OR SAVANXA REGION. 
 
 own lield work ; labor only to be had by the job or by the day, at forty 
 cents to one dollar. Land sell? cheap for cash ; on time at from $4 to $t> 
 per acre. 
 
 Manrtinp : Surface level ; two-thirds uplands, fine dark sandy loam, rest- 
 ing on subsoil of yellow sind with yellow clay at one to twelve feet, beneath 
 which a blue clay is found; alluvial bottoms. Vii^in upland soil yields 
 fifteen bushels corn. or six hundred pounds seed cotton, or two hundred and 
 fifty busings potatoes per acre. Price of land, one dollar to twenty dollars 
 per acre. Besides clays, kaolin, etc., there are peats of good quality, marl 
 and lime rock. Wasres of day labor, fift:y cents to one dollar. One-third 
 of farm work done by whiles. 
 
 Sammif Saximp : 1st. Light, dark gray, sandy loam. 2d. Reddish 
 clay and sand loam, with clay subsoil. Sd. Low. flat, sandy loam, with 
 a gray clay subsoil ; wet, but produces well when drained. Xo. 2, the 
 most productive, yielding, with manure, two thousand pounds of seed 
 cotton. Price of land, one dollar to ten dollars per acre. Day wages, 
 forty cents to one dollar ; one-half the field labor performed, by whites. 
 Marl, as a shell rock, underlays ihis townshij) at a depth of five feet. 
 
 WILLIAMSBURG COUNTY. 
 
 H)pc Township : Lands low, flat, level : uplands fine, dark gray, sandy 
 loam, with yellow sand subsoil ; clay found at a depth of eighteen inches; 
 swamp lands unreclaimed ; yield of cotton, two hundred to four hundred 
 pounds per acre ; corn, eight bushels ; rice, fifteen bushels : rent for one 
 dollar and fifty cents per acre ; can be bought for cash at three dollars to 
 four dollars per acre : two water-powers unimproved ; amount of white 
 labor increasing : day wages fifty cents : abundance of yellow pine, oak, 
 cypress, etc., for lumber, staves and shingles. 
 
 Scranion : Low, level lands, with fine, gray, sandy soil ; subsoil of 
 yellow sand, beneath which is fine, stifi" clay, overlying quicksand ; four 
 per cent, under cultivation ; yield — com ten bushels ; rice, twenty bushels; 
 potatoes, one to four hundred bushels : cotton, eight hundred to twelve 
 hundred pounds in the seed : price, firom one dollar and fifty cents to 
 three dollars per acre ; rents for one dollar, or one-fourth of the crop. 
 Strata of marl occur ; some valuable water-powers ; turpentine, shingles 
 and staves are gotten ; abundant timber, including black walnut ; wages, 
 a day. fifty cents for men. thirty cents for women : five-sixths of the work 
 done by whites. 
 
 Camp liidpe : Lands low, level ; large swanps unreclaimed ; upland 
 fine, sandy loam, gray and dark, with yellow sand subsoil, under which 
 occurs clay and sometimes strata of marl ; about one per cent, cultivated. 
 
THE LOWER PINE BELT, OR SAVANNA REGION, 69 
 
 Forests yield staves, shingles, yellow pine lumber and turpentine. Yield 
 of corn, two to twenty-five bushels ; rice, five to fifty bushels ; seed cotton, 
 two hundred to eighteen hundred pounds. Land sells from one dollar 
 and fifty cents to three dollars per acre ; improved land rents from one 
 dollar to three dollars per acre ; lands rented mostly to negro tenants, a 
 house and six to twelve acres given for two days' work in the week for 
 ten months of the year ; day wages, from twenty cents to seventy -five 
 cents ; half of the'field work done by whites. 
 
 iSuttin's : Near the river, lands rolling, fine, dark sand ; six inches to 
 clay subsoil ; wells twenty-five to fifty feet deep. Further off, low, flat, 
 light sandy soil, one foot to clay subsoil ; wells, four to ten feet deep ; 
 strata of marl rock occur ; white oak staves, shingles, ton timber, &c., 
 abound in the forests, besides turpentine. Yield, without fertilizers, six 
 to twenty bushels corn, one-half to one bale cotton. Turpentine lands 
 sell for one dollar and fifty cents to two dollars per acre ; other lands, 
 three dollars to ten dollars per acre. Day wages, fifty cents to one 
 dollar ; nine-tenths of the field labor white, though the negroes are one 
 and one-half to one of the whites. 
 
 Mingo : The uplands level, fine sandy loam, gray to darkish and black, 
 with clay subsoil. Swamps yield fifty to eighty bushels corn per acre ; 
 rice, twenty to fifty bushels ; uplands, ten bushels corn, one-half bale 
 cotton, without manure ; sweet potatoes, one hundred to three hundred 
 bushels per acre. Naval stores, white oak staves, cypress shingles, and 
 other forest products abound. Day wages, fifty cents on farms, one 
 dollar in turpentine business ; land rents from one dollar to two dollars 
 per acre, sells for two dollars to three dollars. Three-fourths of field work 
 by whites. Yellow calcareous sands and marl occur. 
 
 MARION COUNTY. 
 
 Britton's Neck : Most of the land river swamps or inland swamps, 
 known as bays or back swamps ; not reclaimed, but might be. The up- 
 lands are pine ridges and flats, a gray, sandy loam ; four to twelve inches 
 to subsoil of yellow clay ; produce well. Cypress timber and other swamp 
 woods in abundance ; cattle raising much followed formerly. Day Avages, 
 fifty cents ; much, if not most, of the field work done by white men. 
 
 HORRY COUNTY. 
 
 Gallivants Ferry : Three-fourths of the land is a fine, dark gray, sandy 
 loam, six inches to twelve inches to subsoil of red, less frequently of 
 yellow clay, below which pipe clays of various colors occur. One-fourth 
 
70 THE LOWER PINE BELT, OR SAVANNA REGION. 
 
 swamp land of great fertility, but unimproved. Yield, three hundred 
 to fifteen hundred pounds seed cotton per acre, five to thirty bushels corn, 
 fifteen to thirty bushels rice. Nine-tenths of the labor performed by 
 whites, and directed principally to collecting forest products, timber, 
 staves, shingles, naval stores, &c. 
 
 GEORGETOWN COUNTY. 
 
 Planter&ville. Large inland swamps, not cleared ; pine upland, white 
 to gray colored sandy soil, with a subsoil of sand, sometimes of red clay ; 
 tide water rice lands, alluvial deposits, four to fifty feet thick. Price of 
 uplands, one dollar to fifteen dollars per acre ; of rice lands, three dollars 
 to fifty dollars per acre. Wages fifty cents per day. 
 
CHiVPTEK IV^. 
 
 THE UPPER PLNE BELT. 
 
 LOCATION, PHYSICAL FEATURES AND GEOLOGY. 
 
 The upper pine belt of South Carolina is sometimes called the middle 
 country, as distinguished from the upper country and the low country, 
 between which it lies. It has also been known as the central cotton 
 region of Carolina, having formerly led, as it still does, in some regards, 
 in the culture of that staple. It may be defined as that portion of the 
 State lying between an elevation above the sea of 130 and 250 feet. It 
 crosses the State, in a northeasterly direction, from the Savannah river to 
 the North Carolina line. To the south it is bounded by the lower pine 
 belt, where the flat, open piney woods, with an undergrowth of coarse 
 grasses, gradually gives place to the higher and more rolling pine lands, 
 with an undergrowth of oak and hickory. To the north, the upper pine 
 belt sweeps round the feet of the interrupted range of high red hills 
 traversing the State, or rises, in the intervals of this range, to the still more 
 elevated sand hills. It comprises, generally, the counties of Barnwell, 
 Orangeburg, Sumter, Darlington, Marlboro and Marion. The northern half 
 .of Hampton and the northwest corner of Colleton are included in it. Along 
 the rivers, it penetrates northward beyond the limits of the counties named. 
 As uplands, on the first level above the swamps, it extends, in Aiken 
 county, as high up the Savannah as Old Fort Moore, at Sand Bar ferry ; 
 in Richland, it reaches along the Congaree nearly to Columbia, em- 
 bracing the wide, level area of Lower Township, lying between that river 
 and the sand hills ; along the Wateree, between the swamps and the High 
 Hills of Santee, it passes into Kershaw county, and along the Great Pee 
 Dee it passes up among the sand hills of Chesterfield. 
 
il THE UPPER PINE BELT. 
 
 PHYSICAL FEATURES. 
 
 The land is level, without being flat, and is sufiiciently rolling to insure 
 good drainage for the most part. While the general slope follows the 
 southeasterly course of the rivers, the land rises more rapidly in the west, 
 which gives the region a marked easterly slope in addition to its south- 
 .easterly inclination. Thus, in the west, Appleton, on the Port Royal 
 railroad, 46 miles distant from tide water, has an elevation of 259 feet, 
 while Orangeburg, on the South Carolina railway, 65 miles from tide 
 water, has only the same elevation, and Wedgefield, on the Manchester 
 and Wilmington road, 74 miks from tidewater, has an elevation of only 
 236 feet ; these being the highest points on the respective roads. The 
 
 W^ATER COURSES 
 
 rising in this region, or in the sand hill region above, are clear and rapid, 
 while the larger rivers passing through it, that come from the mountains, 
 are turbid. The latter furnish this region with valuable iacilities for the 
 transportation of produce. On the western side, the Savannah is navi- 
 gable to Augusta for steamboats of two hundred to three hundred tons 
 burden. The Salkehatchie river, rising in Barnwell county, might be 
 rendered navigable to the count}^ seat, by removing logs. The two 
 Edistos might be rendered navigable for small steamboats, and if the 
 contemplated canal, connecting these streams with the Ashley river, were 
 opened, it would become an important avenue for the cheap transporta- 
 tion of produce. Steamboats carrying eight hundred to one thousand 
 bales of cotton have passed up the Santee and its confluents, the Con- 
 garee and Wateree, as far as Granby (two miles below Columbia), 
 and to Camden. In the east, the Great Pee Dee is navigated to Cheraw, 
 one hundred and twenty miles in an air line from the sea, by steamers ; 
 for smaller craft. Lunch's river (the Kaddipah) and Black Creek were 
 navigable, the one eighty, and the other thirty miles from where they 
 join the Great Pee Dee. The Little Pee Dee is also navigable for vessels 
 of considerable burden. Besides the large streams mentioned, there are 
 numerous smaller ones in this region, flowing with a ra})id current, 
 through healthy localities heavily timbered with pine, and capable of 
 furnishing water-powers sufficient for the largest factories. Such are the 
 Three Runs creeks and the Little Salkehatchie river, in Barnwell, with 
 many smaller mill creeks ; in Orangeburg, such are Four Hole, Caw Caw, 
 Halfway, Bull, and Dean swamps, with many lesser mill streams (on the 
 ridge between the North and South Edisto, springs of fine drinking water 
 
THE UPPER PINE BELT. 73 
 
 furnish a water-power sufficient for grinding and ginning, a few hundred 
 feet from the spot where they issue from the earth). In Sumter, such 
 are Black river, Scape, and Big and Little Rafting creeks ; in Darlington, 
 Cedar (where a cotton factory was erected in 1812 by General Williams), 
 Sparrow, High Hill, Swift, Dake, Jeffry's, Middle, and Brickhold creeks, 
 with others ; in Marlboro, Crooked, Beaver Dam, Three Runs, Naked, 
 Muddy, White's, Phill's, Husband's, and Hick's creeks ; in Marion, Cat- • 
 fish, Ashpole, Buck, Sweet, Big, Smith, and Pope creeks. There are 
 numerous small lakes, chiefly in the swamps, but sometimes on the up- 
 lands ; in Barnwell, there is one, a beautiful sheet of clear water, two 
 miles in circumference, with a beach-like shore, affording a fine drive, 
 and surrounded on all sides by high and healthy pine uplands. The 
 sweep wells, the bucket being attached to a pole, fastened to a long lever 
 balanced near its middle, are characteristic of this region ; generally they 
 are from ten to twenty feet in depth, with only a short wooden curb on 
 top, for the rest uncurbed, being dug through a, fine, compact, 3'ellow or 
 red clay, to a stratum of quicksand, in which an abundant supjjly of 
 pure and cool water is found. 
 
 GEOLOGICAL FEATURES. 
 
 West of the Black river, in Sumter county, the line where the buhr-stone 
 formation passes under the Santee marls, traverses the centre of the upper 
 pine belt. North of it occur the silicified shells of the buhr-stone ; south 
 of it, the coralline marls, both belonging to the eocene. East of the 
 stream named, and in the direction of Darlington courthouse, occur 
 numerous outcroppings of the miocene marls, in Sumter and Darlington 
 counties. Lower down, in Darlington and Marion counties, on the 
 waters of Lynch's river and of the Great and Little Pee Dee, extensive 
 beds of marl of the cretaceous formation of the secondary make their ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 Commencing on the Savannah river, a few miles above the mouth of 
 the lower Three Runs, Mr. Tuomey traces the upper limit of the Santee 
 marls, to Tinker's creek, the dividing line of Aiken and Barnwell counties ; 
 thence, southeasterly, to Binnaker's bridge, on the South Edisto river ; 
 thence to Caw Caw swamp, north of Orangeburg, and across to Halfway 
 swamp, where, below the site of Stuart's old mill, the most satisfactory 
 locality is found for observing the passage of the buhr-stone formation 
 under the green sand, overlaid by thick strata of Santee marls ; thence 
 to the Santee river, and across that stream into Clarendon and Sumter 
 counties. As an average, the Santee marls are found to contain 88A per 
 cent, of carbonate of lime, and were formerly Jn considerable use as an 
 
74 THE UPPER PINE BELT. 
 
 amenflmcnt to the soil. Quantities of excellent lime were also obtained 
 from them by burning, especially by Dr. Jamison, on Caw Caw swamp. 
 The green sand marls intercalated with them contain 30 per cent, of car- 
 bonate of lime, and 22 per cent, of green sand. 
 
 The marls of Sumter and Darlington, examined by Mr. Tuomey, were 
 found to contain 60 to 70 per cent, of carbonate of lime, with traces of 
 phosphate of lime. Larger quantities of the latter are said to have been 
 found here since attention has been directed to the value of phosphates. 
 
 SOILS. 
 
 The upper pine belt contains something over 6,000 square miles, about 
 one-sixth of which is swamp and the remainder uplands. 
 
 The uplands consist of a fine, light, gray, sandy loam, resting on a sub- 
 soil of red or yellow clay. In the east, in Marlboro and Marion, it is 
 usually found at only three inches to four inches. In the west it is often 
 deeper, and a subsoil of yellow or red sand intervenes between it and the 
 surface soil ; even here the depth to clay is seldom as much as two feet. 
 
 The following are the analyses of these soils, made by Eugene A. Smith, 
 of Alabama, for the Tenth United States Census : 
 
 (1) 
 Insoluble matter .... 93.695 
 
 Soluble Silica 1.483 
 
 Potash 0.076 
 
 Soda 0.060 
 
 Lime • 0.114 
 
 Magnesia 0.202 
 
 Bn. Oxide of Manganese . 0.020 
 
 Peroxide of Iron .... 0.737 
 
 Alumina 1.846 
 
 Phosphoric acid 0.036 
 
 Sulphuric acid 0.106 
 
 Water and or2:anic matter 1.771 
 
 (2) 
 
 (3) 
 
 (4) 
 
 91.230 
 
 96.000 
 
 84.754 
 
 2.489 
 
 0.950 
 
 4.435 
 
 0.092 
 
 0.040 
 
 0.192 
 
 0.046 
 
 0.027 
 
 0.069 
 
 0.092 
 
 0.052 
 
 0.068 
 
 0.046 
 
 0.062 
 
 0.294 
 
 0.105 
 
 0.023 
 
 0.036 
 
 0.760 
 
 0.564 
 
 1.997 
 
 2.389 
 
 0.456 
 
 4.854 
 
 0.125 
 
 0.049 
 
 0.022 
 
 0.160 
 
 0.063 
 
 0.236 
 
 3.091 
 
 1.561 
 
 .3.312 
 
 100.625 
 
 99.843 
 
 100.269 
 
 2.245 
 
 1.441 
 
 4.518 
 
 Total 100.146 
 
 Hydroscopic moisture @ 
 
 75° F 2.512 
 
 No. 1 is from the Johnson field, on the Cathwood plantation of P. F. 
 Hammond, in Aiken county, near the Savannah river, the soil being taken 
 uniformly, as all the samples were, to the depth of twelve inches. The 
 
THE UPPER PINE BELT. 75 
 
 original growth was long leaf pine, w^ith undergrowth of post oak and 
 black jack runners. The land was cleared in 1835 and has been planted 
 continuously in cotton for the last thirteen years, yielding from 1,000 to 
 1,200 pounds seed cotton average on two hundred acres last year. The 
 cotton being a long staple variety of uplands, selling for two to five cents 
 a pound above ordinary uplands and not very prolific. 
 
 No. 2, from Gov. Hagood's plantation, near Barnwell C. H. ; mulatto 
 soil ; original growth, long leaf pine ; oak and hickory undergrowth ; 
 yield 764 pounds seed cotton, average for ten years on one hundred and 
 forty acres. 
 
 No. 3, field of Hon. C. S. McCall, near Bennettsville ; original growth 
 long leaf pine, with undergrowth of oak and dogwood ; has been planted 
 for two or three generations ; yield for several years past, one bale per 
 acre. 
 
 No. 4, virgin forest soil, from red clay ridge, near Marion and Marlboro 
 line, on Donohoe, plantation of W. D. Johnson ; growth, large hickory, 
 oak and pine ; similar land under present culture averages for large fields 
 a bale of cotton to the acre one year with another, when planted for a 
 succession of years in the same crop. 
 
 The following analyses are by Prof Shepard, and were published in 
 Tuomey's Agricultural Survey of South Carolina, in the year 1848. No. 
 
 1 is from the cotton lands below Columbia, in Richland county ; and No. 
 
 2 is from near Bennettsville, Marlboro county : 
 
 (1) (2) 
 
 Organic matter 9.00 5.40 
 
 SiHca . 76.50 77.30 
 
 Alumina 6.60 4.80 
 
 Oxide of iron 2.40 5.00 
 
 Lime '. .... 1.00 0.80 
 
 Magnesia 0.50 1.00 
 
 Potash and soda trace 0.00 
 
 Phosphates 0.00 0.00 
 
 Water and loss 4.00 4.70 
 
 100.00 100.00 
 
 The'Pee Dee lands were little esteemed formerly, and seventy-five years 
 ago many of them were considered so impoverished by cultivation as to 
 have been abandoned by their owners for the fresh lands of Alabama. 
 Under the present system of culture they are the most productive and 
 certain in the State. As the above analyses show no superiority of the 
 
'Q 
 
 THE UPPER PINE BELT. 
 
 chemical constituents of these soils, it must be stated that their greater 
 productiveness can only be attributed mainly to their excellent and ju- 
 dicious management, by which lands, naturally yielding only three to 
 four hundred pounds of seed cotton, are made to give a bale of cotton one 
 year with another. A good, though not a tliorough, drainage, by open 
 ditches, has lowered the water level in those lands at least four feet. The 
 physical properties of the soil lend themselves readily to improvement. 
 The sandy surface soil, although thin, is very fine, and the clay is of so 
 fine a texture as to be usually described as floury. It is noteworthy, also, 
 that fresh land of a grayish color, or where the plow turns up the subsoil 
 of a yellowish or reddish cast, blackens on exposure, and becomes darker 
 year by year as they are cultivated. The exemption from drought, which 
 these lands in large measure enjoy, while greatly due to their drainage 
 and good tilth, may depend somewhat on the body of live water in the 
 quicksand which underlies them at a depth of fifteen to twenty-five feet, 
 whose inhaustion, in hot dry seasons, through the fine texture of the in- 
 tervening clays, is not unlikely. At any rate this locality rarely sutlers 
 from drought. 
 
 The swamps, covering 1,000 square miles of this region, are of two 
 descriptions : 
 
 1st. The river swamps. The soil is of a mulatto or mahogany color, 
 and is a hea^y alluvial loam, rendered lighter sometimes by an admix- 
 ture of fine sand and mica, whence the}'' are called isinglass lands. Such 
 swamps are found on the banks of the Savannah, the Santee, the Con- 
 garee, Wateree and Pee Dee rivers, varying from narrow strips to broad 
 bottoms six and eight miles in breadth. The following is an analysis made 
 for the patent office, by C. T: Jackson, M. D., of Boston, in 1857, of the 
 alluvial soil of the Savannah rivgr : 
 
 Silica 78.000 
 
 Alumina 10.040 
 
 Lime 0.260 
 
 Magnesia . 0.200 
 
 Potash , 1.000 
 
 Soda 0.730 
 
 Peroxide of iron and oxide of manganese 4.850 
 
 Phosphoric acid 0.310 
 
 Sulphuric acid • trace. 
 
 Chlorine • 0.050 
 
 Crenic, apocrenic and humic acids 0.400 
 
 Insoluble vegetable matter 4.300 
 
 100.140 
 
THE UPPER PINE BELT. 77 
 
 The body of these swamps lie below the point where the above sample 
 was obtained, and are of course more fertile. Such soil, well cultivated, 
 yields, without manure, 1,200 to 1,500 pounds of seed cotton, and from 
 forty to seventy-five bushels of corn. These lands were being rapidly 
 cleared and cultivated anterior to the war. Since then they have been to 
 a great extent abandoned for the higher and more easily tilled uplands. 
 The freshet of 1(S65 broke the dams on the Great Pee Dee, which excluded 
 the fresliets, and they have never been repaired. These lands are subject 
 to ovei^ow, and the erection of levees for protection has been only prac- 
 ticed here and there by large planters. In the absence of records show- 
 ing the rit^k from freshets to these lands, the following extract from a 
 plantation record, kept by James H. Hammond, is taken. The island 
 field is at Silver Bluff, on Savannah river, and lies rather loAver than the 
 average of the Savannah river swamps. It received no manure, and be- 
 ing small and of little moment in the larger operations of the plantation, 
 it had hardly average care bestowed upon it. It was planted continuously 
 in corn and pumpkins (no record kept of the latter crop, which was always 
 abundant). The years not entered are due to the absence of the proprie- 
 tor, the land being planted as usual : 
 
 Year. Acres Planted. 
 
 1838 25 
 
 1839 25 
 
 1840 15 
 
 1841 20 
 
 1842 25 
 
 1843 20 
 
 1844 25 
 
 1845 25 
 
 1847 10 
 
 1848 25 
 
 1849 25 
 
 1850 25 
 
 1851 25 
 
 1852 25 
 
 1854 30 
 
 1855 30 
 
 1859 30 
 
 1860 25 
 
 Giving an average yield of thirty-five bushels corn per acre. During 
 these tweniy-two years only one crop was seriously damaged by freshets. 
 
 Crop. 
 
 925 
 
 bushels. 
 
 950 
 
 
 450 
 
 
 675 
 
 
 2,075 
 
 
 895 
 
 
 850 
 
 
 500 
 
 
 832 
 
 
 974 
 
 
 1,000 
 
 
 250 
 
 
 587 
 
 
 800 
 
 
 600 
 
 
 240 
 
 
 900 
 
 
 600 
 
 
78 THE UPPER PINE BELT. 
 
 The great August freshet of 1852 injured one-third of the crop so that it 
 could only be fed to hogs. The fluctuations of yield from eight to eighty- 
 five was due to the seasons to a very small extent, and resulted chiefly 
 from neglect of this field for larger interests. 
 
 2d. The other descriptions of swamps are known as bays, or upland 
 swamps, and creek bottoms. They occur on the smaller streams, and 
 rarely exceed two miles in width. They are also found in bodies of seve- 
 ral thousand acres in the pine lands, on the second levels from the rivers — 
 probably ancient lakes, choked up with water-growth. The soil is black, 
 consisting largely of decomposed vegetable matter, with a depth of three 
 to fifteen feet, resting usually on white sand. The following analysis was 
 made by Professor Shepard, of a sample taken from the swamp of South 
 Edisto river : 
 
 Organic matter 28.00 
 
 Silica 60.00 
 
 Alumina 4.00 
 
 Oxide of iron 3.40 
 
 Lime 0.50 
 
 Potash and soda trace 
 
 Water and loss 5.10 
 
 100.00 
 
 From 1845 to 18G0, a good deal in the way of clearing these lands was 
 done. Since then they have been much neglected, of necessity, and are 
 relapsing into their original state. They are not suitable for cotton, but 
 produce large crops of corn. The Cowden plantation gave for twelve 
 years, without manure of any sort, an average yield of thirty-five bushels 
 of corn per acre, on 600 to 900 acres in one field. One year 600 acres gaye 
 an average of sixty-two and one-third bushels of corn per acre. Now it 
 does not produce even enough to feed the stock of the negro renters, who are 
 cultivating patches of cotton on its margin, owing to the abandonment of 
 all drainage. 
 
 Under the system of agriculture, at present pursued, the chief atten- 
 tion is paid to the more easily tilled, but less fertile uplands. Neverthe- 
 less, there is in the upper pine belt a body of 600,000 acres of productive 
 corn land, now almost wholly neglected, but once cultivated with great 
 profit, when corn was worth only fifty to sixty cents a bushel, capable now 
 of yielding fifty per cent, more than the present entire corn crop of the 
 State. 
 
The latest Sthe earliest Pros 
 by James h 
 
 ExPLANATiox OF Table. — Take the 1st column, the Year 1832, anc 
 there was frost on March 7tli, and lower down, in same column, on Xo 
 first on November 11th, and so on through each year. 
 
The laiest &the earliest Frost in each year j^rom a plantation book of record kept 
 by James H.Hammond near Silver Bluff S.C. 
 
 Kxn ANAT1..N OK Taiuk -Tak.- ihc l8t .•olmiiu, the Year 1832. an | u will be seen by the heavy lines (which .lenote the .lay on which ihe frost fell) that 
 
 lln'rv> win (Kial im Mnnli Till. and lower down, in same column, on Xi 
 Bml on November Illli. aiiJ no on Ihrungh each year. 
 
 vember lltli. showing thai the last frost that fell in lS;i2 w.is on March "tli, ami the 
 
L 
 
THE UPPER PINE BELT. 79 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 The upper pine belt is a peculiarly healthy region, and throughout its 
 extent Mills and Simms, in their -statistics, have enumerated a remarkable 
 number of instances of longevity. There are no prevailing diseases 
 unless it be a mild type of malarial fever during autumn, along the 
 river swamps. The upland swamps not being subject to overflow, and 
 resting on sand, are not troubled with these complaints when drained and 
 cultivated. The seasons most favorable for cotton are those in which 
 there is a dry, cold winter to facilitate the preparation of the land. Light 
 showers in April to insure germination. A dry and warm ]\Iay and June, 
 not only to render the destruction of the grass easy, but, as the cotton- 
 planters term it, to " cook the cotton plant" ; hot weather, and even 
 drought, at this stage of growth, increasing its productiveness. In July 
 and August, hot weather, and seasonable showers, to keep up the strength 
 of the plant and promote fructification. A dry fall for picking. The 
 length of time between the latest frost in the spring and the earliest frost 
 in autumn has an important bearing on the crop, and, in the absence of 
 other records, the preceding table is given. 
 
 Although the cotton planting during these years was sometimes com- 
 pleted as early as the 30th of March, irreparable injury to the stand was 
 only inflicted once, in 1849, when snow fell on the 15th of April, and was 
 succeeded by cold weather. Nor do the autumn frosts always destroy the 
 plant completely ; blossoms at Christmas and New Year are not unfre- 
 quently seen, and there are occasionally winters of such mildness that 
 the old cotton roots throw out fresh shoots in the spring, and there are rare 
 instances where fields lying out have thus borne a crop the second year, that 
 was worth gathering. 
 
 GROWTH. 
 
 The early settlers in this region were stock raisers. They kept up 
 the Indian practice of burning off the woods during the winter. The 
 destruction of the undergrowth by this means favored the growth of 
 grasses, and numerous herds of almost wild cattle and horses found abun- 
 dant pasturage, chiefly upon what was known as the wild oat, and the 
 wild pea-vine. The cattle were sometimes slaughtered for their hides and 
 tallow. The names of many townships and neighborhoods still testify to 
 this primitive industry, as Steer Pen, Steerpoint, Horse Pen, and Pen Cor- 
 ner. The uplands were covered, as they still are, with a large growth of 
 yellow pine, but a deer might then have been seen, in the vistas made by 
 their smooth stems, a distance of half a mile, where now, since the dis- 
 continuance of the spring and autumn fires, it could not be seen fifteen 
 
80 THE UPPER PINE BELT. 
 
 paces for tlie thick growth of oak and hickory that has taken the land. 
 Among the many varieties of oaks, the live oak does not appear, except 
 as a planted tree ; the water oak, however, attains perfection, covering with 
 its evergreen foliage, not unfrequently, an area of half an acre, and meas- 
 nring eight to ten feet through at the root. This is the northern limit of 
 the magnolia in its wild state, and of the gray moss. The swamp woods 
 are cypress, white oak, gum, ash, hickory, beech, elm, and black walnut. 
 Besides the pine, there is on the upland, dogwood, hickory and eight or 
 ten varieties of oak, among which are the forked leaf blackjack, indica- 
 tive here of a dry and thirsty soil ; and the round leaf blackjack, showing 
 a moister and more fruitful soil. The olive, the Italian chestnut, and 
 pine, varieties of mulberry, the fig, peaches, apples, pears, pomegran- 
 ites, plums, pecan nuts, English walnuts, grapes, &c., are successfully 
 grown. 
 
 PRODUCTIONS. 
 
 The staple crops are cotton, corn, oats, rye (the southern variety), and 
 wheat, to a limited extent; peanuts, yielding an average of forty bushels per 
 acre, sweet potatoes and rice. The culture of indigo and tobacco has been 
 abandoned, though once found profitable. Considerable attention is paid 
 in some localities to forest i)roducts — turpentine, pine timber, cypress 
 shingles, and white oak staves. Little attention is paid to stock raising. 
 Ninety to ninety-five per cent, of the work stock, oxen excepted, are im- 
 ported. Cattle, hogs and sheep depend almost entirely for their support 
 upon such food as the range furnishes, with as little (or less) looking after 
 as the first settlers bestowed on their wild herds. Mills gives the stock 
 in Orangeburg county, in 1825, as follows : cattle, 25,000 ; sheep, 10,000 ; 
 swine, 50,000. In the census of 1880 it stands : cattle, 16,573 ; sheep, 
 5,766 ; swine, 37,742 — a decline in the total of 20,000, notwithstanding 
 the population has increased from 15,563, at that time, to 40,995 in 1880, 
 agriculture remaining still their chief pursuit. Besides clay for bricks 
 and marl (except a deposit of iron ore near High Hill creek, Orangeburg), 
 no minerals of value have been discovered in this region. The Bee Dee 
 is the last river to the south where herring is cjrught in large numbers. 
 Shad in the spring, and sturgeon and rockfish in the summer and autumn, 
 ascend all the rivers in tliis region, except that shad never enter the 
 waters of the Little Bee Dee, notwithstanding the}'' are clear and deep like 
 those of the Edisto. 
 
 STATISTICS. 
 
 The upper pine belt covers about 6,230 square miles, and has a popu- 
 lation of 221,409, or 35.5 to the square mile, bearing in this regard about 
 the same proportion to the other regions of the State that it did in the 
 
THE UPPER PINE BELT. 81 
 
 enumeration of 1870. Tlie percentage of colored population is sixty 
 against sixty-three in 1870. 
 
 The area of tilled land is 948,521 acres, being 152 acres to the square 
 mile, or nearly one-fourth of the entire surface. It is 4.2 acres per capita, 
 and twenty-one acres to the head of Vork stock. These lands being of 
 easy tillage, not unfrcqucntly forty-five acres, exclusive of small grain, is 
 well cultivated to the mule. This is an increase of 107,497 acres over 
 the enumeration of 1S70, l)y no means proportionate to the increase 
 in the population since that date. More than one-third, or 358,505 acres, 
 is in cotton, which is nine and a third per cent, of the entire surface, and 
 twenty-six per cent, of the cotton acreage of the State. It is ten acres to 
 the work animal, and one and a half acres per capita of the population; 
 418,417 acres are in grain crops of all kinds, including corn, small grain 
 and rice; 109,790 acres are in fallow and in other crops; as fallow is not 
 regularly practiced in the husbandry here pursued, and as the other crops 
 include onb/ sugar cane, potatoes, orchards and gardens, almost exclu- 
 sively for local use, and consequently small, this figure includes some of 
 the corn lands whose culture has been so largely abandoned, but which 
 are not yet entirely grown up. 
 
 The farms number 19,049, averaging nearly fifty acres of tilled land to 
 the farm, which is the largest average in the State. Their relation, how- 
 ever, to the population remains about the same as in the regions south of 
 this, viz : one farm to twelve and a half of the population ; north of this 
 the number of farms in proportion to the population increases. 
 
 The crops are : 
 
 Cotton, 148,050 bales, against 83,210 in 1870, an increase of seventy^ 
 per cent. It is twenty-eight per cent, of the crop of the State. The yield 
 is 327 pounds lint per capita, the largest, except in the comparatively 
 small Red Hill region, where it is 348 pounds of lint. The average yield 
 per acre is 202 pounds of lint, which is also larger than elsewhere, except 
 for the small crop of the lower pine belt. In Marlboro county, the yield 
 per acre averages 207 pounds of lint, and the yield per capita, 530 pounds 
 of lint. This is the maximum product in the State, and entitles the region 
 to its ^designation as the central cotton belt of Carolina. 
 
 The grain crop is 3,031,302 bushels, an increase of one and a half mil- 
 lions of bushels on the returns of 1870. This includes corn, small grain 
 and rice, and constitutes twenty-one per cent, of the grain crop of the 
 State. It is sixteen bushels per capita of the population, and 8.0 bushels 
 per acre. Allowing eighty bushels a jea.r to the head of work stock, the 
 35,409 head in this region would leave less than 000,000 bushels for the 
 population, two and three-quarter bushels per capita, with nothing for the 
 other live stock. The maximum average product is attained in Marlboro, 
 6 
 
82 THE UrPER riNE BELT. 
 
 ten and a quarter bushels per acre, twenty and a half bushels per capita 
 of population. 
 
 The live stock number 313,811, which is one to every thirteen acres; 
 sixteen to each farm ; 11.4 head to each one of the population ; two to 
 the bale of cotton, and one to eyerf eleven bushels grain produced. 
 
 SYSTEM OF FARMING AND LABOR. 
 
 A mixed system of farming is pursued in the upper pine belt, and the 
 attempt is made to raise at least a portion of the necessary farm supplies. 
 They are not raised, however, to the extent they w^ere formerly, and al- 
 though the reports all state that the tendency to raise them is increasing, 
 the deficiency still remains very great, as the number of liens given for 
 provisions and recorded against the growing crop show. In Barnwell there 
 were 2,026 liens, averaging one hundred and twenty-five dollars, being 
 eight dollars and eighty cents per bale of cotton produced; in Orangeburg 
 there were 2,470 liens, averaging ninety dollars, being nine dollars and 
 eighty-seven cents per bale; in Darlington there were 3,925 liens, averaging 
 one hundred dollars, being sixteen dollars and forty cents per bale ; in Marl- 
 boro there were 1,183 liens, averaging one hundred and ten dollars, being 
 five dollars and forty cents per bale ; in Marion there were twelve hundred 
 liens, averaging one hundred dollars, being five dollars and a half per 
 bale. The number of liens for 1880 show an increase on those given 
 above for 1879. This does not indicate a diminution in the amount of 
 supplies raised by farmers, but only shows an increase in the number of 
 laborers w^ho are seeking a credit, to enable them to do business on their 
 own account as tenant farmers. It is by this class chiefly that the liens 
 are given, mostly for provisions, next for fertilizers, and to some extent 
 for mules and farm imj-dements. It is the general experience that these 
 small tenant farmers, mostly negroes, meet their obligations to the best 
 of their ability ; nevertheless, a mortgage given in January or February, 
 on a crop not to be i:)lanted until April, is not taken as a first-class com- 
 mercial security, and consequently the charges on the advances are 
 heavy ; for instance, when the cash price of corn is seventy five cents, 
 the credit price is not unfrec[uently one dollar and twenty cents and up- 
 ward. 
 
 West of the Santee and Wateree rivers in this region, the average acre--, 
 age in cotton to the farm is fourteen acres ; on only one farm is there over 
 four hundred acres in cotton ; in seventeen townships the maximum acre- 
 age is under one hundred acres ; in twenty it is one hundred to two hun- 
 .dred; in five it is two hundred to three hundred; in two it is tbree 
 hundred to four hundred. 
 
THE UPPER PINE BELT. S3 
 
 East of the rivers named there are farms liaving over six lunidrcd 
 acres in cotton, the average acreage in cotton to the farm is sixteen acres. 
 Here forty-six per cent, of the farms are rented, and fifty-four per cent, 
 worked by the owners. Of the rented farms, thirteen per cent, are over 
 fifty acres, while of those worked by the owners eighty per cent, are 
 above that figure. 
 
 The hiborers are chiefly negroes, but the number of whites engaged in 
 field labor is largely increasing, in some localities, especially east of the 
 Pee Dee, where one-third to one-half the field labor is performed by 
 whites. The general price of day labor is fifty cents and food, though it 
 fluctuates from forty cents to seventy-five cents. The class of day laborers 
 is also largely increasing, being recruited from the increasing class of 
 tenant farmers, who supplement their earnings by hiring out when not 
 busy with their own crops, or when pressed for ready cash. Contract labor- 
 ers are becoming much fewer ; the general wages is ten dollars a month 
 and rations, but in some localities it is as low as six dollars to eight dol- 
 lars, and in others as high as twelve dollars to fifteen dollars, the higher 
 prices prevailing in the northeast, the lower to the southwest, being less 
 Avhere the percent^ige of negroes is greatest, and vice versa. Hands 
 hired by the year receive from ninety dollars to one hundred and twenty 
 dollars, with rations, shelter firewood and truck patches. Hands, how- 
 ever, have always preferred, when contracting for a year's work, to have 
 some interest in the crop, and this desire has steadily increased so as to 
 have become b}'^ far the most general pi:actice. This has been arranged in 
 so many, and in such complicated ways, as to preclude any general de- 
 scription. For instance, a widely adopted system is one proposed as early 
 as 18GG, by a negro laborer in Silverton township. The laborer works 
 five days in the week for the land owner and has a house, rations, three 
 acres of land, and a mule and plow ever}' other Saturday to work it when 
 necessary, with sixteen dollars in money at the end of the year. Had he 
 worked four days and a half per week for the land owner, and one and a 
 half days for himself, this would have been equivalent to one-fourth of 
 the crop and his food. The sixteen dollars was intended to cover the fifty- 
 two half days more than this, which he worked.* This S3^stem proved 
 
 * This freedman was impressed with the belief that the share of tlie laboier should 
 be his food and shelter, and one-fourth of the produce. While he was sure that 
 his proportion covered this, he could neither state the rationale as above given, or ap- 
 parently understand it, when stated. It may serve as an illustration of the instinctive 
 processes by wliich these |)eople seemed to grasp intuitively the most comi)licatod jjrob- 
 lems, and the most advanced doctrines in the great questions as to tjie remuneration of 
 labor. Only just emancipated, they at once take ground, to which the laborers of the 
 old world seem to have been struggling up through all the centuries since the abolilion 
 of serfdom. 
 
84 THE UPPER PINE BELT. 
 
 very successful, and the second year a number of laborers proposed to 
 work only four days, feed themselves and take double the land and mule 
 work, without the money. The third year three-day hands came in, fur- 
 nishing in part their own work stock ; and as some hands paid the rent 
 for a house and an acre of land by giving two days work a week, there 
 were found various classes of hands on the same places, working from two 
 to six days in the week. The share system is practiced more largely in 
 Barnwell than in Hampton, and still more in Darlington and Marlboro. 
 The terms are generally the same, the employer furnishing land, teams 
 and implements, the laborer feeding himself and getting one-third to one- 
 half, after paying for his pro rata of bagging, ties, and fertilizers. Chan- 
 v cellor Johnson says (Marlboro county) : " I have a good many tenants, 
 wliite and black. I furnish the stock, food for it, pay one-half the black- 
 smith, fertilizer, bagging and ties account, and furnish ginning facilities ; 
 the tenant (has his garden and potato patch free) does all the work, from 
 repairing fences and ditches to preparing the crop for market, my -ad- 
 vances are repaid and the crop is equally divided. The tenants generally 
 get at the rate of eight to ten bales for each mule they work, grain for their 
 family supplies and enough to make their meat. I get the same amount of 
 cotton and more than grain enough for the next year's crop. I have had 
 y some tenants over ten years." He prefers hired labor where the planta- 
 tion is not too large, that is about eight plows. The advantage of 
 either system depends upon the character of the individual, good tenants 
 being sometimes poor laborers, and vice versa. Each locality reports 
 favorably of the system pursued there. 
 
 In Hampton, the wages system is preferred, the laborers run no risks, 
 the soil is improving, the condition of the laborers good, very few of them 
 .own house or land. Lands sell from one dollar to twenty-five dollars per 
 acre, and rent for one dollar to three dollars in small patches ; little land 
 is rented. 
 
 In Barnwell, the laborer decides under which system he will work. 
 Share hands and renters pick cleaner cotton than wage hands. The 
 wages system is preferred, by the planters, the laborer runs no risks, his 
 pay is net money, he spends it and lives and works better, and land im- 
 proves. The condition of the laborer is good and improving, quite a 
 number own houses and lands. The market value of land is three dollars 
 to ten dollars an acre, including improved and unimproved. The rent 
 is from one dollar to three dollars in money; in kind it is seventy- 
 five pounds of lint cotton per acre, or one thousand pounds of lint 
 for a forty acre farm, or a five hundred pound bale for fifteen to twenty 
 acres. 
 
 In the lower part of Orangeburg, year hands receive monthly six dol- 
 
THE UPPER PINE BELT. 85 
 
 lars; the share S3'stcin is also practiced here; no preference expressed be- 
 tween tlie two. The condition of the hxborers is reported as good. The 
 market value of land is from two dollars to ten dollars; and a good deal 
 is rented from two to four dollars. 
 
 In Darlington, wages by the year are one hundred and twenty dollars 
 for men, ninety dollars for women, with house, rations, fuel and truck 
 patches. The share system and tenant system are largely practiced ; 
 the laborers do not work so well, nor do they realize so nuich, but 
 they prefer less and to l)e independent of control ; tlieir condition is 
 good, two per cent, own houses and land. The market value of land 
 is ten dollars, and the rental 3'iclds about seven per cent, on the invest- 
 ment. 
 
 In Marlboro and Marion, a considerable part of the field labor is per- 
 formed by whites ; day wages are from thirty to sixty cents, by the month 
 six dollars to twelve dollars, and the same when engaged for the year, in 
 all cases with board. The share and tenant system are largely practiced 
 (see above for terms, &c.). Condition of the laborers good, they are 
 contented and happy ; three to five per cent, of the negroes own 
 land or a house. The market value of land is ten dollars to iifty dollars 
 per acre, and rents are from three dollars to fifteen dollars per acre. 
 (For further particulars see abstract of reports of township) corres- 
 pondents.) 
 
 From the southwest of Aiken county it is reported that the tendency to 
 raise supplies fluctuates with the price of cotton, being increased by low 
 and diminished by high prices. The share system is largely practiced, 
 the laborer having one-third where he feeds himself, one-fourth where he 
 is fed, the land owner advances everything, and the laborer's proi)ortion 
 of the expenses is taken out of the crop. The share system is not gene- 
 rally satisfactory ; it is difficult to get cotton cleanly handled ; land worked 
 under the supervision of the proprietor generally improves ; when rented, 
 especially to negro tenants, it rapidly deteriorates ; five per cent, of the 
 negro laborers own land or their house ; those who work steadily are 
 prosperous, the proportion that do this is not, however, large. The 
 market value of land is four dollars to fifteen dollars j)er acre, in- 
 cluding wood land ; tilled land rents for from one dollar to five dollars 
 per acre. 
 
 The following comparison in some of the regards above treated of be- 
 tween Darlington and Marlboro counties is offered, because in 1870 Dar- 
 lington led all the counties in the State in the production of cotton, nearly 
 doubling the crop of the next highest; now it stands eighth in total pro- 
 duction, and Marlboro stands highest in the yield per capita and per acre; 
 the counties lie side by side : 
 
8G 
 
 THE UPPER riNE BELT, 
 
 corNTiij;s. 
 
 Darlington... 
 Marlboro 
 
 Yield in 
 
 lbs. lint 
 
 Cotton. 
 
 a 
 
 
 p 
 
 
 -M 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 a, 
 
 S-, 
 
 ci 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 03 
 
 ^ 
 
 :-, 
 
 <v 
 
 Oi 
 
 ^ 
 
 P^ 
 
 339 
 
 197 
 
 536 
 
 267 
 
 Amount 
 
 of liens 
 
 for each 
 
 Bale of 
 
 Cotton 
 
 produced 
 
 in 
 
 1879. 
 
 FARMS. 
 
 Percentage. 
 
 $16.40 
 $5.40 
 
 
 
 
 
 r^ 
 
 r^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 f 
 
 ^H 
 
 
 £h 
 
 a; 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 ;-. 
 
 J^ 
 
 t^. 
 
 ;^ 
 
 >> 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 rO 
 
 Percentage 
 
 worked by 
 
 owners. 
 
 43 
 55 
 
 45 
 
 Under 
 
 tifty 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Over 
 
 fifty 
 
 Acres. 
 
 17 
 12 
 
 S3 
 88 
 
 Percentage 
 
 worked by 
 
 renters. 
 
 Under 
 
 fifty 
 Acres. 
 
 85 
 80 
 
 Over 
 
 fifty 
 
 Acre^ 
 
 15 
 20 
 
 TILLAGE AND IMPROVEMENT. 
 
 Enclosures, under the colonial laws, tliat have not been changed, are 
 required to be cattle proof. The fences are built of pine rails ten feet 
 in length, running about one hundred to the cord, worth usually fifty 
 cents a cord, and are si)lit for fifty cents per hundred, making the cost 
 one dollar per hundred in the woods. Fourteen rails make eight feet in 
 length of worm fence, or 9,240 rails per mile, lasting, on an average, five 
 years. A recent act of the legislature allows each township to determine 
 by vote, whether the crops or the stock shall be enclosed, if the latter, the 
 township to tax itself for the fences necessary to protect it from the stock 
 of the adjoining townships. To this date few townships in this belt have 
 availed themselves of this law.* 
 
 Drainage is little practiced in this region ; the culture of the swamps 
 being generally abandoned, and the uplands being thought not to require 
 it. In Marlboro and Clarion, however, great benefit results from a system 
 of open ditches very generally adopted (see above soils). Little or noth- 
 ing is required in the way of hillside ditches on these comparatively level 
 lands, where little injury is experienced from washing. 
 
 The tbrmer practice of allowing fields to lie fallow, for the benefit of 
 the growtli of weeds, which increased the vegetable matter in the soil, and 
 
 *Since the above was written tlie State legislature has passed a general law for 
 the whole State, making it incumbent on the owners of live stock to see that they 
 do not trespass on others. The tiller of the soil is no longer compelled to build fences to 
 protect the fruits of his labor from the inroads of his neighbors' cattle, thus saving all cost 
 in building and repairing fences, estimated in 187U at $'.tl7,000 by the 10th U. 8. Census. 
 
THE UPPER PINE BELT. 87 
 
 which killed by their shade the grasses that were especially troublesome 
 on cultivated lands, has been almost wholly abandoned. Nor is there 
 any rcjfj^ular or general system of rotation of cro})s. Cotton lands espe- 
 cially are planted year after year in the same crop, and if properly man- 
 ured, are thought to improve. Rotation, when i)racticed, is two years 
 cotton, one year corn; small grain is j)lanted in the full, after the corn is 
 gathered, and the next summer a crop of corn or cow-peas is grown on 
 the stubble, to be followed the next spring by cotton. In Marlboro county, 
 land planted in cotton for fourteen successive years, without additional 
 manure, except the increased cotton seed from the larger crops, jiroduce 
 double what they did at first. 
 
 ,.,-The fall plowing of cotton and corn lands, once much practiced, has 
 been very generally abandoned ; some still think it pays to break the 
 land eight or ten inches deep in the fall about every fourth year, other- 
 wise it is only done to turn under weeds on land that has been resting. 
 
 The depth of tillage varies from two and a half to six inches, measured 
 on the land side of the furrow, and it is very rare to see more than one 
 animal used in plowing. It is only the larger farmers, who are becoming 
 scarcer, who use two-horse })lows occasionally. 
 
 The amount of land once cultivated, that has been abandoned, is stated 
 as very little in Hampton county ; at from ten to twenty per cent, in Barn- 
 well ; at ten to fifteen per cent, in Orangeburg ; at twenty-five per cent, in 
 Darlington, and, excluding swamps, at nothing in Marion and Marlboro. 
 When the uplands are turned out in this region, they grow up first in 
 broomsedge, which is succeeded by short leaf pine, beneath which in time 
 all grass and undergrowth disappears. When again taken in, they yield 
 well with manuring, but without good treatment they deteriorate more 
 rapidly than virgin soil. It is a question — on which there is a diversity 
 of opinion — whether the second growth of pines is a benefit or an injury 
 to land ; in the lower country it is thought to be injurious, supporting 
 the view that narrow leaved growths do not improve the soil. In the upper 
 country the opinion is, however, decided that the soil improves under the 
 old-field pine. With some other growths there is no question, in this 
 regard ; for instance the persimmon always imptoves lands, and seems to 
 exert no bad influence even on the growing crops in cultivated fields, it 
 being often remarked that the tallest cotton is found under such trees, 
 where it is dwarfed by the proximity of a pine or a post-oak. CerUiin 
 other forest trees seem to favor particular growths here, as the sugarberry, 
 under which verdant patches of blue grass are often seen, when found no 
 where else. There seem to be friendly and unfriendly relations among 
 plants. Bermuda grass will not grow under pines or cedars, but thrives 
 most under the Euonymus. Polk is said to give the rust to cotton, 
 and Jamestown weed will, it is believed, eradicate nut grass. 
 
88 THE UPPER PINE BELT. 
 
 Green manuring, especially with the cow-pea, is regarded favorably, al- 
 though it is not practiced as a system. Sown broadcast, manured with the 
 " Ash element " (a cheap fertilizer composed chiefly of lime and potash) 
 and turned under after the vines are wilted by frost, remarkable results 
 have been attained. Col. Thomas Taylor sa^'s that lands subject to rust, 
 and never yielding more than seven bushels of wheat, have given twenty- 
 six bushels under this treatment. After the cotton is laid by a furrow is 
 sometimes run in the alley, and cow-peas drilled in, forming the basis on 
 which the next year's cotton bed is to be constructed. Peas grown among 
 corn are esteemed highly for the beneficial influence they exert on the 
 soil, as well as for the crop they yield. 
 
 The limited amount of stable and lot manure, furnished chiefly by the 
 work stock, other cattle being rarely fed or penned systematically, is much 
 valued. Cotton seed is wholly used for manure, and its use has much in- 
 creased, either alone, or composted with woods mould and litter, or the 
 superphosphates. These means of maintaining the fertility of the land 
 are largely supplemented by the use of guanos and other fertilizers. In 
 Marlboro county the general rule is, to return to the land all the cotton 
 seed produced on it, and in addition one sack of Guanape guano, or 
 half a sack of it, with one hundred pounds of superphosphates, and if 
 rust is apprehended, one hundred pounds of kainit. Lands so treated 
 are counted on with much certainty to give a bale of cotton to the acre 
 one year with another. This may be taken as the best established and 
 most successful practice regarding manures. There are wide variations 
 from it. A very few, but not the least successful farmers, purchase no 
 commercial fertilizers and rely wholly on cotton seed, composts of woods 
 moulds and leaves, and stable manure. The use of fertilizer is very gen- 
 erally de})recated as unthrifty and extravagant, but the facility with 
 M'hich they may be obtained and used, makes their employment the 
 general practice. 
 
 The first step in preparation for planting cotton is to dispose of the old 
 stalks. If small, the}' are not attended to. Ordinarily they are knocked 
 to pieces by hand with a club. Machines have been devised for this pur- 
 pose, but have not proved successful, thus leaving a field open to inventors. 
 When the stalks are very large, say four to five feet high, they have to be 
 pulled up, and sometimes to be burned. Some planters pull up the stalks 
 and lay them in the farrow on which the bed is to be made ; it is objected 
 to this practice tliat the plow in cultivation strikes the buried stalks and 
 destroys the young cotton. 
 
 The furrow for the bed is either run in the alley between the rows, or 
 the old l)ed is barred off and the furrow run through its centre. The 
 first practice alternates the cotton rows ever}' year, the second plants on 
 
THE UPPER PINE r>ELT. 89 
 
 the same spot. The rows are rarely under three feet tluve inches, they 
 average three and a half, and are sometimes four feet, and even live feet, 
 on land making a large growth. The manure is ])laeed in the furrow, and 
 the bed is built up in February and March, the object being to get cotton 
 seed in and covered as early as possible to prevent its sprouting and heat- 
 ing after planting, which is injurious to the stand. In Marlljoro the fer- 
 tilizers are not applied with the cotton seed, but a furrow is run thr<jugh 
 the bed just before planting and the fertilizer put into it then. The usual 
 practice has been to put the manure in as deeply as possible ; a practical 
 difficulty in accomplishing this arises from the settling of the finely pul- 
 verized and lightly thrown up beds ; and finer and S})ecifically lieavier 
 particles of the soil pass through and under the coarser and lighter cotton 
 seed, compost, or stable manure. So that even after the greatest care to 
 cover them deeply has been taken, they disappoint the planter by ai)pear- 
 ing at or near the surface during planting or the subsequent* cultivation 
 of the crop. A very successful practice in Aiken and Barnwell counties 
 has been to put the manure in a shallow furrow, but to finish the bed by 
 splitting the middle out with a double horse shovel plough running to 
 the dei)th of fourteen inches. This leaves the sides of the beds and the 
 allev light and loose, and it is kept so by after cultivation. The sweep 
 runs shallow in the harder soil near the plants, and deeper in the looser 
 soil of the alley, and can thus skim the surface and destroy weeds near 
 tlie plant witliout cutting tlie roots ; tlie drainage of the bed is increased, 
 and loose earth is provided, where it alone can be maintained during cul- 
 tivation, in the alley, to absorb atmospheric moisture, and to dirt the 
 plant or manure. 
 
 Planting occurs during the month of A[)ril, from the 1st to the 30th. 
 Early planting runs the risk of frost, late planting runs the risk of a dry 
 spell, which not unfrequently prevents cotton planted the last of Ajn-il 
 from coming up before the first of June. These risks are nearly e(|ual, 
 and" the early planting has the additional advantage of a longer season 
 for its growth and maturity. Bancroft's or Dicksons's improved cluster 
 cotton seed are generally used ; a prolific cotton, making a good yield of 
 lint, being sought after, without regard to the quality of the stai)le. Im- 
 proved staples have been produced, and are profitably cultivated by the 
 larger planters who ship it themselves to the North, or Europe. Smaller 
 
 *It appears that particles of the solid earth are not at rest, but are continually in 
 movement, cavin<: in and settling after rains, &c. So that here the law of sjiecific 
 jrravities also operates, and in tlie lapse of time, the diverse components are assorted, 
 lindin;^ their true level as certainly as a cork rises or lead sinks in water. In illustration 
 of this law, lar^e quantities of bones, buried two feet deep, in land formerly prepared 
 for vineyards in this region, have, in the course of ten years, worked their way to the 
 surface. 
 
90 THE UPPER PINE BELT. 
 
 farmers, confined to tlie home markets, cannot sell such staple to advan- 
 tage, and therefore neglect it. The quantity of seed used depends on the 
 method of planting ; in drilling by hand, the most common practice, three 
 bushels is required ; with the planter, which is coming more into use, 
 one to one and a half bushels answers ; with the dibble, a two-wheeled 
 implement, drawn by a horse, the wheels running on the beds and mak- 
 ing holes for the seed by blocks fastened on to the tire, a half-bushel will 
 do. The seed comes up according to the greater or less favorableness of 
 the season, in from four to ten days after planting. The young plants 
 are thinned out to hills eight inches to twelve inches apart, sometimes to 
 eighteen inches; usually only one stalk is left, some prefer to have two. 
 Thinning occurs four to six weeks after planting, from the time the third 
 to the sixth leaf makes its appearance, and is completed early in June. 
 Blossoms first appear when the plant is six inches to twelve inches high, 
 from the 10th to the 20th of June. Bolls open forty-two to forty-five 
 days after the blossom in the latter part of July and first of August. In 
 favorable seasons, picking has commenced before the 12th of August ; or- 
 dinarily not until the 20tli. The cotton is picked and ginned as fast as 
 it opens, and the work can be done, the best planters estimating the loss 
 of leaving it in the field, even during good weather, for a few weeks, as 
 very heavy. All the crop is picked by the 1st to the loth of December, 
 and by far the most of it in the market before Christmas. The after cul- 
 tivation of the crop consists of four to five ploughings with the sweep and 
 three to four hand hoeings, and is completed from the first of July to the 
 last of August. 
 
 GINNING, BALING AND SHIPPING. 
 
 No decided preference for any of the numerous gins used in this region 
 can be ascertained ; those most commonly in use are the Brown, Winn- 
 ship, Gullott, Carver, Findley and Massey, Elliott, Winn, Taylor and Ex- 
 celsior. Thirteen correspondents report that four employ steam engines, 
 seven employ horse power, and two employ water power in ginning. The 
 steam gins turn out two hundred and twenty-five to four hundred pounds 
 lint per hour, the horse-powers one hundred pounds to two hundred 
 pounds in the same time, the water-powers two hundred and fifty to four 
 hundred. The estimate of seed cotton required to make four hundred 
 pounds of lint, varies from 1,200 to 1,400 pounds, and averages 1,225 
 pounds. On this point a correspondent says: " The proportion of lint 
 varies largely with the season, with the variety of cotton, with the stage 
 at which the cotton is picked, and even with different bolls of the same 
 variety picked at the same stage. I plant a largo part of my crop with 
 a fancy long staple upland variety, I have known it to require 1,800 
 
THE UPPER PINE BELT. 91 
 
 pounds seed cotton average through the season to make a bale of five 
 hundred pounds, while the past season the entire crop gave at the rate 
 of a five hundred pound bale to 1,540 pounds of seed cotton. A few 
 years ago my crop of Rio Grande, a very short staple variety, gave a five 
 hundred pound bale to 1,365 pounds of seed cotton. Cotton picked 
 damp, and that suffered to remain sometime without jjicking, gives the 
 smallest proportion of lint, while that picked as soon after opening as the 
 bolls dry off gives the best. I once picked a large number of bolls from 
 a patch, itself grown from selected seed, weighed them separately on a 
 druggist's scales and separated the lint from the seed by hand. The 
 poorest boll gave nineteen per cent, of lint, the best thirty-six per cent. 
 The weight of the heaviest boll, seed and lint, was one hundred and 
 thirty-six gross, and of the lightest, forty-two gross. Even such wide va- 
 riations as these could not hav'e been detected by the eye or without the 
 use of the scales." 
 
 Owing to the unsatisfactory character of the mechanical arrangements 
 for using horse power, the use of horses for ginning is being superseded 
 by steam engines. It was thought that traction engines would supply 
 this want, and, like steam grain threshers, would move from farm to farm 
 and gin the cotton. They were tried to a considerable extent, but it was 
 found that the exigencies of the farmer did not allow him to keep his 
 cotton, as he might his grain, until the gin came to him, and that it did 
 not pay to move the gin once or twice a day, to gin the crops, bale at a 
 time as it was gathered, so that they have been mostly abandoned. 
 
 There is a similar diversity as to the press in use. In twelve gin houses 
 there were six hand presses, the Brooks, Schofield, McBride, Finley, Board- 
 man, and Smith, packing about eight bales with four hands per day. 
 There was one water press, and one run by steam, four old wooden-pin 
 screw i)resses run by mules. Four liands on the Smith or the Boardman 
 press will average a bale every fifty minutes : eight men and three nudes 
 on the old screw will average a bale every thirty minutes ; by pushing, 
 more can be done. The delay and cost in packing occurs in treading the 
 light, loose cotton into the box, at which only one, or at most two men 
 can work, the other hands being meanwhile idle. Formerly the lint- 
 rooms were built very large, and twenty or thirty bales were ginned be- 
 fore any was packed. Now with smaller lint-rooms, and with condensers 
 coming into use as a preventive of fire, the cotton is packed as fast as it 
 is ginned. Feeders to gins have been tried, but owing to the difficulty of 
 keeping them in order, they are not much used. 
 
 Rope for baling has been entirely replaced by the iron " Arrow " tie 
 and the heaviest gunny bagging is used. The bales vary in weight, from 
 four liundrcd and fifty pounds to five hundred and fifty pounds, and 
 
92 THE UPPER PINE BELT. 
 
 averao'G four hundred and eiglity-nine pounds. Shipments to market 
 are made during the fall months, from September to January. By steam- 
 boat there are no extra charges for extra weight ; the charge is seventy- 
 five cents per bale on the Savannah river, to Savannah, and one dollar on 
 the Pee Dee to Charleston. On the Port Royal railroad to Charleston or 
 Savannah the charge is two dollars per bale of four hundred and fifty pounds 
 or less, and twenty cents for each hundred pounds over that weight. On 
 the South Carolina railway the cliarge from Augusta is one dollar for 
 way stations on this route, one dollar and fifty cents and thirty-five cents 
 per hundred weight over five hundred pounds. From Darlington to 
 Charleston by rail the cluirge is one dollar and twenty-five cents. From 
 Marlboro and Marion it is three dollars and twenty-five cents to New 
 York, and one dollar and fifty cents to Charleston or Wilmington by rail; 
 in the latter there is an extra charge (amount not stated) for bales weigh- 
 ing over four hundred and fifty pounds. 
 
 DISEASES, ENEMIES, &c. 
 
 There are few crops grown anywhere more certain tlian the cotton crop 
 in the upper pine belt. A complete failure never occurs, and a reduction 
 of twenty per cent, in the yield is an unusual occurrence. The greatest 
 variations have been in an increase of product under better cultivation, 
 and it is believed that a wide field for development lies in this direction. 
 The principal obstruction to the growth of the plant is the crab grass,* 
 necessitating constant labor and vigilance, or resulting in fatal injury to 
 the crop. Usually the task is one acre in hoeing, which is completed by 
 dinner time ; but most frequently it is far from being thoroughly done. 
 In Marlboro, where the work is well done, and perhaps on this account, 
 two acres is the task and it is completed by 4 P. M., usually. 
 
 Drought is very seldom injurious, except duriilg the fruiting season in 
 July and August. Sore shin, except as resulting from bad hoeing, is not 
 known. 
 
 Lice, a minute aphid, appears on the underside of the leaves in May 
 and later, and gives them a curled, but at the same time a deeper green 
 appearance. Dry weather is favorable to them, and in good seasons they 
 are not thought to injure the plant. Some say they promote fruitfulness. 
 In bad seasons, i. e., excessive drought, during fruiting, rust aj^pears ear- 
 liest and is most injurious where these aphids have been most numerous. 
 
 Rust and blight affect the crop, especially during the fruiting season ; 
 it is most injurious to the prolific short-limbed cluster cotton. Under fa- 
 
 *Corruption for crop grass, being found only on cultivated lands, and often furnished 
 excellent crojjs. 
 
THE UPPER PINE BELT. 93 
 
 vorable conditions tlic plant will take on a heavy crop of fruit in four to 
 six weeks, any time from the middle of June to the middle of September. 
 At such a period it will cease to grow, the leaves will })ale and turn red, 
 all the energies of the plant being devoted to reproductive ettbrts. Com- 
 mercial fertilizers promote this crisis, by contributing more to the fruit- 
 fulness than to the growth of the plant. Any vicissitude of the weather, 
 heat or cold, wet or drought, will seriously enfeeble or even kill the plant 
 in this its term of labor, esi)ecially on poor, sandy, or ill-drained soils. 
 A crop will have been made, the utmost that the soil, the variety of seed, 
 and the seasons admit of, but the future growth and fruitfulness of the 
 l)lant is checked or destroyed. This is what is usually termed rust or 
 bliglit. The remedies arc, varieties of the plant that arc more vigorous 
 growers, those of longer limb, and less given to excessive fiuiting; stable 
 manure in the place of fertilizers ; the potash salts are used with marked 
 benefit ; and thorough drainage. 
 
 Cotton sheds l)y for the largest portion of the forms which come on it, 
 and the closest observers state that in the great ma.'^s of our cotton lands, 
 the cotton plant will not, in the best of seasons, mature into open bolls 
 one in five of the blossoms that appear, gcnerall}- not one in ten. Reme- 
 dies for this are being sought in the selection of seed, and in various 
 methods of culture, but nothing decided has been thus far obtained. 
 
 When the early season is wet and warm, the plant may run too much 
 to weed. Some attribute this in part to late thinning and dee}) cultiva- 
 tion; others think it may be checked by running a deep, narrow furrow, 
 closing after the plow, close to the cotton. Short-limbed varieties of cot- 
 ton, cotton seed and phosphates as fertilizers, are recommended as remedies. 
 
 Although the cotton caterpillar moth is frequently met with, even dur- 
 ing the severest winters, the worm rarely makes its appearance before 
 September, and hardly ever does any damage. 
 
 CHARGES ON SELLING. 
 
 In addition to freight, these consist of the following items, at the rates 
 stated : commissions on sales, two and a half per cent.; storage, twenty-five 
 to fifty cents per bale per month ; drayagc, wharfage, mending, forty cents ; 
 insurance, twenty-five cents. These charges vary slightly, and with freight, 
 amount to from three-quarters to one cent per pound of lint, or a little 
 over seven per cent, on the net sales. 
 
 COST OF PRODUCTION. 
 
 Eight correspondents state the cost of production at six to eight cents 
 per pound lint; one at eight and a half cents; one at twelve and a half 
 
94 
 
 THE rPPEK PINE BELT. 
 
 cents ; one at four cents, raiil F. Hammond, of Beech island, furnishes 
 the following : " The cost of production varies greatly with the character 
 of the land cultivated, and the skill of the planter. The comi)lement of 
 hands and mules is two of the former and one of the latter. The items 
 of expense are, wages of hands, meat for hand's, cost per annum of ,mule, 
 exclusive of feed ; extra picking, guano, gear, implements, bagging and 
 ties. One mule and two hands will cultivate, on an average, twenty acres 
 in cotton, fourteen acres in corn and four acres in oats, making grain 
 enough to furnish bread to the hands, and feed for the mule. I am in- 
 clined to think that 4,000 pounds of lint, including weight of bagging 
 and ties, to the mule, is ratlur above than below the average. In some 
 instances planters may reach a production of 8,000 or even 10,000 pounds 
 of lint to the mule, while more frequently those who fall below 2,000 
 pounds may be met with. In the following estimates no allowance for 
 taxes, rents, interest on capital invested, nor for the services of the pro- 
 prietor or manager, nor for transportation or charges for selling, is made. 
 
 
 Twelve bales 
 to the mule. 
 
 Eight bales Four bales 
 
 to the mule.jto the mule. 
 
 1 
 
 Wages for two hands })er annum. . 
 Meat for hands, 300 lbs., (oj 8 cents . 
 Cost of mule per annum .... 
 
 Extra picking 
 
 Guano 
 
 $180 00 
 24 00 
 30 00 
 48 50 
 60 00 
 10 00 
 13 50 
 
 $180 00 
 24 00 
 30 00 
 20 00 
 60 00 
 10 00 
 00 
 
 $180 00 
 24 00 
 30 00 
 
 60 00 
 
 Gear and implements 
 
 Bagging and ties 
 
 10 00 
 4 50 
 
 Cost per pound lint 
 
 $366 00 
 6.10c. 
 
 $333 00 
 8.321c. 
 
 $308 50 
 15.22JC. 
 
THE UPPER PINE BELT. 
 
 95 
 
 Table showing the cost of each item of Labor and Material expended in the cul- 
 tivation of an acre of Cotton in tlie Upper Pine Belt Region of South 
 Carolina : 
 
 ITKMS. 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 
 10. 
 
 11. 
 
 Rem •• 
 
 $ 2 00 
 
 $ 2 00, 
 
 $ 3 00 
 
 9 250 
 
 $250 
 
 $2,50 
 
 $ 4 00 
 
 $ 4 00 
 
 $3C0 
 
 $3 00 
 
 $ 3 75 
 
 Fencliiji, repairsand Intereston 
 
 1 00 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 25 
 
 54 
 
 25 
 
 60 
 
 1 00 
 
 75 
 
 1 00 
 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 30 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 Pullinsraiid burning slalks 
 
 
 Other clean ins; up 
 
 
 05 
 
 05 
 
 
 05 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 Listing 
 
 * 50 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Beddinu witli hoes 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 50 
 50 
 
 1 50 
 
 37 
 IS 
 37 
 
 
 38 
 25 
 
 a3 
 
 .33 
 
 1 00 
 
 1 25 
 1 25 
 
 -••• 
 
 50 
 
 
 75 
 
 Damming 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Reversing 
 
 
 Laying off 
 
 Ti 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 
 13 
 
 25 
 
 
 18 
 
 Manures, Commercial 
 
 3 00 
 
 200 
 
 2i 
 
 3 50 
 
 4 00 
 
 as 
 
 200 
 
 3 00 
 
 15 
 
 3 50 
 
 2 25 
 
 08 
 
 3 00 
 
 4 25 
 
 87 
 
 4 50 
 300 
 1 00 
 
 4 50 
 300 
 250 
 
 6 25 
 5 00 
 
 as 
 
 fiOO 
 
 260 
 
 50 
 
 600 
 12 
 
 4 50 
 
 
 500 
 
 Applying manures 
 
 75 
 
 Bedding up. 
 
 50 
 
 37 
 
 
 50 
 
 as 
 
 75 
 
 1 00 
 
 60 
 
 25 
 
 1 50 
 
 150 
 
 Splitting middles 
 
 
 18 
 15 
 
 
 25 
 25 
 
 20 
 
 
 50 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 !0 
 
 
 Knocking off beds 
 
 
 Planting, opening 
 
 20 
 25 
 
 20 
 20 
 
 a5 
 
 25 
 
 31 
 
 16 
 
 30 
 
 13 
 17 
 
 25 
 25 
 
 20 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 Planting, droppintr 
 
 
 Planting, covering 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 
 Replanting 
 
 50 
 
 28 
 
 50 
 
 28 
 1 
 
 2 00 
 
 10 
 
 05 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 Seed 
 
 30 
 
 25 
 
 1 85 
 
 as 
 
 50 
 1 65 
 
 50 
 
 15 
 
 225 
 
 30 
 30 
 133 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 250 
 
 30 
 3 00 
 
 60 
 2 25 
 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 2 25 
 
 30 
 
 50 
 
 200 
 
 25 
 
 Thinning 
 
 50 
 
 Number of plowings, 5, 5, 5 and 6 
 
 200 
 
 
 80 
 
 1 00 
 
 ; 50 
 
 1 40 
 
 1 00 
 
 1 75 
 
 200 
 
 2 00 
 
 v2 00 
 
 1 50 
 
 200 
 
 Picking 
 
 6 75 
 
 15 
 
 225 
 
 5 00 
 
 «00 
 
 50 
 
 200 
 
 1 00 
 
 5 00 
 
 3 00 
 
 1 5 00 
 
 4 70 
 
 60 
 
 2 60 
 
 2 50 
 
 6 00! .5 .50 
 
 500 
 
 1 00 
 
 2 00 
 2 00 
 
 6 00 
 
 50 
 
 250 
 
 5 00 
 
 2 00 
 
 3 00 
 
 500 
 loO 
 1 20 
 200 
 
 600 
 
 Hauling to gin 
 
 25 
 2 08 
 
 50 
 
 1 a5 
 
 2 00 
 
 75 
 
 Ginning 
 
 200 
 
 Management 
 
 
 Wear and tear of implements.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 25 
 
 Bagging and ties 
 
 1 as 
 m 55 
 
 07 
 
 1 35 
 
 S2.S 9s 
 07 
 
 1 10 
 
 i-2li 90 
 08 1-6 
 
 96 40 
 
 1 2( 
 
 069-10 
 
 $11 92 
 
 1 
 
 916 9*. 
 
 1 
 
 1 15 
 
 1 10 
 
 1 30 
 
 1 35 
 
 1 08 
 
 1 lU 
 
 1 10 
 
 
 1 ^^^ 
 
 Total 
 
 -25 12 S'T :« 
 
 *35 75 
 
 S.32 80ls31 43 
 
 426 77 $S« 78 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ' , 
 
 Cost per pound lint 
 
 067-40 
 
 08 
 
 107-10 
 
 082-lo'og4-lG 
 
 08 
 
 09 4-5 
 
 
 
 
 
 Profit, per acre, at ten cents per 
 pound 
 
 $23 45 
 
 »11 02 
 
 ■?I1 8.S 
 
 86 25 
 
 92 45 
 
 $7 14 
 
 91 87 
 
 96 53 
 
 93 22 
 
 Profit. deductinK charges for 
 rent and management 
 
 826 4.5 
 
 S14 02 
 
 914 40 
 
 914 30 
 
 $10 75 
 
 93 55 
 
 $1114 
 
 97 87 
 
 $11 di 
 
 111122 
 
 
 
9G THE UPPER PINE BELT. 
 
 1. E. H. Peeples, Lawton Township, Hampton county: Makes a bale of JoO pounds lint cotton 
 per acre under this culture— seed cotton l,.'>oO pounds, cotton seed thirty bushels. 
 
 2. Homer H. Peeples, Peeples' Townsliip, Hampton county: Average 1,200 pounds seed cotton, 
 400 pounds lint, twenty-seven bushels seed. 
 
 3. G. Yarn, Esq., Folk's Store, Colleton county: Crop 1,000 pounds seed cotton, lint 33;i poundSf 
 seed twenty-two bushels. 
 
 4. \V. 15. Kice, Bamberg, Barnwell county : Crop i<oO to 1,500 pounds per acre, say 1,175 seed cotton, 
 average oDlpounds lint, twenty-six bushels seed, at twelve and a halt cents. 
 
 5. .John S. Stoney, Allendale, Barnwell county: Yield 1,200 pounds seed cotton, 370 pounds lint, 
 seed twenty-two bushels 
 
 0. O.N. Bowman, Kowesville. Orangeburg county: 1,100 pounds seed cotton, 370 pounds lint, 
 twenty-six bushels seed. 
 
 7. E. T. .Stack house. Little Rock, Marion county : He says, " I worked last year twenty acres in 
 cotton on contract witii Esau Page, which actually cost as follows: All work repairing lencing, 
 picking, ginning, itc, 8314.00; Commercial manures, 6114.00 ; feed and rent of mule, SIOO.OO; wear 
 and tear to machinery, S3o.OO; hauling straw, &c.. to stable, $13.00; bagging and ties lor twenty- 
 nine Ijales, §40.00; for my direction, JoO.OO. Total, 4^702.00, or *:i5.00 per acre. Crop. 13,277 pounds 
 lint cotton. Contract satisfactory; has run for several years. Rents 2.30 of the 290 acres of his 
 home larm for forty-four pounds lint cotton. Renters engage to make all repairs and keep up 
 fertility ol land. Estimate on 1,000 pounds seed cotton, 333 pounds lint, twenty-three busht- Is seed." 
 
 8. W. D. Johnson, Marion C. H.: Yield 1,200 pounds, 400 pounds lint, thirty bushels seed. In a 
 good year 1,400 to 1 500 pounds seed cotton. N. B. The rent and home made manure, i. e., cotton 
 seed, constitute one-half or more of profits. 
 
 9. C. S. McCall, Hennettsville, Marlboro county: Average yield 1,000 pounds, 333 pounds lint, 
 twenty-three bushels seed. 
 
 10. Edward E. Evans, Society Hill, Darlington county: Yield 1,000 pounds, 333 pounds lint, twentj'- 
 eight bushels seed. 
 
 11. Henry P. Duvall, Cheiaw, Chesterfield county : Yield 1,200 pounds. 400 pounds lint, thirty 
 bushels seed. 
 
 The mean of the above estimates makes the cost of cotton 8 3-10 cents; not calculating the im- 
 provement of the land by culiure or any of ihe numerous perquisites attending such emplo.v- 
 ment. The average profit per acre is $7.80, deducting charges for rent and management it is 815.75. 
 Thrift and management will aiso reduce and even wipe out many of the items charged as ex- 
 penses. Home-made manures, consisting largely of cotton seed which is reproduced each suc- 
 cessive year in constantly increasing quantity, is such an item. 
 
 It is interesting to compare these estimates of the cost of produc- 
 ing cotton with those made in former times. A writer in the 
 Carolinian, in 1848, declares that five cents a pound for cotton will not 
 pay a profit, and gives this statement as the experience on a plantation 
 with twenty field hands, total investment, .^'20,000. 
 
 Expenses for 18-18. 
 
 Wages of overseer . . . •. $ 300 00 
 
 Blacksmith and medical accounts 65 00 
 
 Clothing 88 00 
 
 Bagging and rope for 120 bales cotton 150 00 
 
 Taxes 30 00 
 
 Salt $12, nails $5.00, hoes $4.50 21 50 
 
 Hospital sujiplies 7 50 
 
 Wear and tear of land 330 00 
 
 Wear and tear of mules, wagons, &c . . 200 00 
 
 Transporting cotton to market at seventy-five cents per bale . . 90 00 
 
 $1,282 00 
 
THE UPPER PINE BELT. 97 
 
 Crop 120 bales of 350 pounds, 42,500 pounds lint, cost three cents per 
 pound, not counting interest on investment. That, at seven per cent., 
 would have made the cost six and a third cents, omitting to credit the 
 account with all perquisites to the planter, as a home and home supplies, 
 with increase of negro property, &c. 
 
 Mr. Solon Robinson, of New York, in an extensive tour through the 
 South, gave, in 1848, the following carefully prepared statement regard- 
 ing the plantation of Col. Williams, of Society Hill, Darlington county, 
 South Carolina : 
 
 CAPITAL INVESTED. 
 
 4,200 acres land (2,700 cultivated) at $15 per acre $ G3,000 00 
 
 254 slaves at §350 average, old and young 89,900 00 
 
 00 mules and mares, one jack, one stud 3,720 00 
 
 2,000 head of cattle 2,000 00 
 
 23 carts, six wagons 520 00 
 
 500 head of hogs 1,000 00 
 
 00 bull-tongue plows, 60 shaving plows, 25 turning plows, 18 
 
 drill i)lows, 15 harrows 202 00 
 
 All other plantation tools, estimated 1,000 00 
 
 Total investment $101,402 00 
 
 EXPENSES. 
 
 Seven per cent, interest on first five items §11,103 00 
 
 3,980 yards Dundee bagging at 16 cents 536 80 
 
 3,184 pounds rope at six cents 191 04 
 
 Taxes 263 04 
 
 Three overseers, wages §900, medical attendance $317.50 . . . 1,217 50 
 
 Iron and tools purchased 200 00 
 
 Clothing account 1,579 50 
 
 Fifty sacks of salt $80.00, lime and plaster $194.00 274 00 
 
 Carpenters and blacksmith work extra 100 00 
 
 Outlay for gin belts, etc 80 00 
 
 Molasses, tobacco and Hour 170 00 
 
 Three-eighths cent per pound freight and charges for market- 
 ing cotton 2,069 00 
 
 $17,894 48 
 
 7 
 
OS THE UPPER PINE BELT. 
 
 CROP. 
 
 13,509 pounds bacon for home place and factory $075 00 
 
 Beef and butter for ditto and sales 500 00 
 
 1,100 bushels corn for ditto and sales 550 00 
 
 Eighty cords of tan bark for tan yard 480 00 
 
 Charges to others for blacksmith work 100 00 
 
 Mutton and wool for home use and sales 125 00 
 
 $2,430^ 
 This sum, that is products other than cotton, deducted from 
 
 expenses above stated leaves then $15,464 00 
 
 This Avas the cost of a cotton crop of 351,000 pounds lint cotton, mak- 
 ing the cost per pound 4 7-10 cents. The cotton was sold at seven cents 
 per pound. Omitting charges for interest and taking no account of the 
 increasing value of the property, this gives 11 6-10 per cent. i)rofits on 
 the total investment. Mr. J. J. Lucas, also from Society Hill, Darlington 
 county, reports, for 1870, that the cost of making cotton is twelve and a 
 half cents per pound, that the value of land is ten dollars and not fifteen 
 dollars per acre, as Mr. Williams states it, and that rents pay seven per 
 cent, on the investment in place of the above. 
 
 It will be noticed that the cost of transportation to market and charges 
 for selling, &c.,were about one-half in 1848 what they arc now. 
 
 Abstract of the replies of Township correspondents, arranged accord- 
 ing to the Counties, Supervisor's Districts (Sup. Dist.) and Enumeration 
 Districts (E. D.) of the 10th United States Census, in which they resided : 
 
 Hampton County, (2d Sup. Dist. 10th United States Census.) 
 
 Lawfon Toumship, {E. D. 118 and lid) : Northern part rolling, remainder 
 level. Swamps on the Savannah river and other water courses, for the 
 most part unreclaimed; one-third, a stiff mulatto upland, with clay sub- 
 soil borders the swamp; two-thirds, upland, a dark gray sandy loam, 
 underlaid by clay at the depth of eighteen to twenty inches. Crops under 
 good cultivation yield four hundred pounds lint cotton, twelve to twenty 
 bushels corn, thirty bushels oats, fifteen to fifty bushels rice ; peanuts, 
 twenty-five to fifty ])ushels ; sugar cane syruj\ two hundred gallons per 
 acre. Timber, best yellow pine, cypress, white oak, ash and poplar. 
 Stock raising has been j)rofitable, and might be greatly enlarged, there 
 being abundance of Bermuda grass, cane and swamp mast. \\'agcs of 
 field labor, forty to fifty cents a day ; one-tenth performed by whites. A 
 large portion of the laborers rent lands, obtain supplies by giving a lien 
 
THE UPPER PINE BELT. 99 
 
 on the growing crops to the country merchants, and work most of the 
 time on their own account. Land sells from two dollars to ten dollars 
 per acre ; rents for one-fourth of the crop, or one dollar to two dollars in 
 money. Health good, except mild type of malarial fever in low places. 
 Peeplcs' Towmhip,{E. D. 120): One-fourth of the land in swamps. The 
 uplands slightly rolling ; soil coarse and fine sandy loam, gray to brown and 
 bhick in color. Subsoil yellowish red, blucand brown clay, containingbrown 
 pebbles, underlaid by gravel and quick.sand at twelve to twenty leet, in 
 which water is found. Considerable business in collecting turpentine, 
 getting timber and shingles and i<awing lumber. Little attention }>aid to 
 stock. Wages for field work, eight dollars per month; one-half field 
 labor performed by whites. At Pondtown there is a large number of 
 white farmers owning small tracts of lands, doing all their own work and 
 working out for wages, who are i)rosperous and excellent laborers, free 
 from debt. Land rents for two dollars an acre. Malarial fever in tlie 
 swamps, otherwise healthy. 
 
 Barnwell County, (2d Sup. Dist. 10th United States Censu§.) 
 
 Bull Pond, {E. D.20): Gray pine lands, generally level, a fine sandy 
 loam with clay subsoil. Growth, pine, oak and hickory. Little attention 
 paid to stock. AVages, forty cents per day. Five per cent, of field labor 
 performed by whites. No land in the market ; one-half is rented for 
 eighty pounds of seed cotton per acre. Yield, about one bale to the three 
 acres, rented land badly cultivated, reduces the general average. 
 
 Allendale, (E. IJ. 25) : " Light clay lands,"- rather elevated and rolling. 
 Soil, a light cbiy loam, gray and yellow in color, underlaid by clays of 
 various hue, from red to purple, also sandy subsoil. Growth, pine, oak, 
 hickory, dogwood, maple, poplar, ash, black walnut, cypress. Marl occurs 
 and is available. Two streams, twenty and forty feet wide, respectively, 
 with velocity of tliree to four miles an hour, furnisii water powers. Little 
 attention paid to stock. It might be profitably raised. Wages, forty to 
 fifty cents a day. One-tenth of field labor })L'rfonned by whites. No 
 lands in the market. No fevers except in the river bottoms. 
 
 Bennett Springs, (E. D. 20) : Land level. Soil, sandy subsoil, sometuiies 
 red clay and sometimes red sand. Growth, i)ine, oak and hickory on the 
 uplands ; usual growth of the Savannah river swamps on tiiat stream. 
 Crops, seven hundred and fifty pounds of seed cotton, ten bushels corn, 
 twenty-five bushels rice, seventy-five bushels peanuts per acre. Some 
 business done in shingles, staves and turpentine. Stock raising might be 
 made profitable. Six gins and grist mills driven by water power, not 
 more than one-fifth of which is utilized. No prevailing diseases. No 
 
100 THE rrrEK tink belt. ^ 
 
 tiolil work performed by Mliitet^. Mueli of the land is rented for five 
 liundred pounds lint cotton for twenty-five acres. 
 
 Willistou, {E. 1). 37): The level lands are a sandy loam, with clay sub- 
 soil within two feet. The rolling lands are a clay soil. Clay extends 
 beneath the soil and subsoil to depth of twenty to sixty feet, as shown in 
 wells, (irowth, yellow pine, oak, hickory. Croj)s, ten to twelve bushels 
 corn, eioht hundred to one tliousand ];ounds seed cotton ; oats, twenty- 
 five to thirty bushels per acre. Little attention paid to stock. Edisto 
 river is a clear stream, one hundred feet wide, six feet deep, velocity, two 
 to three miles an hour. Two mill streams empty into the Edisto. Wages 
 of field labor, six dollars to ten dollars, and rations, per month. One- 
 third ot field work performed by Avhites. Very little improved land for 
 sale. It rents from two dollars to three dollars per acre, supplies antl 
 rents secured by a lien on the crop. 
 
 OK.vxGEr.uKG County, (•2d Sup. Dist.) 
 
 Hebron, {E. D. 143) : Some valuable swamp lands on the Xorth Edisto 
 river and its tributaries. Uplands rolling sometimes, but generally level, 
 without being flat. Soil, mostly a fine sandy loam, subsoil sandy, in some 
 places clay. Growth, pine, with large red oak in places. Crops, ten to 
 thirty bushels corn Der acre, four hundred and fifty pounds lint cotton to two 
 acres, thirty to thirty-five bushels rice per acre. Some business in tur- 
 pentine, shingles, staves and timber is done. Stock is not, but might be 
 raised profitably. Wages of field labor, forty to fifty cents a day. One- 
 fourth of it performed by whites. North Edisto aftbrds a large water- 
 power, and there are two ilour and four saw mills on its tributaries. Land 
 rents for two dollars an acre, or one-fourth of the crop. There are some 
 tracts for sale at five dollars an acre. 
 
 Libert}/, {E. I). 144) : Large bodies of swamp lands on the North Edisto, 
 consisting of deep, black vegetable mould, resting on clay. Little of it 
 improved. The uplands are elevated, fine, dark, gray, sandy loam, six to 
 eight inches to subsoil of yellow clay, underlaid by chalk and clay. 
 Growth on uplands, pine, oak, hickory and dogwood. As much as 2,000 
 pounds of seed cotton, thirty bushels corn, and sixty bushels oats per 
 acre has been made on these lands, but the usual average is much less. 
 Wages of farm labor, forty cents a day. One-half to two-thirds of it }>er- 
 formed by whites. Very little land for sale; prices, three dollars to ten 
 dollars an acre. The i)oorer lands are rented at from one dollar to two 
 dollars an acre. The locality is very healthy. 
 
 W'illoiv, {E. ]). 154): Some very fertile, but mostly unreclaimed, swamps 
 on the South Edisto and its tributaries. Uplands level, fine, gray, sandy 
 
THE UPl>ER PINE BELT. 101 
 
 loam, six to eighteen inclics to subsoil of sticky clay, beneath which sands, 
 gravel and chalk are found. Marl occurs on South Edisto river. Growth, 
 pine, oak and hickory. Crops, fifteen bushels corn, one-half bale cotton, 
 twenty bushels oats per acre. There is a large turpentine factory. The 
 tributaries of the Edisto furnish water powers for ginning and grinding. 
 Stock does well, and might be profitably raised. Wages for field work, 
 fifty cents a day. One-third of the field work performed by whites. 
 Land for sale at four dollars to ten dollars an acre ; rents from two dollars 
 to three dollars. Generally healthy ; mild form of chills and fever 
 sometimes. 
 
 Union, {E. D. 153): Land level. Soil, fine, gray, sandy loam, three 
 inches to yellow sand subsoil, and eighteen to twenty inches to yellow 
 clay, containing sometimes numerous brown pebbles, which become mixed 
 with surface soil and give it a darker color. Growth of uplands, pine, 
 ash, hickory and dogwood ; of the swamps, elm, poplar, ash, white oak, 
 gum. Crops, six hundred pounds seed cotton, ten bushels corn, fifteen 
 bushels rice, one hundred and fifty bushels sweet potatoes, three hundred 
 gallons syrup per acre. Besides the South Edisto river, there are Cooper 
 creek, ten feet wide, two feet deep, velocity two miles an hour; Snake 
 creek, fifteen feet wide, four feet deep, velocity two miles an hour. Some 
 industry in shingles, hoops and turpentine. No attention paid to stock ; 
 it might be profitably raised. Wages for Avork, forty cents per day. One- 
 fourth of field work performed by whites. Mild form of chills and fever 
 in swamps, otherwise healthy. Lands sell at five dollars to six dollars an 
 acre, and rents for two dollars and fifty cents. 
 
 Goodbye's, {E. D. 141) : Lands level. Soil, light sandy loam, with oc- 
 casionally a stiff" strip. Subsoil, at six inches depth, light yellow clay. 
 Growth, pine, oak, hickory. One-third of the field labor performed by 
 whites. Lands sell from one dollar to five dollars, and rents from one 
 dollar to two dollars an acre. Some chills and fever. 
 
 Vances, (E. D. 155) : Lands level, except along Santee river, where they 
 are rolling. Soil, fine sandy loam, beneath which is a yellow sand sub- 
 soil resting on red clay, that extends to a depth of twenty to thirty feet 
 on the river, and twelve to fourteen feet elsewhere, to the depth of the 
 wells in both instances. Growth, pitch pine. Crops, five to twenty-five 
 bushels corn, five hundred to fifteen hundred pounds seed cotton, ten to 
 forty bushels oats per acre. Marl occurs in abundance. Little attention 
 given to stock ; it might be profitably raised. Some lands for sale at 
 eight dollars to ten dollars an acre. Some chills and fever. 
 
 Sumter County, (3d Sup. Dist. 10th United States Census.) 
 
 Privateer, {E. D. 120): Lands level; light gray sandy loam, with sub- 
 
102 THE UPPER PINE BELT. 
 
 soil of yellow sand and clay. Growth, pine, oak and hickory. Crops, 
 five hundred pounds seed cotton, ten bushels corn per acre. A 
 black rock found that is used for building to some extent. Forest 
 products are turpentine and shingles. Several mill sites. Wages for 
 field work, fift}^ cents a day. All kinds of stock do well. Land sells at 
 from three dollars to twelve dollars ; rents from one dollar to five dollars, 
 per acre. 
 
 Concord, {E. D. 114) : Lands low and level, much of it swamp ; up- 
 lands dark gray calcareous sands, with clay subsoil at depth of eight 
 inches to ten inches that extends to the depth of the wells, fifteen 
 feet to twent}' feet. IVIarl occurs. Wages, fifty cents a day for field labor, 
 one-fourth of which is performed by whites. Little land for sale ; rents 
 for one dollar and fifty cents to two dollars per acre. Some chills and 
 fever. 
 
 3It. Clio, {E. D. 119) : Lands level ; dark sandy loam, four inches to 
 six inches to subsoil of red clay, beneath which layers of white clay and 
 fine sand are found to the depth wells are dug, fifteen to thirty feet. 
 Growth, pine, with occasional ridges of oak and hickory. Average crop, 
 four hundred pounds seed cotton. Marl occurs. Scape creek affords 
 fine water power. AVages for farm work, forty cents to fifty cents a 
 day ; one-eighth of field work performed by whites. Lands sell from 
 five dollars to ten dollars, and rent from one dollar to three dollars an 
 acre. 
 
 Shiloh, (E. D. 123) : Land level. Soil, light, loose sandy loam, four 
 inches to six inches to subsoil of 3'ellow clays underlaid by stiffer clays, 
 containing gravel to the depth of the wells, sixteen feet to twenty feet- 
 Growth, pine, oak and hickory. Crops average eight hundred pounds 
 seed cotton, eight bushels corn ; as high as one and a half bales of cotton 
 per acre has been made. Marl is found under all the swamp lands. 
 Stock raising might be made profitable. Farm labor receives fifty 
 cents a day ; in some portions nearly all the work is done by whites. 
 Land sells from five dollars to eight dollars an acre, rents for one- 
 fourth to one-third of the crop. Sometimes chills and fever, otherwise 
 healthy. 
 
 BisJiopviUe, (E. D. 112) : Western or upper part sand hills, the middle 
 undulating, known as " ridge lands ;" the lower part level. Soil, light 
 sandy loam, six inches to two feet to red clay subsoil, extending to the 
 depth of the wells, ten to twenty feet. Growth, pine, with occasional 
 spots covered by large red oaks and hickory. Crops, eight hundred 
 pounds seed cotton, ten bushels corn, but the tenant system has so dimin- 
 ished the yield that an average can not be stated. Wages, fifty cents for 
 field labor, more than one-half of which is performed by whites. Land 
 
THE UrPEIl riNE BELT. 
 
 103 
 
 sells at ci<^ht dollars to ten dollars, and rents at from two dollars to four 
 dollars an acre. 
 
 Darlixuton County, (3d Sup. Dist. South Carolina.) 
 
 Fair's Bay, {E. I). 48) : Lands low, level, interspersed with bays that 
 are very productive when reclaimed ; uplands, a fine light sandy loam of 
 a dark gray color. Subsoil, liglit sandy clay, underlaid by wliite clay- 
 Heavily timbered with pine and oak ; swamp growth, oak, poplar, walnut 
 and cypress. Crops, cotton, five hundred pounds to fifteen hundred pounds 
 seed cotton, eight bushels to fifteen bushels corn, fifteen bushels to thirty 
 bushels rice. Little attention paid to stock. Much of the land uncleared. 
 No demand to purchase land ; rents for from one dollar and fifty cents 
 to two dollars per acre. No prevailing disease; fifteen deaths in 1880 — 
 no three from same cause. Farm labor, thirty to fifty cents a day. Nearly 
 all the whites do field work. 
 
 HarUville, {E. D. 36) : One-half lands elevated, level. Soil, coarse gray 
 sandy loam. One foot to subsoil of yellow clay, underlaid by alternating 
 strata of sand and clay. The other half hilly, broken and sandy ; not 
 very productive. Growth, pine, oak and hickory. Crops, six to eight 
 hundred pounds seed cotton, ten bushels corn, five to forty bushels small 
 grain per acre. Large beds of chalk occur. Black creek affords good 
 water power. Wages, fifty cents. One-half the field work done by 
 whites. Land sells for six dollars to twenty dollars an acre ; rents for 
 two dollars to four dollars. Very healthy. 
 
 Timmomville, (E. D. 49) : Soil, a stiff mixture of sand and clay, with a 
 red clay or pipe clay subsoil at four inches to six inches depth, underlaid 
 by very stiff clay and gravel to the depth of the wells, ten feet to twenty 
 feet. Growth, pine, oak and dogwood. Crops, eight hundred to two 
 thousand pounds seed cotton, ten bushels corn, ten to one hundred bush- 
 els oats, ten to fifty bushels rice per acre. Grapes do especially well and 
 a good deal of wine is made. Geese are raised in great numbers. Lake 
 Swamp creek, twenty feet wide, four feet deep, velocity three to four miles 
 an hour. One-half of the field work done by whites. No land for sale 
 price ten dollars to fifty dollars; rents for three dollars to six dollars an 
 acre. Very healthy. 
 
 Florence, {E. D. 35) : Lands level, flat. Soil, dark sandy loam, four 
 inches to five inches to subsoil of red clay. Growth, pine and small oaks. 
 Crops, seven hundred pounds seed cotton, ten bushels corn, twenty bushels 
 to thirty bushels oats per acre. Wages, fifty cents a day. No field work 
 done by whites. Improved lands sell at from ten dollars to twelve dollars 
 an acre. About half the lands are rented at two dollars and fifty cents 
 per acre. 
 
104. THE uprEK riXE belt. 
 
 High Hill, (E. D. 37) : Land tiat. Soil, a dark clay loam, with clay sub- 
 soil to the depth of the wells, fifteen feet to twenty-five feet, when a j'^ellow 
 sand is found. Growth, pine, oak and hickory. Improved lands sell at 
 eight dollars to twelve dollars, and unimproved at three dollars to six 
 dollars an acre. One-fourth field work performed by wdiites. 
 
 Antioch, {E. D. 29) : Lands level. Soil, mostly sandy, though clay lands 
 cover a considerable portion of the township ; subsoil, red clay and red 
 sand, the latter is best adapted to corn, the former to cotton. Growth, 
 pitch and yellow pine, oak, hickory and dogwood. ISIuch fine shingle 
 and stave timber, and a considerable amount of turpentine produced. 
 Little attention is paid to stock. Several water powers. Farm labor, forty 
 cents to fifty cents ; one-half or more performed by whites. Lands rent 
 at from five hundred pounds to one thousand pounds lint cotton for a 
 one-hoi'se farm (thirty acres). Very healthy. ]\Iuch uncertainty in se- 
 curing laborers. 
 
 Society liiU, {E. D. 45) : There are clay lands, mostly swamp along the 
 Pee Dee river. The central portion is rolling ; the soil is a fine sandy 
 loam, four inches to subsoil of a yelloAvish color, turning white on ex- 
 posure; underlying this is red clay, in the west the gum flats, consisting 
 of fine black sand, have a similar subsoil. Growth of uplands, pine, oak, 
 and dogwood ; of the swamps, Avhite oak, ash, and poplar. Crops, aver- 
 age three hundred pounds seed cotton, eight bushels corn, thirty bushels 
 oats per acre ; under good culture 1,500 pounds to 2,000 pounds seed 
 cotton, and twenty bushels to twenty-five bushels corn per acre is made. 
 A sand stone is used for building chimneys. Cedar creek is twenty feet 
 wdde, three feet deep, velocity three miles an hour. AVages, fifty cents a 
 day. Locality very healthy. Improved lands sell at ten dollars to twelve 
 dollars an acre, unim})roved at three dollars to five dollars. 
 
 Palmetto, {E. D. 43) : Lands rather rolling. Soil, of coarse and of fine 
 sand, mixed with clay ; subsoil, red clay ; growth, pine and oak. Crops, 
 five hundred pounds seed cotton, eight bushels corn, twenty bushels oats 
 per acre. High Hill creek is twenty feet wide, with ^ood fall ; Black 
 creek is forty feet wdde, eight feet deep, velocit}" four to five miles an hour. 
 AVages, fifty cents a day. No land offered for sale ; rents for about two 
 dollars an acre. 
 
 Marion County, (3d Sup. Dist., 10th United States Census.) 
 
 Cain, (E. D. 87) : Lands level ; soil, fine dark gray sandy loam, six 
 inches to eighteen inches to clay subsoil, beneath which occur strata of 
 marl and clay. Growth, pine, oak, dogwood, cypress, &c. Crops, seven 
 hundred pounds seed cotton, ten bushels corn per acre. Wages of field 
 
THE UPPER PINE BELT. 105 
 
 lal^or, twenty-five cents to fifty cents a day ; one-third field work done by 
 whites ; land sells from three dollars to ten dollars an acre. 
 
 Howell, {E. D. 101) : Lands level ; soils, on the bottoms, heavy ; on 
 the uplands, a liiL,dit " flufi'y " sandy loam, on a red clay subsoil. 
 Growth, i)ine, oak, po[>lar, dogwood, hickory, cypress, &c. Some business 
 done in shingles, hoops, staves and turpentine. Fine pasturage for 
 stock. AVages for field work, forty cents to fifty cents a day for men, 
 and thirty cents to forty cents for Avomen. The localit}' has been very 
 healtliy for fifty years. Land sells for ten dollars, and rents for two dol- 
 lars an acre. 
 
 Jeffries, {E. !>. 01): Prevailing soil a sandy loam, mi.Ked with cluy, 
 varying in color iVom yellowish to dark gray, and resting on suljsoil of 
 red and yellow sand, containing a good deal of clay. The higher lands 
 have more clay, the bottoms are more sandy. ^Nluch very fertile land 
 unreclaimed on the Great Pee Dee and other water courses. Most of the 
 land -needs drainage. Growth of lowlands, oak, hickory and dogwood ; 
 on ridge lands, ])itch and yellow pine, ^vith oak, &c. Grapes are unfail- 
 ing, and grow with little care. Stock raising has been profitable. Wages 
 for field work, thirty cents to forty cents a day; one-third of it performed 
 by whites. Some fever in the sM'amps, otherwise healthy. Some lands for 
 sale at five dollars to ten dollars an acre. 
 
 Marion, (E. D. 05) : Lands level or slightly rolling, one-half known as 
 " fluffy soil," is a dark gray clay loam, four inches to twelve inches to a 
 subsoil of red or yellow clay. The other half is fine dark sandy loam, 
 with subsoil of yellow sand ; below the subsoil occur clays of various 
 colors, which extend to the depth of the wells, ten feet to twenty-five feet, 
 where excellent water is found in a stratum of quicksand and gravel. 
 Very fertile bodies of unreclaimed swamps may be purchased at fifty 
 cents to one dollar an acre, admitting of thorough drainage and ea.sy til- 
 lage. Growth, pine, oak, hickory on uplands, with the usual swamp 
 growth. Crops, eight hundred pounds seed cotton, fifteen bushels corn, 
 twenty bushels rice, two hundred bushels sweet potatoes, under good cul- 
 ture much more is made. Much attention is paid to fruits, which do well ; 
 the finer varieties of grapes succeed admirably ; the .scuppernong is native 
 to the locality. Timber for shingles, staves and hoops abundant, and 
 some turpentine. Marl occurs. Field work, paid forty cents to fifty 
 cents a day ; one-half of it performed by whites. A little land for sale 
 at five dollars to eight dollars an acre, more for rent at two dollars to six 
 dollars an acre, or one-fourth or one-third the crop, rent for a portion of 
 the crop preferred. No malarial disease ; very healthy. 
 
 Kirh!j,{E. D. 72): Land level. To the north, coarse, sandy soil, three 
 feet to ten feet to light colored clay, mixed with gravel. In the centre, 
 
lOG THE UPPER PINE BELT. 
 
 the land is darker and finer. To the south, there is a gray loamy soil, 
 resting at one foot to three feet on bright red clay. The ridges on what 
 is known as the " slashes," is a mulatto soil on dark red clay, beneath the 
 clay, white sand, mixed with gravel, is found. Growth, long and short 
 leaf i)ine, with tlie usual swamp growths on the water courses. Crops, 
 eight hundred pounds seed cotton, ten bushels corn, twenty bushels oats, 
 twenty bushels rice per acre. The sandy lands were formerly considered 
 worthless, a bale to three acres was unusual ; now with manures and ju- 
 dicious culture, an average of 1,500 pounds to 2,000 pounds seed cotton 
 is not uncommon. Farmers now who do not make their supplies and a 
 bale to the acre are not considered as doing well, e. g., a farm of three 
 hundred and thirty acres in cotton made, last year, three hundred and 
 forty -six bales ; on smaller fields more has been made ; last year a farm 
 of twenty acres made 44,G00 pounds seed cotton. Besides thorough til- 
 lage, twenty or thirty loads of straw or litter, one hundred pounds to two 
 hundred pounds Kainit, with one hundred and fifty pounds or two hun- 
 dred pounds- of supcr})hosphate or of Peruvian guano, is a[)})Ued to the 
 acre. The " Thomas grape," a fine variety scuppernong, was first culti- 
 vated here, and is still found wild. Farm wages, for men, fifty cents a 
 day ; for women, thirty cents; one-eighth of the field work is performed 
 by whites ; some fever near the river, otherwise remarkably healthy. 
 Improved lands rent for five dollars an acre, unimproved for a four hun- 
 dred pound bale for a one-horse crop. Lands sell from three dollars to 
 one hundred dollars an acre. 
 
 LegeWs, {E. D. 93) : Rolling clay lands, sometimes flat and low. The 
 sandy soils are level and dry. The subsoil mostly a yellow clay, some of 
 red, or yellow sand. Sand is found again four feet to ten feet beneath 
 the clay, and in some places marl occurs. Wages of field labor, forty 
 cents to fifty cents a day, four dollars to eight dollars a month. One- 
 half of the field work done by whites. KnowS of no land for sale, may 
 be bought for four dollars to ten dollars an acre. Rents for one-third or 
 one-fourth of the crop, or worked on shares for one-half to two-thi-rds of 
 the cotton, and two-thirds of the corn; rents often yield five dollars to 
 ten dollars an acre. 
 
 Hillsboro, (E. D. 90) : Soil a darkish gray clay loam, six inches to eight 
 inches to a yellow clay subsoil, overlying a very compact red clay that 
 reaches twelve feet to twenty-five feet, the depth of wells, where water is 
 found in quicksand. In the eastern part thousands of acres of most 
 fertile swamp lands might be reclaimed by drainage. There are also 
 some sandy soils, with yellow sand subsoil. Crops, ten bushels to twenty- 
 five bushels corn, five hundred pounds to fifteen hundred pounds seed 
 cotton, one hundred bushels to two hundred and fifty bushels sweet po- 
 
TIIK UPPER PINE BELT. 10? 
 
 tatoes per acre. Field work paid thirty cents to forty cents a day ; one- 
 third done by whites. Health good. 
 
 Carraichael, {E. D. 88) : Lands elevated and level. Soil, a fine sand or 
 red clay loam, containing much vegetable mould, underlaid at two feet 
 or more by a very dark clay. Growth, pine, oak, hickory and dogwood, with 
 juniper and cypress in the swamps. Average crops, one tliou.sand pounds 
 seed cotton, twelve bushels to fifteen bushels corn, fifteen bushels wheat, 
 thirty-five bushels oats, twenty-five bushels rice per acre. Grapes do un- 
 usually well. Field labor paid, thirty-five cents to fifty cents a day ; one- 
 third of it done by whites, a sturdy wide awake population of Scotch 
 descent. Locality very healthy. Some land for sale at two dollars to 
 thirty-five dollars an acre. Most of it rented to laborers at two dollars to 
 eight dollars an acre, or for one-third of the crop. 
 
 Harlleesinlle, {E. D. 89) : Most of the land is elevated and level, some of 
 it, however, is low enough to require drainage. Three-fourths of the 
 soils are fine clay, with little vegetable matter, except in the bottoms ; 
 one-fourth are sandy soils, with a subsoil of yellow clay, mixed with 
 sand ; it is the best adapted to corn and small grain ; beneath the subsoils 
 clay is found to the depth of the wells, fifteen feet to twenty feet, where 
 water is found in quicksand. Growth, on uplands, pine and oak ; in the 
 swamps, poplar and cj'press ; much timber is rafted down the Little Pee 
 Dee. Provision crops are neglected for cotton, and high prices for the 
 advancement of suplpies are paid. No fever, the locality is very healthy. 
 Price of lands, six dollars to forty dollars an acre. Farm labor paid, 
 thirty cents to fifty cents a day ; one-half the field work done by whites. 
 
 Marlboro County, (3d Sup. Dist., 10th United States Census.) 
 
 Red Hill, (E. D. 110): Lands generally level or slightly rolling; rarely 
 hilly or broken. The cultivation of large bodies of rich river lands on 
 the Great Pee Dee has been abandoned, or they are rented to negro ox- 
 farmers. Some 'bay lands have been reclaimed. To the north, the up- 
 lands are a sandy loam, resting on dark fclay. Growth, oak and hickory. 
 Crops, six to twelve hundred pounds seed cotton, ten to fifteen bushels) 
 corn, eight to forty bushels oats, fifteen to twent3'^-five bushels wheat. 
 Fruit very fine. Wages of farm labor, fifty cents to seventy-five cents a 
 day. One-eighth of field labor done by whites. The best land will com- 
 mand twenty-five dollars to thirty dollars ; average lands fifteen dollars, 
 and river bottoms two dollars and fifty cents per acre. Ordinary land 
 rents for one hundred pounds seed cotton an acre, or two four hundred 
 pound bales for a one-horse farm. Some fever on the river, elsewhere 
 remarkably healthy. 
 
iOS THE UPPER PIKE BELT. 
 
 BennettsviUe, {E. D. 105) : Large bodies of bottom land on the Pee Dee, 
 once very productive, are now abandoned. Culture is chiefly confined to 
 the uplands, which are level or gently undulating. Soil, a fine sandy 
 loam, resting at four inches on red clay underlaid by a chalky clay. 
 Growth, pine, oak and dogwood, with the usual swamp growths. Crops, 
 one thousand pounds to fifteen hundred pounds seed cotton, ten bushels 
 to thirty bushels corn, twenty bushels to sixty bushels oats, fifteen bushels 
 wheat per acre. Grapes, fruits and vegetables do well. Wages for farm 
 work, fifty cents to seventy-five cents a day ; one-third of it done by 
 whites. Two large mill creeks traverse the township. Little land for 
 sale, price ten dollars to twenty-five dollars. Rent, three dollars to five 
 dollars per acre. Very healthy. 
 
 Hebron, (E. D. 108) : Level to flat lands. Soil, a sandy loam, mixed 
 with clay on clay subsoil. Growth, pine, oak and dogwood. Crops, eight 
 hundred pounds seed cotton, ten bushels to thirty bushels corn, ten bush- 
 els to forty bushels oats, five bushels to thirty bushels wheat per acre. 
 All fruits do well. Wages, fifty cents to seventy-five cents a day ; one- 
 fourth of field work done b}^ whites. No prevailing disease. Land sells 
 from ten dollars to fifty dollars an acre ; rents for three dollars to five 
 dollars an acre. 
 
 BrightsvUle, {E. D. 106) : Lands elevated. Two-thirds of the soils fine 
 gray sandy loam, with yellow sand subsoil resting on red clay ; the other 
 one-third the same, without the clay. Growth, pine, oak and dogwood. 
 Crops, eight hundred pounds seed cotton, eight bushels corn per acre. 
 Wages, fifty cents a day ; two-thirds of the labor performed by Avhites. 
 No prevailing disease. No land offered for sale or to rent. 
 
 Adamsville, {E. D. 104) : Lands level or a little broken. Soil of fine 
 and coarse whitish or yellowish sand, ten inches to fifteen inches to sub- 
 soil of red clay, under which a chalky clay occurs. Growth, pine, oak, 
 hickory and dogwood. Crops, one thousand pounds seed cotton, fifteen 
 bushels corn, seventy-five bushels oats, twenty bushels wheat per acre. 
 Crooked creek is twenty feet wide, eight feet deep, fall eight feet per mile. 
 Wages, fifty cents a day. One-half of field work done by whites. Very 
 little sickness of any sort. No land offered for sale ; price would be 
 twenty-five dollars an acre ; it rents for one hundred and twenty-five 
 pounds seed cotton, or two bales of five hundred pounds for one-horse 
 farm (twenty-five acres). 
 
 Bed Bluff, {E. D. 109) : Prevailing soil a gray or brown sandy loam, 
 with subsoil the same, less the vegetable matter, resting at one foot to two 
 feet on clay that extends eighteen feet to the bottom of the wells, where 
 excellent and abundant water is found in quicksand. Growth, pine, oak, 
 hickory, dogwood and gum. Great resources in timber, hoops, shingles, 
 
THE UPPER PINE BELT. 109 
 
 turpentiiT^, &c.,uiitouclicd, except a little rafted down the Little Pee Dee. 
 There is a mill at Red Bluff, on the Little Pee Dee; the river here lias a 
 width of fifty-five feet, a de})tli of six feet, and a current of three miles 
 an hour. Crops, one tlipusand pounds seed cotton (many farms yield a 
 bale per acre), and fifteen bushels corn. Farm wages, forty cents to sixty 
 cents a day ; one-half of the field work done by whites. Little land 
 ottered for sale ; prices range from five dollars to forty dollars an acre. 
 Rent, in money, is six dollars an acre, or one-third of the crop. 
 
CHA^FTER V. 
 
 THE RED HILL REGION 
 
 LOCATION. 
 
 The very gradual slope of the upper pine belt liaving attained an ele- 
 vation of two hundred to tAvo hundred and fifty feet above the sea level, 
 an irregular and somewhat interrupted line of high hills is encountered. 
 These hills rise two to three hundred feet above the plane of the upper 
 pine belt in the distance of a few miles, and not unfrequently this eleva- 
 tion is attained in traversing a few hundred yards. To the south and 
 east extensive views over the gentle and irregular slope of the lower 
 country are exposed from the summit of these declivities. To the 
 north and west a sort of table land stretches back and gradually merges 
 into the higher and more extensive sand hill region of the State. 
 
 The general trend of these hills correspond pretty nearly with that of 
 the other regions of the State. Starting on the Savannah river near 
 Hamburg, they extend across the southern and western portion of Aikeii 
 and the northern townships of Barnwell counties. Following the north- 
 ern boundary of Orangeburg, they acquire their greatest width in that 
 county around Fort ISIotte, near the confluence of the Congaree and the 
 Waterec rivers. West of the Santee river their course is more to the 
 north, and they constitute that remarkable line of hills traversing Sumter 
 county, long known as the " High Hills of Santee." Included in this re- 
 gion is also a body of lands in Edgefield county, known as the " Ridge," 
 which lie along the Augusta and Charlotte railroad. Although the latter 
 are above the outcrop of the granite rocks, being continuous with the 
 red hills, and resembling them closely in physical features and soil, 
 they are described with them. 
 
 While these red hills form a well marked belt across the State below 
 the sand hills, from the southwestern part of Aiken county to the north- 
 
THE RED HILL REGION. Ill 
 
 eastern corner of Sumter, they are not continuous, but are interrupted at 
 greater or less intervals by the protrusion of the sand hills. Mills' descrip- 
 tion of them east of the Santee river will give an idea of how this occurs. 
 He sa3's, "they take their rise about nine miles north of Nelson's ferry on 
 the Santee, and form that fine body of brick mould land (3d Sup. Dist., 
 E. D. 14 and 15) in the Richardson settlement. After continuing eight 
 miles, they become suddenly sand hills a little above Manchester. At 
 the end of eleven miles they again become red land, which continues to 
 Buck creek, nine miles above Statesburg. These hills up to this point 
 appear to hang over the Wateree swamps, but now they diverge and turn 
 to the northeast, with one ridge in the middle forming a backbone ; 
 breaking off into hills towards the Wateree, and sloping off gradually 
 towards Black river. At Buck creek the hills again become sandy, which 
 gradually increases for fifteen or sixteen miles, to Bradford S])rings ; a 
 little above this place they join the sand hills of the middle country." 
 If tliese alternations were carefully traced it is })robal)le they would be 
 found to ])(i due to removal by denudation of the red clay loam from the 
 slopes of sand and gravel that rise in the sand hills. For tlie sienna- 
 colored clay loam, characteristic of this region, seldom has a depth greater 
 than twenty feet, and is underlaid by beds of sand and gravel. 
 
 . GEOLOGICAL FEATURES. 
 
 The red hill region belongs to the buhr-stone formation of the eocene. 
 It presents a series of four quite dissimilar and well marked strata. 
 Commencing with the superior, or more recent, these are : 
 
 1st. Beds of red sienna-colored siliceous clay, having a thickness of 
 fifteen to thirty feet, and containing fragments of buhr-stone. It was the 
 observation by Mr. Tuomey of the passage of these clays under the marl 
 and green sand formations of the Charleston basin, at the Belle Brough- 
 ton place, on Halfway swamp, in Orangeburg county ^E. D. 150), which 
 satisfied him that Mr. Lyell had erred in supposing that the buhr-stone 
 overlaid the calcareous beds in South Carolina. This observation settles 
 a point of considerable practical importance. For as the buhr-stone under- 
 lies and forms the fioor of the lime formations of the eocene, no marl beds 
 need be looked for above the line of its occurrence. 
 
 2d. Beds of coarse red and yellow sands, having a thickness of thirty 
 to sixty feet. In these beds are sometimes found, at a depth of fifty feet, 
 crystals of rutile, either lying loose among the sands or imbedded in 
 rounded masses of quartz or felspar, water-worn by still quite perfect 
 pyramidal crystals of quartz an inch in length, are also found among these 
 sands. 
 
11- THE RED IIir.L K HOI OX. 
 
 .'m1. grasses of bubr-stone, composed of silk-itiod sliellsand other or<i;aiuc 
 remains of tlie eocene. Among these shells gasteropoda predominate, 
 which, together with the presence of land shells, and shells of molhisks 
 which live in marshes (Anriculae), indicate the literal character of the for- 
 mation. The leaves of oak, beech and willow trees, silicified or converted 
 into lignite, Avere found here by Mr. Tonmey. On Cedar creek, in Aiken 
 county, there are beds of buhr-stone thirty feet in thickness, and at several 
 points between this locality and the Savannah river on the west, and the 
 Santee and Conga ree on the east, there are extensive outcrojjs of this mate 
 rial, from which mill-stones of excellent quality, equal to the best French 
 bnhr. liave been quarried. In the southwestern corner of Aiken county, on 
 Hollow creek (E. D. IG), beds of lignite occur, underlaid by clay that was 
 usetl by the ordinance department during the late Avar for the manufac- 
 ture of fire-proof crucibles, and pronounced equal to the best Stourbridge 
 clay for that })urpose. Similar beds of lignite are found in Chesterfield 
 county, on Whortleberry branch, and at Mr. Croghan, underlaid by clay of 
 the same character. 
 
 -Ith. IhhIs of a white siliceous rock, varying from a laminated siliceous 
 clay to a hard rock, having a jointed structure, breaking with a conchoidal 
 fracture, and resembling mcnilitc. This curious rock has been traced from 
 near Aiken C. H. to the northern part of Clarendon county. In the latter 
 county there is a remarkable occurrence of it on the public road just 
 north of Gov. Manning's residence (3d Sup. Dist. E. D. 15). On the head 
 waters of Congaree creek this rock is sawed into blocks, fashioned with 
 an axe, and used for building chimneys. It resists disintegration well, 
 and its extreme lightness facilitates its carriage and handling. 
 
 Below the series of strata thus describetl are the great beds of loose 
 sand, intermingled with kaolin and variously colored clays, which rise 
 into the extensive sand hill region, lying north of the red hills. 
 
 SOILS. 
 
 The reddish loam of this region presents an appearance somewhat sim- 
 ilar to that of the soils derived from the hornblende rocks in the upper 
 country, but it is not so tenacious and waxy. Although when not culti- 
 vated it becomes very hard in dry weather, in wet weather, owing to the 
 large amount of sand it contains, the intervals when it can not be worked 
 are short, ^'egetable matter rots ra})idly in it, and for this reason long 
 manures (as composts) are better adapted to it than commercial fertilizers. 
 The former are rapidly incorporated and well retained, and there is no 
 soil that responds so well or is so capable of great improvement under 
 treatment with stable and lot manures as these. Worked without ma- 
 nure they rapidly consume themselves and become unproductive. 
 
TlIK RED HILL KI-XilON. 11.'. 
 
 The following aiuilyses of typical soils in this region were made by 
 Dr. Eugene A. Smith, of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, for the 10th United States 
 Census : 
 
 1. - 2. 
 
 IiLsolublc matter 88.000 89.340 
 
 Soluble silica 3.055 2.847 
 
 Potash 115 .138 
 
 Soda • 050 .00)3 
 
 Lime 002 .077 
 
 Magnesia 028 . .001 
 
 Br. oxide of Manganese 008 .()0() 
 
 Peroxide of Iron 1.250 1.550 
 
 Alumina 4.000 3.080 
 
 Phosphoric acid 075 .007 
 
 Sulphuric acid 047 .038 
 
 A\'ater and organic matter 2.621 1.008 
 
 Total 100.3';1 00.050 
 
 Hygo.scopic moisture absorbed at 80° Fall. . . 1.082 J.444 
 
 These samples were taken uniformly to the de})th of twelve inches on 
 the table land in Amelia t(nvnship, Orangeburg county, about three miles 
 below the junction of the Wateree and Congaree rivers, from the })lace 
 of J. Peterkin, Esq. The three hundred and seventy-five acres in cotton 
 on this place made, in 1870, two hundred and fifty Ijales of cottoiL No. 
 1 is from woodlands never clgared ; the growth, large red oak and hick- 
 ory, with a sprinkling of very large short leaf pine. No. 2 is from a field 
 that has been planted for more than one hundred years ; having on it a 
 crop of about twelve hundred pounds of seed cotton to the acre when the 
 sample was taken. The field had received only cotton seed and com- 
 mercial fertilizers as manures for a number of years. Piof. Toumey, in 
 his survey of South Carolina, published in 1848, gives the following 
 analvses of these soils: 
 
 No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. 
 
 Organic matter. 5.00 7.00 4.40 
 
 Silica 0(j.00 71.00 80.30 
 
 Alumina 9.00 8.50 0.00 
 
 Oxide of Iron 0.00 4.00 :].70 
 
 Lime 2.00 1.50 0.00 
 
 Magnesia . 50 1.00 trace. 
 
 Potash and soda trace. .50 , . . 
 
 Water and loss 0.40 0.44 4.10 
 
 8 100.00 100.00 100.00 
 
114 TIIK KKI» HILL REGION. 
 
 No. 1 was from near Orano'eburij: village, the southern limit of the 
 region under consideration, and near the line where the buhr-stone passes 
 under the Santee marls. 
 
 No. 2 was from Lang Syne, the same plantation from which the sam- 
 ples analyzed by Dr. Smith, were taken. 
 
 No. 3 was fi-om the " High Hills of Santee," near Statesburg, in Sumter 
 county. 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 Having an elevation of four hundred to five hundred feet and upwards 
 above the sea level, the red hills enjoy a dryer and more bracing atmos- 
 phere than the regions to the south. While it is a notable fact that they 
 are not so subject to the severer influences of storm winds as the lower 
 lying lands, the ordinary movements of the air are more perceptible there 
 than in the lower grounds. Thus, during the extremest heats of summer, 
 there is rarely a night when the refreshing influence of a gentle south 
 wind is not felt, blowing with a uniformity as though it had directly 
 traversed the seventy miles intervening between these slopes and the 
 ocefiii. Owing to this movement of the air and to its greater dryness, 
 late spring frosts are of less frequent occurrence here than they are fur- 
 ther south. Nor is vegetation destroyed by cold so early in the fall. In 
 ascending these hills in the autumn and early winter at a certain eleva- 
 tion a stratum of warm air is encountered, which seems to cling about 
 the hill-tops, while a much chillier night air fills the bottoms. These ad- 
 vantages at one time made this region famous for its fruits. During the 
 severest winter of the last half century the banana and the sago palm 
 in the open ground, protected only by a few handsful of cotton seed on 
 their roots, thougli cut by the frost, retained sutficient vitality to throw 
 up vigorous shoots the ensuing spring. This greater length of growing 
 season has also made attempts at growing sea island cotton and sugar 
 cane more successful here than lower down. The whole region is remark- 
 ably healthy, no taint of malaria approaches it and it is in an unusual 
 degree free fi'om epidemics of every description. For these i*easons many 
 localities herc, ospetMally the " High Hills of Stmtoe," were formerly much 
 fre(|ucnted as summer and health resorts by plantei's from all parts of the 
 State, as well as from other Southern States. 
 
 GROWTH. 
 
 The long leaf pine thins out on these hills and is sometimes replaced 
 by short leaf pine of lai^ge growth. Their southern aspect is the upper 
 limit of the long gray moss. The characteristic growth, however, is oak 
 
THE RED HILL REGION. • llo 
 
 and liickory of large size. All the oaks common to the section attain 
 here an unusual size, including even the blackjack and the post oak, not 
 conspicuous elsewhere for their growth ; the red oak, however, sur- 
 ]>asscs them all in size, measuring sometimes as much as seven feet in 
 diameter, while trees four feet and five feet through are not uncommon. 
 The live oak when planted does well, the chinquapin i.? found wild in 
 the woods; the Roman chestnut, the pecan nut, the English walnut, 
 and the almond, bear abundant crops. So that the region is to a large 
 extent suitable for the growth of plants natural to higher and to lower 
 latitudes. 
 
 STATISTICS. 
 
 The red hill region contains about 1,020 square miles, and has a popu- 
 lation of 44,SGG, being 27.0 to the sfpiaro mile. Fifty-six per cent, are 
 colored. 
 
 The area of tilled land is 234,082 acres; being 144 acres per square mile, 
 or 22 per cent, of the entire surface ; and five acres per capita of the pop- 
 ulation. 
 
 Tlie number of farms is 4,568, being 2.8 per square mile, or a farm to 
 nearly every ten persons; averaging for the whole, 228 acres to the farm, 
 of which fifty is under culture; the remaining 178 being included and 
 for the most part yielding no return whatever. 
 
 The crops are cotton, in which 84,939 acres are planted, yielding 34,249 
 bales of cotton in 1879. Averaging a yield per acre of 183 pounds of 
 lint, or 348 pounds per capita for the whole population; which is the 
 largest yield per capita of any region of the State, This is a little more 
 than six per cent, of the area planted in cotton in the whole State, and 
 yields six and six-tenths per cent, of the entire crop of the State." In 
 grain of all sorts 114,425 acres are planted, yielding 804,443 bushels, a 
 little over seven bushels to the acre, and seventeen bushels per capita of 
 the population, a yield wholly disproportionate to the capabilities of the 
 soil, which is particularly adapted to small grain. This area is a little 
 over six per cent, of the total area planted in grain in the State, and the 
 yield is four and seven-tenths per cent, of the total crop of the State. Of 
 course very little rice is planted here, which in part accounts for the fall- 
 ing off, that being the most productive grain crop in the State ; but lands 
 which in 1825 made an average of eight to twelve bushels (see Mills, p. 
 • )i)0), and when well manured, thirty-four bushels of wheat per acre, and 
 from ten to twenty-five bushels of rice to the acre, and still more when 
 planted in rye and oats, are far V>elow their normal i)roduction when 
 yielding as above indicated. In fallow and other crops there is 35,318 
 acres, nearly fifteen per cent, of the land once under cultivation. The 
 
110 * Til 10 UFA) II I I.I- RiailON. 
 
 culture of much of this land is abandonucl as a conscfiuoiiee of the disas- 
 ters that liavo ovcrtakon tlio ricli planters, who formerly lived liere, iuci- 
 dciil lo the results of the war. 
 
 'Till' work stock nuiubers 7,C)()'), not ((uite live to the square mile, one 
 to evcM'v thirty acres of tilled land, and to every six of the |)o]>ulation. 
 
 'riic live stock is (II ,r»()i>, cliiclly lio^s; tliirty-ei^ht to tlic s(|uare mile, 
 and nearly one to every four acres of cultivated land. 
 
 At W'edi^clield, on th(> ('olumhia and \\'ilinin<;t(in ]vailroa<l, tlu'se lands 
 are well cultivated and sell as liit;li as tt\'enty-live dollars an acre. At 
 Fort Mott(% on the Columbia and ( 'harli'stou railroad, the prices are lifteen 
 dollars to twcMity dollars an acr(\ and in Millbrook, vMken, by tlie South 
 Carolina railroad, they st>ll for fifteen dollars to twenty dollars, 
 and in Beech island, in thi^ same county, near Auo;usta, Geor^'ia, 
 they have roeently brought over forty dollars an acre. The great 
 body of these lands, however, lying off the railnvids, are to be had 
 at nnich lower ])rices. Large tracts, by no means inferior to those 
 already mentioned, exce])t as regards accessibility, arc oH'cred at from 
 three dollars to ten dollars an acix\ It is riMuarkable that mere accessi- 
 bility should allect prices to this degree. 1m)I', whili^ the lands themselves 
 l)roduce every variety of ero}>, they are well adapted to cotton, of which 
 a twodiorse wagon can transport as much as two huiulred dollars worth 
 at one load ; the roads arc excellent and tliere is scarcely a point that is 
 a day's journey removed from a market. That not one-fourth of these 
 lands, capable of supporting, in health and abundance, as large a po})ula- 
 tion as land anywhere, a're under cultivation, illustrates how much is 
 wanting in capital and population to develo[)c the resource's of this section. 
 
OHA-PTER VI. 
 
 THE SAND HILL REGION. 
 
 The sand liill region of Soulli (aroliiui strotchcs across the State from 
 the Savaiiiiali livci-, ()])i)()sit(! to Au^nista, to the int(!r.s(>etioii of tlie Nortli 
 Carolina line l»y tlic < iicat Pec Dee river. The avera^(Mlistanee of its 
 lower border, anion;]; the Jvcd Hills, fi-om IJic sea, is about niiicl y-(ive 
 miles. Its lcn;;th is one liundrcd and iifty-five miles, its width is 
 variable; the maximum, "whieli is readied in Lexington count}', isabout 
 thirl \ 111 lies, and the average Avidtli will hardly reach twenty mil(!.s. It 
 (K'cupies the larger portion of live counties, viz: Aiken, Lexington, Kich- 
 land, Kershaw and Chesterfield. The up])er j)ine belt, ascending the 
 eastern bank of tlie Congaree river, in Richland county, until it touches 
 t lie granite rocks of the Piedmont region at Columbia, divides the sand 
 hill region into two pf)7-tions, an eastern and a western portion. 
 
 TIIIO PHYSICAL FEATUIM-X 
 
 The [thysieal features of this i-egion are of a monotony ajitly charae- 
 terize(l by the term " j)iiie haii-eii," applied to it. Tlie hills slojie U|i 
 from the Savannah river to a jjlateau, having an elevation at Aiken (\ IL 
 <»f about six hundred feet above the .sea level. Beyond the North Edi.sto 
 river the gradual ascent is resumed, until an elevation exceeding .seven 
 hundred feet is reached in Piatt Sj)rings townshij), in eastern Lexington, 
 whence there is a rapid descent of mon; than five hundred feet in a short 
 distance to the Congaree river. East of this stream the ri.se is again 
 gradual, and the maximum elevation is reached on tlie northeast border of 
 Pichland county, where the hills again descend abruptly to the W'ateree 
 river. Beyond this i-iver there is no data as to levels, except that on the 
 water sliedof the (Jreat Pee Dec there is evidence as to extensive denudation 
 of the surface to a depth of at l(>ast one hnndred and fifty feet. The evidence 
 is furnished by a conical hill rising in central Chesterfield one hundred 
 and fifty feet above the .surrounding country, and known as Sugar Loaf 
 
118 TlIK SAND IIII.L KKUIOX. 
 
 niountnin. 'Pliis liill consists of horizontal layers of santl and kaolin 
 clays, similar to the prcvailinu- formations of the sand hills, and has been 
 preserved from denudatiim by blocks o( ferruiiinons sandstone covering 
 its top and sides, identical in character Avith the same sandstone, known 
 as ironstone, fonnd on the snmmit of these hills in many other localities. 
 The following diagram presents a view (,>f the relative elevations of this 
 rcii'ion : 
 
 ^ 
 
 A / 
 
 ''\ 
 
 WEST 
 
 SKaI.KVKI. AlKlN. I.KMNi.VON. l;ull\AN\>. 
 
 A Savannah Kivor: 7? South Edisto Kivor; C North Edisto Uivor: 7) Consrartx* River; iv' Watcroc 
 River: >' Lyneli's Uiver ; (? Poe Dee Rivoi- : // Aiken Court llovise : i Sugar I.onl" Moui\tiiiu. 
 Scale— ;V< miles per inch. Elevation KXi feet per i\, inch. 
 
 This longitndinal section of the sand hills illnstrates once more the 
 law already noticed as jnvvailing elsewhere^ — that the long slopes face 
 west and sonth. and the short slopes face east and north ; and, also, that 
 the western jHM'tion of the State is more elevated than the eastern. It 
 will also be noticed that, notwithstanding their just reinUation for great 
 dryness, these ]^ine barrens are well watered. They are crossetl by seven 
 rivei's of consitlcrable size, having an aguregate length among these 
 hills of more than two hnndred miles. Of creeks, not connting lesser 
 streams and branches, there is an aggregate length in this region of 
 eleven hnndred and seventy miles, capable of furnishing a large amount 
 of water power. For instance, one average creek out of the seventy-eiglit 
 found here. Horse creek furnishes in the single township of Gregg, in 
 Aiken county, power for a large paper mill and three cotton mills, being 
 loOt^ horse jxnver utilized, and estimating the power not employed, 
 the stream can furnish 2o0() horse power. Showing that the streams 
 of medium size in this region have a cajnicity for work, now scarcely 
 utilized, greater than that oH all the work stock of the State. On the 
 margins of tliese streams there are more than 100,0(X) acres of bottom 
 lantls, for the most part uncleared, but capable of being rendered, by 
 drainage and irrigation, in the highest degree productive. The water of 
 these streams, which arc little subject to freshet, but maintain a flow of 
 jrreat uniformitv throutrhout all the seasons of the vear, is as clear as that 
 of the purest springs. Sjning branches, and even streams of considerable 
 size, sink son\etimes into the loose sands of this region and disappear, to 
 appear at distant points as "boiling" springs, that is. springs bubbling 
 
THE SAND HILL REGION. HO 
 
 Up with some force, and tlirowing out (•onsidcrable quantities of fine, 
 white sand. The action of these underground streams in removing and 
 transporting tliese fine sands, accounts for a numl^er of circular depres- 
 sions not very different in appearance from lime-sinks, found scattered 
 here over the elevated fiats and [ilateaus, and when, hy an accumulation 
 of vegetable growth or a caving in of the earth, the channels of these 
 strwims are obstructed, rains sometimes fill these depressions, giving rise 
 to clear sheets of water or lak(;]ets. Another phenomenon occurring here, 
 and not well inKh-rstood, are blowing wells, of wbi<li there are several. 
 For example, on a high sand hill in irammoiid towiisliij», Aikeii county, a 
 nundjer of unsuccessful attempts were made during many years to dig a 
 well. At length an auger, eight inch diameter, penetrating the loose, 
 coarse, white sjuid, and nothing else, to a depth of one hundred and 
 twenty feet, encountered a bold stream of excellent water. When the 
 well was curbed and completed, it was found that a current of air issued 
 from it all the time, which, in threatening and stormy weather, acquired 
 such force as to make itself hwinl at some distance, and to blow several 
 feet into the air a hat or cloth laid over the orifice. 
 
 GEOLOGICAL FEATURES. 
 
 These hills form a dividing ridge between the more recent formations 
 of the low country and the very ancient formations of the upper country. 
 Their southern suspect overlooks the tertiary jdane descending to the .sea 
 shore of the Atlantic. On the north they reach the clay .slates (dipping 
 north) of Edgefield, Lexington, Richland and Chesterfield counties, and 
 the granite and gneiss rocks of Kershaw county. Outcrops of these most 
 ancient rocks occur among the sand hills themselves, as follows: 
 
 In Aiken county, granite occurs on Florse creek, and granite overlaid 
 by gneiss rock and hornblejide slate on the South Edisto, where the 
 Columbia road cros.ses in. 
 
 In Lexington county, granite is found at Quattlebaum's mill, on 
 Lightwootl creek. 
 
 In Kershaw county, masses of steatite occur on Spears, Twenty-five 
 Mile, and Pine Tree creeks, and at Liberty Ilill and at other places 
 rounded blocks of coarse granite are .seen, "as though they were pushed 
 up through the sand." 
 
 Next to the granite is foun<l a stratum of sandstone, consisting of the 
 ruins of the granite consolidated into a pretty hard rock. It occurs on 
 Horse creek, on the ridges at the head of Lightwoo<l creek, on Congaree 
 creek, where Mr. Tuomey observed in it comminuted fossils of the eocene 
 type; at the Rock House, in Lexington county, where it has been quarried 
 for architectural purpo.ses, and on Second creek, in the same neighbor- 
 
120 THE SAND HILL REGION. 
 
 hood, where silicified shells and fragments of lime were found embedded 
 in the stone. 
 
 Lying on this sandstone are extensive beds of loose white sand, inter- 
 mingled with strata of clay of various colors, the whole having an 
 estimated vertical thickness of one hundred and fifty to two hundred feet. 
 Large beds of kaolin clay, free from grit or other impurity, and of great 
 whiteness, are found intercalated among these sands. Several quarries 
 to the west of Aiken C. H. having been worked with much profit, the 
 material being used as porcelain clay, and also by paper manufacturers. 
 Some of the clays of Lexington county, beautifully mottled with various 
 colors, harden, on exposure, to such a degree that it is thought they 
 might be utilized for ornamental building purposes. 
 
 The last member of this series of strata is the " ironstone," already 
 alluded to as covering the summit of Sugar Loaf mountain. Next in 
 order comes the porous, siliceous rock, resembling menilite, and the buhr- 
 stone scries. 
 
 SOILS. 
 
 The characteristic of the soils of this region is the loose rounded sands 
 which form their chief constituent. The organic matter which it con- 
 tains consists largely of charcoal, resulting from burning off the woods, 
 principally the pine straw (leaves of the pine). Occasionally there are 
 rounded hills of very fine sand of a dazzling whiteness, of such purity 
 that they seem just to have emerged from the waters, or to have been 
 blown together by the winds on the seashore. There are, however, many 
 elevated flats, which, under good culture and manuring, give excellent 
 crops, and in the vales, the soil is often very productive ; it is cultivated 
 with care, and continues to produce so long as there is an atom left of 
 anything that can sustain a plant. 
 
 The following analyses of the sand hill soils were made by Prof. C. U. 
 Shepard, Sr.,'in 184(3: 
 
 No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. 
 
 Water of Absorption o.oOO 8.00 . . 
 
 Organic Matter 8.500 . . 6.50 
 
 Silica 77.000 81.00 80.00 
 
 Krotoxide of Iron 4.005 • • I o ^r 
 
 Peroxide of Iron 3.50 j ""-^^ 
 
 Alumina 5.00 , 5.50 5.G0 
 
 Lime trace 0.40 0.00 
 
 Magnesia trace trace . . 
 
 Phosphates trace ' . . trace 
 
 Water and Loss l.GO 4.30 
 
 100.05 100.00 100.00 
 
THE SAND HILL REGION. 121 
 
 No. 1 is surface soil near Aiken ; No. 2 is subsoil of the same : No. 3 is 
 from Piatt Springs, Lexington. 
 
 In recent years, under high culture, " on a lot in Aiken, adjacent to the 
 one where tlie above analysis was made, the product was forty bushels of 
 corn, and thirty bushels of wheat per acre." Since the introduction of fer- 
 tilizers, level lands in the neighborhood of the South Carolina railway, 
 which sold in 18G0 for three dollars an acre, have sold for thirty dollars 
 and even as high as forty dollars an acre. Throughout this region 
 thousands of acres, equal and superior to these, though not immediately 
 ujion a railroad, are for sale at one dollar to five dollars an acre. 
 
 GROWTH AND PRODUCTIONS. 
 
 The growth is almost exclusively long leaf pine, and on the more 
 barren ridges, even this tree becomes stunted, and sometimes, on the 
 higher and finer sand crests, yields its place to the New Jersey tea plant, 
 which alone covers the dazzling whiteness of the sands. Usually, how- 
 ever, there is a heavy growth of long leaf pine, and this tree here — almost 
 on its northern limit in the State — attains its highest perfection, not only 
 as regards size, trees of three feet and four feet in diameter being not un- 
 common, but also as to the 'quality of its wood, which has more heart 
 and is more resinous than elsewhere, a fact duly recorded in the names 
 of localities, as Lightwood creek, and Lightwood Knot springs, the in- 
 habitants of even this mild climate being not unmindful of the light and 
 warmth furnished by this excellent fuel. There is often an undergrowth 
 of the forked leaf blackjack, and where there is a suspicion of moisture 
 in the soil, this is replaced by the round leaf blackjack, a sure indication 
 here of better soil. On the hillsides, there are not unfrequently out- 
 croppings of kaolin, and here a growth of kalmia adds a pleasing variety 
 to the monotony of the pine forest. 
 
 Besides the staple products of cotton, corn, the small grains, peas and 
 potatoes, common to this latitude, these soils have been thought specially 
 adai)ted to certain other crops. One locality has been known for more 
 than one hundred years as " Pinder Town," from the number of pea-nuts 
 formerly produced there. Many years ago the lands of Lexington and 
 Kershaw were thought especially adapted to the growth of Palma Christi, 
 and even with the rude appliances for its extraction in those early days, a 
 yield of one hundred and fifty gallons of excellent oil per acre was ob- 
 tained. These sandy soils produce sorghum, which, while it is of smaller 
 growth than that on more fertile lands, yields more abundantly a syrup 
 that is mucli superior in quality. No where are watermelons produced 
 with such ease ami certainty, in so great quantities, of so large a size, and 
 
122 THE SAND HILL REGION. 
 
 SO fine a flavor as on the poorest of these hiiuls. There was no finer veg- 
 etable or flower garden in the State than that of the late William Gregg, 
 situated on a high and sandy hill between Aiken and Graniteville ; one 
 scnppernong vine covered the fourth of an acre with its luxuriant and 
 productive growth. On the apparently barren hills of this vicinity there 
 also flourished formerly a most remunerative culture of the peach. The 
 late James Purvis cultivated, with three hands, sixty acres in this fruit, 
 and in six years he made five crops, realizing on each from $5,000 to 
 $10,000. Neighboring orchardists engaged in this culture have more 
 than once made five hundred dollars to the acre. The 
 
 CLBIATE 
 
 of the sand hills is dry, tonic, sunny and stimulating, and entirely free 
 from malarial influences. They have long been a resort during winter 
 for consumptives from northern latitudes, and during the summer months 
 for pei-sons from the lower country of the State. The inhabitants them- 
 selves enjoy an unusual degree of health. Cases of great longevity are 
 common, and tlie death rate is unusually low. For example, in Piatt 
 Springs to\vnshi[), Lexington, in a population of eight hundred and fifty- 
 three by actual count, there were only two deaths in 1879, and only four 
 deaths in 1880. Of the latter three were of persons over eighty years of 
 age ; nor can this be considered an exceptional case. 
 
 The period without frost has an average duration of two hundred to 
 two hundred and twenty-five days, nor are they of very frequent occur- 
 rence, even during midwinter. 
 
 The mean annual temperature is 62°, 50^ P\di. The winter mean is 
 48°, 53^ Fah. The spring mean is 55° Fah. The summer mean is 75° 
 Fall., and theautuuni mean is 71°. Excluding August, the warmest month 
 of the year, the mean for autumn, /. c, September and October, would be 
 G8° Fah. The average diurnal range of temperatures is 12°, (Sd^, a frac- 
 tion less than at the important Health resort of Santa Barbara, California. 
 The elevation and the porous subsoilof said, in which water is found only 
 at a depth of eighty feet to one hundred and twenty-five feet, make this 
 a remarkably drj'- climate. Steel instruments may be exposed for months 
 without rusting ; matches left open never miss fire ; moth and mould are 
 rarely seen, and the cryptogameous plants are feebly represented. Ob- 
 servations at Aiken show that the relative humidity of the air is G4.04, 
 being less than at any of the famous health resorts of Europe, except 
 Cannes and Hyeres, which are somewhat less, due, perhaps, to the preva- 
 lence of the mistral. Heavy dues never occur. Fogs are also rare. The 
 numl.)er of rainy days varies from twenty-nine to forty-five, and of the 
 
THE SAXD HILL REGION. 123 
 
 remainder, two hundred and sixteen to two hundred and tliirty-ninc are 
 clear, leaving only eighty-four to one hundred and seven cloudy days. 
 During sixteen years the rain fall at Aiken varied from 33.87 inches to 
 5G.40 inches, with an average of 40.70. During five years six falls of 
 snow were recorded, but as a rule there were only a few flakes, which 
 melted as soon as they reached the ground. Sleet is more frequent than 
 snow, but disappears on a few hours exposure to the sun. The i)revailing 
 winds are from the soutli and southwest. The water of wells and springs 
 is of a superior character, being transparently clear, with a temi>erature 
 varying from 02° to 04° Fah. (Climate and topography of Aiken, by 
 E. S. Gaillard, M. D., Richmond, Xa. ; Aiken as a Health Station, by W. 
 H. Geddings, M. D.). It must be remembered that this description applies 
 to no restricted locality, but refers to an area of more than 2,000 square 
 miles, where the sanitary conditions above alluded to are present with the 
 terebinth inate and healing odors of a great pine forest. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. 
 
 The area of the sand hill region is estimated at 2,441 square miles. 
 The population is 28,012; being 11.7 per square mile, nearly one-third 
 less than the average of the State, and less than in any other region. 
 Fifty-nine per cent, of the population is colored. 
 
 The area of tilled land is 151,350 acres, which is sixty-two acres to the 
 square mile, or a fraction under one-tenth of the entire surface. This is 
 twelve acres below the average of the State, and less than in any other 
 region except the lower pine belt, where it is thirty-five acres per square 
 mile. It is five and a third acres per capita of the population, the largest 
 proportion in the State, and is due to the few towns and railroads in the 
 region, leaving the rural population more exclusively to agricultural 
 pursuits. 
 
 The tilled land is divided among 4,238 farms; giving thirty-five acres 
 of tilled land to the farm ; five acres le.ss than the average for the State. 
 The number of farms in proportion to the population is greater than 
 anywhere else, being one farm to every seven of the population. More 
 ftirms are worked by their owners, and fewer by renters than elsewhere. 
 Thus in Kershaw and Chesterfield counties, .sixty i»er cent, of the farms 
 in the sand hills are worked by the owners, and forty by renters ; in the 
 portion of the same districts embraced in the upper pine belt, the Red 
 Hill and the Piedmont regions, fifty-six per cent, of the farms are rented. 
 This independent small proprietary has exercised its influence on the ag- 
 ricultural policy of the State, and the long opposition to a change of the 
 fence law is largely due to them. They have also, in times jjast, Ijeen a 
 
I'lA THE SAND HILL REGION. 
 
 third party, as it were, stretching across the middle country of the State, 
 between the larger farmers of the upper country on the one hand, and 
 the planters of the lower country on the other. This, together with the 
 sparsely settled country, where heavy sand hills were not favorable to 
 transportation, before the days of railroads, has made this section in some 
 sort a barrier between these two sections, socially and industrially, as it 
 is geologically. 
 
 The crops are: cotton, 35,433 acres, two per cent, of the entire surface; 
 yield, 15,055 bales, 6.1 bales per square mile, or about one hundred and 
 ninety-three pounds of lint' cotton per acre, a little above the average of 
 the State, owing doubtless to the large area from which the small number 
 of acres planted" is selected. The yield per capita is only two hundred 
 and thirty-nine pounds, less than in any portion of the State north of 
 the lower pine belt and south of the Piedmont country. 
 
 Corn and other grain, 93,283 acres, yielding 920,444 bushels, a fraction 
 less than ten bushels per acre, but thirty-two bushels per capita of the 
 population, nearly double the average for the State, and twelve bushels 
 per capita more than the next highest (the Piedmont) region. Another 
 result of an independent small proprietary and of a rural population re- 
 moved from the thoroughfares of travel and of trade, and forced truly on 
 their own resources for subsistence. 
 
 In all other crops and fallow there is 22,043 acres, most of which is in 
 orchards and gardens. 
 
 The work stock numbers 8,518, being 3.8 per square mile, which is less 
 than in any region of the State, except among the extensive unimproved 
 forests of the lower pine belt, where the proportion is only a little more 
 than half the above. The ratio of work stock to population is 29-100 to 
 one, being nearly double the average of the State. This is owing to the 
 larger proportion of rural population, and consequently of farmers em- 
 l)loying stock ; to the small independent form-holdings, separated by wide 
 tracts of unimproved land; the small proportion of crops worked by 
 liand, such as cotton and rice and the larger proportion of laud in grain, 
 tilled chiefly by horse power ; and to the great facility and cheapness of 
 keeping stock on home-raised supplies, in place of doing so with corn and 
 hay brought from the north and west. These same reasons will account 
 for there being only seventeen acres of tilled land to the head of work 
 stock, seven acres less than the average of the State, although the lands 
 are light and of easy culture. 
 
 There is 70,901 herd of all kinds, being only twenty-nine to the square 
 mile, which is eight less than tlie average for the State, and less than any 
 where in the State, except upon the sea coast, and in the lower pine belt. 
 Tliis statement will doubtless seem very strange to the farmers in these 
 
THE SAND HILL REGION, 125 
 
 regions, affording tlio widest ranges of forest pasturage for stock, and who 
 consider stock-raising as one of their most imjjortant concerns. This 
 opinion among the sand hills arises from the fact, that there is 2.47 
 head of stock to each one of population, nearly douhle the average for 
 the State, which confirms the importance of their stock to them, while it 
 fails to show that lands in woods-pasture, with freedom of range for stock, 
 give as much return in stock as lands under cultivation. On the con- 
 trary, tables here appended, show that the amount of live stock per 
 square mile increases, with the increase in the number of acres of tilled 
 land per sc^uare mile. Whence it follows that stock raising in this State 
 has passed out of that early condition of things, when wild stock roaming 
 at large yielded the largest return. 
 
CHiS.F»TER VII. 
 
 THE PIEDMONT REGION. 
 
 LOCATION, PHYSICAL FEATURES. 
 
 The Piedmont region of South Carolina coincides very nearly with 
 what is known as the upper country of the State. It includes the whole 
 of eight counties, to wit : Abbeville, Anderson, Newberry, Laurens, Union, 
 Fairtield, Chester and Lancaster. It also embraces the northern portion 
 of Edgefield and Lexington, and the northwestern portions of Richland, 
 Kershaw and Chesterfield. The southern parts of Oconee and Pickens, 
 and the southern and larger portions of Greenville, Spartanburg and York 
 are within its limits. A line drawn from a point on the Savannah river 
 three miles above Hamburg to Columbia, and running thence northeast to 
 where the Great Pee Dee river crosses from North into South Carolina, 
 defines, in a general way, its southern border. Its northern boundary 
 follows, in the main, the direction of the Atlanta and Charlotte Air Line 
 railroad, which lies on the edge of the Alpine region, just north of the one 
 under consideration, 
 
 PHYSICAL FEATURES. 
 
 The pliysical features of this portion of the State entitle it to the name 
 of the Piedmont Region. Its rocks are so similar to those of the Blue 
 Ridge mountains that, though they have been broken down, levelled olf, 
 and worn away by exposure, during the countless ages, to the vicissitudes 
 of the seasons, they are, and always have been, the foot hills of the 
 Apalachian range, while the broken and mountainous region to the 
 north, usually spoken of as the Piedmont country, might be better called 
 the Alpine or Sub-Alpine region of the State. 
 
THE PIEDMONT REGION. 127 
 
 Tlie elevation of tliirty-one points in the Piedmont region, varying 
 from a minimum of 179.") feet on the granite rock.s at the Congaree bridge, 
 below Columbia, to a maximum of 880 feet at Belton, on the Greenville 
 railroad, give a mean elevation above the sea of 500 feet. The mean 
 elevation of the Columbia and Augusta railroad, where it passes along 
 the southern border of the region, is 575 feet. That of the Air Line rail- 
 road in South Carolina, lying to the north of it and almost wholly within 
 the Alpine region, is 910 feet. Between these two lines, therefore, a dis- 
 tance of some ninety miles, there is a general rise of the surface of three 
 hundred and thirty -five feet, or less than four feet to the mile. This is a 
 gentler slope than that of the tertiary plain or low country. The distance 
 from the sea to its northern border being about one hundred miles, and 
 the difference in elevation something more than five hundred feet, or over 
 five feet to the mile. 
 
 The face of the country presents a gently undulating plain, which be- 
 comes more rolling as it approaches the rivers and larger streams, and is 
 finally hilly and broken above the bottoms and narrow, low grounds, 
 through which the numerous water courses find their j)assage. 
 
 While the general rise in the surface is less than that in the low country, 
 the rise in the beds of the streams, owing to the resistance of the under- 
 lying rocks, which prevent the water from deepening their channels, is 
 much greater. Thus, the elevation above the .sea of the lower falls of 
 these rivers is, for the Savannah, 133 feet; for the Congaree, 135.3 feet; 
 for the Wateree, 133 feet ; but where they enter this region from the 
 north, the surface of the water has an elevation above the sea level of 
 403 feet for the Savannah, of 552 feet for the Broad river, and of 544 feet 
 for the Catawba. This gives an average difference of 3G0 feet in about 
 83 miles, or a fall j)er mile in the Piedmont region of 4^ feet, against an 
 average fall in the lower course of these rivers of about 1.2 feet per mile. 
 While this renders the navigation of the u|)per i)ortions of these rivers 
 difficult, it adds largely to their availability as water powers for moving 
 stationary machinery. 
 
 The Savannah river, on the western boundary of the State, passes 
 through the metamorphic rocks for more than one hundred miles, and 
 although it receives many affluents, and some of them quite large, on its 
 eastern bank, they join at such an acute angle iis to make its eastern 
 water shed very narrow — scarcely anywhere excee<ling twenty miles 
 in width. To the east, Lynch's river passes through this region for about 
 twelve miles, its western water shed not exceeding five miles. Between 
 these two narrow water .sheds in the east and west there is an interval of 
 about one hundred miles. Tiie numerous streams traversing this inter- 
 val belong to one river system, and unite shortly after entering the ter- 
 
128 THE PIEDMONT REGION. 
 
 tiary plain to form the Santee river, which has been called tlic river of 
 South Carolina. The swift Catawba, with a fall of nearly six feet to the 
 mile, merges into the Wateree and forms the eastern and main channel 
 of this river sj^stem. Its larger attlaents all reach it from the west, those 
 from the east being, in comparison, small. The Saluda, on the other 
 hand, the most westerly river of the group, receives all its larger afiluents 
 from the east; a high ridge on its western water shed, for the most part 
 barely five miles wide, separates its waters from those flowing into tlie 
 Savannah. The triangular space enclosed between these two streams and 
 washed by their numerous tributaries, viz : Reedy, Little, Bush, Broad, 
 Ennoree, Tyger, Pacolet and Fair Forest rivers, besides many large creeks 
 and branches, bears ample evidence to the erosion it has suffered. The 
 softer rocks, such as talc and mica slates, found beyond these streams on 
 the eastern and western ridges of the triangle, are wanting within, it 
 having been washed away, leaving behind them only the hard gneiss or 
 the still harder granite to dispute the passage of the waters. 
 
 RIVERS. 
 
 The following gives the leading characteristics of some of these streams 
 so far as they have been ascertained, numerically : 
 
THE PIEDMONT REGION. 
 
 129 
 
 TABLE. 
 
 
 N'.VMEOF 
 
 AKKLtlKNTOR 
 
 RAFID. 
 
 LOCAL FEATURES. 
 
 
 NAME OF 
 
 DISTANCB. 
 
 Length in 
 Miles or 
 Yards. 
 
 FiS£T. 
 
 
 KIVEK. 
 
 J 
 
 i 
 
 Place 
 Whence 
 Measured. 
 
 "5 
 
 Iz. 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 s. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 
 Stevens Cretk 
 
 8 
 
 1 29 
 
 ■»oi^ 
 
 64 
 71 
 
 Augusta 
 
 55 miles. 
 
 leoo'feet!!! 
 
 5 miles... 
 iOO miles. 
 7 miles... 
 45 miles. 
 
 i'miVe!!!!! 
 
 1 mile 
 
 |I2 miles. 
 5 miles... 
 14 miles.. 
 70 miles.. 
 1'^ miles 
 300 y'ds... 
 
 1 mile 
 
 m."' 
 
 35. 
 74.8' 
 
 ;i'2!'" 
 
 20. 
 18. 
 
 .%!' ' 
 
 20. 
 
 39."' 
 80. 
 
 17. 
 
 1*50 
 600 
 
 1200 
 150 
 
 90 
 
 2100 
 30 
 120 
 
 5 • 
 
 t 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 30 
 
 0.8 
 
 10. 
 0.7 
 
 10. 
 
 
 
 IReacli 
 
 Bluejacket .Shoal 
 
 Long Slioal 
 
 Little River 
 
 Trotter's .Shoal 
 
 Rocky Hiver 
 
 
 • > 
 
 Lee'.s Shoal 
 
 
 Rocky Rivti 
 >4avaniii>h 
 
 GresTK's Shoal 
 
 Miildlelon Shoal 
 
 Litile Generosiee 
 
 .McDaiiiel Shoal 
 
 Little Heaver Dam Cr. 
 
 Senaca River 
 
 Hallon's Shoals 
 
 Big Beaver Dam Cr'k. 
 
 Guests Slioals 
 
 85 
 
 88 
 
 89 
 
 9.5 
 107 
 107U 
 110 
 
 nvA 
 
 110^ 
 144 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 22 
 
 32 
 
 4:i 
 
 7B 
 
 84 
 
 91 
 
 94 
 
 ■f^ 
 
 15 
 27 
 35 
 41 
 40 
 
 15 
 
 39 
 
 47 
 
 44 
 
 6 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 61 
 67 
 69 
 75 
 23 
 26 
 40 
 
 81 
 
 93 ' 
 97 1 
 98 
 114 1 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 20 
 
 Fall in creek. 
 
 •• 
 
 240 
 
 500 
 
 45 
 
 120 
 90 
 
 100 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 1200 
 75 
 
 2 
 5 
 
 6 
 15 
 
 2.5 
 
 6.6 
 
 
 Fall 2 miles above 
 mouth 
 
 ti 
 
 A.&C. A.L. H.R 
 
 .Saluda Canal 
 
 Drelier's Canal 
 
 Calk's Ferry 
 
 Busli River 
 
 Little River 
 
 
 Saluda 
 
 
 
 
 31, 
 21. 
 45. 
 
 70. 
 2.5. 
 30. 
 
 26.5 
 
 
 
 i'l.'6' 
 
 
 
 
 3 miles!.. 
 35 miles 
 40 miles.. 
 55 miles.. 
 
 
 41 
 
 Keedy River 
 
 
 •• 
 
 Great Falls 
 
 Harrow .Slioals 
 
 
 •> 
 
 Columbia'...!!. 
 
 2.9 miles 
 14 miles.. 
 35 miles.. 
 1666 yd's. 
 
 
 41 
 
 Cedar Shoals 
 
 
 Broad River. 
 
 Bull Sluice 
 
 
 
 Cedar t.'reek 
 
 
 i. 11 
 
 Little River 
 
 
 <i ti 
 
 .Summer Shoal 
 
 
 • • 11 
 
 Buck .Shoal 
 
 
 •I 11 
 
 Lyie Shoal 
 
 From mouth. 
 
 Columbia 
 
 From mouth. 
 
 1640 y'ds. 
 92 miles.. 
 
 11.30 
 
 15. 
 36. 
 70. 
 ...... 
 
 4L 
 
 
 •1 It 
 
 Eunoree River 
 
 Navig'ble 110 miles 
 Pennington's Fort. 
 
 „ „ 
 
 
 " ... 
 
 • 
 
 Tyger River 
 
 303 y'ds... 
 528 y'ds... 
 75 miles.. 
 
 Musgravc's Fort. 
 Mountain Shoal. 
 
 *.: :: - 
 
 180 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Navigable .30 miles 
 HawkiiLs .^hoal.s. 
 Calk's Bridge. 
 
 Fair Forest Creek 
 
 •1 •• 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 „ ,, 
 
 44 -4 
 
 Columbia 
 
 40 miles.. 
 
 750 
 15 
 
 150 
 10 
 
 3C 
 30 
 75 
 
 450 
 
 6 
 5 
 
 2 
 15 
 19 
 
 5 
 
 
 • • n 
 
 Wood's Ferry 
 
 Turkey Creek 
 
 Lockhart Creek 
 
 has C miles above 
 a fall of 25 feet. 
 
 • ' 11 
 
 From mouth 
 Columbia 
 
 1.4 miles. 
 )0 miles.. 
 U mile.... 
 66 y'ds...., 
 880 yds.. 
 
 25 milfls.. 
 18 miles.. 
 
 47.6 
 
 26!'"' 
 
 10. 
 
 16. 
 
 
 • 1 >1 1 
 
 Pacolet River ' 
 
 
 41 44 1 
 
 
 Trough Shoals. 
 Hurricane Shoals. 
 
 " :::'' 
 
 " „ 1 
 
 Thickettv Creek 
 
 *' " 
 
 King's cieek 
 
 Roaring Bull Sluice..., 
 
 Clierokee Shoal 
 
 Quinn's Ferry 
 
 
 •4 ,1 
 
 Wateree Rl v. 
 
 J J^mlles 
 
 rmiVes!!! 
 
 72 miles.. 
 2 miles... 
 
 103.9 
 178." 
 29. 
 
 N. Carolina Line 
 
 Catawba 
 
 Great Falls 
 
 
 
 FMshing Creek 
 
 
 4. 41 1 
 
 Landsford 
 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 
 
130 THE PIEDMONT REGION. 
 
 The Savannah river is now navigable for pole boats carrying fifty bales 
 of cotton for one hundred and and fifty-four miles above Augusta. The 
 report of the Chief Engineer U. S. A., 1879, states that, for an outlay of 
 $188,000, a permanent channel, three feet deep and sixty feet wide, of 
 safe and easy navigation for such boats, could be made. For $07,000, in 
 addition to the above, one hundred and fourteen miles could be made 
 into a steamboat channel, ninety feet wide and three feet deep. 
 
 The Saluda river is navigable for eighty-four miles above Columbia, 
 where it unites with the Broad to form the Congaree river, for the same 
 kind of boat. 
 
 The Broad river is navigable for one hundred and thirteen miles in 
 South Carolina, above Columbia, and for twenty-eight miles more in 
 North Carolina, for this class of boats. It has a total length of one 
 hundred and seventy -five miles. 
 
 The Catawba river has a fall of three hundred and twenty-five feet in the 
 fifty-five miles of its course in South Carolina. Its banks are three hun- 
 dred to three thousand feet apart, and from ten to one hundred feet high. 
 Above Rocky Mount, in Chester, there is a fall at one point of fifty feet 
 in four hundred yards. It has a total length of two hundred and seventy- 
 two miles, and its source is two thousand five hundred feet above the 
 level of the sea. 
 
 The data above given were obtained by surveys made in the dryest 
 season of a very dry year, and, therefore, represents these streams at ex- 
 treme low water. This low stage of the water prevails during October 
 and November. At other seasons, the volume of water would be, on the 
 average, two or three times as great. The rivers are subject to freshets, 
 rising twenty to thirty feet above low water mark, this rise being greatest 
 where they issue from the Piedmont region. No local falls under ten feet 
 have been entered in the table, although such falls not unfrequently 
 aftbrd the most available powers. Together, these streams furnish a 
 navigable highway of four hundred and five miles, which might be greatly 
 and permanently improved and much increased for a moiety of what the 
 same length of railroad would cost. 
 
 GEOLOGICAL FEATURES. 
 
 The rocks of the upper country of South Carolina are a continuation 
 of and similar to the rocks of middle North Carolina, identified by the 
 Geologist of that State, Prof. W. C. Kerr, as belonging to the Laurentian 
 and Huronian formations. They are held to be the most ancient of rocks, 
 and antetlate the unnumbered ages during which the varied forms of 
 plant and animal life have succeeded each other on this planet. Disclos- 
 
THE PIEDMONT REGION. 131 
 
 ing tljemsclves no evidence free from question that any living things 
 existed at the period wiien they were formed, it is upon tlieir flanks, and 
 largely from material furnished by their disintegration, that the whole 
 series of formations composing the surface of the earth and marking the 
 different geological eras of its history has been built up. In South Carolina 
 these oldest rocks aj)pear among the sands of the tertiary — the most 
 recent geological age. The records of the intervening ages have di.s- 
 appcarcd, and the stone pages upon which the introductory and conclud- 
 ing chapters of the earth's history are written, here lie side by side. 
 Among the oldest of these rocks are the 
 
 GRANITES, 
 
 which have their outcrops in Carolina along three nearly parallel lines, 
 as follows : 
 
 1st. On the most southern of these lines the granite shows itself among 
 the sand hills at Graniteville, on Horse creek, Aiken county, and thence 
 at various points in a northeasterly direction to Columbia. Notable rjuar- 
 ries for building materials are worked at Graniteville and at Granby, 
 below Columbia. 
 
 2d. The second line of outcrop extends from the neighborhood of 
 Horn's creek, Edgefield county, across Newberry, Fairfield and Kershaw 
 counties, to the northwestern corner of Chesterfield. In Edgefield, New- 
 berry and Fairfield, the granite is associated with beds of hornblende rock 
 and forms the substratum of a heavy, dark, red clay loam, which is one 
 of the best and strongest soils in the State. Here, also, quarries of excel- 
 lent granite, fine-grained and easily splitting, have been found, especially 
 in Newberry and Fairfield counties, where inexhaustible quantities of 
 the best building granite are found. There is a beautiful Hesh-colored 
 porphyritic granite found in Kershaw. In Edgefield and Lancaster it 
 becomes coarser and syenitic in character. 
 
 3d. The third line of outcrop stretches through Laurens, Union and 
 York counties. In the vicinity of Union'C. H., the granite is of exceed- 
 ingly fine grain, and well adapted for architectural jiurposes, but the most 
 of it on this line is characterized by a coarse porphyried structure, nixl if. 
 shows itself in an undecomposed state at only a few points. 
 
 GNEISS, 
 
 or laminated granite, forms by far the larger portion of the rock under- 
 lying this region. No strict line of demarcation between it and the gran- 
 ite has been established. In mineral constituents, color and grain, they 
 
132 THE PIEDMONT REGION. 
 
 nra alike and soein to yhade oil" insensibly into each other. This explains 
 why, in nearly every township, the occurrence of rock, well adapted for 
 huildino-, and called granite, is reported in greater or less quantities. 
 Tlio most marked diti'erence is, that where the stratiform character of the 
 gneiss is most marked the hornblende beds, associated with the granite, 
 and of such high value as a soil yielder, disappear. Although traversed 
 by numerous veins, this rock has so far furnished nothing of importance 
 to the miner in this State. Its general dip is slight and to the southeast. 
 On its southern border, however, the gneiss rock is found with a vertical 
 dip, as at Edgefield C. IT. Soutli of the Saluda river, in Lexington, it is 
 found between "the granite and the clay slates, dipping N. E. 80°. In 
 Newberry, near the thirty mile post on the Columbia road, a coarse feld- 
 spathic gneiss, alternating with hornblende slate, forms an anticlinal ridge, 
 dipping southeast on its southern, and northwest on its northern slope. 
 
 [nunediately overlying the gneiss, belts of hornblende slate, of no great 
 breadth, and having nowhere an ascertained thickness exceeding twenty- 
 iivo feet, are exposed. 
 
 MICA SLATE. 
 
 These belts of hornblende generally surround isolated areas of mica 
 slate, which overlie them. They are found chiefly towards the north, 
 along the base of the triangle formed by the afiluents of the Santee, or to 
 the west of this river system in Abbeville, Anderson, Greenville and Pick- 
 ens. They occupy the summit of ridges, as of King's Mountain, in York. 
 On the water courses they give place, first to the hornblende slate, and 
 then to the gneiss, which forms almost everywhere the beds of the streams. 
 They have an ascertained thickness, exceeding in no single locality one 
 hundred feet. Mines sunk in them have, in several instances penetrated 
 to the underlying gneiss. Mica slate thus occurs as large islands, the 
 renuiants, perhaps, of what ma}' once have been a succession of wave-like 
 parallel folds, dipping gently with the Atlantic slope to the southeast and 
 covering the entire surface, bul disapi)earing long ago under the erosive 
 action of the present river system of the State. Numerous gold mines 
 and veins bearing copper, lead and silver, have been found in these rocks, 
 and, to a limited extent, worked. The iron furnaces of Cowpens and 
 Hurricane Shoals are also located in this formation. Mica of excellent 
 (piality has been mined in Dark Corner township, Anderson, and in Ab- 
 beville. In the former locality beryl and copper are also found ; corun- 
 dum and zircons are found in Hall township, Abbeville, and in other 
 localities. Asl)estos occurs near Glenn Springs, Spttrtanburg, a noted 
 health resort, the curative virtues of whose waters, with those of many 
 
THE PIEDMONT REGION. 133 
 
 other similar springs in this region, is due to the minerals dissolved from 
 these mica slates during tlieir passage through them. 
 
 TALC SLATES. 
 
 Next in the order of superposition above the mica slates occur extensive 
 areas of talc slate. These rocks seem to have yielded more completolv to 
 the erosive action of the rivers even than the mica slates. They scarcely 
 appear at all in the angle enclosed between the Catawba and the Saluda. 
 Their largest outcrops are east of the Catawba, in Lancaster and Chester- 
 field, and separated from these b}^ the whole width of the river system of 
 the State, eighty miles, to the southwest they occur on the further side of 
 the Saluda, in Edgefield and Abbeville. These two localities are the great 
 gold-bearing regions of the State. 
 
 ITACOLUMITE. 
 
 On Broad river, near the northern boundary of the State, where Union, 
 York and Spartanburg corner, an interesting series of rocks occur, the 
 most peculiar of which is a flexible sandstone, the itacolumitc or diamond 
 bearing rock, which gives its name to the group under the designation of 
 the itacolumitic series. Thus far only one diamond has been found in 
 South Carolina, though several have been obtained from the continuation 
 of these rocks, both in Georgia and in North Carolina. 
 
 CLAY SLATE. 
 
 South of the rocks above mentioned, and extending along the edge of 
 the tertiary from Edgefield to Chesterfild, a broad belt of clay slates 
 occur. On their southern border, among the sands of Lexington and 
 Chesterfield, or just north of the granite in Kershaw, Kichland and 
 Edgefield, these clay slates dip northwest 14° to 18°. This angle increases 
 further north, until the slates stand vertically ; still further on the dip is 
 reversed to the southeast. In Edgefield and Lexington, where they occupy 
 the widest areas, these rocks seem to have had tlieir positions much di.s- 
 turbed, and while the edges of the strata preserve their northeasterly 
 strike, their faces are turned alternately northwest and southeast — now 
 towards the mountains, and again towards the sea. These clay slates are 
 contiguous to the Jurassic strata of North Carolina. Mr. Tuomey found 
 in Chesterfield fossils which he credited to the new red sandstone, and in- 
 timated that these slates themselves might possibly be identified with the 
 paleozoic series. It seems at least certain that they overlie, and are, there- 
 
134 THE PIEDMONT REGION. 
 
 fore, younger than the other rocks of this region, excepting, possibly, the 
 itacolumitic series alone. 
 
 TRAP. 
 
 The Trappean rocks remain to be mentioned. They are found chiefly 
 on two lines. The principal one is the most southerly and extends from 
 Edgefield across to where the Catawba enters the State. Their trend is a 
 little more to the north of east than that of the other strata, which they 
 therefore cross at an angle. Their greatest development is in Chester and 
 York, where they form the substratum of a large body of very peculiar 
 lands, known as the blackjack lands. These Trappean rocks show them- 
 selves along another line parallel with this one and to the north of it, 
 stretching from Calhoun's Mills, in Abbeville, to the Lockhart shoals on 
 Broad river, in Union. Here they also give rise to a peculiar and inter- 
 esting body of lands known as the " flat woods " of Abbeville, and the 
 " meadow lands " of Union. In Chester and York the prevailing dykes 
 are of melaphyre and of aphanitic and dioritic porphyry ; in Abbeville 
 of felsitic and dioritic porphyries. 
 
 This brief sketch of the geological features of the region requires a 
 reference to the ores and minerals found there : 
 
 GOLD. 
 
 " Gold," writes Governor Drayton, in 1802, " is said to have been found 
 in sufficient quantity to be made into a ring, but this is only a report of 
 what is said to have taken place many years ago." In 1826, the occur- 
 rence of gold in Abbeville and Spartanburg is merely mentioned by Mills 
 in his " Statistics of South Carolina." The United States Census of 1840 
 states, that " fifty-one hands were engaged (chiefl}' in iron mines) in min- 
 ing in South Carolina." In 1848, Mr. Tuomey found over two hundred 
 hands at work in the Brewer gold mine in Chesterfield, from which more 
 than $1,000,000 in gold has since been taken. In 1859, Lieber writes on 
 a line on the map of the State crossing it at the lower border of the meta- 
 morphic rocks : " Above this line most streams contain some gold in their 
 sands." At that date twenty-one gold mines had been opened in the talc 
 slates of Chesterfield and Lancaster, and ten in the same slates in Abbe- 
 ville and Edgefield ; among the latter, the Dorn mine, that has yielded 
 $1,100,000 and upwards in gold. In Spartanburg, in Union and York 
 there were nineteen gold mines, mostly in the mica slates, and in Green- 
 ville and Pickens, eight others, chiefly gravel deposits — in all fifty- 
 seven. Work has been abandoned since the war in all or in nearly 
 
THE PIEDMONT REGION. 135 
 
 all of these mines. With rare exceptions, if any, it was never 
 systematically conducted, as may be inferred from Mr. Tuomey's 
 description of the Brewer mine, which was leased to twenty or thirty in- 
 dependent companies, numbering three to six persons each, and having 
 each a portion equal to about twelve feet square of the surface. 
 
 From the returns of the lOtli U. S. Census it appears that besides 
 minor minerals, to the value of $27,709, South Carolina produced in 1879 
 of gold $13,040; ranking in the order of production of this metal 
 fifteenth among all the States, and third among the States east of 
 Dakota 
 
 Gold occurs in South Carolina : 
 
 I. In numerous gravel deposits. Of these, one class occur in beds of 
 rounded and water-worn pebbles and gravel, showing that the material 
 has been transported from a distance. Other deposits are found among 
 angular fragments of rocks, and these, in some instances, have been 
 traced back to the neighboring rocks, from which they were derived. 
 
 II. In silicious veins of three leading types, viz. : 
 
 1st. The " Carolina group " of crystaline quartz veins. The upper part 
 of the vein abounds with iron pyrites. The gold is in coarser grains and 
 more abundant above. In descending, the vein contracts and the gold 
 lessens in quantity. At the same time copper makes its appearance and 
 increases steadily in quantity so far as followed, and with the copper is 
 frequently associated ores of manganese, lead and silver. These veins 
 extend from the itacolumite above, down through the clay, talc and mica 
 slates into the underlying gneiss. They are most productive of gold in 
 traversing the talc slates. Of this type was the neighboring Reid mine, 
 of North Carolina, famous for having yielded a nugget of twenty-eight 
 pounds, and another of eighty pounds, and of which Lieber writes ; " I 
 question if any one spot in California or Australia ever produced as much 
 gold." 
 
 2d. The saccharoid veins of a fine granular quartz, resembling powdered 
 sugar. Only traces of these veins are found in the itacolumitic rocks, 
 and none in the clay slate. They have their greatest productiveness in 
 the talc slates, becoming less so as they descend through the mica slates 
 to the underlying gneiss. 
 
 3d. The hornstene lenticular veins, irregular, wedge-shai)ed, detached 
 quartz veins, having sometimes very rich pockets. They are found only 
 in the talc slates. 
 
 III. In gold-bearing beds of the slate rock itself. These auriferous 
 beds are found only in the talc slate, save in one instance in the overly- 
 ing clay slate. The following diagram, after Lieber, showing the relative 
 
136 
 
 THE PIEDMONT REGION. 
 
 position of the different rocks and the degree of development of the gold 
 veins of the various types in each by the size of the dark blocks opposite 
 its name, may make this clearer : 
 
 Geological 
 Eras. 
 
 Rocks in the 
 
 Order of 
 
 their 
 
 Superposition 
 
 VEINS. 
 
 o t) 
 tf o 
 ^ Pi 
 
 o 
 Pi 
 
 pi 
 
 O 
 
 pq 
 
 O 
 
 I. 
 
 -n J. A • r- i Super Itacolumitic 
 
 Post Auriferous { Limestone. 
 
 II. 
 
 Auriferous. 
 
 III. 
 
 Sub-Auriferous. 
 
 IV. 
 
 ^ Itacolumitic 
 Rocks. 
 
 < Clay Slate. 
 
 Talc Slate. 
 
 fMica Slate. 
 
 (^Gneiss. 
 
 Anti-Auriferous— Granite. 
 
 m 
 
 These facts support the views of Sir Roderick Murchison and Lieber, 
 that there has been a golden age among the geological periods. Here it 
 seems clearly marked as the period when the talc slates were forming. 
 As to whether the gold came up from the bowels of the earth, through 
 the agency of eruptive forces peculiar to that or a subsequent period, or 
 had a meteoric origin, falling upon what was then the surface, from the 
 interplanetary spaces, just as iron dust is now falling on the perpetual 
 snows of the east coast of Greenland, may be matter for discussion. Gold 
 certainly gives out at certain depths ; whether it exists at all at still lower 
 depths is unknown. That it exists outside of the earth the metalic 
 vapors of the sun and stars revealed bv the spectroscope renders prob- 
 able. 
 
THE PIEDMONT REGION. lot 
 
 ORES AND MINERALS. 
 
 Silver in argentiferous galena is found in Spartanburg and Laurens, 
 and more recently in Edgefield and Abbeville. Across tlie Savannah 
 river, from the last named localities, the mining of this ore for silver, as 
 Avell as for lead and the zinc blende associated with it, is attracting much 
 attention at this time. 
 
 Copper is found ever^'where in the gold veins of the " Carolina group." 
 As it increases regularly with the depth to which the veins have been 
 worked, experts have been satisfied that it will be found in remunerative 
 quantities. With this view, work was being vigorously pushed in the 
 Mary and in the Wilson mines, in York, just previous to the war. Since 
 then attention has not been directed to the matter. 
 
 Bisnmth, in quantity, was found by Mr. Tuomey at the Brewer gold 
 mine in Chesterfield. 
 
 Iron in magnetic and specular ores is foun^J in inexhaustible quantities 
 on the western slope of King's mountain, in York, Spartanburg and 
 Union, one also in Chester and Abbeville. Brown htematite occurs in 
 the mica slates of Pickens and Spartanburg, and has been used at the 
 Pacolet and Cowpens Iron Works. Bog iron ore occurs in nearly every 
 county of the State. 
 
 Limestone appears in York, Spartanburg, Laurens and Pickens. 
 
 Barytes, in great quantities, occurs near the Air-Line railroad in York. 
 
 Manganese, in great purity and abundance, is found at the Dorn mine 
 in Edgefield, and also in Abbeville, York, Laurens and Anderson. 
 
 Graphite, in considerable quantities, is found in Williamston township, 
 and elsewhere in Anderson, also in Spartanburg, Greenville and Laurens. 
 
 Feldspar, of excellent quality, in extensive veins, occurs in Easley 
 township, Pickens ; in Lowndes ville, Abbeville, and also in Anderson 
 and Laurens. 
 
 Asbestos occurs in Spartanburg, Laurens, York, Anderson and Pickens. 
 
 Steatite or soapstone is found in Chester, Spartanburg, Union, Pickens, 
 Oconee, Anderson, Abbeville, Kershaw, Fairfield and Richland ; whet- 
 stones and flagging stones are found in Edgefield, Abbeville, Chester, 
 Lexington, Fairfield, and the Pee Dee country. 
 
 Spinel rubies, in Pickens; tourmaline, in York, Edgefield, Laurens, 
 Anderson and Oconee ; beryl, in Edgefield and Laurens ; corundum, in 
 Laurens, Anderson and Oconee; zircons, in Abbeville and Anderson. 
 
 SOILS. 
 
 The area of land in the Piedmont region whose culture is impeded by 
 the rocks prevalent there, is comparatively insignificant. This is due to 
 
138 THE PIEDMONT REGION. 
 
 the rather remarkable extent and depth of the disintegration of these 
 rocks. It is not an uncommon occurrence that wells sunk through 
 granite to a depth, of thirty or forty feet, require for their excavation no 
 other implement than a spade. Frequently so thorough is the decom- 
 position, that the sides of railroad cuts and of mines might be mistaken 
 for a heap of transplanted materials, did not the existence of seams and 
 quartz veins, which may be always traced on the fresh surfaces, make it 
 certain that the rock had rotted where it stood. The chief impediments 
 to culture are the masses of quartz rock, once forming these veins, but 
 now scattered broadcast over the surface, in consequence of the rotting 
 and denudation of the strata that contained them. This is especially the 
 case among the clay slates, and often the first indication which a traveller 
 has that he has entered the Piedmont region is the sight of fields and 
 woods covered with angular fragments of these white quartz rock. The 
 inclination of the rocks of this region allows drainage along their edges, 
 and even where the rock is near the surface, water seldom collects above 
 them to an injurious extent. 
 
 Owing to the transportation and intermixture (often by the wind) of 
 the debris from the diflerent rocks, the areas of the soils derived from 
 each can be characterized with much less distinctness than the areas 
 occupied by the underlying rocks themselves. Nevertheless three lead- 
 ing varieties of soil may be traced, with much clearness, viz. : the gran- 
 itic, the clay slate and the Trappean soils. 
 
 I. The granitic soils occupy by far the largest area, as under this head 
 is comprised the soils whose substratum is granite and gneiss, and also 
 those resting on the hornblende, talc and mica slates. These soils are 
 characterized by two distinct names : 1st. the gray sandy soils ; 2d. the 
 red clay soils. 
 
 1st. The gray sandy soils occupy the ridges and levels, and have been 
 formed by the gradual separation of the silicious and argillaceous materials 
 found in the debris of the decomposing rocks that underlie them. This 
 has been etfected by a process of lixiviation, during which the rain water 
 not running off, owing to the level nature of the land, sank directly into 
 the earth, carrying down with it the heavier and finer particles of the 
 clay through the interstices of the ligliter and larger particles of sand. 
 This gives a light, loose, warm sandy loam, varying in depth from three 
 to eighteen inches, and fine or coarse, according to the grain of the rock, 
 from which they are derived. The subsoil is red or yellow cla)^ Such 
 soils are of easy culture, respond readily to the use of commercial ferti- 
 lizers, and are well adapted for cotton. For these reasons they are much 
 more highly esteemed now than formerly. The following analyses of 
 them are taken from Tuomey's report : 
 
THE PIEDMONT REGION. 139 
 
 (1) (2). (3) (4) (5) 
 
 Organic matter 3.02 2.60 1.20 :].00 0.00 
 
 Silica 84.30 90.00 83.00 80.00 80.00 
 
 Alumina 5.80 7.40 5.40 7.00 9.80 
 
 Iron oxide 2.00 3.00 2.00 4.00 2.00 
 
 Lime 0.50 0.00 0.60 0.02 0.30 
 
 Magnesia 0.40 1.00 0.75 0.00 0.40 
 
 Potash and soda 0.50 0.60 0.00 0.50 0.70 
 
 Water and loss 2.88 5.40 7.05 5.48 6.80 
 
 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 
 
 No. 1 is from Pinckney township, Union ; No. 2 is from Waterloo 
 
 townsliip, Laurens ; No. 3 is from Donaldsville township, Abbeville ; No. 
 
 4 is from Sullivan township, Laurens ; No. 5 is from Central township, 
 
 Pickens. 
 
 2d. The red clay loams are the prevailing soils of the hilly and broken 
 country. Occupying slopes of greater or less declivity, the loo.se sand 
 has been washed away as fast as it has been released from the tenacious 
 clay, by the process of lixiviation, or settling, above alluded to. The 
 Avashing of these hills is not so destructive of their fertility as it would 
 have been if the soil were not formed from rocks rotting in situ, and thus 
 including at every depth, all the numerous and varied elements of the 
 parent rocks. Thus it happens here that the earth from the bottom of 
 deep wells, usually barren elsewhere, has been found, when spread over 
 the surface, to increase notably the fertility of fields. Galled spots, 
 deprived of all humus and every trace of organic matter, are, of course, 
 barren for a time, but even their nakedness is soon covered by the old- 
 field pine, and their thriftiness restored. As might be expected, with the 
 clearing of the lands, and the washing down of the ridges, the amount of 
 gray lands is diminishing, and the amount of red lands is increasing. 
 Mr. Tuomev gives the following analyses of these soils : 
 
 (6) (7) (8) 
 
 Organic matter 2.18 4.50 6.00 
 
 Silica 74.00 71.60 66.60 
 
 Alumina 10.00 9.40 11.60 
 
 Iron oxide 3.50 3.70 4.00 
 
 Lime 1.00 1.40 1.00 
 
 Magnesia 40 0.50 0.06 
 
 Potash and soda trace. 0.06 0.40 
 
 Water and loss 8.92 8.84 10.34 
 
 100.00 100.00 100.00 
 No. 6 is from Liberty Hill, Ker.shaw ; No. 7 near York village ; No. 8 
 north of Pendleton village. 
 
140 THE PIEDMONT REGION. 
 
 The following analyses of soil of the same character, from near Spartan- 
 burg, collected by Prof. W. C. Kerr, of North Carolina, was made by Dr. 
 Eugene A. Smith, of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, for the 10th United States 
 Census. No. 9 is a yellowish red soil, taken to the depth of three inches ; 
 No. 10 is its red subsoil, taken to the depth of twenty inches : 
 
 (9) (10) 
 
 Insoluble matter 77.860 43.740 
 
 Soluble Silica 1.790 5.870 
 
 Potash 0.092 0.214 
 
 Soda 0.041 0.087 
 
 Lime 0.030 0.003 
 
 Magnesia 0.070 0.212 
 
 Br. Oxide of Manganese . . . . 0.056 0.010 
 
 Peroxide of Iron 5.646 11.700 
 
 Alumina 7.557 26.567 
 
 Phosphoric acid 0.063 0.103 
 
 Sulphuric acid 0.058 0.009 
 
 Water and organic matter 6.167 11.660 
 
 Total 99.436 99.675 
 
 Hydroscopic moisture 4.685 11.210 
 
 Absorbed at 23° C. 22° C. 
 
 The hornblendic soils are a variety of these red clay soils, derived from 
 granite and gneiss rock, traversed b}'- seams of hornblende. They are 
 dark in color, and of a more brilliant i-ed. They occur in Edgefield, 
 about Horn's creek, and most extensively in Newberry, especially between 
 the Court House and Asheford's ferry, extending thence into Fairfield. 
 They form excellent cotton lands, and are well suited to the culture of 
 all the grains. The following analyses of them are from Tuomey : 
 
 (11) (12) 
 
 Organic matter 6.20 7.00 
 
 Silica 79.30 80.00 
 
 Alumina 5.20 6.30 
 
 Oxide of iron 1.75 2.20 
 
 Lime 0.04 1.00 
 
 Magnesia 0.00 0.50 
 
 Soda and pota.sh 0.06 ' 0.30 
 
 Phosphoric acid 0.00 trace 
 
 Water and loss 7.40 2.70 
 
 100.00 100.00 
 
 No. 11 is from Newberry; and No. 12 is from Monticello, Fairfield. 
 
THE PIEDMONT REGION. 141 
 
 Where tlie mica slates are underlaid Ijy or alternate witli jjjnei.ss, as in 
 Abbeville, they give rise to good soils. In most places, however, the slate 
 contains lenticuler quartz grains, coated with mica, which, being inde- 
 structible, occupy the surface as the rock disintegrates and gives rise to 
 poor soils. The .sand of the talcose slate is exceedingly fine, and pack 
 very closely. Says Leiber, in speaking of clearing out a spring : " At a 
 depth of six inches below the bed of the stream, the sand was as dry as 
 ashes, showing that the water had never penetrated to that depth." This 
 affords an explanation of the serious effects produced by droughts on such 
 .soils. 
 
 II. The clay slates underlie a soil that is characterized as a cold gray 
 soil. In color they vary from gray to yellow and brown. The subsoil is 
 for the most part, of yellow clay; but, sometimes it is reddish. These 
 soils are better adapted for small grain, and especially for oats, than for 
 cotton. They cover an extensive area in Edgefield, and reach along the 
 nortliern border of the tertiary, thence to Chesterfield. The clay slate 
 soils in the last named county contain less silica than those of Edgefield. 
 Instead of being gray, they are reddish, and are altogether better soils. 
 
 Tlie following analyses are given by Tuomey : 
 
 (13) (14) (15) 
 
 Organic matter 2.40 G.70 5.60 
 
 Silica 80.72 70.30 80.30 
 
 Alumina 12.00 10.40 9.00 
 
 Oxide of iron 1.00 2.00 2.40 
 
 Lime trace. 1.00 0.50 
 
 Magnesia 0.50 0.50 trace. 
 
 Potash and soda trace. 0.40 0.30 
 
 Water and loss 3.33 2.70 1.00 
 
 100.00 100.00 100.00 
 
 No. 13 is from Stevens creek, Edgefield; No. 14 from Richland ; No. 15 
 from Lexington. 
 
 III. The Trai)pean soils overlie the extensive dykes of melaphyre and 
 aphanitic porphyry, traversing York and Chester counties in a north- 
 ea.sterly direction, coinciding very nearly with that of the Charlotte and 
 Columbia railroad. They give rise to a distinctly marked body of lands, 
 known as the " rolling blackjack lands " and as " blackjack flats." The 
 latter are the most exten.sive, and better defined in their character-s. The 
 kinds are level, the streams slow and tortuous, with low banks, notwith- 
 standing that the general elevation is little less than that of the surround- 
 
142 THE PIEDMONT REGION. 
 
 ing country. The soil is of a rich, dark brown chocolate color. Some- 
 times jet black. The subsoil is a yellow, waxy clay, exceedingly tena- 
 cious, and, where the rocks are not thoroughly decomposed, it assumes 
 an olive green color. Beneath it the decomposed, and lower down the 
 undecomposed, rock is found, called here " iron rock " or " negro head." 
 The level configuration of the surface, and the impervious nature of the 
 subsoil, interfere naturally with drainage ; an interference, however, not 
 at all beyond the remedy of art, as the fall for properly conducted drains 
 and outlets is ample. But because they require drainage, these lands, 
 which, from their general appearance, and from their chemical analysis, 
 should be ranked as among the very best in the State, have received little 
 attention. Corn and cotton planted on them turns yellow, " frenches," as 
 it is termed. When, however, thorough drainage has been effected, and 
 stable manure used, they have proved very productive and enduring. 
 Such treatment is exceedingly circumscribed, the demand of the present 
 system of agriculture being for light lands of easy tillage, whose defects 
 of constitution may be at once supplied by the purchase of chemical fer- 
 tilizers for the exigencies of the growing crop, and with no view to per- 
 manent improvement. The " rolling blackjack lands," as might be in- 
 ferred from their name, have a better natural drainage, and have long 
 been highly prized for their productiveness, The following analyses of 
 these soils were made by Dr. Eugene A. Smith, of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 
 for the 10th United States Census : 
 
 (16) (17) 
 
 Insoluble matter 80.340 83.145 
 
 Soluble Silica 9.114 3.585 
 
 Potash 0.135 0.126 
 
 Soda 0.070 O.OGO 
 
 Lime 0.329 0.389 
 
 Magnesia 0.329 0.251 
 
 Peroxide Manganese 0.210 0.185 
 
 Peroxide of Iron 1.895 3.774 
 
 Alumina 4.701 4.051 
 
 Phosphoric acid 0.060 0.100 
 
 Sulphuric acid 0.150 0.170 
 
 Carbonic acid ... 
 
 Water and organic matter 2.068 4.185 
 
 99.401 100.021 
 
 Hydroscopic moisture . 3.967 8.392 
 
 Absorbed at 82° F. 82° F. 
 
THE PIEDMONT REGION. 143 
 
 No. 16 is from an uncleared blackjack flat, a sliort distance east of Ches- 
 ter Court House, considered worthless. No. 17 is from a field of J. B. 
 Stokes, southeast of Chester Court House; the ^laiid rolling blackjack, 
 having on it a crop of about 1 ,200 ])ounds of seed cotton to the acre. 
 The soil and subsoil taken uniforml}' to the depth of twelve inches in 
 both instances. The dioritic and felsitic porphyries of Abbeville, pro- 
 duce a soil known there as the " flat woods." They are found in Cal- 
 houn's Mills, Magnolia, Abbeville, Smithville, and Ninety -Six townships, 
 of Abbeville county. Formerly, when more capital and skill was em- 
 ployed in agriculture, these lands w(ii-e very highly esteemed. Since a 
 cheap and easy, not to say thriftless, culture has superseded other hus- 
 bandry, they are neglected. (For more particular description .see Cal- 
 houn's Mills township. Abstract of Correspondents.) Mr. Tuomey gives 
 the following analyses of these soils. 
 
 (18) (19) (20) 
 
 Organic matter 9.20 10.05 3.40 
 
 Silica 52.00 48.30 53.00 
 
 Alumina 22.10 19.36 19.30 
 
 Oxide of Iron 9.00 8.40 14.10 
 
 Lime 2.50 4.00 1.80 
 
 Magnesia . . trace. 0.00 0.50 
 
 Potash and soda 0.40 0.90 trace.' 
 
 Phosphate of lime 0.00 0.10 0.00 
 
 Water and loss 4.80 8.89 7.90 
 
 100.00 100.00 100.00 
 
 No. 18 is from a well cultivated place north of Calhoun's Mills ; No. 
 19, ditto, near Ninety-Six ; No. 20 is from abandoned lands in the meadow 
 woods of Union. 
 
 These analyses are indicative of the chemical changes that affect the 
 productiveness of these soils. The abandoned field in Union showing a 
 great foiling ofl" in organic matter, lime and potash, due to insufficient 
 drainage and a thriftless culture, at the same time there is a large increase 
 of iron, arising doubtless from the absence of those acids resulting from 
 the decomposition of organic matter, whose office it is to dissolve and 
 carry off" the injurious excess of the salts of this metal. The large amount 
 of lime in all these Trappean soils will b» noted, it has induced some 
 writers to clas:^ify them as calcareous soils, and adapts them peculiarly 
 for the growth of pea-vines and clover, which thrive almost spontane- 
 ously upon them. 
 
144 THE PIEDMONT REGION. 
 
 In addition to the soils above mentioned, there is a large amount of 
 bottom lands scattered along the numerous rivers, creeks and branches 
 that everywhere traverse this well-watered region. Though rarely of 
 any great width, they are for the most part of great fertility, and are 
 highly valued. In some sections these lands have brought as high as one 
 hundred dollars an acre; the adjacent ridge lands being thrown in at a 
 nominal price, just as the pine barrens are, in the sales of the low country 
 rice lands. 
 
 CLLMATE. 
 
 The shorter seasons and lower temperatures of the Piedmont region, as 
 compared with those lying immediately south of it, are but slightly at- 
 tributable to differences of elevation or of latitude, these differences being 
 themselves slight. In so fj^r as it obtains, it results, perhaps, from greater 
 nearness to the mountains, and, as affecting agriculture, still more to the 
 heavier clay soils and subsoils, more retentive of moisture, and, therefore, 
 colder and later in spring than the lighter sandy loams of the lower 
 country. Cotton planting is about ten days later than in the upper pine 
 belt. Cotton blooms are also later, but by a lesser period, and the same 
 is true of the opening and picking season of the plant ; showing that, 
 with a later start, it grows faster, passing more rapidly through its various 
 ■stages to maturity. This region, however, does not seem to be much 
 affected by that variableness of temperature common to localities in 
 proximity to mountain ridges. This is shown by the singular exemption 
 of certain localities here from the injurious effects of late spring frosts. 
 Thus, on Rich Hill, in Pacolet township, Spartanburg, a ridge six miles 
 broad, between the Pacolet and Fair Forest rivers, fruit has been injured 
 by late frosts but once in forty years. Localities in Union also enjoy this 
 immunity in nearly the same degree. In the absence of other records, 
 some idea of the temperature may be formed by observations on the tem- 
 peratures of springs, assuming that this temperature approximates the 
 annual mean. Lieber states, as the result of a number of observations, 
 that the springs of the Alpine region have a temperature of 55° to 58° 
 Fahrenheit ; those on a line passing through the centre of the Piedmont 
 region, one of 58° to 61.5° Fahr., and below this line, one of 61.5° to ()(j° 
 Fahr. The only accessible records of rainfall are those published by the 
 Smithsonian Institution, May, 1881. They give an average annual rain- 
 fall in this region of 52.34 •inches, varying from 44.05 inches to 60.12 
 inches. This gives a greater annual rainfall for this region than for 
 those south of it, and places it, in this regard, next to the areas of greatest 
 annual precipitation in the United States. The spring rains vary from 
 
THE PIEDMONT REGION. 145 
 
 twelve inches to fifteen inches, and in this regard it holds the same rela- 
 tions as in the former to the regions south of it and to the United States. 
 The summer rains are ten inclies to fourteen inches less than in the 
 regions south of it, and third or midway between the areas of greatest 
 and of least summer precipitation in the United States. The autumn 
 rains are eight inches to ten inches, and in the counties east of Br<^ad 
 river, they are ten inches to twelve inches, being about the same as in the 
 region to the south, and midway between the areas of greatest and least 
 autumn precipitation in the United States. The winter rains are ten 
 inches to fourteen inches, something more than in the lower country, and 
 a little above midway between the areas of greatest and of least winter 
 precipitation in the United States. In the whole year, and in each 
 season of the year, the rainfall is less than in the Ali)ine region north of 
 it. As suggesting a possible connection between meteorological condi- 
 tions and the interior of the earth's crust, it may be mentioned that it 
 has been thought that the synclinal axis running northeast, near Allston, 
 on the Greenville railroad, has been, during some j^ears past, a line of 
 demarkation between areas suffe'ring from drought to the south of it, and 
 areas having seasonable rains to the north of it. The first occupying 
 surface under which the rocks dip northwest, and the latter one under 
 which they they dip southeast. Along this same line, during the months 
 of drought, tremors were observed and ascribed to slight shocks of earth- 
 quake. 
 
 In point of healthfulness, this region leaves little to be desired. When 
 first settled, the country was entirely free from all malarial influences. 
 Subsequently, during the period when the first clearing of the forest was 
 in active progress, the hitherto clean-bordered channels of the streams 
 became obstructed, in part with fallen timber and brush from the clear- 
 ings, and in part by the washings of the hill sides, under the injudicious 
 use of the plow. These washings occurred to such an extent as to alter 
 the original level of the surface, and to pile the dirt up around the trees 
 in the bottoms until they were killed. Such operations were attended 
 with the prevalence of malarial fevers. Later, the uplands having been 
 cleared and partly exhausted, attention was directed to the drainage and 
 reclaiming of the low grounds for agricultural purposes, and the health- 
 fulness of the locality was restored. It has thus happened that, with the 
 extension of the settlements, a belt of malarial infiuences has moved for- 
 ward with them, vanishing below and advancing above, until it reached 
 the wooded slopes of the mountains before disappearing. 
 
 10 
 
146 THE PIEDMONT REGION. 
 
 GROWTH. 
 
 Remarkable changes have occurred in the growth of the upper country 
 since its settlement, during the middle and earlier part of the 18th cen- 
 tury. The " long-drawn, beautiful valleys and glorious highlands," 
 spoken of by Lord Cornwallis, were then interspersed with " forests, 
 prairiv.s, and vast brakes of cane, the latter often stretching in unbroken 
 lines of evergreen for hundreds of miles " (Logan). On the highlands, 
 the oak, hickory and chestnut were of large growth, standing so wide 
 apart that a buffalo or a deer could be seen by the pioneer hunters for a 
 long distance. There was no underbrush, and the Avoodlands were car- 
 peted with grass and the wild pea vine, the latter growing as high as a 
 horse's back. The cane growth Avas the standard by which the early 
 settlers estimated the value of the land. If it grew only to the height of 
 a man's head, the land was esteemed ordinary ; but a growth of twenty 
 or thirty feet indicated the highest fertility. This cane growth not only 
 filled the bottoms, but extended up the slopes to the tops of the highest 
 hills. Thus it was designed to place the first house built on the present 
 site of the town of Abbeville, on the summit of the hill ; but afterwards, 
 when the tall cane that covered the whole place was cleared away, an 
 error of more than fifty yards was discovered. The Trappean soils around 
 Ninety-Six, the " flat woods " of Abbeville, the " meadow woods," Union, 
 and the blackjack lands of York and Chester were prairies, with no growth 
 of trees, but covered, for the most part, with maiden cane. Upper Caro- 
 lina was then not inferior to any portion of the great West as a grazing 
 country. Butfalo and deer in great numbers roamed through these 
 luxuriant pastures. Henry Foster, a pioneer settler on the Saluda, in 
 Edgefield, counted one hundred buflalo grazing at one time on a single 
 acre of ground in Abbeville. The original forest has disappeared almost 
 altogether, and has been replaced by younger oaks of small growth, by 
 underbrush, and l)y the loblolly pines of the abandoned fields. The cane 
 has gone likewise. The wild pea vine is no longer known, though since 
 the stock has been penned, under the new fence law, a plant supposed to 
 be it has appeared in the open woodlands, with several other grasses not 
 observed before. The prairies have become covered with a growth of 
 heavy bodied post oak and blackjack ; the latter, in turn, has now given 
 place to the cedar in Chester. The chestnut has been dying out for fifty 
 years. In some localities where it once flourished, it has entirely gone, 
 and in others, the large dead stems and stumps are the only vestige of 
 this valuable and stately tree. The chinquapin is also sickening and 
 dying, and the chestnut oak likewise. During some years past, somewhat 
 
THE PIEDMONT KE(iI()X. 147 
 
 similar syniptoms of disease liavc ajipeared in the red and black oak, and 
 fears on this account have been entertained. The distinctive growth of 
 the region is the short leaf pine, with a large variety of oaks and hickories. 
 On the water courses, willow, beech, birch, black walnut, ash, poplar and 
 gum alxjund. In sections of Laurens the long leaf, formerly unknown in 
 this section, has, within the last ten years, appeared among the old field 
 pines. The .sycamore sometimes attains a great size, one in Yoi'k Ijeing 
 twenty -eight feet in girth. The tulij) tree, also, is often very large. 
 The sugar maple is found, and another maple of larger growth and yield- 
 ing a superior sugar, both as to quantity and quality, is known in Lan- 
 caster, under the name of the sugar tree (Mills). 
 
 PRODUCTIONS. 
 
 The skins and furs of wild animals were the earliest products which 
 the upper country gave to commerce. About the middle of the 18th 
 century " the cowpen keepers" and the "cow drivers," led thither by 
 the rei)re.sentations of the trappers, hunters and Indian traders, built their 
 cabins among these pastures, and made large enclosures, into which their 
 numerous herds were driven for marking, handling, &c. The business 
 was a large one, and numbers of neat cattle were driven annually to the 
 markets of Charleston, Philadeli)hia and New York. Horse raising, also, 
 was largely engaged in, and so highly .vere the qualities of the Carolina 
 horse of that early day esteemed, that a .statute of the provincial Legis- 
 latures forbids the introduction of the inferior horses of Virginia 
 and other northern plantations. Around the " cowpens " of the stock 
 drivers the agricultural settlers ai»i>eared. Their crops of wheat and 
 Indian corn formed, for many years, a considerable item of export from 
 the province. Hemp, particularly between the Broad and Saluda rivers, 
 was largely cultivated, and Dr. Brahm says it was the finest and most 
 durable grown anywhere in the world for the cordage of vessels. The 
 cultivation of tobacco was engaged in, but was restricted by the difficulty 
 of bringing so bulky an article to market in the then condition of the 
 country roads. It was packed in casks, trunnions fastened to each head, 
 shafts attached, and drawn by a horse several days journey to market, as 
 a large roller. Silk was grown, and the vine successfully cultivated by 
 the early settlers of New Bordeaux, in Abbeville. It is noteworthy that, 
 within the last few years, since the French vineyards have suffered from 
 the phyloxera, besides the scuppernong roots, hundreds of thousands of 
 cuttings of the Warren grape, natives here, have been ordered from France, 
 and being planted there they have yielded a wine of excellent quality. 
 In 1801, Col. Hill, of York, made forty-eight tons of red clover on eighteen 
 
148 THE PIEDMONT REGION. 
 
 acres of land, although Governor Drayton says the season was a very 
 dry one. For several years i)ast Governor Hagood has obtained two eiit- 
 tings a year of excellent liay from iifty acres, and more, that he set out in 
 Bermuda grass, on the Saluda river bottoms. The yield is two to four 
 tons per acre. Mr. Doty, a Kentuckian, who owns a blue-grass farm in 
 that State, but who is now living at Winnsboro, says, that taking the value 
 of the land into account, he makes his forage cheaper on the worn out 
 hills of Fairfield than he does on the famous blue-grass lands of his na- 
 tive State. His crops are oats and German millet. The latter he esti- 
 mates that lie houses at a cost of six dollars per ton. Lucerne has long 
 been established in this town, and there are stools of this valuable forage 
 plant, still vigorous, known to be fifty years old. In the same town. Col. 
 James II. Rion sowed, in 1874, a half acre of red land, a worn out old 
 field, infested with nut grass, in lucerne. In 1875 he got one cutting, and 
 from that date to 1880, from four to ten cuttings each year. The ten cut- 
 tings were obtained in 1878. The lucerne averaged two and a half feet 
 in height at every cutting, making a total growth for the season, of twenty- 
 five feet. By actual weighing, each cutting averaged 4,189 pounds from 
 this half acre, which was also carefully measured, giving a total of twenty 
 and a half tons, or at the rate of forty-one tons per acre. The mention of 
 such facts are not out of place, inasnuich as since the invention of the 
 cotton-gin the culture of cotton has so superseded all other agricultural 
 pursuits, tliat it might well be thought that nothing else could be grown 
 here. Cotton planting has become so easy and simple, it requires so little 
 individual thought and effort, the money returns are so certain and direct, 
 or the crop may be so chea}>ly stored and preserved from injury for such 
 an indefinite time, every business, trade and industry accessory to the 
 work of the farmers, from bankers and railroads to implement and fertili- 
 zer manufiicturers, have become so thoroughly systematized and organized 
 in unison with this pursuit, that any change is difficult, and as a conse- 
 quence, the manifold resources of the country are neglected and un- 
 developed. 
 
 STATISTICS. 
 
 The metamorphic region embraces about 10,425 square miles, or nearly 
 one-third of the entire State. The population numbers 305,043, the in- 
 crease since the census of 1870 being thirty per cent. The density of 
 population per square mile varies from twenty-six to twenty-seven in 
 Laurens and Lancaster, to forty.six and forty-eight in Newberry and 
 Greenville ; the average being 37.8 per square mile, which makes it the 
 most thickly peopled portion of the State, except the sea islands, which 
 have 30.4 to the square mile. The percentage of colored population 
 
TIIK I'lKDMOXT IJEGION. 140 
 
 varies greatly in the different counties, being as liigli as seventy in Fair- 
 field, and as low as thirty-four in Spartanburg. The average is lifty-eight. 
 
 Of the (>,()72,O00 acres of land in tliis rcgioji fifty per cent, is in wood 
 lands; twenty-two per cent, is in old fields, and twenty-eight per cent, is 
 tilled. There are 38,501 farms. This is an increase of at least eighty 
 percent, since 1870, and of one hundred and eiglity j)er cent, since 1800, 
 while the increase in the decade preceding that, a time of jnuch })ros- 
 perity, did not much exceed one per cent. ; fifty-six })er cent, of the farms 
 are worked by renters, and fort^'-four per cent, by owners. This is nearly 
 six per cent, more of farms rented than in the State at large, or ten per 
 cent, more than in the other parts of the State. The maximuiri of the 
 fixrms rented is sixty-seven per cent, in Fairfield, and the minimum is 
 forty-two per cent, in Laurens; forty-five per cent, of the farms are undef 
 fifty acres, but seventy-one per cent, of the rented farms are under fifty 
 acres, while only thirteen per cent, of those worked by owners are under 
 fifty acres. The farms under fifty acres worked by owners constitute oidy 
 six per cent, of the total number of farms in this region ; thus, notwith- 
 standing the great subdivision of farm liolding that has been, and still is 
 taking place, it camiot l>e said that land is here, as it is on some of the 
 sea islands, in the hands of a small proprietary. 
 
 The tilled land is 1,801,022 acres, an increase of fifty-six per cent, 
 since 1870. This gives an average of 4.7 acres per capita, or nearly one 
 acre above the average for the State, and 6ne-half more than in 1870. Of 
 it forty-eight per cent, is in grain of all kinds, forty per cent, is in cotton, 
 and twelve per cent, is in gardens, orchards, fallows and all other crops. 
 The proportion in cotton varies from a maximum of forty-six percent, in 
 Laurens and Union, to a minimum of twenty per cent, in Lancaster, 
 
 The crops are cotton, 274,3LS bales, against 94,404 in 1870 ; an increase 
 of one hundred and seventy-two [ler cent., or nearly six times as great as 
 that of the population within the same period. It constitutes fifty-three 
 per cent, of the crop of the State, on less than one-third of its area. The 
 average number of bales per square mile is twenty-six, and varies from 
 twenty and one-third bales, in Lancaster, to thirty-six and three-quarters 
 bales in Newberry. In many of the townships the inimber of bales 
 grown per square mile is much greater. In Fairfield, township No. 3 (E. 
 D., GO) produces forty-six bales per square mile ; in Newberry, Floyds 
 townshi}) (E. D., 114) ])roduces forty-seven ; in Chester, Chester township 
 (E. D., 36) produces fifty-nine ; in York, Fort Mill township (E. I)., 100) 
 produces eighty-four. These facts indicate that the establishment of en- 
 larged and improved gin-houses for the better preparation of the sta])le is 
 practical)le in many places now, as they show that the main obstacle in 
 the way of such establishment, viz, : the distance over which a sufficient 
 
150 THE PIEDMONT REGION. 
 
 quantity of seed cotton would have to be hauled is greatly lessened. The 
 yield of lint cotton per acre varies from one hundred and eighty-eight 
 pounds, in Newberry and Lancaster, to one hundred and forty-four in 
 Abbeville. The average for the region being one hundred and sixty-six 
 pounds of lint per acre, which gives it rank as fifth in the State in point 
 of production per acre. The yield of lint cotton per capita of population 
 varies from four hundred and three pounds, in Fairfield, to two hundred 
 and three [)0unds in Greenville; the average is three hundred and sixteen 
 pounds, being less than in the red hill region, but more tlian it is else- 
 where in the State. The grain crop is 7,731,528 bushels, an increase of 
 one hundred and thirty-nine per cent, on the crop of 1870. The average 
 yield for the whole region is nine bushels per acre, and it varies from a 
 maximum average of eighteen bushels per acre in York, to a minimum of 
 eight bushels in Laurens ; these variations depending more on the amount 
 of attention bestowed on this class of crops than on differences in the 
 productive capacity of the soil. Per capita of the population the yield is 
 nineteen bushels, which is four bushels more than in 1870. If this were 
 all corn, or its equivalent, and were fed to the populatiop at a rate of ten 
 bushels per capita yearly, and the work stock at the rate of seventy bush- 
 els a head, it would leave, counting nothing for the supply of other live 
 stock, a deficiency of 1,091,000 bushels, or about fourteen per cent. Es- 
 timated in the same manner, this deficiency was thirty-one per cent, in 
 1870. Compared with the othei* regions of the State the yield per capita 
 is below that of the sand hills, which is thirty-two bushels, and that oi 
 the Alpine region, which is twenty bushels, but above the four others. 
 
 The work stock is one to every twenty-seven acres of tilled land, the 
 average for the whole State being one to eighteen. More land is tilled 
 here to the head of work stock than an}- where in the State, exc.ept in the 
 red hill region. As the lands themselves are not lighter or of easier til- 
 lage, this is chiefly due to a more economical use of this })ower. 
 
 The live stock number 473,180. This gives forty-five to the square 
 mile, against an average for the State of thirty-seven. Although this 
 region ranks third in its proportion of live stock to area, it was here that 
 the first movements in favor of the law requiring the enclosing of stock 
 took place. It is also noteworthy that the counties here, in which the 
 enclosure of stock has been enforced by law, for some years support fifty 
 head of live stock to the square mile, while the four counties in which 
 the stock have enjoyed the freedom of ranging wherever they could, sup- 
 port only thirty-six head to the square mile. 
 
THE riKDMONT irEOIOX. 151 
 
 FARM VALUES AND PRODUCTIONS. 
 
 The total of values invested in farms in this region, obtained as the 
 sum of the values entered in the 10th United States Census for lands and 
 improvments, for farm implements and machinery, and for live stock, 
 amounts to thirty-nine millions of dollars, which does not differ very 
 widely from the valuation of the same property on the tax returns of 
 these counties. The value of farm productions annually, is nineteen and 
 a quarter millions of dollars, or forty-nine per cent, on the above invest- 
 ment. This percentage varies in the different counties from thirty-nine 
 per cent, in Greenville to seventy-one per cent, in Laurens. It may not 
 be possible to ascertain, even approximately, how the profits of this pro- 
 duction is distributed ; how much of it rests with the farmer and laborer, 
 or how much goes to merchants, bankers, and railroads. Nevertheless, 
 whoever gets the net profits, it is safe to assume that the value represents 
 in a general way the productiveness of agriculture in this region. Here 
 are twelve adjacent counties, between whose soil, climate, population, 
 social, political and industrial system, there is very great similarity. On 
 the other hand, there are very wide variations, among these same counties, 
 on four points, frequently and earnestly discussed as affecting fundamen- 
 tally, southern agriculture. These are: 
 
 1st. The ratio between the area planted in cotton and that planted in 
 other crops. 
 
 2d. The ratio of large and small farm holdings. 
 
 3rd. The proportion of ftirms rented to those worked by their owners. 
 
 4th. The proportion of the white to the colored population. 
 
152 
 
 THE PIEDMONT REGION. 
 
 The following table will show the relations of these counties in these 
 four respects to the percentage of farm production on farm values in each. 
 
 TABLE. 
 
 
 Percentage 
 
 Percentage 
 
 Percentage 
 
 Percentage 
 
 Percentage 
 
 Names of 
 Counties. 
 
 of ■ 
 tilled land 
 in 
 
 of 
 
 Farms 
 
 over fifty 
 
 of 
 Farms 
 
 of 
 Colored 
 
 of value 
 
 of 
 Farm pro- 
 ductions on 
 
 
 Cotton. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 rented. 
 
 Population. 
 
 farm values 
 
 Xewberry . . 
 
 45 
 
 57 
 
 56 
 
 68 
 
 49 
 
 Lancaster . . 
 
 20 
 
 49 
 
 56 
 
 52 
 
 60 
 
 York .... 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 45 
 
 54 
 
 46 
 
 Laurens . . . 
 
 46 
 
 82 
 
 42 
 
 60 
 
 71 
 
 Spartanburg . 
 
 38 
 
 54 
 
 52 
 
 34 
 
 41 
 
 Edgefield . . 
 
 38 
 
 47 
 
 57 
 
 64 
 
 51 
 
 Chester. . . 
 
 43 
 
 57 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 
 54 
 
 Greenville . . 
 
 34 
 
 48 
 
 53 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 L'nion . . . 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 66 
 
 56 
 
 50 
 
 Fairfield . . 
 
 39 
 
 45 
 
 67 
 
 70 
 
 60 
 
 Anderson . . 
 
 38 
 
 60 
 
 57 
 
 43 
 
 46 
 
 A])beville . . 
 
 39 
 
 52 
 
 60 
 
 66 
 
 41 
 
 Considered wholly within the limits of the above data, and bearing in 
 mind that they can give only an approximation to the truth, Prof. B. 
 Sloan, of the University of South Carolina, states the arithmetical con- 
 clusions to be obtained from this table as follows : 
 
 An increase of ten per cent, of the proportion of tilled land in cotton 
 increases the values produced by seven and a half per cent. 
 
THE PIEDMONT REGION. 153 
 
 All increase of ten per cent, of the proi)ortioii of farms over fifty acres 
 increases the values produced by five per cent. 
 
 An increase of ten per cent, of the proportion of farms rented increases 
 the values produced by one-half per cent. 
 
 An increase of the proportion of colored population increases the values 
 produced three and one-third per cent. ' 
 
 Such conclusions are liable to material modifications, when viewed in 
 relation with the numerous conditions that complicate such a problem. 
 For instance, the increase in the colored population does not necessarily 
 show that the proportion of colored farm labor is increased in the same 
 ratio ; a iact which will be observed by reference to the reports of town- 
 ship correspondents. Nevertheless, if these facts only show in which di- 
 rection the answer lies, it follows that these answers are opposed to the 
 generally received teachings and theories on these questions, and at the 
 same time that these answers are in accord with the persistent and pre- 
 vailing practice of those whose decision is paramount in the matter — the 
 land OAvners and the laborers. 
 
 SYSTEM OF FARMING AND LABOR. 
 
 The larger portion of the lands are held in tracts of from two hundred 
 to five hundred acres. On three-fourths of the farms mixed husbandry 
 is practiced, and on the remaining fourth attention is bestowed almost ex- 
 clusively on cotton. 
 
 The attempt to raise farm supplies is, therefore, pretty general, and is 
 reported as increasing, except in Laurens, where it remains the same, and 
 in Abbeville, where it is decreasing. Usually this attempt is in so far 
 successful as to provide a considerable })ortion of the subsistence for farm 
 hands and stock. Bacon is largely imported from the North and West, 
 and sometimes, hay and corn also, for farm use. In two instances these 
 supplies are reported as brought from North Carolina. The amount of 
 provisions raised for sale is everywhere inconsiderable. The facilities 
 offered by railroads have largely contriljutcd to this. For instance, in 
 Chester the country mills, which were formerly numerous and flourishing, 
 have been to a large extent abandoned, since it has been found easier to 
 get meal by rail each week as required, from the Merchant Mills in Au- 
 gusta, Georgia ; and there is an increasing tendency, under the low rates 
 of through fares to supersede the Augusta mills by the product of the 
 northwestern mills. 
 
 The system of credits and advances prevails to a large extent, con- 
 suming from one-third to three-fifths of the crop before it is harvested. 
 The statement is general that this is on the decrease, and is correct in so 
 
154 THK PIEDMONT REGION. 
 
 far that a larger ainount of supplies is being prodiieed at home, and a 
 larger number of purchases for cash are being made by farmers since 
 1870. On the other hand, the number of farms having largely increased 
 in the same period, the mimber working on advances, es])ecially among 
 the smaller farmers, has largely increased also. The records of the courts 
 show that the number of liens on the growing crop is greatly on the in- 
 crease ; the rate of increase being twenty-three per cent, per annum for 
 the last two years. The number of such liens on record in eleven of the 
 counties under consideration is (there being no return from Union) 30,205 ; 
 a number nearly equal to the number of fjirms, but as two or more liens 
 are not unfrecpiently recorded against the same crop, probably not more 
 than one-half of the growing crops are under lien. The aggregate value 
 of these liens is $2,334,050 ; an average to tlie lien of seventy-seven dol- 
 lars. It appears that the live counties lowest in the ratio of farm produc- 
 tions to farm values have a larger amount in liens, by thirteen per cent., 
 than the five counties standing highest in this ratio. In the former tha 
 recorded indebtedness is four dollars and twenty-eight cents for each acre 
 in cotton, on which crop alone liens are taken ; in the latter it is two dol- 
 lars and eighty-four cents per acre in cotton. As may be inferred from 
 the number and average amount of these liens, they are mostly taken 
 from the smaller farms, usually renters, for advances made by the land- 
 lord, or more frequently by the store keeper. There has grown u]) in 
 this reirion a svstcm of banks at the countv seats, for the accommodation 
 of farmers. The National Bank of Newberry was the first to be estab- 
 lished ; under the excellent and judicious management of its president, 
 Robert L. McCaughrin, the operations of this bank have added largely to 
 the prosperity and independence of this county ; which, besides leading 
 in cotton ju-oduction in })roi)ortion to its area, is, in many other regards, 
 the most thriving in the region. The capital of this bank, $150,000, was 
 subscribed by the citizens of the county, except $12,000, and ninety-five 
 per cent, of the stock, which is at thirty per cent, premium, and not for 
 sale, is now held within the county. It has six hundred and fifty-four 
 accounts, three-fourths of which are with farmers. These accounts vary 
 in amount, from forty dollars upwards ; only sixty-five of them, however, 
 reach or exceed $1,000. Since 1872, the rate of discount has been 
 from twelve to seven j)er cent., or from one-half to one-third of the 
 average rates prevailing elsewhere in the State. The loans during the 
 crop season aggregate $324,000, and the doubtful debts for the operations 
 of the last ten years do not reach in all $0,000. Loans are made purely 
 on jiersonal security or on collaterals, liens and mortgages are not asked 
 for or given. If there is a question as to the ability of the party seeking 
 accommodation to meet his j)aynients promptly, he is recpiirod to obtain 
 
THE PIEDMONT REGION. 155 
 
 the endorsement of one or more of liis neighbors. In tliis way it fre- 
 quentl)^ happens that three neighbors endorse each others notes, so that 
 if ill-kick befall one during a crop season, the others help him through, 
 and it is found that sucli assistance is equalized in a series of seasons. 
 Besides the direct assistance this bank affords, its indirect influence is 
 highly beneficial, not only does it encourage personal trustworthiness and 
 integrity, but by the circulation of its capital during the active season of 
 the year, it gives a healthy cash tone to business ; where a large propor- 
 tion of the sales are for ready money, the purchases by merchants arc 
 more carefully and economically made, and even advances on liens are 
 less exorbitant than elsewhere. 
 
 Field labor is performed exclusively by natives, and chiefly by colored 
 la])orers. In Spartanburg, two-thirds of the field labor is i)erformed by 
 whites^ even where the colored population largely preponderates. The 
 reader will find by reference to the township reports, that a considerable 
 amount of it is done by whites ; not unfrequently a much larger propor- 
 tion than one would infer from the ratio between the races. The laborers 
 are healthy, easily managed, work moderately and live easily. Their 
 condition is reported as good in eight localities ; as improving in two ; 
 and as poor, but contented and happy, in one. Ycry few negro laljorers 
 own land or houses in Newberry, York and Abbeville; sixteen per cent, 
 own a house or land in Greenville ; and five per cent, in Spartanburg, 
 Fairfield, Chester and Laurens. 
 
 The j)revailing wages of field labor is eight dollars by the month, or 
 one hundred dollars by the year. In Greenville it is seven dollars, and 
 in Laurens it is eight dollars to twelve dollars by the month. In portions 
 of Edgefield it is seventy -five dollars per the year. In all cases the la- 
 borer is furnished with shelter, rations and fircAvood, and almost inva- 
 riably with a garden and the privilege of raising poultry and some stocks 
 a cow or a hog. The farm Avork is light, and the extreme care formerly 
 given to [)reserving the health of the slaves, has bequeathed regulations 
 regarding labor not customary elsewhere. Work commences at sunrise, 
 and is over with at sunset ; no night work of any sort being required ; 
 the time allowed for meals varies ; for dinner it is from one to three hours, 
 according to the length of the days. All exposure to rain or bad weather, 
 even in pressing exigencies, is scru})ulously avoided, and during excep- 
 tionally chilly weath(>r little work is obtained or expected of negro 
 laborers. 
 
 A large proportion of the land is worked on shares. When the land- 
 lord furnishes the tools, stock, and stock-feed, he takes one-half the crop 
 in Laurens, Chester, Abbeville, and York, and in portions of Fairfield 
 and Spartanburg. In Greenville, and in portions of the counties last 
 
150 THE PIEDMONT REGION. 
 
 nnnuHl, the lahoivr takes one-thinl, and the landlord two-thirds, under 
 the above conditions. In Greenville also, the laborer takes two-thirds, if 
 he furnishes tools, stock and feed for it. The i)ortion })aid for land alone 
 varies from one-third to one-fourth of the crop — the latter rate being the 
 most general one. 
 
 In Laurens, Newberry and Sj^irtanburg, and i)ortions of Fairfield and 
 Chester, wages are preferred, the laborer running no risk of the seasons, 
 faring better and working better in consequence. In Abbeville and York 
 the share system is preferred, and is the prevailing practice ; the demands 
 on the care and attention of the landlord is less, and the independence 
 of control anil freedom from steady work it atlbrds the laborer is highly 
 prized by him. In Greenville, laborers using stock, tools and provisions, 
 lind the share system most profitable, otherwise they i)refer wages. 
 
 Tolerable satisfaction with the system prevailing in each locality is ex- 
 pressed, but the feeling is general that the relations of labor and capital 
 are in a transition stage, and, either that those now existiug need per- 
 fecting, or that better ones would be preferred. 
 
 Eight out of nine correspondents report that under the present system 
 the lands are not improving, but deteriorating, especially those rented 
 and worked on shares ; the ninth only qualifies the general statement by 
 the exi)ression, " with care it improves." Though there may be nuich 
 sad reality in these statements, they are to be considered in connection 
 with the facts above given, which show that within the last decade the 
 two leading crops in this region have increased, one by one hundred and 
 seventy-two, and the other by one hundred and thirty-nine per cent. 
 
 Statements regarding the average market value of land vary with every 
 locality. They are for Greenville and Laurens, six dollars to ten dollars 
 an acre ; for York, six dollars ; for Abbeville and Spartanburg, ten dollars ; 
 for Newberry, six dollars to twenty -five dollars ; for Fairfield, thre*) dollars 
 to fifteen dollars ; for Chester, seven dollars to eighteen dollars. There 
 will be found a fuller detail in the Abstract of Township Correspondents, 
 and attention is directed to their frequently recurring expression, that 
 '* there is little land for sale, but nearly all of it to rent." Only three out 
 of eleven correspondents state the rental of land in money ; it is put in 
 York and Chester at two dollars, and in Laurens at three dollars to four 
 dollars. Three state that no land is rented for money. In these cases 
 one-fourth to one-third of the crop — estimated in Fairfield at an average 
 of five dollars an acre — is given, or a larger proportion where stock and 
 other supplies are furnished. In Abbeville, the average rent is given as 
 three bales of cotton for as much land as one plow can cultivate ; in Fair- 
 field it is nine hundred pounds, and in Chester as nnich as twelve hun- 
 dred i)ounds of lint. Or, in other words, something over one thousand 
 
TIIH I'IKDMONT RKOION. 157 
 
 pounds of lint cotton, worth one liundred dollars, for the rent of thirty 
 acres of land. This would be three dollars and thirty-three cents rental 
 ])(!r acre, which is the interest at seven per cent, on a capital of forty-seven 
 dollars and fifty cents.* Taking seven per cent, as the standayl rate of 
 interest, this may be taken as the intrinsic value at present of tlie arable 
 lands of this region. As, however, only twenty-eight per cent, of the 
 lands are under the plow, this amounts only to an average minimum 
 valuation (;f all the land tilled and untilled at thirteen dollars and thirty 
 cents per acre. As stated in the returns of the 10th United States Cen.sus, 
 which maybe considered as fairly uj) to the actual average market values, 
 tilt! lands with all farm improvements are put at an avei'age of four d<jl- 
 lars and eighty-seven cents an acre. At this valuation, placed upon them 
 by their owners, these lands are paying dividends not less than twenty- 
 eight per cent, per annum, not taking into account that more than two- 
 thirds of these values are wholly unemployed, and that the remaining 
 one-third are operated mainly by the poorest and most ignorant class of 
 the community, where want of means alone WTjuld prevent them from 
 obtaining such returns as good culture would give. If the artificial ab- 
 surdities, inherited from the dark ages and feudalism, which enslave land 
 even under this free government, and burden its transmission from one 
 owner to another, could be abolished, if titles to this s})ecies of property 
 could be made commercial paper, and as convertible as the titles to prop- 
 erty in railroads and factories are through the mediun) of bonds and 
 stocks, such })aradoxes as the above would be impossible, and that funda- 
 mental value, held to be the source of all others, land would be free to 
 furnish its full quota towards supplying human wants and assisting in 
 human progress. 
 
 TILLAGE AND IMPR0VEMP:NT. 
 
 The usual dejith of tillage is four inches on the land side of the furrow. 
 In Al)beville, Spartanburg, and f)ortions of Chester, it is generally only 
 three inches. In parts of Fairfield it is only two inches, but in some 
 parts of Chester it is six inches to eight inches. 
 
 The draft employed is almost always oiie horse.; in a very few in- 
 stances two horses are used. 
 
 Subsoiling has only been practiced on a small scale, chiefly as an ex- 
 periment, generally with excellent results. 
 
 Fall plowing is very little jiracticed ; it is opposed to what is known as 
 the " David Dickson niethod of culture," which is the prevalent one, the 
 opinion being, that lands broken uj) in the fall become tightly packed by 
 the winter rains, an evil not counterbalanced by the disintegrating in- 
 
158 THE PIEDMONT REGION. 
 
 rtuence of frosts in this mild climate. The additional expense is also a 
 consideration. To the limited extent to which it is done, five reports 
 give the results as good, and in York and in portions of Chester, it is re- 
 ported ^ greatly on the increase ; five other re}X)rts state that it is of 
 doubtful advantage or none. 
 
 Rotation of crops is nowhere reduced to a system. With a moderate 
 use of manures, and careful culture, the same lands are planted for years 
 in cotton, it is thought not only without deterioration, but with actual 
 improvement. The ratio which the price of cotton bears to that of meat 
 and corn affects the succession of crops more than anything else. Never- 
 theless, there is but one opinion as to the beneficial influence of a rotation 
 of crops as a cheap means of preserving the thriftiness of the soil. The 
 succession of crops, as elsewhere in the State, is cotton, corn and small 
 grain. The clean culture of cotton leaves the land in good order for any 
 crop, and the small grain is planted in the same year, after the corn is 
 gathered. Usually, the land is kept in cotton from three to five years, 
 and after one crop of corn and small grain is taken from it, the culture 
 of cotton is resumed. 
 
 FALLOWING. 
 
 Fallowing forms no part of the system of culture, and it is thought that 
 the exposure of the soil, by tillage, to the summer sun is injurious. The 
 fallows consist chiefly of the lands lying out after the small grain crops 
 are gathered, in May and June, and even these are generally used as pas- 
 tures for stock. The 
 
 OLD FIELDS 
 
 are preferred, in many instances, to wood lands, and they are being 
 cleared of the short leaf pine that covers them, and replanted. They pro- 
 duce well with fertilizers, and, under careful treatment, are thought equal 
 to any of the land. One of the principal reasons for abandoning these 
 lands in the first instance was the washes and gullies produced by the 
 unskillful use of the ^jIow. Efforts to remedy this by horizontal culture 
 and hillside ditches, where intelligently made — especially where the 
 plumb or the level has been used to lay off the rows and ditches — have 
 been very successful. Unskillfully made ditches, however, often do more 
 harm than good. Filling the gullies with brush is a safer and a ver}'- 
 effective practice, but no attempt at under drainage, to remedy washing, 
 has been made. The damage to the soil is mainly to the hillsides, and 
 it is seldom the bottoms are injured by the detritus they receive. 
 
THE PIEDMONT REGION. 150 
 
 MANURING 
 
 has for its basis cotton seed. About one thousand pounds of cotton seed 
 are obtained from each bale of cotton, which makes 137,000 tons the 
 supply of this region. Of this, 25,000 tons, at two bushels per acre, is 
 used for planting ; a small amount is fed to stock. None is carried to the 
 oil mills, and very little is sold, the price being ten to fifteen cents per 
 busliel ; the balance, about 100,000 tons, is returned to the soil as manure. 
 For small grain, it is sown broadcast, and i)lowed in with the seed in the 
 fall. For corn, it is killed by heating, and a|)i)lied in the hill. For cotton, 
 it is becoming the practice to compost it with acid phosphates and stable 
 manure, sometimes with the addition of other litter and lime. It is ap- 
 plied in the drill, at the rate of a ton to two to four acres. This leaves a 
 large portion of tilled land to be supplied with manure from other sources. 
 Corn rarely receives any manure, and the deficiency for the cotton lands, 
 when cotton seed and stable manures are exhausted, is supplied by tlie pur- 
 chase of commercial fertilizers. The amount purchased in this region 
 reaches an aggregate cost of nearly one-half million of dollars, or $1.98 
 for each acre planted in cotton. It varies, from a maximum in Spartan- 
 burg of $3.33 pay acre in cotton, to a minimum of .92 cents in Abbeville. 
 It is used most extensively in Spartanburg, Greenville, York and Ander- 
 son, to stimulate the growth and maturity of the cotton plant in these 
 counties, which, being more elevated and nearer the mountains, have a 
 shorter growing season. In Newberry, the county most productive in 
 cotton of the region, the average is $1.02 per acre in cotton. Green 
 manuring has been practiced only as an experiment. Such exjjeriments 
 with pea vines have had a very promising success, but it has been found 
 better to allow the vines to wither before turning them under. 
 
 CULTIVATION. 
 
 Fallow lands or lands that have been in other crops, and sometimes the 
 heavy red lands, are broken up broadcast during the winter and spring. 
 The great body of the lands, however, being planted year after year 
 in cotton, the usual method is to lay off in the alley with a shovel plow, 
 drill in tlie manure, and bed to it with a turning plow. Three to five 
 furrows complete the bed, and the land is ready for planting. On the 
 thinnest lands, the rows are two and one-half feet apart — generally they 
 arc three feet to three and one-half feet — and on the strongest lands they 
 are four feet. Planting commences on and after 10th April, and is com- 
 pleted on or before the 10th of May. The seed used is the short limbed 
 
160 THE PIEDMONT REGION. 
 
 cluster variet}' of cotton, known under the name of Dickson's imi3roved, 
 or Boyd's prolific. It is rather a delicate plant, a prolific bearer, 
 of early maturity, and a short staple. Carefully sown, one bushel of seed 
 will plant an acre, though as much as three and sometimes five bushels 
 are used. With a planter, two bushels answer, and two to two and one- 
 half may be taken as the average. Most of the seed is sown by hand, in 
 a furrow opened by a small plow, and covered by various devices of 
 boards, propelled by hand or by a horse. On the smooth, well-prepared 
 land, planters, especially the Dowlow, are much used and well thought 
 of. The seed comes up in four to ten daj's in favorable seasons ; late 
 plantings in dry seasons are longer in appearing, and may not come up 
 in a month, and then give a good stand. This occurrence is always a 
 misfortune, as it not only retards the crop, but allows the grass a chance 
 to overtake it. As soon as the stand is perfected, thinning commences, 
 and the cotton is chopped out with a hoe to spaces varying from six 
 inches on thin lands to eighteen inches on the strongest, usually to nine 
 inches and twelve inches. 
 
 The after cultivation consists in keeping the ground light and loose by 
 the use of the plow, and in keeping the grass out of the row with the hoe. 
 A great variety of plows are used for this purpose — twisters, turn-plows, 
 shovels and harrows ; the later workings, when the plant is fruiting, are 
 usually given by passing twice through the row^ with a sweep, which 
 skims the surface. Generally there are four plowings, and four hoeings ; 
 sometimes three answer. 
 
 When the pla^t is ten inches to fifteen inches high — usually about the 
 1st of July — it begins to bloom, though blooms are sometimes noticed as 
 early as the loth of June. Open bolls appear about the middle of August ; 
 in favorable seasons they are sometimes seen the last of July, and at other 
 times not until the 1st of September. Although in some instances the 
 plant grows as high as four feet to five feet, the height at which it is 
 thought to be most productive here is from two feet to three feet. Pick- 
 ing may commence about the 25th of August, but it is not in full blast 
 until the 1st to 20th of September. The crop is gone over three to four 
 times, and it is all out of the field by Christmas ; sometimes as early as 
 the 20th of November. 
 
 DISEASE AND ENEMIES. 
 
 In its early growth, unless in exceptionally windy and cold seasons, 
 or through bad hoeing, cotton does not sufter here at all from " sore shin." 
 Nor does it often run to weed ; in unusually warm and wet seasons, or on 
 strong fresh land this may occur; cultivation and manuring are thought 
 
THE PIEDMONT RECIIOX. IGl 
 
 to check excessive growth, and to promote fruiting. Worms arc rarely 
 seen in this region, and are not at all feared. Siiedding and rust are 
 often injurious. The first is likely to occur during alternations of dry 
 and wet weather. Black rust is confined to ill-drained soils, especially to 
 those of the trap rocks. Wet weather is more likely than dry and hot 
 weather to affect the cotton i)lant injuriously here. No crop grown any- 
 w^here over so extensive an area is more certain than is the cotton crop in 
 this region. Drainage and stable manure, with fairly good culture, are 
 unfailing remedies for such diseases as have as yet affected it. The 
 enemy most dreaded and most certain to require the best efforts of the 
 farmer to hold it in check, is grass; and, with one consent, the species is 
 known as "crab-grass," "a corruption," John Drayton says, "of crop- 
 grass, as it was unknown until the land was cultivated." BeBrahm, 
 writing of Carolina in 1752, says: "Because new land produces scarce 
 any grass, and once hoeing will do for the season, but the grass comes 
 and increases in such a manner that sometimes three hoeings are scarce 
 sufficient in one season, and when this comes to be the case, the plant- 
 ers relinquish these fields for pastures and clear new ground of its 
 wood." This grass makes an excellent hay, attaining a height of two 
 feet to throe feet, and yielding from one to four tons to the acre, according 
 to the land and the season. Next to cotton picking, however, it is the 
 chief source of trouble and expense in the culture of this crop. 
 
 GINNING. 
 
 The ginning and picking season open and close together. The gins in 
 general use are Brown, Winnslops, Taylor and Hall gins. The most 
 generally used power is horse-power — four mules and the old wooden 
 cog-wheel gearing. Such power is used for gins of forty to forty-five saws, 
 and the out-turn is about two and a half jxjunds of lint an hour to the 
 saw, or an average of about eleven hundred pounds of lint as a day's 
 work for a gin. With steam and water power the same number of saws 
 are made to do double this work, but it is questionable if it is so well 
 done. The cotton on the average does not quite third itself, and as esti- 
 mated, 1,231 pounds of seed cotton are required to make four hundred 
 pounds of lint. This gives seventy-one bushels of seed as the daily pro- 
 duct, per gin, in the estimate above stated. For baling, six out of eleven 
 reporters used and preferred the old wooden screw, run by horse power ; 
 two used the Scofield press, and the remainder the Finley and other 
 hand-presses. It appears with these presses, if three to four hands and 
 one to two mules are employed, the out-turn for ten hours work is about 
 four thousand pounds of lint in eight or nine bales. The iron arrow tie 
 11 
 
1G2 " THE riEDMOXT REGION. 
 
 has entirely superseded rope for baling. Jute bagging, the heaviest Dun- 
 dee, or the domestic Ludlow is used. The weight aimed at in the bale 
 varies from four hundred pounds to five hundred pounds ; the average is 
 four Imndred and fifty-two pounds. 
 
 SHIPPING AND SELLING. 
 
 As soon as the cotton is packed it is moved to market, commencing 
 about the 1st of September ; by the end of the year almost the whole crop 
 has passed out of the farmers' hands. The farmer usually sells to the 
 merchant at the nearest railroad station, and has only a charge against 
 him of ten cents a bale for weighing. In some localities the transporta- 
 tion, hauling from Laurens county to Greenville, is stated to cost two 
 dollars a bale. Cotton shipped by railroad to New York costs three dol- 
 lars and fifty cents a bale. To Charleston it costs, from Fairfield, two 
 dollars to two dollars and twenty-five cents ; from Spartanburg, two dol- 
 lars and fifty cents ; from Abbeville, two dollars and seventy -five cents. 
 From Chester the charge is, to Charleston, forty-eight cents i:)er hun- 
 dred weight ; to New York it is sixty-three cents per hundred weight. 
 Cotton shipped from Fairfield to Charleston, and sold by the farmer, 
 costs, everything included, four dollars and fifty-seven cents for a bale 
 weighing four hundred and sixty-five pounds, and it is usually estimated 
 at about one cent per pound. 
 
 COST OF PRODUCTION. 
 
 This is estimated in four reports at seven cents ; in one report at eight 
 cents, and in one at nine cents per pounds of lint. The following table 
 exhibits the detailed statements on this head. 
 
THE riEDMOXT REGION. 
 
 163 
 
 Cost of each Item of Labor and Material expended in the Cultivation of an 
 
 Acre of Cotton. 
 
 ITKMS. 
 
 I. 
 
 83 50 
 
 1 UO 
 
 Rent 
 
 Fencing, repairs Interest on 
 
 Knocking stalks^ 
 
 Pulling and burnlngstalks 
 
 Other cleaning up 
 
 Listing 
 
 Bedding with lioeb 
 
 Breaking up 
 
 Harrowing , 
 
 Barring old beds 
 
 Splitting middles 
 
 Reversing 
 
 Laying off 
 
 Commercial Manures 
 
 Home-made Manures 
 
 Applying manures 
 
 Bedding up 
 
 Splitting middles 
 
 Knocking off beds 
 
 Planting, opening 
 
 Planting, dropping 
 
 Planting, covering 
 
 Replanting 
 
 Seed 
 
 Thinning 
 
 Three plowlngs 
 
 Three hoelnss 
 
 Picking 
 
 Hauling to gin 
 
 Ginning 
 
 I 
 Management | 50 
 
 Wear and tear of tools ! 1 00 
 
 3% 
 200 
 250 
 
 60 
 1 00 
 
 30 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 05 
 
 30 
 
 50 
 1 00 
 1 50 
 li 15 
 1 00 
 •{ 33 
 
 Bagging and ties. 
 ToUil 
 
 Cost per pound, deducting cotton seed at 12 cents 
 per bushel 
 
 Profli per acre, cotton 10 cts. per pound, seed 12 
 els. per but»hei, 
 
 Praflf, rent excluded from cost.. 
 
 1 00 
 
 29 (.9 
 
 06; 
 
 13 21 
 
 10 17 
 
 in. IV. I V. VI. 
 
 9U 
 
 813 3:{ S2 00 
 
 1 00 
 
 25 
 4 00 
 
 40 
 20 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 50 
 1 00 
 4 80 
 
 1 00 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 1 00 
 
 25 
 4 .50 
 2 00 
 15 
 75 
 25: 
 
 25 
 
 SO 
 50 
 1 50 
 1 50 
 6 00 
 10 
 1 78 
 
 1 0;) 
 
 15 
 
 1 00 
 
 18 
 3 00 
 1 50 
 
 10 
 
 as 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 10 
 16 
 
 25 
 
 40 
 
 1 00 
 
 1 20 
 
 5 01) 
 
 1 60 
 
 1 00 
 85 
 
 «4 00 
 
 40 
 
 30 
 
 1 00 
 
 25 
 
 4 00 
 
 1 00 
 
 15 
 
 75 
 
 20 
 10 
 2 
 
 25 
 
 40 
 
 1 33 
 
 1 20 
 4 00 
 
 200 
 
 22 
 
 25 >>5i -io 06 
 
 05f! 8-r^ 
 
 20 85i 22 5.1 
 
 05 
 
 1« g«| 7 00 14 38 
 
 OTff 
 
 $3 0<) 
 
 .50 
 
 25 
 1 00 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 20 
 
 40 
 
 1 50 
 
 1 00 
 
 3 00 
 
 1 00 
 
 99 
 
 50 
 
 45 
 
 VII. 
 
 53 00 
 
 20 
 
 I 00 
 
 Awenge. 
 
 $5 61 
 10 
 18 
 07 
 11 
 
 93 
 
 25 
 3 00 
 1 00 
 50 
 75 
 15 
 
 101 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 1 20 
 3 00 
 
 25 
 
 90 
 
 50 
 
 14 80 17 97 
 
 9 51 
 
 26 S()l 20 33| 16 9S' I.) 51 
 
 067-10 
 
 6 21 
 
 08 1-10 
 
 3 71 
 
 3 07 
 
 1 11 
 
 23 
 
 66 
 
 18 
 
 01 
 
 25 
 
 39 
 
 1 06 
 
 1 23 
 
 4 66 
 
 3.5 
 
 1 74 
 
 17 
 
 22 
 
 80 
 
 23 78 
 
 06 7-10 
 
 10 61 
 
 9 2V 6 71 I 16 63 
 
 I. R. C. CarlL-ile & J. S. Rennick, Newberry, yield 400 pounds lint Cotton, 825 pounds cotton seed. 
 
 II. Jno. C. Fleuniken, Cliester, yield .'^90 pounds lint Cotton, 804 pounds cotton seed. 
 
 J If. W. \j. Donaldson, Green vile, yield 400 pounds lint (Jot ton. 800 pounds cotton seed. 
 
 IV. G. H. McMasler. Fairfield, yield .WO pounds lint Cotton, 670 pounds cotton seed, 
 
 V. James Pagan, Winnsboro, yield .{itO pounds lint Cotton, 62«1 pounds cotton seed. 
 
 VI. V>'. R. Bradley, .\bbeville, yield 19H pounds lint Cotton 400 pounds cotton seed. 
 
 VII. Jno. \. .Summer, Lexington, yield M) pounds lint Co ton, 420 pounds cotton seed. 
 Average, 318 pounds lint Cotton, 648 pounds cotton seed. 
 
164 THE PIEDMONT REGION. 
 
 Abstract of reports of township correspondents in the Piedmont Region 
 of South Carolina : 
 
 Abbeville County. 
 
 Cokesbury Tonmship {E. D. 12): Lands hilly and broken, light, gray, 
 gravelly and siindy soils, six inches to eight inches to subsoil of yellow, 
 sometimes of dark red clay. Streaks of red clay and nudatto soils traverse 
 these sandy soils. Underlying the subsoil is rotten sandstones, soapstone, 
 tough clay, and rotten mica slate. Growth, oak, hickory and pine, gen- 
 erally small. Lands occasionally change hands at seven dollars to ten 
 dollars an acre. Field labor is paid fifty cents a day, one-fourth to one- 
 third of it performed by whites. 
 
 DonahhviUc Township {E. D. 11): Lands level, soils fine, light, gray, sandy 
 loam, with some clay loam ; subsoil red and yellow clay, underlaid by 
 solid clay. Growth, oak, hickory, walnut, poplar and pine. Crops, corn, 
 ten bushels; wheat, eight bushels; oats, fifteen bushels; barley, fifteen 
 bushels; potatoes, thirty bushels; seed cotton, six hundred pounds to 
 one thousand pounds per acre. Lands sell for three dollars to ten dollars 
 an acre. Uplands rent for one-fourth, bottoms for one-third of the crops. 
 A good deal is rented for four hundred pounds to eight hundred pounds 
 of lint cotton for a one-horse farm. Quarries of building rock are worked. 
 Traces of gold occur. Lime rock is said to be found. Large water- 
 powers on Saluda river. No attention is paid to stock, which might be 
 made profitable. No prevailing diseases. Field labor is paid forty to 
 fifty cents a day, with board ; nearly one-half of it is performed by whites. 
 
 Chrcnicood Toivnship, {E. D. 13): Surface level and rolling. Soils, fine 
 gray, sandy loam and rich clay loam ; subsoil, red clay. Growth, oak, 
 hickory and pine. Some land for sale at three dollars to ten dollars an 
 acre. Average crop, six hundred pounds to seven hundred pounds seed 
 cotton per acre. Lucerne, clover and millet do well. Summer pasturage 
 abundant. Sheep kept during the winter on cotton seed and turnips, at 
 a cost of thirty cents a head. Attention is being much directed to stock 
 raising since the abolition of the fence law. Field labor paid fifty cents 
 to seventy-five cents a day ; one-fourth is performed by whites. 
 
 Smithfillc Township {E. D. 16) : Lands elevated and rolling. Soil, a fine, 
 gray, sandy loam, and a red clay loam, with subsoil of clay resting on 
 clay or a fine white earth, resembling chalk. Growth, oak, hickory and 
 pine, with wild clover and various grasses. Crops, six hundred pounds 
 seed cotton ; ten bushels corn on uplands and twenty-five to thirty bush- 
 els on bottoms. Lands sell from three dollars to ten dollars per acre. 
 Wages of farm labor, fifty cents a day to one dollar and fifty cents and 
 two dollars during harvest ; one-fourth performed by whites. 
 
THE PIEDMONT REGION. 105 
 
 WhiteJiall Township {E. D. 15) : Level and undulating lands. The post- 
 oak and liickory land is a coarse, gray, sandy soil, resting on red clay, the 
 red bottom lands are on the creeks and branches. Growth, oak, liickory 
 and pine. Wild clover and native grasses abound. Crops, the best fresh 
 land will make a bale of cotton, without manure; a bale to two acres is a 
 good average ; ten bushels to sixty bushels of corn ; ten bushels of wheat ; 
 twenty bushels to one hundred and twelve bushels of oats an acre. Par- 
 ticles of gold found in all the small streams. Traces of manganese occur. 
 Most of the lands are rented for eight hundred pounds to one thousand 
 pounds of lint cotton for twenty-five acres. Price of land from eight 
 dollars to ten dollars per acre, and advancing. Very little field work 
 done by whites. No climatic disease ; locality very healthy. 
 
 Bordeaux TowmJiip {E. IJ. 5) : Ridge lands elevated and rolling. Soil, 
 a sandy loam, with spots of gravel and rock, with a subsoil of yellow 
 clay, mixed with sand, underlaid by a stiff red clay. Growth, oak, 
 hickor}'^, gum and pine, with some chestnut. There are extensive river 
 bottoms, also creek and branch bottoms, which are very fertile. Crops, 
 five hundred pounds to one thousand pounds seed cotton ; ten bushels to 
 forty bushels corn ; twenty bushels oats per acre. Land can be bought at 
 five dollars an acre ; rents for two bales of four hundred pounds of cotton 
 for a one mule farm, or one-fourth of all crops. More than a million 
 dollars in gold has been taken from the Dorn mine ; and several new 
 mines have been recently discovered. The Savannah river, Reedy river 
 and Longcane afford numerous water powers. One-fifth of the farm work 
 performed by whites. 
 
 Nindij-Six Township (E. D. 14) : Lands undulating, very little hilly. 
 Soil, a gray sandy loam, and a deep red soil, subsoil generally clay, under- 
 laid by clay. Soft rock and white chalk. Growth, oak and hickory, 
 with some pine. Crops, half a bale of cotton ; fifteen bu.shels of corn ; 
 twenty bushels of oats per acre. Very little land for sale ; most of it 
 worked on shares; little worked by hired labor. 
 
 Cedar Springs Township {E. D. 3) : High rolling ridges, broken and hilly 
 on the streams. Soils, a gray sandy loam, and mulatto and red clay 
 loams. Sandy soils coarser than in the low country ; these are consid- 
 ered, since the introduction of fertilizers, as the most paying lands. 
 Subsoils clay, underlai-d at eighteen feet to twenty feet, by granite slates 
 and an ash colored earth that has some fertilizing qualities. Growth, 
 oaks of all kinds, short leaf pine, walnut, hickory, sugar-maple, cucum- 
 ber tree and white gum. Crops, six hundred pounds seed cotton ; ten 
 bushels of corn; twenty-five bushels to seventy-five bushels of oats; 
 ten bushels to fifty bushels wheat. A little land for sale at three dollars 
 to ten dollars an acre for some ; but not the best. Rent from three dollars 
 
iG6 THE PIEDMONT REGION, 
 
 to ten dollars an acre, or on shares. Building granite and soapstonc oc- 
 cur. Gold, silver, lead, copper, zinc and iron are found. Longcane creek 
 furnishes several good water powers. Lucerne, clover, blue, orchard and 
 timothy grass are found to do well. No local diseases. One-half the 
 field work performed by whites. 
 
 Calhoun Mills Toumship {E. D, G): The flat woods are low, flat land. 
 Soil, a black loam, resting on a tenacious yellow clay, containing masses 
 of carbonate of iron, which, when broken ofl' by the i)low and mixed 
 with soil, give rise to the appellation, "Buckshot" lands; underlaid by 
 decomposed felsitic and dioritic porphyry, that becomes hard in descend- 
 ing. Growth, heavily-bodied post oak and scaly bark hickory. Old 
 fields grow up in persimmon and sassafras, later, in old-field pine. Lands 
 wet, require draining ; make good corn crops. Clover, peas and the grasses 
 do well ; but cotton rusts. Surrounding the flatwoods, like the rim of a 
 cup, are the rolling, hilly, red lands. Growth, oak, pine and hickor}'. 
 Some of these lands, under cultivation since the Revolution, with little 
 manure, will produce good crops still ; although they have been poorly 
 farmed, and are much washed. I have made thirty bushels of corn, forty 
 bushels oats, fifteen hundred pounds of seed cotton to the acre ; but this 
 is above the average. Excellent bottom lands are found on Little and 
 Savannah rivers, and the small streams. Spring-water and shallow wells, 
 imi^regnated with iron and sulphur. Farms may be bought at from two 
 dollars to ten dollars an acre ; if well improved will sell higher. Traces 
 of gold, copper and antimony have been found. Eurite furnishes blocks 
 of excellent building material, a very fine granite, hammondite occurs, 
 and soapstone. Farm wages, ten dollars a month, with rations, garden, 
 the privilege of a cow and of poultry raising. 
 
 Anderson County. 
 
 Anderson Court House {E. D. 18): Level in the north and east; rolling 
 to the south. Soil : 1st. A stilT, sticky, red clay, with deep red subsoil. 
 2d. Red, loamy soil, mixed with fine sand, and having a red subsoil. 3d. 
 Gray sandy soil, with yellowish subsoil. Growth, oaks of all kinds, 
 iiickory and pine. Crops, cotton, a bale to three acres ; corn, ten bushels ; 
 oats, ten bushels to fifteen bushels an acre. Some land for sale, at ten 
 dollars to fifteen dollars an acre. Rents for one five hundred pound bale 
 of cotton for every ten acres. Farm labor paid fifty cents a day ; one- 
 lialf of it performed by whites. Has forty acres set in clover, orchard 
 grass and red toj), which does well. 
 
 Garvin Township {E. D. 27) : Land elevated and rolling, with some flats. 
 Soil: 1st. A gray or brown sandy loam, on red or yellow clay. 2d. Red 
 
THE PIEDMONT REGION. 167 
 
 loam; depth of soils two inches to eight inches; the soils on bottoms 
 have a depth of from two inches to six inches, or more. Beneath the 
 subsoil is a fine, gray, soapy, sandy earth, mixed with mica. It has been 
 used successfully as manure. Growth, red, white, black, post, Spanish 
 and chestnut oaks, chestnut and hickory. Very little land for sale ; price 
 from eight dollars to ten dollars an acre. A good deal to rent for one- 
 fourth the cotton, two-thirds of the other crops. Croppers furnishing 
 labor and pa3nng for guano, get one-tliird, two-fifths or onc-lialf of tlie 
 crop. Tlie worn out old fields, grown up in pines, are, when cleared again, 
 more productive than virgin forest, yielding with one hundred and fifty 
 pounds of guano one thousand pounds of cotton the first year. Clover 
 and other grasses do well. Wages of farm labor six dollars to ten dollars 
 a month ; about one-half performed by whites. 
 
 Holland's Store Township (E. D. 23) : The ridges are flat topped, and are 
 a fine gray sandy loam, on clay subsoil ; not having washed under cultiva- 
 tion, they have steadily risen in value. Near the rivers and creeks the land 
 is hilly and broken, the soil a red clay, and soft micaceous rocks are found. 
 Growth, oaks, hickor}', sourwood, dogwood and old-field ])ine. Since the 
 abolition of the fence law has restricted the range of cattle, man}" grasses 
 and forest plants, thought to be extinct, have re-appeared, among them 
 the wild pea and vetches. Wild oats are getting so abundant that large 
 tracts of wood lands look like oat fields. Crops, one-third of a bale of 
 cotton, ten bushels to twenty-five bushels corn, on upland ; and twenty 
 bushels to fifty bushols on bottom land, six bushels wheat, ten bushels to 
 twenty bushels oats per acre. Traces of gold are found. A bed of brown 
 hammotite covers a square mile or more, and near it is a knob of soap- 
 stone, much used for hearthstones. Generostee creek furnishes six mill 
 sites of twenty to fifty horse power, and at ^McDaniel's shoals, on the Sa- 
 vannah river, there is a fall of twenty-five feet to forty feet in two miles. 
 Wages of farm labor, fifty cents a day ; for ditching and harvesting, one 
 dollar and sixty cents; more than one-half performed by whites. 
 
 Equaliti/ TowmJiip {E. D. 28) : The ridges are flat or rolling, of a light 
 gray, gravelly and sandy porous soil, suited to cotton, but requiring fer- 
 tilizers to preserve their fertility. Towards the streams the land is more 
 hilly and broken. Soil, a stiff red clay on a red clay subsoil ; there are lands 
 under cultivation, yielding good crops, that were cleared one hundred years 
 ago, and have been worked for the lasttwentj^-three years without manure. 
 Subsoil underlaid by rotten gneiss, mica, slate and hornblende, about 
 one-sixteenth dark brown loamy creek bottoms. Growth, black, white, 
 post and turkey oak, hickory, pine and chestnut. Crops, eight hundred 
 pounds seed cotton, fourteen bushels to forty bushel corn on uplands, 
 thirty bushels to seventy on bottoms, eight bushels to thirty bushels 
 
168 THE PIEDMONT REGION. 
 
 Avlicat, twoiity-five bushols to one Imiulred bushels oats per acre. Pea- 
 vines and red clover make good forage crops. Traces of gold are found, 
 but no regular mining. Field labor paid fifty cents a day and board, and 
 is largely performed by whites. 
 
 WiUiamsfon ToirnsJiip {E.D.2d): Land rolling. Soil, light brown or 
 reddish sandy loam, five inches to six inches to subsoil of red clay, mixed 
 with sand. Beneath the subsoil rotten gneiss rock is found. Grow^th, 
 oak and pine, with some hickory and ash. Cotton yields a little less than 
 three-fourtlis of a bale j.er acre. Provisions not much raised. Price of 
 land, ten dollars to thirty dollars per acre. Graphite of good quality is 
 found in lumps over a considerable ana, also red hermatite. The Pied- 
 mont and Pelzer factories are two large cotton mills on the Saluda. At 
 the first it is estimated that a twenty-foot dam will give over eight hun- 
 dred horse power ; at the latter an eight-foot dam will give three to four 
 hundred horse power. The Allen shoals, between the two, is about equal 
 to the Piedmont falls. Below the Pelzer factory, the Clement shoals fur- 
 nish a fall of fourteen feet, with abundant rock and an excellent site for 
 building. Native grasses and cane afford forage. Little attention is paid 
 to stock. Day labor, fifty cents to one dollar and twenty-five cents. 
 Nearly one-half the field work is performed by whites. Williamston is a 
 health resort, with a chalybeate spring, contiiining iron, magnesia, potash, 
 sul})hur, iodine and an excess of carbonic acid ; and it has a large male 
 academy and female college, with one hundred and twenty-five pupils. 
 
 Varenms TownsJiip(E. D. 20): Land elevated and rolling; sometimes 
 hilly and broken. Soils are : 1st. Fine and warm sandy loam, three inches 
 to four inches to a j^ellowish sandy or dark drab-colored subsoil. 2d. 
 Clay loam, four inches to eight inches to a red or brown subsoil, which is 
 generally stiff clay, underlaid for ten feet by stiff red clay, that there be- 
 comes mixed with rock, mica, sand and rotten looking clay of all colors. 
 Growth, red, post, black, white and water oak, hickory, elm, pine, black- 
 jack and blackgum. Crops, four hundred pounds seed cotton, fifteen 
 bushels corn, eight bushels wheat, twelve bushels oats an acre. Lands 
 sell at eight dollars to twenty dollars an acre ; rents for one-third of the 
 crops. Building granite abounds. The McDonald mine yields gold, 
 some silver and rubies. Corundum of inferior quality is found at various 
 places ; also zircons and beryl. High shoals on Rocky river has a fall of 
 thirty-one feet in three hundred yards, estimated as furnishing one hun- 
 dred horse power. 
 
 Chester County. 
 
 Baton I\oit(;fe Toumship {E. D. 37): Rolling lands. Soils, gray, sandy, 
 gravelly, six inches to red clay subsoil and red clay loam. Growth, oak, 
 
THE PIEDMONT REGION. 1C9 
 
 asli, walnut, pine, liickory. Lands rent for two bales cotton per one-liorse 
 farm. There is a gold mine, not worked now, however. The Lockliart 
 shoals furnish a great water power. The river is one-fifth of a mile wide, 
 eight feet deep, and has a fall of forty-seven feet in one-half a mile. 
 Field labor paid fifty cents per day ; one-half performed by whites. 
 
 JiOssvillc TomiHliij) (E. I). 43) : Northeastern corner, blackjack land and 
 level ; the balance hilly and broken. Soils, gray, sandy loam, red and 
 mulatto clay loam. Subsoil, mostly red clay and grayish pipe clay. 
 Growth, a variety of oaks, hickory, blackjack and old field pines. Crops, 
 ten bushels to twelve bushels corn, four bushels to five bushels wheat, 
 fifteen bushels to twenty bushels oats, and three hundred })Ounds to four 
 hundred pounds cotton an acre. Sixty bushels of corn have been made 
 on my place. Lands for sale at ten dollars to twelve dollars an acre; 
 rent for three bales of cotton of four hundred pounds to the mule, and 
 less. Much land could be rented for clearing it up. Most of it having 
 been thrown out is grown up in old field pines. Good building granite is 
 found. An immense water power furnished by the old State canal on 
 Catawba river. Farm wages, fifty cents a day ; one-fourth performed Ijy 
 whites. 
 
 Lewisville Toiunship (E. D. 42) : Broken into hills and ridges, about one 
 hundred and fifty feet higher than the valleys of the numerous .streams 
 cro.ssing it. boils, a gray sandy loam, and a red clay loam, resting on 
 red clay. In the northwest the blackjack lands have a grayish or whitish 
 pipe clay subsoil. Growth, many varieties of oaks, pine, chestnut, walnut, 
 and chinquapin. Cedar is taking the place of the old field pine. Little 
 land for sale. Most of it is forest. Abundant water powers. A large 
 cotton factory is being built on Fishing creek. 
 
 Chcstei' TowiiHldp {E. D. 3G) : Northwestern portion a light, sandy soil. 
 Growth tliirty years ago was chestnut and chinquapin. They have died 
 out, and been replaced by oak and hickory. Once considered worthless, 
 these lands, with fertilizers, now produce heavy crops of cotton, and sell 
 for from ten dollars to fifteen dollars an acre. The middle portion is the 
 ])lackjack lands, level and flat, requiring ditching. The blackjack is 
 disappearing, and being rej^laced by oaks. These lands are adapted to 
 corn and clover and the grasses. With ditching, stable manure, kainit, 
 to prevent rust, they make good cotton crops. Sf)ring water is limestone. 
 They may be bought for from two dollars to five dollars an acre. The 
 southern portion is mulatto or red land. It is broken and hilly ; hard to 
 cultivate ; rents to negroes for seventy-five cents to one dollar an acre. 
 Farm wages, from forty cents to fifty cents a day ; one-fourth performed 
 by whites. 
 
170 the piedmont region. 
 
 Edgefield County. 
 
 Wise Township {E. D. Go) : Liinds elevated and hilly and broken, with 
 narrow bottoms on the creeks. AVhite sandy and red clay loam the pre- 
 vailing soil. Subsoil heavy, red, clay, gravelly Growth, short leaf pine, 
 white oak, red oak, walnut, hickory and maple. Average yield, four 
 hundred pounds seed cotton, eight bushels corn, fifteen bushels oats per 
 acre. Most of the land rented by the year for one-fourth of the crop ; 
 may be purchased on easy terms. Good building granite and soapstone 
 are found, with clay, used for making earthenware. Several mill sites ; 
 very healthy; only about one-tenth of the field work i)erformed by 
 whites. 
 
 Ryan Toionship {E. D. 60) : Lands elevated and slightly rolling. Soil, 
 a fine, gray, sandy loam, with a yellow clay subsoil, and a coarse mulatto 
 loam, with red clay subsoil. The subsoil is close and compact, and is 
 underlaid by slates, soapstone and granite. Growth, short leaf pine, 
 cedar and a variety of oaks, hickory, walnut, dogwood, ash and elm. 
 Crops, six hundred })oun(ls of seed cotton, fifteen bushels corn, fifteen 
 bushels wheat, thirty-five bushels oats, twenty-five bushels peas, one hun- 
 dred and fifty bushels potatoes per acre. Lands sell at from three dollars 
 to ten dollars an acre, and rent at fifty dollars for a one-horse farm. Gold, 
 manganese, silver and copper ores are found, but are only slightly devel- 
 oped. Wild clover, cane and several native grasses afford pasturage. 
 Stock raising is profitable, and could be made more so. Farm wages, 
 fifty cents per day ; one-tenth of it performed by whites. 
 
 Washington Township {E. D. G3) : Elevated, hilly and broken in the 
 upper portions. The level soils are gray, sandy and gray clay loam. 
 Subsoil, grayish, light colored clay, underlaid by red clay, flint and slate 
 rock. Growth, white, red and post oak, hickory and pine. Crops, one- 
 fourth to three-fourths of a bale of cotton, twenty bushels to forty-five 
 bushels oats, ten bushels to twent3^-five bushels corn, five bushels to twelve 
 bushels wheat per acre. Very little land for sale, prices ten dollars to 
 twenty dollars an acre ; rents from three dollars to five dollars per acre. 
 Good water poAvers on Stephen's creek. Very little field work done by 
 whites. 
 
 Rehobcfh Toimship (E. D. 02) : Hilly, some level places and a few flats. 
 Soil, a dark or light gray loam, with subsoil of red clay, underlaid by clay 
 slate. Growth, oak, hickory, pine, ash and cedar. Crops, one-fourth to 
 one bale of cotton, ten bushels to twenty bushels corn, ten bushels to 
 twenty bushels wheat, ten bushels to thirty-five bushels oats an acre. 
 Know of none for sale, plenty to rent, for two bales to the plow. Prices 
 of land would average from two dollars and fifty cents to eleven dollars 
 
THE PIEDMONT REGION. 171 
 
 an acre. Traces of gold. Large water powers on Stevens and Turkey 
 creeks. Wages of field labor, thirty cents to scvcnty-fivo cents a day ; 
 one-twentieth of it performed by whites. Very healtliy. 
 
 Duntonsville Township {E. D. 45): Rolling lands. Soils, clay loam, 
 mixed with small particles of clay slate, or with grit or a stiff waxy clay. 
 Subsoils of the first two varieties composed of shatters of rotten clay slate ; 
 of the last, yellow and deep red clay, underlying the subsoil is red clay, 
 clay slate, granite and chalk. Growth, oak, hickory, pine and ash. 
 Crops, one-third of a bale of cotton, fifteen bushels to fifty bushels oats, 
 five bushels to ten bushels wheat, seven bushels to ten bushels corn an 
 acre. Land for sale at four dollars to five dollars an acre ; rents for fifty 
 dollars for what one horse can cultivate ; house, firewood and pasture in- 
 cluded. There are three slate quarries, and traces of gold, (brasses do 
 well on flat places. Very healthy. Farm wages, fifty cents a day, and 
 board ; one-third performed by whites. 
 
 Grey Township {E.D.51): Level, undulating and hilly, not broken. 
 Soil, mostly a gray clay loam, underlaid by gray slate rock. Growth, red, 
 black, i>ost, white and other oaks, with hickory, pine and dogwood. Crops, 
 six hundred pounds to eighteen hundred pounds (with acid phosphate) 
 seed cotton, ten bushels on upland to thirty bushels on bottoms of corn, 
 five bushels to ten bushels of wheat, ten bushels to forty bushels oats per 
 acre. Unimproved lands sell for from three dollars to five dollars an 
 acre. Little improved land for sale ; it rents for eight hundred })0unds 
 to one thousand pounds seed cotton for forty acres. Arable land, farmed 
 on shares, everything furnished but labor and rations, and the crop divided. 
 Traces of gold are found, and there are quarries of soapstone and whetstones, 
 but not much developed. Good chalk and clay for manufacture of earth- 
 enware abound. Farm wages, fift}^ cents a day ; ctadlers, one dollar and 
 twenty-five cents to one dollar and fifty cents. No prevailing disease. 
 One-fourth of the labor is performed by whites. 
 
 Mohh'y Toivnship {E. D. 5G) : Generally level. Soils, gray clay loam, 
 underlaid by hard and soft slate rock. Growth, mostly pine. Crops, 
 three hundred pounds to eight hundred pounds seed cotton, five bushels 
 to twenty bushels corn, five bushels to twenty bushels oats per acre. 
 Some land for sale at from five dollars to ten dollars per acre. A good 
 deal to rent for four hundred pounds lint cotton for ten to fifteen acres. 
 
 Ilihhleys Township (E. D. 53) : Generally level, in some parts hilly. 
 Soils, a black clay loam, with red clay subsoil; and a gray clay loam, 
 with white and yellow clay subsoil. The subsoil is underlaid by slate rock 
 and some granite. Growth, white oak, red oak, ash, pine and poplar. 
 Crops, eight hundred pounds seed cotton, ten bushels corn, thirty bushels 
 oats, twenty bushels wheat per acre. Land sells for four dollars per acre ; 
 
172 THE PIEDMONT REGION. 
 
 and rents for four hundred pounds lint cotton for twelve acres ; some slate 
 and soaptones are found ; also veins of gold. Clover and grasses do well. 
 One-half of the field work performed by whites. 
 
 Huit's Township {E. D. 54) : Elevated and rolling. Soils, gray and red 
 clay loam, two and one-half inches, the subsoil of yellow or red clay. 
 Growth, oak, hickory and pine. Crops, six hundred pounds seed cotton, 
 ten bushels to fifteen bushels corn, fifteen bushels to thirty-five bushels 
 oats, eight bushels to twenty bushels wheat per acre. Lands sell for five 
 dollars to ten dollars an acre, and rent for two dollars to three dollars an 
 acre. Fine water power on Saluda river. Very healthy. One-half of 
 the field work is performed by whites. 
 
 Cooper ToiunsMp (E. D. 49) : Lands rolling. The prevailing soil a stiff, 
 red clay. The subsoil is the same, with absence of vegetable mould. 
 There are also fiat lands, known as " buckshot " or " black gravel soils," 
 very dark. Cotton rusts, and corn " frenches " on them ; but oats do 
 well. Flint and black rock (trap) occur under the subsoil. Growth, 
 white, red and post oak, hickory and pine. Crops, five hundred pounds 
 cotton (seed) to one bale, ten bushels corn on the hills, twenty-five bush- 
 els to forty bushels on the bottoms ; ten bushels to forty bushels wheat, 
 twenty-five bushels to seventy-five bushels oats per acre. Blue grass is 
 making its appearance. Red and yellow clover do well. Stock raising 
 has been made profitable by a few persons on the streams, where native 
 grasses and clover, growing wild, furnish good pasture. Farm wages, 
 from twenty-five cents to fifty cents a day ; sixty dollars to seventy-five 
 dollars by the year with board. 
 
 Fairfield County. 
 
 Fairfield Township [E. D. 79) : Lands level, rolling, sometimes hilly and 
 broken. Soil, light gray sandy loam, with yellow clay subsoil and red 
 mulatto loam, with red clay, subsoil underlaid by red clay, granite and 
 decomnosing rocks. Growth, short leaf pine, oak, elm, walnut. Fine 
 building granite. Little attention paid to stock. Wages of field labor, 
 men, fift}'^ cents to seventy-five cents ; women, thirty cents to fifty cents a 
 day. The negro not a success as a tenant. The land for sale at six 
 dollars to eight dollars an acre, and one-half to rent for one-fourth of the 
 crop. Varieties of granite, iron rock and soapstone occur. Gold and 
 iron have been mined. Bermuda grass and clover do well ; also crab- 
 grass and swamp grasses. Stock raising is found profitable. One-twen- 
 tieth of the field work performed by whites. 
 
 Fairfield, No. 10 Toivnship {E. D. 7G) : Hilly, rolling or broken. »Soil, a 
 fine sandy loam, with yellow clay. Subsoil, a heavy clay loam, and a 
 
THE PIEDMONT REGION. 173 
 
 shalloAV, gravelly soil, Avith red subsoil of red clay, mixed with gravel ; 
 under the subsoil strata of red clay and sand of variegated colors, with 
 gravel, are found. Growth, red and white oak, hickory, ash, walnut and 
 short leaf pine. Crops, one-third of a bale of cotton, eight bushels corn, 
 five bushels wheat, ten bushels to thirty bushels oats per acre. Know of 
 no lands for sale ; rents are one-fourth the crops. Farm labor, from 
 twenty-five cents to fifty cents a day. 
 
 No. 2. Township {E. D. G8) : Elevated, broken and hilly. Soil, fine sandy 
 loam, with red clay subsoil, underlaid by soft rock. Growth, oak, hickory 
 and gum. Crops, one hundred pounds lint cotton, six bushels corn, five 
 bushels wheat, fifteen bushels oats per acre. No land for sale, but much 
 rented for three dollars to four dollars an acre. Very little field work 
 done by whites. 
 
 No 1. Toumship {E. D. 67): Elevated and mostly hilly, w'ith some table- 
 land, considerable bottoms on Broad river and its tributaries. Soil, of a 
 gray, chinquapin, sandy loam, and red clay loam. Subsoil, red or mu- 
 latto clay. Growth, oak and hickory, and old field pine, the latter assist- 
 ing greatly the recuperation of worn out soil. Crops, three hundred 
 pounds to fifteen hundred pounds seed cotton, six bushels to twenty -five 
 bushels corn, fifteen bushels to fifty bushels oats, eight bushels to fifteen 
 bushels wheat per acre. Little land for sale, most of it rented for one- 
 fourth of the crop, or for from one to six bales of cotton for a one-horse 
 farm. Good water power at Lyles's ford, on Broad river. The Egyptian 
 or Means grass grows luxuriantly on the red lands. Wages of field labor, 
 fifty cents a day ; one-fifth of it performed by whites. 
 
 No. 1. Township (E. D. 67) : Hilly ; three-quarters of the soil coarse and 
 sandy ; one-fourth stifi" red clay. Subsoil, red or mulatto colored clay. 
 Growth, oak, hickory, pine and blackjack. Some land for sale at eight 
 dollars to ten dollars an acre. Wages, forty cents a day, except in harvest 
 time, then one dollar and fifty cents. One-fifteenth of the labor is white. 
 
 No. 5. Toumship {E. D. 71) : Lands elevated and rolling. The soil is a 
 sandy loam. Subsoil, stiff red clay, underlaid by rotten granite. Growth, 
 red, white and blackjack oaks, and old-field pine. Cash price of lands, 
 in large tracts, three dollars ; in smaller tracts, six dollars to seven dollars 
 an acre. Most of it is rented ; field stock and implements furnished 
 for one-half the crop, or for from two to four bales of four hundred and 
 fifty i)Ounds of cotton for one-horse farm. Traces of gold found, Init not 
 mined. One-fifth of the field labor performed by whites. 
 
 No. 4. Toiunship [E. D. 70) : Elevated and broken. Soil, gray and yel- 
 lowy gravelly, and sandy loam, and red clay loam. Subsoil, red clay. 
 Growth, oak and hickory. Crops, four hundred pounds seed cotton, ten 
 bushels corn, ten bushels wheat, twenty bushels oats per acre. Some 
 
174 THE PIEDMONT REGION. 
 
 lands for sj\lc at six dollars to seven dollars an acre; rent for abont one 
 dollar and tiftv eents. 
 
 Green viLLK Count v. 
 
 Orirtivillc Township {K. 1). S'2): Laml rollini^. Soil, gray sandy loam, 
 four inches to subsoil of tine red elay. underlaid by soft gray rock. 
 Growth, red, white, black and chestnut oaks, hickory, ash, walnut, dog- 
 wood and pine. Cro[>s. about eight hundred pounds seed cottim, and 
 twenty bushels of the various grains per acre. Lands sell for ten doUai-s 
 to forty dollars an acre. There is good brick clay and abundant water 
 power on Keedy and Saluda rivers. About one-fourth oi' the field work 
 is performed by whites. 
 
 Gaut Township (E. 1\ So): From level to rolling; more or less hilly 
 and broken on the streams Soils, a gray sandy loam and a reil clay loam. 
 six inches to sixteen inches to subsoil of red or brown clay, underlaid by 
 sound and rotten granite, sometimes coarse and tine gravel. CJrowth, as in 
 last, with the addition of long leaf pine. Crop, one-half bale of cotton per 
 acre. Clover and the grasses do well, when attended to. Attention is being 
 directed to fruit culture, especially api^les. Price of land from ten 
 dollars to lifteen dollars an acre. A large proportion rented for one- 
 third the crop, or where stock, tools, seed, provisions and feed are ad- 
 vanceil, for one-half the crop. Cost of fertilizer divided by renter and 
 owner. Iron ores occur. Abundant water junvers on Reedy and Saluda 
 rivers. No climatic disease. Chie-twelfth or more of the farm work per- 
 formed by white men, women and children. 
 
 Bate^ Township {E. D. 5)0) : Land rolling. Soil, coarse, dark, sandy 
 loam, six inches to eight inches to subsoil of deep red, sometimes of dark, 
 mulatto clay, underlaid by clay and dark gravelly sand. Growth, oak, 
 hickory and chestnut. Crops, six hundred pounds to seven hundred 
 pounds seed cotton, twelve bushels to forty bushels corn, eight bushels 
 wheat, tifteen bushels oats per acre. Lands sell from six dollars to ten 
 dollars an acre ; improved bottoms at forty dollars to tiftv dollars ; rent, 
 from two dollars and tiftv cents to live dollars per acre, or for one-third 
 the grain and one-fourth the cotton crop. Granite and red soapstone, 
 with other good buililing materials found. Gold t'ound in the branches. 
 Wild clover, grasses and cane furnish forage. Three-fourths of the 
 labor performed by whites. 
 
 Dunklin's 2ow)i^liip {E. Z). So) : Mostly rolling, some parts level and some 
 flat. Soil, a gray sandy loam, and a red clay loam, both with red clay 
 subsoil, underlaid by coarse gray gravel ; sometimes by gray rock mixed 
 with Hint. Growth, oak, hickory and pine. Crops, one-half to one and 
 
TIIK l'n;i)MONT REGION. 175 
 
 oiic-liiiir liiilcs of cotton, lil'tccu 1)Us1m'Is corn, seven ])Usljol.s to twenty 
 l)usli(.'ls wlieat, lilleen l)nsliels to lilly Inisliels oat.s. The mnd l)ol(onis on 
 Reedy river will in-odiiee lil'ty bushels of eorn to the acre, and the corn 
 eroj) would iu' lai<;(ly incroused, if this stream, now nuich obstructed by 
 logs, was cleared out. Clover, lucerne and the grasses do well, when at- 
 tended to. J.ands sell ioi- ten dollars an acre ; about one-half is I'cnted 
 annually. Shoals on the Saluda river unimproved, alTord abundant 
 water powci-. (l(»od building granite is found. Farm wages, from eight 
 dollars to ten dollars a monlh. Oiiedialf the held work pcifornicd by 
 whites. 
 
 Paris Mdtiiihiiii Ihii'iisliij) {/•J. />. 1)0 and i»7) : Level, broken and billy. 
 Soils, san<ly, chocolate and clay loam. Sidisoil, red clay, underlaid by a 
 white gravelly earth, containing mica. (Irowth, <»ak, bickoi-y and jiine. 
 A little land Ibr sale IVom livtidollars to twi'iity dollars an aci-e. Iliiild- 
 ing granitic and soa})stonc are found. Farr's mills and Mackelheny's 
 shoals on Saluda river furnish water powers. Fai-m wages, fifty cents it 
 day; one-half performed by whites. 
 
 LaNCASTKK ( 'OUNTV. 
 
 Waxliaw^s Town((inp{J'J.D.S4): Land rolling. Soil of .southern porti(.n icd 
 loam, ten inclu>s to red clay. Sul^soil, graiute, crossed by porphyi"itic 
 dykes. Northern portion, coarse, light colored sand, four inches to 
 white clay, rocks, tulcore slate ; underlying .sub.soil a light colored dirt, 
 showing mica. (Irowth, oak, hickory, short leaf pine and holly. Crops, 
 eight hundred [)ounds seed cotton, and twelve bushels corn per acre. No 
 land for .sale. Plenty to rent for eight hundred pounds to fifteen hun- 
 dred pounds lint cotton to the work animal, Sidendid water power near 
 Land's ford, on the Catawba. Field labor paid fifty cents a day, with(mt 
 rations; compai'atively none ])erformed by whites. 
 
 Plenmiit Hill Tomii^hij) (A'. J). -12): (lenerally level. Soil, coarse sand, 
 three inches to eight inches to red clay subsoil. Growth, j)ine, oak, 
 and hickory ; on the bottoms, black gum and poj)lar. C'rops, six hundred 
 jtounds cotton (seed), ten bushels corn, eight bushels wheat, ten liushels 
 or twelve bushels oats j)ci' acre. Not nnich land for .sale. L^nimj)roved 
 land is selling for three dollars, improved land for live to ten dollars an 
 acre; rents for one-fourth of the crop. There is a gold mine, and kaolin 
 is found. Long and short leaf pine in abundance. Little attention [)aid 
 to stock ; might be profitably raised, llave practiced medicine here for 
 twenty-three years, and know of no place freer of disca.se. More than 
 one-half the field labor is j)erformed Ijy whites. Wages, fifty cents a day 
 and fed. 
 
176 THE PIEDMONT REGION. 
 
 Cedar Creek Township {E. D. 18) : Elevated, hilly, and broken. Soil, coarse 
 sand and sandy loam ; subsoil, yellow clay, underlaid by red, gravelly 
 clay. Growth, short leaf pine, oak, and hickory ; abandoned fields grow 
 up in loblolly pines in three to six years, which, in turn, give place to 
 cedar. Crops, seven hundred pounds of seed cotton, eight bushels corn 
 per acre. Land sells at from three dollars to ten dollars per acre. Un- 
 limited water power on the Catawba river, which is one hundred and 
 fifty yards wide, three feet deep, and flows nearly with the velocity of a 
 cataract. Little attention paid to stock. It might be made profitable. 
 Good building granite. Ver}'^ healthy. Wages of field labor thirty to 
 fifty cents a day. 
 
 Flat Creek Township (E. D. 79) : Some level land, but mostl}^ hilly and 
 rocky. Soils, coarse and fine, white, sandy loam and red clay loam ; sub- 
 soil, a red cla3^ Growth, long leaf pine, oak and hickory. Crops, one-half 
 bale of cotton, ten bushels corn, ten bushels wheat, ten bushels oats per 
 £l!cre. Price of land, from two dollars to ten dollars. There are several 
 gold mines. Valuable mill sites on Lynch 's River. 
 
 Cane Greek Toivnship : Elevated, rolling, in some places nearlj^ level. 
 Soil, a fine, sandy loam, changing to clay loam near the streams ; subsoil, 
 red clay, underlaid with yellowish clay and gravel. Growth, oak and 
 hickory, also short leaf pine. Crops, eight hundred pounds seed cotton, 
 ten bushels corn, fifteen bushels oats per acre ; an average, on twenty 
 acres, of eighteen hundred pounds seed cotton has been made. Know of 
 no land for sale. At Land's ford, the Catawba river is three-quarters of 
 a mile wide, one foot to three feet deep, with a fall of thirty feet to the 
 mile. Lucerne, red and white clover, orchard, meadow, red top and blue 
 grass, all do well. These lands sold for fifteen dollars to twenty-five dollars 
 before the war, and have been under cultivation for nearly two hundred 
 years. 
 
 Laurens County. 
 
 Jacks Township {E. D. 103) : Elevated and rolling. Soils, red or mulatto 
 clay loam, with red clay subsoil, and gray, sandy lands, with a light- 
 colored clay subsoil. Growth, red, white, post, and water oaks, hickory 
 and walnut, some sugar maple. Hundreds of acres of abandoned land 
 are grown up in short leaf pine ; in the last decade, many long leaf pines 
 have appeared among them, and are rapid growers. Crops, five hundred 
 pounds seed cotton, eight bushels corn, twenty bushels oats, eight bushels 
 to ten bushels wheat, are about the average ; on the bottoms, fifty bushels 
 corn per acre is made. Know of no lands for sale. There are thousands 
 of acres, owned by non-residents, rented to freedmen for a portion of the 
 
THE PIEDMONT REGION. 177 
 
 crop, and miserably farmed. There is an immense amount of fine granite. 
 No prevailing sickness. Amount of field work performed by whites in- 
 creasing. Wages, fifty cents a day and rations. 
 
 Waterloo Township {E. D. 106): Hilly, washes when not properly 
 ditched. Soils sandy, gravelly, and clay loam ; color mulatto, sometimes 
 a deep red ; depth, two inches to three inches to a pale red clay subsoil, 
 , underlaid by clay, and in some places, by a dusky or bluish sandy earth. 
 A very hard, bluish granite rock found in some wells. Growth, red, 
 white, and post oak. Lands thrown out of cultivation grow up in pine, 
 and are more productive than the original forest. Crops, six hundred 
 pounds to twelve hundred pounds seed cotton, ten bushels corn on up- 
 lands, and fifty on bottoms, fifteen bushels oats, eight bushels wheat per 
 acre; crab grass, after small grain, yields, sometimes, hay to the value 
 of twenty dollars an acre. Lands for sale at from five dollars to twenty 
 dollars per acre. Indications of gold are found in many places, but 
 no mines are worked. Reedy river and Saluda river furnish valuable 
 water powers. These streams are much obstructed by logs. Farm labor 
 paid ten dollars a montli, generally employed for a share of tlie crop ; 
 one-fourth of it is performed by whites. 
 
 Sidllvaris Township {E. D. 105) : Elevated ridges and level land between 
 the streams. Soils, a fine sandy loam, gray and chocolate in color, and 
 a red clay loam, resting on red clay subsoil. Growth, oak, hickory, ash, 
 dogwood, poplar, walnut and elm, with abundance of cedar along the 
 Saluda river. Crops, five hundred to twelve hundred j)ounds seed cotton, 
 ten bushels io thirt}^ bushels corn, twenty bushels to thirty busliels bar- 
 ley, fifteen bushels to sixty bushels oats, and eight bushels to twenty-five 
 bushels wheat to the acre. Land can be bought at five dollars to ten 
 dollars an acre ; rents for one-fourth of the crop, or eight hundred pounds 
 lint cotton to the plow; sometimes tlie laborer boards himself and pays 
 one-half to the land owner, who furnishes everything else. Gray and 
 blue granite, the latter used as mill rocks, are found. Gold, copper and 
 lead are found, but not mined. Lime rock crops out on Reedy river, and 
 below Garlington falls, on Reedy river, it is quarried for monuments and 
 for lime burning ; soapstone of fine quality also occurs. Xl^e great falls 
 on Saluda river, at the head of navigation, are seventy feet in two miles. 
 Abundant water powers are also furnished by other falls on the river, by 
 five falls on Reedy river, by falls on Rabnor creek. Very healthy. One- 
 half the field work performed by whites. 
 
 Sciiffletoum Tou-nsliip (E. D. 104): Undulating. Soil, gray, gravelly, 
 sandy loam ; subsoil, clay. Growth, oak, hickory, maple, pine, cedar and 
 walnut. Crops, six hundred pounds to twelve hundred pounds seed 
 12 
 
178 TIIK riKOMONT KKV.IOX. 
 
 ix^tton, tivo bushels to thirty hushols tvrn per aotv. Know ol' no lanii tor 
 s«lo : rents for oi\e-fourth of the v^ivp. 
 
 NKWnVKKY l.\n NTY. 
 
 t >=?»i<.- Ihtni^^ip {K. /). W'D : Level and tlat. ri^llinu on the rivei-s. 
 On the levels, tine, v}:r!iY. sjuuly Kvun. six inehes to eiu,ht ii\ehes to sviK<v>il 
 of reil elay. The rv^Jlins; lands lune a elay soil and suWoil : Siuul antl 
 gravel underlies the suK<oil. imnvth. v^\k. hiekory. walnut, eevlar and 
 pine, Owjv*, ot\e-half l^ixle of vvtton. ten bushels tvrn. twenty bushels 
 iv\ts, eighty bushels Ivirley. nit\e bushels wheat, seven bushels rye per 
 aere, AKnil oui^tenth of the land for Siile for six doUai"^ to eight dollars 
 an aere, and one-half to rtn\t for one-fourth of the eivp. \"arieties of 
 granite, irvm rwk and SiVii^stone txvur. Gold and in>n have Kvn niiutHl. 
 Bermuda grass and elover do >vell, alst> erab grass anil swamp grasstv^. 
 StiH'k niising is found pn^titable. Field laKn* is ]v\id titty cents a day ; 
 one-twentieth of it perform^Hi by whites. 
 
 //f"//er2btt'M»</»»/) {E. i). 119): l-i\nds elevateil. level, along the streams, 
 hilly. Sv^ils. tine .-^andy kv\m. gray or whitish, eight inehes to twelve 
 inehes to subsoil of tine, eom^^iiet. reii elay. five frv>m grit. Growth, i^ak. 
 hiekory. sliort leaf pine, walnut, niullxn'ry. ash and maple, .lajvan elover 
 and Bermuda gmss cover the land when let\ uneultivatiHl. and the 
 Egyptian or Means gnissgrinvs luxuriantly along the boi\iei"s of stivanis. 
 and on sandy Ixntoms. Liiiul for sjile in small tracts at eight dollai^ to ten 
 dollars an acre ; threi^fourths of it for ivnt ; if stock, stivk ftwi. and im- 
 plements aiv furnished, the rent is ont^half the cn>p ; for the land alone, 
 it is four hundreii pounds lint cotton for every twelve or tituvn acrt\^. or 
 one-thini of all cro}^. Gninite of the finest quality for building alx^unds. 
 Splendid water powei-s on Uiwul river and llellei*s ciwk. Little atten- 
 tion jviid to stvx'k niising. Wages. seventy-ti ve vioUai'^ to eighty-ti ve dollai"s 
 per annum, or fifty ivnts a day. with Ixvird. One-tifth to oiu^seventh of 
 the tield lalx^r performed In- whites. 
 
 Jahi}MJ Tounship \^E. D. llo): Liinds hilly and bivken. Soil, red clay 
 loam, eight iiwhes to reii elay sul^oil. underlaid by i\\i clay. Growth, 
 oak and hickory. Thiw mill sites. Wages, tifty cents a day with Ix^aril. 
 Very little white lalx^r : iicgiv labor very univliable. only willing to work 
 alxnit oiuMhini of the time. 
 
 Siiiuda Old Ihicn Ihutisiiip {E. 1). llo) : l^mds level or gently un- 
 dulating, broken into abrupt slojX's near the rivei*s and creeks. 8<.mI. on 
 the uplands, rtnl clay loam and gray, sandy loam. siiWoil of rixi — rarely 
 of yellow — i^lay ; a very tine and nearly white granite underlies the clay 
 at the depth often to twenty tVvt. The Sahula river bottom averages a 
 
TJJK I'IKDMONT HKOION. 1 7'» 
 
 iiiil<; in widtli, ;iiirj is a very r\c]i, alluvial Hoil. drowih, MJiort loaf pi rn^ 
 oak, anh, hickory, walnut, poplar ; a cxmnuhrAlAa varioty of native* ^ohw-h 
 affonl ^oo<l Hnrnrrior j).'iHiun;H, ]K>i]\ on tlj<; uplands an<l in the bottornn, 
 and ran*} i'or winter pa.sturag*' is abundanl. ('r<i\>H from onc-tliird Ut on«- 
 \>:i\i: <otton, Hovon bu.sholH to fift«'«;n ImshflH corn on nplan<l.s, and twenty 
 ImihIjoIh to sixty hiiHliclH on l>oftoniM, twenty liiisli«;lH to fifty 1>iis1h'1s oats, 
 (:i^dit ImisIjoIh to tw<;nty-livf huHJiols wheat \nr acre. One-fourth of the 
 jjitid lor sale at six dollars to twelve dollarn an acre; ono-half for rent for 
 two to two and one-half hales of cott^jn for a one-horse farm of thirty 
 acrcH or more. 'J'here is a mill-dam across Saluda river. Little attention 
 IH paid to stock. Field lahor is jmifl fifty cents a day; about one-sixth 
 of it is i)erform<;d hy whites. Locality healthy. Traces of j^old are found, 
 Mny'/inloih Townnhip { E. J). \\\): liotU^ms l«!vel, uj)lands rolling, liilly 
 and hrok(jn near tin; water courses. Soil, r(;d clay and ^ray, .sandy loam, 
 underlaid hy nA and snuff-colored clay ; defjth of m'\\, thrwi inch(^ to 
 five inches; h(;low the suhsoil, j^ranite, gneiss, hornhlende and traprocks 
 occur. Growth, hickory, several varieties of oaks, short leaf pine, ce<lar, 
 walnut, dogwood, ash, j)Oj>lar ; cane abundant in the bottoms. Crops, 
 from fV>ur hundred j)oiinds to twenty-nine hundred pounds w.'ed cotton, 
 from five bushels to one hundred bushels corn, from six busliels to forty 
 bushels wheat, from twenty bushels to one hundred bushels oats an acre; 
 clover has given four tons per acre. All for rent for from one hundn-d 
 }>ounds to three hundred }M>unds seed cjoiUm per acre; not much land 
 for sale ; price seven dollars to fifteen dollars per acre. There is excellent 
 granite for building. Broad river is six hundred yards wide; depth, in 
 shoals, four feet; v«;locity, in shoals, estimated at thirty miles an hour; 
 fall, at Lyles ford, eighteen feet in a mile. Ennoree river eighty yards 
 wide, six feet deep ; v(!locity, six miles in an hour. Wages of field lafx>r 
 fifty C(;nts a day; one-fouith p^-rformed by whit(;s. \'ery healthy. 
 
 Sl'AIiTA.NlU;R<; ('oi NTT. 
 
 (jniipciiH ToiiJiiH/i.ij/ (E. 1). \\')): itolling. Soil, coarse, gray, .san(Jy 
 loam, with subsoil of red clay, underlaid by mica slate. Growth, white 
 and post oak, hi(;kory and ]»ine. Bottom lands very fertile. Gold is 
 found, and there are several fine water powers on Pacolet river, notaVjly 
 at Clifton cotton factf>ry. One-half of the labor is performed by whites. 
 
 Glenih Springs 7hii)riMliip {E. I). 143): P^levated, level. A dark gray, 
 sjindy soil, eight inches to ten inches to suV>soiI of red clay. Growth, oak, 
 liickory, j)ine. (^ro[)s, six hundred pounds .seed cotton, eight bushels to 
 ten bushels corn, eight busliels to ten bushels wheat, twenty bushels to 
 forty })ushcls oats per acre. Land sells from five dollars to twenty dollars 
 
180 THE PIEDMONT REGION. 
 
 por acre, and rents for one-third of the crop. There are several gold 
 mines and an asbestos mine. Glenn Springs has long been a health re- 
 sort for those using mineral waters. One-third of the labor is white. 
 
 Cherokee Toicnship (E. D. liO): Elevated, rolling, with steep hills on 
 the large streams. Soil, a gra}*, shandy loam, with yellowish sandy sub- 
 soil, and a red clay loam, with f^titf, red clay subsoil, underlaid by a 
 yellowish isinglass earth that crumbles on exposure, and enriches the 
 soil when strewn on the surface. Chowth, oak, hickory, and pine. Crops, 
 seven hundred and fifty pounds seed cotton, ten bushels corn, eight 
 bushels wheat, fifteen bushels oats per acre, a yield that is more than 
 doubled by manuring and good culture. Lands sell for eight dollars to 
 ten dolfKrs an acre : rent for one-fourth of the crop, or, witli stock and 
 tools, for one-half. Bottom lands are very fertile. Gold is found, and 
 iron mines were formerly worked. Tliere are several mineral springs. 
 The north fork of the Pacolct furnishes great water power. All the cul- 
 tivated grasses may be grown. Farm wages, fifty cents a day ; three- 
 fourths performed by whites. 
 
 Fairforest Township {E. D. 142): Rolling; on the water courses, hilly 
 and broken. A gray, sandy loam, underlaid by a yellowish or dark red 
 clay, is the prevailing soil : there is some clay loam ; ten to fifteen feet 
 below the clay subsoil, rotten, and sometimes decomposed, granite and 
 gneiss are found. Ch'owth. oak and hickory, occasionally chestnut and 
 walnut. Crops, four hundred pounds to eight hundred pounds seed 
 cotton, ten bushels to fifteen bushels corn, five bushels to ten bushels wheat 
 per acre, without fertilisers. Traces of gold. A^aluable water powers on 
 Tyger river. The ridge between Tyger and Fairforest rivers is well 
 adapted for fruit growing, being seldom afiected by frosts. Lands are 
 advancing in price, selling from eight dollars to fifteen dollars an acre. 
 About one-half the fjirm labor performed by whites. 
 
 Pacolct Tomiship {E. D. 145): High, table land. Soil, a fine sand, 
 twelve to fourteen inches to a light red clay subso.il, deepening in color 
 as 3'ou descend ; at twenty to twenty-eight feet, solid or disintegrated 
 granite is met ; in the northwest, lands are red clay. Lands sell from 
 ten dollars to fifteen dollars an acre, and rent for one-third of the 
 crop. There is a quarry of fine granite. Shoals on the Pacolet have a 
 fall of twenty-two and one-half feet in one hundred yards, and a mile 
 below, there is another fall of thirty-three feet. All garden vegetables, 
 melons and grapes do well. Rich Hill, a high plateau, six miles in ex- 
 tent, between the Pacolet and Fairforest rivers, is unequalled for the pro- 
 duction of fruits of all kinds. Frosts have injured it but once in forty 
 years. Farm wages, from eight dollars to ten dollars a month. Two- 
 thirds of the field work done bv whites. 
 
Tllli riEDMONT KKGION. l5l 
 
 Union County. 
 
 Union Township {E. D. 150): Lands broken, hilly. A light, gravelly 
 soil, resting on red clay subsoil, underlaid by granite rocks. Water of 
 the shallower wells impregnated with magnesia ; of deeper wells i)ene- 
 trating the granite freestone. Growth, short leaf pine, oak, dogwood, 
 sassafras, walnut, beech, poplar. Price of lands much advanced since 
 passage of stock law ; sell for ten dollars to twenty dollars an -acre. A 
 fine-grained, hard, durable, and easily split granite abundant. Water 
 powers, a fall of twenty feet on Fairforest river, over granite rocks, and 
 another of five and one-half feet; several falls on Tyger river. Stock 
 raising not considered profitable. No attention j>aid to anytl^iig but 
 cotton. No prevailing disease. Very healthy. 
 
 GowdeysvUle Township {E. D. 156) : Hilly, and a good deal broken. Pre- 
 vailing soil red clay, with a rod clay subsoil ; some sandy .soil, with white 
 cla}'^ subsoil. Underlying subsoil is granite, and some rotten ro(;k, or 
 white clay. .Growth, short leaf pine, oak and hickory. Bermuda and 
 Means grass thrive. Clover grows finely. Creek bottoms, rich, .sandy and 
 vegetable loam. Crops, seven hundred j)Ounds.seed cotton, corn, upland, 
 twelve bushels to twenty-five bu.shels, and fifty bushels on bottoms per 
 acre. Lands sell from five dollars to fifteen dollars an acre ; rent for 
 one-third of the crop. Several mill sites on creeks, and unlimited water 
 power on Broad river. Stock might be profitably raised, but no attention 
 is paid to it. Field labor, ten dollars a month, and fifty cents a day. No 
 local disease. Three-fifths of the field work performed by whites. Seve- 
 ral gold and iron mines. 
 
 Santee Toionship {E. D. 140) : Lands generally level towards centre of 
 township. Prevailing soil is a fine white sandy loam ; along Broad and 
 Tyger rivers, red clay hills; de})th to sub.soil of pipe clay .six inches to 
 twelve inches. Sand underlies the pipe clay. Growth, short leaf pine, 
 oak and hickory. Average crops, six hundred pounds .seed cotton, ten 
 bushels corn, and fifteen bushels oats per acre. Price of lands increased 
 from two dollars and fifty cents to ten dollars per acre, .since pas.sage of 
 stock law. Sandy lands considered the poorest before the use of commer- 
 cial fertilizers, now bring the highest prices. A neighbor made last year 
 forty bales of cotton, a sufliciency of corn, and sold seed oats, on a two- 
 horse farm. Not an isolated case. Know of no lands for sale. Most of 
 it to rent for three four hundred and fifty pound bales of cotton for a 
 one horse farm, which usually contains forty acres in cultivation and sixty 
 acres in old field pastures and woodlands. Almost impossible to hire a hand 
 for wages. Laborers prefer to work on .shares or to rent. A mill site on 
 Broad and also on Tyger rivers. No attention paid to stock. Day labor 
 
182 THE PIEDMONT REGION. 
 
 on farm, fifty cents a day, with rations ; seventy-five cents without. Very 
 healthy. Don't know a doctor wlio lives by his profession in the county. 
 One-fifth of the field labor performed by whites. 
 
 Goshen Township {E. D. 155) : Hilly and rolling. Soil, fine, dark gray, 
 light sandy loam, two inches to four inches to subsoil of stiff red cla}^ or 
 pipe clay, with rocks underlaid by whitish sand, hard and soft rocks, with 
 some isinglass. Growth, different oaks, poplar, ash, walnut and pine. 
 Crops, one-half bale of cotton, eight bushels to fifteen bushels corn, on 
 uplands ; twenty bushels to fifty bushels, on bottoms ; ten bushels to 
 eighty bushels oats, four bushels to ten bushels wheat per acre. Clover 
 and the grasses do well, where attended to. Lands sell from five dollars 
 to ten d#llars an acre ; rent for three bales of cotton for a one-horse farm. 
 Farm hands paid eight dollars a month. No attention paid to stock 
 raising, except some fine horses. A very small proportion of the labor 
 is white. 
 
 York County. 
 
 King^s Mountain Township {E. D. 170) : Lands rolling or level, in places 
 mountainous, elsewhere hilly. Soils, sandy, rocky gravelly or clay loam, 
 with red or yellow clay subsoil. Growth, oak ; where cut down it is suc- 
 ceeded by broom sedge and pine. Crops, twelve bushels corn, upland ; 
 thirty bushels creek bottom ; wheat, ten bushels to twenty bushels ; oats, 
 ten bushels per acre. The poorest soils yield cotton well, with aid of 
 guano. Fine monumental granite, iron ores and barytes are found. 
 Lands sell for from two dollars and fifty cents to ten dollars an acre. 
 Healthy; negroes suffer from consumption. Wages of field labor, fifty 
 cents a day, or ten dollars a month, with board ; one-half of it performed 
 by native whites. 
 
 Bethesda Township (E. D. 162) : The hilly and rolling lands are red 
 clay or sandy soils, with yellow clay subsoil. These are the best cotton 
 lands. The level or flat lands are the blackjack lands. Black, rocky 
 soils, with pipe clay subsoil, underlaid b}^ a hard, whitish, gravelly sub- 
 stance, produce the small grains well, but cotton rusts and continues 
 yellow or frenches after a few years cultivation, unless stable manure is 
 applied. Lands sell from two dollars to twenty-five dollars an acre, and 
 rent for eight hundred pounds of lint cotton for a one-horse farm of 
 twenty-five or thirty acres. 
 
CHA.PTER virr. 
 
 THE ALPINE REGION. 
 
 LOCATION. 
 
 The Alpine Region of South Carolina occupies the extreme north- 
 ■svestern border of the State. Commencing at King's mountain, in York 
 county, it extends westward through Spartanburg, Greenville, Pickens and 
 Oconee counties, widening in the three last named, until it embraces a 
 tier of the most northern townships, two or three deep. This wedge- 
 shaped area has a length of one hundred and fourteen miles, and a widtli 
 varying from eight to twenty-one miles. 
 
 THE PHYSICAL FEATURES 
 
 of this region present a rolling table-land, broken and hilly on the mar- 
 gin of the streams, but scarcely anywhere inaccessible to the plow. It 
 has a general elevation above the sea level of 1,000 to 1,500 feet. The 
 gently undulating sui^ace extends to the mountains, whose rock-bound 
 walls often rise suddenly to their greatest height. The southeastern face 
 of King's mountain rises perpendicularly live hundred feet above the 
 plain, and its northwestern slope descends gently towards the Blue Ridge 
 mountains. Table Rock also rises eight hundred feet vertically, or a 
 little overhanging above the southeastern terrace at its base, formed of 
 the loose fragments that in the course of ages have fallen from above. 
 The steep ascent of these mountains from their South Carolina or south- 
 eastern face, and their gradual slope on their northeastern face, and their 
 gradual slope to the northwest, where the mountains of North Carolina 
 rise apparently from a level country, is the reverse of the prevailing rule 
 on the Atlantic slo})e, which is, that the short, steep sides face northwest, 
 and the long, gentle slopes face southeast. Lieber thinks that these 
 
184 THE ALPINE REGION. 
 
 mountain cliffs indicate the occurrence here, in the remote past, of a great 
 fissure or crevasse in the earth's crust, a gigantic fault when the southern 
 slopes fell down hundreds of feet and exposed the precipitous rock walls 
 that now face the southeast. 
 
 The boundary line of South Carolina reaches the most easterly chain 
 of the Appalachian mountains, known here as the Saluda mountains, 
 near the corner of Greenville and Spartanburg counties, and follows the 
 summits of the ridge for fifty miles (thirty miles in an air line) until it 
 intersects the old Cherokee Indian boundary line. From this point the 
 mountain chain, here called the Blue Ridge, curving lightly to the north, 
 passes out of the State, and the boundary line pursues a more southerly 
 and a straight course to where the east branch of the Chatuga river in- 
 tersects the thirty-fifth degree of north latitude. The Chatuga, flowing 
 westward to its junction with the Tugaloo river, which in turn becomes 
 the Savannah river, flowing to tfie southeast, are the northwestern and 
 western boundaries of the State. The mountain chain divides the waters 
 of the State flowing to the Atlantic Ocean from those flowing northward, 
 which eventually find issuanpe to the southwest through the Tennessee 
 and Mississippi rivers into the Gulf of Mexico. Considering the water-shed 
 of South Carolina alone, the culminating point whence the rivers of this 
 section flow, is to be found in the horse-shoe curve of the mountain chain 
 north of the straight boundary line referred to as uniting the Chatuga 
 and the Blue Ridge. Hence the numerous sources of the Keowee river, 
 White Water, Toxaway, Jocassee and other creeks take their rjse and flow 
 nearly due south. The main stream of the Saluda sweeps away to the 
 east, and the Chatuga hurries westward. 
 
 It was from a noted summit of this range (Whiteside) that Mr. James 
 E. Calhoun observed, as early as 1825, that the character of the mountains 
 change from an unbroken chain to isolated masses towards the south. 
 Such isolated masses form a striking feature of the mountains of South 
 Carolina, and they make their appearance over a wide area of the State, 
 extending west and east from Stump House mountain, near Walhalla, in 
 Oconee county, past Paris mountain, in Greenville, Gilke's mountain, in 
 Union, to King's mountain and Henry's Knob, in York. Southward 
 they reach to Bird's mountain, in Laurens, Parson's mountain in Abbe- 
 ville, and Ruft's mountain on the Newberry and Lexington line. The 
 narrow mountain ridge that divides the river system of the Mississippi 
 from that of the Atlantic slope, and the interdigitation, as it were, of the 
 sources of the Hiwassee and Tennessee with those of the Savannah, have 
 long suggested to engineers the possibility of establishing an interflow 
 between these waters. A canal, Mr. Calhoun says, across Rabun Gap 
 would pour thirty-five miles of smooth water from the Little Tennessee 
 
THE ALI'INK KECJIOX. 185 
 
 into the Tugaloo river, while the Cliatuga, the Hiwassee, the Toxoway, 
 and innumerable mountain streams of tliis well-watered region would 
 serve as feeders to maintain the water supi>ly in any desired quantity. In 
 1873 water was drawn from Black creek, an affluent of the Tennessee, 
 across the Gap, to Izell's mills, on Chicken creek, an affluent of the 
 Savannah. 
 
 The elevation above the mean level of the sea of the following points 
 in western South Carolina were determined by the United States Coast 
 Geodetic Survey: King's Mountain, 1,092 feet; Paris Mountain (near 
 Greenville), 2,054 feet; Cuisar's Head, 3,118 feet; Mt. Pinnacle (near 
 Pickens, the highest point in South Carolina), 3,436 feet. 
 
 The bracing and healthy climate of this region, its beautiful scenery, 
 the bold mountain outlines, the rich luxuriance of every growth, no 
 stunted plant on mountain side or summit, every part, even the crevasses 
 of the rocks, covered with trees and shrubs of some kind, all full of life 
 and vigor; the clear, swift streams that everywhere leap in a succession 
 of cascades from crag and cliff, and sparkle in their course along the 
 narrow but fertile valleys, have made it for generations a health and 
 pleasure resort during summer. 
 
 THE GEOLOGICAL FEATURES 
 
 of this region are very similar to those of the one lying immediately 
 south of it. The prevailing rock is gneiss, sometimes changing into 
 granite, of good building qualities, and sometimes .slaty, furnisliing su- 
 perior flagging stones, a remarkaljle locality of which occurs eight miles 
 south of Pickens Court House, on the Greenville road. For the most 
 part, the rock is found at a depth of thirty to fifty feet beneath tlie sur- 
 face in a state of greater or less decom}>osition. Above the gneiss, whose 
 out crops are much confined to the beds of streams, islands of mica slate, 
 occupying the more elevated lands, are found. The largest of these i.so- 
 latcd bodies extends for a considerable width along the ridges above the 
 Chatuga river. 
 
 The proportion of mica slate is greater here than elsewhere in the 
 State. Between the mica slate and the gnei.ss, and cropping out almost 
 everywhere around the edges of tlie first named rock, are extensive seams 
 of hornblende rock, and its decomposition adds largely to the fertility, 
 especially of the creek and river bottoms, of this region. Above the mica 
 slate, on the large body of that rock on the Chatuga, some talc slate is 
 found. The last named slate underlies a considerable area of itacolu- 
 mitic sandstone that, in turn, support several bodies of limestone rock. 
 A number of limekilns have Ijecn in operation here. 
 
180 
 
 THE ALPINE REGION. 
 
 Of tlie useful ores and minerals of this section, it may be further 
 stated : 
 
 There are numerous gold deposits, at some of which washings have 
 been carried on with nnicli profit. Vein mining, in spite of many 
 promising indications, has not been regularly undertaken. 
 
 Indian and Revolutionary traditions tell of lead mines, which in*former 
 times furnished belligerents with an ample supply of this necessary 
 metal. I'nfortunately, these traditions have not preserved the dis- 
 closure of their locality. At the Cheoheegold deposit mine, on the head- 
 waters of Little river, in Oconee county, Lieber examined a very prom- 
 ising vein of argentiferous galena, which he thought might be profitably 
 developed. 
 
 Traces of copper were observed by Lieber on Tyger river, in Spartan- 
 burg county, near the Galena mine above mentioned, and in some mill 
 races in southern Pickens and Greenville. 
 
 Graphite is found on Paris mountain, and also in Oconee county. 
 
 Manganese and iron occur, but have not been explored. 
 
 Valuable soapstone quarries have been worked to a limited extent in 
 Pickens. Large sheets of transparent mica have been found near ^\'al- 
 halla, and asbestos of good quality is reported as occurring near Seneca 
 City. 
 
 THE SOILS. 
 
 The soils are similar to those found elsewhere in the State, which are 
 produced by the decomposition of gneiss rock in situ. On the more level 
 uplands, a gray, sandy loam, with a red, and sometimes on the mica 
 slates, with a yellowish white, clay, predominates. On the hillsides, a 
 stiil', red clay soil prevails. In the bottoms, a still darker loam, more 
 thoroughly saturated with lime and potash from the decomposed horn- 
 blende and mica slates, is found. Those bottom lands have long been 
 highly esteemed as yielding abundant crops of corn, the small grains, 
 and the grasses. Little thought or attention was bestowed on the up- 
 lands previous to the attempt so successfully made within the last few 
 years to introduce upon them the culture of cotton. 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 According to the physical charts of the ninth United States census, 
 and the rain charts of the Smithsonian Institute, 2d Ed., 1877, this region 
 has a mean annual temperature corresponding with that of Kansas or 
 New Jersey. The more mountainous portions have, however, a mean 
 annual temperature that corresponds with that of Montana, or the lower 
 
THE ALPINE KEtilON. 187 
 
 region of the great lakes. The mean of the hottest week of 1872, taken 
 at 4h. 35m. P. M., was 90° F. The mean of the coldest week of 1872-3, 
 taken at 7h. 35m. A. M., was 25° F. 
 
 The prevailing winds are from the southeast, and the mean velocity of 
 the movement of the atmosphere is much below the average for the 
 United States at large, In the frequency with which the region is 
 traversed by storm areas of say fifty miles in diameter, it ranks with the 
 lowest in the United States. With the more extensive region south of it, 
 it is peculiarly exempt from destructive storms. 
 
 Blessed with an unusual number of clear days and a large amount of 
 sunshine, the fig tree thrives here without protection, at an elevation of 
 fifteen hundred feet above the sea. " The climate is less subject to sudden 
 changes than in the plain below. Vegetation is late, but when once fairly 
 begun, is seldom destroyed by subsequent frosts. Neither are there any 
 marks of trees being struck l)y lightning,* or blown up by storms." 
 (David Ramsay, Hist, of S. C.) 
 
 The annual fall of water is over sixty inches, and this is, therefore, 
 among the regions of heaviest precipitation in the United States. For 
 spring, it is over eighteen inches, and for autumn, it is twelve inches, 
 which are also the maximum- in the United States. In winter, it is six- 
 teen inches, which is less than the maximum, and in summer, it is four- 
 teen inches, which places it third in a series of five, or just medium. 
 Dewlcss nights rarely occur, and the luxuriant vegetation of this region 
 does not in consequence suffer from the rigor of extreme droughts so fre- 
 quent elsewhere. 
 
 The following observations on the temperature of springs in this region 
 were made by Lieber : 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Time of 
 Observation. 
 
 Temperature. 
 
 ATMOSPHRKE. 
 
 Poinsett Spring, in Greenville, 
 near N. Carolina line . . . 
 
 7th June, 
 
 7| A. M. 
 
 72.050° 
 
 56.80° 
 
 Spring on .Jones' Gap Road, 
 near Turnpike gate. . . . 
 
 16th June, 
 
 2 P.M. 
 
 75.74° 
 
 57.56° 
 
 Cold Spring, or Csesar's Head. 
 
 29th June, 
 
 9^ A. M. 
 
 80.60° 
 
 55.40° 
 
 House Spring, Caesar's Head . 
 
 29th June, 
 
 lOJ A. M. 
 
 78.80° 
 
 57.56° 
 
 *It is a sayinp in this region that " to pick the teeth with a splinter from a tree struck 
 by liglitning, will cure the toothache ;" the meaning being that such a splinter is not 
 
 to be had. 
 
188 THE. ALPINE REGION, 
 
 GROWTH. 
 
 The prevailing growth is oak, chestnut, and short leaf pine. Proceed- 
 ing toward the mountains, the following trees mark the ascent in the 
 order here named : Rock chestnut, oak {quercus primus monticola), cucum- 
 ber tree {magnolia accuminatar), mountain laurel (rhododendron maximum), 
 white pine (pinus strobus), hemlock or spruce pine {abies canadensis). The 
 forest products are shingles, tan bark, and dogwood, with other hard 
 woods, besides abundant timber for building purposes. The Indians 
 once gained their chief livelihood here by gathering and disposing of 
 medicinal herbs, such as spigelia marylandica, ginseng and snake root, 
 which are to be found in great abundance. 
 
 STATISTICS. 
 
 The Alpine region of South Carolina embraces an area of 1,250 square 
 miles, and is, therefore, the smallest division of the State here treated of. 
 The population numbers 34,496, an increase since the census of 1870 of 
 sixty-six per cent. This gives the density of the population as twenty- 
 seven to the square mile which is below the average of the State, and 
 less than in other regions — the sand hills and lower pine belt alone 
 excepted. Twenty-six per cent, of the population is colored. 
 
 Eighty per cent, of the land is wood land and forest, sixteen per cent, 
 is tilled, and four per cent, is in old fields. The area of tilled land has 
 more than doubled since 1870, being now 132,791 acres, and then, only 
 64,802 acres. This is 3.8 acres per capita of population, against 3.1 acres 
 in 1870, showing that improvement has more than kept pace with the 
 increase of the population, 
 
 The number of farms is 4,646, which gives an average of twenty-eight 
 acres of improved land to the farm. Of this number, forty-three per 
 cent, is under fifty acres, and may be considered as in the hands of small 
 farmers. Nevertheless, there are some large landholders in this region. 
 For instance : Mr. James E. Calhoun owns a body of 100,000 acres* of 
 
 *0n the margin of his plat of these lands, Mr. Calhoun remarks : " Well timbered, 
 soil good, scenery superb. It is so healthy that no physician ever lived in that part of 
 the country. There are mineral springs. Cultivation is exclusively by white labor. 
 It is U plateau within the ' thermal belt,' where fruit is never affected by frost- Gold, 
 iron, lime, hydraulic cement and kaolin are known to be abundant. Report adds 
 silver, copper, lead and corundum. The Blue Ridge railroad runs twelve miles through 
 it. In its lensrth of twenty-two miles and width of fifteen miles, it would be difficult 
 to find a single spot two miles distant from water powers, of whii-h there are 
 more than eighty inil<3s in direct line, and which, if developed, would be e.xempt from 
 
THE ALPINE REGIOX. 189 
 
 land along the Chatuga river, in Oconee county. Of the farms forty-live 
 per cent, are rented, and of the rented farni.s seventy-four per cent, are 
 under fifty acres — showing that the renters are farmers on a small scale. 
 Of the fifty-five per cent, worked by their owners only fifteen j)er cent, 
 are under fifty acres. Of bona fide small proprietors, if landiiolders of 
 under fifty acres, who till their own land, may be termed such, the num- 
 ber is small, being only seven per cent, of the total number oi farm- 
 holders. By far the larger number of farms are rented for a portion of 
 the crop, very few being rented at a fixed money rental. For instance: 
 in five adjacent townships in Greenville, where there are six hundred 
 and thirty-one farms rented, only one is reported as rented at a fixed 
 moi^ey rental. 
 
 Of the tilled land, 88,700 acres, or sixty-five per cent., is in grain of all 
 kinds; 25,740 acres, or twenty per cent., is in cotton; and 18,285 acres, 
 or fifteen per cent., in fallow, and all other crops, including gardens, 
 orchards and vineyards, and a small area in tobacco. 
 
 The average yield of grain is only a little over eight bushels to the 
 acre, and does not express the capability of this section for the produc- 
 tion of this article. Fields of corn on bottom lands averaging fcjrty to 
 sixty bushels an acre are not uncommon, and the minimum calculation 
 of the crop for uplands without manure is ten to twelve bushels per acre, 
 while twenty to thirty bushels are obtained by good culture. Rice has 
 grown here, M'ithout any manure, over one hundred bushels to the acre, 
 though very little of it is planted. The yield of grain per capita is 
 twenty bushels, and is greater than elsewhere in the State, except in the 
 Sand Hill region. 
 
 The average yield of cotton to the square mile is 6.3 bales, an increase 
 of over six hundred per cent, since 1870. This is more than upon the 
 coast, in the lower pine belt, and in the sand hill region, but much less 
 than elsewhere in the State. The average yield of lint per acre planted 
 in cotton is one hundred and forty-one pounds, which is sixty per cent, 
 more than the yield on the coast, but less than elsewhere in the State. 
 The yield per capita is one hundred and five pounds of lint against four- 
 teen pounds in 1870. This is one hundred per cent, more than the 
 yield on the coast, and seventy per cent, more than the extensive lower 
 
 taxation for ton years. luiini^'rants arc exempt for five years. The northwestern 
 States ought to be most urgent for an out'et to tlie ocean througli the Tunnes.see, Hi- 
 wassee, Tiigah)0 and Savannah rivers. Besides being the shortest and safest;and always 
 available, it would bring them directly in front of tiie marts of the world ; whereas, by 
 descending the Mississippi, tiiey arc thrown widely away, and, moreover, are made to 
 encounter deadly malarial diseases every season, and yellow fever at short intervals. 
 The eastern cities should also advocate this outlet, since it would place the vast pro- 
 ductions of the Northwest within easy grasp of their coast shipping." 
 
190 THE ALPINE REGION. 
 
 pine belt. Still it is not one-third of the yield in the remainder of the 
 State. 
 
 The work stock number 5,798, against 4,096 in 1870. This is 4.1 to 
 the square mile, the average for the State being 4.4. The ratio of work 
 stock to the population is less than elsewhere in the upper country, but 
 more than in the regions below the red hills. There are twenty-two acres 
 of tilled land to the head of work stock, which is more than elsewhere in 
 the State, except in the red hills and the metamorphic region. 
 
 Other live stock numbers 6G.035, being more per square mile than else- 
 where in the State, and more per capita of the population except only 
 among the sand hills. 
 
 LABOR AND SYSTEM OF FARMING. 
 
 The farms are very rarely larger than can be worked by four horses. 
 The landholdings average from one hundred and fifty to three hundred 
 acres, including woodlands. The larger portion of the farm supplies are 
 raised at home, but near the towns, and along the Air-Line railroad sup- 
 plies from the west are largely purchased, the system of credits and ad- 
 vances to the smaller farmers prevails, absorbing with rents, not unfre- 
 quently, seven-eighths of the entire crop. Most of the land is rented or 
 worked on shares. The cash rental varies from two dollars and fifty cents 
 to four dollars an acre ; the usual terms are one-fourth the cotton and 
 one-third of the grain ; where stock and implements are furnished by 
 the landlord, he gets one-half the crop. The averse market value of 
 lands is stated at five dollars an acre ; improved lands sell at from six 
 dollars to ten dollars an acre. About one-half the field laborers are ne- 
 groes, and since attention has been given to cotton culture they are on the 
 increase. Wages are fifty cents a day ; six dollars to eight dollars a month, 
 with board ; seventy-five dollars a year, with board. The condition of in- 
 dustrious laborers is good. The number of negro laborers owning houses 
 and land varies from one to five per cent, according to the locality. 
 
 TILLAGE AND IMPROVEMENT. 
 
 One-horse plows are generally used, very rarely two horses. The 
 depth of the furrow on the land side varies from three to four inches. 
 Subsoiling is not practiced. Occasionally lands lie fallow, and the result 
 is beneficial if stock are not allowed to destroy the crop of grass and 
 weeds. Cultivated fallows are unknown. There is no system in the ro- 
 
THE ALPINE REGION. 101 
 
 tatioii of crops. After land has been planted two or three years in cotton 
 it is planted one or two years in wheat, corn or oats ; the results of such 
 a change are excellent, if stock is kept off the stubble. Fall plowing is 
 little practiced ; it has been found of advantage where stubble, grass or 
 weeds cover the land to turn them under at this time. The amount of 
 land in old fields is not great. Such fields, after lying out eight or ten 
 years, have been found to produce as well as ever, and most of them have 
 been brought into cultivation again. The washing of hillsides does not 
 amount to a serious evil, and it is reported as easily prevented and effect- 
 ually checked by hillside ditching when necessary. The use of commer- 
 cial fertilizers has largely increased with the facility of obtaining them 
 by railroad, and the practical demonstration of their value in the culture 
 of cotton. Cotton seed is worth ten to fifteen cents a bushel ; little of it is 
 sold. It is applied green and broad-cast as a manure for wheat, and com- 
 posted with stable manure as a fertilizer for cotton. A portion of it is 
 fed to stock. 
 
 COTTON CULTURE 
 
 was a leading industry in the upper counties of South Carolina previous 
 to 1826. The crop raised was from one hundred and twenty pounds to 
 two hundred pounds lint per acre in the four most northerly counties, 
 and averaged one hundred and forty-five pounds. At that date, however, 
 and for long afterwards, probably not an acre of cotton was planted in the 
 region now under consideration. The opening of the Air-Line railroad 
 having reduced the cost of fertilizers, attention was drawn to the large 
 bodies of gray sandy lands hitherto little considered, and experiments in 
 cotton growing by their aid proved so successful that the cultHre was 
 largely increased. It has extended over the ta])le lands and even up the 
 mountain slopes, and is now grown in every township of the region except 
 one, Chatuga township, in Oconee county, already referred to as the cul- 
 minating point of the river system. It has been found that while the 
 season is shorter, the stimulation of the growth by the use of fertilizers 
 compensates for this. The same tillage as is given further south ex- 
 pended here in a shorter period of time has a like effect in pushing the 
 j)lant to maturity. With slave labor this was inconvenient, if not im- 
 I)racticable. With free labor it is, if anything, easier and cheaper to ac- 
 complish thirty days work in three days than to do it in ten. It has been 
 further found that the growth of the plant is steadier here ; it does not suffer 
 from those checks during long dewless intervals, which retard its progress in 
 the hotter and dryer sections. The claim is also made, that better cotton is 
 grown here than further south. Experienced cotton buyers have long given 
 
192 THE ALPINE REGION. 
 
 preference to staples of both long and short cottons grown towards the 
 northern limits respectively of their culture. It is said that the fibres 
 are stronger and of more equal and uniform length, admirable qualities, 
 which might naturally be expected from a short, steady and continuous 
 growth. For all these reasons, together with the improvements in the 
 selection of seed, by which the period of growth is lessened and an earlier 
 and more sinniltaneous ripening of the fruit is obtained, it is expected 
 that what has been already done is only the commencement of a much 
 wider extension towards the mountains of the growth of the cotton plant. 
 No peculiarities of cotton culture are to be noted in this region. Little 
 or no previous preparation is given to the soil until it is thrown into 
 ridges thirty inches to four feet apart, according to the strength of the 
 land, just before planting. The seed is planted from the 10th to the 20th 
 of April, commencing on the same date as in the region below, but con- 
 cluding earlier by ten to twenty days. About two bushels of seed are 
 used to the acre, and it is, for the most part, sown by hand, the outlay of 
 twelve dollars for a planter being generally considered too great for the 
 advantage gained, especially by small renters, who hold their farms only 
 for the crop season. The seed comes up in si'x to fifteen days. The 
 variety preferred is some one of the cluster cottons, prolific bearers, of 
 early maturity. In two weeks after planting, the cotton is chopped out 
 with a hoe to about twelve inches apart, sometimes to onl}^ six inches, 
 and on very strong land, intervals of eighteen inches between the plants 
 may be left. If the soil be well stirred with the plow, and kept clean in 
 the drill with the hoe, the cotton will have obtained a height of eight 
 inches to eighteen inches by the 1st to the 10th July, when blossoms will 
 appear. The first blooms are now looked for the latter part of June, but 
 until the last year or two, they were never expected before the 4th of 
 July, and even that was thought earlv- Open bolls are seen from the 
 25th of August to the 1st of September. Picking commences from the 
 10th to the 15th September. The growing season ends with the first 
 black frost, which occurs about the 15th October to the 1st November. 
 The crop is gathered by the 15th to the 31st December. The plant is 
 considered most productive when it attains the height of two feet. Fresh 
 lands yield seven hundred pounds to twelve hundred pounds of seed 
 cotton. The same lands, after two to ten years culture without manure, 
 yield six hundred pounds to four hundred pounds seed cotton ; Avith 
 moderate manuring and fairly good culture, they improve. It is esti- 
 mated that it requires here an average of twelve hundred and twenty-five 
 pounds of seed cotton to produce a bale of four hundred pounds. 
 
THE ALPINE REGION. 193 
 
 DISEASES AND ENEMIES 
 
 are restricted here almost exclusively to one — frost. Caterpillar is un- 
 known. A little rust and shedding occur on ill-drained soils, but there 
 is no general complaint regarding them. The vegetable enemies of the 
 f)lant are crab grass, with now and then complaints of rag weed and May- 
 pop vine. 
 
 GINNING 
 
 here differs in no regard from the accounts already given of it in the other 
 regions. The weight aimed at for the bale is four hundred and fifty 
 pounds to five hundred pounds, and the average obtained, from the state- 
 ments made, is four hundred and eighty-three pounds. 
 
 Farmers sell their cotton to the merchants at the nearest railroad sta- 
 tion, without charges of any kind, and make no estimate as to tlie cost 
 of shipping and selling. 
 
 The cost of production is estimated at eight cents to ten cents per 
 pound. No itemized statement of the cost of culture could be obtained 
 from this region, and it probably differs in no wise from that in other 
 regions. 
 
 Abstract of the reports of township correspondents for the Piedmont 
 Region : 
 
 Oconee County. 
 
 Wagner Township {E. D. 120): Lands hilly and rolling, embracing 
 Stump House mountain, the slopes of which are very fertile ; below the 
 mountain there is much table or level land. The soils are, 1st, a gray, 
 sandy soil, underlaid by stiff clay, with partially decomposed slates at a 
 depth of fifty feet ; this soil is well adapted to cotton : 2d, a mulatto 
 soil, producing tobacco well, the culture of which is found very re- 
 munerative and is yearly increasing : 3d, black, loamy soils of creek and 
 branch bottoms, very productive in corn, oats and the grains. The 
 growth is pine, oak, hickory, very large chestnut, and dogwood ; the last- 
 named wood is being sawn into blocks for shuttles, and shipped north by 
 the carload. One-half mile from Walhalla there is an inexhaustible 
 quarry of very fine building granite ; very large plates of mica are also 
 found here. Numerous swift,. clear streams afford abundant water powers 
 not developed. I^and is cheap, but is not priced by the acre. Stock 
 13 
 
194 THE ALPINE REGION. 
 
 raising might be made profitable. Field labor is paid fifty cents a day, 
 two-thirds of it performed by whites. There are no prevailing diseases. 
 
 Kcoivee Toivnsliip {E. D. 123) : Southern portion nearly level, western 
 portion hilly ; Smeltzer's mountain in northeast corner. Soils chiefly 
 gray, sandy soils ; the bottoms of the Keowee river, averaging two 
 hundred yards in width, and extending eighteen miles through the 
 township, are very fertile ; the subsoil is red, sometimes white clay. 
 Growth, pine, oak, ash, hickory, chestnut, beech, blackjack, dogwood. 
 Crops, corn, thirty bushels jier acre in bottoms, twelve bushels on uplands ; 
 sweet and Irish potatoes, one hundred bushels per acre ; tobacco does 
 well, is grown only for home use ; cotton was not planted before 1879 ; 
 the average yield is six hundred pounds seed cotton per acre. Improved 
 lands, with river or creek bottoms, would sell for ten dollars an acre ; 
 improved uplands at three dollars to five dollars an acre ; forest lands at 
 two dollars ; a large pine forest recently sold at less than one dollar per 
 acre. Not more than one-tenth of the lands under cultivation ; about 
 one-third of the farming lands for rent, at from one-third to one-fourth 
 the crops, or where stock and tools are furnished, at one-half. There are 
 fourteen fine water powers in the township. There are four tanyards. 
 Most of the farm lands, hitherto neglected, are well suited for cotton cul- 
 ture, under the present method, with the use of fertilizers. 
 
 Palaski Townshi/p (E. D. 124) : The Stump House mountain belt crosses 
 the southern portion ; on the north, along the Chatuga river, and on the 
 west along Tugaloo river, the river hills and cliffs make it mountainous; 
 through the centra a belt three to four miles wide of well-watered rolling 
 land is found. The numerous crreeks and branches crossing it have bot- 
 toms, fifty yards to two hundred yards in width, of great fertility, yield- 
 ing, with good culture, twenty-five bushels to eighty bushels of corn, and 
 abundant grass crops. Fruits do well ; apples, from the early June to 
 the late winter produce well, grapes grow well also. The soil is mostly 
 a sandy loam, with red, sometimes with yellow clay subsoil. Limestone 
 is found and there is a lime-kiln in operation. Soapstone of excellent 
 quality occurs. Not more than one-twelfth to one-fifteenth of the land is 
 under cultivation. There are numerous water-powers, there being on four 
 streams twelve falls, varying from thirty feet to one hundred feet fall per- 
 pendicular. There are indications of gold, silver and copper ores, but no 
 regular mining is done. Lands sell for fifty cents to ten dollars an acre. 
 Parties clearing have the use of it free of charge for two to four years. 
 Rent is one-third of the crop, or one-half if stock and tools are furnished. 
 Fine stock ranges are found among the mountains, the large droves of 
 cheep, however, destroy the grass for the cattle. 
 
the alpine region. 195 
 
 Pickens County. 
 
 Rarricane Township [E. D. 131): Comitry for the most part broken and 
 hilly. Soil, a light yellowisli brown loam, three inches to five inches to 
 a stiff red clay, lying on sandstone and gray rock. Growth, pine, oak, 
 and hickory. The uplands yield ten to twenty bushels corn per acre. 
 Within a few years the people have found out that they can raise cotton, 
 the lands producing five hundred pounds to one thousand pounds seed 
 cotton to the acre. Lands for sale from two dollars to ten dollars an acre. 
 There is considerable good bottom land on the streams. Four creeks 
 afford good water-powers. There are no prevailing diseases. Nine-tenths 
 of the field labor is performed by whites. 
 
CH^P^TER IX. 
 
 WATER-POWERS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Between the years 1816 and 1826, $1,712,626 were expended by the State 
 of South Carolina in internal improvements. A large portion of this 
 amount was appropriated to building nine canals around the rapids of 
 the Wateree, the Catawba, the Congaree, the Broad and the Saluda rivers, 
 with a view to the improvement of their navigation. From time to 
 time surveys of these streams, especially by engineer officers of the 
 United States army, have been made with the same object in view. In 
 the absence of anything like a general or detailed account of the water- 
 power of the State, it was upon reports regarding these works that per- 
 sons interested in the matter chiefly relied for information. Quite re- 
 cently, however. Gen. Francis A. Walker, Superintendent of the 10th 
 United States Census, as a part of the census work, has had a survey of 
 ■.the water-power of the Southern Atlantic water-shed made by Mr. George 
 F. Swain, S. B., Instructor in Civil Engineering in the Massachusetts In- 
 stitute of Technology, Boston, Mass. Mr. Swain's report, just published 
 •by the census office, contains a large amount of new and very valuable 
 •information ; so far as South Carolina is concerned, it is the first attempt 
 to give a systematic account of its water-power. In the endeavor here 
 (made to condense a statement of the points of chief interest in this report 
 relating to this State, the reader is informed that Mr. Swain's report is so 
 closely written and so full of facts that it is not susceptible of such treat- 
 ment satisfactorily, and those interested in the subject are referred to 
 the report itself 
 
 Mr. Swain divides the Southern Atlantic water-shed into three belts, 
 running in a northeasterly direction, parallel for the most part with each 
 other, and also with the sea coast on the southeast, and with the general 
 trend of the Appalachian mountain chain on the northwest. Those are : 
 
 I. The eastern belt, reaching inland from the coast one hundred to one 
 hundred and forty miles, and formed by the slowly descending slope of 
 
WATER-POWERS OF .SOUTH CAROLINA. 197 
 
 the tertiary plain. In South Carolina the average elevation of the streams 
 at the upper edge of tliis belt above tide level is al)out seventy feet in an 
 average distance, following the windings of the streams of about two hun- 
 dred and fifteen miles; this gives something like 0.3 foot fall per mile, 
 and of course renders the streams of this section, as a rule, unavailal)lo 
 as motor powers, although the smaller streams sometimes have .such fall 
 as to allow of their use for cotton gins, grist, and even for saw mills. For- 
 merly along the coast of Carolina tidal water-power was utilized for rice 
 mills, but this motor has been here superseded by steam. 
 
 II. The middle belt comprises what has been described as the " Red 
 Hill," " Sand Hill " and " Piedmont " regions of South Carolina, with a 
 portion of the upper pine belt, in all about 18,000 square miles. It has a 
 general elevation above the sea level of about six hundred feet, and 
 the average fall of the streams passing through it varies from two feet to 
 seven feet per mile. This is the region of the great water-powers, and to 
 it Mr. Swain has devoted his chief attention. 
 
 III. The western belt is among the mountains. In South Carolina it 
 is described as the Alpine region, and embraces about twelve hundred 
 square miles. The streams here are numerous, and their fall is very great, 
 but they arc much inferior in volume to those of the middle belt, and 
 consequently rank bolow it, as affording water-power of the largest 
 capacity. 
 
 Tlie advantages offered by the water-power of South Carolina are much 
 enhanced by topographical and climatic conditions prevailing here. 
 
 The undulating })lateau of the Piedmont region has a pervious soil to 
 an average depth of fifty feet or more, formed b}' the unusually deep dis- 
 integration of the metamorphic rocks, and presenting a mixture ol sand 
 and clay, well a(la])ted for the absortion of rain water. This pervious 
 soil rests at the de})th indicated on the im[)ervious strata of rock, granite, 
 and gneiss, or the various slates, which impede the deeper percolation of 
 water. The streams have cut their channels down to these underlying 
 beds of rock, and it is along their surface that constant supplies of water 
 held in reserve by the permeable soils of their water-sheds are received, 
 thus adding largely to the amount and the regularity of their flow. A 
 similar condition obtains among the sand hills, where the porous sands, 
 through the interstices of which the rain disappears almost as readily 
 and rapidly as it does through the air, rest at a depth of one hundred 
 feet to one hundred nnd fifty feet on im])ervious Ijcds of kaolin clay. As 
 a consequence the streams of the sand hill region lose little of the rain- 
 fall through surface evaporation and maintain a flow hardly affected per- 
 ceptibly by unusual seasons of rain or drought, and Mr. Swain more tlian 
 once expresses his astonishment at the horse-power furnished by streams 
 
198 WATER-POWERS OP SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 having so small a drainage area. This re-sult is likewise promoted by 
 the extensive woodlands of the middle and western belt, which occupy, 
 according to the census of 1880, something more than seventy-five per 
 cent, of the surface. The larger streams of the Piedmont region, in ad- 
 dition to their drainage area within the State, receive the rains from 
 3,058 square miles of water-.shed in North Carolina. The rocky beds of 
 these streams afford everywhere good sites and j^ermanent foundations 
 for mill dams, while the high angle at which they cross the ledges of rock 
 increases the perpendicularity of the fall, and presents a clean smooth 
 edge, adding to the facility with which the water-power is made available. 
 Thus, at VanPatton's shoals, on the Enoree river, so very even is the edge 
 of the rock that a single plank bolted to it, forms a sufficient dam by which 
 1,550 horse-power may be utilized. " The facilities for storing water are 
 on the whole good." — Swaht. Besides the resources of the neighboring 
 pine forests, building material is furnished everywhere in the excellent 
 clay for brick-making that is found. In addition to these, the metamor- 
 phic rocks laid bare on the banks of the streams furnish material for dams 
 and buildings of the best quality. Besides soapstone, gneiss, talc and 
 mica slates, there are few localities where a fine-grained and easily split- 
 ting granite is not to be had. The last named rock extends even into the 
 sand hill region, forming the shoals and rapids in the streams there, and 
 has been utilized in the structure of the large cotton mill at Graniteville 
 on Horse creek. 
 
 Speaking of the climate, Mr. James E. Calhoun writes ; " Blessed with 
 sunshine and showers throughout the year, there is just winter enough 
 to keep the insects in check, while the pomegranate and the fig do not 
 require to be sheltered. Destructive storms of wind, rain or hail never 
 occur here. Living immediatel on they banks of a river half a mile 
 wide (Trotters's shoals, on the Savannah), I am never troubled with mos- 
 quitoes. Nowhere can there be found a larger percentage of the popula- 
 tion of seventy years and upwards. I am an octogenarian, with the fresh 
 vitality of twenty-five." Low water from snow-fall or freezing, and fresh- 
 ets from ice gorges are unknown here. It has been argued that in more 
 bracing climates, as in Maine, the operatives in factories can accomplisli 
 ten per cent, more work than in these warmer latitudes. It is possible that 
 unacclimated Northern operatives might experience some such degree of 
 languor here. Nevertheless there are few better workers than the Southern 
 factory hand. The climate does disincline the Southern white to out-of- 
 door employment, and, surrendering, in a large measure, farm labor to 
 the colored race, they eagerly seek employment in factories. Thus it 
 happens that factory hands are much more abundant than would be an- 
 ticipated from the density of the population. Northern mill owners have 
 
water-powers of .south CAROLINA. 
 
 199 
 
 not been slow to express their liigh estimate of Southern lielp. Contrast 
 with the negro element of the population cultivates a pride of race which 
 inspires a higher tone and renders the wliite working class more reliable 
 than it is usually found elsewhere. Labor unions and leagues are un- 
 known, and there are those who maintain that this freedom from labor 
 troubles, and the permanency and certainty they enjoy in their help 
 more than compensates for some remoteness from railroad transportation. 
 The expense saved in the item of heating adds largely to the economy of 
 factories, and by rendering the conditions of life easier and healthier, it 
 promotes the increase of an already very prolific population, which, if 
 prevented from migrating and fostered by such capital as would open up 
 employment in manufactures, would respond readily to almost any de- 
 mand made upon it. 
 
 The average annual rainfall is stated at fifty-two inches, and it i)roba- 
 bly exceeds rather than falls below this figure. This is from four inches 
 to six inches more than in the same region in Virginia, North Carolina 
 and Georgia. The following statement shows how it compares with the 
 rainfall of the New England and Middle States, the moan of observations 
 made at twenty-six stations on the principal rivers in those States being 
 ffiven : 
 
 
 Spring. 
 
 Summer. 
 
 Autumn. 
 
 Winter. 
 
 Year. 
 
 
 In. 
 
 In. 
 
 In. 
 
 In. 
 
 In. 
 
 Piedmont region of South Carolina.. 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 52 
 
 New England and Middle States 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 42 
 
 There are four chief river systems in South Carolina — the Pee Dee, 
 the Santee, the Edisto and the Savannah. The numerous salt water 
 rivers, important as they are for purposes of communication along the 
 coast, and even for a considerable distance into the interior, are omitted, as 
 tidal water-power is not to be considered. Such streams as flow through 
 the level country, although they are sometimes of considerable length, with 
 large drainage areiis, and affording some water-power, as the Big and 
 Little Saltkehatchie and others, are likewise omitted. The following 
 table exhibits the leading features of these rivers. The number of mills 
 and the horse-power utilized are from the enumerator's returns for the 
 10th United States Census ; the estimate of drainage area, length and fall, 
 are by Mr. Swain : 
 
200 
 
 WATER-POWERS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Table, giving Names of Streams, Number of Milh, Horse-Power Utilized and 
 estimated Drainage Area, Length and Fall of the Rivers of South Carolina. 
 
 NAME OF STREAM. 
 
 DRAINAGE 
 
 AKEA IN 
 
 SQUARE MILES. 
 
 
 IS 
 
 fa 
 
 
 
 2 d 
 & * 
 
 a 
 
 2 ^ 
 
 Pee Dee System. 
 Great Pee Dee and less=er tributaries (9,700 sq 
 
 miles in North Carolina)... 
 
 Waccamaw *. 
 
 17,000 
 1,200 
 2,000 
 1500 
 1,350 
 
 159 
 65 
 50 
 
 0.44 
 
 62 
 2 
 
 21 
 1.^ 
 26 
 
 880 
 22 
 
 Little Pee Dee 
 
 
 243 
 
 Black River 
 
 232 
 
 Lyuch's River 
 
 240 
 
 
 383 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 124 
 
 1760 
 
 Santee System. 
 Santee River 
 
 14,725 
 5,225 
 
 4,375 
 7,965 
 
 4,950 
 730 
 720 
 475 
 
 2 350 
 386 
 
 184 
 116 
 
 76 
 50 
 
 HS 
 7t' 
 36 
 50 
 
 110 
 60 
 
 0.5 
 1 to 41 
 
 5.24 
 1. 
 
 3.9 
 
 4' to 7 
 
 7 
 3 to 6 
 
 
 Wateree and tributaries 
 
 28 
 
 40 
 
 27 
 
 38 
 36 
 52 
 37 
 10;^ 
 66 
 
 4::7 
 
 95 
 
 78 
 8 
 
 375 
 
 Catawba and tributaries (1,725 sq. m. dr. area 
 in North Carolina 
 
 825 
 
 Congaree and tributaries 
 
 Broad and tributaries (1,400 sq. m. dr. area in 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 Enoree and tributaries (length in straight line).. 
 Tyger River and tributaries " * " '' .. 
 Paeolet and tributaries '' ' '• " .. 
 Saluda and tributaries 
 
 384 
 
 640 
 574 
 626 
 809 
 2,267 
 1,330 
 
 Reedy River (fall greater than Saluda or Enoree) 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 7,830 
 1,126 
 
 Edisto System. 
 North and St)uth Forks and tributarits 
 
 1,535 
 
 11.000 
 143 
 650 
 530 
 241 
 908 
 870 
 350 
 
 60 
 
 355 
 20 
 
 2 to 4 
 
 4 to 2^ 
 20 
 
 Savannah River Syste.m. 
 Savannah River and les.«er tributaries (5,000 
 
 sq. m. dr. area in Georgia) 
 
 Horse Creek 
 
 1.453 
 1 807 
 
 Stevens Creek 
 
 
 Little River 
 
 45 
 40 
 60 
 49 
 30 
 
 
 10 
 
 75 
 
 28 
 
 206 
 
 124 
 427 
 
 95 
 
 206 
 
 f52 
 
 252 
 
 Rocky River 
 
 7 to 8J 
 6^ 
 
 \2\ 
 
 Seneca River and affluents 
 
 880 
 
 J iigaloo River 
 
 313 
 
 Chatauga River 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 4 806 
 
 Recapitulation. 
 Pee Dee system 
 
 
 
 
 1.760 
 
 Santeesystem 
 
 Edisto system 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 7,830 
 1.126 
 
 Savannah system 
 
 
 
 
 4,806 
 
 
 
 
 
 To'al 
 
 15 522 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
WATER-POWERS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 201 
 
 Tlie kind of mills and tlie amount of power em})loycd l)y eacli may 
 be summarized tlius : 
 
 KIND OF MILL 
 
 NUMBER. 
 
 HORSE-POWER 
 
 Grist and flour 
 Cotton factories 
 
 mills 
 
 551 
 10 
 
 100 
 94 
 
 28 
 
 7,505 
 
 Saw mills 
 
 Cotton gins ... 
 
 2,534 
 820 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 940 
 
 
 
 
 Total . . . 
 
 852 
 
 15,522 
 
 The Avater-power that a stream will furnish is determined by its fall and 
 its volume of water. The amount of fall is accurately determined by a 
 carefully made line of levels. The time allowed Mr. Swain to survey 
 the large field allotted to him enabled him to visit in person only a few 
 of the most important water-powers, and even in these instances the only 
 instrument of measurement iie could use was a Locke pocket level, with 
 which he says he was in some cases " enabled to arrive at quite close ap- 
 proximation of the fall, while in others the results obtained are liable to 
 larjre errors." To determine the volume of water in a stream is a mucli 
 more difficult, tedious and delicate matter. Accurate gaugings of tlic 
 stream are to be made, and those are to be continued through the different 
 seasons of the year, and for a series of years, before the average amount 
 of flow to be relied on can be stated. '* In the absence of such a series of 
 gaugings," Mr. Swain was forced, in order to arrive at any approximate 
 estimate of power, to adopt an entirely different method. He ])oints out 
 the uncertainty of this method, aiul is scrupulously careful that his errors, 
 whatever they may be, shall always be on the safe side — that is, below 
 the mark, but never above it. Ilis method consists, first, in determining 
 the drainage area of the different streams by geometrical measurement 
 on the best maps accessible to him, and here he naturally remarks on the 
 inaccuracy ^nd lack of agreement among the niai)s ; the next was the 
 determination of the average annual rainfall and the spring, sunnner. 
 
-02 WATEK-rOWERS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 autumn and winter rainfall on each drainage basin. Here, again, the 
 number of years during which observations have been recorded, at least 
 so far as South Carolina is concerned, leave much to be desired, especially 
 in the regions remote from the sea coast. Then comes the consideration 
 of the very complex factors attecting the disposition of this rainfall, the 
 j^roportion dissipated by evaporation under the various and varying in- 
 fluences of temperature, the humidity of the atmosphere, the prevalence 
 of winds, the permeability of the soil, and its protection by forests, and, 
 lastly, the residue remaining to be discharged by the streams. Now, it 
 would seem that in these regards, the item of temperature only excepted, 
 the discharge of streams in the South should be greater than those of the 
 North. The force of the wind is less. No large lakes present broad sur- 
 faces for evaporation. There is no loss by evaporation from snow and 
 ice during months of the year. The soil is deeper and more permeable, 
 and it^ protection by forests must be as great or greater. For the streams 
 of the sand hill region Mr. Swain seems to allow some force to such con- 
 siderations in placing the minimum flow at one-third to one cubic 
 foot per second for each square mile of drainage area. For the 
 other streams of South Carolina he allows a less discharge, placing 
 the minimum flow at 0.13 to 0.23 cubic feet per square mile of 
 drainage area, notwithstanding that the average minimum flow in 
 ten New England rivei"s which he gives, is 0.'2G cubic feet. Whenever 
 Mr. Swain's estimates of fall or flow difler from those made by othei-s, it 
 will be found that Mr. Swain's is much below theirs. As an instance of 
 how much such under-estimates may amount to, Mr. Swain himself points 
 out that while his estimate of the minimum flow on the Portman shoal, 
 of Seneca river, is one hundred and eighty-nine cubic feet per second, 
 " it must be specially mentioned here that Maj. Lee, who is an engineer 
 of eminence, long experience and well acquainted with the country, 
 writes that * one thousand cubic feet of water per second all the year 
 round — two-thirds of the year double this flow — is to be had.' " But, 
 however tar short of the aggregate" Mr. Swain's estimates of the water- 
 power may be, there can be no question that, under the circumstances, 
 he has accomplished a great deal, and, as a preliminary reconnoisance, his 
 treatise is invaluable. 
 
 Mr. Swain makes four estimates of the horse-power at each locality he 
 mentions : 
 
 I. The minimum, being the minimum flow during a period not exceed- 
 ing a few days at intervals of several years. 
 
 II. The minimum low seasons. This occurs for a period of three to 
 six weeks, when the stream is at its lowest. In most years the average 
 flow during: the season of least flow will exceed this amount, and a small 
 
WATEK-POWERS OF SOUTH CAUOLIXA. liUiJ 
 
 storage of water will render it availaljle at all times. This flow is ascer- 
 tained Vjy taking twenty-eight per cent, of the rainfall as the amount dis- 
 charged by the streams. Tliis would be something like fourteen and a 
 half inches for the middle and western water-power regions of South Car- 
 olina, but Mr. Swain limits it not to exceed ten inches trj thirteen inches. 
 
 III. Maximum with storage. This is the same as the last, assuming 
 that by storage (ponds and dams) a discharge of two inches to four inches 
 on the water-.slied can be added thereto, less for the larger and more for 
 the smaller areas. 
 
 IV. Low season flow dry years. Without storage this llr)w may Ije de- 
 pended on. In ordinary yeai*s a quarter more may be calculated on. 
 
 The following summary of the water-i)Ower of South Carolina, so far 
 as investigated by Mr. Swain, through correspondence or by i)ersonal ex- 
 amination, will not be liable to any charge of being an over-estimate. 
 
201 
 
 WATKIM'OWKKS OV SOlTll c'AKOl.lNA. 
 
 Samniai'ij of Powera on Jiivera in Sjuih Lhrolinay Kjuinintii In/ (!. F. Suain 
 iS. B.y kSpixial Agcid Tenth U. iS. Cen^siis. 
 
 
 Il 
 
 « a. 
 
 Sir 
 
 1^ 
 
 F.vi.i.. 
 
 Flow 
 
 I'KK 
 SKCOKD. 
 
 HOKSK-POWKK 
 AV.\IL,Am.K. 
 
 srUKAM ANO lAKAI.ll-V. 
 
 at 
 
 bs 
 
 s 
 
 E 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 c 
 
 E 
 
 s 
 
 E 
 
 2 
 
 E 
 
 s 
 E 
 c 
 
 i 
 
 if 
 
 C 4) 
 -Cfi 
 
 = -s 
 
 isi 
 U 
 
 
 Wntoroo Uivor, Wntoreo CunAl ^'i^ 
 
 TrllMUjiries : l*itf Pino Tree Creok 1 ,>.\ 
 
 12 
 
 •'i (ilKI 
 
 Feet 
 o2 
 40 
 
 IS 
 173 
 40 
 
 5 m. 
 
 968 
 
 2S 
 U 
 
 7a'j 
 
 7.iO 
 
 IS 
 
 2.-. 
 
 5) 
 
 1,680 
 
 3,500 
 
 55 
 
 1-2 
 
 2.!Hlil 
 
 •2.1KK» 
 
 160 
 
 •200 
 
 3:»0 
 
 (i,200 
 
 5.700 
 3.2 
 7 
 
 15,0 
 
 3,40ii 
 
 2 
 
 28 
 
 5.0 
 
 4,'2tKt 
 
 66 
 
 7.750 
 4 1 
 3 2 
 
 20,700 
 
 8851) 
 
 3 
 
 4,9 
 
 24,Oon 
 
 5^/70 
 3,4 
 5.C 
 8.0 
 
 6,4Utt 
 
 1-lttle ■' \(^> 
 
 
 Cat4»\vl>ix l\lvor, <iiv«t Kalls(c) ! 
 
 8 m. 
 
 21 000 
 
 
 i;mIh\vI>!i Uivor. l.aiulstonl u'l 
 
 is-> 
 7,;>iX) 
 
 4 6501 l.t 000 
 
 TilbiUurlos 1)1 (.'iitiiwba Klvor: llockv irock 
 
 
 3 
 4.5 
 
 68 
 5,5UU 
 
 18.2 
 
 22.8 
 
 37.5 
 
 15500 
 
 l.'1.2 
 
 Ki.s|(liur<^'<<'»'k 
 
 
 
 .snjjur I'roi'k 
 
 
 
 (^onjfuroe Ulvor at. Columbia 
 
 22 A 
 34 
 
 
 Trlbutailos of Congaiee River: OoiiiiareoCi'k > - 
 
 UodUankCr'kr*'- 
 IJr.>a>l Uivor, Hull Sluice (^•) 
 
 Nlm>iy-N'lii«' Lslaud Shoal 
 
 H<)iu\v slmal 
 
 Suninior Shoal 
 
 I.vlo's Shoal 
 
 113 
 
 V.Vtii'i 
 
 1, ISO 
 
 
 12 
 
 "u'i 
 
 ti.ti 
 
 11 (d 
 
 1 1 3 . 
 
 !».7i 
 JT.ii 
 iVi 
 aO.'J 
 3-. 
 10 
 l(i 
 70 
 12 
 S5 
 30 
 IS 
 21 
 40 
 J) 
 3(1 
 20 
 11 
 14 
 
 ;« 
 
 17 k. 
 
 •27 
 «t! 
 ll 
 3\ 
 1() 
 31 
 20 
 55 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 21 
 
 20 
 
 ....... 
 
 •2f» 
 22 
 01 
 
 S 
 10 
 75 
 
 » 
 14 
 IS 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 2St)(') 
 
 9i-) 
 
 1.775 
 
 1 ;{50 
 
 
 O.iM in! 
 i.trto a. 
 o.;VK) 11 
 l.ll ni. 
 3.'2o ni. 
 
 2 m. 
 1.75 m. 
 
 1 III. 
 
 ""ei 
 
 42 
 
 3.1 
 3.-) 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 
 '"27 
 t>2 
 
 "i 
 
 "70 
 62 
 
 ■"67C 
 
 "tu 
 
 22 
 20 
 
 r. 
 20 
 
 '4(10 
 300 
 2.V) 
 2,»0 
 UK) 
 100 
 100 
 
 .tw 
 
 "2<M) 
 4-20 
 
 2,"i'i6 
 
 '4'i; 
 
 400 
 
 2,550 
 
 ■456 
 15S 
 9'25 
 
 825 
 
 li-) 
 
 "i'm 
 
 7(KI 
 
 l,3->0 
 
 l.t5> 
 
 650 
 
 2.0(H) 
 
 ISO" 
 
 l.SOO 
 
 1,(H)0 
 
 •2S0 
 
 11-2 
 
 3.'f0 
 
 4S 
 
 2.-)0 
 
 31 
 
 20 
 
 .'5 
 
 204 
 
 70 
 
 72 
 
 S3 
 
 81 
 420 
 
 ■70 
 
 l.tXKI 
 2 100 
 1,1.V" 
 
 801- 
 liO 
 
 1-20 
 
 "100 
 
 7 
 
 34 
 
 40 
 
 25 
 
 VJBV) 
 
 5,7i)0 
 
 5IUI 
 
 8'2.-| 
 
 l.tHiO 
 
 I, cm 
 
 !) 
 2 5 
 
 o:ki 
 
 K75I 
 
 1.^2<)il 
 
 1(V2 
 
 2 3 
 
 2i>0(i 
 
 5,|KN) 
 ;( Mill 
 
 ■.s.-iV) 
 
 1 075 
 
 •J.IK 10 
 
 1 lUUI 
 
 Nexls Shoal 
 
 LiH-lvhan's shoal (j;) 
 
 Mnoty-Mne Island Shi>al 
 
 Chorokoo Shoals i/i.) 
 
 •j:i!K> 
 
 ■J IlKI 
 
 l.;{.s7 
 1 .■«- 
 I.U'J 
 
 l,i;{2 
 
 870 
 2S0 
 2.J1 
 •23 J 
 i)i 
 »t 
 iM 
 
 »KS 
 174 
 112 
 
 s.")ii' •2..V1I; um 
 
 .'lltOt) |I,IHH> 4.."XH) 
 2 3.0 OiHXt •2 700 
 '2 'I'm 6 000' ••700 
 
 Sunatt ShOiil 
 
 1 2'i0 J adii; 1 ir<it 
 
 (JisIoM Shoal 
 
 36.' 
 
 144 
 
 4.>0 
 
 6 
 
 '.nK) 
 
 42 
 
 •25 
 
 32 
 
 272 
 
 IM) 
 
 90 
 
 "ills 
 
 600 
 
 "■ iVo 
 
 1,275 
 2,7iHI 
 l.liHI 
 I.IKH) 
 75 
 130 
 
 ■■•jVo 
 
 9.4 
 45 
 
 iki 
 
 "im 
 
 8,100 
 
 M)0 
 
 1.150 
 
 1 l.'yt JIK) 
 
 Knort'c Uivor, ^'urboro Mlil 
 
 7'2;> 
 
 2.4tKl 
 
 310 
 
 1 .;■>."«) 
 
 3»(i 
 
 •2(H) 
 
 •260 
 
 150«) 
 
 274 
 
 288 
 
 ■146 
 2,860 
 
 '■■•>io 
 
 3 ,<(H» 
 
 176 
 
 Mountain >hoal (i) 
 
 
 500 
 72 
 
 1 .0,11 horwooil Shoal 
 
 
 N'iiM I'itlton sh.ml .•. 
 
 
 rolhani Maiiuiai'luring; Company.. 
 lUioiia Vista Factory 
 
 
 51 
 
 
 31 
 
 Toauiuo's l-'all 
 
 80 11. 
 
 ;tt) 
 
 TvRor U'vor, ilill's Kaotory 
 
 3'20 
 
 Nosbilfs 
 
 '200 
 
 oil's Mill.. 
 
 » Irvoiand's 
 
 300 yds 
 
 206 
 6Q 
 25 
 
 lioan's Mill 
 
 51) 
 
 Uiillliijior's 
 
 32 
 
 I'onnv shoiil 
 
 5<» 
 
 Urn. 
 
 800 yds. 
 
 4'i 
 
 < 'rawlordsvillo ( »' ) 
 
 40 
 
 Mnrphv's. l-'.iir Koresl Creek 
 
 isa 
 3.S0 
 
 S2 
 82 
 
 2,;t-)0 
 
 •J.'WI 
 
 2.*i« 
 
 (iAi 
 
 im 
 5-';« 
 
 •KM) 
 .-ISO 
 .S8(i 
 
 133 
 
 I'aoolot Uivor, 'rrousrh Sho;il-;(A-> 
 
 70(1 
 
 llurrioanoSlu)als 1 /) 
 
 • iloiuhilo [ii) 
 
 Saluda Uivor, Siilnda Factory (o) 
 
 
 !H) 
 
 '2tH» 
 
 1 500 
 
 Mouth of Siduda 
 
 2H m. 
 
 1 in. 
 
 1J< m. 
 
 3'>iH. 
 
 Urehoi's Canal i/») 
 
 4.4IH) 1,7,')0 
 
 Groat KaM-i 17) 
 
 4lH)<t 1,-_V) 
 
 Mattox Mill 
 
 :toO iK) 
 
 Krwiii's Mill (r) 
 
 6(K) 175 
 
 Poly.or .Man ur.iotvirlni; Company (*'. 
 
 Uledtnont Manulacturlnj; Co. (/> 
 
 •Uoodv Uivor.. 
 
 970 284 
 
 "■■75 ft. 
 
 aOOyVls. 
 
 ■6(i()"irt" 
 7 m. 
 
 1 in 
 
 5 in. 
 
 45 4 111 
 
 ruinblinsr sh(>als (iv 
 
 70 53 
 
 Fork shoal i^r) . .. 
 
 
 
 Uoody l{ivor Manufacturing Co. (,V>.. 
 » anipordown Mills 
 
 K7 
 
 710 
 
 t(^>.\ iV Markloys Factory («^ 
 
 Snvaniuih Uivor. Hliio J aokot Shoal 
 
 I'roi tor's Shoal 
 
 i'her«)koo Shoal 
 
 (}resr«'s shoal 
 
 a.'Wl 
 
 222 
 
 ■i.lO() 
 
 2.07.S 
 
 i.JJIM 
 
 r>3l 
 
 !*{ 
 
 M45 
 
 775 
 
 710 
 
 IIS 
 
 140 
 
 21.750 
 
 •2.1(H) 
 
 .VJiM)' 
 
 12 
 
 •2,;wo 
 I 'I'i 
 
 MIddlol.on's .SliOiil 
 
 l..")00i 4.tMI0 1,701) 
 
 Mohaniol's shoal 
 
 Trlbutarlos Savannah Hi vor :Uittle River ».... 
 
 2,^2:5 6,UKi' 2,ti00 
 12 51 1 14 
 
 1,0111: Cano .... 
 
 ■■3!) 
 17 
 60 
 60 
 
 
 3.2; is; .<trt 
 
 Tugalix) Ulvor, llatton's shoal 
 
 l^in. 
 
 1 m. 
 
 2 in. 
 
 1.131 1 4.0<»5 1.'287 
 
 (iuosfs shoal 
 
 .s«neoa Uiver. l*oriin-in s .shoal 
 
 4.50 1 l'w->0 5'20 
 1.7(H) 5.6'2tl, liVM 
 
 Twolve Mile Creek ; 
 
 114 »'2tl IHi 
 
 LHile Uiver 
 
 
 3 4 
 
 _19.l] 
 
 4.0 
 
WATKlt-I'OVVKKH OK SOLTIf CAKOI.IXA. 206 
 
 (a) A canal hnrfi Inillt by th(f Htate. 1SI8-2'J, Ih five inllon lonu ami Ii.ih fifty-two feet fall wlUi 
 hIx locks, iii<l woiilil tx; aviilhibli; In ulllixiiii{ lh« entire power. 
 
 f^j HtrearriK In MKiid IiIIIh of Ker«liaw ootiniy. Tlie horne pow<;r iflven per fool fall. Thai 
 Klveii here may be (loiibl'<l l>y storing the water at nUhl. Other trlhiUarles to the Wateree fur- 
 nlHh );oo(l power H, corKtern Ink wlileh no detailed Inlorniallon could he obtained. 
 
 ^(.V Thri-e State canalK liere: IhI, Lower canal, <»ne mile Iomk, with three lockK. The t«ital 
 amount ol water coulil be utilized tbr<ni«h II. 'Z\. Mlddlecanid. three mllcw lonif, having three 
 flluhlM of lockK, viz., four locks tblrty-lwo feet llfr. four lockn tblrty-Mlx fe<'t lifi, thn-" loek«< 
 tweiity-Kev( n leet llfi., another lock above, nine feel lift, and Kuard lock, In all, thirteen lockx, 
 one bundled ami four feet II t. At any and all the three fll^htH, the facllltieH for UHlni; a hirKe 
 power are very great: building room ample. 
 
 'J'he upper cauHl Ik the property of Mrn. H. A. HoyUton, of WliiriKbf>rf), K. <;. It In one and 
 three-fourtliK mlleH lond, on the went Hide of (,'atawbu river, and enterH KIhIiIuk creek at a polni 
 about five mllcK frr)m Fort l,awn, on the ('lieHter and Cliernw rallioiid. 'J'he tola! fall Ik fifty-one 
 leet. There are two lll^htK of lockn; the lower one han four Iockh, thirty-three feet lift ; the upper 
 liuH two lockH, fllleen leet lift. TheHe workH are well built <)f cut hlone laid in cement are In 
 Kooil preKcrviition, and were construcled by the State at a cohI of about 81iH),iK)<». 'i'lurre are four 
 factory Kites, with anijde bulldlni; room. Thi- first Kite hasa fall of Iwenty-fouc and twenty-one- 
 fMie-hundredlliK feel; th(r second, of .thirty leet; the third, of thlrty-eli;ht feet; the fourth, of 
 thirty-three feet. Oranltc of the best quality Is at hand. The available power Is eHtlinated 
 Hi fifteen thousand liorHe-{)Ower. 
 
 (it) Hlate canal here, two miles lonif. darn, K<iard lii<-k and four other locks of tliirty-flvc feet 
 lift ; abundant InilldliiK room , no liability to overflow. 
 
 (e) Sand hill streams of Ijexinnton. Those of Itlchliind not examined. 
 
 '/) The Hlale of .South i.'arollna is now enijaijed I n ib-vi-lopln:; the power In 1 5 road ri vi-r, from 
 Hull Sluice shoal, by l)Ulldirii; a dam at that |>olni, with a canal two and Keveri-eli;hibs inlleK 
 lonir, exl(;mllin{ to (jcrvals sti-eot In the city of (' ilunibia. The works are beluL; built flrst-cliiKH 
 in every respecit, with dimensions sufllclerit to give four hundred and fll'ly-lhree horse power'H of 
 water for each fool fall. The total pu>ver devul'jpe I wdl be, on the average f.ill, about 10.0)0 horse 
 powers of water. 
 
 The Saluda and Hroad rivers unite opposite the city nt t.'olum'da. These streamx, near their 
 conflueirce, have. In ordinary low water, a flow with sufllcienl fall to yield 40,(J0» horse- powers of 
 water If pr-opcrly developed. They lake their rise in the HlueKldKe moiintalns, flowlnj{ throii:;h. 
 in tlicir- up|)er course, a woodeil coir rr try. (jl vlri-r them a vei'.v uniform flow oT water, and sutler I ok 
 but little from liiu'h water, and that but f)f short duralion. Tirls rrragrilllcerrt power has surroirnd- 
 Jrinf- adaptlritr it lo manrrfacturint; pirrpose.« equal to any locality irr the Kouth ; a healthy cllmute, 
 ftir nl)uridance of the raw material, rallroail fa<'llltleH Irr every dlrecllorr, with Kood slIeH lor 
 J;uildirr)j;s, and ollrer desirable features. f.MaJ. Tiros. H. Lee, Krr:iliieer Ojlurrtbia canal.) 
 
 (.7) .State carral here, 7.«(i!» feet lorrg with tjuard loek and six other locks of first-class cut Ht/ine 
 maK(»trry, cost 81.'}(),000. Ksliirrale of cost to put sates, locks and iiiasonry In (^ood order, $.1,79*. 
 Used in 1S.52. 
 
 (/n Above 1« Bite of abandoned wf)rks of Magnetic Iron Ore Company. Three Iriimlred horse 
 power obtJilrred, with surplus of water all the ilnre from fail of ten feet. A full of sixteen feet Is 
 available; banks very favoriible lor building. 
 
 (i) Above M<arnialir Hhoal are Kiltfore's, Yarboroujjh's, KIcmmlnK'B and WofTord'B HhoHtM, 
 havirrK available falls. 
 
 (./) s<»uth Tyter river, drainage area one hundred and eight Hfjuare miles; furnishes two to 
 Keverj horse-power per fool fall, aird has several available falls. 
 
 (>t) Alrove are 15rowrr's nrlll, fourteen feet fall; llamrrrelfs mill, ten feet fall; Crrx-ker'H, 
 Thompson's fonts, shoals and other rapids. 
 
 ( I ) Above Is Lindner slroa', eight feet fall ; North and South I'acolct forks, with eighty s<|uare 
 miles drainage area; each have nurrrerous falls of twelvi; feel lo thirty-four feet. 
 
 (71) Be.'ow (ilerrdale, orr Sarnpsoir's fork, is a fall of flfi<;eri feet— rrlnet.v horse-power; above are 
 Bever.d good shoal-i. Thickelly creek, orre h urrdied square rrrlles dralrrage area; Bullock sand 
 Kirrg'scri-eks, seventy-two square mdes drainage area, ami MuH'ilo creek, one huirdred and seven- 
 ty-! wo Mqimre rnileidralrraLce are i, empty inU) Hroad river. BufI ilo creek has considerable f.dl. 
 with five and one-hall to fllleen horse-power per foot fall. 
 
 (o) Ttrere Ik here a Stale cjinal two and one-lralf miles long five locks, thirty-four feet lift; 
 might be repaired, ami woultl rerrder available double the present fall. 
 
 (p) suite canal here, two ami one-half miles long, with four locks, twenty-one feel lift. 
 Betweeir this p Inland the Newberry and LcxIngUin line are seven falN, viz.: Wise's ferry, 
 Keventeeir leet; Ilairter's ferry, six feet ; .SnelUrove's Isla.id. nim; feet; M inning Ul.irrd fifteen 
 (eel; .Simms ferry, fifteen leet. Above, In .Nevberry and Kdgerteld, are MeV.ry , mill eUveti 
 feet; I'eiklrr's ffjnl. ten feet; rfoukrrlght's mill, six feet. 
 
 ((/) Mills gives this fall as severrly-six leet. 
 
 (r) Aljove are Harper's shoals, eight feel: Kay's and Oambreirs shoals. Poor's andCox's inlllM, 
 
206 WATER-POWERS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 eight feet ; Hamilton's shoal, ten feet ; Holland's shoal, fifteen feet in three hundred yards, one 
 and one-quarter miles from r-iilroad: Blaekharn's island shoal, tea feet; Tripp's slioal, sixteen 
 feet. 
 
 (s) Above, Allen's shoal, fourteen feet fill in two hundred and fifty yards; may be increased 
 to 18 feet. 
 
 (t) Above are Blasslngarae's, Harrison's, P'arris's and other shoals, all about six miles from 
 Greenville. 
 
 (w) Above is Cedar falls, twenty-one feet. 
 
 (z) Above are Harrison's and Houff's mills, ten feet fall each; Log shoal, fourteen feet fall; 
 Ashmore's mill, ten feet fall, aiul Liiidennan's shoal. 
 
 (p) Jones's paper mill, eleven and one-lialt" leet full, fifty horse-power; Parkin's mill, eleven 
 feet fall; Green's shoal ; Sawmill shoal, nine feet fall. 
 
 (3) Tribuiary to Reedy river are Laurel creek and Rearbnrn creek, with a good fall of twenty- 
 six feet at Goodgion's mill, and another of fourteen feet at Fuller's factory. 
 
 (*) Twelve Mile creek, tributary of the Saluda, in Lexington county, has a drainage area of 
 ninety-three square miles, and five horse-power per foot fall at low water. Several falls on it are 
 from seven feet to twelve feet, and might be increased to twenty feet or tliirty feet. Other tribu- 
 taries are. Little Saluda river, draining twohundred and ninety-seven square miles in Edgefield; 
 Hush river, one hundred and five square miles in Newberry; Little river, two hundred and 
 twenty square miles. 
 
 (t; North Fork Saluda, draining fifty-six square miles, has a perpendicular fall of two to 
 three hundred feet over a gneiss leilge, and .another not quite so high. Middle Fork drains 
 fifty-six square miles. South b^ork tlrains seventy-eight square miles; on it Rock shoal has nine 
 feet, and an unused shoal, twelve feet fall. A mill sixteen miles from Greenville has eighteen feet 
 fall. All the head waters abound in cataracts, some several hundred feet, almost vertical. 
 
 The tributaries and affluents of the Savannah river not enumerated 
 above are in the sand hill region — the Up^er and Lower Three Runs, 
 Hollow creek and Horse creek, all considerable streams. On Horse 
 creek 1,807 horse-power have been utilized, and there is a large amount, 
 say one-third, still unemployed. The streams named should furnish at 
 least as much as this one, which would give about 10,000 additional 
 horse-power available in this section alone. Above the fall line Big Stevens 
 creek is a large stream, and so are Big and Little Generostee creeks. 
 Tugaloo river has for its tributaries Big Beaver Dam, Choestoe and 
 Ghauga creeks. The Ghatauga river has Brasstown, Whetstone and 
 other considerable tributaries, scarcely any spot in its drainage basin 
 being two miles from a water-power. Seneca river has Deep, Eighteen- 
 Mile, Twenty -three Mile, Twenty-six Mile and Goiiner's creeks, all large 
 streams, with abundant fall. The Keowee river has Toxaway, Big Es- 
 tatoe and Whitewater creeks, the latter with one fall of six hundred feet 
 in three hundred j^ards. This whole region abounds in streams of clear 
 water flowing over rock, having numerous cataracts and fed by an annual 
 rainfall of more than sixty inches. 
 
 In the above statement the available water-power examined is estimated 
 at something over 300,000 horse-power. Of this amount about 4,000 
 horse-power only are employed by all kinds of mills, which is only a 
 little more than one per cent. The returns of the census enumerators, 
 however, above given, show that altogether more than 15,000 horse-power 
 are actually employed by mills in this region. Now, it is more likely 
 that Mr. Swain would pass over without examination such water-powers 
 
WATER-POWERS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 207 
 
 as were not utilized than such as were, and the total may be safely in- 
 creased in the proportion in which he has done this, which would be to 
 multiply the above total by four. So that, without further allowance for 
 Ids low estimates or for the improvement tliat art might effect by dams 
 and canals, there can be no question tliat from the lower line of hill 
 country northward in South Carolina there is more than a million of 
 horss-power in water-powers, varying in size from thirty to thirty thousand 
 horse-power, easily and cheaply available under condition peculiarly ad- 
 vantageous, not counting the presence of the large amount of raw ma- 
 terial in the shape of cotton to be manufactured. 
 
 A million of horse-power is about eighty per cent, of all the watcr- 
 powers now in use in manufacturing throughout tlie United States. It 
 is about seven times tlie amount of water-power now employed in the 
 United States in the manufacture of cotton goods, and neai'ly four times 
 the steam and water-power together so employed. It is sufficient to move 
 all the cotton factories, grist and "flour mills and saw mills now worked 
 by water throughout the entire country. If such a power were used in 
 manufacturing cotton goods it would call for 000,000 operatives; in 
 grinding flour and grist, 75,000 ; in sawing lumber, over 200,000. It 
 appears, therefore, that the supply, for some time to come, must be in 
 excess of any demand likely to be made on it. If, however, the present 
 rate of increase in the employment of water-power in Soutli Carolina 
 should continue, the time when all this power might be utilized is not so 
 indefinitely remote as might at first sight be thought. The amount of 
 water-power employed in manufacturing in South Carolina was thirty- 
 three per cent, greater in 1880 than it was in 1870. At this rate about two 
 hundred and twenty years would elapse before all this power would be 
 required. Just at the present time, however, the rate of increase is much 
 greater than this. By the census of 1 880, only 2,398, H. P. water-power was 
 employed in the manufacture of cotton goods. By an enumeration, how- 
 ever, made by the State Department of Agriculture, in November, 1882, 
 it was ascertained that 4,113, H. P. water-power were thus employed, an 
 increase of seventy -one per cent, in a little over two years, or ten times 
 greater than the rate of increase shown between the 9th and 10th 
 United States Census. Up to this date this ratdof increase is maintained, 
 and may be said to be accelerated, rather than diminished. How long it 
 will continue, and what will limit it, can not now, with any certainty, be 
 estimated. The increase in the employment of steam-power in South 
 Carolina, as given in the 9tli and 10th Census, is mucli greater tlian that 
 of water-power, and amounts to one hundred and sixty-four per cent. Of 
 the total power used in manufacturing in South Carolina, in 1870, 69.G2 per 
 cent, was water, the balance being steam, but in 1880 tliis ratio is much 
 
208 ^vAT^:K-l'()^VEKs of sottii cakolina. 
 
 reduced, and water gives only 53.63 per cent, of the total power employed. 
 This tendency of supplanting the use of water by steam prevails through- 
 out the United States, with the excej)tion of five only of the newer and 
 remoter States and territories. For the whole country the i)ercLMitage of 
 steam in the total innver us.'d has risen, since 1876, from fifty-one to sixty- 
 four ]»er cent. 
 
 Under the United States tarilf protecting manufactures, no pressing 
 nece-i-^ity has been felt for attention to economy in the matter of motive 
 powers. The present attitude of the public mind seems to indicate that 
 this state of things will not obtain much longer, and the cost of motive 
 powers of ditlerent kinds and in different localities must become a ques- 
 tion of much consequence. The following statement exhibits the cost of 
 water and steam j^owors at several well-known manufacturing points: 
 
 Annual Rent or E4lmiied Cost of One Horse-Power. 
 
 WATlCK-rOWKK. STICAM-rOWER. 
 
 J.awrence, Mass $14 12 $64 00 to $74 00 
 
 Dayton, Oliio 38 00 3360 
 
 Birmingham 20 00 
 
 Cohoes, New York . . . 20 00 
 
 Turner's Falls, Mass 10 00 
 
 Augusta, (jeorgia 5 50 
 
 It is estimated that if the State rents the water it is now developing at 
 Columbia at five dollars per annum for one horse-[)Ower, that it will ob- 
 tain a luindsomo revenue from tlie lab;)r and material expended. 
 
 At seven per cent, on the cost of dams and canals for tlie water-power 
 utilized and available in South Carolina, the following is a statement of 
 the cost of a horse-power per annum at several factories in this State : 
 
 Langley $2 10 
 
 Graniteville 5 81 
 
 Vaucluse 7 00 
 
 No. l,Camperdown 43 
 
 Glendale 39 
 
 Saluda Factory 28 
 
 Average for the Avhole, one dollar and seventy cents i>er annum per 
 horse-power. 
 
CHiVPTP^Fl X. 
 
 A LIST OF THE VERTR BR ATE ANIMALS OF 
 SOUTH CAROLINA;'^ 
 
 15Y FREDERICK W. TRUE, 
 
 CT'RATDIi IN THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSKUM. 
 
 SUB-KINGDOM VERTEBRATA. THE VERTEBRATES. 
 CLASS MAMMALIA. ]^LV^LMALS. 
 
 A class of liair-clad vertebrates, possessing a four-celled licart, dis- 
 charging warm, red blood, which contains both white and red cor- 
 puscles. Skull with two condyles. Limbs never less than a single pair, 
 nevermore than two pairs. Syininetry of the two sides r>f the Ixxly com- 
 plete. Young from a minute egg, brought forth alive and nouri^hod 
 by a secretion (milk), from nxxlificd glands of the skin. 
 
 *This list is based, in part, iipcn data furnished by Dr. G. E. Mani^aiilt, of the 
 Charleston IMiisenni. The litertiture relating to the vertebrate fauna of the Southern 
 States has likewise been carcfiiliy examined. That the list may not be a iiierely nom- 
 inal one. tiie mark of interro<:ation has been plared before the nau.es of those species 
 whose range is sup])osed to extend over South Carolina, ))ut whose occurrence in the 
 State has not been recorded. An exception is made, however, in the case of species 
 known to occur in botli North Carolina and (ieorgia. Tliese are included without 
 question. A comparison with the list published by Prof. Gibbes, in 1S47, is almost im- 
 practicable on account of the many chat ges which have occurred in the nomenclature 
 and determination of species, resulting frcuii the iirogress of the study of vertebrate 
 zoology since that time. l-". W. Ti;ii;. 
 
 14 
 
-MO vi-:K'ri;r>ixArK ammai.s oi- soirii cauoi.ina. 
 
 A uroup oi' animals rc^pri^srntinu' \hc liiuliost i>has(>s ol' the dovi'litp- 
 nu'iit of lito. To man, \\\v highest ex)>oncnt oi' llic class, tin- loss 
 HortW'tod spoc'ios stand in the most important rolations. both as l)oin_i;\ in 
 a sonso, his pros>onitors, and as t\irnisliin<;- liim with thoso tliini^s which 
 arc (piitc indisponsahlo to liis yustcnani-e and advantt'miMit. A nnmbiM' 
 of spcH'ios have existed in a state of tloniestieation from time immemorial. 
 
 Compared with lower grou])S, th'e elass is a small one, althouji-h 
 liavini;- no iiu'onsidernble number of speeies. About three hundred sjkv 
 eies inhabit North Ameriea. 
 
 Sl'B-('LAS8 MC).\OJ)i:hrillA. 
 
 Mammals, whosr youni;- are of considerable size and almost perfeet 
 development at birth. The anterior portion of the brain, or cerebrum, 
 much overlaps the jiosterior }Hution. ov cerchellum (super-order Edv- 
 fithilia), ov leaves the latter considerably exposed (super-i)rdcr Iiiahi- 
 nthilla). 
 
 8urEK-()Ki>K(j KnrcAr.ihiA. 
 
 OKDKIJ CAKNIVOKA. CARXl VOlJors MAMMALS. 
 
 Flesh-eating mammals, having both fore and hind feet well tlevel- 
 oped ; in one sub-order,- Pinnipcdia or Seals, for a(iiudii' progression; 
 in others, for terrestrial progression. The thund) or pollcx of the fore 
 limb is never opjx^sablc to the lingers, as in man. Ti>eth oi' thri>e 
 sorts, molars, canines and incisors. 
 
 It is sonuMvhat ilitlicult to detine this order in a nuunuM" inti>lligible to 
 all. since tlu' distinctions are mostly of an anatomieal nature. Two of its 
 representatives, however, the house cat, Julia iloi)icsfic<i,i\nd the dog, Ca)iis 
 /(oniliarifi, are familiar to every one. The C'arnivores furnish but little 
 food supply for man, but their thick furs enable him to withstand the 
 rigors of winter. In the tro]>ics, where one branch of tlie order, that of 
 the cats, reaches its highest development, they are decidedly more 
 liarmful tlian useful to man. 
 
VKirrKRlJA'l H ANTNfAI.S OF SOTTII (AKOMNA. 
 
 211 
 
 FRLID/Iv 
 
 Wl 1,1) CAT. Lynx rufus Miuldfnstii.lt^ i;aliiu'S(|iii-. 
 IT MA ..!• I'ANTIIKU.* Felis concolor. Linii,'.. 
 
 CANID.K 
 
 WiHTi:-A.Vl)-(;ir\v wolf. Canis lupus, \Aunr; griseo-albus. 
 
 RED FOX. Vulpes fulvus. Dcsiuan'st. 
 
 (ii;.\Y FOX. Urocyon virginianus, iSrlircl.cn (iiav. 
 
 MlSTKMD.lv 
 
 IWJOWX .MINK. Putorius vison, (Scliicln-n (ijipp. 
 KHMINE; STOAT. Putorius erminea, (Linnvi (iriilitli. 
 AMKHK'AN OTTKl?. Lutra canadensis.. (Tiuldiii l'. Ciivicr. 
 (oMMON SKUNK. Mephitis mephitica, (SInw I Uainl. 
 I.ITTLK STRIPED SKTNK. Mephitis putorius. ! Linnr) Coiios.f 
 
 I'UOCVONID.E. 
 RACCOON. Procyon lotor. i I.inn.'O Storr. 
 
 riisii),^.. 
 
 BLACK HEAIi Ursus americanus, I'allat*. 
 
 IMIOClDJv 
 
 COMMON SKAL.t Phoca ritulina, Limi.'. 
 
 *I*n»l)al)ly extinct in South Carnliiia. 
 
 tltu'liuled iiprn tlio antlinrity of Cutcsby as hiti'rprotod l)y Couok. 
 J A seal was cjtiifrlit in tlie liHrburofCliarleBtnn in 1S")2, Tlio spociruon is n)\v in lii' 
 luuHcurn of tlicColle^'o of Clmrlestou.— G. K, ^I. 
 
"212 VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 ORDER UNGULATA. HOOFED MAMMALS. 
 
 Herbivorous, terrestrial mammals, possessing three sorts of teeth, the 
 permanent series of wliieli is }>receded by a set of milk teeth. Fingers 
 and toes encased in horny coverings or hoofs, and fiever prehensile. 
 One sub-group with horns or antlers, and more or less com])lex stomachs 
 {Arfiodactt/li) — deer, antelope, swine, &c. ; another witli neither (7 V^/^'^'0(/ac- 
 fijli) — horses, tapirs, &c. 
 
 The most useful of mammalian orders, including the majority of domes- 
 ticated animals, and furnishing the greatest proi>ortion of the most valu- 
 able animal ]>roduct-; employed in the arts and for consumption. 
 
 The order is not abundantly represented in North America, tlie num- 
 ber of recognized species being about fifteen. 
 
 OERVID.E. 
 
 VIRGINIA DEKR. Cariacus virginianus (Boddaert), Gray. 
 
 WAPITI ; ELK. Cervus canadensis. Erxleben. (Extinct.) 
 
 BISON; BUFFALO. Bison americanus, (Gniolin) Smith- (Extiiu-t.)^- 
 
 ORDER CETE. WHALES. 
 
 An order of aquatic mammals, devoid of hind limbs, but possessing 
 fore limbs, modified into paddles, the fingers being furnished with an 
 unusual number of bones, and enveloped in a common integument. 
 Skin without hair; teeth, when present (porpoises, sperm whales, ifec), 
 conical and not preceded by milk teeth ; absent in some species (baleen 
 whales), which are furnislied, instead, with horny jtlates. 
 
 The whales are, perhaps, the least known of mammals. Tlie number 
 of species is still unsettled, and tlie habits and migrations of some are yet 
 entirely unknown. 
 
 *Mr. Viin^*nt killed tho last elk known of in South Carolina, in Fairfield 
 co.:nty. The following; statemeiU regardinc; the last buHalo known on the .\tlantic 
 slope is by Gol. Chas. C. Jones, Jr., of Autrusta, Ga. : 
 
 " I have seen the skull of a buftalo, with the horn.s still attached, in good state of 
 preservation, w' hi eh was ploughed up in a tield in Brooks county, Georgia ; and the 
 father of Mr. James Hamilton Couper, of St. Simon's island, shot a wild buftalo early 
 in the present century, near the head waters of Turtle river, not very far from Bruns- 
 wick, Georgia. The swamp is known to this day as Buffalo swamp. 
 
VKIITICIUIATK ANIMALS OK SOCTII CAUOLINA. 213 
 
 Tlie majority of toothed whales subsist upon llsh aiid cuttlelish, while the 
 whak'bouc wlialcs devour immense (jUiUitities ol" small or^^anisms, [trin- 
 ci[nilly crustaeeans, which they strain out from th(! water Inkrw into the 
 moutli, hy means of their haleen |tl;ites. 
 
 Th(; whale lishery, once a most extensive induslry, has shrunken to 
 eom[»aratively small i)ro|)ortions, princijially on account of the disus«» of 
 whale oil as a burninij lluid. 
 
 BALiENID.'E. 
 
 IIKJIIT WHALE.* Eubalaena cisarctica, Cope. 
 
 ZII'llirihE. 
 JiOTTLE-NUSKD WIIALK.' Hyperoodon semijunctus, Cope. 
 
 ])i:limiixii).k. 
 
 POlU'OTSE. ?Phocaenabrachycion, C'.pt'. 
 
 SUPER-ORDER INEDUCABILI A. 
 
 ORDER CHEIROPTERA. BATS. 
 
 All order of mammals at onee distinguishahle fn»m all others hy 
 the great modification of the anterior limbs for purpo.ses of llight. The 
 fingers are much elongated, devoid of nails except in one family, and 
 connected with each other and tlie body hy an extrenu'ly thin skin. 
 Thund) abortive, and furnished with a sti-ong hook or n;iil. Teeth of 
 three sorts, encased in enamel. Young suckhsd l)y j)ectoral mammae. 
 
 The bats form a groui> of moderate size, and are distrihut«'(l through- 
 out tlie globe. They are eminently fitted foi- a'lial jjrogression, hut walk 
 very awkwardly and with much difhculty. They are active tjnly during 
 the dark hours, remaining, during the day, in secluded places, suspended 
 
 * Specimens of both tliese Cetaceans have been caupht in Charleston harbor, and 
 their MJieletons arc in the iiuiseuin of the College of ('harleston. — (t. E. M, 
 
"214 VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAKOI.IXA. 
 
 by the hind feet, whieh are furnished with strong, acutely-pointed claws. 
 The majority eat insects aiid worms, but a few are fruit eaters. They 
 are most abundant in tropical countries. North American species, about 
 twenty-five. 
 
 NOCTILIONID.E. 
 
 I.ARGE-NOSEP BAT. Nyctinomus brasiliensis, GeoflVoy. 
 
 VESPERTILIONID.E. 
 
 TWILUiHT l^AT. Nycticejus crepuscularis, LeConte. 
 
 RED BAT. Atalapha noveboracensis, (Erxleben) Peters. 
 
 HOARY BAT. Atalapha cinerea. (Beauvois) Peters. 
 
 CAROLINA BAT. Vesperugo serotinus. (Schreber) Keys, and Bias. : fuscus. 
 
 GEORGIAN BAT. Vesperugo georgianus, (F. Cuvier) Dobson, 
 
 LITTLE BROWN BAT. Vespertilio subulatus, ^^ay. 
 
 SILVERY-HAIRED BAT. Scotophilus uoctivagans, LeConte. 
 
 BLUNT-NOSED BAT. Vespertilio lucifugus, LeConte * 
 
 BIG-EARED BAT. Plecotus macrotus, LeConte. 
 
 ORDER INSECTIVORA. INSECT EATERS. 
 
 A group of small mammals, possessing many of the characteristics of 
 tlie bats, but having both fore and hind limbs adapted for walking. The 
 two bones of the fore-arm are separate. The mammae are inguinal. 
 
 This order, of which the common mole forms a well-known example, is 
 composed mostly of burrowing animals, which feed upon insects and live 
 a secluded life. Few or none are of economical value, and the moles, at 
 least, prove obnoxious to the farmer by injuring his pasture land. 
 
 SORKTD.E. 
 
 MASKED SHREW. Sorex personatus, Geoli'roy. 
 CAROLINA SHREW. Blarina brevicaudata, (Say), Baird. 
 
 * Vespertilio virginianus. Andnhoii and Bachman, a species of uncertain identity, is 
 included by Gibbes in the South Carolina fauna " T'. niijnscen^, Bachman," also given 
 bv Gibbes, I have been unable to find a description of. 
 
VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 21.") 
 
 TALPJD.E. 
 
 COMMON MOLl']. Scalops aquaticus, (Linne) Findier. 
 STAR-NOSED MOLIv Condylura cristata, (T>inn') Desmarest. (G.) 
 
 ORDER GLIRES. RODENTS. 
 
 A large order of mammals, at once distinguishable from all other i)la- 
 cental mammals by the form of incisor teeth, which are bent into an arc of 
 greater or less magnitude, possess a chisel or gouge-like edge, and grow 
 perpetually from a soft }mlp. Tanine teeth are wanting ; the feet are 
 suited for walking and leaping. 
 
 The species of rodents are more numerous than those of all other 
 orders of mammals combined. They are distributed throughout the 
 world. Some, as the squirrels and chipmunks, are adapted for arboreal 
 life, while others, as the marmots, live in the open prairies. The com- 
 mon rat has been introduced everywhere where commerce has pene- 
 trated. 
 
 ' The rodents are of comparatively little commercial value, although 
 some families, as the beavers, furnish beautiful furs, and others, as the 
 squirrels and hares, may supply some considerable amount of palatable 
 food. On the other hand, many members of the family Mnrkhi, or rats, 
 are injurious to grain and other products of husbandry.* 
 
 SCIURID.E. 
 
 ? EASTERN f HICK A DEE. Scuirus hudsonius, Pallas ; hudsonius. 
 
 SOUTHERN FOX SQUIRREL. Sciurus niger, I>inm' ; niger. 
 ? NORTFIERN GRAY SQUIRREL. Sciurus carolinensis, Ginelin ; leucotis. 
 
 SOUTHP^RN GRAY SQUIRREL. Sciurus carolinensis, Ciinelin ; carolinensis. 
 
 FLYING SQUIRREL. Sciuropterus volucella, (Pallas) Geoff. ; volucella. 
 
 CHIPMUNK ; STRIPED SQUIRREL. Tamias striatus, (Linn^) Baird. 
 
 WOODCHUCK ; GROUND HOG. Arctomys monax, (Linnet) Schreber. 
 
 *The Jumping Mou.se, Znpus hmlsonius, (Ziinin.) Cones, represent lii<r the family Zapo- 
 (lidie, is ini'lndeil by Gibbes in the fauna of South Carolina, but apparently without 
 reason. 
 
2 It) VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 MURIDiE. 
 
 BROWN RAT. Mus decumanus, Pullas. (Introduced.) 
 BLACK RAT. Mus rattus, Liniu'. (Introduced.) 
 COMMON MOUSK, Mus musculus, Linn6. (Introduced.)* 
 MUSK RAT. Fiber zibethicus, (Linne) Cuvier. 
 PINE MOUSE. Arvicola pinetorum, (LcConte) A. and B. 
 COINIMON MEADOW MOITS]-:. Arvicola riparius, Ord. 
 H .\RVEST MOUSE. Ochetodon humilis, (And. and Bach.) Wag. 
 RED MOUSE. Hesperomys aureolus, (And. and Bach.) Wag. 
 COTTON MOUSE. Hesperomys gossypinus, LeConte. 
 GRAY-BELLIED MOUSE. Hesperomys leucopus, Wagner. 
 RICE-FIELD MOUSE. Hesperomys palustris, (Harhm) Wagner. 
 FLORIDA OR WOOD RAT. Neotoma floridana, Say and Ord. 
 COTTON RAT. Sigmodon hispidus, Say uiul Ord. 
 
 CASTOIUD.E. 
 AMERICAN BEAVER. Castor fiber, Linne. (Extinct.) 
 
 LEPORID^E. 
 
 GRAY RABBIT. Lepus sylvaticus, Baclunan ; sylvaticus. 
 MARSH HARE. Lepus palustris, Bach man. 
 
 SUB-CLASS DIDELPHIA. 
 
 A sub-class of mammals distinguished from the preceding by the fact 
 tliat the young are born in an incompletely developed condition, and 
 are protected 'in a pouch on tlie abdomen of the mother, where the}' are 
 retained for several montlis. being nourished by the milk secreted 
 by the mammae therein contained. The sub-class contains but a single 
 order, tlie Marmp(dia. 
 
 Tlie marsupials vary very much in size, and are mostly confined to 
 Australasia. A single family, the Didciphidx, or opossums, inhabits 
 America, and is peculiar to our continent. 
 
 DIDELPHID.E. 
 OPOSSUM. Didelphys virginiana, Shaw. 
 
VERTEBRATE AXIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 217 
 
 CLASS XYEH. BIRDS. 
 
 A class of oviparous, warm-blooded, air-brcatliing vertebrates, having 
 the anterior limbs greatly modified for flight. Hind limbs always 
 present. Exoskeleton in the form of feathers. Teeth in existing species 
 absent. In certain extinct forms, Odontorniths, teeth are present. 
 
 The birds form a rcniarkabl}' compact cla.ss of animals. They have 
 attracted more attention on account of their beauty and prevailing harm- 
 lessness than, perhaps, any group of animals, and vie with the mammals 
 in the degree of their usefulness to man. 
 
 No corner of the globe is without representatives of this group. 
 About nine hundred and twenty-four species and sub-species are Nortli 
 American. -Many orders, such as the ostriches, are not represented in 
 our country. 
 
 ORDER PASSERES. PASSERINE BIRDS. 
 
 Birds having four toes fitted for perching, but never versatile, /. c, ca- 
 pable of being turned laterally from one position to another. Hind toe 
 on a level with the others, and always with a claw as long or longer than 
 that of the middle toe. Tail-feathers twelve, primaries (the stiff feathers 
 inserted from the bend of the wing to the tip, and usually ten in num- 
 ber), nine or ten. Sternum uniform in pattern in the various species. 
 
 This group of birds is the most numerous of all in species. The 
 musical capabilities are developed in a high degree, and throughout 
 their structure they display " the higliest grade of develo})ment and the 
 most complex organization of the class." — (Coues). Their relations to 
 the success of agriculture are varied, some families l)eing granivorous, 
 and doing much damage to corn and grain, others being in.sectivorous, 
 and hence of importance in reducing the abundance of noxious insects. 
 Recognized North American species, about three hundred and forty. 
 
 TURDID.E. 
 
 WOOD THRUSH. Hylocichla mustelina, (Guiel.) Baird. 
 WILSON'S THRUSH. Hylocichla fuscescens, (Steph.) Baird. 
 ? GREY-CHEEKED THRUSH. Hylocichla aliciae, Baird. 
 OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH- Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni, fCaban.) Ridgw. 
 
218 VKRTKiniATIC AXIMAT.S OF SOUTH OAUOLINA. 
 
 HKKMIT TlIlU'Sll. Hylocichla imalascse pallasi, iCabauis) Uidirway. 
 
 AMERICAN ROBIN. Merula migratoria, (T.inn.M Sw. ami Rich. 
 
 MOCKING BUM*. Miiuus polyglottus, (Liuno) Roio. 
 
 CAT-BIRD. Galeoscoptes carolinensis, il.innt''i Cuban. 
 
 BROWN THRVSII OR TIlRASjlKR. Harporliynchus rufus, tl.imio) Caban. 
 
 • SAXICOLID.E. 
 
 BLUE-BIRH. Sialia sialis. iLiniu") llaKliMnan. 
 
 8YJ.Vin\K. 
 
 BLUE-GRAY ON ATCATiMIKR, OK Kl.YCA TCH !■ K\ Polioptila caenilea, 
 
 (Linne) Sclator. 
 RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET. OR WREN. Reguhis calendula, (l-iniu^) 
 
 Liohtonstein. 
 GOLDEN-CRESTED KINGLET. Regulus satrapa, Liiht. 
 
 PARID.E. 
 
 Tl'ETED TITMOUSE. Lophoplianes bicolor, iLiniu') iMUiaparto. 
 BLACK-CAPPED ClIICKEDEE. OR TITMOUSE. Parus atricapillus, Liiiiio. 
 CAROLINA TITMOUSE, OR CIIICKADKK. Parus carolinensis. Audubon. 
 
 SITTID.E. 
 
 WHITE-BELLIED NUTHATCH. Sitta carolinensis. Gn.olin. 
 ? RED-BELLIED N['THAT(^H. Sitta canadensis, Linnr. 
 BROWN-HEADED NUTHATCH. Sitta pusilla. Latham. 
 
 CERTHIID.E. 
 BROWN CREEPER. Certhia familiaris mexicana, (Glogor.) Ridgway. 
 
 TROGLODYTID.E. 
 
 CAROLINA WREN. Thryothorus ludovicianus. (ihu.) lumaparto. 
 
 BEWICK'S WREN. Thryomanes bewicki, (And.) Baird. 
 
 HOUSE WREN. Troglodytes aedon, Vioillot. * 
 
VERTKIil^ATK ANI.MAF,S OF SOL'TIF CAROMNA. '^ll' 
 
 LONG-HILLKI) MAKSM WliKN. Telmatodytes palustris, (Wilson) Buinl. 
 snoKT-niLLEI) MAIfSII WliKN. Cistothorus stellaris, (lAvhi.) Acb. 
 WINTER WKKN. Anorthura troglodytes hyemalis, (VicilUit) Cout'8. 
 
 MOTACILLI 1)710. 
 
 AMERICAN TITLARK. Anthus ludovicianus, (<;iii.) Licliteiihtein. 
 
 MNIOTILTID^E. 
 
 BLACKAND-WIII'l'E CREEPER. Mniotilta varia, (l.iiiiK-) Vicill.-t. 
 PKOTIIONOTARY WARHLER. Protonotaria citrea, (RncM.) nuinl. 
 KWAINSON'S WAliRLlOli. Helonaca swainsoni. Ah.IiiIm.h. 
 WORM-EATINd WARBLEI{. Helminthotherus vermivorus, (Cm.) S:ilviii & 
 
 ( iodiiKin. 
 HACUMAN'.s WARItl-ER. Helminthophaga bachmani, (.\ii.l.; CiilMiiis. 
 BLUE-WINCED YELLOW WARI'.LKI;. Helminthophaga pinus, (Liniu', l!:iir»l 
 GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER. Helminthophaga chrysoptera, (Liniu) I'.iiii.l. 
 NASHVILLE WARI5LER. Helminthophaga ruficapilla, i Wils.j BuinL 
 ?()RAN(iE-CROW.\EI) WAIfBLIlR. Helminthophaga celata, (SayJ Bainl 
 TENNESSElo WA KBLER. Helminthophaga peregrina, (Wilson) Buinl. 
 BLUE YELLOVV-B.\("KEI) W.\RI'.LEIi. Parula americana, (Linn('-j Boiiiiparte. 
 CAl'E MAY WARBLER. Perissoglossa tigrina, (Cinrlin) Bainl. 
 SUMMER YELLOW I'.IIiD; VIILLOW WARBLER. Dendroeca aestiva, (Cm.) 
 
 Bainl. 
 BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER. Dendroeca caerulescens, (LiniK-) Bainl. 
 YELLOW-RUM B WAKBLER. Dendroeca coronata, (Linnc-j Gray. 
 BLACK-AND-YELLOW W.VRBLER. Dendroeca maculosa, (Gmeliii) Bainl. 
 BLUE WARBLER; CERULEAN WARBLEIi. Dendroeca c»rulea, (Wils.; Bainl. 
 CIIE8TNUT-SII)ED WARBLER. Dendroeca pennsylvanica, (Linnoj Bainl. 
 BAY-BREASTED WARBLER. Dendroeca castanea, (Wilson) Bainl. 
 BLACK-BOLL WARl'.LER. Dendroeca striata, ( I'drst.) Bainl. 
 BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER. Dendroeca blackbumiae, (Cm.) Bainl. 
 YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER. Dendroeca dominica, (LiniK'-) Bainl. 
 BLACK-THROATED (iREEN WARBLER. Dendroeca virens, (Gmelin) Bainl. 
 PINE-CUEEPING WARBLER. Dendroeca pinus, (Wil.son) Bainl. 
 Y'ELLOW RED-POLL WARBLER Dendroeca palmarum hypochrysea, Riil^- 
 
 way. 
 PRAIRIE WARBLER. Dendroeca discolor, ( Vicillot) P.ainl. 
 WATER THRUSH. Siurus naevius, ( I'..h1,1.) Cones. 
 (iOLDEN-CROWNED THRUSH Siurus auricapillus, (Linm'') Swains. 
 LARGE- BiLLI«;D WATER THRUSH Siurus raotacilla, (Vicillot) Coues. 
 
22() VKUTKHUATK ANIMALS OV SOlTll TAKOLINA. 
 
 ( ONNKi TU IT \^■AKMU.l•l^ Oporoniis agilis. i\Vils..n^ I'.nii.l. 
 KKNTITKY \V A Kl'.l.lllJ. Oporoniis formosa, OVilson) l?:iinl. 
 MoriJNlNC \VAK1U,KK'. Geothlypis philadolpliia. ^Wilson) Wiuvd. 
 MAKYl,ANn VKM.OW-TUKOA r. Geothlypis triohas, iMuno) Cnbanis. 
 YF.l.lAnV-UKKASTKn (11 A r. Icteria virens, [\a\uw\ U:unl. 
 lUiODKP WAKIU-KK. Myiodioctes mitrata. i(inu«l.^ Au.lulu.n. 
 lU.VrK tWrrKP YKI.I.oW WAKIU.KK. Myiodiootos pusillus, (Wils.) Up. 
 V.sMAl.l. llKAPin Kl Y (ArcilKK Myiodioctes miuuta, iWils.) r.;unl. 
 CWNAPIAN Kl.Y (ArcillNU WAKIU.KK; IWNADA KI.Y ( A Tri 1 KK. Mylo- 
 
 dioctos canadonsis, il,i>mo) Aiuhibou. 
 AMllKU'AN KKOsrVKl" Setopliaga ruticilla. il.inn;'! Swainson. 
 
 VIREOMD.IO. 
 
 KKn-KYKO VIKKO; KKP KYi:n I'LYrA l\'l IKK. Vireosylvia olivacea, 
 ? rUll,AI>KI.rillA VIKKO. Vireosylvia philadolpUica, (\issin. 
 WAKRKIN^J VIKKO. Vireosylvia gilva, (Vioill.^ Oas.sin. 
 
 (.Kinnc) V\o\\. 
 YKKKOW-TUllOATKn VIKKO; Y KLKOW Til KOA PKH KIA-l'ATrll KK. Lani- 
 
 vireo flavifrons. iNiiMllot) IWud. 
 lU.rK-lli:AnKl> VIKKOOK KKY-r.Vl'CllKli; Si)KrrAKY VIKKO. Lanivireo 
 
 solitarius. ^ViiMll.it^ r>aiid. 
 Win rivKY'KH \lKKO. Vireo noveboracensis, (,Oiu.l Konainirto. 
 
 LAXlll>.K 
 
 LOtH^KRUK.Vn SHUIKK. Lanius ludoviciamis, l.iiuu'. 
 ?OKKAT NOUTUKK'N SIIKIKK. Laniiis borealis, Vioillot. 
 
 AMPKIJP.lv 
 (>:i)AK \V AX-\ViN\; ; (.'KOAK lUKD. Ampolis cedrorum. Ou-i'^'t^ lluinl. 
 
 11IKIN1>1N11).K. 
 
 ri'Kl'KK MAKTKN. Proglie subis, iKimuO r^ainl. 
 iHLlKK SW.VLl.OW. Petrochelidon lunifrons. iSay^ Kawitnrt. 
 IVVHN S\VAKl.(nV. Hirundo erythrogastra, rxuKlaort. 
 WlirrK-HKl.I.lKP SWAl.l.OW. Tacbyciueta bicolor, ^Vit-ill ^ I'al.anis 
 HANK SWA K LOW. Cotile viparia. (Kinno) H»>io. 
 Kol'(ilI-WlNoi;ii SWAl.l.OW . Stelgidopteryx serripinuis. ^Aiu'l.i r.ainl. 
 
VICKTKI'.I.'ATK ANIMAI.H ()]•' SOI'lll <'\|;o|,l\A. 2'2l 
 
 TANACIMh.R 
 
 SCAWI,I T'l'ANA<;i;i:. Pyranga rubra, (l-inn.'j Vicilloi. 
 HIJMMKI; Im;i>I'.II;I» Pyranga fBstiva, 'Linn.' j VicilL.t. 
 
 FIUNCILLI I >/!':. 
 
 I'[;UIMJ'; M.NCH. CarpodacuspurpurouH, Kini.j r.iiinl. 
 
 AMKKICAN (JOLDIINCII ; Yi;iJ,<)\VI!l i:f». AHtragalinuH trifitls, n.inn*'') 
 CiibiiiiiH. 
 
 T»INK(i()IJ)KIN(ll ; IMM'; I- INCH. CliryHomitriH pinu«, ( Wilnj \ii>u:\],urH: 
 ?HN()W HIJNTIN(J. PloctrophaneH nivalis, (Mtm.'i M< ycr. 
 
 SAVANNAH HI'AUItoW. Passerculufl sandwichensis Bavanna, fW'ilH ) Ilifl^- 
 way. 
 
 (lUASS FINCH. PoccceteB gramineuB, f'Jin.) I!;iir<l. 
 
 YKIJ.()\V-\VIN(Ji;i) SI'AUKOW. OotumiculuB passerinus, (WIIh.) IJonni.Hrrcr. 
 
 IIKNLOW'S Sl'AKHOVV ()l{ I'.I'NTI .N(;. CoterniculuB honslowi, (And,; ['.ori- 
 ;i|»iirt<!. 
 VSMAItl' TAIIJ']!) KINCII. AmmodromuB caudacutUB, (<im.) KwiiinHon. 
 ?SI'',A-SII)|'; l''IN(,"II. Ammodromus maritimuB, i Wilw.) SwaiiiHon. 
 
 WIllTI'MMtOWNICr) SI'.\ i;ii()\V. Zonotrichia leucophrys, ' l-MrHtcrj S\v;iins(m. 
 
 WIHTIv'I'IIUOATKI) SI'AlfllOW. Zonotrichia albicollis, <ini.) r.<.nii|.iirtc. 
 
 'I'llKK-SI'AltKoW. Spizella montana, dor^i.) Ki.l^'way. 
 
 CffllM'IN'J SI*AI{ItO\V. Spizella domestica, (Hiirlrani) ('..lu's. 
 
 KIlChDSI'AIU'vOVV. Spizella pusilla, (VViIh.) noii:i|.:irtc. 
 
 IJI.ACK SNOW I'.lliDi s.NoW I'.IUI). Junco hyemalia. ( l/inn.M S,lai<T. 
 
 iJACIIMAN'S FINCH. Peucaea aestivalis, (M<|ii.) Cal.aiiih. 
 
 S()N(J HI'AKIIOW. Melospiza fasciata, (ForHter) HcuU. 
 
 SWAMP SPARROW. Melospiza palustris, (WIIh.) IJaird. 
 ?IJNC()I>N'S FINCH, Melospiza lincolni, rAiid.) Hair.l. 
 
 FOX-COI-OiiKI) SI'AllltOW . Passerella iliaca, (Mi-ncAU) Sw. 
 
 CHFWINK; TOWHIOK < i l.'OC .\ I (-Uol'.l N. Pipilo erytlirophthalmilB, MJnn.-) 
 Vi(;ill..t. 
 
 CAUIUNAL CKOSJ'.KAK ; RKHmUI) OK C.M; DI .\ .\ I i: i;i >i;; KI). Cardinalis 
 
 virginianus, (r.riHHun) r.^naparlc 
 Itosi;-I'.lfi;.\si i;!) (Htosr.llAK. Zamelodia ludoviciana, (I.iiiii(') Coucm. 
 IIMJK (JUOSIiFAK. Ouiraca caerulea, (l>imi<'') SwaiiiMon. 
 INDKiO nUNTINO. Passerina cyanea, n,iiiii(') <iray 
 •f l'AIN'ri;i) IHINTIN(J ; NoNI'.\ KIOIL. Pasaerina ceris, ' Liiin'i Gray. 
 r.LACK TIIUOATFI) I'.rNTlNU. Spiza americana, Om j IJ.-naparte. 
 
222 VKUTKUKATK ANIMALS OK SiH Til TAUvMlNA. 
 
 \CTV.\Ul\V.. 
 
 r.OnOUNK; MAY-KlKn; KKl.PBlKn; KU IMUKP Dolichonyx oryaivorus, 
 
 ll.inu^^ Swaiusou 
 rOWiUKP. Molotlinis ater. vI^hUI.^ Tmiy 
 KKl^ANn-lUKK-SlKHl PKKKP IU.ACK1UK1\ Ageh^us phojnicous. ^Linul>) 
 
 Vioil. 
 MKAIH^W l.AUK. Sturuollfi masna, vl-inuo^ Swainson. 
 v>KCll AKO OKIOI.K Icteinis spxu'ivis, ^l.inno'i Konaiurto. 
 iKVLriMOUK OKIOI.K- Icterus galbula, vlinno^ c'ouos. 
 IU'I.IaX'K'S oriole. Icterus biillooki, S\v;»ii\s,Mi^ lv>nai»;uto 
 Kl'syy l^LACKJUUP lUx (iKvrKil', Scolecophagus feiTUgineus, r.nu'rm^ 
 
 Swrtinsor. 
 UOAr-TAll.Kl> ^JKArKl.i: OK JArkPAW. QiiisC!Vl\ls major, Vioillot. 
 ri'Kri K liKAOKl.l'. Quiscalus purpureus. ,Uartr.' 1 ;> h;. 
 
 oouvin.K 
 
 roMM(>N iKoW. Corvus frusivonis. Ivirtr. 
 
 AMKKUWN l\AVl\N. Corvus oovax carnivorus, r>artrA Kuljrwny. 
 
 FISH tKOW. Conais ossifiragus. Wilson. 
 
 Ul.r K .1 AY. CyanocittA crist-ata. ^.l.inno^ Stri.k. 
 
 .vi.Arnin.lv 
 
 snOKK I AKK Eremopkila alpestris, vFoi-^t.^ lioio. 
 
 TVR.VXXm.K. 
 
 KlNiUUKP: F>Kr. MAUTIX. Tyrannus carolmensis, \F.iniuM Tojuuiinok. 
 OKlWT-t'RKSTKP Fl.Y-l. VTrilFK. Myiarchus crinitus, ^Linno^ rabani!>. 
 FIKKUKRIKP: PEWKK. Sayornis fuscus. r '-ni. F^ainl. 
 'Ol.lVK-SlPKP FI.Y-rA IVHKK. Coutopus borealis. iSwains.^ Hp. 
 WOl^P FEWEE. Contopus virens. 1 inni> (.'al>;ini.<. 
 
 TRAll.l-S FLY rAlVlIEK. Eaipidonax pusillus trailli, i.VuiluKnO Rair.L 
 YELUnV-BELLIEP FLY-CA IX'HEU. Empidonax flaviventris, Iviir.l. 
 A( API \N, OK S>L\LL CTKEEN-OKF..sTFn FLY-iAlX UKK. Empidonax aca- 
 
 dicus. (.oneliiO l^^ird, 
 LEAST FLY-rATCHER. Empidonax mimmus. Bainl 
 YELT^OW-BFLMED FLY-CA l\ 11 KU Empidonax flaviventris. F.ainl 
 
VKUTKIJIIATI-: ANI.MAI.-; '•! ^'.ill! < AJCOI.) . . Tl'.\ 
 
 oi.'DKK- I'lCAkLK I'K AKIA N I'.II.'DS. 
 
 Hinls witli lour Ujcm, tin; liimlcr Minull, HoiiK'tinK.'-i ul)Meiit, with u <;luvv 
 iJiorlcr Miiiii lliiif of tin- nii<](llo to(!. 'J'liird ainl fourtli Iocs ^'OInoti^n^^ 
 with fcwf-r flijiii IIm' iioniijil iiiiiiilx-r of joints ; H<'<'r)n<l and fourth, hoiih- 
 tilucH si'.\yA\'\\v. Tiiil f(;itli<rs ci^lit lo tw<'lv<-, hut usually ten ; j»riniaiii's, 
 ten. 
 
 A inuftli vjiricfj ^I'oiijt rif j»iTuliiii- hirds, with itiijx-rfcct niu-i'-al powcivs 
 liirhidcH llic liudimiiij/ hirds, in sotuc ri'MjjcctH the inoKt hcauliful of 
 hird.s. MoMlly iiiscctivorouH f>r candvoi'oiis, aii<l, with a few c-xcfplious, 
 f»f ^rcjit UHffidncsH to the fjiruicr. Widely diHtrihutcd ovir fh.- .do!,.' 
 oxcfjft Ihc huiiiiiiin;; hiid-, which are Hirictlv Arnerieaii 
 
 'i'iiorillLlD.K. 
 Kni'.V rilkOA'l i;i) m'MMIN<; V.WA). Trochilus colubrls, I.iiia.'. 
 
 CYI'SKLIDtIC. 
 
 (;iI1.MM;V sWJI'J ok • .-WAIJ.oW." Chaetura pelasgica. 'Linn«'-i liair.l. 
 
 rAl'KIMri.ciD.K. 
 
 (;iIUCK-\vn>i;s-\VII)()\V. Antrostomus carolinensis, (Oai) GoM, 
 WIIII'-I'(>(>i:-\vil.l.. CaprimulguH vociferuB, iWilH,;Iiii. 
 NI<;H'rilA\VK. Chordeiles popetue, (Vicillot) HainJ. 
 
 IVOltY-J'.IIJJOlJ WOOIU'KC KJ:U. Campephilus principalis, a.inn^; (Jray. 
 
 IIAJIIY VV«)()l)l'i:rKi;i(. Picus villosus. I-uui.'. 
 
 DOWNY UooDI'KCKKK. Picus pubescens, Una'-. 
 
 l!Kl)-( (H'KADKI) \V( »< )l»rK(:Ki;i{. Picus querulus. Wilson. 
 
 YI;JJ.()W-1;i;MJ1;1> W(;(jI*1'I;( K'J.J: Sphyrapicus varius a.i.m.'i Jljiinl 
 
 I'lLKATKI) WOODl'KCKliK oi; );i.A(K WoolxorK. Hylotomus pileatus, 
 
 (Lina«') I'mird. 
 IIKJMJKI.LIKI' W()()|)I'i;( KKU. Centurus carolinus. ' F.inn.-! Iif>. 
 IlKD-lIKAnKI) WOODI'KCKKU. Melanerpes erythrocephalus, (Linnet Sw. 
 YKI-l-()W-SllAFTt:ii M-irKKi:. Colaptes auratus. Iji.h.' Sw. 
 
224 VrniTEHKATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 ALCEDINIDiE. 
 BELTED KINCJFISIIEU. Ceryle alcyon, (Limu") I'oio. 
 
 CUCULID.E. 
 
 YKLLOW-IUIJiED CLTCKOO. Coccyzus americanus, (Limn') BDnapartc 
 I'.L.\("K-lUlJ,i:i) crcKOO. Coccyzus erythroplithalmus, (^Vil«) Bainl 
 
 ORDER PSITTACI. PARROTS. 
 
 l)rilli;ui(ly rolorcd ])ir(ls, Avitli cxircincly tliick bills, strongly hooked 
 ioii^m's slioii ;iii(l (Ic'sliy (.loi-diin). Tlu' outor too of the foot reversed, so 
 tliat two toes iwv o]){)osed to tAVo (/yii;odjietyle). 
 
 Well-known bii'ds, mueh admired for their <j;i)r_neous pluningc, and for 
 the (juaint ell'orts at speech whieh some (.-an be trained t(^ })ut fortli. 
 Inhabitants of tropical countries. Not well re])resented in North Amer- 
 ica, but abundant in South America. 
 
 PSITTACID.E. 
 CAROLINA PAKAKKKT.* Conurus carolinensis. (Liniu') Kuhl. 
 
 ORDER RAPTORES. BIRDS OF PREY. 
 
 Large and powi'rful carnivorous birds, with strong beaks and sharp 
 claws. Four toes, the fourth sometimes versatile. Legs frequently 
 feathered to the ankle. Tail feathers, twelve ; j^rimaries, ten. 
 
 P\)und in every part of the world. The onler includes some of the 
 strongest Hying birds INhmy are obnoxious to the poultry keeper 
 (hawks), while others (bu/./.ards) are of great scM'vice in removing carrion. 
 
 STRIGID.E. 
 
 ?BARN OWL. Aluco flanimeus americanus. (Au<l.nvi(I'j:\v;iy. 
 LONG-F:Ai;i'.n owl, Asio americanus, (St<>i.Ii.i siuirpo, 
 8H0RT-EAKKD OWL Asio accipitrinus, (Palla.s) Newton. 
 
 *Exliiu-t in i^outli Carolina — Ct. E. ^L 
 
VERTEBRATE ANIMAL?^ OF SOUTH CAROLINA. '22;' 
 
 BARRED OWI.. Strix nebulosa, Korster. 
 
 LITTLE SCUKECII OWL. Scops asio, ( Liiiiu') Bonaparte. 
 
 (JREAT-IIOIlXEl) OWL. Bubo virginianus., (CJm.) BonaparU-. ' 
 
 SAW-WIIET OWL. Nyctale acadica, ((iu.el.) Bp. 
 
 SNOWY OWL. Nyctea scandiaca, I-iiiiu'. 
 
 FALCONIDJv 
 
 PEREGRINE FALCON DUCK HAWK. Falco peregrinus naevius, (<im. 
 
 lliilfTway. 
 PKiEOX ILWVIv. iEsalon columbarius (l-inii'i, Kaup. 
 sr.VKKoW HAWK, Tinnunculus sparverius ( Limn''), Nicilloi. 
 AMERICAN OSPREY; FISH II.VWK. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis, (*'"' 
 
 Kidiiway. 
 SWALL( )W-TA I Li:i ) K ITI', Elanoides forficatus, > Limu'i RidKway. 
 MISSI.^SIIM'I Km;. Ictinia sixbcaerulea, i i'.Mitiami Cones. 
 MARSH HAWK; II All LI IIK. Cirius hudsonius. f Linn.' i Vici lint. 
 COOPER'S II.VWK. Accipiter cooperi, Bonaparto. 
 SHARP-SIIINNED IL\WK. Accipiter fuscus, ((inulin) l!..iiapaitc. 
 RED-TAILED HAWK. Buteo borealis, iCJin.) Vk-iliot. 
 RED-SHOULDERED HAWK. Buteo lineatus, (lim.) Jaidinr. 
 WHITE-TAILED HAWK. Buteo albicaudatus, Vidll.-t. 
 ■? BROAD-WINLiED II.\WK. Buteo pennsylvanicus. (Wilsj Lonaparti-. 
 'ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK. Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis, (dm.) liul^ 
 
 way. 
 .'GOLDEN lOAGLE. Aquila chrysaetus canadensis, (Linm') Kitl^iway. 
 BALD EAGLE; GRAY EAGLE. Haliaeetus leucocephalus, (Linn<') Savit: 
 
 CATIIARTID.lv 
 
 TURKEY r.r/Z.VKJ) Cathartes aura, i Linn.') Illi.u'cr. 
 
 BLACK VULTURE; CAKIHON CKoW. Catharista atrata, i Wils.) Lesson. 
 
 ORDER COLUMB.E. DOVES. 
 
 Birds, typified in the comiiioti dove, havinoj sinull liia.ls ;iii'l 
 sti-iiijrht beaks, lioniy at tlie tip, wbicli is separated from the s.ifter jwn- 
 lion by a eonstrictiiMi. The hinder toe ou a level with the rest. 
 15 
 
226 VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Birds of downy plumage and gentle manner. Monogamous. Many 
 species domesticated. Abundant in most regions, but especially so in 
 the East Indies. The Columba livia of that part of the globe is supposed 
 to be the ancestor of all the domesticated breeds of pigeons. 
 
 COLUMBIDiE. 
 
 MESSENGER; WILD PIGEON. Ectopistes migratoria, (Linn^) Sw. 
 MOURNING DOVE; TURTLE DOVE. Zenaidura carolinensis, (Linne) Bp. 
 GROUND DOVE. Chamaepelia passerina, (L.) Swainson. 
 
 ORDER GALLING. GALLINACEOUS BIRDS. 
 
 Mostly thick-set birds, having short and stout wings, legs and bills, 
 the latter convex and horny and not constricted. Hind toe elevated, 
 shorter than the rest, sometimes wanting. 
 
 A large order of the most useful birds, including some of the domes- 
 tic fowls and the principal game birds. Too well known to require 
 comment. 
 
 MELEAGRID^. 
 WILD TURKEY. Meleagris gallopavo americana, (Bartram) Coues. 
 
 TETRAONlDiE, 
 ? RUFFED GROUSE. Bonasa umbellus, (Linne) Steph. 
 
 PERDICIDiE. 
 
 PARTRIDGE; BOB WHITE; AMERICAN QUAIL. Ortyx virginiana, (L.) 
 Bonaparte. 
 
VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 227 
 
 ORDER LIMICOL^E. SHORE BIRDS. 
 
 Birds usually of small si/.e, with rounded heads, long legs and necks, 
 and long, soft bills, suited for probing in the mud. Hind toe elevated. 
 
 Largely aquatic and widely distributed. Abundant in America. The 
 order includes many much valued game birds. 
 
 PLATALEID.E. 
 
 ?ROSE.\TE SrOONBILL. Ajaja rosea, (Brissun) Ridgway. 
 
 H.EMATOPODID.E. 
 AMERICAN OYSTERCATCIIER. Haematopus palliatus, Teiiiminck. 
 
 STREPSILID.E. 
 TURNSTONE. Strepsilas interpres, ilAnw-} Illiger. 
 
 CHARADUIID.E. 
 
 BL.\CK-BELLIED PLOVRR. Squatarola helvetica, fLiniu') Ciivier. 
 
 GOLDEN PLOVER. Charadrius pluvialis, Limic-. 
 
 KILLDHER; KILLDEER PLOVER. Oxyechus vociferus, (Linne) Reich. 
 
 SEMI PALM ATED PLOVER, ^gialites semipalmata, (Bonap.) Cabanis. 
 
 PIPING PLOVER, ^gialites meloda. .orai Bi). 
 
 AVILSON'S PLOVER. Ochthodromus wilsonius, (Ord) Reich. 
 
 SCOLOPAriD.E. 
 
 AMERICAN WOODCOCK. Philohela minor, (Gmel.) Gray. 
 ENGLISH SNIPE. Gallinago media, Loach. 
 WILSON'S SNIPE. Gallinago media wilsoni, (Teinm.) Rid^'\vay. 
 RED-BRE.\STED SNIPE; GRAY SNIPK. Macrorhamphus griseus, Gmel.) 
 Leach. 
 ? RED-BELLIED SNIPE; GREATER GRAY-BACK. Macrorhamphus griseus 
 scolopaceus, (Say) Coue-s. 
 STILT SAX[)PIIM:u. Micropalama hiraantopus, ^ Bonap. ) Baird. 
 KNOT. Tringa canutus, Liiinc. 
 
2"2S VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 PURPLE SAXDPirER. Arquatella maritima, (Brunn) Baird. 
 GRASS SNIPE. Actodromus maculata, (Vieillot) Cones. 
 BONAPARTE'S SANDPIPER. Actodromas fuscicollis, (Yieill.) Ridjiway. 
 LEAST SANDPIPER. Actodromas miniitilla (Vioill.) l'.i>. 
 RED-BACKED SANDPIPER. Pelidna alpena americana, Castiin 
 ? CURLEW SANDPIPER. Pelidna subarquata, (Gulb.) Cuvior. 
 SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER. Ereunetes pusillus, (Linno) Cassin. 
 SANDERLING. Calidris arenaria, iLiiiiu') Illiger. 
 MARBLED GOD WIT. Limosa fedoa, (Linne) Ord. 
 HUD.SONIAN GODWIT. Limosa haemastica, (Linni-) Cones. 
 TELL-TALE; GREATER YELLOW-LEGS. Totanus melanoleucus, (Gniel.) 
 
 Vieillot. 
 YELLOW LEGS; LESSER YELLOW SHANKS. Totanus flavipes, (Guiel.) 
 
 Yieillot. 
 SOLITARY SANDPIPER. Rliyacophilus solitarius, (Wils.) Cassin. 
 WILLET; STONE CURLEW. Symphemia semipalmata, (GineL) Ilartlanb. 
 FIELD PLOYER ; BARTRAIM'S SANDPIPER. Bartramia longicauda, (Beoli- 
 
 stein) Bp. 
 BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER. Tryngites fuscescens, (Yieill) Cabanis. 
 SPOTTED SANDPIPER. Tringoides macularius, i Linne) Gray. 
 LONG-BILLED CURLEW. Numeniiis longirostris, Wils. 
 HUDSONIAN CURLEW. .Numenius hudsonicus, Latham. 
 ESKI3I0 CURLEW. Numenius borealis, (Foist.) Latham. 
 
 PHALAROPODIDiE. 
 
 ? RED PHALAROPE. Phalaropus fulicarius, (Linne) Bp. 
 
 ? NORTHERN PHALAROPE. Lobipes hsrperboreus, (Linne) Cuv. 
 
 ? WILSON'S PHALAROPE. Steganopus wilsoni, (Sab.) Cones. 
 
 REClTxVIROSTRID.E. 
 
 ? AMERICAN AYOSET. Recurvirostra americana, Gmelin. 
 ? BLACK-NECKED STILT. Himantopus mexicanus, Mullgortl. 
 
 ORDER HERODIONES. STORKS AND HERONS. 
 
 Bir(b of peculiar appearance, with long legs and S-shapcd iieck.-s. 
 and with broad wings and short tails. Hind toe long, and usually 
 not elevated. Bill long, hard and pointed, with sharp, cutting sur- 
 faces. 
 
VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 229 
 
 Readily recognizable birds of odd form. Of no considerable value 
 commercially. Certain .species are or have been venerated by different 
 nation.s, e. g., the European stork and the sacred ibis of Egypt. 
 
 ARDEID.E. 
 
 » 
 
 GREAT BLUE HERON. Ardea herodias, Linne. 
 
 AMERICAN EGRET; WHITE HERON. Herodias alba egretta, (Gmel.) Ridg- 
 
 way. 
 SNOWY HERON. Garzetta candidissima, ((inu'lin) Rp. 
 LOUISIANA HERON. Hydranassa tricolor ludovicianuas, (Wils.) Ridgway. 
 LITTLE BLUE HERON. Florida cserulea, (LiniK:) Baird. 
 GREEN HERON. Butorides virescens, (Linn6) Bp. 
 NIGHT HERON. Nyctiardea grisea naevia, (Rodd.) Allfii. 
 AVHITE-CROWNED NIGHT HERON. Nyctherodius violaceus, (Linn(:') Rich. 
 AMERICAN BITTERN, Botaurus lentiginosus, (Montague) Steph. 
 LEAST BITTERN. Ardetta exilis, (Gm.) Gray. 
 
 CIRCONIID.E. 
 WOOD IBIS. Tantalus loculator, Liniu'. 
 
 IBIDID.E. 
 
 WHITE IBIS. Eudocimus albus, (Linne) Wagler. 
 GLOSSY IBIS. Plegadis falcinellus, (Linne) Kaup. 
 
 ORDER ALECTORIDES. RAILS AND CRANES. 
 
 Birds somewhat resembling the herons. The hind toe small and ele- 
 vated. " Body more or less compressed. Wings short, rounded, con- 
 cave. Tail short and small ; size various." — (.Jordan). 
 
 A comparatively small order of tall birds, chiefly valued as game- 
 birds. 
 
'230 VERTEBKATE ANIMALS OF SOITH CAROLIXA. 
 
 RALLID.E. 
 
 RED-BREASTED RAIL ; MARSH HEN. RaUus elegans, Amlubon. 
 CLAPPER RAIL. Rallus longirostrjs crepitans, (Gmel.) Ridgway. 
 VIRGINIA RAIL. Rallus virginianus. LiniK'. 
 SORA RAIL; CAROLINA RAIL. Porzaua Carolina, (Linnt5) Baird. 
 LITTLE YELLOW RAIL. Porzana novoboracensis, (duel.) Balrd. 
 LITTLE BLACK RAIL. Porzana jamaicensis, iCniel.) Baird. 
 PURPLE GALLINULE. lonornis martinica, (Linno) Reich. 
 FLORIDA GALLINULE. Gallinula galeata, (Licht.) Bp. 
 AMERICAN COOT. Fnlica americana, Gmel. 
 ? WHOOPING CRANE. Grus aniericaua, (Linn^) Temm. 
 
 ORDER LAMELLIROSTRES. ANSERINE BIRDS. 
 
 Birds "with flattened bills, raised on the edges into a series of tooth- 
 like ridges. A high, eonipressed head, with small eyes. Usually with 
 short legs (exeepting the tlaniingoes, in wliich they are remarkably long), 
 giving a " squatly " appearance. ^Vll swimming-birds to a greater or 
 less extent. 
 
 In economic importance this group compares favorably with tlie galli- 
 naceous birds. " An important and familiar order, comprising nearly 
 all the 'water-fowl ' which are valued in domestication or as game-birds." 
 
 The order is comparatively small, and includes but two families, the 
 ducks and the Hamintroes. 
 
 PH.ENICORTERID.E. 
 ? AMERICAN FLAMINGO. Phoenicoptarus ruber, Linne. 
 
 ANATID.E. 
 
 WHISTLING SWAN. Olor aniericanus. (Sharpless) Bp. 
 
 SNOW GOOSE. Chen hjrperboreus, v Pallas) Boie. 
 
 AMERICAN WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE. Anser albifrons gambeU, (Hartlaub) 
 
 Cones. 
 CANADA GOOSE. Bemicla canadensis, ;, Linne) Boie. 
 
VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 231 
 
 BRANT GOOSK. Bernicla brenta, (Pallas) Stepli. 
 
 MALLARD. Anas boscas, Limn'. 
 
 BLACK DUCK. Anas obscura, Gmelin. 
 
 (lADWALL. Chaulelasmus streperus, (Linn('') Cray. 
 
 PIN-TAIL DUCK ; SPIiK i-TAI I. DICK. Dafila acuta, (Linnd) Bonap. 
 
 BALDPATL. Mareca americana, (Giuel.) Steph. 
 
 SIIOVELLKIt; SiI(n'KLL!:u DUCK. Spatula clypeata, (Linn<5) Boie. 
 
 BLUE-WINGED TEAL. Querquedula discors, (Liniu') Stei)h. 
 
 fJREEN-WINGED TEAL. Nettion carolinensis, (Gmel.) Baird. 
 
 WOOD DUCK ; SUMiMER DUCK. Aix sponsa, (LiniK'O Boie. 
 
 SCAUP DUCK ; BIG BLACK-HEAD. Fulix marila, ( Liim«?) Baird. 
 
 LITTLE BLACK-HEAD. Fulix afifinis, (Eyt.) Baird. 
 
 RING-BILLED BLACKHEAD: RING-NECKED DUCK. Fulix collaris, i D-muv.; 
 Baird. 
 
 CANVAS-BACK, .ffisrthyia vallisneria, (Wils.) Boie. 
 
 REDHEAD, .ffiythyia americana, (I\vt.) Bj>. 
 
 -VMERICAN GOLDEN-IOYi;. Clangula glaucium americana, (Bp.) Ridgway. 
 
 BUTTERHEAD ; BUFFLEHEAD. Clangula alveola, (Liim6) Steph. 
 ? LONG-TAILED DUCK ; OLD SQUAW. Harelda glacialis, (LinniT") Leach. 
 ? AMERICAN SCOTER. (Eiemia americana, Sw. mid Rich. 
 ? AMERICAN VELVET SCOTER. Melanetta velvetina, (Cassin) Baird. 
 7SURFDLTCK. Pelionetta perspicillata, (Limn') Kanp. 
 
 AMERICAN SHKLDliAKE. Mergus merganser americanus, (Cassin) Ridg- 
 way. 
 
 RED-BREASTFD SHELDRAKE. Mergus serrator, Linnc. 
 
 HOODED SHELDRAKE. Lophodytes cucuUatus, (Limic) Reidi. 
 
 ORDER STEGANOPODES. TOTIPALMATE BIRDS. 
 
 Toes entircl}' webbed ; tlie hinder one lengthened. Bill horny, but 
 never lamellate. A prominent gular pouch. 
 
 A tolerably large group of medium sized or large birds, aquatic and 
 largely marine. Fish-eating. Well distributed over the globe. 
 
 TACHYPETIDiE. 
 FRIGATE PELICAN ; MAN-OF-WAR BIRD. Tachypetes aquila, (Linnej Vieil. 
 
l-'32 VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 PELECANID.E. 
 
 AMERICAN WHITE PELICAN. Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, Gmelin. 
 I5R0WN PELICAN. Pelecanus fuscus, Liiine. 
 
 PHALACROCORACID.E. 
 FLORIDA CORMORANT. Phalacrocorax dilophus floridanus, (And.) Ridgway. 
 
 PLOTID.E. 
 SNAKE BIRD; AMERICAN ANHINGA. Plotus anMnga, Linne. 
 
 SULARID^. 
 
 COMMON GANNET. Sula bassana, (Linne) Brisson. 
 BOOBY GANNET. Sula leucogastra, (Boddert) Salvia. 
 
 ORDER LONGIPENNES. LONG-WINGED SWIMMERS. 
 
 Birds with peculiarly long and pointed Avings, and possessing remark- 
 able powers of flight. Feet webbed ; hind toe small (sometimes wanting) 
 and elevated. 
 
 This order includes only two families, the gulls and the petrels. 
 Both are largely marine, subsisting on fish. Being excellent flyers they 
 are often found many hundred miles from land. 
 
 RHYNCHOPSID.E. 
 BLACK SKIMMER. Rhynchops nigra, Linne- 
 
 LARID^E. 
 
 GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL. Larus marinus, Linne. 
 HERRING GULL. Larus argentatus, Brunn. 
 RING-BILLED GULL. Larus delawarensis, Ord. 
 LAUGHING GULL. Larus atricilla, Linne. 
 
VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 233 
 
 BONAPARTI{:'S GULL. Lams philadelphisB, (Ord i Gray. 
 
 BULL-BILLED TERN ; MAKSII TERN. Sterna anglica, Montag. 
 
 COMMON TERN. Sterna fluviatilis, Naumann. 
 
 FOSTER'S TERN. Sterna forsteri, Nnttall. 
 
 CABOT'S TERN. Sterna cantiaca acuflavida, (Cabot) Ridgway. 
 
 ROYAL TERN. Sterna regia, Gambel. 
 
 ROSEATE TERN. Sterna dougalli, :Montague. 
 
 LEAST TERN. Sterna antillarum, (Les.son) Cones. 
 
 BLACK TERN. Hydrochelidon larifonnis surinamensis, (Gmelin) Ridgway. 
 
 PROCELLARIID.E. 
 
 GREATER SHEARWATER. Puffinus major, Faber. 
 
 DUSKY SHEARWATER. Puffinus audubonii, Finsdi. 
 ? BLACK-CAPPED PETREL. CEstrelata haesitata, (Tcmm.) Cones. 
 ? MOTHER GARY'S CHICKEN ; STORMY PETREL. ProceUaria pelagica, Linm-. 
 
 WILSON'S PETREL. Oceanites oceanica, (Kubl) Coues. 
 
 ORDER PYGOPODES. DIVING BIRDS. 
 
 Birds with very short wings and pahnate or lobate feet. External por- 
 tion of the body legs very short, causing awkwardness in terrestrial })ro- 
 gression. Bill horny, variously serrate or lamellate. 
 
 Strictly American birds. Noted for their powers in diving and lack of 
 proficiency in flight. About twenty-one species are recognized. One 
 member of this group, the Great Auk, Alca impennw,has been exterminated 
 within a century. . Purely marine and mostly arctic birds. 
 
 PODICIPITID^. 
 
 AMERICAN RED NECKED GREBE. Podiceps holbolli, Reinhardt. 
 
 HORNED GREBE. Dytes auritus, (Linne) Ridgway. 
 
 THICK-BILLED GREBE ; DABCHICK. Podilymbus podiceps, (Linn*?) Lawrence. 
 
 COLYMBID.E. 
 
 LOON. Oolymbus torquatus, Urunn. 
 
 RED-THROATED DIVER. Colymbus septentrionalis, Linne. 
 
 BLACK-THROATED DIVER. Colymbus arcticus, Linn^'. 
 
2;U VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 ALCID^E. 
 
 ? COMMON PUFFIN. Fratercula arctica, (Linno) Steph. 
 
 CLASS REPTILIA. REPTILES. 
 
 Air-breathing vertebrates with cold, red blood. Exoskeleton developed 
 as scales (serpents and lizards), or horny or bony plates (tortoises). Limbs 
 absent (serpents), or present and adapted for walking and swimming. 
 Eggs hatched externally (oviparous reptiles), or in the body of the parent 
 (ovoviviparous reptiles). 
 
 A large class of useful (tortoises) and baneful animals, remarkable for 
 their varied moditications of structure. JNIany species which are per- 
 fectly harmless, and possess great interest for the unbiased observer, are 
 commonly regarded with an aversion kept alive b}^ the fables of folk-lore. 
 About two hundred and sixty species are North American. Five orders 
 are usually recognized. 
 
 ORDER OPHIDIA. SERPENTS. 
 
 Reptiles of an extremely attenuated form, devoid of limbs (rarely 
 possessing rudiments of hind limbs), and with the two halves of the 
 lower jaw united by ligament. Right and left lungs unequall}- developed. 
 Exoskeleton in tlie form of scales. Oviparous. 
 
 This order includes some of the most venomous of all animals. Only 
 two poisonous families, however, are represented in the United States, 
 namely, the rattlesnakes {Crotalidfc), and the harlequin snakes (Elapidas). 
 All other North American snakes, except five species, belong to the great 
 family ColuljrUJix;, and are perfectl}' harmless. About one hundred and 
 thirty -two species of this order inhabit North America. 
 
VERTEI5RATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 23iJ 
 
 CROTALID^. 
 
 BANDED RATTLESNAKE* Crotalus horridus, Linni-'. 
 WATER BATTLIvSNAKE. Crotalus adamanteus, ik-auvoifi. 
 GROUND RATTLESNAKE, Caudisona miliaria, (Linnc'j I5uird and Giranl. 
 BLACK RATTLESNAKE ; PKA I l;l K RATTLESNAKE ; MASSASAUGA. Caudi- 
 sona tergemina, Say. 
 WATER MOCCASIN. Ancistrodon piscivorus, (Laf<*p^de)Coi)e. 
 COPPERHEAD. Ancistrodon contortrix, (Liiin<:') B. and G. 
 
 ELAPID^. 
 BEAD SNAKE. Elaps fulvius, (Linne) Cope. 
 
 COLUBRIDiE. 
 
 GROUND SNAKE; WORM SXAKK. Carphophiops amoenus, Say. 
 VALERIA'S SNAKE. Virginia valeriae, liuird and Ginud. 
 BROWN SNAKE. Haldea striatula, (Linne) B. and G. 
 CROWNED TANTILLA. Tantilla coronata, P.uinl and CJirard. 
 RED-LINED SNAKE. Abastor erytnrogrammmus, (Daudin) Gray. 
 RED-BELLIED HORN SNAKE, Farancia abacura, (Holbrook) B. and G. 
 YELLOW-BANDED SCARLET SNAKE, Cemophora coccinea, (Blunipnba(b) 
 
 Coi)e. 
 SCARLET SNAKE. Osceola elapsoidea, (Holbrook) B. and G. 
 SCARLET KING SNAKi:. Ophibolus doliatus doliatus, (Linnc) Cope. 
 RED KING SNAKE. Ophibolus doliatus coccineus, (Linn(!') Cope. 
 HOUSE SNAKE; MILK SNAKE; CHICKEN SNAKE; THUNDER AND 
 
 LIGHTNING SNAKE. Ophibolus doliatus triangulus, (Liiun'i Cope. 
 THUNDER SNAKE;! KING SNAKE; CHAIN .sNAKE Ophibolus getulus 
 
 getulus, (Linn6) Cbpe. 
 BLOTCHED KING SXAKK. Ophibolus rhombomaculatus, HoII)r()ok. 
 RING-NECKED SNAKE. Diadophis punctatus punctatus, (Linne) Cope. 
 
 * This and the sucreoding; si)eiie.s of venomous snakes, except the liarlequin, can l)e 
 readily di.stinjiuished from the innocent one.s, on close examination, by the i)resence 
 of a pit in the cheek, between the eye and the nostril. No infallible remedy seems to 
 have been discovered for the cure of bites of those serpents. The immediate cauteriza- 
 tion of the wound and the api>lication of larj.'e (juantitiesof stimulants, alcohol, whisky, 
 and the like, interually, constitute the treatment most generally successful. Delay in 
 this matter is dangerous. 
 
236 VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 ? RING-NECKED SNAKE. Diadophis punctatus amabilis, (Linne) Cope. 
 
 XA'NTUS' SNAKE. Hypsiflena ochrorhyncha, Coi-e. 
 
 GREEN SNAKE. Cyclophis aestivus, i, Linne) Giinther. 
 
 CHICKEN SNAKE. Coluber quadrivittatus, (Holbrook) B. andG. 
 
 MOUNTAIN BLACK SNAKE. Coluber obsoletus obsoletus, (Say) Cope. 
 
 RED-HEADED COLUBER. Coluber obsoletus confinis, (B. and G.) Cope. 
 
 CORN SNAKE. Coluber guttatus, (Linne) B. and G. 
 ? COUPER'S SNAKE. Spilotes couperi, Holbrook. 
 ? GEORGIA SNAKE ; INDIGO SNAKE. Spilotes erebennus, Cope. 
 ?PINE SNAKE; BULL SNAKE. Pityophis melanoleucus, (Daudin) Holbrook. 
 
 BLACK SNAKE. Bascanium constrictor, (Linne) B. and G. 
 
 COACH-WHIP SNAKE. Bascanium flageUum, (Shaw) True. 
 
 RIBAND SNAKE; SWIFT GARTER SNAKE. Eutaenia saurita, (Linne) B. 
 and G. 
 ? LONG'S GARTER SNAKE. Eutsenia proxima, Say. 
 
 STRIPED SNAKE ; GARTER SNAKE. Eutaenia sirtalis sirtalis, (Linne) Cope 
 ? CHURCHILL'S GARTER SNAKE. Eutaenia sirtalis dorsalis, (Linne) Cope. 
 
 GRASS SNAKE. Eutaenia sirtalis ordinata, (Linne) Cope. 
 
 STORER'S SNAKE. Storeria occipitomaculata, Storer. 
 ? DE KAY'S SNAKE. Storeria dekayi, Holbrook. 
 
 BROWN QUEEN SNAKE. Tropidonotus leberis, Linne. 
 
 GREEN QUEEN SNAKE. Tropidonotus rigidus, Say. 
 
 BELTED WATER SNAKE. Tropidonotus fasciatus, (Linne) Holbrook. 
 
 WATER SNAKE ; WATER MOCCASIN. Tropidonotus sipedon sipedon, (Linne) 
 Cope. 
 
 COPPER BELLY. Tropidonotus sipedon erythrogaster, (Linne) Cope. 
 
 DARK-SPOTTED WATER SNAKE. Tropidonotus taxispilotus, Holbrook. 
 
 BLOWING VIPER ; HOG-NOSED SNAKE. Heterodon platyrhinus, Latreille. 
 
 BLACK HOG-NOSED SNAKE. Heterodon platyrhinus atmodes, (Latreille) Cope. 
 
 BLACK VIPER. Heterodon platyrhinus niger, ^Latreille) Yarrow, 
 
 HOG-NOSED SNAKE. Heterodon simus simus, (Linne) Cope. 
 
 ORDER LACERTILIA. LIZARDS. 
 
 A very compact order of reptiles, presenting close affinities with the 
 serpents. From these they are distinguished, however, by the presence 
 of external ears, the osseous union of the two halves of the lower jaw, and 
 the occurrence, in the majority of cases, of visible limbs.* 
 
 * The " glass snake," Ophiosaiirus ventralig, although devoid of external limbs, presents 
 the remaining and fundamental characteristics of the lizards, and is not to be regarded 
 as a serpent. 
 
VERTEBRATE AXIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 237 
 
 Tlie lizards, as a class, revel in sunshine and all warnitli, and abound 
 most in countries where tiiese things are most i)lcnty. In the tnited 
 States, they live principally in the southern States, though one or two 
 species make their way as far north as Pennsylvania and Washington 
 Territory. Many species will ])ite when provoked, but few are venomous. 
 The order will repay a for greater amount of attention than has yet been 
 bestowed upon it. 
 
 SCINCID.E. 
 
 GROUND LIZAPtl). Oligosoma laterals, (Say) CJiranl. 
 
 SCORPION; RED-HEADED LIZARD; BLUE-TAILED LIZARD. Euniece.s 
 fasciatus. (Linne) Cope. 
 
 TEID.E. 
 
 SIX-STRIPED LIZARD. Cnemidophorus sexlineatus, (Linne) Dumcril and 
 Bibron. 
 
 ANGUID^. 
 
 GLASS SNAKE. OpMosaurus ventralis, Daiulin. 
 
 IGUANID.E. 
 BROWN LIZARD. Sceloporus undulatus undulatus, (Harlan) Copo. 
 
 ANOLID^. 
 
 GREEN LIZARD. Anolis principalis. (Linne) Cope. 
 
 ORDER TESTUDINATA. TORTOISES. 
 
 An order of reptiles characterized by the absence of teeth, and the 
 modification and expansion of the ribs and vertel)rae to form a more or 
 less bony chamber, which covers and protects the soft part of the body. 
 Exoskeleton usually in the form of horny scales. Oviparous. 
 
238 VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 This order is, perhaps, the most useful of the class, at least from an 
 economical point of view. The flesh and eggs of the sea turtles furnish 
 palatable and nutritious food, while the scales of some species, the hawk- 
 bill turtles, afford the beautiful " tortoise-shell " of commerce. The terra- 
 pins and soft-shelled turtles are the delight of the epicure. The " gopher " 
 is the bon houche of the Southern negro. Many species of tortoises now 
 unused might be employed for food were it not- for prejudice. 
 
 The tortoises have a very peculiar distribution, being most largely 
 represented in the eastern parts of America and Asia. About seventeen 
 genera and forty -two species inhabit the United States. 
 
 SPHARGIDID.E.* 
 LEATHEIi T[JETLE. Eermatochelys coriacea, (Vandelli) Strauch. 
 
 CHELONIID^E.* 
 
 LOGGERHEAD. Thalassochelys caretta, (Linne) True. 
 GREEN TURTLE. Chelonia midas, (Linne) Schweigger. 
 
 TRIONYCHID.E. 
 
 SOUTHERN SOFT-SHELLED TORTOISE. Aspidonectss ferox, (Sclnv.) Wagler. 
 SPRING SOFT-SHELLED TORTOISE. Aspidonectes spinifer, (Les.) Agassiz. 
 
 CHELYDRID.E. 
 SNAPPING TURTLE. Chelydra serpentina, {Uim6) Schw. 
 
 CINOSTERNID.E. 
 
 MUSK TORTOISE; STINK POT. Aroraochelys odorata, (Latreille) Gray. 
 xMUD TORTOISES. Cinostemum pennsylvanicum, (Bosc) Gray. 
 
 EMYDID.E. 
 
 FLORIDA TERRAPIN. Pseudemys concinna, (LeConte) Gray. 
 YELLOW-BELLIED TERRAPIN. Pseudemys scabra, (Linne) Cope. 
 SALT WATER TERRAPIN. Malacoclemmys palustris, (Gmelin) Agassiz. 
 
 *These marine turtles occur along the greater part of the Atlantic coast of the 
 United States, and although likely at any time to be found on the shores of South 
 Carolina, cannot properly be said to be included in its fauna — F. W. T. 
 
VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 230 
 
 CHEQUERED TERRAPIN. Clirysemyspicta, (Hermann) Grya. 
 CHICKEN TERRAriN. Chrysemys reticulata, (Bosc) Cope. 
 SPECKLED TORTOISE. Chelopus guttatus, fSclnv.) Cope. 
 COMMON' BOX TORTOISE. Cistudo Carolina, (Linne) Gray. 
 
 TESTUDINID.E. 
 GOPHER. Xerobates polyphemus, (Daiulin) Cooper. 
 
 ORDER OROCODILIA. CROCODILES. 
 
 An order of lizarJ-liko reptiles, with four legs, fitted for walking or 
 swimming, the feet being webbed. Skin hard and raised into scales, 
 beneath which there are often bony plates. Tail with a scries of scales, 
 each crested on the back. Teeth conical, rootless. Heart with two ven- 
 tricles. 
 
 The Crocodilia, of which the prominent North American species, the 
 alligator, is well known, form a compact group, better represented in 
 past time than at present. They live in sluggish rivers and ponds, and 
 subsist largely on animal food. 
 
 Species of this order are abundant in South America. In North 
 America there are but two recognized species, the alfigator and the 
 Florida crocodile {Crocodilus acutus, Cuvier). 
 
 ALLIGATORID.E. 
 ALLIGATOR Alligator mississippiensis. Daudin.* 
 
 CLASS AMPHIBIA. AMPHIBIANS. 
 
 A class of cold-blooded vertebrates, closely allied to the fishes. They 
 breathe when young, or throughout life, by external gills. Limbs, when 
 present, present bony elements homologous to those in the limbs of rep- 
 
 *The question has been raised whether there are two species or varieties of alligators 
 in North America, difTerin^r in color and other characters. Observations on this i)oint 
 would be of great value. — F. W. T. 
 
240 VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 tiles. Skin usually without scales. Eggs without hard shell, strongly 
 resembling those of fishes. 
 
 A class of animals mostly of no economic value. The frogs, however, 
 furnish excellent food, and the toads are invaluable to the agriculturist 
 as insect-eaters. Many absurd notions exist regarding these animals, 
 which have no foundation of truth, but are progeny of ignorance and 
 prejudice. The majority of amphibians are entirely harmless. 
 
 ORDER ANURA. TAILLESS AMPHIBIANS. 
 
 Amphibians without tails in the adult state. Body broad and short ; 
 legs large, usually adapted for jumping. Young (tadpoles) with tail and 
 gills, but without teeth. 
 
 A comparatively small group of- closely allied animals, found through- 
 out the world. Some are almost exclusively terrestrial {Bujonidse. and 
 Hijladoe), while others are almost totally aquatic. This and the remaining 
 orders of amphibians are, in certain respects, the least known of the 
 vertebrates. 
 
 RANID^. 
 
 BULL-FROG. Hana catesbiana, Shaw. 
 GREEN FROG; SPRING FROG. Rana clamitans, Merrem. 
 SHAD FROG. Rana halecina halecina, (Kalm) Cope. 
 MARSH FROG. Rana palustris, LeCcnte. 
 AVOOD FROG. Rana temporaria silvatica, (Linne) Cope. 
 ? FLORIDA FROG. Rana areolata capito, (Buird and Girard) Cope. 
 
 SCAPHIOPID.E. 
 SOLITARY SPADE-FOOT. Scaphiopus holbrookii, (Harlan) Baird. 
 
 HYLID.E. 
 
 GREEN TREE-TOAD. Hyla carolinensis, Pennant, 
 DAUDIN'S TREE-TOAD. Hyla femoralis, Daudin. 
 COMMON TREE-TOAD. Hyla squirella, Daudin. 
 ? FLORIDA HYLA. Hyla gratiosa, LeConte. 
 CHAMELION HYLA. Hyla carolinensis semifasciata, (Pennant) Cope. 
 
VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 241 
 
 ANDERSON'S HYLA. Hyla andersoni, Baird. 
 
 DARK-GREEN TREE-FROG. Chorophilus nigritus, (Leconte) Coi^c. 
 BLACK-SPOTTED BROWN TREK-FRoG. Chorophilus ornatus, (llolbr ) Cope. 
 ?TREE FROG. Chorophilus ocularis, Daudin. 
 CRICKET FROG. Acris gryllus gryllus, (Leconte) Cope. 
 WESTERN CRICKET. Acris gryllus crepitans, (LeConte) Cope. 
 
 ENGYSTOMID.E. 
 CAROLINA TREE FROG. Engystoma carolinense, Holbrook. 
 
 BUFONID.E. 
 
 LATREILLE'S TOAD. Bufo lentiginosus lentiginosus, (Shaw) Cope. 
 AMERICAN TO.\D. Bufo lentiginosus americanus, (Shaw) Cope. 
 OAK FROG. Bufo quercicus, Holbrook. 
 
 ORDER URODELA. SALAMANDERS. 
 
 Ampliibians, possessing elongated bodies, covered with smooth, naked 
 skin. Four limbs present. No external gills in the adult. Tail long, 
 round or flattened. 
 
 A large group of peculiar and, usually, small animals. 
 
 PLEURODELID.E. 
 
 EASTERN WATER LIZARt). Diemyctylus miniatus miniatus, (Raf.) Cope. 
 GREEN TRITON. Diemyctylus miniatus viridescens, (Raf.) Cope. 
 
 DESMOGNATHID.E. 
 
 BLACK TRITON; BLACK SALAMANDER. Desmognathus nigra, (Grecu) 
 
 Baird. 
 BRO WN TRITON. Desmognathus fusca fusca, (Raf) Cope. 
 EAKED TRITON Desmognathus fusca ariculata, (Raf.) Cope. 
 16 
 
242 VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 PLETHODONTID^E. 
 
 TWO-STRIPED SALAMANDER. Spelerpes bilineatus, (Green) Baird. 
 YELLOW-BACKED SALAMANDER. Spelerpes guttolineatus, (Holbrook) 
 
 Cope. 
 RED SALAMANDER; RED TRITON. Spelerpes ruber ruber, (Daudin) Cope. 
 MOUNTAIN TRITON. Spelerpes ruber montanus, (Daudin) Cope. 
 SALMON TRITON. Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, Green. 
 LEAST SALAMANDER. Manculus quadridigitatus, (Holbr.) Cope. 
 VISCID SALAIMANDER. Plethodon glutinosus, (Green) Baird. 
 RED-BACKED SALAMANDER. Plethodon erytlironotus, (Green) Baird. 
 
 AMBLYSTOMID.E. 
 
 BURROW^ING SALAMANDER. Amblystoma talpoideum, (Holbrook) Gray. 
 OPAQUE SALAMANDER. Amblystoma opacum, (Gravenhorst) Baird. 
 SPOTTED SALAMANDER. Amblystoma punctatum, Linne. 
 TIGER SALAMANDER. Amblystoma trigrinum, Green. 
 
 MENOPOMID^. 
 
 HELLBENDER. Menopoma alleghiense, Harlan. 
 TENNESSEE HELLBENDER. Menopoma fuscum, Holbrook. 
 
 AMPHIUMID^. 
 
 CONGO EEL. Amphiuma means, Linne. 
 
 ORDER PROTEIDA. PPOTEANS. 
 
 Tailed amphibians, with large external gills persistent throughout life. 
 The lungs, however, retain a more or less functional capacity. 
 
 Peculiar animals, closely resembling fishes, for which they are fre- 
 quently mistaken by the unlearned. Some species inhabit caves and are 
 blind. 
 
VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 243 
 
 PROTEIDyE. 
 
 GIBBES' PROTEUS. Nectunis punctatus, Gibbes. 
 LAKE SIREN ; PROTEUS. Necturus lateraUs, Say. 
 
 SIRENIDyE. 
 
 STRIATED SIREN. Pseudobranchus striatus, LeConte. 
 SIREN. Siren lacertina, Linm'. 
 
 CLASS PISCES. FISHES. 
 
 Cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates, with fore and hind limbs, the pecto- 
 ral and ventral fins, adapted for swimming. A more or less bony skull. 
 A relatively small brain. The single or unpaired fins, namely, those 
 on the median line of the back (dorsal fins), and that behind the vent 
 (anal fin), do not represent limbs, but are special developments from the 
 skin. A distinct lower jaw. A heart with two cells and an arterial bulb. 
 Breathing carried on by means of gills (branchia)). Skin covered with 
 scales or bony plates ; rarely naked. 
 
 The foregoing definition is intended to include the true fishes and the 
 ganoid fishes, such as the sturgeons and gar-pikes. 
 
 The fishes constitute a very large group, whose representatives vary 
 greatly in size, form and mode of life. They are distributed everywhere 
 over the globe, occurring in all bodies of water, whether large or small, 
 as well in arctic as tropical regions. A few lakes, such as the Dead Sea. 
 are uninhabited by fishes. Other bodies of water of quite as unusual a 
 character, such as hot springs and saline springs, often contain represen- 
 tatives of this class. 
 
 Fishes form the object of the most completely organized, extensive, and 
 important industry anywhere carried on in connection with animals in 
 the wild state. The fisheries of the world, according to Prof. Goode, furnish 
 products at the present time valued at not less than $235,000,000. Not 
 only do fishes furnish an abundant food-supply, but, also, great quan- 
 tities of other valuable products, such as oils and fertilizers. 
 
 About thirteen thousand species of fishes are known, of which some 
 thirteen hundred are North American. 
 
244 VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 SUB-CLASS PHYSOCLISTI. CLOSED-BLADDER FISHES. 
 ORDER PLECTOGNATHI. 
 
 FisJies which have the intermaxillary bone (that in front of the upper 
 jaw bone) immovably united with the jaw bone. Ventral fins absent. 
 Skin hard, rough, or covered with plates. Marine fishes. 
 
 ORTHAGORISCIDyE. 
 .SUN-FISH. Mola rotunda, Cuvier. 
 
 TETRODONTID^. 
 
 PIN-CUSHION; RABBIT FISH. Chilomycterus geometricus, (Bl. and Schii.) 
 
 Kail p. 
 SMOOTH PUFFER ; TAMBOR. Lagocephalus laevigatus, (Linnt^) Gill. 
 ROUGH PUFFER ; BLOWER ; SWELLFISH. Tetrodon turgidus, (Mitch.) Gill. 
 ? SPENGLER'S PUFFER. Tetrodon spengleri, Bloch. 
 
 BALISTID^E. 
 
 LONG-TAILED FILE FLSII. Alutera schoepffi, (Walb.) Goode. 
 CHECKERED FILE FISH. Alutera scripta, (Osbeck) Bleeker. 
 HOG FISH ; FILE FISH Ceratacanthus aurantiacus, (Mitch.) Gill. 
 STORER'S FILE FISH ; FOOL FISH. Monacanthus broccus, (Mitch.) Dek. 
 EUROPEAN FILE FISH ; OLD-WIFE ; LEATHER-JACKET. Balistes capris- 
 CUS, Gmelin. 
 
 OSTRACIID.E. 
 
 COW-FISH ; CUCKOLD. Ostracium quadricorne, L. 
 
 ORDER PEDICULATL 
 
 Fishes, prominently represented by the goose-fish {Lophius jjiscatoiius), 
 which are peculiar in having the wrist-bones elongated so as to form a 
 sort of arm, at the juncture of which with the body the gills open. Ma- 
 rine fishes. 
 
VERTEBRAIE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 24i 
 
 MALTHEID^E. 
 
 ? BAT FISH ; NOPE FISH. Malthe vespertilio.( Unn6) Cuvior. 
 
 ? SPOTTED SEA-BAT. Malthe vespertilio nasuta, (Cnv. and Val. ) .1. and G. 
 
 LOPHIID^. 
 
 ?FISHINXt-FROG; MONK-FISH; GOOSE-FISH; ALL-MOUTII ; BELLOWS- 
 FISH ; ANGLER. Lophius piscatorius, Linnc. 
 
 ORDER HETEROSOMATxV. FLAT-FISHES. 
 
 Fishes wliich are peculiar in that the anterior portion of tlie skull is 
 so twisted that the sockets of both eyes are brought to the same side, one 
 being vertical, the other lateral. The posterior portion of the skull is 
 normal. — (Cope). 
 
 The Flat-fishes form a compact group, all the species being included 
 in a single family. They are almost exclusively marine, and are widely 
 distributed. About four hundred species are recognized. 
 
 PLEURONECTID^E. 
 
 TONGUE-FISH ; LONG SOLE. Aphoristia plagiusa, (Linno) J. and G. 
 SPOTTED SOLE : HOG CHOKER. Achinis lineatus, ( Linnt^l Cuvier. 
 GRAY FLOUNDER. Etropus crossotus, J. and ( r. 
 NEW YORK FLOUNDER. Paralichthys ommatus, Jor. and (iilb. 
 FLOUNDER. Paralichthys squamilentus, J. and (J. 
 ? PALE-SPOTTED FLOUNDER. Paralichthys albigutta, J. and G. 
 SOUTHERN FLOUNDER. Paralichthys dentatus, (Linne) J. and G. 
 FLOUNDER. Paralichthys ocellaris, (Dck.) J. and G. 
 FLOUNDER Citharichthys spilopterus, Giinthcr. 
 
 ORDER ACANTHOPTERI. SPINY-RAYED FISHES. 
 
 This is the great order of typical modern fishes. The skull is symmet- 
 rical. The gills and their covers (the opercular apparatus) are normal and 
 
-l'^ VERTEliRATE AXnr.vr.S OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 oonij^loto. The fornior open anterior to the pectoral tins. The anterior 
 rays of the dorsal and anal tins exist as spines. 
 
 The tishes of this order are of Avide distribntion. anil anions- tlioni are 
 found both marine and fresli-water forms. The majority of the marine 
 food-tishes belong- here. About six hundred sj^eeies are found in the 
 waters of and about North America. 
 
 GADID.E. 
 
 IIAPDOCK, Qadus segliflnus, L. 
 EAKLL'S IIAKK. Phycis earlli, Boan. 
 
 OPHIDIID.E. 
 ? EHOWN SNAKE-FISH. Ophidium marginatum. PoKay. 
 
 LYCODID.E. 
 Lycodalepis pclaris, i, Sabine) J. and G. 
 
 BLENNIID.E. 
 
 ?Clinus nuchipinnis. Quoy aiul Gaimard. 
 CAROLINA BI.ENNY. Blennius carolinus. iC. and V.) J. and G. 
 ? BLENNY. Hypleiirochilus geminatus. (Wood) J. and G. 
 SPOTTED BLENNY. Isesthes piinctatus, (Wood) J. an.I G. 
 HENTZ. BLENNY. Isesthes hentzii. ^Los.) J. and G. 
 OLIVE-GREEN BLENNY. Isesthes scutator, J. and G. 
 BOSC'S SIIANNY. Chasmodes boscianus, [Li\c.) Cuv. and Val. 
 
 BATKACliUXE. 
 
 TOAD FISH ; OYSTKK FiSll. Batrachus tau, (Liunt^ Cuv. and Val. 
 MIDSIIITMAN. Porichthys plectrodon, J and G. 
 
 GOBIESOCID.E. 
 
 Gobiesox stnuuosus. Cope. 
 
VKKTEIJKATE ANIMAL.S OF (SOUTH CAROLINA. 247 
 
 TRKILID.E. 
 
 FLYI2x(; IIOI'.KV. Cephalacanthus spinarella, (Linn6) Lac. 
 
 LINKI) SKA-ItOlJIN ; KI.YI.\(; FISH. Prionotus evolans, (Linii«'-j (iill. 
 
 WEH-FINGEKED .SEA-liODIN ; CAKOLIXA KoJilN. Prionotus palmipes, 
 
 (Mitch.) Storer. 
 8EA-ROr,[X. Prionotus tribuhis, <'iiv. .ui.l Vul. 
 .Sr<JTTEl> SEA-liUUl N. Prionotus scitulus, J. and G. 
 
 SCORP.ENIDyE. 
 SCORPION. Scorpaena steamsii, Guode and Bean. 
 
 GOBIID.E. 
 
 ? SCALELESS CiOIiY. Oobiosoma bosci, (Lac.) J. and G. 
 BLACK GOBY. Gobius carolinensis, Gill. 
 OLIVE GOBY. Qobius encaeomus, J. and G. 
 STRIPED SLEEPER. Dormitator lineatus, Gill. 
 OLIVE CTJLIUS. Culius amblyopsis, G<i|ii'. 
 
 Lepidogobius thalassinus, .1. and G. 
 
 Gobionellus oceanicus, d'all.) .J. and G. 
 
 URANOSCOPIDyE. 
 
 ? NAKED STAR-GAZER. Astroscopus anoplus, (Cuv. and Val ) Brevoort. 
 Astroscopus y-graecum, (C. and V.) Gill. 
 
 CHiETODONTIDyE. 
 
 ? ANGEL-FISH ; ISABELITA. Pomacanthus ciliaris, (Linn.) J. and G. 
 ? BANDED BRISTLE- TOOTH. Chaetodon maculocinctus, (Gill) .J. and (J. 
 
 EPHIPPIID.E. 
 
 ANGEL FISH ; MuON FISH. Chaetodipterus faber, (Brouss.) J. and (J. 
 
"ilS VKKTinUJATK AXIMAI.S OV SOITII CAROLINA. 
 
 LAliUlD.E. . 
 
 r.I.ACK-riSH : TArTOO. Tautoga onitis. iLinnoUJunthor. 
 
 Caliodon ustus, Cnv aiul Val. 
 KA/aMJ-FISU. Xyrichthyslineatus.riiv.aiul Val. 
 lU.riM' isil ; DOKCELLA. Platyglossus radiatiis. {h.) J. and G. 
 
 gerrio.t:. 
 
 ? BROWN GKRKcM n. Gerres homonymus, ((uhhIo and r>oanl J. and G. 
 SU.VKK GERROID. GeiTes giUo, C. and V. 
 
 8CT.T:\Tn.E. 
 
 SPOTTED SEA TROUT; SALMON TKOIT. Cyiioscion maciUatuni, iMitdioin. 
 
 Gill. 
 SALT-WATER TROUT; WEAK FISH. Cynoscion regalis, il>loch) Gill. 
 SAI.T-WATER trout. Cynoscion thalassiuus, <JIolb.) Gill. 
 WHITE TROUT : SAT.T-WATEK TROUT. CyilOScion nothus, vHolb.* Gill. 
 PKUM. Pogonias chromis, lUinno) C. and V. 
 YELLOAV r.MF. Liostomus xanthiirus, I.aoopCde. • 
 CI I Ur>. Sciaena stellifera, [ I^KhU) .1. and G. 
 SILVEK FERGII. Sciaena chi-ysura. [Lwc.) J. and G. 
 SEA-BASS ; SK)TTEr>-BASS. Sciaena oceUata, (Ui\n6) Giinthor. 
 rARin.lXA WH1T1N(t. Menticin-us albiu-nus. ^Linno) Gill. 
 SHOHF WHITING. Meuticimis Uttoralis, ^Holbr.^ Gill. 
 CRO.VKER. Micropogon undulatus, ^Linnol Cnv. and Val. 
 CRO.VKER Larimiis fasciatus. llolbrook. 
 
 SP.VKID.E. 
 
 BREAM. Pimeleptenis boscii, Laoopcdo. 
 
 srOT-TAlLFP riN-FlSH. Diplodiis caudiniacnla, iPooyl J. ami G. 
 
 BREAM. Eiplodus holbrooki, ^Boan^ J. and G. 
 
 BREAM. Lagodon rliomboides, (L'""'?) Holbrook. 
 
 SlIEErSHF.vn. Aixliosargus probatocephalus, ^WalUxnm) Gill. 
 
 UORGY. Stenotomus aj-gyi-ops, i^Linno Gill. 
 
 lilLT HEAD. Spams aculeatus. iCnv. and ValJ Gill. 
 
 Fl..\sHFR. Lobotes surinamensis. \BKHb~i Cuvior. 
 
 WHITE GRUNT. Diabasis ti-ivittatus, vBUvb and Sdm.l J. and G. 
 
VERTEBRATK ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. ^40 
 
 STKAKJnT-HACKP:D GRUNT. Diaba-sis chrysopterus, ( I.inn) J. an.l (i. 
 I5LA('K (iUlIN'l'. Diabasis formosus, ( L.,.! mul < i. 
 ? VIUCiJNlA IKXi-Flsil. Pomadasys virginicus, ilAuuv) .l.iiml a. 
 SAILOR'S ClIOICK; IKKi-FISII. Pomadasys fulvomaculatus, (Mit.lK.U) .1. 
 
 ami (i. 
 MANGROVE SNAIM'KR; ]LVSTARD SNAPl'KK. Lutjanus aurorubens, (Guv. 
 
 und Val.) Vaillant. 
 YELTING ; GLASS-EYED SNAIM'ER. Lutjanus caxis, ( I'.l., Scl.n.) (Jill. 
 
 SERRANTDyE. 
 
 SOAP-FISH. Rypticusmaculatus, Iloll.r. 
 RED GROUrKR. Epinephelus morio, Kiivicr) dill. 
 BLACK (JROin'KU. Epinephelus nigritus, ( ll.-lbr.) <iill. 
 SQUIRREL FISH; SERRANO. Serranus fascicularis, Guv. and Val 
 (ilvAY SERRANO. Serranus trifurcus, (Linn.) J. and G. 
 BLACK KISII. Serranus ratarius, (Liiin(').T. and (i. 
 ROCK-FISH ; STRIPED BASS. Roccus lineatus, (Bl., Schn.) CJill. 
 WHITE PERCH. Roccus americana. ((imolin) J. and (;. 
 
 PERCTD7R. 
 
 YELLOW PERCH; AMERICAN rKRCII ; RINGED PERCH. Perca ameri- 
 cana, Scliranck. 
 BARRATT'S DARTJ;R. Poecilicthys barratti, (Ilolbr.) J. and (J. 
 ? Nothonotus vulneratus, (Cope) Jor. 
 ? Nothonotus rufilineatus, (Cope) Jor. 
 CRAWL-A-BOTTOM. Hadropterus nigrofasciatus, A^'u.sHiz, 
 
 Alvordius crassus, Jordan and Bray ton. 
 ? Alvordius nevicnsis, (Cope) Jor. 
 VBollo.soma efFulgens, (Grd.) Cojie. 
 ?Boleosoma olmstedi, (Storer) Agassi z. 
 ?Ioa vitrea, (Cope) J. and B. 
 
 CENTRARCHID^E. 
 
 SMALL-:\IOUTHED BLACK BASS. Micropterus dolomieu, Lac 
 
 Lepomis holbrooki, (Cuv. and \'!il.) McKay. 
 BLUE SUNFISII ; COPPICR-NOSED BREAM ; DOLLARDEE. Lepomis pallidus, 
 
 (Mitch.) Gill and J<.r. 
 LONG-EARED SUNFISII. Lepomis megalotis solis, (Cuv. and Val.) McKay. 
 
250 VERTEBRATE ANI^[ALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 ? LONG EARED SUNFISH. Lepomis auritus, (L.) Raf. 
 
 Lepomis elongatus, (Ilolbr ) Gill and Jor. 
 BLACK-BANDED SUNFISH. Mesogonistius chsetodon, (Baird) Gill. 
 
 Enneacanthus simulans, (Cope) McKay. 
 ? Enneacanthus gloriosus, (Holbr.) Jor. 
 ? Enneacanthus obesus, (Baird) Gill. 
 MUD SUNFISH. Acantharchus pomotis, (Baird) Ciill. 
 Centrarchus macropterus, i^Lac.) Jor. 
 
 APHREDODERID.E. 
 ? PIRATE PERCH. Aphredoderus sayanus, (Gilliams) DeKay. 
 
 BRAMIDiE. 
 Pteraclis carolinus, Valeuoieunes. 
 
 CORYPH.ENID.E. 
 
 Coryphsena sueuri, Cuv. and Val. 
 
 STROMATID.E. 
 HARVEST FISH. Stromateus pern, Linne. 
 
 PO^NIATOMID.E. 
 BLUEFISH ; SKIP-JACK. Pomatomus salatrix, {Unn^) Gill. 
 
 CARANGID.E. 
 
 HORSE FISH. Selene setipinnis, (Mitch.) Liitken. 
 SILVER MOON-FISH. Selene vomer, (Linne) Liitken. 
 DOTTED SCAD Decapterus punctatus, (Ajzassiz) Gill. 
 MACKEREL SCAD. Decapterus macareUus, (Cuv. and Val) Gill 
 ? BIG-EYED SCAD. Caranx crumenophthalmus, (Bloch) Lac. 
 YELLOW CREVALLE. Caranx pisquetus, Cuv. and Val, 
 HORSE CREVALLE. Caranx hippos, (Linne) Giinther. 
 HORSE CREVALLE. Caranx faUax, Cuv. and Val. 
 
VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 251 
 
 GREEN CREVALLK. Caranx falcatus, Ilolbr. 
 ? BEAX'S CKEVALLK. Caraux beani, Jordan. 
 
 THREAD FISH. Blethari crinitus, (Akerly) DeKay. 
 
 THREAD FISH. Chloroscombrus chrysurus, (Linn6) Gill. 
 
 SHORT PAMrAXO. Trachynotus ovatus, ( Mnnt'') Gimtlier. 
 
 GLAUCOUS I'AMP \N( ). Trachynotus glaucus, Cuv. and Val. 
 
 CREVALLfi; CAVALLI. 
 
 POMPYNOSK Trachynotus carolinus, (Linm') Gill. 
 
 POMPYXOSE. Seriola fasciata, (I'.loth) C. and V. 
 
 RUDDER FISH; BOXITO. Seriola zonata, (Mitch.) C. and V. 
 
 RUDDER FISH. Seriola carolinensis, Holb. 
 ? YELLOW-TAIL. Seriola lalandi, Cuv. and Val. 
 ? PILOT-FISH. Naucrates ductor, (Linn.) Raf. 
 
 SCOMBRID.E. 
 
 MACKEREL. Scomber colsos, (Jmelin. 
 
 ^lACKEREL (occasional). Scomber scombrus, LinntS. 
 
 BONITO SKIP-JACK. Sarda mediterranea, (Bl. and Sch.) J. and G. 
 
 HORSE MACKEREL. Orcynus thynnus, (Linn6) Poey 
 
 SPANISH MACKEREL. Scomberomorus maculatus, (Mitch.) J. and G. 
 
 BLACK-SPOriED SPANISH MACKEREL. Scomberomorus regalis, (Blojh) J. 
 
 andG. 
 SIERRA. Scomberomorus caballa^ (Cuv. and Val) J. and G. 
 
 TRICHIURIDvE. 
 HAIR-TAIL. Trichiurus lepturus, Linne. 
 
 XIPIIIID^. 
 ? BILL-FISH ; SPEAR-FISH ; AGUJA BLAXCA. Tetrapturus albidu3, Poey 
 ? COMMON SWORD-FISH. Xiphias gladius, L. 
 
 ELACATID.E. 
 CRAB-EATER; COBIA. Elacate Canada, (Linue) Gill. 
 
 ECHENEID.E. 
 
 REMORA. Echeneis remora, L. 
 
 LOXG-JAWED REMORA. Phthirichthys lineatus, (Menzies) Gill. 
 
 PEG A DOR. Echeneis naucrates, L. 
 
-'>*J VERTEBRATI': ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 rOLYNKMllU-:. 
 Polynemus octofllis, (liill) .1. and (t. 
 
 ru ri)A; liAKKAiTPA IMKK. Spyrasiia piciida. mooU and Sohu. 
 " r. AKRACUDA. Spliyrcena giiaguancho, Cuv. and N'al. 
 
 A'PIIKRINID.E. 
 
 ?8ILVKKS1DK8. Meuidia notata. (:\litili^ J. and C. 
 WANPKKINCi SlL\KUSini:s. Meuiciia vagrans, (.r.oodo and P.oan) J. and G 
 BOSC'S SILVKHSIPES. Menidia vagrans laciniata, Swain. 
 CAKOT.TXA SILVKRSIDKS. Atherina Carolina, I'uv. and Val. 
 
 MUGILID.E. 
 
 MULLET. Mugil albula, Linno. 
 
 WHITE MULLET; LIZA. Mugil brasiliensis. Agassiz. 
 
 ORDER IIEMTBRANCHIL IIEMIBRANCHS. 
 
 A small order of iislios, allioil to the Acanthopferi, but having tho 
 mouth bounded above by the premaxillary bones only, and the bones of 
 the throat redueeil in number. The ventral tins are abdominal. 
 
 The North American species are but eleven in number. All the rep- 
 resentatives of the order are of small size and economically unimportant. 
 
 GASTEROSTEID.E. 
 
 STICKLERACK. Apeles quadracus. i^NIitoh.) Bivvoort. 
 
 COMMON J:;TK'KLEBACK ; lU'K.NSTICKLE. Gasterostens aculeatus. L 
 
VERTEBKATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 253 
 
 ORDER LOPTrORRAXf'IITT. 
 
 Fishes with tufted gills and small toothless mouths, hounded above by 
 the premaxillaiy bones and carried at the end of a long snout. The 
 basis of the pectoral fins are elevated, and the skin is coveivd with bony 
 l)lates. 
 
 Small fishes of i)eculiar form and curious and interesting ha])its. Six 
 species representing two families occur in North American waters. 
 Fishes of the sea and brackish waters. 
 
 lilPPOCAMPID/K. 
 
 FLORIDA SEA-HORSE. Hippocampus stylifer, J. aiid G. 
 SEA-HORSE. Hippocampus heptagonus, Raf. 
 
 SYNGNATIIID^. 
 LOUISIANA PIPE-FISH. Siphostoma louisianae, (Ginitlierj J. and G. 
 
 ORDER SYNENTOGNATIII. SYNENTOGNATIIOUS FISHES. 
 
 Fishes in whicli the shoulder-blade is connected with the skull by 
 means of a post-temporal bone. The })arietal bone of the skull is very 
 small. The ventral fins are abdominal, and, as in the case of the others, 
 are without spines. 
 
 This order includes but a single family, the Scomherescidse, or Flying- 
 lishes and Gar-fishes. They have peculiar elongated mouths, and are 
 carnivorous. The family is represented in North America by seventeen 
 species. Marine fishes. The flying-fishes have attracted much attention 
 on account of their curious aerial performances. They are able to sus- 
 tain themselves in the air for about a minute at a time, during which 
 })eriod they vibrate their " wings " or pectoral fins, and move with great 
 lapidity. At such times they are fleeing from their aquatic enemies. 
 
 SCOMBERESOCID.E. 
 
 FLYING FISir. Exoccetus novaboracensis, MiUliill. 
 FLYING FISH. Exoccetus hillianus, Gonse. 
 HALF-BEAK, Himrhamphus unifasciatus, Ranzani. 
 
254 VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 SHORT-NOSED SKIPPER. Scomberesox brevirostris, Peters. 
 ? SAURY ; SKIPPER ; BILL-FISH. Scomberesox saurus, ( Walb.) Fleming. 
 
 SILVFR GAR ; BILL-FISH. Tylosurus marinus, (Bl. and Schn.) J. and G. 
 ? NEEDLE-FISH. Tylosurus hians, (C and V.) J. and G. 
 
 SUB-CLASS PHYSOSTOMI. SOFT-RAYED FISHES. 
 
 ORDER APODES. EELS. 
 
 An order of fishes well known from its representative, the comnxon 
 Eel. The maxillary bones and gill<;overs are frequently wanting, as are 
 in all eases the ventral fins. The vertebra3 are unusually numerous. 
 No spines in the dorsal and anal fins, which are not distinct from the 
 tail. The body is serpentine and usually entirely without scales. 
 
 There has been much doubt relative to the manner in which eels 
 spawn, but it has at length 1)ecn proved that the mode is not unlike that 
 of fishes. The male is smaller than the female. 
 
 ANGUILLID^. 
 
 ? CONGER EEL. Conger niger, (Risso) J. and G. 
 COMMON EEL. Anguilla rostrata, (Le Sueur) DeKay. 
 GOLDEN SNAKE-FISH. Ophichthys chrysops, Poey. 
 
 ORDER HAPLO]\IL HAPLOMOUS FISHES. 
 
 In the fishes of this order the mouth and gill-covers are normal, and 
 the former is furnished with teeth. The ventral fins are present (except 
 in a few instances), and are abdominal in position. The vertebrae are 
 normal. The scales of the head and body are cycloid, 
 
 A large group of fishes of varying size, of which the family of Pikes 
 are kcll known. The majority inhabit fresh waters. The Cyprinodonts 
 swarm in every brook. 
 
VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 255 
 
 ESOCID.E. 
 
 COMMON EASTERN PICKEREL ; GREEN PIKE. Esox reticulatus, Lesueur. 
 BANDED PICKEREL. Esox americanus, Cmelin. 
 
 CYPRINODONTID.E. 
 
 r Girardinus fonnosus, Grd. 
 
 Gambbusia patruelis, (P.. and G.) Giranl. 
 Zygonectes cingulatus,, (C. and V.) .Tor. 
 MINNOWS, -j' Zygonectes zonatus, (Mitch,) Jor. 
 
 Zygonectes chrysotus, (Giintlier) Jor. 
 '.'Zygonectes melanops, (Cope) Jor. 
 ? Zygonectes atrilatus, Jordan and Brayton. 
 COMMON KTLLIFISH; MUM:\IICII0G; SALT-WATER MINNOW. Fundulus 
 heteroclitus, (L.) Giinther. 
 ? Fundulus nigrofasciatus, (Le S.) C and V. 
 Fundulus similis, (Baird and Girard) Gtlir. 
 KILLIFISH ; MAY FISH ; ROCKFISH. Fundulus majaHs, ( Walb.) Gtbr. 
 
 Fundulus swampius, (Lac.) Gtbr. 
 ? Cyprinodon variegatus, Latopede. 
 
 AMBI YOPSIDiE. 
 BLIND-FISH. Chologaster comutus, Agassiz. 
 
 ORDER ISOSPOXDYLI. ISOSPONDYLOUS FISHES. 
 
 A very large order, of which man.y representatives are well known, 
 but Avhich it is dificult to define on account of tlie lack of positive char- 
 acters. Tlie vertebrate, mouth and gills are normal. Tlie latter are 
 four in number, and l)ehind the last is a slit. In several families, 
 notably in the Salmonidir, an adipose, raylcss fin is found on tlie ])ack. 
 The order has nearly a hundred representatives in North America, in- 
 cluding the Salmons, Herrings, and other very important foo<l-lishes. 
 
 SALMONID.^. 
 
 BROOK TROUT; SPECKLED TROUT. SalveUnus fontinalis, (Mitcb.) GiU and 
 Jor. 
 
256 VERTEEKATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 SCOPELID.E. 
 SAND PIKE ; LIZARD FISH. Sinodus fcetens, (L.) Gill. 
 
 ENGRAULIDID.E. 
 
 AXCHOVY. Stolephorus brownii, (Gmelin) J. and G. 
 
 MITCHILL'S AXCHOVY. Stolephorus mitchiUii, (C and V.) J. and G. 
 
 DOROSOMATID.E. 
 GIZZARD SHAD ; HICKORY SHAD. Dorosoma cepedianum, (Le S.) Gill- 
 
 CLUPEID.E. 
 
 MENHADEN ; BUG FISH. Brevoortia menhaden, (Mitch.) Gill. 
 
 SHAD. Clupea sapidissima, Wilson. 
 
 THREAD HERRING; MENHADEN. Opisthonema thrissa, (Osbeck) Gill. 
 
 BRANCH HERRING. Clupea vernalis, 3Iitoh. 
 
 HICKORY SHAD ; FALL SHAD. Clupea mediocris, Mitchill. 
 
 GLUT HERRING ; BLUE-BACK. Clupea seestivalis, :\Iitchill. 
 ? COMMON HERRING ; " WHITEBAIT " (Young.) Clupea harengus, L. 
 ? ROUND HERRING. Etrumeus teres, (DeKay) Giintber. 
 
 ELOPIDaE. 
 
 TARPUM ; JEW-FISH. Megalops thrisoides, (Bloch and Schneider) Giinther. 
 BIG-EYED HERRING. Elops saurus, L. 
 
 ALBULID.E. 
 ? LADY-FISH ; BONE-FISH. Albula vulpes, (L.) Goode. 
 
 ORDER PLECTOSPONDYLI. PLECTOSPONDYLOUS FISHES. 
 
 . A large group of fishes, with normal mouths and gills, but with the 
 first four vertebra; much modified. They are mainly inhabitant of fresh 
 water, and abound alike in large rivers and tiny brooks. They vary 
 
VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 257 
 
 much in size, some species being the smallest of all fishes, while others, 
 such as the Buffalo fish, are conspicuously large. More than three hun- 
 dred species are recognized as inhal)iting North America. 
 
 CYPRIXID.E. 
 
 CARP. Cyprinus,carpio, L. (Introdiict'tli. 
 
 80UTHKRX lUil^A.M. Notemigonus americanus, (L.) Jur. 
 
 BREAM. Notemigonus gardoneus, (('. and V.) Jor. 
 
 Squalius vandoisuhis, ( Val ) Jor. and (Jilb. 
 
 ? CHUB ; IIOKXKI) J)ACK. Semotiius corporalis, (:\Iiti.h.) Putn. 
 
 r Ceratichthys zanemus, Jordan and Brayton. 
 
 DACE. i ? Ceratichthys labrosus. Cope. 
 
 Ceratichthys hypsinotus, Cojio. 
 
 MinniluS SCepticus, Jordan and (iilb. 
 
 ? Minnilus matutinus, (Cope) Jor. 
 
 FALL-FISH, j ? Minnilus altipinnis, (Cope) Jor. 
 
 j Minnilus chiliticus, (Cope) J. and G. 
 
 L Minnilus chlorocephalus, (Cope) Jor. and Gil. 
 
 ? RED FALL-FISH. Minnilus rubricroceus, iCope) J. and G. 
 
 RED-CHEEKED SHIXEK. Minnilus coccogenis, (Cope) Jordan. 
 
 f Cliola pyrrhomelas, (Cope) J. and G. 
 I 
 SHINERS, j Cliola chloristia, Jordan and Brayton. 
 
 [ Cliola nivea, (Cope) J. and G. 
 
 MILKY-TAILED SHIXEK. Cliola galactura, (Cope) J. and G. 
 
 Cliola euryopa, (Bean) J. and G. 
 
 Cliola storeriana, (Kirt ) J. and G. 
 j Cliola saludana, Jor. and Brayt. 
 [ ? Cliola spectruncula, (Cope) J. and G. 
 
 SHINERS. 
 
 CATOSMID^E. 
 
 JUMPING MULLET ; JUMP-ROCK.-;. Moxostoma cervinum, (Cupej Jordan. 
 f ? Moxostoma conus. iCope) Jordan. 
 ? Moxostoma crassilabre, (Cope) Jordan. 
 ? Moxostoma thalassinnm, (Cope) Jordan. 
 ? Moxostoma pidiense, (Cope) Jordan. 
 ? Moxostoma velatum. (Cope) Jordan. 
 Moxostoma papillosum, (Cope) Jordan. 
 ? WHITE MULLET. Moxostom album, (Cope) Jordan. 
 BLUE MULLET. Moxostoma coregonus, (Cope) Jordan. 
 17 
 
 JUMPING 
 MULLETS. 
 
258 VERTEBKATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAIJOI.INA. 
 
 SPOTTED MULLET ; STRIPED SUCK VAl Minytrema melanops, [ Raf.^ J.Mdati. 
 ■M'REF.K FISH; CHUB SUCKKK. Erimyzon sucetta, (Lac.) Jordan, 
 ? HOG srCKKK; STONi: KOLLKK; ToTKK ; (■1^V W L-A T.OTTOM ; llA^LMLK- 
 
 IIKAD; STONE LUGGER; IIO(t IMOLLY. Catostomus nigricans. Le 
 
 Sueur. 
 •M'OMMON SUCKER; WHITE SUCKER; RROOK SUCKER; KLNE-SCALED 
 
 SUCKER. Catostomus commersoni, (LatriC'do) .)(U(lan. 
 
 ORDER NEMATOUNATlll. CAT FISHES. 
 
 Tins order is priiu'ipally tyi)ifio(I in tlie well-known ent-fislies {Silurian). 
 The lower jaw is rudinientarv, and ]>roloni;ed into the base of the longest 
 of the barbels which adorn the chin. There are no real .scales, but some- 
 times bony plates in the skin. 
 
 These are mostly fresh-water fishes, and are itarticiilai'ly abundant in 
 South Ameriea. 
 
 SILURIDiE. 
 
 FORK-TAILED CATFL^IL ^lurichthys marinus, (Mitoli.) J^ainl an.l (iirard. 
 
 SEA CATFISH. Arius fells, (L.) J. and O. 
 
 CHANNEL CAT ; WHITE CAT. Ictalurus punctatus, [liar.) Jordan. 
 
 MUD CAT. Amiurus platycephalus. (Grd.) Gill. 
 
 GREEN "SIVD CAT. Amiurus brunneus, Jordan. 
 
 Noturus insignis, (Kirli.) (iill and Jordan. 
 ? Noturus eleutherus, Jordan. 
 
 St'BCLASS HOLOSTEI. BONY tJANOIDS. 
 
 ORDER HALECOMORPIII. A^IIAS. 
 
 (Janoid fishes with jnirtially heteroeercal tails, vertebrae coneave at 
 both ends, and peculiarly modified pectoral fins. The intestine with a 
 rmlimentary spiral valve. But one species is known. It inhabits tlie 
 fresh waters of the United States. 
 
VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 250 
 
 AMIID.E. 
 
 MUD FISH; DOG-FISH; BoW-FlX; GKINDLK; "JOHN A. (;1MM)LK :' 
 LAWYlCTt. Amia calva, L. 
 
 ORDER CI X( iLVAR )Dr. ( ;A IMM K VK 
 
 The Gar-Pikes resemble tlie Amias, and with tlieiu form the sub-class 
 Holodel or Bony Ganoids. Tlie tail is hoteroeercal ; the vertebrae are 
 concave only in front. The jaws are elongate, tlie upper l^eing the longer. 
 The l)()dy is covered with rh()iiil)ie }»]ates. 
 
 LEPIDOSTEID.E. 
 
 LONG-NOSKI) GAU ; BILL-FISII; COMMON GAK PIKK. Lepidosteus osseus, 
 
 (L.) Agassi/.. 
 SHORT-NOSED GAR. Sepidosteus platystomus, Kuf. 
 
 SUB-CLASS CHRONDROSTEJ. 
 ORDER (JLANIOSTOMI. STURGEONS. 
 
 An order of ganoid fishes possessing an elongated body covered with 
 live rows of bony scales or shields. There are four barbels under the 
 mouth, which is toothless and opens directly downward. The tail is 
 heterocercal. 
 
 A small order of peculiar and readily recognizable iishcs, usually of 
 large size, and mostly inhabiting fresh waters northward. A few spe- 
 cies are marine. The eggs of these animals furnish the well-known 
 caviare, a food product more extensively eaten in Europe than in 
 America. 
 
 ACTPENSERID^E. 
 
 SHARP-NOSED STURGEON. Acipenser oxyrhyncus, Mitch. 
 SHORT-NOSED STURGEON. Acipenser brevirostris, LcSueur. 
 
260 VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 CLASS ELASMOBRANCHII. SHARKS AND RAYS. 
 
 Having a cartilaginous skeleton, no swim-bladder and a naked skin, 
 or one covered with plates. The skull is cartilaginous. The pectoral 
 fins are large. Teeth are invariably present. The eggs are few, large, 
 often laid within a leathery, tendrilled case, secreted by a large gland in 
 the oviduct. 
 
 The class contains two sub-classes, the Chimreras, Holocephali, which 
 have sub-terminal mouths, large fins, very long tails, and naked skins ; 
 and Sharks and Rays, Plagiostomi, which have inferior mouths, shorter 
 tails, and skin covered with large, placoid scales. The sub-class of the 
 Clumaeras is undivided, but in the sub-class Plagisfomi, two orders are 
 recognized, the Sharks, Squall, and the Rays. Baiae. All are marine. 
 
 This class was more fully represented in the past than at present. 
 The American species are not well known. The members of the group 
 have but little commercial value in America, except among the Chinese 
 of the West coast. In Europe, however, skates are quite extensively 
 eaten. Sharks, especially those species known as dogfish, furnish con- 
 siderable quantities of oil. 
 
 ORDER RAIiE. RAYS. 
 
 CEPHALOPTERID^. 
 
 DEVIL-FISH. Manta birostris, (Wallxaum) J. and G. 
 
 MYLIOBATID^. 
 
 CLAM-CRACKER; BISHOP RAY. ^tobatis narinari, (Euphrasen) MiU'er and 
 Henle. 
 ? COW-NOSED RAY. Rhinoptera quadriloba, (Les.) Cuvier. 
 ? SHARP-NOSED RAY\ Mylobatis fremenvillei, LeSueur. 
 
 TRYGONID^. 
 
 BUTTERFLY' RAY^ Pteroplatea maclura, (LeSueur) Miiller and Henle. 
 
 STING RAY. Dasyatis sabina, 'LcSueur) Goode and Bean. 
 ? STING RAY' ; 8TINGAREE. Dasyatis centrurus, (Mitch.) J. and G. 
 ? SAY'S RAY. Dasyatis sayi, (LeSueur) Goode and Bean. 
 
VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 2G1 
 
 RAIID^. 
 
 ? CLEAR-NOSED RAY. Raia eglanteria. (Lac.) LeSueur. 
 ? SUMMER SKATE. Raia erinaceus, Mitchill. 
 ? WINTER SKATE. Raia laevis, :MitdiilL 
 
 Raia ornata, Garman. 
 
 Raia plutonia, Garman. 
 
 TORPEDINID^. 
 
 TORPEDO ; CRAMP FLSH. Torpedo occidentalis, Storer. 
 
 RHINOBATID.E. 
 
 SPECKLED LONG-NOSED RAY. Rhinobatus lentiginosus, Garnum. 
 
 PRISTID.E. 
 SAW FISH. Pristis pectinatus, Latham. 
 
 ORDER SQUALL SHARKS. 
 SQUATINIDiE. 
 ? ANGEL-FISH ; SHARK RAY. Sctuatina angelus, Dumeril. 
 
 LAMNID^. 
 
 MACKEREL SHARK. Isurus glaucus, (M. and H.) J. and G. 
 
 CARCHARIID.E. 
 
 SAND SHARK ; SHOVEL-NOSE. Carcharias americanus. CMitcl).) Jordan and 
 Gilbert. 
 
-<>'2 YERTEBEATE AXIMALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 SPHYRXID.E. 
 
 II A:\rMER-n EADP:D shark. Sphyma zygaena, (Linne) M. and H. 
 SHOVEL-HEAD SHARK ; BOXNET-HEAI). Reniceps tiburo, (Linne) Gill. 
 
 GALEORHINID.E. 
 
 SHARP-NOSED SHARK. Scoliodon terrse-nov^, (Rich.) Gill. 
 SHORT-NOSED SAW-TOOTH. Hypoprion brevirostris, Puey. 
 SMOOTH HOUND ; DOG-FISH. Mustelus hinnulus, (Bhiinv.) J. and G. 
 
 GINGLYMOSTOMATIDiE. 
 
 NURSE SHARK. Ginglymostoma cirratum, (Gmel.) M. and H. 
 
 CLASS LEPTOCARDII. LEPTOCARDIANS. a 
 
 A class of aquatic vertebrate animals in -which the skull is undevel- 
 oped, being represented by a continuation of the cartilaginous back-bone 
 (notochord). The brain and the heart are not developed. 
 
 A very limited group of rather rare animals, the lowest of the verte- 
 brates, connected with the fishes, in a systematic arrangement, through 
 the class Marsipo branchiates, or lamprey, eels and hog-fishes. All are 
 marine. The following species belong to the order Cirrostomi : 
 
 BRANCHI0ST0MIDJ5. 
 LANCELET. Branchiostoma lanceolatum, (Pallas) Gray, 
 
BlBLIOGRArHY. 
 
 1. GENERAL WORKS ON BIOLOCJY. 
 
 Jevons — The Princii)les of Science. Vols. 
 Land II. London: Macmilhui it Co., 
 1874. 
 
 Si'ENCER— The Principles of Biolo<;y. ^'oIs. 
 I. and IL American edition. ' New 
 York : I). Appleton & Co., 1881. 
 
 D.xKwiN — On the Origin of Species. Ameri- 
 can edition. Kew York : D. Apjileton 
 it Co., 1880. 
 
 2. G EN !•: R AL WORKS ON ZOO LOG Y: 
 
 .Semi'Kr — Animal Life. New York : D. Ap- 
 pleton & Co., 1881. 
 
 Gegendbaur — Elements of Comparative 
 Anatomy. English Translation. Lon- 
 don : Macmillan & Co., 1878. 
 
 Balfour— A Treatise on Comparative Em- 
 bryology. Vols. I. and II. London : 
 Macmillan & Co., 1880. 
 
 Hi'xi.EV — An Introduction to the Classifi- 
 cation of Animals. New edition. Lon- 
 don, 1882. 
 
 3. WORKS RELATING TO NORTH 
 
 AM ERICAN MAMMALS. 
 
 Baird— Mammals of North America. Rhila- 
 del|ihia: J. B. Lippincott it Co., 18.39. 
 
 Gilt, — .Arrangement of the Eamilies of 
 Mammals. Smithsonian Institution, 
 Washington. 
 
 CouKS — Musielid.'o, or Fur-Bearing Ani- 
 mals. United States Geological Sur- 
 vey. Washington, 1877. 
 
 Allen — History of North American Pin- 
 nepeds. United States Geological Sur- 
 vey. Washington, 1880. 
 
 Coi'Es AND Allex — Monographs of North 
 American Rodentia. United States 
 Geological Survey. Wasliington, 1877. 
 
 Allen, H. — Monogra])h of the Hats of 
 North America. Smithsonian Insti- 
 tute, Washington, 18(14. 
 
 Jordan— Manual of tlie Vertebrates of the 
 Northern United States. Second edi- 
 tion. Chicago: Jansen, M.Cbirg it 
 Co., 1878. 
 
 4. WORKS RELATIN(i TO NoRTU 
 
 AMERICAN BIRDS 
 RinciWAY — Nomenclature of North Ameri- 
 can Birds. United States National 
 Museum, Washington, 1881. 
 
 Baird — Review of American Birds. Smith- 
 sonian Institution. Washington, 1864. 
 
 Bairu, Brewer and Ridgway — A Hi.story 
 of North American Birds. Land Birds. 
 Boston: Little, Brown <t Co., 1874. 
 
 CoiES — Birds of the Nortiiwest. United 
 States Geological Survey. Washington, 
 1874. 
 
 Cooper— Ornithology of California, Vol. I, 
 Land Birds. Baird, Editor. Cambridge: 
 
 1870. 
 
 .-.. WORKS RELATING TO NORTH 
 AMERICAN REPTILES AND BA- 
 TRACHIANS. 
 Cope — Check-List of North American Rep- 
 tilia and Batrachia. Smithsonian In- 
 stitution, Washington, 187.'i. 
 
 Agassiz— Contributions to the Natural His- 
 tory of the United States, Vols. 1. and 
 II. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1857. 
 
 IIolhrook— North American Herpetology, 
 Vols. I.-V. Philadelphia. 1842. 
 
264 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 Baird and Girard — Catalogue of the Ser- 
 pents of North America. Smithsonian 
 Institution, Washington, 1853. 
 
 BouLANGER — A Catalogue of the Specimens 
 of Batrachia Salientia and Ecaudata in 
 the British Museum, Second edition. 
 London, 1882. 
 
 6. WORKS KELATING TO NORTH 
 AMERICAN FISHES. 
 
 GooDE — Fishery Report, United States 
 J 0th Census, Vol. I., Part 33. Fishes, 
 AVashington. [In Press]. 
 
 GiJNTHER — An Introduction to the Study 
 of Fishes. London, 188 K 
 
 GiiL — List of the Families ot Fishes. 
 Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 
 1872. 
 
 Gt'XTHEK — Catalogue of the Fishes in the 
 British Museum, Vols. I. -VI II. Lon- 
 don, 1SG4. 
 
 Jordan — Contributions to North American 
 Ichthyology, Nos. 1 to 3. United States 
 National Museum, Washington, 1877, 
 
 1878. 
 
 Jordan and Gilbert. — Synopsis of the 
 Fishes of North America. Bull. 10, 
 U. S. National Museum, Washington. 
 1883. 
 
CHAPTEK XT. 
 
 A LIST OF THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA 
 OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 BY L. 0. HOWARD, 
 
 U. S. AGRICULTURAL DErARTMENT, WASIIINGTOX, D. C. 
 
 - INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 As an appendix to the report of Professor Tuomey, on the Geology of 
 South Carolina (Columbia, 1848), appeared a list of the fauna of the 
 State, prepared by Prof. Lewis R. Gibbes. To the portion of that list 
 upon the invertebrata, the present paper may be considered as a svpplc- 
 ment, so far as tlie classes Insecta, Arachnida, and Myriapoda are con- 
 cerned, and as a revision of the remainder of the list, including many 
 species since described, and others which have since been found to form 
 part of the fauna of the State. For the portion of the list relating to the 
 Insecta, I am myself responsible. "With regard to the order Araneina 
 (spiders), I have been enabled, through the kindness of Mr. George 
 Marx, of Washington, to present not only a list of the described species, 
 but to add to it a large number of undescribed species, indicated by Mr. 
 Marx's manuscript names. The list of Myriapoda I have compiled from 
 Prof. H. C. AVood's monograph of this group. For the remainder of the 
 list, beginning Avith the Crustacea, Mr. Henry W. Turner, of the U. S. 
 Geological Survey, is responsible. He has carefully compared Prof. 
 Gibbes' list with the more recent publications, and the list is as accurate 
 as the limited time and material will allow. 
 
-00 INVEKTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 It will bo noticed that where a species" is recorded from an adjoining 
 State, rendering- it highly probable that it also occurs in South Carolina, 
 the State is entered alter the specitic name in parenthesis. The species 
 is recorded without remark (1), when it has been collected within the 
 confines of the State ; (2), when, as is frequently the case, it has been 
 collected at Savannah, just across the border line : and (3), where it lias 
 been recorded both from Xorth Carolina and Georgia, or from ^'iririnia 
 and Georgia, as, in :^uch case, it is almost certain to be also found in 
 South Carolina. 
 
 AMth the Class Insecta. a complete list Mould savcII this work far be- 
 yond its practical requirements. I shall, therefore, confine myself to the 
 enumeration of the principal species which are injurious to vegetation, 
 or which are beneficial through their direct products, or from the fact 
 that they prey upon or are parjisites upon injurious species. This enu- 
 meration is supplemented, however, by a list of such works as the student 
 will find useful in filling out gaps. In this list no works are mentioned 
 which do not bear upon the geographical distribution of the species. 
 
 ^ ^ LELAND 0. HOWARD. 
 
 Washino-ton, October 22, 18S2. 
 
 SUB-KIXGDOM ANXULOSA. 
 CLASS INSECTA. 
 
 [Air bre.Ttlnui; articulates, with three regions (head, thorax and abdomen), six 
 It-'gs. and usually ■wings] 
 
 LIST OF WORKS. 
 
 BoisPVVAi. AND LkCoxte — Histoire General j Cresson, E. T. — Notes on the Species be- 
 et Iconographie des Lepidopteres et 1 longing to the sub family Iclineumon- 
 des Chenilles de I'Amerique Septen- ides found in America, north of ^Mexico, 
 
 trionale, Paris, 1838. Trans. Am. Entomological Soc, 1877. 
 
 C0M.ST0CK, J. H. — Report on Scale Insects. ' Edwak]>s, W. H. — The Butterflies of North 
 An. Rept. U. S. Dept. Agrie., 1880. j America Boston, 1879. 
 
 Cre.«;son, E. T. — Catalogue of the described Glover, T. — Manuscript Notes from my 
 species of several families of Hymenop- 1 Journal — Hemiptera "Washington, 
 tera inhabiting North America. Proc. ; 187(5. (Only a few copies printed from 
 Entomological Society Philadelphia, stone for private distribution) 
 
 18()l-03. i 
 
INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 2:;'; 
 
 IIagen, Dr. H. A ,— Synopsis of the Neurop- 
 tera of North America. "Washington, 
 Smithsonian Institute, ISGl. 
 
 LeConte, J. L. — All of Dr. LeConte's gen- 
 eral papers in tlie Proceedings Acad. 
 Sciences, Pliilada., and Proc. .American 
 Philosoph. Soe. 
 
 LeConte and Hokn — The Ryncliophora of 
 America north of ISIexico — Proc. Am. 
 Phil. Soc , 187G. 
 
 Morris, Dr. J. G.—Synoi)sis of the described 
 Lepidoi)tera of tlie United States, 
 "Washington, Smithsonian Inst., 1S()2. 
 
 Norton, Edw.— Catalogue of the described 
 Tenth redinida2 of North America \ 
 Trans. Am. Entom. Soc, 1807-68. | 
 
 Osten-Sacken, C. R — Catalogue of the I 
 described Diptera of North America. I 
 AVashington, Smithsonian Inst. 1878. 
 
 Packard, \. S, Jk.— A Monograph of the 
 Geometrid ^Motlis, or Phahenidie, of 
 the United States. Vol X.Reportsof 
 the U. S. Geological Survey of the 
 Territories. Washington, 1876. 
 
 de SAVssrRE, Henri — Synopsis of American 
 Wasps. Washington, Smithsonian In- 
 stitute, 187.'3. 
 
 Smith and Abbott — The Natural History 
 of the rarer Le])idopterous In-ects of 
 Georgia. London, 1797. 
 
 Thomas, Cykis — Synopsis of the -■Vcrididie 
 of Nortii America. L^. S. Gelogical Sur- 
 vey of the Territories, "N'ol. V. Wash- 
 ington. lS7:i 
 
 Zimmekmann, C. — Synojjsis of the Scolyti- 
 dte of America, north of Mexico, vvilli 
 Notes and an A]>pendi x by Dr. LeCt ntc 
 Trans. Am. Entom. Soc, 1868. 
 
 ORDER HYMENOPTERA. 
 
 [Four membranous wings with comparatively few veins ; the posterior wings 
 smaller than the anterior; mouth ]>arts formed for sucking and biting; metamorphosis 
 complete] 
 
 Of the families Uroceridm (Horn-tails), Cynipidx ((xall-llies), Evaniidit\ 
 Proctotnipid<T, Oirysididfc, Formicidse (Ants), MidiUidx, Scoliadse, Pompilidfe, 
 Sphegidse, Larridse, Bemheddse, Nijssoiiklse, Crabronidpo, Vespidae {true Wasps) 
 Andrcnidie, and Apidx (Bees), we shall omit detailed lists. 
 
 FAMILY ICIIXEUMONID.E. ICHNEUMON FLIES. 
 
 As all L'linemnon Flics arc of prime importance, in that they are para- 
 sites upon other insects, we give as complete a list as possible of the 
 principal sub-family. 
 
268 
 
 IXVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 SUB-FAMILY 
 
 Ichneumon saiu-ius Cress, 
 niaui'us Cress, 
 viola Cress, 
 cincticornis Cre-s. 
 galeniis Cress., (Va.) 
 centrator Saj'. 
 ca}ruleus Cress, 
 merns Cress, (Va.) 
 subcj^aneus Cress 
 vittifrons Cress, 
 sublatus Cress., (Va.) 
 azotns Cress., (Va.) 
 unifasL'iatorius Say. 
 bronteus Cress, 
 wilsoni Cress., (Va.) 
 versibilis Cress., (Va.) 
 comes Cress., (Va.) 
 laetus Brnlle, (Va.) 
 zebratus Cress., (Ga.) 
 parvus Cress., (Va.) 
 flavizonatus Cress., (Va."i 
 
 Hoplismenus morulus (Say), (Va) 
 
 Amblyteles montauus (Cress.), (Va.) 
 illaetabilis Cress., (Ga.) 
 indistinctus (Prov.), (Ga) 
 fraternus (Cress.), (Va.) 
 
 Trogus exesorius Brulle. 
 
 obsidianator Brulle. 
 brullei Cress. 
 
 ICHNEUMONIN^E, 
 
 Ichneumon paratus Say, (Va.) 
 
 vinulus Cress., (Va.) 
 honestus Cress., (W. Va., Ga. 
 leviculus Cress., (Va.) 
 grandis Brulle, (Va.) 
 rufiventris Brulle, (Va.) 
 devinctor Say. 
 insolens Cress, 
 lewisii Cress, 
 trogiformis Cress, 
 instabilis Cress, 
 funestus Cress., (Va.) 
 mains Cress, 
 duplicatns Say. 
 annulipes Cress., (Va.) 
 seitulus Cress., (Va.) 
 seminiger Cress., (Va) 
 volens Cress, 
 mucronatus Prov., (Va.) 
 nanus Cress, 
 rutilus Cress., (Va.) 
 
 Amblyteles nubivagus Cress., (Va.) 
 subrufus (Cress.) (Va.) 
 suturalis (Say), (Va.) 
 concinnus (Saj-.) 
 
 Trogus apicalis Cress. (Ga.) 
 
 austrinus Cress., (Ga.) 
 nubilipennis Hald. 
 
 FAMILY CHALCIDID.E. CHALCIS FLIES. 
 
 The species of this family, also parasitic upon other insects, have been 
 very little studied in this country, hence the list subjoined, on account of 
 the present state of knowledge, can hardly be considered as even indi- 
 cative of the genera : 
 
 Leucospis affinis Say. 
 
 Smiora torvina Cress, (Va ) 
 nortonii Cress., (Va.) 
 bracata Sanborn, (Va.) 
 
 Smicra mariae (Riley.) 
 
 nigrifex Walk., (Ga.) 
 mirubilis Cress, (Ga ) 
 
INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOLTH CAROLINA. 2()') 
 
 Chalfis ovata Say, C'lialcis ininuta Kabr, (Ga.) 
 
 Phas'^onophora .sulcata, Westw., (Ga.) 
 
 Perilainjuis alexinus Walk., (Ga.) Pcrilainpus tyaneus Brullo. 
 
 Iei)rr08 Walk., (Ga.) 
 
 I.sosoina lionlei (Ilarr.) (The joint WDnn-fly.) 
 
 .Spalanjiia politus (Say) (Va.) 
 
 Epi.stenia foenilata Westw., (Ga.) 
 
 iMipelinus inirabili.s (Walsh.) 
 
 ^letapclma spec-tabilLs Westw., (Ga.) 
 
 Coiiiys l)i('olor Howard, (Va.) 
 
 Chiloneuriis albii'ornis Howard, (Va.) 
 
 Aphycus emptor Howard, (Va.) 
 
 Blastothrix longipennis Howard, (Va.) 
 
 Ai)lieliniis mali (Hald.) Aplu-liims fuscipennis Howard, (Va-) 
 
 mytilaspidis LeBaron. IhiUIr'Hus Howard, ( Va.) 
 
 al)uorinis Howard, (Va.) 
 
 Coccopbagns lecanii Fitch. Coocophagns varicornis Howard, (Va.) 
 
 fraternus Howard, (Va.) 
 
 Enplectrus comstockii Howard, (Ga ) 
 Cirrospilus esurus, Riley, (Ga,) 
 Triohograinma pretiosa Riley. 
 
 FAMILY TENTHREDIXTD.E. SAAV FLIES. 
 
 The larvae of all the saw llie.s, sometime.s called " false caterpillars," 
 are injurious to vegetation. The following list is taken mainly from 
 Norton's Catalogue of the described Tenthredinidte : 
 
 Ciinbex americana Leach. 
 
 ychizocerus plainigera (Klug.) (Ga.) 
 
 Atoniacera ruticollis Norton, (Va.) 
 
 Hylotonia macleayi Leach. Hylotoma abdominalis, L(acli, (Ga.) 
 
 analis Leach, (Ga.) humcralis, Beauv. 
 
 vire.scens King, (Ga.) ooccinea Fabr. 
 
 Pri.stiphora tibialis Norton, (Va.) Pristophora grossu'ariae Walsh., (?> (Na- 
 
 tive currant worm). 
 
 Euiphytus inornatii.s Say, (Va.) Euiphytus varianus Norton, (Va.) 
 
 apertus Harr., (Va.) testaceus Norton, (Va.) 
 
270 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Dolerus arvensis Say. 
 
 Selandria vitis Harris, (The vine saw fly.) 
 
 obtusa (King.) (Ga.) Selandria labiata (King.) (Ga.) 
 
 INIafrophya pulchella (King.) (Ga.) Macrophya tibiator Norton, (Va.) 
 
 tlaviooxae Norton, (Va.) forraosus (King.) 
 
 Taxonus alljido-pictus Norton, (Va.) 
 Strongyli)gaster multicinftus Norton, (Va.) 
 Tcnthredo 14-pnni'tatus Norton, (Va.) 
 
 L')phyrus fabricii Leach, (Ga.) Lopliyrns abbottii Leach, (Ga.) (Pine saw 
 
 fly.) 
 conipar Loach, (Ga.) americanus Leach, (Ga ) 
 
 Lyda seniicincta Norton, (Va.) Lyda anijilecta Fabr. 
 
 ciroumcincta Khig., (Ga.) 
 
 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.' 
 
 [Wings, four, membranous; covered with imbricated scales. Mouth parts formed for 
 sucliing : Metamorphosis complete.] 
 
 FAMILY PAPILIONID.E. BUTTERFLIES. 
 
 There are about seventy-five species of diurnal Lepidoptera or Butter- 
 flies in South Carolina, We will mention, however, only three species, 
 distinguished by their particularly injurious larvae : 
 
 Pieris rapae L. (Tlie Rape Butterfly, parent of the " Imported Cabbage- Worm.") 
 
 protodice Bd. (The Southern Cabbage Butterfly). 
 Goniloba proteus L. (The Roller-Worm Butterfly). 
 
 FAMILY SPHINGID.E. HAWK-MOTHS. 
 
 Sphinx Carolina L. (The tobacco-worm of the South). 
 Philauipelus pandorus Hb. (Injuriou.s to the vine), 
 achemon Dr. (Injurious to (he vine). 
 Darapsa myron Cr. (Injurious to the vine). 
 Thyreus abbotti Swains. (Injurious to the vine). 
 
INVEllTECKATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAKOLIXA. 
 
 271 
 
 FAMILY AEGERID.E. CLEAR-WINGED MOTHS. 
 
 Aegeria exitiosa Say- (I'each tree borer), 
 tipuliformis L. (C'lirrant borer). 
 
 FAMILY BOMBYCID.E. SPINNERS. 
 
 Altlionj^li this family contains many leaf-eating caterpillars, none are 
 sutticiently noted to be mentioned here. We give, however, several of 
 the larger spinners, the silk of which has been or could be used. 
 
 Actias luna (L.) 
 Attacus eyntliia Dm. 
 Antheria j)olyi)heniiis (L.) 
 Callosamia pioniethea (Dru.) 
 Sainia ceeropia, (L.) 
 
 FAMILY NOCTUID.E. OWLET MOTHS. 
 
 This family comprises many of the most injurious insects of the State, 
 which we shall give somewhat in detail. Every species not otherwise 
 designated in the list is a cut-worm in its larva state: 
 
 Agrotis baja S. V. 
 
 noriiianiaiia Gr. 
 e-nigrum I-inn. 
 biuarnea Guen. 
 subgothioa Haw. 
 tricosa Lintner. 
 
 lit-rilis Gr. 
 • plet^ta Linn, 
 cupida Gr. 
 
 Mamestra legit iuia Gr. 
 
 subjuncta (r. and R. 
 Iladena arclica Boisd. 
 llypi)a xylinoides Guen. 
 Prodenia conimelinae Guen. 
 Trigonophova periculosa Guen. 
 r-brunneum Gr. 
 
 Agroti.s dandestina Ilarr. 
 int'ivis Ctuen. 
 hiljrican.s Guen. 
 velleripennis Gr. 
 messoria Ilarr. 
 
 annexa Treitsch., (one of the cot- 
 ton cut-wornis). 
 nialefida (iuen. 
 yp.iilcjii Rott. 
 saueia lliibn. 
 
 Mamestra laudabili.s Gncn. 
 Hadena miselioides Guen. 
 Prodenia tiaviniedia Ilarv. 
 
272 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Euplexia lucipara (L.) 
 Nephelodes violans Gnen. 
 Hj'droecia nictitaus Bonk. 
 
 Laphygnia frugiperda (Sin. and Abb.) (Grass- worm). 
 
 Leuoania pallens L. Leucania unipuncta, (Haw.) (Army worm 
 
 of the North.) 
 phragmitidioola Gr. pseudargyria Guen. 
 
 Aletia xylina (Say). (Cotton worm). 
 . Pkisia brassicae Riley. (Cabbage loojier). 
 Heliothis armigera Ilabn. (BjU-Worm or Corn Ear Worm). 
 
 FAMILY GEOMETRID.E. 
 
 The larvae of the Geomctridae are familiarl}^ known as " measuring- 
 worms," or *' loopers." Dr. Packard, in his Monograph, referred to before, 
 enumerates 184 species found in the limits of the AUeghanian and Caro- 
 linian faunae, and the great majority of these are doubtless to be found 
 in South Carolina. A common example is the " Gooseberry Span-worm " 
 {EafifcJiia ribcria, Fitch). The larva of Eugonla suhskinaria (Hiibn.) has 
 recently done much damage to fruit trees in Fannin County, Georgia, 
 and is very common in South Carolina. 
 
 FAMILY PYRALIDiE. 
 
 This is a poorly defined and very miscellaneous fiimily. It has recently 
 been split up into several smaller families, but it answers our purpose to 
 consider it as a whole. The habits of the larvae arc extremely varied, 
 and many of them are very injurious. The most injurious South Caro- 
 lina species are subjoined : 
 
 • 
 Asopia costalis (Fabr.) (The Ch)ver Hay Worm). 
 Pempelia lignosella Zell, (The smaller Corn-Stalk Borer). 
 Distraea sacchari (Fabr.) (The large Corn-Stalk and Sugar-Cane Borer). 
 Chilo oryzaeelUis Uiley. (The Rice-Stalk Borer). 
 
 FAMILY TORTRICID.E. LEAF ROLLERS. • 
 
 This is a large family of small moths, the larvae of which roll the 
 leaves of different trees and plants. Although injurious to a certain 
 degree, they rarely occur in sufficiently great numbers to become mark- 
 
INVERTEBRATE KAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 273 
 
 edly so. A familiar exani{)le in Carolina is the " Cotton leaf-roller," 
 {Loxotirmia rosaceana, Harr. ?) 
 
 FAMILY TINEID.E. LEAF MINERS. 
 
 The larvae of this family are mainly leaf-miners, twig borers or case 
 bearers. About eight hundred species have been described in the United 
 States. The most injurious South Carolina species is undoubtedly the 
 Angoumois grain moth {(fdcdiia ccrealla, Oliv.). The clothes moth 
 {Tinea flarij'roiifella, Linn.) is also a familiar example. 
 
 ORDER I)IP1M^:RA. FLIES, GNATS, ETC. 
 
 [Wing.s, two ; the posterior pair reiilaced by a i)air of knolibed threads ( " poiser.s " 
 or " balancers"): Mouth parts fnnuod for su<'kiii<f : Mi'tamorphosis complete.] 
 
 The collected North Amsrican Diptera numbsr about 5,000 species of 
 sixty families. We shall mention here the eight families which possess 
 the greatest economic interest. 
 
 FAMILY CECIDOMYID.E. GALL FLIES. 
 
 This family contains several very injurious insects, two of which are 
 found in South Carolina, as will be seen in the following list: 
 
 Cecidomj'ia chrysopsidis Lcew, (D. C.) Cecidomyia hirtipes O. S., (D. C.) 
 
 destructor Say. (Tlie lies- serrulatae O. 8., (D, C.) 
 
 siau fly), 
 Diplosis caryae O. S., (D. C.) Diplosis robiniae (Hald.) (D. C.) 
 
 inaccus Loew, (D. C.) tritici ( Kirby ) . ( Tlie Wlieat 
 
 Midge.) 
 
 FAMILY CULICID.E. MOSQUITOES. 
 
 Culex boscii R. Desvoidy. Cule.v taeuiatus Wied., (Ga.) 
 
 rubidus R. Desvoidy. taeniorhynclius Wied. ( AtUintic 
 
 States. ) 
 18 
 
274 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 P^AMILY ASILIDiE. ASILUS FLIES. 
 
 The Asilus, or '' Ro}jber-flies " are of much interest, as they destroy 
 other insects, botli injurious and l>eneficial : 
 
 I.eptojzaster carol ineiisis Schiner. 
 Diogmites discolor Lo.^w. {Kills cotton trorms.) 
 Atomosia puella Wied. 
 Dasyllis saffrana Fabr. 
 
 Laphria caroliiiensis Schiner. Laj^hria melanosjaster "Wied. 
 
 flavescens Macq. georgina Wied. 
 
 bicolor, Wied. (So. States.) 
 Andrenosoma pyrrhacra Wied. 
 Mallojiliora boniboides Wied, (Ga.) ^lallophora orcina Wied. 
 
 claiisicella Macq., (Va ) 
 Proinachus quadratus Wied, (Ga.) Promacluis rufipcs AVied, (Ga.) 
 
 Erax apicalis Wied- (Kills cotton vjorms.) Erax fenioratus Macq. 
 
 bastardi Macq., (N. A.) 
 Proctacanthus lieros Wied. Proctacanthus longas Wied, (Ga.) 
 
 Neomoctherus gracilis Wied. 
 Tolmerus annulipes Mac(i. Tolnienis notatiis Wied. 
 
 FAMILY OESTRID^. BOT-FLIES. 
 
 Gastrophiliis equi Fabr. (Horse bot-fly.) Gaytrophilus nasalis L., (N. A.) 
 
 haemorrhoidalis L. , (N. A.) 
 Hypoderma bovis DeG. {Cattle bot-fly) Hypoderina linouta Villiers, (N. A., Ky.) 
 Oestrus ovis L. {Sheep bot-fly.) 
 Cephenemyia phobifer Clark. 
 
 Cuterebra buccata Fabr. Cuterebra liorriiiilum Clark, 
 
 cuniculi Clark- {Rabbit bot-fly.) 
 
 FAMILY TACHINIDiE. TACHINA FLIES. 
 
 The Tachina flies much resemble common house flies. T1k\v are 
 parasitic upon other insects : 
 
 Trichopoda ciliata Fabr. Tricliopoda liirtipes Fabr. 
 
 ciliposWied. lanipes Fabr. (Ga.) 
 
 flavicornis R. Desvoidy. j)liiniipes Fabr. 
 
 formosa Wied, (Ga.) : 
 
INVERTEBRATE FAU.VA OF SOl'TH CAROLINA. 275 
 
 Gyuinosoma luHginosa R. Desvoidy. 
 
 ("isto^aster immaculata IMacq. , 
 
 Ocyptera e|)ytus Walk., fGa.) Ocyptora lituarta <,>liv. 
 
 Ervia triciuetra Oliv. 
 
 Jurinia aniethystina Macq., (Ga.) Jurinia virginiensis Macq , (Va.) 
 
 georgica Macq., (Ga.) 
 Micro palpus piceus Macq. 
 Gonia anriceps Mcigen, (Ga ) 
 Nemoraea leucaniae (Kirk.). (Preys on thr Annij-irorn).) 
 
 tri.xoides, Walk., (Ga.) 
 Tachina atra AValk., (Ga.) Taihina intcrrui)ta Walk., {(<a < 
 
 Clytia atra R. Dewoidy. 
 
 FyVMILY HIPPOBSCIDiE. FOREST FLIES AND SHEEP TICKS. 
 
 Olfer.sia ainericana (Leach >, (the owl tick), 
 ardea' :Macq., (X. A.I 
 hrnnnea Oliv. 
 
 Oniithoinya aviciilaria L. (X. A.i (bird tick), 
 nobulosa Say, (N. A.) 
 pallida Say, (N. A. I 
 
 Melophagus ovinns L., (X. A.^, (.sheep tick). 
 
 Ilijipobosca equina L.. (X. \-\ (horse tick). 
 
 ORDEPv COLEOPTERA. BEETLES. 
 
 [Wings four; anterior pair (e^y^ra) meeting, usually, in a straight line down the 
 hack. Elytra much thickened, forming a ca.se, under which the po.sterior wings arc 
 folded : Posterior wings membranous : ^louth parts formed f<»r biting. Metanior- 
 phoairt complete.] 
 
 Tlii.'^ is the l)est known order of Insect.«<. Some eiglit thousand live hun- 
 dred specie.s have been described in tlie United States and'Canada, and. at 
 an estimate, some four thousand species will probably be found, b-vdiligent 
 eorieeting, in South Carolina. An extensive collection of the Coleoptcra 
 of the State was made by Dr. C. Zimmermann, who resided for some 
 time at Columbia. This collection is now in the possession of the 
 Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Cambridge, Mass., and Dr. Zimnier- 
 mann's MS. notes are in the good care of Dr. LeConte. of IMiiladelphia 
 
270 
 
 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 The number of known species of South Carolina Coleoptera is so great 
 that, in order to keep our list to its proper ]>roportions, we have intro- 
 duced simply an authoritative list of the genera of the more important 
 families. For this list we are intlebted to Mr. E. A. Schwarz, a well- 
 known Coleopterist. Each of these genera is represented in South Caro- 
 lina, those in italics being essentially Southern genera. 
 
 FAMILY CICIXDELID.E. TIGEIl BEETLES. 
 
 The beetles of this family are all i)redaceous. 
 
 Tctraclut West. Cicindela Linn. 
 
 FAMILY CARABID.E. GROUND BEETLES. 
 
 The ground beetles are mostly carnivorous ; some of the species have, 
 however, been found to be vegetable feeders. 
 
 Oniophron Latr. 
 Calosoma Web. 
 Carabiis Linn. 
 Nomaretiis LeC- 
 Cychnis Fabr. 
 Pasimachus 
 Scarites Fabr. 
 Dyschirius Bon 
 Ardistomis Putz. 
 Aspidoglossa Putz. 
 Clivina Latr. 
 Schizogenius Putz. 
 Bruchvnus Web. 
 
 Panagftus Latr. 
 Morio Latr. 
 Heluoniorpha Lat. 
 Galerita Fabr. 
 Pterostiehus Bon. 
 Ainara Bon 
 Badister Clairv. 
 Diplofliila BruUe. 
 Dierelus Bon. 
 AnouioglossiKS Cha. 
 Chhenius Bon. 
 Codes Bon. 
 Cratat'anthns Dej. 
 
 Tacdiv; 
 
 Casnonia Latr. 
 Leptotrachelus Latr. 
 EKcaTds LeC. 
 Lebia Latr. 
 Nemotdrsns LeC. 
 Tetragonod ems Dej. 
 Apristns Cluiud. 
 Blecliriis Motsch. 
 Ai)enes LeC. 
 Cymindis Latr. 
 Plihvxena Cliend. 
 Callida Dej. 
 Coptodera Dej. 
 Zieirler. 
 
 Calathus Bon. 
 Platynus Bon. 
 Loxandriis LeC. 
 Euarthrus LeC 
 Agonoderus Dej. 
 Anisodactylus Dej. 
 Anisotarsus Chd. 
 Oynandropus Dej. 
 Bradycellus Er. 
 Selenophoi'us Dej. 
 narj)alus Latr. 
 Stenolopbiis Dej. 
 Benibidiuiu Latr. 
 
 FAMILY COCCINELLID.E. LADY-BIRDS. 
 
 The familiar lady-birds are, in the main, beneficial by destroying in- 
 jurious insects. Certain species have, however, been found to be vege- 
 tarian. 
 
 Megilla Muls. 
 Hippodamia Cher. 
 Anisosticta Chev. 
 Coccinella Linn. 
 
 Cyoloneda Cr 
 Anatis Mills. 
 Psyllobora Ciiev. 
 Cliilocorus Learh. 
 
 Exodiomus Redt. Scymnus Kug. 
 (Eneis ^Miils. Cephaloscymnus Cr. 
 
 Brarliyacantlia INIuls. Pentilia. 
 Ilyperaspis Cliev. 
 
INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 07*7 
 
 FAMILY SCARABEID/E. 
 
 Many of the Scarabcids are vegetable feeders ; others feed upon dung 
 and decaying animal and vegetable material. These last are hero 
 omitted. 
 
 Sericiv McLeay. I)i|)l(ita.\i.s KirLy. 
 
 Macrodaftylus Latr. I.aclmo.stenui Hope. 
 
 Cyclocepliala Latr. Polyiiuc-tlius LeC. 
 
 t'haleput McLeay. XyloryetCB Hope. 
 
 Ligyriis Burin. Stratcjru.s Ilojie. 
 
 Aphonus LeC. Dynastes Kirby. 
 
 roly],l.yllii. 
 
 Anoiuala Koej)i)e, 
 Phileurus Latr. 
 Allorhina Burm. 
 Eujilioria. 
 Creinastocliilus Kn. 
 
 Strij^odernia Burni. 
 Pelidnota ]\IcLoay. 
 Osiiioderiiia Lep. 
 Gnorimus Lep. 
 TricliiuH FaVjr. 
 Vuli:u.s Scriba. 
 
 FAMILY liUPRFSTID.E. 
 The larvic of the Buprestida- are wood-borers. 
 
 Ualc(Ji)hora Sol. 
 Di<!er(;a Est-li. 
 Poicilonota Esc-li. 
 Buprestis Linn. 
 
 Cinyra Lai>. 
 ]Melanoi)hila K.scli. 
 Anthaxia Ksch. 
 
 Actenodes Lac. 
 Acina.'odera P^scli 
 Ma.stngeniiis Sol. 
 
 Afzrilti.s Sol. 
 Tajihrocerus Sol. 
 I'raclivs Sol. 
 
 Chrv.sobotlirls Kscli. IMncboscelis f'liev. IJraclivKccliis Sol. 
 
 FAMILY ELATERID/E. ■ CLICK-BEETLES. 
 
 The larva) of the " Click-beetles " are the familiar 
 
 Drasterius Esch. Lacon Germ. 
 
 Mei,'ai)enthes Cand. Chalcolcpidius Escli. 
 MonocrepidinsEsch. Alans Esch. 
 Dicrepidlns Esch. Hemirhipi)U.s Latr. 
 
 Cerophytnm Latr 
 Melasis Oliv. 
 Deltoinetopus Bv 
 Fornax Lap, 
 Andasles Kirby. 
 I'crothops Er. 
 Adelocera Latr- 
 Elater Linn. 
 
 Lschiodontus Cand. 
 Ludius Latr. 
 Orthostethus Lac. 
 Crigmus LeC. 
 
 Cardi.sphorus E.sch. 
 Horistonotns Cand. 
 Cry])tolij'i)nus Esch. 
 PolopiuH E.s(li. 
 
 Wire- worms. 
 
 (Jlyi)honyx Cand. 
 Melanotus Esch. 
 Limonius Esch. 
 Athous Esch. 
 Sericosouius Esch. 
 Coryrabites Latr. 
 Asaphes Kirby. 
 Melanactes LeC. 
 
 Cebris Fabr. 
 
 FAMILY TELEPIIORID^. SOLDIER ]n:i:TLES. 
 
 The larva} of the Soldier beetles often destroy injurioii.slarvie : Tims, 
 Chauliogmitliuft ynarglnatus destroys the Cotton worm. 
 
 Chauliojinathus Telephorns Schiifl'er. Ditemiius LeC. Malthinus Latr. 
 
 Hentz. Poleniins LeC. Trypherus LeC. MalthodesKiesenw. 
 
 Podabnis Wcstvv. Silis Cl.arp. Lf)berus Kiesenw. 
 
L'-r; 
 
 IXVEKTERRATE FAUNA OF SOmi CAKOT.TXA. 
 
 FAiMILY CERAMBV( 
 The larvio of tlie Long-horns are 
 
 Malloihn Serv. Clytns Liiioli. 
 
 Orthosoma Serv Xylotrechus Chov. 
 
 Prionus Cieoft'. Neoclytus Thorns. 
 
 Sphenostethns Hald. C'lytanthus Thoins. 
 
 Aseuium Eseh. ^licroclytns LeC. 
 
 Criocephalus Muls. Cyrtophorus LeC. 
 
 Smodiouni LeC. Tillomorpha Blanoh. 
 
 Dularius Thonus. Euderoes LeC 
 
 Pliyton Xewin. Atimis Hald. 
 
 Callymoxyb Kraatz. Distenia Serv. 
 
 Molorohus Fabr. Necydalis Linn. 
 
 Rhopalapnora Serv. Kliaginni. 
 
 Batyle Thorns. Centrodera LeC 
 
 Steno-^pheniis lL\ld. Toxotus Serv. 
 
 Cyllene Xewm. Gaurotes LeC. 
 
 Arhopalus .-erv. Strangalia Serv. 
 Typoeerns LeC. 
 
 IIU:. LOXU-IIORXS. 
 ahnost all wood-borers. 
 
 Phymatodes ^liils. 
 cEuie Newui. 
 Ch ion Xewm. 
 Eburia Serv. 
 Elaphidion Serv. 
 Tvlonotus Hald. 
 
 Liopus Serv. 
 Lepturires Bate.-:. 
 Hyperplatys Hald. 
 Graphisurus KirDy. 
 Acaathoeimis Steph, 
 Dectes LeC. 
 
 HeterachtliesXewm. Eovrus LeC. 
 
 Cnrius Xewm. 
 Leptura Serv. 
 Cyrtinus LeC. 
 Psenoeerus LeC. 
 Monohainmus Serv. 
 DorchaschciH-i LeC. 
 llotieinis Hald. 
 Ga^s LeC 
 
 Eiipoconius LeC 
 Onoideres Serv. 
 Ataxia Hald. 
 Hipi>opsisServ. 
 Sajierda Fabr. 
 Mecas LeC. 
 Oberea Muis. 
 Tetraopes Serv. 
 
 Ai-anthoderes Sorv. Amphionyrha Thoins. 
 Leptostylus LeC. 
 
 FAMILY C'HRYSOMELllLE. LEAF BEETLES. 
 
 This family includes many of the most injurious beetles, including 
 the Colorado Potato-beetle, the Sweet Potato-beetle, the (Jrape-vine Flea- 
 beetle, and many others. 
 
 Donacia Fabr. 
 Macroplea Sam. 
 Orsodachna Latr. 
 Le.'iia Fabr. 
 Anoma.L Lav. 
 Babkt Chev. 
 Sitxinis Lac. 
 Coscinoptera Lac, 
 Chhimys Knoch. 
 Exema Lac. 
 Monachus Chev 
 
 Pachybrachvs Chev. PlnikvthrnsL8 
 
 Luporus Geoff. 
 Diabrotioa Cliev. 
 Adimonia Laii-h. 
 Galerucra Geolf. 
 Trirhabda LeC. 
 
 Fidia Baly. 
 
 Xanthonia I'aly. 
 
 Heteraspis Chev. 
 
 Glyptos.-elis LeO. 
 
 Myochrous Chev. 
 
 Typophoriis Chev. 
 
 Paria LeC. 
 
 Metachroaia Chev 
 
 Colaspis Fabr, 
 
 Chrysomela Linn. 
 CryptocephalnsGeoflf. Gastro])hysa Chev. Longitarsus LeC. 
 TriaohnsLeC. Melasoma. Batophila Fond. 
 
 Diaohus LeC Cerotoma Chev. Phyllotreta Fond 
 
 Griburius Hald. Cheliinorpha Chev Aphthona Chev. 
 
 Phvsonota Boli. Hibolia Cliev. 
 
 Sy.-!tena Chev. 
 Orthaltira Cr. 
 Lyperaltica Cr. 
 Crepidodera Chev. 
 Epitrix Fond. 
 ^Luitura Steph. 
 
 Pii'hyonyehus Cliev. Cerataltira Cr. 
 IIypolain[>sis Clk. Chaetoonema Stei)h. 
 
 CEdionychis Latr. 
 Disonyoha Cliev. 
 (rraptodera Chev. 
 
 P.sylliodes Latr. 
 Hlepharida Chev. 
 Odontota Chev. 
 Charistena Baly. 
 ]\Iicrorhopala Chev. 
 Cassida Linn. 
 Coptocyla Chev. 
 
INVERTEBRATE FAINA OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 
 
 279 
 
 FAMILY MELOID.E. BLISTER-BEETLES. 
 
 The Blister-beetles are vegetable feeders, but their larvjc are usually 
 parasitic. 
 
 .MeloiiLinn. Epiciuita Rcdt. PoniphopMa LeC. Tetraonyx Latr. 
 
 Macrobasis LeC Pyrota F.eC. Cantharis L. Zonitis Fabr. 
 
 Nemognatha 111. 
 
 COLEOPTERA RHYNCOPHORA. 
 
 [Sc'voral of theoM family, iucludin;^ the weevils and the Staphylinids, are now united 
 in this <iroiii), whicli may be called a sub-order. Nearly all the species are injurious.] 
 
 FAMILY RHINOMACERIDiE. 
 
 Ilhinomaeer Fabr. 
 
 -luletes f^ch. 
 
 FAMILY RYNCHITID.E. 
 
 Eujrnamptus Sch. Rynchites Hbst. Pterocolus 8ch. 
 
 FAMILY ATTELABID.E. 
 
 Attelabus L. 
 
 Epicxrm Sch. 
 I'hyxolis Sch. 
 .\graphus Sch. 
 
 FAMILY OTIORHYNCHID^. 
 
 Neoptochns lldrn. 
 Padtna^us Sch. 
 Tanvmecus Sch. 
 
 Pandeletejus Sch. 
 Brachystylus Sch. 
 Ararniji'us Horn. 
 
 Aphrastus Sch. 
 EudiagogusSch. 
 
 FAMILY CURCULIONIDyE. 
 
 Sitones Sch. Anchodemus LeC. Conotrachelus Sch. Creliodes Sch. 
 
 Listronotus Jekel. Lissorhoj)trus LeC. Rhyssoinatus Sch, Ceutorhynchus Germ. 
 
 -Macrops Kirby. Bagous (ierm. C halcodermns Sch. Pelenomus Thorns. 
 
 I'acliylobn.s LcC. (Jtidocephalus Cliev. Zaglyptus LeC. 
 
 Coelogaster Sell. 
 
•280 
 
 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 II yl obi lis Sch, 
 Pissodes Germ. 
 Lixus Fabr. 
 Dorytomus Sch. 
 Desinoris LeC. 
 Pachytyohius Jekcl. 
 Smicronyx Sch. 
 Phyllotrox Sell. 
 Endahis Lap. 
 Brachy bamus Germ. 
 Onvehvlis LeC. 
 
 Acamptus LeC. 
 Aoalles Sdi. 
 Tyloderma Say. 
 Phyrdenus Lc(^. 
 Cryptorhynchus III. 
 
 Enpsalis Lac. 
 
 Magdalis Germ. 
 
 Anthonomus Germ 
 
 Ori'hestes III. 
 
 Prionomerus Srh. 
 
 Piazorhimis Si-h. 
 
 Thysajiocnemis LeC. Piazurus Sch. 
 
 Gymnetron Sch. Copturus Sch. 
 
 Miarus Soli. 
 
 Laemosaccus Sdi 
 
 Centrinus Sch. 
 
 Zvsobaris LeC 
 
 Acoptus LeC. 
 Tachygonus Sell. 
 Mononychus Gorni. 
 Crapoirius LeC. 
 
 Bala 11 inns Germ. 
 
 FAMILY BRENTHID.E. 
 
 Rhinonchus Sch. 
 Trichobaris LeC. 
 Aulobaris LeC. 
 Baris Germ. 
 Onychobaris LeC. 
 P.soudubaris LeC 
 Ampeloglypter LeC. 
 Madams Sch. 
 Stethobaris LeC. 
 Barilepton LeC. 
 PKicamus LeC. 
 
 FAMILY CALANDRID.E. 
 
 HhyncopJwntg. 
 Sphenophorus Sch. 
 Calandra Chauv. 
 
 Dryopthorus Sch. 
 Cossomus Clairv. 
 Stenomimus Woll. 
 
 Phloephagus. 
 Wollastoiiia. 
 
 Amaurorhiuus. 
 
 Steuoscelis. 
 
 FAMILY SCOLYTID.E. 
 
 Platypus Hbst. Xyleboriis Eich. 
 
 Corthylus Er. Cryphalus Er. 
 
 Monarthrum Kirscli. Xylocleptes. 
 Pityopthonis Eich. Tomicus Latr. 
 Hypothenemus West.Micracis LeC. 
 
 Sc-olytus Oliv. 
 Chramesus LeC. 
 Phloeotribus Latr. 
 Cnesiiiiis LeC. 
 Hvlesinus Fabr. 
 
 Phloeosinus Eich. 
 Carplioborus Eich. 
 Dendroctomus I'^.r. 
 Hvlastes Er. 
 
 ORDER HEMIPTERA. 
 
 [Wings, four; anterior portion either of same thickness throughout, and. usually, 
 sloping at sides, or thickened at base with thinner extremities which overlap : Mouth 
 parts formed for sucking: IMetamorphosis incomplete.] 
 
INVERTEBRATE FAUXA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 281 
 
 t 
 
 8UB-0IiDER IIOMOPTERA. 
 
 [Heniipterii liavinj; the anterior wirifis of the same thickness throu<ihont. and 
 usually sloping at the sides : Moutli i)arts inserted at the posterior and inferior i)or- 
 tion of the head.] 
 
 FAMILY COCCIDyE. BAKKLICE. OR SCALE INSECTS. 
 
 This is one of'tlic most injurious families of insects. The species liave 
 been very little studied, so that their geographical distribution is not well 
 known. A number of s|)ecies have been described by Prof. Comstock, 
 from the District of Columbia, and, as the majority of these will proba- 
 l)iy be found in South Carolina, they are included in the following list: 
 
 Aspidiotus ancyius Putnam, (I). C, on Ma- .\sj)idiotus pini Comst., ((Ja., on pinesj. 
 pie, Pearh, Hackberry.) 
 obscunis, Comst., (D. C, on tenebricosus Comst. (D. C, on 
 
 Willow and Oak.) red Maple.) 
 
 Diaspis carueli Tarj^., Tozz. — (I). C., on Diasj)is rosae f8an(Iber<;). (On Rose, Black- 
 Juniper and Arl)or Vitae.) berry and Ra.spberry.) 
 Chioiiaspis euonvmi Comst., (Va , on Etion- Chinas])is nyssae Comst. (On Black Gum.) 
 
 ymus. 
 furfurusiFitch). (1). C, on Apple.) pinifoliae (Fitch). (On Pines.) 
 
 ^lytilaspis j)omoruni (Boudie). (On Api>le.) 
 Lecanium hesperidum (L.) (On Ivy and Orange.) 
 Kermes gallaeformis Riley. (On Oak.) 
 Dactyloj)ius destructor Comst. (Mealy bug.) 
 longililis Comst. (D. C.) 
 
 FAMILY APHIDID^. PLANT LICE. 
 About 170 species of Plant lice have been described in the United 
 States. They are very injurious insects, and are familiar to all gardeners 
 and florists. During the past year the grain louse {Siphonophora aveticie, 
 I''abr.) has done much damage to wheat in North and South Carolina. 
 W'e mention some of the mo.st prominent South Carolina species : 
 
 Siphonophora avenae (Fabr.) {The grain Siphonophora rosae Beauv. {On Rose.) 
 
 louse.) 
 Myzuscerasi (Fal)r.) {On Cherry.) Myzus persicae (Seller). {On Peach.) 
 
 .\l)his mali Fabr. [On Apple.) Aphis bra.ssicae Linn. {On Cabbaye.) 
 
 maidis Fitch. On Corn.) 
 Schiz(jneura lanigera Ilausm. {The Woolly Scliizoneura americana Riley. {On Elm.) 
 
 Apple Louse.) 
 i'emiihigus alnifolii Riley. {0)1 Maple.) 
 IMivUoxera vastatrix I'lanchon. {llie Grape Phylloxera.) 
 
282 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 \ 
 
 FAMILY CICADELLID.E. LEAF HOPPERS. 
 
 This is a family of large extent, and is not well worked up. The com- 
 mon " Grape vine thrips " {Eri/fhroneura vitis Fitch) is a good example. 
 The Clcndida exitiosa of Uhler did much damage to winter grain in Yoik, 
 Abbeville, Union, and Laurens counties, South Carolina, in the spring of 
 1879, and another member of this family, Diedrocephala Jiaviceps Riley, 
 was concerned in the same work. 
 
 FAMILY CICADID.E. "LOCUSTS." 
 
 The Seventeen Year Locust ( Oicada septendecim Linn.) is the best known 
 representative of this family. 
 
 SUB-ORDER HETEROPTERA. 
 
 [Hemlptera havint; the anterior wing.s thickened at base, with thinner extremities, 
 which overlap on the back : Mouth parts inserted at the anterior and inferior portion 
 of the head.] « 
 
 This sub-order is one of great extent and includes many of our most 
 injurious insect enemies, as well as many of the most beneficial predatory 
 species. The North American species have been carefully monographed 
 by Mr. P. R. Uhler, of Baltimore, and this monograph will probably be 
 published before long as one of the Smithsonian contributions. 
 
 FAMILY REDUVIID^. 
 
 The insects of this family prey upon other insects and may be classed 
 as very beneficial to man. 
 
 Nabis ferus Latr. {De.'-troys plaiU lice.) 
 
 Prionotus cristatus L. {The *' Wlieel-burj" or '* Devils' Coacli Horse ;" i!cstroi/s a variety of 
 
 injurious insects.) 
 Sinea multispinosa Say. {Destroys the Cotton-norm). 
 
INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTII (ARdLINA. 'iSS 
 
 FAMILY CORLSID.E. 
 
 The meniber.s of this family (we use it for convenience in its old si;^- 
 nitication) have varied habits, some benig vegetable feeders and very in- 
 jurious, while others are carnivorous ; others still combine the two habits : 
 
 Acautliocephala feiuorata Fabr. {Destroys cotton und unui/ irorms.) 
 Anasa tristis DeG. (Feeds on garden vegetables.) 
 
 arinigera Say. 
 Anthocorus insidiuus Say. (" False Chinch i>t((j") 
 
 Corimclaena inilicaria CJerm. {Punctures slrawber'i/ and rasp'jcrry plants.) 
 Euschistis tristi<.Mna Say. (Carnivorous.) 
 lieptoglossiis pliylloims L. (Destroys Cabbage-bug.) 
 Lygaeus bicrucis Say, 
 
 lineolaris Beauv, (Punctures ]>lants.) 
 Micropus lem-opterus Sa3'. (Chincli bug.) 
 Xezarahilarls Say. (Destroys Cotton-worms.) 
 Oebalus tyj>heus (Fabr ) (Carnivorous.) 
 Pirates bignttatus Say. (Feeds on Bed-bugs.) 
 Podisus cynifus Say ( Vegetable feeder ; also carnivorous.) 
 
 spinosus Dallas. (Destroys Cotton-worms.) 
 Strachia histriouica Ilahn. (The Harlequin Cabbage bug.) 
 
 FAMILY MEMBRACID.E. 
 
 Mention is made of this family on account of its containing, among 
 its members the common bed-bug (Acanthia kctidaria, L.) • 
 
 FxVMILY PEDK'ULIDAE. BoDV LICE. 
 
 ORDER ORTHOPTERA. CRICKETS, GRASSHOPPERS, ETC. 
 
 [Wings four; anterior pair tliickened and usually overlapping; posterior pair thinner 
 and folded in plates longitudinally : Mouth parts formed for biting: Metaimtrphosis 
 incomplete.] 
 
 This order includes many injurious insects. We shall make special 
 mention of four of the seven families, omitting the Phafunidee (Walking- 
 sticks), BlattidcT (Cockroaches), and Foi'liculid:( (Earwigs). 
 
284 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 FAMILY GRYLLID.E. CRICKETS. 
 
 This family is not well worked up for America. Among the South 
 Carolina species we mention only the following : 
 
 Grylliis liu'tuo.sus Serv. Gryllns abbreviatns Serv. 
 
 Gryllotalpa longipennis SoudJ. {Afolc cricket.) 
 Oecauthus niveus Harr. {Snowy tree-cricket.) 
 
 FAMILY L0CU8TID.E. LONG-HORN GRASSHOPPERS. 
 
 Microcentrns retlnervis SciuUl. ('" Katii-did.") 
 
 Orclu'limmu gluberriimi Barm. (?) Orcheliinum agile DeG. 
 
 Xiphidiuin fasciatum DeG. 
 
 Gonocephaliis crepitans Scudd. 
 
 Pliauerotptera curvicauda Harr. 
 
 FAMILY ACRIDID.E. GR.VSSHOPPERS OR TRUE LOCUSTS. 
 
 The members of this family are all so injurious that we shall give as 
 complete a list as possible. 
 
 Tryxalis brevipenis Charp. 
 
 Opomala punctipennis Serv. Opomala varipes Serv. 
 
 bivittata Serv. marginicollis Serv. 
 
 Pyrgomorpha punctipennis Thos. Chrysochraon viridis (So., 111. and Fla.) 
 Stenobothrus adniirabilis Uld. (D. C. S. 111.) Stenobothrus Maculipennis Scudd. 
 
 occidentalis Sauss. 
 
 Tragocephala infuseata Harr. Tnigocephala viridifasciata Harr. 
 
 Tomonotus sulphureus Sauss. Tomonotus xanthopterus (Burm.) 
 
 ffidipoda sordida Burm (Edipodadiscoidia Serv. 
 
 Carolina Linn. phamicoptera. 
 
 fenestralis Serv. sincerata Plarr. 
 
 rugosa Scudd. 
 
 Pezotettix longicornis Sauss. Pezotettix scudderi Ubl (Md.) 
 
 edax Sauss. 
 
 ^aloptenus fetnur-rubrum De Geer. Caloptenus bivittatus (Say.) 
 
 differentialis Thos. 
 
 Chromachris colorata (Serv.) Oxya daviger (Serv.) ' 
 
 Acrid ium rubiginosum Harr. Acridium ambiguum Thos. (Tenn.) 
 
 alutaceum Harr obscurum (Fabr. 
 
 americanum (Drury.) obtusum Burm. 
 
INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 285 
 
 Khoinalea centurio (Drury.) Rliomalea inarci Serv. 
 
 Tetiix ornata (Say.) Tetlix oxycejiliahi P.urm. 
 
 feinorata Si-ndd (Md.) 
 Tettigidea lateralis (Harr.) Tettigidoa iiolyinoriiha (Burin ) (Ala.) 
 
 FAMILY MANTID.E. 
 
 The insects of this family are rai)tatorial, and prey upon otlier insects. 
 The common Sontli Carolina species is Mantis Carolina Linn., commonly 
 knoAvn as the " Rear-horse." It is common all through the South, but 
 was originallv described from Carolina. 
 
 ORDER XEl'ROPTERA. 
 
 [Wings four, membranous, net-veined, generally large and of nearly equal size: 
 Mouth-parts formed for biting: Metamori)l)osis eouiplete or incomplete: Abdomen 
 of female with no sting or piercer.] 
 
 This is a very heterogeneous Order, and none of its members are of 
 sufficient importance economically to merit special mention here Dr. 
 Hagen, in his synopsis (1861), mentions eight hundred and twelve 
 North American, of which twenty-nine only are from Carolina, while 
 one hundred and four are from Georgia. This, however, cannot be 
 taken as an index to the true number of species in the State 
 
 CLASS ARACHXOIDEA. 
 
 [Body of two regions (oei)halo-thora\" and abdomen) : thorax with eight leg."? : ab- 
 domen with six spinarote: head without antennie : No metnmor])hosis.] 
 
 ORDER ARANEINA. SPIDERS. 
 
 [.Taws used exclusively for biting: abdomen spherical, sac-shaped, not divided 
 into segments, and attached to the cephalo-thorax Vjy a slender pedicel.] 
 
286 
 
 IXVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 FAMILY EPEIROID.E. ORB-WEAVERS. 
 
 Oasteracantha canrer (Hentz.) 
 Acrosoma spinea (Hentz.) 
 rugosa (Hentz.) 
 Argiope riparia (Hentz ) 
 Epoira insularis Hentz. 
 septima Hentz. 
 (loniiciliornm Hentz. 
 Miranda bonibycinaria (Hentz.) 
 
 displicata (Hentz.) 
 Acantliepeira stellata (Hentz.) 
 verrucosa (Hentz. 
 Ocrepeira eetyj)a (Walk.) 
 Cyrtopliora tuberculata Marx MS. 
 Cyrtarachne cornigera (Hentz.) 
 Singa foliata (Hentz.) 
 
 pratcnsis (Hentz.) 
 rubella (Hentz.) 
 Zilla globosa (Keyserling.) 
 labyrinthea (Hentz.) 
 placida (Hentz.) 
 gibberosa (Hentz.) 
 Epeira prompta Hentz. 
 
 albida Marx MS. 
 Phyllira maraeata Hentz. 
 Hypiiotes cavatus (Hentz) 
 Nephilla pluniipes Koch. 
 
 Acrosonia mitrata (Hentz.) 
 
 Argioi)e fiisciata (Hentz.) 
 Epeira vulgaris Hentz. 
 
 strix Hentz. 
 
 thaddeus Hentz. 
 INIiranda nigrostriata Marx MS. 
 
 heptagon (Hentz.) 
 Acanthepeira spinosa Marx MS- 
 
 Singa tetragnathoides Marx MS. 
 nigrifrons Marx MS. 
 
 Zilla maculata Keys. 
 
 hortorum (Hentz.) 
 
 scutulata (Hentz.) 
 
 caudata (Hentz.) 
 Epeira fera Marx MS. 
 
 textrix Marx jMS. 
 Phyllira riparia Hentz. 
 
 FAMILY THERIDIOID.^. SNARE-AVEAVERS 
 
 Episenus truncatus Walk. 
 
 Erigone coccinea (Hentz.) 
 
 indirecta Canibr. 
 
 neophita (Hentz.) 
 
 Linyphia comunis Hentz. 
 
 marmorata Hentz. 
 scripta Hentz. 
 Mimethus interfecta Hentz. 
 Thalatnia parietalis Hentz. 
 
 Erigone anglica (Hentz.) 
 
 oscitabundum (Hz.) 
 rosida (Hentz.) 
 
 Linyphia conferta Hentz. 
 co.stata Hentz. 
 
 Mimethus tnberosus Hentz. 
 
INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 28" 
 
 Tlioridium vulgare Hcntz. 
 
 serpentinum ITentz. 
 
 inarmoratnin Hentz. 
 
 boreale Hentz. 
 
 studiosnm Hontz. 
 
 frondeuin Hentz. 
 
 crnciatiim Hentz. 
 
 funebre Hentz. 
 
 cancellatum Hentz. 
 T.athrodectns verecundus (Hentz.) 
 Spinthnis flavidus Hentz. 
 
 Tlieiidium intentuin Hintz. 
 blandnni Hontz. 
 lyra Hentz. 
 spbaerula Hcntz. 
 trigonum Hentz. 
 tcctnm Hentz. 
 pictnm Hentz. 
 
 foliaceuni Hentz. 
 
 FAMILY PHOLCOID^. 
 
 I*huk'ii8 atlanticus Hentz. Pholcus pullulus (Hontz.) 
 
 Spermaphora meridionalis Hentz. 
 
 FAMILY SCYTODOID^. 
 
 Soytodes cameradus Hentz. Loxosceies longipes Mar.x .MS. 
 
 FAMILY AGALEXOID.E. FUNNEL SPINNERS. 
 
 Diityna sublata (Hentz.) 
 
 volupis Keys. 
 Amanrobiusatrox Marx ]\IS. 
 Ca'lotes comunis ^larx MS. 
 Tegenaria medicinalis Hentz. 
 Halinia pidobella Marx MS. 
 Agalena nania Hentz. 
 
 Dictvna niodorata ^Tarx MS. 
 
 FAMILY DRASSOID.E. ASSASSIN SPIDERS. 
 
 Traohelas inermis Marx MS. 
 Liocraniini zonarium (Hentz.) 
 crooatum (Hentz ) 
 Mioaria nitens Marx MS. 
 1 lerpylliis ecdesia.sticus Hentz, 
 l)ic'olor Hentz. 
 
 Liocranuni variegatum JIarx MS. 
 
 Hcrpylhis vulgaris Marx MS. 
 
288 
 
 INVEKTERKATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Anyphpena fallens (Ilcntz.) 
 albens (Hentz.) 
 Phonolithus nitens Marx MS. 
 Gnaphosa variegata (Hentz ) 
 Clubiona pallens Hentz. 
 
 obesa Hentz. 
 
 piscatoria Hentz. 
 
 tranguilla Hentz. 
 
 celer Hentz. 
 
 saxatiles Koch. 
 Cheiracanthiiim albii'um ^larx MS. 
 
 saltabnnduiu (Hentz.) 
 Drassus aureolis Marx MS. 
 
 longipalpus Marx MS. 
 Phriirolitlius nitens Marx MS. 
 
 Anj'pluena gracilis (Hentz) 
 
 Phonolitluis fasciatus Marx MS. 
 Gnaphosa columbiana Marx MS. 
 Clubi"na aniarantha Walk. 
 
 abottii Koch. 
 
 excepta Koch. 
 
 corticalis AValk. 
 
 riparia Koch. 
 
 Cheiracanthium atrox Marx MS. 
 
 ripariuin Marx MS- 
 Drassus tristis Marx MS. 
 
 pavidus Marx MS. 
 riirnrolithus fasciatus Marx MS. 
 
 FAMILY DYSDEROID/E, 
 
 Pvlarus bicolor Hentz. 
 
 FAMILY FILISTATOID.E. 
 
 Pilistata hibernalis Hentz. 
 
 FAMILY THERAPHOSOID.E. MINING SPIDERS. 
 
 Atypns niger Hentz. 
 Paohyiomenis sol.sticialis (Hentz. 
 Eurypelma bicolor (Hentz.) 
 Mvgale truncata Hentz. 
 
 Pacbylomerus carolinensis (Hentz.) 
 Euryi elma gracilis (Hentz.) 
 
 FAMILY THOMOSOID.E. CRAB SPIDERS. 
 
 Xysticus triguttatus Keys. 
 
 pulgerimus Keys. 
 
 lenis Keys. 
 
 punctatus Keys. 
 
 elegans Keys. 
 Oxyptilla georgiana Keys. 
 Coriarachne versicolor Keys. 
 Syneraa parvula Keys. 
 
 Xysticus linibatus Kej'S. 
 emertonii Keys. 
 A\iriabilis Keys, 
 gulosus Keys. 
 
 Synema nigromaculata Keys. 
 
INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 289 
 
 Misumena spinosa Keys. 
 
 rosea Keys. 
 
 americana Keys. 
 Diaea lepida Tliorell. 
 Runcinia brendelli Keys. 
 Tmarus candatus Keys. 
 Tibellus duttoni Keys. 
 Thanatus rhombodoidus Marx MS. 
 Philodromus aureolns Keys 
 laticeps Keys, 
 vulgaris Hentz. 
 
 IVIisumena georgiana Keys, 
 vatia Walk. 
 
 Thanatus rubicundus Keys. 
 Philodromus infu.soatus Keys. 
 
 imbeoillus Keys. 
 
 rnolitor Marx MS. 
 
 FAMILY LYCOSOID.E. WOLF SPIDERS. 
 
 Lycosa scutulata Hontz. 
 
 punctulata Hentz. 
 Tarentula sagitata (Hentz). 
 ocreata (Hentz). 
 ruricola (Hentz). 
 lenta (Hentz). 
 carolinensis (Hentz). 
 georgiana (Mar.K MS) 
 fatifera (Hentz). 
 Trochosa furiosa Marx nis. 
 Dolomedes tenebrosus Hentz. 
 tenax Hentz. 
 albineus Hentz. 
 urinator Hentz. 
 Ctenus literalis Marx MS. 
 Ocyale carolinensis (Hentz). 
 
 Lycosa funerea Hentz. 
 
 Tarentula saltatrix (Hentzj. 
 erratica (Hentz). 
 litoralis (Hentz). 
 maritima (Hentz). 
 aspersa (Hentz). 
 ripararia (Hentz). 
 
 Dolomedes sexpunctatus Hentz. 
 marginatus Marx MS. 
 audax Marx MS. 
 
 Ocvale variegata Marx MS. 
 
 FAMILY OXYOPOIDiE. LYNX SPIDERS. 
 
 Oxyopes viridans Hentz. 
 scalaris Hentz. 
 
 Oxyopes salticns Hentz. 
 astutus Hentz. 
 
 FAMILY ATTOID^. JUMPING SPIDERS. 
 
 Attus insolens Hentz. 
 cardinalis Hentz. 
 capitatus Hentz. 
 militaris Hentz. 
 19 
 
 Attus parvus Hentz. 
 rarus Hentz. 
 niger Hentz. 
 gracilis Hentz. 
 
200 
 
 INVKllTKBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 niultii'olor flontz. 
 
 sexpnni'tatus lloutz. 
 
 ialoarins Ilentz. 
 
 hebes Ilontz. 
 
 oastanens Hentz. 
 
 taenifolia Hentz. 
 
 elegans Ilentz. 
 
 familiaris Hentz. 
 
 tripunetatus Hentz. 
 
 uiystaceus Hentz. 
 
 atiosns Hentz. 
 
 fasoiolatiis Hentz. 
 
 rufus Hentz. 
 
 podagrosus Hentz. 
 
 rupScola Hentz. 
 
 nubilis Hentz. 
 
 parvus Hentz. 
 Epiblemum faustum Hentz. 
 Hentzia pahnannn (Hentz). 
 Synemosyna formica Hentz 
 
 seorpiouia Hentz. 
 
 lei)i>ai'dus Hentz. 
 ))ueriHnus Hentz. 
 vittatus Hentz. 
 coronatus Hentz. 
 coecatus Hentz. 
 pulex Hentz. 
 anratns Hentz. 
 viridipes Hentz. 
 multivagus Hentz. 
 oristatus Hentz. 
 niitratus Hentz. 
 sylvanus Hentz. 
 superoiliosus Hentz. 
 morigenis Hentz. 
 cyaneus Hentz. 
 ootavus Hentz. 
 
 Synemo.syna ei>hippiata Hentz. 
 pirata Hentz. 
 
 ORDER PEDIPALPI. 
 
 [Maxillary palpi greatly enlarged, ending in a forcoiis ; abdomen jointed.] 
 
 FAMILY PHALANGTD^E. HARVEST MEN, "DADDY-LONG- 
 LEGS." 
 
 rhalangiuui dorsatum Say (?) (Va.) Phalangium maculosum AVood. 
 vittatinn Say. ventricosuni "Wood, 
 
 eah-ar Womi. grande Say. 
 
 forniosuni Wood. nigrum Say. 
 
 FAMILY GONILEPTID.E. 
 
 Gonyleptes ornatuin Say. (?) 
 
INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 291 
 
 ORDER ACARINA. MITES. 
 
 [Cephalo-thorax merged with the non-jointed ahdonicn : Mouth parts adapted for 
 biting or sucking.] 
 
 The Mites of this country have not been well studied, and we shall 
 omit them from our lis.t. 
 
 CLASS MYRIAPODA. 
 
 [Body cylindrical ; composed of from ten to two hundred joints.] 
 
 ORDER CHILOPODA. CENTIPEDES. 
 
 [Each body-joint simple, and bearing a single pair of legs: Head composed of two 
 regions; one before and one behind the month] 
 
 FAMILY CERMATIIDiE. 
 
 Cermatia forceps Rafinesque. 
 
 FAMILY LITHOBIIDyE. 
 
 I/ithobinns americanus Newport. 
 Botliropolys mnltidentatus Newport. 
 
 FAMILY SCOLOPENDRID^. 
 
 Scolopendra heros var., castaniceps Wood, Scolopendra.viridis Say ; (mountains of 
 
 (Ga.) Ga.) 
 
 polymorpha Wood. 
 Cryptops hyalina Say (Ga.) 
 Opisthemega postica Wood. 
 Scolopocryptops sexspinosa (Say). 
 
202 INVERTKIUIATK FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 FA]\riLY GEOPHILIDiE. 
 
 McoistO(.'e]^hnlus nielanotiivS AVood {Gi\.) 
 
 Geophilus laevis AA'ood (Cu;.) 
 
 Strigamia laevipos Wood (Gu.) Strigainia taeniopsis Wood (Ga.) 
 
 ORDER DIPLOPODA. MILLIPEDES. 
 
 [Body divided into nuuierous joints, oarh furnislied with two ixiirs of short logs.] 
 
 FAMILY LISIOPETALID.E. 
 
 Spirostrephon lactarius (Say). 
 
 FAMILY JULID.E. 
 
 Juhis minutus Brandt. 
 
 SpiroboUis inariiinatus (Say). Spirobohis fspinigerns Wood. 
 
 FAMILY POLYDESMID.E. 
 
 Paradesnnis erythropygus Brandt. 
 Fontaria virginiensis (Drury). 
 
 FAMILY POLYXENID^. 
 
 Polyxenus fascioulatus (Say). 
 
 FAMILY POLYZONID.E. 
 
 Octoglena bivirgata Wood (?) Ga. 
 
 FAMILY SIPHONOPHORID.E. 
 
 Brachycybe LeContii Wood (?) Ga. 
 
INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 293 
 
 CLASS CRUSTACEA. 
 
 [Articulate uiiirnals with two pairs of antennae or feelers, with jointed appendages 
 to some of the abiloiniiuii set^iiientH, with j^ills or voHicle.s for breathing air in water, 
 and a hard chitinou.s or subcalcareous covering to tlie body ] 
 
 ORDER DEt'APODA. TEN-FOOTED CRUSTACEANS. 
 
 Achelons gibbesii Strn. (N. C.) Achelous spiniinana Dollaan (X. C.) 
 
 depreKsifrons Stm. (X. C.) 
 Alj>lic'u.s heteroohelis Say (X- C.) Alpheus minus Say. 
 
 Araneus cribrarius Dana fX. C) 
 Calappa marmorata Fabr. 
 Callianassa stimpsonii Smith (Atlantic coast). 
 Callidiirus major Stm. 
 Callinectes hastatus Ordway (Sea-crah). 
 
 Cancer irroratus Say (Rock-crab). Cancer borealis Stm. (Atlantic coast). 
 
 Cambarus (Cray-fishes Fresh water.) Cambarus iminunis Hagen (X. C. ) 
 ad vena. latimanus LeConte. 
 
 acutus. lecontei Hagen (X. C.) 
 
 blandinjrii Harlan. pencillatus LeConte. 
 
 carolinus Erichson. 
 Carinas moenas Leach (Atlantic coast). 
 Clibanarius vittatus Stm. (X. C.) 
 *Crangon vulgaris Fabr. 
 Euceramus praelongus Stm. (X. C.) 
 P'iUrytium limos.sum Say. 
 Eupagurus (liermit-crabs, living in abandoned shells of periwinkles, and other mol- 
 
 lusks; the following three species are found) : 
 E. annulijjes Stm. 
 longicarpus Stm. 
 pollicaris Stm. 
 rJebia affinis Say. 
 Celasimus. (J'iddler-crabs. Very al.iundant on the muddy banks of salt-marsh, 
 
 . streams, and hiding in holes in the ground), 
 (i. minax LeConte (X. C.) 
 pugnax Smith, 
 pugillator (X. C.) 
 
 • This Is the commcjii shrimp. It may be distinguished from its congener, the common prawn> 
 l)y the cliaracter of the rostrum or boiilc tiiat projects Irom tlie head end of the back. This beak 
 ill the .f^rJHip is siiort, witli a single s|>ine behind it. In the. prawn it is long, upturned, and 
 toothed, having eight or nine teeth on the upper edge, and three or .''our on the lower. The name 
 of the common prawn is I'alnemoneleii vulgaria. 
 
'2[n 
 
 IXVEUTERKATK FAl'NA OF SOUTH OAKOLINA. 
 
 llopatus lUn'onis CJibbos. (Spotted crab.) 
 
 lloterocrypta graimlata (.iibbos. 
 
 Hippa, tali>oida Say. 
 
 llippolysiuata wurdomanni (Gibbos) Stin. Ilippolysinata pahulosa. 
 
 Hoinanis aiuorioanns M. luiw. (Lobt^tcr.) 
 
 [Tbo I'onnnou Lobster has been foinul at Ft. Macon, North Carolina, but it does not 
 appear to have been recorded from South Carolina.] 
 
 Lepidops sentella Desm. (N. C.) 
 Libinia eanilieulata Say [Spider crab'> 
 Lithadia eariosa Stm. (X. C.) 
 Meni]ipe niereenaria Say {Stone crab), 
 Metoporhanis ealoarata Say. 
 Xeptunus sayi Stin. (Atlantic coast). 
 Ocyopoda arenaria Say (lAvid crab). 
 Palaemonetes carolinus Stni. 
 Panopens herbstii M. Edw. 
 
 Libinia dubia (M. F,d\v ) 
 
 Palaemonetes vulgaris Say (Coiumon prawn). 
 Panopens harrisii Gould (Atlantic coast). 
 
 Pinnixa sayana Stimpson (N. C.) 
 Pinnotheres ostreum Say (Oijster Crab.) 
 
 Panopens deprevSsus Smith (Atlantic coast.'* Panopens sayi Smith (Atlantic coast.) 
 Peneus braziliensis Latreille. Peneus setiferns M. Edw. 
 
 constrictus Stimpson. 
 Pelia mnticft Gibbos 
 Pei-sephone punctata Browne. 
 Pilumnus aculeatus M. Edw. 
 Pinnixa chiotopterana Stimpson (N.C.) 
 
 cylindrica Say (N. C) 
 Pinnotheres maculatus Say 
 Piagusia. 
 
 Platyonichus ocellatus Ilerbst (Stind Crab.) 
 Pontonia domestica. 
 
 Porcellana ocellativ Gibbes Porcellana sociata Say 
 
 Kanilia muricata Edw. (Atlantic coast.) 
 
 Sesarma cinerea Kosc Sesarma reticulata Say 
 
 Tozeuma carol inensisKingslev (N. C.) 
 Urocaris longicaudata Stimpson. 
 Virbius pleuracanthus Stimpson (N. C.) 
 
 ORDER STOMArODA. 
 
 [Seven or eight pairs of legs. Eyes pedunculated. Gills generally attached to the 
 false fat of the abdomen.] 
 
 Sipiilla dubia ^I. Edg. ? Squilla neglecta Gibbes. 
 
 empusa Say. scabricauda Sas. 
 
 ? mantis. 
 
INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 2')') 
 
 ORDER AMPHIPODA 
 
 [Sevon pjiirH of le;,'H. Ey oh sessile, Membrdiie ri.'i vesicles for breathing or^^uiis. 
 liody frequently conii»reH8e<l] 
 
 Aiiijdiitlnij flcntata Suy. 
 
 (Jiimmarus iiiiu rouatiis Say. (jamniariiH fasciatus Say. 
 
 T.ilorchestia lon;,'icorijis Smith (coiiiuionly kn'twn an i'oa'h-nea, ami Sand-huitporj 
 
 ORDER ISOPODA. 
 
 [Seven pairs of le^is. Eyes sessile, (iills for breatliin.' or;.'an-i. Body iisiiallv <]•;- 
 pressed ] 
 
 Ariiiadillidiiiui pihilaris Say {I'dl-biuj.) 
 
 Aselhis eoinniunis Say. Aselliis lineatus Say. 
 
 Conilera concharum Ilar^r. 
 
 Idotiea cteca Say. 
 
 I jvoneea ovalis Say (Fish-louse.) 
 
 Lyt^ia f.'aiidiehaudii M. Edw. ( Wharf-louse ) 
 
 Ne.siea eaiidata Say. 
 
 Nerocnlla variabilis Giljbes. 
 
 Poreellio (probably several species; on land only ; commonly known as sow biij:s and 
 
 pill buf^s. ) 
 Sphieroma qiiadridentata Say. 
 
 ORDER L/EMODIPODA. 
 
 [Posterior segments of body provided with legs. Eyes sessile. I'reathing by 
 vesicles. All marine.] 
 
 Caprella equilibra Say. Caprella georaetrica Say. 
 
 EATOMOSTRACA. 
 
 [This group includes several orders of crustaceans, which have mostly a horny or 
 cliitinous shell. Most species are minute, and many live in fresh water.] 
 
 Cyclops naviculus Say. 
 Cypris sp. 
 
'-IH5 INVERTEBRATE FAl'XA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 (.'vtluTo bifasoiata -Siy. 
 
 I>apliuia auizulata Say. 
 
 Limulus polyiilioimis l.inn. (This spei'ies has a Umji, pointed, spine-lilce tail. It at- 
 tains a K>n<ith of njure than a foot. It is couuuoiily known as the llorso-shoc 
 C^nib, also King Crab.) 
 
 CIRRIPEDIA. BARNACLES. 
 
 [8ix pairs of forked, oileated limbs, rerinauontly attailioil in tiie udiili state ] 
 
 Acasta spongites. 
 
 Balanns balanoides Stni. (Arorn barnades.) 
 eburneus Gonkl. 
 galeatus Darwin. 
 Lepas (Goose barnacles.) 
 anatifeni Linn, 
 anserifera Linn, 
 pectinata Spengler. 
 
 CLASS ANNELIDA. TRUE ^^'OR^^S. 
 
 [-Mostly with red blood; body with external segmentation. No jointed appendages. 
 Atinatie resi>iration by means of the general surface of tiie body, by involutions of the 
 skin, or by gills.] 
 
 ORDER POLYCHyETA. 
 
 Arabella opalina ^'er^ll (N. C.) 
 
 Anthostoma robustum Verrill (N. C) 
 
 Cistenides gouldii Verrill. 
 
 Diopatra cuprea Claparede 
 
 llydroides dianthus Verrill (N.C.) 
 
 Nephthys picta Ehlei-s. 
 
 Nereis linibata Ehlers. 
 
 Rhynchobolus anierioanus Verrill \,N. C.) 
 
IXVERTEI5RATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 297 
 
 Sabellaria vulfiariH V'errill (N. C.) 
 
 Sabella niicropthalina Verrill (N. C.) 
 
 Serpula faHciculariK Lam. 
 
 Spio raudatus. 
 
 8pirorbi» »{>. 
 
 Terebe'la condiifera Pall. Terebella ventricosa Bosc. 
 
 ORDER OLIGOCHiETA. 
 
 Luinbricus terrestris Linn. (TIuh is the common earth or an^^le worm.) 
 
 ORDER IIIRUDINEA. LEECHES. 
 
 Clepsine swampina Diesing. (Upon froj^s and toads.) 
 
 CLASS SCOLECIDA. 
 
 [Mostly parasitic; possessing a water-vascular system.! 
 
 ORDER TL'RBELLARLV. NON-PARASITIC. . 
 
 Fialanoglossus aurantiacus Verrill. 
 ('erebratuluH iugens Verrill (N. (/'.) 
 Meckelia iugens Leidy. 
 
 ORDER GORDIACEA. HAIR WORMS. 
 
 [In one state parasitic in grasshoppers, etc. They are the so-called Ilair-snakos 
 when in water.] 
 
208 INVKRTlCnUATK KAUXA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 ORDER NKMATODA. ROUND WORMS. 
 
 Tho two rollo\viii;j; doubtless oornr ; 
 Trirliiiia spiralis. (The pork parasite.) 
 Anguillula neoti. (Vinegar eel.) 
 
 ORDKR T.EXTADA. TAPE W(M^M8. 
 
 TaMiirt eehiiuu'oi'fus is fouiul in the ilojr, ami Taiiia nieilioenneliata ami solium in 
 man. {For lurther inlormation, see Vorrill's work on I'arasites.) 
 
 MOLLUSC A. 
 
 CLASS CEPHALOPODA. 
 
 [Mollusks with a distinet head ; around the month are eight or more tentaeles; bo»ly 
 enclo>ed ir. a mantle ; two or four plume-liUe Lrills.] 
 
 Loligo hrevis lUainville. (Squid.) 
 (H-topus jiranulatus Lam. (Cuttle-lish.) 
 O.nmastrephes bartramii Lesueiir(N. C) 
 
 CLASS GASTEROPODA. 
 
 [Shell univalve ; locomotion eHei-'ted by a ventral foot or tin like orj^an : head dis- 
 tinct.] 
 
 TERRESTRIAL OR LAND SNAILS. 
 
 (ilandina truneata Gmelin. 
 
 llyalina cernioidea Anthony (N. C.) llyalina ligera Say (Ga.) 
 
 arborea Say (Eastern U. S.) deniissa Binney (Ga.) 
 
 indentata Say (East. U. S.) fnlva Draparnaud (U. S.) 
 
 intertexta Rinney (Ga.) interna Say (Ga.) 
 
 (Helicodiscus) lineata Say (E. U. S.) 
 
INVERTEBIIATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CMiOlASA. 
 
 200 
 
 MacrocyiiH concava Say (On. 
 Helix alternata (East U.S.) 
 
 perHpectiva Hay (EahI. U. S.) 
 
 poHteliana Blaiul (Ga.) 
 
 eHjiicola liavenol. 
 
 liazanli Bland Kia.) 
 
 puBtula For. 
 
 pUHtuloidcH Bland (da..) 
 
 leporrna Gould fOa.) 
 
 spinoHa Lea (Ga.) 
 
 barbijiera Kedfield (Ga.) 
 
 Btenotrenia Fer (Southern States.) 
 
 inaxillata Gould (Ga) 
 
 monodon Rackett (East. U. S ) 
 
 palliata Say (Ga.) 
 
 obstricta Say. 
 
 api^rcHKji Say. 
 
 inflecta Say (Ga.) 
 
 Helix rii;;ila Sliiittleworth (N. C.) 
 tridentata Say. 
 fallax Say. 
 
 introferens Bland CS. N.) 
 })Oi)etonenHiH Shuttleworth. 
 juajor liiuney. 
 albolabriH Say. 
 elevata Say (Ga.) 
 clarkii Lea (N. C.) 
 christyi Bland (N. C.) 
 exoleta Binney (Ga.) 
 wheatleyi Bland (N. C.) 
 thyroideH Say. 
 biicculenta Gould CS. ('.) 
 jejuna Say (Ga.) 
 puldiella Mueller, 
 aspera Mueller (European. 
 
 I'uliiiiulus dealbatus Say (N. C.) 
 
 Stenogyra decolata Linn. (Introduced from Europe at Char!e«ton, S. C.) 
 
 Pupa pentodon Say. 
 
 fallax Say. 
 Vertigo milium. 
 Succinea avara Say (East U. S.) 
 
 oljliqua Say (Ga.) 
 Sonites kopnodes Binney (Ga.) 
 
 hevigata PfeiflTer (E. U. S.) 
 
 inornata Say (N. C.) 
 Tcbennopliorsns carolinensis Bosc 
 Limax flavus Linn. 
 
 MOSTLY FRESH WATER. 
 Carycliium exiguum Say. 
 Melampus bidentatus Say. 
 J>imna'a columella Say 
 PliVBa gyrina Say. 
 PlanorbiH lentus Say. 
 
 glabratus Say. 
 
 trivoluis Say (U. S.) 
 Pomus depressa Say (Ga) 
 Viripara intertexta Saj' (Ga.) 
 
 cfintectoides Buiney (Ga.) 
 Melantha decisa Say. 
 
 Pupa contracta Say (East. U. S.) 
 
 costicaria Say. 
 Vertigo ovata Say. 
 Succinea cam pest ris. 
 
 Sonites sfulptilis Bland (N. C.) 
 elliotii Redfield (N. C.) 
 suppressa Say (East. U. S.) 
 
 Intro- 
 
 diicc<]. ) 
 
 Melampus obliquus Say (On beach N. C.) 
 Limnar.-a liumilis Say. 
 Phyt-a heterostropha Say (Ga.) 
 Planorbis bicarinatus Say (E. U. S.) 
 parvus Say. 
 
 Virii)ara georgiana Lea. 
 Melantha coarctata Lea. 
 
300 
 
 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Lioplax cyc'lostomatiforinis Lea (Ga.) 
 Bythinella tenuipes Coupr. (Ga.) 
 Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say (Ga.) 
 
 (Under stones in wet places). 
 Helicina articulata (Ga.) 
 
 MOSTLY I\L\RINE. 
 
 Utriculus canaliculatus Say. 
 Bulla solitaria Say. 
 Chiton apiculatus Say. 
 Entalis pliocena T. and H. (N. C.) 
 Crepidula formicata Linn. 
 
 formioata var. intorta Say (X. 
 conveya Say. 
 Fissurella alternata Say. 
 Zizypbinus sp. (N. C.) 
 Turbo crenulatus Gra. ? 
 Littoiina irrorata Say. 
 Scalaria humphreysii Keiner (N. C.) 
 
 angulata Say. 
 Solarium granulatum Lam. (N. C) 
 Vennetus radicula Stimpson (N. C.) 
 Cerithium sp. (N. C.) 
 Bittium nigrum Tott. 
 
 greenii C. B. Ad (N. C.) 
 Triforis nigrocinctus C. B. Ad. (N. C.) 
 
 Chemnit/a spirata Ktz. and Stm. 
 Odostomia seminuda C. B. Ad^ 
 
 Turbonilla interrupta Tott- (N, C.) 
 
 Obeliscus crenulatus Holmes. (N. C) 
 
 Rissoa pupoidea Ktz. and Stm. 
 
 Eulima oleacea Ktz. And Stm. 
 
 Sigaretus perspectivus Say. 
 
 Natica pusilla Say. 
 
 Porcellana (Cypraea) exanthema Linn. 
 
 Pleurotoma cerinu Ktz. and Stm. 
 
 Marginella apie-ina Menke. (X. C.) 
 guttata Dillwyn. 
 
 Olivaliterata Lam 
 
 Crepidula unguiformis Say (N. C.) 
 C.) aculeata Gmelin. 
 
 Littorina dilatata d'Orbrgny. (X. C- 
 Scalaria lineata Saj'. 
 
 turbinata Conrad (N. C) 
 
 Bittium sp. (N. C) 
 
 Odostomia impressa Say. 
 
 Eulima conoidea Ktz. and Stm. 
 
 (X. C.) 
 
 Pleutotoma plicata C. B. Ad. (X. C) 
 Marginella roseida Redfield (N. C.) 
 
INVERTEBRATE FAUXA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 301 
 
 Olivella mutica Say. 
 Columbella avara Say. 
 
 luiiata Say, 
 Dolium galea Linn. 
 Seinicassis granulosa Lamarck (N. C.) 
 Cassis cameo Stm. (N. C.) 
 Purpura floridana Conr. (N. C.) 
 Ilyonassa obsoleta Say. 
 Nassa vibex Say. 
 
 Cerithiopsis terebralis C B. Adams. 
 Acus concavus Say. 
 Anachis similis Verrill. (N. C.) 
 Eapana (Fusus) cimerea Say. 
 Busycon pyrum Dillw. 
 
 canaliculatum Linn- 
 Cancellaria reticulata Linn. 
 Fasciolaris tulipa Linn. 
 
 distans Lam. 
 Kanella caudata Say. 
 Murex spinicostata Val. (N. C.) 
 Strombus pugilis Gm. (X. C.) 
 Mitra granulosa Lamarck. 
 
 Columbella mercatoria Linn. (X. C.) 
 ormata Kavenel ? (N. C.) 
 
 Nassa trivittata Say. 
 Acus dislocatus Say. 
 
 Busycon carica Linn. 
 
 perversum Linn. 
 
 Fasciolaris gigantea Kriener. 
 
 Strombus alatus Gm. 
 
 CLASS PTEROPODA. 
 
 Free; swimming by means of two wing-like appendages (epipodia) 
 Styliola acicula Lesueur (X. C.) 
 
 CLASS LAMELLTBRANCHIATA. 
 
 Gills in the form of lamellae ; shell bivalve. 
 
302 
 
 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 FA:\IILY UXIOXID.E. fresh-water claims Oli MUSSELS. 
 
 Uiiio abbevillensis Lea. 
 
 aberans Lea (N. C.) 
 
 angustatus Lea (Cooper River.) 
 
 barrattii Lea (Abbeville.) 
 
 beaverensis Lea (N. C.) 
 
 bisselianus Lea (N. C.) 
 
 buxens Lea (Abbevile.) 
 
 castas Lea. 
 
 catawbensis Lea (N. 0.) 
 
 chariottensis Lea (X. C.I 
 
 C'hathaniensis Lea (X. C.) 
 
 cistel'aeformi.s Lea. 
 
 complanatus Sol. 
 
 concaviis Lea (Abbeville.) 
 
 confertn.s Lea (Santee canal.) 
 
 conga raeus Lea (Congaree River.) 
 
 contiguus Lea (X. C.) 
 
 contractus Lea (X. C.) 
 
 curatns Lea (X. C.) 
 
 datns Lea (X. C.) 
 
 decoratus Lea (Abbeville Dist.) 
 
 dorsatus Lea (X. C.) 
 emmonsii Lea (X. C.) 
 exactns Lea (X. C.) 
 fulvus Lea. 
 
 gastonensis Lea (X. C ) 
 geddingsranus Lea (Congaree River, 
 gracilentus Lea (N. C.) 
 griffitbianns Lea. 
 
 hepaticus Lea (.Salkabati-hie River.) 
 humerosus Lea (X. C.) 
 indefinitus Lea (X. C ) 
 ineptnsLea (Abbeville Dist ) 
 insulus Lea (X. C ) 
 jejunus Lea. 
 lanceolatus Lea (X. C.) 
 lazarns Lea (Abbeville Dist.) 
 livingstonensis Lea (X. C.) 
 lucidus Lea (X. C) 
 niecklenbergensis Lea (X. C.) 
 niediocris Lea (X. C.) 
 
 Unio mcrus Lea (Abbeville Dist.) 
 
 micans Lea (X. C.) 
 
 modioliformis Lea (Santee canal.) 
 
 nasntulus Lea (X. C.) 
 
 neusensis Lea (X. C.) 
 
 nubilis Lea (X C.i 
 
 obesiis Lea. 
 
 oblatus Lea (X. C) 
 
 palliatns Lea (X C ) 
 
 {)a\vensis Lea (X. C.) 
 
 percoarctatus Lea (X. C.) 
 
 per! at lis Lea (X. C.) 
 
 perlucens Lea (X. C.) 
 
 pernodosns Lea (X. C.) 
 
 perstriatus Lea (Abbeville Dist.) 
 
 pertennis Lea (X C.) 
 
 planilaterus Con. (X. C) 
 
 protensus Lea (X. C.) 
 
 puUus Con (Wateree River.) 
 
 pumilus Lea (X. C.) 
 
 purus Lea (X. C.) 
 
 pyguiaeus Lea (Abbeville.) 
 
 quadrilaterus Lea. 
 
 raleighensis Lea (X. C.) 
 
 ravelianus Lea (X. C.) 
 
 roanokensis Lea (X. C.) 
 
 rostrum Lea (N. C.) 
 
 rufusculus Lea (Abbeville Dist.) 
 
 sordidus Lea (Abbeville Dist.) 
 
 spadiceus Lea (X. C.) 
 
 squalidus Lea (X. C.i 
 
 pquamens Lea (X. C.) 
 
 striatulus Lea (X. C.) t 
 
 tcnerns Rav. 
 
 tuonieyi Lea (Abbeville Dist.) 
 
 utricuhis Lea (X. C.) 
 
 vaugbanianus Lea (Camden.) 
 
 viridulus Lea (X. C.) 
 
 watereensis Lea (Wateree canal.) 
 
 waccamawensis Lea (X. C.) 
 
 weldoncnsis Lea (N. C.) 
 
INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Marjraritana trian<:ulata Lea. 
 
 303 
 
 Margaritaiia marginata Say. 
 
 raveneliana Lea (N. C.) 
 Anodonta doIiarisLea (N. C.) 
 dunlapiana Lea. 
 
 Teredo inegotara Hanley 
 Pholas tnincata Say. 
 
 Anodonta virgulata Lea (N. C.) 
 
 MARINE SPECIES. 
 
 {Ship Worms.) 
 
 Teredo dilatata Stin. 
 Pholas costatu Linn. 
 
 Panoixea bitnincata Cour. (foissil?) (N. C.) 
 
 Strijrilla flexuosa Pay. 
 Tel Una iris Say. 
 polita Say. 
 
 Ziridifea crispata Morcli. 
 
 Saxicava distorta Say. 
 
 Pandora trilineata Say (N. C.) 
 
 Lyonisia hyalina Cour (N. C.) 
 
 Coclilodesma leannm Conr. (N. C.) 
 
 Gastrocha^na sp. (N. C.) 
 
 Panopjea amerioana Conr, (X, C.) 
 
 Myalina subovata Conr. (X. C.) 
 
 Corbula contracta Say. 
 
 Mya arenaria Linn (longClam.) (This is also called the soft-shelled clam.) 
 
 Soleniya velnni Say (N. C.) 
 
 Siliquaria bidens Chemn (N. C ) Siliqiuuia gibba Spengle. 
 
 Solen ens's Linn. (Razor shell.) 
 
 Strigillasp (N.C.) 
 
 Tellina alternata Say. 
 
 tenera S;>y. 
 
 tenta Say. 
 A bra {equal is Say. 
 
 Aniphidesnia constrii'ta ? Phill. (X. C.) 
 Semele orbiculata Say 
 Cuniingia tellinoides Cour. 
 Donax varialjilis Say. 
 Mactra lateralis Say. 
 
 solidissima Cheni. 
 Rteta lineata Say. 
 Petricola pholadifornii-i Lam. 
 
 Venus mercenaria Linn, ((iuali')g ) (Thin is the common round clam.) 
 Lucinopsis sp (X. C ) 
 Dorsinia discus Reeve. 
 
 Cytherea gigantea Chemn. (X. 0.) Cytherea convexa Say (N. C.) 
 
 Tottenia manhattensis Verrill (X. C.) 
 Chione grata Say (X. C.) ^ 
 
 Geniina totteui Stm. (X. C.) 
 
 Mactra raveneli Cour. (X. C) 
 
 Rteta canal iculata Say. 
 Petricola dartvlus Sow. 
 
304 
 
 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Mercenaria violacea var. notata (N. C.) 
 
 Lncina strigilla Stin. 
 
 Laocardimn livvigatnni Lam. (N, C.) 
 
 Canliuin niagniiin Born. (N. C.) 
 
 Cliama arcinella Linn. 
 
 {Sea Afusseh ) 
 
 IMvtilus cubitus Sav. 
 
 Modiola plicatula Lam. 
 
 hamatus Verrill (N. C ) 
 
 Mercenaria mortoni Conr. (N. C.) 
 
 violacea Schum. (N. C.) 
 Cardita tridcntata Sa)'. 
 Astarte hinulata Conr. 
 Diplodonta? punctata Say (N. C.) 
 Lucina chrysostoma (N. C.) 
 Liocardium mortoni Conr. (N. C.) 
 Cardium isocardia Linn 
 
 niuricatum Linn. 
 Chama macropliylla Chemn. (N. 0.1 
 
 Mytilus carolinensis (N. C.) 
 
 edulis Linn. (N. C ) 
 Ar^rina pexata Gray (Bloody clam.) 
 Modiola americana Leach (N. C.) 
 
 castanea Say ? 
 Modiolaria lateralis Say. 
 
 Avicula atlantica Lam. 
 Pinna muricata Linn. 
 Leda acuta Conr. (N. C.) 
 Yoldia limatula Say. 
 Nucula proxima Say. 
 Area americana Gray. 
 
 holmesii Kurtz. 
 
 lienosa Say. 
 
 note Linn. 
 
 occidentalis. 
 Pectunculus charlestonensis ? Holmes. 
 Pecten nodosus Lam. 
 
 concentricus Say. 
 Lima scabra Born. 
 Plicatula depressa Lam. 
 
 Ostnea virginiana Latr. 
 equestris Say. 
 
 Anomia glabra Verrill (fossil ?). 
 
 TUNICATA. 
 
 [Body protected by a leathery, elastic integument. Mouth opening into the bottom 
 of a respiratory sack.] 
 
 Molgula pellucida Verrill (N. C ) 
 
 Cynthia partita Stm. (N. C.) 
 
 Amaroecium stellatum Verrill (N. C.) 
 
 Pinna seminuda Lam. 
 
 Area transversa Say. 
 limula Conr. 
 ponderosa Say. 
 incongrua Say. 
 
 Pecten dislocatus Sav. 
 
 (Oysters) 
 
 Ostrtea fundata Say. 
 
INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 305 
 
 BRACHIOPODA. 
 
 [One nerve ganglion ; shell bivalve ; mouth with two long tirriferous arms. Mostly 
 
 fossil.] 
 
 Lingula pyramidata Stm. (N. C.) 
 
 BRYOZOA OR POLYZOA. 
 
 [Body consisting of a double walled satik ; mouth surrounded by a circle or crescent, 
 of hollow, ciliated tentacles. Animals always in composite colonies.] 
 
 Crisia eburnea Lamx. (N. C.) 
 Amathia alternata Lamx. (N. C.) 
 Vesicularia armata Verrill (N. C.) 
 Aetea anguina Lamx. ? (N. C.) 
 Bugula turrita Verrill (N. C.) 
 Acamarchis neritina Lamx. (N. C.) 
 Membranifora lineata Busk. (N. C.) 
 Biflustra denticulata Smitt (N. C.) 
 Hippothoa hyalina Suiitt (X. C.) 
 biaperta Smitt (N. C.) 
 Cellepora avicularis Hisscks (N 0.) 
 Lepralia americana Verrill (N. C.) 
 Discopora nitida (N. C.) 
 
 Membranifora catenularia Smitt (N. CO 
 Hippothoa (Aescharella) variabilis Verrill 
 
 CLASS ECHINODERMATA. 
 
 [Radiate animals, with. a calcareous shell, or with calcareous spicules in the skin 
 They possess an ambulacral system.] 
 
 ORDER IIOLOTIIUROIDEA. SEA CUCUMBERS. 
 
 [Echnioderms covered with a coriaceous skin, in which are calcareous granules or 
 spicules. Shape of body, elongated, slug like.] 
 
 Thyone briareus Selenka (N. C.) 
 Pentamera pulcherrima Ayres. 
 Thyonella gemmata Verrill. 
 Anaperus carotinus Frosch. 
 
 20 
 
300 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 ORDER ECHNOIDEA. SEA URCHINS. 
 
 [Ei'hinoderms with a shell usually globose in shape, and made up of calcareous 
 plates, having a definite arrangement. Teeth present, forming a complicated mechan- 
 ism, known as Aristotle's lantern, Pedicellaria present in some ] 
 
 Arbacia punctulata Gray (N. C.) 
 
 (Commonly known as the purple sea-urchin). 
 Cidaris tribuloides Bl. 
 Clypeaster subdepressus Ag. 
 Echinanthus rosaceus Gray. 
 Echinometra subangularis Desml. 
 
 Echinocardiuni flavescens A. Ag. Echiuooardium cordatum Gray. 
 
 Encope emarginata Ag. 
 Mellita pentapora Liitken | Sand cakes. 
 
 sexforis A. Ag. j Shape flattened. 
 
 Moira atropos A. Ag. 
 Strongylocentrotusdroebachiensis A. Ag. 
 
 (Commonly known as the green sea-urchin). 
 Toxopneustes variegatus A. Ag. (X. C.) 
 
 ORDER ASTROIDEA. STAR-FISHES. 
 
 [The viscera extending into each of the five arms. Pedicellaria present. No teeth.] 
 
 Asterias forbesii Verrill (N. C.) Asterias spinosus Link. 
 
 Astropecten articulatus (Say) Luetken. 
 Luidia clathatra (Say) Luetken. 
 
 ORDER OPHIUROIDEA. BRITTLE SEA-STARS. 
 
 [Body discoidal ; the five arms do not contain prolongations of the alimentary canah 
 No pedicellaria. A ma.sticatory apparatus.] 
 
 Ophiura brevispina Say. Ophiura elongata Say. 
 
 Ophiophragmus wurdemanni Lyman (N. C.) 
 Ophiotrix angulata Ayres. 
 
INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 307 
 
 CLASS ACALEPH.E. JELLY-FISHES. 
 
 [Radiate jelly-like animals, with a central cavity hollowed out of the mass of the 
 body, which is usually made up of four (or some multiple of four) parts.] 
 
 Bolena littoralis McCready. 
 
 Mnemiopsis gardenir Agassiz. 
 
 Beroe i)unctata Esch. 
 
 Idyiopsis clarkii Ag. 
 
 Stomolophus meleagris Ag. 
 
 Dactylometra qninquecirra Ag (N. C.) 
 
 Cyanea versicolor Ag. 
 
 Foveola octonaria A. Ag. 
 
 Cunina discoides Fewkes (N. C.) 
 
 Cheiropsalamus quadrumanus F. Mueller 
 
 Tamoya haplonema F. Mueller (N. C.) 
 
 Versa incolorata McCready. 
 
 Liriope scutigera MoCready. 
 
 Oceania folliata Ag. 
 
 Eucheilota ventricularis McCready. 
 
 Dipleuron parvum Brooks (N. C. 
 
 Clytia bicophora Ag. 
 
 Platypyxis cylindrica Ag. 
 
 Campanularia carolinensis Verrill (X. C.) 
 
 Eucope divaricata A. Ag. 
 
 Eutima mira McCr. 
 
 cuculata Brooks (N. C.) 
 Aglaophenia tricuspis Ag. 
 
 trifida. 
 
 « 
 Nematophorus sp. Brooks (X. C.) 
 
 Plumularia quadridens McCr. 
 
 Dynamena cornicina McCr. 
 
 Diphasia (nigra-like) Ag. 
 
 Margelis carolinensis Ag. 
 
 Xemopsis bachei Ag. (Charleston). 
 
 Endendrium ramosum McC. 
 
 -Turritopsis nutricula McCr. (Charleston) 
 
 Stomatoca apicata McCr. (Charleston). 
 
 Willia ornata McCr. 
 
 Dipurina cervicata McCr. 
 
 Corynetis agassizii McCr. 
 
 Gemmaria gemmosa McCr. 
 
 Pennaria tia>ella McCr. 
 
 Mnemiopsis leidyi A. Agassiz. 
 
 (X. C.) 
 
 Campanularia noliformis McC'r. (N. C. 
 Eucope obliqua Brooks (N. C.) 
 Eutima emarginata Brooks (N. C) 
 
 variabilis McCr. 
 Aglaophenia rigida ? Allinan (X. C.) 
 
 Plumularia (catharina-like) MjcCr. 
 Dynamena bilateralis Bx:oolvS.(X. C.) 
 
 Endendrium. teitue ? A. A^. (X; CO 
 
 Dipurina strangulata McCr: 
 
 Pennaria inornata Brooks-(N. C.) 
 
308 INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Ectopleura tnrricnla Ag. Ectopleura ochracea A. Ag (N. C.) 
 
 Paryplia cristata Ag. 
 Streenstrupia gracilis Brooks (N. C.) 
 Hydractinia polyclina Ag. 
 Eudoxia alata McCr. 
 Diphyes pusilla McCr. 
 Physalia arethusa Til. 
 Velella mutica Bosc 
 Porpita linniana Less. 
 Nanomia cara A. Ag. 
 
 Obelia commissuralis McCr. (Charleston). 
 Lafoea calcarata A: Ag. (Charleston). 
 
 Sertularia cornicina Verrill (Charleston). Sertularia carolinensis Yerrill (N. C.) 
 ( Desmoscyphus ) achilleas Ver- 
 rill (N. C.) 
 Pelagia cyanella Peron and Lesueur (N. C.) 
 Diphasia sp. (N. C.) 
 
 CLASS POLYPI OR ANTHOZOA. 
 
 [Radiate animals, with a tubular or sack-like body, in the centre of the summit of 
 which is an opening called the mouth, which is surrounded by one or more rows of 
 tentacles.] 
 
 ORDER ALCYONARIA. CORAL ANIMALS. 
 
 [Body built on the plan of four ; eight pinnately fringed tentacles. They are 
 called the Asteroid Polypes. The red coral of commerce belongs here.] 
 
 Renilla renifornis Cuvier (N. C.) 
 
 Leptogorgia carolinensis Verrill (N, C.) Leptogorgia virgulata M. Edw. (N. C.) 
 
 setacea Verrill (N. C.) 
 Anthopodium rubens Verrill (N. C.) 
 Titanideum suberosum Verrill (N. C.) 
 Telesto fructiculosa Dana (N. C.) 
 
INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 309 
 
 ORDER ACTINARIA. SEA ANEMONES &c. 
 
 Sagartia leucolena Verrill (N. C.) 
 Paractis rapiformis M. Edw. (N, C.) 
 Halocainpa producta (Stm.) Verrill (N. C.) 
 Calliactis sol Verrill (X. C.) 
 Aulactinia capitata Verrill (N. C) 
 Cladactis cavernata Verrill (N. C. ) 
 Cerianthus ainoricamis Verrill (N. C.) 
 Ilyanthus chloropsis (Ag.) Verrill (N. C.) 
 Paranthea pallida Verrill (N. C.) 
 
 ORDER MADREPORARIA. 
 
 [The polypes of this order have tentacles, mostly six or some multiple of six in 
 number. Most corals are formed by animals of this group. They abound in tropical 
 waters ] 
 
 Astrangia danpe Ag. (Star coral.) 
 
 Oculina arbuscula Verrill (N. C.) Oculina implicata Verrill (X. C.) 
 
 PROTOZOA. 
 
 [.\nimals generally of minute size, compo.sed of a nearly structureless, jelly-like 
 substance, having no definite body cavity, presenting no trace of a nervous system, 
 and whose alimentary apparatus, if at all differentiated, is very rudimentary. 
 
 SPONGIDA. SPONGES. 
 
 Microciona prolifera Verrill (N. C.) " - ' 
 
 Chalina arbuscula Verrill (N. C.) 
 
 Cliona sulphurea Verrill (N. C.) 
 
 HircinacamT)ana Nardo (N. C ) 
 
 Spongia vermiculata var. Hyatt (N. C.) 
 
 Spongelia spinosa Hyatt (N. C.) Spongelia dubia var. foraminosa Hyatt (N.C.) 
 
 Dysidea fragilis Johnston? (N. C.) 
 
 Doubtles.s, if the fresh water ponds are examined, other sponges will 
 be found growing in quiet spots on submerged branches, stones, &e. 
 The student is referred to an article bv H. J. Carter, in the Ann. and 
 
810 
 
 1NVERTK15UATI'; FAINA OK SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Mag. Nut. Hist., Febr., 1881, on tho known species of Spon[/i(la; iilso, to 
 Mr. E. Potts, Acad. Nat. Sol., Phila., Pa., who is making a special study of 
 Frosli Water Sponges. 
 
 MICROSCOPIC PROTOZOANS. 
 
 [Moitoftlio followiu'j; RIuzoi>0(ls :uul infiisrtrians were originally described by 
 Khronber«j;.] 
 
 Aimi.'l)ii proteiis 
 Ainblynplus viridis. 
 Aiupliiloptas anser. 
 Ari'olla ilentata. 
 l>illlu'j;ia proteiformis. 
 Dinobryon sertularia. 
 Kpistylis anastatica. 
 Kiijilena pleiironectes. 
 Hydatina senta. 
 l.epadella ovalis. 
 Megalotroc'ha alboflavican s 
 Monostyla Innaris. 
 Ophrydinm versatile. 
 Peridiniiun carolinianum Bailey 
 Pterodina patina. 
 Scardidiuni longicanduni. 
 Sqnamella oblonga. 
 Vortieella clorostitruui. 
 
 Areella vulgaris. 
 Dililugia .spiralis Bailey. 
 
 Euglena viridis. 
 
 Peridiniiun cinctnni Ehrenberg. 
 
 Tho following Protozoans belonging to the RJiizopoda, as defined by Leidy, are so 
 wide spread in the fresh waters of the United States that they probably all occur in 
 South C'arolina. They are to be looked for in the ooze of ponds, among iSphiKjnam in 
 swamps, i*cc. 
 
 .\mcoba verrncosa Ehrenberg. 
 Pelomyxa villosa. 
 Difllugia pyriformis Perty. 
 
 urceolata Carter. 
 
 oratera Leidy. 
 
 acuminata Ehrenberg 
 Nebela eollaris Ehren 
 Arcella discoides Ehren. 
 
 Amceba radiosa. 
 
 Difllugia lobostoma Leidy. 
 corona Wallich. 
 const ricta Ehren. 
 
 .Vnella mitrata Leidy. 
 
INVERTEBRATK FAKNA OK SOTTII CA IIOFJN'A. ..11 
 
 Centropyxis aculcata IHiren. 
 
 <'<K;lili(jpodium biliiubosuin Auerbadi. Cochliopodiiiin vostitum Archer. 
 
 I'iimpha^'us nnitabilis Hailoy. I':iiiipliaj,'HH byulhiiH Khren. 
 
 Ps(Hi(l()(li(llugiaj,'rac;iliHSi'lilutnbcrger. 
 
 Cyphoderia ampulla Khren. 
 
 Campasciis cornutiis Leidy. 
 
 Kiiglypha alveoUita Diijardin. 
 
 Sphenoderia lenta Schhiinl)erger. 
 
 Actinophrys sol Miillcr. 
 
 AclinoKpliM'riuin eichornii lOiiron. 
 
 Acanthoeystis clijctophora Schrank. 
 
 Most of the above Hi)eoies nKukcd (X. ('.) are jiiveii on the authority of Drs. Cones 
 and Yarrctw, whose papers on tiie fauna of Ft. Macon, N. C, in the Troc. IMiila. Acad- 
 Sci-, 1871 and 1870, will be foinxl of value to the student. We suggest that tho.se in- 
 terested endeavor to verify and add to this list. 
 
 'l^e following,' works, most of which have been used in the revisi(jn, will be iisefid 
 to the atudent of Houth Carolina Invortebrata: 
 
 Tn'Vkrtkiirates of Vinkvari) Sound ; by A. 
 K. Verrill in the Kep. U. S. Fish Com- 
 mission, 1871-72. 
 
 IjAnd and Fresh Water Shells of N. A.; 
 l)y W. G. IJinney. Smithsonian Mis- 
 cellaneous Collections. 
 
 A Synopsis OF THE Family Unionid.e : by 
 Isaac Lea. 4to, Phila., 1870. 
 
 MoNooRAi'ii OF N. A. Astacid.k; by Her- 
 mann Ilaj^en, Museum of Comj). Zoolo- 
 jry, Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 The Ivvteunal and Internal 1'arasites 
 OF Man and Do.mestic .\nimals ; by A. 
 E. Verrill in tlu; Kojiort C<jnnecticut 
 15()ard of A<rri(uUure, 1870. 
 
 IlLU.STRATED CATALOfiUEOF N. A. AcALKI'IlS 
 
 OR Jelly Fishes; by A. Agassiz, Mu- 
 seum Comparative Zoology, Cambridfre, 
 180.'). 
 
 History of the Inkisoha ; rrilcbard. 
 I'nblishfd in London. 
 
 Mhuokcoi'k; Observations made in S. C., 
 (ta. and Fla.; by J. W. Bailey, and 
 published in the Smithsonian Contri- 
 butions to KiKJwled^e, \'ol 1 1., iS-'d. 
 
 Fresh Water I'hi/.oi'oda ok X. .\- ; by 
 by Jos. Leidy. U S. (ieol. Survey, 
 1870. 4to, with 48 i)lates. 
 
 (The last thnse works treat wholly of 
 uucro8Coi»ic animals.) 
 
OHA.PTER XII. 
 
 A LIST OF THE MORE COMMON 
 
 NATIVE AND NATURALIZED PLANTS 
 OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 BY H. ^y. RAVENEL, 
 
 AIKEN, S. C, MARCH, 1882. 
 
 SERIES I. 
 Flowering plants, with roots, steins, leaves, fruit and seeds. Phaenogams. 
 
 CLASS I. 
 
 Plants with two seed leaves (cotyledons), as cotton, peas, &c., having 
 stems with bark and pith, and a woody layer between them : growth 
 by annual layers between the wood and bark ; veins of the leaves form- 
 ing a network. Dicotyledons or Exogcm. 
 
 DIVISION I. 
 
 Having two sets of floral leaves, one green, the other colored ; the 
 colored leaves more or less numerous ; separate. Polypetalom. 
 
NATIVE AND NATURALIZED PLANTS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 313 
 
 ORDER I. CROWFOOT FAMILY. RANUNCULACE^. 
 
 Herbs or climbing shrubs, with watery, acrid juice : leaves generally divided, with 
 leafstalk dilated at base ; ovaries distinct, numerous ; fruit dry. 
 
 9. 
 10. 
 11. 
 
 12. 
 
 13. 
 
 14, 
 15. 
 16. 
 17. 
 18. 
 19. 
 20. 
 21. 
 22, 
 23, 
 24. 
 25, 
 26, 
 
 CRISPED CLEMATIS; BLUE JESSAMINE. 
 
 TRAVELER'S JOY; LEATHER FLOWER. 
 
 VIRGIN'S BOWER. 
 
 DWARF CLEMATIS. 
 
 WOOD ANEMONE 
 
 CAROLINA ANEMONE. 
 
 LIVER LEAF. 
 
 EARLY :\IEADOW RUE. 
 
 MEADOW RUE 
 
 RUE ANEMONE. 
 
 ORANGE ROOT ; YELLOW ROOT; GOLDEN 
 SEAL. 
 
 MARSH MARYGOLD ; COLT'S FOOT ; 
 GROUND IVY. 
 
 CELERY-LEAVED CROWFOOT ; BITING 
 CROWFOOT. 
 
 CREEPING CROWFOOT. 
 
 ROUGH CROWFOOT, 
 
 SHINING CROWFOOT. 
 
 SMOOTH CROWFOOT. 
 
 DWARF CROWFOOT. 
 
 COLUMBINE. 
 
 BLUE LARKSPUR. 
 
 TALL LARKSPUR. 
 
 DWARF LARKSPUR. 
 
 GARDEN LARKSPUR. 
 
 MONKSHOOD ; WOLFSBANE. 
 
 YELLOW ROOT. 
 
 R.\TTLE-TOP; BLACK SNAKE ROOT; CO- 
 HOSH, 
 
 BANEBERRY ; AVHITE COHOSH. 
 
 Clematis crispa. 
 Clematis vioma. 
 Clematis Virginica. 
 Clematis ochroleuca. 
 Anemone nemorosa. 
 Anemone Caroliniana. 
 Hepatica triloba. 
 Thalictrum dioicum. 
 Thalictrum comuti. 
 Thalictrum anemonoides. 
 
 Hydrastis Canadensis. 
 
 Caltha palustris. 
 
 Eanunculus sceleratus. 
 R. repens. 
 R. recurvatus. 
 R. nitidus. 
 R. abortivus. 
 R. pusillus. 
 Aquilegia Canadensis. 
 Delphinium azureum. 
 D. exaltatum. 
 D tricorne. 
 D. consolida. 
 Aconitum uncinatum. 
 Zanthorhiza apiifolia. 
 
 Cimicifuga racemosa. 
 Actaea alba. 
 
 ORDER II. MAGNOLIA FAMILY. MAGNOLIACE.E. 
 
 Aromatic trees or shrubs, with alternate, leathery leaves, and large, showy flowen 
 
 1. MAGNOLIA; BIG LAUREL. Magnolia grandiflora. 
 
 2. SWEET BAY ; WHITE BAY. M. glauca. 
 
 3. LONG-LEAVED CUCUMBER TREE. M. Frazeri. 
 
314 NATIVE AND NATURALIZED PLANTS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 4. HEART-LEAVKD CUCUMBER TREE. M. cordata. 
 
 5. CUCUMBER TREE. M. acuminata. 
 15. UMBRELLA TREE. M. umbrella. 
 
 7. TULIP TREE ; POPLAR. Liriodendron tulipifera. 
 
 ORDER III. CUSTxVRD APPLE FAMILY. ANONACE.E. 
 L PAPAW ; CUSTARD APPLE. Asimina triloba. 
 
 ORDER IV. MOONSEED FAMILY. MENISPERMACE.E 
 
 Climbing, shrubby vinos. 
 
 1. RED-BERRIED MOONSEED. Cocculus Carolinus. 
 
 •J. MOONSEED. Menispermum Canadense. 
 
 ORDER V. BARBERRY FAMILY. BERBERIDACE.E. 
 
 L BARBERRY. Berberis Canadense. 
 
 2. BLUE COHOSH ; PAPOOSE ROOT; SQUAAV 
 
 ROOT. Caulophyllumthalictroides. 
 
 3. UMBRELLA LEAF. Diphylleia cymosa. 
 
 4. WILD JALAP; MAY-APPLE; MANDRAKE. Podophyllum peltatum. 
 
 ORDER VL POND-NUT FAMILY. NELUMBIACE.E. 
 
 Aquatic herbs, with hirge, circular, flouting leaves. Fruit, a nut. 
 1. AVATER CHINQUEPIN; POND NUT. Nelumbium luteum. 
 
 ORDER VII. WATER SHIELD FAMILY. CABOMBACE.E. 
 
 Aquatic lierbs with Uouting leaves. 
 
 1. WATER SHIELD. Brasenia peltata. 
 
 2. NARROW-LEAYED WATER SHIELD. Cabomba Caroliniana. 
 
 ORDER VIII. WATER LILY FAMILY. NYMPHEACE.E. 
 
 Water plants, with round or heart-shaped leaves. Fruit, berry-like. 
 
 1. WATER LILY ; POND LILY ; BONNETS. Nymphsea odorata. 
 
 2. YELLOW WATER LILY. Nuphar advena. 
 
 3. ARROW-SHAPED WATER LILY. N. sagittifolia. 
 
NATIVE AND NATURALIZED PLANTS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 315 
 
 ORDER IX. PITCHER PLANT FAMILY. SARRACENIACE^E. 
 
 Perennial niurHh lierlj.s, with liollow, pitclier or triinipet-shaped leaves, and nod- 
 (lin<^ lluwerB. 
 
 1 . H UNTSM AN'S CUP ; PITCH ER PLANT. Sarracenia purpurea. 
 
 2. RED-FLOWERED TRUMPET LEAF. S. rubra. 
 
 3. SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER; TRUMPETS; 
 
 FLY-TR\P. S. flava. 
 
 4. SPOTTEOTRUMPET LEAF; FLY-CATCHER. S. variolaris. 
 
 ORDER X. POPPY FAMILY. PAPAVERACE^. 
 
 L MEXICAN POPPY; THORN APPLE; 
 
 PRICKLY POPPY. Argemone Mexicana. 
 
 2. PUCCOON ; BLOOD ROOT. Sanguinaria Canadensis. 
 
 ORDER XL FUMITORY FAMILY. FUMARIACE^. 
 
 These are mostly uioimtaiti i)lants. 
 
 ORDER XII. MUSTARD FAMILY. CRUCIFER^. 
 
 Herbs witli pungent juice ; the four petals of the flower forming a cross. 
 
 L WATERCRESS. Nasturtium officinale. 
 
 2. MARSH CRESS. Nasturtium palustre. 
 
 3. WALTER'S CRESS. N. tanacetifolium. 
 
 4. SPRING CRESS. Cardamine rhomboidea. 
 
 5. PEPPER ROOT. Dentaria diphylla. 
 0. SICKLE POD. Arabis Canadensis. 
 
 7. TANSY MUSTARD. Sisymbrium canescens. 
 
 8 HEDGE MUSTARD. S. officinale. 
 
 9. WHITLOW GRASS. Draba vema. 
 
 10. WART CRESS; SWINE CRESS. Senebiera pinnatifida. 
 
 n. PEPPER GRASS. Lepidium Virginicum. 
 
 12. SHEPHERD'S PURSE. Capsella bursa-pastoris. 
 
 13. SEA KALE. Cakile maritima. 
 
 ORDER XIII. VIOLET FAMILY. VIOLACEyE. 
 
 L BLUE VIOLET. Viola cucuUata. 
 
 2. HAND-LEAF VIOLET. V. palmata. 
 
 3. WILD PANSY ; HEARTSEASE. V. tricolor, va. arvensis. 
 
4. IIAIKY VIOLKT. V. villosa. 
 
 5. AUUOW-1-KAK VIOLKT. V. sagittata. 
 15. BIKD-FOOT VIOLET. V. pedata. 
 
 7. PHIMKOSE-LEAF VIOLET. V. primulaefolia. 
 
 8. LANCE-LEAF VIOLET. V. lanceolata. 
 '.). PALE VIOLET. V. striata. 
 
 ORDER Xl\'. KOCK ROSE FAMILY. ClSTACE.E. 
 
 1. FK(>STWEEn. Helianthemum Canadense. 
 •J. KOCK H08E. H. Carolinianum. 
 
 3. SMALL PIN-WEED. Lechea minor. 
 
 4. LARGfE PIN-WEED. L. major. 
 
 ORDER XV. SUN DEW FAMILY. DROSERA(M<LE. 
 
 L TIIKEAD-LEAVEDSUN DEW. Drosera filiformis. 
 
 2. LONO-LEAVEDSUXDEW. D. longifolia. 
 
 3 KOUND-LEAVED SUN DEW. D. rottmdifolia. 
 
 4. 8II0KT-LEAVED SUN DEAV. D. brevifolia. 
 
 5. VENUS' FLY-TKAP. Dionaea muscipula. 
 
 ORDER X\'L PARNASSLV FAMILY. PARNASSLVCE.E. 
 .1 GRASS OF PARNASSUS. Parnassia Caroliniana. 
 
 0RTM':R XVIT. ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY. ITYPERICACEiE. 
 
 L.ROCK ROSE. Hypericum prolificum. 
 
 •J. ST. JOIIN'S-WORT. H. perforatum. 
 
 :i. GROUND PINE ; ORANGE GRASS. H. sarothra. 
 
 4. ST. PETER'S-WORT. Ascyrum crux-Andrese. 
 
 r->. MARSH JOIIN'S-WORT. Elodea Virginica, 
 
 ORDER XVIIL -PURSLANE FAMILY. PORTULACCACE.E. 
 
 \. PURSLANE. Portulacca oleracea. 
 
 2. GARDEN PORTULACCA. P. pilosa. 
 
 3. SPRING BEAUTY. * Claytonia Virginica. 
 
 4. SEA PURSLANE. Sesuvium pentandrum. 
 
NATIVK AND NATURALIZP:D I'LANTH OI' HOCTII CAROLINA. 
 
 .;i / 
 
 OK'DKIC XIX. PINK FAMILY. CARYOI'II VLLACEiE. 
 
 1. KANOKIMKltY. 
 
 2. I'lNIOCIIKAT; 8AND RPURKY. 
 :;. I.VDIAN rilK'KWEKI). 
 
 4. SA.ND-VVOK'I'. 
 
 0. SAND- WORT. 
 
 C. CniCKVVKKI). 
 
 7. STAltClIK K\vi:i;h. 
 
 H. ONK-KLOWKUKU CIIICKVVEKD. 
 
 1). MO[:SK-KAIt ( IIICKWKKI). 
 JO. STAIiCIIA.\II'lO.\. 
 II. l.N'DIAN I'lNK. 
 IL'. CATCII-I'I.Y. 
 
 ];;. soAi'-woiiT 
 u. cocKij;. 
 
 Spergularia rubra. 
 Spergularia arvenBia. 
 Moluijo verticilata. 
 AlHine squarrosa. 
 Arenaria Berpyllifolia. 
 Stellaria media. 
 S. pubera. 
 8. uniflora. 
 Cerastium viilgatum. 
 Silene stellata. 
 8. Virginica. 
 8. antirrhina. 
 Saponaria officinalis. 
 AgroBtemma Qithago. 
 
 ()\i\)\':ii XX. MALLOW FAMILY. MALVACEA. 
 
 I. .MALLOW. 
 
 'J. .SI'UIN(i MALLOW. 
 
 :i. VKLVKT LKAF. INDIAN MALLOW. 
 
 I. .MAJiSII .MALLOW. 
 
 Malva rotundifolia. 
 Sida spinosa. 
 Abutilon Avicennae. 
 HibLscus Moscheutos. 
 
 [Ill thin onl(;r an; uIho the Garden Okra, IlibiHcns CBcuIontUH, and the Cotton-plant, 
 (ioHsipyiiin horbaceiun, and tlie Aliliea.] 
 
 ORDER XXL THE LINDEN FAMILY. TILIACEAE. 
 
 1. SOLTJIKKN LINN. 
 
 2. WHITE LINN. 
 
 Tilia pubescens. 
 T. heterophylla. 
 
 ORDEPt XXIL CAMELJJA FAMILY. CAMELLIACEAE. 
 
 1. t/)I;lolf>y ijay. 
 
 •J. STUAIiTIA. 
 
 Oordonia Lasianthus. 
 Btuartia Virginica. 
 
 [Uniler tlic Order Auranlaceae, Orange Family, may be mentioned the Orange, both 
 Bweet and Hour, the Lemon, and the 8haddo(rk, which arc cultivated in t}ie Bouthern 
 portion of the State, extending up as far north aB Charlestfjn.] 
 
31S NATIVE AND NATURALIZED PLANTS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 ORDER XXIII. PRIDE OF INDIA FAMILY. MELIACEAE. 
 
 1. PRIDE OF INDIA. CHINA BERKY. MeUa azadarach. 
 
 Now well naturalized. 
 
 ORDER XXIV. FLAX FAMILY. LINACEAE. 
 1. WILD FLAX. Linum Virginicum. 
 
 ORDER XXV. WOOD SORREL FAMILY. OXALIDACEAE. 
 
 1. PURPLE WOOD SORREL. Oxalis violacea. 
 
 2. WHITE WOOD SORREL. 0. acetocella. 
 3 YELLOW WOOD SORREL. 0. stricta. 
 
 ORDER XXVI. GERANIUxM FAMILY. GERANIACEAE. 
 
 1. CRANESBILL, ALUM ROOT. Geranium maculatum. 
 
 2. CAROLINA CRANESBILL. G. Carolinianum. 
 
 ORDER XXVII. BALSAM FAMILY. BALSAMINACEiE. 
 
 1. PALE TOUCH-ME-NOT. Impatiens pallida. 
 
 2. JEWEL WEED— SPOTTED TOUCH-ME-NOT. I. fulva. 
 
 ORDER XXVIII. RUE FAMILY. RUTACE.E. 
 
 1. PRICKLY ASH ; TOOTH ACHE TREE. Zanthoxylum Carolinianum. 
 
 2. HOP TREE. Ptelea trifoliata. 
 
 ORDER XXIX. CASHEW OR SUMACH FAMILY 
 ANACARDIACE.E. 
 
 1. STAG-HORN SUMACH. Rhus typhina. 
 
 2. SMOOTH SUMACH. R. glabra. 
 
 3. COMMON SUMACH. R. copillina. 
 
 4. DWARF SUMACH. R. pumila. 
 
NATIVE AND NATURALIZED PLANTS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 319 
 
 ). POLSEN SUMACH ; POISEN ELDER. R. venenata. 
 
 (). POISEN OAK. R. toxicodendron. 
 
 7. POISEN VINE. R. radicans. 
 
 ORDER XXX. VINE FAMILY. VITACE^. 
 
 1. FOX GRAPE. Vitis Labrusca. 
 
 2. StiMMER GRAPE. V. aestivalis. 
 :i. FROST GRAPE ; WINTER GRAPE. V. cordifolia. 
 4. BULLACE ; SCUPERNONG. V. vulpina. 
 
 ->. VIRGINIA CREEPER; AMERICAN IVY. Ampelopsis quinquefolia. 
 
 ORDER XXXI. BUCKTHORN FAMILY. RHAMNACE^. 
 
 1. SUPPLE JACK. Berchemia volubiUs. 
 
 2. TI-TI. , Sageretia Michauxii. 
 
 3. CAROLINA BUCKTHORN. Frangula Caroliniana. 
 
 4. JERSEY TEA ; RED ROOT. Ceanothus Americanus. 
 
 ORDER XXXII. STAFF TREE FAMILY. CELASTRACE.E. 
 
 1. STRAWBERRY BUSH ; BURSTING HEART. Euonymus Americanus. 
 
 2. BURNING BUSH. E. atropurpureus. 
 
 3. WAX- WORK; BITTER-SWEET. Celastrus scandens. 
 
 ORDER XXXIII. BLADDER-NUT FAMILY. STAPH YLEACE^E. 
 
 1. BLADDER-NUT, Staphylea trifolia. 
 
 ORDER XXXIV. SOAP BERRY FAMILY. SAPINDACE.^. 
 
 1 SOAPBERRY. Sapindus marginatus. 
 
 2. BUCK-EYE; HORSE-CHESTNUT. iEsculus Pavia. 
 
 3. YELLOW BUCK-EYP:. ^. flava. 
 
 4. SMALL FLOWERED BUCK-EYE. JE.. parviflora. 
 
 ORDER XXXV. MAPLE FAMILY. ACERACEiE. 
 
 L ASH-LEAVED MAPLE; BOX-ELDER. Negundo aceroides. 
 
 2. RED MAPLE. Acer rubrum. 
 
 3. SILVER MAPLE. A. dasycarpum. 
 
 4. SUGAR MAPLE. A. saccharinum. 
 
 5. STRIPED MAPLE. A. Pennsylvaricum. 
 
o'20 NATIVIC ANO NATURALIZED PLANTS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 ORDER XXXVI. MILKWORT FAMILY. POLVGALACEyE. 
 
 1. BACIIKU)H'S UUTTON. 
 
 2. SENECA 8NAKE-1100T. 
 
 :!. m.oon-REn polygala. 
 
 Polygala lutea. 
 P. senega. 
 
 P. sanguinea. Ami many other 
 species. 
 
 ORDER XX XVI l. PULSE FAMILY. LEGUMENOSiE. 
 
 llorbs. (^hnil)s imd tivos with I'imipound alttM-nati> U'avos, fruit a lojiuiue or poil. 
 A lartjo and vory important family of plants— well ivpresonti'd in our State. 
 
 4. 
 5. 
 {J. 
 7. 
 8. 
 9. 
 
 la 
 n. 
 \-2. 
 
 13. 
 14. 
 
 15. 
 Ui. 
 
 17. 
 18. 
 
 •20. 
 •2\. 
 
 RATTLE 1U>X. 
 PARTRIDGE TEA. 
 LUPINE. 
 HAIRY LUPINE. 
 BLUE LUPINE. 
 RED CLOVER. 
 WHITE CLOVER. 
 CAROLINA CLOVER. 
 BUFFALO CLOVER. 
 RABBIT-FOOT CLOVER. 
 YELLOW CLOVER. 
 HOP MEDICK, LUCERNE. 
 YELLOW MELLILOT. 
 WHITE ^lELLlLOT. 
 lU'CK ROOT. 
 INDIGO BUSH. 
 
 LOCUST ; FALSE ACACIA. 
 CLAMMY LOC^TST. 
 
 ROSE LOCUST. 
 
 Crotallaria sagittalis. 
 
 C. ovalis. 
 
 Lupinus perennis. 
 
 L. villosus. 
 
 L. diffusus. 
 
 Trifolium pratense. 
 
 T. repens. 
 
 T. Caroliniana. 
 
 T. reflexum. 
 
 T. arvense. 
 
 T. procumbens. 
 
 Medicago lupulina. 
 
 Melilotus officinalis. 
 
 M. alba. 
 
 Psoralia canescens. 
 
 Amorpha fruticosa. And one 
 
 other species. 
 Robinia pseudo-Acacia. 
 R. viscosa. Only in the moun- 
 tains. 
 B. hispida. 
 
 24. 
 2-). 
 20. 
 
 VIRGIN'S BOWER; AMERICAN WISTARIA. Wistaria frutescens. 
 RABBIT-PEA; GO.VT'S RUE. Tephrosia Virginica. Ami two 
 
 other species. 
 CAROLINA INDIGO. Indigofera Caroliniana. 
 
 INDIGO. I. Anil. Introduced and formerly 
 
 cultivated. 
 MILK VETCH. Astragalus glaber. 
 
 VETCH ; TARE. Vicia sativa. 
 
 WILD VETCH. V. Caroliniana. And two other 
 
 species. 
 
NATIVI-: AND NATURAFJZKF) PLANTS OF SOI'TIT <A l{()r>INA. 321 
 
 'J7. TKNCIL FI.OWKR. Stylosanthes elatior. 
 
 L'H. JAPAN (;L()V 10 li. Lespedeza striata. A uutivc ol' 
 
 Jajmn — now ii;itii iilized ami Hjjrcadin^? cverywlKsrc— ii1hi> three or four 
 
 *■ more native Hpeties. 
 
 2!>. UEGGAR'S TICKS. Desmodium. 'I'liiM Ih a liiiK<' ram- 
 
 ily of |iliiiitH, of wliifli llicre are Hixtoen Hpcicii-H (,'ro\vin^' in the Sfjitcr. 
 The term " I5e;ruar'.s Ticks " is iiKllHciiniinali'Iy a|)|)lic(l t(j ail of tliciii, 
 from th(! [lecnliar formation of the Lcj^rniiK!, or h<u^(|-|>o(1, composiMl ol' 
 j<iint<Ml parts, easily Hcparated, ami clolhinl svilh liookcil liuir-^, cauHin^' 
 them to adhere to <'lothes of any one hni^hiri^' Ihcm. 
 
 :50. DOLI-AIM'LANT. Rhynchoida monophylla. An<l 
 
 two ot hiT H|)(;cies. 
 
 :!1. \VIM)(;UO[INI)-N(JT. Apios tuberosa. 
 
 .')'J. WILD J51v\N. Phaseolus perennis. And two 
 
 other HjietleH. 
 ;}:{. NATIVK KItYTIIKINA. Erythrini herbacea. 
 
 ;J4. wild) I'KA V'lNlv Amphicarpa monoica, 
 
 3). MILK IM;A. Galactia pilosi And four other 
 
 H])CfieK. 
 :{(i. WILD I.NDKiO. Baptiaia tinctoria. And neven 
 
 other HjiecieH. 
 37. JUDAS TRKK; UKD I'.UI) Cercis Canadansis. 
 
 38., WILD SKN.NA. Cassia Marylindica. 
 
 3!). FLORIDA C0KFKI5; STYITHJ WFKD. C. occidentaUa. 
 
 4') I'AKTRIDr;K I'KA; (JOLDKN (JASSIA. C chamBCrista. And twr. other 
 
 HpecieH. 
 
 41. IIOXKY L()';IJST. Oleditschia triacanthos. 
 
 42. O.MO-SKKDIOD LO ;IJST. O. monosperma. 
 
 43. SKNSrnVH PLANT. Schrankia an^u.stata. 
 
 [Un<ler this Ordir are many of our eiiltivated plants— Garden Peas, ('uw Peas, IJeanH, 
 Ground-Nut, or Pindar, or Poa-Niit— and many others. J 
 
 ORDER X.X.Wair. R')SIO F.VMfLY. R03ACE/E. 
 
 L CHICKASAW PLL.M. Prunus Chicasa. 
 
 2. RKD PLU.M ; AUGUST PLU.M. P. Americana. 
 
 3 SOUR PLU.M. P. umbellata. 
 
 4. WILD CHERRY. P. serotina 
 
 5. WILD ORANGE; .MO JK ORANGE. P. Caroliniana. (A line cver- 
 
 ;,'rccn.; 
 
 0. INDIAN PHYSIC. Gillenia trifoHata. 
 21 
 
.>•-•_ NATIVK ANP NATrKAI.I/.i:i> TIAN rs OV SOI ril rAlJOI.lNA. 
 
 r. AMKKUWN IIMa'Ac\ G. stipulacea. 
 
 S. AiiKlMONV; WKV KRKKW. Agrimonia eupatoria. 
 
 9. WlLlt m'KNKT. Sanguisorba Canadensis. 
 
 10. AVKNA. Geiuu album. 
 
 11. riNl>riR^ll. ; KIVIVFINCKK : Wll.P 
 
 SPK.VWUKKHY. Poteutilla Canadensis. 
 
 1 J. W 11 . i > ST U A W n K K K Y . Fragaria Virginiaua. 
 
 l;V COMMON SPRA\Vr>l' KUY. F. vesca. ri'l>if» spivios straya 
 
 ' from pirdons aiul hns beromo 
 
 ii;itur;ili.'.(.'il.1 
 
 14. iiioii-nrsii r>i.A('Kr.i:i:KY: ni:\v ukkky Rubus viiiosus. 
 ir.. J r N K r.i:u k y. r. cuncifoiius. 
 
 10. LOW-lUSll lU.A(M«:r.i:KKY ; TK.Ml.lNO 
 
 ULAOKUKKKY. R. trivialis. 
 
 17. Fl.OWF.KlNi; RASniKKKY. R. odoratus. ^in tlio mountains ) 
 
 15. rruiM.K. KAsrUKKUY. R. occidentalis. iln ilu> uwv.n- 
 
 t:\ins.) 
 \\\ SWAMT lU>si:. Rosa Carolina. 
 
 •20. Wll.n OU 1>\VAUF KOSK. R. lucida. 
 
 ■21. KO LAN TI N K : s\V K1:T r>KI AK. R. rubiginosa. 
 
 •Jl. CHEIIOKF.E KOv^K. R. laevigata. 
 
 1':;. NARROW-LKAVKP TIK^RN. Cratsgus spatlinlata. 
 
 24. SUMMER HAW : RFO HAW C. flava. 
 
 •jr>. HAIRY THORN. C. glandulosa. 
 
 •jr.. D \V A R F T HORN. C . parvifolia. 
 
 27. SCARLET HAW. C. cocciuea. 
 
 25. srM>n:R haw; foni> haw. c.^stivaUs. 
 
 2!t. PARSLEY-LEAVEO haw. C. apiifolia. 
 
 ;U) COCKSPFR HAWTHORN. C. Cnis-galli. 
 
 S 1. TR E E HAW. C . arborescens. 
 
 ;vj. CRAR APPLE. Pyriis coronaria. 
 
 ;W. NAliROW-LEAVEU CRAP. P. augustifoUa. 
 
 :U. OHOKE PERRY. P aibutifolia. 
 
 :'m. WlLlu RANRERRY. P. erythrocarpa. 
 
 ;U>. SERV101-] TREE. Anielanchier Canadensis. 
 
 [The cnltivatoil ropio.-^iMitativos of this Iur;j;t' aiul important order are, tho .\j>i>lo. 
 Pi'ar. Ijuiiu'o, IMiim, lV\u i\, .V))riiot, Almond, Cherry, Roses, Spireas, ete.J 
 
 ORDER XXXIX C.VUOLIN.V .VLLSPICE FAMILY. 
 
 CALVrANTlIACE.E. 
 
 1. SWEET-SCENTED SHlUr. Calycantlius floridus. and two 
 
 other speeies. 
 
NATIVK AMj NATURALIZKn PLANTS OF SOI'TIf CAROLINA. 023 
 
 OJn)l':it XL. I)Ki:ii-(;P.ASS family. .MLI^ASTliOMACE.E. 
 DKKIi GliASS. Ehexia glabella, an'l iiva otlni 
 
 OllDlAi XLJ. LOOSE-STJllI'E FAMfLY. LYTIIIlACEiE. 
 
 1. LOOSE KTllIFE. 
 
 2. SWAMP LOOSE STRIFE. 
 :;. lUJJE WAX WEED. 
 
 Lythrum alatum. 
 Nesea verticillata. 
 Cuphea viscoswsima. 
 
 [The Crupe Myrtle /Lagerstrcemia Indica;, ho <oiniiion in fultivution an a flower- 
 ing tree, from EuHtern Ahia, belonjrH to tiiiH order ] 
 
 ORDER XLIL EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. ONAORACEiE. 
 
 L EVENING I'ULM ROSE. 
 2- SUN DROPS, 
 
 :',. SEED BOX. 
 
 4. WATER PURSLA.NE. 
 
 5. ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE. 
 
 r;. .MKK.MAID WI;ED. 
 7. WATER .MILEOIL 
 
 Oenothera biennis. 
 
 0. fruticosa, and two or thre<! 
 
 other speciew 
 Ludwigia altemifolia. 
 L. palustre, and ten other 8j>ecie«. 
 Circaea Lutetiana. 'In tlie 
 
 moiintainH.) 
 Proserpinaca palustris, and one 
 
 otlier .-pecieH. 
 Mjnnophyllum verticillatum. 
 
 OliDLR XLIH. CACTrS F.\MILY. CACTACE/E. 
 
 1. PRK KLY PEAR. 
 
 2. CROWFOOT PRICKLY PEAR. 
 
 Opuntia vulgaris. 
 0. Pes-Corvi. 
 
 ORDER XLIV. CURRANT FAMILY. GROSSULACEyE. 
 
 L SMOOTH GOOSEBERRY. Ribes rotundifolium. (In tlie 
 
 mountains.) 
 
 ORDER XLV. PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY. PASSIFLORACEJ:. 
 
 1. MAY POP; PASSION FLOWER. 
 
 2. YELLOW PAS.'^IFLORA. 
 
 Pasfiiflora incamata. 
 P lutea. 
 
324 
 
 NATIVE AND NATURALIZED PLANTS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 ORDER XLVI. GOURD FAMILY. CUCURBITACE^. 
 
 1. COMMON GOURD ; CALABASH. 
 •2. ONE-SEEDED CUCUMBER. 
 
 Lagenaria vulgaris. 
 Sicyos angulatus. 
 
 [In this order are the Squash. Pumpkin, Watermelon, Muskmelon, Cantaloupe, 
 Cucumber and Gherkin of the gardens.] 
 
 ORDER XLVII. ORPINE FAMILY. CRASSULACE^. 
 
 1. AVILD ORPINE. 
 
 •2. THREE-LEAVED STONE CROP. 
 
 3. MOUNTAIN MOSS. 
 
 4. DITCH STONE CROP. 
 
 Sedum telephoides. (In the 
 mountains.) 
 S. tematum. 
 
 S. pulchellum. (In the mountains.) 
 Penthorum sedoides. 
 
 ORDER XLVIII. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. SAXIFRAGACE^E. 
 
 1. LETTUCE SAXIFRAGE. 
 
 2. EARLY SAXIFRAGE. 
 
 ;j. ALUM ROOT. 
 
 4. FALSE MITRE-WORT. 
 
 5. MITRE-WORT. 
 
 (). GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE. 
 
 7. WILD HYDRANGEA 
 
 8. SNOWY HYDRANGEA. 
 
 9. CLIMBING DPXUMARIA. 
 
 10. ITEA. 
 
 11. SYRINGA. 
 
 12. ROUGH SYRINGA. 
 
 13. SCENTLESS SYRINGA. 
 
 Saxifraga erosa. (In the moun- 
 tains.) 
 S. Virginiensis. (In the moun- 
 tains.) 
 Heuchera Americana. 
 Tiarella cordifolia. 
 Mitella diphylla. 
 Chrysosplenium Americanum. 
 Hydrangea arborescens. 
 H. radiata. 
 Decumaria barbara. 
 Itea Virginica. 
 
 Philadelphus grandiflorus (In 
 the mountains.) 
 P. hirsutus. (In the mountains.) 
 P. inodorus. 
 
 ORDER XLIX. WITCH HAZEL FAMILY. HAMAMELACE^E. 
 
 1. WITCH HAZEL. 
 
 2. DWARF ALDER. 
 
 3. SWEET GUM. 
 
 Hamamelis Virginica. 
 Fothergilla alnifolia. 
 Liquidambar styraciflua. 
 
NATIVE AND NATURALIZED PLANTS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 oZi) 
 
 ORDER L. PARSLEY PWMILY. UMBELLIFER.E. 
 
 1. PENNY-WOUT. 
 
 2. WATER GRASS. 
 
 3. SANICLE; BLACK SNAKE ROOT. 
 
 4. BUTTOX SNAKE ROOT. 
 
 5. DWARF CARROT. 
 0. COMMON CARROT. 
 
 7. WATER HEMLOCK. 
 
 8. BISFIOP WEED. 
 
 9. WATER PARSNIP. 
 
 10. MEADOW P.\RSNIP. 
 
 11. ANGELICA. 
 
 12. ARCHANGELICA. 
 
 13. W.\TER DROP-WORT. 
 
 14. COW-BANE ; PIG POTA.TOE. 
 
 14. CHERVIL. 
 
 Hydrocotyle Americana. 
 
 H. umbellata, and two or throe 
 (it her species. 
 
 Sanicnla Marylandica, und one 
 otlier species. 
 
 Eryngium Virginianum. (We 
 have live si)ecies of Eryngium, 
 and most of tlieni are known 
 as Button Snake Root.) 
 
 Daucus pusillus. 
 
 D.carota.(S(iincwhatndurali/.od.) 
 
 Cicuta masculata. 
 
 Discopleura capillacea. 
 
 Slum lineare. 
 
 Thaspium aureum, and two other 
 species. 
 
 Ligusticun actaeifolium. 
 
 Archaugelica hirsuta. 
 
 Tiedmannia teretifolia. 
 
 Arclieniora rigida, an<l one other 
 si)ecies. 
 
 Chserophyllum procumbens. 
 
 ORDER LI. GINSENG FAMILY. ARALIACE^E. 
 
 1. SPIKENARD. 
 
 2. WILD SARSAPARILLA. 
 
 3. PRICKLY ASH ; HERCULES CLUB, 
 
 4. GINSENG ; SANG. 
 
 5. DWARF GINSENG. 
 
 Aralia racemosa. 
 A. nudicaulis. 
 A. spinosa. 
 
 Panax quinquefolium. (In the 
 
 mountains ) 
 
 P. trifolium. (In the mountains.) 
 
 ORDER LII. DOGWOOD FAMILY. CORNACE.E. 
 
 1. DOGWOOD. 
 
 2. SWAMP DOGWOOD. 
 
 3. SOUR GUM; BLACK GUM ; PEPPERIDGE. 
 
 4. TUPELO; POND TUPELO. 
 
 5. SWAMP TUPELO ; COTTON GUM. 
 
 6. OGEECHEE LIME ; SOUR TUPELO. 
 
 Comus Florida. 
 
 C. sericea, and three other species. 
 
 Nyssa multiflora. 
 
 N. aquatica. 
 
 N. uniflora. 
 
 N. capitata. • 
 
ol() NATIVK AND N ATT K A I.IZKI* IM.ANTS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 ni\ ISION 11. Floral cnvolopos ilouble, consistiiit>; of both oalyx luul 
 corolla, tho lattor mo.^^tly unitod into one [H'ial. Monopctalons. 
 
 (ni\)VM Llll. ll()NP:Y8r(1<I,K F.VMILY. CWPKIFOLl.VCF.K. 
 
 1 COKAL liKHKY. Symphoricarpus vulgaris. 
 
 L\ r>USH llcK\EY8UCKLlv Diervilla trifida. (In tlu> moun- 
 tains.) 
 
 :?. \\\HM>B1NK: IfOXKYsrCKLlv Lonicera sempervirens. 
 
 4 YKIJ.OW \Vc)01>lUNlv L. flava. 
 
 '\ HORSE GENTIAN. Triostexim perfoliatum. 
 
 t). ELDEK. Sambucus Canadensis. All over 
 
 tho Stato. 
 
 7. UKn-HK.liUIi;i> K1,1>KU. S. pubens. In tlu> inomitains. 
 
 s. BLACK H.VW. Vibiirnnm prunifolium. 
 
 i». SllEErREKKY. V. Lentago. 
 
 10. PDSSUM HAW : SHAWNEE HAW. V. nudum. 
 
 11. AKlunV-W(H)n. V. dentatum. 
 
 ORDlvU LIV. MADDKU FAMILY. KllUAC'E.E. 
 
 1. SMALT, 1U:DSTK AW. Oalium trifldum. And threo other 
 
 species. 
 
 2. BUTTON WEED. Diodia Virginiana. 
 
 :?. liUTTi^N lU'sH. Cephalantbus occidentalis. 
 
 4. rAKl'KllHii: r.K.KKY; lU'NNlNi; BOX. Mitchella repens. 
 r>. cJEOlUHA liAKK. Pinckney a pubens. 
 
 (>. BLUETS; 1).\L><EY. Houstonia coerulea. And several 
 
 other speries. 
 7. riNK ROOT. Spigelia Marylandica. 
 
 5. >nTKE WORT. Mitreola petiolata. 
 
 ;). YELLOW ,1 IN^AMIXE. Oelsemiuni sempervirens. 
 
 OROFK LV. VALERIAN FAMILY. VALKRLVNACE.E. 
 1. LAMr> LETTl'CE. Fedia radiata. 
 
 ORDER L\ I. COMrOSITE FAMILY. COMPOSIT.E. 
 
 1. IRON WEED. Vemonia Novseboracensis. .\nd 
 
 two (Uher speeios. 
 _'. ELERHANT'S FOOT. Elephantopus Carolinanus. 
 
NATIVI-: AND NATnRAr.IZKF) I'LANTH OF SOI'TII rAHOLlNA. ■>'!( 
 
 '■^. 1JI.AZIN(; STAR. Liatris squarrosa. 
 
 4. BUTTON SNA KK-liOOT. L. spicata. 
 
 5. VAN 1 1, F. A I'LANT. L. odoratissima. And HixorHovon 
 
 (itlicr spc'cicH. 
 
 (;. 'l'II()l{()i:(ill-\v<nrr ; IJoNE-skt. Eupatorium perfoliatum. 
 
 7. TKIIMI'KT WKKl). E. purpurem. 
 
 K. ri'LANI) nONK-SKT. E. sessilifolium. 
 
 '.). RICH WKKl). E. ageratoides. 
 
 1(1. WILD HOUIOUOUND. E. aromaticum. 
 
 11. IXKI FKNNEFj. E. foeniculaceum. 
 
 ]'_'. DOG FENNKL. E. coronopifolium. AikI elevc-n 
 
 ()l\n'r Kjiccies. 
 i:'. CLlMHJNCi HE.Ml'-WKKD. Mikania scandens. 
 
 14. MIST FLOWER. Conoclinum coelestinura. 
 lo. WHITE-TOl'I'ED ASTER. Sericocarpiis conyzoides. 
 
 HI. ASTER ; STARWORT. Aster corymbosus. Thi.s ih a very 
 
 l;irj,'C K^-'niH, cniiifirisiiiL' about tliirty-(ive Hjx-cieH (oujmI in tlie State, but 
 tbey bave received no coniiiion naineH. 
 
 17. DAISEY FLEA-BANE. Erigeron strigosum. 
 
 15. IIOO-WEED; HORSE-WEED. E. Canadense. 
 
 lij. FLEA-BANE. E. Philadelphicum. 
 
 20. ROBBIN'S PLANTAIN. E. bellidifolium. 
 
 21. GOLDEN ROD; ANISE-SEED (iOLDEN ROD. Solidago odora. 
 
 [This is anotber larj^c genii.s, comprising!; over thirty speL-ies in this State. Mo.st of 
 tbcrn are called indisr-riininately GoUen Rod, but that name more i>roi)erly aiiplies to 
 the 8]»ecies noted above.] 
 
 22. SILK GRASS; SCHRVY GR.\SS. Chrysopsis graminifolia. 
 2:5 COTTONY SILK GRASS. C gossypina. 
 
 24. ELECAMPANE. Inula Helenium. 
 
 25. (iROCNDSEL; CONSir.MPTlON WEED. Baccharis halimifolia. 
 20. MARSH FLEA BANE. Pleuchea bifrons. 
 
 27. STINKING FLEA BANE. P. foetida. 
 
 28. BLACK ROOT. Pterocaulon pycbnostachyum. 
 
 29. LEAF CUP. Polynmia Canadensis. In tli- 
 
 mountains. 
 
 30. BEAR'S FOOT. P. uvedalia. 
 
 31. ROSIN WEED. ^ Silphium laciniatum. 
 
 32. MARSH ELDER. ' Iva frutescens. 
 
 33. BUFFALO W^ FED. Ambrosia trifida. 
 
 34. RA(r WEED; CARROT WEED ; STICK WEED. A. artimesiaefolia. 
 
328 
 
 NATIVK AND NATUllA r.I/.KD I'LANTS OF SCU'TII ("AHOI.INA. 
 
 .",5. COCKLK null; SllKRr lUIR. 
 ;l(). THORNY COCKLK JUTR. 
 :!7. BRAZILIAN COCKLK BUR. 
 
 Xanthium strumarium. 
 X. spinosum. 
 Acathospermum xanthioides. 
 
 This Kxotio is a reoont introduction of about twenty years apo. Spreading i'roni the 
 woollen mills ot' Au.i::usta, Ou , it has extended ahuijj; the railroads in all directions, and 
 Miav be found at nearly every station. 
 
 ;)S. 
 .'V.I 
 
 40. 
 41. 
 42. 
 
 SKA ()X-K,YK. 
 ZINNIA; OLO MAIIV 
 
 OX-KYK. 
 
 rURPLKC'ONK KLOWKR. 
 CONlvFLOWKR. 
 NARROW-LKAVKD SUN-K1,( ►WKR. 
 
 Bdrrichia frutescens. 
 Zinnia multiflora. Stray from the 
 gardens. 
 Heliopsis laevis. 
 Echinacea purpurea. 
 Rudbeckia hirta. 
 Helianthus angustifolius. ^\'e 
 
 have several other species iu (he State. Tlie coinnion eultivated Sun- 
 Flower, Helianthus annuu-<, and the Jerusalem or Cround Artichoke, 
 Helianthus tnberosus, are partially naturalized. 
 
 4:5. TI<K-SKKI). 
 
 44. TlCK-SF.El) SUN-FLOWER. 
 
 45. TALL COREOPSIS. 
 4(5. BUR INLUIYOOLD. 
 47. BEGGAR'S LICE. 
 
 4S. BEGGAR'S LICE; SPANISH iXEEDI.ES. 
 
 4(1. STICK WEED; CROWN BEARD. 
 
 50. SNEEZE AVEED. 
 
 5L MAYWEED; FALSE CHAMOMILE. 
 
 52. MILFOIL; YARROW. 
 
 5:5. OX-EYE DAISY; WHITE DAISY; WHITE 
 
 WEED. 
 •A TANSY. 
 
 55. WILD WORMWOOD. 
 
 5t;. EVEREASriXt;. 
 
 57. CUD WEED. 
 
 5S EVERLASTING. 
 
 5!). FIRi: -WEED. 
 
 *i(). INDIAN PLANTAIN. 
 
 ()L RAG WORT 
 
 (5l.\ THI.STLE. 
 
 ♦53. SWAMP THISTr>E- 
 (54. YELLOW THISTLE. 
 
 Coreopsis discoidea. 
 
 C. trichosperma. 
 
 C tripteris. 
 
 Bidens chrysanthemoides. 
 
 B. frondosa. 
 
 B. bipinnata. 
 Verbesina Siegesbeckia. 
 Helenium autumnale. 
 Maruta Cotula. 
 Achillea millefolia. 
 
 Leucanthemum vulgare. 
 Tanacetum vulgare. Sparin<:ly 
 naturalized. 
 Artemesia caudata. 
 Gnaphalium polycephalum 
 G. purpureum. 
 Antennaria margaritacea. 
 Erechtliites hieracifolia. 
 Cacalia atriplicifolia. 
 Senecio aureus. 
 
 Cirsium lanceolatum. Introduced 
 and naturalizetl. 
 
 C. muticum. 
 C- horridulum. 
 
NATIVE AND NATUHAI.IZi;!* I'l.ANTS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 320 
 
 r,.-) I51TKI)()CK. 
 
 ('>>;. iiA\VK-\VKi:i). 
 
 67. KATTLE-SNAKK WEED. 
 
 ns. wniTK i.E'iTrci-:. 
 (J!), (;ai.i>(jftiie kakth. 
 
 70. dandelion. 
 
 71. false dandelion. 
 
 72. wild lettl'ce. 
 7.'5. jjlue lettuce. 
 74. sow thistle. 
 
 Lappa major. 
 
 Hieracium scabrum. 
 
 H. venosum. 
 
 Nabalus albus. 
 
 N. Fraseri. 
 
 Taraxacum Dens-Leonis. 
 
 Pyrrhopappu.s Carolinianus. 
 
 Lactuca elongata. 
 
 Mulgidium acuminatum. 
 
 Sonchus oleraceus. 
 
 ORDEU lA'II. LOBELIA FAMILY. LOBELIACEiE. 
 
 1. CARDLN'AL I LOWER. 
 
 2. fiREAT L0I!I:LL\. 
 :j. BLUE LOLELLA. 
 
 4. INDIAN TOBACCO; LOBELIA. 
 
 Lobelia cardinalis. 
 L. syphilitica. 
 L. puberula. 
 
 L. inflata. And tlirce or loiii 
 other Hj)ec'ies. 
 
 ORDER LVirr. r'AMPANULA FAMILY. r'AMPAXIILArT..^.. 
 
 1. BELL FLOWER. 
 
 2. MARSH BELL FLOWER. 
 :}. HARE BELL. 
 
 4. VENUS' LOOKING-GLASS. 
 
 Campanula Americana. 
 C. aparinoides. 
 C divaricata. 
 Specularia perfoliata. 
 
 ORDER LTX. HEATH FAMILY. ERICACEAE. 
 
 L BLUE HUCKLEBERRY. 
 
 2. DWARF HU( 'KLI:LERRY. 
 
 3. BLACK HUCKLEBERRY. 
 
 4. BEAN BERRY. 
 
 5. SWAMP HUCKLEBERRY. 
 
 G. DEER BERRY; GOOSERERRY. 
 
 7. CREEPING HUCKLEBERRY. 
 
 8. SPARKLE BERRY. 
 
 9. GROUND IVY; MAY FLOWER; TRAILING 
 
 ARBUTUS. 
 
 10. MOUNTAIN TEA; WINTER GREEN. 
 
 11. DOG LAUREL. 
 
 12. TI-TI. 
 
 Gay-Lussacia frondosa. 
 
 G. dumosa. 
 
 G. resinosa. 
 
 G. ursina. In the mountains. 
 
 Vaccinium corymbosum. 
 
 V. stamineum. 
 
 V. crassifolium. 
 
 V. arboreum. 
 
 Epigsea repens. 
 Gaultheria procumbens. 
 Leucothoe Catesbaei. 
 L. acuminata. 
 
ooK 
 
 NATIVE AND NATURALIZED PLANTS OF SOUTH CAKOLINA. 
 
 13. 
 14. 
 
 15. 
 1(5. 
 17. 
 18. 
 li». 
 20. 
 '21. 
 
 •J4. 
 
 FETTER BUSH. 
 
 STAGGER BUSH. 
 
 PEPPER BUSH. 
 
 SOUR WOOD; SORliEI.L TREE. 
 
 WHUPE ELDER; SWEET PEPPER BUSH. 
 
 UALICOBUSH; KALMIA. 
 
 WICKY; SHEEP LAUREL. 
 
 PURPLE HONEY-SUCK LE. 
 
 BLAZING HONEY-SUCKLE. 
 
 CLAMMY HONEY-SUCKLE. 
 
 SMOOTH HONEY-SUCKLE. 
 
 LAUREL; ROSE BAY. 
 
 •2\ OAK-LEAVED LAUREL. 
 
 2ti. DWARF LAUREL, 
 
 •27. SAND MYRTLE. 
 
 2S. FA LS E W 1 N T K R G R EE N. 
 
 2;» PIPSISSEWA; PRINCES PINE. 
 
 :!0. SPOTTED WINTER GREEN. 
 
 :H. DUTCHMAN'S PIPE; EYE-BllIGHL 
 
 ■:,'2. PINE SAP. 
 
 Andromeda nitida. 
 
 A. Mariana. 
 
 A. Ligustrina. 
 
 Oxydondrum arborsum. 
 
 Cletlira alnifolia. 
 
 Ka.\mia latifolia. 
 
 K. angustifolia. 
 
 Azalia nudiflora. 
 
 A. calendulacea. 
 
 A. viscosa, 
 
 A. arborescens. 
 
 Rhododendron maximum. I u 
 the mountains. 
 
 R. Catawbiense. In the moun- 
 tains. 
 
 R. punctatum. In tlie moun- 
 tains. 
 
 Lsiophyllum buxifolium. In tlic 
 mountains. 
 
 Pyrola rotundifolia. 
 
 Chimapbila umbellata. 
 
 C. maculata. 
 
 M3.i)bropa uaiflora. 
 
 M. Hypopitys. 
 
 ORDER LX. 
 1. COLT'S FOOT. 
 
 GALAX FAMILY. GALACIX.E. 
 Galax aphylla. 
 
 ORDER LXL HOLLY FAMILY. AQUIFOLIACE.E. 
 
 1. COMMON HOLLY. 
 
 2. DAHOON HOLLY. 
 
 3. YAUPON. 
 
 4. GALL BERRY : INK BERRY. 
 
 5. TALL GALL BERRY. 
 
 Ilex opaca. 
 I. Dahoon. 
 I Cassine. 
 Prinos glaber. 
 p. coriacea. 
 
 ORDER LXIL STYRAX FAMILY. STYRACE^. 
 
 1. MOCK OR.\NGE. 
 
 2. SNOW-DROP TREE. 
 
 3. SWEET LEAF; YELLOW WOOD. 
 
 Styrax grandifolia. 
 Halesia tetraptera. 
 Symplocos tinctoria. 
 
NATIVE AND N'ATUKA LIZET) PLANTS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 331 
 
 OliDEU LXIir. CYUIi.I.A FA.Mir.V. (:Yl{\\A.M'E.¥.. 
 1. BUUX-WOOD BAkK ; HE IIIICKLKUKKKY. Cyrilla racemiflora. 
 
 ()\l\)VAl LXIV. KIMJXY FAMILY. KliKXACK.E. 
 1. PKIi.SI.MMON. Diospjrros Virginiana. 
 
 ORDEIi LXV. .SAP()DILLA FAMILY. SAPOTACEiE. 
 
 1. BUCK TIIORN. 
 
 2 T(JlJ(;iI Bl'CKTHOliN. 
 
 Bumelia lyciodes. 
 
 B. tenax. An<l two other species. 
 
 ORDER LXVL PLAXTAIX FAMILY. PLANTAGINACE.E. 
 
 1. PL.WTAIX. 
 
 2. NARROW-LEAVED PLANTAIN'. 
 
 Plantago major. 
 
 p. lanceolata. And three other 
 species. 
 
 ORDER LXVIT. LEAD-WORT FAMILY. PLUMRAGIXACEtE. 
 L MARSH ROSEMARY. Statice Caroliniana. 
 
 ORDER LXVIII. PRIMROSE FAMILY. PRIMULACE.E. 
 
 L FEATHERFOIL. 
 2. LOOSE STRIFE. 
 ■2. FIVE SISTERS. 
 
 :{. AMERICAN COWSLIP. 
 
 4. PIMPERNEL. 
 
 5. CHAFF WEED. 
 0. BROOK WEED. 
 
 Huttonia inflata. 
 Lysimachia stricta. 
 L. q,uadrifolia. And three or four 
 other Kpecie.s. 
 Dodecatheon Media. 
 Anagallis arvensis. 
 Centunculus minimus. 
 Samolus floribundus. 
 
 ORDER LTX. BLADDER-ROOT FAMILY. LEXTIBULACE.E. 
 
 L BLADDER WORT. Utricularia inflata. And seven 
 
 other species ; mo.stly in bo^j^y t,'r Miri<ls. nr llMiitin;,' in still waters. 
 2. BUTTER WORT. Pinguicula lutea. 
 
NATIVE AND NATUKALIZliD TLAXTS OF SOUTH CAKOLINA. 
 
 ORDER LXX. lUGNONLV FAMILY. lUGNONIACE.E. 
 
 1. CROSS vim:. 
 
 2. TRUMPET FLO WKR. 
 8. C.VTALPA. 
 
 4. UNICORN TLANT. 
 
 Biguouia capreoleta. 
 Tecoma radicans. 
 Catalpa Bignonioides. 
 Martynia proboscidea. 
 
 ORDER LXXI. r>ROOM-RArE FA^riLV. OROBANCHAOE.E. 
 
 1. BEECH DROPS. 
 L\ SQUAW ROOT. 
 3. CAXC ER ROOT. 
 
 Epiphegus Virginiana. 
 Conopholis Americana. 
 Aphyllon uniflorum. 
 
 ORDER LXXir. FIG-WORT FAMILY. Si'UOrilFLARlACE.E 
 
 1. MULLEIN. 
 
 2. MOTH MULLEIN. 
 o. FIG WORT. 
 
 4. SNAKE-MOUTH. 
 
 5. HEARD-TONCtUE. 
 
 6. TOAD FLAX. 
 
 7. Ml^NKEY FLOWER. 
 S. HEDGE HYSSOP. 
 
 l>. FALSE PIMPERNEL. 
 10. CULVERS PHYSIC. 
 IE PAUL'S BETONY. 
 
 12. PURSLANE SPEEDWELL. 
 
 13. CtUiN SPEEDWELL. 
 
 14. FICKEL SPEEDWELL. 
 1\ BLUE HEARTS. 
 
 1() FALSE FOX-GLOVE. 
 
 17. FLAX-LEAVED GERARDIA. 
 
 15. PURPLE GERARDIA. 
 
 It). CHAFF SEED. 
 
 20. LOl'SE WORT. 
 
 21. COW WHEAT. 
 
 Verbascum Tliapsus. 
 V. BLattaria. 
 Scrophularia nodosa 
 Chelone glabra. 
 Penstemon pubescens. 
 Linaria Canadensis 
 Mimulus ringens. 
 Gratiola \irginiana. Ami two 
 or tlireo otlun- species- 
 Ilysanthes gratioloides. 
 Veronica Virginica. 
 V. serpyllifolia. 
 V. peregrina. 
 V. arvensis. 
 V. agrestis. 
 Buchnera Americana. 
 Dasystoma pubescens. Aiul throi' 
 other species. 
 Gerardia linifolia. 
 Q. purpurea. And three other 
 species. 
 Schwalbea Americana. 
 Pedicularis Canadensis. 
 Melampyrum Americanum. 
 
OliDFAl LXXfir. ACANTHUS FAMILY. ACANTII A(JE.E. 
 hllVKlAAX. Diptercanthus strepens Andtwo 
 
 OtIlCT HjiCcic'H. 
 
 2. WATKR \VIIJ/)\V. Dianthera Americana. 
 
 ORDER LXXIV. V1:R\'AIX FAMILY. VEIiRF.XACEiE. 
 
 1 . W I IITI-; V I-:r V A I X. Verbena urticifolia. 
 
 2. BLIJK VERVAIN. V. hastata. 
 
 ;j. VERVAIN. V. officinalis. And two otlier 
 
 Hpoties. 
 4. FIU)(i FRUIT. Lippia nodiflora. 
 
 ."). AMERICAN MrEI'.ERRY; WILD MCL- 
 
 RIORRV. Callicarpa Americana. 
 
 ';. LOP SEED. Phryma leptostachya. 
 
 ORDER LXXV. MINT FAMILY. LAIUAT.E. 
 
 1. Sl'EARMINT. Mentha viridis. 
 
 2. PEPPERMINT. M. piperata 
 
 :; ROLND-LEAF MINT. M. rotundifolia. All our Mints 
 
 are introduced. 
 4. BI'vJLE WEED. Lycopus Virginicus. 
 
 '). DITT'ANY. Cunila mariana. In tlic moun- 
 
 tains. 
 0. MOUNTAIN MINT. Pycnanthemum incMium. And a 
 
 fi'.w other Kpecies. 
 7. HORSE P.ALM. Collinsonia Canadensis. 
 
 H. PENNY ROY.\L. Hedeoma pulegioides 
 
 !). liASI L Til YME. Calamintha Nepeta. 
 
 10. BALM. Melissa officinalis. 
 
 IL WILD SAGE. Salvia urticifolia. S. officinatis 
 
 is the coninion garden sage. S. Coccinea, is partly naturalized. 
 12. HORSE MINT; RIGNUM. Monarda punctata, 
 
 i:). HORSE :mINT. Blephilia ciliata. 
 
 14. Ci I A NT 1 1 YSSOP. Lophanthus nepetoides. 
 
 IT). CATNIP. Nepeta Cataria. 
 
 ]<;. HEAL-ALL. Brunella vulgaris. 
 
 17. SCULL-CAP. Scutellaria versicolor. Five or nix 
 
 other species. 
 
334 
 
 NATIVE AND NATrUAI.IZEn IM.AXTS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 IS. :MACBKinA. 
 
 m. DRAUON 11 HAD. 
 
 20. DE A D N KTT L E ; 1 1 K X -lU T. 
 
 21. HOREHOrxn. 
 
 22. MOTHER WORT. 
 
 23. HEDGE NETTLE 
 
 24. FALSE PENNY ROYAL. 
 
 25. BLVE CURLS. 
 215. WOOD SAGE. 
 
 Macbridea pulchra. 
 Pliysostegia Virginiana. 
 Lamium amplexicaule. 
 Marnibium vulgare. 
 Leonurus Cardiaca. 
 Stachys aspera. 
 Isanthus coeruleus. 
 Trichostema dichotomum. 
 Teucrium Canadense. 
 
 ORDER LXXVl. BORAGE FAMILY. BOKAOIXAOE.E. 
 
 1. heliotrope. 
 
 2. indl\n heliotrope; turnsole. 
 
 3. gromwell 
 
 4 hairy puccoon; gromwell. 
 
 5. roanoke bell; virginia cowslip. 
 
 6. hound's tongue. 
 
 7. avildcomfrey. 
 s. beggar lice. 
 
 9. forget-:me-not 
 
 Heliotropium Curassavicum. 
 Heliophitum Indicum. 
 Onosmodium Caroliuianum. 
 Litnospermum hirtum. 
 Mertensis Virginica. 
 Cynoglossiim officinale. 
 C. Virginicum. 
 C. Morisoni. 
 Myosotis laxa. 
 
 ORDER LXXVII. WATER-LEAF FAMILY. 
 
 1. WATER HEAF. 
 
 HYDROPIIYLLACEiE. 
 
 Hydrophyllum Virginicum. (In 
 the inountiiins.) 
 
 ORDER LXXVIIL POLEMONIUM FAMILY. POLEMONIACE.E. 
 
 1. PHLOX. 
 
 2. WILD PINK ; RUNNING PHLOX. 
 
 3. HAIRY PHLOX. 
 
 4. GREEK VALERIAN. 
 
 5. FLOWERING MOSS. 
 
 Phlox paniculata. 
 
 P. sxibulata. 
 
 P. pilosa, and three or four otlier 
 species ; the Texan Phlox. 
 Phlox Drumnioiidii, of dhe 
 gardens, is partiall.v natural- 
 ized. 
 
 Polemonium reptans. 
 
 Pyxidanthera barbulata. 
 
NATIVE AND NATURALIZED PLANTS OF BOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 ORDER LXXIX. CONVOLVCLUkS FAMILY. CONVOLVCLACE.l::. 
 
 1. CYI'ItESS VINE. 
 
 2. MORNING GLORY, 
 ?,. WILD POTATOE. 
 
 4. .S\VEI:T POTATOE. 
 
 0. BIND WEED. 
 
 (;. LOW BIND WEED. 
 
 7. SILKEN BIND WEED. 
 
 8. D W A R E G R(J U N D C( J N \'( 
 
 9. DODDER; UJVE VINE. 
 10. LC5\'E VINE. 
 
 Quamoclit vulgaris. 
 
 Pharbitis Nil. 
 
 Ipomea pandurata, and three 
 other species. 
 
 Batatas edulis. (Tliiscan scartcly 
 be said to be naturalized, tlie frost.s of winter killinj; 
 the tubers, and the jihint not niaturinpj seed. We 
 liave a native species growing on the sands of the 
 coast, B. Littoraag) 
 
 Calystegia sepium. 
 
 C. spithamea. 
 
 Evoivulus sericeus. 
 iLVL'Ll'S. Stylisma humistrata. 
 
 Cuscuta arvensis. 
 
 C. Gronovii. 
 
 ORDER LXXX. 
 
 NIGHTSHADE. 
 HORSE NETTLE. 
 SODOM APPLE. 
 
 4. GROUND CHERRY, 
 o. JAMESTOWN WEED; 
 STRAMONIT'M. 
 
 NIOIITSIIADE FAMILY. .Sr)LANACE.E. 
 
 Solanum nigrum 
 
 S. Carolinense. 
 
 S. aculeatissimum. (Among tiic 
 cultivated representatives of tlii.s (jrder are the Jeru- 
 Siiletn Cherry, (S. Pseudo- capsicum), Tomato (S. Ly- 
 copersicum), the Irish Potatoe (S. tuberosum), and 
 the Egg Plant or Guinea SquaKh (S Melongena). 
 
 Physalis viscosa. 
 fHoRN APPLE; 
 
 Datura stramonium. 
 
 ORDER LXXXI. 
 
 1. CENTENARY. 
 
 •J . E I y I V r ij ) w !•: r e d a k n t i a n . 
 
 :5. ERINGEDGENTL\N. 
 4 S.VMPSON SNAKE ROOT, 
 o. SAMPSON SNAKE ROOT. 
 <;. SAMPSON SNAKE ROOT. 
 
 7. NARHOW-LEAVED GENTIAN. 
 
 8. COLUMP>0. 
 '.). FLOATING HEART. 
 
 GENTIAN FAMILY. CiENTIANACE/E. 
 
 Sabbatia angularis, and six otlier 
 species. 
 Gentiana quinqiueflora. 
 G. crinita. 
 G. ochroleuca. 
 G. Elliottii. 
 G. saponaria. 
 G. angustifolia. 
 Frasera CarolinensLs. 
 Limnanthemum lacunosum 
 
o30 NATIVK AXn NATrKAI.lZKD ri.ANTS OF SOI'TII ('A1U>I,1XA. 
 
 OKOKR LXXXII. I)0(;r>ANK FAMILY. AIHH'YNAC'K.K. 
 
 1. INDIAN HEMP. Apocynum canabinum. 
 
 2. DOGBANE. . A. androsaemifolium. 
 
 3. TERIWINKLE. Vinca rosea. (Natiualizoil.) 
 
 ORDER LXXXTII. ^rILK^VEED FAMILY. ASCLFIMADACE.E. 
 
 1. POKE Mll,K\VEi;i); SQlAW MOOT. Asclepias phytolaccoides. 
 
 2. PLEURISY ROOT ; BUTTERFLY \Vl<:En. A. tuberosa. 
 
 :i. PUR PI -1'- :M I LK W EED. A. purpiirascens. 
 
 4. SWAMP MILKWEED. A. incarnata. 
 
 5. RABBIT'S MILK. ' A. amplexicaulis, and oiiiht otluT 
 
 f<j)C'i'ios. 
 (>. GREEN MILKWEED. Acerates viridiflora 
 
 , 7. RUNNING MILK^VEED. Gonolobus hirsiitus. 
 
 ORDER LXXXIV. OLIVE FAMILY. OLFACE.E. 
 
 L DEVIL WOOD; AMERICAN OLIVE. Olea Americana. 
 
 L\ PRIVET. Ligustnim vulgare. ^Partly natu- 
 
 ral i/.od.) 
 
 3. FRINGE TREE; OLD MAN'S HEARD. CMonanthus Virginica. 
 
 4. WHITE ASH. Fraximis Americana. 
 r>. WATER ASH. F. platycarpa. 
 
 (>. RED ASH. F. piibescens. 
 
 7. GREEN ASH. ^ F. viridis. 
 
 DIVISION ITT. Floral envelopes sinole, eonsistino- of a ealyx only, 
 or altogether wanting. Ajxfahnix. 
 
 ORDER LXXXV. RlRTinVORT FAMILY. ARISTOLOCiIIA(^E.E. 
 
 1. HEART LEAF. Asarum Virginicum. 
 
 •2. HEART LEAF. A, arifoliiim. 
 
 ;;. WILD GINGER. A. canadense. 
 
 4. VIRGINIA SNAKE ROOT; SMALL SNAKE 
 
 ROOT. Aristolochia serpentaria. 
 
 5. BIG SARSAPARILLA ; WILD GINGER. A. sipho. 
 
NATIVK AM) NATIKAM/KI) I'LANTS OK SOUTH ('A ItOIJ.N'A. .].'>/ 
 
 ORDKIC i.XXXVI. l'()Ki:\Vi:i':i) family. lilYLOLAJOCACKyj-:. 
 1. I'OKi; \Vi:i;i). Phytolacca decandra. 
 
 ORDER LXXXVII. (lOOSE-FOOT FAMIJvY. ("IIENOPODIACK^IC. 
 
 1 LAMB'S QUAIITKRS. 
 
 2. WORM Si;i':i): .lERUSALKM OAK. 
 
 :J. OIIACIIK. 
 
 4. HANIJOKACIIK. 
 
 .-). SEA GOOSE-FOOT. 
 
 <;. SA.MI'llIKi;. 
 7. SAi;r-VV(>RT. 
 
 Chenopodium album. 
 C anthelminticum. 
 Atriplex hastata. fSea Hliorc.) 
 Obione arenaria. (Sea Hliore.j 
 Chenopodina maritima. (Salt 
 
 inarch.) 
 Salicorniaherbacea. (SaltmarHh.) 
 Salsola kali. (Sea whore. j 
 
 ORDER LXXXVIII. AMARANTH FAMILY. AMARANTACE^<:. 
 
 1. AMAltANTII. 
 
 2. (iREEN AMARANtIi. 
 :;. TIfORNY AMARANTH. 
 J. DWAliK AMAItAXTH. 
 ->. WATER ni;Mi'. 
 
 0. F(;rty K.N'o'i'; j:i;iii;L 1'1>a.m 
 
 AmarantuB albus. 
 A. hybridus. 
 A. spinosus. 
 Euoxolus pumilus. 
 Acnida canabina. 
 Alternanthera achyrantha. 
 
 ORDER LXXXIX. HCCKWIIEAT FAMILY. POLYOOXACE.E. 
 
 1. SOUR DOCK. 
 
 2. SWAMP DOCK. 
 
 3. BLOODY DOCK. 
 
 4. BITTER DOCK, 
 
 5. GOLDEN DOCK. 
 G. SORREL. 
 
 7. SORREL. 
 
 8. BUCKWHEAT. 
 
 '.). PRINCIv'S FEATHER. 
 10. LADY'S THUMB. 
 W. .^.MART WEED. 
 12. WATER PEPPER. 
 i:{. KNOT GRASS. 
 22 
 
 Rumex crispus. 
 R verticillatus. 
 E. sanguineus. 
 B. obtusifolius. 
 R. maritiraus. 
 R. acetosella, 
 R. hastatulus. 
 
 Fagopyrum esculentum. (Par- 
 tially naturalized.) 
 Polygonum orientale. 
 P. persicaria. 
 P. acre 
 
 P. hydropiperoides. 
 P. aviculare. 
 
338 NATIVK ANP NATrUALIZKI) IT.ANTS OK SOUTH (WUOLIXA. 
 
 14. yCHA'lVll GRASS. P. arifolium. 
 
 15. TKAKTIIUIMB. P. sagitatimi 
 IC. FA LSE BUCK W 1 1 K AT. P. dumetorum. 
 
 17. i:ui(HU)NUM. Eriogonum tomentosum. ilnthr 
 
 S;iiul Hills.) 
 
 OliPKR XC. LAIRKL FAiMlLV. LAl'KACE.E. 
 
 1. KKO n.VY. Persea Carolinensis. 
 
 L\ SASSAFKAS. Sassafras officinale. 
 
 ;>. SPICE BUSH. Benzoin odoriferum. 
 
 -1. roNU lU'sil. Tetranthera geniculata. 
 
 OKDKR XCI.' MEZERKl'M FAMILY. Til VMKLFACE.E. 
 1. LEAT1IEK-W001>: ^KK)SE-\V0C)1>. Dirca palustris. 
 
 ORDER XCU. SANDAL WOOD FAMILY. SANTALACEiE. 
 
 1. TOADFLAX. Comandra umbellata. 
 
 2 OIL NUT ; BUFFALO NUT. Pynilaria oleifera. 
 
 ORDER XCI 1 1. MISTLETOE FAMILY. LORANTllACE.E. 
 1. MISTLETOE. Phoradendron flavescens. 
 
 ORDER XCIV. LIZAKD-'lWir. FAMILY. SAURURACE.E. 
 1. LlZAliD-TAIL. Saururus cernuus. 
 
 ORDER XCV. IIORN-WORT FAMILY. CERATOITI YLLACE.E. 
 
 1. TIO UN-WORT. Ceratopliyllum demersum. (In 
 
 etill water. 
 
 ORDER XOVI. WATER STAR-WORT FAMILY. 
 CALLITRKTIACEiE. 
 
 1. WATER STAU-Wc)RT. Callitriche verna. 
 
NATIVK AND NATUllA LI/.KI) I'LANTS OK S(JUTII CAItOLIN'A. '.j'.y.t 
 
 OKDKU XCVll. IIWI'AI WKKI) FAMILY. !'< )I)(>STKMAr"I':;i:. 
 ). 1:I\'I;R \Vi;i:i>. Podostemon ceratophyllum. 
 
 ORDER XCVIII. SPURGE FAMILY. Fri'IIORBIArEyE. 
 
 1 rLOWEKING SPURGE. Euphorbia coroUata. 
 
 •J. WARTKI) SPURGE. E- obtuBata. 
 
 :',. WIMj ]I'I'X;«VC, E. Ipicacuanhae. 
 
 4. SI'GTTED SPl'RGK. E. maculata. 
 
 .-). SHORE SPCKGE. E. polygonifolia. 
 
 0. VAUIE(;A']KI>SP['RGE. E. marginata Naturalized. 
 7. (^CEEN'S DELIGHT. Stillingia sylvatica. 
 
 H CANDLE TREK; WAX TKKE. S. sebifera. LN'atiirali/.orl.i 
 
 U. THREE-SEEDED. MEP.CIRV. Acalypha Virinica. 
 
 10. NETJ'LE. Tragiaurens. 
 
 1 1 . TP.EA D SOFTLY ; H0R8E NETTLE. Cnidoscolus stimulosus. 
 
 12. GAST(H: OIL I'LANT. Ricinus communis. 
 
 ORDER XCIX. CROWBEKKY FAMILY. L-MI'LTRArL/E. 
 
 1. HEATH CERATIOLE. Ceratiola ericoides. (In tlie.^and 
 
 IIil)8.) 
 
 ORDER C. NETTLE I'AMILY. i;RTK;Af;E.E. 
 
 1. TALL NETTLE. Urtica gracUis. 
 
 2. STINGING NETTLE. U. urens. 
 
 3. WOOD NETIXE. Laportea Canadensis. 
 
 4. CLEAR WEED. Pilea pumila. 
 
 5. PELLITORY. Parietaria Pennsylvanica. 
 'i. FALSE NETTLE. Boemeria cylindrica. 
 
 ORDER CI. MULBERRY FAMILY. MORACE.E. 
 
 1. MULREKRY. Moms rubra. 
 
 2. ERENCH .MULBERRY; PAPER.MIJLI'.ERRY. Brousaonetia papyrifera. 
 
 [The edible fig (Picas carica,) belon^^H to tlii.y onler.J 
 
340 NATIVE AND NATURALIZED PLANTS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 ORDER CII. ELIM FAMILY. ULMACE.E. 
 
 1. WHITE ELM; COMMON ELM. 
 
 2. SLIPPERY ELM. 
 
 :]. WAHOO; WINGED ELM. 
 
 4. PLANER TREE. 
 
 5. SUGAR-BERRY TREE ; HACKBERRY. 
 
 Ulmus Americana. 
 U. fulva. 
 U. alata. 
 
 Planera aquatica. 
 Celtis occidentalis. 
 
 ORDER cm. PLANE TREE FAMILY. PLATANACEiE. 
 L SYCAMORE; PLANE TREE. Platanus occidentalis. 
 
 ORDER CIV. AVALNUT FAMILY. JUGLANDACEiE. 
 
 1. BLACK WALNUT. 
 
 2. WHITE WALNUT; BUTTERNUT. 
 
 3. SHELL-BARK HICKORY. 
 
 4. THICK SlIELL-BARK HICKORY, 
 a. PECAN NUT. 
 
 «. WHITE HICKORY. 
 
 7. PIG-NUT HICKORY. 
 
 8. SMALL NUT HICKORY. 
 
 9. NUTMEG HICKORY. 
 
 10. BITTER-NUT HICKORY', 
 n. WATER BITTER NUT. 
 
 Juglans nigra. 
 
 J. cinerea. 
 
 Gary a alba. 
 
 C. sulcata. 
 
 C. olivaeformis. (Natnnilized.) 
 
 C. tomentosa- 
 
 C glalira. 
 
 C. microcarpa. 
 
 C myristicaeformiS. 
 
 C. amara. 
 
 0. aquatica. 
 
 ORDER CV. OAK FAMILY. CUPULIFER.E. 
 
 I. WILLOW OAK. 
 
 Quercus Phellos. 
 
 2. LAUREL OAK. 
 
 Q. laurifolia. 
 
 
 :5. MYRTLE OAK. 
 
 Q. myrtifolia. 
 
 (Coast.) 
 
 4. SHINGLE OAK. 
 
 Q imbricaria. 
 
 (Mouutains.) 
 
 0. TURKEY OAK; HIGH GROUND WILLOW 
 
 
 
 OAK. 
 
 Q. cinerea. 
 
 
 (i. DWARF OAK. 
 
 Q. pumila. 
 
 
 7. LIVE OAK. 
 
 Q. virens. 
 
 
 S. DWARF LIVE OAK. 
 
 Q. maritima. 
 
 (Coast.) 
 
 9. WATER OAK. 
 
 Q. aquatica. 
 
 
 10. BLACK JACK. 
 
 Q. nigra. 
 
 
 11. SCRUB OAK. 
 
 Q. Catesbaei. 
 
 
NATIVE AND NATURALIZED PLANTS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 34] 
 
 12. BLACK OAK. 
 1:5. SCARLET OAK. 
 
 14. RED OAK. 
 
 15. SPANISH OAK ; RED OAK. 
 
 16. BEAR OAK. 
 
 17. POST OAK. 
 
 18. WHITE OAK 
 
 18. OVER-CUP OAK. 
 
 19. MOSSY-CUP OAK. 
 
 20. SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK. 
 
 21. ROCK OAK. 
 
 22. CHESTNUT OAK. 
 
 23. CHINQUAPIN OAK. 
 
 24. CHESTNUT 
 
 25. CHINQUAPIN. 
 
 26. BEECH. 
 
 27. HAZEL NUT. 
 
 28. BEAKED HAZEL NUT. 
 
 29. HORN BEAM ; IRON WOOD. 
 
 30. HOP HORN BEAM. 
 
 Q. tinctoria. 
 
 Q. coccinea. 
 
 Q. rubra. 
 
 Q. falcata. 
 
 Q. ilicifolia- (Mountains.) 
 
 Q. obtusiloba. 
 
 Q. alba. 
 
 Q. lyrata. 
 
 Q. macrocarpa. (Mountains. 
 
 Q. prinus. 
 
 Q. monticola. (Mountains.) 
 
 Q. castanea. 
 
 Q. prinoides. 
 
 Castanea vesca. 
 
 C. pumila. 
 
 Fagus feruginea. 
 
 Corylus Americana. 
 
 C. rostrata. 
 
 Carpinus Garoliniana. 
 
 Ostrya Virginica. 
 
 ORDER CVI. WAX-xMYRTLE FAMILY. MYRICACE^. 
 
 1. WAX MYRTLE; BAYBERRY. 
 
 2. DWARF MYRTLE. 
 
 3. SWEET FERN. 
 
 Myrica cerifera- 
 M. pumila. 
 Comptonia asplenifolia. 
 
 ORDER CVII. BIRCH FAMILY. BETULACE^. 
 
 1. RED BIRCH. 
 
 2. BLACK BIRCH. 
 
 3. ALDER. 
 
 Betula nigra. 
 
 B. lenta. ( Mountains.) 
 
 Alnus serrulata. 
 
 ORDER CVIII. WILLOW FAMILY. SALICACE^E. 
 
 1. SWAMP WILLOW. 
 
 2. GRAY WILLOW. 
 
 3. WEEPIxNG AVILLOW. 
 
 4. CAROLINA POPLAR. 
 
 5. COTTON TREE. 
 
 6. LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN. 
 
 7. LOMBARDY POPLAR. 
 
 Saliz nigra 
 
 S. tristis. (Mountains.) 
 
 S. Babylonica. (Naturalized.) 
 
 Populus angulata. 
 
 P. herterophylla. 
 
 P. grandidentata. 
 
 P. dilatata. (Naturalieed.) 
 
IvlL' XATIVK AXI1 XATrKAT.TZm IT. ANTS OV SCM'TU CAIUHIXA. 
 
 OKOl'K' (MX. riNK family: (H>N1K1:!Mv 
 
 1. rAHI.i: MOIN TAIN IMNi:. Pinus pungens. iMouutain.s.) 
 
 L'. .IKUSKY OK Si'KlB riNK. P. inops. 
 
 X SPIU'CK IMNK: WALTKK'S nXE P. glabra. 
 
 4. SllDirr-LKAK riXK: OLD FIKLP riNK. P. luitis. 
 
 ,-. VITCU IMNK. P. rigida. 
 
 t;. PONP riNK. r. serotina. 
 
 7. LOBLOLLY riNL; OI,l)-KI i;L1> riNL. P. Taeda. 
 
 s. LONG-LEAK PINK; VKLLOWriXE. P. aiistralis. 
 
 i). KLLIOTT'S PINK. P. Elliottii. 
 
 10. WIllTK riNE. P. stvobus. tMomitains.) 
 
 n. J^ALSAM KIH. Abies Fraseri. ^Mountains.) 
 
 12. RLAOK smU'iMv A. nigra. iMmintaius.) 
 
 i:^. WlIITK SPRUCE. A. alba. (Mountains. 
 
 11. 1IKML0CK8PRU0E. A. Canadensis. (Mountains). 
 l.">. KED CEDAR. Jnniperus Virginiana. 
 
 10. WHITE CE1>AR. Cypressus tliyoidcs. 
 
 17. CYPRKSS ; BALP CYPRESS. Taxodium distichum. 
 
 IS. ARIU)K \ ri\K.. Thuja occideutalis. 
 
 CLASS 11. 
 
 Plants with one seed \ci\( {cotyledon), i\s tho Cirassos.Sediios, Palms, etc., 
 havinii' stems composeil of cellular tissue, and scattered bundles of woody 
 tibre and vessels, without jn*oper pith ; bark in concentric layers, and in- 
 ereasinu in diameter by the deposition of new iibrous bundles. Leaves 
 mostly alternate, entire, and parallel-veined ; commonly sheathinj:; at 
 the base, not falling oiVby an articulation. Jfonocoli/tcdons or Krot/ens. 
 
 ORDER ex. PALM FAMILY. 1^VL^[.K. 
 
 1. PALMETTO: CAP.BAC.K PALMI-VITO. Sabal Palmetto. 
 
 •J. SAW PALINIETTO. S. serrulata. 
 
 :;. DW ARK PALM KTTO. S. Adansoni. 
 
 4 BLCK PALMETTO. Chamaerops hystrix. 
 
 ORDER CWL ARUM FAMILY. .VKACE.E. 
 
 1. INDIAN Tl'RNlP. Arisoema triphylliim. 
 
 2. DRAC.ON ROOT. A. Dracontiiim. 
 
 :\. ARROW ARUM. Peltandra Virginica, 
 
NATIVK ANI> N'ATri'wMJZKr) I'LANTH OF SOCTH TAHOLINA, 
 
 :U4 
 
 4. .SP()r>X FLOWKll. 
 
 O. (JOLDKN CJ.UJ}; WATKIJ F)Of K. 
 
 n. CALAMUK, 
 
 XanthoRoma sagittifolium. 
 Qrontium aquaticum. 
 Acorus CalamuH. 
 
 ORDER CXI I. 
 1. i>\:(:k-\\'vaa). 
 
 \)\'('K-\VKFA) FAMILY LEMNACEyE. 
 
 Lemna minor, and two other Hpc- 
 'ioH. Very Htnall a<juatif; plantH 
 floating in Htill water. 
 
 ORDER CXIII. CAT-TAIL FAMILY. TYrilACE.Tv 
 
 1. CAT-TAIL. 
 
 L'. BiJii Jii;i;i). 
 
 Typha latifolia. 
 Sparganium ramosum. 
 
 ORDER CXIV. I'OND WEED FAMILY. .\A I.\ DACE^E. 
 
 I. EELdliXHH; SKA WKVCK. 
 'J. DITCH GHA.S.S. 
 .'{. POND WEED. 
 
 Zostera marina. 
 Ruppia maritima. 
 Potamogeton pectinatus, and four 
 other BpecicH. 
 
 ORDER CXV. WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY. ALISMACE.E. 
 
 1. WATEIi PLANTAIN. 
 
 2. AKKOWGRASK. 
 
 3. ARROW LEAF. 
 
 Alisma Plantago. 
 Triglochin triandrum. 
 Sagittaria variabillis, and four 
 other HpecicH. 
 
 ORDER CXVL FROr;.SBIT FAMILY. H YDROCHARTDACEyE. 
 
 1. WATER WEED. 
 
 2. TAPE GRAS.S. 
 .3. FROG BIT. 
 
 Anacharifl Canadensis. 
 Valisneria spiralis. 
 Limnobium Spongia. 
 
 ORDER XOVII. ORO'IIIS FAMILY. ORriHDACE^. 
 
 1. add£:r'.s moctii. 
 
 '_'. TWINING liLVDK. 
 
 3. CORAL ROOT. 
 
 4. PL'TTY P.OOT. 
 
 Microstylis ophioglossoides. 
 Liparis liliifolia. 
 Corallorhiza odcntorhiza. 
 Aplectum Memale. 
 
:U4 
 
 XATIVK AN1> NATlUALIZEn TLANTS OV SOl'Tll CAKOI.INA. 
 
 .->. BEARl^ED riNK. 
 
 (i. CRANK-FLY ORCHIS. 
 
 7. TREK ORCHIS. 
 
 S. roc ONI A. 
 
 0. SHOWY ORCHIS. 
 10. YELLOW ORCMIIS. 
 n. GREEN ORCHIS. 
 IJ. YELLOW FRINGED ORCHIS. 
 L-?. WHITE FRINGED ORdllS. 
 14. CRESTED ORCHIS, 
 lo. RAGGED ORCHIS. 
 
 16. TWISTED ORCHIS: LADY'S TRESSES. 
 
 17. R ATTLESN A K E PL A NTA I N. 
 
 18. TURVYBLADE. 
 
 10. YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPERS. 
 20. PURPLE LADY'S SLIPPERS. 
 
 Calopogon pulchellus. 
 Tipularia discolor. 
 Epidendrum conopsexim. 
 Pogonia ophioglossoides. 
 
 til TOO otlicr s]>ooios. 
 Orchis spectabilis. 
 Platanthei'a flava. 
 p. bracteata. 
 P. ciliaris. 
 P. blephariglottis. 
 P. cristata. 
 P. lacera. 
 
 Spirantlies ceniua. 
 G-oodyera pubescens. 
 Listera austialis. 
 Cypripedium pubescens. 
 C. acaule. 
 
 ;iiul 
 
 ORDER CXVIII. CANNA FA^IILY. CANNACE.E. 
 
 1. INDIAN SHOT. 
 •2. CANNA. 
 
 Canna flaccida. 
 
 C. Indica. Partlv naturalized. 
 
 ORDER CXIX. AMARYLLIS FAMILY. A^LVRYLLTDACE.E. 
 
 1. ATAMASCO LILY'. 
 •J. SPIDER LILY. 
 
 Amaryllis Atamasco. 
 Paucratium rotatum. Ami throo 
 ' other sitiH'ies. 
 
 ;;. RAITLESNAKE'S MASTER-PIECE : FALSE 
 
 ALOE. Agave Virglnica. 
 
 4. AMERICAN ALOE. A.Americana. ^In oultivation) 
 
 5. YELLOW STAR GRASS. Hypoxis erecta. 
 
 ORDER CXX. BLOODAVORT FAMILY. ILEMODORAOE.E 
 
 1. RED ROOT Lacbnanthes tinctoria. 
 
 ■2. WHITE STAR GR.VSS ; COLIC-ROOT. Aletris farinosa. 
 
 :>. GOLDEN STAR GRASS. A. aurea. 
 
 ORDER CXXL PINEAITLE FAMILY.- RROMELIACE.E. 
 
 1. LONG MOSS. 
 
 2. BARTRAM'S MOSS. 
 
 Tilandsia iisneoides. 
 T.Bartramii- 
 
NATIVE AND NATURALIZED I'LANTK OF KOUTII CAROLINA. -j\-) 
 
 (JUJ;i:i: CXXII. IIUS FAMILY. \\1\\)\('KjE. 
 
 1, iiU'i: FLAO. Iris versicolor. 
 
 2. TITKKE-I'KTALLKD FLAG. I. tripetala. 
 :'>. CRFSTKH IKLS. I. cristata. 
 
 4. DWARF lUrs. I. verna. 
 
 5. BLUE-EYED GRASS; PEPPER GRASS. Sisyrinchiun Bermudianum. 
 
 ORDER CXXIII. YAM FAMILY. DIOSCOREACEiE. 
 
 1. \VIJ>I) YAM, Dioscorea villosa. 
 
 ORDER CXXIV. SMILAX FAMILY. SMILACE^E. 
 
 1. EVERGREEN SMILAX; (ULNA ROOT. Smilax Pseudo-Cliina. 
 
 2. SARSAI'ARILLA. S. glauca. 
 :;. RED-JiERKIED BAMBOO. S. Walteri. 
 4. LAUREL-LEAVED SMILAX. S. laurifolia. 
 
 r. CARRION FLO WFJl. Copro-smanthus herbaceus. 
 
 0. WAKKliORIN. Trillium sessile. 
 
 7. WILD I-i;i*I'ER. T. erythrocarpum. (In the moiiii- 
 
 taiiis.; 
 
 8. CUCUMBER lUJOT. Medeola Virginica. 
 
 ORDER CXXV. LILY FAMILY. LILIACEiE. 
 
 L TURK'S CAP LILY. Lilium superbum. (moiintains.) 
 
 2. CAROLINA LILY. L. Carolinianum. (Low Country.) 
 
 3. YELLOW LILY. L. Canadensis. (Mountains.) 
 
 4. ORAN(iE LILY. L. Philadelphicum. 
 
 .-). CATESBY'S LILY ; SOUTHERN LILY. L. Catesbaei. (Flat woo.l.s in low 
 
 <-oMiitry. ) 
 (;. SPANISH BAYONET. Yucca aloifolia. 
 
 7. BE.Mt (jIKASS. Y. fllamentosa, and two other 
 
 HI)OCi(!.S. 
 
 s. DOG'S TOOTH VIOLET; Y'ELLOW ADDER'S 
 
 TONGUE. Erythronium Americanum. 
 
 n. SOLO.MON'SSEAL. Polygonatum biflorum. 
 
 10. FALSE SPIKl'LN'ARD. Smilacina racemosa. 
 
 1 1 LILY OF THE VALLEY. Convalaria majalis. 
 
 r_'. WILD ONION. Allium mutabile.an.I two or threes 
 
 other Hi>e(ie.s. 
 
340) NATIVE AND NATURALIZED PLANTS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 ORDER CXXVI. COLCIIICUM FAMILY. MELANTHACE.E. 
 
 1. BEI-L-WORT. Uvailaria perfoliata, and three 
 
 other species. 
 
 2. BUNCH FLOWKR. Melanthium Virginicum. 
 
 3. BIG HELLEBORE; BEAR CORN. Veratrum viride. (.Mountuins.) 
 
 4. FLY POISON ; CROW POISON. Amianthium muscaetoxicum. 
 
 5. BLAZING STAR ; DEVIL'S BIT. Chamsslirium luteum. 
 (). FALSE ASPHODEL. Tofieldia glabra. 
 
 ORDER CXXVII. RUSH FAMILY. JUNCAOE.E. 
 
 L BIG RUSH. Juncus effassus, and twelve other 
 
 species. 
 
 ORDER CXXVIII. PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY. 
 
 PONTEDERACE.E. 
 1. PICKEREL WEED. Pontederia cordata. (Swamp.) 
 
 ORDER CXXtX. SPIDER-WORT FAMILY. COMMELYNACE.E. 
 
 1. DAY FLOWER. Commelyna communis, and two 
 
 other species. 
 
 2. SPIDER- WORT. Tradescantia Virginica. 
 
 3. ROSE SPIDER-WORT. T. rosea. 
 
 ORDER CXXX. YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 XYRIDACE.E. 
 
 1. YELLOW-EYED GRASS, Xyris brevifolia, and seven other 
 
 * species. 
 
 ORDER CXXXI. PIPE-WORT FAMILY. ERIOCAULONACEiE. 
 
 1 . PI TE- WORT FAMILY. Eriocaulon decangularie, and two 
 
 other species. 
 
 2. YELLOW PIPE- WORT. Paepalanthus flavidus. 
 
 3. HAIRY PIPE-WORT. Lachnocaulon Michauxii. 
 
NATIVE AND NATT'RAIJZED PLANTS OF SOUTH fAROLINA. 
 
 :M' 
 
 ORDKU CXXXir. SEIXiK P^VMILY. f'YPEI{A('E/E. 
 
 4. 
 5. 
 l>. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 '.). 
 1(1. 
 11. 
 12. 
 
 IS. 
 14. 
 IT). 
 ]('>. 
 
 17. 
 
 18. 
 
 r.». 
 
 20. 
 21. 
 22. 
 23, 
 
 .^trkjo.^k cyi'kru.s ; lulistlk-si'ik ki) 
 
 (;.\li.\(;aiJ':. 
 .w)1.\tki)cypkk1's. 
 ('().^[I'A(T-III•:AT)KI)^vI'!.:I;^s. 
 
 SUA I! I' (iK ASS 
 VKI.LOWCYPKKUS. 
 SI.KXDKK (;YI'P:RUS. 
 NlJT(aiASS. 
 GRASS NUT. 
 
 SIIKATHKI) DtirjCFIir.M. 
 DWARK KYiJ.I\(;iA. 
 
 r.Mi'.in;i.i.A (;rass. 
 
 SIMKK Rl'SlI. 
 
 SWORD GRASS. 
 WKAK-STALK SCIRI'CS. 
 LA RGi: MARSH SCIRI'US. 
 MARITIME SCIRPUS. 
 
 COTTON GRASS. 
 
 TICK-SEED GRASS ; BEAK RUSH 
 
 HORNED RUSH. 
 RALD RUSH. 
 SAW GRASS. 
 TWIG Rl'SH. 
 NUT RUSH. 
 
 L'4. TUSSOCK SEDGE. 
 
 Cyperus strigosus. 
 
 C. articulatus. 
 
 C. vegetus. 
 
 C. virens. 
 
 C. flavescens. 
 
 C. gracilis. 
 
 C. rotundus. 
 
 C. repen8,aii(l fifteen other Hpccics. 
 
 Dulichium spathaceum. 
 ' Kyllingia pumila. 
 
 Fuirena squarrosa. 
 
 Eleocharis equisetoides, and six- 
 fccn oIIht KjK^cie.s. 
 
 Scirpus pungens. 
 
 S. debilis. 
 
 S. lacustris. 
 
 S. maritimus, und four or live 
 oIIht species. 
 
 Eriophorum Virginicum. 
 
 Rhynchospora plumosa, and twcn- 
 ty other H|)erics. 
 
 Ceratoschoenus machrostachyus. 
 
 Psylocarya rhynchosporoides. 
 
 Cladium effusum. 
 
 C mariscoides. 
 
 Selena triglomerata, and four 
 other sjiecics. 
 
 Carex Stricta. (This very lar;.'e 
 genu.s of sedges, Carrx, containinj^ about seventy-live 
 species in the Southern States, is well represented in 
 South Carolina, but there are few that have attracted 
 attention enough to have acquired common names. 
 There are some fifty or sixty sjieuiew within the 
 limits of our State.) 
 
 ORDER CXXXIII. GRASS FAMILY. GRAMINEiE 
 
 1. RICE GRASS; FALSE GRASS. 
 
 2. CULTIVATED RICE. 
 
 Leerzia oryzoides, and two other 
 
 Kpe<'ies. 
 Oryza sativa. (The common rice 
 
 in cultivation.) 
 
lis 
 
 NATIVE AND NATURALIZED PLANTS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 3. WILD RICK ; INDIAN RICE. 
 
 4. WILD OATS. 
 
 5. FLOATING WILD RICE. 
 
 6. FLO ATI NO FOX-TAIL. 
 
 7. MEADOW F(^X-TAIL. 
 
 8. TIMOTHY; CAT'S-TAIL GRASS ; HERD'S 
 
 GRASS. 
 
 9. BEARD GRASS. 
 
 10. AVIRE GRASS; DROP-SEED GRASS. 
 
 11. BLACK SEED GRASS. 
 
 12. RUSH GRASS. 
 
 13. THIN GRASS. 
 
 14. HAIR GRASS. 
 
 14. BENT GRASS; HERD'S GRASS. 
 
 15. DELICATE ILVIRGRASS. 
 l(i. AVOOD REED GRASS 
 
 17. NIMBLE WILL; DROP-SEED GRASS. 
 
 18. HAIR GRASS. 
 
 H). KE1:D bent GRASS, 
 20. FEATHERGRASS. 
 2L WIRE GRASS. 
 
 22. POVERTY GRASS. 
 
 23. THREE-ARMED GRASS. 
 
 24. MARSH GRASS. 
 2.'). MARSH GRASS. 
 20. IMARSH GRASS. 
 
 27. FLAT GRASS 
 
 28. BERMUDA GRASS ; JOINT GRASS. 
 
 29. LEMON GRASS. 
 
 30. CROW-FOOT GRASS; EGYPTIAN GRASS. 
 
 31. GOOSE-FOOT GRASS. 
 
 32. SAND GRASS. 
 
 33. MELIC GRASS. 
 
 34. CANE; LARGE REED. 
 
 35. REED; DWARF CANE. 
 3G. SPIKE GRASS. 
 
 37. MAY GRASS; SPEAR GRASS. 
 
 37. BLUE GR.\SS; ME.\DOW GRASS. 
 
 38. BLUE GRASS. 
 
 80. ORCHARD GRASS. 
 40. ERAGROSTIS. 
 
 Zizania aquatica. 
 
 Z. miliacea. 
 
 Hydrocholoa Carolinensis. 
 
 Alopecurus geniculatus. 
 
 A. pratensis. 
 
 t 
 
 Phleum pratense. 
 
 Polypogon maritimus. (Soa coast.) 
 
 Sporobolus junceus. 
 
 S.Indicus. (('iiuim()iial)()ut lawns.) 
 
 Vilfa aspera. 
 
 Agrostis perennans. 
 
 A. scabra. 
 
 A. alba. 
 
 A. arachnoides. 
 
 Cinna arundinacea. 
 
 Muhlenbergia diffusa. 
 
 M. capilaris. 
 
 Calamagrostis coarctata. 
 
 Stipa avenacea. 
 
 Aristida stricta. 
 
 A. dichotoma. 
 
 A. purpurescens, and five other 
 
 species, all of which are known 
 
 as " Wire Grass." 
 Spartina juncea. ^ In the salt 
 S. polystachya. • marshes of 
 S. glabra. ) the coast. 
 
 Eustachys petrsea. ( >n the coast. 
 Cynodon dactylon. 
 Ctenium Americanum. 
 Dactyloctenium .Sgyptiacum. 
 Eleusine Indica. 
 Triplasis Americana. 
 Melica mutica. 
 Arundinaria gigantea. 
 A. tecta. 
 
 Brizopynim spicatum. 
 Poa annua. 
 
 P. pratensis. ") Both si)eciefi are 
 P. compressa. j called Blue Grass. 
 Dactylis glomerata. 
 Eragrostis. Nine sjiecies of this 
 
NATIVE AND NATURALIZKD PLANTS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 J40 
 
 41. FESCUE GKASS. 
 
 42. TALL FESCrK; :MEAr)OW FESCUE. 
 
 43. CHEAT: CHESS. 
 
 44. RESCUE GRASS. 
 
 45. J5EACH GRASS. 
 
 40. REED GRASS. 
 
 47. LYME GRASS; RYEGRASS. 
 
 47. BOTTLE IHiUSH. 
 
 48. DARNEL; RAY GRASS. 
 
 49. HAIR (HtASS. 
 
 50. WILH OAT GRASS. 
 
 Festuca Myurus. 
 F. elatior. Anrl four other sjiei-ies. 
 Bromus secalinus. A nd one otlier 
 sperics. 
 CeratocMoa breviaristata. Nat- 
 uralized. 
 Uniola paniculata. And two 
 
 other specitrjs. 
 Phragmites communis. 
 Elymus Virginicus. And one 
 
 other si)ecies. 
 Gymnostichium Hytrix. 
 Lolium Temulentum. 
 Aira flexuosa. 
 Danthonia spicata. 
 
 [Triticum vul<j;are, Wheat; Secale cereale, 
 sativa, Oals, are in common cultivation.] 
 
 Rye; Ilordeum vulgare, Barley; A vena 
 
 oL 
 r)2. 
 r,3. 
 r>4 
 oo, 
 .'>6. 
 ■j7. 
 58, 
 
 .50. 
 '10. 
 GL 
 02. 
 
 m. 
 
 G4. 
 6.5. 
 06. 
 
 67. 
 08. 
 09. 
 70. 
 7L 
 
 TALLOATGR.AS.S. 
 SWEET-SCENTED GRASS. 
 SOUTHERN CANARY GRASS. 
 VELVET GRASS. 
 FLOATING PASPALUM. 
 SHEATH KD PASPALUM. 
 TWIN SPIKED PASPALUM. 
 
 Arrhenatherum avenaceum. 
 Anthoxanthum odoratum. 
 Phalaris intermedia. 
 Holcus lanatus. 
 Paspalum fluitans. 
 P. Walteri. 
 P. Digitaria. 
 
 JOINT GRASS ; RICE-FIELD .lOINT GRASS. P. distichum. Tiiis urasH is some- 
 times confounued with Bermuda Grass, or hi^'iihmd.joint gra.s8, Cynodon, 
 Dactvlon. 
 
 EARLY PASPALU.M. 
 SMOOTH PASPALUM. 
 PURPLE PASPALUM. 
 li A I R Y-LE A V ED PA SPA LT ' M . 
 
 flori da paspalum. 
 crab-grass, 
 erect panicum. 
 guinea g p. ass. 
 
 texan milijot. 
 purple panicum. 
 gaping panicum. 
 compressi:d panicum. 
 sea-shore panicum. 
 
 P. praecox. 
 P. laeve. 
 p. undulatum. 
 p. ciliatifolum. 
 P. Floridanum. 
 Panicum sanguinale. 
 p. filiforme. 
 
 P. jumentorum. Introduced and 
 partly naturalized. 
 P. Texana. Partly naturalized. 
 P. gibbum. 
 p. bians. 
 P. anceps. 
 P. virgatum. 
 
350 
 
 NATIVE AND NATURALIZED PLANTS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 74. 
 75. 
 7(5. 
 77. 
 78. 
 79. 
 80. 
 81. 
 82. 
 83. 
 84. 
 
 BITTEK PANICUM. 
 LARGE WATER PANICUM. 
 HAIRY-STALKED PANICUM. 
 NARROW-LEAVED PANICUM. 
 BROAD-LEAVED PANICUM. 
 LARGE-SEEDED PANICUM. 
 FEW-FLOWERED PANICUM. 
 VISCID PANICUM. 
 ROUGH-STEM PANICUM. 
 MANY-BRANCHED PANICUM. 
 COCK'S-FOOT GRASS. 
 SOFT PANICUM. 
 CREEPING PANICUM. 
 
 "enus uinoiif' the Gra-sses. 
 
 P. amarum. 
 P. geniculatum. 
 p. capillare. 
 P. angaustifolium. 
 P. latifolium. 
 P. scoparium. 
 P. pauciflorum. 
 P. viscidum. 
 P. scabriusculum. 
 P. dichotomum. 
 P. Crus-Galli. 
 P. molle. 
 
 P. hirtellum. This is the largest 
 There are some omitted from this list, as 
 
 85. 
 SO. 
 
 87. 
 88. 
 89. 
 90. 
 
 they have not received common name.-!. M.)st of the common names 
 above (of Pasi)ahim and Panicnm) have l)een taken from Elliott's 
 Sketches. 
 
 FOX-TAIL. Setaria glauca. 
 
 ITALIAN MILLET. S. Italica. A Ion- the coast natu- 
 
 ralized. 
 
 SAND SPUR. Cenchrus tribuloides. 
 
 COCK'S SPUR. C. echinatus. 
 
 GAMA GRASS. Tripsacum dactyloides. 
 
 BROOM GRASS. Andropogon scoparius. And five 
 
 or six other species, nearly all of which arc callcil '" Broom Grass " 
 
 91. FOX-TAIL. 
 
 02. INDIAN GRASS. 
 
 93. WOOD GRASS. 
 
 94. MEANS' GRASS ; JOHNSTON'S GRASS 
 
 CUBA GRASS : COCO GRASS. 
 
 Erianthus alopecuroides. And 
 one other species. 
 Sorghum avenaceum. 
 S. nutans. 
 
 S. Halapense. Naturalized. 
 
 [Of the Sorghum in cultivation there are the Dtirrah Corn (S. Vulgare), the Broom 
 Corn and Sircct Sor(jln(m [S. saccharatum) and the Guinea Corn (S. cernuum). 
 
 SERIES 11. CRYPTOGAMS, OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 
 
 Vegetables destitute of proper flowers, and producing, in place of seeds, 
 minute homogenous bodies (spores) containing no embryo. 
 
NATIVE AND NATURALIZED PLANTS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 351 
 
 CLASS III. ACROGENS. 
 
 Plants with a distinct stem, growing from the apex only, containing 
 woody fibre and vessels. 
 
 ORDER CXXXIV. HORSE-TAIL FAMILY. EQUISETACE^. 
 1. SCOURING RUSH ; HORSE-TAIL. Equisetum Iffivigatum. 
 
 ORDER CXXXV. FERNS. FILTCES. 
 
 1. POLYPOD. 
 
 2. HOARY POLYPOD. 
 
 3. BRAKE. 
 
 4. DWARF BRAKE 
 
 5. LIP FERN. 
 
 6. MAIDEN HAIR; HaIR FEKX. 
 
 7. woodwardta. 
 
 8. WALKING LEAF. 
 
 9. SPLEEN WORT. 
 
 10. EBONY SPLEEN WORT. 
 
 n. BLADDER FERN. 
 
 12. WOOD FERN. 
 
 13. SHIELD FERN. 
 
 14. SENSITIVE FERN. 
 
 15. CLIMBING FERN. 
 10. POWERING FERN. 
 
 17. :\IOON WORT. 
 
 18. ADDER'S TONGUE 
 
 Polypodium vulgare. 
 
 P. incanum.aml one other species. 
 
 Pteris aquilina. 
 
 P. Cretica. 
 
 Cheilanthes vestita. 
 
 Adiantum pedatum. 
 
 . Two si)ecies. 
 
 Camptosorus rhizophyllus. In 
 
 the mountains. 
 
 Asplennium pinnatifidum. In the 
 
 mountains. 
 
 A. ebeneum. And two or tliree 
 
 other species. 
 Cystopteris fragilis. 
 Aspidium Thelypteris. 
 A. Novseboracense. And two 
 
 other species. 
 Onoclea sensibilis. 
 Lygodium palmatum. 
 Osmunda regalis. And two other 
 species. 
 Botrychium Virginicum. And 
 one otlier species. 
 Ophioglossum vulgatum. 
 
 ORDER CXXXVI. CLUB-MOSS FAMILY. LYCOPIACEiE. 
 
 1. CLUB-MOSS. 
 
 2. CAROLINA CLUB-MOSS. 
 
 3. GROUND PINE. 
 
 Lycopodium clavatum. 
 L. Caroliannum. 
 L. dendrodeum. 
 
3o2 XATIVK AXn NATURAT.TZKD ^LA^•T^J OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 4. CRKKriXci CLUB-MOSS. L. alopecuroides. 
 
 5. SELAGIXKLLA. . Two species. 
 
 6. PSILOTUM TRIQUETRUM. 
 
 ORDER CXXXVII. WATER-FERN FAMILY. HYDROPLERIDES. 
 
 L FLO.VTIXG AZOLLA. AzoUa Caroliniana. In still 
 
 water. 
 
 CLASS IV. ANOPIIITES, OR ACROGENS. 
 
 Cryptoganunis acrogenoiis plants, growing- nitwanls by an axis or stem, 
 and usnally furnished with distinct leaves (sometimes the stem and 
 foliage eontluent into a frond) composed of cellular tissue alone. 
 
 ORDER OXXXMII. MOSSES. MUSCI. 
 
 These small and ineonspioiions plants have attraeted so little of general attention 
 that seureely any of them have received eommon or pojnilar names. It is only of late 
 years that they have claimed the attention and study of Ivitanists in our country. 
 The eliler American botanists coniined themselves mostly to the larger and more con- 
 spicuous liowering plants; and thus it is that there are many new species continually 
 being discovered. 
 
 The same may be said of all the other lower Cryptogams, the IIei>atii's, the Lichens, 
 the Fungi, and the Algtv. 
 
 A n^ere list of scientific names of species of all these Cryptogams, besides occupying 
 more space than can be spared, would be of little interest, except to botanists I will, 
 therefore, give an enumeration only, — and say that in my own herbarium there are 
 about 127 species of Musci I'oUected within the limits of the State. 
 
 ORDER CXXXIX. LIVER AVORTS. HEPATIC.E. 
 
 Of this order I have in my herbarium sixty-live species collected in this State. 
 
 CLASS V. THALLOPHITES, OR THALLOGENS. 
 
 Flowerless plants of the lowest grade, entirely composed of cellular 
 tissue, with no distinction of stem, root, and leaves ; not growing by 
 buds, nor furnished with reproductive organs analagous to llowers ; some 
 
NATIVE AND NATURALIZED PLANTS OF HOT^TII CAHOLINA. 353 
 
 of tli(3 lowest forms remarkable for the spontaneous movements they 
 exhibit. 
 
 ORDER CXL. JJCHEN8. LICIIEXES. 
 
 Perennial plants spreaflin^ in the form of a lobo.l-thalliis over trees, or upon rockK, 
 or on the groun'l. Some of them contain niitritionH qiialitierf, an«J are nncd in the arts 
 and in medicine. The Iceland Moss of the driijruiHts Khoj)H (Cetraria Iwlandica) con- 
 tains eighty per cent, of gelatinous nutritious substance. TIte Tripe de Jioche (Uovk 
 Tripe) is a species of Umbilicaria, and the Kein-dcer Moss is a Cladonia. Some of tJiem 
 yield important coloring? matters, and are employed in the arts, 
 
 I have in my herbarium 2oS species, collected in this State. 
 
 ORDER CXLI. SEA WEEDS. AUiJE. 
 
 Leafless plants with no distinct axis, growing in water (fresh or salt water) and rarely 
 on trees, consisting either of simi>le vescides or of articulated filaments, or of lf»bed 
 fronds. Many of the marine sea weeds have useful pr^tperties. The "Irish Moss" 
 (Chondrus crispus) of the shops is used for its gelatine in making blantM.iange- 
 Many other species have similar qualities, and the famous edible "Swallow's-nests " 
 of the Chinese is composed of a species of Alga. 
 
 Of the Algfe found in our State, Prof. Harvey, in his " Nereis Boreal i-Americana," 
 gives twenty-eight marine species found in Charleston harbor. Thene added to my 
 own cftUection, amounting to 140 si)ecies (composed altogether of tlio.-it; inhabiting 
 fresh water, trees, &c.j, will give a total for tlie State of 168 species. 
 
 ORDER CXLII. THE MUSHROOM FAMILY. FUXGI. 
 
 Plants growing on dead or dying matter, — sometimes on living plants, — often on the 
 ground, deriving nutriment mostly from the substance on which they grow. Fruit 
 various in external character. Spores either naked or contained in utricles (Asci) an<l 
 then called Sporidia, — mostly producing a mass of threads or cells (Mycelium) from 
 which the plant grows*. 
 
 This is an immense Order, counting by the thousands ; but a small proportion of 
 which have attracted popular attention — and we cannot pretend to do more than 
 merely to indicate a few of the more prominent and conspicuous forms which affect 
 us, either for their benefits or for the evil they entail. 
 
 They comprise a great variety of external form and size, from tlie larger Mushrooms 
 which we see on the ground and on trees, to the minute species which infest the 
 leaves of plants, and are scarcely visible to the naked eye. 
 
 If the annual lo.ss on our cultivated crops by insect depredation is estimated at mil- 
 lions of dollars, no less do the minute fungi do their part to the same effect, in the 
 form of rust, smut, mildew, and mould. Most growing plants — crop plants — are more 
 or less infested by these microscopic organisms, wldch injure them to some extent, and 
 frequently destroy vitality. It is only of late years that much attention has been 
 drawn to them. In fact, it is only through the superior microscopes, so much improved 
 of late, that we can form any idea of their structure and organization —and thus pro- 
 ceed in a proper manner towards their treatment. Their structure, habit» and mode 
 23 
 
354 
 
 NATIVE AND NATURALIZED PLANTS OF s^n'TlI (WROLINA, 
 
 of l^^op;l,s:ation must be investigatod ami uiulorstocHl, before any le-xitiniate nuxle of 
 treatment ean be devised. But in order to do tins, we have first to eolleet, classify and 
 arransze them in some intelliiiible order, and to jiive them names, so they may bo 
 known, and so that scientists, in describing them, may Ivnow what they are talking 
 about. The tirst pioneer work therefore is to make collections, and then classify and 
 arranire them by some definite method for future use. To thoughtless iH-rsons it may 
 seem useless to devote attention to such small objei-ts, and even frivolous to occupy 
 one.>ieir with such matters, but the day for such comments is passing away. As we 
 learn more and more of the works of the Creator, we see that "small and great" are 
 only terms of our own. They have no j>lace in the vocabulary of nature. In fact it 
 is by the examination and study of these simplest forms of life, that we are enabled 
 to learn more of the higher and more complete forms. They assail us directly at all 
 points. Their minute ami invisible spores are everywhere present — in the air we 
 breathe and in the water we <lrink. Diseases, injurious to animal as well as vegetable 
 life, owe their origin to them and their destructive agency, — and demand our attention. 
 It is to these simplest forms of the animal and vegetable kingdom, as easiest of com- 
 prehension, that the most profound i>hiKisophers of our day arc turning their inquiries 
 anil studies in their search after the origin of life. 
 
 Every one is familiar with the ordinary Mushrooms which we see springing up about 
 the woods, or on the roadways, and in tields and gardens— how numerous they are — 
 and how they vary in color, and size. These are the Agarics. They constitute a very 
 large genus of fungi, and to tlieni belongs the famous edible Mushroom, and many 
 otbei-s which are not only wholesome food, but even sought after as delicacies. They 
 are the most highly organized group of the order There are doubtless many un- 
 wholesome, and some very iH)isonous, members of this genus, but probably the nnich 
 lai-gest portion are either innocuous or wholesome. The late Dr. Curtis, of North Car- 
 olina, who paid sj>ecial attention to tliis branch of bi>tany, proved by personal experi- 
 ment, the wholesome properties of over one hundred different species. In Europe, 
 where population is more dense, large quantities are consumed. In our newer country, 
 where the means of living is easier, Me hear less of them, because other food is more 
 abundant. 
 
 I will now proceed to note a few of the most ju-ominent and well known species (in 
 accordance with the arrangement in the previous part of this paper) and then give an 
 enumeration of the whole number of fungi found in our State. 
 
 1. IMPERIAL MTSHKOO-M. 
 
 2. FLY-AGARIC. 
 
 3. HALLIMASCHE. 
 
 4. CLUSTERED AGARIC. 
 
 6. PARASOL MUSHROOM. 
 
 0. LONG-ROOTED :MUSHR00M. 
 
 7. OYSTER MUSHROOM. 
 
 Agaricus Csesareus. Edible; in 
 
 woods. 
 A. muscarius. Poisonous ; in 
 
 woods. 
 
 A. melleus. Edible ; in clusters on 
 
 rotten stumps- 
 
 A. caespitosus. Very similar to 
 
 the last. 
 
 A. procerus. In lawns and woods ; 
 
 edible. 
 A. radicatus. Edible ; in woods. 
 A. ostreatus. Edible ; on dead 
 
 trunks. 
 
NATIVE AND NATURALIZED PLANTS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 8. COMMON MUSH ROOM. A. campestrifl. TImh ih uIho tlio 
 
 fatnous eatable inuHliroorn of I-liiroiie, iiml cullivaleil for market in larj^e 
 quantitieH. 
 !». I'KA(TI-S(;i:nti:I) MI'SHKOOM. a. amygdalinus. Fully an good 
 
 aH tlie laHt 
 10. riKLD MUSHROOM, A. arvensis. Also very good. 
 
 [The Agarics constitute one of the largeHt genera anion;: fun;.'!. We have colIecte<l 
 
 and note<l about didercnt HpecicH growing in this State, of wliidi a large portion 
 
 are edible. 
 
 11. LA CIIANTARELLE. 
 
 IL'. 1)IL\-IH)T 
 
 ].•{. FAIRY-RING MUSHROOM. 
 
 14. bkef-stkak mi'shroom. 
 1.'). .'mi;1)Csa-hi:ad mcshuoom. 
 
 ](i. CLAVAHIA. 
 
 Cantharellus cibarius. ICdible ; 
 
 in woods, 
 
 Merulius lacrymans. in cellars 
 
 anil (lainj) wood. 
 
 Marasmius oreades In woo<l.s ; 
 
 edible. 
 
 Fistulina hepatica. JCdible ; on 
 
 trees. 
 
 Hydnum Caput - Medusae. On 
 
 trunks. 
 
 . Most of the 
 
 17. .IKWS-KAR. 
 
 18. STINK -HORN; DFA'IL'S BREATH 
 
 19 PUFF BALL; r:(iG MUSHROOM. 
 
 20. EARTH-STAR. 
 
 21. HYDROMETER. 
 
 22. CU.STARD MUSHROOM 
 
 23. LITTLE-NEST. 
 
 24. RUST. 
 
 25. CEDAR BALLS 
 20. RED Rl'ST. 
 
 27. SMUT. 
 
 28. CORNSML'T. 
 
 20. CLUSTER CUPS. 
 
 <"lavariaK are erlible. 
 Herniola auricula-Juda. On logs. 
 Phallus rubicundus. In lieMsand 
 roa'lsifle. 
 Lycoperdon BovLsta. Very g<>< d. 
 There are also several other smaller species equally good. 
 Geaster fomicatus. 
 G. hygrometricus. 
 ♦ .^thalium septicum. On logs; 
 not eatable. 
 Nidularia pulvinata. 
 Puccinia graminis. Common on 
 grasses. 
 Podisoma macropus. On Cedar 
 
 trees. 
 
 Uredorubigo. Common on grasses 
 
 and cereals. 
 
 Ustilago Segetum. On oats, &c. 
 
 U. Zeae. <'n In<liancorn,<lestroy- 
 
 jng the ear. 
 
 JEcidium. There are large num- 
 
 Ijers of species, growing on various 
 
 plants. 
 
350 NATIVE AND NATURALIZED PLANTS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 30. HORNED CLUSTER CUP. Rcestelia. Many species of this 
 
 alsi>, mostly on the Apple family. 
 
 'M. I>LACK -SEED GRASS SMUT. Helminthosporium Ravenelii. 
 
 A'ery common on Black-seed 
 grass (Sporoholus Indicns), and 
 destroys the seed. 
 
 32. MOUELLE. Morchellaesculenta. Good, edible. 
 
 33. E.\1\T1I TONGUE. Geoglossuni hirsutum. In woods. 
 
 near rotten logs. 
 
 34. PLUM DISEASE. Sphaeria morbosa. Attacking the 
 
 living branches. 
 36. TUCKAHOE; INDIAN POTATOE. Pachyma cocos. 
 
 30. MOULDS. Various species of Mucor, Pennicilium, &C. 
 
 [Note. — In the above " List of the more Common Native and Xaturalized Plants of South 
 CaroUua," I have only noted : 
 
 1st. Such P/i.rH<;o?«o».< plants as were most common and well known, and had 
 received popular names. To have given the botanical names of all others would have 
 exceeded the limits to which this paper is restricted. In the recapitulation, at the 
 end, I will state the whole number found within the limits of our State, including 
 those above-mentioned. 
 
 2d. Of Cy>/ptogamous plants, there are but very few that have received popular 
 names, and to these few I have alluded ; and for the same reason as stated above, I 
 have omitted the others, but I will also give, in the recapitulation, the whole number 
 found thus far in our State. I am not aware that any other botanists have ever made 
 any collections of the lower Cryptogams within our State, except the late Dr. Curtis 
 (who resided a few years at Society Hill) and myself, nor have any catalogues ever 
 been published Not having access to Dr. Curtis' collections to ascertain his species, I 
 am compelled to consult only my own Herbarium. In stating the number, therefore, 
 it must be borne in mind that these are only what I have myself collected in this 
 State.] 
 
NATIVE AND NATURALIZED PLANTS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 357 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 FLOWERING PLANTS— ExogenH, about 1,310 Species. 
 
 Endogens, about .500 
 
 1,810 
 
 FLOWERLESS PLANTS— Fil ices, about 30 
 
 EfjuiBC'tacea; 1 
 
 LycopodiaccfC 
 
 Hydropteri<le8 1 
 
 Characea; 3 
 
 Musci, about 127 
 
 Hejjatiae, about (w 
 
 Lichenes, about 258 
 
 Algiii, about 108 
 
 Fungi, aliout 1,020 
 
 2,582 
 
 Total species found in the State 4^92 
 
358 
 
 NATIVE AND NATURALIZED PLANTS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 LIST OF BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, CATALOGUES AND 
 CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCIENTIFIC MAGAZINES. 
 
 RELATING TO THE BOTANY OF THIS STATE. 
 
 Flora Caroliniana, Thomas Walter; 1 
 Vol. London, 1787, 
 
 Flora Carolin.eensis, J. L. E. Sheciit ; 1 
 Vol. Charleston, 1800. 
 
 Carolina Florist, by John Drayton; 1 
 Vol., 1807. MSS. in library of State Uni- 
 versity, Columbia, S. C. 
 
 Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina 
 AND Georgia, Stephen Elliott ; 2 Vols. 
 Charleston, 1817-1824. 
 
 Catalogue of Pii.enogamous Plants and 
 Ferns, Native or Naturalized, found 
 growing in the Vicinity of Charles- 
 ton, John Bachman. 1834. 
 
 Catalogue of the Plants op Columbia 
 AND ITS Vicinity, Lewis R. Gibbes. 
 1835. 
 
 A Medico-Botanical Catalogue of the 
 Plants and Ferns of St. John's Berke- 
 ley, F. Peyre Porcher. 1847. 
 
 Catalogue of the Natural Orders of 
 Plants in the Vicinity of the Santee 
 Canal, as Represented by Genera 
 AND Species, H. W. Ravenel ; Proc. 
 Am. Ass. Adv. Science, Vol. III. 1850. 
 
 Flora of the Lower Country of South 
 Carolina, Wm. Wragg Smith ; Proc. 
 Ell. Soc. 1859. 
 
 Notice of Some New and Rare Plants 
 found in this State, H. W. Ravenel ; 
 Proc. Ell. Soc. 1856. 
 
 Description op a New Species of Baptisia 
 (with plate), H. W. Ravenel; Proc. 
 Ell. Soc 1856. 
 
 Some Rare Southern Plants, H. W. 
 Ravenel; Bulletin Torrey Bot. Club, 
 New York, 1876. 
 
 Description of Species of Fungi found 
 near Charleston, S. C, M. Bosc. 
 French Consul, in Berlin Magazine, 
 1811. 
 
 Contributions to the Cryptogamic Botany 
 of South Carolina, H. W. Ravenel ; 
 Southern Medical Journal. 
 
 Fungi Caroliniani Exsiccati, H. W. Rav- 
 enel ; Charleston, 5 Vols. 1852-1860. 
 
 Fungi Americani, H. W. Ravenel ; Lon- 
 don, 8 Vols. 1878-1882. 
 
 Enumeration and Description of South 
 Carolina Fungi, M. C. Cooke-Grevillea. 
 London, 1878. 
 
 Thirty New Species of American Fungi, 
 Baron de Thuemen. Vienna, 1878. 
 
 Species op American Hyphomycetes, 
 Baron de Thuemen. Vienna, 1879. 
 
 Notes ON THE Marine Alg.e of S. C. and 
 Florida, J. Cosmo Melvil, inTrimens' 
 Journal of Botany, Vol. IV. Lon- 
 don. 
 
NATIVE AND NATURALIZED PLANTS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 359 
 
 PUBLICATIONS OF A MORE GENERAL CHARACTER, IN WHICH THE 
 BOTANY "OF THE STATE IS ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 Flora. Boreali-Americana, Andre Mi- 1 North American Fcngi, M. J. Berkley, 
 chanx. 1796. Grevillea, London, 1873-1874. 
 
 Flora of North America, Frederick Pursh. ^ The Erysiphei of the United State.s, C. 
 1814. I E. Bessy. 1877. 
 
 Sylva Americana, or Forest Tree.s of , The Valsaei of North America, M. C. 
 North America, F. A. Miohaux. 1804.) Cooke. Proc. Ai-. Nat. Sci. P/(o., 1877. 
 
 North Asierican Flora, Torrey and Gray. The Hypo-mycetous Fingi of the Li^nited 
 1838-1840. ! Stater, M. C. Cooke. 1877. 
 
 Southern IIotany, Darby. 1 Vol | Synopsis of the Discomycetous Fungi of 
 
 ^ c TT o * ixr ' T"'' United States, M. C. Cooke. 
 
 Flora of Southern United States, A. AV. -r,,,, T,,.fl•^, c -v <. o • ,o-- 
 
 r,, ,o/./A ,-.-1 I Bull, buttalo Soc. ^at. Science, 187o. 
 
 Chapman. 18G0. 1 A oL I 
 
 Resources of the Southern Fields and 
 Forests, F. Pevre Porcher. 1809. 1 
 Vol. 
 
 The Myxomycetes of the United States, 
 M. C. Cooke. Annals of Lyceum of 
 Nat. Hist., New York. 
 
 .., „ . IT- TT TT Species of Lycopkrdon in United States. 
 
 Nereis BoREALi Americani, \\ . H. Harvey. /n lt tj i « lu t .• 
 
 QV.i. ^.v.w,...„;„., T,Uw...;.„ i«rl I <-l'.H. Peck. Albany Institute, 187;.. 
 
 Musci Borealt-Americani, Sullivant i*c 
 Lesquereux. 1856. 
 
 3 Vols. Smithsonian Institution. 1857. 
 
 Prodromus of a Study of North American 
 Fresh Water Alg.k, H. C. Wood. 1869. 
 
 Contributions to the History op the 
 
 The Mosses and Hepatics of U. S., East 
 
 TT ,Tr » V t I ^^ ™^ Mississippi, W. S. Sullivant 
 
 Fresh Water A lg.e of North America, -.Q-p 
 
 H. C. Wood. Smithsonian Institution, 
 
 1873. 1 Vol. I Iconics Muscorum, W. S. Sullivant. lS(i4. 
 
 1 Vol., with plates. 
 
 Species of Fresh Water Alg.e, Francis 
 WoUc. Bull. Tor. Bot Club. New 
 York. 
 
 Synopsis Fungorum Carolin.f,, L. de 
 Schweinitz. Leipsick, 1822. 1 Vol. 
 
 Synopsis Fuxgorum in Boreali-America, 
 L. de Schweinitz. Philadelphia, 1831. 
 1 Vol. 
 
 Musci Appal.vchi.vni, C. F. Austin. 1870. 
 
 Hepatic.e Boreali-American.e, C. F. Aus- 
 tin. 1873. 
 
 Description op Mosses and Hepatics, C. F. 
 Austin. Bull. Tor. Bot. Club. 
 
 Genera Lichenum, or an Arrangement 
 of the North American Lichens, Ed. 
 Introduction TO Cryptogamic Botany, M. -Tuckerman. 1 Vol. 1872. 
 J. Berkley. London, 1857. 1 Vol. 
 
 I A List of North American Lichens, H. 
 
 Contributions to the Mycology of North Willey. 1873. 
 
 America, Berkley & Curtis Silliman's 
 Journal, 1848. 
 
 Observations on North American Lichens. 
 Ed. Tuckerman. 
 
 Contributions to the Mycology of North Synopsis op North American Lichens, Ed 
 
 America, Berkley & Curtis. Hooke's 
 London Journal of Botany 
 
 Tuckerman. Part I. 1882. 
 
 i Botany of North Carolina (in connection 
 MYCoeRAPHiA,sEU IcoNes Fungorum, M.C.! with the Geological Survey of the 
 Cooke. 1875-1879. Six Parts. | State), M. A. Curtis. 1867. 
 
TAiilJ'l 1. — Ahxlidcl of Mrl(()r<)l()<p('(d Ohsrrmfio'nH in South C^irolin'i, Itn-ordcd 
 
 Ykau 1752 
 
 1763 
 
 1 Annual Mkan. 
 
 2; Hi^lioHt ' I 
 
 3( fiOWOHt ' ' 
 
 I I i 
 
 4,WiN'rKK Mean. 58i 58 
 
 1764 
 
 6 nighc'Ht. 
 
 Lf>weMt. 
 
 SuMMKK MkanJ 70 76 
 
 60 
 
 FiO\V<'Ht.. 
 
 101 
 4'.i 
 
 01 
 42 
 
 1766 
 
 63 
 
 176(5 
 
 1767 
 
 50 
 
 96 
 46 
 
 67 
 
 1768 1769 
 
 63 
 
 17»1 
 
 1702 
 
 53 
 
 90 93 
 28 30 
 
 Annual Total. 40.49 40.93| 
 
 H|.iin<,' I.9f;! 2.59 
 
 Hiiiniiicr I0.7(» 18.87 
 
 Aiitiimii ' 27.10; 17,41 
 
 Winter (\A1\ 6.06 
 
 37.64 
 
 44.14 
 
 33.76 
 
 40.17 
 
 31.95 
 
 3.50 
 
 7.13 
 
 8.93 
 
 8.47 
 
 2.481 
 
 11.71 
 
 16.92 
 
 8.21 
 
 18.31 
 
 10,92 
 
 13,88 
 
 13,21 
 
 10.07 
 
 11.31 
 
 12.92 
 
 8.56 
 
 7.88 
 
 6.56 
 
 2,01 
 
 6.63 
 
 93 
 66 
 
 34.61 
 
 0.49 
 
 8.74 
 
 16.16 
 
 3.73 
 
 15,A,nni;ai, Mkan.I 
 
 10 lli<.'ll<!Ht I 
 
 i I 
 
 17 I>owc'Ht 
 
 18 Promt- Ii^arliest 
 
 19 LatcHt..! 
 
 Pit'vailiiii^ WiiifJ 
 
 No. of DayH rain \\i\\ ..•. 
 
 1798 
 
 30' 
 
TABLE 1-Ah4rad of Meteorological Observations in South Carolina, Recorded ^V ^''- -^^o««^ Chalmers, from 175S to 1759; by John Drayton, from 1791 to 1801; in% Tuomey's Geological Reports of South Carolina from 1816 to ISAG ■ in Oillria! Pw,„.„ . „/■ r/ , / , n; r. ■ , 
 
 from 1866 to 1872; in Office of Vniied States Signal Service Bureau, from 1873 to 1880. ' "' " ^"•'^'^■''■'"■•'' 
 
 
 YniE 
 
 1752 
 
 1753 
 
 1754 
 
 1755 
 
 1756 
 
 1757 
 
 1758 
 
 1759 
 
 1791 
 
 1792 
 
 1793 
 
 . 1794 
 
 1795 
 
 1796 
 
 1797 
 
 1798 
 
 1799 
 
 1800 
 
 1801 
 
 1816 
 
 1817 
 
 1S18 
 
 1819 1820 
 
 1823 
 
 1824 1825 
 
 1827 
 
 1829 183( 
 
 1835 1842 1843 1844 1845 
 
 1846 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 1868 
 
 1869 
 
 1870 
 
 1871 
 
 
 
 1 """':" 
 
 -^- 
 
 -^ 
 
 r 
 
 1 " 
 
 T" 
 
 1' 
 
 1 
 
 , 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 lb/» iS/o 1 1870 1 1877 j ISTS 1 1S7U 1 1880 Imhans. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 65 
 
 64 
 
 67 
 
 67 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 64 
 94 
 20 
 54 
 
 63 
 90 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6i 
 
 9£ 
 If 
 54 
 
 66 6i 
 96 9C 
 29 2! 
 58 5f 
 
 m ut 
 
 97 IOC 
 23 30 
 
 67 67 6 
 
 97 104 lot 
 25 23 18 
 00 51 50 
 
 05 
 
 ~ — 
 
 
 2, Highest 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 28 
 
 93 
 30 
 
 89 
 30 
 
 91 
 34 
 
 92 
 29 
 
 89 
 17 
 
 88 
 22 
 
 . 
 
 88 
 31 
 
 
 
 
 89 
 19 
 
 91 
 
 24 
 
 94 
 28 
 
 89 
 16 
 
 100 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ijWiNTER Mean. 
 
 j Highest 
 
 Lowest 
 
 1 Summer Mean. 
 
 .58 
 
 58 
 
 60 
 
 53 
 
 56 
 
 57 
 
 53 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 84 
 20 
 
 74 
 
 90 
 41 
 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 54 
 
 56 
 
 54 
 
 58 
 
 51 
 
 54 
 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 83 
 IS 
 
 7(1 
 
 82 
 28 
 75 
 
 86 
 22 
 75 
 
 80 
 27 
 73 
 
 84 
 26 
 74 
 
 79 
 2.5 
 76 
 
 84 
 29 
 76 
 
 81 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 8 6 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 74 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 73 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 78 
 
 74 
 
 78 
 
 
 » 
 
 75 
 
 79.9 
 
 75.8 
 
 77 
 
 70 
 
 77 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 8 Higliest 
 
 9 Lowest 
 
 101 
 49 
 
 01 
 
 91 
 42 
 
 90 
 46 
 
 DO 
 46 
 
 90 
 45 
 
 94 
 35 
 
 93 
 55 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 8 
 9 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 Annual Total. 
 
 46.49 
 1.9G 
 10.70 
 27. IC 
 r..47 
 
 40.93 
 2.59 
 18.87 
 17.41 
 5.00 
 
 37.64 
 3.50 
 11.71 
 
 13.88 
 8.55 
 
 44.14 
 7.13 
 15.92 
 13.21 
 7.88 
 
 33.76 
 8.93 
 8.21 
 
 10.07 
 6.55 
 
 40.17 
 8.47 
 18.31 
 11.31 
 2.01 
 
 31.95 
 
 2.48 
 10.92 
 12.92 
 
 5.63 
 
 34.51 
 0.49 
 8.74 
 
 16.15 
 3.73 
 
 
 ...... 
 
 
 
 71. 
 
 58. 
 
 55. 
 
 48. 
 
 75 
 
 51. 
 
 42. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 36.5 
 
 48.6 
 
 36. 
 
 46.5 
 9.44 
 19.13 
 8.40 
 8.47 
 
 36.69 
 
 36.64 
 
 G.15 
 14.16 
 11.84 
 
 4.4j 
 
 61.00 
 11.27 
 22..31 
 20.09 
 7.39 
 
 01.22 
 
 12.35 
 19.70 
 15.84 
 13.23 
 
 43.04 
 
 9.37 
 9.88 
 9.81 
 13 97 
 
 48.27 
 11.28 
 13.49 
 10.92 
 12.59 
 
 50.88 
 12.41 
 
 7.74 
 24.23 
 
 6.49 
 
 43.51 
 12.13 
 
 9.22 
 14.73 
 
 7.43 
 
 61.96 
 9.09 
 20.20 
 15.30 
 11.34 
 
 C2.d 
 
 u.a 
 
 23. 
 
 10,02 
 
 17.4 
 
 50.97 
 19.44 
 6.U 
 11.46 
 13.30 
 
 78,4 
 11.24 
 31.34 
 20.91 
 8.91 
 
 80.090 
 30.050 
 
 80.14 
 20,57 
 22.73 
 19.19 
 11.65 
 
 80.090 
 30.534 
 29.207 
 INovS 
 
 77.11 
 17.34 
 28.20 
 15.44 
 ■10.30 
 
 80.057 
 10.314 
 29.442 
 9Nov 
 OFeb 
 
 mi. 
 
 11.09 
 15.50 
 10,34 
 7.30 
 
 30.100 
 30.009 
 29.382 
 JlNov 
 
 411.67 
 0.50 
 11.02 
 19.58 
 9.53 
 
 30.107 
 30.080 
 29.502 
 iONov 
 
 50.77 3 
 9,90 L 
 15.97 2 
 15.53 2 
 8.09 2 
 
 5 10 
 811 
 
 ; , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 Summer 
 
 3 Autumn 
 
 4 Winter 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •''JASSIIAI. MlSAN. 
 
 " Higliest 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30.13 
 30.58 
 29.50 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 80.083 30.104 30.0951 
 
 30.097 1 
 1 
 
 (115 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30.359 
 29.026 
 
 30.794 
 29.404 
 
 30,070 
 29.530 
 
 30.C94 
 28.812 
 
 30.G68 30.514 
 29.612 29.614 
 
 30.000 
 29.500 
 
 30.730 30.730 
 
 30.657 
 
 716 
 
 b 
 
 ' Lowest 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 |, 
 
 
 
 28.074 29.119 
 !lNov30Nov 
 30Ai)r 
 
 29.425 29.449 
 ODec 2 Oct 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 n; 
 
 
 '8 FiiosT- Earliest 
 '" Latest... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 Oct. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 1 1 
 
 9Apr22Mai'nMar 
 
 5Apr 
 
 019 
 
 Ptevn 
 
 'iiigWiud 
 
 ''".>'sriiin It'll 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s. w. 
 7fi 
 
 s. w. 
 101 
 
 s. w 
 77 
 
 s.w. 
 74 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 N. E.b 
 
 34 . 
 
 .w. 
 
 s.w. 
 
 >. IV. 
 
 s. w. 
 84 
 
 E. S. W. s. w. s. w.'s. W. S.W. S.W. 
 
 08 73 78 ! i;(i : 50 30 49 
 
 S.W. 
 182 
 
 S.W,. 
 113! 
 
 S. S.W. S. S.W. S. W. S.W. S.W. !25-20 
 138 120 150 13!i 105 147 HO 122121' 
 
 
 —■—— 
 
 LI": ::_ 
 
 
 ■■■■ i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
TABLE II.— Tabic coiNj»iI((l from Ccnam lUiurns of 1S80, shoiving the Area 
 
 each Agricu 
 
 AGRICULTURAL 
 
 i 
 
 AUKAS 
 
 IN 
 
 SQUARE 
 
 .MILES. 
 
 POPI'LATION. 
 
 
 ACRES 
 
 OF 
 TILLED 
 LAND. 
 
 Corr( 
 
 REGION 
 
 OK 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 COLORED 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 NU.MBER 
 
 OF 
 
 FARMS. 
 
 ACRES. 
 
 
 1. Alpine Rpgrion 
 
 1 
 
 l,25r 25 182! 9 314 
 
 .•^4 AOt\ 
 
 A CAa 
 
 109 701 
 
 
 2. PiediiK^nt RofTiDii 
 
 10 425 173 819 221224 ^or^Vu?^ '^a'r.ei 
 
 1,861,902,. 748,5101 
 151,359 35,433i 
 234,082 84,939i 
 
 3. Siunl Hill Rt^jiion 
 
 2,441 11J30I 10^882 
 1,020 19,742] 25,124 
 6,230 88 5641 132 845 
 
 28,012 4,'238 
 44,800! 4,508 
 
 991 ACM, m our. 
 
 4. Red Hill Re*jfion 
 
 5. Upper Pine Belt 
 
 G. Lower Pine Belt 
 
 7- Coast 
 
 10,226 6li206 142i542: 203'74Hi 10598 
 
 1,700 10 89S .tifJ.^nSl liTA-Aol RQA-7 
 
 358,533 63,558 
 106,772 30,090 
 
 
 
 
 • ' ' - ' 
 
 
 8. Total 
 
 33,893 
 
 391,071 G0-*,235 995,306 93,864 
 
 3,794,5001,347,381 
 
 
 TABLE in. — Table compiled from Camis Returns of 1S70, nhoimng the Poj. 
 
 Agricultu 
 
 AGRICULTURAL 
 
 1 AREA 
 IN 
 SQUARE 
 MILES. 
 
 
 Population 
 
 
 ACRES 
 
 OF 
 
 I.MPROVED 
 
 LAND. 
 
 
 REGION 
 
 OF 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 COLORED. 
 
 total. 
 
 BALKS 
 
 OF 
 
 COTTON 
 
 1. Alpine Region 
 
 2. Piedmont Ke<.'i<)n 
 
 3. Sandand Red Hills" 
 
 1,251 
 
 10,425 
 4,001 
 6,2.30 
 
 10,226 
 1,700 
 
 10,020 
 138,392 
 29,605 
 44,238 
 58,342 
 2.135 
 
 4,785 
 
 135,478 
 
 46,758 
 
 85,230 
 
 124,511 
 
 19,052 
 
 20,805 
 273,870 
 
 76,423 
 129,408 
 
 183,853 
 21.187 
 
 04,802 
 
 1,214,6791 
 
 333,540, 
 
 780,024 
 
 729.839 
 
 87,655 
 
 1,21 
 93,4! 
 24,2i 
 83,2. 
 20,4( 
 
 1,8- 
 
 6. Lower Piue Belt 
 
 
 7 Total 
 
 33,893 
 
 289,792 
 
 415,814 
 
 705,606 
 
 3,010,539 
 
 224,5( 
 
 
TABLE 11. — Tabic compiled from Census Rehirns of 1880, showing the Area 
 
 , Population, Tilled Lands, Leading Crops and Stock, with the Relatimis to Area and Population in 
 each Agricultural Region of South Carolina. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL 
 
 REGION 
 
 OF 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 SQU.\EE 
 MILES. 
 
 TILLED 
 LAND. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t. 
 
 T3 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pee Square Mile 
 
 
 Per Capita op Population. 
 
 D. 
 
 
 
 WORK 
 
 OTHER 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 11 
 
 BUSHELS 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 
 c 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 d 
 
 '3 
 
 
 
 OF 
 
 
 LIVE 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 rh 
 
 M 
 
 0) 
 
 
 ? 
 
 yA . 
 
 rl 
 
 M 
 
 <u 
 
 "" o 
 
 '^'^ 
 
 
 STOCK. 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 iS-^ 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 ■sfe 
 
 
 O 
 
 ?-" 
 
 3"' 
 
 ~> 
 
 GRAIN. 
 
 
 STOCK. 
 
 "3 
 
 H 
 
 %S 
 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 CO 
 
 c 
 
 ^ s 
 
 ^►3 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 
 a 
 
 S?o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 f=4 
 
 < 
 
 ■< 
 
 f^ 
 
 W 
 
 o 
 
 \^ 
 
 ■< 
 
 
 m 
 
 O 
 
 PM 
 
 < 
 
 712,031 
 
 5,798 
 
 66,035 
 
 27.5 
 
 3.7 
 
 106 
 
 20 
 
 6.3 
 
 569 
 
 4.1 
 
 52 
 
 .13 
 
 3.8 
 
 105 
 
 20 
 
 .16 
 
 L9 
 
 141 22 
 
 7,731,528 
 
 09,603 
 
 473,180 
 
 37.8 
 
 3.7 
 
 178 
 
 71 
 
 26.3 
 
 741 
 
 6.6 
 
 45 
 
 .09 
 
 4.7 
 
 316 
 
 19 
 
 .17 
 
 1.1 
 
 166 27 
 
 920,444 
 
 8,518 
 
 70,901 
 
 11.7 
 
 1.7 
 
 62 
 
 14 
 
 6.1 
 
 377 
 
 3.8 
 
 29 
 
 .14 
 
 b,2 
 
 239 
 
 32 
 
 .29 
 
 2.4 
 
 193 17 
 
 804,443 
 
 7,663 
 
 61, .569 
 
 27 6 
 
 2.S 
 
 144 
 
 52 
 
 21.1 
 
 490 
 
 4.7 
 
 38 
 
 .10 
 
 5.2 
 
 348 
 
 17 
 
 .17 
 
 1.3 
 
 183 30 
 
 3,fi31,302 
 
 35,468 
 
 313.811 
 
 35.fi 
 
 3.1 
 
 1.52 
 
 bV 
 
 23.7 
 
 582 
 
 b.6 
 
 50 
 
 .08 
 
 4.2 
 
 327 
 
 16 
 
 .16 
 
 1.4 
 
 202 21 
 
 2,417,170 
 
 18,453 
 
 235,724 
 
 18.9 
 
 1.6 
 
 35 
 
 6 
 
 2.7 
 
 236 
 
 1.8 
 
 23 
 
 .08 
 
 1.7 
 
 68 
 
 11 
 
 .09 
 
 1.1 
 
 219 12 
 
 793,669 
 
 7,692 
 
 43,946 
 1,265,166 
 
 39 4 
 29.3 
 
 3.4 
 
 2.7 
 
 62 
 111 
 
 .18 
 39 
 
 b 
 15.1 
 
 466 
 501 
 
 4.5 
 4.4 
 
 2b 
 37 
 
 .08 
 .09 
 
 Lb 
 3.8 
 
 42 
 245 
 
 11 
 17 
 
 .11 
 .16 
 
 .6 
 1.27 
 
 92 14 
 183 18 
 
 17,010,593 
 
 153,196 
 
 Alpine Regicm ... 
 Piedmont Region 
 8imcl Hill Region. 
 
 , Red Hill Region.. 
 
 ■ Upper Pine Belt.. 
 
 . Lower Pino Belt.. 
 
 . Coast 
 
 .Total 
 
 1,251 
 10,425 
 2,441 
 1,620 
 6,230 
 10,226 
 1,700 
 
 33,893 
 
 25,182 
 173,819 
 11,730 
 19,742 
 88,564 
 61,206 
 10.828 
 
 .391,071 
 
 9,314 
 221,224 
 16,882 
 25,124 
 132,845 
 142,.542 
 56,308 
 
 4,496 
 5,043 
 8,612 
 4,866 
 1,409 
 3,748 
 7,132 
 
 132 
 1,861 
 151 
 234 
 948, 
 358, 
 
 995,300 
 
 93,864 
 
 3,794,500 
 
 25,740 
 748,510 
 35,433 
 84,939 
 358,505 
 63,558 
 30,096 
 
 1,347,381 
 
 7,970 
 274,318 
 15,055 
 34,249 
 148,0.50 
 28,300 
 8,548 
 
 TABLE III — Table compiled from Ce^^sus Returns of 1870, ahoimng the Po}.mlation, Improved Land, Leading Crops, &c., with their Relations to Area and Population in each 
 
 Agricultural Region of South Carolina. 
 
 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pee Square Mile. 
 
 
 Per Capita of 
 
 POPUL 
 
 ITION. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL 
 
 area 
 
 
 
 
 ACRES 
 
 BALKS 
 
 
 BUSHELS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■a 
 
 a < ^ 
 
 
 .K 
 
 'O , 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 .X 
 
 
 REGION 
 
 IN 
 
 
 
 
 OF 
 
 
 
 
 WORK 
 
 OTHER 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 OF 
 
 SQUARE 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 
 total. 
 
 IMPROVED 
 
 OF 
 
 cotton 
 
 
 OF 
 
 STOCK. 
 
 STOCK. 
 
 a 
 
 h 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 > 
 
 2 
 
 S a 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 (/J 
 3 
 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 MILKS. 
 
 
 
 
 LAND. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■3 
 
 £t-l 
 
 s 
 
 " 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 £hJ 
 
 
 S 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 m 
 
 :3 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 go 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '■ Alpine Region 
 
 1,251 
 
 16,020 
 
 4,785 
 
 20,805 
 
 64,802 
 
 1,25 19 
 
 400,449 
 
 4,090 
 
 32,865 
 
 16 
 
 51 
 
 1. 
 
 320 
 
 3.2 
 
 25 
 
 3.1 
 
 14 
 
 19. 
 
 .19 
 
 1.5 
 14 
 
 11 
 11 
 0.7 
 07 
 
 1 
 
 j'. l'uMiiu.,,1 Koginn 
 
 10,425 
 
 138,392 
 
 135,478 
 
 273,870 
 
 1,214,679 
 
 9S,4S 14 
 
 4,467,365 
 
 47,779 
 
 297.378 
 
 27 
 
 lU! 
 
 8.9 
 
 428 
 
 4.5 
 
 28 
 
 4.2 
 
 131 
 
 12. 
 
 .15 
 .17 
 
 
 '■ ij-^laml Rod Hills" 
 
 4,061 
 
 29,665 
 
 46,768 
 
 76,423 
 
 333,540 
 
 24,2'. 12 
 
 987,343 
 
 12,544 
 
 92,053 
 
 18 
 
 32 
 
 5.9 
 
 243 
 
 
 
 
 
 *; 
 
 <• I'pliur I'mu Hell 
 
 6,230 
 
 44,238 
 
 85,230 
 
 129,468 
 
 780,024 
 
 83,2 ^0 
 
 2,103,274 
 
 20,214 
 
 149,448 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 ^. Lower Piue Belt 
 
 10,226 
 
 58,342 
 
 124,611 
 
 183,853 
 
 729,839 
 
 20,4( )3 
 
 1,327,318 
 
 13,965 
 
 133,740 
 
 18 
 
 51 
 
 1.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18. 
 
 10 
 
 
 I)' Const 
 
 1,700 
 
 2,135 
 
 19,052 
 
 21.187 
 
 87,655 
 
 1 8', "i 
 
 389,720 
 9,735,469 
 
 2,115 
 100,715 
 
 16,134 
 721,118 
 
 12 
 
 51 
 
 1.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 )0 
 
 _ 
 
 '■ Total 
 
 33,893 
 
 289,792 
 
 415,814 
 
 705,606 
 
 3,010,539 
 
 224,51 
 
 20 
 
 88 
 
 0. 
 
 287 
 
 2.9 
 
 21 
 
 4.2 
 
 147 
 
 13.7 
 
 .14 
 
 1.2 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
TABLE lY.— General Statistics of Agriculture for the United States and for 
 South Carolina, according to the United States Ce)isus, with the Percentage 
 of Increase and Decrease in each Particular, since 1850. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Percentage of 
 
 
 
 18S0 
 
 1870 
 
 1860 
 
 1850 
 
 Increase 
 
 OR 
 
 Decrease. 
 
 
 1880 1870 1 1860 
 
 dumber of Farms -| 
 
 U.S. 
 
 s. c. 
 
 4,008,907 
 93.864 
 
 2,659,985 
 51,889 
 
 2,044,On 
 
 r3,i7i 
 
 1,449,073 
 
 29,967 
 
 50 
 
 80 
 
 24 
 
 26 
 
 41 
 
 10 
 
 Total Land in Farms,; 
 acres | 
 
 U.S. 
 
 s. c. 
 
 536,081.8.^5 
 13,457.613 
 
 407,735,041 
 I2,1C5,280 
 
 407,212,538 
 16,195,919 
 
 293,-560,614 
 16,217,700 
 
 31 
 11 
 
 00 
 *24 
 
 35 
 00 
 
 
 
 Percentage of iinim- ( 
 proved Land 1 n .| 
 Furms 8( 
 
 U.S. 
 
 s. c. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 s.c. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 s.c. 
 
 46.9 
 69.3 
 134 
 143 
 10,197.096,776 
 68.677,482 
 
 53.7 
 75.1 
 153 
 
 2a3 
 
 9,262,i-a3,861 
 44,808,763 
 
 59.9 
 
 , 71.8 
 
 199 
 
 488 
 
 6.645,045,007 
 
 139,052,.508 
 
 615 
 74.9 
 203 
 541 
 
 *6.8 
 *5.8 
 *11 
 *38 
 
 ♦6.2 
 3.3 
 •23 
 *52 
 
 ♦1.6 
 •3.1 
 
 Average Size of J 
 
 •46 
 •11 
 
 ■V^alue of Farms %<. 
 
 3,271,575,426 
 82.431.684 
 
 10 
 53 
 
 30 
 ♦67 
 
 103 
 69 
 
 Value of FarmingJ 
 Machinery %\^ 
 
 U.S. 
 
 s.c. 
 
 106,520,055 
 3,202,710 
 
 336,878,429 
 2,282,946 
 
 246,118,141 
 6,151657 
 
 151.587,638 
 4,136,351 
 
 20 
 41 
 
 36 
 
 *62 
 
 62 
 48 
 
 Val ae of Live Stock, %< 
 
 U.S. 
 
 s.c. 
 
 1,500,464,609 
 12,279,412 
 
 1,525.276,457 
 12,443,510 
 
 1,089,329,915 
 23,934,465 
 
 514,180,516 
 15,060.015 
 
 *1 
 *1 
 
 40 
 
 *48 
 
 100 
 59 
 
 Horses, number -< 
 
 U.S. 
 
 s.c. 
 
 10,357.488 
 60,660 
 
 7 145,370 
 44,105 
 
 6,249,174 
 81,125 
 
 4,336,719 
 97,171 
 
 51 
 37 
 
 14 
 »45 
 
 21 
 *19 
 
 Mules and Asses, J 
 luiniber |^ 
 
 U.S. 
 
 s.c. 
 
 1812,808 
 67,005 
 
 1,125,415 
 41,327 
 
 1,151,148 
 56,456 
 
 559,331 
 37,483 
 
 61 
 62 
 
 *2 
 *28 
 
 106 
 50 
 
 Working Oxen, Num- J 
 
 U.S. 
 
 S.c. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 S.c. 
 
 993,841 
 
 24,507 
 
 12,443,120 
 
 139,881 
 
 1,319,271 
 17,685 
 
 8,935,332 
 98,693 
 
 2,254,911 
 
 22,629 
 
 8,585,735 
 
 163,938 
 
 1,700.744 
 
 20,507 
 
 6,386,094 
 
 193,244 
 
 *24 
 38 
 
 *41 
 *21 
 
 32 
 10 
 
 Milch Cows, n umber.. -| 
 
 39 
 41 
 
 4 
 
 *38 
 
 34 
 
 •15 
 
 Other Cattle, number ■< 
 
 U.S. 
 
 s.c. 
 
 • 22,488,550 
 199,321 
 
 13,566,105 
 132,925 
 
 14,779,373 
 
 320,209 
 
 9,693,069 
 563.935 
 
 65 
 49 
 
 *7 
 *140 
 
 51 
 •76 
 
 Sheep, number -< 
 
 U.S. 
 
 s.c. 
 
 3.5,192,074 
 118,889 
 
 28,477,951 
 124 594 
 
 22,471,275 
 233509 
 
 21.723,220 
 285,551 
 
 23 
 *5 
 
 27 
 •49 
 
 3 
 
 *18 
 
 Swine, number ■< 
 
 U.S. 
 
 s.c. 
 
 47,681,700 
 628,198 
 
 2.5,134,560 
 395,99it 
 
 3:1512,867 
 965.779 
 
 30,354,213 
 l,(H).5,.'i03 
 
 89 
 57 
 
 *25 
 •58 
 
 10 
 *9 
 
 
 U.S. 
 
 ,s..c. 
 
 777,250.287 
 1 3.196,851 
 
 514,092,683 
 1,461,980 
 
 459,681 ,:172 
 3,177,934 
 
 313.5J5.306 
 2,981,850 
 
 51 
 119 
 
 11 
 •85 
 
 46 
 
 
 6 
 
 Note.— In the three columns showing percentage of increase and decrease, decrease is Indi- 
 cated by *. In comparing the values of IHbO with 1870.lt is to be remenibered that the average 
 premium of gold lor the latter was J.^..? per cent. 
 
TABLE IV. — (^LoNcLiPKU.) — Gcmral StatisfU't^ of Agrindtinr for the Uniiai 
 States and for South Carolina, aecordingto tJie United States Census, uitJi 
 the Percentage of Increase and Decrease in each Particular, since 1S60. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Pekc 
 
 ENTAGK OF 
 
 
 
 isso 
 
 1S70 
 
 1S60 
 
 IS30 
 
 Inckkase 
 
 OK 
 
 Deckease. 
 
 
 1 
 
 ISSO 1S70 1S60 
 
 1 i 
 
 Wool, pounds -| 
 
 U.S. 
 
 s. c. 
 
 155,681.751 
 272,758 
 
 100,102,387 
 156,314 
 
 60,264,913 
 427,102 
 
 52,516,959 
 487,233 
 
 1 
 
 55 
 
 65 
 
 •61 
 
 i " 
 
 
 •10 
 
 Cotton, bales < 
 
 U.S. 
 
 s. c. 
 
 5,755,359 
 522,518 
 
 3,011,996 
 224 500 
 
 5,387,052 
 353,412 
 
 2,469,09;? 
 300.901 
 
 01 
 132 
 
 *78 
 *36 
 
 117 
 17 
 
 Corn, bushels -< 
 
 U.S. 
 S.C. 
 
 1,754.591,676 
 11.767.099 
 
 760,944,519 
 7,614,207 
 
 838,792,742 
 15,065.606 
 
 592.071,104 
 16,271,454 
 
 130 
 54 
 
 *9 
 •95 
 
 41 
 
 •7 
 
 Rice, pounds < 
 
 U.S. 
 
 s. c. 
 
 110,131,373 
 52,077.515 
 
 73,635,021 
 32.304,825 
 
 187.167,032 
 119,100,528 
 
 215 313,497 
 159,930,613 
 
 49 
 61 
 
 ♦60 
 •72 
 
 •13 
 *:i5 
 
 Wheat, bushels < 
 
 U.S. 
 
 s. c. 
 
 i59,-183,137 
 962,358 
 
 287.745,626 
 7S;r610 
 
 173.UV1,924 
 l,2S5,6:il 
 
 100.485.944 
 1,066,277 
 
 59 
 22 
 
 66 
 ♦39 
 
 73 
 20 
 
 Oals, bushels < 
 
 U.S. 
 
 8. C. 
 
 407,858,999 
 2,715,505 
 
 282,107,157 
 613.593 
 
 172,643,185 
 936,974 
 
 146,584,179 
 2.322,155 
 
 41 
 342 
 
 *63 
 •36 
 
 17 
 
 
 •59 
 
 Barley, bushels < 
 
 U.S. 
 
 s. c. 
 
 43,997,495 
 16,257 
 
 29,761,:505 
 4,752 
 
 15,825,808 
 11,490 
 
 5,167,015 
 4,583 
 
 47I 
 242 
 
 88 
 •58 
 
 206 
 150 
 
 Rye, bushels < 
 
 t.s. 
 s. c. 
 
 19,831,595 
 
 1 
 27,W9 
 
 16,918.795 
 86,165 
 
 21,101,380 
 89,091 
 
 14,188.813 
 43,790 
 
 171 
 
 1 
 *25j 
 
 •19 
 •59 
 
 32 
 103 
 
 Irish Poinioes.J 
 
 U.S. 
 
 169,458,539 
 
 143,337,473 
 
 111,148,8671 
 
 65,797,896 
 
 18 
 
 28 
 
 68 
 
 bushels j^ 
 
 s.c. 
 
 144.912 
 
 83.252 
 
 226,735 
 
 1 
 
 136,491 
 
 74 
 
 •63 
 
 67 
 
 Sweet Potatoes,!] 
 
 U.S. 
 
 35.378,693, 
 
 1 
 
 21,709 824 
 
 42,095,026 
 
 1 
 
 38,268,1481 
 
 1 
 
 53 
 
 •48 
 
 10 
 
 bushels J 
 
 1 
 
 S. c. 
 
 2,189,622: 
 
 1,342,165 
 
 4,115,688: 
 
 1 
 
 4,337,469 
 
 63, 
 
 ♦67 
 
 •5 
 
TABLI'^ V. — Agricultaml ^tatidics uj South Carolina, for the year 1S80, 
 
 by Towns} tips. 
 FIRST SERIES. 
 
 Population. 
 
 ^ a 
 
 o 3 
 
 
 •d 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 Cotton 
 
 s 
 
 •o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 b 
 
 
 o 
 
 V 
 
 u 
 
 OS 
 
 S!i 
 
 < 
 
 ^ 
 
 n 
 
 Stock. 
 
 5 « 
 
 ^ pSoioo 
 
 Gbain. 
 
 Q OB tt I 
 
 0/ I S , .C at*.— 
 
 a, — .^ K _ * 
 
 a I is I c ^ * * 
 
 Cfi CO II i-(£Q| OB0| 
 
 .f- 
 
 
 
 • 2 
 
 .c --^ 
 
 o«- 
 
 
 
 i*«, 
 
 KO) 
 
 885 
 853 
 925 
 1345 
 1568 
 1337 
 1462 
 
 9 li 1009 
 
 10 ' 1207 
 
 11 I' 820 
 
 12 I 1471 
 
 13 l' 1868 
 
 14 < 1648 
 
 886' 
 
 I 
 
 1039 
 
 17 I 1046 
 
 852 
 909 
 893 
 920 
 1401 
 1602 
 1315 
 1408 
 1068 
 1250 
 857 
 1474 
 1900 
 1(178 
 907 
 1067 
 1092 
 
 627 
 530 
 430 
 726 
 954 
 697 
 &58 
 
 1072 
 849 
 
 12«7 
 886 
 
 1177 
 
 1090 
 942 
 375 
 441 
 725 
 
 916 
 i:i.5l 
 1316 
 1128 
 1795 
 2473 
 2294 
 1858 
 1228 
 1170 
 
 791 
 1768 
 2672 
 3384 
 14181 
 1665 
 1413 
 
 1513 30 
 1884 258 
 1746 180 
 185r206 
 
 1140 368 119 16 26 
 9805 4486 1205 105 168 
 
 8807 3902' 1031 116 176 
 
 '^ t I 
 12240 1974 1393 114 206 
 
 2749 332 14988 6775 19.03 188 274' 
 
 3170 286 
 
 II 
 
 20180,5816 18331168 
 
 2652 .321 12140 .5280 1682 1,03 
 
 I 
 
 4| 30l 30 
 21, 339' 391 
 66 1 280 410 
 40 420 658 
 50 392 940 
 112j 480 677 
 187 449 611 
 
 29.J0 .323,1.1181 .5690 2128 265 282 14;j 577 771 
 
 M I I I' I 
 2077! 329! 10452 4610 14501 Il51 239 
 
 21.57 167 12326 5618 
 1677 160 4.131 2795 
 
 !l 
 
 2945.336 129.5716167 
 
 1929 185 2341 
 
 ! I 
 1157 124 12S| 
 
 22»8l|250'244 
 
 37C8 261 23.348 6315 2081 222 290 
 
 :«;» 275 16870 5809 
 1792 482 11784j 4.502 
 2100 '202 10842 4702 
 2138 1871 9061 .5081 
 
 2047 218 284 
 1289J117 181 
 
 ;i I 
 
 126.5 129 179 
 1455 177 199 
 
 104 478; 483 
 
 i I 
 21 302' 403 
 
 28 227' 306 
 
 27 413! 650 
 
 26' 38.5 562 
 
 .32 426, .569 
 
 67j 206 327J 
 
 59' 296! 441 
 
 27 380 415 
 
 r .36 2270 2318' 
 126 »21 18002 89Co 
 
 823 766| 20937110731 
 
 li I I 
 519 11.38 .2191(1 12893, 
 
 327 1162 .374(J5 10510 
 
 237 1168| 32958.18288 
 
 868 851 2yH8 11687 
 
 594 1748 47.526 12t63 
 
 193 1284'32818 6182 
 
 324 9«7 ■mm 9.382 
 
 437 797 24543 7903 
 
 i '< I 
 
 155 1009; 44388 13619 
 
 375 1217 t8!84() 44980 
 
 665 1.557 27848 39338 
 
 I i 
 170 768; 18520 181071 
 
 188 8(J2 20135 12377' 
 
 3:i5 1050 296771 9978 
 
 689 76 
 4978 22 
 3836! 
 
 4485' 
 
 I 
 
 4766! 
 
 891oi 15 
 05.19' 105 
 
 8599 
 
 6286 
 
 8654' 
 
 6426! 
 
 64671 
 
 9730 
 
 95.32 
 
 5707 
 
 6281 
 6800 
 
 18 I 875 
 
 19 ! 958 
 
 20 |{ 1118 
 
 21 I 740 
 
 22 I 704 
 
 23 I 805 
 
 24 ! 641 
 ll 
 
 25 1047 
 
 26 1258 
 
 27 ' 1114 
 
 28 jl 1260 
 
 29 1176 
 
 30 
 
 1069 
 
 31 
 
 ' 1175 
 
 32 
 
 940 
 
 33 
 
 j 935 
 
 34 
 
 1 758 
 
 975 
 1019 
 1098 
 777 
 732 
 799 
 652 
 1008 
 1301 
 1125 
 1190 
 1370 
 1112 
 1145 
 970 
 9C8 
 788 
 
 1024 
 1051 
 873 
 739 
 926 
 830 
 767 
 1244 
 1274 
 i:i58 
 1452 
 1679 
 1198 
 1206 
 1232 
 901 
 
 826 
 926 
 
 1343 
 778 
 511 
 774 
 526 
 811 
 
 1285 
 
 I 
 
 881 
 1007 
 
 867 
 
 983 
 1114 
 
 678 
 1002 
 
 553 
 
 1850' 29 
 
 9910 
 
 1977 !269 
 
 M I 
 2216 2<KJ 10716 
 
 1517 207' 9730 
 
 1437 ;229 
 
 'I 
 
 1601 160 
 
 8292 
 7869 
 
 6825 
 
 1293,233 
 
 2055 195 10980 
 
 I 
 
 2559 316 10104 
 
 2239 .308 116.33 
 
 I , 
 2459 .385 12189 
 
 'I I 
 2546 239 9205 
 
 2181 221 !0263 
 
 2320 334 12187 
 
 1910 318 10682 
 
 I 
 1903 280 8129 
 
 I I 
 1516|291> 9515 
 
 2231 94 
 
 I 
 3776 1.339 
 
 :J779 1.571 
 
 :J808 1351 
 
 2678 96«; 
 
 •3398 1219 
 
 20;«;i007 
 
 43751415 
 
 .3204 1163 
 
 4020 1222 
 
 1311 1317 
 
 4216 1376 
 
 ■1809 1.507 
 
 4388 1779 
 
 .3830 1675 
 
 .3684 1466 
 : I 
 3714 1334 
 
 1 I 
 
 33! 11 
 141209 
 125 227 
 152 207 
 157 123 
 
 88' 184 
 127 151 1 
 176 143! 
 
 148 205' 
 
 1 
 183 222 
 
 209 209 
 
 181 195 
 
 125220 
 
 I54I2.59} 
 171219 
 131 1 191 1 
 1S2177I 
 
 I 43 43 
 
 18 201 339I 
 
 I i 1 
 25 251; 370 
 
 I i 
 22 286 329, 
 
 350| 
 
 i 
 
 190, 
 
 250 
 
 368 
 
 60 321 
 
 8 269 
 
 I 
 26 248 
 
 63 273 
 
 38^ 349 334 
 
 21 i 416 497; 
 
 15 469 460: 
 
 19 3w' 325 
 
 I ' 
 15| 282 452 
 
 I2J 464 1 653 
 
 1« 431- 5.32^ 
 
 16 311 375 
 23 357, 1981 
 
 M I 
 
 11 2607 
 
 597 .10403' 
 
 412 .30031 
 
 249 526 28700 
 
 15' 774 250771 
 
 ' ' 1 
 
 127 j 486 :i0969 
 
 139: 575 27914 j 
 
 143' 566 26061 I 
 
 427 683 ;13878' 
 
 4.39 976 31917, 
 
 901 43930' 
 
 1 
 .394 21295, 
 
 663 .30236 
 ' 
 570 915 35207 
 
 587 9.32 .36149 
 
 .381 481 32566 
 
 28 714 21803 
 
 I I 
 
 3610 
 83551 
 
 7344' 
 I 
 
 2743 
 I 
 
 4711 1 
 
 3762 
 5682^ 
 7429 
 8368 
 739H 
 6637 
 7214 
 5611 
 6551 
 3569 
 2936 
 26601 
 
 809 
 
 741 
 
 5291 
 
 6284 
 
 .5190' 
 
 49.36 4 
 
 5751' 
 
 I 
 4073! 
 
 7104' 
 
 I 
 
 5.383 120 
 6296 291 
 8130 18 
 
 0848' 
 
 7596 
 
 9210 
 
 7727 
 
 6248 
 
 51121 5 
 
TABLE V. — Af/ricultural Statistics of South Carolina, for the year 1880, 
 
 by Toivnships. 
 FIRST SKRIES.— (Continued.) 
 
 POI'ULATION. 
 
 885 
 1999 
 1757 
 1140 
 
 668 
 1296 
 1321 
 1832 
 
 952 
 
 loM 
 3066 
 1802 
 1205 
 720 
 1358 
 
 978 
 778 
 1311 
 816 
 329 
 811 
 
 1321 904 
 1844 1148 
 970 554 
 
 921 
 3287 
 2245 
 1529 
 1059 
 1840 
 1741 
 2528 
 1368 
 
 1899 
 406j 
 3559 
 2345 
 1388 
 2654 
 2645 
 3676 
 1922 
 
 l(t78j 
 
 222741 
 329 20565J 
 213 II6O1! 
 
 6597J 
 13657j 
 13563, 
 20102; 
 10623 
 
 Cotton. 
 
 480 
 9512 
 8513 
 500.5 
 3470 
 
 n 
 
 22;? 
 
 35.36 
 
 2558 
 
 1910 
 
 1377 
 6534 245.3! 1 198 
 66:30 2290,1288 
 7365,2839; j322 
 14715 18571 129 
 
 Stock. 
 
 So 00 
 
 240 203 
 
 386 505 
 
 039 323 
 
 529 704 
 
 269 169 
 
 26 
 
 Grain. 
 
 O o- 
 
 •o'w , 
 
 mP3 0« 
 
 <u I i-i a<| 
 
 1208 61.535 
 1416 {52293 
 993|37645 
 566 132204 
 1028,39510 
 
 2361 1 2159 
 12464 
 
 i^pq tfaq 
 
 6473 
 9765 
 6118 
 12358 
 
 748! 31414111314 
 
 1727| 53715 
 1066: 143628 
 
 20759, 
 5873i 
 
 697 
 4691 
 4834 
 4045 
 
 875 
 4413 
 5323 
 8613 
 2277 
 
 1915 
 
 631 
 
 577 
 
 1022 
 
 1211 
 
 1296 
 
 672 
 
 1064 
 
 31 
 
 905 
 
 1215 
 
 1866 
 
 1443, 
 
 735 
 
 1476 
 
 1329 
 
 562 
 
 812 
 
 618 
 
 912 
 
 1234 
 
 1420 
 
 1994 
 650 
 589 
 1064 
 1220 
 1236 
 710 
 
 1062 
 473 
 
 545 
 351 
 
 1086 
 852 
 
 1075 
 
 1121 1010 
 31 26 
 
 878 787 
 
 1161 
 1779 
 1452 
 745 
 
 1177 
 
 2877 
 808 
 621 
 1732 
 1375 
 1680 
 307 
 1175 
 36 
 996 
 1199 
 
 3939 
 1281 
 1166 
 2086 
 2461 
 2j32 
 13821 
 
 '238 
 141 
 169 
 210 
 313 
 345 
 180 
 
 2185 248 
 
 62J 10 
 
 1783! i 195 
 
 2876 
 
 775 2870 
 1398 1498 
 
 243 
 
 1143 
 
 1890 
 
 337 
 
 1482 1 ll)62 
 
 1329 1174' 1482 
 
 555 315! 802 
 
 747 508 [ 1051' 
 
 640| 262 996 
 
 762 310' 1364 
 
 1284 951 1567 
 
 1410 479: 2351 
 
 3645 319 
 28'IG |320 
 1480 jl86 
 2958 182 
 2656 371 
 
 11924 
 10730 
 
 6828 
 
 7726 
 13559 
 11895 
 
 7568 
 
 16262 
 
 588 
 
 9265 
 14133 
 
 5543 2391 
 
 2218 
 2656 
 1641 
 [5644 
 i26I7 
 
 Sl9 
 
 857 
 1593 
 2305 
 1038 
 
 2119 875 
 
 ;«56 1486 
 
 26o' 116 
 
 3200' 903; 
 
 3917 17531 
 
 17717 9221 3389; !l89 
 
 i \ 
 16283 15909 23391 326 
 
 6800 
 15555 
 
 2880 
 
 828 1 143 
 
 7512 3227 225 
 
 11171 
 
 121 
 
 17196' 4579i 1858' 365 
 
 1559 1.50; 
 1258 457 1 
 
 li 
 4408 {16001 4711 
 
 7418 '4084 1750 
 
 1674 
 
 200 
 
 7125 
 8048 
 9435 
 
 2875 754 
 
 145501471 
 14718 1850; 
 
 2518 263 
 
 ■' i l| I ' 
 2880 348 13677 7027 2831 171 
 
 19 170 
 
 285 
 300 
 39 299 
 39 822 
 
 667 
 436 
 417 
 919 
 505 
 492 
 458 
 483 
 24 
 615 
 675 
 372 
 806 
 472 
 354 
 1159 
 477! 
 320 
 363 
 440 
 366 
 434 
 
 643 
 
 1396: 30462 
 
 24737 
 
 31 
 
 992 ;20800 
 
 15134 
 
 87 
 
 1034 12007 
 
 10008 
 
 ISO 
 
 769| 
 
 19102 
 
 6669 
 
 
 2121 
 
 43634 
 
 25801 
 
 
 2081' 
 
 47582 
 
 40166 
 
 1062 1870 1920S 
 
 17439 
 
 49 
 
 15841 J31653 
 
 36117 
 
 
 131 ' 1677 
 
 260 
 
 537 
 
 1626 18095 
 
 21811 
 
 736 
 
 2634;:41862 
 
 38753 
 
 104 
 
 17SG 132158 
 
 23571 
 
 812 
 
 2695 ,36252 
 
 33700 
 
 186 
 
 1102 14279 
 
 14041 
 
 165 
 
 1814 34480 
 
 16782 
 
 20 
 
 2907 45630 
 
 .37544 
 
 355 
 
 646|[l2378 
 
 7524 
 
 78 
 
 1092 '14734 
 
 4175 
 
 505 
 
 619 11039 
 
 13884 [ 
 
 237 
 
 993:20067 
 
 10265 
 
 54 
 
 1419 27949 
 
 4711 
 
 121 
 
 1245 
 
 23748 
 
 11191' 
 
 4006 
 2532 
 2472 
 
 540 
 4801 
 065.3 
 4747 
 4277 
 
 110 
 4190 
 5759 
 1668 
 4192 
 2305 
 4254 
 3981 
 2218 
 1722 
 2435 
 2207 
 1340 
 14421. 
 
Table v. — Agricultural Statistics of South Carolina, for the year 18S0, 
 
 by Townships. 
 
 FIRST SERIP:S.— (Continued.) 
 
 P0Pi;i>ATI0N. 
 
 B I -2 
 
 
 -d 
 
 
 
 eS 
 
 Cotton. 
 
 CO 
 
 a 
 
 
 p 
 
 1 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 fe 
 
 H 
 
 % 
 
 
 o 
 
 41 1 
 
 
 « 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 * ' 
 
 ' 
 
 «< 
 
 ^ 
 
 n 
 
 Stock. 
 
 ts 
 
 ■r, a S; — 
 
 
 Grain. 
 
 •-in 
 
 ■s; «.•;:; *:r; <u- 
 
 X ^ «> ' >■ 
 
 on 
 
 :*n 
 
 tfn 
 
 66 
 67 
 6({ 
 69 
 70 
 
 71 j 
 
 72 ; 
 
 73 ] 
 
 74 i 
 
 75 I 
 7t{ I 
 77 I 
 78! 
 79 : 
 
 10U3 
 1209 
 1394 
 1200 
 79C 
 782 
 763 
 437 
 1260 
 1014 
 631 
 823 
 922 
 1480 
 
 1147 685 1465 
 
 I I 
 1213i 705 1717 
 
 1473 
 
 627 
 
 2310 
 
 1236 
 
 489 
 
 1947 
 
 72(5 
 
 207 
 
 1315 
 
 737 
 
 217 
 
 1302 
 
 793 
 
 605 
 
 951 
 
 11 I II I I 
 
 21.50 ' 85 3}«5 2)00 1)90 
 2422 200 19312 52412130 
 
 2S67||l86 12268|J6587 2710 
 2156 '.'«5' 17389 706.5 3481 
 
 J. ...I J 
 
 462 180 
 
 1298 
 1074 
 661 
 824 
 918 
 
 1131 
 576 
 
 719 
 
 1427 
 1512 
 387j 905 
 262 1385 
 303 1537 
 
 .30 1051 
 130 310 
 lis 335 
 
 1.35 3«) 
 
 I 
 
 44 231 
 
 1522 204 7492 4559 1.566, 
 1.519 j234 1 12368 4307 I542|j 62154 
 1.550 183 5748 2879 950 ' 88 126 
 899 97j 6400|,2986 898 33 111 
 
 25581 J219 7737 !4149|1433j|l22 188 
 
 2088 196 10457 5941 1788 274 195' 
 
 I 
 
 1292 130 6517 :»I1 1140 60 149! 
 
 16471 '210 6741 
 
 II I 
 1840 ,221 12799 
 
 3435 
 
 1147 77' 
 
 176 
 
 1489, 61 r 2m\ 
 
 
 
 1350 
 
 1529 
 
 1957 
 
 1840 
 
 1066 
 
 637 
 
 866 
 
 831 
 
 830 
 
 105S 
 
 999 
 
 1153 
 
 1214 
 
 1373 
 
 0920 2753 83 334 
 2909,328 148.36,8493,29.55 125:369, 
 
 671 42' 
 
 I I 
 1991 1511 
 
 248 
 
 33 56 j 81im 
 1331 816 38260 
 
 374 
 
 253| 354! 
 
 2l8i 237 
 
 I 
 190 2«7 
 
 I75I 229 
 
 115 90 
 
 305 428 
 
 .535 410 
 
 1.57 326 
 
 193 308 
 
 248 185 
 
 ., 366 493 
 
 I I I 
 
 1133 143720 
 
 .1 
 
 1017' .5.3535 
 427 20725 
 329Jl975o{ 
 835 15938' 
 240 I26M0 
 
 1184 |21 144 
 775 18088 
 561 14210 
 655 17920 
 
 200 800 42736 
 
 179 995 41035, 
 
 i il I 
 
 4361 
 12750 
 
 8454 
 6511 
 1229 
 3555J 
 3741 
 3962 
 7474 
 11390 
 5906 
 4300 
 5480 
 9357 
 
 1409 
 
 2542 
 
 3614 
 
 2694 
 
 598 
 
 426 
 
 645 
 
 580 
 
 1562 
 
 1723 
 
 1356 
 
 819| 
 
 3805 
 
 2732 
 
 14 
 
 80 || 1205 
 
 81 {j 1648 
 
 82 ij 1086 
 
 83 ! 8661 
 
 851 1 
 1008 
 
 86 ; 1147 
 
 87 ij 1136 
 
 88 ! 1175 
 
 1026 
 1765! 
 I515I 
 
 901 
 
 623 
 854J 
 
 1115! ll-56i 1095 
 
 1172 
 1144 
 1134 
 893 
 810 
 942 
 437 
 1083 
 775 
 
 1119 
 1220 
 1103 
 1133 
 913 
 851 
 997 
 440 
 1083 
 
 1247 1047 
 
 i-soeLioso 
 
 1444 803 
 
 1662 
 1477 
 1547 
 1590 
 
 786 
 1502 
 
 785 
 
 605 
 359 
 114 
 349 
 
 91 j 
 601 ' 
 
 2535! 11 
 3G05| 18 
 21.52 239 
 17(2 257 1 
 1081 1651 
 2007 195 
 2301 257 
 22.51 196 
 2294 .397 
 2392 179 
 2247 2a3 
 2267 2901 
 1836 236 
 1661 267 
 
 1939 321 
 
 I 
 877 166 
 
 2160 350 
 
 1473 !227'' 
 
 132j| 47 
 61.511 200 791 
 
 r I ' 
 
 6409 2505 1150 127 159 
 7193 3013 11.81'. 1281103 
 
 5748; 14568 
 10831 4277 
 
 789 79 143 
 
 1.384 1 40' 219 
 
 13039 4321 1220 U3' 170 
 
 11456 4760 1842 230 215 
 
 8689 .>308 2052 142' 223 
 
 I 
 10655 :5023 1557 158 182 
 
 I ' t 
 8309 2732 122.5 171 '128 
 
 8117:|.3372 1202: |226 193 
 
 7599 2131 896 204 '157 
 
 6.569,1059 425 U9 116 
 
 6291j| 802| 310 jl24 146 
 
 .3011 63! 20', 84 43 
 
 8840 2073 718 185 176 
 
 il I M 
 
 6664:i2148 889 147 103 
 
 14 6 
 
 12 
 
 2:35' 231 
 
 162 
 2.520 
 
 123' 390 23151, 
 266' 215 218' 675 29743| 
 205 300 3C3; 472 19799; 
 376 477 j 189! 649 1:33721 1 
 353' 247 262 665 21494 j 
 618 494 482;U43 :«158 
 
 515j 431 4132 
 317' 289 277 
 
 341! 444 
 4021 515 
 
 455 
 
 1314 .33686' 
 
 I 
 758 26391; 
 
 912 38703' 
 
 064,1321 .38187, 
 
 305 271 562 1276 44693 
 339 517! 418 1545 3S86.5J 
 333 380' 5022082 780C.5 
 
 ! I ; ' 
 
 241 -387 381 1148 24865 
 
 ; ' I 
 
 400 5561 635 2519 61324 
 
 III': I 
 
 269 312I 90 939 31623, 
 
 260 
 
 60 
 4059 
 3152 
 2396 
 4741 
 4661 
 6192 
 
 8ior 
 
 4624; 
 
 t 
 4300 
 
 3130 
 
 2154 
 
 2114 
 
 230O 
 
 20' 
 
 5194 
 
 4906 
 
 26| 
 1300i 
 
 3061; 
 
 .319s ! 
 
 28511 
 51721 
 462 1 1 
 4820 
 3921 j 
 2212' 
 3079' 
 5204 j 
 6021 ' 
 6131 
 2921 1 
 29»' 
 3955 
 2701! 
 
 20 
 
 420 
 .53 
 
TABLE y.— Ac/ r I cultural Statistics of South Carolina, for the year 1S80, 
 
 by Touynships. 
 
 FIRST SERIES— (Continued.) 
 
 Grain. 
 
TABLE V. — Agricultural Statistics of South Carolina, for the year ISSO, 
 
 by Tou/nships. 
 FIRST SERIES— (Continued.) 
 
 
 Population. 
 
 
 
 •o 
 
 
 IB 
 
 a 
 
 COTTOM 
 
 s 
 
 i ^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 b. 
 
 H 
 
 1 0) 
 
 1 be 
 
 
 o 
 
 S 
 
 ee 
 
 1 V 
 
 ID 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 ee 
 
 li^ 
 
 •< 
 
 -< 
 
 pq 
 
 Stock. 
 
 Si = 
 
 ^ Supo 
 
 Grain. 
 
 0. 2 US 
 
 .s I if 
 
 OS I y.' 
 
 >=», 
 
 it* ^ * t or 
 
 9a5 
 
 1502 
 840 
 738 
 572 
 
 10881 
 416 
 
 10)!5 
 
 9.j1 
 1528 
 879 
 732 
 595 
 1073 
 425 
 1060 
 
 1195 661 ' 
 
 21S1 849 
 
 1358 861 
 
 1256 214 
 
 1107| 60 
 
 1121 737 
 
 626 215 
 
 1526 619 
 
 1856 .310 
 30.30 :357 
 
 17191280 
 
 1 I 
 1470 '258 
 
 1167 195 
 
 216lj|229 
 
 I _„JI._J. J J 
 
 175 168; 
 219 239 
 
 43, 29r 147 
 
 0014 2747' 724 
 12«9.j 4721 1723 
 10007. |2142 855 
 
 5400 1629 379 
 
 5048 458 ia3 151; 40, 75 267, 313 
 
 1140 
 115 
 
 I 
 30 439 474 
 
 840| 316 
 
 308 217 
 
 97 
 
 8124 Sift) 
 
 'I 
 3105 283 
 
 1008 
 
 88' 
 
 137 
 
 ISO' 
 
 841 131 
 2145 307 12446 3189 814 
 
 82 68, 
 166 1631 
 
 333 3«6| 
 170 210 
 
 2 363 279 
 
 533 1292 4.S372 
 63.5 U93 .5(X)21 
 
 : ' I 
 
 827 1601 538571 
 
 618 14.54 26.39.5 
 
 98.5 1588 32001 
 
 ' t 1 
 
 5121259 429661 
 
 I I I 
 
 478 1039 31294 
 
 398 13;J8 .32158 
 
 !i i 
 
 4360 3135 
 
 3719 8821 
 
 3367; .3431 
 
 2691 1760 
 
 558 1231 
 
 4942 5211 
 
 300 852 899 
 
 40.50 6916 
 
 63 
 
 70 
 
 136 
 137 
 138 
 139 
 140 
 141 
 142 
 143 
 144 
 145 
 146 
 147 
 148 
 149 
 
 9701 1099 
 
 588 596 
 
 2612 2615 
 
 1884 ! 1897 
 
 1116| 1190 
 
 nil! 1143: 
 
 818{ 912 
 
 Ij 1215| 133o! 
 
 1 1 1917 1963^ 
 
 I 929 9221 
 
 1019 
 
 682 
 
 10201 
 
 502! 
 
 3121 1836 
 2818 963 
 Zi&V 525 
 1511 743 
 
 923 
 1699 
 2581 
 1180 
 
 807 
 816 
 1299 
 671 
 
 2181 
 
 1148 
 
 941 
 
 2051 
 
 22:39, 
 
 1189' 
 
 986 
 
 2217 
 
 2753j 1667 
 
 1509 i 828 
 
 I 
 
 1114 813 
 
 27611 1517 
 
 1181 
 5257: 
 3781' 
 2906 
 2251 
 1730 
 2515 
 3880 
 1851, 
 4120 
 
 2337 
 
 1 
 
 1927; 
 
 4268, 
 
 8 106| 
 
 I 18! 218l 
 
 ■537;21199 
 
 335J 9396! 
 
 310 10979 
 
 ! 
 171110668, 
 
 !295ll0454i 
 
 111 11577j 
 
 5231189Ij! 
 
 1270 7963 
 
 .562 20519 
 
 7771 
 9714 
 13167 
 
 I 67 26 
 
 113 41 
 
 788113366 
 
 a65l63o| 
 
 311 12;} 
 
 1800.1810 
 
 137471304 
 
 5229 1725 
 
 .5217! 1959 
 
 I 
 393911160 
 
 87111202 
 
 1098 1353 
 
 13 4 
 
 I 18 2 
 ,366416 
 
 !227 362 
 
 25o'250 
 
 I 
 129J298 
 
 1157193 
 
 182 173 
 329 307 
 
 153 
 
 158 
 
 J3299 
 1922 
 
 11991 
 1955 
 
 3201277 
 176,168 
 155 202 
 240 276 
 
 1015 
 652 
 
 10' 405 
 15' 480 
 
 136 
 
 466 1088 
 672| 235 
 497 1 450 
 597 412 
 1187 1473 
 
 270 
 
 434 
 
 870 1039 
 287 312 
 
 430' 206 ...... 
 
 2286 71.5601 5792 15261 ' 18 
 
 I I 
 1346 84450 5179 8724 
 
 I ! ! I 
 1662 47772 5.579 .50!»9' 
 
 1221 26512 10196, 5975 
 
 1075 :«869' 6521 j 5508j 
 
 1192 .39993 4900, 1698 
 
 1831 51)971 -4721 4067 100 
 
 I I 1 
 809 33056 36961 1972i 
 
 2.531 78056 11911 16085 
 
 788 35980, 2140, 2512 
 
 il I i 
 1190; 28555 8868 5108, 
 
 1125' ^295 4303i 4610 
 
 150 : 
 
 152 I 
 
 153 1 
 151 
 155 
 156 I 
 157 
 158 
 139 
 
 1775' 1862 
 
 I I 
 
 1116; III61 
 
 729 
 1064 
 810 
 846 
 1005 
 1060 
 1555 
 1280 
 
 766 
 112.3' 
 871 
 876 
 1617 
 1078 
 1572 
 1296 
 
 1566 
 979 
 825 
 
 1208 
 271 
 833 
 
 1819 
 988 
 
 1660 
 837 
 
 2071 
 1253 
 670 
 979 
 1443 
 1389 
 1409 
 1150 
 1467 
 ir39 
 
 3037 159 9076 
 2232 322 1.5532 
 14951216 8(196 
 2187 1.301 8849 
 
 1728 1656 
 7180 2469 
 
 :1586 
 1379 
 
 1397 
 155.5 
 
 147205 
 1-58 230 
 
 1711 
 1722 
 3252 
 21:j8 
 3127 
 2567 
 
 212 7195 :W9.3 1H3 
 
 13675 1445, 
 126 12210 .5997 2506 
 
 3832 1.3:38 
 
 I i ' 
 7260.25:37| 
 
 627212 165 
 
 1214 
 
 309 
 W 
 268 
 
 8901 
 
 9S87 
 
 159S6 
 12805 
 
 '118 201 
 
 I 
 
 204.318 
 
 19.51277 
 
 2501369 
 
 160319 
 
 
 259 
 
 14 
 
 479 
 
 2 
 
 267 
 
 54 
 
 401 
 
 41 
 
 225 
 
 29 
 
 251 
 
 25 
 
 502 
 
 330 120! 630 29063 
 583' 459 1079 .53814 
 
 4512| 2712, 
 6720 4112 
 
 468 185 
 320 447 
 
 729 215911 
 
 I 
 
 8.36 4.3:364' 
 
 11 4731 
 
 71 564 
 20 591 
 
 61 893 21159 
 
 I I 
 
 252' 851 25070, 
 
 I 
 
 351 1279 62270 
 428, 286 1326 ,31161 
 778 502j 1957 527661 
 591 396 1314, 36072; 
 
 5313 
 2787 
 2570 
 .5052 
 3613 
 
 2193 
 3622 
 .537 
 1677 
 5163 
 
 2755 4556 
 
 5566 67.^5 
 
 I 
 
 3122| 2044 
 
TABLE V. — Agricultural Statistics of South Carolina, for the year 1880, 
 
 by Townships. 
 FIRST SERIES— (Concluded.) 
 
 160 
 161 
 162 
 163 
 164 
 165 
 166 
 167 
 168 
 169 
 170 
 
 Population. 
 
 2080 
 1230 
 1836 
 1106 
 1675 
 1180 
 993 
 1210 
 1168 
 1407 
 134,') 
 
 
 
 
 a> 
 
 
 •6 
 
 
 a' 
 
 0/ 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 ■~ 
 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 > 
 
 U 
 
 2168 
 1342 
 1845 
 1140 
 1671 
 1269 
 1001 
 1231 
 1060 
 1427 
 2345 
 
 2063 
 1232 
 1299 
 1055 
 1315 
 992 
 670 
 1667 
 683 
 1392 
 1665 
 
 2185 
 1340 
 2382 
 1191 
 2031 
 1457 
 1324 
 774 
 1545 
 1412 
 1009 
 
 4248 
 2572 
 S6S1 
 2246 
 3346 
 2449 
 1994 
 2411 
 2228 
 2831 
 2674 
 
 Cotton 
 
 pa 
 
 13887 
 18636 
 19661 
 11341 
 16556 
 
 8447 
 13591 
 
 7070 
 24127 
 14817 
 117ft5 
 
 5596 
 4959 
 7905 
 35.56 
 6167 
 4020 
 5719 
 2242 
 17577 
 7344 
 154 
 
 2332 
 2133 
 3299 
 1317 
 2416 
 1558 
 2264 
 820 
 3226 
 2798 
 61 
 
 
 OQ 
 
 CC 
 
 549 
 705 
 270 
 725 
 427 
 20 
 161 
 992 
 106 
 232 
 1245 
 
 928 
 
 1231 
 
 1486 
 
 184!- 
 
 1163 
 
 632 
 
 579 
 
 1177 
 
 711 
 
 1107! 
 
 1 
 
 1745i 
 
 Grain. 
 
 fi« 
 
 CPQ 
 
 t^CS 
 
 «m 
 
 62924 
 66037 
 67865 
 62966 
 68365 
 22404 
 33456 
 58084 
 66427 
 55312 
 62665 
 
 8655 
 
 825:3 
 
 10305 
 
 8464 
 
 19082 
 
 9116 
 
 5431 
 
 5013 
 
 7172 
 
 5922 
 
 10246 
 
 2586 
 
 10727 
 
 3856 
 
 4000 
 
 7071 
 
 16674 
 
 8021 
 
 21928 
 
 7408 
 
 5662 
 
 94&3 
 
 25 
 
TABLE V. — Agricultural Statistics of South Carolina, for the year ISSO, 
 
 by Toimships. 
 SECOND SERIES. 
 
 
 b 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 10 
 
 
 ri 
 fa 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 Population. 
 
 s 
 
 >- 
 
 
 c 
 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 u 
 
 < 
 
 COTTO> 
 
 
 
 Stock. 
 
 Gkain. 
 
 >• 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 
 2 
 
 a> 
 u 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 cs 
 
 V 
 
 u 
 
 
 a; 
 
 
 X 
 
 0; 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. a." 
 
 6-6 
 
 c 
 <u 
 a) 
 j= 
 CO 
 
 
 i 
 
 OS 
 
 1-1 PQ 
 
 OK 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 592 
 
 608 
 
 479 
 
 721 
 
 1200 
 
 200 
 
 6162 
 
 1781 
 
 678 
 
 95 
 
 78 
 
 59 
 
 221 
 
 382 
 
 
 1173 
 
 16197 
 
 7376 
 
 ] 
 
 1059 1 12 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 818 
 
 999 
 
 701 
 
 1116 
 
 1817 
 
 14 
 
 86 
 
 173 
 
 116 
 
 20 
 
 13 
 
 
 23 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 1285 
 
 8a5 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 
 3 
 
 445 
 
 400 
 
 450 
 
 395 
 
 845 
 
 120 
 
 4992! 
 
 1151 
 
 392 
 
 90 
 
 64 
 
 89 
 
 254 
 
 374 
 
 80 
 
 119(1 
 
 11770 
 
 1054 
 
 1882 61 
 
 
 4 
 
 1183 
 
 1444 
 
 2157 
 
 470 
 
 2627 
 
 28 
 
 1075 
 
 212 
 
 63 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 
 232 
 
 
 61 
 
 52 100 
 
 
 5 
 
 1129 
 
 1262 
 
 1404 
 
 987 
 
 2391 
 
 109 
 
 4630 
 
 1381 
 
 613 
 
 50 
 
 98 
 
 58 
 
 221 
 
 426 
 
 726 
 
 1482 19218 
 
 2719 
 
 269 220 
 
 
 6 
 
 884 
 
 90o 
 
 419 
 
 1370 
 
 1789 
 
 224 
 
 6982' 
 
 2968 
 
 1246 
 
 86 
 
 167 
 
 21 
 
 241 
 
 160 
 
 
 I416j23100 
 
 2355 
 
 391 .350 
 
 
 7 : 
 
 923 
 
 877 
 
 3X8 
 
 1412 
 
 1800 
 
 360 
 
 9693 
 
 4461 
 
 1909 
 
 114 
 
 285 
 
 24 
 
 170 
 
 362 
 
 188 
 
 2232 
 
 55135 
 
 9185 
 
 517 1830 
 
 
 8 
 
 175 
 
 200 
 
 302 
 
 73 
 
 375 
 
 '54 
 
 1369 
 
 388 
 
 111 
 
 43 
 
 17 
 
 37 
 
 135 
 
 244 
 
 
 626 
 
 7ft50 
 
 588 
 
 1217 
 
 n 
 
 9 
 
 251 
 
 255 
 
 32y 
 
 180 
 
 509 
 
 82 
 
 2797 
 
 505 
 
 160 
 
 54 
 
 37 
 
 90 
 
 169 
 
 320 
 
 126 
 
 980 10408 
 
 451 
 
 1480 j 300 
 
 10 
 
 260 
 
 227 
 
 317 
 
 170 
 
 487 
 
 94 
 
 3003 
 
 837 
 
 316 
 
 56 
 
 45 
 
 36 
 
 122 
 
 133 
 
 27 
 
 774 
 
 8020 
 
 1901 
 
 1001 
 
 
 11 
 
 329 
 
 . 321 
 
 412 
 
 238 
 
 650 
 
 119 
 
 3708 
 
 002 
 
 191 
 
 83 
 
 49 
 
 61 
 
 218 
 
 401 
 
 14391 11484 
 
 1084 
 
 1.527; 55 
 
 12 
 
 1005 
 
 923 
 
 1028 
 
 90i» 
 
 .928 
 
 230 
 
 10601 
 
 2900 
 
 1212 
 
 173 
 
 163 
 
 78 
 
 414 
 
 767 
 
 145|2317j [27618 
 
 6429 
 
 2762 
 
 80 
 
 13 
 
 260 
 
 261 
 
 389 
 
 132 
 
 521 
 
 95 
 
 8123 
 
 679 
 
 244 
 
 52 
 
 45 
 
 94 
 
 166 
 
 381 
 
 285 
 
 1194 12075 
 
 485 
 
 1822 
 
 73 
 
 
 14 
 
 443 
 
 45s 
 
 491 
 
 410 
 
 SOI 
 
 72 
 
 4258 
 
 1269 
 
 500 
 
 86 
 
 77 
 
 61 
 
 162 
 
 380 
 
 1 
 
 1109 '19474 
 
 2977 
 
 1725 
 
 
 15 
 
 1192 
 
 1250 
 
 490 
 
 1952 
 
 2442 
 
 137 
 
 9187 
 
 3493 
 
 1324 
 
 83 
 
 109 
 
 47 
 
 287 
 
 425 
 
 109 
 
 1197 18624 
 
 8035 
 
 27L' 12 
 
 
 16 
 
 1018 
 
 1018 
 
 404 
 
 1632 
 
 2036 
 
 198 
 
 11107 
 
 a532 
 
 1283 
 
 115 
 
 206 
 
 34 
 
 271 
 
 501 
 
 5 
 
 2.506 ;38970 
 
 970 
 
 10 
 
 12209 
 
 
 17 
 
 579 
 
 591 
 
 429 
 
 741 
 
 1170 
 
 158 
 
 6977 
 
 2168 
 
 1134 
 
 78 
 
 133 
 
 68 
 
 226 
 
 350 
 
 
 1103 16472 
 
 3088 
 
 1110 
 
 11 
 
 
 18 
 
 980 
 
 951 
 
 788 
 
 1143 
 
 1931 
 
 193 
 
 13308 
 
 4501 
 
 1521 1105 
 
 233 
 
 39 
 
 624 
 
 715 
 
 2 
 
 14291 ^a5570 
 
 2189 
 
 65S 
 
 1310 
 
 
 19 
 
 474 
 
 453 
 
 524 
 
 403 
 
 927 
 
 124 
 
 5740 
 
 1747 
 
 609 
 
 93 
 
 92 
 
 45 
 
 208 
 
 300 
 
 
 1133 
 
 12323 
 
 665 
 
 1171 
 
 80 
 
 
 20 
 
 583 
 
 548 
 
 736 
 
 395 
 
 1131 
 
 140 
 
 8588 1165 
 
 345 107 
 
 72 
 
 112 
 
 283 
 
 278 
 
 208 1803' 19583 
 
 1322 
 
 1699 
 
 243 
 
 
 21 
 
 328 
 
 307 
 
 299 
 
 336 
 
 6.35 
 
 74 
 
 40431 7S3 
 
 293 64 
 
 1 
 
 ., 
 
 54 
 
 190 
 
 423 
 
 151 875' 1.3510 
 
 570 
 
 1932: 199 
 
TABLE V. — xigricultural Statistics of SoiitJi Carolina, for the year 1880, 
 
 by Toiunshijys. 
 SECOND SERIES— (Continued.) 
 
 
 0,* 
 
 Population. 
 
 
 
 •a 
 s 
 s 
 
 Cotton 
 
 Stock. 
 
 Grain. 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 a." 
 
 s 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 on 
 0) 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 O 
 O 
 
 
 DO 
 
 c 
 
 
 V 
 u 
 O 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 U) 
 
 p; 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 0. 
 <v 
 05 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 . a' 
 
 Jo 
 
 
 22 
 
 126(1 1320 
 
 a52 
 
 1728 
 
 25S0 
 
 1 
 1227 
 
 11222 
 
 5112 
 
 1645 
 
 136 
 
 150 
 
 2 
 
 230 
 
 356 
 
 6o!l596 
 
 1 
 
 28371 
 
 5795 
 
 
 490 
 
 
 Zi 
 
 1709 
 
 1770 
 
 1103 
 
 2376 
 
 3479 
 
 214 
 
 17044 
 
 5767 
 
 2184 
 
 194 
 
 203 
 
 57 
 
 348 
 
 634 
 
 58 
 
 1964 
 
 ';59095 
 
 16670 
 
 lis 
 
 2932 
 
 
 21 
 
 1132 
 
 1174 
 
 848 
 
 1458 
 
 2306 
 
 204 
 
 10907 
 
 4232 
 
 1393 
 
 119 
 
 164 
 
 27 
 
 300 
 
 266 
 
 118 
 
 1774 
 
 '33035 
 
 7782 
 
 1820 
 
 765 
 
 
 OJi 
 
 926 
 
 838 
 
 518 
 
 1216 
 
 1764 
 
 180 
 
 8803 
 
 4276 
 
 1362 
 
 100 
 
 162 
 
 8 
 
 273 
 
 278 
 
 
 1011 
 
 |22848 
 
 2900 
 
 LO 
 
 91 
 
 
 20 
 
 lOSl 
 
 998 
 
 457 
 
 1622 
 
 2079 
 
 173 
 
 13584 
 
 5027 
 
 1879 
 
 129 
 
 197 
 
 39 
 
 399 
 
 75-i 
 
 319 
 
 2173 
 
 35178 6556 
 
 836 
 
 370 
 
 
 27 
 
 1791 
 
 1782 
 
 1431 
 
 2142 
 
 a-.73 
 
 296 
 
 17302 
 
 7251 
 
 2457 
 
 236 
 
 287 
 
 83 
 
 462 
 
 829 
 
 140 
 
 3144 
 
 '53432 16841 
 
 3582 
 
 1730 
 
 >^ 
 
 2S 
 
 772 
 
 795 
 
 430 
 
 1137 
 
 1567 
 
 145 
 
 10272 
 
 4006 
 
 1537 
 
 124 
 
 127 
 
 2 
 
 241 
 
 422 
 
 
 1429 22299 
 
 :-;8£5 
 
 482 
 
 7241 
 
 
 29 
 
 1290 
 
 1310 
 
 383 
 
 2217 
 
 2600 
 
 168 
 
 23520 
 
 6241 
 
 2010 
 
 138 
 
 233 
 
 20 
 
 332 
 
 558 
 
 163 
 
 1265 28234 
 
 12830 
 
 
 2840 
 
 o 
 
 30 
 
 728 
 
 776 
 
 552 
 
 952 
 
 lo(M 
 
 164 
 
 8670 
 
 1962 
 
 089 
 
 147 
 
 101 
 
 7 
 
 280 
 
 626 
 
 76 
 
 2026 
 
 •J36;«j 
 
 3868 
 
 109 
 
 2942 
 
 1 
 
 31 
 
 960 
 
 1012 
 
 378 
 
 1594 
 
 1972 
 
 169 
 
 13165 
 
 4879 
 
 1856 
 
 101 
 
 248 
 
 36 
 
 331 
 
 471 
 
 140 
 
 2339 :-;9287 
 
 2650 
 
 343 
 
 754 
 
 w 
 
 32 
 
 1211 
 
 1203 
 
 900 
 
 1514 
 
 2414 
 
 217 
 
 18291 
 
 4567 
 
 1378 
 
 249 
 
 223 
 
 21 
 
 435 
 
 936 
 
 18 
 
 2794 
 
 41291 
 
 7407 
 
 540 
 
 715 
 
 55 
 
 33 
 
 1055 
 
 1008 
 
 1262 
 
 801 
 
 2063 
 
 246 
 
 14167 
 
 6726 
 
 2319 
 
 257 
 
 126 
 
 20 
 
 389 
 
 717 
 
 27b 
 
 2834 
 
 141221 
 
 6744 
 
 2668 
 
 2125 
 
 
 :U 
 
 1024 
 
 1076 
 
 807 
 
 1293 
 
 2100 
 
 194 
 
 8678 
 
 3323 
 
 1284 
 
 182 
 
 109 
 
 16 
 
 784 
 
 388 
 
 93 
 
 2.334 33725 
 
 7395 
 
 34^- 
 
 1424 
 
 n 
 
 So 
 
 905 
 
 856 
 
 526 
 
 1235 
 
 1761 
 
 160 
 
 10375 
 
 3640 
 
 1060 
 
 268 
 
 120 
 
 16 
 
 259 
 
 301 
 
 37 
 
 1458 
 
 !29723 
 
 5064 
 
 843 
 
 69 
 
 
 36 
 
 580 
 
 622 
 
 355 
 
 847 
 
 1202 
 
 119 
 
 12952 
 
 26o5 
 
 869 
 
 77 
 
 128 
 
 8 
 
 250 
 
 306 
 
 
 1502 
 
 22460 
 
 3491 
 
 793 
 
 593 
 
 
 37 
 
 457 
 
 396 
 
 466 
 
 387 
 
 853 
 
 104 
 
 5785 
 
 2059 
 
 612 
 
 78 
 
 87 
 
 56 
 
 198 
 
 496 
 
 78 
 
 1770 22657 
 
 3324 
 
 1741 
 
 484 
 
 
 38 
 
 787 
 
 760 
 
 695 
 
 852 
 
 1547 
 
 128 
 
 9480 
 
 3144 
 
 1035 
 
 170 
 
 103 
 
 23 
 
 188 
 
 525 
 
 123 
 
 2139 
 
 2 485 
 
 4981 
 
 247 
 
 1123 
 
 
 39 
 
 933 
 
 891 
 
 786 
 
 1038 
 
 1824 
 
 170 
 
 9608 
 
 3715 
 
 1360 
 
 197 
 
 152 
 
 2 
 
 278 
 
 623 
 
 286 
 
 2292 
 
 27895 
 
 9268 
 
 96 
 
 2285 
 
 
 40 
 
 1341 
 
 I32S 
 
 1104 
 
 1565 
 
 2669 
 
 196 
 
 12881 
 
 4984 
 
 1880 
 
 171 
 
 193 
 
 52 
 
 308 
 
 672 
 
 154 
 
 21S7 
 
 39144 
 
 12704 
 
 2817 
 
 700 
 
 
 41 
 
 1117 
 
 1432 
 
 616 
 
 193:5 
 
 2549 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 1367 
 
 1551 
 
 228 
 
 2090 
 
 2918 
 
 516 
 
 2705 
 
 936 
 
 211 
 
 38 
 
 11 
 
 113 
 
 161 
 
 148 
 
 
 816 
 
 503H 
 
 
 
 2183 
 
 
 43 
 
 1157 
 
 1268 
 
 29 
 
 2396 
 
 2425 
 
 508 
 
 4097 
 
 1296 
 
 264 
 
 91 
 
 30 
 
 149 
 
 288 
 
 213 
 
 57 
 
 368 
 
 14145 
 
 200 
 
 
 2812 
 
 t3 
 
 44 
 
 1277 
 
 1336 
 
 525 
 
 2(!88 
 
 2613 
 
 464 
 
 5436 
 
 783 
 
 275' 
 
 114 
 
 80 
 
 186 
 
 758 
 
 1100 
 
 914 
 
 1206 
 
 ,19862 
 
 121 
 
 
 17333 
 
 o 
 
 45 
 
 877 
 
 &56 
 
 412 
 
 1321 
 
 1733 
 
 300 
 
 3174 
 
 435 
 
 94 
 
 137 
 
 35 
 
 62 
 
 744 
 
 305 
 
 650 
 
 972 
 
 11681 
 
 400 
 
 
 8C29 
 
 
 46 
 
 1215 
 
 1298 
 
 51 
 
 2462 
 
 2513! 
 
 j 
 
 183 
 
 2192 
 
 783 
 
 168 
 
 124 
 
 55 
 
 7 
 
 88 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 449 
 
 6951 
 
 
 
 540 
 
 o 
 
 47 
 
 1788 
 
 1821 
 
 25 
 
 3584 
 
 3609 
 
 392 
 
 6874 1776 
 
 327 
 
 185 
 
 97 
 
 167 
 
 387 
 
 207 
 
 263 
 
 565 
 
 31339 
 
 800 
 
 
 74113 
 
 
 48 : 
 
 973 
 
 884 
 
 146 
 
 1711 
 
 1857 
 
 274 
 
 2329 j 804 
 
 139' 75 
 
 42 
 
 67 
 
 175 
 
 59 
 
 1 
 
 377 
 
 10856 
 
 30 
 
 
 6532 
 
 
 49 
 51) 
 
 1083 
 2ia5 
 
 1164 
 22t<3 
 
 85 
 
 77 
 
 2212 
 4320 
 
 2247 
 4397 
 
 480 
 459 
 
 8152 
 
 5688 
 
 1647 
 3017 
 
 331 61 
 
 899 207 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 151 
 
 318 
 
 382 
 
 407 
 
 66 
 
 205 
 
 134 
 
 56 
 
 583 
 
 1259 
 
 7776 
 21987 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 3721 
 
 
 51 
 
 1 
 
 1613 
 
 1702 
 
 298 
 
 3017 
 
 3315 ICO 
 
 II 
 
 8375 93 
 II 
 
 121 S1I219 
 
 11 1 
 
 56 
 
 310 
 
 403 
 
 93 
 
 715 
 
 6117 
 
 330 
 
 1 
 
 285215 
 
TABLE y. — Agricultural Statistics of South Carolina, for the year JSSO, 
 
 by Townships. 
 
 SECOND SERIES— (Continued.) 
 
 
 Cn' 1 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 h 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 Population. 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 5 
 &:. 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 ■3 
 
 H 
 to 
 
 V 
 
 u 
 
 < 
 
 Cotton. 
 
 
 
 Stock. 
 
 
 Gkain. 
 
 h 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 C£ 
 
 S 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 0^ 
 fcC 
 
 < 
 
 s 
 
 1- 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 A! 
 1 
 
 Milch 
 
 Cows. 
 
 "Other 
 
 Cattle. 
 
 05 
 
 
 0" 
 I. • 
 
 H 
 
 .1 .' 
 
 a — 1— 1 0. .C 
 
 
 78 
 
 1198 
 
 1252 
 
 112 
 
 2:338 
 
 i 
 21.50! 
 
 30 
 
 23570 
 
 434 
 
 20l! 52 
 
 29 
 
 10 
 
 88 
 
 359] 
 
 113 
 
 1095 
 
 1 1 
 1215 22^ 800 
 
 
 80 
 
 500 
 
 507 
 
 8 
 
 999 
 
 1007 
 
 170 
 
 2312 
 
 .37 
 
 I2I 28 
 
 27 
 
 13 
 
 71 
 
 
 
 227 
 
 5069 
 
 
 225 
 
 
 81 
 
 12S1 
 
 1281 
 
 77 
 
 2485 
 
 25621 
 
 166 
 
 2:324 
 
 256 
 
 5x106 
 
 50 
 
 28 
 
 157 
 
 305 
 
 137 
 
 398 
 
 3781 
 
 10937 
 
 514 40 
 
 1785 
 
 
 83 1 
 
 HA 
 
 651 
 
 70 
 
 i:528 
 
 1.398 140 
 
 3555 
 
 262 
 
 135 21 
 
 34 
 
 31 
 
 81 
 
 8 
 
 51 
 
 50:38 
 
 300 
 
 66 
 
 
 84 
 
 406 
 
 412 
 
 37 
 
 781 
 
 818 94 
 
 1289 
 
 88 
 
 35! 27 
 
 24 
 
 6 
 
 82 
 
 32 
 
 110 
 
 84 
 
 2597 
 
 IS 
 
 
 i;3;325 
 
 
 8-,! 
 
 2133 
 
 2088 
 
 1219 
 
 3002 
 
 4221 ;M3 
 
 1 
 
 4693 
 
 1161 
 
 590 1 102 
 
 193 
 
 2 
 
 715 
 
 527; 402 
 
 29)1 
 
 479.57 
 
 .550 
 
 40 
 
 16262 
 
 >1 
 
 175 
 
 451 
 
 462 
 
 29 
 
 884 
 
 913, 13 
 
 1372, 
 
 10:3 
 
 41 
 
 1-20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 104 
 
 6 80 
 
 121 
 
 2S01 
 
 80 
 
 
 2999 
 
 z; 
 
 ^ 
 
 8G 
 
 1699 
 
 1.557 
 
 1221 
 
 20.35 
 
 32561 1284 
 
 1:3011 
 
 1261 
 
 1678 
 
 218 
 
 221 
 
 28 
 
 138 
 
 2816 
 
 3904; 
 
 41155 
 
 8427 
 
 
 12182 
 
 O 
 
 87 
 
 1907 
 
 1837 
 
 931 
 
 2813 
 
 3744|;210 
 
 6126 
 
 158 
 
 71 
 
 112 
 
 70 
 
 180 
 
 715 
 
 1260 1.50U 
 
 I35iii 
 
 8982 
 
 815 
 
 
 5)703 
 
 > 
 
 88 
 
 1092 
 
 1008 
 
 2.59 
 
 1861 
 
 2100 
 
 115 
 
 37J2[ 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 5.3 
 
 81 
 
 22 
 
 211 
 
 217, 522 
 
 674' 3S76 
 
 589 
 
 
 87562 
 
 
 «!) 
 
 2042 
 
 2101 
 
 919 
 
 3224 
 
 4143! 
 
 346 
 
 8728 
 
 2384 
 
 886 
 
 193 
 
 184 
 
 64 
 
 740 
 
 907 1 742 
 
 2176:28740 
 
 :3390 
 
 
 5a320 
 
 
 90 
 
 17ir, 
 
 1628 
 
 314 
 
 3029 
 
 3343 
 
 477 
 
 7260 
 
 :3262 
 
 1003 
 
 151 
 
 126 
 
 112 
 
 781 
 
 100 523 
 
 .882,2S818 
 
 2570 
 
 61 
 
 1532 
 
 25 
 
 91; 
 
 1167 
 
 1212 
 
 152 
 
 2227 
 
 2379 
 
 440 
 
 776.51 
 
 2607 
 
 1124 
 
 256 
 
 131 
 
 21 
 
 4.57 
 
 147 335 
 
 823|jl414'i 
 
 425 
 
 
 
 
 173 1 
 
 1 
 
 702 
 
 698 
 
 67 
 
 13.33 
 
 1400, 
 
 55 
 
 460SJ 
 
 •-•567 
 
 531 
 
 ia5 
 
 98 
 
 8 
 
 ;337 
 
 223 193 
 
 |:378i 
 
 1.5.S50 
 
 105 
 
 
 311:33 
 
 
 92 1 
 
 1113 
 
 1226 
 
 189 
 
 2182 
 
 2J71 
 
 360 
 
 8515 
 
 1&51 
 
 5.1! 
 
 146 
 
 44 
 
 1 
 
 225 
 
 59i 93 
 
 :361 
 
 101 10 
 
 160 
 
 
 87 
 
 
 93 
 
 2077 
 
 2161 
 
 151 
 
 4087 
 
 1238 
 
 150 
 
 7190 
 
 -WS 
 
 913 
 
 275 
 
 111 
 
 38 
 
 576 
 
 212j 130 
 
 585 
 
 l63tJ4 
 
 180 
 
 
 45 
 
 
 95 1 
 
 989 
 
 988 
 
 781 
 
 1193 
 
 1977' 
 
 140 
 
 3981' 
 
 481 
 
 137 
 
 87 
 
 25 
 
 49 
 
 0.37 
 
 889^ 599 
 
 2)44: 
 
 9674 
 
 023 
 
 20 
 
 2011 
 
 
 96 
 
 822 
 
 800 
 
 256 
 
 1366 
 
 1622 
 
 160 
 
 24101 
 
 509 
 
 153 
 
 146 
 
 36 
 
 87 
 
 25:3 
 
 3.35 213 
 
 658 
 
 9255 
 
 260 
 
 
 1289 
 
 
 97 
 
 1258 
 
 llOi 
 
 252 
 
 2090 
 
 2342 
 
 60 
 
 3119 
 
 177 
 
 53 
 
 48 
 
 61 
 
 58 
 
 303 
 
 388 
 
 48 
 
 751 1 
 
 4766 
 
 700 
 
 
 45108 
 
 ?5 
 
 1 
 52, 
 to' 
 77 
 
 22tS5 
 
 27499 
 
 22565 
 
 27419 
 
 19084' 
 
 636 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 48 
 
 
 39 
 
 2 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 79 
 
 1270 
 
 143.5 
 
 893 
 
 1807 
 
 2703 21 
 
 1349 
 
 190 
 
 53 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 
 159 
 
 10« 
 
 5 
 
 212 
 
 2110 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 82 ; 
 
 1331 
 
 1315 
 
 125 
 
 2521 
 
 2616' 
 
 j 
 
 72 
 
 55340 
 
 1205 
 
 820' 
 
 144 
 
 47 
 
 2 
 
 316 
 
 185 
 
 192 
 
 149! 
 
 5005 
 
 930 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 < 
 
 3 
 
 91 
 
 623 
 
 560 
 
 175 
 
 1008 
 
 1183 
 
 48 
 
 939 
 
 2 
 
 1' 
 
 34 
 
 71 
 
 
 32 
 
 U 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 122, 
 
 1:397 
 
 1810 
 
 
 
 75 
 
TABLE y.—A(f)'icultH)'aI Statistics of South Cawlina, for the year ISSO, 
 
 by 2oiens]iips. 
 vSECOND SERIES.— (CoNTiMEn.) 
 
 rorn.ATioN. 
 
 'A 
 
 5 I i 
 
 i I 
 
 
 •d 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Cotton. 
 
 f 
 
 "S 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 — ^ 
 
 
 
 b. 
 
 H 
 
 s, 
 
 
 C 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 !f> 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 « 
 
 w 
 
 ■^ 
 
 Z 
 
 -< 
 
 < 
 
 n 
 
 Stock. 
 
 
 
 Gkain. 
 
 
 AS 3217 
 9!) 9S9 
 
 'I : 
 
 100 11 im 
 
 101 ' 1134 
 
 lOJ 
 I 10» 
 1(H 
 105 
 106 
 107 
 IDS 
 109 
 110 
 111 
 
 10C» 
 
 m\ 
 1319: 
 
 817 
 972 
 735 
 679 
 84s 
 747 
 
 112 I 741 
 
 113 830 
 
 I lU 
 i 115 
 
 1775 
 
 932 
 
 2192 
 97V) 
 
 1273; 
 
 lis:j 
 926 
 
 6>'>7 
 
 I 
 ISoSII 
 
 I 
 86l| 
 
 1U50 
 5S1 
 6.5S 
 900 
 743 
 814 
 782 
 
 1779! 
 943 
 
 5.>7 :>872 
 
 1207 701 
 
 49j 2J72J 
 
 1207 1110 
 
 760 1230 
 
 427 
 
 390 
 971 
 100 
 
 ! I II 
 4109 105 3S79; 
 
 lOliS 249, 7039 
 
 252l| ISO 60r>5j| 
 2317 19- 10ti99 
 1990 200 S237, 
 
 I II I 
 421 160 106 82 
 
 O.Ji> 28> 250 035 
 
 163 
 
 74 I SO 
 
 I. 
 
 4o0| 
 1041 
 16S7, 
 15481 
 
 S60»< 
 2920. 
 
 ri3i 1315 
 
 403 
 179 
 1167 
 641 
 
 903 
 1158 
 581 
 849 
 1477 
 776| 8.% 
 ijoSj 2(K11 
 9601 911 
 
 8771149 
 
 1431 190 
 I 
 2658 242 373;^^ 
 
 nosi'm 8257 
 
 ll I 1 
 
 202< 2«t 5418 
 1300189 
 
 2847 1178' 1207 
 
 '! 
 I S87j 187j|197 
 
 816 4561 84 
 
 1 236: 129 I8I' 57 
 
 554 253 132 65 
 
 110 
 
 3571 119 
 
 .... I 4211 45S 
 
 s! 708 1032 
 
 61 310 294 
 
 9' 525) 1479 
 
 19| 611| 510 
 
 461 S64I 583 
 
 9! 300j 877 
 
 34; 433 379 
 
 4*1' 409 S08SI 30 
 9112774 29891 2903 
 
 150 
 
 518 
 
 14715 
 
 200 
 
 569 3749148089 16440 
 
 189j281S 
 
 13 2236 
 
 609 1385 
 
 771 501 21 
 
 1981 299 
 
 904 370 151 72! 22; 564 546 
 
 1337 
 
 1748 
 
 167 
 
 2947' 
 
 2212 
 148 4143 
 4780 
 5493 
 1012 240 3S51J 
 3551 '224! 5219^ 
 
 1490 j 95 
 1555! 65 
 
 480 
 378 
 
 182 56 66j 
 
 27 
 68 
 36 
 
 1121125 
 
 I 
 170i 160 
 
 22911103 
 
 58 98 
 
 247 139 !203l 63 
 
 ^:55 725 
 
 1877 
 
 524 
 
 12691 984<)| 1192 
 
 I I II 
 
 242 108 
 
 213 83 
 
 253 
 772 
 202 
 
 285 
 
 I . 
 11: 732 
 
 42; 737 
 
 584 
 1223 
 883 
 472 
 515 
 1779 
 
 25 967 1158 
 
 1331 
 120 
 
 j21137j 876.1 
 
 14949! 2985 
 
 1 I 
 J19108; 1170 
 
 22584; 35o 
 
 72731 358 
 
 17 
 
 528 
 
 1800' 17185 8345 
 
 1328 
 1051 
 15S5 
 
 15408 
 17696 
 19172 
 
 10271 11880 
 
 9536 
 
 530| 
 I 
 S334: 31975 
 
 I 
 
 87212208; j3«5511 
 584 2979 i85880 
 
 2890 
 120 
 2805 
 6970 
 618 
 4970 
 2730 
 8436 
 
 50801 
 7210 
 I88022 
 5840 
 35?1 
 11 8150 
 4750 
 0940 
 56221 
 8750 
 7033 
 2584 
 8509 
 722") 
 52184 
 30i 4413. 
 19980 
 194 9500 
 
 30 
 
 116 
 117 
 118 
 119 
 
 i 120 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 121 I 
 
 : 122 1 
 
 i 174' 
 
 9S1 
 1486| 
 128:1 
 
 930 
 
 2415 
 964 
 899! 
 
 446 
 
 832 
 1591' 
 13091 
 1033' 
 2290 
 &58 
 861 
 
 705 1058 
 
 1090, 1987 
 
 555! 2a>7 
 
 I 
 
 388 1675 
 
 22:56; 2499 
 
 757| 11.55 
 
 31l| 1449 
 
 284 1 595I 
 
 15714 
 
 176SIS04 
 
 I 
 
 3077; 390 
 
 2592 204' 12818 
 
 201.s'ltJ 7478 
 
 i I 
 47*5 :W7 16416 
 
 1922,142' 5344 
 
 '[ ' 
 1700 iXi, iJ74 
 
 8791 761 1126: 
 
 7m 24slil45 
 
 5490, 1677| 313 
 441l!l72iJi'138i216J 
 
 I :: I 
 
 3803J1414|: 76 1 134 
 4698 187413181248 
 697 2301 il33 
 
 751 1IS| 68911245 
 191 
 
 1.S28 442 i 58 
 
 202 471 ! 85 
 
 94 1 79811740 
 89] 685; 1085 
 
 19 189J 419 
 82; 931' 682 
 34 
 11 
 
 469| 400 
 
 230! 364 
 I 
 271 320; 825 
 
 I' I 
 1874| 122709 1480 
 
 |i I 
 457714755014867 
 
 2864! 41471 j 15249 
 
 926 1922S| 7493 
 
 li ' 
 4572 68602 15266 
 
 |: ' 
 
 124U. 14505 1990 
 
 9511,11190 1805 
 
 I I ' 
 a 2629 495| 
 
 64 
 
 83 
 
 445^' 26 
 
 2525.3 
 5850 
 1950 
 275 
 8750 
 752.'$ 
 8^54 
 1371 
 
TAHLK Y. — Af/ricv.liural StatidicH of Sov.tJt Carolina, for the year 1880, 
 
 bij TowruihipH. 
 SECOND SERIES— (Continued.) 
 
 
 0} 
 
 rOPULATIOW. 1 
 
 a 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 •< 
 
 COTTOM 
 
 
 |l 
 
 *rocK. 1 Grain. 
 
 
 1 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 
 
 >• 
 
 z 
 
 p 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 OS 
 
 S 
 
 "s. 
 
 1 
 
 
 I 
 
 t 
 
 « 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 
 21 
 
 ■< 
 
 1 
 flQ 
 
 c 
 
 1 
 
 % 
 
 H 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 if 
 
 i5| 
 
 a* J 
 
 b « I OS .X go 
 
 rr. 2 . ■= :. -3 2 '^1 '11 '2« 
 
 
 123 
 
 807 
 
 876 
 
 617 
 
 126 
 
 74a 
 
 113 371 r! 477] 160 96 
 
 40 
 
 8.5 
 
 265 
 
 II'' 1 1 
 
 534 SM lft58 15080! 22()l 2270 695 
 
 t ' 
 
 
 121 
 
 441 
 
 451 
 
 758 
 
 134 
 
 892 
 
 117 3«82|i 147 
 
 61 104 
 
 .57 
 
 36 
 
 230 
 
 483 396,15^« 14200| 663 2578 203 
 
 
 12.5 
 
 1108 
 
 1258 
 
 1469 
 
 907 
 
 2126:346'l2024||4101 
 
 15881 1250 
 
 1 
 
 280 
 
 6 
 
 485 
 
 10621 890:2914' :«7178,21615 6475 
 
 1 1 il 
 
 
 > 
 
 120 
 
 45H 485 
 
 096 
 
 247 
 
 913i illl! 5066 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 730 
 
 279 127 
 
 51 
 
 48 
 
 297 
 
 580 4.55 1406 17551 925 2762 725 
 
 /. 
 
 127 
 
 723 824 
 
 025 
 
 922 
 
 1517 155 4741 
 1206 |l42 5712 
 
 1211 
 
 521^ 62 
 
 129 
 
 61 
 
 226 
 
 455, 35 
 
 1101 2569IJ 2188, 1483 550 
 
 1 1 
 
 8 
 
 128 
 
 Oil 5H7 
 
 800 
 
 406 
 
 1436 
 
 482144 
 
 64 
 
 68 
 
 202 
 
 498 436 
 
 1409 17127} 2892 2817 55 
 
 o 
 
 129 J 
 
 1008 1060 
 
 1 
 
 837 
 
 1237 
 
 2074 191 10033 '3.yj3|l51o' 130 
 
 2»5 
 
 5 
 
 846 
 
 798] 506 
 
 1955 34318 24H78 3933J 100 
 
 H 
 
 'J 
 
 1 
 
 la' 
 
 92r> 805 
 
 1003 
 
 722i 1785 1«1 800:{ 2041 10.'t> 291 
 
 107 
 
 18 
 
 309 
 
 55.5 
 
 578 
 
 17a5 22.552 )2«73 430.5| 121 
 
 
 131 ' 
 
 638 821 
 
 848 
 
 406 J254 20l| 7929 2092 918 
 
 221 
 
 122 
 
 16 
 
 810 
 
 628 
 
 606 
 
 1916 2740 15104 
 
 5017 
 
 2 
 
 
 132 
 
 1025 1040 
 
 j 
 
 1370 
 
 095 2005' 220 96*5 1915 732 
 
 233 175 
 
 18 
 
 884 
 
 830 
 
 743 
 
 1 
 2879 2718.5 19922 6879 
 
 485 
 
 
 13:) 
 
 437 414 
 
 65H 
 
 193 1 *31 122 372:) 601 j 289 
 
 103 36 
 
 35 
 
 199 
 
 45«> 
 
 136 
 
 1574 13625 260 2109 
 
 405 
 
 
 134 
 
 720 
 
 755 
 
 925 
 
 650 
 
 1475 286' 8355 2200 
 
 818 
 
 224 249 
 
 4 
 
 451 
 
 735 
 
 1619 
 
 2781. 29115 19398 
 
 5924 
 
 45 
 
 
 135 
 
 6(J5 
 
 696 
 
 440 
 
 «61 
 
 1801 '150 6016|1642 
 
 1 1 11 
 
 637 
 
 76 114 
 
 20 
 
 827 
 
 662 
 
 178 
 
 1691 23598 352 
 
 1616 
 
 790 
 
 
 130 
 
 1780 
 
 1884 
 
 629 
 
 3035 
 
 3061 .-m 
 
 ■1 I 1' 1 
 10798 0707 2931 175 318 
 
 33 
 
 871 
 
 1 
 489 110 
 
 1531 31771 
 
 9145 145 
 
 1210 
 
 
 137 
 
 1013 
 
 997 
 
 667 
 
 1343| 20m2ul 
 
 6144 Vm 407| 151 90 
 
 80 
 
 184 
 
 591 
 
 400 
 
 1817 25(J«9 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 7633| 137 
 
 6421 
 
 
 138 
 
 1052 
 
 1064 
 
 768 
 
 1848 
 
 2116 216 
 
 11293 3302 1172 188174 
 
 23 
 
 29.5 
 
 371 
 
 487 
 
 2079 141685 
 
 1885 ^84 
 
 8510 
 
 
 130 
 
 1441 
 
 1440 
 
 864 
 
 2017 
 
 2881 377 
 
 18039 5791 2378 226 269 
 
 43 
 
 .S55 
 
 1020 74 
 
 2766 47708 
 
 2782 1414 
 
 1.50 
 
 
 140 
 
 561 
 
 588 
 
 361 
 
 788 
 
 1149 101 
 
 551<i . 701 
 
 301 131: 38 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 209 
 
 407 617 
 
 1859 12M2 
 
 3883: 6 
 
 5025 
 
 
 172 
 
 532 
 
 i 760 
 
 503 
 
 511 
 
 494 
 
 10801 1154 
 1490, 141 
 
 644Ujjl564 
 
 631> 1161 71 
 
 12 
 
 229 
 
 460 206 
 
 1467 22607 
 
 107911 888 
 
 1903 
 
 
 141 
 
 730 
 
 433 
 
 1057 
 
 5038 2540 
 
 931 109121 
 
 9 
 
 112 
 
 374 22.5 
 
 1219 19550 
 
 4826 42 
 
 6221 
 
 >< 
 
 142 
 
 1372 
 
 1309 
 
 1182 
 
 1499 
 
 2681 262 
 
 18562 3893| 1392 231 1217 
 
 95 
 
 448 
 
 671 1 310 
 
 1857 45680 
 
 6703 4129 
 
 0924 
 
 >5 
 
 143 
 
 474 
 
 486 
 
 510 
 
 450 
 
 960!l52 
 
 4429^1208 
 
 890 iL5 
 
 58 
 
 42 
 
 286 
 
 477 
 
 573 
 
 1002 16549 
 
 1293 1819 
 
 600 
 
 s 
 
 144 
 
 02;) 
 
 502 
 
 621 
 
 591 
 
 1215 97 
 
 5013 1018 358 llOj 34 
 
 15 
 
 136 
 
 82i»j 55 
 
 1019 14518 
 
 5366 1387 
 
 1389 
 
 
 145 
 
 121)0 
 
 1228 
 
 419 
 
 2009 
 
 2428 
 1663 
 
 109 
 
 13281 18flt' 209;)^157 220 
 
 3 
 
 152 
 
 466; 110 
 
 1380 24109 
 
 5291 
 
 128 
 
 229S 
 
 
 140 
 
 830 
 
 833 
 
 518 
 
 1115 
 
 222 
 
 8833 2472 883:203 
 
 169 
 
 
 292 
 
 508 329 
 
 2468 28832 
 
 7694 
 
 191 
 
 18148 
 
 u 
 
 147 
 
 601 
 
 663 
 
 2r2 
 
 995; 1267 il 10 
 
 5809 1413 660 lOo'lOO 
 
 7 
 
 147 
 
 439 24*J 
 
 ]08>; 17120 
 
 4766' 235 
 
 4033 
 
 
 148 
 
 1054 
 
 1086 
 
 927 
 
 1213 2140 30 
 
 1298h 29.5 IS!) 38 21 
 
 
 65 
 
 96] 21 
 
 109: 4800 
 
 1385J 
 
 1340 
 
 o 
 
 149 
 
 1»41 
 
 1965 
 
 838 
 
 8073 8906j 296 
 
 29314^5816 2.560 295 2.54 
 
 11 
 
 862 
 
 665 
 
 738 
 
 2151 66599 
 
 L5722 
 
 7Jr7 
 
 8560 
 
 
 150 
 
 970 
 796 
 
 1024 
 
 393 
 
 1601 1 1994' 215 
 
 905f> 3886 15f« 136 177 
 
 13 
 
 150 
 
 570 
 
 48 
 
 17.36 20127 
 
 4624 
 
 406 
 
 450 
 
 
 151 
 
 710 
 
 446 
 
 1066. 151!^|149 
 
 8:»l';20O3 1167; 114 100 
 
 12 
 
 143 
 
 271 
 
 82 
 
 1370 15823 
 
 2838 
 
 06 
 
 506 
 
 
 152 
 
 506 
 
 664 
 
 I 3S7 
 
 873 1200 159 
 
 1 ;| 
 
 8216!2082; 694.102 120 
 
 1 ' tt 
 
 2 
 
 187 
 
 86l[25e 
 
 187* 12220 
 
 918« 
 
 84 
 
 4S50 
 
 
 153 
 
 700 
 
 712 
 
 881 
 
 1087 1418 135 
 
 8222 218)' 88! 117 111 
 
 14 
 
 196 
 
 482 99 
 
 11.36 16689 10067: 392 
 
 2203 
 
 
 151 
 
 857 
 
 891 
 
 ' 978 
 
 770 1748j|203 
 
 9317 2921 940 189 81 
 
 M 1 
 
 21 
 
 824 
 
 4,51 179 
 
 1879 29058 
 1092111181 
 
 7210 
 
 1044 
 
 1150 
 
 
 155 
 
 686 
 
 050 
 
 1 
 
 206 
 
 10801 1286 
 
 j 
 
 161 
 
 5231 |2410| 8421 80109 
 
 1 1 1 1 
 
 14 
 
 169 
 
 848 170 
 
 3104 
 
 122 
 
 2m 
 
 
 150 
 
 785 
 
 787 
 
 576 
 
 996 1572 195 
 
 7418 2172 887 152 76 
 
 1. i i; 1 
 
 16 
 
 '" 
 
 424 236 
 
 1 
 
 1.342 23661 lllOo' 679 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 102.5 
 
TABLE V. — Agricfidtural Statistics of South Carolina, for the year 1880, 
 
 hy Toimiships. 
 SECOND SERIES.— (Concluded.) 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 Pop 
 
 aLATION. 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 Cotton 
 
 
 
 Stock. 
 
 
 GllAlN, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C5 
 
 *-H 
 
 , 
 
 
 4) 
 
 
 
 
 
 c . 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 f. 
 
 O 
 
 09 
 
 s 
 
 'it* 
 
 i 
 
 T3 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 9 
 
 Ml 
 
 an 0) 
 
 g 
 iA 
 
 •?,«• 
 
 4) — 
 
 a. 
 
 6 
 
 a 
 
 
 OiSi 
 
 a! 
 
 u 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 OS 
 
 & 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 d 
 
 7^ 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 p 
 1? 
 
 
 
 JS 
 
 as 
 
 
 
 
 .S5 
 
 
 157 
 
 789 
 
 799 
 
 1140 
 
 448 
 
 1588 
 
 220 
 
 3731 
 
 765 
 
 225 
 
 58 
 
 88 
 
 145 
 
 388 
 
 240 
 
 155 1211 
 
 10921 
 
 560 
 
 
 
 
 
 158 
 
 1163 
 
 1118 
 
 1021 
 
 1262 
 
 2286 
 
 200 
 
 6365 
 
 2504 
 
 917 
 
 101 
 
 97 
 
 89 
 
 336 
 
 437 
 
 592 1402 
 
 17652 
 
 403 
 
 551 
 
 290 
 
 159 
 
 481 
 
 529 
 
 423 
 
 587 
 
 1010 
 
 95 
 
 2512 
 
 553 251 
 
 65 
 
 50 
 
 9 
 
 100 
 
 72 
 
 
 141 
 
 5324 
 
 511U 
 
 500 
 
 150 
 
 160 
 
 945 
 
 1092 
 
 374 
 
 1663 
 
 2037 
 
 187 
 
 5655 
 
 2251 
 
 1163 
 
 95 
 
 168 
 
 40 
 
 190 
 
 164 
 
 44 
 
 519 
 
 23414 
 
 5199 
 
 785 
 
 2510 
 
 8 
 
 161 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 to 
 
 4639 
 
 5;i97 
 
 4338 
 
 5698 
 
 1U036 
 
 9 
 
 191 
 
 91 
 
 59 
 
 6 10 
 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 
 12 
 
 490 
 
 190 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 167 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PC 
 
 168 
 
 1604 
 
 1556 
 
 244 
 
 2916 
 
 3160 
 
 396 
 
 18108 i6618 
 
 2635 
 
 80 282 
 
 197 
 
 220 
 
 289 
 
 200 886i 
 
 39892 
 
 705 
 
 147 
 
 
 109 
 
 1121 
 
 1093 
 
 154 
 
 2060 
 
 2214 
 
 320 
 
 9989| 
 
 5233 
 
 1926 
 
 88 195 
 
 95 
 
 195 
 
 25S 
 
 161 
 
 1017 
 
 19173 
 
 1592 
 
 9 
 
 350 
 
 s 
 
 170 
 
 1739 
 
 1768 
 
 519 
 
 2988 
 
 3507 
 
 491 
 
 12292 
 
 7150 
 
 2690 
 
 145 259 
 
 180 
 
 353 
 
 351 
 
 302 
 
 968! 31567 
 
 6354 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 171 
 
 1359 
 
 1376 
 
 969 
 
 1766 
 
 2735 
 
 1 
 
 322 
 
 9936 
 
 3196 
 
 109S 
 
 184 247 
 
 85 
 
 405 
 
 682 
 
 327 
 
 1809 22607 
 
 10791 
 
 1S72 
 
 
TABLE V. — Agricultural Statistics of South Carolina, for the year 18S0, 
 
 by Imcnships. 
 THIRD SERIES. 
 
 Population. 
 
 S 
 
 
 "3 
 
 
 9) 
 
 
 
 — J 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 6 
 
 COTTOW 
 
 Stock. 
 
 .2 ,/ ' *• * 
 
 Soioo 
 
 CG 
 
 Grain. 
 
 IS 
 
 i-hK 
 
 OB ^(5 
 
 Clin 
 
 639 
 1265 
 
 4.S5 
 
 488 
 1187 
 
 882 
 1112 
 1015 
 
 983 
 
 586 
 1378 
 
 483 
 
 4W 
 1170 
 
 879 
 1157 
 
 891 
 773 
 516 
 746 
 1499 
 1273 
 1411 
 
 10«0 1440 
 1097 949 
 
 334 
 1870 
 402 
 241 
 858 
 488 
 858 
 665 
 1131 
 
 1225 146 
 
 2643 16.5 
 
 918| I9I 
 
 987' 149 
 
 2367 ,359 
 
 3790 930 
 7108 2791 
 
 325 93 47 
 1273 113 103 
 
 1989 
 
 622 499 
 
 25 
 
 1761 
 
 2260 
 
 34951 406 
 
 9189 36;18 
 
 li 
 
 143 66 
 1387; 196 
 
 2105 303 
 2080 247 
 
 937; 1282011332 
 
 'i I 
 
 932 
 
 1164 
 
 8824 2531 
 9914 2897 
 86C6||1905 
 
 778 119 
 
 ll 
 
 100 276 392 
 86 181 307 
 
 29 
 
 58 
 
 275 26<. 
 472 230 
 
 444; 1545 10651 
 1091429 26462 
 5 177 10120 
 264 '1360 14569 
 616! 1321 ,38172 
 830 1865 !32493 
 
 1256 2099 37883 
 
 I 
 514 2187 40142 
 
 I 
 329J1736| 27938 
 
 540 
 10712 
 6775 
 408 
 4876 
 2770 
 
 416 
 709 
 
 198 
 1598 
 1378 
 
 7246 211h 
 5588 3728 
 2731 85 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 !^ 
 804 
 480 
 348 
 928 
 560 
 367 
 712 
 512 
 481 
 275 
 407 
 457 
 496 
 212 
 899 
 496 
 357 
 53G 
 
 255 
 832 
 484 
 343 
 932 
 575 
 354 
 728 
 527 
 44C 
 299 
 388 
 498 
 53S 
 190 
 852 
 4&5 
 332 
 547 
 
 259 
 435 
 295 
 516 
 317 
 122 
 170 
 692 
 332 
 754 
 287 
 224 
 326 
 422 
 248 
 323 
 172 
 275 
 03 
 
 249 
 
 1181 
 
 669 
 
 175 
 
 1.543 
 
 1033 
 
 551 
 
 748 
 
 707 
 
 173 
 
 287 
 
 571 
 
 629 
 
 607 
 
 154' 
 
 1428 
 
 779 
 
 434 
 
 990 
 
 506 80 
 1636 171 
 
 964 118 
 
 il 
 69l:!114 
 
 I: 
 1860,242 
 
 |l 
 1155 168 
 
 721j! 85 
 
 1440 107 
 
 lft39 164 
 
 :i 
 
 927,;i20 
 574' 100 
 795 144 
 955' 165 
 10291 170 
 402i 61 
 
 3453L 321 95| 
 9166 3126 998 
 
 21 
 
 110 113 
 
 1751 
 931 
 709 
 
 1083 200 
 
 5046 
 
 1526 
 
 1 
 516 
 
 47 
 
 61 
 
 2107J 526 
 
 135 53 
 
 40 
 
 9150 3838 1353' |119 
 
 137 
 
 3711, 1743 
 
 512| 72 
 
 82 
 
 2917 855 
 
 256| 40 
 
 34 
 
 32011 1032 
 
 327 55 
 
 58 
 
 5125 
 
 1152 
 
 398! 51 
 
 79 
 
 4075 
 
 971 
 
 321 1 94 
 
 46 
 
 1928 
 
 ■524 
 
 172! 27 
 
 22 
 
 3288 
 
 1061 
 
 303, 
 
 45 
 
 64 
 
 3909 140<i 
 
 439 
 
 49 
 
 60 
 
 4483! 1521 
 
 431 
 
 55 
 
 '' 
 
 1617i! 471 
 
 141 ! 36 15 
 
 7082 2498 
 
 7881 j 84:113 
 
 4138 1817 
 
 630 ' 56 91 
 
 2197'! 729 
 
 214!, 481 22 
 
 5403 
 
 1557 
 
 514 
 
 61 
 
 52 
 
 111 140 
 
 181 401 
 
 147 257 
 
 1 17 1 167 
 
 I 
 
 3281 271 
 
 134 325 
 
 80 678 3913 
 
 931; 17582 
 
 I 
 782.12605 
 
 110211 0195 
 
 1355 16976 
 
 987 8809 
 
 7441 1 8118 
 
 1450113920 
 
 1907 
 1544 
 
 15076 
 
 14822 
 851 j 7295 
 1039! 8505 
 10681 11321 
 
 968 12908 
 
 II 
 6190 
 
 20784 
 
 14626 
 
 1752 
 947 
 836 
 
 8338 
 10241 
 
 790 
 
 
 2299 
 
 42 
 
 1495 
 
 12 
 
 880 
 
 59 
 
 8341 
 
 27 
 
 1027 
 
 48 
 
 5.36 
 
 24 
 
 3197 
 
 34 
 
 1003 
 
 6 
 
 1404 
 
 182 
 
 275 
 
 5i 
 
 1140 
 
 
 2412 
 
 
 1350 
 
 121 
 
 160 
 
 10 
 
 1168 
 
 
 418 
 
 6 
 
 003 
 
 
 252 
 
 810 
 
 1132 
 
 1630 
 
 985 
 
 190 
 
 990 
 
 1683 
 
 1923 
 
 0999 
 
 T73 
 
 1784 
 
 610 
 
 1360 
 
 1202 
 
 2925 
 
 629 
 
 1317 
 
 1570 
 
TABLE V. — Agricultural Statistics of South Carolina, for the year ISSO, 
 
 by ToivnsJdps. 
 THIRD SERIES— (Continued.) 
 
 Population. 
 
 Cotton 
 
 « 
 
 Stock. 
 
 S ^ 
 
 c 
 
 S 
 
 90 
 
 49 
 
 106 
 
 157 
 
 164 
 
 68 
 
 96 
 
 92 
 
 90 
 
 74 
 
 80 
 
 78 
 
 70 
 
 37 
 
 135 
 
 112 
 
 152 
 
 92 
 
 54 
 
 40 
 
 135 
 
 117 
 
 171 
 
 132 
 
 156 
 
 97 
 
 107 
 
 135 
 
 137 
 
 144 
 
 144 
 
 86 
 
 1.53 
 
 192 
 
 152 
 
 95 
 
 136 
 
 99 
 
 47 
 
 56 
 
 100 
 
 45 
 
 o 
 
 o ■ .— ^ I — -^ 
 
 Grain. 
 
 «« 
 
 e: 3 
 
 (?P3 
 
 578 
 811 
 700 
 
 1387 
 657 
 578 
 
 1515 
 771 
 841 
 325 
 780 
 
 1162 
 766 
 761 
 844 
 626 
 
 1307 
 653 
 826 
 505 
 734 
 
 576 
 776 
 713 
 
 1429 
 601 
 582 
 
 1567 
 766 
 813 
 346 
 784 
 
 1063 
 777 
 748 
 794 
 683 
 
 1357 
 647 
 880 
 586 
 80- 
 
 563 
 170 
 722 
 774 
 287 
 651 
 972 
 901 
 529 
 432 
 542 
 1186 
 835 
 205 
 364 
 710 
 450 
 859 
 757 
 805 
 716 
 
 591 
 1417 
 
 691 
 2042 
 1031 
 
 609 
 2110 
 
 636 
 1125 
 • 239 
 1022 
 1039 
 
 708 
 1307 
 1274 
 
 599 
 2214 
 
 441 
 
 949 
 
 786 
 
 826 
 
 1154 
 1587 
 1412 
 2816 
 1318 
 1160 
 3082 
 1537 
 1654 
 671 
 1561 
 2225 
 1542 
 1512 
 1638 
 1309 
 2664 
 1300 
 1706 
 1091 
 1541 
 
 4627 
 9386 
 6879 
 7245 
 9028 
 4953 
 5358 
 6730 
 7178 
 3000 
 8999 
 10019 
 7702 
 7935 
 8630 
 6S22 
 9713 
 7177 
 7841 
 3923 
 3955 
 
 1980 
 4782 
 2669 
 S238 
 3122 
 1113 
 1437 
 2755 
 
 3;»o 
 
 834 
 
 I 
 
 3426 
 3781 
 3177 
 3147 
 4641 
 2751 
 4501 
 3209 
 3070 
 1732 
 1403 
 
 701 
 1769 
 1129 
 1192 
 1102 
 
 413 
 
 668 
 1215 
 1351 
 
 287 
 1332 
 1480 
 1230 
 1237 
 1942 
 
 964 
 2031 
 1338 
 1266 
 
 634 
 
 631 
 
 126 
 202 
 326 
 232 
 161 
 341 
 48 
 215 
 108 
 286 
 221 
 330 
 236 
 309 
 185 
 280 
 202 
 473 
 155 
 228 
 134 
 
 838; 
 1310' 
 1459! 
 921 
 829 
 1509 
 
 14617 
 28547 
 17893 
 16747 
 17613 
 14872 
 
 4I0i 10130 
 1526 23350 
 
 15961 
 1256 
 
 24186 
 10715 
 
 1222: |21835 
 62I2927! 136338 
 
 2107 
 4326 
 5100 
 5359 
 4546 
 7242 
 2265 
 4.565 
 3323 
 859 
 6485 
 4629 
 
 542 
 55 
 1281 
 287 
 274 
 240 
 
 1537' 126447 
 1139! 17078 
 
 1167 
 1599 
 
 794 
 1524 
 1406 
 
 927 
 1027 
 
 I 
 3032 1320 
 
 1030 
 
 27475 
 21720 
 3:}336 
 19070 
 27879 
 15096 
 15923 
 
 7275 
 3181 
 12999 
 
 492 
 900 
 1391 
 
 6133 1657 
 
 5967 1731 
 
 290 
 
 3503 
 
 581 
 
 58 
 
 1197 
 944 
 644 
 539 
 
 1974 
 
 1019 
 717 
 
 1661 
 801 
 
 1360 
 979 
 685 
 518 
 
 2082 
 
 1177 
 803 
 
 1680 
 832 
 
 737 
 
 1820 
 
 25.37 
 
 
 .;.... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .._.. 
 
 
 
 167 
 
 1756 
 
 1923 
 
 66 
 
 5398 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 47 
 
 87 
 
 111 
 
 323 
 
 328 
 
 1450 
 
 1520 
 
 455 
 
 874 
 
 1329 
 
 140 
 
 2413 
 
 78 
 
 22 
 
 71 
 
 26 
 
 185 
 
 564 
 
 661 
 
 999 
 
 20.55 
 
 231 
 
 826 
 
 1057 
 
 49 
 
 1237 
 
 44 
 
 22 
 
 33 
 
 17 
 
 46 
 
 90 
 
 199 
 
 42 
 
 330 
 
 466 
 
 3591 
 
 4057 
 
 120 
 
 5234 
 
 36 
 
 17 
 
 63 
 
 83 
 
 105 
 
 334 
 
 531 
 
 531 
 
 1139 
 
 155 
 
 2031 
 
 2196 
 
 44 
 
 2846 
 
 17 
 
 11 
 
 25 
 
 76 
 
 169 
 
 113 
 
 195 
 
 280 
 
 378 
 
 144 
 
 1376 
 
 1520 
 
 22 
 
 1223 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 8 
 
 46 
 
 34 
 
 51 
 
 25 
 
 104 
 
 344 
 
 2997 
 
 3341 
 
 69 
 
 2219 
 
 20 
 
 8 
 
 44 
 
 30 
 
 66 
 
 98 
 
 59 
 
 118 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 1393 
 
 1 
 
 757 
 
 876 
 
 1633; 117 
 
 1584 
 
 166 
 
 1 
 
 74 
 
 59 
 
 15 126 
 
 359 
 
 366 
 
 501 
 
 7825 
 12051 
 3032 
 6320 
 2160 
 871 
 3611 
 
 1584 
 550 
 
 227 
 
 900 
 
 80 
 
 400 
 
 132125 
 28725 
 850 
 123434 
 31382 
 12220 
 63661 
 1810 
 
TABLE V. — Agricultural Statistics of South Carolina, for the year 1880, 
 
 by Townships. 
 
 THIRD SERIES— (CONTINUED.) 
 
 Population. 
 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 i 
 
 O 
 
 6 
 
 1119 
 
 151 
 
 1013 
 
 1123 
 
 1477 
 
 885 
 
 738 
 
 92 
 
 522 
 
 174 
 
 10»1 
 
 216 
 
 935 
 
 176 
 
 878 
 
 83 
 
 446 
 
 808 
 
 1683 
 
 743 
 
 767 
 
 491 
 
 CJOTTOS 
 
 Stock. 
 
 Grain. 
 
 a . 
 
 IS I .te 
 
 o! D' " 
 
 Sn 
 
 622 
 1074 
 1177 
 438 
 374 
 634 
 553 
 487 
 611 
 1182 
 650 
 
 648 
 1062 
 1185 
 392 
 322 
 636 
 558 
 474 
 613 
 1244 
 
 1270] 179 
 2136! 178 
 
 2862 
 830 
 696 
 1270 
 1111 
 961 
 1254 
 2426 
 1258 
 
 2359 
 2635 
 1553 
 2541 
 2056 
 4578 
 3141 
 
 2340; 
 
 I 
 2777| 
 
 45831 
 
 578 
 
 400 
 
 1086,2720 8569 
 
 62U 1232 2499 
 
 1772 2552 
 2121602 
 
 2641 
 3563 
 2279 
 
 11941 
 9495 
 8102 
 7973 
 16120 
 11536 
 
 1063:2279 
 586 2430 
 2084:5095 
 1032 1555 
 
 10260 
 14395 
 5524 
 
 67 
 240 
 123 
 114 
 
 30 
 259 
 126 
 50 
 23 
 25 
 
 2661 
 8266 
 2950 
 995 
 285 
 1933 
 
 2va 
 
 1725 
 710 
 
 2850 
 613 
 
 1704 
 2976 
 824 
 1598 
 1057 
 1250 
 1236 
 
 1621 
 3112 
 
 2227 
 1841 
 
 956 832 
 1675 52S 
 
 1016 
 1252 
 1261 
 
 732 
 1016 
 
 1098 
 4247 
 948 
 2745 
 1341 
 1456 
 1811 
 
 332-5 
 6088 
 1780j 
 3273J 
 2073 
 2502! 
 2497! 
 
 I I 
 349 • 
 
 347 
 
 14691 
 15054 
 320 
 9169 
 9063 
 11789 
 8542 
 
 7681 
 154 
 5534 
 !3208 
 5381 
 3244 
 
 1407 
 3232 
 74 
 2020 
 1226 
 1917 
 1404 
 
 243 196 
 
 229 368 
 
 6 12 
 
 1401241 
 
 1508 
 
 1011 
 
 34 
 
 3507 
 2996 
 18 
 1216 
 1329; 
 135: 
 854 
 
 48041 
 42932 
 980 
 36525 
 27289 
 26850 
 37340 
 
 634712912 
 5011 487 
 650 
 5030 1336 
 7300 1030 
 2989 528 
 
 7075 
 
 62 
 
 150 
 1402 
 
 14 
 2950 
 
 77 
 
 1191 
 
 78 
 
 976 
 
 79 
 
 1315 
 
 80 
 
 : 1452 
 
 81 
 
 717 
 
 82 
 
 1215 
 
 83 
 
 788 
 
 81 
 
 762 
 
 1128 
 1013 
 1357 
 1389 
 692 
 1210 
 889 
 779 
 
 568 
 
 572 
 1858 
 1221 
 
 681 
 1472 
 1229 
 
 334 
 
 1751 
 
 1447 
 814 
 
 1620 
 728 
 953 
 418 
 
 1207 
 
 2319 
 2019 
 2672 
 28411 
 
 14091155 
 
 2425j 
 
 1677J 
 15111 
 
 15890 
 8273 
 
 10800 
 9006 
 7095 
 
 13710 
 8022, 
 
 10062 
 
 5154 
 
 3471 
 4715 
 3400 
 3098 
 
 4684 2009 
 
 2191 
 
 1539 
 2109 
 
 1437 
 1127 
 
 210172 
 70183 
 2301214 
 
 2154 
 
 4068 
 
 884j 
 1382! 
 
 160 
 
 1004: 
 
 i 
 2297 
 
 6201345 
 
 387 845 
 
 145 169 
 
 436 
 
 1612 
 
 I 
 
 1532 
 
 321 
 
 42898 
 34022 
 .52571 
 41040 
 30619 
 42498 
 32039 
 19222 
 
 8154 
 3556 
 5430 
 6383 
 8008 
 7043 
 6547 
 3264 
 
 2029 
 1675 
 2343 
 1990 
 1805 
 2727 
 3473 
 810 
 
TABLE V. — A(p-icultural Statistics of South Carolina, for tlie year 1880, 
 
 by Townships. 
 
 THIRD SERIES.— (CoNTiNUEix) 
 
 Stock. 
 
 
 
 Q 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 1 
 
 
 m 
 
 0^ 
 
 o L 
 
 u <u 
 
 2 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 Work 
 
 MiTcl 
 Cows 
 
 
 Gbaik. 
 
 •o2 
 
 5« 
 
 .*' 
 
 ® 55 <C 4; 
 
 Om^P3 P3P3 
 
 2431 387 
 3W 661 
 
 1977 
 
 3572 11084 
 
 20111548 
 
 27437 
 
 2586 
 2581 
 
 2290 
 
 I 
 2968 
 
 2247 
 
 2294 
 
 2659 
 
 2086 
 
 74 
 
 2006 
 
 1770 
 
 2955 
 
 42813396 
 1122296 
 '9013179 
 961468 
 
 131552 
 [31258 
 142679 
 1:^5800 
 33030 j 
 22291 
 ia502i 
 36800 
 35886 
 590 
 22336 
 22990 
 21221 
 37460 
 13927 
 2a']61 
 2588 
 
 5704 
 
 1363 
 
 492 
 
 46 
 
 739 
 
 42 
 
 3303 
 
 098 
 
 14253 
 
 3047 
 
 2685 
 
 290 
 
 6110 
 
 10 
 
 6147 
 
 412 
 
 3334 
 
 25 
 
 3192 
 
 1208 
 
 6265 
 
 345 
 
 325 
 
 
 4053 
 
 462 
 
 4449 
 
 675 
 
 1753 
 
 
 5075 
 
 168 
 
 1183 
 
 12 
 
 3705 
 
 28 
 
 44 
 
 
 279 
 3920 
 3821 
 1740 
 
 730 
 
 980 
 
 13553 
 
 2312 
 
 1950 
 
 350' 
 7525 
 
 136- 
 6321 
 163& 
 5342 
 372S 
 1325 
 1999 
 32 
 
 104 
 
 1363 
 
 1333 
 
 1S30 
 
 1366 
 
 2696 
 
 215 
 
 105 
 
 1539 
 
 1632 
 
 868 
 
 2303 
 
 3171 
 
 162 
 
 106 
 
 931 
 
 958 
 
 869 
 
 1020 
 
 1889 
 
 185 
 
 107 ; 
 
 965 
 
 973 
 
 853 
 
 1085 
 
 1938 
 
 175 
 
 108 
 
 1434 
 
 1395 
 
 1229 
 
 1600 
 
 2829 
 
 196 
 
 109 
 
 1220 
 
 1215 
 
 1011 
 
 1424 
 
 2435 
 
 196 
 
 110 
 
 1480 
 
 1530 
 
 870 
 
 2140 
 
 3010 
 
 203 
 
 111 
 
 1282 
 
 1348 
 
 996 
 
 1634 
 
 2630 
 
 190 
 
 11336J 15585; 
 12813116498- 
 
 7635 
 11006' 
 
 3295 
 4215: 
 
 1 114311 [4949; 
 
 i 11763! 15417; 
 1058l!'5671 
 '110864:5631!: 
 
 3630 
 
 233 
 
 167 
 
 34 
 
 265 
 
 434 
 
 22 
 
 4212 
 
 176 
 
 228 
 
 6 
 
 166 
 
 286 
 
 330 
 
 1939 
 
 167 
 
 141 
 
 5 
 
 187 
 
 384 
 
 113 
 
 2146 
 
 119 
 
 188 
 
 48 
 
 254 
 
 475 
 
 97 
 
 3048 
 
 195 
 
 208 
 
 18 
 
 254 
 
 567 
 
 25 
 
 3132 
 
 195 
 
 204 
 
 18 
 
 290 
 
 577 
 
 88 
 
 2867 
 
 185 
 
 204 
 
 49 
 
 290 
 
 485 
 
 86 
 
 2740 
 
 145 
 
 238 
 
 53 
 
 201 
 
 675 
 
 204 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12263 
 13671 
 
 ;2008j 
 2200| 
 . 23871 
 ;2332 
 
 52650 
 41020 
 33054 
 31015 
 44762 
 49955 
 
 1654 38162 
 17J6: 147909 
 
 7110 
 
 3327 
 
 12090 
 
 1048 
 
 3433 
 
 2673 
 
 7399 
 
 637 
 
 7315 
 
 4656 
 
 7491 
 
 3510 
 
 9366 
 
 1735 
 
 8976 
 
 2492 
 
 40 
 15 
 850 
 425 
 20 
 75' 
 
TiVBLE V. — AgricitUurol Statistics of Smith Oaroliiia, far tJve year 1880, 
 
 by Townships. 
 
 THIRD SERIES— (Ck)NCLUDED.) 
 
 
 04* 
 
 M 
 » 
 
 "A 
 
 o 
 d 
 
 Population. 
 
 
 Ttrr 
 
 m 
 
 s 
 
 
 d 
 12; 
 
 •0 
 
 a 
 
 ca 
 « 
 u 
 
 Cotton. 
 
 
 -: t-: 1 : :, 
 
 Stock. 
 
 Oraik. 
 
 H 
 Z 
 
 m 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 < 
 
 OQ 
 
 S 
 
 00 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 is 
 
 IS 
 
 0. 
 « 
 a) 
 
 .a 
 02 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 6 ! 
 
 c 1 
 
 CO j 
 
 Ind. Corn, 
 Bushels. 
 
 Oats, 
 Bushels. 
 
 ^5 
 
 to 
 
 5m 
 
 
 112 
 
 1178 
 
 1131 
 
 977 
 
 1382 
 
 2309 
 
 281 
 
 10168 
 
 4910 
 
 2304 
 
 175 
 
 177 
 
 43 
 
 252 
 
 513 
 
 59 
 
 1762 
 
 32385 
 
 6620 
 
 467 
 
 P'QO 
 
 
 113 
 
 825 
 
 798 
 
 487 
 
 1136 
 
 1623 
 
 102 
 
 4825 
 
 2637 
 
 1182 
 
 84 
 
 119 
 
 13 
 
 115 
 
 189 
 
 28 
 
 749 
 
 17275 
 
 4289 
 
 87 
 
 38 
 
 
 114 
 
 1013 
 
 1135 
 
 606 
 
 1542 
 
 2148 
 
 291 
 
 9052 
 
 2145 
 
 865 
 
 128 
 
 130 
 
 78 
 
 283 
 
 442 
 
 454 
 
 2049 
 
 30009 
 
 4232 
 
 79 
 
 4926 
 
 
 115 
 
 140» 
 
 1371 
 
 734 
 
 2016 
 
 2780 
 
 I29O 
 
 9702 
 
 3891 
 
 1544 
 
 171 
 
 148 
 
 98 
 
 343 
 
 663 
 
 210 
 
 2399 
 
 ;«438 
 
 4759 
 
 167 
 
 .3460 
 
 
 116 
 
 279 
 
 311 
 
 loe 
 
 485 
 
 59J) 
 
 103 
 
 314& 
 
 928 
 
 344 
 
 82 
 
 46 
 
 16 
 
 96 
 
 228 
 
 16 
 
 847 
 
 8913 
 
 703 
 
 14 
 
 153 
 
 
 117 
 
 1144 
 
 1160 
 
 439 
 
 1865 
 
 2304 
 
 242 
 
 86201 ;«23 
 
 1256J105 
 
 159 
 
 60 
 
 237 
 
 420 
 
 152 
 
 1509 30072 
 
 1 
 
 6720 
 
 83 
 
 3238 
 
 •/; 
 
 118 
 
 885 
 
 888 
 
 300 
 
 1473 
 
 1773 
 
 171 
 
 11142! 2566 
 
 1190|lll 
 
 146 
 
 56 
 
 240 
 
 257 
 
 249 
 
 1450{ .'24405 
 
 5387 
 
 161 
 
 301 
 
 
 119 
 
 1244 
 
 1212 
 
 594 
 
 1862 
 
 2456 
 
 344 
 
 102561 H880 
 
 I685I16O 
 
 257 
 
 93 
 
 287 
 
 504 
 
 131 
 
 1022] 132698 
 
 6063 
 
 1.53 
 
 3322 
 
 - 
 
 120 
 
 1047 
 
 1124 
 
 725 
 
 1446 
 
 2171 
 
 1261 
 
 8932JJ3401 
 
 1159|;137 
 
 122 
 
 86 
 
 308 
 
 307 
 
 263 
 
 1937{ 128460 
 
 3366|1008 
 
 395 
 
 2 
 
 121 
 
 ! 1013 
 1087 
 
 1021 
 
 403 
 
 1631 
 
 2034 
 
 |261 
 
 ' 9269l'4305;l65lill37'156' 
 
 1 ill' 
 
 115 
 
 259 
 
 215 
 
 101 
 
 1608] 126074 
 
 4114 
 
 26 
 
 850 
 
 ;; 
 
 122 
 
 1089 
 
 446 
 
 1780 
 
 2176 
 
 352 
 
 1 9708 I5668J2118 
 
 109197 
 
 46 
 
 235 
 
 280 
 
 227 
 
 16171 124007 
 
 2801 
 
 77 
 
 36 
 
 /. 
 
 123 
 
 ! 1208 
 
 1197 
 
 1069 
 
 1336 
 
 2405 
 
 327 
 
 7546 
 
 '2719 
 
 1013 
 
 156 112 
 
 163 
 
 386 
 
 420 
 
 156 
 
 2982il3012;j 
 
 1 
 
 3372 
 
 156 
 
 132 
 
 
 124 
 
 1 984 
 
 960 
 
 862 
 
 1088 
 
 1950 
 
 '•m 
 
 7643 
 
 j3907 
 
 1341 12:3 j 116 
 
 93 
 
 277 
 
 192 
 
 17 
 
 1265! [26189 
 
 1700 
 
 171 
 
 450 
 
 
 125 
 
 ; 1495 
 
 1566 
 
 372 
 
 2689 
 
 3061 
 
 '2A\ 
 
 93.50 
 
 14583 
 
 18ao|l45 
 
 183 
 
 28 
 
 285 
 
 229 
 
 122 
 
 12601 I223O6 
 
 2045 
 
 
 175 
 
 
 126 
 
 1546 
 
 1609 
 
 468 
 
 2687 
 
 31.55 
 
 1350 
 
 7897|3489 
 
 1318! |136 
 
 118 
 
 182 
 
 245 
 
 353 
 
 152 
 
 1685 
 
 [34726 
 
 4106 
 
 66 
 
 3243 
 
 
 127 
 
 888 
 
 1123 
 
 1035 
 
 976 
 
 2011 
 
 1 20 
 
 382] 96 
 
 47| 27 
 
 4 
 
 
 28 
 
 18 
 
 
 .3-1 
 
 1378 
 
 1466 
 
 
 260 
 
 
 128 
 
 1097 
 
 9iH 
 
 357 
 
 1734 
 
 2091 
 
 273 
 
 7360 
 
 14763 
 
 1602 
 
 1155 
 
 I 
 
 173 
 
 31 
 
 359 
 
 124 
 
 40 
 
 2026 
 
 36888 
 
 2930 
 
 
 2012 
 
 129 
 
 367 
 
 366 
 
 465 
 
 130 
 
 1145 
 
 1181 
 
 615 
 
 131 
 
 949 
 
 965 
 
 317 
 
 132 
 
 1188 
 
 1209 
 
 972 
 
 133 
 
 1387 
 
 1455 
 
 595 
 
 134 
 
 647 
 
 625 
 
 792 
 
 135 
 
 618 
 
 617 
 
 208 
 
 136 
 
 809 
 
 810 
 
 1217 
 
 137 
 
 702 
 
 669 
 
 362 
 
 138 
 
 728 
 
 753 
 
 237 
 
 139 
 
 963 
 
 1038 
 
 410 
 
 140 
 
 1351 
 
 1406 
 
 1026 
 
 141 
 
 385 
 
 394 
 
 232 
 
 142 
 
 667 
 
 656 
 
 310 
 
 268| 
 1711 
 1597 
 1425 
 2247 
 
 480 
 1087 
 
 402 
 1009 
 1214 
 1591 
 1731 
 
 547 
 1013 
 
 733|[114 
 23261 1192 
 
 1914(244 
 
 i 
 239^1120 
 
 Ji 
 2842! [273 
 
 12721175 
 
 1! 
 1295 j 102 
 
 1619 j 160 
 
 1371 [l51 
 1481; 247 
 20011 1147 
 
 I 
 
 2757i241 
 
 ll 
 7791 1 124 
 
 1323' '196 
 
 1732 205 
 
 5463111799 
 
 4276! 
 
 78381 
 3843 
 35221 
 
 4618! 
 
 I 
 2817! 
 
 7.58 
 2182 
 
 769 
 
 751 
 1038 
 
 643 
 
 2899! »31 
 5756j|l606| 
 
 66 
 707 
 564 
 273! 
 774 
 238 
 312| 
 339J 
 245 
 
 336'] 71 
 
 7884 
 16231 
 
 54561 
 
 1722 
 473 
 1166 
 
 646 
 581 
 134 
 392 
 
 56 
 208 
 229 
 155 
 160 
 199 
 
 56 
 164 
 141 
 107 
 146 
 195 
 
 62 
 
 990 
 781 
 578 
 708 
 844 
 267 
 4.50 
 327 
 539 
 477 
 453 
 875 
 227 
 666 
 
 2684 1 2006!! 74a3 
 I ! 
 148|237.5| 121571 
 
 714{l751|il5521 
 
 63o!225.5:;12126 
 
 2443 
 
 2269 
 
 844 
 
 [26.383 
 !l8882 
 ; 8366 
 234o!|19161 
 2074J18330 
 1002' 1504! 1 9436 
 646 1688i!17761 
 
 702 
 
 109 
 
 1279 
 
 3076' 126862 
 
 II 
 10641' 5019 
 
 l| 
 1078|l4737 
 
 40 
 603 
 728 
 
 1.528 
 943 
 475 
 210 
 968 
 66 
 210 
 797 
 
 1047 
 
 1646 
 
 138 
 
 20 
 
 79 
 
 1425 
 4128 
 4732 
 2^2 
 6820 
 5932 
 2426 
 5319 
 1612 
 4721 
 5842 
 6926 
 721 
 1862 
 
PART II. 
 
 AN ACCOUNT OF THE PEOPLE. 
 
 24 
 
CHAPTER I 
 
 POPULATION 
 
 INDIANS. 
 
 , The tlirec fuiidanieiital races of rnaiikind, tlic ydlow, the white and the 
 
 [black— the American, the European, and the African— are occupants of 
 
 [tlie soil of South Carolina. Witliin her borders, as elsewhere on many 
 
 i wider ficdds throu^diout human history, the still un.settled proldems of 
 
 the conllict and intermingling^ of races present themselves for solution. 
 
 Although four centuries barely separate us from the discovery of America, 
 
 it would be quite as dilfkult to give an accurate statement of the nations 
 
 and tribes of the Indians and of their numbers, as encountered by the 
 
 ( first European ex})lorers, as it would l^e to turn back forty centuries and 
 
 ' to disentangle the Egyi)tian, Ethioi)ian, Liiyan, Chaldean, Nubian and 
 
 ■ Berber races, united under the sixth dynasty of the Pharaohs in the con- 
 
 rstruction of the pyramids. The history of the Indians is almost a blank. 
 
 Tiieir earth mounds, stone implements and weapons, and other relics, 
 
 throw oidy a very uncertain glimmer of light over their past. Their vague 
 
 tradition.s are known in some instances not to retain any count of many 
 
 iiMinorable events for even one century. Their origin is a subject open to 
 
 th(^ widest conjecture. Adair entertains the fanciful notion that they are 
 
 descen<led fn.m the lost tribes of Israel, and the proximity of Northwest 
 
 America to Asia, has suggested their migration by way of Behring Straits 
 
 to this continent. The most recent researches, noting on the other hand 
 
 a general westward migration of the Indian tribes from the Atlantic to the 
 
 interior, and tracing a resemblance between their languages and that of the 
 
 pKisque j>eople of Europe, hold that they arc emigrants from that country. 
 
 That they were driven thence by the intru>i<jn of the Aryan hordes from 
 
ob4 POPULATION. 
 
 the East, themselves contemplative and submissive races, whose character 
 and language wasmoditied by the high spirited, liberty-loving aborigines 
 of Central and Western Europe, whom they absorbed or dispersed. A 
 remarkable fact in, the economy of the Indians is, that they alone, of all 
 the peoples of the world, possessed and cultivated Indian corn, and that it 
 was their only cereal. That the most valuable of all the grains should 
 have been the exclusive possession of one people is sufficiently strange, 
 but becomes much more so, when it is considered that this people were 
 the least advanced of all in the arts of peace, that they were the poorest and 
 most thriftless of laborers, in fact, in no sense laborers at all, and yet that 
 they depended entirely for their bread on this grain, requiring more skill, 
 care, and labor in its culture than any other. 
 
 Great discrepancies exist as to the estimates of the condition and num- 
 bers of the Indians between the accounts of travelers in the IGtli and in the 
 18th centuries. The latter, in explanation of the small number of frag- 
 mentary tribes they found, where great and powerful nations were reputed 
 to have dwelt, give the traditions of great wars, famines and epidemics, that 
 were said to have occurred. The prevailing opinion now is that these were 
 not* exceptional occurrences among the aborigines, but that they had always 
 been subject to such disasters, which had kept in check their population and 
 their civilization. Bancroft and Draper think that, by the highest estimates 
 that can be placed upon their numbers, all the Indians east of the Missis- 
 sippi, from the Gulf of Mexico to the St. Lawrence, did not, 200 years ago, 
 exceed 180,000. As the great plains of the West were not habitable for man 
 before the introduction of guns and horses by the Europeans, the estimate 
 of these distinguished authorities may be considered as applying, with in- 
 considerable additions, to the whole area of the United States having its 
 drainage towards the Atlantic. This area contains now (Rep. Secretary 
 of Interior, 1881) 203,008 Indians, and the number of Indians in the 
 United States, exclusive of Alaska, is 255,038. 
 
 Governor Drayton hazards the opinion that the Indians of South Caro- 
 lina may have numbered originally 30,000 or 40,000 souls, but gives no 
 data upon which it is founded. Adair says, that old traders stated that 
 about 1700, the Cherokees had 6,000 warriors. In 1752, he found only 
 some 2,300 warriors among them, and says, " so great a diminution, that 
 after a like revolution of time there will be few of them alive." A predic- 
 tion regarding the destructibility of a race, that, like many similar ones, 
 has fallen far wide of verification. ]\Ir. Bancroft says that the " Chero- 
 kees are more numerous now than ever." 
 
 The oldest reports from Georgia claim that there were only a few In- 
 dians within 400 miles of Savannah. John Lawson estimates very suc- 
 cinctly the Indian population of North Carolina as 4,780, men, women ^ 
 
POPULATION. 
 
 305 
 
 and children, including 1012 fighting men, in the year 1700. Judging 
 from his journal of a thousand miles travel among the Indians, from 
 South to North Carolina, they could not haveheen more numerous in this 
 State at that date. 
 
 The following is a synopsis of the natives and triljes of Indians men- 
 tioned as residinji; in South Carolina: 
 
 NATIONS. 
 
 TRIHES. 
 
 Cherokee Echotee, Nequassee, Tehohec, 
 
 4 .5 6 
 
 Chatusec, Novowee, Chagee. 
 
 7 8 "^ 9 
 
 Estatoe, Tussee, Cussatee, 
 
 10 n 12 
 
 Tugoola, Keowee, Echav, 
 
 \:i U l.j" 
 
 Aconee, Toxawav, Seneka, 
 
 Hi 17 " 
 
 Tewraw, Tukwashwaw, 
 
 IS 10 _ 2) 
 
 Chickerohe, Naguehie, Totero, 
 
 21 22 L^:i 
 
 Quacoratchie, Chota, Enoe, 
 
 . 2» 2o 2(i 
 
 Stickoey, Esaw, Sajiona, 
 ^^^isack. 
 
 II 
 
 Catawba. 
 
 23 
 
 The Cherokees were a moun- 
 tain race, occupying extensive 
 territory in Alabama,Tennesse<.\ 
 Georgia, North and South Car- 
 olina and Kentucky. Less than 
 1-10 of this territory is in the 
 })resent boundaries of South 
 Carolina, comprising the coun- 
 ties of Oconee, Pickens, Ander- 
 son, Greenville and Spartan- 
 bui-g, which would make the 
 number of warriors in this State 
 by Adair's computation, to have 
 been 230, or a total })opulation 
 not exceeding 1000. They were 
 exi)elled in 1777, for siding with 
 the British, and are now the 
 most advanced in civilization of 
 the Indians. 
 
 The Catawbas were a Cana- 
 dian tribe, driven thence, in 
 1050, by the more powerful Con- 
 newangas. Part of their num- 
 ber amalgamated with the 
 Chickasaws and Choctaws. The 
 remnant reached South Caro- 
 lina in 1(*)()(), Ibught a great bat- 
 tle with the Cherokees on Broad 
 river, and made that stream the 
 dividing line between the two 
 nations. They occupied York, 
 Chester and Lancaster counties. 
 Their warriors were estimated 
 by Governor Glenn at 400, giv- 
 ing a population of about ICOO. 
 
3G0 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 III. 
 
 Uchees. 
 
 29 
 
 IV. 
 
 Creek or ^'^ 3i 32 
 
 Mils Koo-ee ^^"^^1^^^) Sernna, Cusoboe. 
 
 33 34 3.5 
 
 Yaniassee, Huspa, Cosah. 
 
 About 1-8 of the territory of 
 the Uchees extended across the 
 Savannah river into Aiken, 
 Edgofiehl and Barnwell coun- 
 ties. There is no estimate of 
 their numbers. Their Princess 
 of Cutifachi(iui (Silver Bluff) 
 entertained DeSoto with great 
 splendor, according to the narra- 
 tive of the gentleman of Elvas 
 (1540). They were absorbed by 
 the Creeks, and have left no 
 trace except in the name of a 
 small stream in Silverton town- 
 ship, Aiken county, and of a 
 neighboring steamboat landing 
 on the Savannah, Talemeco, af- 
 ter their great temple, which it 
 is said stood there in DeSoto's 
 time. 
 
 Fragmentary tribes on the 
 Savannah river, south of the 
 Uchees, in Barnwell county. 
 
 The Yamassees numbered 
 about 100 men, women and 
 children, near Pocotaligo, in 
 1715, and were driven across 
 the Savannah, by Governor 
 Craven. Twenty men of the 
 tribe were left at Saint Augus- 
 tine, Florida, in 17-43, ai^d they 
 were absorbed by the Seminoles. 
 
 The Yamassee, or Jamassi, 
 were one of a small number of 
 isolated tribes, of dark com- 
 plexion, found widely scattered' 
 among the inhabitants of North 
 and South America. Supposed 
 to have been immigrants from 
 Africa prior to the European 
 discovery of America (see Hu- 
 
POPULATION. 
 
 3G: 
 
 Salutah. 
 
 ;?7 
 Congtircc. 
 
 Santee. 
 
 39 -10 
 
 Westoes and Stonoes. 
 
 il 4-2 
 
 Wateree and CUickasee. 
 
 43 
 
 AVaxsaws. 
 
 44 
 
 Wenee. 
 
 4o 
 
 Winyaw. 
 
 46 
 
 Sewce. 
 
 man Species, by A. De Quatre- 
 I'ages). If tlii.s be so, it explains 
 why D'Alyon persisted in slave 
 huntini:; about Beaufort (ir)2()), 
 these negroes being valuable as 
 laborers, while the Indians were 
 worthless. It were strange, too, 
 if negroes first occupied this sec- 
 tion where they now predomi- 
 nate. 
 
 Located near Saluda old town, 
 Newberry county, removed to 
 Connestogar, in Pennsylvania. 
 
 On the river of that name. 
 Jno. Lawson visited them in 
 1700, and found a town of 12 
 huts, one man at home and the 
 women gambling. 
 
 Near Nelson's Ferry, in Clar- 
 endon. Jno. Lawson found a few 
 of their huts, in 1700. 
 
 Between Edisto and Ashley 
 rivers, in Colleton and Ciiarles- 
 ton counties, amalgamated with 
 the Catawbas. 
 
 On Pine Tree Creek, Kershaw 
 county, Lawson says they were 
 more populous than the Con- 
 garees. 
 
 Lawson makes a day's march 
 from the last. 
 
 Indian, old township, Wil- 
 liamsburg county. 
 
 On the inlet of that name. 
 
 On Sewee bay. LaAvson says 
 the larger part of them were 
 lost at sea, or rescued and sold as 
 slaves by the English, in an at- 
 
30S rorri .vTiox. 
 
 lompt thov made to opon diroot 
 I'omnuinic'Ution with Knuliind, 
 l>v n tloot o\' canoos. in whioh 
 thov put to soa in thodiivotion 
 wlionco thov luul ohsorvotl thi' 
 Knii'lish vossols arrivo. 
 
 AT 4S 
 
 Saraw or Tlioraw. l1uv><tortioUl and >h»rUH)io 
 
 oountios, absorhod hy tho Ca- 
 tawhas. 
 
 49 
 
 Kadapaw. Lynoh's crook, joinod tlio Ca- 
 
 tawhas. 
 
 The Poo Doos aro not niontionod, as it is thouiiht tho nanio is o[' luiro- 
 poan orio-in. }>rohahly from P. IX, tho initials ot' Patrick Paly, a whito 
 nian.oarvod upon a troo hy an oarly sottUn-. Tlio ninotoon trihos. rlainiod 
 undor tiio Crook nation, ooou]\ving at K\ist ono-lialt" of tho Stato. appoars 
 to have boon vory insignilioant in nunibors, aooordini;; to tlio oarHost au- 
 thoutio aooounts of thoni. Governor CHonn sums tlioni all up in ono son- 
 tonoe. " There are among our settlements several small tribes of Lulians, 
 eonsisting only of some few families eaeh." Lawson says of them : " Al- 
 though their tribes or nations border upon one another, yet you may oft- 
 en disoern as groat an altoraiion in their features and disposition (he was 
 nuu'h imi>rossod by the oomelinoss of the Congaroe womon) as you oan in 
 their spoeoh. whioh generally proves opiite dittbront from oaoh other, 
 though their nations bo not above ton or twenty miles in distanoo." 
 
 Admitting, however, that those soattoroil and fragmentary tribes 
 equaloil in numbers the C'herokees and the Catawbas. there is no data 
 for supposing that the total Indian population within tho present bound- 
 aries of South Carolina could have muoh oxoooded oOOO at tho date oi 
 the early white settlements. 
 
 Aeeepting Lawson's emimoration (above given) o( tho Indians of North 
 Carolina, and assuming an equal density for them in tho two States, thoro 
 would have boon 2S70 Indian^ in South Carolina. 
 
 Adopting the maximum estimate of Hanoroft and Orapor. it would give 
 a population of ono Indian to tivo square miles, or ()11(> for South Caro- 
 lina. In IToO there were in South Carolina (>-l.(HH) whites and negroes, 
 so that even at this early date immigrants from aoross the Atlantic' ex- 
 ceeded the aborigines by more than ten to ono. 
 
 Py the eonsus oflSSl.the number oH Indians, ehiefiy Catawbas, in 
 South Carolina, is 131. This statement wouUl seem to eonfirm the very 
 general notion as i) the rapiil process of decay and extinction among the 
 
I'OrULATION. -i'*'^ 
 
 IndiaiiH. Such u cowcAnsum is, liowovcr, hy no iiicaiis warraiitcfl, ifiiccoiiiit 
 in taken of tlic iiunilxT <»r Imlians i-<-iii(»v<'(| IVoin the Stut<; and i-csidiu;; 
 (;n n-scrvaiions west of the Mississij)j)i. lln; Chcrokees an; then; iiioro 
 jtoj>iii(nis and jirosperous tlian ever, and witli them are Hantee.s, .Senekas, 
 and tlie other small tribes absorbed by them. Furtiiermore. there is scarce- 
 ly a townshij) in the .Stat(! in \vliich one or more families (chiefly negroes) 
 are not found, showing; the distinct traces of the Indian descent whielj 
 they claim. If such half-breeds numbered O-IO of one i)er cent, of the 
 present i)0[)ulation, there would be as much Indian l»lood in Soutli Caro- 
 lina to-day as at tlu; date of its settlement by the Kunijx-ans. The inter- 
 mixture of the Indians with the whites and ne^nx-s was facilitated l)y the 
 total absence of all m(jral restraint amon;; th<,'ii- women — there was no 
 woi-d for continence in their lan^ua^^es — as well as by the remark- 
 abl(; lack of se.xual initiative on the j)art of th(; men, as ol)served by 
 Lawsoii ami otliers. In 1758, Anthony Paik found a solitary Scotciimaii 
 amon^ tin; Indians west of the Alle;.^hanies, who had lived th(;re forty 
 years and was the father of some seventy children in the nation. One 
 hundred such Scotchjiien would have transmitte<l to another generation 
 as mucli Indian blood as was f(aind in Carolina ))y the first settlers. 
 
 The conclusion from such facts can only be that an inferior race;, in a 
 condition of absolute savagery, Ijron^^ht into contact with superior races, 
 enjoying all the a<l vantages of the highest civilization, has not oidy n<jt 
 dwindled away and perished, but has fully \\v,h\ its own and j)eij)etuated 
 itself. So indestructible is a race of men. 
 
 NEGROES 
 
 were l)rouglit to America as early as the 3'ear loO:>. In loll they were 
 j)ronounc;ed by the Sj)aniards to be more robust and hardy, more caj)able 
 of en<luring fatigue, and more patient under servitu<le than the aborig- 
 ines. The labor of one negro was computed as eciual to that of four 
 Indians. Charles V., in lolO, granted a })rivilego that was transferred to^ 
 the (Jenoese merchants, of introducing four thousand Africans to the 
 Sj)anish colonies; and (|ueen Kli/abeth, through her agmit, Sir John 
 Hawkins, engaged, about loOT, in a lucrative African slave trade with 
 thes(M-olonies. A Diitch vessel, in I'US, sold j)art of her cargo of Africans 
 to the English colonists on James river, \'irginia. The first negroes 
 ])rought to Soutli Carolina were brought by Sir John Ycamans, from the 
 IJarbadoes, in 1071 . The year following, white .slaves from England were 
 sold in Virginia at ,£10 a[)iece, while negro slaves brought there, at the 
 same date, from £20 to £25. In 1727, the citizens of South Carolina 
 loudly complained of the importation of Africans, both because tliey 
 
370 poruLATiox. 
 
 Avero Africans, and because they could only be vslave^. The mother 
 country, however, persisted in forcing them upon the colony, maintain- 
 ing, as late as 174o, that " the African slave trade was the great pillar 
 and support of the British plantation trade." 
 
 The negroes were brought from the whole western coast of Africa, be- 
 tween the Sahara and Catfre land. There is no record of their lineage. 
 A single ship would bring emigrants of dilVerent nations, and from places 
 a thous;\nd miles apart in Africa. They came as strangei-s to each other; 
 they brought no common language, no abiding usages, no woi*ship, no 
 nationality. The admixture of diverse people thus inaugurated, was 
 further greatly increased by the numerous and widely remote settlements 
 in America among which the negro emigrants were distributed. Never 
 in the same space of time was any race so rudely mixed, shaken together 
 and sifted out. 
 
 Raynal and Hume compute that, outside of the United States, nine 
 millions of Africans were forcibly imported into the various European 
 settlements. The present treatise is not concerned with their fate, still it 
 may be mentioned, that, of the total import into thf British West Indies 
 of two millions of Africans, there remained to enjoy the advantages of 
 Emancipation, in 1S34, only six hundred and sixty thousand. 
 
 Xor was this fearful mortality due to climatic causes ; for among the 
 British troops in the "West Indies, the average annual death rate for the 
 whites was 8.S1 per cent., and for the negroes, 3.91 per cent. 
 
 The importations of negroes into the United States never approached 
 these figures. In Macphei-son's Annals of Commerce ( Vol.VL, p. 150, d seq.) , 
 such statements as these are to be found. During the eight months end- 
 ing 12th July, 1753, five hundreii and eleven negroes were imported into 
 Charleston ; fourteen hundred and eighty-two Africans were imported 
 into Georgia in the years 1765 and 1706; from 1783 to 1787 none were 
 brought directly from Africa to the United States, but it was estimated 
 that three hundred came annually from the AVest Indies. The slave 
 trade was abolished by Act of Congress in 1776, but was reopened for the 
 port of Charleston for four years — 1804 to 1807. During this period the 
 following numbers of African slaves were imported in two hundred and 
 two vessels into Charleston, by citizens of foreign nations and the United 
 States, as here given : 
 
I'oi'rr.A'i'ioN'. 
 
 By Eii<,^lish moivliiiiits 10,010 
 
 " mercliaiits of IIIkxIc Island .S,238 
 
 " " of other foreign nntioiis 5,177 
 
 " und planters of Charleston and vicinity 2,000 
 
 of other Northern States 1,400 
 
 of France 1,07S 
 
 " " of other Southern States 0S7 
 
 371 
 
 Total 38,775 
 
 In 1711, there were in all the Englisli colonics, from New Hampshire 
 to South Carolina, fifty-eight thousand eight liuudred and fifty Africans, 
 of whom it wa-; thought that ahout one-half had l)een iin])orted. H. C. 
 Carey, in his w.)rk on the slave trade, domestic and foi'eign, gives the 
 following e-!tiniato of the numbers of Africans inijjorted subse(iuent to 
 that date: 
 
 Prior to 1714 30,000 
 
 1715 to 1750 00,000 
 
 1751 to 1700 35,000 
 
 1701 to 1770 74,500 
 
 1771 to 1700 34,000 
 
 Subsequent to 1700 00,000 
 
 Total 353,500 
 
 By the United States census of 1700, there were 757,208 negroes, wljicli 
 would makp 404,858, the number of the natural increase. This would hq 
 for tlie whole period of seventy-six years, from 1714 to 1700, a natural 
 increase upon those already in the country, and imported during tliat 
 time, of something over one hundred and fifty-eight per cent., or more^' 
 tlian two per cent, per annum. 
 
 At the date of the emancipation of tlie negro slaves, wliich practically 
 took place in 1805, they numbered about 4,000,000. Subtracting the 
 luimber imported during this period, viz: 90,000 (a very hirge estimate), 
 and not counting those who emigrated, this gives an increase of 3,752,702, 
 or tlie enormous natural increase in seventy-five years of four Inindred 
 and forty-two per cent. If tliere be something repulsive to the delicate- 
 minded in this ra}»i<l ]»roi)agation of tlie luiman species under slavery, 
 perhaps it may be admitted that it were better, as in this ca.se, that twelve 
 should be emancipated where one was enslaved, than as in tlie cas'fe of the 
 
British West Indios, wlioro iho i>lul!mtln'oi>ists only found *>no to l>o 
 oni;uu-i[>jitiHl whoiv four luul Ihhmi onslavod. 
 
 But this nipiil inoiva-^o is hy no nu>;in>*hio toslaviMv. Tho tVi'o noiivoi's 
 inoroasoil thiriuii' slavorv ovon nioiv rapidly, and whilo thoir nund>ors 
 woiv siUiiiuontod hy manumittod slaves, tlio t'aot that thoir inoivaso was 
 s^nnowhat thosanioin tho slavo, as in tho fVoo Statos. shows that it was 
 dopcndont in a lai'uv douivo on tho birth rato. Tho nuinhors aro [ov tho 
 
 VUVA: MAiKOKS. 
 
 Tniiod Statos o5>.r>27 ISS.DTi) I'l:) 
 
 South Tarolina .... l,St»l ;).5>l I A'^0 
 
 Tho oonsns ot" ISSt) shows thai thoro aro ().rvSi),7|);5 n^oroi's in (ho I'nitod 
 Statos. an inoroaso v)t" l,5)StK75\">, or a natural inoroaso o( t'orty-throo ju'r 
 oont. durini:,' tho tit'toon yoars whioh havo olapsoil sinoo ouianoi|>ation. 
 
 Traotioally. thoro has boon no importation otnouroos tVoni t'onaiiu ooun- 
 trios into South Can^lina sinoo ISU\ By tho V. S. tVnsus o[' that yi>ar. 
 thoro woro -lH).5>h> no^roos in tho Stato. Tho ooi\sus of ISSl) slunvs that 
 tho nunihor has inoroasod \o (U>l.oo"J. But thoso lii;uros do not show tho 
 full rate of iuoivaso. For in ISSO. of nouroos born in South Carolina thoro 
 wore O0.4O8 ivsidinj;- in othor Statos, ohiotly in (iooru;ia. Mississippi, Ala- 
 bama and Florida, in tho onlor hoiv namod. On tho othor hand, thoro 
 woro only lo.oll> no^roos rosidinj;' in South (\iri>lina. who woro lH>rn out- 
 sido of tho limits of thoStato. Showing' a nott loss o( 77,*KSo by omiura- 
 tion in tho noi;ro population. Nor is this loss so j^roat as tho ono in tho 
 pivoodiuii" dooado oti tho samo aooount. By tlio oonsusof 1S70, it appears 
 that 5^7, 17J^ noiiroos born in South Tarolina wvro liviiiii' in othor Statos, 
 whilo iho noLiro population o( tho State was only inoroasod by 7,"Jll\ born 
 beyond its limits, slunviui;- a nott loss of Ot\-tH) ii\ a smaller population 
 than that o\' ISSO. 
 
 The extraordinary rate of inoroaso amon^' the noi^ro populaticm is one 
 of the most interesting- and imjHn-tant (piestions presented by tho raee 
 problem in Ameriea. J. Stahl Patterson, who hius made a spivial study 
 of this subjeet, estimates this rateof inerea.se for tiie nejiro raee throughout 
 tho Unittnl States has Kvn ooJ^ per oont. for the last deeaile, while that of 
 tlio native whites at the North was less than lo.7 per eent. Should these 
 n'speetive nitivj o( inoroaso eontit\ue without interruption, for the next 
 century, the neu;ro would outnumber the native Northern whites by TJ,- 
 (HHKtHH\ notwithstandinii' that at the present time the neuroes stand six 
 and onJ-half millions to twentv-tour and one-half millious of Northern 
 
POPULATION. 373 
 
 vvliit<;H. MajoritioH inuy not. ahvavH govern, even uikIcf univerHal suf- 
 i'ru'^f,, hilt til' y liavo their ini|»or(ance, and it is interesting to not^.' that 
 the eoiMjx'lilors in pf)int of increase witJi th(.' negroes are the .Soiith(;rn 
 whites, whose rat(; of increase is .'JO.4 jjer deeath.', an<l iniinigrants from 
 JMirope, whose rate of inenjase liere is as great, orgreatrjr. 
 
 No effort a(le(jiiat<} to even an ai>proxiniate determination statis- 
 ficidly of the int<irmixture of the negro and white race, iias, as yet, 
 \)ccu iindfitaken. 'i'he enumeration of mulatU^s, attempted by the 
 census of IHOO and of 1870, was entirely unsatisfactory, and. in the 
 census of \HH(), none was attempted. .Nfr. l*att<;rson, who lias given 
 attention to the suljject, says: "Even now tliey are no longer negroes. 
 One-third has a large infusion of white hlood, another tliird has less, 
 hut still some, and of the other third it would he difficult to find an 
 assured specimc'ii of pun; Africa)! hlood," 'J'hisis a startling stat'-ment, 
 hut iji 1 he absence of statistics, who puts it 1o the test among his negro 
 ac<)uaint;inff', will be surprised at the degree in which it confonns to the 
 facts. Jf the lineage of those negroes whose color and features seem most 
 unmistakably to mark them as of purely African descent, be traced, indu- 
 bitable evidence may often be obtained of white parentage, more or less 
 remote. In such cases it will he noticed that external characteristics are 
 \)y no means invariably associaUid with intijrnal ones, and that such 
 blacks are often more intelligent, and bear morally a closer resemljlance 
 to the white race than do many bright-colored mulatt^^s. Here, as else- 
 where, " in the crossings between unequal human races, the father almost 
 invariably belongs to the superior race. In every case, and especially in 
 transient ai/jours, woman refuses to Iow<'r herself; man is less delicate." 
 ((/iifijiyj'afjw). 
 
 'i'hus, whatever advance a race makes, it is the female who preserves and 
 p(.'rpetuates it. The intermixture of the races beirjg dependent on negro 
 mothers will be most rapid and complete where the negro females are in 
 excess to the males, and vice vcrna. In this connection it may be re- 
 mark e<l that the number of negro females, in proportion to males, seems^ 
 to have been steadily on the decline in .South Carolina since 1850. The 
 number of negro females to 100,000 males of that race, as given at the 
 following dates, being: 
 
 1S.30 l«fX) 1870 1880 
 
 105,290 10 f, 102 104,232 102,938 
 
 The last figure is less than the ratio of white females to males, which, 
 in 1880, is 103,125 to 100,000 males. The proportion of females to males, 
 among the negro population, is much greater in some of the Northern 
 
374 ropuLATioN. 
 
 States. Thus, in Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, 
 New Jersey and Pennsylvania, there were, in 1S50, 108,100 females to 
 100,000 males in the negro population of these States ; and in 1880, the 
 numl)er is 108,419 females to each 100,000 negro males, 
 
 The centre of the negro population of the United States lies near the 
 84 meridian, between the 32 and 33 parallel north latitude, a few miles to 
 southeast of Macon, Georgia. On the same meridian, but some 600 miles 
 to the north, lies the centre of the foreign born population of the United 
 States, between the cities of Toledo and Detroit. The foreign born ex- 
 ceeds the negro population by only about 100,000, each being in the neigh- 
 borhood of ijh millions. On the same meridian again, and between tlie 
 two centres named, is found at a point in Kentucky, a short distance 
 southwest of Cincinnati, the centre of the aggregate population of the 
 United States ; since 1700 this centre has moved westward from the city 
 of Baltimore along the 39 parallel of latitude, a distance of 457 miles. 
 The wide divergence of these two well marked and nearly equal streams 
 of population, the European and the African, while making the same pro- 
 gress westward during so considerable a period of time, might naturally be 
 taken to indicate that it was a result of natural and insurmountable cli- 
 matic and geographical conditions. Between these poles the greater prox- 
 imity by 200 miles of the aggregate population to the northern one, in 
 consecpience of the sympathy of Christendom with the European immi- 
 grants, and race prejudice against the African, have confirmed this 
 plausible but superficial view, and given rise to many Avide spread and 
 erroneous impressions, regarding the unsuitableness of the Southern 
 section of the United States as a home for the Caucasian race! It 
 has come to l)e regarded as a low, wet, marshy, malarial region, fitted 
 for tlie negro and cotton culture, and owing to these, as it were acci- 
 dental features, its chief importance. It should be remembered, how- 
 ever, that l)eforc the advent of negroes, and long before any importance 
 attached to cotton, wealthy Englishmen, with the whole country open 
 to them, well informed as to its climate and resources, after two centuries 
 of explorations, made choice of South Carolina as the locality best 
 adapted for the material development of an English colony. The 
 Northern and Middle States were colonized by political and religious 
 refugees, or by persons of peculiar social views. The South was chosen as 
 a land of promise for those who sought to increase their fortunes, and es- 
 tablish a people under conditions most favorable for their development. 
 This is not the place to discuss the adventitious circumstances which have 
 favored the mis-imi)ressions here referred to ; such, for instance, as the 
 changes in the art of navigation, which opened the most direct and speedy 
 connnunication between the nearest points of Europe and America, in 
 
ropuLATioN. 375 
 
 spite of ocean winds and currents, whereas tlie sailing vessels of a 
 hundred years ago found their easiest route from Europe even to New 
 York, to be by Charleston. But the relation of the population to climatic 
 and topographical conditions, as given by the lOtli United States Census, 
 will show that these are not real hinderances to tlio peopling of the South 
 with greater numbers of the Caucasian race. For while it appears that 
 the African race does not thrive outside of certain climatic limits, these 
 limits include nothing injurious to the Caucasian race It will be noted 
 that the percentage of negroes diminishes in low temperatures 
 and that it also diminishes in high temperatures, and that in botli 
 cases where the negroes decrease in numbers the percentage of for- 
 eign born Caucasians increase. It would seem that the more temperate 
 and genial climate and the most fertile soils, having been first occupied by 
 Africans, European immigrants, influenced by prejudice against the insti- 
 tution of slavery, which has passed away, and by prejudice against a race 
 '^vhich, as has been shown, has greatly changed, and is in process of still 
 greater changes, have settled on less favored soils, under greater extremes 
 of climate. 
 
 The following table shows the distribution of the population in eleva- 
 tion above the sea level, according to the 10th Census. 
 
 PERCENTAGE OF 
 
 Foreign. Aggregate. Negro. 
 
 Below 100 ft 28.31 18.25 22.28 
 
 Between 100 and 1000 ft . 40.07 59.41 70.85 
 
 Above 1000 ft 31.02 22.34 6.87 
 
 100.00 100.00 100.00 
 
 Here the negro population occupies the medium elevations, while a 
 larger percentage of foreigners occupy low lands or greater elevations. 
 The largest percentage of the aggregate population is also found at the 
 same elevations with the negro ])opulation. And in each instance, ex- 
 cept as to extreme elevations, the distribution of the negroes more closely 
 approaches that of the aggregate than the foreign does. 
 
 In South Carolina 27 per cent, of the negro population is below 100 ft. 
 and of this number one-third is immediately on the coast, and not exceed- 
 ing 40 ft. above the sea level. The remaining two-thirds who live below 100 
 ft. are thinly scattered over a wide region. It appears that each population 
 falls off between an elevation 100 and 500 feet. Owing doubtless to 
 the fact that these elevations, more than others, need drainage to render 
 
376 POPULATION. 
 
 them suitable for human habitation; TVtwecn 500 and 1000 ft. 43 \)vv 
 cent, of the negro population of South Carolina is found just where the 
 largest percentage of the foreign and the aggregate population are located 
 in the country at large. 
 
 The mean annual temperature of South Carolina varies from 50° iu 
 the mountains to 04° on the seaboard. AVithin this range of temperature 
 is found tiftv-four per cent, of the aggregate population of the United 
 States. 
 
 Tlie following table shows the distribution of the foreign, aggregate 
 «nd colored populations in accordance with the mean annual temperature: 
 
 PERCENTAGES OP VEC.KTAULE rRODUCTS 
 
 Foreijin. Aggregate. Negro. of the kecuons. 
 
 Below 40° 1.30 1. 0.03 Wheat. 
 
 40° to 50° .... 53.00 37. 3.()7 Corn. 
 
 50° to 00° .... 40.03 44. 36.52 Tobacco. 
 
 60° to 70° 4.10 17. 57.42 Cotton, Rice, Sugar. 
 
 Above 70° 01 1. 2.36 Tropical Fruits. 
 
 100.00 100.00 100.00 
 
 Both the foreign and the aggregate population are distributed over a 
 wider range of mean annual temperatures than the negro. The lower 
 temperatures are doubtless not favorable to the latter, if indeed they are 
 to any, but they occupy a temperate climate, and one that yields to the 
 agriculturist the largest variety of the most profitable crops, with a 
 mean annual temperature similar to the region reported to have been the 
 birth-place and cradle of the human race. 
 
 The distribution of the population according to the midsummer tem- 
 perature, or the mean cf July as the hottest month, is : 
 
 VERCEXTAGES OF 
 
 Foreign. Aggregate. Negro. 
 
 Below 60° 1.63 1. 0.02 
 
 60° to 70° 17.27 12. 5.44 
 
 70° to 85° 80.69 87. 94.35 
 
 Above 85° 0.41 0. 0.19 
 
 100.00 100.00 100.00 
 
 Here again the bulk of the population forms the mean between the 
 negro and the foreign, and the latter has a wider distribution, especially 
 as to the extremes of high and low temperatures. 
 
poriLATiox. 377 
 
 The distrihutioii of the popuhitioii nccordhv^ to winter temperature, or 
 the mean temperature of January, taken as the eoldest month, is as 
 
 Jollows: 
 
 I'ERtlCNTACiKH OK 
 
 Foreign. Aggregate. Negro. 
 
 Below 10° l.SO 1. 0.01 
 
 10° to 30'' 03.04 50. 0.39 
 
 30° to 50° 2!).10 44. 82.58 
 
 Above 50° 5.10 5. 12.02 
 
 100.00 100.00 100.00 
 
 Here again the negro has a more re.stricted distribution in the more 
 tem[)erate rei^ions than the fi^reit^iier, whose percentages exceed tho.se of 
 the aggregate in tlie extremes r»f botli lieat and cold. 
 
 The distribution of the popuhition according to the greatest observed 
 heat is as follows : 
 
 I-kIU:ENTAGE.S OF 
 
 Foreign. Aggregate. Negro. 
 
 l]el(jw 00° 3.50 0. 0.07 
 
 90° to 105° 01.87 94. 90.53 
 
 Above 105° 4.54 (>. 3.40 
 
 100.00 100.00 100.00 
 
 The extreme high temperatures here referred to are much more fre- 
 quent at the North than at tlie South, and the result is shown l^y the 
 numerous deaths from sunstroke at the Nortli every .summer. Such heat 
 does occur at rare intervals at the South, and it is equally as fatal here, 
 as witness the deaths in Charleston in June, 1870, when the hottest day 
 in more than a century occurred. 
 
 The distribution under the extremes of cold observed is : 
 
 I'ERCENT.\GE OF l'0I'lL.\TION. 
 
 Foreigner.s. Aggregate. Colored. 
 
 Below — 45° 0.00 0. 
 
 —45° to 10° 02.52 80. 33.88 
 
 10° to 20° 4.53 10. 06.00 
 
 Above 20° 2.S(; 1. 0.12 
 
 100.00 100.00 100.00 
 
 The remarks made regarding other climatic conditions apply here also ; 
 the negroes occupy the medium and temperate regions, the aggregate 
 population comes next, and on the outside, in the extremes, are the 
 foreign born. 
 25 
 
378 POPULATION. 
 
 Distribution of poj)ulation in conformity to the annual rainfall, Table 1, 
 and to the summer rainfall, Table 2. 
 
 Table 1st — perckntack of 
 
 
 Foreign. 
 
 Aggregate. 
 
 Negro. 
 
 Below 30 in. . . 
 
 . .12.80 
 
 0.08 
 
 0.38 
 
 30 in. to 45 in. . 
 
 . . 54.55 
 
 52.57 
 
 17.14 
 
 45 in. to 00 in. . 
 
 . . 81.54 
 
 89.65 
 
 76.88 
 
 Above 00 in. . . 
 
 . . 1.02 
 
 1.70 
 
 5.60 
 
 100.00 100.00 100.00 
 
 Table 2d — percentage of 
 
 Foreign. Aggregate. Negro. 
 
 Below 13° 5.86 2.80 0.20 
 
 15° to 25° 87.83 76.18 38.47 
 
 25° to 35° 6.29 20.77 00.76 
 
 Above 35° 0.02 0.16 0.57 
 
 100.00 100.00 100.00 
 
 It is to be borne in mind tliat where the annual rainfall is less than 
 twenty -five inches, or the summer rainfall, that is the rainfall during the 
 crop season, does not reach fifteen inches, agriculture cannot be conducted 
 profitably except by irrigation. And of course the irrigation afibrded by 
 streams traversing such regions must be so limited that a large agricultural 
 population can take no foothold there. In these arid regions the bulk of 
 the population is foreign, and engage little in agricultural ])ursuits. With 
 regard to rainfall, as with the other factors of climate, the percentage of 
 negroes is greatest where the conditions are most favorable for the sup- 
 port of the human race ; the aggregate population have the next choice, 
 and the foreigners again fall upon less favored regions. While the negroes 
 occupy regions of abundant rainfall, this rainfall is nowhere excessive, 
 nor does it produce an atmosphere saturated with moisture. The porous 
 character of the soils of South Carolina, through which the water, not neces- 
 sary for vegetation, readily disappears, and the large number of cloudless 
 days make mist and fog, mildew and rust, a rare occurrence, so that even 
 in areas of the heaviest rainfall the relative humidity of the atmosphere 
 is similar to, but even less than that of the most noted health resorts of 
 the world. (See Sand Hill Region Climate.) 
 
 Within the State of South Carolina the distribution of the negro popu- 
 lation does not appear to have been determinately infiuenced by climatic 
 or topographical conditions. They still preponderate most largely along 
 the southern and south-western borders of the State, where they were first 
 
POPULATION. 370 
 
 colonized. Hence they have spread over irreguhir areas, maintaining in 
 them their preponderance even to the northern boundaries of the State. 
 The areas tluis successively occupied by them are those where cotton cul- 
 ture has been the leading pursuit. They are characterized l)y a light soil, 
 of easy culture, yielding a crop readily and directly convertible into cash, 
 requiring no fore-cast as to drainage and fallows, and no complex combi- 
 nations of the areas to be directed to tillage and pasturage, to grain and 
 cattle. Their riiinimum percentage to the other po})ulation is found ill 
 Horry county, upon the southeastern seaboard of the State and diagonally 
 across the State from this locality, among the mountains in thenorthwest. 
 While three or four lines, where the white population predominates, cross 
 the entire State in a north and .south direction. 
 
 The rate of increase of the negro population from 1700 to 1800 was 
 much slower in those counties in which they were originally the 
 most numerous — in Beaufort, Charleston, Georgetown and Colleton. 
 Here their numbers were barely doubled during this period, while they 
 were being quadrui)led in the State at large. They seemed to have reached 
 their maximum then, and were on the decline. This was most marked in 
 the case of Charleston county. Here, in 1700, they numbered 34,846, in 
 1830 they were G5,o34, and then steadily declined to 40,822 in 1800. 
 
 Since 1800 the increase has been pretty uniform. Charleston has re- 
 gained her losses, and reached and passed her maximum of 1830, num- 
 bering now 71,808, but the other counties which were earliest most 
 thickly peopled with this race still lag behind, and Beaufort, Colleton 
 and Georgetown continue to show considerable losses, while the increase 
 of the upper country has been large. This is the more notable, as this 
 region where these losses have accrued is the very one thought best 
 adapted to the African, being low, wet and warm. 
 
 The geographical indefiniteness of the census of 1870 does not allow 
 the movements of the colored population during the last decade to be 
 traced with precision. The following tal>le gives the nearest a})proximation 
 that could be obtained to the facts in this regard. 
 
 PERCENTAGE OF COLOKED IN TOT.VL I'Ol'UL.VTION. 
 
 1870. 1880 IiKTcase Decreiise. 
 
 * 
 
 Alpine Region 23 27 3 
 
 Piedmont Region 4i> 50 7 * 
 
 Sand and Red Hills 01 50 * 5 
 
 Upper Pine Belt 00 59 * 7 
 
 Lower Pine Belt 07 70 3 * 
 
 Coast Region ....••. 00 84 * G 
 
380 ropuLATiox. 
 
 These figures show no tendency of the colored population to separate 
 from the aggregate population and to become localized. On the contrary, 
 the coast region, where they have preponderated for generations, where 
 they own more property than . elsewhere, Avhere they have retained 
 undisputed control in i)olitical affairs, and where, in fine, every condition 
 seems most favorable to promote, develope and maintain colored predom- 
 inance, exhibits a marked decrease in their percentage of the population. 
 At the same time in the Alpine and Piedmont regions, where their num- 
 bers have always been smaller, an increase appears which more than com- 
 pensates for the decrease on the coast. Such fluctuations seem rather to 
 indicate that the colored race has a tendenc}^ to mix with the Avhite pop- 
 ulation in certain limited proportions. This opinion gathers force by 
 considering their ratio in the towns as compared with what it is in the 
 rural districts in the different sections of the State. Thus, wliile the 
 negroes form 86 per cent, of the rural population of Charleston (old), 
 Beaufort and Georgetown counties, they only form 56 per cent, of the pop- 
 ulation of the towns themselves. And in the Piedmont region, while they 
 are only 35 per cent, of the rural population of Greenville and Spartan- 
 burg counties, they form 45 per cent of the population of the towns. 
 Of the 739 towns of the united counties having a population of 4,000 
 and upwards, only eight are without a colored population. Only three, 
 however, in all this number, viz: Newbern and Wilmington, N. C, and 
 Danville, Va , have a colored population that reaches sixt}^ per cent., a 
 percentage quite common among the rural population. 
 
 The rapidly augmenting and more mobile populations of the towns 
 may thus indicate what is to be the general tendency in the pro- 
 portions of the races that where negroes are in excess of 56 per cent, they 
 Avill diminish, and where they are less than 45 per cent, they will increase 
 in presence of the white race. It is at least more probable that the final 
 result will be determined by some law like this, and notb}' any wholesale 
 movement on the part of either race. For the exodus of negroes to the 
 northwest appears, in the light of the late census, to have amounted to 
 nothing, just as their much talked of return to Africa from Charleston 
 a few years since did. Mississippi, Louisiana and North Carolina, whence 
 the emigrations took place, show large gains in their colored population ; 
 wliilc Kansas and Iowa, whither these emigrants went, have actually lost 
 in the relative proportion of the black to the white joopulation. But 
 Avhile a movement in mass of the negro population has not and may 
 never take place, the indications that their general diffusion is progress- 
 ing rapidly are well marked. They are now present in greater or less 
 number in every State and Territory, and are increasing- most rapidly 
 where formerly they were fewest. The northern and western non-slave- 
 
POPULATION. 381 
 
 holding States had less than six per cent, of the negro population of 18G0, 
 hut they have nearly ten per cent, of the much larger negro population 
 of 1880; and while the increase during this period was only forty-eight 
 per cent, for the whole country, it was one hundred and twenty-five per 
 cent, for this region. 
 
 Contrary, then, to the many theories on this subject, the facts, up to 
 this date, point decidedly to a general dissemination of the negro race. 
 To say that they are not adapted to these northern and western latitudes, 
 and that they Avill only go there to be destroyed by the severity of the 
 climate, is, to use an argument that has no general application to the 
 great movements of mankind. Even now, the foreigners who go to 
 those same regions, suffer fearfully from the severity of the climate, as 
 shown b}^ their death rate (see page 377) ; nevertheless, they continue 
 to go. 
 
 The negro in South Carolina is })crfonning a fair share of physical 
 labor, but left to himself he is without initiative and is well content to do 
 little work and to reap small profits. Tliey are of temperate habits, and 
 drunkenness and gluttony are rare among them. Without the more 
 robust virtues or vices of the white race, they are cheerful, pleasant tem- 
 pered and inoffensive. If they suffered grievous wrongs during slavery, 
 as has been so widely asserted, with every opportunity and incitement 
 from outsiders to do so, they have shown no. disposition to take revenge 
 upon their former masters. The personal relations between the two races 
 continue most friendly, and perhaps no where in the world and at no 
 time in its history, has such easy, considerate, kind and respectful inter- 
 course subsisted between employer and employee, as between the Southern 
 white man and the negro. 
 
 EUROPEANS 
 
 1407 derived their first knowledge of South Carolina from Sebastian 
 Cabot, an English subject, who visited these coasts shortly after 
 the discovery of the new world. 
 
 1520 D'Ayllon, in quest of gold and slaves, landed on St. Helena island, 
 gave it its name, and claimed the country for Spain. 
 
 15G2 Admiral Coligny sends a colony of French Huguenots, in two 
 small vessels, to Port Royal ; a settlement of twenty-six persons is 
 made there ; but the following year they build a vessel and return 
 to France, leaving to the country only its name, Caroline, after 
 their king, Charles IX., and a small fort. 
 
 1C29 The country is granted to Sir Robert Heath by Charles I. of 
 England, under the name of Carolina. 
 
382 POPULATION. 
 
 1G63 Charles II. of England grants the coiintr}^ to certain English 
 noblemen, stA'led the Absolute Lords and Proprietors of Carolina. 
 
 1G70 The proprietors, at an expenditure of £12,000, send out two small 
 vessels, under Capt. Wm. Sayle, to Beaufort. This colony removes 
 the next year to Ashley river, and a few years later occupy the 
 present site of Charleston, and form the first permanent white 
 settlement in South Carolina. 
 
 The proprietors ofler to all immigrants lands at £20 per one 
 thousand acres ; where cash could not be paid, an annual rent of 
 one penny per acre was required. For the first five years every 
 freeman was offered one hundred acres, and every servant fifty 
 acres, at an annual rent not exceeding half penny per acre. 
 
 1071 The proprietors grant land to a colony from the Barbadoes, 
 under Sir John Yeamans. 
 
 1674 The proprietors furnish two small vessels to remove a Dutch 
 colony from Nova Belgia (New York) to John's island, whence 
 they spread into the surrounding country. 
 
 1G79 Charles II. provides at his own expense two small vessels to 
 transport foreign Protestants, chiefly French Huguenots, to 
 Charleston. 
 
 1696 Members of a Congregational church, with Mr. Joseph Lord, 
 their pastor, remove in a body from Dorchester, Massachusetts, 
 to the neighborhood of Charleston. 
 
 1701 According to Dr. Hewitt, the population of South Carolina 
 is seven thousand. It consists of a medley from many countries, 
 and of different faiths. There are Cavaliers and Puritans from 
 England, Dissenters from Scotland, Dutchmen from New York, 
 French Huguenots, and Africans. 
 
 1712 The Assembly of South Carolina offer £14 to the " owners and 
 importers " of each healthy male British servant, between the ages 
 of twelve and thirty years, " not a criminal." 
 
 1715 Five hundred Irish immigrate at their own expense to occupy 
 the lands from which Yemassee the Indians have been driven, 
 but finding them laid out in baronies for the Lords Proprietors, 
 most of tliem remove to the North. 
 
 1718 The Lords Proprietors, having advanced £18,000 to the settlers, 
 refuse to furnish additional supplies, and when asked for cattle, 
 reply that " they wished not to encourage graziers, but planters." 
 
 1719 The proprietors sell their riglit and interest in the soil and gov- 
 ernment of Carolina to the king, for £17,500, and an additional 
 £5,000 for the quit rents, over due by the colonists. 
 
 1724 According to Dr. Hewitt, the population' is thirty-two thousand. 
 
POPULATION. 383 
 
 1730 The colonial government marks out eleven townships of twenty 
 thousand acres each, and offer fifty acres, rent free for ten years, to 
 every man, woman and child who would come over to occupy 
 them. After that period a rental of four shillings per one hundred 
 acres was to be paid annually. 
 
 1731 The government offers Peter Pury £400 for every one hundred 
 effective men brought over from Switzerland. Three hundred and 
 seventy arrive, and are granted forty thousand acres on the lower 
 Savannah river, at Purysburg. (Full fare across the ocean at this 
 time is £o for immigrants.) 
 
 1733 - The Scotch-Irish descendants of the Scotch Covenanters, from 
 Downe county, Ireland, settle Williamsburg county, named after 
 King William III. 
 
 1735 A colony of Germans settle in Orangeburg county, which is 
 named after the Prince of Orange. 
 
 1730 The Assembly grants a large tract of land on tlid Pee Dee to 
 Welsh settlers from Pennsylvania. 
 
 1739 The council appropriate £0,000 as a bounty to the first two hun- 
 dred immigrants (above twelve years of age, two under to count 
 as one over that age) from Wales, settling upon the Welsh tract on 
 the Pee Dee. They offered in addition to each head above twelve 
 years, twelve bushels corn, one barrel of beef, fifty i:)ounds pork, 
 one hundred pounds rice, one bushel salt, and to each male one 
 axe, one broad hoe, one cow and calf, and one young sow. 
 
 1746 After the battle of Culloden many of the Scotch rebels were 
 removed to South Carolina. 
 
 1750 Saxe Gotha township (Lexington county) was laid off and occu- 
 pied by settlers from Saxe Gotha, Germany. In the same year a 
 colony of Quakers from Ireland settle Camden (Kershaw county). 
 
 1755 Governor Glenn opens the upper-country for settlement by a 
 treaty he makes with the Cherokee Indians, obtaining from them 
 the cession of a large tract of territory, and by erecting in the 
 Northwest (Pickens county) Fort Prince George. 
 
 1760 After Braddock's defeat, numbers of Pennsylvanians and Vir- 
 ginians, feeling insecure on account of the Indians, move overland 
 to the upper-country of South Carolina. 
 
 1764 King George furnishes £300, tents, one hundred and fifty stand 
 of arms and two small vessels, to a colony of Germans, who receive, 
 on reaching Charleston, £500 from the Assembly, and are assigned 
 lands in Londonderry township (Edgefield county). 
 
 1704 Two hundred and twelve French Protestants reach Charleston, 
 and are furnished transportation to Long Cane, Abbeville county, 
 where they settle New Bordeaux township. 
 
384 
 1705 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 Population according to Hewit : white, 38,000; colored, 85,000; 
 total, 123,000. 
 3 The war of independence being achieved, " multitudes from 
 Europe and the Eastern and Middle States of America moved into 
 South Carolina. " 
 
 Such, in brief, were the various and numerous peoples who contributed 
 to the early colonization of South Carolina. The first permanent settle- 
 ment had for its motive tlie ambition of certain wealthy EngHsh noble- 
 men. In the hope of increasing their power and wealth, they offered 
 lands, trans})ortation, and bounties to all adventurers ; offers not unac- 
 ceptable to the crowded populations of Europe, who had fallen heirs to 
 religious, social and political oppressions as their sole legacy. Afterwards 
 colonization was promoted by direct trade with England, by European 
 wars and persecutions, by military disasters in the Northern States, by 
 largesses offered to settlers b}'- the local government, and last, but above 
 all, b}?- the successful issue of the war of independence, which opened this 
 country to the oppressed of all nations. 
 
 The following table shows the population of South Carolina and of the 
 United States for each census, from 1700 to 1880 : 
 
 United States. 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 
 I-* 
 
 
 quare 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 • i-( xn 
 
 
 C/2 
 
 c3 
 
 
 
 cc 
 
 "S ° 
 
 '=' fl5 
 
 CENSUS 
 
 l^-^ 
 
 
 u o 
 
 
 
 
 ^ <D 
 
 -t-" 
 
 CO 
 
 
 9 -^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 CD r;5 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 O '-^ 
 
 CD ZS 
 
 a> 03 
 
 
 ^ f<* 
 
 o 
 
 ^^ 
 
 p^ 
 
 
 
 &.i^ 
 
 fc£--! 
 
 biD <v 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 '< 
 
 
 f^ 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 f^ 
 
 c3 J3 1 53 M 
 
 
 P 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 . Oh 
 
 c5 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 -M &, -^ « 
 
 G o 1 S 
 
 
 O C3 
 
 ^ 
 
 O! 
 
 't; 
 
 .t^ 
 
 o 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;-i 
 
 
 |go 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 r , 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 8.2 
 
 CD 
 
 ^ 
 
 1790 . . 
 
 239,935 
 
 3,929,214 
 
 16.41 
 
 ! 249,073 
 
 140,178 
 
 108,805 
 149,336 
 
 .06 
 
 
 1800 . . 
 
 305,708 
 
 5,308,483 
 
 17.4 
 
 345,591 
 
 196,255 
 
 11.5 
 
 .06 
 
 38.7 
 
 1810 . . 
 
 407,945 
 
 7,239,881 
 
 17.7 
 
 415,115 
 
 214,196:200,919 
 
 13.8 
 
 .05 
 
 20.1 
 
 1820 . . 
 
 508,717 
 
 9,633,822 
 
 18.9 
 
 502,741 
 
 237,440 265,301 
 
 1(5.7 
 
 .05 
 
 21.1 
 
 1830 . . 
 
 032,717 
 
 12,86(>,020 
 
 20.3 
 
 581,185 
 
 257,863,323,322 
 
 19.3 
 
 .04 
 
 15.6 
 
 1840 . . 
 
 807,292 
 
 17,069,453 
 
 21.1 
 
 594,398 
 
 259,084 335,314 
 
 19.7 
 
 .03 
 
 2.2 
 
 1850 . . 
 
 979,249 
 
 23,191,876 
 
 25.7 
 
 668.507 
 
 274,563 393,944 
 
 22.2 
 
 .03 
 
 12.4 
 
 1800 . . 
 
 1,194,754 
 
 31,443,321 
 
 26.3 
 
 1 703,708 
 
 291,300,412,320 
 
 23.3 
 
 .02 
 
 5.2 
 
 1870 . . 
 
 1,272,239 
 
 38,558,371 
 
 30.3 
 
 ! 705,706 
 
 289,6671415,814 
 
 25.3 
 
 .01 A 
 
 0.2 
 
 1880 . 
 
 1,569,570 
 
 50,155,783 
 
 32. 
 
 995,577 
 
 391,105 
 
 604,332 
 
 32.9 
 
 .01 A 
 
 41.- 
 
PERCENTAGE OF THE INCREASE 
 
 At Each Census, prom 1790 to 1880, of the PoruLATiON of South 
 Carolina, represented Graphically. 
 
 1790 
 
 1800 
 
 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 
 
 PERCENTAGE OF INCREASE OF THE AGGREGATE POPULATION. 
 PERCENTAGE OF INCREASE OF THE WHITE POPULATION. | 
 PERCENTAGE OF INCREASE OF THE COLORED FREE POPULATION. | 
 PERCENTAGE OF INCREASE OF THE COLORED SLAVE POPULATION. I 
 
 1880 
 
POPULATION. 
 
 385 
 
 Percentage of Increase of the Population of South Carolina from 1790 to 1880. 
 
 Period. 
 
 White. 
 
 Colored. 
 
 Totals. 
 
 Free. 
 
 Slave. 
 
 South 
 Carolina. 
 
 States 
 of the 
 Union. 
 
 1790 to 
 1800 to 
 1810 to 
 1820 to 
 1830 to 
 1840 to 
 1850 to 
 1860 to 
 1870 to 
 
 1800 
 1810 
 1820 
 1830 
 1840 
 1850 
 1800 
 1870 
 1880 
 
 40.00 
 9.14 
 
 10.85 
 8.06 
 0.47 
 5.97 
 6.05 
 
 <«) 55 
 35.01 
 
 76.84 
 42.98 
 49.89 
 16.04 
 4 48 
 8.26 
 10.64 
 
 36.46 
 34.35 
 31.62 
 22.02 
 
 3.68 
 17.71 
 
 4.52 
 
 00.87 
 45.33 
 
 38.75 
 
 20.12 
 
 21.11 
 
 15.06 
 
 2.27 
 
 12.47 
 
 5.2 
 
 0.2 
 
 41.0 
 
 34.66 
 36.30 
 33.11 
 33.53 
 32.74 
 35.38 
 35.57 
 22.22 
 29.50 
 
 («) Decrease. 
 
 THE INCREASE OF THE POPULATION 
 
 of South Carolina from 1790 to 1800 was greater that it has been at any 
 subsequent period prior to the census of 1880. The increase for that de- 
 cade was much greater than for the country at large, and there were only 
 five out of all the States, at that date, that were making a more rapid 
 growth than South Carolina. The second decade — the one during which 
 the slave trade was temporarily reopened at Charleston — showed a large 
 diminution in the rate of increase ; it went down sixteen per cent, below 
 that of the country at large, and from fifth, the State fell to eleventh in the 
 order of increase. The third decade showed a slight improvement, and 
 South Carolina stood thirteenth among the twenty-four States of that 
 date in order of increase. In the fourth decade the decrease continued ; 
 twenty States had a larger growth, and South Carolina was increasing at 
 a rate less than half of that at which the country at large was growing 
 in population. The fifth decade was marked in South Carolina by the 
 nullification agitation ; the rate of increase fell enormously. While the 
 country at large maintained nearly the same rate as at the outset, the 
 rate here was only one-seventeenth of what^ it had been in 1800, and 
 South Carolina stood last of all the States, at this date, except one — Dela- 
 ware. There was a marked improvement between 1840-50, the rate of 
 increase being nearly six times as great as in the preceding decade. 
 
o^O POPULATION. 
 
 Nevertheless, South CaroHna was again lowest, except the States of 
 Vermont and New Hampshire, and tlie very erroneous opinion was en- 
 tertained in some quarters that, like those States, she had about reached 
 the limit of the population that her soil would sustain. The next de- 
 cade opened with the first secession agitation ; there was a still lower 
 rate of increase, and South Carolina still stood behind all the States ex- 
 cept Vermont and New Hampshire. Then came the sixth decade, of 
 war and reconstruction ; the political and social doctrines at variance 
 with the public opinion of all Christendom came to an open rupture, and 
 were submitted to the arbitrament of the sword. The increase of the 
 population was less than one per cent. ; among the whites there was an 
 actual decrease of one-half of one per cent., and South Carolina was 
 behind all the States but Maine. The dust has scarcely lightened from 
 the ruin wrought by this great overthrow than a new South Carolina 
 appears, more vigorous than ever. The census of 1880 shows that, from 
 next to last, she has advanced above twenty-nine of her sister States, and 
 stands eighth in the order of increase of the population. For the ninth 
 decade her increase is forty-one per cent. — higher than it ever was — and 
 more than one-third more than that of the country at large. One of the 
 most remarkable features of this increase is, that it is not due, to any 
 very large extent, to immigration, but chietiy to the large degree in 
 which the migration of her natives to other States has ceased. 
 
 The obvious parallelism between the changes of the aggregate popula- 
 tion and those of each of its constituent elements, indicates most clearly 
 that here there has been no distinctive antagonism of the races and con- 
 ditions of men. Slave insurrections and the dread of Hhem have been 
 much dwelt on. In reality, they have amounted to nothing. Only two 
 are recorded in a period of more than two hundred years. In 1740, a mob 
 of drunken negroes, supposed to have been incited thereto by hostile 
 Spaniards, marched a distance of fifteen miles, murdering two clerks in 
 a warehouse and Mr. Godfrey and his family. They were attacked by 
 the congregation of a small country church at Willtown, who at once 
 dispersed them without suffering any loss. In 1821, some negroes (34) 
 were hanged in Charleston on what was held to be evidence of a con- 
 spiracy to excite a slave insurrection. The Hamburg and Ellenton 
 riots, in 1870, resulted in seventeen homicides, with, possibly, an equal 
 number for all the election conflicts during reconstruction ; and were all 
 the casualties resulting from the contests of the whites and negroes in 
 South Carolina during the whole history of the State counted, the num- 
 ber would not equal that of the agrarian outrages reported in a single 
 year in Ireland. For ninety years the increase of the white and colored 
 population of tlie State has moved on parallel lines, with only two ex- 
 
POPULATION. 387 
 
 ceptions. The variable element in each of these exceptions has been the 
 slave population, which, in 1820 and in 18G0, diminished, while the 
 white and free colored were augmenting their rate of increase. 
 
 The variations are not great, and were, probably, due to the movement 
 of slaves in larger numbers, at these dates, to the fresh lands of the 
 Southwest. No such variations appear between the rate of increase of 
 the whites and the free colored. With the facts as they presented them- 
 selves in 1860, it is remarkable that, in view of the uniformly greater 
 rate of ihcrea-se of the free colored population, that the Superintendent 
 of the seventh census should have ventured to predict the disappearance 
 of the negro race as the probable consequence of emancipation. It is 
 noteworthy, regarding these predictions of the census office, made during 
 the war, that, while the white population of 1880 in the United States 
 falls fifteen per cent, short of the figure it was thought it would reach, 
 the colored population reaches within one-half of one per cent, of the 
 number it was estimated at. This prediction was based on the estimate 
 that the colored race would increase at the rate of 22.07 per cent, in each 
 decade, a rate of increase that is less that the least recorded at any date 
 for the aggregate population of the United States. In as much as the 
 increase of the colored race has fallen short, in the last two decades, of 
 even this moderate figure, the fears that have been expressed by certain 
 scientific writers, that their numbers would attain proportions threaten- 
 ing the supremacy of the white race, are evidently without foundation 
 in fact. 
 
 The Avonderful recuperation in the rate of increase of the population 
 of South Carolina within the last decade, after seventy years of steady 
 decline in that rate, and so immediately after the final and overwhelm- 
 ing catastrophe of the decade of 1860 to 1870, makes it plain that the 
 limit of the natural resources of the State for sustaining a large popula- 
 tion has not only not been reached, but that these resources may be said 
 to be almost untouched. If the drainage basin of the Santee river, the 
 river of Carolina, were peopled as thickly as the basin of the Hudson or 
 the Delaware, instead of a population of three hundred thousand, it 
 would hold one of more than two and one-half millions. In natural ad- 
 vantages, whether the amount of navigable highway be considered, or 
 the })Ower its waters could furnish for stationary machinery, and the 
 facility with which it might be utilized, or the healthfulness of the cli- 
 mate, or the fertility of the soil and the diversified crops it can produce 
 — in any and all these regards the river of Carolina will compare favor- 
 ably with the others named. If the State were as thickly settled as 
 Rhode Island and Massachusetts, it would contain a population of seven 
 to eight millions, a number equal to the population of the entire United 
 
388 roruLATiox. 
 
 States in 1810, more than double that of Seotland, and more than twice 
 the pojuilation of Australia, now payino- annually ninety millions of 
 dollars interest to England on loans of English capital invested there. 
 ^h\ulwhile, ten thousand square miles of the most fertile rej>ion of Caro- 
 lina does not to-day averaoo us many inhubitants to the square mile as 
 are to be found in each house of the old town of Edinburg. Practically', 
 therefore, in these regards, the natural advantages and capacities of South 
 Carolina may be said to be unlimited. Whatever her future increase 
 may be, it will sullef no let or hindrance on these accounts, but will de- 
 pend upon the degret* in whirh she can succeed in establishing and 
 maintaining (.H»rdial relations with the other States and nations ot Chris- 
 teniloni. l*'reed tinally and Ibrever from all that in the past has so 
 heavily shaekU'd their intercourse with outsiders, the pi>lity of her i)eople 
 has taken a new ami vigorous departure; they have thrown their gates 
 wide open to all comers ; aid and welcome is extended to immigrants; 
 numufacturers are encouraged by relieving the capital invested in them 
 from taxation, and tlu^ir traditional diu'trines of free trade would admit 
 all people to tlu>ir commerce. 
 
 MOVEMENT OF THE POPULATION. 
 
 The tlrst settlements took place along the seacoast, thence, slowly mov- 
 ing inland, they followed the rivers. There were settlers in the 
 upper-country as early as ITol), but no great })rogress was made there 
 until the middle of the eighteenth century. Meanwhile there remained, 
 as there is now and has been during all the movements of population in 
 the State, a vacant or thinly-settled bolt between the upper and the lower 
 country. The State is this day traversed by two such belts of thinly- 
 settled country, the sand hill region and the flat lamls of the lower pine 
 belt. The first is comparatively narrow, and is due to the dry and sandy 
 soil whieh unfits it, in large measure, for the })resent methods of agricul- 
 ture. The other is due to the want of drainage, which, with the accession 
 of wealth, will be remedied, and an extensive and fertile region will be 
 opened to settlers. 
 
 The Indians were, perhaps the most mobile of all the populations that 
 have inhabited South Carolina. Nevertheless, there is everywhere and 
 always a continual movement of the j^opulation in }>rogress. Even in 
 England and Scotland, where the populati^.n might be considered " to 
 the manor born," it has been found that only a little over seventy-five 
 . per cent, were living in the counties where they were born. If for coun- 
 ties. States are substituted, about the same percentage obtains for the 
 United States, a little more than seventy-six per cent, of the native popu- 
 
13 
 
 12 
 
 UJ UJ ul u 
 
 ui uj u) O 
 
 U U 111 O 
 
 O O o iJ' 
 (-(-Kg 
 
 •n t -a O 
 
 CD CD CO H 
 
 < < < z 
 
 I X X < 
 
 li 
 
rOPULATION. 
 
 389 
 
 Lation being found in tlie States in which they were born, according to 
 the census of 1880. This percentage, however, varies widely in the dif- 
 ferent States. In Vermont, only fifty-eight per cent, of those born there 
 wore found remaining in their native State. In Texas, on the other 
 hand, this percentage was ninety-five, as given, in both instances, by the 
 census of 1880. For South Carolina it is eighty per cent., and only 
 fourteen out of thirty-eight States retain more of their native population 
 than she does. The fluctuations that have occurred in this regard will 
 be seen by reference to the following data, taken from the returns of the 
 United States census for the years specified : 
 
 Movement of the Population of South Carolina in the United States, and from 
 
 other Countries. 
 
 Year. 
 
 
 o 
 O 
 
 
 1860 
 
 Persons born in S. C. living in the U. S. 
 Persons born in S. C. living in S. C. . . 
 Loss by movement within the U. S. . . 
 
 Population of S. C 
 
 Gain by immigration from all quarters . 
 Balance of emigration over immigration. 
 
 470,257 . . 
 276,868 . . 
 193,389 . . 
 
 291,300!412,40S' 703,708 
 14,432' . . 
 178,957 . . 
 
 1870 
 
 Persons born in S, C. living in the U. S. 
 Persons born in S. C. living in S. C. . . 
 Loss by movement within the U. S. . . 
 
 Population of S. C. ... 
 
 Gain by immigration from all quarters . 
 Balance of emigration over immigration. 
 
 418,875 505,899 
 270,301408,407 
 148,574 97,492 
 290,067 415,938: 
 19,766 17,53li 
 128,809 79,961! 
 
 924,774 
 
 678,708 
 
 246,066 
 
 706,005 
 
 37,297 
 
 208,770 
 
 1880 
 
 Persons born in S. C. living in the U. S. 
 Persons born in S. C. living in S. C. . . 
 Loss by movement within the U. S. , . 
 
 Population of S. C 
 
 Gain by immigration from all quarters. 
 Balance of emigration over immigration. 
 
 500,994682,8171,183,311 
 363,5761588,819 952,395 
 137,418] 93,498 230,916 
 391,105*604,472' 995,577 
 27,529 15,653| 43,182 
 109,889 77,845' 187,734 
 
\\)0 
 
 roriT,.VTU>x. 
 Penrntagt' of the Population at each Decade. 
 
 Ykak. 
 
 
 H 
 
 K 
 
 Colored. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Total. 
 
 1800 
 
 Worn in S. r.aiul rosiilino- in other States. 
 Ooniinji- into 8. C. from all t|uartoi\>^ . . 
 Halanco ofonii^rntion over i nun Jurat ion. 
 
 .00 
 .04 
 .01 
 
 
 
 1870 
 
 Horn in S. C. and rosiding- in other States. 
 (Vniino- into S. C^. tVoni all tjnartia's . . 
 Ralanoe ot'eniii;ifUion over ininii^ration. 
 
 .ol 
 .00 
 
 .11 
 
 .23 
 
 .04 
 .10 
 
 .05 
 
 .28 
 
 1 880 
 
 Born in S. (\ and residing- in other States. 
 Coming into S. C. from all qnarters . . 
 Balanee of emigration over immigration. 
 
 .07 
 
 ,28 
 
 .02 
 .lo 
 
 :2'A 
 .04 
 .17 
 
 There ean be no donbt a? to the signitic^inec of tliese tignres. The 
 immense losses the State has hitherto snstained in the migration of her 
 natives to i>ther States, is rapidly lessening, espeeially as regards the 
 uhite popnlation. Natives of South Carolina are found in every State 
 and Territory of the Union, not exeepting Alaska. They are nu>t with 
 in the largest number in the following States, varying in the order here 
 named, from oO.liOl) to 11,000: Georgia, Alabama. Mississippi. Texas, 
 Florida. North Carolina, Arkansas an^l Tenne.-^see. Natives of eaeli 
 State and Territory of the Union, exeept Alaska and Washington Terri- 
 tory, are found in South Carolina : the largest nundnn- are from North 
 Carolina, 17,207; Georgia, 7,(541; Virginia, -4,108; New York, 1,070. 
 There are, also, among the eiti/.ens of South Carolina, natives of eaeh of 
 tlie following eountries: Afriea, Asia, Australia, Austria, Belgium, 
 ]>ohemia, Canada, New l^runswiek. Nova Seotia, Newfoundland, British 
 Ameriea, Central Ameriea, China, Cuba, Denmark, France, Baden, 
 l^avaria, l>runswiek, lland>urg. Hanover, Ilessen, ^Feeklenburg, Nassau, 
 Oldenburg. Prussia. Saxony, \\'urtendHa-g, England. I relaiub Scotland, 
 Wales, CJreeee, Greenland, Holland, Hungary, India, Italy, Malta, Mexico, 
 Norway, the Paeifie Islands, Poland, Portugal. Russia. Sandwich Islands, 
 South America. Sj)ain, S\ved«ai, Switzerland, Turkey, and the West Indies, 
 
POPULATION. 301 
 
 Ixjsidos tliirlj-two }>oni on tljo liigh seas. The total iiuijjlj(;r of forei;^!! 
 horn is 7,080, which is 2,o00 less thun in 1800, showing that the State 
 has not yet resunicd relations, as they existed jjrevious to tlie war, witli 
 loreign conntries, des])it(j the eH'orts heing ina<le to encourage inunigra- 
 tion. 'J'hat the conditions of life in Soutli Carolina are unusually favor- 
 ahle to foreigners is shown hy the fact of the much larger proportion of 
 jiersons descended from foreign horn parents in South Cai'olina than in 
 the country at large. Thus, the number of persons in this State having 
 one or both j)arents foreign born is 21,000, or something over 2.8 for each 
 resident foreigner, while for the country at large it is only 2.2 for each 
 resident foreign(?r. That persons of foreign descent in South (Carolina 
 should number 182 per cent, of the foreign born population of the State, 
 and only 12o })er cent, of that of the whole country, is due to the lower 
 rate of mortality and to the higher rate of natural increase promoted by 
 a more temperate and healthful climate; in Carolina, and also doubtless 
 to moral causes. I'hese are, that (Aving to th(; largo colon-d population 
 of the State, the more skillful and intelligent foreigners are able to com- 
 mand more remunerative po.sitions in the higher occujjations here than 
 elsewhere. And when their descendants, havinir more time for observa- 
 tion, ascertain this state of things, they are not slow to migrate hither, 
 from places where, from the facilities offered by transportation, their 
 {iarents may have first landed and settled. Thus 12 per cent, of the for- 
 eign population of the whole country is engaged in agriculture, but only 
 per cent, of that po])ulation in South Carolina is so engaged; 14 per 
 cent of the foreign population of the country is engaged in personal and 
 ])rofessional service against 10 per cent, in South Carolina; and of this 
 n j)er cent. 11 jjer cent., or 777,'i82 foreigners belong to the lowest of 
 drudgeries, that is to the class of cojnmon laborers and domestic .servants. 
 In the higher and more remunerative occupations of trade and transpor- 
 tation only 7 per cent, of the foreign population of the country at large 
 find occupation, while 10 per cent, of that of South Carolina is thus en- 
 gaged. Again, in manufactures and mining, 18 per cent, of foreigners 
 in the country at large find work, again.st 11 per cent, of that po]>ulation 
 in South Carolina; and of this 18 per cent, there are 120,325 miners; 
 74,001 cotton factory operatives, and 107,071 operatives and laborers in 
 other manufacturing establishments; making in all 5 per cent, of the 
 entire foreign-born jjopulation in this class of laborious and compara- 
 tively poorly paid occupations. Now that slavery is abolished and labor 
 is free here, foreign workmen an<I artisans will not be slow to perceive 
 the better chance offered bv the condition of affairs in Carolina. 
 
)92 POPULATION. 
 
 SEXES. 
 
 There are fourteen thousand seven hundred and sixty-one more females 
 than males in South Carolina, or something over three per cent., indi- 
 cating a peaceful and settled mode of life, and the prevalence of such 
 occupations as furnish employment to females. In the ratio of females 
 to males South Carolina ranks sixth among the States of the Union, the 
 District of Columbia standing first. The Western and newer States, where 
 the conditions of life are harder and the occupations require more robust 
 natures, rank lowest, and in soma of them the number of females are only 
 half the number of males. Within the State the males are slightly in 
 excess in Horry and Clarendon counties, and in portions of Colleton, 
 Hampton, Barnwell, and Edgefield. Elsewhere females predominate. 
 
 AGES. 
 
 Multiplying the number of individuals enumerated at each age and 
 adding the products together, the aggregate number of years lived by 
 the population is ascertained. This aggregate for the population of the 
 entire United States, according to the late Census of 1880 is 1,211,508,528 
 years. If divided by the number of individuals it will give an average 
 of 24 7-10 years for each. For South Carolina the average number of 
 j^ears for each individual ascertained in the same way is 21 27-100 years. 
 At first view it might be inferred that the population of South Carolina, 
 having lived fewer years, was the shorter lived. The real explanation is 
 however, quite different. Foreigners constitute about 12 per cent, of the 
 population of the United States and only 7-10 of 1 per cent, of that of 
 South Carolina. The maximum number at any one age among the 
 foreign-born population is found between the ages of 40 and 50, while 
 among the native population this maximum varies from the age of one 
 year for colored females in the United States to six years for the same 
 class in South Carolina. Thus it happens that the number of years lived 
 by the population, including the larger percentage of adult foreigners is 
 swelled by the number of years these immigrants have lived in other 
 countries, while the years lived by the native population is diminished 
 by the deaths common everywhere in the early periods of life. This 
 observation has especial force in South Carolina, owing to the greater 
 number of children there. It will be found also that the aggregate of 
 years lived by those attaining old age in Soutli Carolina gives an average 
 of 77 2-10 years for each person over 70, while this average for the 
 country at large, despite the advantage given by the foreign element, is only 
 
POPULATION. 
 
 393 
 
 76 years. Which indicates that the chances for longevity of persons ad- 
 vanced in life is greater in Carolina than elsewhere. If instead of the 
 above estimate, the number of individuals enumerated at each age be 
 multiplied by the mean future expectation of life from that age, as given 
 in life assurance tables, it will be found the results for South Carolina 
 and for the United States agree very nearly, being about 33 years each . 
 From an economical point of view, the ages of the population may be 
 considered in regard to the proportions between the number of persons 
 belonging to the dependent and the number belonging to the self-sus- 
 taining and contributing ages. The following table shows the number 
 of persons in each 1,000 of the male and female, white and colored native 
 population of South Carolina and of the United States at the early de- 
 pendent or formative age, 1 year to 15 years; at the self-sustaining and 
 contributing ages, 15 years to 70 years ; and at the later dependent age, 
 70 years and over, according to the United States Census of 1880 : 
 
 
 White. 
 
 Colored. 
 
 
 Ages. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 
 U.S. 
 
 s. c. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 s. c. 
 
 u. s. s. c. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 1 to 15 years. 
 15 to 70 years. 
 70 y'rs & over. 
 
 448 
 
 535 
 
 17 
 
 459 
 523 
 
 18 
 
 443 
 539 
 
 18 
 
 422 
 
 557 
 
 21 
 
 4G4 
 
 521 
 
 15 
 
 508 
 
 473 
 
 19 
 
 460 
 
 521 
 
 19 
 
 483 
 
 497 
 
 20 
 
 Total 
 
 1000 
 
 1000 
 
 1000 
 
 1000 
 
 1000 
 
 1000 
 
 1000 
 
 1000 
 
 26 
 
394 
 
 rorrLATiox. 
 
 Tlie folloAving table gives the same data lor the aggregate population, 
 and for the male and female foreign born population of South Carolina 
 and of the United States, and the average of seven European States: 
 
 
 Aggregate. 
 
 Foreign Born. 
 
 1 i 
 
 Ages. 
 
 
 
 Ih 
 
 lie. 
 
 Female. 
 
 O j3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 =3 CU 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u o 
 
 
 U.S. 
 
 S.C. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 S.C. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 S.C. 
 
 > 3 
 
 1 to 15 years 
 
 399 
 
 470 
 
 70 
 
 29 
 
 79 
 
 45 
 
 336 
 
 15 to 70 years 
 
 5S2 
 
 511 
 
 899 
 
 921 
 
 880 
 
 894 
 
 632 
 
 70 years and over. . 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 31 
 
 50 
 
 35 
 
 61 
 
 32 
 
 Total 
 
 1000 
 
 ■ 
 
 1000 
 
 1000 
 
 1000 
 
 1000 
 
 1000 
 
 1000 
 
 The most notable feature in these tables is the greater number of young 
 persons in South Carolina than in the country at large and the still 
 greater number than in foreign countries. While this necessarily adds 
 to the burden of the working population, it forms the hope of the future. 
 and life is so much easier in South Carolina than it is in more densely 
 peopled countries, that the promise to multiply and increase and replen- 
 ish the earfh is still regarded here as a promise of blessing, and surprise 
 is felt that it should anywhere be a burden. There are only two exceptions 
 to this preponderance, namely, among the foreign-born and white females. 
 The foreign-born however do not seem to fmd the conditions unfavora- 
 ble to them, the proportion that pass on through the working period of 
 life to full old age being much greater in this State than it is either in 
 the United States at large, or in their native countries. The somewhat 
 ^malUn- proportion of white females, if not accidental, is otherwise unex- 
 plained, unless it results from a diminution of female births, which might 
 also account for the diminution of females to males, which has occurred 
 within the last decade. 
 
 It will be observed that in the particular above referred to, the ages of 
 the population of the country at large resemble those of the European 
 populations more than the ages of the population of South Carolina do. 
 
POPULATION. 395 
 
 111 Europe the natural increase of the population is mucli restrained, the 
 closer struggle for existence there tells against the young, adults are re- 
 quired to endure its hardships, and hence their preponderance. And it 
 is at once sad and curious to recall that in this, these highly civilized 
 Christian nations resemble savage tribes, among whom the proportion of 
 cliildren to adults is always small. The population of South Carolina, as 
 represented by the numbers at tlie different ages, is one growing rapidly 
 by natural increase, and under favorable conditions; these favorable con- 
 ditions being exhibited by the relatively large luinibers passing over 
 from the working period of life to old age. Such a state of things is 
 highly promising, provided that the numbers in tlie early formative age 
 realize by their labors on reaching the self-sustaining and contributing, 
 age what has been exi)cnded in rearing them. 
 
 It is a popular estimate that one-fifth Of the })Opulation are fighting 
 men. If this is intended to designate the natural militia, that is the 
 male population over eighteen and under forty-five years of age, it will 
 almost always be an over estimate except in a population receiving large 
 accessions of adult immigrants or among savage tribes. It is true that 
 during the war of secession South Carolina is estimated to have put 
 60,000 men in the field from a white po[)ulation, from eighteen to forty- 
 five years, not exceeding 55,040. This was during a period of four years 
 however, and the number actually in service at one time probably never- 
 exceeded 44,000. During the war of the Revolution, 1775-83, South 
 Carolina furnished more than eight per cent, of tlie entire American 
 forces. — (Rep. Secretary of War, May 10th, 1790,) although her white 
 population was only four per cent, of that of the old Thirteen States. 
 During the war with Mexico, 1840-48, tlie volunteer troops from South 
 Carolina sustained one-seventh of all the casualties in the volunteer 
 forces of the whole country. South Carolina's losses in the Confederate 
 service, 1861-05, is estimated at 12,000 men. While in times of war 
 South Carolina thus " stiffened her sinews and bent up every spirit to its 
 full height," in times of profound peace, as at present, she feels there is 
 " nothing more becomes her than quiet, stillness and humility." Her 
 military service is purely voluntary. The whole number of troops en- 
 rolled is about 4,000, of whom only about 2,500 parade at inspections. 
 The Legislature appropriates $5,500, or $1.35 a man, in aid of tho.se con- 
 nected with the military organizations of the State. The following table 
 shows, according to the United States Census for the years .specified, the 
 numbers of the natural militia in the whfte (native and foreign), the 
 colored and in the aggregate population of South Carolina and of the 
 United States, and also the percentage of this class in each of the above 
 named constituent elements of the population and in the total population-: 
 
396 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 MALES FROM 18 TO 45 YEARS OF AGE. 
 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Colored. 
 
 Per Cent, of 
 Population. 
 
 Total. 
 
 «<-i 
 
 Year. 
 
 Native. 
 
 Per Ct. of 
 Populat'n. 
 
 Foreign. 
 
 Per Ct. of 
 Populat'n. 
 
 Per Cent. ( 
 Population 
 
 1860, U. S . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5,624 065 
 
 20 
 
 1860, S. C . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 55,046 
 
 18 
 
 1870, U.S.. 
 
 4,782,409 
 
 17 
 
 1,873,402 
 
 34 
 
 861.164 
 
 18 
 
 7.570,487 
 
 19 
 
 1870, S.C. 
 
 49,721 
 
 17 
 
 2,606 
 
 32 
 
 70,407 
 
 16 
 
 120.154 
 
 17 
 
 1880, U. S. . 
 
 7,028,134 
 
 18 
 
 1,960,751 
 
 29 
 
 1,242,354 
 
 18 
 
 10,231,239 
 
 20 
 
 1880, S. C . . 
 
 70,616 
 
 18 
 
 2,021 
 
 26 
 
 98,285 
 
 16 
 
 170,922 
 
 17 
 
 It will be noted how much the foreign element adds to this class in 
 the country at large, being more than double the colored race, although 
 the two populations differ in numbers only about one-tenth of one per 
 cent. It will also be observed that this class is on the increase in the 
 white population of South Carolina, while there is a marked decrease 
 among the negroes, owing, doubtless, to the emigration to other States of 
 adult negros. 
 
POPULATION. 
 
 397 
 
 Similar data from the same sources, in regard to the number of males 
 at the age of citizenship, are exhibited in the following table : 
 
 MALES 21 YEARS OF AGE AND UPWARDS. 
 
 
 White. 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^+-1 
 
 
 
 Year. 
 
 Native. 
 
 Per Ct. of 
 Populat'n. 
 
 Foreign. 
 
 Per Ct. of 
 Populat'n. 
 
 Colored. 
 
 Per Cent, c 
 Population 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per Cent, c 
 Populatioi 
 
 1860, U. S. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6,690,620 
 
 64,956 
 
 8,425,941 
 
 9A 
 
 1860, S C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 '>.} 
 
 1870, U. S. . 
 
 5.811,130 
 
 20 
 
 2.542,475 
 
 45 
 
 1,032,475 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 
 1870, S. C. 
 
 58,269 
 
 20 
 
 4,278 
 
 53 
 
 85,475 
 
 20 
 
 146,614 
 
 20 
 
 1880, U. S. . 
 
 8,270.518 
 
 23 
 
 3.072.487 
 
 46 
 
 1,487,344 
 
 22 
 
 12,830,349 
 
 25 
 
 1880, S. C. . 
 
 82,910 
 
 21 
 
 3,990 
 
 51 
 
 118,889 
 
 19 
 
 205,789 
 
 20 
 
 Here a more remarkable increase is shown in the ratio of voters in the 
 native white population, and it is quite sufficient to dispel any apprehen- 
 sion than any but native whites will preponderate in this country. This 
 increase occurs in South Carolina, but is less marked than in the country 
 at large, the population of the State not having yet, in this regard, re» 
 covered fully from the losses incurred during the war. Were the races 
 arrayed politically against each other, as was practically the case prior to 
 1876, it would have required a change of thirteen per cent, of the colored 
 voters to the whites in 1880 to give the latter a majority, and, in 1770 it 
 would have required a change of more than fourteen per cent. Local 
 and restricted political issues between the races may occur hereafter, but 
 the plea, that if the whites obtained representation the liberties of the 
 colored race would be lost, with which alien white men organized a solid 
 black vote in the State, has forever lost its force. The experience of seven 
 years has assured the colored race in South Carolina that they have noth- 
 ing to fear, as a race, from the native whites of the State. 
 
808 POPULATION. 
 
 DWELLINGS AND FAMILIES. 
 
 While tlu' (.'limate of South Carolina, like that of Greece, Rome and 
 Palestine, renders life out of doors pleasant and preferable for the larger 
 portion of the time, and while it never necessitates the protection of 
 costly houses, the materials for building are abundant and cheap. In 
 the upper third of the State the crystalline rocks furnish a great variety 
 of building stones ; the granite itself being of the very finest (piality ; in 
 the low country the great lime beds are being utilized in the manufac- 
 ture of concrete blocks for building, and the lime rock, though not de- 
 veloped, has long since been tested, and found durable (see Lower Pine 
 Belt). Clay suitable for brick is found in nearly every neighborhood, 
 they are burned at a cost of about $3.00 per thousand, and sell at from 
 five to ten dollars per thousand, according to the facilities of transporta- 
 tion and the demand. The best yellow-pine lumber may be had for seven 
 to twelve dollars per thousand. Cypress, for rooting, is cheap and abun- 
 dant, and there are many varieties of hard woods. The cheapest houses 
 are log cabins. Such a house, twenty feet square, with a good wooden 
 floor raised a foot or more above the ground, ten feet between joints, 
 plastered outside with clay and ceiled inside with split i)ine boards, with 
 a good chimney and board roof, furnishes complete protection against the 
 vicissitudes of the seasons, and is estimated to cost, work and material, 
 from thirty to fifty dollars, according to locality. The population of 
 South Carolina has always enjoyed ample house room, as will apjiear 
 from the following comparison with the country at large, not to speak of 
 the })oi)ulations of Europe, where, with the exception of France, Waj)- 
 peaus makes the average number of occupants to a dwelling from 8.86 in 
 Saxony to 5.42 in Belquiver. The following table gives the facts relating 
 to dwellings and the number of persons to a fiimily in South Carolina, 
 with such general data as serves to exhibit the status here in comparison 
 with the country at large: 
 
POPULATION. 
 
 399 
 
 Year. 
 
 Dwellings. 
 
 c3 
 O 
 
 Maxima arid Minima 
 
 for the 
 
 United States, and 
 
 Number of States liaving 
 
 less than So. ( 'arolina. 
 
 1850, S. C. 
 
 U.S. 
 1860, S. C. 
 
 U.S. 
 1870, S. C. 
 
 u.s, 
 
 5.39 
 
 5.0.') 
 
 2 States having fewer. 5.36 
 R. I., 0.59; Cal, 3.90. 5.50 
 5.18 7 States having fewer. 5.14 
 
 5.54'r. I., 6.43; Kansas, 2.96. i 5.28 
 
 I ■ I 
 
 4.92 7 States have fewer. I 4.67 
 
 Families. 
 
 
 Maxima and Minima 
 
 for the 
 
 United States, and 
 
 Number of States having 
 
 less than So. Carolina. 
 
 5.40 
 
 1880, S. C. .1 5.19 
 
 N. Y., 6.37 ; Nevada, 3.27.1 5.09 
 
 8 States have fewer. 
 Missouri, 5.89 ; Cal., 3.77. 
 10 States had fewer. 
 La., 5.93 ; Nevada, 3.38. 
 4 States had fewer. 
 Ken , 5.67 ; Cal., 4.35. 
 
 11 States havinir fewer. 
 
 U. S. .! 5.60, R. I. 6.68 ; Idaho, 4.24. 
 
 4.93 1 20 States have fewer. 
 
 5.04|W. Va., 5.54 ; Montana, 
 I 3.94. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 VITAL STATISTICS. 
 
 It is conceded that the numbers of all the living in the United States 
 are, with inconsiderable exceptions, included in the returns of the 8th 
 and the 9th Census. Most strenuous efforts were made at these dates to 
 obtain a complete enumeration of those who died during the census years 
 of 1860 and 1870. On an inspection of the returns, however, it was ad- 
 mitted that in no case did this enumeration approach the actual facts 
 nearer than by forty or forty-one per cent. Nor is it expected that much 
 greater accuracy Avill be attained by the results of the 10th Census. For 
 instance, the attention of the very intelligent enumerators in the city of 
 Charleston, in 1880, being called to the difficulty of obtaining accu- 
 racy in the mortality returns no pains were spared to accom- 
 plish all that was possible in this regard. The result of the enu- 
 meration made the death rate 2.01 per cent. The actual death rate 
 obtained from the very accurate city registration being 3.25 per cent. 
 A difference of about thirty-eight per cent. Even here it might be ques- 
 tioned, whether the enumeration or the rec::istration was the more correct. 
 So rapidly does that universal solvent, death, obliterate the traces of the 
 things which pass from life, that all memory and record of their existence 
 vanishes with unexpected, not to say indecent, haste. The known and 
 numbered graves are as one grain to the sands of the sea-shore in com- 
 parison with the vast multitudes of the unrecorded dead. The intelli- 
 gence and power of mankind have been so actively engaged through all 
 ages of human progress in devising and perfecting means for the destruc- ' 
 tion of human life, that little of either has been left free to find employ- 
 ment in the preservation of this obstacle to progress, and still less for 
 collecting and preserving facts concerning the entrances and the exits on 
 the stage of life, and of the ills and accidents which beset the living. 
 Without such data any opinion as to the comparative healthfulness of 
 populations and localities must be of the vaguest and most uncertain 
 
VITAL STATISTICS. 401 
 
 character ; unfortunately this circumstance in no wise diminishes the fa- 
 ciHty with which such opinions are formed, their prevalence, or the tena- 
 city Avith which they are entertained. 
 
 The United States Census returns for 1850, 'GO, '70 make the average 
 annual death rate 1.25 per cent of the aggregate population. The same 
 returns make the death rate for South Carolina 1.21 per cent. There 
 being no reason to suppose that these returns were more defective in the 
 one case than in the other, it may be assumed that the ratio of these per- 
 centages to each other expresses with tolerable accuracy the comparative 
 mortality of the two populations. 
 
 The following statement touching the same matter is derived from the 
 census returns of 1800. It shows the order in which South Carolina 
 stands among the other States of the Union in regard to the greatest 
 mortality resulting from certain principal classes of disease. 
 
 Percentage of total deaths caused Position of South Carolhia among 
 by the following diseases: other States in the order of the 
 
 greatest mortality from these 
 diseases : 
 
 24.7 Diseases of the respiratory organs 32d. 
 
 11.3 Diseases of the nervous system 29th. 
 
 5.9 Diseases of the digestive organs 13th. 
 
 5.0 Violence 13th. 
 
 4.3 Fevers 9th. 
 
 It will be observed that this State, ranking then as 18th in population^ 
 ranked as 32d in the number of deaths from those diseases which destroy 
 about one-fourth of mankind ; and 29th for diseases destroying more than 
 one-tenth. For the less fatal diseases, where the variations are necessarily 
 less between different communities, her position was higher. 
 
 The comparison may perhaps be more accurately made by another 
 method. If a people were perfecth^ healthy, and free from all the acci- ' 
 dents of life, death would only result from old age, and the population 
 would form an unbroken column from the cradle to the grave, except 
 that if it were increasing, the base of the column, representing those 
 under one year of age, would be larger than the other diameters, and if 
 it were diminishing the base would be smaller. Of course no such con- 
 dition of perfect healthfulness is ever found, and the numbers of the liv- 
 ing at different ages so far from being represented b}- a parallelogram 
 actually assume the form of a pyramid, Avith a very broad base for the 
 early periods of life, rapidly diminishing as years advance, and terminat- 
 ing towards old age in a very slender and attenuated apex. Neverthe- 
 less, that population would be most healthful which showed the greatest 
 
402 VITAL STATISTICS. 
 
 similarity between tlie numbers living at each age. To institute a com- 
 parison between South Carolina and the country at large, in this regard, 
 the diagram on the opposite page has been prepared. The number of 
 living persons at the five ages specified were obtained from the 7th, 8th 
 and 9th United States Census, and their percentage of the aggregate 
 population of the United States and of South Carolina was calculated. 
 A perpendicular line, A B, was marked off in lengths corresponding with 
 the number of years in each period of life from one to one hundred. The 
 scale used was too small to show the relative height for those under one 
 year of age, and this class are represented higher than it should be. The 
 percentage of the population found in each period was divided by the 
 number of years included in the period, and the quotient gave the 
 breadth of the block representing the living of that period. 
 
 It will be remarked that while the number under one year old is greater 
 in the country at large than in South Carolina, the decrease and conse- 
 quent mortality from one to fifteen years is much more marked for the 
 whole countr}^ than for South Carolina. In the working period of life, 
 from fifteen to sixty, the numbers for the country at large considerably 
 exceed those in South Carolina. This, however, is unfortunately not due 
 to greater healthfulness, but to the large accession of foreign immigrants, 
 persons mostly between those ages, very few of whom come to South Car- 
 olina. In fact. South Carolina lost heavily by emigration, the emigrants 
 being largely of the working age, (see Chapter on Population). Naturally 
 it would be expected that the greater numbers between these ages would 
 give the United States a marked superiority over South Carolina during 
 the succeeding period of life, from sixty to one hundred. It is observed, 
 however, that such is not the case. The explanation is found in the excep- 
 tionally large death rate of foreigners exposed to the vicissitudes and 
 rigors of the northern climate, where the large majority seek homes. 
 This death rate is estimated in the census of 1860 as 4.201 per cent, for 
 the males who preponderate, while the death rate for the whole country 
 is put at 1.75 per cent., and for thai white population of the eleven largest 
 cities at 2.75 per cent. 
 
 It appears that the black spaces, which represent the dead, are less in 
 South Carolina than in the country at large. Still they are of appalling 
 magnitude, and if the health of a people be a matter of the first conse- 
 quence it would seem that government, alone able to effect it, is called 
 on to collect and preserve vital statistics to the end that some light at 
 least might be thrown on this great darkness, so pregnant with human woe. 
 
 I. — The proportion of white and colored in the aggregate population of 
 South Carolina is summarized in the following table, taken from the 
 records of the United States Census ; 
 
Per Cent. 
 
 OP 
 
 Population, 
 
 H 
 
 
 p? 
 
 ?j 
 
 H 
 
 ^? 
 
 ::? 
 
 
 •£7t 
 
 
 T^ 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 > 
 
 r' 
 
 H 
 
 X 
 
 VA 
 
 3 
 yj 
 
 
 o?;. 
 
 n 
 
 5^ 
 
 CnS 
 
 Ages. 
 
 i^3 
 
 
 h CO 
 
 
 r' s:-3 
 
 
 h- ^'O 
 
 
 
 
 f-* ' <r«- 
 
 Di 
 
 -H^H'^o 
 
 
 
 ^H 
 
 ^t o cc g 
 
 
 S ^35;?"2 
 
 
 :/ o p s 3.^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ="« £-5 >« 
 
 7D 
 
 
 — c ^ "^ n> 
 
 
 
 =1 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 — p en S • p. 
 
 >- 
 
 
 7i 
 
 2 5 
 
 o 
 
 — rti 
 
 Ages. 
 
 »— i 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 O 
 
 b 
 
 t— ' 
 
 to 
 
 o 
 
 ic 
 
 OS 
 
 ^i 1 
 
 (^ 
 
 C5i 
 
 o 
 
 w 
 
 "^ 
 
 Cn 
 
 •;o 
 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 OP 
 
 Population. 
 
VITAL STATISTICS. 
 
 403 
 
 
 Proportion to lV)j'i 
 
 •LATIOX. 
 
 
 VJ I 
 
 gj O 
 
 CO ' 
 
 
 O s 
 
 
 o S 
 
 
 
 C O 
 
 > Cl< 
 
 
 ,— ^ 
 
 t1 "— 
 
 ?; o 
 
 YEA It. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 v-?^ ^ 
 
 r^On 
 
 
 t« o 
 
 ^ O G 
 
 *i ■ ^ 
 
 
 Cc 
 
 
 C '^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J- .-^ — 
 
 
 
 
 O r^ O 
 
 '*^ G ^ 
 
 C^ r^ O 
 
 
 o -r 
 
 /.- G 
 
 O "Z^ 
 
 
 S^ -2^ 
 
 7-C^Ph 
 
 ^ -3 ^ 
 
 
 o 
 
 w 
 
 4/ 
 
 
 Ph 
 
 Ph 
 
 fl. 
 
 1700 
 
 r,0.28 
 
 0.72 
 
 43.0 
 
 isoo 
 
 nf;.70 
 r,i.f;o 
 47.;^'i 
 
 44.:^>7 
 
 0.02 
 1.10 
 1 .30 
 1..% 
 
 42.2 
 
 isio 
 
 47.3 
 
 1,S20 
 
 51.4 
 
 iS.'iO 
 
 54.2 
 
 isio 
 
 4:i.r,o 
 41.07 
 
 l.liO 
 1.34 
 
 55.0 
 
 1850 
 
 57.5 
 
 1800. 
 
 41.28 
 
 1.48 
 
 57.24 
 
 1870 
 
 41.05 
 
 58.05 
 
 • • • 
 
 1880 
 
 rjO.28 
 
 00.72 
 
 
 
 
 II. — Marriaoeis. — In the 4 j'ears, 1850-0, there were registered 0,537 
 marriti^es among the wliite pojmlation, estimated at 287,000, or an 
 average of 5.71 annually to eaeh 1,000 of the population. 
 
 The following table gives the ages at which each sex was married 
 during the same i)eriod: 
 
 
 u 
 
 r-l 
 
 o 
 
 Under 20. 
 
 CI 
 
 o 
 i5l 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 >• 
 
 O 
 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 0,537 
 0,537 
 
 400 
 
 2,020 
 
 2,718 
 2,173 
 
 1,420 
 613 
 
 8.58 318 
 374 1.38 
 
 160 
 31 
 
 77 
 12 
 
 24 547 
 
 2 568 
 
 rercent'ge of Marriages 
 • at known ages : 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 5,000 
 5,070 
 
 6.7 
 43.9 
 
 45.2 
 36.5 
 
 23.8 
 10.3 
 
 14.5 
 6.4 
 
 5.3 
 2.3 
 
 2.6 
 .5 
 
 1.1 
 
 .2 
 
 .4 
 .0 
 
 
404 
 
 VIT.M. ST.VTISTICS. 
 
 For tho year 1850 tho social ooinlitioii i^t" thoso luarrviuii- is statoil as 
 follows: 1.213 baoholors, 281 widowers, and li>0 nnknown. Of tho 
 widowers nunv than half married auaiii before thev reaehed 40 years, 
 and 20 o( them were married beyonil the aue o\' 05. (>!' the w^unen, 
 1,340 were maids. 105 widows, auil 1(^8 unknown. One-third of tho 
 widows were marrieil under 25 years, ami 2 between t lie a^es of (Uhuid 70. 
 
 The number of niarriaues oeeurrinu,- dnriuii' eaeh month of the year, for 
 two veal's, is oivon as follows: 
 
 
 . 
 
 >5 
 
 
 
 
 
 b 
 
 5tf 
 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 g 
 1 
 
 •^ 
 
 _; 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 1— J 
 
 33 
 
 < 
 
 
 >> 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 Cm 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 ovember. 
 ecember. 
 
 s 
 
 is 
 
 o 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 h-5 
 
 < 
 
 X 
 
 O 
 
 ^\ Q 
 
 U 
 
 1858 I.ti80 120 102 08 llOl 88| 81 83 1 13 104 151 100 200 150 
 
 1850 ,1,013,130 124 100 OOilOO: 03 811 81122 137.171,308 01 
 
 2 years. 
 
 3,3021250 220 108 200: 104 144 lt»4 104 220 288 301,508 241 
 
 Wo havo horo a strikinjj eoinoidonoo in tho result of tlio two years. 
 
 Deeember both times furnishes the laruest number of marriaiios, Novem- 
 ber stands seeond, Oetober third, and January fourth, while we always 
 ixwd .lune lowest and July next. 
 
 111. — HiKTUs. — The number of births, with distinetion o( raee and sex. 
 is uiveu as t'ollows: 
 
 WniTK UlKTHS. 
 
 XK(,iKO RlKTUS. 
 
 Vk.vu. 
 
 1 
 S 
 
 ^: ^ 
 
 2.011- 
 1 .7(»5 
 4.381 
 4.028 
 4.810 
 5.1)77 
 
 Males. 
 
 F'emales. 
 
 
 as 
 
 3.0(51 
 2.030 
 7.402 
 7,3;V2 
 7,110 
 7,287 
 
 35,221 
 
 Females. 
 
 One in a Pop- 
 ulation of 
 
 No', of .Males" 
 to 100 Fe- 
 males. 
 
 1853 . 
 
 1854 . 
 1850 . 
 
 1857 . 
 
 1858 . 
 1850 . 
 
 1.040 002 
 014 851 
 2.204 2.087 
 2.410 2.218 
 2.470 2.337 
 2,050 2,727 
 
 81.31' 100.04: 5.057 
 70.31 107.52 1 5,734 
 (54.71 100.01 14,402 
 (51.20 108.(55 14,202 
 (50.24 10(5.07 14.22(5 
 48.27 108.14 ;14.377 
 
 2,800 
 2,705 
 0,080 
 0.0(50 
 7.11(5 
 7,000 
 
 32.47 105.(50 
 30.08 105.15 
 2(5.551 107.33 
 2(5.03| 105.31 
 27.(H5 00.01 
 20.05 102.77 
 
 Total. . 
 
 23.278 
 
 12.00011.182 
 
 73.00 10S.17i;09,078 
 
 1 ^.1 ii;_. 
 
 33,837 
 
 33.43 104.08 
 
 1 
 
VJ'I'AJ. SI A'l JS'l J< S. 
 
 405 
 
 T'oiiiftiiriii^ tli(; hirtliK and rriarria^cs during tli(.' j)criod 1850-0, for 
 wliicli 111*' yccovd of oucli i.s given, it appears that while the average 
 aniiuiil niiKiherof marriages waH r>.71 to 1,000 of the population, the 
 hirths stood I'J.O to the 1,000. These figures apj)ly to the white pojmla- 
 tion. 'J'lKM'atc; of inerease among the ruigroes was much greater. The 
 uhfjve tahle makes the average annual numl)er of their births 20,9 per 
 thousand. For both races th(; birth rate was 23 i)er 1,000. The number 
 of births during eaeh morjth for IIk; four years 1850-0 is given with th(; 
 distinction of sex as fcjllows: 
 
 Jiiiihs for Four rears. 
 
 M(;NTH OF BlKTII. 
 
 Month of 
 concki'tiox. 
 
 January April. . . . 
 
 iM'bruary May . . . 
 
 Mareh June. . . . 
 
 A}»ril July . . . 
 
 May August. . . 
 
 June September 
 
 July k)ctob(;r . . 
 
 August iNoveml^er. ... I 0,070 
 
 September. . . . Deeember 0,181 
 
 January 5,717 
 
 4,200 
 4,204 
 4,074 
 5,300 
 5,023 
 5,004 
 5,034 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Total. 
 
 Febniary 
 March. . 
 
 5,808 
 0,102 
 
 2,372, 
 2,240| 
 2,72l! 
 2,810 
 2,020 
 2,870 
 2,831 
 3,082 
 3,007; 
 2,881' 
 2,803 
 2,078! 
 
 1,888 
 2,048 
 2,253 
 2,580 
 2,007 
 2,728 
 2,803 
 2,007 
 3,114 
 2,830 
 2,075 
 3,184 
 
 484 120.10 
 
 108 100.00 
 
 120.77 
 
 100.14 
 
 108.40 
 
 1481 105.42 
 
 28 100.00 
 
 102.83 
 
 08.40 
 
 101.58 
 
 97.24 
 
 03.53 
 
 408 
 230 
 220 
 
 85 
 47 
 45 
 82 
 200 
 
 05,792! 33,089: 32,1031 1,586| 104.31 
 
 This being the whole number of births of known dates, registered in 
 Soutli CJarolina during this period. From the foregoing tables may be 
 deduced the following one, showing the order of relative fecundity of each 
 month. 
 
 Returns of 185G 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 Nov. 
 
 May 
 
 Apr. 
 
 March 
 
 .Tan. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 Returns of 1S57 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 July 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 Nov 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Apr. 
 
 March 
 
 Feb. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 ReturnBofl858 
 
 Sept 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 May 
 
 Apr, 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 March 
 
 Feb. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Returns of 1850 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 June May 
 
 Sept. 
 
 July 
 
 Apr. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 March 
 
 Feb. 
 
 Jan, 
 
400 
 
 VITAL STATISTICS. 
 
 It is remarkable that either January or February always gives the 
 lowest number of birtiis, while Maroh uniformly comes next. 
 
 The tirst quarter gives the least number of births, ami the third ijuarter 
 the greatest. If we examine the following table we tuul that in four 
 years the births of known dates registered, stood thus: 
 
 1st quarter. 
 
 2d quarter. 
 l(>,t>-23. 
 
 od quarter, 
 17.85)4. 
 
 4th quarter, 
 17.747. 
 
 If the year be separated into summer ami winter months, the former 
 embracing the 2d and od quartei-s, and the latter the l.-^t anil 4th, it 
 will be observed that there were o4,ol7 births in the warmer, and only 
 31,278 in the colder season. 
 
 It was noticed in the returns of 1838 and 18.')0 that January, which 
 gave the fewest births, gave nuich the largest male excess; while Septem- 
 ber, November and December, showing the most births, produced the 
 smallest proportion of males. December, .hmuary and February appear 
 to be the months most favorable to conce}ition. 
 
 Plurality Births. — In the returns of twin and triplet births the races 
 are not given separately until the year 18o0. In that year 428 children 
 were born twins or tri}>lets; which was 2.1 per cent, for all the children 
 born. There being 212 cases of such births, they were over 1 per cent, of 
 the total number of births. Among tlic whites there was 74 ca.ses of 
 plurality births, and 148 children, the cases being 1.3 per cent, of the 
 births, and the children 2.0 per cent, of those born. Among the negroes 
 the cases were 138, and the children 277. the former being 9 per cent, of 
 the births, and the latter 1.0 per cent, of the children. 
 
 The following table gives the number of plurality births in each month 
 for four years : 
 
 Plumlifi/ Births for Four Years. 
 
 a 
 
 ! C 
 
 •-5 
 
 
 
 
 i^ 
 
 
 
 i o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 X F 
 
 3 
 
 
 3^^ 
 
 i-t, 
 
 •-^ 
 
 < Ul 
 
 '■ ^ 
 
 1 
 ^ 1 
 
 ^ ,'S -^ '1 
 
 2l£ 
 
 H 
 
 s\> 
 
 o 
 
 o 1 o 
 
 o 
 
 O'^ 
 
 Q 
 
 Whites 14 14 181212: 8101410 
 
 Xcixroes 10 10 24 24 32' 35 20 25 22 
 
 12 8|10 
 18 18 251 
 
 Total in 1850. . . . 
 Total in 185(>, '57, '58 
 
 24 30;42 30 44' 43 30 30 38 30 20 35 
 i20 48i41 58 401 ^3 5844 48 35 50 51 
 
 1148 
 |269 
 
 I417 
 565 
 
 Total in four vears isS 78183 94 84106;88i83 8065 76'86!'982 
 
VITAL STATISTICS. 
 
 407 
 
 June is foremost in plurality births, and January stands lowest of all. 
 Of 1)82, the total number, 512 were males, and 470 females, or 108.03 of 
 the former to 100 of the latter. 
 
 Still-Births. — The races in these tables are given separately only for 
 the year 1850. In this year there were 403 children registered as born 
 dead. Of these 130 were whites, or one child was lost out of every 40.80 
 births; and of negroes there were 2(54, or one out of 54.40, whilst in the 
 whole number of birtlis in the total population, one was still-born in 
 every 49.7G. This would give 2.4 per cent, of the white births, and 1.8 
 of the negro births still-births: 
 
 Still- Born for Four Years. r 
 
 
 1-5 
 
 
 1 
 11 
 
 1^ 
 
 d 
 
 S 
 ^ 
 
 
 CO 
 
 ST 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 Whites 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 24 
 
 8 
 13 
 
 9i5 
 
 2617 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 97 
 
 19 
 22 
 
 12 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 32 
 
 139 
 
 T^OPTOOS .--.-.. 
 
 15 
 
 90i94 
 
 964 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total in 1850 
 
 Total in 185(), '57, '58 
 
 29 
 
 20 
 
 3521 
 
 48'41 
 
 1 
 
 3532 
 
 5840 
 
 3137 
 
 63 58 
 
 41 
 44 
 
 27 
 48 
 
 28 
 35 
 
 29 
 50 
 
 43| 
 
 51' 
 
 i 
 
 403 
 565 
 
 Total in four years 
 
 58 83 62 93 72 
 
 94'95 
 
 85 
 
 75 
 
 63 
 
 79 
 
 94! 
 
 1 
 i 
 
 968 
 
 For a series of years, Jaimary gave almost uniformly the fewest still- 
 born as well as plurality and also total births. July, June, December 
 and April produced each nearly the same number of still-births, and a 
 good many more than the months next highest to them. There are 
 more still-born negroes in December and fewer in March, while among 
 the whites there were most in August and lea.st in November. 
 
 *Tliere is a remarkable preponderance of males in the .still-births. 
 This })rci)onderance is greater in the white than in the negro race. In 
 the former the still-born were 162.33 males to 100 females. In the latter 
 there were only 118.18 males to 100 females. For the two races during 
 the whole 4 years the still-born were 121.54 males to 100 females. 
 
 *NoTE. — It is supposed the sex is determined by the preponderance of the sexual im- 
 pulse in the sexes at genesis. If the female impulse is str(jn<rest for the male, males 
 are produced; if the male impulse for the female is stronjrest, females are produced; 
 and the number of males preponderating among the still-born is another among the 
 many natural checks to a strong sexual impulse among females. 
 
408 
 
 VITAL STATISTICS. 
 
 IV. — Dkaths. — Tlie followino- tablo presents an abstract of all the 
 deaths registered in Sonth Carolina during six years, viz: 
 
 
 Deaths of AVhites. 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 OF Negroes. 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 =3 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 <k 
 
 
 
 a» 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 &-0 
 
 to 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 too 
 
 Year. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 c3 C 
 
 <o 
 
 J2; 
 
 
 to 
 
 c3 c 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 a; 
 
 C.2 
 
 •■-1 HJ 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 < 
 
 0) 
 
 ai 
 
 ■a; 
 
 £ 
 
 C.2 
 0) 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 be 
 
 1853.. 
 
 942 
 
 485! 457 173.00 
 
 UoKnowD. 
 
 2,740 
 
 1,398 
 
 1,348 
 
 70.44 
 
 DiiKnowu. 
 
 1854.. 
 
 1.117 
 
 582 525 
 
 127.45 
 
 " 
 
 2,771 
 
 1,414 
 
 1,357 04.11 
 
 tt 
 
 1856.. 
 
 2,183 
 
 1,101 1,082 
 
 129.52 
 
 u 
 
 7,027 
 
 3,781 
 
 3,840 54.70 
 
 (( 
 
 1857.. 
 
 2,917 
 
 l,43l> 
 
 1.481 
 
 97.19 
 
 28.03 
 
 1 8,770 
 
 4,404 
 
 5,300 43.89 
 
 21.13 
 
 1858.. 
 
 2,423 
 
 1.205 
 
 1.158 
 
 117.01 
 
 25.30 
 
 7,277 
 
 3,008 
 
 3,009 52.91 
 
 15.29 
 
 1859.. 
 
 2,003 
 
 1.033 
 
 970 
 
 130.82 
 
 28.42 
 
 0,318 
 
 3,129 
 
 3,189 50.20 
 
 14.87 
 
 Total.. 
 
 11,585 
 
 5,902^5,073 
 
 140.90 
 
 27.27 
 
 35,509 
 
 17,734 
 
 17,775 
 
 05.05 
 
 17.09 
 
 The annual average of registered deaths to the population was 11.7 per 
 1,000. Among the whites it was 7 deaths to the 1.000. and among the 
 negroes 15.3, a disproportion not due altogether to the greater mortality 
 of negroes, but owing to the fact that the return of deaths among this class 
 of the population was more accurate, inasnnich as every case was reported 
 by a master, who had sustained thereby a severe pecuniary loss, and 
 was on this account less likely to overlook or forget the event. 
 
 As regards the sexes, the proportion of deaths in both races together 
 was 100.8 males to 100 females. Among the whites it was 104.03 males 
 to 100 females ; among the negroes it was 99.70 males, a difference due in 
 part to the preponderance of males among the whites and females 
 among the negroes. 
 
 Deducting the deaths from the births, we have an average annual rate 
 of increase for both races of 11.3 per 1,000. For the whites it is 0.0 per 
 1,000. For the negroes it is 14.0 per 1.000. 
 
VITAL STATISTICS. 
 
 409 
 
 The following tabic exhibits the numVjer of deaths occurring in each 
 month for four years: 
 
 Months. 
 
 1850. 
 
 January . 
 February. 
 March. . . 
 April 
 May. . . 
 June . . . 
 July... . 
 August . . 
 Scpteniljcr 
 October. . 
 November 
 December 
 
 Total . . 
 
 442 
 448 
 517 
 481 
 490 
 050 
 849 
 982 
 807 
 702 
 540 
 590 
 
 1857. 
 
 4401 
 403i 
 5291 
 
 508 
 570 
 849 
 998 
 
 1,313: 
 1,1 3o: 
 
 804 
 750 ' 
 099 
 
 7,570 9,125 
 
 1858. 
 
 473 
 
 538 
 593 
 588 : 
 093, 
 810' 
 925i 
 ,039i 
 ,014, 
 758 
 030 
 718; 
 
 1859. 
 
 401 
 403 
 552 
 522 
 013 
 730 
 848 
 800 
 804 
 089 
 588 
 041 
 
 Aggregate 
 Four Years. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 1,702! 
 1,912| 
 2,191 1 
 2,159| 
 2,300' 
 3,057| 
 3,020i 
 4,200j 
 3,815! 
 2,9531 
 2,520 
 2,554 
 
 5.30 
 
 5.75 
 
 0.89 
 
 0.50 
 
 7.12 
 
 9.20 
 
 10.90 
 
 12.04 
 
 11.49 
 
 8.89 
 
 7.58 
 
 7.99 
 
 8,79l| 7,723| 33,209, 100.00 
 
 It will );e oljserved that only 40.04 per cent, of the deaths occur during 
 the first six months of the year, while 59.30 per cent, occur during the 
 last six montlis. 
 
 The following table shows the order of mortality among the months, 
 commencing with the most fatal : 
 
 185(5. 
 18.57. 
 1858 
 1859. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 j I 
 Sept. July iO(!t. 
 
 June 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 March May. 
 
 April. 
 
 Feb 
 
 Aug. 
 
 Sept. July 'June Oct. 
 
 Nov 
 
 Dec. 
 
 May. 
 
 April. 
 
 March 
 
 Feb 
 
 Aug. 
 
 1 1 
 Sept. July June Oct. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 May 
 
 Nov. 
 
 March'April. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 July Sept. June Oct. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 May 
 
 Nov. 
 
 March April. 
 
 1 
 
 Fel). 
 
 1 
 
 Jan. 
 Jan." 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 
 The months showing the lea.st mortality correspond very nearly with 
 those most favorable to conception. 
 
 27 
 
410 
 
 VITAL STATISTICS. 
 
 The follo\ving table oontnins the returns of death at different ages, and 
 also expresses the ajaiiregate number of eaeh sex dying at proximate ages, 
 and tlieir jn-oportions to eaeh other: 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 Aggregate for Four Years. 
 
 Ages. 
 
 1850. 
 
 1857. 
 
 1858. 
 
 1859. 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 c . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r— 1 
 
 c3 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 ^O 
 
 
 1,049 
 
 1,821 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 Under 1 vear. 
 
 2.122 
 
 1,973 
 
 7,505 
 
 23.31 
 
 3,892 
 
 3,073 
 
 105.90 
 
 Ito ovears. 
 
 1,030 
 
 2,151 
 
 1,981 1,5001 
 
 7,328 
 
 22.58 
 
 3,841 
 
 3,487 
 
 110.15 
 
 5 to 10 years. 
 
 484 
 
 029 
 
 077 
 
 4801 
 
 2,270 
 
 7.01 
 
 1,100 
 
 1,110 
 
 105.04 
 
 10 to 15 years. 
 
 272 
 
 410 
 
 405 
 
 328 
 
 1,421 
 
 4.37 
 
 083 
 
 738 
 
 92.54 
 
 15 to 20 years. 
 
 230 
 
 401 
 
 423 
 
 303 
 
 1.583 
 
 4.87 
 
 728 
 
 855 
 
 85.14 
 
 20 to 30 years. 
 
 578 
 
 755 
 
 755 
 
 555 
 
 2,043 
 
 8.14 
 
 1,272 
 
 1,371 
 
 92.85 
 
 30 to 40 years. 
 
 439 
 
 013 
 
 554 
 
 505 
 
 2,111 
 
 0.50 
 
 919 
 
 1,192 
 
 77.09 
 
 40 to 50 years. 
 
 302 
 
 479 
 
 472 
 
 400 
 
 1,719 
 
 5.29 
 
 795 
 
 924 
 
 80.03 
 
 50 to 00 years. 
 
 350 
 
 459 
 
 390 
 
 332 
 
 1,543 
 
 4.75 
 
 778 
 
 705 
 
 101.09 
 
 (>0 to 70 years. 
 
 373 
 
 511 
 
 452 
 
 401 
 
 1,737 
 
 5.35 
 
 875 
 
 802 
 
 101.50 
 
 70 to 80 years. 
 
 313 
 
 407 
 
 345 
 
 322 
 
 1,387 
 
 4.27 
 
 700 
 
 087 
 
 101.89 
 
 Oyer 80 years 
 
 2(53 
 
 320 
 9,028 
 
 283 
 
 203 
 
 1,135 
 
 1 
 
 3.49 
 
 542 
 
 593 
 
 91.39 
 
 Total .... 
 
 7,0(51 
 
 8,805 
 
 |7,494 
 
 32,448 
 
 100.00 
 
 10,191 
 
 10,257 
 
 99.59 
 
 As respects the proportional mortality of the sexes at the same age, it 
 will be seen that the male deaths are much in excess up to the age of 10 
 years, after which period, as far as 50 years, more females die. Males then 
 predominate until 80 years, after which females again are remoyed in 
 greater proportion. Hence, it appears, that " from the approach of 
 puberty to the end of the jun-iod of reproduction, the female is more liable 
 to disease and death." 
 
 Deaths in Extreme Old Age. — There were twenty-two deaths regis- 
 tered at the age of 100 years and oyer, of wliich only four were whites, viz : 
 one male and three females, the remaining eighteen (nine of each sex) 
 being negroes. The oldest were a black man and a black woman, both of 
 whom died in St. Bartholomew's Parish, the former aged 120 years, and 
 the latter 110 years. A list of them is here giyen : 
 
VITAL STATISTICS. 
 
 411 
 
 ■DeallcH at Advanced Ayes. 
 
 Districts. 
 
 Abbeville 
 Barnwell 
 
 Clarendon. . 
 Kershaw . 
 Laurens. . . 
 Lexington. . 
 Marlboro' . 
 Marion . . 
 Orange Pari 
 
 Prince George, 
 8t. Bartholome 
 
 Winvaw 
 
 v's. \ 
 
 St. Helena 
 
 St. Luke's 
 
 St. Peter's 
 
 St. Philip's & St. Michael' 
 WilliamsburiT . . . . , 
 
 Rack. 
 Col'd 
 
 Sex. 
 
 Month. 
 
 Ag 
 
 E. 
 
 (!ausk. 
 
 F. 1 November. 
 
 100 V 
 
 ears. 
 
 Old Age. 
 
 u 
 
 M. June. 
 
 100 
 
 
 (1 
 
 (( 
 
 M. jUnknown. 
 
 100 
 
 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 
 F. June. 
 
 100 
 
 
 i( 
 
 <( 
 
 M. lApril. 
 
 100 
 
 
 (I 
 
 n 
 
 M. iJune. 
 
 100 
 
 
 a 
 
 White. 
 
 M. July. 
 
 102 
 
 
 
 (( 
 
 F. i August. 
 
 102 
 
 
 Gastritis. 
 
 Col'd 
 
 M. 
 
 Decend^er. 
 
 100 
 
 
 Old Age. 
 
 (( 
 
 F. 
 
 November. 
 
 100 
 
 
 i< 
 
 AVhite. 
 
 F. 
 
 April. 
 
 104 
 
 
 Debility. 
 
 Col'd 
 
 F. F'ebruary 
 
 100 
 
 
 Diarrhoea. 
 
 (( 
 
 F. September. 
 
 100 
 
 
 Old Age. 
 
 (< 
 
 M. jNovembci-. 
 
 100 
 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 M. December: 
 
 100 
 
 
 Drowned. 
 
 <( 
 
 M. 
 
 September. 
 
 120 
 
 
 Old Age. 
 
 u 
 
 F. 
 
 February. 
 
 110 
 
 
 <( 
 
 u 
 
 F. 
 
 December. 
 
 100 
 
 
 it 
 
 a 
 
 M. Febi'uary. 
 
 100 
 
 
 <( 
 
 (( 
 
 F. August. 
 
 100 
 
 
 tc 
 
 White. 
 
 F. March. 
 
 100 
 
 
 << 
 
 Col'd 
 
 F. 
 
 November. 
 
 100 
 
 
 << 
 
 This list might be largely added to. One compiled from the records of 
 the Sextons of the C^iineterios of the City of Charleston enumerates, be- 
 tween 1808 and 1880, twenty-seven deaths in that city occurring between 
 the ages of 100 and 128. During 1880, forty -five deaths occurred of people 
 over 80 years of age — twenty-one whites and twenty-four negroes. Robert* 
 Mills enumerates among a large number of aged persons, 41 (specifying 
 their names and residences) who exceeded 100 years, between 1800 and 
 1820, in South Carolina, giving in addition cases like the following : Mrs. 
 Morgan, of Darlington County, died in 1805, aged 00, leaving 244 descend- 
 ants ; Mrs. Easeley, of Pickens County, was the mother of 34 live-born 
 children, having twins only once; Mr. and Mrs. Neighbors, of Laurens 
 county, enjoyed 80 years of married life togetlier ; Mr, and Mrs. Nettles, 
 of Sumter County, who had been married 72 years, lind 134 descendants 
 in 1803. In 1882 there died in Orangeburg County, Mr. and Mrs. Smoak, 
 over ninety years of age, leaving within a radius of miles from the spot 
 where they had lived so long together more than 300 of their descendants. 
 
412 
 
 VIT.M. ST.\T1STI0S. 
 
 Tho followiuii' al>str;u'( oxhilnts tlio volativo nuulality tVom oach class of 
 tlisoasos in tlio total [lopulation ilurinu tlio six roij;ist ration yoars: 
 
 1853. 1854. 1850. 1857 
 
 1. Zymotic Uisoasos. . . 
 
 11. ruoortain Sout. . . . 
 
 111. Novvoii.<! Orpins . . 
 
 W . Respiratory ("iruans. 
 
 \'. rironlatory (^rpui!*. 
 
 \'l. Piiiostivo Organs. . 
 
 VU. Trinary Orojins . . 
 
 Vlll. (.lonorativo Oruans . 
 
 iX. Lot'oniotivo (>ruans. 
 
 X. Intoiiiiniontarv ()ru,V 
 
 XI. OUrAov. . . '. .' 
 
 Xll. Violence 
 
 42.0040.15 30 
 
 8, 
 
 0.58 
 
 0.05 
 
 5.07 
 
 0.05 
 
 18.23 
 
 17.77 
 
 .00 
 
 .0(5 
 
 0.08 
 
 0.04 
 
 .01 
 
 .08 
 
 2.84 
 
 1.80 
 
 1 .58 
 
 .35 
 
 1 .00 
 
 .00 
 
 ! 4.37 
 
 4.70 
 
 ; 5.20 
 
 1 
 
 7.52 
 
 81 
 75: 
 .70 
 .(50 
 .05 
 .31 
 .20 1 
 .40' 
 .05 
 .0(5 
 .71 
 .00 
 
 3(5.(58 
 
 11.20| 
 
 7.25 
 
 10.401 
 
 .84 
 
 12.00 1 
 
 .21 
 
 1.85 
 
 .45 
 
 .03 
 
 5.11 
 
 5.01 
 
 
 
 AvKH.XUli 
 
 1858. 
 
 1850. 
 
 KOK 
 
 
 28.84 
 
 Six Yk.mj?. 
 
 34.(55 
 
 37.(58 
 
 10.04 
 
 11.(52 
 
 0.35 
 
 0.15 
 
 10.03 
 
 7.85 
 
 10.40 
 
 21.07 
 
 10.00 
 
 .(54 
 
 1.30 
 
 .03 
 
 10.87 
 
 10.04 
 
 0.00 
 
 .40 
 
 .40 
 
 .24 
 
 2.32 
 
 2.33 
 
 2.18 
 
 .42 
 
 .42 
 
 .48 
 
 .10 
 
 .05 
 
 .05 
 
 4.22 
 
 4.41 
 
 4.(50 
 
 C.oO 
 
 7.54 
 
 (5.79 
 
 In the 1st Class, Mraslis, Intinoiza anJ Wlioc.piiKj ( oc//// are most fatal 
 to neoroes, and also " fever," which, however, is too vague a term to mean 
 any di.sease in partieular. 0\ Ih'pJifJtcriay a zymotic which has been very 
 prevalent in the Northern States, we have but three tleaths recorded in 
 1S50. all in negroes, two being under \0 years, and the other one o^ un- 
 known age. 
 
 The sccontl class in order of nuuiality, is always Class IV.. comprising 
 the diseases of the Respiratory (.Organs, at the head of which stands Pncu- 
 mo»m, giving 10.41 per cent, oi' all deaths from known causes. In negroes 
 the percentage is 10 2(5. but in whites only 7.80. The greater number 
 occurred in February, nearly half being under 10 years of age, and there 
 being 430 males to 304 females. 
 
 Co)im)}iptio)i comes next, killing 0.85 per cent, in whites, and 3.04 per 
 cent, in negroes, the month of July, and the jieriod between 30 and 40 
 years ()f age slu>wing the highest mortality, there being a considerable 
 excess of females in both races. Croup destroyed 150 children and 1 negro 
 woman, the latter between 30 and 40 years of age. It is almost twice as 
 fatal lo whites as to negroes. The largest number of deaths were in the 
 month of November, all but fifteen of the whole being under live years, 
 and only fourteen between live and ten years of age. 
 
 In Cla.ss \'l.. whieh is the tburth in fatality, the principal causes are 
 Ttrfhiiuj, llorm.s', and indetinite "diseases of the bowels," all of which 
 claim the most victims in vounu' negroes. Whites die in larger numbers 
 
VITAL STATISTICS, 413 
 
 from CoJ'ic, Di/ftpcpmi, EnteritiH, (rastritw, Ilcpatltw, Jaundice, Diseases of the 
 Liver, I'eritoneiiiii, Sjihrn aii<l SfomnrJi, S:e. Tliorc; were; two doutlis among 
 iK'grooH from Dirt K(iliii(/,])(){\i females, one of wliom was iH'lvvccn ten and 
 fifteen years, and the other of unknown age. 
 
 Diseases of the Nervons System, eomprising ( 'lass 111., are tln^ next in 
 order, giving a mortality of 10.03 per cent., which is considerably higher 
 in 1859 than in any one of the five preceding years. This class has been 
 found more fatal to wliites in each one of the jiast years, although more 
 deaths of negroes are ascribed always to the indefinite "Convulsions,' 
 the mf)st fatal of all causes under this liead, as well as to TrhmuH 
 NdHcenilum. Apoplexi/, DeUrlnm Tremenn, I fijdrocephalnh, Neiirnhjia, ParatyHw 
 and DiHeane of the Spine, were all more severe with whites. 
 
 The 12th Class, ext(;rnal causes or violence;, )»roduced, in 1859,7.54 per 
 cent, of all the deaths, which is a little more than the average for six years. 
 As might be exp(!ct(!d, it is more than (hnibly fatal to slaves than to wljites, 
 the principal figures being from BaniH, Aer,i(hiit.H and Suffoadion, (infants 
 smothered, choked or overlaid.) Very few slaves died of Ifornicide, Intem- 
 perance, Ncrjiect, Poi,.Hon and Suicide. 
 
 Old Af/e, which forms the Uth Class, furnished 4.41 per cent., which 
 is a little bolow the average for six years. In slaves, the mortality in 
 1850 was 4.07, and in whites only 2.75 j)er cent. A very similar dif- 
 ference in the two races is observcnl every year. As to sex, the females 
 were in the majority in both races. 
 
-414 
 
 VITAL STATISTICS. 
 
 T(ihl( nhoirintj the ParottapcoftiK lotal Mortaliti/ Due to (he Principal Diseases 
 in melt Pace, and for the lI'AoA' Population lUirint; Thne Ytar^. 
 
 
 IxKTlKN!" 
 
 OF 
 
 Kk 
 
 rrHN> 
 
 OK 
 
 Pk 
 
 TIKNS OF 
 
 
 
 1857. 
 
 
 1 
 i 
 
 1S5S. 
 
 
 
 1850. 
 
 Pin MM PA I I^ISKASKS. 
 
 
 i 
 
 31 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 £ 
 ^ 
 
 tal Pop- 
 lation. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^A 
 
 H^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 •XI 
 
 H = 
 
 , ?= 
 
 
 l^uniiiionia 
 
 10.20 
 
 12.55 
 
 11.00 
 
 0.10 
 
 11.12 
 
 0.84 
 
 7.80 
 
 11.20 
 
 10.41 
 
 'Pvphoiil Fovor . . . 
 
 o.sa 
 
 7.20 
 
 7.00 
 
 10.70 
 
 .87 
 
 0.27 
 
 8.70 
 
 0.3(5 
 
 0.21 
 
 l)iopsv 
 
 r>.7}) 
 
 7.48 
 
 ().08 
 
 3.84 
 
 0.50 
 
 5.81 
 
 3.42 
 
 5.83 
 
 5.23 
 
 Dvsontorv ..... 
 
 r>.7i 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.08 
 
 4.07 
 
 3.01 
 
 3.41 
 
 3.87 
 
 1.(55 
 
 2.20 
 
 Piarrluvn 
 
 11.51 
 
 2.83 
 
 5.23 
 
 2.84 
 
 1.08 
 
 1.08 
 
 2.(54 
 
 1.70 
 
 1.08 
 
 Oia Aov 
 
 ;i.70 
 
 5.03 
 
 5.11 
 
 3.08 
 
 4.58 
 
 4.22 
 
 2.75 
 
 4.07 
 
 4.41 
 
 Moaslos 
 
 2.o7 
 
 5.32 
 
 4.55 
 
 3.55 
 
 3.54 
 
 3.55 
 
 .44 
 
 .70 
 
 .08 
 
 Toolliinii- 
 
 1.88 
 
 4.57 
 
 3.03 
 
 1.32 
 
 4.10 
 
 3.45 
 
 2.13 
 
 4,18 
 
 3.07 
 
 Consiunption 
 
 :?.8a 
 
 3.0() 
 
 3.28 
 
 5.31 
 
 2.02 
 
 3.53 
 
 (5.85 
 
 3.04| 4.(57 
 
 Fovor 
 
 '>04 
 
 3.31 
 3.14 
 
 2.00 
 2.05 
 
 l.Ot) 
 1.80 
 
 2.(55 
 2.01 
 
 2.40 
 1.05 
 
 1.34 
 1.51 
 
 3.3(5 
 1.72 
 
 '> 85 
 
 Howols, disoaso of . . 
 
 2.44 
 
 1.(57 
 
 Worms 
 
 M\ 
 
 3.37 
 
 2.50 
 
 .52 
 
 3.72 
 
 2.00 
 
 .50 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.08 
 
 lirain. disoaso o\\ . . 
 
 :?.8,"> 
 
 1.04 
 
 2.25 
 
 3.40 
 
 1.53 
 
 2.03 
 
 .34 
 
 1.55 
 
 2.04 
 
 Soarlatina . . 
 
 2.77 
 
 1.84 
 
 2.14 
 
 7.21 
 
 2.(50 
 
 3.70 
 
 5.(51 
 
 1.14 
 
 2.20 
 
 A\'ho(>pinii(\)u>ili . . 
 
 .7?> 
 
 2.47 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.13 
 
 3.25 
 
 2.70 
 
 1.(52 
 
 4.(50 
 
 3.02 
 
 Convulsions .... 
 
 .SO 
 
 2.11 
 
 1.77 
 
 .04 
 
 2.02 
 
 2.41 
 
 1.85 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.40 
 
 Catarrh 
 
 \:m 
 
 1.02 
 
 1.70 
 
 1.28 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.33 
 
 .30 
 
 2.17 
 
 1.73 
 
 Burns and 8oalds . . 
 
 .44 
 
 2.08 
 
 1.20 
 
 .71 
 
 2.22 
 
 1.83 
 
 .05 
 
 2.32 
 
 1.08 
 
 Croup 
 
 i.r>i 
 
 1.53 
 
 1.52 
 
 2.27 
 
 1.70 
 
 1.02 
 
 3.20 
 
 1.70 
 
 2.12 
 
 JSutVooatod 
 
 .08 
 
 2.00 
 
 1.51 
 
 .18 
 
 2.35 
 
 1.80 
 
 .33 
 
 3.11 
 
 2.42 
 
 Ciniiiostivo Fovor . . 
 
 1.07 
 
 1.18 
 
 1.32 
 
 1.0(5 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.23 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.33 
 
 1.40 
 
 Konuttont Fovor . . 
 
 2.;i(J 
 
 .81 
 
 1.24 
 
 1.80 
 
 1.08 
 
 1.27 
 
 1.51 
 
 1.12 
 
 1.22 
 
 Aooidont 
 
 i.no 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.51 
 
 1.43 
 
 1.45 
 
 .78 
 
 1.01 
 
 1.40 
 
 Cholora Infantum . . 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.01 
 
 1.04 
 
 1.23 
 
 .05 
 
 1.02 
 
 1.57 
 
 1.08 
 
 1.21 
 
 Apoploxv 
 
 1.10 
 
 .00 
 
 .00 
 
 2.08 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.47 
 
 1.70 
 
 .00 
 
 1.12 
 
 Child-birth 
 
 1.10 
 
 .87 
 
 .04 
 
 1.28 
 
 .87 
 
 .07 
 
 .05 
 
 .03 
 
 .04 
 
 C^uinsv 
 
 i.;u 
 
 .72 
 
 .80 
 
 ..71 
 
 .11 
 
 .2(5 
 
 .28 
 
 .11 
 
 .15 
 
 Panilvsis 
 
 1.75 
 
 .42 
 
 .70 
 
 1.85 
 
 .41 
 
 .78 
 
 2.10 
 
 .80 
 
 1.15 
 
 YoUow Fovor. . . . 
 
 • • 
 
 " 
 
 • • 
 
 9,15 
 
 .20 
 
 2.55 
 
 • ■ 
 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 I^\oumonia was nnuli uxove fatal anions nogroos than amonu' whites, 
 ospooially in tho months of .lainiarv and Fobruary. and undor5 yoai^s of 
 ajjfo, as woll as botwoon 20 and 40 yoars. July produood tho lar<;ost num- 
 
VITAf, HTATISTICH. 
 
 41 
 
 her of dcatlis f'rf)iii 'rv[»lioi(| l"'(!V<!r, wliicli was most I'Htul hctwccMi the u^cs 
 of 1.") jumI '.)i), fiiul iiior(! so hy ji IVuctiou in ii«;^ro(;s than in whites. 
 
 The hihles and Htuteinonts ubovo ^iv<i) aro taken, almost oxclusivelj, 
 JVoiM th(! six annual reports to th(! Le^^islatni'e, niafh; hy Rohert W. (lihlies* 
 M. 1)., ]te;;istrar, and )»nhlisli(;(l with Aets of th(; (ienerai Ass(!inhly. 
 
 The ojiinion has prevailed widely that certain regions Of South Carolina 
 were jMseiiliarly liahh; to rjialarial Utvcy;^ of a deadly tyjx*. 'J'hosc; i-e^ions 
 were the Coast and th<; Lower Pine Belt, comprising together ahout 10,0(K) 
 square miles. The remainder of the State it lias never been doulHed was 
 as fwd from this .scourge as any j)ortions of America. It was also main- 
 tained that the negro rae(! was less lial)l(! to these malarial f(;v(,'rs than the 
 whites. It is, then;for(!, of interest to erijisult tliese reports of the Regis- 
 trar regarding the causes of de;ith in th<- different climatic regions of the 
 State, and as to IIk; two raees, to obtain, as far as possible, .some numerieal 
 expression as to IIm; conclusions. 
 
 The following tabh; shows the })ercentage of total mortality from sj)eei- 
 fi(?<l causes, resulting fi'om f(;v(!r, ineluding under tli(; headings Fever and 
 Congestive IJilious, Remittent, Intermittent and Yellow Fever, as recorded 
 in the Registrar's Re[)orts, arrange*! with reference to the different 
 regions, and (compared witli the percentage of death caused by Tyjdioid 
 Fever : 
 
 RK(iIONS, 
 
 1850.1857.1858 
 
 I. Alpine 
 
 II. I'ie<lmont . 
 
 III. Sand iind Re<l Hill ....*. 
 
 IV. Upper Pine P.elt 
 
 V. and \'I. Lower Pine Pelt and Coast . . 
 For the Whole State 
 
 Percentage of Deatiis froni Typhoid Fever. . 
 
 1859. 
 
 
 
 3.24 
 
 2.57 
 
 1.83 
 
 14.10 
 
 4.30 
 
 3.65 
 
 4.10 
 
 3.81 
 
 0.45 
 
 3.85 
 6.25 
 
 4.33 
 7.99 
 
 
 
 3.60 
 
 7.00 
 
 11.80 
 
 7.87 
 
 
 -<U. 
 
 5.85 
 
 3.04 
 
 3.74j 2.7S 
 0.92 8.00 
 
 0.25 4.54! 4.52 
 
 7.55 
 
 5.78 
 
 9.27 
 
 9.21 
 
 7.72 
 
 5.42 
 
 8.4.' 
 
-tl(3 VITAL STATISTICS. 
 
 It is io be noted, first, that the unusual mortality in the Sand Hill 
 Reuidn, in 1850, was confined to Kershaw County. JSeventy-five negroes 
 died there from fever, while in the other three Counties of the region there 
 were only four deaths from this cause. It was, therefore, de})endent not on 
 any general influenee, but probably on some local and accidental cause, as 
 a new settlement and clearing on some stream, or the breaking of a mill- 
 dam in summer. 2d. The next largest percentage of deaths was on the 
 Coast, in 1858, and was due to Yellow Fever, from which cause there were 
 178 deaths in the City of Charleston, where the disease was imported, and 
 21 deaths in Christ Church, across the harbor, a health resort, to which 
 cases contracted in Charleston were doubtless taken for treatment, these 
 200 deaths in one locality being all that occurred in the State. Tliere 
 were also 13 deaths en the Coast from Yellow Fever in 1857, the disease 
 being again imjwrted, but not spreading. 3d. In this table is included 
 all the deaths that could have occurred from malarial or climatic causes, 
 and it is probable many that were not due to these causes, for the general 
 term fever may well cover many other sorts of fever than those in 
 question. 
 
 But taking the figures as they stand it appears: 
 
 1st. That the number of deaths from Typhoid and Pneumonia much 
 exceed those from malarial causes in South Carolina, even crediting the 
 imported disease. Yellow Fever, to the latter. 
 
 2d. That if there is an excess of deaths from malaria in the lower 
 country, it does not amount to more than 2.30 per cent., which would 
 make the malarial influences of that region rank as tenth among the 
 causes of death, or less than the number of infants overlaid and suffocated 
 by their mothers. 
 
 Of Yellow Fever it is to be remarked that the ej^idemics of this disease 
 are much less fatal in Charleston than in cities further North, as Norfolk, 
 Philadelphia, Brooklyn, and, above all, Boston, where the largest propor- 
 tion of deaths to cases occur. Nor is its recurrence anything like as fre- 
 quent or its diffusion so great as in New Orleans and along the Missis- 
 sippi River. Intervals of over 40 years have occurred between its visita- 
 tions to the Carolina Coast, and it is almost invariably confined to the 
 immediate locality into which it is imported. 
 
 The following table shows the percentage of total mortality from speci- 
 fied causes in each race, resulting from causes that might in any wise be 
 termed malarial : 
 
VITAL STATISTICS, 
 
 417 
 
 Malarial Feveks. 
 
 Races. 
 
 1857. 
 
 1858. 1859. Total. 
 
 White. 
 Black . 
 
 0.01 
 
 14.17 
 
 5.21 
 
 8.13 
 
 5.41 
 
 5.51 
 
 6.04 
 
 5.63 
 
 This table Avoiild seem to confirm the general impression that negroes 
 are less injuriously subject to malarial influences than Avhitcs. But this 
 impression requires important modification when it is stated that deaths 
 from Yellow Fever is included in the tal)le. It being a question here of 
 a large section of country, it is not proper to include a disease that never 
 occurs except in one or two restricted localities of that region, and which 
 is far more fatal in these localities to foreigners than to natives or resi- 
 dents of either race. If, therefore, deaths from Yellow Fever be excluded 
 frbm the table, it will stand thus: 
 
 Races. 
 
 1857. 
 
 1858. 
 
 1859. 
 
 Total. 
 
 White 
 
 Black 
 
 6.22 
 5.35 
 
 6.08 
 5.21 
 
 5.-21 
 6.04 
 
 5.93 
 5,53 
 
 Thus in 23,770 deaths from specified causes, the white race in Soutir 
 Carolina seems to have suffered from malarial influences more than the 
 black race by four-tenths of one per cent., a difference which amounts 
 literally to nothing. 
 
 It is noteworthy that in the ratio of deaths from specified causes to 
 total deaths reported in 1860, under the head of fevers. South Carolina 
 stands ninth, while Kansas stands first. 
 
 According to the mortuary statistics of Kentucky for eight years, 
 South Carolina for four years, New Orleans for two years, fever, including 
 congestive, remittent and intermittent fevers, caused 4.85 per cent, of the 
 deaths among whites, and 7.82 per cent, of the deaths among negroes. 
 
418 
 
 VITAL STATISTIC?. 
 
 Furthermore, the death rate among negroes appears to be much greater 
 in localities considered most subject to malarial influences than in those 
 less so. Thus, up to 18G0, the returns of the eleven largest cities of the 
 United States show an average annual death rate among negroes of 3.47 
 per cent. In malarial districts, as New Orleans, it was 5.82 ; in Memphis 
 it was 5.74 ; while in Charleston it only reached 2.(50 per cent. 
 
 Since this chapter has been in press the compendium of the 10th 
 United States Census has been published, giving a portion of the Vital 
 Statistics collected by the enumeration of 1880. The general results are 
 exhibited in the following table : 
 
 Table A. — Percentage of Deaths in the Population of the United States and 
 South Carolina, and in the Population of the Uppa\ Middle, and Lower 
 Country of the latter. 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 United States 
 
 1.51 
 1.57. 
 1.09 
 
 1.33 
 2.08 
 
 1.53 
 1.55 
 
 1.48 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Upper Alpine Region • • . . . 
 
 Middle Country, or Piedmont, Sand and \ 
 
 1.60' 
 
 
 
 Red Hill, and Upper Pine Belt Regions, j 
 Lower Country, or Lower \ 
 
 
 
 Pine Belt and Coast Regions j 
 
 
 
 It is estimated the number of deaths not reported do not exceed thirty 
 per cent, of those reported. The average mortality for the whole country 
 is given, when thus corrected, at 18.2 per thousand, as against 20.5 per 
 thousand in England, and 21.5 per thousand in Scotland. The slightly 
 higher death-rate above given for South Carolina, may be due to a more 
 accurate enumeration, or it may be accounted for by the preponderance 
 of the colored race, whose death-rate is always higher than that of the 
 whites. In this census these respective rates, as given by the enumera- 
 tion, are 17.28 per thousand for the colored population against 14.74 per 
 thousand for the white population. This difference is chiefly due to the 
 difference in infant mortalit3^ Both reasons above? mentioned co-operate 
 to produce the heavy death-rate in the Lower Pine Belt and Coast region, 
 
VITAL STATISTICS. 
 
 419 
 
 one-fourth of tliis population is in the City of Cliarleston, wlierc an ac- 
 curate system of the registration of deaths makes the mortality returns 
 more complete than they are anywhere else, except in twenty-two of the 
 large cities, where the same measures are in force. The colored race 
 also forms seventy-three per cent, of the population in these regions, 
 against sixty per cent, for the State at large . 
 
 Table B. — Percentage of Total Deaths occvrrwg mukr 1 Year, vvder 5 
 Years, and under all Ages among the Male and Female rojndaiicn of 
 the United States and of Soidh Carolina, and in the U2',j)er, Middle, and 
 Lower Country of the latter. 
 
 All 
 
 Under 
 
 Ages. 
 
 1 Year. 
 
 ■ 
 
 6 
 
 
 <D 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 a 
 
 
 C3 
 
 
 a 
 
 <D 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 Under 
 5 Years. 
 
 Is 
 fa 
 
 United States 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Upper or Alpine Hegion 
 
 Middle Country, or Piedmont, Sand and \ 
 Red Hill, and Upper Pine Belt Region, j 
 
 Lower Country, or Lower ) 
 Pine Belt and Coast Region j ' ' 
 
 51.8 48.2 12.8! 10.3 21.5' 18.2 
 
 48.4 51.6 
 52.7; 47.3 
 
 47.9 52.1 
 
 48.4 51.6 
 
 12.2 11.1 
 18.5 
 
 12.5 
 
 23.5 21.2 
 
 8.0, 23.4, 14.8 
 10.61 23.7 20.9 
 
 13.0 12.1 
 
 23.7 
 
 22.0 
 
 The number of deaths under five years of age amount to sixty-three 
 per cent, of all deaths in the country at large, and to nearly seventy per 
 cent, in South Carolina, due to the excess of infant mortality in the 
 colored population. The excess of female over male deaths is due in 
 part at least to the preponderance of females in South Carolina. 
 
420 
 
 VITAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Table C. — Percentages of Deaths in the United States and in South Carolina, 
 and in the Upper, Middle, and Lower Country of the latter, resulting from 
 ten principal Diseases. 
 
 
 ■ n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •.^ ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oi 
 
 
 
 rd 
 
 
 
 i-S 
 
 
 o B 
 
 
 
 <!' i 
 
 
 
 bD 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 c 
 
 
 
 rk 
 
 
 > 
 
 u 
 >• 
 
 
 
 
 Oj O 
 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 cj O 
 
 rrlioea] 
 seases. 
 
 htheri 
 
 <D .Jin 
 ^1 
 
 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 (D 
 
 r— < 
 
 CO 
 
 
 p:5 
 
 O 
 
 .22 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 <-> 
 
 C/2 
 
 
 
 United States .... 
 
 14.2 
 
 12.0 
 
 11.0 
 
 8.() 
 
 5.0 
 
 4.5 
 
 3.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.1 
 
 South Carolina . . . 
 
 12.3 
 
 10.4 
 
 9.2 
 
 8.0 
 
 3.5 
 
 0.2 
 
 3.7 
 
 0.1 
 
 2.2 
 
 * 
 
 1.9 
 
 Alpine Region . . . 
 
 15.7 
 
 7.7 
 
 6.5 
 
 7.7 
 
 1.8 
 
 4.0 
 
 11.1 
 
 0.2 
 
 1.2 
 
 • • 
 
 Piedmont, Sand and ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Red Hill, Upper V 
 
 13.1 
 
 9.8 8.6 
 
 9.0 
 
 3.1 
 
 6.7 
 
 4.0 
 
 , ^ 
 
 2.4 
 
 3.0 
 
 Pine Belt Rsgions. J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lower Pine Belt and \ 
 Coast Regions. j 
 
 10,7 
 
 9.7 
 
 10.4 
 
 6.2 
 
 4.1 
 
 5.7 
 
 2.4 
 
 
 3.9 
 
 1.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table " C " e.xhibits the causes of death, and shows that the most fatal 
 diseases are less potent in South Carolina than elsewhere. The data, as 
 regards malarial diseases, are not given. But deaths from this cause are 
 only 2.7 per cent, of the total deaths for the country at large, and 0.5 per 
 thousand in the grand group, where it is most prevalent, being in New 
 Orleans itself only 4.4 per cent., are less than the deaths in the country 
 at large from diseases of the digestive organs. The percentage from con- 
 sumption in Carolina is doubtless much larger than it should be, the 
 numbers being increased by the deaths of transient visitors, having this 
 disease, to health resorts in this State, as well as by the permanent settle- 
 ment hereof many persons In'inging the disease with them, in the liope 
 that tliey may tind relief in the mildness of this climate. 
 
CHAI>TER Iir. 
 
 iV SKETCH 
 
 OF THE 
 
 INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNMENT AND LAWS 
 OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 PREPARED FOR THE STATE DEPARTAIENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
 
 BY G.'H. SASS, Esq OF THE CHARLESTON BAR. 
 
 The first permanent European settknient in South Carolina was made 
 by a colony of Englishmen, who landed at Port Royal in 1G70. There 
 had been several previous attempts at colonization by French and 
 Spanish expeditions, but they had all failed, and had left no trace behind 
 them except in the name bestowed upon the Province, which was called 
 Carolina, in honor of King Charles IX. of France.*' The advantages of 
 
 *The question of the derivation of the name of Carolina is a somewhat obscure 
 one. Some historians derive it from Charles II. of Enjrland. Rivers seems to give 
 the preference to Charles I. of England, because, in the grant by that king to Sir 
 Robert Heath, in KWO, the country is called Carolina, or Carolana. Tliis fact is cer- 
 tainly fatal to the claim of Ciuirles XL, but it does not disjwse of the prior claim of 
 Charles IX. Some of the early annalists (siKrh, for example, as Drs. Melligan and 
 Hewett) say distinctly, that the name was given in honor of Charles IX. ; and it is 
 reasonable to suppose that the name given by Ribault and Laudonniere to the country 
 surroundiuir Charles Fort («;•.»; Carolina), in honor of the French King, survived the 
 
422 Institutions, government and laws of south Carolina. 
 
 Port Royal, with its magnificent harbor, had also been pointed out by 
 the French expedition under Ribault, and this led to its selection as a 
 landing- place by the English colony mentioned above. In 16G3, Charles 
 II. of England granted a charter to certain English noblemen, known in 
 the history of the Province as " The Lords Proprietors," conveying to 
 them all the lands lying between the thirty-first and thirty-sixth degrees 
 of north latitude, comprising all of the present States of North Carolina, 
 South Carolina and Georgia. This grant was enlarged two years later 
 so as to include all between twenty-nine degrees and thirty-six degrees 
 and forty seconds, north latitude, and from tliese two points on the At- 
 lantic coast westward to the Pacific ocean. The Bahama islands were 
 subsequently added to the grant. The colony which landed at Port 
 Royal in 1G70 was sent out by the Lords Proprietors, and was commanded 
 by Col. Wm. Sayle. -Port Roj^al proved to be too near to the Spanish 
 settlements in Florida, and to the Indian tribes allied with the Spaniards, 
 for the peace or safety of the colony, and within a year Col. Sayle deter- 
 mined to remove further up the coast. Leaving between themselves and 
 their enemies the several rivers, bays and estuaries which indent the 
 coast of Carolina between Port Royal and Charleston, the colonists se- 
 lected a spot on the west bank of the Ashley river, about three miles 
 above the present city, and called it, in honor of the King, Charles Town. 
 This situation, however, was soon found to be inconvenient for shipping ; 
 and by degrees, the inhabitants of Charles Town began to move lower 
 down the river, and to establish themselves nearer the sea. The point 
 formed by the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper rivers, and known 
 as Oyster Point, was low and marshy, and cut up by numerous creeks ; 
 but there was sufficient high ground on the Cooper river side to attbrd 
 room for a settlement, and by 1677 there were enough houses built upon 
 it to need some designation, and the new settlement was called Oyster 
 Point Town. In 1(>S0, so large a majority of the people had removed to 
 this spot, that the seat of government was formally transferred to it, and 
 its name was changed to New Charles Town. Two years later, the old 
 settlement was virtually abandoned, and the new one became the only 
 Charles Town. It was at that time declared a port of entry, and in 1G85 
 a collector was appointed. It was not, however, until 1783 that the city 
 
 destriution of the French colony, and was adojited by the En^lisli settlers. This is 
 the view held by Siinms, in his "' History of South Carolina." Speakinir of the fort 
 which Laudonniere called "La Caroline," in honor of the rei>:ning monarch, he says 
 (page 28) : " The name thus conferred extended over the whole country a full century 
 before it was occupied by the English. It remained unchanged, and was adopted by 
 them, as it really served to distinguish their obligations to Charles II. of England, under 
 whose auspices and charter the tirst permanent European colony was settled in 
 Carolina." 
 
INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNMENT AND LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 423 
 
 was incorporated by the State Legislature under its present name of 
 Charleston. 
 
 The colony of Carolina, very early in its history, began to attract to 
 itself emigrants from all parts of Europe. Though the Church of England 
 was the established church, freedom of religious worship was guaranteed 
 to all, and settlers of all social classes and all religious denominations 
 began to swell the population. Emigrants were offered land at an ea.sy 
 quit-Tent, and clothes and provisions were distributed by the Proprietors 
 to those who could not provide for themselves. The Proprietors, being 
 of the cavalier class, aided or induced many of their friends or dependents 
 to emigrate to Carolina ; while the English Puritans, whom the restora- 
 tion of the monarchy in England had deprived of many of their religious 
 rights, were attracted to the colony by the greater religious freedom there 
 enjoyed. Two vessels also arrived from New York with emigrants, and 
 in 1G71, the Grand Council of the colony laid out for them a town on a 
 creek to the south of Stono, to be called James Town, lots in which were 
 granted to every person in each family. These colonists were Dutch, and 
 they were followed by others of their countrymen from Holland. The 
 settlement at James Town was abandoned after a few years, and the 
 settlers spread themselves over the country. In 1679, Charles II. pro- 
 vided, at his own expense, two small vessels to transport to Carolina a 
 few foreign Protestants, who might there domesticate the productions of 
 the South of Europe. In 1683, a colony of Irish were attracted to the 
 Province by the fame of its fertility, which was spread abroad, and they 
 were received witli so hearty a welcome that they were soon merged 
 in the other colonists ; and about the same time, the remnants of a 
 Scotcli settlement at Port Royal, who were driven thence by the Spaniards, 
 found a refuge in Charles Town and its vicinity. In lGS5-(3, a very im- 
 portant accession to the colony was made by the arrival of a large number 
 of French Protestant refugees, whom the revocation of the Edict of Nantes 
 drove out of France. In 1000, a colony of Congregationalists, from Dor-- 
 Chester, in Mas.sachusetts, settled near the head of the Ashley river, al.)Out 
 twenty-five miles from Charles Town. 
 
 Such were the components of the colony over which the Lords Pro- 
 prietors exercised their original jurisdiction, and for the government of 
 which they proceeded to frame a system of laws under the powers com- 
 mitted to them in the charter of Charles II. Their first organized at- 
 tempt at such a system embodied itself in the famous Fundamental Con- 
 ditutionft, generally attributed to the English philosopher, Jolm Locke, 
 but probably inspired to a considerable extent by Lord Shaftesbury. It 
 is unnecessary here to state in detail the provisions of Locke's Constitu- 
 tion. Its principal feature was the establishment of an oligarchy of rank 
 
424 INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNMENT AND I.AAVS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 
 
 and power. The eldest of the eight Proprietors was always to be Pala- 
 tine, and at his decease was to be succeeded by the eldest of the seven 
 survivors. The Palatine's court was to sit in place of the King, to review 
 all laws made by the Colonial Legislature, and to appoint a Governor, 
 who was the King's representative in the colony. Three orders of nobil- 
 ity were created, called Barons, Cassiques, and Landgraves, the first to 
 possess 12,000, the second 24,000, and the third 48,000 acres of land, and 
 their possessions were to be inalienable. An upper and a lower House 
 of Assembly were to be established, which, with the Governor, consti- 
 tuted the Parliament. A sort of feudal military system was provided, 
 and all the inhabitants from sixteen to sixty years of age were subject to 
 the call of the Governor and Council. Three terms of religious com- 
 munion were fixed. 1st. Belief in a God. 2d. That He is to be wor- 
 shipped. 3d. That it is lawful and the duty of every man, when called 
 upon by those in authority, to bear witness to the truth. Without ac- 
 knowledging these tests no man was permitted to be a freeman or to have 
 any estate or habitation in Carolina. But religious toleration within 
 these limits was ensured, and all persecution for religious differences was 
 expressly forbidden. Supreme Courts were established, but it was de- 
 clared to be a base and vile thing to plead the cause of another for money 
 or reward. 
 
 It is not surprising that such a system of government should have 
 been distasteful to the colonists. The introduction of Locke's Constitu- 
 tion was strenuously resisted by the people, and its practical Avorking was 
 soon found to be so unsatisfactory that, in 1093, the Proprietors, upon 
 public petition, abolished the Constitution, and for a considerable time 
 the colony was regulated by certain temporary rules and instructions pre- 
 scribed by the Proi)rietors. The government was of the form which 
 Englishmen naturally adopt. The executive power was represented by 
 the Proprietors, who appointed the Governor and other officers ; the 
 Legislature, by a Council or Upper House, also apj)ointed by the Proprie- 
 tors, and a Commons House of Assembly chosen by the freemen. The 
 first popular election in South Carolina of which there is any record, was 
 held in April, 1672, under a proclamation of the Grand Council, requir- 
 ing all the freeholders to elect a new Parliament. From this body five 
 Councillors were chosen, who, witli the Governor and the Deputies of the 
 Lords Proprietors, formed the Grand Council. 
 
 Such a condition of things could not last. The rule of the Proprietors, 
 exercised, as it was, from a distance, and with little regard to the local 
 necessities of the colony, soon became intolerable to the free spirit of tlie 
 people, and in 1710 the colonists at last made up their minds to get rid 
 of the Lords Proprietors altogether. The liistory of the Revolution, 
 
INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNMENT AND LAAVS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 425 
 
 which ensued, need not be given in detail. It was bloodless but decisive. 
 The colonists organized a convention, appointed a new governor, and 
 announced their intention of casting olf " the confused, helpless, and 
 negligent government of the Lords Proprietors," and putting themselves 
 directh^ under that of the British crown. In 1721 the government of 
 George I. decided in their favor, and in 1729, in the reign of George II., 
 the Province was purchased by the crown from the Lords Proprietors, 
 and was divided into North and South Carolina. The form of govern- 
 ment conferred on the colony was modeled upon the English Constitution. 
 It consisted of a Governor, Council and an Assembly. To them the 
 power of making laws was committed. The King appointed the Gov- 
 ernor and Council ; the Assembly was elected by the people. 
 
 During the next half century the population of South Carolina steadil}' 
 increased. Many inducements were offered to emigrants. Bounties were 
 given, free lands assigned, and the door was thrown open to settlers of 
 ever}' description. Parties of emigrants arrived con.stantly from Great 
 Britain and the various countries of Europe. Between the years 1730 
 and 1750 a large number of settlers from (Jrcat Britain and Ireland, 
 Germany and the Palatinate, Switzerland and Holland, found homes in 
 South Carolina. The Germans established themselves chiefly in that 
 portion of the countr}^ around Orangeburg and along the Congaree and 
 Wateree Rivers ; the Scotch-Irish settled in Williamsburg ; the Welsh 
 along the Pee Dee River, in what are now the counties of ^Marlboro and 
 Marion, and the Swiss along the banks of the Savannah River. After 
 the Scotch rebellions of 1715 and 1745 many of the expatriated High- 
 landers came to Carolina. The population, which had hitherto been con- 
 fined to a radius of about eighty miles from the coast, now began to 
 spread into the interior of the State. A large territory was acquired fi-om 
 the Indians, embracing the present counties of Edgefield. Abbeville, 
 Laurens, Newberry, Union, Spartanburg, York, Chester, Fairfield and 
 Richland, and settlements were soon made all through those fertile por- ■ 
 tions of the country. Fifteen hundred French arrived from Nova Scotia, 
 and in 17G4 a French Protestant colony settled in Abbeville District, and 
 gave the names of Bourdeaux and New Rochelle to their settlements. 
 The cultivation of wheat, hemp, flax and tobacco was introduced by col- 
 onists who came from Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania, and that 
 of the vine and of silk by emigrants from the Palatinate. Indigo, also, 
 was for some years profitably cultivated. When the War of Independ- 
 ence began, the population of South Carolina amounted to forty tliousand 
 souls. It is needless to dwell upon the part played by South Carolina in 
 the Revolutionary War. It belongs to the history of the whole country, 
 and cannot be treated of here. During the war, of course, the growth 
 28 
 
426 INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNMENT AND LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 of the population was checked, but this was amply compensated by the 
 progress made by the State after the peace of 1783. Multitudes from 
 Europe and the more Northern i)arts of America poured into South 
 Carolina; and Greenville and Pendleton Districts, which were obtained 
 in 1777, by treaty founded on conquests, from the Cherokee Indians, 
 filled so rapidly with settlers that in the year 1800 those two Districts 
 alone are estimated to have contained upwards of 30,000 inhabitants. 
 The last group of settlers which the State received from foreign countries 
 consisted of several hundred French, chiefly from St. Domingo, who 
 settled for the most part in the vicinity of Charleston. 
 
 Reference has been made to the Constitution of John Locke and to the 
 forms of government which superseded it under the Lords Proprietors, 
 and, later, under the royal administration of the Province. For the first 
 ninety-nine years Charleston was the seat of justice for Provincial Caro- 
 lina. In 1712, a Court of Chancery Avas established in the persons of the 
 Governor and his Council, and, later, in 1769, an Act was passed by 
 which new District Courts were established at Beaufort, Georgetown, 
 Cheraw, Camden, Orangeburg and Ninety -Six. The Penal Code of Great 
 Britain, when introduced into this Province, underwent considerable 
 revision. An Act was passed in 1712 making certain English Statutes 
 of force in the Province, and by that Act the English Common Law was 
 declared to be of full force in Carolina, except in a few comparatively 
 unimportant particulars. The ancient tenures were abolished, and free 
 and common soccage was declared to be the tenure of all lands in the 
 Province. The Habeas Corpus Act of Charles II. was also adopted and 
 enacted. The Church of England enjoyed a nominal supremacy, but 
 liberty of conscience was full}^ guaranteed to all persons ; and all religious 
 denominations worked together in the dissemination of moral and relig- 
 ious training. The Presbyterians were among the first settlers, and were 
 always numerous in South Carolina. The Independents, or Congrega- 
 tionalists, in conjunction with the Presbyterians, were formed into a 
 church in Charleston as early as 1682 ; and the Baptists formed a church 
 there in 1685. The Methodists estaV)lished themselves in 1785. The 
 French Protestants formed a church in Charleston in 1700. The Jews 
 have had a synagogue in Charleston since the j^ear 1756 ; and about tl>e 
 eame period the German Protestants formed themselves into a congrega- 
 tion. The Roman Catholics were not organized into a church in South 
 Carolina until 1791. The Quakers were very early in the field, and one 
 of the most distinguished Governors of the Province, John Archdale, 
 after whom one of the streets in Charleston is still called, was a Quaker. 
 The impulse towards freedom, which had driven the emigrants who set- 
 tled Carolina from their homes in the Old AVorld, kept alive in their 
 
INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNMENT AND LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 427 
 
 breasts the spirit of religious libert}' and toleration, and all tlirough the 
 history of the State the same spirit has manifested itself in shaping leg- 
 islation and administering government. Sueh persecution for opinion's 
 sake as defaced the annals of some of the other American colonies has no 
 place in the history of South Carolina. 
 
 When the State threw off the royal authority, it adopted (in 1770) a 
 ])rovisional Constitution, and, so far as the civil jiower could be exercised, 
 this Constitution was in operation during the Revolutionary War. After 
 peace was declared, it became necessary to devise a more }jermanent form 
 of government, and, in 1700, a convention was called, which, after mature 
 deliberation, established a Constitution, which, with but I'qw modifica- 
 tions, continued to be the law of the State until the end of the great civil 
 war. As that Constitution has been superseded by the one now in opera- 
 tion, and Avhich was adapted to the new conditions and relations of 
 society growing out of the results of the civil war, it will not be necessary 
 here to detail its special provisions. The judgment of a learned and 
 eloquent writer may, however, be fitly cjuoted upon its general sco[)e and 
 character. " Though the form of government in South Carolina," says 
 Ramsay, " has been materially altered six or seven times, yet each 
 change has been for the better. In the eighteenth century, while exi)er- 
 iment and the reasoning powers of man were improving the arts and 
 sciences, the art of government was by no means stationary. South 
 Carolina, as one of the United States, and acting her part in the Ameri- 
 can Revolution, has practically enforced the following impro»\'ements in 
 the art of government : 1. That all power is derived from the people, 
 and ought to be exercised for their benefit ; that they have a right to 
 resist the tyranny and oppression of their rulers, and to change their 
 government, whenever it is found not to afford that protection to life, 
 liberty and property for the protection of which it was instituted. 2. That 
 it is the true policy of States to afibrd equal protection to the civil right;^ 
 of all individuals and of all sects of religionists, without discrimination 
 or preference, and without interference, on the part of the State, in all 
 matters that relate only to the intercourse between man his Maker, 3. 
 That the ultimate end and object of all laws and government is the 
 happiness of the people, and that, therefore, no laws should be passed, or 
 taxes or other burdens imposed on them, for the benefit of a part of the 
 community, but only such as operate equally and justly on all for the 
 general good. 4. That war shall only be declared, or entered upon, by 
 the solemn act of the people, whose blood and treasure is to be expended 
 in its prosecution. ***** ^ government founded on reason 
 and the rights of man, and exclusively directed to its proper object, the 
 advancement of human happiness, was first established by common 
 
428 INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNMENT AND LAWS OF SOUTH CAEOIJNA. 
 
 consent in the eighteenth century, and in the woods of America. Its 
 foundation in South Carolina rests on the following principles: Ko power 
 is exercised over the people but what had been granted by them with the 
 express view of its being used for the general good. No laws bind them, 
 nor are any taxes imposed on them, but with the consent of themselves, 
 or representatives freely and fairly chosen every second year by a ma- 
 jority of votes. There are no privileged orders. All are equally subject 
 to the laws, and the vote of any one elector goes as far as that of any 
 other. No freeman can be taken, or imprisoned, or disseized of his free- 
 hold, liberties or privileges, or outlawed, or exiled, or in any manner 
 destroyed or deprived of his life, liberty, or propert}^, but by the judg- 
 ment of his peers, or by the law of the land. Religion is so perfectly free 
 that all sects have equal rights and privileges, and each individual may 
 join with any or with none, as he pleases, without subjecting himself to 
 any civil inconvenience. These and similar principles of liberty and 
 equality pervade the Constitution and laws of the State. The first is the 
 work of the people in their sovereign capacity, and prescribes limits to 
 all the departments of government. These departments are three — 
 legislative, executive, and judicial ; for it is necessary in regular govern- 
 ment that laws be enacted, expounded and applied, and finally executed. 
 * * * * The duties required and the burdens imposed by the laws 
 are equally binding on the'law makers as on the people. They who are 
 legislators cease to be so in the Senate at the end of four years, and in the 
 House of Representatives at the end of two, and all power reverts to the 
 people till, by a new election, they invest the men of their choice with 
 authority to act for them. Every precaution is taken to identify the 
 interests of the people and their rulers. If the electors are not wanting 
 to themselves, the laws thus cautiously made, impartially expounded, 
 and liberally executed by the men of their choice, must be the collected 
 will and wisdom of the people deliberately pursuing their own happiness 
 as far as is practicable in the imperfect state of human nature. Such, 
 after two revolutions in one century, and three attempts to form an 
 efficient Constitution, is the result of the efforts of the people of South 
 Carolina for the preservation and advancement of their political inter- 
 ests." [Ramsay's History of South Carolina, Vol. 2, p. 139, d seq.'] 
 
 The period which elapsed between the two great wars was one of con- 
 stant growth and pros2:)erity. Under the operation of the constitutional 
 government described by Ramsay, the progress of South Carolina Avas 
 marked and stead}'. The various nationalities which have been shown 
 to have contributed to her population became gradually welded together 
 into a homogenous whole, and the upper districts of the State soon be- ■ 
 came the homes of thriving and industrious settlers. County seats were 
 
INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNMENT AND LAAVS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 429 
 
 established in the different Districts, and various Judicial Circuits were 
 formed, the Judges and Chancellors alternating with each other in the 
 different Circuits, while appeals were heard in Charleston and Columbia 
 by a full Appellate Bench. The pursuits of the people were almost en- 
 tirely agricultural, tlie chief staples of the State, cotton and rice, being 
 mainly worked by the aid of African slave labor. The political differ- 
 ences between the Northern aiid Southern States which culminated in 
 the civil war, though always existing, did not interfere Avith the internal 
 prosperity of the State. In 18G0 the white population had increased to 
 291,300. In the United States Census of 1800 the Avhitc population is 
 rated at 301,105 and the colored at 004,332. In the civil war South Car- 
 olina put more than 50,000 soldiers into the field, and when the war was 
 over, in 18G5, more than 12,000 of her male population had laid down 
 their lives in the struggle for independence. Tlie result of the war left 
 the State in a prostrate and exhausted condition. An immense amount 
 of public and private property had been destroyed. Columbia, the capi- 
 tal, had been burned by the Federal armies, and the whole machinery of 
 government was subverted and overthrown. Under the authority of the 
 United States Congress a convention was called in 1868 to frame a new 
 Constitution. The present Constitution of South Carolina was framed 
 by that convention, and was submitted to the registered voters of the 
 State at an election held on the 14th, 15th and IGtli days of April, 1868, 
 and was adopted and ratified by them. 
 
 LEADING PRINCIPLES OF THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 The leading principles of the Constitution may be briefly summarized 
 as follows: 
 
 All men are born free and equal, endowed with certain inalienable 
 rights, among which are the rights of enjoying and defending their lives 
 and liberties, of acquiring, possessing and protecting property, and of ^ 
 seeking and obtaining their safety and happiness. Slavery is prohibited, 
 as well as involuntary servitude, except in the shape of confinement with 
 labor, inflicted as a punishment for crime, of which the party shall have 
 been duly convicted. All political power is declared to be derived from 
 and vested in the people alone, and they have the right at all times to 
 modify their form of government as the public good may demand. Every 
 citizen owes paramount allegiance to the Constitution and government of 
 the United States, and no law of this State passed in contravention thereof 
 can have any binding force. The American Union is declared to be in- 
 dissoluble, and the State shall ever remain a member thereof, and shall 
 resist any effort to dissolve it. The right of the people peaceably to 
 
430 INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNMENT AND LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 assemble to consult for the common good and to petition the government 
 or an}^ department thereof shall never be abridged. All persons may 
 freely speak, write and publish their sentiments on any subject, being re- 
 sponsible for the abuse of that right, and no laws shall be enacted to re- 
 strain or abridge liberty of speech or the jiress. In p'rosecutions for libel 
 upon public officers, the truth of the matter may be given in evidence to 
 justify the pul^lication, and the jury in such cases are the judges of the 
 law and the fticts. Absolute freedom of conscience shall be secured to 
 all, with only the provision that such freedom shall not justif}^ practices 
 inconsistent with the peace and moral safety of society. There shall be 
 no established church nor form of religion, but every denomination shall 
 be protected by law in the peaceable enjo3anent of its own mode of wor- 
 ship. The right of trial by jur}^ shall remain inviolate. Every individ- 
 ual shall have the same personal rights ; that is, no class of persons shall 
 have au}^ advantages before the law over any other class, and there shall 
 be no discrimination between classes or individuals with regard to 
 rights, restraints or responsibilities. No person shall be held to answer 
 for any crime or offence until the same is fully and clearly explained to 
 him ; and he shall not be compelled to accuse himself or furnish evidence 
 against himself, but shall have the right to produce all his proofs in his 
 defence ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him and to cross- 
 examine them ; to have a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury, 
 and to be fully heard in his own behalf, either personally or by his coun- 
 sel, as he may elect. 
 
 No person shall be arrested, imprisoned, deprived of his property or 
 privileges, put out of the protection of the law, exiled or deprived of his 
 life, liberty or estate, except by the judgment of his equals or the law of 
 the land. No law shall be passed by the General Assembly subjecting 
 any one to punishment without trial by jury, nor shall any law have a 
 retrospective effect, but shall apply only to offences committed after its 
 passage. 
 
 All Courts shall be public, and every person aggrieved shall have full 
 access to them and remedy by due course of law, and there shall be no 
 unnecessary delay in the administration of justice. All persons shall be 
 bailable, before conviction, by sufficient sureties, except for capital offen- 
 ces where the proof is evident or the presumption great, and excessive 
 bail shall not be required. Whipping and corporal punishment of any 
 sort are prohibited. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpvs shall not 
 be suspended except in cases of insurrection, rebellion or invasion, when 
 required by the public safety. 
 
 No person shall be tried again for the same offence after liaving been 
 once acquitted by a jury. Small offences, under the rank of felonies, and 
 
INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNMENT AND LAAVS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 431 
 
 in which the punishment does not exceed a line of one hundred dollars 
 or imprisonment for thirty days, shall be tried summarily before a Jus- 
 tice of the Peace, on information under oath, without the intervention of 
 a grand jury, but the defendant shall have the right of appeal to a higher 
 Court. No person shall be held to answer for any higher crime or of- 
 fence unless on presentment of a grand jury. exeei)t in cases arising in 
 the land and naval service of the United States, or in th.e militia in ac- 
 tual service in time of war or public danger. Imprisonment for debt is 
 abolished, except in cases of fraud ; and a certain amount of property 
 shall be set aside as a famih^ homestead [as more particularly stated 
 hereafter], which shall be exempt from seizure or sale for any debts or 
 liabilities, except for debts due the State. No bill of attainder, ex post facto 
 law, nor any law im})airing the obligation of contracts, shall ever be 
 passed, and no conviction shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture of 
 estate. All persons have the right to be exempt from unreasonable 
 searches or seizures of their persons, houses, papers or possessions. Such 
 searches or seizures can only be made by special warrants formally issued 
 by proper officers and supported by affidavits, and, containing a particu- 
 lar designation of the persons or objects of search, arrest or seizure. Pri- 
 vate property cannot be taken for ])ul)lic use, or for the use of corpora- 
 tions, or for private use, Avitliout the consent of the owner, or a just com- 
 pensation being made. 
 
 The Legislature alone has the power to declare martial law. The leg- 
 islative, executive and judicial departments of the government shall be 
 forever separate and distinct, and it is declared that the Legislature ought 
 frequently to assemble for the redress of grievances and the making of 
 new laws. The right of the people to keep and bear arms for the com- 
 mon defence is recognized and established. Standing armies are prohib- 
 ited, and the military power is declared to be always in subordination to 
 the oivil. In time of peace no soldier shall be quartered in any house 
 without the consent of the owner, and in time of war only in such man- 
 ner as shall be prescribed by law. 
 
 No person who conscientiously scruples to bear arms shall be compelled 
 to do so, but shall be allowed to pay an equivalent for personal service. 
 All elections shall be free and open, and all electors shall have the same 
 rights to elect officers and be elected. There shall be no property quali- 
 fication for holding office, and no office can be held for a longer time 
 than during good behavior. Fighting a duel, or sending, bearing or ac- 
 cepting a challenge for that purpose, is prohibited, and shall disqualify 
 a person for holding office. Representation shall be apportioned accord- 
 ing to population, and the right of suffrage shall be secured to all citi- 
 zens, and, once obtained, shall not be forfeited by temporary absence from 
 
432 INSTITUTIONS, COVKUNMENT AND LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 tlic State. Proporty shall be taxed in }n't)j)ortion to its value, and no 
 taxation or ini})Ost of any kind shall be establishetl exeej>t by Act of the 
 Legislature. No title of nobility or hereditary emolument shall ever be 
 granted. All eitizens, without distinetion, ishall enjoy equality of jniblic, 
 legal and political rights. All navigable waters are publie highways* 
 free to all the citizens c)f the State. 
 
 Leoisi.ativk Dki'aktmknt. — The legislative department consists of two 
 distinct braiu'hes, styled respectively the Senate and the House of Rcpre- 
 .^cntatives, and botli together the General Assembly of the State of South 
 Carolina. The House of Representatives is comi)osed of mend)ers chosen 
 by ballot every second year by the cjualiticd electors of the State. ]uich 
 County of the State constitutes one election district. The General As- 
 sembly has the power to organize new Counties by changing the boun- 
 daries of the old, but no new County can be formed of less extent than 
 (325 square miles, nor can any old County be reduced to less area than 
 025 square miles. The House of Representatives consists of 124 mem- 
 bers, apportioned among the several Counties, according to the population. 
 A census every ten y«^nirs is }>rovided for to regulate this appointment. 
 The Senate is composed of one member from each County, excc})t Charles- 
 ton County, which has two Senators, to be elected for four years by the 
 (lualilied voters of the State. But ui)on the first election after the ado}>- 
 tion of the Constitution, the Senators were divided by lot into two classes 
 as nearly equal as possible, the members of the first class holding their 
 seats for two years, and those of the second for four years, so that one- 
 half of the Senators may be chosen every second year. No person is eli- 
 gible to a seat in the Senate or Plouse who, at the time of his election, is 
 not a citizen of the United States, nor any one who has not been for one 
 year next preceding his election a resident of the County whence he is 
 chosen, nor any one who has been convicted of an infamous crime, nor 
 any one holding any office of profit or trust under this State, the Ignited 
 States, or any other State of the Union or foreign power, except oflicers 
 of the militia. Magistrates or Justices of Inferior Courts receiving no sal- 
 ary. Senators must be at least 25 and Rei)resentatives at least 21 years 
 of age. All bills for raising revenue must originate in the House, but 
 may be altered, amended or rejected by the Senate. All other bills may 
 originate in either body. No bill has the force of law until it has been 
 read three times, on three several days, in each house, has had the Great 
 Seal of the State affixed to it and has been signed in the Senate House by 
 the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House. No money 
 can be drawn from the treasury except in pursuance of an appropriation 
 made Vy li^^^'- '^^^*^ '-^ regular statement of reccii>ts and exi^enditures of all 
 l)ublic moneys must be published annually. The members of both 
 
INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNMENT AND LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 433 
 
 houses receive a fixQil per diem iind mileage settled by the General Assem- 
 bly. In all elections l^y the (jeneral Assembly, or either House, the 
 members vote liva voce, and their votes are entered in the Journal. l>oth 
 houses sit witli o])en doors unless a secret session be ordered, in tlieir dis- 
 cretion. 
 
 Executive Depart.ment. The su[)reme executive authority of the 
 State is vested in a Chief Ahigistrate, who is styled the Governor of the 
 State of South Carolina ; he is elected Ijy the qualified electors of the State, 
 holds his office for two years and until his successor shall be chosen ami 
 qualified, and is re-eligible. No })erson is eligible for the office of Governor 
 who denies the exi.stencc of the Supreme Being, or who, when elected, is 
 not thirty years of age, or who has not been a citizen of the United States 
 and a citizen and resident of this State for two years next preceding the 
 day of election. The Lieutenant Governor is chosen in the same maimer 
 and at the same time as the Governor, must possess the same qualifications, 
 and is ex officio President of the Senate. The Governor is Commander- 
 in-Chief of the militia of the State; he has the power of reprieve and 
 pardon, but must re])ort his actions in that regard to the General Assem- 
 bly ; he must sign all bills passed by the General A.ssembly before they 
 become laws, and if he refuses his assent to any jjill, it can only ha passed 
 over his veto b}^ a two-thirds vote. Tiie other executive officers of the 
 State are the Comptroller General, Treasurer, and Secretary of State. 
 They are elected by the qualified voters of the State, and hold their 
 offices for the term of two years. 
 
 Judicial Department. The judicial power of the State is vested in 
 a Supreme Court, consi.sting of a Chief Justice and two Associate Ju.stices, 
 two Circuit Courts, namely, a Courtof Common Pleas, having civil juris- 
 diction, and a Court of General Sessions, having criminal jurisdiction ; 
 ]*robate Courts, having jurisdiction in matters testamentary and in busi- 
 ness relating to minors, and of dower, idiocy and lunacy ; Courts of Trial 
 Justices, having cognizance of minor offences and civil matters of a 
 trifling sort. The Trial Justices also act as examining courts in criminal 
 matters, and discharge, commit or bind over to the Sessions Court persons 
 charged with offences. They may bail all persons except those charged 
 with capital crimes. The Supreme and Circuit Court Judges are elected 
 by the General As.sembly, the Probate Judges by the electors of the several 
 counties, and the Trial Justices are appointed by the Governor. The 
 term of office of the Justices of the Supreme Court is six years, but it was 
 directed that, immediately after their first election under this Constitu- 
 tion, the General Assembly should determine by lot which of the two 
 Associate Justices should hold oflice for two years, and which for four 
 years, so that there should be an election for Chief Justice or one Associate 
 
434 INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNMENT AND LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Justice every two years. The Circuit Judges hold office for four years ; 
 the Probate Judges and Trial Justices for two years. The Judges receive 
 a fixed compensation, and are allowed no fees nor perquisites of office. 
 The Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction only in cases of chancery, 
 and constitutes a court for the correction of errors at law. It has a gen- 
 eral supervisory control over all other courts in the State. Two of the 
 judges of the Supreme Court must concur to make a decision. The Cir- 
 cuit Judges interchange circuits. The Circuit Court has the usual civil 
 jurisdiction exercised by Courts of Common Pleas, and the distinction 
 between law^ and equity is abolished. The Court of Common Pleas must 
 sit at least twice a year in each judicial district, and the Court of General 
 Sessions at least three times a year. Three persons are elected every two 
 years by the qualitied electors of each county as a board of County Com- 
 missioners, who have jurisdiction over roads, highways, ferries, bridges, 
 and in all matters relating to taxes, disbursement of money for county 
 purposes, and the internal affairs and local concerns of the respective 
 counties. Appeals lie to the State courts from their decisions. Judges 
 are forbidden to charge juries in respect to matters of fact ; they may 
 state the testimony and declare the law. The Attorney General of the 
 State is elected for two years, and a Solicitor for each circuit for four 
 years. The electors of each county elect a Sheriff and Coroner for the 
 term of four years, who must reside in their respective counties during 
 their continuance in office, and who shall be disqualified for re-election 
 if in default of moneys collected by virtue of their offices. 
 
 The Suffrage. In all elections by the people, the electors vote by 
 ballot. Every male citizen of the United States, of the age of twenty-one 
 years and upwards, not laboring under the disabilities named in the 
 Constitution, without distinction of race, color or previous condition, 
 who was a resident of the State at the time of the adoption of the Con- 
 stitution, or who, after that period, shall have resided in the State for one 
 year, and in the county in which he offers to vote sixty days next pre- 
 ceding any election, is entitled to vote in any election by the people. 
 But no person disqualified by the Constitution of the United States, nor 
 any person while kept in any alms house or asylum, or of unsound mind, 
 or while confined in any prison, can vote or hold office. Absence, while 
 employed in the service of the United States, or while engaged upon the 
 waters of the State or of the United States, or on the high seas, or tem- 
 porary absence from the State, does not forfeit residence for the purpose 
 of voting. On the other hand, the mere sojourning within the borders 
 of the State of any person there stationed as a soldier, mariner or seaman, 
 in the army or navy of the United States, does not confer residence for 
 the purpose of voting. The right to vote involves and implies the right 
 
INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNMENT AND LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 435 
 
 to hold office, except as otlierwisc limited by the Constitution. No law 
 curtailing- the right of sultVage can be passed b}' the General A.ssenibly, 
 except for treason, murder, robbery or duelling, whereof the person shall 
 have been tried and convicted. The Presidential Electors who cast the 
 vote of the State for President and Vice-President of the United States, 
 are elected by the people. In all elections by the people, the candidates 
 receiving the highest number of votes shall be declared elected. The 
 State is divided into thirty-four judicial districts, called counties. Each 
 county is a body politic and corporate. [By a recent Act of the Legisla- 
 ture, following a provision of the Constitution, all electors must be regis- 
 tered in the election precinct in which they reside before they are entitled 
 to vote.] 
 
 Taxation. — Taxation must be uniform and equal, and no tax shall be 
 levied except in pursuance of a law, which shall distinctly state the ob- 
 ject of the same, to which object such tax shall he ai)plied. All State 
 taxes are levied by the General Assembly. A poll tax of one dollar on 
 each poll is provided, to be applied exclusively to the i)ublic sclioolfund. 
 The buildings and premises actually occupied by public schools, colleges 
 and institutions of learning, all charitable institutions in the nature of 
 asylums for the intirm, deaf, dumb and blind, idiotic and indigent per- 
 sons, all public libraries, churches and burying grounds, are exempt from 
 taxation. A new assessment of property must be made every live years. 
 The State may contract public debts for the purpose of defraying extra- 
 ordinary expenditures, but it must do so by special act, specifying some 
 single ol)ject, and levying a special tax sufhcient to pay the annual inter- 
 est on such debt; and such Act must be passed by the vote of two-thirds 
 of the members of each branch of the General Assembly recorded by 
 yeas and nays on the journal. Munici])al taxes are levied by the corpo- 
 rate authorities of counties, townships, school districts, cities, towns and 
 villages, under the authority of the Legislature. Such taxes must be 
 uniform in respect to persons and property. 
 
 . Education. The supervision of public instruction is vested in a State 
 Superintendent of Education, who is elected by the c^ualified electors of 
 the State, in the same manner as the other State officers. One School 
 Commissioner for each county is also elected biennially, and the Com- 
 missioners so elected form a State Board of Education, of which the 
 State Superintendent is ex officio Chairman. It is made the duty pf the 
 General Assembly to provide for a liberal and uniform system of free 
 public schools throughout the State and to jn-ovide for their support by 
 taxation. These schools must be unsectarian. [See infra " Statute 
 Law ; Public Instruction."] 
 
 The Militia. [See iujra under " Statute Law.''] 
 
43G INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNMENT AND LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Marriage and Divorce. [See infra under " Statute Law."] 
 Amendment and Revision of the Constitution. The Constitution 
 may be amended in the following manner : The proposed amendment 
 may be moved in either house. If two-thirds of the membeis elected to 
 each house agree to it, such amendment shall be entered on the journals, 
 and the yeas and nays recorded. It is then submitted to the qualified 
 electors of the State at the next general election thereafter for represen- 
 tatives, and if a majority of the voters vote in favor of it, and two-thirds 
 of each branch of the next General Assembly ratify such amendment, 
 after reading the same three separate times on three several days in each 
 house, it shall become a part of the Constitution. A convention to revise 
 the Constitution can only be called by a vote of two-thirds of the mem- 
 bers elected to each branch of the General Assembly, which action of the 
 General xA.ssembly shall be submitted to the electors at the next election 
 for Representatives, and such electors shall vote f(jr or against a conven- 
 tion. If a majority of all the electors voting at said election shall vote 
 for a convention, the next General Assembly shall provide by law for 
 calling the same, and such convention must consist of at least as many 
 members as compose the largest branch of the General Assembly. 
 
 [Under these provisions several amendments to the Constitution of 
 1 808 have been made. The first prohibits the creation of any debt by 
 the State without the consent of the people, signified by a majority vote 
 of two-thirds of the qualified electors ; the second changes the time of 
 holding elections from October to November. Both these amendments 
 \yere adopted in the regular manner in the years 1870-73. The third 
 amendment, ratified March 5, 1875, changes the terms of office of the 
 Comptroller-General, Secretary of State, Treasurer, Attorney-General, 
 Adjutant and Inspector-General, Superintendent of Education, from 
 four to two years. The fourth amendment, ratified January 2Gth, 1878, 
 provides for a county school tax to be levied in each county by the 
 Boards of Count}- Commissioners, for the support of the public schools. 
 The fifth amendment, ratified December 13, 1880, relates to the home- 
 stead exemi)tion, and settles the law upon that point, as more particu- 
 larly stated hereafter. Two amendments are now pending, one of which 
 adds to the list of crimes disqualifying any citizen for the suffrage, " burg- 
 lary, larceny, perjury, forgery, or an}^ other infamous crime," and the 
 other relates to the mode of creating new counties. These last two 
 amendments have not yet been voted upon.] 
 
IXSTITUTrO^\S, GOVEUN.MEXT and laws of south CAROLINA. 437 
 
 THE STATUTE LAW. 
 
 The Statute Law of the State, whicli lias been recently consolidated intc 
 a Code and is embodied in a volume called The General Stafnten, is a de- 
 Vtlopment of the organic law ns laid down in the Constitution, and pro- 
 ceeds alouiv the lines there indicated. It will only be necessary here to 
 note some of the more important ])rovisions. 
 
 Crimes and PuNismrENTs. Every person arrested under process, or 
 taken into cuftodv by an officer, has a ri.2^ht to know from the officer who 
 arrests him, the true ground on which the arrest is made, and if the 
 officer refuses to inform him, or informs him falsely, or declines to pro- 
 duce his warrant, such officer shall be punished as for a misdemeanor. 
 Any person may arrest a felon upon view or certain information of the 
 commission of the felony, and take him to a judge or trial justice to be 
 dealt Avith according to law ; and any citizen seeking to arrest a person 
 who has broken into a house, or has stolen property in his possession, or 
 where the circumstances raise a just suspicion of his design to commit a 
 felony, may use any means to enforce the arrest, even to the extent of 
 taking the life of the offender. The punishment of death by hanging 
 is attached in South Carolina to the following crimes, viz. : 
 
 Murder, Rape, and Arson. Li addition to the common law defini- 
 tion of murder, it is provided that where the death of any per.son results 
 from any ob.struction placed upon a railroad, the person convicted of 
 placing or causing to be placed such obstruction shall be adjudged guiltv 
 of murder. Any person wounding another in a duel is guilty of murder 
 if death ensue from the wound within six months. Rape is punishable 
 with death, but tlYe jury may find a special verdict recommending the 
 party to mercy, in which case the punishment shall be reduced to im- 
 prisonment for life in the penitentiary at hard labor. Arson is the wilful 
 and malicious setting fire to or burning by day or night of (1) any housi& 
 of any kind whatever within two hundred yards of and appurtenant to 
 a dwelling ; (2) any court house or public building, whether owned by 
 the State or a corporation or individuals ; (3) any barn or stable, coach- 
 house, gin-house, store house, ware-house, grist or saw-mill, railroad 
 depot, coach or cotton factory, or other house used for manufacturing 
 purposes, or an}' building habitually used for public worship. Any per- 
 son convicted of arson as principal, aider, abettor or accessory before the 
 fact, shall suffer death by hanging, with the same proviso for a special 
 verdict as stated above in the case of rape. 
 
 ;^L\NSLA^GHTER, or the unlawful killing of another without malice, 
 express or implied, is punishable by imprisonment in the jienitentiary, 
 
438 INSTITUTIOXS, GOVERNMENT AND LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 at hard labor, for not less than two nor more than thirty years. Attempt 
 to administer poison is punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary 
 for not less than two nor more than ten years. Any one sending or 
 accepting a challenge to fight a duel, shall be deprived of the right of 
 suffrage and disqualified from holding any office of honor or trust, and 
 imprisoned in the penitentiary not exceeding two years. Any person 
 carrying a challenge shall be disqualified from holding office, and im- 
 prisoned in the penitentiary not exceeding two years, and fined not less 
 than $500, nor more than $1,000. The principal or second in a duel 
 ma}' be compelled to give testimony against any person indicted without 
 criminating himself. The carrying of a deadly weapon concealed about 
 the person is a misdemeanor, punishable by fine and imprisonment, and 
 an assault with such concealed weapon is an aggravated oflence. Kid- 
 napping sailors or minors, ill treatment of apprentices, children, servants, 
 &c.. and enticing away a laborer under contract with another, or employ- 
 ing a laborer known to be under such contract, are misdemeanors, 
 punishable b}^ fine and imprisonment. Burglary at common law is 
 punishable by imprisoinnent in the penitentiary for life at hard labor. 
 Breaking into a house in the day time is a felony, punishable by impris- 
 onment for not more than one year. Burning stacks of corn, &c., and 
 burning or cutting frames of timber, are punishable by imprisonment. 
 Firing turpentine farms is a felony, punishable by fine or imprisonment. 
 Stealing grain or cotton from the field is a felony, punishable by fine or 
 imprisonment. Larceny of live stock is punishable by fine and impris- 
 onment in the penitentiary for not less than one nor more than ten years. 
 Among the misdemeanors to which special punishments are attached 
 are : Setting fire to grass ; malicious wounding of live stock ; malicious 
 injury or defacement of houses, trees, &c. ; marking or branding of the 
 animals of others ; obtaining property under false pretences ; obstructing 
 rivers and creeks and fish sluices, ditches and drains ; selling property 
 on which a lien exists ; fraudulent removal of property levied on b}- 
 sheriff; false packing of cotton; selling seed cotton between sundown, 
 and sunrise ; failure of factors to account for produce placed in their 
 liands; and cruelty to animals. Bigamy is punishable by imprisonment 
 in the penitentiar}' not less than, six months nor more than five years, 
 and by fine not less than $500. Adultery and fornication are punishable 
 by fine and imprisonment, or both. Practicing medicine or dentistry 
 witliout the proper qualifications is punishable by fine, and all practicing 
 physicians are required to register themselves in the office of the Clerk 
 of the Court of Common Pleas for their respective counties. Lotteries 
 are prohibited, and penalties are attached to setting up or advertising the 
 same, or selling lottery tickets. Where any person is reported to the 
 
INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNMENT AND LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 430 
 
 coroner to liuve come to a violent or untimely death within his jurisdic- 
 tion, he shall hold an inquest upon the body with the aid of a jury of 
 fourteen men of the county, and all persons subject to jury duty in the 
 Circuit Court are liable to serve on a coroner's jury. The coroner can 
 arrest and bind over for trial any person appearing to be concerned in 
 such deatli, and also material witnesses to the iacts. As already stated, 
 tlie punishment of whip})ing is not permitted by the laws of South 
 Carolina. 
 
 Law of Pkopkety. There are, of course, many dehiils of property 
 laAv which cnn only be learned by consulting a lawyer, but a few general 
 principles and important provisions may be noted here. Any man or 
 woman of legal age, owning real estate in fee simple, may freely dispose 
 of it by will, or sell and convey the same by deed, executed in the pres- 
 ence of two or more witnesses, and duly recorded. If the deed be by a 
 married man, the wife must renounce her dower in a formal manner, 
 provided by statute. A married woman ma}' hold property separately 
 from lier hu8l)and and may dispose of the same as if she were unmarried. 
 All deeds of conveyance or mortgage, trust deeds, marriage settlements, 
 (fee, leases between landlord and tenant for a longer period than twelve 
 months, liens on crops and mechanics' liens, and liens on ships and 
 vessels, must be recorded in the office of the Kegister of ]\Iesne Convey- 
 ances for the county where the i)roperty is situated, in the case of real 
 estate, and in the case of personal property, for the county where the 
 owner resides, within forty days from the time of execution or delivery, 
 in order to affect the rights of subsequent creditors or purchasers without 
 notice. No person having a lawful wife or children can give to any 
 illegitimate children or concubine, by conveyance, gift or legacy, a greater 
 ])roportion of the value of his estate than one-fourth thereof Every 
 conveyance for the purpose of defrauding creditors is void. So, also, are 
 conveyances to deceive purchasers. Upon the payment of a debt secured 
 by mortgage, the mortgagor may compel the mortgagee to enter satisfac- - 
 tion on the n.ortgage. No parol lease is valid for more than one .year, 
 and every written lease shall terminate at the period therein stated, with- 
 out its being obligatory on either party to give notice. The landlord 
 may distrain for rent in arrear. Tenants in common and joint tenants 
 are compellable to make partition. Liens on real estate are of no force 
 after the lapse of twenty years, unless kept alive by some payment or ac- 
 knowledgment of indebtedness, except in the cases of judgments provided 
 for in the Code of Procedure. Wills in South Carolina must be signed 
 and acknowledged by the testator in the presence of three witnesses, who 
 must sign in the presence of the testator and of each other. Aliens can 
 hold and dispose of real and personal property in the same way as 
 
440 INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNMENT AND LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 citizens, and so far, therefore, as the rights of proJDerty are concerned, 
 naturalization is not necessary. So, also, aliens can lend money upon 
 security, and can have the same remedies for suing for and recovering 
 the same as if they were citizens, whether the foreign State, of which the 
 alien is a subject, be at war with the United States or not ; and if a citizen 
 leave an alien widow, such widow's rights in his estate shall be exactly 
 the same as if she were naturalized. In case of intestacy, the property of 
 the intestate is distributed by law among his nearest kin, according to 
 certain rules specifically laid down by statute. AVhere he leaves a M'idow 
 and children, the widow takes one-third and the children two-thirds. 
 The Probate Court has power to grant administration of the personal 
 estate. The jDroperty of a felon is not escheated, but descends to his 
 representatives. A homestead in lands, whether held in fee or any lesser 
 estate, not to exceed in value one thousand dollars, with the yearly pro- 
 ducts thereof, is exempt to the head of every family residing in South 
 Carolina from levy or sale for debt upon any judgment recovered against 
 him ; and it is the duty of the sheriff before selling the real estate of any 
 head of a family to have such homestead set off by appraisers in the 
 manner prescribed by law. If the property cannot be set off, the sheriff 
 must sell and pay one thousand dollars of the purchase money into 
 Court, to be applied to the purchase of a homestead. If the husband be 
 dead, the widow is entitled to the homestead ; and if both parents be 
 dead, the right is secured to the children, and no waiver of the homestead 
 is valid, except in cases of conveyance or mortgage. Personal property 
 to the value of five hundred dollars is exempt from attachment, levy or 
 sale. Where a married woman has separate property she is entitled to 
 the homestead when the husband's property is not sufficient. The Statute 
 of Frauds is in force in South Carolina, and all agreements for the sale 
 of lands, leases for more than one year, promises to answer for another's 
 debt or default, contracts for the sale of goods above the value of fifty 
 dollars, &c., must be in writing and signed by the party to be charged, 
 or his duly authorized agent. Assignments of the j)roperty of an insol- 
 vent debtor for the benefit of creditors Avhicli give to any creditor prefer- 
 ence over any other, are utterly void. The legal rate of interest is seven 
 per cent. ; but by written contract a rate of interest not exceeding ten 
 per cent, may be charged. If more than ten per cent, be charged, all 
 the interest is forfeited, and only the principal sum can be recovered. 
 And if any greater amount than ten per cent, shall be received, the per- 
 son or corporation receiving it shall forfeit double such amount. 
 
 Public Instruction. The duties of the State Superintendent of Edu- 
 cation have been already touched upon. He has general supervision 
 over all the free public schools of the State, and is required to visit every 
 
INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNMENT AND LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 441 
 
 County in the State to inspect the same and to make an annual report to 
 the General Assembly. He is trustee for all property granted or devised 
 for the purposes of education. The State Board of Examiners consists 
 of the State Superintendent of Education and four persons appointed by 
 the Governor, with the consent of the Senate. They meet from time to 
 time and constitute an Advisory Board for tiic Superintendent of Edu- 
 cation. They have a general power in all matters relating to the schools 
 and especially to teachers. They examine persons who apply for appoint- 
 ment as teachers, and issue certificates of their qualifications. In each 
 County a School Commissioner is elected at the general election, whose 
 duty it is to superintend all the sl'IiooIs in his county, to report their 
 condition to the State Superintendent and to apportion the school fund 
 for his county. It is the duty of the County Boards of Examiners and 
 of the Boards of Trustees to see that in every school under their care 
 shall be taught, as far as practicable, orthograjjliy, reading, writing, 
 arithmetic, geography, English grammar, History of the United States 
 and of this State, the principles of the Constitution and laws of the 
 United States and of this State, morals and good behavior. In each 
 county there is a County Board of Examiners, composed of the County 
 School Commissioners and two other persons appointed by the State 
 Board. Tliey constitute the Advisory Board of the County School Com- 
 missioners. They appoint in each School District in their county three 
 School Trustees, who take the management of the local education of the 
 School District, subject to the supervision of the County Board of Exam- 
 iners. The poll tax is applied to school purposes and the County Treas- 
 urer is required to account for it to the School Commissioners. 
 
 The Department of Agriculture is administered by a Board of 
 five persons — the Governor, Chairman ex officio, the Master of the State 
 Grange of Patrons of Husbandry, the President of the State Agricultural 
 and Mechanical Society, and two citizens chosen by joint vote of the Gen- 
 eral Assembly for two years. The Commissioner of Agriculture must be 
 an agriculturist, chosen by joint vote of the General As.sembly for two 
 years. The Board prescribe the duties of the Commissioner; they regu- 
 late the returns of County Agricultural Societies chartered by the State ; 
 issue blanks to County Auditors for collection of agricultural statistics ; 
 investigate all matters relating to agricultural interests, diseases of stock, 
 fish, &c., and to commercial fertilizers, and have control over the phos- 
 phate interests of the State. The Commissioner of Agriculture is required 
 to keep a book in which lands for sale may be registered, and also books 
 in which shall be entered the names of persons desiring employment as 
 laborers, a fee of $1 being charged for such registry, and the books shall 
 be open for inspection free of charge. He shall collect specimens of ag- 
 29 
 
142 INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNMENT AND LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 lienltnral products, minerals, ite. The Department of Aorieulture regu- 
 lates the matter of immigration to the State. An annual rejHM-t of all its 
 proeeeilings is made to the CJeneral As.somhly. 
 
 hiMUiHAXTs AND Seanikn. No i>erson is permitted to keep an immi- 
 grants' or sailor's hotel or hoarding house in the city of Charleston with- 
 out a license from the City Council, and hotels not so licen.sed cannot so- 
 licit boarders. The City Council must issue badges and the agents or 
 owners of boarding houses muj<t wear such badges when engaged in 
 soliciting boarders. Harboring deserting seamen or enticing them to 
 desert is punishable by fine and imi)risonment. Impressing seamen is a 
 misdemeanor punishable by line and im})risonment. 
 
 Tile Militia. All able-bodied male citizens of the iState between the 
 ages of IS and 45 years, excei)t such as are exempt by law, are lial)le to 
 service in the militia, but there is no com])uIsory military service except 
 in certain cases of emergency. The Governor has power to call out the 
 militia to execute the laws, repel invasion, repress insurrection and pre- 
 serve the public peace. 
 
 Markiage and Divorce. Complete freedom of marriage is allowed, 
 except within certain close degrees of consanguinity, and except that 
 intermarriage between the white and colored races is forbidden. The 
 real and ])ersonal property of a woman held at the time of her marriage, 
 or that which she may thereafter ac([uire either by gift, grant, inheri- 
 tance, devise, or otherwise, does not }>ass to her husband by her marriage, 
 nor become in any way subject to his debts, but remains her separate 
 property, and she can deal with it as she chooses during her life and dis- 
 pose of it by will as if she were unmarried. It is provided by the Con- 
 stitution that divorces from the bonds of matrimony shall not be allowed 
 but by the judgment of a court as shall be pre.scribed by law. For some 
 years after the adoption of the Constitution an Act was in force provid- 
 ing for and regulating such divorces by the courts, but that Act has been 
 repealed, and there is, therefore, now no tribunal in South Carolina by 
 which divorces can be granted. The Court of Common Pleas has, how- 
 ever, power to hear and determine any issue atiecting the validity of con- 
 tracts r)f marriage, and to declare such contracts void for want of consent 
 of either of the contracting parties, or from any other cause going to 
 show that at the time the sujiposed contract was made, it Avas not, in fact, 
 a contract — provided that such contract has not been consummated by 
 cohabitation of the j^arties. 
 
 General Remarks. Exce})t as it may have been modified by s})ecial 
 enactment, the common law of England is in force in South Carolina. 
 The general tendencv of the legislation under tiie new Constitution has 
 been towards the simplitication of the tenure and disposition of property^ 
 
INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNMENT AND LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 443 
 
 of process and pleadinj^ in the Courts, and of tlie collection of debts, and 
 towards the increased security of person and estate. Short and easy 
 remedies are i>rovided for tlu; recovery of debts. The a^^^ricultural inter- 
 ests of the citizens arc i)rotected by the laws already mentioned with re- 
 lation to the maiming and htealing of stock, &c., and Itv a recent Act 
 entitled "An Act to provide a general stock law and regulate the opera- 
 tions of the same," which prohibits persons from allowing their live .stock 
 to run at large beyond the limits of their own land. Tiie counties of 
 Georgetown, JTorry and Williamsburg are excepted from tiie operation 
 of the law, but ;ire required to have fences and gates erected on their 
 boundary lines. Owners of stock trespassing are liable for damage done 
 and expenses of seizure, etc. Stock trespa.s.sing may Vje seized by the 
 owner of the land. It is made a misdemeanor to break or leave down 
 gates or fences, and also to rescue stock impounded. Persons making- 
 advances either in money or supplies to those engaged in planting have 
 a lien on the crop to the extent of the advances so made in preference to 
 all (vthci- liens, provided an agreement in writing be entL-red into. Land- 
 lords have such a lien to the extent of one-tliird of the ero[> witliout 
 recording or filing. Laborers employed in making a cro}> have a lien 
 thereon for their v.'ages. Persons furnishing labor or materials for erec- 
 tion, alteration or rejiair of buildings, have a lien upon the building and 
 upon the interest of the owner in the land on which it stands for their 
 debt. 
 
 Every encouragement is given to the employment of capital in manu- 
 facturing industries. ]>y a special Act of the Assemljly, it is provided 
 that capital invested in the manufacture of cotton, woolen and paper 
 fabrics, iron, lime, and agricultural implements, shall be exempted from 
 nil State, County and municipal taxation for a j^eriod <»f ten years from 
 the time of the commencement of the enterprise, excepting only the two 
 mill tax for school purposes Put this exemption does not apply to the 
 land upon which factories are erected. Vessels of one hundred tons; 
 measurement, and upwards, built and owned within this State, are en- 
 titled to the benefit of this Act. Those desiring to avail themselves of 
 the Act mu.st file with the Comptroller-General proof of the invest- 
 ment. For the purpose of encouraging immigration, real estate pur- 
 cha.sed by immigrants, and capital invested in improvements thereon, 
 up to $1,500, is exempted for five years from all State, County or municipal 
 taxation, except the two mill .school tax. The department is authorized 
 to use a fund under its control to encourage and aid tlie introduction of 
 immigrants. 
 
444 INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNMENT AND LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. 
 
 History of South Carolina, 1670-1808. D. Ramsay. Charleston, 1809. 
 
 An Historical Account of the Rise and Progress of the Colonies of 
 South Carolina and Georgia. Hewit. London, 1779. 
 
 History of South Carolina. W. G. Simms. Charleston, 1860. 
 
 History of the United States, George Bancroft. Boston, 1841-1874. 
 
 Statistics of South Carolina. Robert Mills. Charleston, 1826. 
 
 " Dual State Governments." Address by Joseph W. Barnwell, Esq., 
 before the South Carolina Historical Society, May 18th, 1880. Charles- 
 ton, 1880. 
 
 Guide to Charleston. Charleston, 1875. 
 
 Charleston Year Books, 1881 and 1882. 
 
 Appleton's American Cyclopedia, title " South Carolina." New York, 
 1873-1876. 
 
 Constitution of South Carolina. 1868. 
 
 General Statutes of South Carolina. 1881. 
 
 Acts and Joint Resolutions of the General Assembly of South Carolina. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH 
 
 CAROLINA. 
 
 BY R. MEANS DAVIS, 
 
 PROFESSOR OF HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE IN SOUTH 
 CAROLINA COLLEGE. 
 
 1882. 
 
 I. Historical Sketch. 
 II. Public School System. 
 
 III. Schools in Charleston. 
 
 IV. Schools in Columbia. 
 V. Charitable and Educational 
 
 Associations. 
 VI. Private School-s. 
 VII. IlicHER Education for Males. 
 
 CONTENTS OF SKETCH. 
 
 VIII. Military Traininc, and Instruction 
 KOR Males. 
 IX. Hkjher P>ducation for Females. 
 
 X. PR0FE.SSI0NAL AND SPECIAL In.STRUC- 
 TION. 
 
 XI. Education of Colored Race. 
 XII. Periodical Literature. 
 
 XIII. Illiteracy. 
 
 XIV. Api'endi.x. 
 
 School Officers, 1881-2. 
 
 HUGH S. THOMPSON, 
 State Superintendent of Education. 
 
 School Officeiw, 1882-3. 
 
 asbury coward, 
 
 State Superintendent ok Education. 
 
 State Board of Examiners. 
 HENRY P. ARCHER. 
 Rev JAMf:s DUNLOP. 
 Rev. J. SCOrr MURRAY. 
 CHARLES PETTY. 
 
 State Board of Examiners. 
 
 HENRY P. ARCHER. 
 
 Rev. J. SCOTT MURRAY. 
 *R. W. BOYD. 
 *R. MEANS DAVIS. 
 
 * Vice Rev. Jamen Dunlop and Charles Petty, resigued. 
 
446 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 I. HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 The people of South Carolina, from the earliest period, fostered educa- 
 tion. The first permanent settlement was made about the year 1G71, and 
 at the close of the seventeenth century the population scarcely reached 
 five thousand, yet among the first recorded acts of the Colonial Assembly 
 was the enactment of laws for the observance of the Sabbath, the pre- 
 vention of idleness and drunkenness, and for " securing the Provincial 
 Library in Charleston." In these early times 
 
 RELIGION AND EDUCATION WENT HAND IN HAND. 
 
 Contemporaneously with the establishment of these Colonies, was the or- 
 ganization in England of a " Society for the Propagation of the Gospel 
 in Foreign Parts," by which missionaries were sent out, not only to preach, 
 but " to encourage the setting up of schools for the teaching of children." 
 
 Through the liberality of Dr. Bray, the Bishop of London's Commissary 
 for Maryland, aided by the public spirit of the Lords Proprietors and 
 settlers, the nucleus of a jiublic library had already been formed in 
 Charlestown ; and in 1700, the Assembly took this library under public 
 control, appointed the minister of the Church of England ex officio 
 librarian, and created an advisoiy board of nine commissioners to aid him 
 in the discharge of his duties. Other libraries were established in the 
 Province by the combined action of the people, the Assembly, and the 
 Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. 
 
 From Carroll's Histor}' we learn that " the missionaries represented 
 frequently to the Society the great want of schools in the Province for 
 the instruction of the children in the principles of religion, and teaching- 
 convenient learning. Dr. Le Jau, of Goose Creek, did very earnestly 
 press the Society to allow a salary for a schoolmaster in his parish, and 
 the}' appointed Mr. Dennis schoolmaster in 1710. He had a good num- 
 ber of scholars for several j^ears, till the Indian war broke out, which 
 dispersed the people and all his scholars." About this time, the Rev. 
 Mr. Guy was appointed schoolmaster and assistant curate at Charleston. 
 
 FREE SCHOOLS. 
 
 Free schools date their origin as far back as 1710. In that year, the 
 Assembly passed " An Act for the founding and erecting of a Free School " 
 in Charlestown. The preamble recites that " It is necessary that a free 
 school be erected for the instruction of the youth of this Province in 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 447 
 
 grammar and other arts and sciences and useful learning, and also in 
 the principles of the Christian religion," and that " several well disposed 
 Christians, by their last wills, have given several sums of money for the 
 founding a free school." The Act constitutes a body corporate, consisting 
 of the Governor and fifteen otliers, with power to prescribe rules, and to 
 elect a master, who shall be of the Churcli of England, and shall teach 
 the Latin and Greek languages, and, also, the useful parts of the mathe- 
 matics. An amendatory and more general Act })assed in 1712, appoint- 
 ing John Douglass master, at a salary of £100 and a house, allowing him 
 an usher, and a writing master to teach writing, arithmetic and mer- 
 chants' accounts, and the arts of navigation and surveying. Twelve 
 beneficiaries were i:)rovided for, and free scholarships for five years Avere 
 granted to any citizens on payment of £20 each. An additional provision 
 Avas that " any 
 
 SCHOOLMASTER SETTLED IN A COUNTllY TARISH, 
 
 and appointed by the vestry, should receive £10 per annum from the 
 public treasury ;" while each parish was allowed £12 towards erecting a 
 school-house. 
 
 This Act deserves mention, not so much from the actual results 
 achieved, but as a proof of the enlightened and liberal spirit of the people 
 in the presence of most unpropitious circumstances. It must be remem- 
 bered that the early settlers of Carolina were continually harassed by 
 foes from without and dissensions at home. " They raised their scanty 
 crops, not only with the sweat of their brows, but at the risk of their 
 lives." Cavaliers and Puritans brought with them the memories of old 
 feuds, and were united only in oppressing the Huguenots. Locke's 
 model constitution was an exasperating failure. Proprietors and people 
 held diverse interests, and Governors were often at daggers' points with 
 the governed. Over issues of money had destroyed public confidence 
 and depleted the treasury. A disastrous expedition against the Span-' 
 iards, in 1702, and the necessity of repelling a counter invasion, ren- 
 dered the situation still more distressing. At the very time that the 
 free school was founded, the Province was torn by the claims of two con- 
 flicting Governors, and the dispute was scarce settled before a severe 
 contest arose against hostile Indians. The four years from 1715 to 1719 
 marked constant strife between the people and the Proprietors, and 
 tranquility was not secured until the appointment, in the latter year, of a 
 royal Governor. 
 
 THE FIRST ROYAL GOVERNOR. 
 
 The first appointee of the Crown, General Francis Nicholson, combined 
 boldness, activitv and firmness with liberality, wisdom and integrity. 
 
448 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAEOLIXA. 
 
 His great zeal in behalf of education is thus chronicled by Hewitt : "As 
 no |)ublic school had yet been instituted for the instruction of youth in 
 the })rinciples of virtue and religion, the Governor urged, also, the use- 
 fulness and necessity of such provincial establishments. It was alleged 
 that the want of early instruction was one of the chief sources of impiety 
 and immorality ; and if they continued any longer to neglect the rising 
 generation, piety and Christianity would insensibly deca}^ and the}'' 
 would soon have a race of white people in the country equally ignorant 
 as the brown Indian. Animated by the example, and assisted by the 
 generosity of the Governor, the colonists, therefore, in good earnest en- 
 gaged in providing seminaries for the religious education of youth." 
 
 PRIVATE BENEFACTIONS. 
 
 Particular legacies swelled the educational fund. Mr. Whitmarsh left 
 £500 to St. Paul's Parish ; Mr. Ludlam, £2,000 to Goose Creek ; and 
 Richard Beresford, £6,500 to St. Thomas ; James Childs bequeathed £600, 
 and other parishioners added £2,200 more to an institution in St. John's 
 Parish, established in 1733 ; Francis Williams donated £200 for the in- 
 struction of the poor. 
 
 In 1734, a free school was opened in Dorchester, a town that had been 
 settled in 1696 by a colony of Congregationalists from Massachusetts, 
 under the Rev. Joseph Lord. The preamble of the act of incorporation 
 mentions that the school at Charlestown is insufficient to meet the wants 
 of the people. The teacher was required to give instruction in the 
 learned languages and the principles of the Christian religion. 
 
 After this time, as we are informed by Ramsay, the youth of the 
 Province were always able to secure instruction in the classics and in 
 elements of mathematics. 
 
 With increasing wealth came increasing love of learning. Opulent 
 planters maintained private tutors, or sent their sons abroad. " None of 
 the British Provinces, in proportion to their numbers, sent so many of 
 their sons to Europe for education as South Carolina." 
 
 EDUCATIONAL AND CHARITABLE ASSOCIATIONS 
 
 continued to be formed during colonial times. The South Carolina So- 
 ciety, organized in 1737, and incorporated about fifteen years later, em- 
 i)loyed teachers and taught and clothed poor children ; besides extending 
 !)Ounty to indigent members and their sons and daughters. The Winyah 
 Indigo Society of Georgetown was incorporated in 1757, and the Fellow- 
 sliip Society of Cliarleston in 1769, for a similar purpose. In this last 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 449 
 
 named year an attempt was made to found a provincial college, but it 
 failed, owing, it is said by some, to the opposition of those who believed 
 that, by facilitating the acquisition of knowledge, existing distinctions 
 of rank would be destroyed ; or, as otiiers say, because the rich and 
 influential mem])ers, who controlled legislation, were able to send their 
 children abroad, and felt no need for higher education at home. 
 
 THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 
 
 During the trying times of the revolution, learning did not languish. 
 In 1777, were incorporated Mount Zion Society, Winnsboro', and Catli- 
 olic Society, Camden; in 1778, Salem Society, Camden, and St. David's 
 Society, Cheraw. Immediately after the declaration of peace a fresh 
 impetus was given to education, three colleges being incorporated in 
 1785 on the same day ; the first, the College of Charleston, which still 
 exists ; the second, Mount Zion College, in Winnsboro', which subse- 
 quently became an academj' of great merit, and a third, which was to be 
 established at Cambridge, but never went into operation. In 1795, a 
 college was founded in Beaufort, but the funds were subsequently trans- 
 ferred to a seminary of high grade. The Beaufort Society had already 
 been incorporated in 178G, and the St. Helena Society in the same year. 
 In 1787 was incorporated the Camden ()r[)han Society ; in 1789, the 
 Claremont Society, at Stateburg ; in 1791, tlie Beaufort District Society; 
 in 1798, St. Andrew's Society, in Charle.stou ; in 1799, Upper Long Cane 
 Society, in Abbeville ; in 1800, the John's Island Society, and in 1809, 
 the Mount Pleasant Academy. All these, as far as known, were endowed 
 either by private donations, or by the proceeds of escheated and confis- 
 cated lands, or both. Besides these, the Fair Forest Academy in Union, 
 the Mount Bethel Academy of Newberry, the Minerva Acadeni}' in 
 Richland, and one of the same name in Spartanburg, are mentioned by 
 Ramsay as filling positions of great usefulness. 
 
 In 1797, the Legislature went so far as to incorporate a fifth college, 
 located in Pinckney District, and styled " The College of Alexandria." 
 The district and its college alike live only in the memories of the past. 
 
 Besides these chartered academies were several flourishing private 
 schools, chief among them, 
 
 THE WILLINGTON ACADEMY, 
 
 in Abbeville, conducted by Dr. Moses Waddell. Here gathered students 
 from all parts of this and adjoining States, and the wild woods of the 
 Savannah resounded with the echoes of Homer and Virgil, and Cicero 
 
450 A SKETCH OF EDUOATIOX IX SOUTH CAROLIXA. 
 
 and Horace, as the " winged words " issued from the lips of this vener- 
 abh) preceptor, or his ardent discijdcs. Generations have passed away, 
 but the impress of Dr. Waddell's genius and influence is still seen in the 
 social and political condition of the State. 
 
 By 1801 the State had become convinced of a want of wisdom in dis- 
 sipating its resources ; and upon the strong recommendation of Governor 
 John Drayton, the Legislature that year passed an act incorporating 
 
 THE SOUTH CAROLINA COLLEGE. 
 
 A sketch of this celebrated institution will be given elsewhere. Since 
 then, at different times, private colleges of great usefulness have been 
 established, to which further reference will also be made. 
 
 In 1798, trustees were appointed to establish free schools in Orange- 
 burg. With this exception, it would appear that, after the efforts of the 
 early colonial governments, no further special attention was paid to free 
 instruction until the year 1811. 
 
 FREE SCHOOL SYSTEM. 
 
 On the 2Gth of November of that year, Governor Henry Middleton 
 urged, in his annual message, the establishment of free schools. On the 
 following day Senator Strother presented petitions for free schools, signed 
 by citizens of Fairfield, Chester, Williamsburg, Darlington, Edgefield, 
 Barnwell, York, St. Stephen's, St. James' Santee, St. John's Colleton, and 
 St. Peter's. A joint committee was appointed, with the Hon. Stephen 
 Elliott as chairman. A bill drawn by Mr. Elliott was reported by the 
 committee; passed the Senate without the roll call, and was adopted in 
 the House by a vote of seventy-two to fifteen. 
 
 This Act established in each district and pari.sh free schools equal in 
 number to the representatives in the lower house. Elementary instruc- 
 tion was to be imparted to all pupiU free of charge, preference being given 
 to poor orphans and the children of indigent parents. Three hundred 
 dollars per annum were voted to each school. Commissioners, varying 
 in number from three to eleven in each district and parish, serving Avith- 
 out pay and without penalty, were entrusted with their management. 
 Until a sufficient number of schools should be established, the commis- 
 sioners were permitted to move the schools annually, but no school 
 should be established until the neighborhood had built a school house. 
 The funds of the free schools might be united with the funds of the 
 public schools. The aggregate appropriation was about $37,000 a year. 
 
 The system having been thus auspiciously inaugurated, vigorous efforts 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IX i^OT'TII CAROLINA. 451 
 
 followed to put it into successful operation. Legislative committees made 
 annual reports, showing greater or less progress. Leading men interested 
 themselves in free education. 
 
 GOVERNORS, IN THEIR ANNUAL MESSAGES, 
 
 evinced an earnest desire for a more general diffusion of knowledge. 
 Among these were Governor IMiddleton, in 1812; Governor Williams, in 
 1815 and ISIG ; Governor Pickens, in 1817; Governor Bennett, in 1822; 
 Governor Wilson, in 1823 ; Governor Manning, in 182G ; Governor Mil- 
 ler, in 1829 ; Governor Hamilton, in 1831 and 1832 ; Governor Hayne, in 
 1833; Governor McDufhc, in 1835 and 1836; Governor Butler, in 1837 
 and 1838 ; Governor Noble, in 1839, and Governor Henegan in the fol- 
 lowing year. Governor Hammond, in both his messages (1842 and 1843), 
 urged the endowment of an academy in each district. Other governors 
 haVe touched upon the subject with more or less earnestness. 
 
 An amendatorj'- Act, introduced by Judge Frost, and passed in 1835, 
 provided penalties for non-performance of duty by the commissioners, 
 but gave no pay ; and failed to designate any one whose business it 
 should be to enforce the law. While such thickly inhabited localities as 
 Charleston had derived benefits from these schools, sparsely settled com- 
 munities had accomplished little, and the general result was unsatisfac- 
 tory. Instead, however, of abandoning the attempt, 
 
 INCREASED EFFORTS WERE MADE 
 
 to ensure success. A committee, consisting of Rev. Stephen Elliott and 
 liev. James H. Thornwell, was appointed in 1838, to confer with the 
 various school commissioners, and suggest improvements. Their report, 
 j)resented in 1839, is full of interest; containing, among other contribu- 
 tions, a most elaborate paper by the Hon. Edmund Bellinger, of Barn- 
 well, which showed that in twenty-seven years, the average attendance 
 for the State was 6,018 pupils, and the average annual expenditure, 
 S35,000, that during the whole time regular reports were made in only 
 five years, that the expenditure for each year bore no proportion to the 
 scholars, that several parishes and districts received no regular sum, that 
 the expenditure for each district bore no proportion to the scholars edu- 
 cated or to the population, that out of the attendance not more than one- 
 sixth was believed to be composed of necessitous pupils. The greatest 
 number of scholars in any one year was 10,718, in 1833 ; and the largest 
 expenditure was $48,951, in 1819, during which year the attendance was 
 but 3,002. Since 1815 the annual appropriation had been $37,000. " 
 
452 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IX SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 There was an almost unanimous concurrence in the recommendation 
 of some sort of general supervision, either in the person of one official, 
 or of several, with liberal salaries. This same measure had been in- 
 sisted upon by leading statesmen and educators time and again ; but it 
 was never adopted. 
 
 NO DEFINITE RESULTS 
 
 came from the presentation of this report. In 1846, at the request of 
 the State Agricultural Society, Hon. R. F. W. AUston prepared an elabo- 
 rate report, in which he dwelt upon the necessity of supplementing the 
 State appropriation by local taxation of an equal amount. Though 
 thoroughly imbued with a desire for better schools, Governor AUston, 
 subsequently, when President of the Senate, opposed a larger State ap- 
 propriation, on the ground that, without local taxation, it would accom- 
 plish nothing. Mr. Henry Summer made a report to the Legislature in 
 1847, insisting upon better free schools, as supplementary to the college, 
 urging the establishment of a normal school, and a more equitable ap- 
 portionment of the public funds. 
 
 In 1852, the Legislature, by a close vote, passed an Act doubling the 
 appropriation for free schools ; and after that time ^74,400 were annually 
 set apart for their maintenance. Attendance in 1853 was over 17,000, 
 and in 1854, over 16,000, exclusive of Charleston. While in some districts 
 free schools were established, in otiiers contracts for tuition of indigent 
 pupils were made with teachers of private schools. The report for 1860 
 shows an aggregate of 1,270 schools, and 18,915 pupils. The appropria- 
 tion was $74,400, the expenditures $127,539 41, an excess of $62,367.80, 
 of which $19,344.38 were in Charleston City, and were probably met by 
 a city tax. Excess in the other districts and parishes may be explained 
 partly by overdrafts and partly by unexpended balances of former years. 
 
 In 1863, there were 823 schools, 845 teachers, and 10,811 pupils. 
 
 It may reasonably be asked Avliy this system of instruction 
 
 BORE so LITTLE FRUIT, 
 
 in the face of so much interest and so many admirable attempts to culti- 
 vate it. Dr. Curry attributes the cause to the existence of slavery. 
 " Slavery sparsified our population, created a kind of aristocracy, among 
 whom, as Burke said, * Freedom was to them not only an enjoyment, but 
 a kind of rank and privilege.' Slave owners held borrowed estates, 
 were surrounded by a host of menial dependents, lived luxuriously, dis- 
 pensed a cordial and magnificent hospitality, ' combined with the spirit 
 of freedom the haughtiness of domination,' and free schools became un- 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 453 
 
 necessary or impossible." Although these schools were made free to all 
 by the Act of 1811, they soon came to be regarded in many localities as 
 pauper schools. As ftir back as 1839, Rev. Mr. Thrummell, of All Saints', 
 reports, as the radical defect of the system, that " it is a bounty, intended 
 for the poor. The rich will not avail themselves of it, since they do not 
 need it, while the poor will rather keep their children home altogether, 
 than, by sending them to the free school, attach to them, as they think 
 and feel, the stigma of being poor, and of receiving education as paupers." 
 In his view, the imposition of a local tax, by compelling all to contribute 
 to the school would induce all to send to it, thus removing the existing 
 reproach. Instances are cited in which parents refuse to send children 
 to these "pauper institutions," yet willingly accept the offer of a rich 
 neighbor to pay their bills at a private academy. 
 
 Another cause of failure was the want of proper supervision, and the 
 consequent incompetency of many teachers. Another defect was the 
 establishment of schools in proportion to representation in the Legisla- 
 ture, instead of causing them to be based upon the number of children. 
 Under the ante helium Constitution, wealth was an equal factor with pop- 
 ulation, in determining representation. So that the richer the district, 
 the greater the number of free schools. 
 
 But the controlling cause of the failure of the free school system was, 
 that its 2ieed was not felt by the people. Private institutions had sprung 
 up on every hand ; and, through individual beneficence or the generosity 
 of teachers, the rudiments of instruction, if nothing more, were in reach 
 of all who desired .to secure them. In this way have some of the bright- 
 est intellects of the State been trained to shed lustre upon the pages of 
 her history. 
 
 THE CENSUS OF 1850 
 
 shows that the expenditures for education within the limits of the State 
 during that year, amounted to ^510,879, of which $410,430 were raised^ 
 by tuition fees, $79,099 by taxation and public funds, and $21,350 by 
 endowment, representing endowment funds aggregating $305,000, on a 
 basis of seven per cent. 
 
 THE SUCCEEDING DECADE 
 
 was in every respect a period of unexampled progress. By the census 
 estimates, the true value of property had risen from $288,257,694 in 1850, 
 to $548,138,754 in 1860. The sums expended for education had increased 
 to $690,412, of which $420,944 came from tuition fees, &c., $135,813 
 from taxation and public funds, and $133,755 from endowment, repre- 
 senting, at seven per cent., endowment funds of $1,910,788. This last 
 
454 A SKETCH OF EDUCATIOX IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 feature is worthy of special note, as evincing a determination to assure 
 the permanence of educational institutions. This absolute increase is 
 remarkable, being six fold in ten years. Its comparative increase is note- 
 worth}', as being from a fraction over two per cent, of the aggregate en- 
 dowments in the whole Union, in 1850, to something more than six per 
 cent, in 1800. In that year South Carolina was fifth on the list in the 
 amount of College endowments, and sixtli also in the income of her 
 Colleges ; as will be seen by reference to the census. 
 
 At this time were in most successful operation the South Carolina 
 College, the State Military Academy, the Charleston College, Erskine 
 College, Wofford College, Furman University, Newberry College, the 
 Medical College in Charleston, and three Theological Seminaries, all for 
 males. Female Colleges of high repute flourished in different portions 
 of the State. Classical or Military Academies were located in. almost 
 every town, and in many country places, selected for their salubrious 
 climate or other natural advantages. All these were patronized alike by 
 parents wlio had received a liberal education, and by those wlio, feeling 
 tlie want themselves, desired it for their sons and daughters. Nor was 
 patronage confined to schools and colleges at home. Large sums of 
 money flowed into the cofi'ers of renowned educational institutions in 
 other States and beyond the seas, so that it is safe to estimate the annual 
 expenditure at not much less than a million dollars for education. 
 
 AS THE CLOUDS OF WAR 
 
 thickened, these institutions closed one by one, and teachers and pupils 
 alike passed from classic shades to the tented field. Some school edifices 
 Avere destroyed, some converted into hospitals for the sick and wounded, 
 aiid others afibrded slielter to refugees from the devastated districts. The 
 last call for troops, in February, 1805, swept into the field every white 
 male from sixteen to sixty. 
 
 The year 1805 was most disastrous to every interest. The pangs of 
 •defeat were intensified by the pangs of hunger, and the desn-e for know- 
 ledge gave place to cravings for bread. The following year, however, 
 marked 
 
 A GENKltAL REOPENING OF SCHOOLS 
 
 One of the th-st acts of the new legislature that succeeded military rule 
 was the reliabilimcnt of the South Carolina College, and its enlargement 
 into a University, with a full academic course and complete schools of 
 law and medicine. Private colleges set tliem-^elves bravely to the task 
 of collecting scattered students and rei^lenishing bankrupt treasuries. 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IX SOUTH CAROLINA. 455 
 
 Scliools and academies again opened their doors to the rising generation, 
 and it was fondly h(>i)ed that }>rogress wouhl Ije rapid. Tliis li(>[)e was 
 short livciL 
 
 An organic revolution soon occurred which convulsed society to its 
 very foundations, and wrought changes more violent even than those 
 that first followed the surrender. A new constitution was adopted, the 
 old forms of government, the courts and many existing institutions M'ere 
 changed. Nc-av law-makers, ."-ui'] ortcd by a ):ew constituency, l^rought 
 in new ideas and new methods. 
 
 The old system of private institutions was henceforth gradually t(»l)t' 
 supplanted by a general system of State instruction for rich and ])0()r alike. 
 Jlereafter we will lind })ublic schools occu])ying a much more prominent 
 I'llace in the public mind and in luiblic legislation. 
 
 II. PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM. 
 
 The adoption of the amendments to the Federal Constitution caused 
 a thorough reconstruction of the State government, and elevated an 
 entirely new element to the control of })ublic affairs. A new State Con- 
 stitution was adopted in ISOS. It incorporated a system of public 
 instruction into the organic law of the land, and provided for the 
 election of a State Superintendent, of Education, and for subordinate 
 officers in the diiferent counties for the management of schools and the 
 improvement of teachers. Provision was made for raising ncce.s.sary school 
 funds, and a com})ulsory atter.dance was ordered so soon as the school 
 session should reach six months in each year. The sources of revenue 
 were threefold — first, a general legislative appropriation ; second, a poll- 
 tax of one dollar on all able-bodied male citizens (with a few exceptions) 
 Viithin certain specified ages ; and third, a voluntary local taxation. 
 
 The system, perfected as it had been in other States as the result of 
 careful stu<ly and long experience, was 
 
 GOOD ENOrOH IX THEORY; 
 
 l)ut in practice proved a failure, owing partly to its novelty, but chiefly 
 to the ignorance and dishonesty of many parties connected with its 
 management. 
 
 State Superintendent Jillson (ISGS-lSTOj makes re})eated complaints 
 of the diversion of school funds to other purposes, and, in his report for 
 187G, shows an aggregate deficiency of ^324,058.40. Besides this, in 
 
456 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 almost every county existed school claims in excess of estimated appro- 
 priations, thus swelling the debt to still greater proportions. 
 
 Notwithstanding the discouragement and even exasperation of friends 
 of education in consequence of these gross frauds against the system, the 
 number of schools and pupils all along increased, an evidence of what 
 might be expected under better management. 
 
 In 1877 
 
 A CHANGE OF GOVERNMENT 
 
 occurred, since which time the charges of dishonesty have totally ceased, 
 and complaints of incompetency are steadily decreasing. Much of this 
 progress is due to the zeal and ability of the Hon. Hugh S. Thompson, 
 for six years State Superintendent. As parents, children, and officials 
 become better acquainted with their respective duties and responsibilities, 
 the system improves in a constantly increasing ratio. 
 
 SCHOOL REVENUES. 
 
 A constitutional amendment, adopted by all parties in 1876, provides 
 for an annual levy of not less than two mills on the dollar for public 
 schools, to be expended in the county in which it is raised, thus insuring 
 stability to the system. The poll-tax is devoted to educational purposes, 
 and in some localities the option of local taxation rests with the property 
 holders. 
 
 TERRITORIAL DIVISIONS AND GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Each county is divided into school districts, varying in number in 
 different counties, managed by local boards of trustees, and being for the 
 most part co-terminus with the townships. Every such school district is 
 a body politic, capable of suing and being sued, of contracting, and of 
 holding property for school purposes. 
 
 STATE AND COUNTY OFFICIALS. 
 
 The State Superintendent of Education is a constitutional officer, 
 elected biennially by the people, giving a bond for $5,000, and receiving 
 a salary of $2,100. He exercises general supervision over all the public 
 schools of the State, and is required to visit every county for the purpose 
 of inspecting the schools, and awakening an interest in education. He 
 is required to secure, with the aid and advice of the State Board of 
 Examiners, uniformity of text-books and the exclusion of secular or par- 
 tisan books and instruction, and to perform such other duties as may be 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 457 
 
 prescribed, or become necessary. An annual report of liis visits, and of 
 the condition and requirements of the public schools, must be made by 
 him through tlie Governor to the Legislature. 
 
 The State Board of Examiners consists of the Superintendent of Edu- 
 cation and four persons, appointed biennially by the Governor. This 
 board meets twice a year, or oftener, if deemed advisable, and is consti- 
 tuted an advisory body, which the Superintendent shall consult when in 
 doubt as to his official duty. It renders final decisions upon all questions 
 of appeal from the County Boards. It has power to adopt rules not incon- 
 sistent with the general law^ for the government of the schools, to pre- 
 scribe standards of efficiency for teachers, to examine teachers, and grant 
 State certificates ; and also to prescribe text-books for a period of not less 
 than five years. 
 
 At each general election a School Commissioner is chosen by the voters 
 of euch county, giving bond for $1,000, and receiving a per diem allow- 
 ance not exceeding ^GOO a year, except in the County of Charleston. 
 
 He acts as the organ of communication between the State Superin- 
 tendent and the local authorities. It is his duty to apportion the school 
 fund among the several districts in his count}'' according to the average 
 attendance of pupils during the preceding year, to visit the schools and 
 acquaint himself with their character and condition, and to make sug- 
 gestions that, in his opinion, are conducive to the welfare of the system. 
 An annual report is sent by him to the State Superintendent. 
 
 The County Board of Examiners is composed of the County School 
 Commissioner and two persons appointed by the State Board of Exam- 
 iners, to serve two years without j)ay. It conducts county examinations 
 for teachers upon questions prescribed by the State Board, arranges the 
 school districts, appoints scliool trustees, and acts as a tribunal in all 
 disputes arising between trustees and teachers or patrons. 
 
 Three School Trustees for each district are appointed biennially by the 
 County Board of Examiners. They serve two years without compensa-^ 
 tion, and are entrusted with tlie general management of affairs, such as 
 the erection and location of school-houses, the employment and payment 
 of teachers, the suspension or dismission of pupils, the calling of district 
 meetings, and the visiting and supervision of schools, 
 
 TEACHERS. 
 
 Every teacher in the pul)lic schools of South Carolina must be of good 
 moral character, and must hold a certificate of qualification issued by the 
 State Board, the County Board, the City Board of Charleston, or the 
 Faculty of the State Normal Institute. No school commissioner or 
 trustee shall teach in the public schools. Three grades of excellence are 
 30 
 
^58 
 
 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 recognized in the issuance of certificates. The first may be renewed for 
 three years without re-exaniination ; the second for two years ; third 
 grade certificates are valid for but one year. Three Normal Institute cer- 
 tificates entitle the holder to a life diploma. Teachers are required to 
 file monthly reports* of enrollment and attendance, Avith the branches 
 taught, upon which pay certificates are granted by tlie trustees, approved 
 by the school commissioners and })aid by the county treasurer. 
 
 CURRICULUM. 
 
 In every school shall be taught, as far as practicable, orthography, 
 reading, writing, arithmetic, geography and English grammar, History 
 of the United States and of the State, the principles of the Constitution, 
 and laws of the United States and of this State, morals and good be- 
 havior. In some schools higher instruction is also imparted. 
 
 SCHOOL AGE. 
 
 The school age is not absolutely fixed, but the school census taken in 
 former years embraces all children between the ages of six and sixteen 
 years. 
 
 SCHOOL DISTRICTS AND SCHOOLS. 
 
 There were 481 school districts, anil 3,057 schools in 1881, distributed 
 as follows: • 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Vi 
 
 o o 
 
 o 
 
 Counties. 
 
 School 
 Districts. 
 
 Schools.. 
 
 Al)beville 
 
 1() 
 
 137lKershaw 
 
 12 
 
 01 
 
 Aiken 
 
 17 
 
 93 
 
 iLancaster 
 
 8 
 
 58 
 
 Anderson 
 
 IS 
 
 111 
 
 Laurens 
 
 9 
 
 102 
 
 Barnwell 
 
 20 
 
 143 
 
 Lexington 
 
 13 
 
 83 
 
 Beaufort 
 
 8 
 
 02 
 
 jMarion . 
 
 18 
 
 123 
 
 Charleston. ... 
 
 18 
 
 145 
 
 Marlboro 
 
 8 
 
 51 
 
 (Chester 
 
 S 
 
 73 
 45 
 
 Newberry 
 
 Oconee 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 75 
 
 Chesterfield 
 
 87 
 
 ('larendon 
 
 10 
 
 00 
 
 Orangeburg 
 
 52 
 
 113 
 
 (-'ollcton 
 
 18 
 
 112 
 
 Pickens . 
 
 8 
 
 66 
 
 Darlington 
 
 22 
 
 77 
 
 Richland 
 
 9 
 
 55 
 
 Edgefield 
 
 33 
 
 138i Spartanburg 
 
 18 
 
 188 
 
 Fairfield 
 
 15 
 
 70 Sumter 
 
 10 
 
 85 
 
 Georgetown 
 
 
 
 53j' 
 
 Union 
 
 11 
 
 71 
 
 Greenville , 
 
 1() 
 
 142 
 
 Williamsburg 
 
 14 
 
 58 
 
 Hampton ' 
 
 () 
 
 80 
 
 York' 
 
 12 ! 
 
 137 
 
 Horrv 
 
 11 
 
 88 
 
 
 
 
 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 459 
 
 SCHOOL BUILDINGS. 
 
 Reports in 1881, from all hut four counties, give the number of school 
 buildings as 2,989, with a valuation of $435,289. In addition to these, 
 1G3 buildings were rented for school purposes during the year, at a cost 
 of $2,882.08. Of all these, 098 were owned by school ilistricts, and the 
 remainder by other parties. There were 1,049 reported as in good con- 
 dition, 813 in fair condition, and 477 in bad condition. 
 
 GRADED SCHOOLS AND LOCAL TAXATION. 
 
 The public schools of (,'harleston City have always been sujjported in 
 part by a cit}^ tax. The system of local taxation, which existed through- 
 out the State between the years 1868 and 1870, and which was abrogated 
 in 1877, has been renewed in several localities in more recent years under 
 restrictions which protect the property-holders from oppression by pro- 
 viding that they alone shall exercise the right to vote in the district tax 
 meetings. Under the operation of the amended law graded schools for 
 white and colored pupils were established in Winnsboro in 1878. Ches- 
 ter established similar schools the year following. The success of these 
 attempts to secure more ample instruction has induced other towns to 
 follow their example, and it is believed that in a few years graded schools, 
 based on local taxation as supplementing the public fund, will be found 
 in many, if not all, the towns of South Carolina. The privilege of local 
 taxation now exists in Charleston, Columbia, Winnsltoro, Chester, Cam- 
 den, Union, .Johnston, Varnsville, Monticello and Feasterville. It had 
 not, up to 1882, been put into operation in Columbia, Union and Feaster- 
 ville. An excellent graded school is conducted in Graniteville, by Mr. 
 W. X. Marchant; a large portion of the funds for its support being fur- 
 nished by the Graniteville Manufacturing Company. Other manufac- 
 turing companies, with equal liberality, have established good schools- 
 for the instruction of the children of the operatives. Abbeville has had a 
 graded school for some years, under the charge of Mr. D. B. John.son. 
 The school is supported In' tuition fees for seven months, and during the 
 last three is a public school, free to all. Sumter has a similar school. 
 
 ST.ATE NORMAL INSTITUTES. 
 
 The late State Su})erinten(lcnt of Education, Hun. Hugh S. Thomp.son, 
 whose great zeal in the cause was equalled by the ability with which lie 
 discharged the duties of his ofHce, at an early day urged upon the Legis- 
 lature the necessity of j roviding for some special instruction of feaclters, 
 
460 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 ill order that they might become still more efficient in their profession. 
 For this purpose he recommended the estabHshment of a Normal School. 
 Failing in this, he resolved to establish a summer teacher's institute. 
 Through the liberality of the Peabody trustees, who furnished him a 
 thousand dollars, he organized the first 
 
 STATE NORMAL INSTITUTE, 
 
 in the City of Spartanburg, during the month of August, 1880. The 
 authorities of Wofford College tendered the use of their building and 
 apparatus, free of charge, and the Faculty of the College and the citizens 
 generally vied in their efforts to make the institute a success. 
 
 Professor F. Louis Soldan, of St. Louis, an eminent educator, was made 
 principal of the institute, assisted by Prof. E. S. Joynes, of the University 
 of Tennessee, and several teachers of the State. The institute lasted 
 four weeks, and proved a most gratifying success. Lectures were de- 
 livered by most of the college presidents of the State, and by other dis- 
 tinguished gentlemen. The enrolled attendance was nearly two hundred, 
 from all parts of South Carolina, and on special occasions the attendance 
 was estimated at between five and six hundred. 
 
 so GREAT WAS THE SUCCESS OF THIS 
 
 Institute, that in the following August, a second institute was held in 
 Greenville, in the buildings of Furman University, which were gene- 
 rously tendered for the purpose. Prof. Soldan again presided, assisted 
 by the former feculty and by other teachers. The enrolled attendance 
 was three hundred. Lectures were delivered by General Eaton, United 
 States Commissioner ; Prof. W. T. Harris, of Concord, Mass. ; Rev. J. L. 
 M. Curry, and others. 
 In 1883 
 
 A THIRD INSTITUTE 
 
 was held in the buildings of the South Carolina College, in Columbia. 
 To the great regret of all his friends. Prof. Soldan was prevented by busi- 
 ness from again taking part ; but his place was ably filled by Dr. M. A. 
 Newell, the State Superintendent of Maryland. 
 
 The Legislature had in the meantime passed an Act conferring au- 
 thority upon the Faculty of the Normal Institute to issue certificates and 
 diplomas, which are of the highest grade in the State. At the close of 
 the Institute in 1882 several teachers passed successful examinations and 
 received certificates. 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 401 
 
 The.-,e institutes are growing in favor and in usefulness, and promise 
 to become permanent features in tlie public school system of South Caro- 
 lina, though the benefits secured are free to all teachers and other per- 
 sons desirous of obtaining knowledge. These institutes have already 
 given a great impetus to education by introducing new methods and the 
 best ideas of leading teachers. 
 
 A COLORED INSTITUTE 
 
 was held in Columbia during the month of July, 1881, under charge of 
 Prof. Montgomery, a leading colored teacher of Washington, assisted by 
 an able fliculty. The attendance was very encouraging, in point of 
 numbers and earnestness. 
 
 A SECOND COLORED INSTITUTE 
 
 was held in Columbia, during July, 1882 ; Prof. Montgomery again pre- 
 sided. The work was thorough and most interesting, and proved of 
 erreat advantage to the colored teachers of South Carolina. Institutes 
 for colored teachers will continue to be held. 
 
 During the month of October, 1880, a colored county institute was 
 held in Charleston for one week, under the auspices of Bishop P. F. 
 Stevens, S:ihool Commissioner of Charleston County. 
 
 COUNTY INSTITUTES. 
 
 A very successful county teachers' institute was conducted in the town 
 of Johnston, Edgefield County, for four weeks, during the summer of 
 18S2, under Prof. B. Neely, of Augusta. About fifty pupils were present, 
 and the interest was maintained throughout. 
 
 Besides these, county conventions and teachers' institutes have been 
 held in a number of counties in the State ; notably in Spartanburg. 
 
 III. SCHOOLS IN CHARLESTON. 
 
 When the Free School system of the State was established in 1810, the 
 sum of $5,100 was assigned to Charleston for the pay of three male and 
 two female teachers, the former at a salary of $1,200, the latter of $750 
 each. Out of this each teacher was required to provide a school house, 
 
402 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 and often, to supply text-books to indigent pupils. The attendance gen- 
 erally averaged from eighty to a hundred for each teacher. 
 
 Notwithstanding the existence of numerous admirable private schools, 
 it was resolved, in 1854, to make such improvements in the free school 
 system as were demanded by the progress of the city, and the growing 
 needs of the peo])le. The first step was the erection of the Bennett, the 
 Memminger, the Friend Street, and the Morris Street School buildings. 
 Trained teachers were secured who soon raised the schools to a high de- 
 gree of excellence. Four thousand white pupils attended during the 
 year 1860. 
 
 At the close of the war, the school authorities recognizing the altered 
 condition of affairs, set apart the Morris Street building, the largest of 
 all, for the instruction of the colored children. This action, and the pre- 
 vious destruction of the Friend Street school, by fire, in 1861, has left 
 somewhat restricted accommodations for white pupils. 
 
 THE FIVE TEACHERS 
 
 of 1811 had grown, in 1881, to 91, six males and eighty-five females. The 
 white pupils numbered 2,009, and the colored 2,005, a total of 4,014. 
 
 The schools were as follows : 
 
 Bennett School, Mr. H. P. Archer; boys, 745, girls, 379. Total, 1,124. 
 
 Memminger School, Miss Simonton, girls, 597. 
 
 Meeting Street School, Mr. F. W. Clements; boys, 108, girls, 180. To- 
 tal, 288. 
 
 Morris Street School (colored), Mr. A. Doty ; boys, 547, girls, 714. To- 
 tal, 1,261. 
 
 Shaw Memorial School (colored), Mr. Edward Carroll ; boys, 330, girls, 
 414. Total 744. 
 
 The School Session embraces a period of ten months, vacations occur- 
 ring in August and September, with two weeks in April and one in De- 
 cember. Daily sessions from 9 A. M., to 2 P. M. 
 
 SCHOOL LAW. 
 
 At every general municipal election, one School Commissioner is 
 elected for each ward. These Commissioners constitute the School Board 
 and elect officers, and perform all such duties as devolve upon the Boards 
 of Trustees of other School Districts. 
 
 A City Superintendent is elected by the Board. Mr. William Simons 
 is the present incumbent. 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 403 
 
 REVENUES. 
 
 In 1880 the taxation for Public Schools in the City of Charleston was 
 oh mills, made up of 2 mills State tax, Ij mills special tax, and ^ mill 
 for the rebuilding of the Friend Street School. The total revenue reached 
 $01,500, exclusive of appropriations to institutions of higher learning. 
 During the past decade Charleston has expended about three (piarters of 
 a million dollars for public schools, of wliich $347,002.12 was from the 
 special tax. This largely exceeds the rate of taxation, even in the most 
 progressive of the larger cities of tlie North. 
 
 For the year 1881, the income was $01,072.12, and the expenditure 
 $59,320.07, ii jxr capita expenditure of $14.78, for the year. 
 
 The Friend Street School was rebuilt in 1881-82, and named in honor 
 of the late William Crafts, an ardent friend of free schools more than 
 seventy years ago. It was reopened this Autumn, under the charge 
 of Mr.''^ W.Clements. 
 
 THE HIGH SCHOOL, 
 
 designed as a training school for business or college, Avas established in 
 1839, and has had an honorable career. In the past two years, it has been 
 reorganized and perfected. The King mansion and grounds have been 
 purchased and converted into a commodious school building, while an 
 admirably equipped gymnasium, in charge of competent teachers, fur- 
 nishes facilities for instruction in athletic exercises and sports. The 
 standard of scholarship has been raised, the study of Latin made imper- 
 ative, and Greek, or French and German as alternatives, required. This 
 institution is in charge of Mr. Virgil C. Dibble, with a competent corps 
 of assistants. The revenues are derived partly from tuition fees, and 
 partly from an appropriation by Council, which reduces the rates of tui- 
 tion one-half. The average attendance is al)Out one hundred and fifty — 
 all males. The receipts for 1881 were $0,391.04. 
 
 SEMI -PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 Several educational establishments in the city, though supported by 
 private means, may be considered almost as public schools. 
 
 THE CENTRAL SCHOOL, 
 
 founded by Bishop England, of the Roman Catholic Church, in 1820, 
 has been constantly growing in usefulness. Located on George street, it 
 employs six teachers and has an attendance of between three and four 
 
404 A SKETCH OF, EDUCATION IX SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Imndred pupils, at an average annual expense of about $3,G00. A female 
 school in Society street, established in 1873, has five teachers and an 
 average attendance of 230 pupils. 
 
 A PAROCHIAL SCHOOL FOR COLORED CHILDREN, 
 
 attaclied to St. Peter's Church, numbers two teachers and 130 pupils. 
 
 HOLY COMMUNION CHURCH INSTITUTE. 
 
 In the year 1807, the Rev. A. Toomer Porter, D. D., of the Protestant 
 Episcopal Church, conceived the idea of establishing a classical school 
 for children of parents in straitened circumstances, the pupils to pay such 
 sums for tuition and board as they might be able, while many were 
 taught gratuitously. Its excellence has commended it to general patron- 
 age. The alumni of the school already number over two thousand. Ex- 
 penses have averaged $18,000 a year, a total of nearly $300,000 during 
 its existence. Its revenues are derived partly from tuition fees, and partly 
 from subscriptions raised at home and abroad. 
 
 Parties in New York had contributed up to 1881, $43,000, Baltimore 
 and Washington $24,000, Hartford $15,000, Boston $12,000, while other 
 localities had swelled the total from abroad to $108,000. Friends in Eng- 
 land contributed $32,000 more. 
 
 In 1881 , the further sums of $12,400 were given by Northern friends, 
 and S4,300 by English philanthropists. The school closed the year free 
 of all debt. Mr. .John Gadsden is principal, with nine male and five 
 female assistants. Attendance in 1881 was 200; of which number 44 
 boarders, and 37 day scholars were beneficiaries. 
 
 CONFEDERATE HOME AND SCHOOL. 
 
 The first practical step for the organization of the Confederate Home 
 and School in Charleston was taken August 12, 1807. On that day, the 
 present and only President which the institution has ever had — Mrs. M. 
 A. Snowden — in company with her pastor, secured the present premises, 
 at the rent of $1,800 per year. To meet this rent there was but one 
 dollar in hand, the gift of an inmate of a charitable institution in Balti- 
 more. 
 
 Immediately after securing the building, which has been ever since 
 used, a meeting of ladies was called, a constitution adopted, and an organ- 
 ization effected. The follo\ving officers were elected : President, Mrs. 
 M. A. Snowden ; Mcc-Presidcnt, Miss Susan Matilda Middleton ; Secre- 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 4G5 
 
 tary and Treasurer, Miss Mary B. Campbell ; Corresponding Secretary, 
 Mrs. AVm. E. Mikell ; Managers : ^[rs. P. C. Gaillard, Mrs. Daniel Elliott 
 Huger, Mrs. Geo. Robertson, Mrs. Wm. Ravenel, Mrs. Henry Ravenel, 
 Mrs. Isabel S. Snowden, Mrs. C. S. Vedder, Mrs. John S. Palmer, Mrs. M. 
 P. Matheson, Miss Anna Simpson, Miss Eliza E. Palmer. 
 
 The institution was immediately opened, and twenty-five ladies were 
 furnished with rooms. A school was organized for the children of the 
 inmates, numbering twenty-five pupils. These were gratuitously taught 
 by young ladies of the city. 
 
 THE FIRST SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT 
 
 showed that the institution was giving shelter to seventy inmates, and 
 that the school numbered fifty scholars. As there was still room in the 
 spacious premises for more occupants, the plan was then devised to make 
 the educational feature of the " Home " more prominent, and to take a 
 limited number of young ladies, who should be provided with all the 
 conveniences of home, and attend upon some of the best schools in the 
 city. This plan was carried out, and proved so valuable and successful 
 tliat it was still further improved upon. Some disadvantages arose from 
 having the young ladies at different schools, however excellent, and 
 there were considerations of expense which compelled attention. The 
 importance of having the pu})ils under the immediate supervision of the 
 Board of Control — who were responsible for their welfare — and excited 
 to generous emulation by pursuing the same studies under the same 
 teachers, led to the organization of 
 
 A FE.M.VLE SEMINARY WITHIN THE HOME. 
 
 This is the plan under which the institution has now worked for 
 twelve years. Competent teachers, a portion of them residing in the 
 institution, have charge of the school. All the branches of a thorough 
 education are taught, beginning witli the rudiments, and including 
 French, German, Latin and Music. The young ladies are provided with 
 board, lodging, fuel and washing, and provision is made, in extreme cases, 
 to aid in the purchase of books and uniform. Tlie number of pupils 
 each year has averaged about fifty, who have been resident in the Home 
 for the annual term of nine months. Day scholars are received also 
 from the city. 
 
 The institution is under the charge of a Board of Control, consisting 
 of fifteen ladies, who meet each alternate Tuesday. Daily oversight of 
 
4CG A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 its management is given by the President, Mrs M. A. Snowden, and by 
 a matron and houhckeaper, and by resident teachers. 
 
 THK HOME HAS LITTLE SOURCE OF INCOME 
 
 but voluntary contributions. The Confederate Home Association num- 
 bers one hundred and tifty, wlio pay annual dues of one dollar, and a 
 "Gentlemen's Auxiliary Association," tlie yearly membership of which is 
 ten dollars. The donations of friends have been liberal and frequent, so 
 that the Home Association not only owns the premises which were at first 
 rented, but has added to them a very large building adjoining, and front- 
 ing upon another street. At the request of some of the donors, their 
 gifts have been used to purchase scholarships of $500 each, bearing an 
 annual interest of $35 for beneficiaries of the Institution. 
 
 By far the greater portion of the pupils are wholly or in part benefi- 
 ciary. When, however, there is ability upon the part of the parents or 
 friends to pay anything, it is strictly required. The sum of two hundred 
 dollars yearly will provide board, lodging, fuel, lights, books and uni- 
 form ; yet but one j^upil last year and but one pupil this year has been 
 able to meet this requirement. All others have been wholly gratuitous, 
 or the amount paid merely nominal. 
 
 The number of pupils, including resident and day scholars, averages 
 sixty. In addition to the pupils of the school, the Confederate Home 
 has provided, for fourteen years, and still provides rooms for an average 
 of forty permanent inmates — mothers, widows or daughters of Southern 
 soldiers, with every j^ossible help to their maintenance. 
 
 THE SHAW MEMORIAL SCHOOL. 
 
 After the close of the war, the relatives of Col. R. G. Shaw, of Massa- 
 chusetts, who was killed in command of a regiment of colored troops 
 bafore Battery Wagner, endowed the " Shaw Memorial School " for 
 colored children. For several years it was supported by Northern funds, 
 but in 1874, the property was conveyed to the city, which undertook its 
 maintenance, at an annual expenditure of between six and seven thousand 
 dollars. This school has been mentioned among the public schools. 
 
 THE AVERY NORMAL INSTITUTE, 
 
 for colored students, was organized in 1865. A building was erected 
 at a cost of $25,000, in 1868, by the American Missionary Association, 
 and named for the Rev. Mr. Avery, a philanthropist of Pittsburg, who 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 4^)7 
 
 IxavG $150,000 to the Society for educational purposes. 8uperinten<k'iit 
 W. L. Gordon has eight assistants. The attendance for 1881 reached 
 439, and the expenditures, $5,190, of which $2,074 were drawn from 
 tuition, and the rest supplied hy the A. M. Association. 
 
 WALLING FORI) ACADEMY, 
 
 established for colored [)upils in 1805, occupies a building erected at a 
 cost of $13,500, of which $7,800 was given by the Freedmen's Bureau. 
 It is conducted by Principal L. A. Grover and six assistants, with an en- 
 rollment, in 1881, of 618 pupils, an expenditure of about $2,900. The 
 school takes its name from a lady in Pittsburg, who paid off the in- 
 debtedness on the building. 
 
 PRIVATE SCHOOLS. 
 
 Besides the public and charitable institutions, the city contains a luim- 
 ber of private academies and schools for youth of both sexes. These 
 are of the highest order of excellence, and not only supply additional 
 facilities for the young people of Charleston, but attract a number of 
 pupils from abroad. 
 
 Some of the principal private schools are as follows : 
 
 Charleston Classical School, B. R. Stuart, Principal. 
 
 English Classical and Mathematical School, Jos. T.Caldwell, Principal. 
 
 English and Classical School, Messrs. Coleman and Kent, Principals. 
 
 Gorman Academy, C. H. Bcrgmann, Principal. 
 
 Confederate Home School (Female), Mrs. G. W. Alexander. 
 
 Charleston Female Seminary, Miss E. A. Kelly. 
 
 Schools for Girls and Kindergarten, Mrs. Isabel A. Smith. 
 
 Miss Murden's School, for girls and boys. 
 
 Miss S. D. Pinckney's School, for girls and boys. 
 
 Miss DaS.iussure's School, for girls and boys. 
 
 Miss C. M. Smith's School, for girls and boys. 
 
 The Misses Scott's School, for girls and boys. 
 
 Mrs. Toomer's School, for girls and boys. 
 
 Miss A. T. Quigley's School, for girls and boys. 
 
 Mrs. F. A. Porcher's School, for girls and boys. 
 
 Madam Feugas' School, for girls and boys. 
 
 Miss Beckmann's School, for girls and bovs. 
 
4GS A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 IV. CITY OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 
 
 The Legislature, in ISSO, passed an Act providing for a special system 
 of public instruction for the City of Columbia. Four SjIiooI Commis- 
 sioners are elected by the voters of the city, who have authority over the 
 schools. 
 
 The law provides for an annual vote by the resident tax-payers ot 
 Columbia upon the question of levying a local tax. Meetings were held 
 in 1881 and 1882, at each of which the proposition to levy a tax was de- 
 feated. .By the year 1883, the quota of the school fund arising from the 
 two-mill tax had become so small, in cou'^equence of small attendance at 
 the public schools, that these were open only for sixty days. Out of nearly 
 ^7,500 paid into the school fund, the city receivcil back only about ^1,700. 
 At a meeting held .January 31st. 1SS3, however, a levy of one mill was 
 made, which will realize nearly four thousand dollars, and will ilo much 
 towards creating a system, which as yet cannot be said really to exist. 
 The Park School, for whites, is in charge of Mrs. Stein. The Howard 
 School, for colored children, is conducted by Prof. W. M. Dart.* 
 
 rr.iVATK s(MiooLS. 
 
 The Columbia iSIale Academy and the Columbia Female Academy, 
 under the control of a board of trustees, have long been in successful 
 operation. Their early history has been lost ; but it is known that land 
 was given to them by Colonel Thomas Taylor, and that under the old 
 charter of Mcirowan's Ferry across the Congaree, half the tolls were given 
 to the academy. This provision is not continued in the new charter of 
 Guignard's Ferry. 
 
 THE MALE ACADEMY 
 
 is now conducted by Mr. Charles II. Barnwell. He has several assistants, 
 and more than sixty pupils, some of advanced standing. 
 
 THE FEMALE ACADEMY 
 
 is in charge of the Misses Elmore, who have a large number of pupils. 
 Mr. R. II. Clarkson established a classical schoal a few years since, 
 which is growing rapidly in favor. 
 
 * Since tlie above was written, the City Board of Colninbia have fully or;^anizett a 
 system by the electii)n of D. 1>. .Tohnson, Esq., as Superintendent, and a full corps of 
 instructors. The male ami female academies have been leased l\)r the use of the 
 public sdiools. 
 
SKETCH OF EDUCATION' IX SOUTH CAROLINA 4^)9 
 
 The Misses Martin have a private school of great excellence and long 
 '^'stablished reputation. 
 
 The female school of the Misses Reynolds has sent into life many 
 young ladies thoroughly and carefully trained. 
 
 A female boarding school of high grade has recently been opened by 
 Mrs. Maiy Preston Darby, chiefly for the accommodation of visitors from 
 abroad, who seek the climate of Columbia for health or pleasure. 
 
 The Palmetto Academy was established by the Odd Fellows. It has 
 been in existence a number of years, and has done much good. 
 
 Other private schools are in existence in the city. 
 
 V. CHARITABLE, EDUCATIONAL, AND LITERARY 
 INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 175L South Carolina Society, Charleston. 
 1757. Winyah Indigo Society, Georgetown. 
 1769. Fellowship Society, Charleston. 
 1777. Mount Zion Society, Winnsboro. 
 
 1777. Catholic Society, Camden. 
 
 1778. Salem Society, Camden. 
 
 1 778. St. David's Society, Cheraw. 
 
 178G. Beaufort Society, Beaufort. 
 
 1780. St. Helena Society, St. Helena. 
 
 1787. Camden Orphan Society, Camden. 
 
 1789. Claremont Society, Stateburg. 
 
 1791. Beaufort District Society. 
 
 1798. St. Andrew's Society, Charleston. 
 
 179>. Ui)i)cr Long Cane Societ}^, Abbeville. 
 
 1800. John's Island Society. 
 
 180!). Mt. Pleasant Academy, Christ Church. 
 
 1811. Free Schools established. 
 
 The reader cannot but be struck with the number of these societies 
 organized between 1751 and 1809, which are a proof that though little 
 was done for public schools, attention was directed to private institutions. 
 ■ Mr. B. J. Ramage, of this State, in an essay read at Johns Hopkins' 
 University, attributes this fact to the tendency existing in South Carolina 
 towards local self-government, it being believed that each neighborhood 
 could judge better of the educational needs than the State at large. The 
 
470 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 sparseness of population of the State was also a bar to any general pub- 
 lic system. 
 
 These societies flourished with more or less vigor, and some of them 
 exist to the present day. A few of these will receive special mention. 
 
 THE WIN YAH INDIGO SOCIETY. 
 
 According to tradition, " The planters of Georgetown District, al)out 
 the year 174:0, formed a convivial club, which met in the town of George- 
 town on the first Friday in each month, to talk over the latest news from 
 London (never less than a month old), to hold high discourse over the 
 growtli and prosperity of the Indigo plant (tlien, and for a long time 
 after, spelled in the invoices to London, Indico), and to refresh the inner 
 man, and so keep up to a proper pitch the endearing ties of social life by 
 imbibing freely of the inevitable bowl of })unc]i.'' The members were 
 genial gentlemen and liberal benefactors ; so that when the treasury, in 
 1753, had become plethoric with gold, it was moved by the president and 
 unanimously resolved, amid the clinking of glasses, " that the surplus 
 funds in the treasury be devoted to the establishment of an independent 
 charity school for the poor." 
 
 To Tliomas Lynch, president, and his associates, was granted, in 1757, 
 a charter, by King George. A school was established that " has been the 
 school for all the country lying between Charleston and the North Caro- 
 lina line for more than a hundred years. In its infancy it supplied the 
 place of primary, grammar and high-school, and collegiate institute. 
 Rich and poor alike have drunk from this fountain of knowledge, and 
 to many it has been the only source." 
 
 By })rivate 1)en(>factions, added to fees and the proceeds of escheated 
 lands, the endowment had reached $11,000 in 1840. despite a loss oi 
 $7,000 by the L^nited States Bank, and the income was for years suflicient 
 to warrant gratuitous tuition to all scholars. 
 
 The entire endowment Avas lost by the war. The academy building 
 was occupied as a Federal garrison. Soldiers dcfi^iced the walls, injured 
 the premises, and carried off many valuable books, among them Audu- 
 bon's Collection of Birds. Fifteen years ago the school was re-opened. 
 ■ The handsome and commodious two-story brick building has been re- 
 paired and fitted witli furniture of the most approved pattern. 
 
 FiftoLMi or twenty pupils still receive gratuitous instruction ; but the 
 society is comjK'lled to exact fees from the rest in attendance. Since the 
 ]'e-opening the instructors liave been Mr. Connor, Prof D. A. DuPre, and 
 Mr. A. McP. Haml)y. 
 
 The society claims a large membership : and, true to its traditions, en- 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 471 
 
 joys an annual oration and an annual banquet; the two combined 
 l)earing no small j^art in awakenin<;- the members to " renewed efforts to 
 make the society again a potent agent for good in tlie educational inter- 
 ests of the State." 
 
 The largest bequests to the society were $l,-ir)3. 00, by Jonah Ilorry ; 
 $r>00 by George T. Lathrop; and ^5,(100 by Francis Withers. 
 
 Till-: MOUNT ZION SOCIETY. 
 
 This society was establislied at Cliarlestowii, January 2!»tli, 1777, and in- 
 corporated on the loth of Feljruary following, for the purpose of " found- 
 ing, endowing and supporting a laiblic school in the district of Camden." 
 It was em})owered to hold property not exceeding three thousand dollars 
 per annum. The membership was about equally divided between the 
 low-country and the up-country. C. C. Pinckney, Wm. Bull, Elias 
 Horfy, John A'anderhorst, Wade Hampton, Kichard Winn, and Thomas 
 Taylor were among the numl)er. Of thirteen directors seven were to be 
 from the country and six from the "city." John AVinn was first president. 
 
 In 1785, Mt. Zion College was incorporated, located in Wimisljoro. 
 Its faculty were Rev. T. II. McCaule, president ; tutors, 8. W. Yongue, 
 
 AVm. Davy, and Humjdirey. In 1703, Rev. Wm. Nixon became 
 
 president, and, in 171)4, Rev. Samuel Yongue. The college for a time 
 gave regular diplomas, at least one of which is in existence. 
 
 The most distinguished jirincipal was the late James W.Hudson, who 
 taught from 1834 to 1858. He drew students from all the Southern 
 States, and the attendance reached into the hundreds. At the time of 
 his death, twenty members of his first class were admitted into the South 
 Carolina College. A handsome marble monument was erected to his 
 memory over his grave on the college green. 
 
 During the latter part of the war the college buildings were occupied 
 as a hospital. 
 
 In 180(5 exercises were resumed under Mr. T. J. ^^\'lls. Since then 
 the principals have been G. A. Woodward, M. M. Farrow, R. II. Clark- 
 son, W. U. Dwight, R. Means Davis, and I). C. Webb. 
 
 In ]\Iay, 1807, the large three-.story building, valued at over $'20,000, was 
 destroyed by fire. In 1873, a smaller building, costing about ^3.500, was 
 erected. In 1878, a iniblic graded school was established in W'innsboro, 
 in connection with the Mt. Zion Society. It has been very successful. 
 The present principal has three assistants, and the \ upils number between 
 12.3 and 150. . 
 
 Endowment. About $800 were received in 1785, from a fund left by a 
 Mr. Prew, of Charleston, " to be equally divided among the first schools or 
 
472 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IX SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 colleges that should be incorporated for the purpose of education." 
 (Jeneral AVinn gave about one hundred acres of land, and tradition fays 
 that Colonel John A'^anderhorst gave $10,000. About twenty acres more of 
 land were given by other parties. The endowment was about $8,000 at 
 the beginning of the war, and $2,000 at its close. Lands were sold to 
 aid in the erection of the ncAV building. The property is now valued at 
 about $5,000, in buildings and lots. There are two $300 scholarships, 
 one belonging to Colonel J. H. Rion, the other to Messrs. McMaster & 
 Brice.// 
 
 No exact estimate can be made of beneficiary instruction, but a large 
 number of pupils have been taught without pay, or have been sent to 
 school by public spirited citizens. Since the establishment of the graded 
 school all the common school curriculum is taught free of charge. The 
 society is still in active existence, and promises to continue its great in- 
 fluence for good. / 
 
 THE CAMDEX ORPHAN SOCIETY 
 
 was incorporated in 1787. Although its records prior to 1822 were de- 
 stroyed by Sherman's army, reliable information is that the school w^as 
 first established in the lower part of Camden, in Colonel Kershaw's resi- 
 dence, knowai as " Cornwallis's Headquarters." The first teacher, Dr. 
 Flynn, was succeeded in turn by Mr. Judah Lee and Dr. Reed. At 
 this time the school was moved to the " Yellow House," on the Avest side 
 of the town, and was placed under Dr. Whitaker, and his son, Mr. D. K. 
 Whitaker, who was at one time editor of the Southern Quarterly Review, 
 in Charleston, and is now living in New Orleans. The existing hand- 
 some buildings in DeKalb street were erected in 1822. The following 
 principals were elected in succession : Dr. McEwin, Mr. E. P. Miles, in 
 1828 ; Mr. H. P. Hatfield, in 1830, and Dr Moses Holbrook, in 1836. 
 
 The public features of the institution were now abandoned, and the 
 property was let to private teachers on condition of admitting a certain 
 number of beneficiaries. Thus the institution flourished many years. 
 
 In 1820, the fine library of Judge DeSaussure, consisting mostly of 
 standard English works, Avas purchased by the society. It had become 
 much injured and depleted by 1856, and was sold at that time. 
 
 After the war the society languished, but in 1874 the three or four 
 surviving members resuscitated it, and admitted many new ones. The 
 buildings were repaired and used, one as a school-house, the other as 
 the teacher's residence. Captain J. AV. Jamison was elected principal, 
 and served till 1880, when ill health impelled his resignation. 
 
 A graded public school was established in Camden in 1881, in charge 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IX SOUTH CAROLINA. 473 
 
 of Prof. Sclioenberg. It is located in the society buildings, and fulfils to 
 a large extent, by its public features, the original aims of the benevolent 
 founders of the society. 
 
 ST, David's society, ciieraw. 
 
 St. David's Society was incorpv»rated in 1778, but nothing was done 
 until 1787, when it was reorganized, and maintained a flourishing school 
 until 183G or 1838. The society then closed an active existence, and the 
 buildings were transferred to private teachers. About 1820, the ladies of 
 the communit}' established a female school of very high grade, which 
 lasted for ten years. The two societies then exchanged buildings, and 
 the St. David's Academy was 'transferred to the Baptist Church for use 
 as a lecture-room. After the war, it was sold to the Freedmen's Bureau, 
 and it is now used as a school for colored chikUen. In early days, 
 the school was patronized by most of the Pee Dee country. Col. W. H. 
 Evans, of Society Hill, says : " In my boyhood, we had scholars from 
 Cheraw to Georgetown. The rod, the dungeon and the fool's cap reigned 
 supreme. I have seen them all in full operation." The dungeon re- 
 mained until the transfer of the property to the Baptist Church. Dr. 
 Park and Mr. Handford, both afterwards professors in the South Carolina 
 College, taught here, as did also Judge Wilds. Further information about 
 the society can be obtained in " Gregg's History of the old Cheraws." 
 
 THE CHERAW^ LYCEUM 
 
 was organized 8th January, 1850, with a president, vice-president, a 
 book committee of three, an executive committee of three, and a sec- 
 retary and treasurer. Monthly meetings are held, at which an original 
 essay is read and some subject discussed. A course of public lectures 
 has been delivered ever since the beginning, and an anniversary oration 
 is pronounced on the 8th of January. An original poem is sometimes 
 read. The Lyceum has a well selected library. During the twenty-six 
 years of its existence it has exercised much influence in furthering the 
 enliglitenment of the people. 
 
 THE DE LA HOWE SCHOOL. 
 
 Dr. John Dc la Howe, of Abbeville district, by a will dated 7th Sep- 
 tember, 179G, devised the bulk of his property to the Agricultural So- 
 ciety of South Carolina, in trust " for the purpose of establishing and 
 maintaining forever, at his former residence in that district, an agricul- 
 31 
 
474 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 tinal school for twelve poor boys and twelve poor girls, to be boarded 
 and clothed, as well as educated and taught to work." This is said to 
 have been 
 
 THE FIRST MANUAL LABOR SCHOOL 
 
 in the United States. The desire of the testator was, that scientific agri- 
 culture and, especially, the science of chemistry should be taught. 
 
 Tlie Agricultural Society resigned the trust to the State in 1805. 
 Since that time the fund has been in charge of trustees elected by the 
 Legislature, with directions to make annual reports. For many years, 
 and until quite recently, a school was conducted at Lethe, the home of 
 the testator. The report of 1848 shows that the full number of boys 
 and girls w^ere in attendance ; the capital was $43,827, and expenditures, 
 $2,476.33. By 1859, the fund had increased to $47,000. The report 
 states that the pupils were engaged in manual labor half their time, the 
 boys on the farm, the girls in housework and domestic occupations. By 
 law, the trustees were authorized to apprentice the boj^s at twelve years 
 of age for five years, and the girls at ten years for a similar period. 
 Teachers were elected annually by the trustees. By the fortunes of war, 
 much of the endowment was swept away. The fund now amounts to 
 about ten thousand dollars. The school is at present suspended for want 
 of sufficient means to carry it on. William Llenry Parker, Esq., of Abbe- 
 ville, is treasurer of the fund. 
 
 THE LUDLAM FUND. 
 
 The Rev. Richard Ludlam, Rector of St. James' Goosecreek, dying in 
 1728, bequeathed all his estate, real and personal, to the society, in trust 
 for erecting and maintaining a school for the instruction of the poor 
 children in this parish. His estate was valued at about £2,000. The 
 fund thus accruing was placed at interest for accumulation. In 1744, 
 certain parishioners added £675, and, subsequently, about £1,400 or more 
 wore subscribed to the fund. The school-house was erected about the 
 year 1765, and the purposes of Mr. Ludlam began to be realized. The 
 fund, in 1778, amounted to £15,272. 
 
 For ncx^rly a century, four schools were maintained with the proceeds 
 of this l)ounty. A report made in 1848 to the Legislature, showed an in- 
 vestment of $9,850 in State, city and bank stock, and a note for $3,379 
 additional. Thirty -seven i)Ui)ils were receiving instruction in two schools. 
 
 Tlie fund realized an income of $884 in 1860, expended in the main- 
 tenance of three schools. A " league and labor " of land in Texas iuid 
 been mortgaged as security for the note above mentioned. 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 475 
 
 The report of the vestry in 1863 shows a capital of $14,531, besides 
 the mortgage on the land in Texas. These schools were still in existence, 
 with fifty-six pupils. Part of the fund was invested in Confederate bonds. 
 The Attorney General was ordered by the Legislature to take steps to re- 
 cover this land, but the close of the war put an end to the effort. After 
 the war, the land was identified. Efforts were made to realize something 
 from the land, the other part of the fund having been swept away. 
 About four thousand acres lie in Cor\a'll county, Texas, which, at last 
 accounts, had been sold to parties for taxes. It is to be ho[)ed that this 
 historic fund will not lapse. 
 
 THE DOWNER INSTITUTE. 
 
 Alexander Downer, an Englishman by birth, who, when a lad, had 
 enjoyed the benefits of an orphan school in Richmond county, Georgia, 
 and had subsequently acquired a handsome estate near Beech island, then 
 in Edgefield district, left the bulk of his estate, by a will nuule in 1818, 
 for the founding of an institute at Beech island for the maintenance and 
 education of orphan children. Nothing was done until 1843, the estate 
 having in the meantime suffered some diminution. In that year an in- 
 stitute was erected on an eligible spot. Exercises were begun on the 
 17th May, 1848, and continued without interruption until the close of 
 the war, excepting a temporary suspension from April, 1858, to January, 
 1859. Fifty orphans had received benefits during that time. The de- 
 ranged condition of the funds has prevented reopening since 1865. The 
 fund, in 1851, amounted to $15,()21, and in 1850, to $20,500. The in.stitute 
 and grounds were valued at $8,000 additional. In 1S70 the Legislature 
 appointed a referee, Mr. E. S. Hammond, to investigate the fund. The 
 next year he was appointed treasurer of the fund. Three commis- 
 sioners were also appointed. It is believed that the funtl will amount 
 to about $6,500 by 1885. Years will be required for it to accumulate so 
 as to carry out the beneficent purposes of Mr. Downer. By a provision 
 of the will, Richmond county, Georgia, is entitled to one-fourth of the 
 benefits of the fund, and " Edgefield district" to the remainder. 
 
 THE WADSWORTH FUND. 
 
 Dr. Thomas Wadsworth, of Charleston, in the year 1808, devised a 
 considerable quantity of land — some lying in Laurens district, and 
 some in the adjoining districts — to trustees to be elected by the 
 "freemen residing in Laurens district, in the lower l)attalion of the 
 9th Regiment, and second Brigade of the upper Division of the State, 
 
476 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 to be lioklen by them, or their successors in trust, for the purpose of 
 raising a fund for the annual support of a free school." The Legislature, 
 about 1810, authorized these trustees, by special Act, to sell these lands 
 for the purpose of establishing a school. Shortly afterwards, sales were 
 made of at least a portion of the land for a period of ninety-nine years, 
 and the proceeds applied, partly to the erection of a school-house, and 
 partly to the support of a teacher. The school was located near a place 
 called Belfast, the home of Col. John Simpson. It was carried on success- 
 fully until the war, doing much good. Poor children were taught free, 
 others supplemented the fund. The endowment was lost during the war. 
 The lands leased will revert in about twenty 5'"ears, and will then be, doubt- 
 less, of considerable value. Some years before the war, Messrs. C. P. Sulli- 
 van and W. D. Simpson were employed by the trustees to secure possession 
 of certain lands on which the present town of Anderson is situated. The 
 artificial marks were all lost, but by a certain spring, and other natural 
 marks, the land was located. The plat, by survey, was found to corner 
 in one of the streets, and on digging down below the surface, a lightwood 
 knot was found as called for. Owing to lapse of time, the Court pre- 
 sumed a grant from the trustees, and decided against the plaintiffs. 
 
 Mr. Edward Pasly, of Laurens county, is the sole surviving trustee, and 
 has for years been treasurer of the fund. In view of the prospect of a 
 renewal of the fund after the expiration of the leases, this board should 
 be filled at once, especially as leases may have been granted for a shorter 
 term than ninety-nine years. 
 
 THE BERESrORD BOUNTY. 
 
 In 1721, Richard Beresford. Esq., of St. Thomas' Parish, devised to 
 Colonel Thomas Broughton in trust, certain property to bo devoted, 
 partly to the support of a school-teacher, and partly to the maintenance 
 and education of the poor of the parish. The fund, after some years, 
 amounted to £6,500, Carolina money, of which £1,200 were expended for 
 a plantation, and the rest invested as a fund. Tlie foundation was 
 known as the " Beresford Bounty." Five hundred pounds were added 
 by Mr. Richard Harris in 1731. In 1763, Rev. Mr. Garden reports that 
 eight children were clothed, boarded and educated from that bounty. 
 In 1777, the fund amounted to £10,013, but a reduction soon occurred 
 from shrinkage in securities. 
 
 Records from 1790 up to the war are lost. The fund, in 1861, reached 
 nearly $70,000. It now amounts to at least $15,000. The vestry of St. 
 Thomas has, in accordance with the original plan, combined the office 
 of rector and teacher, and in this way, keeps open both the church and 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 477 
 
 the school at Cainhoy. Rev. R. F. Clute, the rector, has now twelve 
 pupils in the school. He has been requested by the vestry to endeavor 
 to supply the missing records. The fund is in careful hands, and is 
 increasing. 
 
 The Beresford Bounty is specially noteworthy, first, from its great an- 
 tiquity, and second, from its being the only colonial endowment still in 
 healthy existence. ^ 
 
 THE COKESBURY SCHOOL. 
 
 The first school of high grade in tluit section of tlie country Avas es- 
 tablished at " Old Tabernacle Church," about two miles from Cokesbury. 
 The first teacher, 1821-1824, was Mr. Stephen Olin, of Vermont, who 
 subsequently entered the Methodist ministry, and became professor in 
 the University of Georgia, President of Randolph Macon College, and 
 President of the Wesleyan University at Middletown. His school was 
 moved to "Mt. Ariel," its present site, for hygienic reasons, and was pre- 
 sided over by the Rev. .Joseph Travis. In 1836, it was turned over to 
 tlie Conference, which converted it into a 
 
 MANUAL LABOR SCHOOL, 
 
 the students working five hours a day, and receiving a discount on board 
 and tuition. This feature was soon abandoned. About the year 1844, 
 Mr. Holloway, then living near old Cambridge, endowed the school with 
 $20,000, the interest being applied to the board and tuition of the 
 sons of Methodist ministers in the Conference. Only $2,000 remained 
 after the war, the interest of which is still used in the same way. 
 The school is a three-story building, fifty by sixty feet. It is now in 
 charge of Mr. Reid, a competent teacher. The attendance numbers'- 
 about fifty, and is mostly local. 
 
 THE SOUTH CAROLINA SOCIETY, 
 
 of Charleston, was tlie oldest and richest of these associations. It existed 
 as a semi-educational corporation for nearly a hundred years. In 1846, 
 its capital amounted to $116,455.17, notwithstanding a loss cf $17,000 
 through the United States Bank. About that time it supported fifty 
 widows or fiimilies, and was educating twelve children. A little later it 
 gave instruction to seventy-two pupils. Upon the rise of ])ublic scliools 
 in Charleston, the Society put an end to the educational feature, and de- 
 
478 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 voted its fund to the maintenance of families of members. The Society 
 still has a good endowment, and owns substantial buildings. 
 
 THE FELLOWSHIP SOCIETY. 
 
 This Societ}' for many years maintained both male and female schools, 
 and elected teachers annually. After 1858, these schools were aban- 
 doned, and the Society entered into an arrangement with the Nor- 
 mal and High schools, by which, and on payment of $10,000, it was 
 agreed that the pupils of the Societ}'' shall never be debarred the right 
 of admission to these schools in case of crowding. This contract is still 
 in force. The endowment of the Society was $100,000 at the beginning 
 of the war. It is now about twelve or fifteen thousand. 
 
 The membership now numbers fifty -four. Weekly meetings are held 
 for the promotion of goodfellowship. The charitable feature is still 
 maintained. 
 
 THE GERMAN FRIENDLY SOCIETY. 
 
 A number of sons of the Fatherland had already settled in South Car- 
 olina by the year 1766, and at that time the}^ conceived the charitable 
 design of organizing a society for mutual benefit, and for the aid of fel- 
 low-countrymen in the colony. By the year 1772, the funds had so in- 
 creased as to warrant the establishment of a permanent charity, and in 
 1777 a loan was made to the State of £1,300. 
 
 The membership and the fund constantly increased, until in 1800 the 
 income was $1,800. A commodious hall was erected. Two years later 
 a school was opened, for children of members, and for others. In twenty- 
 six years the school lost but $37.50 in tuition fees. 
 
 The report for 1828 shows an endowment of $40,000. 
 
 In 1847, according to the report, " It was found that it was believed 
 that our schools were charity schools (although it was a very erroneous 
 opinion) and it had the effect of injuring the usefulness of the schools, 
 and they were abolished." 
 
 This society suffered, like the rest, by the war, losing mucli of the en- 
 dowment, and also its hall. Still it celebrated its centennial in 1866, and 
 by strenuous efforts it has erected a new hall, and is accumulating a fund 
 which already reaches a considerable amount. 
 
 ST. ANDREWS'S SOCIETY 
 
 was founded in 1708, with features similar to those of its sister associa- 
 tions. For years it maintained a school, which was abandoned when the 
 necessitv for it Avas removed. It was in St. Andrew's Hall that the 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION* IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 479 
 
 ORDINANCE OF SECESSION 
 
 Avas passed, December 20th, 1861. The great conflagration swept the 
 hi\]\ away. Tlie society still exists, with reduced endowment. 
 
 THE CHARLESTON LIBRARY SOCIETY. 
 
 In 1748, seventeen young gentlemen of Charleston united in sending 
 ten pounds sterling to London for the purchase of pamphlets and maga- 
 zines. Some months later they organized a library society, and elected 
 officers. By 1750 the society had increased to 160 members. After two 
 unsuccessful efforts, owing to the hostility of Governor Glenn, a charter 
 was secured in 1754, and ratified by the crown the following year. After 
 tliis the society rapidly increased in numbers, and its librar}" received 
 constant additions. The governor of the Province was regularly elected 
 president ; and membership was regarded as a mark of social distinction. 
 
 For many years it was desired to establish a high school or college in 
 connection with the library ; but estimates made in 1762, showing that 
 an immediate outlay of $15,000, and increased annual revenue of $2,000 
 would be required, caused a reluctant abandonment of the scheme. 
 
 A disastrous conflagration, in 1778, swept away almost the entire library 
 of five thousand volumes; only one hundred and eighty-five escaping the 
 flames. . Many curious pamphlets were irreparably lost. 
 
 The Legislature, in 1790, refunded eleven thousand dollars that had 
 been placed in the treasury at the beginning of the Revolution. Six 
 thousand four hundred dollars were deposited in bank as a permanent 
 fund, and the rest used to purchase books, in 1792. 
 
 In 1808 the catalogue showed 4.500 volumes; in 1811, 7,000; in 1826, 
 nearly 12,000 ; in 1876, 15,500, and in 1882, 17,130. During that year 
 over seven thousand volumes were taken out by subscribers. The library 
 has been carefully selected, and many of the books are of great merit. 
 
 The society owns a substantial building. The receipts for 1882 were 
 $2402.54, of which $925 were derived from membership fees. 
 
 The annual membership fee is four dollars, A number of members, 
 who paid $100 each in 1835, for the purchase of the building, are absolved 
 from dues. 
 
 In 1770, Benjamin Smith left a legacy of six hundred dollars. Ex- 
 Governor .A iken has presented the society with ab.out $3,000 in securities, 
 and the late William Lebby bequeathed a legacy of $1,000. General W. 
 G. DeSaussure is president ; Colonel C. H. Simonton, vice-president, and 
 Rene R. Jervey, Esq., librarian, of the society. 
 
 The Apprentices' Library, formed in 1824, for the benefit of appren- 
 
480 A SKETCH OF EDICATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 tices and minors, gradually increased in prosperity until 18G1, when its 
 liall Avas burned. In 1870, it })laced its books on the shelyes of the 
 Charleston Library, and in 1874 the new society was fully merged into 
 the elder. 
 
 A handsome catalogue (1876) gives full information regarding the 
 library. 
 
 THE SOUTH CAROLINA HISTORICAL SOCIETY 
 
 was organized at Charleston in 1856, "with the design of tracing out 
 those minor points in the history of our State which have escaped the 
 notice or eluded the grasp of our historians, and more particularly to 
 record the history of local events which, however, strikingly illustrative 
 of social life, are generally considered unworthy of notice. It proposes 
 to collect information respecting every portion of the State, to preserve 
 it, and when deemed advisable to publish it." In that year and for three 
 years thereafter the Legislature appropriated five hundred dollars annu- 
 all}' to aid the society in its publications. Three volumes of publications 
 were issued up to 1860, but of the last volume only a few scattering 
 numbers survived the war, the greater part not having been distributed. 
 Some years after the war the society was reorganized. It now numbers 
 about one hundred members, of whom one-third reside in the interior of 
 the State. The publications and manuscripts of the society are deposited 
 in the Charleston Library. Sufficient material is now on hand for a 
 fourth volume, which will be published when the society is able to meet 
 the expense. Its revenues are about $200 per annum. The present 
 officers are Prof. F. A. Porcher, president ; Rev. C. C. Pinckney and S. P. 
 Ravenel, vice-presidents, and Messrs. Yates Snowden and C. A. McHugh, 
 secretaries. 
 
 THE THORNW^ELL ORPHANAGE. 
 
 Bordering on the thriving village of Clinton, in Laurens County, is a 
 farm of a hundred and twenty-five acres, the property and site of the 
 Thornwell Orphanage. On the 1st of October, 1872, a number of gen- 
 tlemen met and discussed the plan of an orphanage conducted under 
 Presbyterian auspices. To-day that plan is in successful operation. Two 
 handsome concrete buildings, and other wooden structures, accommodate 
 the officers of the institution and the thirty-two orphans under their 
 charge. Another building, the Orphans' Seminary, is now in course of 
 construction, on the completion of which there will be accommodations 
 for a hundred children. Besides the literary instruction, the boys are 
 practised in farming, printing, carpenter work, house-painting and shoe- 
 making. The girls are trained in domestic duties. This orphanage has 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 481 
 
 gathered about $20,000 worth of property, and $13,000 have been ex- 
 pended in its support. The endowment is already $5,270, in paying se- 
 curities. Aid has come from Sabbath schools and churches, and 
 from benevolent persons in this and other States, including Illinois and 
 California. Though great good has been accomplished, much remains 
 to be done ; and the orphanage is a most worthy object of benevolence. 
 Although a Presbyterian institution, it supports orphans representing six 
 denominations. 
 
 There is an admirable school, a small library, and a printing press, 
 from which a newspaper is issued. The officers are as follows : Rev. W. 
 P. Jacobs, president ; Mrs. Lucy N. Boyd, matron ; Miss Pattie Thorn- 
 well, Prof. W. S. Lee, and Miss Laura Whaley, instructors; Mr. T. C. 
 Scott, agent, and Mr. R. S. Whaley, superintendent of tli'e farm. 
 
 VI. OTHER PRIVATE SCHOOLS. 
 
 It is impossible to secure a correct list of the private schools in South 
 Carolina. The State Superintendent and the United States Commissioner 
 of Education have made repeated eflbrts to do so, without success. The 
 following partial list is published in the hope that it will stimulate other 
 teachers to report their schools to the State Su])erintendent of Education 
 in Columbia. The educational work of the State cannot be computed 
 without full statistics from private as well as public schools. Especially 
 is it important to secure itemized returns from those schools that are 
 conducted by joint private and public funds : 
 
 Partial List of Private Schools, lSSl-2. 
 
 ABBEVILLE. 
 
 Lethe (De la Howe School suspended for the present.) 
 Brewer Institute (colored). 
 
 AIKEN. 
 
 (Private schools are usually conducted conjointly witli i)ublic schools.) 
 
 ANDERSON. 
 
 TEACIIEKS. riPILS. 
 
 Anderson Female Seminary, L. M. Aycr 7 100 
 
 Anderson Home School, Mrs. Murray 1 25 
 
482 A SKETCH OF EDITATION' IN SOUTH CAnOMNA. 
 
 P.AKNWKLL. 
 
 (lOitlier public or private schools.) 
 
 liEAlFORT. 
 
 TKACllKKS. I'll'Il.S. 
 
 Penn Industrial School, Miss L. M. Towne 218 
 
 Marher huhistrial School, Mrs. li. C. Marhcr 2 75 
 
 Mrs. Bohun's School, Elementary 2 87 
 
 CHARLESTON'. 
 
 (Reported elsewhere.) 
 
 CHESTER. 
 
 (No private schools.) 
 
 CHESTERFIELD. 
 
 Lee-Hami)ton High Se-hool, Joseph Blain. 
 Cheraw Academy, A. M. Kankin. 
 
 CLAKEXDOX. 
 
 Manning High School, II. B. Mahoney 2 30 
 
 COLLETON. 
 
 (No returns.) 
 
 DARLIXGTOX. 
 
 Darlington Male Academy, H. S. Thompson 2 35 
 
 Miss Player, 15 ; Miss Spain, 10 ; Miss Davis, 48 ; Miss Mc- 
 C'arter, 15 ; Miss Woodward, 9 ; Miss Waring, 12 ; Miss 
 Church, 40 ; Mrs. Singletary, 14 ; Miss Kilpatrick, 37 ; 
 Miss Murphy, 20 ; Miss Bacot, 7 ; Mrs Edwards, 25 ; , 
 Miss Dalrymple, 10; Mrs. Doover, 25; Miss Moon, 15. 
 
 Florence High School, Mr. Evans 1 14 
 
 Florence High School, ^fr. Hooper . . 1 15 
 
 Florence High School, Mr. Seahrook . 1 37 
 
 Kershaw IClementary (colored) 1 50 
 
 Kertle Elementary (colored) 1 20 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUf'ATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 4So 
 
 EDGKFIKLD. 
 
 (No rejKJi't.) 
 
 FAIRFIELD. 
 
 (All schools jmblic.) 
 
 (iEORGETOWN. 
 
 ti;a( IIEP.S. I'li'ii.s. 
 
 AViiiyali Indigo, A. McP. Haniby 3 Oo 
 
 GREENVIM.E. 
 
 Patrick's Military School, J. B Patrick 4 •')() 
 
 ikisiness College, J. M. Perry . 1 *'•"' 
 
 Trescot School, Misses Trescot "i -^O 
 
 Gowensville Academy, Rev. 8. J. Earle - '>•'> 
 
 Cirier's Academy, J. W. Kennedy '1 1"> 
 
 Grove Military Academy, E. T. Kemp 1 40 
 
 Piedmont High School, A. E. Miller 2 .lO 
 
 HAMPTON. 
 
 (No returns.) 
 
 HORRY. 
 
 (No returns.) 
 
 KERSHAW. 
 
 Leslie McCandless, Mrs. M. C. Thoinason, Miss Fretag, Mrs. 
 Withers. 
 
 LAURENS. 
 
 Laurens Female College, J. D. Anderson 4 ^A 
 
 Clinton Male High School, H. E. Lee 4 7<; 
 
 LEXINGTON. 
 
 Lexington Academy, . 
 
 MARION. 
 
 Marion Academy, A. W. Lynch 2 07 
 
 Marion Female Seminary, J. R. McLean 2 40 
 
 Marion Primary School, Miss DuBois 1 52 
 
 Little Rock Academy, H. R. Walker 1 43 
 
 Mullins Academy, Charles Lovejoy 2 74 
 
 Mars' Bluff, F. S. McLean . . . 1 2G 
 
4S4 A SKKTCH OF EDUCATION' JN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 MAKLBORO'. 
 
 ti:.u'iii;hs. rupii.s. 
 
 Mineral Spring Hioh School, J. Eleigli 1 24 
 
 Bennettsville Scliool, Miss Sallie Cook 1 L") 
 
 Meadow School, Miss Lily Breeden 1 K) 
 
 Fletcher's Mill, Henry Newton 1 2.") 
 
 NEWBERRY. 
 
 College Preparatory, * . . . 3') 
 
 Prosperity School, J. S. Perrin. 
 
 OCONEE. 
 
 (Xo rei)ort.) 
 
 ORAXGEr.URG. 
 
 Riser's School, Rev. J. F. Riser 1 30 
 
 Academy, PI. G. Sheridan 2 50 
 
 Academy, S. R. Mellichani}) 1 58 
 
 Female High School, Miss Albergottie 1 40 
 
 PICKENS. 
 
 All schools connected with the i)ublic system. 
 
 RICHLAND. 
 
 Columbia ^fale Academy, C. H. Barnwell 4 C3 
 
 (rraded Classical School, R. H. Clarkson. 
 Columbia Female Academy, Miss Elmore. 
 Female Academy, Misses Martin. 
 Female Academy, Misses Reynolds. 
 
 Palmetto Academy, . 
 
 (Full returns not received). 
 
 SPARTANBURG. 
 
 AVellford High School, W. S. Morrison, 
 (nitfney City High School. 
 Ring's^ Mountain High School, W. T. R. Bell. 
 Reidville Male Academy. 
 
 SUMTER. 
 
 Female Institute, Mrs. L. A. Brown. 
 
 St. Joseph's Academy (Roman Catholic), Mi.sses Hurst, Flem- 
 ing, Herbert, Nettles, Williams, Hudson. 
 Boys' Grammar School, T. P. McQueen. 
 A numirer of schools in the countv. 
 
^' 
 
 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 485 
 UNION. 
 
 TEACH i;i;S. I'lMl-S. 
 
 :iifFord Seminary, Rev. B. G. Clifford 4 50 
 
 WILLIAMSBURG. 
 
 (No rf'port.) 
 
 YOUK. 
 
 Fort Mill Academy, A. R. Banks. 
 
 VII. HIGHER EDUCATION P^OR MALES. 
 
 While South Carolina has been reproached for her failure in the past 
 to provide for the education of the masses, no one can truthfully deny 
 that much attention has been paid to higher education from the earlie.'^t 
 times. During the colonial period, the sons of the rich sought instruc- 
 tion in Europe ; and when the Revolution came on, South Carolina's 
 sons stepped to the front in the forum, as well as on the field. In literature 
 and science, as well as in statesmanship, South Carolinians had distin- 
 guished tliemselves from the earliest days. Dr. Lionel Chalmers, a 
 native of Scotland, practiced medicine in Carolina from 17."57 to 1777, 
 during which time he published several medical works. Uev. Richard 
 Clarke, for some years rector of St. Philip's, was widely known as a 
 theologian beyond the limits of America, and when he relurr.ed to Eng- 
 land, he taught there the sons of Charlestonians, who had followed him. 
 William Henry Drayton left a manuscript history of the American Rev- 
 olution in three volumes. Christopher Gad.sden understood Latin, Greek, 
 French, Hebrew, and the Oriental languages. Imprisoned at St. Augus- 
 tine by the British, "he came out much more learned than he entered." 
 Dr. Alexander Garden moved to Charleston from Scotland, and studied 
 botany and natural history with such success as to become a vice-presi- 
 dent of the Royal Society of England, and to win the admiration of 
 Liniueus, who named the " Gardenia " after him. Sir Nathaniel .John- 
 son was a scientific experimenter. He introduced silk and improved 
 rice culture in South Carolina. The learning of Henry Laurens is well 
 known. His son, John Laurens, who, at the age of twenty-five, was .sent 
 to Paris to negotiate with France in 1780, was an adept in " ancient 
 and modern languages, philosophy, geograi)hy, history, and the ordinary 
 circle of sciences, and he excelled in drawing, dancing, fencing, riding, 
 and all the graces and refined manners of a man of fashion." The Rev. 
 
48G A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IX SOUTH CAI^OLIXA. 
 
 Thomas Reese amassed great knowledge, and wrote an excellent essay 
 on the influence of religion in society, for which he was made a Doctor 
 of Divinity b}' Princeton. John Rutledge was a man of- varied attain- 
 ments. 
 
 Dr. John Lining was one of the first experimenters in electricity, and 
 corresponded on the subject with Franklin. He wrote the first pamphlet 
 on yelloAV fever that appeared from America. William Bull, the first 
 native of South Carolina that obtained the degree of M. D., defended a 
 thesis before the University of Leyden. 
 
 After the Revolution there were a number of learned and scientific 
 men. Dr. David Ramsay introduced vaccination into Charleston in 
 180(), four years after its discovery by Jenner. (His son, Mr. Nathaniel 
 Ramsay, who was the first subject, died near Columbia, in 1882.) Besides 
 this, he wrote a Universal History, a History of the Revolution, and a 
 History of South Carolina, from which are taken many facts of this 
 sketch, and of all other sketches of our early history. Stephen Elliott 
 was a thorough botanist. Washington Allston, a painter and poet. Hugh 
 S. Legare, a scholar as well as orator. But it is needless to say more. 
 
 This appreciation of higher education led the people of South Carolina 
 first to send tlieir sons abroad and then to endow colleges of their own at 
 liome. 
 
 Sketches of these colleges are apjiended, each written by the president 
 or one of tlie professors of the college described. 
 
 THE SOUTH CAROLIXA COLLEGE. 
 
 On the 7th day of December, 1723, the Rev. Thomas Morritt made 
 proposals in the Colonial Assembly for the establishment of a college. 
 This is the first time the w^ord occurs in South Carolina legislation. A 
 manuscript bill, partly in the handwriting of John Rutledge, in the time 
 of Lieutenant-Governor l^uU (1700) provides, in addition to public 
 schools, for "a college for the education of the youth of this province." 
 The plan Avas most liberal, embracing instruction in the natural sciences, 
 medicine and law, as well as in the classics and philosophy. 
 
 To Governor Drayton, however, was reserved the honor of inaugu- 
 rating a successful movement. His message, November 28d, 1801, advo- 
 cated the erection of a State College. An Act of Inc(>r[H>ration pa.ssed 
 the same year. Fift}^ thousand dollars were appropriated for buildings, 
 and six thousand annually for salaries. 
 
 An organization was effected in February, 1802, and buildings were 
 erected, by 1804. A faculty was chosen in April of that year. Rev. John' 
 athan Maxcy wa^ elected president. Born in Massachusetts in 17G8, he 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAIUJLINA. 487 
 
 was clioseii president of Brown University at the age of twenty-four. In 
 1^02 he Ijeeaine pi-esident of Union College, and two years later, came to 
 South Carolina to organize this Institution. There he served faithfully, 
 and with distinguished succes.^, until his death, in 1820. A handsome 
 monument to his memo;-y graces the College Campus. 
 
 The College opened on the* 10th January, ISO-l, its first mafriculatc 
 heing William Harper, afterwards Chancellor of the State, and one of the 
 ahlest jurists that have adorned the AiVierican hench. Eight other stu- 
 dents entered the same day, and by July the nund)er had increased to 
 twenty-nine. From that time the College went on increasing in honor 
 and in usefulness. Its hi.story is indissolul)ly connected with that of the 
 State. With reason has it been said that much of the peculiar genius of 
 South Carolina, much of her prominence in the councils of the Union, 
 much of that high .sense of honor characterizing her soils in every walk 
 of life, were due to the formative influences of the South Carolina College. 
 
 The youth of the State imbibed political economy from a Cooper, his- 
 tory and government from a Lieber, eloquence from a Preston, logic from 
 a Thornwell. science froiu an Ellett, or a Le Conte, Greek from a Henry, 
 an<l other branches from learned masters. Calhoun's Disquisition on 
 (Jovernment was, In- law, a text-book in the College. All the depart- 
 ments of the State government attended connnencement exercises in a 
 body. The College was the gymnasium in which youthful intellects 
 were prepared to grasp the problems of statesmanship equally with those 
 of ordinary })usiness life. 
 
 The succes.sion of })residents up to the war were Kev. Jonathan Maxcy, 
 Thomas Cooper, Robert Henry, jyro. icw., Robert W. Barnwell, William C. 
 Preston, James 11. Thornwell, Charles F. McCay, and A. B. Longstreet. 
 
 Among the alunnii, now dead, who bore off honors, are James L. 
 Petigru. B. J. Earle, J. B. O'Xeall, George McDuffie, Hugh S. Legare, 
 I). L Wardlaw, F. H. Wardlaw, Richard Yeadon, Ba.sil Manly. T. J. 
 Withers, Ednumd Bellinger, James H. Thornwell, James Simons, and 
 Robert W. Barnwell, Jr. 
 
 Among the graduates during the first quarter of a century, were Wil- 
 liam Harper, B. F. Whitner, Warren R. Davis, Job Johnston, W. C. 
 Preston, \\'addy Thompson, A. P. Butler, T. X. Dawkins, J. H. Ham- 
 mond, and Stephen Elliott. The dead alone are mentioned ; the living 
 speak for themselves. 
 
 On several occasions the College passed through trying ordeals, but 
 the State rallied to her support. Hon. Robert W. Barnwell was espe- 
 cially successful in twice restoring confidence and infusing new life into 
 the Institution. His name is more closely linked with the College than 
 anv other. 
 
488 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IX SOUTH CAROLINA, 
 
 By the year 1847 additional buildings were necessary, and the roll of 
 students the following session numbered 221. A fire destroyed one 
 building in 1851, and, four years later, a still more serious loss was in- 
 curred in the burning of Rutledge College and the old chapel. These 
 damages were speedily repaired. 
 
 A rebellion in 1852 led to a relaxation of the old rule requiring all 
 students to board in commons. After this the Steward's Hall served only 
 as a check upon regularly licensed boarding houses. 
 
 The College continued its usefulness until the war. A company Avas 
 formed within the walls for State service. 
 
 In 18G2 the exercises were suspended, and the students and professors 
 were called to other duties. Hundreds of matriculates and alumni 
 were near the flashing of the guns, and many of them achieved high 
 reputation. 
 
 The college buildings served as a hospital up to the time of the sur- 
 render. 
 
 THE SOUTH CAROLINA UNIVERSITY. 
 
 In 186G, the college was reopened and converted into a university, 
 Hon. Robert W. Barnwell beina: a second time called from private life 
 to the presidency. He placed the institution on a sound footing. Schools 
 of law and medicine were attached to the academic department. A num- 
 ber of earnest students attended, and the attendance increased to more 
 than a hundred. The reorganization of the Board of Trustees, in 1869, 
 was followed by some resignations in the faculty. In 1873, a radical 
 change was made. The doors Avere thrown open to all students, regard- 
 less of race. The old professors resigned their places, and a new faculty 
 and a new class of students cam3 into 03cupancy. In 1877, 
 
 THE INSTITUTION WAS CLOSED 
 
 by the Legislature. In 1870, the Legislature issued State stock to revive 
 the fund, given, by the general Government for an agricultural and me- 
 chanical college, and lost by the State authorities between 1868 and 1876. 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY WAS REOPENED 
 
 in 1880 with two branches — the South Carolina Agricultural and ^le- 
 chanical College at Columbia, for the whites, and Clufiin Univer si t} ^ at 
 Orangeburg, for the blacks. Hon. Wm. Porcher Miles was elected Presi- 
 dent of the College at Columbia. This organization continued two years. 
 In 1881, the Legislature made additional appropriations, and the trustees, 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 4S0 
 
 in May following, elected five additional professors. The college opened 
 in October with flattering prospects, the attendance reaching one hun- 
 tlred and fifty in a few weeks. Mr. Miles having resigned to accept im- 
 portant private trusts, the faculty elected Prof. J. M. McBryde Chair- 
 man, and he was subsequently elected President. 
 
 FACULTY AND OFFICERS. 
 
 John M. McBryde, Presiilent, and Professor of Agriculture and Horti- 
 culture ; James AVoodrow, Ph.D., D. D., Professor of Geology, Mineralogy, 
 Botany, and Zoology ; Benjamin Sloan, Professor of Mathematics and 
 Natural Philosophy ; Wm. Burney, Ph. D., Professor of Analytical and 
 Agricultural Chemistry ; E. L. Patton, LL. D., Professor of Ancient 
 Languages; E. S. Joynes, Af. A., LL. D., Professor of Modern Languages 
 and English ; Rev. W. J. Alexander, A. M., Chaplain, and Professor of 
 Philosophy ; R. Means Davis, Professor of History and Political Science. 
 Secretary of the Faculty, R. Means Davis ; Treasurer, N. B. Barnwell ; 
 Librarian, Miss E. \V. Barnwell ; Marshal, R. S. Morrison. 
 
 COURSES OF STUDY, FOUR YEARS EACH. 
 
 There are three Science courses, conferring the degree of B. S. The 
 first is of general science, the second of applied science (mechanics and 
 engineering), and the third of applied science (agriculture and ap})licil 
 chemistry). 
 
 There are, also, two Literature cours?s, conferring the degree of B. A. 
 The first embraces a first course in cla.'^sics. The second suUstitutes 
 modern languages for the study of Greek. 
 
 There are thres special courses, Practical Agriculture, Practical Sur- 
 veying, and Practical English. 
 
 Tuition is free. A charge of ten dollars is made for repairs, etc. 
 Board is secured at reasonable rates. 
 
 BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS, 
 
 The college l)uildings are enclosed in the college grounds, which con- 
 tain about sixteen acres. The " campus " contains nearly four acres. 
 Around it are the recitation rooms, the tenements, and the professors' 
 houses. The dormitory system is adojjted. For each pair of students 
 there is a suite of three roouLS, thus insuring comfort and privacy. The 
 buildings are valued at S2oO,0(JO. The librarv contains about 27,000 
 32 
 
490 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA, 
 
 volumes, selected with great care by such scholars as Elliott, Thorinvell 
 and Lieber. Mauv of the books are of rare value. 
 
 FUNDS. 
 
 The college receives a portion of the proceeds of the $192,000 in agricul- 
 tural scrip. In addition, the Legislature has for two years ap])ropriated 
 S10,000 for professors, and $2,500 for other i.urposes. The trustees have 
 made an appropriation for the purpose of carrying out the agricultural 
 feature. A handsome conservatory is in course of erection, and an ex- 
 perimental farm will be carried on for the purpose of testing new seeds, 
 fertilizers, &c. The endeavor will be to make this college practical as 
 Avell as literary, and to afford a thorough training to the youth of the 
 State. 
 
 THE COLLEGE OF CHAKLESTON. 
 
 The College of Charleston Avas incorporated by Act of the Legislature 
 in 17S5. Two other colleges were incorporated on the same day — Mount 
 Zioii College, in Winnsboro ; and one in Cambridge. The last, it is be- 
 lieved has no further history. The second was, for years, a respectable 
 grammar school. Certain funds which were bequeathed by individuals 
 to aid in " the first college which shall be chartered," were thus divided 
 among the three which were thus simultaneously created by the Legisla- 
 ture. The college thus chartered in Charleston enjoyed the possession 
 of the Old Barracks, with the lands attached to it, between George, St. 
 Philip's and Green streets, and it is on that land the present college building 
 stands. At the time of the charter the Hev. William Smith, afterwards 
 Bishop of the Diocese of South Carolina, kept a large classical school in 
 Charleston, and it was determined to make his school the nucleus of the 
 new college, but it was not until 1794 that the college gave degrees to its 
 graduates. In that year a commencement was held, and the Baccalaure- 
 ate conferred on six candidates, among Avhom we find Nathaniel Bowen, 
 afterwards Bishop of the Diocese, and John Davis Gervais. 
 
 This was the first and also the last commencement of the college in 
 that century. Its pretensions as a college seem to have been lost sight 
 of, and for many years it held rank only as a classical school, whose repu- 
 tation depended upon the character of its head. 
 
 In 1824, an effort was made to raise its collegiate character, and three 
 of the principal schools were united under the presidency of Bishop 
 Bowen. It was then a school of a mixed character, in which it was not 
 easy to distinguish the academics from the pupils of the grammar or 
 preparatory school. Having organized the college, Bishop Bowen retired 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IX SOUTH CAROLINA. 491 
 
 from its headship, and was succeeded by Rev. Jasper Adams. In 1825, the 
 first de^iree was conferred on Alex. Gadsden, and in 1826 the Rt. Rev. 
 Bishop Wightman took the Baccalaureate. P'rom this time to 1835 the 
 exercises of the college were continued without interruption, and the 
 list of graduates contains the names of gentlemen who have been favor- 
 ably known to the community as lawyers, jurists, merchants and divines. 
 
 In 1835, the exercises of the college were suspended in consequence of 
 financial embarrassment. In 1837, by an agreement between the trustees 
 and the City Council, the property of the college was ceded to the Council, 
 which, in return, charged itself with its maintenance. 
 
 Under this arrangement the college was re-opened under the presi- 
 dency of Rev. W. H. Brantley, D. D., two professors and a tutor. Tlie 
 grammar or preparatory school was dropped, and this arrangement, with 
 the addition of other professors, continues to the present time. 
 
 In 1820, the Old Barracks were taken down, and the centre of the 
 presient college building erected. This was enlarged by the addition of 
 the two wings, in 1850. The first commencement was celebrated in 1840, 
 and there has been no interruption since that time. In 184-, Dr. Brant- 
 ley died, and was succeeded by II. Perroneau Finlcy, Esq., who resigned 
 in 1858. In 1850 the Cabinet of Natural History was added to the col- 
 lege, and occupies the whole of the upper story of the building. The 
 board of instructors was increased to six. 
 
 In 1858, N. Russell Middleton, Esq., was elected president, and served 
 until the end of 1880. 
 
 During the war the exercises of the college were not suspended, but the 
 greater number of youths of the age to go to college were called into the 
 service, and in 18G5 the college was not opened. 
 
 The whole number of graduates between 1825 and 1870 is two hundred 
 and ninety-seven. This, of course, shows small classes, but the college 
 educates few persons outside of the city. Hence the number of students 
 is always, and must always be, small ; but among the graduates are 
 found the names of most of those who have led public opinion in the 
 city. In this list are forty-two lawyers, thirty-two physicians, thirty-two 
 merchants, and twenty-three clergymen, besides most of those who have 
 made a mark as educators and teachers of youth. The course of studies 
 does not ditfer materially from that of other colleges in the United States, 
 and it is doubted whether any college excels it in its mathematical course. 
 Of late particular attention has been given to a practical knowledge of 
 English Literature, including a critical reading of the early poets. 
 French and German have been made obligatory portions of the cur- 
 riculum. 
 
 The funds of the college are reported by the Mayor as ^300,000. This 
 
492 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 lias l)een obtained from various sources. In 1864, Mr. Ephraim Mikell 
 left the college cit}^ stock amounting to more than $] 50,000. Besides 
 this Mr. Ker Boyce left a fund of more than $20,000, the interest of 
 which was to be employed in the support of worthy youths during their 
 college course. 
 
 The college opened October, 18S2, with the following faculty : 
 Henry E. Shepherd, President, Professor of English Language and 
 Literature ; Lewis R. Gibbes, Professor of Astronomy, Physics and 
 Chemistry ; Francis W. Capers, Professor of Mathematics and Civil En- 
 gineering ; A. Sachtleben, Professor of Ancient Languages and Literature ; 
 Sylvester Pumer, Professor of Modern Languages and Literature; N. 
 Russell Middlcton, Professor Honorary, Lecturer on Moral and Political 
 Philosophy, and Evidences of Christianity ; F. A. Porcher, Professor 
 Honorary, Lecturer on Belles Lettres and History ; H. M. Bruns, Profes- 
 sor Honorary, Lecturer on Classical Literature. 
 
 ERSKINE COLLECtE. 
 
 This Institution is the property of the Associate Reformed Synod, of 
 the South. 
 
 It is situated at Due West, in the upper j^art of Abbeville County, four 
 miles west of the Donald's Depot, on the Columbia and Greenville Rail- 
 road, and on the line of the Atlantic and French Broad Valley Railroad, 
 now being constructed. 
 
 For some years j^rcvious to 1836, the Institution, which afterwards 
 developed into a College, had been open as a Classical School. In the 
 Fall of 1835, steps were taken to enlarge the course of instruction, which 
 was carried into effect in 1836. The first name of the College, was 
 
 CLARK AND ERSKINE SEMINARY. 
 
 It was organized as Erskine College, in 1839, and the course of instruc- 
 tion extended so as to comprehend all the studies appropriately belong- 
 ing to Colleges. The first President was Rev. E. E. Pressly, D. D., Avith 
 the following corps of Professors : ]\Ir. N. M. Gordon, Rev. J. N. Young 
 and Rev. J. P. Pressly, D. D. As the patronage and means of the Col- 
 lege increased, additional Professors were employed until the plans of 
 1839 were fully met. It has had the following distinguished gentlemen 
 as Presidents: Rev.' E. E. Pressly, D. D., Rev. R. C. Grier, D. D., (two 
 terms, 1846 to 1858, and 1865 to 1871), Rev. E. L. Patton, LL. D., Rev. 
 W. M. Grier, D. D., son of the former Dr. Grier. The following gentle- 
 men have been connected at different times with the College as Profes- 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 493 
 
 sors: Rev. D. McCaw, Rev. William McWhorter, Rev. W. R. Hemphill, 
 D. D.; Professors J. F. Lee, J. P. Kennedy, AVm. Hood, W. 8. Lowry, J. 
 H. Miller, L. P. Kennedy and J. J. McCain. The last five named, 
 together with Dr. W. M'. Grier, as President, compose the Facnlty at this 
 time. These uentlemen represent, as alunmi, quite a large number of 
 Colleges and Universities. The first Faculties were drawn mostly from 
 Northern Colleges, such as Jefferson, Pa, and Miami Univer.'^ity, Ohio. 
 In later years, they have been taken from graduates of Colleges in the 
 iSouth — such as the University of Georgia, South Carolina College, and 
 Erskine College. Several of them have taken courses of special study in 
 Yale, Johns Hopkins' University, Amherst, &c. All of these gentlemen 
 have been noted for their devotion to education, and have stood high in 
 their respective departments. 
 
 The course of instruction is believed to be as thorough and full as the 
 ordinary purposes of an education can require, or as students are able to 
 accomplish in the time usually devoted to a college course. 
 
 While it is true that, although like most denominational colleges, 
 Erskine is the child of hard struggles, she has now attained such age 
 and growth as place her future beyond the dangers of ordinary con- 
 tingencies. 
 
 Endowments. Previous to 1853, the College relied on tuition fees and 
 the interest of a few donations and bequests to defray ex{)enses. In that 
 year, " the plan of endowing the College, by the sale of scholarships 
 was adopted, and a vigorous attempt made to carry out the scheme * * 
 Money was scarce, and crops not al)undant, but by making liberal offers 
 in the way of tuition, more than $50,000 was raised towards the endow- 
 ment of the College." This, in connection with funds previously received 
 from Capt. Blair and others, and more recently from Christopher Strong, 
 Esq., of Tennessee, and Col. Wm. Wright, of Yorkville, South Carolina, 
 raised the endowment to about $70,000. 
 
 The results of the late war swept away all of this endowment, except- 
 ing about $13,000. Having tried some temporary expedients, the Synod, 
 in 1871, entered on a second effort to secure a permanent endow- 
 ment. The plan was similar to the one of 1853, except that the price of 
 scholarships was raised to $20 each, and the term of the College obliga- 
 tion limited to 1805. Until that time, each share or scrip for §20 entitles 
 the holder to one year's tuition. Though the friends of the College were 
 impoverished and discouraged, by the disasters of the war, this effort 
 met a liberal response, and the sale of scholarships, together with a few 
 additional donations and bequests, raised the endowment to about $80,000. 
 The largest donation was $15,000, by Mrs. Ann Wallace, of Kentucky, 
 and the largest bequest the College has received, was by the will of the 
 
494 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 late Dr. Hearst, of Abbeville, S. C. He left two-thirds of his estate to 
 the College. About $11,000 has been realized on it. 
 
 Buildings. The first permanent building was erected in 1842, and is 
 a large fine brick structure of three stories ; affording ample rooms for 
 recitations, library and other purposes. A second building was erected 
 in 1850-1. It is also of brick, and has two stories. The first floor is 
 divided into chapel, school and rpading rooms. The second floor, with 
 a seating capacity of 1,200 to 1,500, is Commencement Hall, or " Lindsay 
 Hall," named after James Lindsay, Escj^., in consequence of his liberality 
 as builder. Here all exhibitions and commencements, not only of 
 Erskine College, but also of the Due West Female College, are held. 
 
 Attached to this building is an observatory, about one hundred feet 
 high, on which is mounted a large and valuable telescope under a re- 
 volving cupola. 
 
 In subsequent years, two other brick buildings of two stories each 
 were erected in the campus. These are appropriated to the uses of the 
 two Literary Societies connected with the College. Each contains a gen- 
 eral hall for forensic practice, a library and other rooms. They were 
 built by contributions of the members, their alumni, and other friends. 
 One was built in 1858, the other a year or two later. 
 
 BENEFICIARY SCHOLARSHIPS. 
 
 Provision has always been made in one way or another for aid of de- 
 serving students in straitened circumstances, and many young men have 
 been enabled to graduate in this way. L'^^ntil recently, however, there 
 has been no regular beneficiary fund. In the last year or two the " Duane 
 Mower Scholarship," has been founded, the annual interest of which is 
 offered by the Faculty to worthy, but indigent young men. 
 
 The buildings and other property are yalued at about $40,000. 
 
 The foregoing is a brief sketch of the history and purposes of Erskine 
 College. During the forty odd years of its existence, it has annually (ex- 
 cept during the war period) sent out a considerable number of alumni. 
 It has graduated more than four hundred young men, most of whom are 
 now honoring all the learned professions in many States of the L'nion. 
 
 ASSOCIATE REFORMED THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 
 
 Since the origin of Erskine College, a Theological Seminary has been 
 coimected with it, though in no sense a part of it. 
 
 Its funds are distinct from the funds of the College. The only conniec- 
 tion, i.s that the two institutions belong to the same body of people, and 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 41»5 
 
 some of the rooms, not needed by the College, answer the purposes of the 
 Seminary. No endowment has 3'et been undertaken for it. It is sup- 
 ported by an annual assessment of the Churclies comprising the Synod. 
 
 The only funds it has received for permanent investment are donations 
 and bequests. The largest of these was by the will of the late Dr. ^Ic- 
 Millen, of San Francisco, Cal. This is hot in hand yet, but according to 
 reports of the executors, it is believed it will yield a very handsome sum. 
 This, added to others, similar, the more recent of which is from Mrs. 
 Ann Wallace, of Kentucky, and Mr. Thomas Torbit, of Chester, S. C, 
 raise the amount to about §20,000. 
 
 At present, the Seminary has three professors, with Rev. James Boyce, 
 D. D., as the President of the Faculty. The course of instruction is two 
 years, of nine months each. Tuition is free. 
 
 Intimately connected with the Seminary, and therefore more or less 
 interesting to the friends of the College, is a Board of Foreign Missions, 
 all of whoso officers reside in Due West. The Board was organized in 
 1875, at which time the first missionary was sent out. As this Board is 
 quite you'ng yet, its funds are also quite small, not amounting to nuKh 
 over $3,000. 
 
 WOFFORD COLLEGE, SPARTANBURG C. H., S. C. 
 
 This Institution was founded by the Rev. Benjamin WofFord, a min- 
 ister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, and is called by his 
 name. For some years before his death, Mr. Wofford had been deeply 
 interested in the subject of education, and was anxious to afford the ad- 
 vantages of the highest literary improvement to the 3'outh of the up- 
 country of his native State. In his will, he left $100,000 " for the pur- 
 pose of establishing and endowing a college for literary, classical and 
 scientific education, to be located in his native district, Spartanburg, and 
 to be under the control of the iNIethodist Episcopal Church of his native 
 State, South Carolina." The college received its charter from the Legis- 
 lature of South Carolina, Dec. 16, 1851. A board of trustees was 
 appointed, with " authority to confer and award all such distinctions, 
 honors, licenses, and degrees as are usually conferred and awarded in 
 colleges and universities in the United States. The buildings were 
 completed at a cost of $50,000, leaving the same amount as the nucleus 
 of an endowment. The college building is an imposing and hand.some 
 structure of brick, containing a chapel capable of holding about one 
 thousand persons, library, museum and laboratory, and recitation rooms. 
 The other buildings included in the college property consist of a presi- 
 dent's house, and houses for four professors. They are all substantial 
 brick buildings 
 
496 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IX SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 The first faculty of the college was composed of the Rev. W. M. 
 AVightman, D. D., President ; David Duncan, A. M., Professor of Lan- 
 guages; James H.Carlisle, A.M., Professor of Mathematics; Warren 
 DuPre, A. M., Professor of Natural Science. To these were added, in 
 the following year, Whitefoord Smith, Professor of English Literature. 
 The regular exercises of the college were commenced on the 1st day of 
 August, 1854. During cur late war, the exercises of the institution 
 Avere never wholly suspended, but a high school was kept up under 
 the supervision of Professors D. Duncan and J. H. Carlisle. 
 
 After the close of the war, the regular collegiate classes were again 
 formed, and the number of students has steadily increased. During 
 the last year, one hundred and forty were in attendance. The standard 
 of scholarship in this institution has always been very high, and the 
 services of its graduates as teachers have been in great demand. It 
 has given a large number of its graduates to the work of the ministry, 
 while many others have been called to the field of educational labor, 
 others to distinguished positions in civil and political life. 
 
 It is greatly to the credit of AVofFord College that it has given the 
 advantages of liberal education to many poor young men who otherwise 
 would have been deprived of them ; and this is more to its credit when 
 it is known that its endowment funds were nearly all lost in the dis- 
 astrous effects of the last war. 
 
 The college is beautifully located in the northern part of the town of 
 Spartanburg, and has a campus embracing about seventy acres, nearly 
 all of which is delightfully shaded with forest trees. This section of the 
 State is noted for the salubrity of its climate, pure water, and general 
 healthfulness. It is known as a good summer resort for those living in 
 the lower part of the State. It is almost unequalled for the high moral 
 tone of its society. 
 
 The cost of board and tuition is very reasonable, and the necessar}' ex- 
 penses of a student here are small. A group of students formed a mess, 
 last year, at a cost of only seven dollars a month to each, and their table 
 was as good as is usually found in private families. 
 
 Sessions begin on the 1st October, and close on the Wednesday' after 
 the second Sunday in June. 
 
 The present faculty is composed of James H. Carlisle, A. M., LL. D., 
 President, and Professor of Mathematics; Rev. Whitefoord Smith, A. M., 
 D. D., Professor of English Literature ; Rev. W. W. Duncan, A. M., D. D., 
 Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy ; Daniel A. DuPre, A. M., Pro- 
 fessor of Chemistry and Geology; F. C. AVoodward. A. M., Professor of 
 Latin and French ; J. A. Gamewell, A. M., Professor in charge of Intro- 
 ductory Classes; J. H. Kirkland, A. M,, Professor of Greek and German; 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 407 
 
 W. W. Duncan, Financial Secretary and Treasurer; J. A. Ganicwcll, 
 Secretary of Faculty. 
 
 FURMAN UNIVERSITY,. GREENVILLE, S. C. 
 
 This institution, founded by the Baptists of tlie State, has been in 
 operation a little more than thirty years. It is situated within the cor- 
 I)orate limits of the city of Greenville, upon the western side of Reedy 
 river, a little stream rising near the foot of the mountains and, on its 
 way to the Saluda, intersecting the site of Greenville city. The grounds 
 of the University embrace some forty acres of land, constituting a wooded 
 height of remarkable beauty. Near its centre, and fronting tlie main 
 street of the western portion of the city, stands the main pile of the Uni- 
 versity building. The scene from its tower is one of the finest. Tlie 
 undulations of Laurel creek and Reedy river, the near heights of Lowndes 
 hill', Piney mountain and Paris mountain, the more remote lines of Hog- 
 back, Ciesar's Head and Table Rock, with yet more distant points of the 
 Blue Ridge, present a view of surpassing beauty. The building itself is 
 wholly devoted to the immediate purposes of instruction; one section 
 containing a chapel, a chemical laboratory, a philosophical apparatus 
 room, and a library room. Another section contains seven recitation 
 rooms, and two society rooms. These two sections are connected by the 
 mathematical room, Avliich is furnished with ample blackboards, and 
 witli tiers of desks and seats wliicli enable every student to see distinctly 
 the Avork upon the blackboards. 
 
 There is no provision for boarding within the University. The history 
 of colleges shows tliat dormitories in college buildings, and boarding in 
 commons, have been the sources of incalculable moral damage. In a 
 correspondence with some leading instructors, instituted by those who 
 projected this institution, facts and opinions were gathered which made 
 them unwilling to embrace the old college system in the plan to be in- 
 augurated in Greenville. The late President Wayland, for instance, gave 
 it as his deliberate opinion, that forty-nine-fiftieths of the trouble in col- 
 leges grow out of the dormitory system. Boys, to be safe in college, must 
 divide in fiimilies; and the boarding-house which is most like home is 
 the best place for them. More tlian thirty years' experience in Furman 
 University has confirm.ed these views, lliere has never been the slightest 
 sign of any thing like a rebellion. There has been scarcely any need for 
 discipline beyond the kind, cpiet admonition. A few instances, at long 
 intervals, have occurred, in which it has been necessary to put away a 
 student for unwortliy conduct; but in every such instance, the action of 
 the faculty has had the unqualified moral support of the body of students. 
 
408 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 In addition to this, the utmost good feeling has ever been reciprocated 
 between tlie students and the citizens of the town. 
 
 The name of the institution, under which it was incorporated, " Furman 
 Universiti/," was adopted because, in.its incipiency, it embraced an academic, 
 a collcfpatc, and a tJicolof/ical department, witli the expectation of adding 
 afterward, a department of laic. Arrangements to tliis etfect were on 
 foot ^\'\\on the war rendered them impracticable. The Southern Baptist 
 Theological Seminary, now located at Louisville, Ky., but originally 
 founded in Greenville, S. C, is an outgrowth of Furman University, 
 which gave up its theological department in order that other States besides 
 South Carolina might be brought in as supporters of a common Southern 
 theological institution. 
 
 Soon after the war, the university sought to provide free tuition in the 
 collegiate department on the basis of bonds given for the support of the 
 faculty, on condition of free tuition for ten years. Having no provision 
 for the support of a preparatory department, it was not reorganized. 
 
 The plan of free tuition for ten years proved a failure, owing, mainly, 
 to the fad that the bonds matured at the time of the greatest financial 
 stringency known in the State for many years. Out of $200,000 in bonds, 
 the amount actually collected enabled the trustees to invest |20,000 as a 
 permanent interest-bearing fund, the balance being appropriated to meet 
 current expenses. 
 
 An experience of five 3''ears convinced the trustees that the ])lan of free 
 tuition would not be a success. Accordingly, at a meeting of the Board, 
 August 30th, 1881, the University was reorganized. It was determined 
 to discontinue free tuition, and appeal directly to the Baptist churches 
 of the State for the means to meet current expenses. For this purpose, 
 the President visited most of the associations meeting in the tall, and such 
 responses were received as gave assurance that the institution would be 
 continued. 
 
 The results of the last session, which closed June 18th, Avere such as 
 greatly to encourage the friends of the institution ; and as arrangements 
 have been instituted for the satisfactory settlement of the outstanding 
 bonds, a career of enlarged prosperity is confidently anticipated. 
 
 The present organization includes an academic and a collegiate de- 
 partment. The former is intended to prepare students for the college 
 studies, and is under the immediate direction of a principal, who has 
 already achieved success in tliis department. The college department 
 embraces seven distinct schools, viz : the Latin Language and Litera- 
 ture ; the Greek Language and Literature ; Mathematics and Mechanical 
 Philosophy ; Natural Philosophy ; Chemistry and Natural History ; 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION' IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 499 
 
 Metapliysics ; the Eiiglisli Language and Literature. Provision is made 
 for a two years' course in (.Ternian and Frencli. 
 
 The Faculty is as follows : Charles Manly, D. D., President, and Pro- 
 fessor of English ; Rev. James C. Furman, D. D. Professor ot Meta- 
 I)hysics ; C. H. Judson, Professor of Mathematics ; Harvey T. Cook, 
 Professor of Ancient Languages ; George D. Purinton, Professor of Chem- 
 istry and Physics; R. E. Gaines, Assistant Instructor; W. W. Brown, 
 Principal of Academic Department. 
 
 For catalogues giving full information, application may be made to 
 the President, Rev. Charles Manly, D. D,, or to the Secretary of the 
 Faculty, Prof. H. T. Cook, at Greenville, S. C. 
 
 NEWBERRY COLLEGE, NEWBERRY, S. C. 
 
 At a meeting of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of South Carolina, 
 held in 1856, it was resolved to establish a " Classical and Literary Insti- 
 tution." A board of trustees was elected, a charter obtained, and New- 
 berry, S. C, chosen as the location. In 1857, the corner-stone of a 
 building was laid, and in the following year, a large and attractive 
 college edifice was completed, at a cost of $20,000. The faculty was as 
 follows : President, Rev. T. Stork, D. D., and Professors, R. Garlington, 
 0. B. Mayer, M. D., J. Bachman, D. D., LL. D., J. A. Brown, C. A. Stork, 
 A. P. Pifer, J. M. Streckhise, and M. Whittle. 
 
 The college was opened in 1858, and during the second session (1859-GO) 
 175 students were enrolled. 
 
 A plan of endowment by scholarship was adoj)ted, which was so suc- 
 cessful that, in 18G0, the sum of §50,000.00 had been secured. A presi- 
 dent's house was built at a cost of §4,000.00, and cash subscriptions in 
 hand amounted to §3,000.00. Thus it appears that, in 1860, the property 
 of the college in endowment, buildings, etc., exceeded §75,000.00 in value. 
 
 The breaking out of the war between the States, in 18(51, caused the 
 withdrawal of the faculty, and nearly all the students enlisted in the 
 armies of the Confederacy. 
 
 In 1802, Rev. J. P. Smeltzer, I). D., was elected president, who, during 
 this and the following year, obtained subscri})tions to funds of nearly 
 §50,000.00. From 1861-5, the college was not regularly open for stu- 
 dents. In 1865, the Synod recommended to the Board to reopen the 
 college. Professors were elected, and, with a limited number of students, 
 the exercises of the institution were resumed in November of that year. 
 But the finances of the college were in a shattered condition, the endow- 
 ment had been totally lost by investment in Confederate securities ; and 
 the college building, beautiful in its architecture, but defective in its 
 
500 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 const riu't ion. ne(.'ossnrily soniewluvt nn(.'arocl for during' the tronblons 
 times of the war. and nuieh injured by its occupancy by United States 
 soldiers during four months of the year 1865, was found in ISGO to be 
 unsafe. Steps were taken to eftect the necessary repairs, but to the 
 astonislunent of the I'oard and the friends of tlie college, claims against 
 the ])oard to the amount of ^18,000.00 were presented. Sueh was the 
 poverty of the ])eoi)le that the building could not be reclaimed and these 
 debts })aid. The trustees, therefore, made sale of the i>roperty and closed 
 the institution. 
 
 At this juncture, the citizens of Wallhalla, S. C, made favorable pro- 
 })osals to have tlie college located at that place. The offer was accepted, 
 and in Noveml)cr, 1868, the college was removed to Walhalla. Here the 
 college sojourned for nine years, struggling amid many and heavy em- 
 barrassments. 
 
 In 1877, the citizens of Newberry, desiring the re-location of the college 
 on its old site, offered to the Synod bnildings and grounds worth $15,000. 
 The oifer was accei^ted, and in September, 1877, the exercises of the 
 college were o})ened at Newberry. By the close of this year, a suitable 
 and substantial brick building was finished, and the property of the 
 college at this date, 1882, in building, grounds, library, ai)paratus, etc., is 
 worth $25,000. 
 
 Rev. J. P. Smeltzer, D. D., who had been president of the college for 
 sixteen years, upon the removal of the college from Walhalla, retired 
 fi:om the presidency, and Rev. G. AY. 'Holland, the present incumbent, 
 was elected his successor. 
 
 Up to 1882, the college has graduated forty-eight young men, twelve 
 of whom are now teaching in this State. 
 
 In addition to the first faculty, the following gentlemen have been at 
 various times members of the corps of instructors : Rev. J. P. Smeltzer, 
 I). I).; D. Arrington, Rev. J. McNeill Turner, D. D., Rev. G. W. Holland, 
 I). r>. Busby, E. J. Dreher, Carl Weber, Rev. J. F. Probst, G. D. Halti- 
 wanger, G. B. Cromer, and perhaps others. 
 
 The faculty, as at present constituted, is as follows: President, Rev. 
 G. W. Plolland, and Professors O. B. Mayer, M. D., S. S. Rahn, B. W. 
 little, C. W. Welch, and E. H. Anil. 
 
 The average number of students for the past four years has been 
 about one hundred. 
 
 A small endowment of $12,000.00 has been raised from proceeds of the 
 college in the State, and generous patrons of education in Boston have 
 contributed about 84.000.00 toward the equipment of the college. 
 
 It is believed that a eareer of prosperity and usefulness is now opening 
 to the institution, and that its friends will soon add to its endowment 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 501 
 
 and other appliances. It is hoped, also, that its patronage will, in the 
 near future, he largely extended. 
 
 ADGER COLLEGE (pRESBYTERIAN), WALHALLA, S. C, 
 
 In 1808, Xewherry College was removed to Wallialla, at wliich j^lace 
 it flourished for nine years. The Lutheran S3'nod, in tlie spring of 1877, 
 resolved to carry this college back to its original site in Newberry. 
 Thereupon the i)eople of Walhalla, of all denominations, determined to 
 organize a new college in ])lace of the one about to be removed ; and as 
 other denominations had colleges, it was resolved to place this institution 
 under Presbyterian control. 
 
 A subscription was begun, and in a few months the sum of ten thou- 
 sand dollars had been raised. The subscribers formed a joint stock 
 association on the basis of one vote for every twenty-five dollars of sub- 
 scription. It was resolved, also, that upon securing an endowment fund 
 of ten thousand dollars in addition to the subscriptions, the institu- 
 tion would be placed under the control of the Presbytery of South Caro- 
 lina. The subscriptions were secured by bonds, payable 1st January, 
 1890, and bearing seven per cent, interest, payable semi-annually from 
 the 1st July, 1877. 
 
 At the commencement of Newberry College, June, 1877, announce- 
 ment was made of the opening of Adgeu College in the ensuing autumn 
 The new institution was called in honor of a family whose unsullied 
 name had long been identified with Presbyterianism. A charter w^as 
 obtained for a white male college. The local subscriptions reached 
 321,000, in sums ranging from $25 to $500, and before 1879 the endow- 
 ment of $10,000 was also secured. Presbytery accepted control of the 
 college on 2(jth September, 1878. 
 
 A temporary organization was effected with Rev. J. R. Riley, D. D., as 
 chairman of the faculty. 
 
 Parties sul)scribing $500 each were entitled to free tuition in all depart- 
 ments for all their sons, and every addititional $500 entitled the sub- 
 scriber to designate a person whose sons should also secure free tuition ; 
 this designation being subject to approval of the college management. 
 
 Thus equipped, the college began a career of usefulness. In June, 
 1882, a permanent organization was effected, by the election of the Rev. 
 F. P. Mullally, D. D., President ; Rev. J. R. Riley, D. D., Professor of 
 Languages ; Rev. H. Strong, Professor of Natural Sciences ; and W. S. 
 Moore, A. B., Professor of Mathematics. 
 
 Upon this permanent organization a new interest sprang up, and sev- 
 eral hundred dollars in cash were added to the endowment fund, with a 
 prospect of a much greater increase. 
 
502 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 The location of the college is all that, could be desired — within four 
 miles of a mountain range, its water and air are pure and bracing. The 
 surrounding population is generally of the moral, energetic, industrious 
 class, which is the hope of true progress and prosperity. 
 
 In the town of Walhalla there are four churches of whites, viz : Bap- 
 tist, Methodist, Lutheran and Presbyterian, with an aggregate member- 
 ship of between five and six hundred, supplied by able ministers. 
 
 Walhalla is the terminus of the Blue Ridge railroad, eight miles 
 above its crossinjx of the Atlanta and Charlotte Air-Line Railway, and 
 easily accessible from all sections of the country, but advantageously 
 removed from the bustle and confusion of larger railroad towns. 
 
 Students obtain good board and lodging at nine dollars per month, 
 owing to the fact that the cereals are produced in this neighborhood 
 more abundantly tlian any other crop. The tuition is forty dollars per 
 scholastic year, and, as might be expected, from the financial statement 
 in regard to the population, there is no extravagance among us. Our 
 college, our town, and our country are all free from debt. We have in 
 the county about four whites to one colored inhabitant. The average 
 attendance of pupils in the collegiate and sub-collegiate clas.ses of the 
 college during the five years of its tentative exi.^itence has been eighty. 
 Now, that it has been put upon a permanent basis, and its success no 
 longer doubtful, with all the advantages of accessibility and of religious, 
 moral and industrious surroundings, and economy in tuition, board and 
 dress, with a population yearning for learning and liberal in its support, 
 we confidently expect to iind this infant, already strong in its preparation 
 for good, substantial, literary work, soon in the foremost rank of educa- 
 tional institutions. 
 
 • INSTITUTIONS FOR SPECIAL INSTRUCTION. 
 
 • THE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY (pRESBYTERIAN), COLUMBIA, S. C. 
 
 In 1828, Hopewell Presbytery, in Georgia, took the first steps in the 
 establishment of a theological seminary. A theological school was opened 
 in that year, in Lexington, Georgia, under the charge of Rev. Thomas 
 Goulding, D. D. South Carolina Presbytery agitated the matter with 
 such success that, in 1830, the seminary was removed to Columbia, a 
 commodious private residence with ample grounds having been purchased 
 for the purpose. Dr. Goulding was assisted by the Rev. George Howe. 
 The Synod of South Carolina and Georgia assumed general supervision. 
 After this the seminary prospered, other professors were added, and two 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IX SOUTH CAROLINA. 503 
 
 additional buildings erected. The endowment constantly increased. 
 AMicn the war came on there were five professorships, witli an average 
 endowment of about forty thousand each; besides about fifty thousand 
 more for contingent fund and scholarshi[)S. 
 
 Judge John Perkins, of Columbus, Miss., in 1S50-G0, ei-ected a " Per- 
 kins Professorship of Natural Science in connection with Revelation," 
 with an endowment of S40,000. Exercises continued throughout the 
 war, and were interrupted only a few months, in ISGo. 
 
 In 18S0, the institution was compelled to close, in consequence of tem- 
 l)orar3^ financial embarrassment. Additional sums were subscribed to the 
 endowment fund, and large amounts again became available, so that in 
 September, 1882, the seminary reopened with five professors, and an 
 endowment of about $150,000 ; which is still increasing. Its future pros- 
 pects are full of promise. 
 
 The whole number of the alumni is over five hundred. Of these sev- 
 enteen are foreign missionaries. 
 
 The seminary is open to students of every denomination. 
 
 OFFICERS. 
 
 Hon. James Hemphill, Chairman of the Board of Directors ; T. A. 
 McCreery, Esq., Treasurer. 
 
 FACULTY. 
 
 George Howe, D. D., LL.D., Professor of Biblical Literature ; James 
 Woodrow, Ph. D., D. D., Perkins Professor of Natural Science, in connec- 
 tion with Revelation ; J. L. Girardeau, D. D., LL.D., Professor of Di- 
 dactic and Polemic Theology ; Rev. Charles R. Hemphill, A. M., Asso- 
 ciate Professor of Biblical Literature ; W. E. Boggs, D. D., Professor of 
 Ecclesiastical History and Church Polity. The senior professor is chair- 
 man of tlie faculty. Dr. Howe has held this position since 1834. 
 
 Professors formerly connected with the institution, were Rev. Drs. 
 Thomas Goulding. A. W. Leland, C. C. Jones, A. T. McGill, B. M. Pal- 
 mer, J. H. Thornwell, J. B. Adger, W. S. Plumer, and Joseph R. Wilson. 
 
 Many of the leading divines of the South have been trained in this 
 seminary. 
 
 LIBRARY. 
 
 The seminar}' contains a library of over 10,000 volumes, chiefly eccle- 
 siastical and theological. They are carefully selected, and are of much 
 value. Few additions have been made since ISGO. 
 
504 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IX SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS. 
 
 The seminary occupies a square of four acres, in the heart of Columbia. 
 The buildings are of brick, three stories in height, and substantial. The 
 campus is shaded with trees of native growth. 
 
 INSTITUTION FOE, THE DEAF, DUMB, AND BLIND. 
 
 Prior to the year 1849, deaf, dumb, and blind children were sent to 
 the American asylum, at Hartford, Connecticut. In that year, seven 
 pupils were in attendance from the " upper division of South Carolina,'* 
 at a cost of |421. At that time a private school for mutes was estab- 
 lished at Cedar Springs, Spartanburg, by Mr. N. P. Walker. The location 
 was five miles from the courthouse, on a hill, from the foot of which 
 gushed a beautiful, cold spring. Five pupils were in attendance, all 
 fi'om Spartanburg district. Hon. T. N. Dawkins, commissioner of the 
 deaf, dumb, and blind, was so favorably impressed with the advantages 
 of this institution that he recommended it specially to the attention of 
 the Legislature, besides paying to it §250, and providing for two more 
 beneficiaries. In 1850, Gov. Seabrook called attention to the fact that 
 out of seventy mutes in the State, only thirteen were receiving instruc- 
 tion. The Legislature resolved to send no more pupils abroad, and ap- 
 propriated $3,000 for instruction, but refused to make the school a State 
 institution. The appropriation was increased to §5,000, in 1855, and a 
 school for the blind was added by Prof. Walker. A Board of Commis- 
 sioners was appointed to negotiate for the purchase of the property by 
 the State, and the transfer was made in 1857. $10,000 were appropriated 
 for buildings, and $7,000 for instruction. $20,000 more Avere appropri- 
 ated, in 1858, for the completion of the buildings, and in 1860, they were 
 ready for occupancy. Sixteen mutes, and seventeen blind pupils were in 
 attendance. 
 
 On the 13th November, 1861, Prof. Walker's death closed his useful 
 labors, and his duties devolved on Mrs. Walker and the faculty ; Prof. 
 Henderson (blind) being in charge of the school for the blind, while the 
 department for the deaf and dumb was presided over by Prof Hughston, 
 himself one of the late Prof. Walker's first mute pupils. The institution 
 received annually from $7,000 up to $15,000, in 1863. Until 1863, the 
 total appropriation had never been expended. 
 
 The school was closed in the beginning of 1865, but in the fall of 1866, 
 the exercises were resumed for a single session. Prof. Ilughston had 
 been elected superintendent after the death of Prof. AValker. In 1869, 
 the institution was reopened. Prof. Newton F. Walker, son of the found- 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IX SOUTH CAROLINA. 505 
 
 er, was first made associate principal, and then superintendent, Prof. 
 Hughston continuing to preside over the mute department. 
 
 In 1873, this institution was again compelled to suspend, owing to the 
 foilure of the Republican Legislature to make appropriations for its 
 maintenance.. It was reopened in 1870, and has since then been in a 
 prosperous condition. 
 
 An instructor in Bell's system of visible speech was added to the fac- 
 ulty, in 1880, and a number of the mutes are making gratifying progress 
 in the art of conversation. 
 
 There are in attendance fourteen blind, and forty-eight deaf and duml) 
 })upils. 
 
 The institution is supported by an annual appropriation of $10,000, 
 and is under control of a Board of Commissioners. 
 
 In 1882, an approi)riation of §1000 was made for a department for col- 
 ored mutes. 
 
 FACULTY. 
 
 N. F. Walker, Superintendent ; J. M. Hughston,* and D. S. Rogers,* 
 Instructors of Deaf and Dumb ; L. H. Cromer,t and Miss Annie Stevens, of 
 the Blind ; Miss Eva Ballard, Teacher of Articulation ; H. W. Estes,* 
 Music ; Mrs. V. E. Walker, Matron ; R. P. Brown,* Master of Shoe Shop ; 
 H. W. Este3,t Master of Broom and Brush Shop. 
 
 MEDICAL COLLEGE OF THE ST,\TE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 The " ^ledical College of South Carolina," under the control of the 
 Medical Society of South Carolina, and located in Charleston, received 
 its charter from the State in 1825. In consequence of some difference 
 between the professors and the society, the former resigned, in 1832, and 
 a new faculty was elected, which conducted the college until 1839, at 
 which time it was permanently closed. 
 
 The professors who had resigned from the old Medical College imme- 
 diately organized another Medical College, which was chartered under 
 the name of" The Medical College of the State of South Carolina," and 
 which still exists. A full Board of Trustees was elected, with Mr. Na- 
 thaniel Heyward as President. 
 
 The faculty was organized as follows : 
 
 J. Edward Holbrook, M. D. ; Samael Henry Dickson, M. D. ; Thomas 
 G. Prioleau, M. D. ; Edmund Ravenel, M. D. ; Henry R. Frost, M. D. ; 
 and John Wagner, M. D. 
 
 * Deaf and dumb, f Blind. 
 
 33 
 
506 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IX SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 The institution was closed during the war, but reopened immediately. 
 Its list of alumni numbers 2,153 names. 
 
 The college owns no property, with the exception of the large and 
 handsome building in which instruction is given, and an expensive and 
 valuable museum of pathological specimens, and anatomical prepara- 
 tions. The college has never been the recipient of an}- bequest or pecu- 
 niary gift, with the exception of one from the State, thirty or forty years 
 ago, in virtue of which the Governor has the right of appointing one 
 beneficiary from each congressional district. There are no other benefi- 
 ciary scholarships. 
 
 Edward McCrady, Esq., is President of the Board of Trustees, and E. 
 Plorry Frost, Secretary and Treasurer. 
 
 FACULTY AND AUXILIARY INSTRUCTORS. 
 
 Medical Department, J. Ford Prioleau, Dean ; R. A. Kinloch, M. D.. 
 Professor oj the Principles and Practice of Surgery and Clinical Surgery; J. 
 P. Chazal, M. D., Professor of Pathology and Practice of Medicine, and of 
 Clinical Medicine; ]\Iiddleton Michel, M. D., Professor of Physiology ; Ct 
 U. Shepard, Jr., :M. D., Professor of Chemistry ; F. L. Parker, M. D., Pro- 
 fessor of Anatomy, and Clinical Lecturer of Diseases of the Eye and Ear; J. 
 Ford Prioleau, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics and Gyncecology ; F. Peyre 
 Porcher, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics; \Manning 
 Simons, M. D., Demonstrator of Anatomy ; H. D. Geddings, M. D , Assist- 
 ant to the Professor of Chemistry ; George G. Kinloch, M. D., Instructor in 
 Microscopy and Prosector to the Professor of Surgery; P. Gourdin DeSaus- 
 sure, M. D., Prosector to the Professor of Anatomy ; John L. Dawson, Jr., 
 M. D., Assistant to the Clinic of the Diseases of tlie Eye and Ear. 
 
 Pharmaceutical Department (established 1801). C. F. Panknin, Dean. 
 
 Faculty : C. U. Shepard, Jr., ^I. D., Professor of Chemistry ; F. Peyre 
 Porcher, ]\I. D., Professor of Materia Medica. and Lecturer on Medical 
 Botany ; C. F. Panknin, Instructor in Practical Pharmacy, and Professor 
 of Pharmacy ; H. D. Geddings, M. D., Assistant in Pharmaceutical and 
 Practical Chemistry. 
 
 CLINICAL INSTRUCTION, 
 
 For several 3''ears past, by arrangement with City Council, the Roper 
 Hospital has been under the medical and surgical direction of the faculty 
 of the college. This hospital contains two hundred beds, and affords 
 excellent opportunities for clinical instruction, daily lectures being giv- 
 en in the hospital during the session. 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 507 
 
 EXPENSES. 
 
 Medical Department. — Matriculation fee, $5 ; Laboratory, expenses for 
 first course students, $5 ; Entire course of lectures, including Demonstra- 
 tor's ticket, and hospital advantages, $75 ; Graduating fee, $30. 
 
 Pharmaceutical Department.— ^}>l'dtricu\at\on fee, $o ; Tuition fee, $30 ; 
 Practical laboratory work, §10 to $15 ; Graduating fee, $10. 
 
 THE REQUIREMENTS FOR MEDICAL GRADUATION ARE, 
 
 1st. The applicant must be twenty-one years of age, and have had a pre- 
 liminary education satisfactory to the Faculty. 
 
 2d. Jie must file a satisfactorj/ certificate of haxing studied medicine for 
 at least three years under a regular graduate or licentiate and practitioner 
 of medicine, in good standing. 
 
 3d. lie must have attended two full courses of lectures at a medical 
 school approved by the Faculty, the last of which has been in this Insti- 
 tution. (No school will be admitted upon the ad eundem list that ar- 
 ranges its course of instruction to graduate students in less than the 
 time prescribed by this College). 
 
 4th. His examination on all the branches, attendance upon lectures, 
 habits and general character mu.st be satisfactory to the Faculty. 
 
 The Faculty will give a prize to the candidate for medical graduation 
 who passes the best examination. 
 
 Professor R. A. Kinloch, for the best report of his Clinical Lectures on 
 Surgery. 
 
 Professor F. L. Parker, for the best report of his Clinical Lectures on 
 Disease of the Eye and Ear. 
 
 Professor C. U. Shejiard, Jr., to the first-class student who passes the 
 best examination upon Practical Chemistry. 
 
 The term begins on the 15th October, and closes during the first week 
 in March. The average attendance is between eighty and a hundred. 
 
 The graduating class of 1SS3 numbers thirty. Further information 
 may be obtained from Dr. J. Ford Prioleau, Dean of the Faculty. 
 
 VIII. MILITARY TRAINING AND INSTRUCTION. 
 
 The people of South Carolina in early colonial days and during the 
 revolution became thoroughly enured to the hardships and hazards of 
 war. The exploits of Marion and Sumter, and their companions, were a 
 
508 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 constant theme to succeeding generations, and aided in stimulating their 
 martial spirit. At every succeeding call to arms the sons of Carolina 
 added fresh laurels to her chaplet of military glory. With the memories 
 of the past before them, and in the midst of exciting discussions over po- 
 litical and social complications, wliicli it was evident would terminate in 
 a bloody protracted struggle, it is not surprising that the youth of Caro- 
 lina were trained to bear arms. Not only the State Military Academy, 
 but private institutions were organized for this purpose. 
 
 Since the last war, which has put an end to all further prospect of 
 strife, military schools are still maintained for the sake of their discipline, 
 to ensure a harmonious development of all the faculties, " the mens sana 
 in sano corpore'' 
 
 THE SOUTH CAROLINA MILITARY ACADEMY. 
 
 For some time previous to the year 1841, this State had two arsenals 
 for storing its arms and munitions of war, one in Charleston and the 
 other in Columbia, each guarded by a company of enlisted soldiers under 
 officers of culture, trained to the profession of arms. The expense of 
 maintaining the two garrisons was $24,000. Governor Richardson sug- 
 o-ested the propriety of supplying the place of these soldiers with young- 
 men, who, in addition to military training, should receive instruction 
 from their officers in the useful and mechanic arts. Accordingly, Col. 
 Phillips introduced in the House a bill to convert the arsenal at Colum- 
 bia into a military school. It failed of passage, but Gov. Richardson 
 nevertheless placed a number of deserving young men under the instruc- 
 tion of the officers of the guard. In 1842, Gov. Richardson earnestly 
 uro-ed such legislation as would establish two schools upon a sure foun- 
 dation. His successor, Gov. Hammond, was equally interested in the 
 measure, . and on the 20th December, 1842, a bill, introduced by Gen. 
 .Jamison, was passed, converting both the arsenal and the citadel into 
 military schools. 
 
 By the Act, as subsequently amended, authority was invested in a 
 Board of Visitors, consisting of the Governor and the Adjutant and In- 
 spector-General, exrofficio, and five persons appointed by the Governor. 
 The first members were Gov. Hammond, Gen. Cantey, and Messrs James 
 Jones, D. F. Jamison, W. J. Hanna, and John H. Means. They per- 
 formed the duty of organizing with zeal, fidelity and judgment. Both 
 schools were opened in March, 1843, provision being made for the en- 
 trance of fifty-four beneficiaries and as many pay cadets, the latter pay- 
 ino- $200 a year, which covered all expenses. At first the academies 
 were independent of each other. An attempt to unite both in Charles- 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IX SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 )0§ 
 
 ton, in 1845, failed, and the arsenal was then made auxiliaiy to the Cita- 
 del, providing for the instruction of the entering class. 
 
 Thus organized, the academy was in full and successful operation from 
 ]\Iarch, 1813, to April, 18G5. These years were marked by the lights and 
 shadows of life, and the record of them is crowded with much of joy and 
 of sorrow. 
 
 The course of study resembled as near as possible that pursued at West 
 Point, taking, in some departments even a wider range. " It may just- 
 ly be claimed that the education there imparted was that of which the 
 State has now the greatest need." The constant purpose of the Board of 
 Visitors was not to attempt too much, but to do thoroughly what was 
 prescribed. The cadets were taught " how to think," not " what to 
 think." Thus practical education was aimed at and attained. The course 
 of training was designed to develop the whole man by careful attention 
 to the cultivation of all his powers, physical, mental and moral. From 
 the moment of his matriculation until the time at which he left the 
 academy, the cadet was ever under the eyes of vigilant officers. Thus he 
 was shielded from many of the temptations and allurements of vice which 
 so often beset and mislead the youth when first freed from the restraint 
 of parental discipline and deprived of the watchful guidance of parental 
 love. But while the authority thus exercised was absolute, it was not 
 arbitrar3\ and though the discipline was firm, it was not harsh. 
 
 The result of this training is best shown in the career of the gradu- 
 ates. In all associations, whether in the learned professions or in the 
 more active pursuits of life, they have not only done honor to the insti- 
 tution, but have vindicated the wisdom of the statesmen who founded 
 and maintained it, by winning the high prizes always awarded to those 
 possessing what Gov. Richardson styled " the energy and decision of a 
 military character." 
 
 During the first period of the academy nearly eighteen hundred young- 
 men of the State were educated partly or wholly within its walls. Though 
 but two hundred and forty passed entirely through the prescribed course 
 of study, the large numbers should not be forgotten who remained long 
 enough in the institution to feel the wholesome effects of its traininsr. 
 
 ITS MILITARY RECORD IS BRILLIANT. 
 
 Of the 220 graduates living at tiiel)eginning of the war, more than two 
 hundred were officers in the Confederate Army, filling ever}' grade from 
 lieutenant to brigadier-general, and discharging their duties with a zeal 
 intelligence and courage that made them distinguished eveji in that great 
 army of Southern soldiers. 
 
510 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Their first military service Avas performed in drilling the Palmetto 
 Regiment previous to its departure for Mexico. From an unfinished 
 earthwork on the 9th of January, 1801, a detachment of cadets fired the 
 first shotted gun of the war upon the Stm^ of the West, as she was advanc- 
 ing to the relief of Fort Sumter. 
 
 The service of the cadets in many fields from the beginning to the end 
 of the war are too well known and too highly cherished to need repeti- 
 tion here. 
 
 Upon the evacuation of Charleston the Citadel was seized by Federal 
 forces, and was occupied as a garrison until 1878. On the 13th Septem- 
 ber, 1877, the survivors of the graduates met in Charleston and organized 
 with Gen. Johnson Hagood as President, and other officers. Immedi- 
 ately'' thereafter a general meeting was held of all who had been connect- 
 ed with the institution, and steps were taken to secure the reopening of 
 the citadel. 
 
 The Federal government claimed the Citadel as conquered property. 
 The State maintained that it was private property, and through Gov. 
 Hampton made application for its restitution. President Hayes declined 
 to act, but suggested an appeal to Congress. A bill was introduced in 
 the Senate of the United States to restore the Citadel to the State on con- 
 dition that a claim of $100,000 for rent and damages by fire be relin- 
 quished. The State refused these terms, and the bill was not passed ; 
 but the building was turned over to the State voluntarily, and was taken 
 possession of on 1st April, 1882. 
 
 In 1881, the legislature passed an Act authorizing the reopening of 
 the academy for the education of 68 beneficiary cadets (two from each 
 county) and as many pay cadets as could be accommodated without ex- 
 pense to the State. Ten thousand ($10,000) dollars were appropriated 
 for the repairs of the building, and five thousand for the expenses of the 
 current year, with the provision that these amounts should be refunded 
 out of the amount which ma}'' be received by the State from the general 
 government for rent. 
 
 By direction of Gov. Hagood, Senator G. B. Lartigue, of Barnwell, as- 
 sumed control of the work of reopening, and had the building put in ex- 
 cellent condition. Bathing arrangements, ventilation, and general sani- 
 tary measures have been secured under his supervision. 
 
 The library will be filled as rapidly as pos-sible, and a reading room is 
 provided with newspapers and magazines for the use of cadets when not 
 on duty. An annual encampment will be held in August and Septem- 
 ber in different portions of the up-country, for military exercises and 
 practical instruction in surveying, engineering, mineralogy, geology and 
 other subjects. Military discipline will be used as a means to an end — 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 511 
 
 tlie aim being not so much to make soldiers as to make men equal at 
 once to civil and military results. 
 
 The Board of Msitors consists at present of Gkn. Johnson IIagood, 
 Chairman, Barnwell C. H., S. C; Rev. S. B. Jones, D. D., Pendleton, S. C. ; 
 Col. Edwakd Croft, Greenville, S. C. : Col. H. A. Gaillard, Winns- 
 boro', S. C. ; Gen. C. I. Walker, Charleston, S. C. ; The Governor of 
 the State of South Carolina, cx-officio, Columbia, S. C. ; The Adjutant 
 AND Inspector-General of the State of South Carolina, ex-officio, Colum- 
 bia, S. C. 
 
 The academy oi)ened on the 2d October, 1882, with 180 cadets, a num- 
 ber of applications having been declined for want of accommodations. 
 
 The officers and professors are as follows : Col. J. P. Thomas, Super- 
 intendent and Professor ; Capt. Wm. Cain, Professor ; A. Sachtleben, 
 Professor prp tcni; P^irst Lieut. P. P. Mazyck, Assistant Professor ; First 
 Lieut. PL T. Thompson, Assistant Professor ; Dr. F. L. Parker, Sur- 
 geon ; Wm. W. White, Bursar. 
 
 The following is the course of study prescribed at present : 
 
 FOURTH CLASS. 
 
 First Term. Algebra, Physical Geography, English Grannnar and Word 
 Analysis, French, Heading of British Classics. 
 
 Second Term. Algebra and Geometry"; Elements of Zoology; Anatomy and 
 Physiology ; History of Eugland; French ; Reading of American Classics ; 
 Free Hand Drawing; Declamation and Composition, for the Session. 
 
 third CLASS. 
 
 First Term. Geometry Completed ; Plane Trigonometry ; Spherical Trig- 
 onometry completed ; Physics ; Rhetoric and Study of Synonyms ; 
 French ; Industrial Drawing; Reading and Analysis of Sliakspearc. 
 
 Second Term. Surveying — Field Work with Instrument ; Descriptive 
 Geometry, Shades, Shadows and Perspective ; Physics (continued) ; Out- 
 lines of General History, and Lectures on Philosopliy of History; Elements 
 of ^Mythology; French; Reading and Analysis of Shak.speare; Topo- 
 graphical Drawing ; Declamation and Composition for the Session. 
 
 SECOND CLASS. 
 
 First Term. Analytical Geometry ; Civil Engineering — Descriptive 
 Chemistry — Inorganic; British Literature and Lectures; French Com- 
 pleted; German; Projection Drawing; Shaw's Companion Reader, 
 British. 
 
512 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IX SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Second Term. Calculus, with Philosophy of Mathematics ; Elements of 
 Quaternions ; ^lilitary Engineering — Descriptive ; Chemistry — Organic ; 
 Chemistry — Agricultural ; United States Literature l)y Lectures ; Mental 
 Philosopliy ; German ; Mechanical and Agricultural Drawing ; Elocu- 
 tion and Composition for Session, and Infantry Tactics ; Shaw's Com- 
 panion Reader — American. 
 
 FIRST CLASS. 
 
 First Term. Civil Engineering — Stresses in Bridges and Stability of 
 Structures in general ; Mechanics ; ISIineralog}^ ; ISIoral Philosophy, and 
 Lectures on Ethics ; Elements of Logic ; German. 
 
 Second Term. Civil Engineering — Strength of Materials, Retaining 
 Walls, &c., and Lectures on Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering; As- 
 tronomy ; Geology ; Science of Wealth, and Lectures ; Elements of Con- 
 stitutional Law, and Lectures ; German ; Book-keejDing ; Elocution and 
 Composition for Session, and Artillery Tactics. 
 
 During the ^Military Session, there will be such practical and military 
 (special) instruction as the Board may hereafter prescribe. It is contem- 
 plated, further, to give to cadets the advantages of a military system of 
 Gvmnastic Exercises, and a system of Swimming. 
 
 KINGS MOUNTAIN MILITARY SCHOOL. 
 
 In 1855, Micah Jenkins and Asbury Coward, who had just graduated 
 with distinction in the State Military Academy, formed a military school 
 at Yorkville. A three story building of brick, with additions for officers 
 houses, was erected, and the session opened with bright promises. As a 
 preparatory school to the Citadel, and an institution for nnlitar}^ train- 
 ing it enjoyed great success. At the' sound of the tocsin of war the prin- 
 cipals entered the army, and served with distinction. The gallant Jen- 
 kins fell at the head of his troops in the heat of battle. After the surren- 
 der, Col. Coward assumed sole control, and has conducted a school in 
 which the training, intellectual and physical, is of a liigh order. In 
 1882, Col. Coward was elected, without solicitation, State Superintendent 
 of Education. Gen. E. M. Law is now associate principal. Prof AVm. 
 Currell is instructor in Ancient Languages and Belles Lettres, and Lieut. 
 John M. Jenkins instructor in Arithmetic and Book-keeping. 
 
 There are five classes, the highest of which is required to study De- 
 scriptive Geometry, Shades, Shadows and Perspective, Astronomy, Evi- 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IX SOUTH CAROLINA. 513 
 
 dences of Christianity, Whateley's Rhetoric, Steedman's English Compo- 
 sition, Elocution, Drawing. 
 
 A full classical course is optional. 
 
 This school deserves special mention as the only strictly military 
 school that Avas established before the war, and is still in successful opera- 
 tion. 
 
 GREf:NVILLE MILITARY ACADEMY. 
 
 Another military academy is in successful operation in Greenville, in 
 charge of Capt. J. B. Patrick, formerly an ofiicer and instructor in the 
 South Carolina Military Academy. Capt. Patrick has three assistants 
 and the attendance, according to the report for 1881, was over fifty. 
 Though comparatively a new institution, it is in a prosperous condition. 
 There are several other academies in the State, in which certain military 
 features exist. 
 
 IX. FEMALE EDUCATION. 
 
 The census of 1880 shows that fifty-nine per cent, of illiterate adult 
 wdiites in South Carolina arc females. It is true, also, that the females 
 have a preponderance in tlie total population; but the excess of popula- 
 tion is not in proportion to the excess of illiteracy. This is startling to 
 those especially who believe that intellectual progress depends upon the 
 education of Avoman. Some consolation may be derived from the fact 
 that South Carolina is no worse off in this respect than her sister 
 States, and that the excess of female illiteracy in this State is decreasing. 
 In 1850, females constituted sixty-two per cent, of the adult illiterate 
 population of South Carolina; in 1860, sixty per cent.; in 1870, fifty- 
 nine per cent. ; and in 1880, fifty-nine per cent. In 1870 and in 1880, 
 females constituted fifty-one per cent, of the entire population. 
 
 Turning to the census of 1870, we find that there are more illiterate 
 females than males in all save three States of the Union, California, 
 Nevada and Vermont. In tliese, females show the following propor- 
 tion : California, in population, 40 per cent., in illiteracy, 44 percent.; 
 Nevada, in population, 24 per cent., in illiteracy, 20 per cent. ; Vermont, 
 in population, 49 per cent., in illiteracy, 48 per cent. In only two States, 
 Nevada and Vermont, can females claim educational superiority over 
 males. 
 
 South Carolina compares favorably with the other States. The per- 
 centage of females as to population and illiteracy is respectively as fol- 
 
514 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 lows : Alabama, 51 and G5 ; Georgia, 51 and 65 ; Indiana, 47 and 61 ; 
 Kentucky, 49 and 59 ; Massachusetts, 51 and 63; New Jersey, 50 and 60; 
 New York, 50 and 61 ; North Carolina, 52 and 65; Pennsylvania, 50 and 
 65 ; Rhode Island, 51 and 62 ; South Carolina, 51 and 59 ; Virginia, 
 51 and 59. 
 
 From the above it will be seen that South Carolina is doing relatively 
 more for her daughters than many of her neighbors. Her people have 
 long patronized female academies at home and abroad. 
 
 Before the war the schools at Limestone, Barhamville and Orangeburg 
 especiall}" enjoyed high repute ; while female colleges in Laurens, York- 
 ville, Sumter and other places, aided in forming the character and train- 
 ing the minds of hundreds of the women of the State. Female academies 
 and schools also existed, some of which are still in operation, and are 
 noticed elsewhere. The fact, however, remains that the daughters of the 
 State have not as yet received as many advantages as her sons, yet it is 
 hoped that, at no distant day, education will be more nearly propor- 
 tioned, if indeed the balance do not turn in the opposite direction, under 
 a new order of things, which sends boys into the business walks of life, 
 while girls are kept for a longer period at their studies. 
 
 In this connection it is proper to mention the female colleges now in 
 oi^eration in the State. 
 
 GREENVILLE FEMALE COLLEGE. 
 
 " In 1853, the Baptist State Convention of South Carolina appointed a 
 committee to take into consideration the subject of female education as a 
 denominational interest. At the ensuing meeting of the Convention, 
 held in Greenville in 1854, the committee reported, urging the establish- 
 ing of ' a Female College of high order,' and, to secure a liberal education 
 for young ladies, recommended that ' the standard of attainment be 
 high,' " The report was adopted, and the enterprise was begun. Green- 
 ville was chosen as the location, having been long famed as an intellectual 
 centre, and remarkable for its health and social and religious advantages. 
 A handsome building was erected, and under such educators as Professors 
 Duncan, Sams and Judson, the college entered upon and maintained a 
 highly successful career. 
 
 In 1878, Prof. C. H. Judson resigned the presidency, to accept, an 
 equally honorable and responsible position in Furraan University, and 
 Prof. A. S. Townes, the present incumbent, was chosen to succeed him. 
 
 The catalogue of 1881-2 shows a larger attendance than at any pre- 
 vious stage of the college's history. The number of pupils in the primary 
 department was 29 ; in the academic department, 62 ; students in the 
 collegiate department, 80 ; irregular students, 9. Total, ISO. 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION' IX SOUTH CAROLINA. 515 
 
 Tlic present accommodations arc too small, and handsome additions 
 are expected soon to be in course of erection. 
 
 COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 Primary Department. The usual elementary studies, with features of 
 the Kindergarten system. 
 
 Academic Department. Studies pursued in grammar schools, particular 
 attention being paid to composition. 
 
 Collegiate Department. This department is divided into seven schools. 
 Completion of the entire course entitles the student to full graduation, 
 but partial courses are allowed, and diplomas given in each school. The 
 schools are as follows : I English; II. Latin; III. French; IV. Math- 
 ematics ; V. Physical Science ; A^I. Mental and Moral Science ; VII. 
 History. Extra courses in Greek and German are i)rovided, besides a 
 Post Graduate course, entitling the graduate to the degree of Mistress 
 of Arts. Special attention is paid to Calisthenics, a daily drill being had 
 during the entire term. The music department is in charge of Prof. M. 
 G. DeCamps, of the Conservatoire of Music of Brussels. Drawing and 
 painting are taught by the lady principal. Miss M. C. Judson. Lessons 
 are also given in ornamental and fancy work. 
 
 societies, AC. 
 
 The .Judson Literary Society meets twice a month, and publishes a 
 monthly periodical, " The College Mirror." The Lula Whilden Missionary 
 Society and a Girls' Temperance Union are in successful operation. 
 
 FACULTY. 
 
 A. S. TowNES, President, English, Mathematics, Latin, IMental and 
 ]\Ioral Science ; Miss Mary C. Judson, Logic, Physical Science, Elocu- 
 tion and Calisthenics ; Miss Caroline E. Dawson, French, Mathematics 
 and History ; Miss Anna M. Gaines, Composition, Latin and English ; 
 Prof. J. M. Perry, Writing and Book-keeping ; Miss F. G. Bibb, Prin- 
 cipal of Academic Department; M. G. DeCamps, Principal Music Depart- 
 ment; Mrs. M. E. DeCamps, Pianoforte; Miss M. C. Judd, Drawing and 
 Painting; Miss Ida Roberts, Ornamental and Fancy Work ; Miss F. G. 
 Bibb, Governess ; Mrs. J. A. Fitzgerald, Matron. 
 
 The term begins in September, and is divided into two terms of twenty 
 weeks each. Terms for twenty weeks, including board, $87.50 to $121.50 ; 
 graduation fee, $5. 
 
51G A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 THE COLUMBIA FEMALE COLLEGE (mETHODISt). 
 
 During the prosperous period of the State, between the years 1850 and 
 18G0, it was determined by the Methodists of South Carolina to establish 
 a first-class college for their daughters, as they had already secured Wof- 
 ford for their sons. Liberal subscriptions were made. A lot Avas secured 
 in Columbia, and a handsome building of brick was erected, in which 
 exercises were opened during the fall of 1859. For several years its suc- 
 cess was most marked, and its career of usefulness continued until the 
 occupation of the city by Federal troops, February 17th, 18G5. Owing 
 to the general distress which paralyzed intellectual effort, the college was 
 closed, and the building rented as a hotel. By 1873, the effects of the 
 war had partially passed away, and the college was reopened. It has 
 been continually growing since then, and now stands high in attendance 
 and in excellence. Its several presidents have been : Rev. Whitefoord 
 Smith, D. D., Rev. Wm. Martin, Rev. H. M. Mood, Rev. Samuel B. Jojies, 
 
 D. D., .J. L. Jones, Esq., and Rev. 0. A. Darby, D. D. 
 
 The property is owned by the South Carolina Conference, and is con- 
 trolled by a Board of Trustees appointed by Conference. The attendance 
 is not confined to children of Methodist parents, but all denominations 
 are welcomed. For the year 1881-82, there were 88 students in the col- 
 legiate department, and 39 preparatory pupils ; 45 jDupils were taught in 
 music. 
 
 FACULTY. 
 
 The faculty consists of Rev. 0. A. Darby, D. D., President, Mental 
 arid Moral Science; Lawson B. Haynes, A. M., Mathematics and Natural 
 Science; E. Von Fingerlin, M. A., Ph. L., Modern Languages; Miss M. 
 
 E. BoHN, English Literature, Physiology and Botany ; Miss A. R. Hol- 
 lingsworth, Latin and French ; Miss A. H. Warren, English, History 
 and Elocution ; Ernst Brockmann, Instrumental Music ; Miss C. J. 
 Laval, Vocal Music; Miss A. G. Lynch, Guitar; Miss M. E. Bohn, 
 Painting, Drawing and Calisthenics ; Miss Mary B. Wiltberger, Orna- 
 mental Work ; Miss Sallie F. Reynolds, Principal of Preparatory De- 
 partment ; Mrs. Kate Darby, Governess ; Mrs. Kate Buel, in charge 
 of Domestic Department. 
 
 course of study. 
 
 The Preparatory Department embraces a course of six years, and is 
 divided into a primary and grammar school. 
 
 The Collegiate Department is composed of distinct schools, each 
 constituting a complete course for the subject taught. Of these there are 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 517 
 
 thirteen, viz : English Language and Literature ; Matliematics ; Natural 
 Science ; History ; Mental and Moral Science ; Latin Language and 
 Literature ; Greek ; French ; German ; Italian ; Commercial School ; 
 School of Art; School of Music. 
 
 Three degrees are conferred : Mistress of English Literature ; Mistress 
 of Science ; and Mistress of Arts. 
 
 The session begins in the middle of September. Tuition, including 
 board, lights and fuel, about $200 per year, with extra charges for music, 
 &c. 
 
 The students enjoy the benefit of a library, reading room and public 
 lectures. They have two library societies, a missionary society, and a 
 temperance society. Written and oral examinations are required. 
 
 The government is firm, but mild. 
 
 THE DUE WEST FEMALE COLLEGE (ASSOCIATE REFORMED PRESBYTERIAN). 
 
 This college is located at Due "West. Established in 1860, by a com- 
 pany of citizens, it has been in successful operation ever since. Its first 
 president was the Rev. J. I. Bonner, D. D., who served in this capacity 
 until his death, in the year 1882. The college has its own buildings, 
 constructed substantially of brick, and supplied with all the modern 
 improvements. Exhibitions are held in the public hall of Erskine Col- 
 lege, but the two institutions have no further connection. The grounds 
 cover seven acres, and are laid out in walks and flower beds, afibrding 
 opportunities for exercise on the part of the pupils. The college has no 
 endowment. It enjoys patronage from a number of States. By the 
 catalogue of 1881, attendance in the collegiate department was 52; in 
 the academic department, 16 ; in the preparatory department, 60. Du- 
 ring the present year the attendance has nearly been doubled. 
 
 COURSE OF STUDY. > 
 
 The course of study is thorough, comprising a Primary Department, 
 an Academic Department, and four Collegiate classes. Especial atten- 
 tion is paid to music. One hour weekly is devoted to sewing, and the 
 Art Department is conducted in the most thorough manner. 
 
 TERMS : 
 
 Tuition, per term of three months. Primary, $5 ; Academic, $7 ; Colle- 
 giate, $14. Extras from $8 to $15 per term each. Xo charge for Latin or 
 vocal music. Board, including everything, $3 per week. 
 
51S A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 FACULTY. 
 
 J. P. Kennedy, A. M., President ; Mrs. K. P. Kennedy, and Mrs. L. 
 M. Bonner, Vice-Principals ; Miss E. McQuerns, Miss J. V. LeGal, 
 Miss S. L. Miller. Miss A. E. Perry, Miss L. J. Galloway. 
 
 Miss E. L. Pressley, Principal Academic Department. Miss M. E. 
 Hood, i\.ssistant. 
 
 The Boarding Department is under the supervision of Mrs. Kenned}'' 
 and Mrs. Bonner, assisted by Miss Sanders. The students wear a uni- 
 form. The term begins on the first Monday in October, and closes in 
 June. 
 
 THE WALHALLA FEMALE COLLEGE 
 
 was chartered 4th March, 1872, under the auspices of Dr. Thomas S. 
 ^^''aring, then its President, and the act of incorporation named sixteen 
 prominent citizens of the town as trustees. It is undenominational. 
 During the first five years after its charter the college was not a success, 
 having no endowment and no suitable buildings in which to conduct it. 
 At the end of this period, Rev. J. P. Smeltzer, D. D., having determined 
 not to remove with Newberry College, was elected President of the Wal- 
 halla Female College, and thereupon, with his own means, erected com- 
 modious buildings and established a college worthy of his reputation as 
 an educator, which, with the assistance of a competent corps of teachers, 
 he has successfully carried on to the present time. 
 
 During the session 1881-82, the enrolled students, including nineteen 
 in the juvenile department, numbered eighty -seven. 
 
 THE COURSE OF STUDY' 
 
 is arranged for six classes, three sub-collegiate, and three collegiate, junior, 
 intermediate, and senior. A post-graduate course of study is provided, 
 including Greek, Analytical Trigonometry, and Calculus, English Litera- 
 ture, Mental Philosophy, Geology, and instruction in practical duties of 
 life. 
 
 Music and other ornamental branches are optional. 
 
 Terms : — Board and washing, $11.50 per month ; tuition from seventy- 
 five cents to $4 per month ; music, $3. Reduction is allowed to ministers' 
 daughters. 
 
 FACULTY. 
 
 Rev. J. P. Smeltzer, D. D , President ; Miss S. J. Frierson. Latin, 
 English Language and Literature; Miss Lizzie McAnnally, Music, 
 Piano, Guitar, and Drawing ; Miss Lizzie W. Chapman, Preparatory 
 Department and Fancy Work ; Miss H. J. Legare, French, Ornamental 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 519 
 
 Branches, and Painting ; Miss A. A. Schroder, AVax Works ; Miss S. 
 Katie Smeltzer, Organist; Mrs. A. E. Smeltzer, Matron. 
 
 WILLIAMSTON FEMALE COLLEGE. 
 
 At the beginning of the year 1872, Rev. S. Lander, of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Cliurch South, with the co-operation of the citizens of ^\'il- 
 liamston, in Anderson County, determined to open " a school of high 
 grade for the education of girls." A Iniilding formerly used as the Wil- 
 liamston Springs hotel was rented, and on the 12th February, J 872, the 
 school was opened, with forty pupils. So great was its promise that dur- 
 ing the fall season a joint stock company was formed, which purchased 
 the building, and organized a permanent institution. In December, 
 1872, it was i)roposed to place the college under control of Conference, 
 but as the Methodist Female College was about to be re-opened, in Co- 
 lund)ia, the company deemed it l)est to preserve this as a non-sectarian 
 institution. A vote of nine-tenths of the stock is now required to place it 
 under the control of any denomination. 
 
 Increasing patronage caused the erection of additional accommodations 
 in 1873, 1874 and 1875. The standard has been also raised from time to 
 time, with beneficial results. Attendance has been steadily increasing, 
 the catalogue of 1882 showing a list of 138 students. 
 
 PECULIAR FEATURES. 
 
 Several new features have been introduced into the management and 
 curriculum of this college, for which the President claims the sanction, 
 not only of theory, but of practical success. These " innovations " de- 
 serve special mention. 
 
 SEMI-ANNUAL SESSIONS. - 
 
 The year is divided into two sessions of twenty weeks, each sub-divided 
 into four sections of five weeks, and followed by a vacation of six weeks. 
 
 New classes are organized each session, instead of only once a year. 
 This ensures better classification, and allows each pupil to find her level. 
 
 TUITION AL PREMIUMS. 
 
 Instead of offering " prizes " for excellence, the college makes deduc- 
 tions from the regular tuition fees as follows: for an average of from 80 
 to 85 per cent., a discount of ten per cent. ; for an average of from 85 to 
 
520 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 00, twenty per cent. ; from 90 to 94, thirty per cent. ; 94 to 97, forty per 
 cent. ; 97 to 100, fifty per cent. An additional discount of ten per cent, 
 is offered for an average of 95 in spelling. Thus any student may reduce 
 tuition fees from §20 down to $8 per session. Up to June, 1882, these 
 premiums aggregated $1,897.25. 
 
 " ONE STUDY PLAN." 
 
 This name is not exactly appropriate, as it conveys an erroneous idea. 
 The plan is thus described. In most institutions a curriculum is pre- 
 scribed of several studies in parallel courses, each receiving ec|ual» atten- 
 tion during the entire session. In this college there are four depart- 
 ments. 1st, Mathematics ; 2d, Natural Science ; 3d, Latin ; 4th, Belles 
 Lettres. During the first five weeks, special attention is paid to Math- 
 ematics, with Arithmetic as a review study ; during the second, the entire 
 school studies Natural Science, wdth Geography as a review study ; dur- 
 ing its third, Latin is studied, with a review in English Grammar ; and 
 during the fourth, attention is paid to Belhs Lettres, with a review in His- 
 tory. A pupil, for instance, in the fourth class, during the first section, 
 has every day three lessons in Geometry, one m Arithmetic, and one in 
 spelling ; during the second section, three recitations in Science, one in 
 Geography and one in Spelling. During the third section, three daily 
 recitations in Caesar, one in English Grammar, and one in Spelling, and 
 during the fourth, three recitations in Logic, one in History, and one in 
 Spelling. 
 
 Exercises in Reading, Composition, Penmanship, and Vocal Music 
 obviate all danger from monotony. 
 
 The advantages claimed, are : 1st. Undivided attention to the special 
 subject. 2d. Attention in recitation, the temptation to review stealthily 
 in the class some other study, being removed. 3d. Retention of Avhat is 
 learned ; each lesson forming the introduction to the next. 4th. Enthu- 
 siasm arising from rapid progress. 5th. Habits of concentration. 6th. 
 Symmetrical development, by preventing the study of a " favorite " branch 
 to the exclusion of others. 7th. Ease of classification, each stud^' being 
 independent. 8th. It is liked by the pupils. 9th. It admits of 
 
 GRADUATION EIGHT TIMES A YEAR. 
 
 That is, a student may graduate at the end of any section of five weeks, 
 as soon as she shall have completed the round of studies. 
 
 Another feature is private (graduation. No exhibitions are held, but 
 students are subjected to strict examinations. Completion of the curricu- 
 lum entitles the student to the degree of Artium Liberalium Baccalaurea. 
 
A SKETCH OF EDrCATloX I.V .SOUTH CAUOLIXA. 521 
 
 FACULTY. 
 
 Rev. Samuel Lander, A. M., D. D. ; John (J. Clinkscales, A.B. ; Rev. 
 Jxo. M. Lander, A. B. ; Wm. T. Lander, A. B. ; Mrs. M. L. Prince, 
 Miss Franciade AVagner ; Mrs. Margaret J. Langdon ; Miss Augus- 
 ta M. PL\gen ; Miss Ada E. Linerace ; Miss Laura McP. Lander. 
 
 Ter.ms : For twenty weeks, from $71 id $130. See catalogue. 
 
 cooper limestone female institute. 
 
 As far back as 1835, a niiniber of gentlemen, attracted by the fiinic of 
 the Limestone Springs, in Spartanburg district, resolved to make a fa- 
 mous watering place there, and for that purpose erected a hotel, four sto- 
 ries in height, with capacity for accommodating between two hundred 
 and fifty and three hundred boarders. 
 
 The want of convenient transportation to and from the Springs defeat- 
 ed the object of the projectors of the enterprise, so that shortly after the 
 attempt was abandoned, and the property was sold to the State. 
 
 In IS-IG, the Rev. Dr. Thomas Curtis, and his son, A\'illiam Curtis, of 
 England, purchased the property, and founded a female college. Their 
 administrations are a part of the history of the State. The thorough in- 
 struction, the refined home influence, the salubrious climate, offered to 
 pupils, attracted large nuAibers, and Limestone S})rings became almost 
 as fiimous as Dr. Waddell's school, at Willington, in former years. The 
 institution continued until the close of the war. 
 
 After this, the property changed hands several times. At length it 
 was purchased by the philanthropist, Peter Cooper, of Xew York, whose 
 intention it was to establish a technical school for Avomen. He subse- 
 quently made a donation of the property to the " Spartanburg Baptist 
 Association," for school purposes. 
 
 The present principals, Messrs. H. P. Griffith and R. 0. Sams, were 
 elected by the Association, and in ()ctober, 1881, the exerci.ses of the In- 
 stitute Avere regularly begun. Al)out fifty pupils attended during the 
 fir.st year, and the numbers are increasing. The future of the Institute 
 is full of promise. 
 
 Location. Limestone is situate<l in the Piedmont country of South 
 Carolina, one mile from the Air Line Railroad. Its post office is GafFney 
 City, a flourishing town. The building contains about one hundred 
 comfortable rooms, and the grounds extend over six acres of blue grass, 
 shaded by elms and oaks. A mineral spring, pouring out sixty gallons a 
 minute, is just outside the enclosure. 
 34 
 
522 A SKETCH OF EDUCATIOX IX SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 FACULTY. 
 
 H. P. Griffith, Ancient Languages, English Literature, Moral Sci- 
 ence, History, Rhetoric; R. 0. Sams, Mathematics, French, Physical Sci- 
 ences; Miss E. C. Black, Preparatory Department; Miss H. W. Gale, 
 Instrumental and Vocal Music, Calisthenics ; Miss C. M. Croft, Instru- 
 mental Music, Penmanship ; Miss E. C. Black, Drawing and Painting- 
 Miss M. C. BuDD, Matron. 
 
 Terms : Board for 20 weeks, $62.50 ; Tuition, Preparatory, ^It) ; Aca- 
 demic, $15 ; Collegiate, $25. Music, Drawing, &c., extra. Season begins 
 September 28th. 
 
 ANDERSON FEMALE SEMINARY. 
 
 This Seminary was established by the Rev. L. M. Ayer, in 1879. Since 
 that time he has completed the building of a large and elegant boarding 
 house, and an academ}^ building of six commodious school rooms. The 
 school is supplied with furniture and apparatus of the most approved 
 kind. 
 
 The school is entirely non-sectarian in character, but a healthy, refined 
 home influence is exercised over all the pupils. The success of the Semi- 
 nary has been most gratifying. During the session of 1881-82, the at- 
 tendance exceeded a hundred ; and the number of pupils will be larger 
 during the present year. The Seminary is situated in the thriving town 
 of Anderson. 
 
 FACULTY. 
 
 Rev. Lewis M. Ayer, English, Oriental and Classical Literature, Mor- 
 al and Intellectual Science, and Greek ; Mrs. L. M. Ayer, Music, Instru- 
 mental and Vocal ; Miss Sarah Atkinson, Assistant Instructor of ]\lusic ; 
 Miss Bessie F. Bagby, Latin, Mathematics, Physics, and French, and 
 Calisthenics ; ]\Iiss Sarah Atkinson, German, French, Mathematics, and 
 Latin ; Miss Susan Wilson, Drawing, Painting, and Intermediate Eng- 
 lish ; Mrs. M. C. Van Wyck, Principal Primary Department ; Miss ^Iag- 
 GiE G. Simpson, Assistant in Primary Department ; Mrs. L. M. Ayer, 
 Matron ; Miss Mary Rowan, Housekeeper. 
 
 Terms: For twenty weeks, board, &c., $70 ; Tuition, $10 to $25 ; Mu- 
 sic, Designing, and Painting, extra. 
 
 The pupils enjoy the use of a well selected library of about one thou- 
 sand volumes. 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 523 
 
 X.— EDUCATION OF THE COLORED PEOPLE. 
 
 Slavery was introduced into South Carolina almost contemporaneously 
 with the settlement of the colony ; by the early part of the eighteenth 
 century the blacks were already the preponderating element of popu- 
 lation. These slaves, imported from the coast of Africa, were untutored, 
 unclad savages. The first task of their masters was to civilize them and 
 teach them the English language ; and the early labors of the mission- 
 aries were largely directed to that end. The first missionary sent to 
 Carolina, the Rev. Samuel Thomas, made a report, in 1705, to the Society 
 for the Propagation of the Gospel, stating, among other things, that in the 
 parish of Goose Creek, twenty negro slaves came regularly to church, 
 while several others were able to speak and read the English language. 
 He added, that among the thousand negro slaves in the province, many 
 of them were well disposed towards Christianity, and were willing to pre- 
 pare themselves to embrace it by learning to read, the time consumed in 
 which they redeemed from their masters by extra labor. 
 
 In the proceedings for 1752, of the Society for the Propagation of the 
 Gospel, it was stated, " that a flourishing negro school was taught in, 
 Charleston by a negro of the society, under the inspection and direction 
 of the worthy rector. Garden, by which means many poor negroes were 
 taught to believe in God, and in his Son, Jesus Christ." 
 
 This religious and literary training went on a long time, until the idea 
 began to prevail that knowledge should be reserved for free men, and 
 could not, with safety, be imparted to slaves. Several insurrectioas gave 
 strength to this view, and despite the earnest protests of many of th€ leadr 
 ing men of the State, laws were passed, providing penalties for the teach- 
 ing of slaves to read and to write. Notwithstanding this prohibition, a 
 number of servants managed to acquire some elementary knowledge, 
 either through their own efforts, or aided by indulgent masters and mis- 
 tresses, or, more often, by younger children of the family. The daily as- 
 sociation of favored servants with their cultured superiors was, in itself, an 
 education of no mean order. Even when literary instruction was denied, 
 religious training was zealously imparted. Scarcely a household was 
 there in the confines of the State in which colored children, and some- 
 times their parents, were not assembled for either morning or evening 
 prayer, or for catechism and religious services on the Sabbath. In every 
 church was a place set apart for the blacks ; they were admitted into 
 church membership, and partook of all the sacraments. On larger plan- 
 tations chapels of worship were established, in which clergymen of dis- 
 tinguished merit regularly officiated. Preachers of their, owjn, color were 
 
524 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLIXA. 
 
 also pchnitted to minister to their spiritual wants. Catechisms for the 
 special use of the blacks were carefully prepared by such able divines as 
 Dr. Winkler, of Charleston ; Dr. Jones, of Georgia ; and Bishop Capers. 
 At the solicitation of Bishop Capers, two missionaries were sent, in 182i), 
 by Conference to labor on the plantations. In 1855, there were' twen- 
 ty-six Methodist missionary stations in South Carolina, thirty-two mis- 
 .sionaries, 11,546 members, and a revenue of |25,000. 
 
 The reports of the Presbyterian Synod of South Carolina, for 1851), 
 give the colored membership as follows : South Carolina Presbytery, 861 ; 
 Bethel, 688; Harmony, 1,823; Charleston, 1,637. Total 5,009— five thir- 
 teenths of the entire membership. This constituted, of course, but a small 
 proportion of those who received religious instruction.. 
 
 From the parochial reports of the Protestant Episcopal Church, for the 
 year 1860, the following statistics are taken : 
 
 Baptisms, whites, 491 ; colored, 1,150; marriages, whites, 105; colored, 
 209 ; communicants,' whites, 3,160 ; colored, 2,900 ; confirmed, whites, 
 215 ; colored, 173 ; Sunday school scholars, white, 1,563, and colored, 604. 
 
 Of fifty -six reports made b}^ rectors, but one contained no mention of 
 services among the colored people ; fifty -five rectors report baptisms, 
 burials, and marriages, or at least one of these services for the colored 
 people ; twenty report colored communicants in excess of wliites ; twenty- 
 five report Sunday schools, and twenty-two mention chapels for the use 
 of the blacks. Almost every church for whites contained galleries or 
 special seats for colored. Besides this, seven ministers were employed 
 specially as missionaries for the slaves. 
 
 Other denominations did equally efficient work, though exact statistics 
 cannot be secured. All these members received more or less instruction, 
 and their mental, as well as material condition, compared favorably with 
 the lower classes in many countries of Europe, at least. The statistics of 
 illiteracy of the colored race in South Carolina, previous to emancipation, 
 are incorrect, since, in those days, an acknowledgment on the part of a 
 slave of an ability to read might have proven, at least, inconvenient. It 
 may be added here that these statistics are not proper criteria by which 
 to judge the standard of culture. The ability to write one's name, or to 
 trace illegible characters representing missi)elled words, can be acc^uired 
 in a few months, at most, and is sufficient to remove from one the stigma 
 of illiteracy. Yet, in manners, in morals, in integrity, and even in oral 
 expression, he may be greatly inferior to another, who has learned much 
 of these, and has been forbidden only to write and read. A striking proof 
 of this is afforded by the man}' instances, just after the war, in whicli 
 newly enfranchised citizens, though classed as illiterate, made most ef- 
 fective speakers and skillful parliamentarians. 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 525 
 
 Very many slaves were apprenticed to the useful trades, and formed a 
 vast proportion of the mechanics and artizans before the war. Almost 
 every planter of large means had his own carpenters, masons and black- 
 smiths. Cabinet-makers, butchers, tailors, porters, hotel waiters, semp- 
 stresses and laundresses, and pastry cooks, trained nurses and midwives 
 were taken to a great extent from the colored po})ulation. Many of these 
 were suffered to hire their own time, and thus accumulate sums of money. 
 A few persons of color tiiemselves owned slaves. The fireman on the first 
 train that ran from Charleston to Augusta is said to have been a colored 
 man, and his was the longest trip recorded up to that time. From the 
 ranks of the barbers and hotel waiters, who had listened to the conversa- 
 tions of statesmen and public men, were recruited most of the legislators 
 and congressmen of the era of* reconstruction. 
 
 EMANCIPATION WAS FOLLOWED 
 
 by attempts to instruct the freedmen. The efforts of the State were aided 
 by philanthropists from abroad, who founded schools and churches in 
 different portions of the State. The public schools attracted continually 
 increasing numbers, as follows :* In 1870, 1,800; in 1871, oo,384 ; in 
 1882. 38,035 ; in 1873, 46,938 ; in 1874, 56,249 ; in 1875. G3.415 ; in 1876, 
 70,802 ; in 1877, 55,952 ; in 1878, 62,121 ; in 1879, 64,095 ; in 1880, 72,- 
 _853 : in 188i^JZ24JLlI_ (It is believed that the report for 1876 is incor- 
 rect, as the salaries of school commissioners depended on the attendance, 
 and there was no fixed rule for estimating the latter.) 
 
 CLAFLIN UNIVERSITY, ORANGEBURG, S. C, 
 
 History. In 1869, the Orangeburg Female College was purchased by 
 friends in the North, prominent among whom was the late Lee Claflin, 
 of Massachusetts, and opened as a school for colored youth. A Univer-> 
 sity charter was obtained from the succeeding Legislature, perpetuating 
 the name of the most liberal donor. 
 
 In 1872, the Act of Congress, appropriating certain lands for main- 
 taining Agricultural Colleges and 'Mechanical Institutes, was accepted by 
 the Legislature, and an Agricultural College was made a co-ordinate 
 branch of Claflin University. 
 
 When the State L'^niversity was reorganized at Columbia, in 1877, the 
 Agricultural College was made a branch of that University, but still con- 
 tinued at Orangeburg, and remains in successful operation under that 
 union. 
 
 ■ i 
 
 *For the inte'le.-tual progress of tlie colored peojjle, see the section on Illiteracy. 
 
'^>26 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Industrial Department. The farm of one hundred and fifty acres 
 of choice land, and a carpenter shop connected with the instHution, afford 
 an opportunity^ for manual labor, by which students can defray, in part, 
 the expenses of their education. 
 
 1st. Literary Department. College course of four years, both Clas- 
 sical and Scientific. 
 
 The course of study covers about tlie same ran";e in hiy;her Eno;lish, 
 ^lathematics, Natural Sciences, Ancient and Modern Languages, History, 
 Mental and Moral Science, as is usual in the better class of colleges, 
 North and South. 
 
 2d. Normal School Course. The object held in view in this school 
 is the preparation of teachers for the common schools. 
 
 The course of study covers a period of three years beyond the ordinary 
 common school studies, and embraces History, Rhetoric, English Com- 
 position and Criticism, Higher Arithmetic, Algebra and Plane Geometry, 
 Physiology, Natural Philosophy, and Chemistry. 
 
 3d. Grammar School. The object of this school is to prepare students 
 for the higher departments, and will be a necessity till the common 
 schools of the county shall do a higher grade of work. 
 
 The course of study covers two years, and does the work of the better 
 class of common schools. 
 
 attendance the past year. 
 
 In College Classes ,. . . . 24 
 
 In Normal arid College Preparatory 13G 
 
 In Grammar School 184 
 
 Total 344 
 
 graduated in JUNE, 1882. 
 
 On College Course 2 
 
 On Normal School Course 10 
 
 Total 12 
 
 A valuable apparatus for the Natural Sciences and higher Mathematics 
 adds to the facilities for instruction in these branches. 
 
 The library contains about two thousand volumes and a large col- 
 lection of pamphlets. Many of the books are very valuable as books of 
 reference. 
 
 Faculty : Rev. Edward Cooke, LL.D., President, Professor of Ethics 
 and Lecturer on Agricultural Topics. Rev. W. H. Lawrence, A. M., Pro- 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IX SOUTH CAUOIJNA. 
 
 .07 
 
 fessor of Latin, (Jreek, and German Languages and Literature. William 
 J. DeTreville, Jr., C. E., Professor of Pure and Ai>})liod ^L^thematics. Jas. 
 A. Heyward, A. M., Professor of Natural Science. Miss Sarah G. Bag- 
 nail, Preceptress, Professor of Rhetoric, English Literature, and P'rench. 
 Julian A. Salley, Adjunct Professor of Mathematics. William L. Bulkley, 
 A. B., Tutor in Classics. Rev. Alonzo G. Townsend, A. B., Master of 
 
 Grammar School ; , Assistant ; , Second 
 
 Assistant. Prof, W. H. Lawrence, Librarian. 
 
 ALLEN UNIVEKSITY (AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL), COLUMBIA, S. C. 
 
 Allen University, occupying commodious grounds in the suburbs of 
 the city of Columbia, was organized in April, 1881, under the control of 
 the Columbia and South Carolina Annual Conferences of tlie African 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, and is sustained by ainiual contributions 
 from the churches which compose these Conferences. The property 
 already secured aggregates in value about eight thousand dollars It is 
 in charge of colored educators. The aim of the institution is set forth in 
 a circular written by Right Rev. Wm. F. Dickerson, D. D., of the A. ^L 
 E. Church, whicli concludes as follows : 
 
 " To aid in the development of the highest type of Christian manhood, 
 to prove the negro's ability, to inaugurate and manage a large interest, 
 to govern, to control under normal impulses with only the help which is 
 afforded institutions of like grade and similarly situated (for which we 
 entreat our friends); to stimulate and encourage the worthy and aspiring 
 young women of a race pressed to the rear by its previous condition ; to 
 train them not only for the pulpit, the bar, the sick room and school 
 room, but for intellectual agriculturists, mechanics, and artizans, so that 
 those wTio are now doing the manual labor in the South shall be fully 
 equipped to perform the mental operations incident thereto as well. To 
 educate, in the fullest sense of that comprehensive word, is the work, 
 mission and cause for the establishment of Allen University " 
 
 Faculty : Rev. James C. Waters, D. D., President and Professor of 
 Systematic Theology and Hebrew ; Rt. Rev. W. M. Dickerson, I). D., 
 President Board of Trustees, and Professor of Moral Philoso})hy ami 
 Church Government ; Prof Joseph W. M ris, A. M., LL. B., Mathematics 
 and Ancient Languages, and Instructo ^^vja Law ; D. A. Straker, LL. B., 
 Dean of Law Department and Instruc |^ig 'p French; Miss B. B. Wolfe, 
 Principal in Department of Music ; ^Q^d "i^annah A. Jones, Matron. 
 
528 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Instructoks : Rev. J. B. Smith, N. W. Edwurds, J. D. Edwards, Jno. 
 H. Byrd, C. C. Dunlap, Mrs. E. A. Pindle, Mrs. H. E. Lee, Misses Sarah 
 F. Perry, Ella II. Clomciis, Julia E. Pcrrin, and Emma Feldcr. 
 
 COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 The University is divided into the Collegiate Department, the Tlieological 
 Department, the Normal College Depaiiment, and the Law Department. A 
 Medical Department will soon, it is hoped, be opened under Dr. George R. 
 Henderson. 
 
 Terms : Board, including fuel, &e., $9.50 per month. Tuition, 75 
 cents. Instrumental Music, $1.50. Students preparing for the ministry 
 pay no tuition. Tuition in Law Department, $50. 
 
 Firm but reasonable rules are adopted for the maintenance of disci- 
 pline. 
 
 Attendance during the session of 18S1, 1882, was in excess of three 
 hundred, and the proprietors of the enterprise feel much encouraged. 
 
 MISSIONARY AND OTHER SCHOOLS. 
 
 Benedict Institute, located in the suburbs of Columbia, was estab- 
 lished in 1871, by the American Baptist Home Missionary Societ}"", for 
 the education of ministers of the gospel and of teachers, male and female. 
 It is maintained partly by tuition fees and partly by subscriptions from 
 Northern Baptist churches and individuals. The total receipts for the 
 year ending March 31st, 1882, were $7,596.80 ; expenditures, $11,705.24, 
 the difference being contributed by the Society. The value of the prop- 
 erty is $25,000 ; endowment $20,000. Students of both sexes are taught 
 and boarded under careful regulations. The attendance for the year was 
 more than two hundred. The course of study is Preparatory, Normal, 
 Classical, or Theological. Rev. C. E. Becker, A. M., is President, and he 
 is assisted by Mrs. C. E. Becker, J. K. Davis, Mrs. A. M. Wood, Miss S. 
 E. Mead and Miss Mary Simms. 
 
 Brainerd Institute, Chester, was founded in 1874, by the Northern 
 Presbyterian Church, as a Normal school for the colored. It is in charge 
 of Rev. Mr. Loomis and two assistants. It has a small library, and a 
 chemical laboi-atory. Besides the Normal department there is a graded 
 school, supported for ten months by State tax and by local taxation. 
 Much good has been accompliithed l)y it. 
 
 Fairfield Normal lNSTi'ii)ke, AVinnsp.oro, founded in 1869, by the 
 Northern Presbyterian Churcppics.he church owns a school house, a par- 
 
A SKETCH OF EDrCATlON IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 529 
 
 sonage, and several outbuildings for the accommodation of l)oarders. 
 The Rev. Willard Richardson has for a number of years labored most 
 acceptably as Principal, assisted by three white ladies. In 1880, of the 
 pupils in attendance one hundred were i)rej»aring to teach, and twenty to 
 enter the ministry. Pupils of tlie school have taken high stands in IIow- 
 ai'd University and other institutions of learning. 
 
 The Schofield School, in Aiken, has been supported for' a nuniV)er 
 of years by funds from the North. It has handsome buildings, and is 
 well fitted up. About one hundred thousand dollars, in all, have been 
 expended in its sujjport. 
 
 XI. PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 According to Ramsay and others, " Newspapers were first published in 
 South Carolina, in or about IToO, by Lewis Timothy." Prof. Rivers 
 doubts this, as the Legislature, in 1731, passed an Act offering induce- 
 ments " for the encouragement of a printer to settle here." Mr. King, in 
 his sketch of the newspaper press of Charleston, shows that, in 1730, Mr. 
 King offered to print, at his own charge, the laws of the Province, and 
 argues from this that there was no newspaper in the colony. According 
 to him, the first newspaper, " TJie South Carolina Gazette, appeared on 
 Saturday, January 8th, 1731-2," under the management of Thomas 
 Whitmarsh. It was published weekly, at a cost of £o, and was a quarto, 
 of eleven and a half by seven inches, containing two columns to the i)agc. 
 A coi>y of the first issue is or was in the Charleston Library. It contains 
 the announcement of the pas.'^age of a charter for the establishment of 
 the Colony of Georgia ; while the number, bearing date January 20th, 
 1732, chronicles the arrival of James Oglethorpe and over a hundred 
 colonists. 
 
 A press for printing ]iamj)hlets was established, by parties now un- 
 known, in 1731. George Webb and Eleazer Phillips, Jr., came over about 
 the same time, and the latter is believed to have established a })aper, 
 called the South Carolina Weekly Jovrval, but no number of it appears 
 elsewhere than in the notice of the settlement of his estate. 
 
 The Gazette, which was the fifth newspaper in America, flourished for 
 a long time without a rival in Carolina. Whitmarsh died in 1733, of 
 yellow fever, and was succeeded by Lewis Timothy. The Gazette was 
 conducted in turn l)y liiinself, his wife, his son, and other parties, under- 
 going several changes of name. Indeed It appears that every paper in 
 
530 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA, 
 
 the colnii}^ was called a Gazette, with some distinguishing title in addi- 
 tion. Thus there were The South Carolina Gazette, The South Carolina 
 Gazette and Country Journal (.17G5), Tlie SoutJt Carolina Gazette and Ameri- 
 can General Gazette, TJie Royal Gazette, The South Carolina Gazette ami General 
 Advertiser, The Charleston Evening Gazette, &c. Some of these were different 
 names of the same paper, but they appear to have been distinct from the 
 original Gazette. 
 
 The South Carolina Gazette lived until 1837, Avhen it was purchased by 
 the Courier, and continued by that paper as an auxiliary until 1840, 
 when it was discontinued. As is known, the Courier became a part of 
 the News and Courier, so that this metropolitan daily can claim an 
 indirect descent from Thomas Whitmarsh. 
 
 It is unnecessary to notice all the other newspapers that sprang into 
 life and died between 1700 and 1865. A few will be mentioned, owing 
 to their influence on affairs. The Stcde Rights and Free Trade Evening 
 Post was founded in 1831, under the editorship of John A. Stuart. He 
 sold it to Messrs. Norris & Gitsinger, but it expired after the excitement 
 of Nullification passed away. 
 
 The Investigator was founded in 1812 by John Mackey and John Lyde 
 Wilson", and earnestly advocated the Avar against Great Britain. A mob 
 attacked the paper in September of that year. 
 
 Ten years later Mr. Wilson became Governor of the State. He had 
 great literary attainments ; translated into verse and published the epi- 
 sode of " Cupid and Ps^'^che ; " codified the laws of the State about 1827, 
 and was the author of the celebrated " Code of Honor." 
 
 Governor David R. Williams was also at one time connected with jour- 
 nalism, having been proprietor of the Gazette for several years. 
 
 The two leading newspapers of South Carolina up to the time of the 
 war were the Courier and the Mercury. 
 
 THE CHARLESTON COURIER 
 
 was founded in 1803, by Loring Andrews and S. S. Carpenter, and printed 
 by A. S. Willington. For many years it was the organ of the opponents 
 of Nullification and Secession. In 1851, it advocated co-operation as a 
 choice of evils, and in 1860 reluctantly advocated withdrawal from the 
 Union, in view of the election of a sectional President. The chief repu- 
 tation of the Courier was as a business paper. In matters commercial it 
 was an authority. The proprietors showed much enterprise. Special 
 couriers, during the Mexican war, outstripped the United States mails, 
 and this undertaking was the precursor of press associations. Surviving 
 the war, the Courier \\2is purchased by the proprietors of the Daily Neios, 
 and became a part of the Neiui.and Courier. 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 531 
 
 THE CHARLESTON MERCURY 
 
 was founded by Edmund Morford, in 1822, and' purchased by II. L. 
 Pinckney, June 1st, 1823. It became the representative of the " Free 
 Trade and S.tates Right Party of South Carolina." Distinguished by the 
 boldness and the eloquence of its utterances, the Mercury was largely 
 instrumental in bringing about the war between the States. Its material 
 was destroyed in the fire in Columbia in 1865, and, though publication 
 was resumed shortly after, it suspended finally in 1868. 
 
 Other papers in Charleston, Columbia, and different parts of the State, 
 enjoyed greater or less prosperity. The attention of all was chiefly 
 drawn to politics, and they lacked much of what is now considered essen- 
 tial to journalism The editorial department often overshadowed the 
 rest, and they are to be regared more as leaders than as chroniclers of 
 events. 
 
 The following is a partial list of the newspapers published at the begin- 
 ning of the war : 
 
 Abbeville Banner, Abbeville Press, Spartanburg Spartan, and Express, 
 Sumter Watchman, Union Times, Yorkville Enquirer, Barnwell Sentinel, 
 Charleston Courier, Charleston Mercury, Charleston Evening News, Southern 
 Christian Advocate, U. S. Catholic Miscellany, Chester Standard, Cheraw 
 Gazette, Clarendon Banner, Darlington Southerner, Edgefield Advertiser, 
 Fairfield Herald, and Register, Winyah Observer, Greenville Mountaineer, 
 and Southern Enterprise, Camden Journal, Lancaster Ledger, Laurens 
 Herald, Lexington Dispatch, Marion Star, Newberry Herald, Orangeburg 
 Clarion, Keowee Courier, Pickens Sentinel, Columbia Soidh Carolinian, 
 Southern Guardian, Southern Baptist, and Southern Presbyterian. 
 
 There were also several literary periodicals. The Southern Presbyterian 
 Review, founded in 1847, which still exists, wielded great influence in the 
 religious world. The Southern Quarterly Review, and RusseWs Magazine, 
 with several literary papers, were the vehicle of thought of the highest 
 order and eloquence not often surpassed. 
 
 The census gives the newspaper statistics for 1850, 1860 and 1870. 
 Except as to the number of newspapers, the table is not trustworthy, for 
 no means have ever 3'et been devised for securing a true report of circu- 
 lation from all newspapers. 
 
 \ 
 
532 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 The followino- table is an iiKlication : 
 
 
 «:* 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 >. 
 
 
 
 c5 
 
 
 <— t 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 Ph 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 m 
 1— 1 
 
 
 Ot'lNo 
 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 'in 
 
 >-3 
 
 o 
 
 
 2 
 
 o 
 
 irculat 
 
 "73 
 
 r-i 
 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 E^ 
 
 m 
 
 <! 
 
 ! Q 
 
 < 
 
 1850 . . 
 
 46 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 27 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 53,743 
 
 7,145,930 
 
 18(>0 . . 
 
 45 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 35 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 53,870 
 
 3,654,840 
 
 1870 , . 
 
 55 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 42 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 80,900 
 
 8,901,400 
 
 It will be seen that the census of 1860 is utterly wrong. The details 
 give only two daily newspapers, with a circulation of 1,600 against a 
 circulation of 16,000 both in 1850 and 1870. 
 
 Estimating the total issue at 8,000,000 in 1860, we find an average of 
 eleven issues per year for each inhabitant, against an average of over 
 thirty issues to each inhabitant of the United States. , The total issue 
 for that year in Massachusetts reached 102,000,000, and in New York, 
 320,000,000. This means that while South Carolina thought and senti- 
 ment Avas expressed 8,000,000 times, that of Massachusetts was announced 
 102,000,000 times. Is there any cause for surprise at the outcome of the 
 war? Tlie overwhelming paper broadsides of the North were no less 
 effectual than the guns of a Farragut, in shutting out the South from 
 intercourse with, and assistance from, the rest of the world. 
 
 During the war, papers suspended for want of patronage, want of ma- 
 terial, and want of compositors. 1865 marks a blank almost in country 
 journalism. The Courier went on, the Mercury was destroA^ed, and the 
 Columbia papers had gone up in smoke. xV new daily was established 
 in Columbia l)y .Julian A. Selby, who brought a bag of type on his back 
 from a neighboring town, and, with the aid of Wm. Gilmore Simms as 
 editor, founded the Phoenix. One by one the country papers resumed 
 operations, and in a year or so the number had largely increased. Since 
 that time there has been a steady progress. Old papers have been con- 
 solidated, new ones have sprung up, and are being born every day. 
 
 THE CHARLESTON DAILY NEWS 
 
 of Cliarleston was established in August, 1865, by Benjamin Wood, of 
 New York. In 1867 it changed hands, Messrs. Riordan & Dawson be- 
 coming tlie managers. Absorbing the Courier, it is now the only daily 
 ill Charleston, and, as 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IX SOUTH CAROLINA. 533 
 
 THE NEWS AND COURIER, 
 
 is one of the leading papers in tlie land. The influence of its enterprise 
 and business management may be seen in the general improvement of 
 the State press. 
 
 The PJiocnix, the Guardian, and the South Carolinian, have lived and 
 died, since the war, in Columbia. 
 
 THE REGISTER, 
 
 begun several years ago, in Columbia, as a co-operative journal, is now 
 owned by C. A. Calvo, Jr., and edited by Col. J. W. R. Pope. It is a 
 sterling journal. 
 
 THE PALMETTO YEOMAN 
 
 is an evening daily, published also in Columbia by Mr. C. M. McJunkin. 
 The only other daily in the State is 
 
 THE GREENVILLE NEWS, 
 
 a live sheet, which discusses all the topics of the day with pungency and 
 vigor. Its editor is A. B. Williams, Esq. 
 
 OTHER PAPERS. 
 
 Among the other papers in the State are : The Charleston Zeitimg, 
 published in German, which is the only representative of foreign lan- 
 guages in South Carolina. The Abbeville Press and Banner, and Abbe- 
 ville Medium, the Saluda Argus, Aiken Recorder, and Journal and Review, 
 Anderson Intelligencer, and Journal, Barnwell People, and Sentinel, Beaufort 
 Palmetto Post, Berkeley Gazette, Charleston Mercury, and New Era, Chester 
 Reporter, and Bulletin, Cheraw Sun, Clarendon Enterprise, Colleton Prefs, 
 Darlington Southron, Florence Times, Edgefield Advertiser, Chronicle, Mon- 
 itor (Johnston's), Winnsboro' News and Herald, Georgetown Times, and 
 Enquirer, Greenville News, and Enterprise and Mountaineer, Hampton 
 Guardian, Conwayboro' Telephone, Kershaw Gazette, Camden Journal, Lan- 
 caster Ledger, and Review, Laurensville Herald, Lexington Dispatch, Gil- 
 l)ert Hollow News, Marion Star, and Merchant and Farmer, Bennettsville 
 Farmer's Friend, Newberry Jlerald, News, and Observer, Keowee Courier 
 (Walhalla), Orangeburg Times and Democrat, Pickens Sentinel, Seneca 
 Journal, Spartanburg Spartan, Spartanburg Herald, Gaffney City Caro- 
 linian, Sumter Watchman, Advance, and Spirit of the Times, Union Time'^, 
 Williamsburg Hercdd (Kingstree), Yorkville Enquirer, Rock Hill Herald. 
 
534 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 RELIGIOUS PAPERS. 
 
 Associate Reformed Presbyterian, Due West ; Baptist Courier, Greenville ; 
 Lutheran Visitor, Prosperity; Christian NeigJibor, Columhia; Southern Chris- 
 tian Advocate (Metliodist), Charleston ; Southern Presbyterian, Columbia. 
 
 THE SOUTHERN PRESBYTERIAN REVIEW, 
 
 already mentioned, is published quarterly, in Columbia, by the Rev. 
 James Woodrow. It is an able review, being one of the leading expo- 
 nents of Presbyterianism in the South. 
 
 The Department of Agriculture issues monthly bulletins, which 
 are full of valuable information to the farmer at home and to the public 
 abroad. 
 
 ■ printing establishments. 
 
 Messrs: Walker, Evans & Cogswell, of Charleston, conduct a very large 
 printing and binding establishment, and are the publishers of a series of 
 text books. 
 
 The News and Courier, the Columbia Register, and the Southern Presby- 
 terian, have large job offices, capable of turning out any kind of work. 
 
 Mr. E. R. Stokes, of Columbia, conducts a book bindery. There are a 
 large number of job printing offices in different parts of South Carolina. 
 
 conclusion. 
 
 The census of ISSO relating to newspapers has not been published ; 
 and the tables of advertising agencies are not reliable. It can safely be 
 l^redicted, however, that the statistics will show material progress ; while 
 the intellectual and journalistic progress is evident to any careful reader. 
 The power of the press is making itself felt more strongly than ever ; 
 and, in consequence, it is calling into service a number of the brightest 
 minds of the State. 
 
 XII. ILLITERACY. 
 
 The illiteracy existing in South Carolina is much to be deplored. It 
 is well, however, to examine into this abnormal condition, in order to ex- 
 plain it, and deduce hope for the future. A comparison instituted be- 
 tween South Carolina and other States on equal terms, is unfair. Three- 
 fifths of her population were, but seventeen years ago, in a state of bond- 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Ooo 
 
 age. With the exception of a few " free people of color" (ahvaj's free), 
 there is not now, nor will there be for some time, a single colored voter 
 who was not once a slave. Next, with one exception. South Carolina was 
 the heaviest sufferer by the war, her assessed property shrinking from 
 §480,000,000, in 1860, to $183,000,000, in 1870, while the true shrinkage 
 was from about $550,000,000 to a little over a hundred millions ; more 
 than half her territory was ravaged by hostile armies. After the surren- 
 der came two years of political chaos, and eight of rapacious robbery. 
 Not until 1876 did South Carolina shake off the leash and enter the 
 race afresh. 
 
 What has been done for education has been shown ; the results will 
 now be considered. 
 
 In discussing education before the war, it is but proper to exclude the 
 slaves from consideration. The subjoined table gives the tolal white pop- 
 ulation of several States,- with the number of illiterate whites twenty 
 years of age and over twent3^ Comparison is made with States justly 
 celebrated for zeal in education. A much more favorable showing might 
 have been made. This and the following tables are compiled from 
 statistics of the U. S. Census. 
 
 Comparative White Illiteracy 1850 and 1860. 
 
 Connecticut . 
 Illinois . . . 
 Indiana . . . 
 ]\Iaine .... 
 Massachusetts 
 Ohio .... 
 Pennsylvania . 
 Rhode Island . 
 South Carolina 
 \"ermont . . 
 
 Total White Population, 
 
 1850. _1860^ 
 
 451,504 
 1,704,291 
 1,338,710 
 
 363,099 
 846,034 
 977,154 
 581,813 
 985,450 
 1,955,050 
 2,258,160 
 143,875 
 274,563 
 313,402 
 
 626,947 
 
 1,221,432 
 
 2,332,808 
 
 2,849,259 
 
 170,649 
 
 291,300 
 
 314,369 
 
 Illiterate Whites 
 20 {jnd over. 
 
 1850. M8 60. 
 
 4,7391 8,488 
 
 40,054 58,037 
 
 70,540 60,943 
 
 6,147 7,552 
 
 27,539 46,262 
 
 61,030 58,642 
 
 66,928 72,156 
 
 3,340 5,852 
 
 15,684 14,792 
 
 6,189 8,869 
 
 Percentage 
 1850. 1860 
 
 1.3| 
 
 4.7i 
 7.21 
 1.0' 
 2.8 
 3.1 
 2.9 
 2.3 
 5.7 
 1.9 
 
 1.8 
 3.4 
 4.5 
 1.2 
 3.7 
 2.5 
 2.5 
 3.4 
 5.0 
 2.8 
 
 The percentage decreased in South Carolina. In some others, notably 
 the New England States, possibly owing to immigration, the rate ad- 
 vanced. In 1860, the rate for South Carolina was 5 per cent. ; for jNIas- 
 sachusetts, 3.7 per cent ; and for Rhode Island, 3.4 per cent. By 1870, 
 the percentage of illiterates over twent}^ years had increased to 4.2 in 
 Connecticut ; 3.8 in Illinois ; 5.6 in Indiana ; 2.1 in Maine ; 5.8 in Massa- 
 chusetts ; 4.2 in Ohio ; 5.1 in Pennsylvania ; 7.5 in Rhode Island ; 10.5 
 in South Carolina ; and 4.0 in Vermont. It must be remembered that 
 
536 
 
 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 all the other States were prospering, while South Carolina was financially 
 bankrupt. 
 
 COLORED ILLITERACY. 
 
 A comparative statement of colored illiteracy in five leading States, 
 before the war, may be of interest. 
 
 Colored Illiteracy, 1850 and ISGO. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Illiterates 20 
 
 
 
 Total Free Col'd Population.! 
 
 Yrs. and over. 
 
 Percentage. 
 
 
 1850. 
 
 1860. 
 
 1850 1860. 
 
 1850. 1860. 
 
 Indiana . . . 
 
 11,262 
 
 11,428 
 
 2,170 
 
 1,773 
 
 19.2 
 
 15.5 
 
 Massachusetts . 
 
 9,064 
 
 9,602 
 
 806 
 
 659 
 
 8.8 
 
 6.8 
 
 Pennsylvania . 
 
 53,626 
 
 56,949 
 
 9,344 
 
 9,359 
 
 17.4 
 
 16.4 
 
 Rhode Island . 
 
 3,670 
 
 3,952 
 
 267 
 
 260 
 
 7.2 
 
 6.5 
 
 South Carolina . 
 
 8,960 
 
 9,914 
 
 880 
 
 1,416 
 
 9.8 
 
 14.3 
 
 This table shows that prior to the abolition agitation, free persons of 
 color received almost equal advantages in South Carolina and New Eng- 
 land, while they were comparatively neglected in Pennsylvania and In- 
 diana. In consequence of the agitation illiteracy appears to have in- 
 creased in South Carolina, remained almost stationary in Pennsylvania, 
 and decreased in tjie other States. (It may be added that the table does 
 not show any large immigration of colored people North, prior to 1860. 
 Colored artizans fared better in the South than they did elsewhere. " Free 
 persons of color " in the South were not always advocatas of emancipa- 
 tion.) 
 
 Reverting to the statistics of South Carolina, it is found that there 
 were 
 
 In 1860, white illiterate males, twenty years and over, 5,811. Total Avhite 
 
 population, 291,300. 
 In 1870, white illiterate males, twenty-one years and over, 12,940. Total 
 
 white population. 289,667. 
 In 1880, white illiterate males, twenty-one years and over, 13,924. Total 
 
 white population 391,005. 
 
 This tells the story. Those who were twenty-one years old in 1870, 
 were eleven years old in 1860. The finger of war is evidently here. ' It 
 is gratifying to see that the increase of adult illiterates during the past 
 decade is small. 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATIOX IX SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 06 I 
 
 A comparison of illiteracy by ages between the census of 1870 and that 
 of 1880, is subjoined. 
 
 White Illiteracy. 
 
 
 10-14 Yrs. 
 
 15,328 
 13,674 
 
 15-21 Yrs. 
 
 10,114 
 11.102 
 
 1 
 
 21 and over. 
 
 34.335 
 30.391 
 
 Total 
 Illiterate. 
 
 Total 
 Population. 
 
 1880 
 1870 
 
 59,777 
 55,167 
 
 391,105 
 
 289,667 
 
 Increase 
 
 1,654 
 
 988 
 
 1 3,944 
 
 4,610 
 
 101,438 
 
 Total increase of illiterate whites, 4,610, relative increase, 8.4 per cent. 
 Total increase of white population, 101,438, relative increase, 35.4 per 
 cent. 
 
 The population has increased over four times as fast as the illiteracy. 
 
 Tliis is a sign of progress.. 
 
 % 
 Colored Illiteracy. 
 
 
 10-14 Yrs. 
 
 1 
 15-21 Yrs. 21 and over.l 
 
 Total 
 Illiteracy. 
 
 310,071 
 235,164 
 
 Total 
 Population 
 
 1880 
 1870 
 
 57,072 
 40,805 
 
 52,936 
 45,605 
 
 200,063 
 148,754 
 
 604,332 
 415,814 
 
 Increase 
 
 16,267 
 
 7,331 
 
 51,309 
 
 74,907 
 
 188,518 
 
 Total increase in illiterate colored, 74,907, relative increase, 31 per cent. 
 Total increase in colored population, 188,518, relative increase, 44 per 
 cent. 
 
 The population has increased about 1^ times as rapidly as illiteracy. 
 This, at least, shows that illiteracy is not on the increase. 
 Again, the census of 1880, gives the following 
 
 Colored persons who could write, and those who could not, 1880. 
 
 Ages. 
 
 i 10-14 Yrs. 
 
 Colored Population. 
 Could not write . . 
 Could write .... 
 
 76,981 
 57,702 
 
 15 Yrs. and over, 
 
 317,769 
 252,999 
 
 19,909 
 
 64,770 
 
 Total.__ 
 
 "394";75(y 
 
 310,071 
 
 84,679 
 
 There were, in 1880, therefore, 84,679 colored jiersons of ten years of 
 age, and over, who had some acquaintance with the art of reading and 
 writing. With the exception of a few " free persons of color," these repre- 
 sent the progress of fifteen years, between 1865 and 1880, or of ten years 
 of free schools, of which five or six were, in an educational sense, " years 
 35 
 
Oo8 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 of famine." It must be remembered, too, tliat a very lar^e proportion of 
 the illiterate blaeks wore too old to avail themselves of sehool facilities. 
 So (hat in aserrtainini;- real progress they should be eliminated from the 
 problem. Data ibr duin^ this are, unfortunately, not at hand. 
 
 The census of 1870 was obviously incori'cct, in many respects. Taken 
 carelessly, it was more apt to include prominent than obscure individuals, 
 and, therefore, to lower the percentage of illiteracy. For this reason, 
 greater ])rogress mar be claimed for the past decade than a comparison 
 of the statistics would seem to indicate. 
 
 Despite the most favorable showing that can be made, it is yet obvious 
 that some extraordinary measures inust be taken to combat ignorance. 
 A State, in which the average amount of pro})erty per cai)ita is not more 
 than a hundred and twenty dollars, cannot bo expected to put one-half 
 its })opulation to school. That it is doing much in proportion to its 
 means is shown by the constitutional tax. The government of the United 
 States elevated the slave' to citizenshi}». J lis political mistakes are to-day 
 a])parent in their inlluence on public atlairs. The United States must 
 aid in universal education as supplementary to universal suflrage. One 
 cannot safely exist without the other. 
 
 Nor must South Carolina be weary in well doing. Her own people are 
 cai)able of additional efitbrt. They cannot Avait for out.side aid. 
 
 In these days, knowledge is power. No longer do men sprinkle their 
 chariots with Olympic dust. Never again will Hercules raise himself to 
 J leaven by dint of muscle, or the fate of Christendom depend on the 
 weight of a Co:ur de Lion's battle-axe. Physical strength is not the 
 standard of merit. 
 
 Man has conquered Nature. She does his work without fatigue, and 
 without complaint. But for him she cannot think. Thought is his 
 alone, and he thinks best who thinks most, whose mind is best trained 
 in correct methods. Bismarck, Beaconsfield, Gladstone, Moltke, have 
 swayed Europe by brain, not by brawn. Indiana's Avar Governor and 
 Georgia's Commoner, from their invalid chairs have, at times, shaken 
 our political fabric to its foundations. A single thought of Edison's may 
 be worth millions. 
 
 Fertile soil, salubrious climate, rich mineral deposits, unlimited water 
 power, valuable virgin forests— -all that nature can bestow — are but noth- 
 ing compared to the cultured brain. More than railroads, more than 
 canals, more than factories, Carolina needs schools. Having them, the 
 rest will come. 
 
 A State that claims such glorious educational traditions, that has mani- 
 fested such love of knowledge in most untoward circumstances, that even 
 now is making progress in solving a problem never before submitted to 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 539 
 
 mankind, may be relied upon to keep abreast with the other members of 
 the great Aryan race, in its jjecuhar domain, the realm of intellect. 
 
 THE PEABODY FUND. 
 
 No sketch on education would be complete without some mention of 
 the Peabody fund, that lasting monument to the greatest philanthropist 
 of his age. By the will of George Peabody, .several million dollars were 
 given in trust to a Board, for the education of the children of the South. 
 The fund is carefully guarded. The interest annually accruing is de- 
 voted, not to helping the destitute, but to building up and improving 
 schools already in a healthy condition, or to fitting j'oung men and 
 women to become skillful and intelligent teachers. For several years aid 
 was given directly to the public schools ; but recently the greater portion 
 of the revenue is expended upon Normal schools, and Normal Institutes. 
 The report of the U. S. Commissioner of Education, for 1880, shows that 
 since 1868, the trustees had expended $1,191,000, of which South Caroli- 
 na, owing to the inefficiency of her school system, between 1872 and 1870, 
 had received but $38,200, while $223,250 had been given to Virginia, 
 $220,150 to Tennessee, and $118,000 to West Virginia. 
 
 In 1881, this State received $4,050, and 1882, $5,375, making in all 
 $47,625. 
 
 PEABODY SCHOLARSHIPS 
 
 for deserving young white and colored persons, of both sexes, desiring to 
 become teachers, are established, for whites, at Nashville, for the colored, 
 at Hampton, Virginia. Eight students at Nashville and ten at Hamp- 
 ton were enjoying this bounty in 1881. The scholarships are for two 
 years. Applicants are appointed after competitive examination, and 
 these are required, after graduation, to teach at least two years in the 
 public schools of the State. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 Tabular Statements Copied or Compiled from the Tables of the United States 
 Census and the Report of State Superintendent of Edueatlon,for 1SS2. 
 
 Table 
 
 TahlI': 
 Table 
 Table 
 
 Table 
 
 Table" 
 
 Table 
 
 Table 
 
 Table 
 
 I. A Comparison of White Population, School Expenditures 
 
 and White Illiteracy in Tliirty-three States in 18G0. 
 II. Scholastic Population of South Carolina in 1880. 
 
 III. Population and Illiteracy in South Carolina in 1880. 
 
 IV. Scholastic Population and School Attendance between the 
 
 Years ISGO and 1882. 
 , V. Record of Public Scliools in the State. 1882. 
 VI. Teachers and Salaries, 1882. 
 VII. Course of Study for 1882. 
 VIII. School Fund and Poll-Tax, 1880-81. 
 IX. School Houses used bv Public Schools^ 1882. 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA, 
 
 541 
 
 TABLE I. 
 
 Showing, in 1860, 1st, tJie Total White Population of thirty-three States; 
 2d, tiie total Expenditures for Education of all kinds; 3d, the Pev Capita 
 Expenditure; 4-^li, tlte adidt White Illiteracy ; oth, the rate per cent, of 
 Illiteracy. {Compiled from statistics of the U. S. Census.) 
 
 CT" \ TT? Total White 
 STATE. Popllation. 
 
 EXPEN'DITCRE. 
 
 Per 
 Capita 
 
 Adult 
 
 White 
 
 Illiteracy. 
 
 Rate 
 Per Cent. 
 Illiteracy. 
 
 Alabama .... 
 
 520,271 
 
 $ 838,002 
 
 $1 59 
 
 37,605 
 
 7.14 
 
 Arkansas . . . 
 
 
 324,143 
 
 194,344 
 
 59 
 
 23,652 
 
 7.29 
 
 California . . . 
 
 
 323,177 
 
 559,849 
 
 1 73 
 
 18,989 
 
 5.87 
 
 Connecticut . 
 
 
 451,504 
 
 748,454 
 
 1 65 
 
 8,488 
 
 1.83 
 
 Delaware. . . . 
 
 
 00,589 
 
 124,809 
 
 1 37 
 
 6,661 
 
 7.36 
 
 Florida .... 
 
 
 77,746 
 
 95,511 
 
 1 23 
 
 5,341 
 
 6.87 
 
 (Jeorgia . . . 
 
 
 591,550 
 
 855,270 
 
 1 44 1 
 
 43,684 
 
 7.39 
 
 Illinois .... 
 
 
 1,704,291 
 
 2,517,546 
 
 1 47 : 
 
 58,037 
 
 3.40 
 
 Indiana .... 
 
 
 1,338,710 
 
 882,688 
 
 66 ; 
 
 60,943 
 
 4.56 
 
 Iowa 
 
 
 673,779 
 
 701,116 
 
 1 04 
 
 19,782 
 
 2.83 
 
 Kansas . . . 
 
 
 106,390 
 
 50,792 
 
 48 
 
 3,004 
 
 2.82 
 
 Kentucky . . . 
 
 
 919,484 
 
 1,080,800 
 
 1 17 
 
 67,577 
 
 7.34 
 
 Louisiana , . . 
 
 
 357,456 
 
 1,019,726 
 
 2 85 
 
 17,808 
 
 4.98 
 
 Maine 
 
 
 626,947 
 
 554,610 
 
 88 
 
 7,552 
 
 1.20 
 
 Maryland . . . 
 
 
 515,918 
 
 510,766 
 
 99 
 
 15,825 
 
 3.06 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 
 1,221,432 
 
 2,230,611 
 
 1 82 
 
 46,262 
 
 3.79 
 
 Michigan . . 
 
 
 736,142 
 
 816,666 
 
 1 10 
 
 17,441 
 
 2.37 
 
 INIinnesota . , . 
 
 
 169,395 
 
 116,702 
 
 63 
 
 4,751 
 
 2.81 
 
 Mississippi . . . 
 
 
 353,899 
 
 733,621 
 
 2 07 
 
 15,526 
 
 4.39 
 
 Missouri .... 
 
 
 1,063,489 
 
 1,259,139 
 
 1 18 
 
 59,660 
 
 5.61 
 
 iSlew Hampshire 
 
 
 325,579 
 
 369,945 
 
 1 13 
 
 4,683 
 
 1.43 
 
 New Jersey . . 
 
 
 646,699 
 
 858,129 
 
 1 32 
 
 19,276 
 
 2.98 
 
 New York . . 
 
 
 3,831,590 
 
 5,057,971 
 
 1 32 
 
 115,965 
 
 3.02 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 
 629,942 
 
 758,444 
 
 1 20 ; 
 
 68,128 
 
 10.81 
 
 Ohio 
 
 
 2,332,808 
 
 3,031,770 
 
 1 30 
 
 58,642 
 
 2.51 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 
 2,849,259 
 
 3,379,015 
 
 1 18 
 
 72,156 
 
 2.53- 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 
 170,649 
 
 235,827 
 
 1 38 
 
 5,852 
 
 3.43 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 
 291,300 
 
 690,512 
 
 2 36 
 
 14,792 
 
 5.07 
 
 Tennessee . . 
 
 
 826,722 
 
 1,076,571 
 
 1 30 
 
 70,359 
 
 8.51 
 
 Texas ... 
 
 
 420,891 
 
 651,374 
 
 1 54 
 
 18,414 
 
 4.37 
 
 Vermont . . . 
 
 
 314,369 
 
 298,595 
 
 95 
 
 8,869 
 
 2.18 
 
 Virginia . . . 
 
 
 1,047,299 
 
 1,289,819 
 
 1 23 
 
 73,955 
 
 7.06 
 
 Wisconsin . . 
 
 
 773,693 
 
 760,096 
 
 98 
 
 16,448 
 
 2.12 
 
 Eighteen Free 1 
 States j 
 
 18,595,412 
 
 23,170,382 
 
 1 22 
 
 547,140 
 
 2.99 
 
 Fifteen Slave ] 
 States / 
 
 11,244,646 
 
 13,991,348 
 
 1 30 
 
 538,987 
 
 4.79 
 
:>12 
 
 A SKiriX'll OK Kl>rOArU>N IN Si>l 111 t AKOl INA. 
 
 •rAiu.r. 11. snioiAsrir roin i.a rioN. 
 
 Sho(oin<f th(^ numhd" of pt^mina in South ( urtHam MuHrn tlir (V/<\^ ofCutiul U) 
 um>n/»Mf; to thf Vuittil Stittra Ihiaua of \^^(). 
 
 WlUlKS. 
 
 (\M Ol!KO. 
 
 An ('\ AssKs. 
 
 AUKS. 
 
 Maliv«<. 
 
 l\>Ml!lK>S. 
 
 Miilos. 
 
 1 
 
 iMsUos. 
 
 boiurtlys. 
 
 (1 ^■o;H■^ 
 
 1 
 
 (;.i;u ; 
 
 r>.vS;);5 
 
 ii.ir^; 
 
 11.1 ll» 
 
 17,287 
 
 iT.;5i2 
 
 7 Voar>- 
 
 r>, .">;>('» j 
 
 A.IT;? 
 
 5>,r>sr> 
 
 i).8;5:i 
 
 1 15.121 
 
 15.00(5 
 
 S Yoars . . 
 
 ruMi 1 
 
 r>.;u»7 
 
 U).;5(5l 
 
 lO,2vS2 
 
 , 1(5.002 
 
 15.580 
 
 ;> Yoars. . . 
 
 5.0(U : 
 
 •J .7(51 > 
 
 7.(50}) 
 
 7.1(54 
 
 12.(570 
 
 I2.2:^>a 
 
 10 Yo5\i-s. . . . 
 
 r).r>;>8 i 
 
 r>.i(5o 
 
 lO.KH 
 
 5>.r»:54 
 
 15,042 
 
 11.(507 
 
 11 Yoars. . . . 
 
 •l.2U; ; 
 
 I. KM 
 
 r>.(5:i(5 
 
 r>,(5in) 
 
 ; 0.882 
 
 0.850 
 
 V2 Yoai-s. . . . 
 
 ■\0S»2 i 
 
 •1.5>.M 
 
 o.;5.v2 
 
 0.210 
 
 14.444 
 
 1 1.171 
 
 1." Yoiu-s, . . 
 
 •I.UUi ! 
 
 4. 1150 
 
 (5,:>oi> 
 
 (5.304 
 
 1 10,7(55 
 
 10.521 
 
 I I Yoar-^ 
 
 ;\5)i2 
 
 ;5.si7 
 
 7,;ia2 
 
 (5.812 
 
 1 11,274 
 
 10.(520 
 
 ir> Years, . . . 
 
 2.S71 : 
 
 2.S(18 ' 
 
 (5,71 5 
 
 (5.;^(54 
 
 0.(51(5 
 
 0.2;52 
 
 l(i Yoars. , . . 
 
 ;V-Ml5 ; 
 
 ;5.rvj:5 
 
 (5.118 
 
 (5.528 
 
 o.;5;m 
 
 10.051 
 
 Total . . . 
 
 'AAAO j 
 
 -l5^7•^5> , 
 
 l)0,85>7 
 
 80,578 
 
 142,aS7 
 
 iao,a27 
 
 Mai ks—\V hi to . 
 Kkmauks^ — W luio 
 
 Sl'MMAKY. 
 
 51.1 10 (\^loiV(l . . 5HX807 
 40,740 Oolorod . . 80.578 
 
 \)tal . 
 \ual . 
 
 M:l.;5;57 
 i;50.;527 
 
 Totals 
 
 lOl.K^O 
 
 180.175 
 
 281.(5(54 
 
A HKKTCIf or KOIVA'IIOX fX K0I;TU CAttTJUXA. 543 
 
 'j'Aiiu: in. I'oi'i'LA'rioN Asu lUJTKiiA^y. 
 
 Ac/'/n'tliiit/ i<) ill/', IhdU'A SUika (JtiVMUjf for 1880, 
 
 WliiU; . 
 
 T<nAi, Voi'Vt.ATUfS,' Cwfuyr 
 Poi'i,i,ATJo."c. 10 Vkaijm Hkm). 
 
 ASi)()vy.H. 
 
 UTv,~HV, ni\~ 
 
 Yi'.nrH. V' '-r. 
 
 Total. 
 
 'Wl,10r> 272,70^5 
 
 ]r,;'/ZH\(),\]i .,>..,.,r, 50,777 
 .';7,072 r,2,im 200,00.'i .'i) 0,071 
 
 Tobil . i)Ur,/,77 m7,4r,(i W 321,780*' 72,40003,0502:11,308 300,818 
 
 *l)etailH not i^ivau. 
 
544 
 
 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
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546 
 
 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 TABLE VI. TEACHERS AND SALARIES. 
 
 Shoioliig the Number of Teachers Employed in 1882, and their Salaries. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average 
 
 
 
 
 Teachers Employel 
 
 . 
 
 Monthly Wages 
 
 Total Amount 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PaidTk 
 
 ACHEK^i 
 
 Paid 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 
 
 
 
 "b 
 
 
 
 To Teachers 
 
 
 d 
 
 ^3 
 
 
 .2 
 
 o 
 H 
 
 
 i 
 
 During 
 
 
 *j 
 
 o 
 'o 
 
 6 
 'S 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 '5 
 
 a 
 
 the Year. 
 
 
 ? 
 
 O 
 
 S 
 
 >^ 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 f^ 
 
 
 Abbeville . . . 
 
 94 
 
 57 
 
 79 
 
 72 
 
 1 
 
 151 
 
 $20 34 
 
 $20 04 
 
 $11,228 00 
 
 Aiken . . . . 
 
 82 
 
 31 
 
 77 
 
 36 
 
 113, 
 
 35 54 
 
 29 41 
 
 8,894 79 
 
 Anderson . . . 
 
 80 
 
 40 
 
 65 
 
 55 
 
 120: 
 
 25 11 
 
 22 88 
 
 12,887 57 
 
 Barnwell . . . 
 
 93 
 
 64 
 
 109 
 
 48 
 
 157 
 
 31 07 
 
 28 24 
 
 12,325 88 
 
 Beaufort . . . 
 
 16 
 
 49 
 
 38 
 
 .27 
 
 65 
 
 30 83 
 
 27 07 
 
 6,580 50 
 
 Charleston . . 
 
 155 
 
 91 
 
 64 
 
 182 
 
 246 
 
 37 05 
 
 29 60 
 
 73,416 78 
 
 Chester . . . 
 
 55 
 
 35 
 
 47 
 
 43 
 
 90 
 
 22 00 
 
 20 00 
 
 8,371 25 
 
 Chesterfield . . 
 
 31 
 
 7 
 
 26 
 
 12 
 
 38 
 
 21 12 
 
 23 12 
 
 2,495 00 
 
 Clarendon. , . 
 
 35 
 
 17 
 
 25 
 
 27 
 
 52 
 
 17 16 
 
 20 56 
 
 3,354 30 
 
 Colleton. . . . 
 
 63 
 
 50 
 
 78 
 
 35 
 
 113 
 
 30 00 
 
 25 00 
 
 14,524 50 
 
 Darlinuton . . 
 
 54 
 
 43 
 
 57 
 
 40 
 
 97 
 
 22 16 
 
 27 05! 
 
 10,948 60 
 
 Edjrelield . . . 
 
 96 
 
 58 
 
 80 
 
 74 
 
 154 
 
 24 70 
 
 15 65 
 
 11,103 10 
 
 Fairtield. . . . 
 
 62 
 
 37 
 
 53 
 
 46 
 
 99 
 
 26 80 
 
 24 42 
 
 11,297 62 
 
 Georgetown . . 
 
 16 
 
 30 
 
 34 
 
 12 
 
 46 
 
 27 05 
 
 24 86 
 
 5,600 00 
 
 Greenville. . . 
 
 112 
 
 54 
 
 71 
 
 95 
 
 166 
 
 25 83 
 
 23 6Q 
 
 14,983 96 
 
 Hampton . . . 
 
 52 
 
 24 
 
 •43 
 
 33 
 
 76 
 
 23 00 
 
 23 00 
 
 6,149 00 
 
 Horry . . . . 
 
 51 
 
 21 
 
 52 
 
 20 
 
 72 
 
 22 76 
 
 20 16 
 
 4,007 95 
 
 Kershaw . . . 
 
 37 
 
 27 
 
 45 
 
 19 
 
 64i 
 
 26 91 
 
 23 84! 
 
 6,790 50 
 
 Lancaster . . . 
 
 33 
 
 25 
 
 40 
 
 18 
 
 58; 
 
 24 84 
 
 24 10 
 
 4,618 25 
 
 Laurens. . . . 
 
 59 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 49 
 
 109 
 
 25 63 
 
 23 70 
 
 7,020 m 
 
 Lexington. . . 
 
 76 
 
 26 
 
 73 
 
 29 
 
 102 
 
 28 36 
 
 26 85 
 
 7,079 00 
 
 Marion .... 
 
 86 
 
 43 
 
 105 
 
 24 
 
 129 
 
 27 29 
 
 22 11 
 
 10,662 05 
 
 Marlboro . . . 
 
 36 
 
 23 
 
 43 
 
 16 
 
 591 
 
 27 39 
 
 28 06 
 
 5,420 50 
 
 Newberry . . . 
 
 51 
 
 38 
 
 45 
 
 44 
 
 89; 
 
 23 70 
 
 22 89 
 
 9,653 92 
 
 Oconee . . 
 
 73 
 
 17 
 
 58 
 
 32 
 
 90' 
 
 19 10 
 
 16 73 
 
 5,089 03 
 
 Orangeburg . , 
 
 70 
 
 48 
 
 70 
 
 48 
 
 118 
 
 31 93 
 
 32 48 
 
 9,177 09 
 
 Pickens .... 
 
 52 
 
 18 
 
 37 
 
 33 
 
 70 
 
 21 62 
 
 18 12 
 
 4,360 25 
 
 Richland . . . 
 
 38 
 
 32 
 
 34 
 
 36 
 
 7o; 
 
 35 27 
 
 30 04 
 
 9,728 75 
 
 Spartanburg. . 
 
 133 
 
 68 
 
 117 
 
 84 
 
 201' 
 
 26 44 
 
 25 44 
 
 17,459 14 
 
 Sumter .... 
 
 59 
 
 43 
 
 53 
 
 49 
 
 102 
 
 25 50 
 
 21 90| 
 
 10,329 00 
 
 L^nion . . . . 
 
 64 
 
 34 
 
 48 
 
 50 
 
 98 
 
 24 87 
 
 25 65 
 
 9,807 36 
 
 Williamsburg . 
 
 36 
 
 28 
 
 43 
 
 21 
 
 64 
 
 28 86 
 
 29 94 
 
 3,702 25 
 
 York 
 
 2,126 
 
 59 
 
 1,287 
 
 ' — 
 
 71 
 1,940 
 
 64 
 1,473 
 
 135' 
 
 1 
 
 17 98 
 
 14 82 
 
 10,629 00 
 
 Totals . . . 
 
 3,413 
 
 $26 00 
 
 $23 97 
 
 $349,695 55 
 
A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IX SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 547 
 
 TABLE VII. COURSE OF STUDY FOR THE YEARS 1881-82. 
 Number of Pupils Studying each of the Branches Taught. 
 
 BRANCHES. 
 
 1881. 
 
 1882. 
 
 Alphabet 
 
 Spelling 
 
 Reading 
 
 "Writing 
 
 ]\Iental Arithmetic 
 
 Written Arithmetic .... 
 
 Geography 
 
 English Grammar. . . 
 History of the United States 
 
 Higher Branches 
 
 13,078 
 100,380 
 85,408 
 63,156 
 39,261 
 44,361 
 37,490 
 23,533 
 19,566 
 4,259 
 
 14.070 
 114,727 
 92,514 
 68,184 
 43,587 
 46,105 
 37,465 
 24,748 
 19,205 
 4,307 
 
 992 
 8,347 
 7,106 
 5,028 
 4,326 
 1,744 
 
 25 
 
 1,215 
 
 361 
 
 48 
 
 increase, 
 increase, 
 increase, 
 increase, 
 increase, 
 increase, 
 decrease, 
 increase, 
 decrease, 
 increase. 
 
548 
 
 A SKETCH OF ElHTAriOX IN SlH'TlI CAROLINA. 
 
 TABLE Vlll. 
 
 Sliowiiu) (>)/ i'oioitics tin' rublic ScJiooI Fund for the Fiscal Ytur lSSO-Sl,as 
 (\>))tainvd in flic Annual Jicpoft <»/" the Comptroller-General. Aho the 
 yet Proceeds of the Poll-Taj\ {Included in the Available Fu)hI.) 
 
 COINTY. 
 
 School Ordkks. 
 
 Cash ox Hand. 
 
 Total 
 AvAn.Aiu KFrNn. 
 
 Xkt Proceeds 
 r.-ii Tax. 
 
 Abbeville . . 
 
 ! ^14,418 47 
 
 $2,022 70 4 
 
 $16,441 17 4 
 
 $5,179 00 
 
 Aikon .... 
 
 10.5()4 
 
 03 
 
 5,740 28 5 
 
 10.314 21 5 
 
 3.233 55 
 
 AiuKm'soh . . 
 
 13.881 
 
 34 
 
 1.120 53 7 
 
 15.010 87 7 
 
 4.404 47 
 
 Ixirnwoll . . 
 
 U),887 
 
 08 
 
 3.103 07 3 
 
 10.001 05 3 
 
 5.145 32 5 
 
 Bejiufoi't. . . 
 
 10.402 
 
 18 
 
 1.30(> 80 
 
 11,708 08 
 
 4.028 45 
 
 Charleston . . 
 
 58,087 
 
 04 
 
 1(J.423 08 
 
 75,110 72 
 
 4.807 03 
 
 Chester . . . 
 
 i),"240 
 
 51 0, 
 
 1,880 71 
 
 11,130 22 
 
 2.813 00 
 
 ChesterHeUl . 
 
 3.321 
 
 32 
 
 0.811 78 5 
 
 10,133 10 5 
 
 2.703 00 
 
 Clarentlon . . 
 
 4,481 
 
 70 0, 
 
 2.(184 20 
 
 7,1(>5 00 
 
 2,449 07 5 
 
 Colleton . . . 
 
 10.458 
 
 45 
 
 2,804 21 8 
 
 13,352 00 8 
 
 5,203 43 
 
 Darlinii'ton. . 
 
 11.781 
 
 54 
 
 052 14 4 
 
 12,733 08 4 
 
 4.474 55 
 
 EdiivtieKl . . 
 
 13.414 
 
 03 
 
 
 13,414 03 
 
 4,401 85 
 
 Fairtield. . . 
 
 14.080 
 
 18 
 
 1,^30 00 1 
 
 15,010 87 1 
 
 4,081 70 
 
 Ceoruetown . 
 
 5.733 
 
 85 
 
 451 08 
 
 0,185 53 
 
 2,408 00 
 
 (treenville . . 
 
 13.201 
 
 84 
 
 2.300 08 7 
 
 15.081 02 7 
 
 5.075 33 
 
 Hampton . . 
 
 0.201 
 
 70 
 
 82 58 
 
 0.374 34 
 
 2.201 20 4 
 
 Horrv. . . . 
 
 2.018 
 
 17 
 
 3.574 00 
 
 (».102 20 
 
 2.108 00 
 
 Kei'siiaw. . . 
 
 7.880 
 
 52 
 
 1,311 80 
 
 0,108 38 
 
 3,158 08 
 
 Laneaster . . 
 
 4,501 
 
 71 
 
 040 31 9 
 
 5,448 02 
 
 2,207 00 
 
 Laurens. . . 
 
 0,114 
 
 74 
 
 1.818 08 
 
 10.033 42 
 
 4,130 31 
 
 Lexington . . 
 
 8.400 
 
 75 
 
 
 8,400 75 
 
 2.830 02 
 
 Marion . . . 
 
 12.847 
 
 54 
 
 i.880 34 9 
 
 14.727 88 
 
 2.023 04 
 
 Marlboro. . . 
 
 0.150 
 
 30 
 
 3,130 08 
 
 0,200 07 
 
 3,010 70 
 
 Newberrv*. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Geo nee . . . 
 
 5.124 45 
 
 2.250 22 
 
 7.380 07 
 
 i.850 20 5 
 
 Orangeburo- . 
 
 13.222 
 
 10 
 
 200 00 2 
 
 13,522 12 2 
 
 4,018 82 
 
 Pickens. .' . 
 
 5.000 
 
 54 
 
 02 54 5 
 
 5,000 08 5 
 
 1.000 00 
 
 Kiehland . . 
 
 ■ 10.328 
 
 73 
 
 5l>5 45 
 
 10,804 18 
 
 2.272 00 
 
 Spartanburg . 
 
 ; 10,428 
 
 31 
 
 1.043 05 3 
 
 21,071 39 3 
 
 4.887 17 5 
 
 Sumter . . . 
 
 1 12,508 
 
 08 
 
 787 00 2 
 
 ' 13,350 97 2 
 
 ; 4.181 84 
 
 I'nion., . . . 
 
 7,300 
 
 88 
 
 5.133 74 
 
 12,443 02 
 
 3,071 07 
 
 AVilliamsbura 
 
 1 8,303 
 
 83 
 
 1.073 88 
 
 10.037 71 
 
 3.033 10 
 
 York . . . t 
 
 ' 17.070 
 
 40 
 
 ! 4.551 40 3 
 
 1 
 
 21.221 80 3 
 
 3.088 07 5 
 
 Totivls. . . 
 
 $373,507 
 
 05 2 
 
 $79,307 48 S 
 
 §452,905 44 I 
 
 ,$114,438 90 5 
 
 j 
 
 *Xu settlemout nuule as yet. The matter is in coarse of adjudication. 
 
r 
 
 A SKETCH OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 549 
 
 TABLE IX. 
 Showing the Number and Value of School Houses used by Public Schools in 18S2. 
 
 NAME 
 
 OF 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 xVljbeville . 
 Aiken . . . 
 Anderson . 
 Barnwell. . 
 Beaufort . . 
 (,'harle.ston . 
 Chester. . . 
 Chesterfield. 
 Clarendon . 
 Colleton . . 
 Darlington . 
 Edgefield . 
 Fairfield . . 
 CJeorgetown. 
 Creenville . 
 Hampton . 
 I lorry . . . 
 Kershaw . . 
 Lancaster. . 
 Laurens . . 
 Lexington*. 
 Marion. . . 
 Marlboro. . 
 Newberry. . 
 Oconee. . . 
 Orangeburg. 
 Pickens . . 
 Richland. . 
 Spartanburg 
 Sumter. . . 
 Union . . . 
 Williamsburg 
 York 
 
 Totals. . 
 
 SCHOOL HOUSES. 
 
 Erkcted 
 Previously. 
 
 Built During 
 THE Year. 
 
 
 1'^ — 
 
 J2 -w 
 
 o 
 
 121 
 
 02 
 
 120 
 
 140 
 
 69 
 
 60 
 
 61 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 100 
 
 26 
 
 154 
 
 94 
 
 42 
 
 137 
 
 67 
 
 96 
 
 58 
 
 55 
 
 107 
 
 $44,050 
 
 10,918 
 
 15,250 
 
 15,613 
 
 7,925 
 
 133,713 
 
 3,862 
 
 2,860 
 
 295 
 
 2,740 
 
 8,400 
 
 * 18,600 
 2,770 
 18,628 
 4,610 
 3,360 
 6,945 
 3,325 
 8,550 
 
 00,1 . . 
 00 2 
 00 . . 
 OO'I 3 
 00^1 2 
 OOi 12 
 
 ooll 2: 
 
 00 2, 
 
 oo" 1 
 
 75; 
 OOi 
 
 $441 06 
 
 40) 
 
 24 
 
 393 
 
 368 
 
 1,842 
 
 165 
 
 90 
 
 15 
 
 oo; 
 oo: 
 
 001 10' 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 29' 
 59 
 81 
 75 
 
 110 
 66 
 55 
 
 173 
 79 
 72 
 62 
 
 127 
 
 2,574 
 
 8,775 
 
 10,435 
 
 8,750 
 
 OOi 
 
 oo! 
 ool 
 
 00 
 
 1,745 
 7,555 
 
 10,300 
 
 7,030 
 
 5,360 
 
 735 
 
 21,250 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 189 
 
 38 
 
 300 
 
 125 
 
 659 
 
 489 
 
 77 
 
 323 
 
 250 
 
 75 
 
 00] 43! 
 
 m 24' 
 
 05|! 46i 
 951 21 i 
 00' 2 
 00, 6} 
 
 • I 7' 
 80' 26' 
 
 85' 6 
 
 OOi 4, 
 00 15 
 
 42 22 
 
 25'! 27i 
 00 43 
 
 School House* 
 
 Rented 
 
 During the 
 
 Year. 
 
 ^ 
 
 88 
 00 
 00 
 
 156 50 
 
 2,146 57 
 
 146 75 
 
 4 
 
 250 50 
 
 588 20 
 180 00 
 670 00] 
 
 150 oo: 
 
 550 00 
 
 29 
 33 
 6 
 50 
 29 
 20 
 30 
 20 
 42 
 30 
 32 
 
 81 
 38 
 
 120 
 
 103 
 45 
 14 
 40 
 50 
 46 
 
 102 
 56 
 
 148' 
 90, 
 27 
 
 115 
 40 
 53 
 49 
 53 
 
 102 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 ' 7 
 
 12 
 
 52 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 103 
 
 26 
 75, 
 25 
 81 
 46 
 25 
 
 153 
 37 
 42 
 30 
 
 127 
 
 Hi 
 
 6| 
 
 
 O S5 
 
 00 
 
 98 50 
 
 48 50 
 
 84 90 
 
 721 45 
 
 200 00 
 
 15 00 
 
 20 00 
 
 22 00 
 
 129 50 
 
 812 60 
 142 00 
 320 00 
 
 5 00 
 
 59 00 
 14 50 
 
 103 50 
 
 146 00 
 
 44 00 
 
 9 00 
 
 15 00 
 
 28 00 
 
 2,676 $396,923 75 tl05| $10,682 66 693 2,142 138 $3,089 45 
 
 *N<) reporl. 
 
 NoTK.— The ret\irns relating to Scliool Houses are very imperfect. Comparatively few are owned by 
 the public most of the Public Scliools beinji tau','ht in rUiurches, residences and out-buildings, which are 
 owned by 'other particB, and of which no accurate rtjortscan be made. 
 
CHA^PTER V. 
 
 CHURCHES. 
 
 More than a century after the fierce and bloody conflicts of the French 
 Huguenots and the Spanish Catholics along the coast of Carolina, and 
 half a century after the congregation of Pilgrims sought shelter from re- 
 ligious persecution at Plymouth Rock, certain English noblemen, moved 
 by a desire to enlarge the dominions of Charles" II., and zeal for the pro- 
 pagation of the Christian faith among savages who had no knowledge of 
 God, planted the first permanent colony in South Carolina. The colo- 
 nists had no sectarian bias. It Avas only required that in the terms of 
 communion of every church and profession, these following shall be three: 
 
 "1. That there is a God." 
 " 2. That God is publicly to be worshiped/' 
 
 " 3. That it is lawful and the duty of every man, being thereunto 
 called by those that govern, to bear witness to truth.*' 
 
 Most of the Lords Proprietors and the officers of the colony were mem- 
 bers of the Church of England, and, in 1698, it excited little attention 
 that a salary was voted to the Episcopal minister in Charleston by the 
 Provincial Assembly. In 1704, when the colony numbered between 
 5,000 and 6,000 souls, the Episcopalians had one and the Dissenters four 
 churches in the province. Nevertheless, through the instrumentality of 
 the Governor and others, the election of members of the Church of Eng- 
 land to a majority of the seats in the Provincial Legislature was obtained 
 in that year. Immediately thereafter, to the surprise and indignation of 
 the people of the province, an Act was passed making conformity to the 
 Church of England a qualification necessary to a seat in the Common 
 House of Assembly, and declaring that church to be the settled and estab- 
 lished church of the province. It became the only churcli having a legal 
 status in Carolina ; its ministers were paid out of the provincial treasury. 
 Each clergyman received £25 upon arrival, and if afterwards elected rec- 
 tors, their annual legal salary dated from the same period ; its parish 
 churches, rectories, and schools were built out of the common tax fund. 
 
CHURCHES. 551 
 
 At first a board of lay commissioners were invested with temporal and 
 ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the affairs of this church. In 172G, the 
 Bishop of London, who had immediate care of these churches, appointed 
 the Rev. Mr. Garden his commissary, and the spiritual and ecclesiastical 
 jurisdiction of the lay commissioners was transferred to him. In 1740, 
 the percentages of the different religious denominations in Carolina is 
 given as follows : 
 
 Episcopalians 45. 
 
 Presbyterians, French and other Protestants , . . .42. 
 
 Baptists 10. 
 
 Quakers 3. 
 
 100 
 
 Between 1731 and 1775, as many as one hundred and two Episcopal 
 clergymen arrived from England, the average number officiating at one 
 time for some 3"ears prior to the revolution, varj'ing from twelve to twen- 
 t}' ; of the whole there was not a single native of Carolina. 
 
 The Church Act encountered violent and continued opposition. It 
 was i)assed originally by a vote of only one majority in the Lower House. 
 Appeals were made to Parliament, and the English House of Lords pe- 
 titioned Queen Anne, beseeching her to deliver the province from this 
 oppression. In spite of this, however, and in spite of the steady growth 
 of other religious denominations in numbers and in wealth, the Church 
 of England remained the established church, and sustained its supremacy 
 for seventy years, until the war of the Revolution. Nor was this without 
 advantage to the colony. Through this instrumentality a large number 
 of highly educated and cultivated clergymen were brought into the pro- 
 vince. The interest of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in 
 Foreign Parts was aroused, and valuable donations, not only of money, 
 but also of books for the parochial libraries, were sent from England. 
 Parishes were laid out, churches, rectories, and schools established, and 
 the poor and the ignorant cared for and taught. The parochial rule was 
 administered with moderation and toleration, the watchful opposition of 
 the other denominations operating as a continual check to any undue or 
 arbitrary exercise of authority. Those in authority were persons of cul- 
 ture, liberal in their views, and while their livelihood and position was 
 assured, this never served as a stepping stone to any higher offices. Their 
 very authority was a mere incident to occupations of more transcendent 
 importance. It was a sort of impersonal rule that taught self govern- 
 ment as government of self, and the fierce, and often unworthy, struggles 
 
552 CHURCHES. 
 
 of local political bodies were avoided. The parish system, founded in 
 part on the representation of territory and wealth, sprang out of it. 
 
 But the spirit of the people was opposed to conformity with prescribed 
 forms of any sort. George Whitfield, a gifted and eloquent divine, de- 
 clined to be bound to the observance of church forms, and, during thirty 
 years of controversy with the church, preached almost daily to crowded 
 congregations. Besides the growth of other denominations in the low 
 country, the upper country became settled almost exclusively by Presby- 
 terians and Baptists. So that when the entire physical force of the coun- 
 try was called on in the war against Great Britain, one of the very first 
 acts of the Legislature, with a view to prevent all discord among religious 
 sects, was the repeal of all the privileges granted to the Episcopal Church, 
 and the establishment of all religions on an equal footing. This wise 
 movement fully accomplished its object in uniting all parties in the 
 struggle for independence. Notwithstanding there are those who think 
 that certain long prevailing differences, and even jealousies, between the 
 upper and the lower sections of the State, owed their origin, in part, to 
 the supremacy during the colonial days of the Episcopal Church. Even 
 after, the Revolution it was still known as the Church of England, at a 
 time when all things English were not favorably regarded. At this time 
 the Episcopal Church suffered much embarrassment. Deprived of State 
 aid, it was for the first time thrown upon its own resources. While the 
 severance of the tie with the church in England was such an obstacle to 
 the Apostolic succession that no ordination of ministers in the State oc- 
 curred for twelve years previous to 1795, when all difficulties were re- 
 moved by a convention of Bishops, in Philadelphia, two American Bish- 
 ops having been ordained at the Archiepiscopal palace of Lambeth, in 
 England, some years previously, in 1787. 
 
 Numerous Scotch and Irish people among the first settlers of Carolina 
 were Presbyterians. Unaided by the State, they at once established 
 churches, and early in the 18th century the Presbytery of Charlestown was 
 constituted agreeably to the principles and practice of the Church of 
 Scotland. 
 
 In 1085, Rev. Mr. Screven established the first Baptist Church in 
 Charlestown. Prior to the Revolution this denomination had thirty 
 churches. In 1804, there were 130 churches, 100 ministers, and 10,500 
 communicants of this persuasion. 
 
 In 1790, the Independents, or Congregationalists, established a church 
 in Charleston, the latter forming themselves into a separate congregation 
 in 1730. 
 
 In 1756, a Jewish Synagogue was erected in Charleston. 
 
 In 1759, the German Protestants built the first Lutheran Church. 
 
CHURCHES. OOO 
 
 In 1785, the Methodists made their first appearance as a religious 
 society, and increased with great rapidity. In 1800, camp-meetings were 
 organized, slielters being extemporized out of bagging the planters had 
 for baling their cotton. In 1801 taere were 12 circuits, 26 traveling and 
 93 local minioters, preaching in all 17,784 sermons in the year. There 
 were 200 churches and stations erected at a cost of §27,000. 
 
 In 1791, the Roman Catholic Church was organized, under the care of 
 Bishop Carrol, of Baltimore, the Reverend Doctor Keating officiating in 
 Carolina. 
 
 The Christian culture and instruction of the negroes was at first ob- 
 structed by a notion prevalent " from New England to Carolina, that 
 l)eing baptized is inconsistent with a state of slavery." In 1712, the 
 Legislature of South Carolina passed an Act declaring " that it was lawful 
 for any negro to receive and profess the Christian faith, and to be there- 
 unto baptized." The Rev. Mr. Taylor, in 1713, examined a considerable 
 number of negroes in St. Andrew's Parish, who had been instructed in 
 the Christian religion by Mrs. Haige and Mrs. Edwards, fourteen of 
 whom gave him so great satisfaction that he baptized them. In 1712, 
 the Rev. Mr. Garden had a school house for negroes built in Charleston, 
 and for twenty-one years a number of children, varying from thirty to 
 sixty, with sometimas as many as fifteen adults, were instructed there. 
 Other schools were organized and churches erected for the colored popu- 
 lati(5n, and their religious instruction became a matter of the first con- 
 sideration with all the Christian denomhiations in the State. The 
 following illustration, one of many that might be cited, will show how 
 wide-spread and groundless the misapprehensions on this point have 
 been. When the Federal Army took possession of Beaufort, they found,, 
 in gilt letters over the pulpit of one of the largest churches in the town, 
 PREACH THE GOSPEL TO EVERY CREATURE. Some of them' 
 tore down the last word and put in its place, in derision of course, WHITE 
 MAN. Now this church was built by the Rev. Richard A. Fuller, in 1813, 
 and for many years had about 300 white and about 2,000 colored mem- 
 bers. So great were the numbers of the latter that the communion 
 service sometimes occupied three hours. They were received into the 
 white churches, but in most instances they had separate church organi- 
 zations, under the care of white ministers, and not unfrequently under 
 that of preachers of their own race. And it is estimated that not only 
 now, but for several generations past, the percentage of members of 
 Christian churches has been greater among the colored population than^ 
 among the white. Since emancipation they have withdrawn almost 
 entirely from all connection with the churches of the whites, and have 
 established everywhere numerous organizations of their own. The largest 
 36 
 
554 CHURCHES. 
 
 numbers are Baptist, and next come the Methodists, but there are also 
 Presbyterian and Episcopal churches among them. They are easily 
 susceptible to profound religious emotions, and each individual seems to 
 realize vividly his immediate personal relatioas with the Author and 
 Ruler of all things. It is this personal and individual character of their 
 religious sentiments which has prevented the establishment among them 
 on any extended scale of a hierarchy or priesthood. Their preachers have 
 great influence with them, but this the more because they are representa- 
 tive men chosen by themselves from among their number, than on ac- 
 count of their priestly character. Their religious services are, for the 
 most part, conducted without a liturg}^ but voluntary responses and 
 frequent ejaculations attest that each feels he has, of his own right, a 
 share and interest in them. 
 
 This will also explain why separate and independent church organiza- 
 tions as are practicable under the Baptist form of worship, should have 
 greater attractions for them than the more centralized and elaborately 
 organized s^^stems of the Catholics and Episcopalians. Despite the in- 
 junction "judge not," it has been asserted that the morality of the ne- 
 groes is not in proportion to their religious fervor. A class marked as 
 distinctl}^ by their inferior social position as they are by race, invites such 
 charges, which are far more sweeping than just. If morality be the fruit 
 of religion it is not surprising, wonderful as the progress made by the 
 African in South Carolina has been, that it has not in one century and 
 a half attained that maturity among the colored race which has been the 
 result of nearly nineteen centuries of Cliristian teachings to the European. 
 Nevertheless, it would be a great mistake to suppose that any people ex- 
 hibit in a higher degree that instinctive faith in the existence of absolute 
 justice, truth, and goodness, which marks the capacity of human nature 
 alike for religion and for morality, than the colored people of this State 
 do. Space does not admit of a delineation here of the attitude of the 
 Christian churches to the colored race in Carolina. It is safe to say, how- 
 ever, that the ecclesiastical polity announced recently at a conference of 
 the Episcopal clergy and laity, of preserving the unity of the church or- 
 o-anization, by receiving on equal terms the clerical and lay deputies of 
 the colored race into the Diocesan Conventions, will meet with encour- 
 agement, at least from that ])ortion of the former masters of these people, 
 who are usually stigmatized as Bourbons. 
 
 The following table exhibits the general condition of the church in 
 Carolina as compared with those of the United States as far as given by 
 the census records of 1850, 1860, and 1870. Unfortunately the figures of 
 the enumeration of 1880, which are essential to complete the j)icture, are 
 not at this date accessible. 
 
CHURCHES. 
 
 555 
 
 Table A. 
 
 1870 
 
 Ch'hes. 
 
 Sittings. Property 
 
 Ch'hes Sittings. Property. Ch'hes. Sittings 
 
 I860 
 
 1850 
 
 Proper! j 
 
 United States [ 62,082 
 
 South Carolina 1,308 
 
 Percentage ofJU.S. A.. 
 increase (.So. Ca.. 
 
 21,665,062 f283,5S6,765 
 491,4251 2,621,586 
 
 13! 64 
 
 8 21decr'se. 
 
 Per Capita. 
 
 /U.S.A... 1 to 621 
 • ISo. Ca... 1 to 539 
 
 Per .square Mile.. {U.S^t;} to S 
 
 Churches, Sittings, | 
 and Church prop- 
 erty to Dwellings. J U.S.A... I to 120 
 Poijulatioa and j So. Ca...! to 109 
 all other prop- | 
 erty t I 
 
 0.55 
 0.69 
 
 55 to 100 
 69 to 100 
 
 S7 35 
 83 71 
 
 $220 
 S86 
 
 $1 to $S3 
 
 $1 to «i63j 
 
 54.009 
 1,267 
 
 19,128,751 $171,397,932: 
 451,256 3,481 236| 
 
 41 34 
 
 2 decrease 
 
 1 to 5S2 
 1 to 555 
 
 1 to 22 
 1 to 23 
 
 1 to 
 1 to 
 
 0.60 
 0.64 
 
 60 to 100 
 64 to 100 
 
 96! 
 
 S5 43 
 U 94 
 
 38.061 
 1,182 
 
 14 234,818 
 460,450 
 
 $t 7,328,8(1 
 2,172,24 
 
 1 to 633 
 1 to 565 
 
 $143; 1 to 25 
 $115; !l to 26 
 
 $1 to $94 !l to 88 
 $1 to $157! 1 to 43 
 
 0.61 
 0.68 
 
 $3 7 
 $3 2 
 
 61 to 100 $1 to ?*• 
 68 to 100 $1 U) m 
 
 Table B. — Shoiuing the Condition of the Leading Eeligious Denoifninations in Soid. 
 Carolina and in the United States in 1850, 1860, 1870, according to United StatesCensm 
 
 
 
 1870 
 
 
 
 1860 
 
 
 1 
 
 1850 
 
 
 Ch'hes. 
 
 Sittings. 
 
 Property. 
 
 Ch'hes. 
 
 Sittings. 
 
 Property. 
 
 Ch'hes. 
 
 Sittings. 
 
 Proper!: 
 
 Baptist 
 
 /U.S.A... 
 ■ I So. Ca... 
 
 12,857 
 466 
 
 3,997.116 
 
 19lt,750 
 
 1 
 
 331,383..377| 
 
 551,106 
 
 11,221 
 443 
 
 3,749,5.51 
 169,530 
 
 $19,799,378 
 698,678 
 
 9,376 
 413 
 
 3,247,069 
 165,805 
 
 $11,020.8 
 293 8 
 
 '^[ethodist 
 
 ( U. S.A... 
 ■ i So. Ca... 
 
 21337 
 532 
 
 6,528,209 
 164,050 
 
 55,883,297: 
 521,720, 
 
 19 883 
 506 
 
 6,259.799 
 149,812 
 
 33 093,371 
 632,948 
 
 13,302 
 484 
 
 4,345,519 
 165,740 
 
 14,825.0 
 341.1 
 
 Presbyterian 
 
 /U.S.A... 
 •ISO. Ca... 
 
 5,683 
 136 
 
 2,198,900 
 61,450 
 
 38,262,986 
 430,320 
 
 5,061 
 149 
 
 2,088.838 
 70,525 
 
 24,227,3.59 
 
 718 885 
 
 4,826 
 136 
 
 2,079,765 
 67,765 
 
 14,.543.7 
 
 483,1 
 
 Episcopalian 
 
 /U.S.A... 
 ■ (So. Ca... 
 
 2,601 
 
 81 
 
 991,051 
 35,35i) 
 
 29,211,6101 
 
 573,6S0' 
 
 2,115 
 
 82 
 
 847.296 
 30,109 
 
 21,66.5,698 
 818,130 
 
 1,451 
 72 
 
 643,598 
 28,940 
 
 11. ,37.5,0 
 616,9 
 
 jutheran 
 
 (U.S.A... 
 ■ ISo. Ca... 
 
 2,776 
 41 
 
 977,332 
 17,900 
 
 11,934.198! 
 109,960 
 
 2,128 
 48 
 
 757,637 
 15,775 
 
 5,385,179 
 153,780 
 
 1,231 
 41 
 
 539,701 
 14,7.50 
 
 2,907,7 
 109,5 
 
 toman Catholic 
 
 (U.S.A... 
 • ISO. Ca... 
 
 3,806 
 13 
 
 1,990,514 
 10,775 
 
 48,784.8531 
 233,200 
 
 2,550 
 11 
 
 1,404,437 
 
 8.705 
 
 26.774,119 
 
 304,30(J 
 
 1,222 
 14 
 
 667.863 
 6,030 
 
 9,2.56,7 
 
 78 3 
 
 Ul others 
 
 (U.S.A... 
 ' \So. Ca... 
 
 13,022 
 36 
 
 4,989,800 
 11,150 
 
 68,127,400 
 201,6001 
 
 11,021 
 
 28 
 
 4.027,000 
 6,800 
 
 4,4.52,810 
 154,415 
 
 6,655 
 22 
 
 2,711,000 
 10,420 
 
 29,399,0 
 219,2- 
 
 Table C. — Percentage of the Leading Ec- 
 clesiastical Denominations in South Caro- 
 
 I Una, according to the Census Returns of 
 1850, ISGO, 1870. 
 
 Church 
 
 EnlFICES. 
 
 1870 1860 1850 
 
 Baptist 
 
 iMetliodist 
 
 Presbyterian 
 
 Episcopalian 
 
 Lutheran 
 
 Roman Catholic 
 All others 
 
 Total 
 
 35 
 
 35 
 
 41 
 
 41) 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 Sittings. 
 
 1870 1860 1850, 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 Property. 
 
 1870 1860 1850 
 
 100 
 
 Table D. — Percentage of the Leading Et 
 clesiastical Denominations in the Unite 
 States, according to the Census Returns c 
 1850, 1860, 1870. 
 
 Baptist 
 
 Methodist 
 
 Presbyterian 
 Episcopalian 
 
 Lutheran 
 
 Catholic 
 
 All others 
 
 Total 
 
 Churches. 
 
 1870 
 
 100 
 
 Sittings. 
 
 1860 18501! 1 870 
 
 21 
 
 25 
 
 37 
 
 35 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 1860 
 
 100 
 
 1850 
 
 Propert' 
 
 1870 1860 ISi 
 
 i2| : 
 
 191 ] 
 
 14! J 
 
 100 100 If 
 
ooG 
 
 CIirUCHES. 
 
 According to tabic (A) it appears that the growth of the churches in 
 South Carohna during the prosperous decade, from 1S50 to ISOO, Avas not 
 so great as elsewhere. In tlie succeeding decade of war and reconstruc- 
 tion this slow rate of increase continues, and is to be attributed to the 
 destruction of much church propert)', and even of many of the churches 
 themselves, by the invading army. It is to be observed, hoAvever, that 
 even during these periods the proportion of churches and of church ac- 
 commodations to the population is considerably greater in South Carolina 
 than it is in the country at large. It will also be seen that the propor- 
 tion of church buildings to dwellings is greater here, and that even dur- 
 ing the depression of 1.870, a larger percentage of the property of the 
 comnuinity was devoted to church purposes. 
 
 From the other tables it seems that taking into consideration at one 
 view the number of editices, the accommodations and the church property, 
 while the preponderance in the country at large was with the Metho- 
 dists, this preponderance in South Carolina was in some regards divided 
 with the Baptists, the Presbyterians, and the Episcopalians. The per- 
 centage of the latter to all denominations was greater in Carolina than 
 in the United States, while that of the Catholics wasgreaterin the United 
 States than in Carolina. No correct ideas of the general status and ten- 
 dency of the various denominations can be formed, however, until the 
 result of the enumerations of ISSO are published. 
 
 As to the distribution of the various ecclesiastical denominations in 
 the different sections of the State, no data later than of 1870 can now be 
 furnished ; it will be suthcient, therefore, merely to mention here the six 
 counties having the largest proportion of each leading denomination in 
 the order in which they ranked in this regard in 1870. Showing at the 
 same time the order in which they stood as to population. 
 
 ol 
 
 POPl'LATION 
 
 .. |AIiT.nENr»M. 
 INATIONS. 
 
 METHODIST 
 
 PRES- 
 BYTEKIA^ 
 
 EPISCO- 
 PALIAN 
 
 LTT- 
 THEKAN 
 
 1 
 
 Charleston 
 
 Ed^iefteld 
 
 Edgafleld 
 
 Charleston 
 
 Yorfc 
 
 Charleston 
 
 Edgefield 
 
 Charleston 
 
 'J 
 
 Edscticld 
 
 Charleston 
 
 Greenville 
 
 Edgefield 
 
 •Abbeville 
 
 Beaufort 
 
 Lexington 
 
 Edgetield 
 
 li 
 
 Birnwell 
 
 Anderson 
 
 Barnwell 
 
 .\bbeville 
 
 Chester 
 
 Colleton 
 
 Newberry 
 
 Birnwell 
 
 4 
 
 Beaufort 
 
 .A.iibeviUe 
 
 Anderson 
 
 Orangeburg 
 
 Charleston 
 
 Anderson 
 
 Charleston 
 
 Sumter 
 
 5 
 
 Abbeville 
 
 B.xrnwell 
 
 jSpartanburg 
 
 -Anderson 
 
 Clarendon 
 
 .\bbevllle 
 
 Richland 
 
 Chester 
 
 6 
 
 Darlington 
 
 Spartanburg 
 
 Beaufort 
 
 Union 
 
 Anderson 
 
 Kershaw 
 
 Oconee 
 
 Beaufort 
 
CHi^PTER Vr. 
 
 OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 The population of South CaroHna, according to the late census, may 
 be accounted for as follows : 
 
 Under the working age, that is under 10 years 332,121 
 
 Over the working age, that is over SO years 4,887 
 
 Children over 10 years attending school 129,975 
 
 Defective and Dependent Classes — Idiots 1,588 
 
 Defective and Dependent Classes — Insane 1,112 
 
 Defective and Dependent Classef-; — Blind 1,100 
 
 Defective and Dependent Classes — Deaf Mutes 504 
 
 Defective and Dependent Classes — Paupers 720 
 
 Delinquents in all the prisons 642 
 
 Engaged in all classes of respectable and gainful occupation . . 392,102 
 Unaccounted for 120,766 
 
 Total 995,577 
 
 In considering those not accounted for, it must be borne in mind that 
 there are in the State over 185,000 married women, who have their time, 
 more or less, occupied with the care of families and children, especially 
 with the 67,023 of the population, one year or under in age. There are 
 also more than 30,000 unmarried females, between 18 and 25 years of age, 
 most of whom remaining with their parents and assisting their mothers 
 in household duties, are not yet listed in any regular employment. 
 Allowance, too, is to be made for a certain number of young men of the 
 working age engaged in preparation for professional careers, or in ac- 
 quiring some trade or art. No allowance, however, is to be made for 
 those who are unoccupied, simply because their wealth enables them to 
 })e so ; their numbers are altogether insignificant, the more wealthy class 
 being u.sually those most fully occupied. After reasonable deductions on 
 these accounts, the remainder are vagabonds or persons engaged in dis- 
 reputable occupations. Their numbers cannot be very large, but it must 
 give cause for serious consideration, that not more than thirtj'-nine per 
 cent, of the population can be classed as bread-winners. 
 
 For the United States at large the percentage of the population engaged 
 in gainful occupations is still less, being only thirty-four per cent, accord- 
 
oo8 
 
 OCCITATIOXS. 
 
 ing to the tenth census. This percentage varies greatly in the dilferent 
 States and Territories, being lifty-seven in Montana and twenty-eiglit in 
 AVest A'irginia ; twelve out of forty-seven having a higher percentage 
 of workers than South Carolina. 
 
 The status of the State in this regard may be more definitely ascer- 
 tained by considering the percentage of those of the working age who are 
 listed as workers, and comparing this number with the similar percentage 
 of the population of the whole country over ten years of age. It will be 
 more satisfactory also to make this comparison for the ante war period 
 as shown by the census of 1860 ; for the period of war and reconstruction 
 as shown by the census of 1870, and for the period of peace subseciuent 
 to the war and reconstruction, as shown by the census of ISSO. This is 
 done in the following table : 
 
 A. 
 
 
 Population over 
 
 Ditto Engaged 
 
 IN ALL 
 
 Occupations. 
 
 Per Cent, of Workers. 
 
 
 OF Age. 
 
 1 
 
 On Popula- 
 tion over 
 10 yeai-s. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 Decrease. 
 
 
 u. s. 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 s. c. 
 
 i 
 u. s. s. c. 
 
 u. s. s. c. 
 
 u. s. 
 
 s. c. 
 
 u. s. 
 
 s. c. 
 
 1860 
 1870 
 1880 
 
 i 
 23,329,997 492,316 
 
 28,228,945 503,763 
 
 36,761,607667,456 
 
 1 ! 
 
 11,011,645 350,874 
 12,505,923 263,321 
 
 17,392,099:392.102 
 
 1 
 
 .47 
 .42 
 .47 
 
 .73 
 
 .50 
 
 .58 
 
 .06 
 
 * • 
 .12 
 
 .06 
 
 .39 
 
 These figures are taken from the census returns of 1870 and 1880 with- 
 out change, but although no definite statement to that effect was found, 
 it was inferred that the table of occupations in the census of 1860 referred 
 only to the free population. Of the 81,631 persons listed in the occupa- 
 tion tables of 1860, at least 49,291 were engaged in pursuits not open to 
 slaves, such as teachers, merchants, clerks, ])lanters, &,c. There were, 
 however, at that date in South Carolina 278,243 slaves over ten years 
 who all had gainful occupations, tuid these heavy battalions of trained 
 laborei-s have been added to the 81,631 free workers in calculating the ta- 
 ble above given. The table shows that the people of ('arolina were work- 
 ers of old. It shows the immense nett loss the working class sustained 
 by war and the subsequent period of industrial disorganization. And 
 
OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 559 
 
 above all, it shows the increase in the number of bread-winners for the 
 country at large, and for the State, since this period of disquiet has 
 passed. A comparison more in detail of the ninth and tenth census as 
 regards the increase and decrease of persons engaged in gainful occupa- 
 tions will exhibit some of tlie more general features of the industrial ten- 
 dencies of the State. The increase and decrease here referred to is esti- 
 mated as follows : The population of South Carolina over ten years of 
 age in 1870 was 503,703 ; in 18<S0, this population was returned as GG7,- 
 456, giving an increase of 1G3;G93, or thirty-two per cent. In 1870, the 
 workers numbered 203,321, and if they increased in the same ratio as the 
 population, that is by thirty-two per cent., they should have numbered 
 347,583, but actually they are numbered in the tenth census at 392,102, 
 a gain of 44,519, or a net increase of workers of twelve per cent, over 
 and above, and in addition to the natural increase of thirty-two per cent. 
 This increase furnishes what may be called the index to the moral, as 
 distinguished from the natural increase in industrial tendency. If it is 
 desired to know the gross rate of increase in all occupations, or in any 
 leading class of occupations given in the following table (B,) the natural 
 rate of increase of the population over ten years must be added to the 
 })ercentage there stated. This is, as above stated, thirty-two for South 
 Carolina, and thirty for the United States. 
 
 lahle sltowlnr/ the percentage of net increase or decrease — (?n) designates the 
 latter — in relation to the increase of tlte population over ten years, of 
 persons engaged in occupations in South Carolina and the United States, 
 between 1870 and 1880. 
 
 B. 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Total. Male. Female. 
 
 United States. 
 
 Total. I Male. Female. 
 
 All occupations . . . 
 
 Agriculture 
 
 Professional and person- 
 al service 
 
 Trade and Transporta- 
 tion 
 
 Manufactures and Min- 
 ing 
 
 .127 
 .087 
 .410 
 .219 
 .079 
 
 .110 
 .052 
 .359 
 
 .188 
 .079 
 
 .138 
 .108 
 .484 
 .397 
 .000 
 
 .007 
 
 (m) 
 .005 
 
 .105 
 
 .107 
 
 .088 
 
 .051 
 
 (m) 
 .024 
 
 .275 
 
 .137 
 
 .040 
 
 .110 
 
 .101 
 
 (m) 
 .017 
 
 1.040 
 
 .383 
 
560 
 
 OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 Here the marked tendency to the increase in female workers is clearly 
 shown. That this should be more apparent in the United States than in 
 South Carolina is doubtless due to the fact, which will presently appear, 
 that the proportion of females among the workers of the United States is 
 considerably less than in South Carolina, and in so far as this is owing to 
 natural conditions the percentage of increase in the female workers of 
 the United States above given, shows the force of the moral tendency in 
 opposition to natural conditions. The rate of increase of the classes en- 
 gaged in professional and personal services, and in trade and transporta- 
 tion is markedly greater than in the other occupations, and this rate of 
 increase is xery much greater for South Carolina than it is for the coun- 
 try at large. By a curious coincidence the increase of the persons en- 
 gaged in manufactures and raining in South Carolina agrees preciseh^ 
 with the rate of natural increase, that is, thirty -two per cent. A more 
 complete view on these points may be obtained by considering the 
 
 SEX AND NATIVITY 
 
 of the working population as given in the census of 1880, and from data 
 there given is compiled the following : 
 
 Table showing the percentage of males and females, native and foreign horn 
 engaged in all occupations, and in each leading class of occupations in the 
 United States and in South Carolina. 
 
 C. 
 
 
 U.S. 
 
 So. Ca. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 So. Ca. 
 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 1 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 d 
 
 O 
 
 6 
 > 
 
 
 All occupations 
 
 .85 
 
 .15 
 
 .69 
 
 .31 
 
 .80 
 
 .20 
 
 .991 
 
 .009 
 
 Aoricnlture 
 
 .92 
 
 .66 
 
 .08 
 .34 
 
 71 
 .54 
 
 .29 
 .46 
 
 .89 
 .75 
 
 .11 
 .25 
 
 .998 
 .988 
 
 00^ 
 
 Professional & personal services.! 
 
 .012 
 
 Trade and Transportation . . . 
 
 .97 
 
 .03 
 
 .97 
 
 .03 
 
 .75 
 
 .25 
 
 .924 
 
 .076 
 
 Manufacturing and Mining. . . 
 
 .83 
 
 .17 
 
 .84 
 
 .16 
 
 .67 
 
 .33 
 
 .986 
 
 .014 
 
OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 oGl 
 
 Although South Carolina has taken no prominent part in the move- 
 ment for the emancipation of the female sex, it is notable that here the 
 proportion of women who enjoy the privilege of earning their livelihood 
 in respectable occupations, is more than double that of the country at 
 large. In thus leading in one of the great movements of modern civili- 
 zation, which seeks more and' more to make women bread-winners, the 
 State is largely indebted to favorable conditions afforded by its climate. 
 For while the percentage of females engaged in the occupations embraced 
 under trade, transportation and manufactures, occupations pursued 
 under shelter, and in a large measure independent of climatic influences, 
 is almost identical in South Carolina and in the United States, the state 
 of the case is altogether different as regards out of doors occupations, 
 such as agriculture. From the above table it appears that in the tem- 
 perate climate of South Carolina twenty-nine women are capable of per- 
 forming field work, where under the rigors and vicissitudes of the climate 
 to which the population of the country at large is exposed, only eight 
 women are found able to engage in this employment. The crops culti- 
 vated also favor this. Nowhere is female labor more remuneratively 
 emplo)^ed than in picking cotton, and of the four and one-half millions 
 of dollars annually disbursed as wages in the State in this employment, 
 the larger proportion goes to females. The seeding and hand culture of 
 the crop is also light, but nice work, and employs many women. Since 
 the reverses of fortune following the late war, man}" delicately reared, 
 and once wealthy ladies, have found themselves able to assist in this re- 
 munerative labor. This state of things is alone sufficient to explain the 
 greater healthfulness and vigor of Southern women, as indicated by the 
 more rapid increase of the Southern populations. Comparing the white 
 population North and South, in this regard, J. Stahl Patterson, (Pop. sci., 
 Vol. XIX, p. 671,) makes the ratio of increase per decade of the Northern 
 whites to be 15.7 per cent., and for the Southern whites, 30.4, or nenrly 
 double. 
 
 As regards nativity, it will be observed that while the country at large 
 owes one-fifth of its working population to foreign nations. South Caro- 
 lina is indebted for only nine-tenths of one per cent, of her workers to 
 such assistance from abroad. Comparatively few of the foreign born 
 population engage in agriculture, the leading pursuit in South Carolina. 
 They are chiefiy miners, traders, and dealers, and domestic servants, oc- 
 cupations, hitherto, not largely represented in South Carolina, but which 
 are daily acquiring more importance, and becoming more remunerative 
 here. (See Table E.) 
 
Oo'J OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 It is of interest to note the 
 
 CHANGES OF OCCUPATION 
 
 whicli are in })rogress, and with this view the t'ollowino- table has been 
 conipikHl from the returns of the Ninth and Tenth U. S. Census, show- 
 ino" the i)ereentage of persons at difterentages and for the sexes engaged 
 in all oeeupations in the United States and South Carolina in 1870 and 
 1880, and also the per cent, engaged in eaeh of the four great classes of 
 occupations. 
 
 D. 
 
 
 
 Aces. 
 10 TO 15. 
 
 AOES. 
 
 15 TO 59. 
 
 Ac. 
 60 .VXD 
 
 ES, 
 OVER.j 
 
 
 TOTALS. 
 
 
 
 Se 
 
 .X. 
 
 Se 
 
 X. 
 
 Sbx. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 So. Ca. 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 i 
 
 ci 
 
 s 
 
 fa 
 
 CJ 
 
 IS 
 
 i 
 
 1870 
 
 1880 
 
 1870 
 
 1880 
 
 - ! United States 
 
 1 
 1870 .0456 
 1880 .0475 
 
 1870^0730 
 1880 1 0810 
 
 ii 
 
 .0151 
 .0169 
 
 .0446 
 .0535 
 
 .7584 
 .7467 
 
 .5656 
 .5577 
 
 .1273 
 .1312 
 
 .2495 
 .2413 
 
 .0506 
 .0537 
 
 .0567 
 .0549 
 
 .0030 
 .0040 
 
 .0106 
 .0137 
 
 .100 
 
 
 
 
 .§ United Staies 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 1 ! 
 
 S South Carolina 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 — South Carolina 
 
 
 
 .100 
 
 -^ I 
 
 1 
 
 
 South Carolina : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aixrioulture 
 
 1870 
 
 .0663 
 
 .0361 
 
 .4467 
 
 .1788 
 
 .0480 
 
 .0092 
 
 .48 
 
 
 .79 
 
 
 
 1880 
 
 .0700 
 
 .0425 
 
 .4156 
 
 .1688 ! 
 
 .0464 
 
 .0088 
 
 
 .44 
 
 
 .lO 
 
 Professional and per- 
 
 18701 
 
 .0046 
 
 .0070 
 
 .0507 
 
 .0598 
 
 .0055 
 
 .0047 
 
 .21 
 
 -.•... 
 
 .13 
 
 
 sonal services 
 
 1880 
 
 .0094 
 
 .0082 
 
 .0738 
 
 .0638 
 
 .004:> 
 
 .0043 
 
 1 
 
 .24 
 
 
 .17 
 
 Trade and Transpor- 
 tation 
 
 1870 
 1880, 
 
 1870' 
 
 .0002 
 .0004 
 
 .0008 
 
 
 .0299 
 .0320 
 
 .0373 
 
 .0007 
 .0008 
 
 .0109 
 
 .0011 
 .0009 
 
 .0030 
 
 
 .10 
 
 '".io 
 
 .03 
 .05 
 
 
 .0006 
 
 
 03 
 
 Mannfac'tures and 
 
 .0003 
 
 .21 
 
 
 Mininix 
 
 1880 
 
 .0018 
 
 .0007 
 
 .0361 
 
 .0087 i 
 
 .0032 
 
 .0002 
 
 .100 
 
 .22 
 .100 
 
 .100 
 
 .05 
 .100 
 
 The increase in the percentage of bread-winners among the old and 
 the young is clearly shown in this table, and is even more marked in 
 South Carolina than in the country at large. The only exception to the 
 general rule is found among males over sixty years in South Carolina. 
 The decrease in workers of this class is small, and is due, doubtless, to 
 reduction in the number and strength of this class as a consequence of 
 the late war, men now over sixty having been at that date in the prime 
 of life, and especially exposed to the casualties of Avar. That the same 
 
OCCUPATIONS. 563 
 
 reduction is not apparent in the country at large results from the fact, 
 that immigrants, which count for nothing in 8outh Carolina, have else- 
 where filled the gap ; and, furthermore, that the proportion of soldiers to 
 the population was far greater in Carolina than in the country at large. 
 The explanation of this tendency is that, with the development of civil- 
 ized life, industrial improveniouts render labor easier, so that tlio very 
 young and the very old may, by art, supply the vigor of adult life and 
 become bread-winners. Nature has also assisted here, and in a genial 
 climate like that of South Carolina the young and tlie old may engage 
 in many kinds of labor, especially in agricultural labor, from which 
 much more robust workers would be precluded by the extremes of severer 
 seasons in more northern latitudes. 
 
 Before examining in further detail the changes of occupation taking 
 place, attention is directed to the following table, copied from the eighth, 
 ninth and tenth census, showing the number of persons engaged in each 
 occupation, in which more than five hundred persons in South Carolina 
 were engaged, according to the census of 1S80. 
 
5G4 
 
 OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 E. 
 
 1860. 
 
 So. Ca. U.S. 
 
 1870. 
 
 So. Ca, 
 
 U.S. 
 
 1880. 
 
 So. Ca. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 4. 
 
 1. Agriculture 
 
 Aprirnltural laborers 
 
 Fanners and planters 
 
 Turpentine farnier.s and la- 
 borers 
 
 2. Professional anil personal 
 
 services 
 
 C I e r try n 1 e n 
 
 Doniesti c servants i 
 
 Laborers I 
 
 Laiinderer and laundress .j 
 
 I>a\vyers j 
 
 Otticials and employees ofj 
 
 Government 
 
 Teachers ' 
 
 Physicians and Surgeons I 
 
 3. Trade and Transportation... 
 
 Traders and dealers 
 
 Draymen, hackmen, ,team-| 
 
 sters, etc ' 
 
 Officers and employees 6t"| 
 
 R. R. companies ' 
 
 Sailors, steamboatmen, jii- 
 
 lots watermen ' 
 
 Manufacturing and Mining.. 
 
 Blacksmiths 
 
 Shoemakers 
 
 Brick and stone masons and 
 stone cutters 
 
 Carpenters and joiners 
 
 Coopers 
 
 Cotton and woolen mill op- 
 eratives 
 
 Millers and sawyers 
 
 Tailors, milliners, seam- 
 stresses 
 
 All classes of occupations .. 
 
 6,:512! 79.-),()79 
 40,392 2,547,339 
 
 IGO 
 
 1.303 
 
 o8(i 37,r)29, 
 ],103 2o9,908| 
 5,796| 9(i9,301 
 
 309 
 457 
 
 445 
 l,45o 
 1,116 
 
 3,720 
 505 
 364 
 
 282 
 
 692 
 589 
 
 569 
 
 1,848 
 
 176 
 
 623 
 526 
 
 2,898 
 
 38,623, 
 33,193 
 
 I 
 31,170 
 
 118,596 
 
 55,055 
 
 268,978 
 
 92,207 
 
 ■ 36,567 
 
 102,087 
 
 112,207, 
 164,108 
 
 109,913! 
 
 251,286 
 
 43,624 
 
 I 
 
 87.289' 
 52,282 
 
 I 
 252,953, 
 
 81,631 8,287,043 
 
 206,6.54 5,922,471 
 
 163,528! 2,885,996 
 42,54() 2,981,320 
 
 249 
 
 34,383 
 
 553 
 
 24,563 
 
 16,780 
 
 1 ,555 
 
 1.126 
 
 475 
 1,111 
 
 789 
 
 8,470 
 2,798 
 
 661 
 
 1,211 
 
 491 
 
 13,794 
 
 1,140 
 
 5;',8 
 
 494 
 
 2,454 
 
 294 
 
 1,064 
 678 
 
 2,528 
 
 263,301 
 
 2.478 
 
 2,684,793 
 
 43,874 
 
 975,734 
 
 1,031,666 
 ()0,906 
 40,736 
 
 I 
 
 44,743 
 
 136,570 
 
 62,283 
 
 1,191,238 
 351,477 
 
 120,756 
 
 163,303 
 
 98,255 
 
 2.707,421 
 141,774 
 171,127j 
 
 115,5411 
 
 •344,596 
 
 41,780 
 
 215,317 
 
 48,5121 
 
 257,317 
 
 12,505,923 
 
 294,602 
 
 198,147 
 
 93,550 
 
 2,357 
 
 64,246 
 
 1,165 
 
 18,463 
 
 32,486 
 
 4,793 
 
 614 
 
 1.077 
 
 2,170 
 
 919 
 
 13,556 
 3,794 
 
 1,309 
 
 2,035 
 
 691 
 
 19,6v\S 
 
 1,404 
 
 647 
 
 735 
 
 3,177 
 
 618 
 
 2,304 
 892 
 
 2,544 
 
 392,102 
 
 7.670,493 
 3,3,23.876 
 4,225,945 
 
 7,450 
 
 4,074,238 
 
 64,()98 
 
 1,075,655 
 
 1,852,223 
 
 121.942 
 
 64,137 
 
 115,531 
 
 227,710 
 
 85,671 
 
 1,810,256 
 481,450 
 
 177,586 
 
 250,458 
 
 100,902 
 
 .3,837.112 
 172.726 
 194,079 
 
 188,315 
 
 873.142 
 
 49,138 
 
 310.533 
 120,490 
 
 104,-379 
 
 17,392,099 
 
 ■ Agriculture remains, as it has always been by a long interval, the pre- 
 dominant pursuit of the people of South Carolina. Nevertheless, there 
 is evidence that this predominance is on tlie wane. Within the last 
 census decade the number of agricultural workers has only increased 
 twenty-one per cent., which is eleven per cent, less than the natural 
 increase of the working population, and twenty-three per cent, less than 
 the actual increase in workers in that period. The result is that, in com- 
 
OCCUPATIONS. 565 
 
 parison with the other leading classes of occupations, agriculture has 
 suffered a decrease of four per cent., and this is the only decrease any- 
 where to be noted. In the United States at large there is also the same 
 decrease of four per cent, in agriculture, which, relatively to the num- 
 bers concerned, is much greater than the decrease in South Carolina. 
 For, while agriculture employs nearly one-half of the aggregate working 
 population of the country at large, and double the number engaged in 
 any other of the leading classes of occupation, still the proportion of agri- 
 cultural laborers in the United States is not two-thirds of the proportion 
 so employed in South Carolina. In this decrease South Carolina follows 
 the general tendency throughout the country, and it might be said 
 throughout Christendom. For there seems to have prevailed with in- 
 creasing power, during the present century, a proneness among the popu- 
 lations everywhere to abandon the open countr}', and to flock to cities 
 and towns, and laying one side rural pursuits, to adopt urban occupa- 
 tions. England strikingly illustrates this tendency ; there, side by side 
 with the development of enormous wealth in commerce and manufac- 
 tures, has been a decline in agricultural prosperity to such an extent, 
 that, it is said, some of the landholders find it more profitable to lease 
 their lands to si)ortsmen for hunting and fishing than to cultivate them. 
 There has been in South Carolina, during the decade under considera- 
 tion, an increase in the number of independent farmers of 110 per cent., 
 while the increase in the country at large in this regard has only been 
 40 per cent. Among the classes engaged in 
 
 PROFESSIONAL AND PERSONAL SERVICES, 
 
 a marked increase has taken place in Carolina. It amounts to 87 per 
 cent, on those thus engaged in 1870, while the same increase for the 
 country at large amounted to only 51 per cent. This class of occupations 
 shows in this State a gain of 4 per cent, upon the others, being identical 
 with the loss just remarked regarding agricultural pursuits. Clergymen 
 have increased 110 per cent., or at the same rate as the small farmers. 
 Lawyers, on the other hand, have decreased 40 per cent., there being less 
 demand for their services since the establishment of peace and good gov- 
 ernment in 1876. Physicians have increased only 14 per cent., and are 
 still 17 per cent, less than they were in 1800, notwithstanding the great 
 increase in the population. This enormous falling off is due to the fact, 
 that the colored population are no longer able to pay for the services of 
 physicians, as they were during slavery. Teachers have increased 95 
 per cent., but this increase amounts to only 49 per cent, on the number 
 of this class in 1860, an increase wholly disproportionate to the great 
 increase of the school population by the introduction of the colored race. 
 
C^C)G OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 Domestic servants have decreased one-third, while for the United States 
 at hu'ge there has been an increase since 1870 of 11 per cent, in this class, 
 and since 1S(>0, of 207 per cent. Thns, while domestic servants constitnte 
 () per cent, of thr whole working popnlation of the country at large, they 
 only form 4 per cent, of that in South Carolina. These facts justify the 
 very shrewd observations of Sir CJeorge Campbell, who points out to the 
 emigrant classes of England and Ireland the excellent opening here for 
 competent servants. The great increase, however, in those engaged in 
 personal services in this State is due to the increase in laborers. For tliis 
 large and important class it amounts to 98 per cent, since 1870, and is 
 greater than that which has taken place for the country at large within 
 two decades. This augmentation is accounted for in South Carolina only 
 in a very small degree by immigrants, but comes almost exclusively from 
 the large class of idlers and vagabonds created by emancipation, who 
 have been admonished, by the gentle but steady i)ressureof good govern- 
 ment since 1870, that they must earn their bread in the sweat of their 
 brows. Tlie }>ercentage of all workers engaged in 
 
 TRADE AND TR.VXSPORTATION 
 
 has varied during the last decade less than one per cent, both in South 
 Carolina and in the United States, the increase being but slight in both 
 cases. In spite of the large river and harbor appropriations the actual 
 numbers of sailors, steamboatmen, pilots, watermen, ifec , have decreased 
 more than 1000 in the United States since 1800. In South Carolina this 
 class of workers have increased over forty per cent, in the last decade. 
 There has also been in this State a large increase in the official and em- 
 jiloyees of railroad companies, amounting to about sixty-eight per cent, 
 on those enumerated in 1870. .Vs it was formerly a popular argument 
 in this State against railroads, that they would do away Avith horses in 
 transportation, to the loss of corn and hay raising larmers, and put an 
 end to the occupations of teamsters, stage-drivers, hackmen and dray- 
 men, it is curious to note, that side by side with the above statement, the 
 classes here referred to have more than doubled in numbers in the same 
 time. Traders and dealers have, with the restoration of peace and quiet, 
 increased over thirty percent, since 1870 ; they only number, however, 
 seventy-four more than they did in 1800. A most insignificant increase 
 in comparison with the increase in the population. Xone of the colored 
 population engage in trade, saving a few as porters in large stores. In 
 
 MANUFACTURES AND MINING 
 
 the percentage of increase in the working class of the country at large 
 has been one per cent. ; in South Carolina the increment has been 
 
OCCUPATIONS. 567 
 
 less. So much for change of occupation. Actually the numbers of per- 
 sons engaged in these occupations in South Carolina were more numer- 
 ous in 1880 than it was in 1870 by nearly forty-three per cent., an incre- 
 ment slightly greater than that of the United States, as a whole, which 
 did not quite reach forty-two per cent. In the major manufacturing in- 
 dustries the numbers engaged have greatly increased in South Carolina. 
 For example, the number of cotton mill operatives increased from 1870 
 to 1880 one hundred and sixteen per cent., and if account be taken of the 
 additional increase up to the 1st February, 1883, as ascertained by a spe- 
 cial enumeration, made by the State Department of Agriculture, this in- 
 crease will be raised to three hundred and fifteen per cent, on those em- 
 ployed in 1870. The same increase has not taken place in the minor 
 manufacturing industries, and this would seem to confirm the impres- 
 sion that South Carolina is lacking as regards the lesser mechanical pur- 
 suits, an impression doubtless, in the main, correct. However, by the 
 tenth census. South Carolina is represented in fifty-three out of fifty-seven 
 manufacturing occupations mentioned in the compendium, and has over 
 and above this seven per cent, of her workers engaged in this class of in- 
 dustries employed in other lesser and miscellaneous pursuits of this char- 
 acter, not mentioned. Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Connecticut are 
 represented in all the fifty-seven leading manufacturing industries, but 
 in the first two named only six per cent., and in the latter nine per cent, 
 of their artisans are engaged in the smaller and miscellaneous i:)ursuits. 
 So that as far as the mere number of industrial pursuits of this character 
 is concerned. South Carolina would seem to have very nearly as many 
 as these States, notable for the great diversity of their manufactures. 
 More definite information on this point will not be had until the com- 
 pleted census returns of 1880 are published. In the census of 1870, out 
 of about four hundred specified manufacturing industries, South Carolina 
 is credited with only sixt3"-three pursued within her bordres. But the 
 deficiency now under consideration may be better accounted for in an- 
 other way. Take, for example, blacksmiths, masons, and carpenters. 
 The numbers engaged in these occupations form four per cent, of the 
 entire working population of Connecticut, five per cent, of that of Massa- 
 chusetts, and six per cent, of that of Rhode Island. In South Carolina 
 only a little over one per cent, of the working population is engaged in 
 the.se trades. Only 4,442 are enumerated as pertaining to these occupa- 
 tions. This was far otherwise in 1860. Then, in addition to the 3,006 
 free persons, mostly whites, engaged in these occupations, and in addi- 
 tion to a large number of slaves, who having served their time as appren- 
 tices, were hired out at their trades, every large plantation had one or 
 more blacksmiths, one or more carpenters, and not unfrequently a brick- 
 
5G8 OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 laj-er. The acquisition of such arts by negroes added largely to their 
 value, and was being more and more encouraged. The class of planta- 
 tions here referred to exceeded 2,000 in number, and it would be safe to 
 say that at least 6,000 slaves were then engaged in these occupations, 
 which, if added to the number of free artisans, would make the total 
 number at work in these trades 9,000, or more than double the number 
 enumerated in 1880. The elder of these slave mechanics have almost all 
 passed away in the years which have elapsed since emancipation. The 
 negro apprentices and younger mechanics very generally abandoned their 
 pursuits when emancipated, each feeling that the brand of servitude at- 
 tached to the special occupation in which he had been engaged, and 
 hopeful of a higher calling, threw it aside least it might interfere with 
 his chances. Such callings were to vote, to go to the Legislature, to 
 preach, or to become a land owner. The gap has never been filled. The 
 work-shops, that were filled with negro apprentices in former days, have 
 none now, and very few negroes have learned trades since the war. If 
 to the occupations named, those of tailor, seamstress, shoemaker, and 
 cooper be added, in all of which large numbers of negroes were formerly 
 employed, but among which few are found now, the explanation would 
 be fully given as to the comparatively small numbers engaged in the mi- 
 nor manufacturing industries in South Carolina. 
 
 As to the comparative healthfulness of the various classes of occupa- 
 tion in South Carolina and elsewhere. The only data at present available 
 are the very meagre ones in the census of 1870. From these it appears 
 that among agriculturists one death occurs in every one hundred and 
 fourteen so employed in the country at large, and one in every one hun- 
 dred and thirty- five in South Carolina : among clergymen there is one 
 death in sixty-nine for the United States, one in forty-two for South Car- 
 olina ; among laborers, one in seventy-seven in the United States, and one 
 in ninet3''-seven in South Carolina ; among lawyers, one in sixty-six in 
 the United States, and one in one hundred and sixty in South Carolina ; 
 among physicians, one in sixty-three in the United States, and one in 
 seventy-eight in South Carolina ; among teachers, one in one hundred 
 and twenty-two, in the United States, one in two hundred and twenty-two 
 h\ South Carolina. The number of persons in South Carolina having 
 
 NO OCCUPATION 
 
 because they belong to the defective and delinquent classes, is 5,726. 
 Table B presents the data regarding these classes. 
 
OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 569 
 
 Number of defective, dependent, and delinquent jicrsons in each 100,000 of the 
 iwpidation of South Carolina and of the United States, according to the 
 Seventh, Eighth, Ninth and Tenth U. S. Census. 
 
 
 1850. 
 
 1860. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 
 U.S. 
 
 So. Ca. 
 
 U. S. So. Ca. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 So. Ca. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 So. Ca. 
 
 Insane i 
 
 07 . .-. 
 
 76 
 
 45' 
 
 97 
 
 47 
 
 183 111 
 
 Idiots 
 
 67 . . . 
 
 60 
 
 58: 
 
 63 
 
 65 
 
 153i 1 59 
 
 Blind 
 
 42 . . . 
 
 40 
 
 Hi 
 
 52 
 
 6o| 
 
 97! 110 
 
 Deaf Mutes j 
 
 42 ... 1 
 
 40 
 
 28! 
 
 42 
 
 301 
 
 67 56 
 
 Paupers 
 
 217 193; 
 
 263 
 
 202 
 
 199 
 
 293' 
 
 176 72 
 
 Prisoners . . . . . . 
 
 29 5* 
 
 i 
 
 60 
 
 12 
 
 85 
 
 103 
 
 117i 64 
 
 Totals. . . . 
 
 1 
 
 464' 198 
 
 539 
 
 386! 
 
 538 
 
 601 
 
 793 572 
 
 It will be observed from these totals thattlie burden of these classes has 
 always been less in South Carolina than in the country at large, except 
 for the decade embracing the period of Avar and reconstruction. The hu- 
 mane and enliohtened treatment of 
 
 THE INSANE 
 
 is of modern origin, and takes date from the efforts of Dr. Pinel, in Paris,, 
 in 1791, and of William Tuke, of York, En2;land, in 1790. Virginia 
 was the first State in tlie Union to grant aid to this charity, and South 
 Carolina was the third. In 1828 the South Carolina Lunatic Asylum, 
 with accommodations for 120 patients, was opened at Columbia. It Avas 
 a handsome fire-proof building, with extensive grounds, costing some- 
 thing less than $100,000. Since this date extensive additions and im- 
 provements have been made. On November 1st, 1877, 310 patients were 
 accommodated. Und?r the able superintendence of Dr. P. E. Griffin a 
 number of large and commodious buildings have been added, and in the 
 year 1882, 755 patielnts Avere under treatment. The Institution is sup- 
 ported by an annual appropriation from the Stiate of $70,000 or $80,000, 
 and during the last few years of $20,000 or $30,000 in addition for build- 
 ings and improvements. There are also accommodations for the insane in 
 37 
 
570 OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 the Roper Hospital, in Charleston, a charity founded by a bequest from 
 Mr. Thomas Roper, in 1854, and aided since by the City and State. The 
 results of the treatment in 1882 areas follows: Deaths, 10 per cent ; 
 cured, 8 per cent. ; discharged, improved, or on trial, per cent. ; dis- 
 cluirged on other accounts, 4 per cent. ; remaining at the Asylum, 72 per 
 cent. 
 
 The great a})parent increase in tLe number of the insane since the 
 census of 1870 is not attributed by those who have studied the subject 
 most closely to any " sudden and surprising increase in the number of 
 unfortunates" themselves, but to the more careful and accurate methods 
 adopted in their enumeration. Owing to the very defective manner in 
 wliich data regarding tliis matter have hitherto been collected, it is doubt- 
 ful if there is an3'where positive evidence that this class of diseases is on 
 the increase, much less as to the rate of such increment, if any. 
 
 As regards the number of the insane in hospitals, especially for their 
 treatment, it appears, from the tenth census, that 44 per cent, of those in 
 the country at large were found in such institutions, while only 37 per 
 cent, of the insane of South Carolina were found in such institutions. It 
 •is possible that the enumeration of these defectives was more thorough in 
 this State than elsewhere; on the above showing it must at least have 
 been as thorough. But, making no count of this, the figures of the tenth 
 census fall far short of showing the actual state of the case in South 
 Carolina at the present time. The number of the insane in hospitals on 
 th(? first day of .June, 1880, is given at 41G by the census. By Dr. Grif- 
 fin's report it appears that, on the 31st of October, 1882, there were in the 
 Asylum at Columbia 550 patients, besides 255 others under treatment, 
 <luring the year. So that, allowing that the 1,112 insane enumerated in 
 1880 had increased to 1,200, and making no account for those in the 
 Roper Hospital, or for such insane of the State as were under treatment 
 outside of its limits it appears that more than GO per cent, of these un- 
 fortunates were receiving treatment at the State Asylum at Columbia, 
 nor will the character of this charity be lessened by stating that only 25 
 of this number were pa}' patients. In this connection it is to be noted 
 that Dr. Griffin has practiced the s^'stem of release on probation to a 
 greater extent than has been done in any other asylum. Giving the 
 results of his experiments in this line in 1882, he says : " There were 
 sent home 03. Of those Avho were afterwards discharged as cured, 35 ; 
 as improved, 13 ; as unhnproved, but able to be cared for at home, 6 ; 
 died, 5 ; 18, who were recently released, are still absent, and onl}' IG have 
 returned. It is gratifying to state that, so far, there has been no instance 
 of violence on the part of those released." Should this plan prove equally 
 successful in future, it will largely increase the number of those who may 
 
OCCUPATIONS. 571 
 
 enjoy the charity of the State. The insane belong not only to the de- 
 fective, but also to the dangerous classes, and if the opinion now growing 
 among jurists is well founded, that the delinquent classes are largely 
 recruited from these defectives when neglected, the State, taking the 
 greatest care of its insane, may hope, in a measure, to be freed from the 
 •incalculably greater burden^, of criminals. In 18S0, while there were 
 850 criminals in the insane asylums of the Union, there were none of 
 this class in the State Asylum at Columbia. 
 
 By the tenth census, only 29 per cent, of the colored insane of the 
 United States were receiving treatment, while 32 per cent, of this class 
 in South Carolina were the recipients of State charity. This percentage 
 is doubtless very largely increased since, as of the increase at the State 
 Asylum, in 1SS2, the whites were 27 and the colored 33 ; and while the 
 census makes only 132 colored at the Columbia Asylum on the 1st of 
 June, 1883, Da Griffi;i reports 220 colored patients present on the 31st of 
 October, 1882. Thus the numerous charges brought against the people 
 of this State, of the ill-treatment of this race, is not sustained by the care 
 of these helpless unfortunates. 
 
 The increase in the number of 
 
 IDIOTS, 
 
 in consequence of the more accurate enumeration made by the tenth 
 census, is about the same in South Carolina a? in the United States. Of 
 the 1,588 in the State, 7 are foreigners, and 782 are colored, including 2 
 Indians. There are no training schools for idiots in South Carolina, but 
 54 of these unfortunates are charitably maintained in the State asylums 
 and alms houses. 
 
 THE BLIND AND DEAF MUTES. 
 
 Of the 1,100 blind in South Carolina, 669, or a little more than 60 per 
 cent., are colored. Of the 564 deaf mutes, the larger proportion are 
 whites, there being only 283, or about 46 per cent., negroes. The South 
 Carolina Institution for the Education of the Blind, Deaf and Dumb, at 
 Cedar Springs, Spartanburg County, was educating, in 1880, 16 blind and 
 50 deaf mutes. The institution is maintained by the State, and prior to 
 its foundation, as early as 1831, the Legislature made an annual appro- 
 priation for sending deaf and dumb children to the Hartford school. 
 
 PAUPERISM 
 
 is an evil so slightly developed in South Carolina as to be of small con- 
 cern. The comparative status of the State is most truly shown in this 
 regard by the census of 1880, in which the number of paupers in alms 
 
.>(- OCOUrATlOXS. 
 
 lioiiscs is alone <;iv(.'n. For (ho olluu' years tlir luiniln'r of j^orsons rocciv- 
 iuL!,' siij)port on the 1st June in cnii'li year, is ehosen us the most aeeurate 
 upon whieh to base the eoniparison ollered in table F. This number in 
 South Carolina a.^rees very nearly with the number of paui)ers ostimateil 
 to have been sup[)orted during eaeh eensus year. This is far from bein*;- 
 the ease with the ligures j^iven for the etmntry at large. There the 
 aggregate number of paupers supported during the year exeeeds those 
 iMuimerated on the 1st of June of eaeh year by from 52 per eent. in 1870, 
 to 20o per eent. in 18t)0, and 1()8 per cent, in 1850. While the sui)erin- 
 tendent of the eensus states, as his opinion, that these figures are of little 
 value for i)urposes of comparison, nevertheless, in the absence of all other 
 data, so far as they may bi> relietl on, they show that there has been from 
 one-half to one-fourth the projiortion of }>auperism among the population 
 of South Carolina that there has been in the country at large, saving 
 only during the period of nulitary rule and reconstruction, as shown by 
 the census of 1870. Of the inmates of alms houses in 1880, 277 were 
 whites and 242 were colored. 
 
 THE CRIMINAL VOl'l'LATION 
 
 of South Carolina has never been large, as will be seen by reference to 
 table F. It has always been less than that oi' the country at large, except 
 in the dark days of misrule, during reconstruction in 1870 — days never 
 to return, unless some social upheaval, of .whieh no symptoms now ap- 
 l)ear, should occur. Of the 042 prisoners enumerated in this State in 
 1880, 580, or 01 per cent., were colored, and were confined chiefly for 
 thefts. During slavery such offences were prevented or punished by 
 home discipline, and when emancipation imposed the burden of their 
 correction upon the public, the number of delinquents largely exceeded 
 any acconnnodations available for them. As a consequence. South Caro- 
 lina, in common with other Southern States, was forced to lease out her 
 convicts. Measures have been taken to remedy this. Industrial estab- 
 lishments are being erected at the Penitentiary. Early in 1883, the 
 Board of Directors of the State Penitentiary announced that, on the 
 expiration of the leases now in force, no more convicts would be let 
 out ; and thtit hereafter all persons condemned to labor would be worked 
 either within the Penitentiary itself, or upon State works, under the 
 suitervision of State officers. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 MANUFACTURES. 
 
 The occupation of the inhabitants of South Carolina has been more ex- 
 clusively agriculture than that of most civilized communities. One great 
 cause of this is, that the soil and climate here render agriculture more 
 profitable than in most places. A brief comparison of South Carolina 
 with the country at large, as regards the relative values of farm produc- 
 tions and farm expenditures, will make this clear. The following data 
 are taken from the compendium of the Tenth U. S. Census, the latest au- 
 thority on the subject. 
 
 UNITED STATES. OUTLAY. 
 
 Value of farms, including land, fences, and buildings . . $10,197,096,770 
 
 Value of farming implements and machinery 400,520,055 
 
 Value of live stock on farms, 1st June, 1880 1,500,464,009 
 
 Cost of building and repairing fences, in 1879 .... 77,703,473 
 
 Cost of fertilizers purchased in 1879 28,580,397 
 
 Total outlay $12,210,431,310 
 
 Value of all farm productions in 1879 . . $2,213,402,504 
 Percentage of value of productions on outlay .... 18 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. OUTLAY. 
 
 Value of farms, including land, fences, and buildings .... $08,077,482 
 
 Value of farming implements and machinery 3,202,710 
 
 Value of live stock on farms 1st June, 1880 12,279,412 
 
 Cost of building and repairing fences in 1879 917,000 
 
 Cost of fertilizers purchased in 1879 2,059,909 
 
 Total outlay $87,736,573 
 
 Value of all farm productions in 1879 $41,969,749 
 
 Percentage of value of productions on outlay 47 
 
r»74 MAM I'At, II KK^. 
 
 Xovonholoss. IVdui an oarly }Hn'ioil uuniorous processes were invented 
 and praetieed by tlie people of Carolina in rendering niw material suit- 
 able'tbr bnsiness uses. Sueh was the extraction of indigo, in the middle of 
 the last century, and notably the inventions for threshing and cleaning 
 rice. Power ^nills accomplishing the latter purpose were first invented in 
 this State, and have since served as models in this im[>ortant industry 
 for the rest of the world. South Carolina was also the first State to pay 
 Eli Whitney for the use of his invention in cleaning seed cotton. The 
 first water gin was erected by Captain Kincaid, on Mill Creek, near Mon- 
 tieello. Fairfield county, in 1705. and for many years, dating from 1801, 
 the Boatwrights, of Columbia, were the great mamifacturers of cotton 
 gins for the South. Before and during the Revolution the families of 
 planfei*s and their slaves were clothed in cotton homespuns made in the 
 State. A factory, weaving these goods for the supply of the adjacent 
 country, was established some years previous to 1700, by fhe Scotch- 
 Irish settlers, at ^[urray s Ferry. A\'illiamsburg county, and Mr. Benja- 
 min Waring established, in the latter part of the last century, a cotton 
 factory, near Statesburg, for spinning and weaving " Manchester cotton 
 stuffs." At this time there were in York, Cireenville. Spartanburg, ami 
 Anderson, seven iron works for extmcting the metal from the ore. anil 
 working it. The one in York possesses a forge, a furnace, a rolling mill, 
 and a nail manufactory, and was operated by an improved water blast, 
 the invention of Mr. Hill, one of the proprietoi-s. There were five fulling 
 mills in the upper country, and three excellent wheat merchant mills on 
 Pine Tree Creek, Camden county, one of which, thought to be equal to 
 any in tlie United States, produced fifty barrels of superfine Hour per 
 day. By the census returns of ISIO, the Carolinas, Georgia, and \'ir- 
 ginia manufticfured greatly more in quantity and in value than the 
 whole of New England together. These facts, at least, make it plain 
 that neither the original character and activities of the people, or their 
 natural surrounding-s, such as the climatic or physical features of the 
 country, were hindrances to manufacturing pursuits. 
 
 That manufacturing has not held a more prominent position among 
 the occupations of the people is by no means wholly due to the great 
 profits accruing to agricultural pursuits. The improvements in spinning 
 and weaving, the invention of the power loom, the development of great 
 iron ore and coal resources, and the consequent activity in the manufac- 
 ture of machinery of all sorts, which took place in Great Britain in the 
 earlier part of the century, distanced competition in other countries, mak- 
 ing English goods far cheaper than any produceii elsewhere. But tlie 
 chief obstacle to manufactures ill South Carolina was the institution of 
 slavery. The large land holders had a monopoly of labor, which, in 
 
MANUFACTURES. '^''^ 
 
 fornnion with all otlior monopolies, was adverse to the fleveloprnerjt of 
 inaiiuiaetures. More than this, the sentiment against slaver\% whieh 
 spread about tli is time throughout Christendom, isolated the industrial 
 institutions of the Soutli. Forced by the necessity of the case to stand 
 hy the institution with which, against her [»rotest, she had been bur- 
 dened, she faced single-handed the public opinion of tlie civilized world. 
 Feeling that every man's hand was against lier, she became suspiciou.s 
 of strangers. Imniigration ceased almost entirely, and the elbow-touch 
 with the great industrial advance of the age was lost ; resigning her- 
 self almost as exclusively, as she was elsewhere excluded, to agricultural 
 pursuits. South Carolina satisfied herself with such profits as were gained 
 in the culture of cotton, and produced the largest amount of the raw ma- 
 terial ever offered in the markets of the world. Even then, South Carolina 
 was not unmindful of the great advantages to be obtained from diversified 
 pursuits, and the development of manufactures. Propositions for employ- 
 ing slave labor in cotton factories were discussed, and ninety-eight negro 
 slaves as operatives, under a single white overseer, were successfully 
 worked at the Saluda Factory, near Columbia, in 1848, and in this same 
 factory, destroyed during the war, and rebuilt since, mixed operatives 
 have been employed, and the negro has been found as capable of learn- 
 ing, within certain limits, as tlie white. 
 
 When at length the obstacle of slavery was forever removed, as a re- 
 sult of the war of secession, step by step with the recovery of the people 
 from the ruin then wrought, tlie interest in miinufactures has advanced. 
 To-day there is, perhaps, no community more anxious to diversify their 
 pursuits, and to engage in manufactures, than the people of South Caro- 
 lina. Abundant evidence of this is given in the exemption, by stat- 
 ute for ten years, from taxation of all capital invested in manufactures, 
 by the encouragement that has been given to immigration, and particu- 
 larly by the growth of manufacturing industries. 
 
 This will appear more clearly by an inspection of Tables A, B, and C, 
 on the following page. 
 
570 
 
 MANUFACTUKES. 
 
 O 
 
 r: — Tl ?1 
 
 
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MANUFACTURES. Oit 
 
 The growtli of manufectures has been gigantic. In less than one 
 generation there is an increase more than five-fold of the capital seek- 
 ing investment in these industries; three times as many hands are em- 
 l)loyed, and six times the value of raw material is converted to human 
 u.ses. In spite of the much greater cheapness of all manufactured ar- 
 ticles, tlic aggregate value of the products has increased five-fold. 
 The amount of raAV material that each hand manufactures is nearly 
 doubled in South Carolina, as well as in the United States, indicating the 
 great advance in skill and efficiency, together with the improvements in 
 machinery. If on the whole the percentage of the nett products on capi- 
 tal show a decline, this is in accordance with a general tendency of capi- 
 tal, where there are large accumulations, to accept lower rates of inter- 
 est and of profits, while the steady improvement of wages is a subject for 
 gratulation, the greater remuneration of labor, moving parallel with its 
 greater productiveness, and pointing to that great goal of all industrial 
 systems, when each laborer shall be paid in accordance with the work 
 he does. 
 
 It will be seen that the history of South Carolina for this period does 
 not conform with that of the country at large. The asterisks in Table C 
 will show that during the first two decades there was an actual decrease 
 in some regards, and no where very marked gains in her manufacturing 
 industries. This decline may in reality be said to have continued until 
 the close of 1S7G, as it was not until the restoration of civil government 
 at that date, that the wonderful recuperation exhibited in these tables 
 set in. As has been remarked, social institutions — now passed away — 
 unfavorable to manuftictures, checked their growth in Carolina during 
 tlie decade 1S50 to ISGO, immediately anterior to the war, notwithstand- 
 ing it was otherwise a period of great material prosperity in Carolina, as 
 it was elsewhere in the country. The war, as usually happens, was a 
 great incentive to the development of manufactures in the United States, 
 and to some extent, in South Carolina. But here the destruction of pro- 
 perty was too great, and the pressure of the contest, and subsequently of 
 military government, bore too heavil}^ on every interest to admit of any 
 decided material progress. With a removal of this pres.sure the census 
 of 1880 shows a remarkable change. Manufacturing establishments are 
 increasing in numbers at a rate five times greater in South Carolina than 
 tliey are in the country at large; in fact, the 494 new establishments in 
 South Carolina represent nearly one-third of the total increase through- 
 out the country. While such an increase does not indicate the higher 
 development of manufactures, where the tendency is to the consolidation 
 of establishments, it is common to their early and vigorous growth, and 
 sliows plainly tlie direction which the activities of the population are 
 
oTS 
 
 MANUFACTURES. 
 
 taking:. Tlio rate of increase in capital ami lunuls is nearly three times 
 as oivat as in tlie whole country. The amount of material used has more 
 than Jouhled in South Carolina, while it has only increased seventy per 
 cent, in the United States, and this disparity would be greater if either 
 the value — over $440,000,000 — of grain converted into Hour and grist in 
 the United States wero deducted from the materials used in manufac- 
 tures, or the value— $25,000,000 — of seed cotton converted into lint and 
 seed by the gins of Carolina, were credited. The rate of increase in man- 
 factured products of South Carolina doubles that for the United States. 
 and the rate of increase in net products, that is, in {)ro(Uu'ts after deduct- 
 ing the cost of materials, is nearly three times as great. The impres- 
 sions thus derived from the data furnished by the U. S. Census will be 
 strengthened by a consideration of those given for 1882. The statement 
 for this data is based for the most part upon the U. S. Census returns of 
 1880, most of the items being taken directly from it. Other items have 
 been added in consequence of the development of new industries not in 
 operation at that date. And u careful renumeration of cotton mills and 
 fertilizer factories has necessitated important additions. These will be 
 treated of in detail when the respective items are considered, and the fol- 
 lowing statement of manufactures in South Carolina in 1882, is given. 
 
 Table D. — Manufadunng Industries in South Carolina in 1882. 
 
 00 
 
 o <o 
 I. £ 
 
 ^3 
 
 
 Cotton Maunfjiotures ' 20 
 
 Cotton liins 2800 
 
 Cotton Seed Oil -Mills 3 
 
 Fertilizers 11 
 
 Flouriniz and Grist Mill prodnets.j 720 
 Foundry and Machine S^hop '' , 18 
 
 Lumber Sawed 420 
 
 Paper Mills 2 
 
 Printitii: and Pnblislunir t 14 
 
 Tar anil Turpentine ' 102 
 
 All other industries ' 672 
 
 S4,084. 
 
 3.000, 
 120. 
 
 l,51i: 
 
 1,330, 
 170, 
 
 1,05(>, 
 120, 
 132, 
 5(j'». 
 
 l.tHi3, 
 
 ,000! 
 ,000 1 
 ,(H)0 
 000 
 ,2(50 
 ,850l 
 2(>."> 
 IX>0 
 ,7tX1; 
 200! 
 ,120 
 
 4,407 
 
 3,000 
 
 50 
 
 537 
 1,052 
 
 314 
 1,408 
 
 110 
 
 242 
 4.610 
 3,350 
 
 S042.700 
 
 319,770 
 
 5.0(K) 
 
 195.387 
 
 130,352 
 
 00,440 
 221,063 
 
 20,001) 
 115,J)47 
 555.400 
 755,004 
 
 $5,210,504 
 
 . 300,t100 
 
 80,000 
 
 1,507,833 
 
 3,2(55.485 
 
 137,380 
 
 1,237,301 
 
 85,(XX) 
 
 80,450 
 
 (506,170 
 
 1,384,170 
 
 $8,147,126 
 3,228.002 
 
 103.200 
 2,230.000 
 3,770,470 
 
 280,502 
 2,031.507 
 
 133,000 
 
 200,520 
 1,803,20(5 
 2,857,081 
 
 Total 4878^1 3,771, 4(H 10,215 $3,301,725 !?14,032,.531 $25,002,574 
 
 I I ! i I I 
 
 In the United States the number of establishments engaged in 
 
 THE MANUFACTURE OF COTT,ON GOODS 
 
 constitute less than one-half per cent, of the manufacturing establish- 
 ments. The capital employed is a little over seven per cent, of the ag- 
 
MANUFACTURES. 
 
 579 
 
 gregate capital engaged in manufacture.?, the iron and steel business alone 
 being larger. The number of hands is a little more- than five per cent, 
 of all hands employed in manufactures, and somewhat larger than in any 
 other manufacturing industry. The wages are four per cent, of the ag- 
 gregate of wages paid in manufacturing, and al^out equal to the amount 
 disbursed for picking the cotton crop. The materials are three per cent, 
 of all materials converted l)y manufacturing, and seven other industries, 
 to wit : flour and grist mill products, slaughtering and meat packing. 
 Iron and steel, luml)er, sugar and molasses, and men's clothing, consume 
 more. The i)roducts are three per cent, of the aggregate products of man- 
 ufacturjBs; five industries, to wit: flour and grist mills, slaughtering and 
 meat packing, iroi;^ and steel, lumber, and foundry supplies, produce 
 more. But cotton manufactures form the chief manufacturing indu.stry 
 in South Carolina, and their condition and growth from 1850 to 1880, as 
 sliown by United States Census returns, are given in the following table : 
 
 Table E. 
 
 
 ■r^ ■£ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cotton 
 
 Cost 
 
 Vaue 
 
 
 
 Sl'INDLE-S. 
 
 CaI'IT.VL. 
 
 H.VXDS 
 
 "Waoes. 
 
 
 OF 
 
 OF 
 
 
 n z 
 
 
 
 
 
 Consumed, 
 
 M.\te'als. 
 
 Product.s. 
 
 
 w 
 
 No. 
 
 !5 
 
 No. 
 
 % 
 
 Lb.s. 
 
 $ 
 
 15 
 
 1850. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r. s. A. 
 
 1094 
 
 
 
 74,500,931 
 
 92,286 
 
 
 288,558,000 
 
 34,835,056 
 
 65,501,687 
 
 So. ('a... 
 
 18 
 
 
 857,200 
 
 1,019 
 
 
 4,408,050 
 
 295 971 
 
 842 440 
 
 1800. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U.S.A. 
 
 1001 
 
 5,255,727 
 
 98,585,209 
 
 122,028 
 
 23,940,108 
 
 422.704,975 
 
 57,285,534 
 
 115,081,774 
 
 So. Ca... 
 
 17 
 
 30,890 
 
 801,825 
 
 891 
 
 123,300 
 
 3,978,001 
 
 431,525 
 
 713,050 
 
 *1870. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U S.A. 
 
 Oofj 
 
 7,132,415 
 
 112,545.032 
 
 135,369 
 
 31,235,.307 
 
 409,901,106 
 
 89,399,548 
 
 141,891,781 
 
 So. Ca... 
 
 12 
 
 34,940 
 
 1,069,600 
 
 1,123 
 
 206,143 
 
 4,750,823 
 
 009,173 
 
 1,223,949 
 
 1 880. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r. s. A. 
 
 756 
 
 10,653,435 
 
 208,280,346 
 
 174,6.59 
 
 42.040,510 
 
 750,:M3,981 
 
 102,206,.'i47 
 
 192,090,110 
 
 So. Ca... 
 
 14 
 
 82 334 
 
 2,776,100 
 
 2,053 
 
 380,844 
 
 15,601,005 
 
 1,808,300 
 
 2,895,769 
 
 ti88:j. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 So. Ca... 
 
 26 
 
 181,743 
 
 4,084,000 
 
 4,467 
 
 942,700 
 
 47,924,273 
 
 5,219,564 
 
 8,147,126 
 
 Note. — -The fifrures given in the United States Census are stated in currency for the 
 year 1870; they are here reduced to gold, which was at an average premium in that 
 year of 25.3 per cent. 
 
 fThese totals are from an enumeration made by tlie Department of Agriculture of 
 South Carolina in NoveinVjer, 1882, which is given in detail further on. 
 
 The marked and continuous decrease during this entire period in the 
 number of establishments throughout the country at large indicates that 
 the old established centres of this industry had already before its com- 
 mencement attained their widest extension^ and that thereafter the 
 development of these enterprises depended rather on consolidating and 
 enlarging existing mills, than on erecting new ones. Such a degree of 
 
580 MANUFACTURES. 
 
 maturity is not apparent in South Carolina, and the large increase in the 
 number of cotton mills here since 1870 shows that there remains much 
 suitable territory still unoccupied, and that the competition between the 
 larger and the smaller mills is not yet so sharp, but that all may survive 
 and prosper. 
 
 Between 1850 and 18G0, while the capital and hands employed in cot- 
 ton mills throughout the country show an increase, each of about 32 per 
 cent., and the products an increase of 76 per cent., there was a marked 
 decrease in all these regards in South Carolina, making it plain that, 
 during, that period of exceptional prosperit}'', there was no tendency in 
 the State towards the development of cotton mills. 
 
 During the decade of war and reconstruction, 1860-70, there is a 
 marked change. The percentage of increase, except only as regards the 
 number of spindles, is notably greater in South Carolina than elsewhere. 
 The capital employed in cotton manufactures increased 33 per cent., 
 while in the United States the increase was only 14 per cent. ; the num- 
 ber of hands increased 26 per cent., against only 10 per cent, throughout 
 the country at large. South Carolina consumed 19 per cent, more cotton 
 in 1870 than in 1860, while there was an actual diminution in the 
 amount used in the United States of 3 per cent. ; the value of the pro- 
 ducts of the mills ■ in'^reased 23 per cent, for the whole country, but in 
 South Carolina this rate was nearly trebled, being 62 per cent. ; the gain 
 in the number of spindles was 36 per cent, for the whole United States, 
 but only 13 per cent, in South Carolina. The mill owners here still lack 
 the capital necessary to purchase a full supply of machinery, but they 
 make no mean showing with what they have. 
 
 In the decade ending 1880 the gains are great everywhere, and in every 
 particular, but in every particular the rate of increase is very much 
 greater in South Carolina than in the country at large. The United 
 States have 52 per cent, more spindles, but South Carolina has more than 
 double, the increase being 133 per cent. The capital employed in cotton 
 manufactures in the country at large is 8-4 per cent, more than it was in 
 1870; in South Carolina this increase rises to 159 per cent. The United 
 States employ 28 per cent, more hands, while South Carolina furnishes 
 work for 82 per cent. more. The value of the products of the cotton 
 mills of the United States is greater than it was in 1870 by 35 per cent., 
 but the value of the products of the Carolina mills has nearly quadrupled 
 this rate of increase, showing a gain of 137 per cent. As to the raw 
 material, the country at large consumed 183 pounds in 1880, where it 
 consumed 100 pounds in 1870, and for every 100 pounds manufactured 
 in Carolina in 1870 there was, according to Mr. Atkinson, 328 pounds 
 manufactured in 1880. The fifteen and a half millions pounds of raw 
 
MANUFACTURES. 581 
 
 cotton manufactured in South Carolina in 1880 was more than four times 
 as much as the entire amount used by the eighty-seven cotton mills of 
 the United States in 1810, according to JNIr. Albert Gallatin's report to 
 Congress in that year. It is interesting to note that this greater work 
 performed in ISSO in Carolina engaged but little more than half the 
 capital, half the number of hands, and only about three pec cent, more 
 spindles than are shown in 1810 by the enumeration of Mr. Gallatin. 
 
 Owing to the decline of manufactures in South Carolina between 1850 
 and 1860, if the comparison were made between their condition in the 
 last named year and in 1880, their progress would be more clearly 
 marked. But, taking the whole period under consideration, the follow- 
 ing results are exhibited. The United States has increased its spindles 
 by 102 per cent., South Carolina by 166 per cent. ; the capital engaged 
 in cotton manufactures in the whole country has increased 179 per cent., 
 in South Carolina the gain is 222 per cent. ; the number of hands finding 
 work in the mills is greater for the United States by 88 per cent., in 
 South Carolina by 101 per cent. ; the value of the products of the cotton 
 mills of the whole country is greater by 191 per cent, in 1880 than it was 
 in 1850, in South Carolina this increase is 246 per cent. ; the increase in 
 the annual consumption of raw material is 160 per cent, for the United 
 States, and for South Carolina it is 248 per cent. Rapid as the develop- 
 ment of this industry thus appears for the country at large, the rate of 
 progress is shown to be greater in each particular in South Carolina. Nor 
 does this complete the statement. 
 
 In the fall of 1882, the Department of Agriculture of South Carolina 
 undertook an enumeration of the cotton mills of the State. The data 
 obtained are exhibited in detail in the following table : 
 
^ 
 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 •H0OJ.S' 
 
 JO Haiv^ xaxaviv 
 
 •sa>:wuiAi(i ^v^x^:■v 
 
 •sai 'sxHv.v 
 
 sa}iv.\ HiOTO 
 
 •sio.iaoaj so amvA 
 
 •sancMQS axv 
 s^vIaaJ,v•K •io amvA 
 
 •saiTddns 
 
 'aaKnsxoj xou.00 
 
 ■saovAV 
 
 •saxvH 
 
 
 u^ 
 
 
 
 
 ■?}S "■s - -r: 
 
 :22o 
 
 .'^ 
 
 s = 
 Ǥ 
 
 ICO 
 
 5S 
 
 ic = o • c 
 r^ ^ ii ; i5 
 
 : = 
 
 -; i^ : IC C: X l^ 
 
 c; = o 
 ^06 
 
 = C = ClilO 
 
 = c = ?i r< o 
 o i; o_ie,'.': o_ 
 
 5 S "^ 55 ci ?i 
 x<rf 
 
 2 ~_?i ^-. i ?i_ 
 
 
 oooooooco 
 = 00 = — ^So 
 
 i^^'^ 
 
 O = X 
 
 -T-OS 
 
 XC-tC5 
 
 — .'— 'lO 
 
 
 oxi^wo — oooooi.-ri.-oi^o = ic:si^«'^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 'i 
 
 iviidvo 
 
 •sa^a>;IJS 
 
 •SKOOI 
 
 — 
 
 
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 & 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 c 
 ►5 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 f£ 
 
 « 
 
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 > 
 
 fn 
 
 &: 
 
 S 
 
 
 t- 
 
 C 
 
 - 
 
 ^ 
 
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 0=:OOCMXOOOOO 
 
 c^0a,jci^^;^09-;i:;o 
 
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 :^o^:c o o ; 
 I- = o ^ o o t 
 
 = HS ~ X o M p 
 
 5 O X -r o3 o 
 
 .00 :xoo :o : :r) — o :oo 
 
 cojo :-^o : r- ■- ■ - — 
 
 oo = -;oooori>.-i.-oooooiOoco-'roooo 
 o u; ic o _ ^ -; ^ o — 1~ X 1-2 — -». — — o i; ■-•: -r t^ LT IT •^ u- 
 
 SS"^ : = 
 
 ^^X'^C^^""— '* 
 
 
 ■-^3>lS^?5xxXoc2cOX^^^-r^^'r»2' 
 
 tx bb tx ^ !ai: U 
 
 OCx<'< 
 
 "^i s'E'H'E'E'E'E'E = = i i ^ s 
 
 — -" — i — wiS^OfliOOi 
 
 (^ j^ <J <^ ^ ^ ^ "^ 'r r^ r'^ r#- rr rr -# F#*'r# ^ ^ ^> T"^ 
 
 
 ; O w a g. a: X ac'x ?" ^^ w o 
 
 
 V i. 
 
 O > ; 
 
 jXpS^^Siipi^SHOcj 
 
 > •« J ? 5 O ij I 
 
 ;i«^>:^fc;ss 
 
 ^ ^ — >5 >1 >S >.— 
 
 
 
 
 ■- >,~oo c _ 
 -■? c c = > i : 
 ~ X - ^ ^ S 5 
 
 S C — — c; S „ 
 
 >-—■*> 
 
 
 ss 
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 ho 
 
 
 &>5 3^ 
 
 
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 kSoSI^^wS^^S 
 
 11 
 
 . _ c; s. V 
 --.— wr O S« 
 
 
MANUFACTURES. 583 
 
 The returns are only partially complete, and it was found impracticable 
 to obtain answers in full, unless there were some law compelling the mill 
 owners to make them. No returns whatever could be obtained from the 
 Pendleton Factory, and those published .some years since were used. The 
 lirst nine columns are very nearly complete, and furnish important in- 
 formation. The aggregate of the other columns is given by e.stimates 
 bused, in part, upon Mr. Edward xVtkinson's .statements regarding the mills 
 in .South Carolirja in 18S0, and in part on deductions from the data fur- 
 nished by such mills as made complete returns to t?ie Department of Ag- 
 ] iculture. Looking from this enumeration in 1SS2, backwards to the 
 condition of the cotton manufactures in South Carolina in 1850, it will 
 be seen tliat the number of mills has increased forty-four per cent.; the 
 number of spindles is nearly six-fold greater, .showing, an increa.se of four 
 hundred and eighty-eight per cent. ; the capital employed is nearly iive 
 limes as much, showing anincrea.se of three hundred and .seventy -six per 
 cent. ; there are more than four times as many hands, their increase being 
 three hundred and thirty-nine per cent. ; the value of the products has 
 increased eight hundred and sixty -seven per cent., and the amount of raw 
 material annually consumed, nine hundred and seventy-four per cent. 
 Nor does this movement seem as yet to have approached a limit. There 
 is scarcely a town above the lower Pine Belt, that is, in the upper two- 
 thirds of the State, in whicli the erection of one or more cotton mills is 
 not being actively agitated ; at the last session of. the Legislature, in De- 
 ceml)er, 1882, nine new companies for the manufacture of cotton were in- 
 corporated, and several of these will commence operations on the present 
 cotton crop. It would seem that this State, which was a pioneer in the 
 cultivation of cotton, is about to assume the po.sition of a cotton manu- 
 facturing State on a large scale. Already the forty-seven millions of 
 l)Ounds of raw cotton required by the spindles in operation in this State, 
 in 18S3, is more than the average consumption of the whole United States 
 from 1825 to 1830, which is placed at 129,954 bales per annum, averaging 
 less than four hundred pounds. Already also, the value of the products 
 of the mills in this State exceeds the cost of the cotton goods consumed 
 annually within its borders, assuming this to be about the average 
 consumption per capita of the whole country. For if the value of the 
 products of cotton manufactures in the United States (§192,090.110) be 
 aided to the value of the yearly imports of cotton stuffs (829,922,000) and 
 from this sum the value of the yearly exports (§9,981,000) be deducted, 
 the remainder will represent the domestic consumption, and will be about 
 S 1.22 to each inhabitant of the country. On this basis the consumption 
 o: cotton goods in Carolina would b3 less than 85,000,000 per annum, 
 and the mills running in 18S3 are expected to yield a product ex2e8ding 
 
58 1 MANUFACTURES. 
 
 $8,000,000. Again, the amount of raw cotton manufactured in Carolina 
 in 1883 is about equal to the total quantity of that material imported 
 into Great Britain in the year 1800, the import for 1790 being given- as 
 forty-three millions pounds, and for 1801 as fifty-six millions pounds. 
 The rapid development taking place in the cotton manufactures of South 
 Carolina is not exceptional. It is almost entirely within the present cen- 
 tury that this industry has had its growth, and "taking into consideration 
 the capital invested, the labor employed, the genius it has waked, and 
 the honors with which that genius has been crowned, the endless stiam 
 marine, the number of merchants, bankers, clerks, and sailors engaged 
 in its world-wide distribution, it may be said that the cotton manufactur- 
 ing industry fills a larger space in the commercial activity and greatness 
 of to-day than any other, perhaps, than all the other manufacturing in- 
 dustries of the world combined." The value of the products of the cot- 
 ton manufactures of the world for 1880, are estimated at $1,348,310,000. 
 Of this enormous product forty-one per cent, comes from the United 
 Kingdom of Great Britain, seventeen per cent, from the United States 
 (which ranks next by more than double the quantity produced by any 
 other nation), and forty-two per cent, from all the other countries of the 
 world. And yet, if the natural and reasonable wants of mankind in the 
 matter of cotton goods are to be suppilied, this industry is only in its in- 
 fancy, licaving out of view all the numerous and important human uses 
 that cotton goods subserve, and the new purposes (such as roofing, &c., 
 &c.,) to which they are being daily applied, if the matter of underwear 
 alone be considered, it is computed that the cleanliness, comfort and 
 health of a human being will be increased by an annual consumption of 
 cotton cloth up to $20 at current prices. But the greatest consumption 
 of cotton goods in 1880 in Great Britain and Ireland was only $5.71 
 per capita, having risen from $3.47, in 1853. In the United States it is 
 twenty-one per cent. less. Taking the population of Europe, including 
 Russia and Turkej^ and of North and South America, the annual 
 product of the world would supply only $2.95 per capita. China and 
 India chiefly supply themselves with cotton goods, manufactured by 
 hand looms. The former country produces annually by this primitive 
 and costly method, 7,300,000,000 yards, an amount almost equal to twice the 
 total annual exi)ort of cotton piece goods from Great Britain. If their 
 population be included, the present products of the cotton mills of the 
 world Avouldonly furnish goods to the value of $1.20 per capita. If, finally, 
 the populations of the rest, of Asia, of Africa, and the islands of the sea 
 be included, and the entire product of the world's cotton manufactures 
 were divided out to its inhabitants, there would be only a value of 
 ninety-three cents for each. How far and how fast the civilization of 
 
MANUFACTURES. 
 
 58^ 
 
 tliis Rf^e Avill open up markets for these products is one of the great ques- 
 tions of the (lay, and one of paramount importance to the Southern States 
 which produce seventy-six per cent, of the raw material on which this 
 stupendous industry is based, a supremac}' they are likely to maintain in 
 the future, as they have in the past, whatever the course of events may 
 be. It would seem to follow from these facts that the apprehensions 
 sometimes expressed that cotton manufactures and cotton culture are be- 
 ing overdone is idle and without foundation, "in view of the hundreds of 
 millions of people, with an increased ability to purchase, which every 
 new invention makes, who are awaiting the advent of civilization to avail 
 tliemselves of more perfect appliances for their daily wear." 
 
 What is of immediate interest here, is to ascertain the facilities offered 
 Ijy the character of our manufacturing operations, and the conditions 
 that surround them for their successful competition in the markets of the 
 world with those of other countries. Some of the more important of 
 these details in cotton manufacture in South Carolina and in the United 
 States, as deduced from the U. S. Census returns, are exhibited in the 
 following table : 
 
 Table G. 
 
 
 
 1880. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1860. 
 
 1850. 
 
 
 <5 
 
 d 
 
 GO 
 
 6 
 
 c2 
 
 CO 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 oc 
 
 < 
 ! ^ 
 
 < 
 
 c 
 a. 
 
 Spindles per han(T 
 
 No. 
 Lbs. 
 Lbs. 
 
 1 
 
 $ 
 
 $ 
 
 p. c. 
 
 p. c. 
 
 cts. 
 
 cts. 
 
 cts. 
 
 s 
 
 61 
 4295 
 
 70 
 1093 
 
 273 
 
 18 
 92 
 
 22 
 
 25 
 
 13.7 
 
 19.2 
 240 
 
 40 
 
 7602 
 
 177 
 
 1410 
 
 344 
 35 
 
 104 
 
 1 
 25 
 
 18 
 
 11.6 
 
 14. 
 
 185 
 
 50 .30 
 3020 4324 
 
 57 133 
 1040 1089 
 
 157 274 
 
 19 1 35 
 
 126 114 
 
 is' ''8 
 
 42 
 
 3463 
 
 80 
 
 948 
 
 283 
 
 22 
 
 117 
 
 34 
 
 27 
 
 13.5 
 
 19.2 
 114 
 
 34 
 
 4464 
 
 125 
 
 800 
 
 188 
 20 
 
 8i 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 10.8 
 
 13.9 
 138 
 
 3102 
 *709 
 
 87 
 
 22 
 12. 
 
 
 Pounds cotton consumed per hand 
 
 pounds cotton consumed per spindle... 
 
 4483 
 ■k-'3 
 
 Value of products per hand, less wages 
 and iiiuterials 
 
 
 Value of products per spindle 
 
 
 Value of products per cent, on capital.. 
 Value of products per cent, on capital, 
 
 98 
 
 A'alue of i)roducts per pound cotton 
 used 
 
 34 
 21.7 
 29.4 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 12.8 
 
 1 
 
 17l! 
 
 18 
 
 < ost of materials per pound cotton 
 
 6 6 
 
 *. ost of materials and wages per pound 
 cotton used 
 
 
 Wages per hand 
 
 2.30 183 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 If the number of spindles run per hand be considered, it would appear 
 
 that the effectiveness of the operatives in Carolina was not so great as in 
 
 the country at large. In this particular, if the comparison be made in 
 
 ISOO, it will be more favorable than if made in 1880. The reason for 
 
 38 
 
586 MANUFACTURES. 
 
 tliirf is quite simple, in the great increase in the number of hands em- 
 ployed, drawn almost entirely from the immediate neighborhood of the 
 new mills, many inexperienced ones have been brought in, and are being 
 taught. Nevertheless, South Carolina shows forty spindles to the hand, 
 while in Germany there are only thirty-nine, in France twenty-four, and 
 in Russia, nineteen. Great Britain boasts, it is true, of eighty-three spin- 
 dles to the operative, and in this respect she is further ahead of the United 
 States than the latter is of South Carolina. 
 
 At all times South Carolina exhibits a marked superiority in the num- 
 ber of pounds of raw material manufactured per hand, Avhile the cheaper 
 products of her mills do not compare with the more delicate and costly 
 fabrics of England and the North, they are suited to a far wider market, 
 and, therefore, furnish a safer and more stable basis of operations. This 
 view gathers force when it is observed that the gross value of the pro- 
 ducts per hand in Carolina is greater than elsewhere, even than it is in 
 Great Britain, where it is only $1,169 per hand. (See Cotton Goods Trade 
 of the World, Government printing press, Washington, D. C, 1881.) It 
 will be strengthened also by noting that the value of the net products 
 per hand, that is of the products less the cost of materials and wages, is 
 greater in Carolina ; and further, that these products, both gross and net, 
 give a larger percentage on the capital employed in Carolina than in the 
 country at large. 
 
 The most striking advantage exhibited by the census in the manufac- 
 turing operations of Carolina over those of the country at large is in the 
 much lower cost here of materials, a difference in favor of the Carolina 
 manufactures of from eight and nine-tenths cents per pound of cotton 
 consumed in 1870, to two and one-tenth cents per pound, according to the 
 carefully prepared statements of Mr. Edward Atkinson, of Boston, in 1880. 
 Computed from the data furnished by the report of the Cotton Goods 
 Trade, above referred to, eacli pound of cotton consumed by the English 
 manufacturers in 1880, cost 14.8 cents, or 3.2 cents per pound more than 
 in Carolina. These differences in the cost of raw material between the 
 Carolina cotton fields and other places may need some qualifications in 
 view of the fact that manufactured material, as yarns, more costly than 
 raw cotton, may be included among the materials consumed in other 
 places. For England, at least, such corrections must be very small, as 
 the total value of the yarns imported in 1880 only exceeded by a small 
 fraction one per cent, of the cost of the imports of raw cotton, and are 
 probably more than offset by the cheaper, though poorer materials ob- 
 tained from India. It is not easy to form even an approximate estimate 
 of the actual difference between the cost of raw cotton to tlie manufac- 
 turer in Carolina and to the manufacturer in Europe. The rates of 
 
MANUFACTURES. 587 
 
 freight and insurance are probably far from being the largest items. 
 There are the commissions for buying and selling, often more than once; 
 the charges for hauling, weighing, storage, dray age, wharfage, compress- 
 ing, mending ; the loss by shrinkage of various sorts, by sampling, by 
 damage from dirt and damp during transportation, by injury in com- 
 pressing, by stealage, by the deduction of a heavy tare, which is heavily 
 discounted by the foreign purchaser, and which, fall as it may at first on 
 the producer, is paid finally by the consumer of cotton goods. Then there 
 is other tribute paid in various forms to the vast army of middlemen who 
 exact every iota the material will bear during its passage between the 
 planter and the manufacturer. And above all these, the robber hordes 
 of speculators, increasing daily in numbers, hover over the trade for the 
 opportunity to plunder it affords. To illustrate the confusion worse 
 confounded with which this last named class involve those transactions, 
 it is sufficient to mention that the speculations in 1881-82 caused the 
 price of American cotton to be lower during the whole year in Liverpool 
 than it was to American spinners, and that with a nearly uniform supply 
 and demand the price was forced up three cents per pound, or thirty per 
 cent., in the summer of 1882. Water can not be made to run up hill 
 without much work, and this reversal of the natural order of things in 
 the cotton market could have been effected only at immense cost. And 
 this much is certain, that whoever might pay for it, or gain b}^ it in the 
 first instance, ultimately it must all be charged in the cost of cotton goods, 
 and operate as an obstacle in the development of this trade. The cotton 
 mills in Carolina find it largely to their interest to purchase directly 
 from the farmers, and several find it profitable to have gins for cleaning 
 the seed cotton, which they afterwards purchase for their own consump- 
 tion. 
 
 In tlie matter of wages the advantage is once more with South Caro- 
 lina. And this arises partly from the very nature of things, for in a 
 genial and healthful climate like this, human life being easier, must, 
 under other like conditions, be more abundant. The labor, too, has many 
 admirable characteristics in addition to its cheapness. The Anglo-Saxon 
 population here, anxious to escape from field labor, possesses all the 
 intelligence and good qualities exhibited b}' that race wherever it has 
 been Americanized, beside being, as yet at least, unaffected by those 
 Communistic notions that have interfered so profoundly with the effect- 
 iveness of such labor in many places. If a greater extension of manu- 
 facturing .operations should make larger demands for labor than the 
 native white population of the State could supply, besides the induce- 
 ments such a state of things would hold out to immigrants, thei'e is the 
 negro population, which, as the whites passed on to the higher operations 
 
r>SS MANrK.UTrUKS. 
 
 roqiiiviuii- uivator skill, iniiiht Iv brouji'ht in for tho siuiplor kiiuis of 
 work. Tho oxporioiu'o of tbo Sjiluda Mills with ooloivil oporMtiYos. 
 alremly ivfcnvd to, shows what may ho ilono in this lino. At any lato, 
 tliinii's will ohanuv vory nuu'h in South CawWina hoforo inanufaoturors 
 horo will ask tor a taritf of 10 [hm- oont. on thoir proihu'ts to protect lluni 
 from tho ohoap labor o\' other ommtrios. or ooaso to iloniand its ronioval 
 in o\\lor that thoy may avail thiinsolvos oi' tiio now invontioiis ami 
 oiioapor maohinory of other lands. 
 
 The other natnral eonilitions whieh surround manufaetures. sueh as 
 the available water powers, and cheap land and bnildinu' material of 
 sttme. brick and wood iu South Carolina, have been referred to in detail 
 in tiie precedinii" chapters of this book. It only remains to mention that, 
 with the opening up o\' the groat coal and iron lields o\' Alabama, now 
 in rapid progress, those materials will also be supplied here at low rates. 
 Mr. McC\uighrin, President of the National Hank of Newberry, and late 
 rresident of the Columbia and Creenville Kailroad, says that wiien the 
 .Vtlanta and Hirmingham Railway is opened tliis fall, ci^al from that 
 point will be delivered in this State for $4.51) or loss per ton. 
 
 With cheaper land and with cheaper and bettor raw material than can 
 be had elsewhere, and with cheaper and, as it would appear, more reliable 
 and otVective lalxn\and with every advantage in the other natural condi- 
 tions of the environment, it folUnvs that the future development of cotton 
 manufactures in South Carolina will be limited alone by the amount of 
 capital seeking investment in them. Although the laws which regulate 
 tho movements of capital are i>erhaps as little understood as those which 
 compel tlie migrations of men and animals, they are doubtless as absolute 
 as those which govern the ditl'usion oi' gases. Ami it may be a.>^sumed 
 that when the tendency of production, ]nvvaleut everywhere, in ojnilent 
 countries, and especially in old established centres of manufacturers, to 
 reach a mininuim rate of profits, is no longer checked by the importation 
 of cheaper raw material and food supplies, or by new inventions, cheap- 
 ening still n\ore the cost of production, or by connuorcial revulsions, to 
 all of which there is a limit, but one resource will be left to ca}>ital — 
 emigration. This must come in the cycle of events, and, with the amaz- 
 ing rapidity with which history reaches maturity in these days, it may. 
 in the nuuter of cotton manufactures, come soon. In view of the advan- 
 tages otlered by South Carolina, above detailed, a comparison o\' the value 
 of factory stocks and the rate o( dividends exhibited by the mills in 
 Carolina, as shown in the enumeration furnished by the State lV]>art- 
 ment of Agriculture, with those o\' other countries, would imlicate that 
 even now some such movement would be ju'olitable. Take lor exam|de 
 this statement from the United States Consul at Manchest.u-, En iland. 
 
MANUFACmiKH. 
 
 580 
 
 January l2tli, \>iHl: " Out of l^-l cotton .spinning and in an u fact u ring 
 companies, mentioned in tJjc Oldham (Jhrovick, one paid a dividc^nd for 
 the last quarter of 2 per cent., one of 2^ per cent., two of 4 per cent, six 
 of five percent., one of o^ per cent., two of 8 per cent., five of 10 per cent., 
 while 104 paid no dividends, and, in a great majority of ca.s(>-.«, made 
 loss(;s, more or les.s serious." If these 104 mills were removed to the 
 healthy hills of granite along the Catawba, the Broad, and the Saluda 
 rivers and their tributaries in this State, they would escape the close com- 
 petition which threatens their destruction. Such an increa.se of numbers 
 liere would facilitate manufacturing operations, and it would be long 
 years hence, if ever, before their productions would reduce their profits 
 in the wide markets of the world. Always there, would rest with them 
 the vantage that first comers hold, which is now held against them. 
 
 (O'lTOX <,\SS\S<, 
 
 is one of the most important industries in South Carolina, but it has 
 never received separate mention in the returns of the United States 
 Census. Its omission in the list of manufacturing industries, which 
 includes the grinding of wheat and corn into flour and grist, depends 
 rather upon .some arbitrary definition of manufaxitures than upon any 
 essential difference in the indu.stries themselves. In the absence of a 
 general enumeration of the gin houses of the State, the following estimate, 
 based on })artial enumeration, is offered as an aj^proximate statement in 
 regard to this indu.stry : 
 
 
 Power Employed. 
 
 Capital. 
 
 Hands. 
 
 Expenses. 
 
 Pboduct. 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 5 
 
 i i 
 
 i ' i ! 1 
 
 
 ; Repairs, 
 1 Wages. Supplies, 
 Insurance. 
 
 Bales T' ns 
 Cotton.! Seed. 
 
 2800 
 
 5967 5661 2295 
 
 13,923 $3,000,000 
 
 SfXK) 
 
 ! $319,770' $303,369 
 
 i 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 516.498 
 
 1 
 
 258,245 
 
 Before the subdivision of the large plantations into the numerous small 
 farms of the present day, nearly every cotton planter had a gin house of 
 his own. Now, however, there is not more than one gin hou.se to each 
 thirty-two farms growing cotton. From this it has resulted that cotton 
 ginning has become a bu.sine.ss, in a large measure, separate and distinct 
 from cotton growing. In the reorganization of Southern industries on 
 
590 MANUFACTURES. 
 
 the new basis, it Avas first thought that movable ginneries would meet 
 the necessities of the case, and for a year or two traction engines with 
 ginning equipments went through the country for this purpose. It was 
 found, however, that they would not answer. The small cotton farmers 
 did not have the facilities for storing their cotton until the w^hole or even 
 a large portion of their crop was gathered ; the exigencies also of their 
 financial condition made it necessary for them to put their cotton in the 
 market without delay after it was gathered. For these reasons the port- 
 able gins were obliged to change their location for nearly every baletliey 
 ginned, Avhich was so expensive that, after a fair trial, they were aban- 
 doned as unsuitable. Immediately, in addition to the gin houses estab- 
 lished of old upon the -plantations, new ones were erected b}^ country 
 merchants and others as toll gins, expressly for the purpose of supplying 
 the wants of the new growth of small cotton producers. The competition 
 for custom among these new establishments greatl}' reduced the charges 
 for ginning ; formerly the seed was given for the ginning, now bagging 
 and ties are supplied in addition where the seed is taken. The money 
 charges for ginning were at first $1.00 per cwt. of lint ginned, or $5.00 a 
 bale, now it has been reduced to $3.00, and even as low as $2.00 a bale, 
 the average price being about $2.50 per bale. 
 
 Unfortunately, with the reduction of the charges for ginning, there 
 has been a great falling off in the quality of the Avork done. There is 
 usually a cheap steam engine of five to eight horse power, the gins ave- 
 rage forty to forty-five saw^s, and the object is to prepare the cotton as 
 rapidly as possible for their customers, to take the lint from the seed as 
 close as practicable, and not to reduce the weight of the product by sep- 
 arating too much the dust and motes from the lint. The consequence is 
 that the quality of the staple is much poorer, not only on account of the 
 motes and dust not removed, and of the short fibres which the close gin- 
 ning of the seed mixes with the longer ones, but also by the knotting, 
 and even breaking of the fibres, owing to tlie high speed with whicli 
 these small gins are run, in order to turn off each customer's work with 
 the least delay to him possible. As a rule, a forty saw gin is made to 
 give ten to twelve bales, or about 5,000 pounds of lint per day, whereas 
 to separate the fibres, without injury, from the seed, four bales, or 2,000 
 pounds lint per day, is the most that was done "when horse powers were 
 used before the introduction of steam engines. 
 
 The deterioration of American cotton, which has recently been much 
 complained of, both at home and in England, is partly due to the causes 
 above mentioned. Other causes co-operate to promote this evil. The 
 small and decreasing size of the farms leads more and more to the inter- 
 mixture of cotton of different qualities. First, because where less than 
 
MANCFACTURES. oDl 
 
 one bale is produced on the farm it must necessarily be mixed with cot- 
 ton grown elsewhere, and most likely of different quality. Second, if the 
 farm produces as much as one bale, this is gathered at successive pick- 
 ings, which effect a difference of quality. And third, the necessities of 
 the small farms compel them to dispose of much of their cotton in the 
 seed, to country storekeepers, which is, perhaps, the most frequent cause 
 of mixture. In these regards the situation approaches that w:hich has 
 occasioned the inferiority of India cotton. Dr. Watson Forbes, in his elab- 
 orate report on cotton gins, published by order of the Secretary of State, 
 for India, 1879, states the chief sources of difficulty as follows: " The small- 
 ness of the farms in India, as compared with the American cotton plan- 
 tations, is at the root of the evil. In India there are but few ryots who 
 could prcxluce, at a single picking, as much even as one bale of cotton ; 
 each bale being made up of cotton produced by several ryots. It is clear 
 that under such circumstances the difficulty of producing cotton of uni- 
 form quality must be immensely increased." The gravity of this evil will 
 be appreciated from Dr. Watson Forbes' statement that formerly " the loss 
 of cleaning the impurities from India cotton was four times as great as 
 for American uplands." Nor is the crop so well handled now as formerly 
 in picking. The laborers being paid by the hundred weight, find it to 
 their advantage not to separate the dirt and trash from the cotton ; in- 
 deed, it is not uncommon for them to add water and sand to increase the 
 Aveight, a practice very apt to escape detection where the baskets and 
 sheets are weighed in the twilight, at the close of the day's work. The 
 sheets on which the cotton is emptied during the day by the pickers 
 were formerly kept open and exposed to the sun's rays, so that the dews 
 on cotton gathered early in the morning might be thoroughly dried out; 
 now the sheets are kept carefully covered, so that the laborer may escape 
 loss from evaporation. The loss resulting is not only in the loss of 
 weight, but in the injury to the staple consequent upon the storing and 
 ginning of damp cotton. The waste of cotton incurred in' preparing it 
 for spinning averages thirteen per cent., and varies from five to twenty 
 per cent. Although this loss apparently falls on the manufacturer, such 
 is by no means the case, for they discount it, adding thereto a large mar- 
 gin, in the price paid to the producer. Mr. Edward Atkinson, a practi- 
 cal manufacturer, estimates that careful preparation of cotton would ad- 
 vance its price one cent per pound. This would amount, in South Caro- 
 lina, to a clear gain of more than two and one-half millions of dollars, 
 annually, a sum nearly sufficient to replace, with modern conveniences, 
 all the gin houses in the State. 
 
 It therefore becomes a matter of much importance to determine how in 
 the present transition state of the industrial organization of the State, so 
 considerable a saving in this one industry may be effected. 
 
592 MANUFACTURES. 
 
 The loss or waste sustained in spinning ginned cotton arises from the 
 presence in the lint of foreign substances, such as sand, dust, and leaf, or 
 of motes (which are light immature seed), of short fibres, of fibres crimped 
 or knotted, termed nips, and of fibres that have been strained and weak- 
 ened by being pulled with too great or sudden a force from the seed. 
 
 The adventitious impurities, such as sand, dust, and leaf, are to be 
 remedied by careful handling in picking and storing, and they may be 
 in large measure removed by passing the cotton, before ginning, through 
 machines known as openers, whippers and threshers, where the cotton, 
 while violently agitated, is exposed to a current of air. At an early period 
 tliis was accomplished by subjecting the cotton to the vibration of cord 
 fastened to a large wooden bow, and cotton known as " bowed cotton," or 
 " Georgia bows," enjoyed a high reputation in the market. Formerly 
 these machines were to be found in nearly every gin house, and although 
 several excellent patterns of these machines are still offered by the makers 
 of agricultural implements, their use has been almost entirely aban- 
 doned. The plea being the loss in weight, whdch is of the same short- 
 sighted character as the notion that the out-turn increased by the use of 
 the heaviest bagging and ties, not reflecting that all this tare is estimated 
 and overestimated b}^ the purchaser, and deductions made therefor in 
 the price. . 
 
 Motes are separated by their greater specific gravity from the lint. 
 The volume of air passing to the gin brush, which sweejos the lint 
 through to the lint room, is regulated by a movable mote board. In 
 most gins the proper arrangement of the mote board effectuall}'' separates 
 the motes from the lint. Many of the patrons of toll gins, however, ob- 
 ject to the loss in weight occasioned by the removal of these impurities, 
 a loss which, owing to the bulk of the loose motes, is more apparent 
 than real. 
 
 Short fibres are, to some extent, a necessity, as both short and long 
 fibres occur on every seed. The remedy is a careful selection of planting- 
 seed having the most uniform length of fibre. Mr. Ephraim Clark, a 
 distinguished selector and perfector of long staple seeds, pays special at- 
 tention to this, using a comb to straighten out the fibres on the seed, so 
 as to ascertain accurately the degree of uniformity before selecting them 
 for planting. Ginning first for the long, and a second time for the short 
 fibres mitigates the evil, as did the old-ftishioned lint room in use before 
 the introduction of condensers, where the different lengths of fibres were 
 separated by being blown greater or less distances as they fell into a 
 large room. The prolific source of the trouble is, however, the mixing 
 of different lots of cotton, those grown from different seed, or on different 
 soils, or even opening at different periods of the same season, all which 
 
MANUFACTURES. 
 
 593 
 
 circumstances would materially modif}^ the character of the fibre. This 
 cause depending on the small and lessening size of cotton farms might 
 be counteracted by diminishing the size of the cotton bales, as uniformity 
 could be more easil}^ obtained with packages of one hundred pounds than 
 with those of five hundred pounds. The tendency, however, is towards 
 making the packages larger. 
 
 Cotton samplers are in the habit of speaking of " gin cut " cotton, but 
 except with wet cotton, or where very great speed is employed, the cut- 
 ting or breaking of the fibres is not a frequent occurrence. The saw gin 
 does not saw or cut the fibre from the seed, and in so far is misnamed. The 
 teeth of the so-called saws are in reality small hooks, which, in passing 
 through the seed cotton, catch the lint and pull it through the bars or 
 ribs of the feed hopper, placed so close to each other as to prevent the 
 passage of the seed. These teeth, or hooks, pass through a rapidly revolv- 
 ing brush, that cleans them of the lint and casts it out by the draft of air 
 its rotation causes, on the other side of the gin. In Whitney's first gin 
 these hooks were made of wire, which, there being no wire at hand, Whit- 
 ney, then a law student, drew out for himself. The idea of a notched 
 iron plate, or so-called saw, Whitney is thought to have borrowed from 
 a Mr. Bull, of Georgia, who M'as experimenting there at the same time in 
 devices for separating the lint from seed cotton. The hooks, if properly 
 formed, never cut a fibre, nor if moving at the j^roper speed, are they 
 likeh^ to break one. The fibre is spindle shaped, being largest and 
 strongest in the middle, and tapering towards the ends, so that when 
 caught by the hook it gives way at this smaller and weaker point of ^at- 
 tachment to the seed, and is separated from it without being broken. 
 
 Crimped and knotted fibres, or nips, are avoided in all good gins by 
 regulating the speed at which the teeth strike the fibre, and the relative 
 speed of the brush to that of the saws. The same remark regarding speed 
 applies to the weakening and straining of the fibres while they are being 
 detached from the seed. Of the two classes of gins in use, those which 
 pinch and beat the seed from the lint, as the various forms of roller gins 
 do, and those which simply pull the lint from the seed, as the saw gins 
 do, the former are much more liable to produce the class of injuries here 
 referred to than the latter. The loss in the best samples of roller ginned 
 long staple, as tested by the Willimantic comber, at the Atlanta exposi- 
 tion, was frequently as much as twenty per cent., due to injury of the 
 fibre, exclusive of motes, seed, dust and other foreign matters. 
 
 It remains to mention another hindrance to the better handling of cot- 
 ton. This is a more intelligent demand on the part of purchasers and 
 consumers for the best article to be had. Such a demand, if made in 
 definite terms, would do much towards creating the supply. That it is 
 
594 
 
 MANUFACTURES. 
 
 not male is due hirg ;ly, per'ia )S, to the re:iiDboii3",3 of m uiuf;i-2tiiror.3 
 from the producers of cotton, and to the large intervening class of buy- 
 ers, sellers, and speculators, and middlemen, who prosper more by 
 " rendering darkness visible " than by revealing the interest of these two 
 great classes of laborers, in their true light. The following extract from 
 a letter of a large manufacturer of cotton goods will illustrate this. 
 Speaking of his former experience of sixteen years in selling Florida long 
 staple cotton, he says : " Some of it was saw ginned and some- of it was 
 roller ginned. The roller gin retained all of the trash, and a good many 
 ol the seed. The saw ginned was free of seed, and in every way cleaner 
 than that ginned on the roller gin. Still that ginned on the roller gin 
 sold for five cents to six cents per pound the highest. I argued the point 
 with the buyers, affirming that the saw ginned was not cut, and was 
 really the most valuable, on account of the freedom from seed and trash, 
 and proved it to them. Their only reply was, ' I think you are right, 
 but my orders are to pay so much for that ginned on the roller,' and 
 they acted as per orders. I wrote to my customers these facts. Their 
 objection to the roller was that it was too slow, and they fell on the plan 
 of using the saw gin, and after ginning to pass the lint through a whip- 
 per. The whipper gave it the appearance of having been ginned on the 
 roller gin (except the seed and trash), and buyers took it as roller ginned, 
 and paid a higher price for it." 
 
 The statement above given in the table regarding the gin houses in 
 South Carolina includes buildings, gins, feeders and condensers, and the 
 presses used for baling the cotton. These are mostly hand lever presses. 
 They are not so powerful as the old wooden pin screw, moved by horses 
 attached to levers thirty feet in length. The result is that, while the 
 average weight of the bale has increased from 350 pounds to 450 pounds 
 and 500 23ounds, it has increased also in size in about the same propor- 
 tion. So that the average bale now occupies about thirtj^-seven cubic 
 feet of space. At the shipping ports the size is reduced by placing it 
 under a powerful and costly hydraulic compress, which crushes it into 
 about seven cubic feet, an operation that by no means improves the 
 quality of the staple ; removed from the repress the bale swells up, be- 
 coming rounded in form, so that when packed in layers above each other 
 they actually occupy, counting the spaces between the rounded sides, 
 nearly twenty cubic feet each. The Dederick perpetual press in use at a 
 few gin houses apparently removes all these difficulties. It compresses 
 the original package, with the power in use and less hand labor, into 
 square bales of such density that from twelve to fourteen tons, according 
 to the power of the press used, may be put into a grain car. The bales 
 are compressed in sections, a section at a time, so that no portion is sub- 
 
MANUFACTURES. 595 
 
 jected to undue pressure, as must always be the case where the pressure 
 is applied at one time to the whole bulk of the bale. That the staple 
 thus treated is not injured may be inferred from a statement made by 
 the Willimantic Company regarding high-priced sea island cotton, which 
 it has always been thought could not, without great loss, be packed in 
 any press yet devised. The treasurer writes of a bale compressed by this 
 method tested in this mill : " The cotton so compressed makes less waste 
 at the picker, in the cards, and in the combing machine." 
 
 From these facts it appears that no new inventions are essential to 
 overcome mechanical difficulties in the proper handling of cotton to 
 secure the best quality of staple, if the methods already devised are 
 employed with intelligence and skill. The old gin houses, with their 
 laborers skilled by a lifetime of careful training under intelligent direc- 
 tion, have passed away with the plantation system. Portable ginneries, 
 with skilled labor, have been tried and have been found unsuitable. 
 Numerous small toll gins, where the quantity, without consideration as 
 to the quality, of the work done, is the object, now occupy this field. 
 The improvement and development possible and demanded for this im- 
 portant industry can only be looked for in the consolidation and enlarge- 
 ment of gin houses. This raises the question whether the condition i 
 are favorable for the enlargement of these establishments. The most 
 important of these conditions is the production of a sufficient amount of 
 cotton to afford full work within such a distance as would admit of haul- 
 ing seed cotton by wagon to the gin. In the partial enumerations on 
 which the estimates as to the statistics of gin houses is here based, the 
 average distance that cotton was hauled was 1.4 miles ; the maximum 
 distance seed cotton was hauled was eight miles, and for the largest 
 purely toll gin the distanced averaged four miles. It may be therefore 
 considered that, if sufficient inducements were offered, an imj^roved gin 
 house might command the ginning within a radius of four miles. The 
 production of cotton for the whole State is about seventeen bales per 
 square mile, which for an area having a radius of four miles, would be 
 about eleven hundred and seven bales. But if the three principal cotton 
 regions, the Upper Pine Belt, the Red Hill, and the Piedmont Region, 
 which produce ninety per cent, of the cotton crop of the State, be taken, 
 the average is found to be about twenty-seven bales per square mile, 
 which gives seventeen hundred and ninety-five bales for the area indi- 
 cated. The average size of the enumeration districts for the census of 
 1S80, for the regions above specified, was about sixty square miles. Of 
 these two hundred and seventy districts, seventy-two, or more than one- 
 fourth, produced between two thousand and three thousand bales of cot- 
 ton each, and twenty between three thousand and four thousand. It 
 
59G MANUFACTURES. 
 
 follows, therefore, that there are at least seventy locations where more 
 than two thousand bales of cotton are grown within a maximum distance 
 not exceeding four miles. A two-horse wagon would transport at least 
 four bales of cotton in the day over this distance, so that the propinquity 
 would suffice. The buildings proper for a ginnery, turning out in the 
 three ginning months two thousand bales of cotton, would not cost $2,000. 
 Three fifty saw gins, with feeders and condensers, would cost $050. A 
 Dederick cotton pj-ess, $1,000 ; shafting, elevators and belting, $350 ; for 
 the power, whether water or steam, $1,000 would suffice. In all, an 
 investment of $5,000, against an average cost of $1,074 for the gin houses 
 actually enumerated, having an average capacity of six bales a day. The 
 expenses of running such an establishment would be : for supplies, in- 
 cluding wood, if a steam power were used, $400; for wages, one mechanic 
 at $2.00 a day, $200; a firemen at $1.00 per diem, $100 ; two boys and 
 two grown laborers for the season, $120 — total, $420. At the minimum 
 charges for ginning, viz : $2.00 per bale, the proceeds would be $4,000 for 
 the season, and deducting running expenses, there would be left $3,180, 
 or sixty-three per cent, on the capital invested. It will naturally be 
 asked what inducements over and above the minimum charges would be 
 ottered to draw custom. To the present gin house the small producer 
 delivers his seed cotton without knowing exactl}'^ what it weighs, it is 
 stored inclose proximity to other heaps of cotton, which are to be ginned 
 first, and there is always more or less doubt, uncertainty, and suspicion 
 as to the out-turn. Besides, for the most part, the cotton has to be carried 
 up stairs to the second story, a laborious process, and almost always there 
 is a delay of one or two days. 
 
 AVith the enlarged gin house the cotton might be weighed on platform 
 scales, in the wagon, it could be quickly and easily thrown into a hopper, 
 and thence carried, by an elevator, immediately to the platform from 
 which it would be raked into the feeders. In twenty minutes, or almost 
 as soon as the wagon could be unloaded, the ginning would be complet- 
 ed, the seed delivered, and the bale packed, weighed and throvv'n on the 
 wagon. The whole process would be completed under the immediate 
 inspection of the producer, and to his satisfaction. This method is pur- 
 sued at a ginnery connected with the Glendale cotton factory, in Spar- 
 tanburg, which, in consequence, receives the patronage of the neighbor- 
 hood, seed cotton being hauled therefrom a distance of eleven miles. To 
 these inducements are to be added the increased value of the cotton from 
 better handling, the cost of repressing at the shipping port would be 
 saved, and there would be a reduction of freight on inland transportation 
 for the compressed bales. Where these ginneries were on a line of rail- 
 wav the cotton micrht b3 delivered at reduced rates in anv market town 
 
MANUFACTURES. 597 
 
 specified by tlie producer, at a great saving of expense in labor to him, as 
 otherwise he must haul his crop home, store it, and again haul it to mar- 
 ket. The seed, too, could be shipped without delay to the nearest oil mill, 
 and the producer might return home with a railroad receipt for his cot- 
 ton and cotton seed meal prepared to feed his stock, or fertilize his land, 
 accomplishing by one step what it now requires several tedious ones to 
 compass. 
 
 The value of cotton seed and of its manufacture into oil and cake is 
 just receiving a development which is likely to make great changes. In 
 1880 the price of upland cotton seed in South Carolina was ten to twelve 
 cents per bushel, and it was used almost entirely as a manure. There 
 was no oil mill in the State, and only one in Georgia. Before the work- 
 ing season of 1882, at least five new oil mills were established in Georgia, 
 and three in South Carolina. Those in Carolina were the Charleston Oil 
 Mill, capital $00,000, having three twenty box presses, with a capacity of 
 working fifty tons of seed a day ; two other mills, one in Greenville and 
 one in Chester, having together about the capacity of the former, so that 
 now of the 250,000 tons of cotton seed annually produced in the State, 
 about 20,000 tons, or less than ten per cent., can be worked up into oil 
 and cake. As a consequence of these enterprises, cotton seed is selling at 
 eighteen cents per bushel, or at an advance of eighty per cent, in two 
 years. So that this crop, worth $1,721,000 in 1880, may, in 1882, be sold 
 for $3,097,000. Xor is there anything of a merely speculative character 
 in these advances. Cotton seed oil is to-day the cheapest edible oil in 
 the world. Up to January'' 1st, 1881, none of this oil, as such, was sold 
 for consumption in South Carolina. In the summer of 1882 it was to be 
 found in nearly all of the country grocery stores along the lines of rail- 
 road, and in all the principal towns ;. about one hundred barrels a month 
 are sold from Charleston, and the consumption in the State was not less 
 than 2,000 barrels. Such is the favor with which it has been received 
 that the dealers estimate that more than 5,000 barrels will be required to 
 suj)ply the demand during the present year. Considering the excellent 
 qualities of this oil as a salad oil, or for cooking, and the present wide 
 margin between its price and that of lard and olive oils, together with 
 the growing population, and the increasing demand for food stuffs all 
 over the world, nothing seems more certain than that it must advance 
 in value rapidly as soon as its use becomes generally tested and known. 
 The cotton seed cake, or meal, now sells for $24 per ton at the oil mill ; two- 
 thirds of it is exported, and about ten per cent, is used as a fertilizer, being 
 considered by the manufacturers of commercial manures as the cheapest 
 supply of nitrogenous material; the balance is used for stock feed, chiefly 
 by Northern farmers and dairymen, a single broker, in Boston, dispos- 
 
598 
 
 MANUFACTURES. 
 
 ing last year of more than 15,000 tons for consumption there. Mr. Thos. 
 Rose (see Dr. Watson Forbes' Report on Cotton Gins, Vol. II., p. 415) gives 
 tlie value of that cake in England as £10 per ton, which would be $18.50. 
 The following table gives the comparative value of cotton seed meal and 
 corn meal, from the German fodder tables : 
 
 Proteine 
 
 Matter. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Carbo- 
 hydrates. 
 Per cent. 
 
 Fat, 
 Per cent. 
 
 Comparative 
 Money Value. 
 
 Cotton seed meal . 
 Corn meal .... 
 
 41.5 
 
 8.9 
 
 24.4 
 70.6 
 
 18.0 
 4.1 
 
 $3.60 per cwt. 
 1.62 per cwt. 
 
 Here the proteine matter and fats, which go to form flesh, fat, milk, 
 butter, and cheese, are valued at four and one-eighth cents per pound, 
 and the carbohydrates, which support respiration, at nine-tenths of a cent 
 per pound. From this estimate it appears that when corn meal is worth 
 seventy-seven and three-C[uarter cents per bushel for stock feed, cotton 
 seed meal is worth $72 per ton, or just three times its price at the oil mill 
 in South Carolina. 
 
 The product of a ton of cotton seed is stated as follows : 
 
 Thirty -five gallons of oil, value forty cents per gallon . . $14.00 
 Seven hundred and fifty pounds cake, at $24 per ton . . 9.00 
 Twenty-four pounds lint, at six cents j^er pound .... 1.44 
 
 24.44 
 
 No count is made of the 1,000 pounds of hulls ; they furnish fuel needed 
 in the process of manufacture. From this estimate, the value of the pro- 
 ducts of the manufacture of the cotton seed crop of South Carolina would 
 be $6,295,000. If the English value for the cake was instituted, this 
 amount would be $8,643,000, or by the German estimate of the value of 
 the cake, it would be $10,552,000. 
 
 Heretofore the chief obstacle to the successful operation of cotton seed 
 oil mills has been the difficulty of procuring a supply of seed. The in- 
 ,creasing facilities of railroad transportation will, to some extent, remove 
 this difficulty. The diffusion of more accurate information among the 
 cotton growers and ginners must convince them that they will gain enor- 
 mously by disposing of their seed at present prices, and buying back the 
 meal as stock feed, or to be employed directly as a fertilizer. Nothing 
 heats and rots more rapidly than cotton seed, especially when fresh 
 
MANUFACTURES. 599 
 
 ginned and heaped in bulk. The seed are now kept in this manner by 
 ginners and cotton growers until the month of Februar}'', when they are 
 composted or drilled in the furrow for manure. A recent examination 
 in the month of January of a number of such heaps, aggregating thou- 
 sands of tons, revealed the fact that at least three-fourths of the seed, that 
 is, all but those on the top of the heaps, were heated until the kernels 
 were black, and they were entirely valueless for the manufacture of oil. 
 The seed so examined were under shelter, and had received far above av- 
 erage attention. Unfortunately, no chemical analysis has been made to 
 determine the exact deterioration as regards fertilizing constituents re- 
 sulting from this heating process. It has, however, loiig been known prac- 
 tically to farmers that fresh green seed were far more valuable for ferti- 
 lizing purposes than those which had been heated or fermented. Leav- 
 ing chemical considerations aside, the mere loss in weight by evaporation 
 is enormous, and it is probable that of the seed cleaned by the gins dur- 
 ing the fall months barely one-half to one-third in weight remains to be 
 hauled out into the fields the ensuing spring, so that it would be econo- 
 m}^ for the ginner to turn his fresh seed over without delay to the oil 
 manufacturer, being sure to receive in return cotton seed meal, neaily 
 equal in weight to what his seed would be reduced to if he kept them 
 himself, while the former contains nearly three times the fertilizing con- 
 stituents of the latter. 
 
 The true basis, however, for the development of this remunerative in- 
 dustry would seem to be the establishment of ginneries in connection 
 with oil mills. The following estimates of the cost of such a combined 
 establishment is taken from the statements of Richard Macdonald, of 
 Charleston, who has had thirty years' experience in England and Ameri- 
 ca in the manufacture of cotton seed oil. A mill to work fifteen tons a 
 day will cost as follows : 
 
 Hydraulic press $ 4,900 
 
 Hulling machine 900 
 
 Pair of rollers 500 
 
 Linter 650 
 
 Engine and boiler complete 3,000 
 
 Cake mill, for grinding meal 240 
 
 Horse hair mats 104 
 
 Woolen cloth 100 
 
 Screws, elevators, belting, shafts, pulleys, &c. . . . 1,500 
 
 Oil tanks 250 
 
 Cost of construction 1,000 
 
 Land, buildings, freight, &c 5,000 
 
 Total $18,144 
 
GOO MANUFACTURES. 
 
 Allowing that only a custom \vork of 2,000 bales could be counted on 
 at a ginnery, it would require four such establishments to furnish seed 
 for one fifteen-ton oil mill. Their total cost, as above estimated, would 
 be §20.000, making in all $38,144, say §40,000. The oil mill would yield 
 say : 
 
 4,000 tons of seed, yieldipg 35 gallons oil per ton, (??. 40 cts. per gallon $06,000 
 
 4 000 tons of seed, yielding ToO pounds cake per ton, @ $24 per ton ;>t>,000 
 
 4,000 tons of seed, yielding 24 pounds lint per ton, @ 6 cents per pound 5,700 
 
 Total product $07,700 
 
 If froni ihe above expenses be deducted, as follows : 
 
 Cost of 4,000 tons of seed, (<?. $12 per ton $48,000 
 
 Expense of working ditto, $2 per ton S.OOO 
 
 Freight, $2.50 per ton 10,000 
 
 Total expenses $60,000 
 
 Net product $31,760 
 
 This would be 175 per cent, on the investment in the mill. If the 
 capital invested in the ginneries be included, and their net product of 
 S3,1S0 for each of the four, as above estimated, be added, in all, §12,720, 
 it makes a total net product of $44,480. This will amount to one hun- 
 dred and eleven per cent, on the combined capital (§40,000) of the gin- 
 neries and oil mill. The cost, especially of the gins, is here given at the 
 highest figure. The use of water power would be a saving of §1,200 per 
 annum. On the other hand, the minimum rates for ginning are taken, 
 and no allowance is made for the profits accruing from handling 8,000 
 bales of cotton, from the improved staple of these bales, representing itself 
 a net gain of §40,000 per annum, at one cent per pound, and from the 
 saving in Avaste and in cost of transportation by the easier handled pack- 
 ages. These gains Avould, in part, be shared with the farmer as an in- 
 ducement to secure his patronage. But it must be remembered that such 
 establishments, while immediately surrounded by the producers, would 
 also be in direct contact Avith . the consumers. Cotton would be sold on 
 samples taken during the ginning, and contracts with manufacturers 
 might be filled directly from the gin house at a great saving to both 
 parties. 
 
 The numerous water powers in the middle and up-country would fur- 
 nish suitable and healthful locations for such establishments. Those 
 convenient to both railroad and river transportation would ofier the great- 
 est advantages, and would always hold a leading position. The expenses 
 and repairs attending steam would be obviated, and cheap land and 
 abundant labor could be commanded, Such ginneries and oil mills 
 would at once become the centres round which the leading industries 
 connected with cotton growing would organize themselves, and the 
 
MANUFACTURES. 601 
 
 present supremacy of the cross-road grocery would be transferred to it. 
 Tlie cotton seed, now little better than a waste of the farm, would be trans- 
 formed into sta})le articles of food for man and beast, to which all the 
 markets of the world are open. The growing deterioration in the prepa- 
 ration of tlie great staple of the country for market would be arrested, 
 and it would be furnished to the manufacturer in its cleanest and best 
 form. The various qualitiesof cotton could be kept separate by the sub- 
 stitution of small, compact packages for the present un wieldly bales, 
 such packages might be carried on the shoulder instead of being pulled 
 through the mud with hooks, as at present. There would be a vast sav- 
 ing in the labor of transportation to the farmer, and in the reduction of 
 freight to the manufacturer. Such establishments would, while infusing 
 fresh strength into agricultural pursuits by rendering its entire ]>roduct 
 available and valuable at the least cost, form a connecting link between 
 the field laborer and the manufacturer, cleaning up the enormous waste 
 and changes that now cumber the space between them. Here is the 
 point where a reorganization and renewal of the agricultural and manu- 
 facturing industries of the South may join hands and take a new de- 
 parture. 
 
 While this paper is passing through the press three new cotton seed 
 oil mills are'being erected in the State. In giving the aggregate for the 
 
 FERTILIZER FACTORIES 
 
 in South Carolina, only those establishments have been considered which 
 employed machinery in preparing tlieir products ; the changes effected 
 in the materials by merely mixing by hand the different constituents of 
 a fertilizer not being considered of sufficient importance to entitle the 
 parties engaged in it to be regarded as manufacturers. But even if all 
 these latter were included, it is not apparent how twenty-five fertilizer 
 factories ever employed 2,679 hands, as stated in the compendium of the 
 Tenth U. S. Census. It is probable that the number of hands employed 
 during the short shipping season in sacking and handling the phosphate 
 was taken in the census returns, in place of the average of the force an- 
 nually employed. The latter is here given from returns made by each 
 company. The material used by these companies consists chiefly of the 
 phosphate rock mined in the vicinity. This is ground and used in this 
 state, or treated with sulphuric acid and sold as a soluble superphos- 
 phate, to which other materials, containing nitrogen and potash, or both, 
 are sometimes added. The ground rock is reduced to extreme fineness, 
 known in commerce as "floats," and it is thought that the subdivision of 
 the particles is sufficient to enable the roots of plants to appropriate the 
 39 
 
602 
 
 MANUFACTURES. 
 
 pliosphoric acid it contains as food. Measurements ^vith the micrometer 
 show that the size of the particles obtained by grinding vary from the 
 0,003 inch to the 0,00003 inch. By chemicaj tests it was estimated that 
 as much as twenty -five per cent of the pliosphoric acid present in this 
 (hist was dissolved by the ammonium citrate solution used in laborato- 
 ries to represent the soil water, plant-root juices and other solvents in the 
 soil ; from which it was inferred that this percentage was availa])le by 
 plants. The best results were obtained from the finest powder, that is, 
 where eight^^-five per cent, of the particles were finer than 0,0003 inch. 
 Improvements in machinery to reduce the phosphate rock to an impalpa- 
 ble powder are being much sought, since the great expense necessitated 
 by chemical processes in rendering it soluble would be avoided if this 
 could be accomplished by mechanical means. Analysis shows that the 
 percentage of phosphoric acid in "floats" varies from 24.2 to 27.8. The 
 following table shows the average of the analysis of fertilizers manufac- 
 tured in South Carolina, being the mean of analysis made for the De- 
 partment of Agriculture of South and of North Carolina, together with 
 the estimated value per ton of 2,000 pounds, based on the current prices 
 of the phosphoric acid, ammonia, and potash they contain. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 .^ 
 
 -^ '^ 
 
 -*^ 
 
 -fj 
 
 ^ -r. 
 
 rt 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 GJ . 
 
 o 
 
 o Qr<! 
 
 Q rt 
 
 O 
 
 c3 2.« 
 
 £-4 ^ 
 
 © pi-. 
 
 
 g<5 
 
 
 4 ^ 
 
 > 
 
 > 
 
 CD 
 
 S . 
 r-n CO 
 
 o 
 O 
 
 Simple Superphosphates 11.77 
 
 Simple Superphosphates, with Potash . . . 10.55 
 
 Ammoniated Superp'phates, without Potash. j 9.61 
 
 Ammoniated Superphosphates, with Potash.i 8.95 
 
 1.29 
 
 $28.57 
 $26.66 
 $38.41 
 1.73; $35.18 
 
 Tlie product of these factories exceeds 110,000 tons yearly, the average 
 estimated value of the product at the factory is placed at $20 per ton. 
 By the Tenth U. S. Census, South Carolina stood fifth among the States 
 in the manufacture of manures. The product for the State was estimated 
 at that date at 04,794 tons, and it is probable that the increase in the 
 
MANUFACTURES. 
 
 603 
 
 product, as above shown, makes South Carolina at this time the largest 
 producer, except, perhaps, the State of Maryland alone. In 1870 there 
 , were but two fertilizer factories in Carolina, and the value of their pro- 
 ducts was less than one-fifth that of the present product, which is greater 
 than the product of the entire United States in 1860, bj' 148 j)er cent. 
 
 FLOURING AND GRIST MILL PRODUCTS, 
 
 while greater in value than those of any other single manufacturing in- 
 dustry in the United States, form only about nine per cent, of the aggre- 
 gate products of manufactures. In South Carolina they amount to 
 twenty -two per cent, of the products of all manufactures. The figures of 
 the U. S. Census relating to this industry in the United States, and in 
 South Carolina,. from 1860 to 1870, are given in the following table: 
 
 Table of Flouring and Grist Mill Products. 
 
 *Here and elsewhere the currency values of 1870 are reduced to gold. 
 
 The rate of increase and decrease in this industry during the period 
 under consideration wall be most readily seen by consulting the following 
 table, deduced from the above. 
 
604 
 
 MANUFACTURES. 
 
 Table showing Percentage Rate of I,wrease and Decrease {^he laMer «»» ^ J"^ J 
 in Flour and Grist Mill Products in South Carohmand mthe Umted 
 States durinff the two decade) embraced hi the period from 1860 to innu. 
 
 
 Establish- Capital. 
 
 SIENTS. 
 
 Hands. 
 
 U.S. s c. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Materials. 
 
 
 
 Products. 
 
 
 U.S. s.c. 
 
 U.S. s. c. 
 
 U.S. s. c. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 S.C. 
 
 U.S. S.C. 
 
 1860 to 1870 
 
 1870 to 1880 
 
 62 120 
 
 7 15 
 
 43 4 
 
 4') 98 
 
 Ill 220 
 *10 *7 
 
 33 
 
 49 
 
 31 
 59 
 
 40 
 41 
 
 41 
 53 
 
 43 39 
 41 54 
 
 The impetus this industry received during the decade of war and re- 
 construction will be noticed. The rate of increase appears greater u 
 Sout Carolina than in the country at large in every P^t-la'- -cep 
 two The increase of capital is markedly less and is explmned by the 
 osLofwar; the increase in products is naturally somewhat less a so 
 In the ubse^uent decade, 1870 to 1880, the rate of increase lessens, bu 
 o a 1 s degree in Carolina than in the country at large, and her rate ol 
 hicrea e in capital and in products is large. Notable fea tares m this de- 
 cade a e the lower rates of increase in the number of establishments and 
 he acual decrease in the number of hands employed and were it not 
 a compaiied in a marked rate of increase of wages, in which Carolina 
 leaTlTwould almost seem that improved machinery and enlarged cap- 
 ital were assuming entire control of this industry. 
 
 S.1WING LUMBER 
 
 ranks as to value of products, third among the manufacturing industries 
 the :ountry,theirL and steel industry and >"-» P-\-f ^^.^a^; 
 ceedincT it in this regard. It produces four per cent, of the aggregate 
 products of manufa^tares in the United States, and twelve per cent of 
 IIL products in South Carolina. The following table -h.bits th con- 
 . dition of this industry in the United States and in South Carolina, as 
 given in the U. S. Census returns from 18C0 to 1880 ; 
 
MANUFACTURES. 
 
 605 
 
 Periods. 
 
 Estab- 
 lish- 
 ments. 
 
 Capital. 
 
 $ 
 
 Hands. 
 
 AVages. 
 
 $ 
 
 Materials. 
 
 1 
 
 Products. 
 
 fU. S 
 
 25,708 
 420 
 
 25,832 
 227 
 
 20,657 
 361 
 
 181,186,122 
 
 1,056,265 
 
 114,794,586 
 
 436,730 
 
 74,530,090 
 
 1,145,116 
 
 147,956 
 1,478 
 
 149,997 
 
 1,212 
 
 75,862 
 
 1,263 
 
 31,845,994 
 221,963 
 
 32,007,330 
 167,842 
 
 21,702,265 
 219,361 
 
 146,155,385 
 
 1,237,361 
 
 82.668,986 
 
 465,400 
 
 44,551,763 
 
 498,290 
 
 ''33 '>68 7^0 
 
 1880-^ 
 
 is. C 
 
 2,031,507 
 
 178,127,462 
 
 957,604 
 
 96,715,854 
 
 1,125,640 
 
 (JJ. s 
 
 1870-^ 
 
 (s. C 
 
 fU. s 
 
 1800-^ 
 
 is. C 
 
 
 The following table, deduced from the above, will make the changes 
 that have occurred plainer : 
 
 Table showing the Percentage Rate of Increase and Decrease {the latter marked 
 by *) in the Lumber Industry in South Carolina and in the United States, 
 in the two Census decades embraced between 1860 and 1880. 
 
 
 Establish- 
 ments. 
 
 Capital. 
 
 Hands. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Materials. 
 
 Products. 
 
 
 U.S. 
 
 S.C. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 S.C. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 S.C. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 S.C. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 S.C. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 S C. 
 
 I860 to 1870 
 
 1870 to 1880 
 
 20 
 
 *37 
 
 88 
 
 54 
 67 
 
 *61 
 139 
 
 98 
 *1 
 
 *4 
 20 
 
 47 
 
 *5 
 
 23 
 32 
 
 85 
 76 
 
 *6 
 187 
 
 83 
 30 
 
 *14 
 105 
 
 The decade of war and reconstruction does not seem to have promoted 
 the lumber business as it did manufactures in general, and it was actually 
 disastrous to this industry in South Carolina, as shown by the decrease 
 during this period in the number of mills and in the capital, hands, ma- 
 terials and products of the industry. 
 
 In the last decade, 1870 to 1880, however, the losses are much more 
 than recovered, and the rate of increase is much greater in each partic- 
 ular in Carolina than it is in the country at large. Next to the pine for- 
 ests, which cover 20,000 square miles in the lower part of the 
 State, and furnish the very best quality of yellow pine, the cy- 
 press is, perhaps, the most important timber tree in Carolina. The 
 lumber is light and durable, especially for outside work. The 
 tree is of rapid growth, and attains a great size, occupying swamps 
 and waste places. Whenever the timber supply is reduced to the 
 
GOG 
 
 MANUFACTURES. 
 
 extent of necessitatiiiQ- the culture of trees, as in the older coun- 
 tries of the world, the cypress will be among the most available 
 here. Before that time however arrives, there are thousands of square 
 miles in Carolina to be demided of their pine forests. The live oak, for 
 ship building, and many other hard woods, as the persimmon, for cogs 
 of motive wheels, the dogwood, for shuttles, and white oaks, for staves, 
 abound in this State. The only other manufacturing industry in South 
 Carolina whose annual products, according to the U. S. Census, exceed 
 one million of dollars, is the manufacture of 
 
 TAR AND TURPENTINE. 
 
 The data furnished by the U. S. Census regarding this industry in 
 South Carolina for the years 1860-70-80 are given in the following table : 
 
 Census 
 Year. 
 
 Estab- 
 lishments 
 
 Capital. 
 
 Hands 
 
 Wages 
 
 Ma- 
 terials 
 
 Products 
 
 1860 . . . 
 1870. . . 
 1880 . . . 
 
 95 
 
 54 
 
 192 
 
 $931,270 
 205.425 
 565,200 
 
 1,432 
 
 876 
 
 4,619 
 
 $150,124 
 123,645 
 555,460 
 
 $691,555 
 422,378 
 666,170 
 
 $1,096,974 
 
 774,077 
 
 1,893,206 
 
 The product of South Carolina in 1880 is over one-third of the aggre- 
 gate products of this class in the whole United States. 
 
 In the thinly peopled lower third of the State, where lumber, turpen- 
 tine and phosphate rock are the chief products of industry, the lands 
 from which these bounties of nature have been gathered are esteemed of 
 little value. And yet, if the physical and chemical constitution of these 
 soils be considered (see Lower Pine Belt), or the crops they yield, there is 
 no reason why they should not make to agriculture returns as valuable 
 as any lands in the State. If the State, or capitalists, would arrange for 
 their thorough drainage, this would become a certainty, and a large 
 region, now almost waste, would be opened for the colonization of a 
 permanent and thriving population. This would be facilitated by a 
 numl)er of private railroads five to twenty miles in length, built here by 
 lumbermen and phosphate miners, rendering points formerly remote 
 easilv accessible. 
 
itANUFACTURES. GOT 
 
 Space docs not here admit of mention of the 
 
 OTHER MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 
 
 of South Carolina. The five leading industries, according to the census 
 of 1880 furnish seventy-eight per cent, of the aggregate products of man- 
 ufactures in the State, The case is widely different in the country at 
 large ; there the five lai"gest manufacturing industries only furnish twen- 
 ty-eight per cent, of the aggregate products. It is this apparent lack of 
 development of the minor manufacturing pursuits in this State which 
 lias sustained a very general belief that the people possessed little apti- 
 tude for manufixcturing. It has been pointedly charged that they had' 
 little skill for small affairs ; there was no change among them for a nick- 
 el, and in all their transactions they preferred wholesale methods to re- 
 tail. Granting that there is some force in this charge, it obviously needs 
 qualification when applied to a comparison of the industries of one State 
 M'ith the diversification of pursuits rendered practicable by the diversity 
 of conditions obtaining over the country at large. Doubtless also, the 
 accurate enumeration of tliese minor pursuits among a population largely 
 rural, while it was much more difficult, was necessarily less complete. 
 Nevertheless, after making every allowance, the want of the minor me- 
 chanical industries in Carolina is much felt, and nowdiere do the resources 
 of the country or the necessities of the people offer greater promise of 
 success to artizans of this description. 
 
 MINING. 
 
 The gold product of South Carolina was, by the U. S. Census, $13,040 
 in 1880, which puts the State fifteenth in point of production of this metal 
 among the other States. By the report of the director of the U. S. Mint 
 this production increased in 1882 to $25,000, which would place the 
 State fourteenth in point of production. (See page 134.) 
 
 The commercial value of the numerous deposits of 
 
 PHOSPHATE ROCKS 
 
 along the coast of Carolina was established in 1868. The river mining 
 yielded from 1870, when the product was 1,987 tons, to the close of 1882, 
 when the yield was 140,772 tons, an aggregate of 948,852 tons, paying a 
 royalty into the State treasury of one dollar per ton. In 1876, the total 
 product of the river and land mining companies was 132,625 tons ; in 
 1883 it is given as 355,333 tons. Tlie aggregate product for this period 
 
608 
 
 MAM'FACTURES. 
 
 of eight years is 1,830,440 tons. The market price of the rock has varied 
 from So.oOto S9.50 per ton ; a circular dated 1st June, 1883, states that 
 " the two largest mining companies (producing over forty per cent, of all 
 the rock raised) have sold all thev can })roduce for the remainder of the 
 year." 
 
 The following statement will give a general view of this industry in 
 1883 : 
 
 Companies. 
 
 No. 
 
 Capital. 
 
 Hands. 
 
 Wages- 
 
 Products. 
 
 River Mining 
 
 11 
 14 
 
 $525,000 
 1,980,000 
 
 &49 
 
 1,286 
 
 $259,300 
 3(>3,5()0 
 
 $907 1 70 
 
 Land ^lininu' 
 
 1,283,830 
 
 
 Total 
 
 25 
 
 ?2,505,000 
 
 1,935 
 
 $622,8(50 
 
 $2,190,000 
 
 
 KAOLIN CLAY. 
 
 There are, in the neighborhood of Aiken, Graniteville and Beech Island, 
 some large deposits of kaolin clay of excellent quality. Several of these 
 deposits are being worked. The capital employed is stated at $05,000, 
 and the average annual product for some years past has been about $88,- 
 000. Other deposits of this material in Lexington, Kershaw and other 
 counties have been mentioned in describing the localities where they oc- 
 cur, but they have not been developed, 
 
 GRANITE. 
 
 Thomas W. Woodward's Rock City quarries, four miles southwest of 
 Winnsboro, the county seat of Fairfield, cover several square miles, fur- 
 nishes the finest quality of blue and white granite, and compares favor- 
 ably with any quarry in the world as to the quantity, quality and acces- 
 sibilit}' of the material. A steam tramway connecting these quarries 
 with the Charlotte, Columbia and Augusta Railroad, is being constructed. 
 The U. S. Postofiices and Courthouses of Columbia, S. C, and of Nash- 
 ville, Tenn., are built of granite from this point. These sales of this rock 
 with those to the asylum in Columbia and others, aggregate up to this 
 time about $135,000. The white granite is the finest, and has been in 
 use only since 1877. It is fine grained, free from impurities, works easi- 
 ly, has fine finish from the hammer and polishes well. Buildings con- 
 structed of it do not assume the sombre hues common to stone houses, 
 it whitens with age, and approaches marble in appearance. 
 
MANUFACTURES. 
 
 609 
 
 The Granby quarry, two miles below the city, furnished' the material 
 of which the State House is built. It has not been worked since the war. 
 
 The Green quarry, one mile north of Granby, is worked by the Co- 
 lumbia Granite Company, making blocks for the pavements of Charles- 
 ton. The company have a large capital, employ about twenty block 
 makers and fifty drillers and laborers ; the product is at the rate of one 
 million of paving blocks annually. 
 
 Colonel F. W. McMaster has a quarry of fine granite on the Greenville 
 Railroad, one mile north of Columbia ; it is also within one hundred feet 
 of the State canal that is being constructed here. 
 
 Professor Woodrow, of the University of South Carolina, who has ex- 
 amined these rocks in the vicinity of Columbia, sa3's : " As to quantity 
 they are practically inexhaustible. The rock is of a light gray color, 
 the feldspar being light colored and the mica dark brown or black. It 
 is fine grained, compact, and of uniform texture, and is comparatively 
 free from seams and injurious veins, so that solid blocks of any desired 
 size may be attained. Its durability might be inferred directly from the 
 condition of its constituent material, and it is attested not only by blocks 
 long exposed to the weather in the oldest buildings in the vicinity, but 
 better still by the condition of the blocks that have been lying upon the 
 surface for untold ages." For numerous other quarries see chapter on 
 the Piedmont region, and the accompanying map. 
 
 FISHERIES. 
 
 South Carolina comes twentieth in the fish producing States, with 
 1,005 fishermen, and products valued at $212,482. She is, however, 
 noted for her shrimp fisheries, these being more extensive than those of 
 any other State, and nearly equal to those of all other States combined. 
 In 1880 her fishermen secured 18,000 bushels, valued at $37,500. The 
 principal fisheries are about Charleston, where several hundred negroes, 
 with an occasional Spaniard, are engaged in fishing with hand-lines from 
 vessels and small boats, to supply the city with whiting, black fish and 
 other species. A limited fishery occurs in the sounds about Beaufort, 
 from which point a few fish are shipped to interior cities. Beyond the 
 places mentioned no sea fishery of importance occurs, though there is 
 more or less fishing for local supply along all portions of the coast. 
 About 400,000 pounds ofalewives, 207,600 pounds of shad, and 261,250 
 pounds of sturgeon, with considerable quantities of other species, were 
 taken by the river fishermen, the largest fisheries being in the Edisto river 
 and in the tributaries of Winyah Bay. 
 
CIO MANUFACTURES. 
 
 The followii^i? is from U. S. Census of 1880: 
 
 Persons employed 1,005 
 
 Cai>ital dependent on fishery industries .... $00,275 
 Pounds of sea products taken, including oysters . 5,090,400 
 
 ^^alue of same , $173,125 
 
 Pounds of river products talcen 1,043,850 
 
 Vahie of same $30,357 
 
 Total value of fishery products $212,482 
 
 It may be here mentioned that in 1882 six whales were taken off Port 
 Royal. 
 
 In 1878 a fish commission was appointed by the State government. 
 Many eggs have been taken and the young fty hatched, and released in 
 the streams of the State. In 1882 the commission released 100,000 well 
 formed salmon, and 1,045,000 shad, besides a number of black bass and 
 some salmon trout in the waters of the State. A State pond for the ar- 
 tificial })ropagation and culture of carp is established at Columbia, and 
 has furnished these fish to 894 private ponds in the dilFerent sections of 
 the State. 
 
CHA.PTER VIII. 
 
 THE HISTORY AND PlIESENT CONDITIOX 
 
 OF 
 
 TRANSPORTATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 By W. L. TRENHOLM. 
 
 The area of the State is about 30,000 square miles, and its topography 
 creates three natural divisions, called the upper, middle and lower, of 
 Avhich the dividing lines are nearly parallel with the general line of the 
 coast. 
 
 Its frontage on the Atlantic, in a straight line from Little River Inlet 
 to the mouth of the Savannah river, is one hundred and ninety miles, 
 and towards this line the country descends in long undulations until it 
 runs into the ocean, wliere it's fiat edge is frayed out into capes and points 
 and spits, or rent into islands, which present to the sea sloping beaches of 
 white sand, backed by dunes covered with myrtle and studded with 
 palmettos. 
 
 Between and behind these insulated fragments of the continent the 
 sea water extends in bays, sounds and harbors, bordered with vast areas 
 of marsh-covered mud flats, which, like the islands and the main land 
 in rear of them, are pierced by innumerable inlets, creeks and passages, 
 where twice a day the tides sweep through in endless ebb and flow. 
 
 Here the large rivers from the upper and middle country mingle their 
 fresh waters with the brine, and lose their way to the sea amidst a lal)y- 
 rinth of tortuous passages. 
 
 On a belt varying in width from ten to thirty miles and stretching 
 along the whole coast, these features repeat themselves wnth endless vari- 
 ation of detail, presenting to sloop and steamboat navigation access to 
 full five thousand miles of shore line and to rivers, up which these vessels 
 may ascend for hundreds of miles. 
 
 In the old days before railroads, half the area of the State enjoyed un- 
 interrupted water communication with Charleston, and if we go back to 
 
612 TRA.XSPORTATIOX IX SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 the first permanent European settlements, in 1G70, we shall find that 
 these characteristics of the country influenced materially the course of 
 colonial development. 
 
 In the first place it was probably owing to the sub-division of the land 
 by these water courses that the Indians in lower South Carolina were 
 found in detached tribes, of only a few hundred each, which were too 
 weak to contend singly against the whites, and too much separated from 
 each other by physical barriers and old feuds to combine successfully. 
 
 In the next place the first settlers found the Indians well supplied with 
 boats, but without roads, bridges, or domestic animals of burden, hence 
 all the earlier needs of the colonists, in the way of transportation, were 
 supplied by using the vessels they brought with them and the Indian boats. 
 
 These Indian boats were of the same sort as were found along the 
 whole coast from the Delaware capes to Florida, where they had been 
 seen by Verazzani, in 152-4, nearly a century and a half before the settle- 
 ment of Charlestown. His description of them is thus translated by 
 Hackiuyt : 
 
 " We saw many of their boats made of one tree, twenty foote long and 
 four foote broad, which are not made with iron or stone, or any other 
 kind of metall ; ******* they help themselves with fire burning 
 so much of the tree as is sufficient for the hollownesse of the boat, the like 
 they doe in making the stern and fore part untill it be fit to sail upon 
 the sea." 
 
 This sort of boat, constructed however with tools, continued in use by 
 the colonists for a long time, under the names of Perriaguer, Pettiauger, 
 and Dug-out. In 1696, the Colonial Legislature passed an Act to punish 
 " any person who should steal, take away, or let loose any boat, perria- 
 guer, or canoe," and from the earliest dates the statutes are full of the 
 provisions made for opening and keeping open navigable waters. 
 
 It happened, too, that rice soon became the chief product of the coun- 
 try ; it was grown in the swamps extending betAveen the oozy water 
 courses near the coast, and, being a heavy grain, is peculiarly dependent 
 upon water transportation. The row boats and sloops that brought the 
 rice to " town " belonged to the planters, and were manned by slaves ; 
 they carried back tlie family and plantation supplies, and at a later period 
 were used in the annual moving to and from the city, in spring and 
 autumn, which came into vogue. The rice was conveyed from the plan- 
 tation to the landing in flats upon canals, or, when that was not practi- 
 cable, it was hauled by oxen, on sleds. 
 
 Lumber, the next most important product of the country, was rafted 
 to Charlestown, and on the rafts came also the wood to supply the city 
 demand for fuel. 
 
TRANSPORTATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. G13 
 
 Among the exports, beef and pork occupy positions next in importance 
 to lumber; the cattle and hogs, we know, were driven through the woods, 
 for among the early Statutes is one prohibiting the slaughtering of ani- 
 mals within a certain time after they had been driven to " town." 
 
 A third consequence of the character of the country was, that when 
 the colonists, who at first were planted only at Charleston and its imme- 
 diate vicinity, began to push their settlements into the surrounding 
 territory, their movements and location were determined by the direc- 
 tions and navigability of the water courses. 
 
 Georgetown, Beaufort, Goose Creek, Dorchester, Coosawhatchie, Salt- 
 ketcher and Pocotaligo, were early occupied by traders with the Indians, 
 and became, afterwards, rallying points of the colonists who took up the 
 lands around them. 
 
 It was only after some settlements had been thus made that the colo- 
 nists seemed to turn their attention to communications bv land. In 1682, 
 there is mention of a hundred and fifty mares and some horses that 
 had been brought into the Province from New York and Rhode Island ; 
 and in the same year, on the 26th May, the Colonial Assembly passed 
 the first law to provide for the making of roads. 
 
 Unfortunately, the text of the statute is lost, but the title has been pre- 
 served. It is " An Act for Highways." This Act was followed by many 
 others of a special character, i. e., relating to particular localities, or pro- 
 viding for some particular work, all, however, conforming to a general 
 plan which placed the construction and maintenance of roads and bridges, 
 as Avell as the conservation of navigable water courses, in the hands of 
 prominent residents of the vicinity. Two or three of the leading planters 
 in each neighborhood constituted the board of commissioners for that 
 road district, and the confines of their territory were precisely defined. 
 
 Every male inhabitant between sixteen and sixty years of age was com- 
 pelled bylaw to work on the roads of the district in which he lived ; and all 
 the timber required fox bridges and causeways could be taken by the 
 commissioners without compensation to the owner. 
 
 The location of roads and bridges, during the early days of the colony, 
 was obviously governed by military considerations, rather than by those 
 relating to trade and peaceful travel. The colonists were never free from 
 attacks by the Spaniards and Indians until after 1715, and both before 
 and after that time the apprehension of servile insurrection seemed 
 always present to their minds. 
 
 To secure the public safety was, therefore, necessarily a prime con- 
 sideration, and since the roads were at first regarded chiefly as lines of 
 communication by which the scattered colonists could concentrate for 
 defence, it is not surprising that the whole labor of the community should 
 
G14 TRANSPORTATION IX SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 have been rendered available for their construction and maintenance. 
 The road law was only parallel to the militia law, which plac3J in 
 service every white man capable of bearing arms, and settled, by the 
 place of his residence, to what division, brigade, regimant, battalion and 
 company he should belong. 
 
 The facilities for water transportation were so good, and the colonists 
 had become so habituated to their use, that the trade with the distant 
 tribes of Indians probably occasioned the only land traffic of any im- 
 portance up to the middle of the eighteenth century. It was in allusion 
 to this that Governor Archdale, in 1707, wrote : " Charlestown trades 
 near one thousand miles into the continent." Muskets, powder, lead, 
 woolen cloth, tools, and iron ware were the principal articles supplied to 
 the Indians ; frontier trading stations were established at -Savana Town 
 and old Apalachicola Town, both on Savannah river ; at Wineau, near 
 the Waccamaw Indians ; at Congaree Fort, in South Carolina ; Altamaha 
 Fort, in Georgia, and Forts Palochuclas, Moore, and Charlotte, on the 
 Savannah river. Later, in 1762, was established the station at Keowee, 
 Fort Prince George, for trading with the Cherokee Indians. Beyond the 
 frontiers, the transportation of the " goods, wares and merchandises " 
 into the Indian country was effected by means of pack horses and Indian 
 " burtheners," and these brought back the skins and furs which, with 
 Indian slaves, constituted the returns in the trade. There was water 
 transportation between Charleston and all the trading posts except Keo- 
 wee, and from the latter to Fort Charlotte was not a long way. It ap- 
 pears, however, that at intervals trains of pack horses and some vehicles 
 passed directly between Charleston and Keowee, but b}' what route is not 
 certain. 
 
 The magnitude and growth of the Indian trade are partly shown 
 by the export of deer skins, which, according to official records were, 
 In 1710, 70,000 deer skins. 
 In 1731, 250,000 deer skins. 
 In 1748, 600,000 deer skins. 
 
 These 600,000 deer skins were valued at ^36,000 sterling, about 
 $180,000 gold, or thirty cents each. 
 
 The Indian trade was encouraged by the Provincial government, but 
 it was, also, strictly regulated, with a view always to preserving the con- 
 fidence and friendship of the tribes surrounding the colony. Among the 
 restrictions imposed upon traders was one that they should employ no 
 negroes, even in rowing the " perriagos " between Charleston and the 
 trading stations ; and another, that they should bring no free Indians 
 into the settlements. 
 
 The " burtheners," therefore, could not be used within the frontier, 
 
TKANSPORTATIOX IX SOUTH CAROLINA. 615 
 
 nor could negroes be employed in their place, and hence arose an ad- 
 ditional influence tending to restrict Indian traders to the use of water 
 transportation for their goods between Charleston and the several trading- 
 posts, while they and their agents passed on horseback by the trails 
 through the woods. 
 
 Until after 1730, no settlement had been made above the tide-water 
 line, and there was little occasion, near the coast, for any but short roads. 
 
 The early history of the roads, bridges and ferries of the State can be 
 traced in the statutes of the Colonial Legislature. There it appears that, 
 during fifty years, these public works were confined to the strip of land 
 along the coast, about twenty miles wide, and to the settlements along 
 the navigable rivers and watercourses ; but, 
 
 In 1737, An Act was passed which refers to the settlements lately made 
 by several families in Orangeburg township, and directs a road 
 to be made to them from the " head of the path that leads from 
 Dorchester to Captain Izard's cow pen." 
 
 In 1739, A ferry for " passengers, horses and cattle," was authorized 
 across the Savannah river, from Fort Moore, in South Carolina, 
 to the Sand Bar, in Georgia, but it appears not to have been 
 established, even in 1747, when another Act was passed for the 
 purpose. 
 
 In 1742, An Act provides for a ferry across the Santee, and a road to be 
 made in connection with it, "to facilitate the passage of travel- 
 ers from Charlestown to Williamsburg and other, the northwest 
 parts of this Province." 
 
 Up to 1750, all the white inhabitants of South Carolina were Europeans, 
 who reached the province by sea, and passed to their destination in the 
 interior by boat ; hence the interior settlements of that day were at or 
 near river landings. These settlements were no where far from the coast, 
 except at Windsor (near Hamburg), on the Savannah river, the " Conga- 
 rees" (near Columbia), on theCongaree river, Camden, on the Wateree, and 
 Cheraw, on the Pee Dee, these places being respectively at the head of 
 schooner navigation on each of the four great rivers of the State. ^ 
 
 By reference to the map, it will be found that a line drawn from Ham- 
 burg, through Columbia and Camden, to Cheraw, will be nearly straight, 
 nearly parallel to the coast, and will about divide the State in half. The 
 upper countr}^ which lay bej^ond this line began to be peopled about 
 1750, by settlers from Pennsylvania and Virginia, whose numbers were 
 afterwards greatly increased by the effects of Braddock's defeat, in 1755. 
 The few immigrants who made their way there from the coast were absorbed 
 
()U> TRANSPORTATION IN SOUTH CAROIJNA. 
 
 into the mass of these ovedand ininiiiirants. who were an enterprising 
 and progressive people, prepared, by several generations of frontier life 
 to eonquer suceess under dithcult eonditions, and aeeustomed to depend 
 wholly upon themselves in all the exigeneies of their surroundings. 
 They knew neither the benetits nor the burdens of governnu>nt, nor, if 
 they hail known, were they of the temper to assume the burdens for the 
 sake of the benefits. Afterwards, tlunr descendants, aequiring property, 
 took a short cut towards government through the " Regulation." 
 
 Between the upper Carolinians and the colonists of the low country, 
 the patient subjeets of the Lord^ Proprietors, and afterwards of the King, 
 there were no ties of consanguinity, no identity of history, traditions or 
 experience, no religious alHnities, no personal acquaintance, no com- 
 mercial relations. It is natural to suppose that the upper Carolinians 
 maintained some intercourse with their own people, both those at their 
 old homes in Pennsylvania and ^'^irginia, and their kinsfolk and ac- 
 tpiaintances settled in Ohio, Tennessee and North Carolina, and this in- 
 tercourse would naturally take the form of trade as soon as the new 
 settlers had any sur[)lus produce to exchange for the articles of consump- 
 tion which they had been accustomed to obtain from Philadelphia, 
 Baltimore and Richmond. As these immigrants had come with wagons 
 and teams, there must have been practicable routes for a wagon trade ; 
 indeed, for a part of the way, they would have the same roads that 
 served other otfshoots from the Pennsylvania and Virginia stock, and, no 
 doubt, some families were scattered all along the route from the Alle- 
 ghanies to the southern slopes of the Saluda mountains. It was not 
 only more natural for them to maintain intercourse with the northern 
 s.^ttlein.Mits than with those on the coast, but was less difficult, for the 
 whole middle country of South Carolina was a wilderness in 17o(), and 
 there were no roads tliroui;h it practicable for wagons. There were, as 
 yet, few ferries, except very near the coast, the rivers were not fordable, 
 and approach to th.em was obstructed by swamps, which are more for- 
 midable even than rivers to highland people with wagons. 
 
 There were, as has been said, four points in the middle country enjoy- 
 ing water communication with Charleston, but they do not appear to 
 have been attractive or even practicable as markets for the upper country, 
 and it is probable that they had little or no trade, besides that with the 
 Indians, until after the Revolution. 
 
 In the absence of definite information on the subject, I am strongly of 
 opinion that, until the Revolution had knit them together, the upper and 
 lower Carolinians luul very little intercourse with each other, and that, 
 on the other hand, a constant overland trade was maintained by the 
 former with the northern settlements. In corroboration of this opinion, 
 
TRANSPOOTATIOX IN SOUTH CAROIJNA. 017 
 
 T am informed that, only two or three generations ago, cotton was sent 
 by wagon to Philadeljiliia from the neiglihorliood of Ifambiirg ; and if 
 from a point in (tonslant water communication witli Charleston, why not 
 more probably from points not so advantageously situated in that respect? 
 Tn Gregg's History of the old Dheraws, i)age 110, it is said : "The stock 
 was driven to Charlestown and other places on the coast, as well as to more 
 distant markets. Large numbers of eattle were sent from Peedee to Phil- 
 adelj)hia." Also, at page 112, in a note, we find the following : "Gen. 
 Harrington sent three four-horse wagon loads of indigo to Virginia, and 
 with the proceeds bought lo%20 negroes." 
 
 It may be a mere coincidence, but it is singular that, to-day, when 
 railroads dominate trade, the only railroads in the State which are avow- 
 edly ancillary to the trade of Charleston, are those which terminate at 
 Hamburg, Columbia, Carnden and Cheraw ; precisely the four points 
 which, a century and a half ago, were outi)Osts of P^uropean colonization ; 
 while all the railroads traversing U[)i)er .South Carolina are controlled 
 either by the Pennsylvania Pailroad, or by the Richmond and Danville, 
 of Vii'giiiia : 
 
 Is it the persistence of some occult natural law of trade, is it fate, 
 or is it sim[)ly accident, that has wrested from Charleston the control she 
 once had of the Greenville and Columbia, the Blue Ridge, and the Lau- 
 rens railroads, and thrust them into the hands of Pennsylvania and 
 Virginia ? However this may be now, there is evidence that, as soon as the 
 settlement of the upper country developed itself, the Provincial Legis- 
 lature, at Charleston, were diligent in passing Acts for the establishment 
 of fciTies and tlic, construction of roads to connect the new settlements 
 with the capital. It appears, from a careful comparison of these Acts, 
 that many of them failed of their i)urpose, for the same roads and the 
 same bridges were over and over again ordered to be constructed, and 
 frefjuontly new commissioners were appointed at each repetition of the 
 Ijgislation. 
 
 Tlie principal roads (omitting those connecting the coast settlements, 
 and one from Charleston to the "Congarees") were projected as follows: 
 
 17o3. From Eutaw Springs', on the " Congarees " road, by Beard's ferry, 
 
 across the Santee, through Mmche-iter, Camden and Lancaster 
 
 C. H., " to the upper settlements on the northeast of the Wateree 
 
 river, near the Catawba nation," about 120 miles. 
 
 (This Act also provided for opening out the navigation of the Wateree 
 
 river.) 
 
 40 
 
01 S TRANSPORTATIOX IX SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 ITGG. From near Fort Motte, by McCord's ferry, over the Congaree, just 
 above the point of its confluence with the Wateree, along the west 
 side of the Wateree to Fishing Creek, " so far as the Province 
 extends," about 110 miles. 
 
 1 706. From near Fort Motte, up the west bank of the Congaree, across 
 this stream at Howell's ferry, " through the Forks of the Wateree 
 to Lee's Fort," about 80 miles probably. 
 
 1708. In conjunction with a ferry across Peedee, near Society Hill, two 
 roads, one on northeast side of Peedee, connecting Bennettsville, 
 Marion and Conwayboro with Georgetown, and so with Charles- 
 ton, about 150 miles of new road. The other, from Cedar Creek, 
 through Society Hill, Darlington and Kingstree, to Fort Motte 
 road,- about 90 miles. 
 
 1708. From Orangeburg, across the Saluda, near Rock}^ Creek, through 
 Newberry, to Laurensville, about 110 miles. 
 
 1770. From Orangeburg, across the Edisto, tlirough Ninety-Six, across 
 the Saluda, through Abbeville to Pendleton and beyond, about 
 170 miles. 
 
 1770. From Augusta, through Edgefield, across Saluda river, near Nine- 
 ty-Six, across Enoree river to Broad river, at Fishdam Ford, about 
 100 miles. 
 
 The highways were ordered to be constructed by the personal labor of 
 the inhabitants of the Country through which they respectively passed, 
 which seems certainly to have been a hardship upon those thus burdened. 
 
 The road laws then in force in England required personal labor on 
 local roads, but the main highways were maintained at the expense of 
 the whole public. The Colonial Legislature, as we have seen, had at 
 first only local roads to make, and these were sanctioned by military 
 exigencies, hence it was quite appropriate to have them built and kept 
 up by the neighborhood, according to the English system, but when the 
 time came to build highways so as to connect the capital with the distant 
 parts of the Province, then only recently settled, tiic law-makers seem 
 not to have recurred to English precedents ; they simply applied to these 
 highways the laws in force for the construction and jnaintenance of the 
 roads previously built, which were wholly local. 
 
 Besides this hardship of making the dwellers along a highway keep it 
 up for the convenience of a traffic in which they have no interest, there 
 were special circumstances which made the road law more onerous in the 
 upper country tiian in the low country. 
 
 In the first place, in tlie low country the large number of slaves ren- 
 dered the burden of road duty in that section comparatively light on the 
 
TRANSPORTATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 610 
 
 whites, whereas in the upper country at first, there were no slaves, and 
 their numbers remained small until after the heaviest work on the roads 
 must have been already finished, so that there both road duty and mili- 
 tary duty fell on the same individuals. 
 
 In the second place, in the Ioav country each person could see the im- 
 portance to his individual safety and convenience of every road on which 
 he had to work, either in person or with his slaves, and these roads were 
 used exclusively by those who made and kept them up ; but in the up- 
 per country the highways were intended principally to promote a traffic 
 between distant points, which brought with it no advantages to the great 
 majority of those w^hose time and labor were consumed in constructing 
 and mending them, while this demand upon their time and labor prevent- 
 ed, retarded, or at least rendered more onerous, the making of such short- 
 er roads as "vvere needed and would have sufficed for the convenience of 
 each neighborhood. After the highways were built and the cultivation 
 of indigo, tobacco and cotton spread throughout the upper country, the 
 benefit of having good roads to Charleston became apparent, and their 
 existence was found to be essential to the material prosperity of the country. 
 
 During the Revolution the people of South Carolina seemed to realize, 
 for the first time, that they were all bound together by common interests 
 and had all a common destiny. Both AVhigs and Tories recognized the 
 unity of the State and acted upon it, and when the struggle was over, the 
 patriotic enthusiasm it had excited manifested itself in efforts to render 
 intercourse between all parts of the State easy and agreeable. 
 
 Roads, bridges, ferries and water courses were improved, new routes 
 were established, and there was evidently a desire to improve, too, the 
 methods previously relied upon for making and mending the roads. 
 
 The legislation of this period contains the following Acts of interest or 
 importance. 
 
 1778. To render navigable the Wateree river, -by an assessment upon the 
 inhabitants, and upon owners of uninhabited lands, within a cer- 
 tain distance on both sides the river. 
 
 This Act seems to have been an effort to break away from the 
 principle by which for more more than a century all work of that 
 sort in the State had been exacted of the people in kind, but it still 
 clung to the idea that the locality, and not the whole State, should 
 pay for such public works. Uirfortunately this timid endeavor 
 after a better method seems to have been abortive, and having heen 
 tried again and again, during the next decade, was abandoned. 
 
 1784. The road duty age was changed from l)etween sixteen and sixty 
 to betAveen sixteen and fiftv. 
 
G20 TRANSPORTATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 1785. To clear tluMiavioation of several rivers, by voluntary subscrip- 
 tions and by assessments upon tbe lands in tlie vicinity, and ui>on 
 the male inhabitants between sixteen and Hfty. (Another weak 
 , and vain innovation.) 
 
 178(). To establish a company for the inland navij2,ation from Santee to 
 Cooper river. (Santee Canal Company.) 
 
 178G. To make, inter alias, a road ironi Friday's lerry, on Congarec, to 
 Aup;usta. 
 
 (N. B. On the same day, 22d March, was'])assed the Act to es- 
 tablish the seat of government at a [)laco near Friday's ferry — to 
 lay out a town there and to call it Columbia ) 
 
 1787. To establish a company to imi)rove the navigation of Edisto and 
 Ashley rivers, and to make a canal between the two rivers. 
 
 1787. To establish a company to open the navigation of the Catawba and 
 Wateree rivers, from the North Carolina line to Camden. 
 
 Among the corporators were John Rutledge, Thomas Sumter, 
 John Gaillard, Benjamin Waring and Joseph Atkinson. 
 
 The company was to construct canals, dams and locks, or otherwise 
 to render the river navigable; wlu'reu])on it was to acquire perpetual 
 control of the stream, with power to levy upon the traffic whatever tolls 
 the directors thought proper, not exceeding, in any annual aggregate, 
 twenty-five per cent, of the whole outlay of the company down to that 
 date. The company had also the power to open roads through any 
 private lands, so as to connect the river landings with the existing high- 
 ways ; it might take up and acquire title to any land, not already granted, 
 within two miles of the river bank on either side. The shares were to 
 be forever exempt from taxation, &c. The company might import 
 negroes, not exceeding three hundred, and have credit for five years for 
 the duty on such as they should inqxtrt. 
 
 1787. Lynches creek, Clarke's creek and Black creek to be opened by 
 labor of inhabitants in the neighborhood of each respectively. 
 
 1788. A general road law. Term of commissioners, three years; limit 
 of road duty, twelve days in the year ; penalty for non-attendance, 
 two dollars for each white man, and one dollar for each slave per 
 diem. Bridges may be built by contract, and cost assessed on 
 male inhabitants betweei) sixteen and lifty years of age. 
 
 1788, To establish a company for opening the navigation of Broad 
 and Pacolet rivers. This charter was almost the same as that 
 given for o})cning the Wateree and Catawba. 
 
TRANSPORTATIOX IX SOUTH CAROLINA. 621 
 
 1789. General road and ferry law. Vests in road commissioners the 
 granting of licenses for taverns and billiard tables, the proceeds 
 to be expended in repairing bridges and roads within the parish 
 or district to which the license applies. This new departure, like 
 that of 1778, seems to have been unsuccessful. 
 
 The dawn of the nineteenth century found the people of South Caro- 
 lina at peace, united and prosperous. The years which had elapsed 
 since the Revolution had been well employed in securing these material 
 benefits. Industry and frugality had been elevated into the rank of 
 patriotic and fashionable virtues by the spirit of republican simplicity 
 which then j^ervaded all parts of the State. The cultivation of cotton 
 had spread rapidly and was very profitable, and the roads, bridges, ferries 
 and water courses were kept in as good order as circumstances allowed. 
 Drayton's "View of South* Carolina," published in 1802, contains, at 
 page 158, the following sketch of the roads of that day: " The roads in 
 the State are well adapted to transportation and traveling, even to the 
 mountains ; and hence, wagons find no difficulty in coming from the 
 upper counties, bringing with them the commodities of that distant 
 region. Cross roads to and from each court house are made throughout 
 the State, and a wagon road has lately been made from the north fork of 
 Saluda river, over the mountains to Knoxville, in the State of Tennessee, 
 by which wagons have passed, carrying loads of twenty -five hundred 
 pounds weight. This opens a new source of wealth to this State, and 
 speeds a happy intercourse between the countries east and west of the 
 Apalachian mountains. 
 
 " In the upper country, the water courses are mostly fordable, and 
 when they are not, like other parts of the State, they are crossed by 
 bridges and ferries. These roads are made and kept in repair — under the 
 direction of commissioners — in the lower country by negroes, and in 
 the middle and upper country by a suitable number of the residents in 
 the county or parish through which they lead ; otherwise there is little 
 or no expense attending them, and at this time a carriage and four 
 may be driven from any part of this State to the other, and from the 
 sea shore to the mountains, without any other difficulty than such as 
 naturally arise in long journeys. Some few toll bridges are erected, but 
 the spirit of the people is not yet favorable to these taxes on traveling. 
 It is hoped, however, that the day will come when bridges which are of 
 too great magnitude to be built and kept in repair by individuals, will 
 be taken under the direction of government. This is one of the good 
 purposes for which public moneys maylje reserved in the public treasury, 
 and for which they may be drawn out in the public service." 
 
')22 TRANSPORTATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 The vehicles used upon these roads for heavy traffic were of three 
 kinds. In the low country, they were mostly ox carts, made with large 
 wheels, four to six inches tread, drawn b}^ three or four yoke of oxen, and 
 capable of carrying three to four barrels rice — about two thousand pounds. 
 In the middle and upper country, sleds were used for short distances on 
 the farms and cross roads, while for long distances, four and six horse 
 wagons were employed, capable of carrying two to three tons. These 
 wagons had narrow wheels, and cut up the roads in winter, especially 
 where the ground was clayey. Besides these ordinary conveyances, 
 several novel nu'tliods were employed of moving produce to market. It 
 is said that cotton was sent to Hamburg from the country near the- 
 upper Savannah by throwing the bales into the stream and letting them 
 float with the current. When produce had to be hauled to market from a 
 locality requiring no return in goods, it was sometimes the practice to 
 put it on a sled drawn by oxen, so that, at tke end of the journey, not 
 only the i:)roduce, but the oxen and even the material of the sled could 
 be sold. Persons now living remember hogsheads of tobacco arriving in 
 Charleston, having been hauled by oxen or horses attached to a shaft run 
 through the axis of the hogshead, from head to head, so that the pack- 
 age might roll freely. Barrels of rosin were sometimes secured together, 
 and floated in rafts to Georgetown from the Cheraw section. 
 
 The efforts which after the Revolution had been so earnestly directed 
 towards facilitating communication between Charleston and the middle 
 and upper parts of the State reached their climax in the conception and 
 construction of the Santee Canal. By referring to the map it will be 
 seen that the Santee river unites the waters of the Wateree and the Con- 
 garee, and these, in turn, trace their sources to the head waters of the 
 Catawba, the Broad, and the Saluda, all beyond the northern limit of 
 the State. Had the improvements then contemplated proved practicable, 
 those streams, and some of their tributaries, would have been rendered 
 navigable to the State line, and then, by means of the Santee Canal, con- 
 nectiniT the Santee and Cooper rivers, Charleston would have received by 
 water the products of all Clarendon, Sumter, Kershaw, Lancaster, York, 
 Chester, Fairfield, Richland, Lexington, Newberry, Laurens, Union, Spar- 
 tanburg and Greenville, with those of a part of each of the counties of 
 Oconee, Anderson, Abbeville, Edgefield and Orangeburg. So patriotic 
 and magnificent a project deserved the success which, alas, it did not ob- 
 tain. The corporators named in the Act of 1786, chartering the " Com- 
 j)any for the inland navigation from Santee to Cooper river," are John 
 Rutledge, John Fauchereuad Grimke, Theodore Gaillard, George Haig, 
 
 James Kennedy, Graham, Thomas Sumter, Benjamin Waring, 
 
 Thomas A\'alker, John Vanderhorst, James Mitchell, /Edanus Burke, 
 
TRANSPORTATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 G23 
 
 Peter Fayssoux, Richard Champion, Aaron Loocock, Pearson, 
 
 John James, Francis Marion, John Dawson, Alexander Gillon, Samnel 
 Midwood, John Richardson, Ephraim Mitchell, William Bull, Duncan 
 McRae, Nathaniel Russell, Philip Gadsden, Peter Belin, Henry Laurens, 
 Jr., Edward Rutledge, Ralph Izard, John Budd, Robert Beatty, William 
 Smith, Minor Winn, William Clarkson, William Hill, James Theus, 
 Joseph Atkinson, Thomas Jones and Daniel Bourdeaux. This was the 
 grandest work of internal improvement that had been attempted in all 
 America (although it Avas soon afterwards surpassed by similar schemes 
 in other States), and nothing can show more conclusively the devotion 
 and resolute spirit of its promoters than the ftict that after the charter 
 was obtained six years were consumed in making up the company. At 
 length, in 1792, work was commenced, and in July, 1800, at a cost of 
 $750,000, the canal was finished and a boat loaded with salt went from 
 Charleston to Granljy.* The Santee Canal, twenty-two miles long, thirty- 
 five feet wide at the surface of the water, with a minimum depth of four 
 feet (the same as the Erie Canal), and thirteen locks, all built of stone or 
 brick, was a work of wdiich the State may well be proud. It was no 
 light misfortune either to the generation which built the canal or to those 
 which witnessed its gradual disuse and final abandonment, that so much 
 public spirit, so much faith and energy, should have failed to yield a rich 
 return. Although the Santee Canal never realized the expectations of 
 its pr'>jectors, it served a useful purpose, and was for thirty- odd years an 
 important highway, serving to keep down the rates of land carriage be- 
 tween Charleston and an extensive and important region. The defect in 
 tlie canal was its location across a ridge, and consequently the want of a 
 supply of water at its summit, sixty-nine feet above tide level. 
 
 The facilities for water transportation in South Carolina probably 
 reached their highest development just before the epoch of railroads — 
 they are thus described in Mills' Statistics, published in 182G, page 156, 
 et seq. : " The Savannah river divides this State from Georgia. It has 
 a ship navigation eighteen miles, from the ocean to the city of Savannah, 
 and good steamboat navigation 140 miles further, to Hamburg and Au- 
 gusta. Above these places, 100 miles, to Andersonville, the river has 
 thirty -three miles of rapids, with a fall of about eight feet to the mile, 
 on a regular inclined plane ; the other sixty-seven miles is smooth, deep 
 
 * In this same year, 1792, the " Western Inland Navigation Company " was ini-or- 
 l)Orate(l by the State of New York, for the purpose of making a lock navigation from 
 the Hudson river to Lake Ontario, but it accomplished very little, and after great 
 expenditures, abandoned its work, which extended from the Mohawk to Oneida Lake. 
 Nothing more was done until 1817, when the New York Legislature appointed a com- 
 mission to build what has been since known as the Erie Canal. This was finished in 
 182') — a quarter of a century after the Santee Canal was opened. 
 
024 TRANSPORTATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 water. Boats descend iVom Andersonville with seventy bales of cotton, 
 or ten tons. The Tugaloo is navigable for similar boats twenty-five miles, 
 to Pulaski, and the Seneca twenty -six miles, or six miles above Pendleton 
 Court House. At the junction of Twelve Mile Creek the Seneca changes 
 its name to Keowee, which is capable of being made navigable entirely 
 within the mountains by merely sluicing. The Tugaloo branch of the 
 Savannah rises in the mountains, a short distance from the Pliwassee, a 
 navigable branch of the Tennessee river. By means of these streams it 
 is believed the Southern Atlantic may be connected with the Western 
 States by a navigable canal, "i'lio general government have ordered sur- 
 veys to be made to ascertain its practicabilit}'. 
 
 The Santee river enters the ocean by two mouths. There is a good 
 steamboat navigation on this stream to the junction of the Congaree and 
 Wateree, and up both these rivers to Camden and Columbia. (The 
 Wateree changes its name to Catawba at the Wateree creek). This river, 
 above Camden to the North Carolina line, is interrupted by four principal 
 falls, around which canals have been cut, except at Rocky Mount, where 
 the work is now going on. The first fall is at the AVateree Canal, which 
 is five miles long, with a width of fifty-two feet, and having six locks ; 
 the second is at Rocky Mount, where there is a fall of 121 feet, requiring 
 thirteen locks. The canal here is cut the greatest part of the distance. 
 The third fall is at the Catawba canal, where there is a fall of fifty-six 
 f-'ot in three miles. The canal and seven locks here are finished. The 
 Iburtli fall is at Landsford, where a canal two miles long, with five locks, 
 completes the navigation. Above this the river has rapids, but the small 
 boat navigation can be extended with care within the Alleghany moun- 
 tains. The Congaree is formed by the confluence of the Broad and 
 Saluda rivers, where there is a fall of thirty-four feet, which is overcome 
 by a canal three miles long, and five locks. On the Broad river, the 
 navigation for small boats extends to King's creek, with the aid of Lock- 
 hart's Canal, which overcomes a fall of fifty-one feet by seven locks in 
 two miles. Above King's creek there are several rapids and extensive 
 falls ; locks would be requisite to make good navigation here, and when 
 these are once passed, the navigation to the foot of the mountains is only 
 obstructed by a few rapids. Green river, a mail) branch of Broad river, 
 extends to a point in the Blue Ridge (properly the Alleghany) where this 
 mountain is ver}^ low and narrow ; on the opposite side of the mountain 
 rises tlie French Broad, a large branch of the Tennessee. It is confi- 
 dently presumed that the Atlantic and Western waters may be united 
 here by a navigable canal with great comparative ease. 
 
 The Saluda river is navigable 120 miles above Columbia. There are 
 three canals on it : 
 
TRANSPORTATION IX SOUTH CAROLINA. . 025 
 
 1st. The Saluda Canal, two miles and a half long, with five locks, over- 
 coming a fall of thirty-four feet. 
 
 2d. Drehr's Canal, one mile long, and with four locks, overcoming a 
 foil of twenty-one feet. 
 
 3rd. Lonck's Canal, which has a single lock of six feet lift. 
 
 The Pee Dee river rises in North Carolina (where it is called the Yad- 
 kin), and enters Winyaw Bay, above Georgetown. To Cheraw, above 
 120 miles from the ocean, it has a good steamboat navigation ; from 
 Cheraw to the North Carolina line, nine miles, there is a fall, on a regular 
 inclined plane, of eighteen feet, and above that line the rajiids extend to 
 the narrows, about seven miles by water, where the fall is very great. 
 Above the narrows to the mountains this river is represented as favorable 
 for small boat navigation. Tt heads near New river, one of the main 
 branches of the Great Kenawha. 
 
 The Little Pee Dee rises in the sand hills in North Carolina, and is 
 navigable from Lumberton. 
 
 The Black river is navigable to the line of Sumter district, about sixty 
 miles from its entrance into Wiiiyah bay. 
 
 Lynch's creek is navigable eighty miles, and Black creek thirty miles 
 from their junction with the Big Pee Dee. 
 
 The Edisto discharges into the ocean by two mouths, called North and 
 South Edisto inlets. It rises in the region of sand liills in two branches, 
 which unite below Orangeburg-; both branches and the main river are 
 navigable, having no shoals. It has been contemplated to unite this 
 river Avith the Ashley, by a canal fourteen miles, extending from near 
 Gweham's ferr}" to Dorchester. The Edisto will form the feeder ; the 
 ridge between the two streams is only thirteen feet high, and less than 
 a half mile through. This canal will save eighty miles of difficult, and, 
 in some places, dangerous navigation between the upper Edisto and 
 Charleston. 
 
 The Combahee has a schooner navigation to Saltcatcher bridge, and 
 the main Saltcatcher is navigable for boats ten miles higher. It may 
 be made navigable to Barnwell Court House by mereh^ removing logs 
 •which now obstruct it. 
 
 The Waccamaw river rises in Waccamaw lake, near the Cape Fear 
 river. From this lake it is navigable for boats to Conwayborough, and 
 from that place to Winyali bay it is navigable for schooners. From Win- 
 yah bay to Santee river the Winyah Canal, six miles long, has been 
 partly executed, and from the Santee to the head of the Owendaw there 
 is good schooner navigation. From the head of the Owendaw to schooner 
 navigation on the Wando, the distance is about eight miles, a canal here 
 would require only eight feet depth of digging to be fed with tide 
 
''■-''> TRAXSPOUTATION IX SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 water. Waiulo river enters rharlostoii harbor. From Charleston to 
 Savannali tliere is a steamboat navigation between the ishuuls and the 
 main, with the exeej^tion of about half a mile between the Broad and the 
 JSavannah rivers, where a eanal is now entting. Heiiee it will be seen 
 that with fourteen miles of canaling, a good steamboat navigation, en- 
 tirely inland, and parallel to the eoast, may be etfeeted from the North 
 Carolina to the Georgia lines. It is supposed that live loeks will be all 
 that are necessary. This work has been estimated at less than ^2o0,000. 
 It would ai>pear to tall within the system of internal improvement con- 
 templated by the general government. 
 
 The Ashepoo has a sehooner navigation to the Ashepoo ferry. 
 
 The Ashley river enters Cliarleston harbor on the southwest of the 
 city, and is navigable for schooners to Dorchester, twenty miles. 
 
 The Cooper river is a good navigable stream to the entrance of Biggin 
 creek, thirty-four miles by land from Charleston. From this point to 
 the Santee river, the Santee canal, twenty-two miles long, has been con- 
 structed, passing a summit sixty-nine feet above tide waters in Cooper' 
 river, and thirty-four feet above the Santee. There are on this canal 
 thirteen locks. A great part of the produce from the upper Santee, Con- 
 garee, Broad, Saluda. AVateree and Catawba rivers pass this canal in 
 boats .carrying one hundred and twenty bales of cotton or twenty-tive tons 
 of merchandise. 
 
 It is said that upwards of three million dollars was expended in the 
 internal improvements thus described, without estimating the value of 
 the labor assessed upon the localities adjacent to the Avorks. In spite, 
 liowever, of State expenditures, in spite of roads, bridges and ferries, in 
 spite of canals, companies and steamboats, in spite of patriotism and 
 State pride, the trade of upper Carolina could not be permanently 
 retj^ined by Charleston. 
 
 In Judge O'Neal's Annals of Newberry it is mentioned that, in 1813, 
 the late Hon. Ker Boyce, then keeping a store at Newberry, " began to 
 trade overland with Philadelphia. Cotton was hauled from Newberry 
 to Philadelphia, and goods brought back, by wagons. He and the late 
 Thos. Pratt annually mounted their iiorses and rode to Philadelphia, 
 purchased their goods, and thus laid the foundations of their respective 
 fortunes. In 1815, they visited Amelia* island on horseback, pur- 
 chased a stock of goods which they understood was there for sale, and 
 transported it to Newberry by wagons." These operations ceased with 
 the peace of 1815, and they were, perhaps, rendered passible only by the 
 war and the fidelity of Charleston to the National cause, and to the eni- 
 
 * Amelia Island, in Florida, was then litely taken (Vuin the Spaniard-', and a noted 
 place for contraband trade. 
 
transpohtation in south Carolina. 027 
 
 bargo laid by Congress ; but they serve to show how frail were the com- 
 mercial ties binding the richest i)ortion of the State to her own emporium, 
 and how habituated the people of the upper country were to seeking 
 markets in distant States. After 1815, steamboats and teamboats were 
 added to the appliances for utilizing the rivers and canals of the State ; 
 and, for a time, they served to increase- the volume of trade between 
 Charleston and the interior, and to render it apparently more stable. 
 
 In Mills' Statistics, published in 1826, page 428, it is stated that there 
 were, at that time, ten steamboats plying between Charleston and the 
 towns of Savannah, Augusta, Hamburg, Georgetown, Cheraw and Colum- 
 bia. The average capacity of the.se was six hundred bales of cotton, of 
 tliree hundred and twenty pounds each, but some boats carried up to 
 one thousand bales. 
 
 The movement of cotton to Charleston by water, between 
 1st October, 182G, and 1st October, 1827, was, through 
 the Columbia canal. • 45,012 bales. 
 
 Shipped down the Congaree from Granby, about .... 10,000 bales. 
 
 Total quantity from above Columbia .... 55,000 bales. 
 
 Total quantity from Camden 40,000 bales. 
 
 Total quantity .shipped at the various landings on the Con- 
 garee, Wateree and Santee, above A^ance's Ferry . . , 15,000 bales. 
 
 Total cpiantity from above Vance's Ferry. . . 110,000 bales. 
 
 Total quantit}^ from Hamburg and Augusta 37,500 bales. 
 
 Total quantit}^ from other sources and wagons 51,900 bales. 
 
 Total Cotton Receipts (320 lbs. per bale) . . . 200,000 bales. 
 
 Flatboats, bringing cotton from Columbia, &c., pa.ssed through the 
 Santee canal. They were manned, generally, by a " patroon " and five 
 hands, carried 110 bales of 320 lbs. each, and consumed twenty-four days 
 in the round trip, from Columbia or Camden to Charleston and back. 
 The tolls on the Santee canal were $40 on each boat each round trip, 
 The freight was $1 per bale, or $7 per ton. Cotton was brought from 
 Augusta and Hamburg to Charleston b}' steamboats ; freight average, 
 about $1.50 per bale, insurance, 25c., equal to $1.75 on 320 lbs., or $12.25 
 per ton. The up-freights were 50c. per 100 lbs., or $10 per ton, and in- 
 surance one per cent. The delays on this route from various causes were 
 very great, and, at times, the Savannah river was so low as to stop all 
 navigation. Travel was slow, difficult and expensive, and the mails only 
 
(>28 TRANSPOllTATIOX IN SOUTH CAUOLINA. 
 
 passoil thrice a week between Charleston and Augusta, two days and 
 nights ])eino- consumed in the journey by the mail stages. The only 
 reguhir lines of stages running out of Charleston were those to Savannah, 
 Augusta, Columbia and Georgetown. Travelers who could not make \ise 
 oi' tlu>s(> or the steamboats, had to resort to private conveyances.* 
 
 The natural advantages of the country for water communication, and 
 the enterprise with which they were im[)roved and utilized, the money and 
 labor expended upon roads, bridges and ferries, failed to meet the needs of 
 the country, and to maintain the trade of the city. A magazine writer in 
 1831 Siiys: '' The rich inhabitants of the back country of South Carolina, 
 and (^f those parts of North Carolina and Georgia which trade with 
 Charleston, are obliged, at great expense, to transport their produce and 
 receive, in return, their supplies ; weeks, and not unfrequently months, 
 have elapsed before places not more distant, in a direct line, than one 
 hundred and twenty miles, could ett'ect their communications, and then, 
 and at all times, with great expense, and at no time without great risk 
 of loss and great delay. 
 
 The protits of the planter, or what ought to be his profits, are but too 
 often consumed in the expense of transportation ; and the merchant 
 tinds it impossible to calculate, with that certainty which his operations 
 rei]uire, the time he may expect arrivals or hear of his shipments having 
 rcarhcd their points of destination. Capital which would otherwise be 
 active, is thus dormant a large portion of the time, and, consequently, 
 more of it is required than would suttice with more certain, rapid and 
 safe con\munication for the same amount of business. 
 
 Our climate presents an obstacle of no small magnitude to trans- 
 portation, either for goods or for persons, at least during three months 
 in the year. The rivers are unhealthy, and often too low, the roads are 
 sandy, heavy and hot ; the laborers and the animals engaged in trans- 
 portation arc with ditticulty brought to perform their task, and too often 
 sink beneath it. 
 
 The exports of Charleston amount to ten millions of dollars per annum, 
 whilst the tlirect foreign imports are scarcely more than a tenth of that 
 amount. The merchants in the interior cannot postpone until the fall their 
 supplies for the season, and as they cannot risk the approach to the city, 
 as early as is required in the summer to purchase them and have them 
 transported to their respective homes by the present tedious and expen- 
 
 *0n the 15th May, 1815, Gen.Thos. Pinckney, with two ladies of his fivuiily, set out 
 from their plantation on theSantoo, in their own carriasjo, and trawled to Boston. A 
 diary of the journey, in MS., i.s still extant. They reached Philadelphia on the 15th 
 June, haviui: traveled tiU^ miles in 'M days, ineludinsj stoppaires, to that point. The 
 traveling expenses, in.luding two weeks' .«itay in Philadelphia, amounted to $42;\ 
 
TRAXSrORTATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. G29 
 
 sivc modes, they prefer sailing to New York, and laying them in at that 
 place." 
 
 Mr. Elias Horry, in his address upon the completion of the railroad to 
 Hamljurg, in 1833, thus refers to the inception of that work, five years 
 earlier. " In South Carolina, particularly in Charleston, a respectable 
 portion of our citizens wisely determined that railroads would be emi- 
 nently beneficial to the State; that they would revive the diminished 
 commerce of our city, and tend to bring back the depreciated value of 
 property to its former standard. In fact, it became necessary that some 
 efficient measures, some great enterprise, should be resorted to. Real e.s- 
 tate in and near Charleston had sunk to half its former value, and in 
 some instances to less ; and this depreciation had extended also to coun- 
 try property. 
 
 Industry and talent had lost encouragement and met not their merit- 
 ed rewards. These evils had commenced and accumulated within a few 
 years, and were still progressing, and during the same period the North- 
 ern and Eastern States and cities had attained to great and increasing af- 
 fluence and prosperity, while those of the South were gradually falling 
 into decay. To improve, therefore, the welfare of Charleston, and for- 
 ward as much as possible her prosperity, and that of the State, our best 
 merchants and most intelligent men decided in favor of the adoption of 
 the railroad system. 
 
 The plan was that a railroad be located from Charleston to Hamburg, 
 on the Savannah river, and that a branch should be extended from the 
 main line, when completed, to Columbia, and afterwards to Camden. 
 The project was grand, and required knowledge and experience to have 
 devised it." 
 
 The first charter was obtained 10th December, 1827, but being unsat- 
 i.sfactory, another was granted by the Legislature on 30th January, 1828, 
 providing for a corporation, to be called " The South Carolina Canal and 
 Railroad Company." 
 
 The Chamber of Commerce, on 4th Februar}', 1828, appointed a com- 
 mittee of ten of its members to " inquire into the effect likely to result to 
 the trade and general interests of the city of Charleston by the esta1)lish- 
 ment of a railroad communication between the said city and Ham- 
 burg," also to collect information about railroads, and report the prob- 
 able cost of such a road, and the revenue likely to be obtained from it. 
 
 Mr. Alexander Black, the chairman of this committee, on 3d March, 
 1828, submitted a very lucid account of all that was then known about 
 railroads, and added the committee's opinion as to the probable effect of 
 the contemplated railroad upon the pro.sperity of Charleston. Among 
 other things, we learn from this report that " the trade of Charleston is 
 
C)'AO TKAXSl'OKTATION IX SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 supported by about 200,000 bales of cotton aiul 100,000 barrels of clean 
 ami roui^'h rice annually," and tluit a bale of cotton was worth about $2.'). 
 Estimating' the barrel of rice at GOO pountls. and its value at $"20 ('A^ cts. 
 l>er pound) the whole trade of Charleston was only $7,000,000. The re- 
 pt)rt conehules, " Charleston * * * jj.j^ f^^j. s;^^veral years j)ast retro- 
 oraded with a rapidity unprecedented. Iler lamled estate has, within 
 eioht years, depreciated in value onedialf. Industry and business talent 
 tlriven by necessity, have souj^-ht employment elsewhere. Many of lier 
 houses are tenantless, and the grass grows uninterrupted in some of her 
 chief business streets." 
 
 While Mr. Black's committee were at work collecting information from 
 a distance, some public spirited citizens furnished the means to have a 
 j)reliniinary survey made of the proposed route, and obtained a report of 
 that survey on the loth March. 
 
 These reports were published, and on the 17th March, 1828, books of 
 subscription to the capital stock of the company were opened at Charles- 
 ton. Columbia, C^imden and Hamburg. 
 
 When the time exjured and the books were closed, the subscriptions 
 taken at Charleston amounted to 3,500 shares, the mininuim required 
 by the charter, but at the three other places not one share was taken. 
 
 On the r2tli of May, 1828, the company was formally organized at a 
 meeting of the stockholders, ut the City Hall, Charleston, ami officers 
 were elected as follows : 
 
 President. — William Aiken. 
 
 Directors. — Alexander Black, Thomas liennett, Joseph Johnson, John 
 Gadsden, A. S. Willington, E. L. Miller, T. Tupper, William Bell, John 
 Robinson, Thomas Napier. Henry F. Faber, James Holmes. 
 
 Secretaries. — EdM'in P. Starr, John T. Bobertson. 
 
 E.vploring Survei/ors.—Col J. 15. Pettival, Mr. C. E. Detmold, ^fr. R. K. 
 Payne. 
 
 United States Engineers. — Or. Wm. Howard, and Messrs. Harrison, Swift, 
 Cuion, Anderson and Belin. 
 
 In time. Engineer Corps were organized as follows : 
 
 Chief Knijineer. — Horatio Allen. 
 
 Assistants.— J. B. Pettival. C. E. Detmold, E. Watts, P. Martineau, W. B. 
 Thompson, James Clarke, C. 0. Pascallis, A. A. Dexter. 
 
 Alexander Black may be regarded as the father of the enterprise. Tie 
 got the first charter in 1827, supplied the information which attracted and 
 satisfied others, and became commissioner, that is,/(R' tofiini, of the coni- 
 ]>aiiv dining the whole period of construction. 
 
TRANSPORTATION KS' SOUTH CAROLINA. 031 
 
 T'resident Tupper, in liis farewell address in 1843, says it was an un- 
 jiopular undertaking. Mr. Black and Mr. Allen, in the several reports 
 nuule by them, from time to tinie, mention the opposition of the land 
 owners between the Ashley and Edisto to the location of the road through 
 tbat section, which was wealthy and poj)ulou8, and the Board of Directors 
 in tiicir annual re})orts refer to the obstacles thrown in the way of bring- 
 ing the road below Line street. 
 
 As hite as 1837, the use of locomotives south of Line street was made 
 the l>asis of an indictment of the company as a public nuisance. 
 
 We can not, therefore, do too much honor to the men who risked repu- 
 tation and the public favor, as well as their private means, in carrying 
 the Ciiarleston and Hamburg railroad through to completion. 
 
 It required courage as well as skill and labor, and when success was 
 attained, when the public confidence was conquered and public support 
 was ready to attach to an extension of what was quaintly called " The 
 Railroad .System," tliese heroic men resigned to others the leadership and 
 prominence in the enlarged projects that followed. 
 
 The Louisville, Cincinnati and Charleston Railroad, the South Caro- 
 lina Railroad, and the Southwestern Railroad and Banking Company, 
 were great conceptions, and were eagerly championed by the orators and 
 statesmen of the day; but in no case were the practical results in any de- 
 gree comparable with those achieved by Mr. Black, Mr. Horry, Mr. 
 Tu})per, and their associates. 
 
 Mr. Wm. Aiken, the first president, died on the oth March, 1831, and 
 was succeeded by Mr. Elias Horry, who brought to the support of the 
 already flagging enterprise a noble spirit, and the financial force of his 
 large i)rivate fortune. 
 
 " The mode of construction adopted for the railroad," .says a writer in 
 the SouOieni Review, of May, 1831, " is to drive piles every six feet apart 
 in parallel lines, the heads of these piles are bound together by trans- 
 verse sleepers; * these are surmounted by the longitudinal wooden rail, 
 about nine inches square, in various lengths, from fifteen to thirty-five 
 feet, on the top of which, on the inner side, the flat bar-iron is nailed. 
 Tlic tracks are about five feet apart." 
 
 Mr. Horry, the president, says, in one of his letters, that "the timber 
 was varnished." 
 
 To do justice to those who conceived and executed the building of the 
 Charleston and Hamburg railroad, we must fully realize the lack of infor- 
 mation on such subjects generally, and, above all, the utter newness of 
 such an undertaking in the sort of country to be traversed by this road. 
 
 * Hence probably the term " cross-tie," which still adheres to the transverse piece 
 of timber underlying the rails, though the piles -.vhich they tied across are no longer 
 used. 
 
(i'.Vl TKAXSrOUTATIOX IN. SOl'TII (WIUU.IXA. 
 
 It \va^ the tirst otlort in Ainorira to Uuild a railroati ox|>re:^sly for loi'O- 
 motivo power, aiul in l^nulaiul tho railroads wore short straight lines, 
 hnilt at enormous expense. 
 
 'The Ualtiniore and Ohio, begun before tlie Charleston and Hamburg, 
 Ava- intended tor horse-power, it being then supposed to be impraetit'able 
 to u-;e loeomotives on short (.'urves. 
 
 Mr. IVter roo[)er praetieally refuted this notion, in August, 1830, but 
 some months before his experiment at Baltimore, viz; on the 1 Ith Jan- 
 uarv. 1S30. live days after the eommeneement of work on the road, the 
 Board oi' Oire.'tors of the (Charleston and llandnirg railroad ado}4ed the 
 report of ^[r. Bennett, eontaining this memorable sentenee : 
 
 " The loeomotive shall alone be useil. The perfeetion of this ])ower 
 in its anplieation to railroads is fast maturing, and will eertainly ri'aeh, 
 within the iH>riod of eonstrueting our road, a degree of exeelleiiee whieh 
 will render the applieation o\' animal ])ower a gross abuse of the gifts of 
 genius and seienee " 
 
 Cieorge Stephenson's " Roeket " made its trial trip at Liverpool, on the 
 Uth Oetober, 18"20, so that there was barely time for the news of it to have 
 reaehed Charleston, in January, 1830. 
 
 On the '28th of Oeeember, 18'20, the contracts were given out, and on 
 the 0th of January. 1830. the railroad was actually begun, by the driving 
 of piles at " Lines' street." 
 
 Mr. 1']. L. Miller, one of the directors, undertook, at his private risk, to 
 provide a locomotive that should draw three times her own weight at a 
 s[Hvd often miles an hour, and the contract was accepted by the Board 
 of Directors on the 1st ^[arch, 1830. The locomotive was built in New 
 York. ui\der ^^r. ^[iller's direction, and was the first constructed in the 
 I'nited States for actual service on a railroad. It weighed four tons, had 
 tour wluv4s, maile with spokes, was called the " Best Friend," arrived in 
 Charle-ton on the 23d October, 1830, and made one trip on 2d Xovem- 
 bor. when the wheels proved of insutticient strength. Others had to be 
 got from New York, and tinally, on the 14th and loth December, 1830, 
 trial trips were made, when the " Best Friend" accomplished from six- 
 teen to twenty-one miles per hour, drawing four or live cars with forty 
 or tifty inissengers. Without the cars the locomotive run thirty-five 
 miles an hour, to the amazement of the community. 
 
 This achievement will be considered all the greater when we remem- 
 ber that the roadway was formed by stringers set on posts, with only a 
 strap of iron spiked along one edge of the surface of the stringers. 
 
 In 1830 six miles of road were built. In 1S31 the whole line was 
 placed under contract. On the 7th' November, 1882, the road was opened 
 to Branchville, sixty-two miles : on the 7th February, 1833, to Midway, 
 
TRANSPORTATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 633 
 
 ninety-two miles, and in October, 1833, the whole road was completed* 
 and opened to the public from Line street, near Charleston, to Hamburg. 
 Cost $Iiol, 148.39. It was then the longest continuous line of railroad 
 track in the world, 13G miles, and continued to be the longest until 1840. 
 It was built entirely on piles. In February, 1832, the first United States 
 mail ever carried on a railroad was transported over the twelve miles 
 then in operation nearest the city. Stages to and from Columbia and 
 Augusta completed those routes. 
 
 The Charleston and Hamburg railroad demonstrated both the practi- 
 cability and convenience of this mode of transportation, and the unwi.se 
 dertection^ via Kingville of the Columbia branch of the South Carolina 
 railroad shows how completely the previous apathy of the interior com- 
 munities had given place to an ardent desire to share in the benefits of 
 the accomplished enterprise. 
 
 When the railroad from Columbia to Greenville was projected, the first 
 surveys showed a straight and practicable line via Laurens, but so eager 
 had grown the desire for the new accommodation that influences arose 
 strong enough to fasten upon the undertaking an egregious and costly 
 route, which exliausted the resources of the corporation, and forced it to 
 build up a territory it could not command, and to occupy a line inviting 
 competition. It is unnecessary to trace in detail the various railroad 
 projects that have from time to time been set on foot. Some failed that 
 should have succeeded, and some were carried out that should have failed. 
 Following the completion of the railroads to Greenville and Charlotte 
 came the great abortive effort to penetrate the Blue Ridge at Rabun Gap. 
 This was rightly regarded as a public work, and on that ground both 
 the State and city of Charleston contributed liberally to its accomplish- 
 ment, but the war of secession came on and nothing of importance has 
 been done since to utilize the great outlay made, beyond Walhalla. 
 
 The period between 1834 and 18fi0 was marked by the gradual devel- 
 opment of railroads, and by many changes within the State, resulting 
 from that development, which deserve careful consideration, as showing 
 the effects of physical conditions upon society and politics. 
 
 Before considering these, however, it should be observed that no ef- 
 fective opposition was ever made to any project for building railroads 
 within or across the territory of the State, but on the contrary, the Legis- 
 lature freely chartered, and in some cases substantially aided railroads 
 which diverted business from our own centres and tended to benefit cities 
 beyond our borders at the expense of those within the State. 
 
 Augusta, Charlotte, and Wilmington profited largely by the uncalcu- 
 
 *The Liverpool and Manchester railroad, thirty mile.s long, was begun in June, 
 182G, and finished 15th iiepteinber, 1830, at a cost of £820,000, about $4,000,000. 
 41 
 
634 TRANSPORTATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 lating liberality of South Carolina in this respect, and although Charles- 
 ton was necessarily the chief sutterer, and exercised at that time an al- 
 most paramount influence in the State, she never sought to monopolize 
 the trade of the interior by obstructing the charters of railroads leading 
 to rival cities. 
 
 It is due to a high-minded and generous connnunity to record this 
 fact, and to point out that it was the consecjuence of consistent adherence 
 to principle, and not attributable to either weakness or indifference. 
 
 The etiects produced by railroads, above referred to, are these: 
 
 1st. The railroads were built, for the most part, on tlie ridges between 
 the rivers, and thus tended to })roduce a new distribution of population 
 in those parts of the State which they traversed. 
 
 The earliest settlements in the low country, as we have seen, followed 
 the rivers, and in 1817, Col. A. Blanding stated in a published address, 
 that " two-thirds of all the market products of the State are raised with- 
 in five miles, and most of the other third within ten miles of a navigable 
 stream ;" one of the consequences, no doubt, of the work done in im- 
 proving internal navigation, and of the insufficient means provided for 
 making and keeping up the roads. It will be seen from this wh}^ the 
 earlier railroads were so coldly received by the persons then most promi- 
 nent as representatives of the agriculturalists of the interior, and why 
 they were taken up and carried to completion only by men who, like 
 Mr. Aiken, Mr. Horry, Mr. Tupj^er and Judge O'Neale, looked beyond 
 the interests and prejudices of a class, and sought to promote the prosperity 
 of the masses. 
 
 The richer lands bordering the rivers were held in large fracts by 
 wealthy proprietors, who had water carriage for their crops and horses 
 and carriages for themselves, but the small farmers, scattered over the 
 less fruitful lands upon the ridges, were without facilities for travel and 
 for marketing their produce. To them the railroads were a great boon, 
 but to the land owners on the rivers they were an annoyance. The 
 Charleston and Hamburg railroad was prevented from passing through 
 St. George's, Dorchester, and up the valley of the Edisto, by the opposi- 
 tion of the planters, but was welcomed and aided with gifts of land by 
 the scattered settlers in the pine barrens, between the Ashley and Cooper. 
 
 2d. The railroads created towms, and the country town became at once 
 a new and important element in the development of the interior of the 
 State. These towns were the centres of trade ; churches and schools 
 arose there, some acquired colleges, and each town attracted to itself the 
 enterprise, talent, and mechanical skill of the vicinity, and lawyers, cler- 
 gymen, doctors, and merchants united, gave the towns that leadership 
 in local affairs, social and political, wliich had been before enjoyed by 
 
TRANSPORTATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 035 
 
 certain large " settlements." Since towns represent the tlioughts and in- 
 terests of communities, while the " settlements " had represented chiefly 
 family influences, the significance of the changes is obvious. Railroads 
 made upper South Carolina even more strongh' democratic than it had 
 been before. 
 
 3rd. The railroads facilitated negro deportations from the State and 
 thus tended to reduce the wealth of the low country, whence the chief 
 movement took place, while, by cheapening transportation, they vastly 
 augmented that of the upper and middle country. As a consequence, 
 the low country gradually lost the social and political ascendenc}^ in the 
 State, which, acquired in colonial days, had been retained until the ad- 
 vent of railroads took it aw^ay. Thus it happened that in building the 
 Charleston and Hamburg railway, Charleston unconsciously initiated a 
 movement which ultimately subverted her influence in the State, and de- 
 flected the course of social and political development in the Common- 
 wealth, away from the aristocratic modes, which its origin and histor}^ 
 had fixed upon the low country, and towards those principles which un- 
 derlay the development of upper South Carolina, and which are the expo- 
 nents of popular institutions both in government and society. 
 
 4th. The railroads stimulated the extension of cotton culture and made 
 Western provisions so cheap that the farmers neglected the production of 
 food at home. By cheapening the transportation of corn and bacon to 
 the cotton lands, and cheapening the carriage of cotton to the seaboard, 
 an unaccustomed adjustment of prices came about, which misled the 
 farmers into that vicious semblance of economy of which the evil effects 
 are still seen and felt throughout the State, whereby the independence 
 and the substantial comforts of farm life are sacrificed to the pursuit of 
 money returns from a large cotton crop. 
 
 5th. After the railroads were finished, the highways, which had been 
 so early located, and which were built and maintained by so costly, and 
 even oppressive a system of personal road service, were of little use as 
 main arteries for trade and travel, but the former cross-roads, connectinu; 
 the new towns and the railroad stations with the country around them, 
 became important thoroughfares. Owing to the peculiar to|)ography of 
 the country, and to the course of the railroads along the ridges, these old 
 cross-roads w&re ill adapted to such requirements, while the road laws 
 were not elastic enough to remedy the inconvenience b}' applying to 
 them the means used in building the former highways. Hence to this 
 day some towns and many important railroad stations are almost inac- 
 cessible in bad weather This affects even the pro.sperity of the railroads, 
 for good common roads are essential as feeders to the railroads. 
 
 6th. No precautions have been at any time taken to obtain for the Legis- 
 
636 TRANSPORTATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA, 
 
 latiiro, or the public, trustworthy inforination as to what raih'oads sliouki 
 be encouraged and what obstructed, nor as to the judicious location of 
 such roads as may be desirable in a general way. Upon every occasion 
 on which the State was asked to grant a charter and to confer the " right 
 of way " along a given route for a railroad, even in cases where the State 
 was asked to aid the enterprise, the field of discussion has been left solely 
 to volunteers. Thus the public interests involved in the undertaking 
 were rarely if ever adequately represented, and as a general thing only 
 that side of the case which was urged by the advocates of the enterprise 
 ever had a hearing either in the Le;gislature or the newspapers. Any 
 voice raised in dissent was weak and ineffectual against the clamor of 
 the interested, while arguments in opposition were too often answered 
 only by charges of unworthy motives on the part of those who ventured 
 to make them public. 
 
 It has been an unfortunate thing that the State abolished the Board of 
 Public Works just at the time when in the building of its railroads such 
 an institution would have been most useful. If the board had been re- 
 tained, and had been charged with the duty of laying out a systematic 
 and comprehensive scheme of railroads for the whole State, leaving each 
 route to be taken up by a private corporation as soon as it proved to be 
 attractive, we should now be far better oii' than we are in respect, to rail- 
 road accommodations. Our railroads, in that case, would have been less 
 costlv, and therefore might have remained in the hands of the original 
 stockholders; whatever extensions might have been required to meet the 
 demands of increased population and production, could have been made 
 in accordance with a carefully considered and definitely settled plan, 
 avoiding injury to previously vested interests of the same character. It 
 is not yet too late for the State to provide in some way for supplying the 
 public and the Legislature with the advice of a disinterested engineer of 
 high professional standing, whose views, under the sanction of official re- 
 sponsibility, should be obtained upon every project of public improve- 
 ment which may be hereafter brought forward. It is now obvious that 
 such an official, regarding matters from the stand-point of the general in- 
 terest of the people; apart from local interests, would have been eminently 
 useful in the past, and on that ground alone, even if there were no others, 
 it is likely that in the future there will be equal need of a Stjite engineer. 
 There are, however, other reasons why the State should have in its ser- 
 vice euiiineering talent and skill. Our road laws are of the worst form 
 of the antique, they were not good when made, and are entirely un- 
 suited to present uses. Certain neighborhood roads may perhaps be ad- 
 vantageously and economically kept up by this antiquated method of per- 
 sonal service, but certainly every highway should be maintained in good 
 
TRANSPORTATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 037 
 
 order by the State, and the work should be done upon scientific princi- 
 ples, as respects grading and drainage. Since navigable rivers and rail- 
 roads are channels of public travel and traffic every road leading from a 
 liighway to a frequented landing, or to a railroad station, should be re- 
 garded as a part of the highway. 
 
 A Board of Works, with a competent engineer at its head, and the 
 convict labor of the State at its disposal, would soon demonstrate its value 
 and would take its place in public estimation as an indispensable part of 
 the machinery of good government. 
 
 The war, terminating in 1865, had made excessive demands upon the 
 transportation institutions of the State, and left the railroads in an ex- 
 hausted condition, l>oth as to motive-power and car resources, while 
 miles of track and trestle had been destroyed. The water transportation 
 had been early broken up, and towards the end many important bridges 
 had been destroyed. The common roads and the causeways, from neglect 
 and unusual traffic, were in bad order; almost the only vehicles of any 
 sort in the country fit for use were a few army wagons and ambulances; 
 horses and mules were scarce and dear, while horse-feed and forage were 
 equally so. 
 
 The recuperation of the railroads proved to be very costly, owing to 
 the high prices which prevailed up to 1873, and when the exceptional 
 tariffs of that period were no longer practicaVjle, corporation after corpo- 
 ration succumbed under the burden of their augmented debts. 
 
 From 1873 to 1880 was the period of receiverships and reorganization, 
 and of legislative action directed towards the regulation of railroads in 
 their relations to the public. These matters can not be discussed here. 
 The reorganization of the railroads on a lower basis of capital and 
 debt excited new hopes as to their profitableness, and encouraged expen- 
 ditures and a system of management, producing marked improvement 
 in rails, bridges, and station accommodation, and quite a new order of 
 things in the speed and frequency of trains. 
 
 According to the report of the Railroad Commissioner for 1882, there 
 are in operation in South Carolina about 1,600 miles of railroads, which 
 transported in that year 961,313 passengers over distances which make 
 the total passenger traffic equivalent to the carriage of 48,664,470 persons 
 one mile. 
 
 The amount of freight carried over these roads in that year is 1,323,364 
 tons, and taking this vast quantity in connection with the distance trav- 
 ersed, it is equal to the transportation of 122,043,275 tons one mile. 
 
 According to the same report, the average amounts paid by the public 
 were 3.42 cents per passenger per mile, and 2.47 cents per ton of freight 
 per mile. 
 
()3S TRANSPORTATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 In 1821, j\Ir. Robert IMills, who was both an ardent patriot and an 
 accomi:>lished and accurate statistician, published through "The Tele- 
 scopic Press," at Columbia, a pamphlet, advocating certain internal im- 
 provements for the facilitating of trade and travel, and from this authentic 
 source we gather the following facts : 
 
 1st. That the bales of cotton then weighed about 320 pounds, and were 
 reckoned as running seven bales to the ton (page 28). 
 
 2nd. That the freight on cotton from Columbia to Charleston by the 
 steamboats which descended the Congaree and Santee, was $1.50 per bale, 
 equal to $10.50 per ton, but this route was so long and hazardous that 
 shippers jireferred to send their cotton by wagons at a cost of $3.00 per 
 bale, equal to $21.00 per ton (page 19 and seq). 
 
 3rd. That the " merchandize, salt, liciuors," &c., carried back to Colum- 
 bia, cost for transportation from $15 00 to $30.00 per ton, both by steam- 
 ers and wagons. The water route being 500 miles, and the road 110 
 miles. 
 
 4th. That " there are annually brought to Charleston from the country 
 Avatered by the Santee and its branches, 50,000 bales of cotton, at a cost 
 for transportation of $115,000." This is equal to $2.30 per bale of 320 
 pounds, or $16.10 per ton. 
 
 5th. Cotton carried from Chatham (now Cheraw) and Society Hill to 
 Georgetown by steam and team-boats, cost, before the improvement of the 
 Peedee. $1.25 per bale, and afterwards 75 cents per bale. The carriage 
 b}' land cost $2.00 per bale, of 320 pounds, to Georgetown. 
 
 The whole quantity carried in one year was put down at G,000 bales. 
 A team-boat, carrrying 300 bales, required eight mules to propel it, five 
 men to manage it, and took fifteen days to descend the stream from 
 Society Hill to Georgetown. The freight from Georgetown to Charleston 
 is not given. 
 
 It is impossible to compute how much the public gains in time and 
 convenience by having railroads, but considering only the gain in econ- 
 omy, calculated upon the data thus furnished, we shall find the follow- 
 ing results : 
 
 Cost of wagon transportation between Columbia and Charleston in 
 1821, 110 miles : To Charleston, $10.50 to $21 per ton ; average, $15.75. 
 To Columbia, $15 to $30 "per ton ; average, $22.50. Average both ways, 
 a little over $19 per ton — 17rVo cents per mile. The route between 
 Charleston and Columbia being the main arterv of travel, rates were 
 probaljly lower on that route than on any otlier in the State ; hence we 
 might safely assume a higher rate per ton per mile for the cost of carriage 
 over the less frequented routes. The present cost, by average, on all the 
 railroads in the State is, according to the Railroad Commissioners, 2.7 
 
TRANSPORTATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. C39 
 
 cents per ton per mile. Between this rate and that of 17.27 cents there 
 is a difference of 14.57 cents, which represents the minimum saving to 
 the pubHc on the transportation of merchandise. Without railroads, or 
 some equivalent convenience, the freight traffic could never have at- 
 tained its present dimensions, because the pul)lic could never have paid 
 to move so much material at the old rates. But it may be instructive to 
 observe that the tonnage figures for 1882, given by the Railroad 
 Commissioner, show that, if paid for at the old rates, the excess of 
 cost on the transportation of freight alone would have amounted to 
 (122,043,275x14.57) $17,781,705.16. The data for estimating the saving 
 in traveling expenses are not as precise as those we have for calculating 
 the saving in the carriage of freight, but we may, perhaps, safely assume 
 it to be in proportion to the ratio of the number of passengers to the tons 
 of freight carried one mile by the railroads in 1882, i. c, as 48,000,000 is 
 to 122,000,000. We shall thus have : 
 
 Gain on freight §17,781,705 
 
 (122 : 48 :: 17,781,705:) Gain on passengers 7,000,000 
 
 Annual gain in cost of transportation by railroad . . $24,781,705 
 
 which is equal to seven per cent, per annum on $354,000,000, and to 
 nearly seventeen per cent, per annum on $145,442,292, which is the total 
 value of all property in the State, real and personal, including railroad 
 property to the amount of $14,877,250, as stated in the Report of the 
 Comptroller General for 1882. 
 
 The cost of all the railroads in South Carolina may be estimated at 
 about fifty million dollars, so that the public is now annually receiving an 
 equivalent of about fifty per cent, on their cost, over and above all 
 interest and dividends paid by the railroads to their creditors and 
 shareholders. This should be remembered when complaint is made of 
 insufficient accommodations and high charges by the railroads, especially 
 since these great public works have, in nearly every case, proved unre- 
 munerative to their builders. 
 
 Another point of gain is, that the railroads are built and kept in order 
 by the corporations owning and operatinc^ them, the annual outlay being 
 taken out of the earnings at even 2.7 cents per-ton per mile, whereas the 
 wagons of 1820-34 made no contributions even to the repair of the roads 
 which they incessantly lacerated, and, besides paying enormous rates of 
 freight, the public was obliged to keep up the roads and rivers. 
 
 While the extension of railroads has been taking place, there has also 
 been an expansion in the freight traffic of some of the rivers, notably, the 
 Santee and Pee Dee. 
 
040 TRANSPORTATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 The greater volume and activity imparted to the currents of trade by 
 the more numerous and more rapid processes of transportation causes 
 more traffic upon the common roads, which are really extensions of rail- 
 road and steamboat routes. These common roads should he put in good 
 order and kept so by the State, because the benefits to be derived from 
 their improvement is diffused over the whole State. If the roads leading 
 to a given town are good or bad, not only the interests of that town, but 
 the convenience and economy of the whole surrounding region are af- 
 fected, and even, in some cases, the effects extend to distant points having 
 only railroad connection with the town concerned. To this purpose the 
 State may well appropriate all its convict labor and such funds as may 
 be necessary to the efficient and sustained em})loyment of the convicts. 
 Such appropriations would soon appear to be in the nature of remunera- 
 tive investments, raising the value of lands and augmenting the emolu- 
 ments of labor wherever the road improvements extend. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 TAXATION AND DEBT. 
 
 The fiscal history of South Carolina presents many remarkable vicissi- 
 tudes. . Periods of great financial embarassments and depression have not 
 been wanting, but they have never discredited the industry, economy or 
 integrity of her people, and the recurrence of eras of great prosperity 
 illustrate the recuperative powers with which the manifold resources of 
 the covmtry have endowed it. 
 
 The first tax, for the sum of £400, was imposed in 1682, twelve years 
 after the settlement of the colony. During the twenty succeeding years 
 the taxes aggregated £2,320, and the largest amount raised in one year 
 was £800. 
 
 Between 1702 and 1720, wars with the Spaniards, the Indians, and the 
 pirates caused an augmentation of taxes, and during this period they 
 amounted to £215,000. A tax of ten per cent, was laid on skins * and 
 furs, and a duty imposed on goods and merchandise imported into, and 
 exported out of the province. The custom duties were a source of in- 
 come until 1790, when their collection was transferred to the Federal 
 government. Specific duties were laid at this time on the importation of 
 negroes ; real and personal property was taxed, and a tax was appor- 
 tioned among the merchants and inhabitants of Charleston. The As- 
 sembl}^ also issued bills of credit to the amount of £33,000. A land bank 
 was established to promote the rapidly increasing and successful culture 
 of rice. It emitted paper bills to the amount of £52,000. The deprecia- 
 tion of this paper currency quickly ensued, exchange and the value of 
 produce rose two hundred per cent, in two 3'ears, and in 1722 the value 
 of this paper money was fixed at four for one of sterling 
 
 Under the Royal government warm disputes between the different 
 branches of the Legislature for and against the issue of bills of credit 
 occurred. The King's council refused to sanction the paper money, and 
 the provincial House of Commons declined to concur in passing any legis- 
 
 *In the early settlements (as in Newberry) (leer and beaver skins were used as (;ur- 
 reney, and were a tender in law in payment of debts, being rated at certain valuations 
 for thetHfTerent sorts, as summer and winter dressed, or undressed skins, provided they 
 weighed one pound or upwards. 
 
042 TAXATION AND DEBT, 
 
 lative act whatever, and none were passed from 1727 to 1731. But the 
 Lower House prevailed in 1730, not, however, without a strong protest 
 from Arthur Middleton, James Kinloch and Joseph Wragg, in passing 
 an Act to emit ^-210,000 in bills of credit, declared in the Act itself to be 
 eipial to about £30,000 sterling. In 174G a second sum of '£210,000 was 
 issued by the same authority, and loaned out at eight per cent., as the 
 first had been. During this period the provincial currency was some- 
 times as low as ten for one, and averaged seven for one of sterling. 
 " Proclamation money," which was an aggregate of the depreciation es- 
 tablished by Queen Anne's proclamation of 1708, determining the value 
 of coin in the provinces at one-quarter advance on sterling, and the de- 
 preciation of provincial currency fixed at four for one in 1722, passed at 
 the rate of five for one of sterling. 
 
 During the French and English wars South Carolina paid in taxes, 
 from the year 1755 to 1765, the enormous sum of £2.020,052, of which 
 £535,303 were raised in the year 1700. The last emission of provincial 
 paper currency was in 1770, amounting to the sum of £70,000, and valued 
 at about £10,000 sterling. The total amount of paper money issued by the 
 province during these sixty-eight years was £605,000, of which more than 
 two-thirds was secured by mortgage, and this sum greatly exceeded the 
 amount in circulation at any one time, as the earlier issues were called in 
 before the later ones were thrown into circulation. The conclusion of the 
 early legislators, after a long experience, and a full discussion of the ad- 
 vantages and disadvantages of an irredeemable pa})er currency was, that, 
 "while under proper restrictions it might be useful to a certain extent, 
 proper restrictions were seldom imposed, and seldomer observed." 
 (Ramse}'.) 
 
 The last colonial tax raised in South Carolina was in 1709, for about 
 £9,600 sterling, or twenty-four timas as much as the first tax levied 
 eighty-seven j^ears before ; as both periods " were times of peace, requir- 
 ing no extraordinar}'^ expenditure, this fiict is a strong proof of the i:>ro- 
 gressive improvement of the country." (Ranise}^) 
 
 For five years previous to the Revolution there was great scarcity of 
 monev in South Carolina. The importation of about 5,000 negroes an- 
 nually by Great Britain caused the balance of trade to be against the 
 colony. Gold and silver were very scarce. No tax bills had been passed, 
 and there was no emission of paper currency by the Assembly for several 
 years. The clerk of the House of Commons merely issued certificates to 
 the public creditors, that their demands should be provided for in the 
 next tax bill. This stringency was temporarily mitigated by certain 
 gentlemen, men of large estate, who, in 1775, issued their joint and 
 several notes, in convenient sums, payable to bearer, to the amount of 
 
TAXATION AND DEBT. 
 
 C)43 
 
 £128,000. They passed freely from hand to hand, but in a short while 
 the war came on, a Hood of paper money was issued, depreciation followed, 
 and this project turned out both unprofitable and vexatious. 
 
 In the Revolutionary war, as in the wars in which Carolina had been 
 previously engaged, recourse was again had to the emission of paper bills 
 of credit. Between 1775 and 1779 no less than £7,817,553 was thrown 
 into circulation. For the space of one year and nine months the enthu- 
 siasm of a people struggling for liberty maintained, undiminished, the 
 value of this paper, but in April, 1777, a destructive depreciation set in, 
 and the circulation of these bills W'as wholly arrested by the fall of 
 Charleston, in 1780. Their total value at the dates when the several 
 issues were made, was estimated at £481,065. - At the date of the extinc- 
 tion of this circulating medium, there was literally no currency in the 
 State, for about that time also the Continental paper, " like an aged man, 
 expiring by the decays of nature, without a sigh or a groan, fell gently 
 asleep in the hands of its last possessors." The Spanish and French 
 loans, which were of such vital assistance to the Federal government in 
 the prosecution of the war at this critical juncture, furnished little or no 
 relief to the people of Carolina. The w^ar, however, was carried on with 
 the same vigor. There was no money. Plate, rings, keepsakes, old coin 
 and such like articles, were brought into use by those who had them. 
 Buying and selling for the most part ceased, those having the necessaries 
 of life divided them freely with the destitute. Simply to live, w^s the 
 aim of most, and this was done to the astonishment of many, who could 
 scarcely tell how it had been effected. 
 
 When at length the war was over, the State liquidated its war debts 
 by giving to its creditors an acknowledgment of the sums due them in 
 the form of an indent. For five years the interest on these indents was 
 paid by issuing special indents, made receivable in taxes, which were an- 
 nually imposed for their redemption. And thus every year two to three 
 hundred thousand dollars was furnished, which obtained considerable 
 circulation. 
 
 In 1785, the State again issued bills of credit to the amount of £100,000, 
 loaning them in small amounts on mortgages of land or deposit of plate, 
 at seven per cent, interest. Of this loan £58,067 was outstanding in 
 1802, yielding a revenue of $17,420 to the State. The merchants came 
 forward in a body and agreed to take these bills at par with gold and 
 silver. No second issue was made, and the depreciation of the bills was 
 inconsiderable. The South Carolina Bank received this paper medium 
 on deposit and made repayment in specie or in its own bills. 
 
 In 1790, the United States, to consolidate the finances of the country 
 and to equalize the condition of the several States, assumed the debts of 
 
044 TAXATION AND DEBT. 
 
 the thirteen original States, contracted in the prosecution of the war. 
 That of South Carolina was the largest and amounted to $3,999,G51. In 
 the further adjustment of the war accounts of the several States with the 
 United States, on the showing of Simeon Theus, it appeared to the satis- 
 faction of the commissioners appointed on behalf of the United States, 
 that the latter were indebted to South Carolina, for advances made by her, 
 in the further sum of $1,447,173, and certificates of funded stock were 
 given to the State for that sum. 
 
 These settlements, and the general prosperity which ensued with the 
 establishment of the independence of the country, gave a stable founda- 
 tion to the finances of South Carolina. A branch bank of the National 
 Bank was established in Charleston, in 1792, and others followed soon 
 after, and the inconveniences which had afflicted South Carolina in every 
 preceding period of her history from the want of a circulating medium 
 passed away, and the country rose to a high pitch of prosperity. 
 
 Nevertheless, in 1799, it appeared that no man in or out of office in 
 the State, was able to tell the amount of the debts or of the credits of the 
 State. In consequence, the office of Comptroller-General was established, 
 and Paul Hamilton, the first incumbent, stated in his final report, in 
 1804, that the balance due to the State was $754,555. 
 
 This flourishing condition of the finances induced the Legislature to 
 subscribe $300,000 to the State Bank, and to establish and endow the 
 South Carolina College at Columbia. 
 
 The war between England and France, causing the imposition of the 
 embargo, and the non-intercourse acts, of 1807 and 1809, and finally the 
 declaration of war against Great Britain, in 1812, bore heavily on the 
 agricultural interests of South Carolina. From December, 1807, foreign 
 trade was almost entirely cut off. Agricultural productions accumulated 
 in the hands of the planters, becoming well-nigh unsalable. Money 
 almost ceased to circulate among the people, and business came to a stand- 
 still. To relieve this distress, the Legislature, in 1812, chartered the 
 Bank of the State, vesting in it the cash in hand and the funds belonging 
 to the State, with power to loan on real security and personal, at an in- 
 terest of seven per cent., the interest being paid in advance annually, 
 and renewable for years. All stocks, bonds, shares and claims belonging 
 to the State, the unexpended money in the treasury, and all taxes to be 
 thereafter collected, were deposited in the bank, and vested in the Presi- 
 dent and Directors, and the faith of the State pledged to support the 
 bank, and to make good all losses. The bank was to pay the interest on 
 the State debt. This debt consisted of three per cent. Revolutionary 
 stock, and was estimated by tlie Legislature for redemption at fifty-five 
 cents on the dollar, making it, by this valuation, $332,870. The bank 
 
TAXATION AND DEBT. 645 
 
 was directed to redeem and extinguish the same by the 31st of Decem- 
 ber, 1824. The bank was chartered until May, 1836. 
 
 With the return of peace another period of great prosperity com- 
 menced. The assets of the State were gradually realized by the bank, 
 and its effective capital amounted, in 1819, to $1,372,500. In this year 
 also Stephen Elliott, the learned and distinguished president of the bank, 
 placed the value of property in South Carolina, at $200,000,000. 
 
 The subject of internal improvements was discussed in South Carolina 
 as earl}^ as 1687, but it was ninety-nine years later before the Santee 
 Canal Company was incorporated, and this work was completed in 1800, 
 at a cost of £150,000 sterling. Other private companies, for the improve- 
 ment of the Wateree, Catawba and Edisto rivers, were incorporated in 
 1787. It was not, however, until the year 1816 that the office of civil 
 and military engineer to the State was established, and aid given by the 
 State to these improvements, at the rate of $50,000 a year. This expendi- 
 ture was soon much increased, and by the year 1826, the State had paid 
 out more than $2,000,000 in internal improvements, chiefly for canals 
 and turnpikes, and of this sum, $1,550,000 remained as a debt. 
 
 Thus it happened that the extravagant expenditures indulged in by 
 man}?^ of the States on account of internal improvements, which threat- 
 ened them with bankruptcy, and culminated in the financial crisis of 
 1836-42, occurred some jeavs earlier in Carolina than elsewhere. So that 
 in 1827, when the Charleston and Hamburg railroad — the first railroad 
 built in the world with a view to its operation by locomotive steam 
 power — was projected, the already depleted treasury only aided the 
 private company, who obtained the charter, by a loan of $100,000, secured 
 by mortgage, payable in seven years, and bearing five per cent, interest. 
 
 In 1830, the Bank of the State was rechartered until 1856. It had 
 discharged S215,931 of the principal of the State debt. This burden, 
 however, had been increased, by the expenditures for internal improve- 
 ments, to $1,892,880, leaving about $1,676,949 still due. The available 
 assets of the bank at this date amounted to $3,768,292. During the suc- 
 ceeding decade, the debt of the State and assets of the bank were both 
 largely increased, as will appear from the following statements : 
 
 When the South Carolina Railroad, one hundred and thirty-seven 
 miles in length, was completed, in 1834, the most brilliant anticipations 
 of its success were entertained. The State had once again become pros- 
 perous ; cotton rose from eight to fifteen cents per pound, and thence, in 
 1836, to twenty cents. The idea of developing great interior routes of 
 communication occupied the public mind throughout the entire United 
 States, and seized for a second time upon South Carolina. 
 
 The Charleston, Louisville and Cincinnati Railroad and Banking Com- 
 
010 TAXATION AND DEBT. 
 
 pany, to have a capital of $30,000,000, was chartered. The State took 
 $800,000 of the stock, advanced $200,000 in cash, and endorsed the bonds 
 of the company for $2,000,000. This magnificent project, with many 
 similar ones undertaken at this date, failed ; accomplishing, some ^''ears 
 later, of its great promise, only the Columbia branch of the South Caro- 
 lina railroad, sixty-seven miles in length. 
 
 Meanwhile, the enormous increase of the debts of many of the States 
 of the Union, on account of their expenditures for internal improve- 
 ments, threatened to assume the proportion,^ of a great national evil. 
 These debts aggregated $174,300,094, and the Federal Government, free 
 from debt, and with a large amount of surplus revenue in its treasury, 
 was appealed to on all liands for help. $30,000,000 of this surplus rev- 
 enue was ordered to be distributed among the States in four quarterly 
 instalments, commencing January, 1837. The pro rata assigned to South 
 Carolina was about $1,350,000, and of this amount $1,051,422.09 was 
 actually deposited with the State in July, 1837, being the tirst three 
 instalments. The financial distress, which culminated in the panic of 
 1837, prevented the payment of the fourth and last instalment. 
 
 In 1838, a great fire destroj'cd a large portion of the city of Charleston, 
 and an extra session of the Legislature authorized a loan of $2,000,000 to 
 aid the sufferers. The Bank of the State negotiated this loan, borrowing 
 the money in England and loaning it on mortgages to the people of 
 Charleston. 
 
 The result of these events was that, in 1840, the State debt had in- 
 creased to $3,670,949 (not counting the surplus revenue deposited by the 
 United States with the State until otherwise ordered by Congress). The 
 assets of the bank had also increased, from the sources above cited, to 
 $5,420,809. 
 
 Although the decade, 1840 to 1850, does not appear as one of unusual 
 prosperity, it was marked by great economy in the management of the 
 financial affairs of South Carolina. A strong anti-debt feeling was aroused 
 among the people. No new loans were made, and, in 1850, the return of 
 the Comptroller-General shows the debt of the State, less the surplus 
 revenue, to be $2,105,920, funded in three, five and six per cent, stocks 
 and bonds. The assets of the Bank of the State amounted to $3,033,718, 
 and other assets of the State in railroad stocks and borids amounted to 
 $1,320,156. In all, $4,953,874. 
 
 This prosperous condition of the treasury again induced a recurrence 
 to unusual expenditures, a tendency which was fostered by the rapid 
 increase in wealth of the people during the decade, 1850 to 1860. In 
 1852, the charter of the Bank of the State was a second time extended 
 until 1871. P'or the third time the project of a great higliwa}' to the 
 
TAXATION AXD DEBT. G 17 
 
 Northwest obtained control of the Legislature, and the State issued six 
 per cent, bonds, to the amount of $1,310,000, in aid of the Blue Ridge 
 railroad. The great increase in State expenditures which prevailed, 
 adding largely to the burden of taxation, as for example, in the State of 
 New York, increasing its amount three hundred per cent., found a par- 
 allel in South Carolina, in the sums expended in erecting a new State 
 House of Cyclopean blocks of granite. For this enterprise, if it may be 
 termed so, the State issued at this time six per cent, bonds to the amount 
 of $1,822,210. 
 
 Nevertheless, the assets of the State were ample to meet all liabilities. 
 The report of the joint committee of the General Assembly, in December, 
 1850, showed that the bank was in a prosperous condition ; that it had 
 paid debts of the State in excess of the interest and principal of the funds 
 with which it had been intrusted by the State (excepting a portion of the 
 fire loan) ; that, deducting all the liabilities of the bank for issues, de- 
 posits, balances due to other banks, &c., from the $7,770,337 representing 
 its assets, there remained $3,085,397 of net assets, the fruit of its man- 
 agement. This sum, with $2,052,300 held by the State in railroad 
 shares — in all, $5,737,597 — represented the fiscal resources of the State 
 available to meet its public debt, which (subtracting the fire loan stocks 
 and bonds already deducted from the as.sets of the bank) amounted to 
 $2,478, 79(), as stated by the Comptroller-General in his report for that 
 year. 
 
 Such was materially the condition of the finances of South Carolina at 
 the commencement of the war between the States. 
 
 In 1867, the Comptroller General stated the funded public debt of the 
 State, interest and principal, as $8,378,255, and the assets of the State, con- 
 sisting chiefly of assets held by the Bank of the State and shares in rail- 
 road com])anies, as $8,709,189. 
 
 Of this increased indebtedness, $2,241,840 was for principal of bonds 
 issued during the war for the military defence of the State ; $729,200 re- 
 duced interest on bonds and stocks ; $436,600 State capitol bonds, &c., 
 issued during and after the war ; thus leaving $4,978,615 to represent the 
 ante-bellum del)t increased in the interval by interest. 
 
 Doubtless a considerable portion of the assets of the bank, with which 
 these liabilities were to be met, would eventually have proved valueless, 
 as did the results of many of the financial transactions during the war. 
 Time, however, to test this matter was not allowed 
 
 In 1868, the Federal military authorities summoned a convention to 
 " Reconstruct " the State of South Carolina. From this convention the 
 former citizens of South Carolina were virtually excluded, and it was 
 placed by the military authorities, as the State government, for eight 
 
(')-l8 TAXATION AND DKHT. 
 
 years. Subsequently it was in the haiuls of the newly enuineii)ate(l 
 neu'ra slaves. 
 
 The eonvention deelared the $2,*241,o 10 ot" war ilcht wholly and for- 
 ever invalid. The tirst negro Legislature that met }>assed an aet, in the 
 fall of lvS()8, to elose the operations of the Uank of the State. Thereafter, 
 the assets of this venerable institution added nothing to the revenues of 
 the State. In 1S70. it was placed in the hands of receivers, under whose 
 administration its funds have gradually diminished. 
 
 Thus passed away a powerful institution, which, for more than half a 
 century had exercised exclusive control of the fiscal afiairs of the State. 
 Its friends claimed that it had saved, consolidated and made profitable 
 the funds of the State ; that it had furnished relief to many citizens, 
 added to the general revenues of the State, improving and develo})ing 
 the towns of the interit)r ; its }>rofits were emploj'od in paying the in- 
 terest and in reducing the j)rincipal of the public debt; it preserved its 
 ca})ital entire and its funds safe, maintaining the character and credit of 
 the State in Europe and at home without blot or suspicion. Its most 
 violent opponents admitted the ability and integrity displayed in its 
 management, antl declared that the abiding confidence of the people in 
 it was a high but dangerous compliment to the purity of the public 
 characters of the State. 
 
 This was but the prelude to the wreck which the negro government 
 made of the finances of the State. Its policy was of extreme simplicity. It 
 consisted in raising money by every means available, and at any cost, to 
 be squandered in profiigateand corrupt extravagances upon the plunder- 
 ers in i)ower. S})a(.'e does not allow here even a brief summary of the 
 numerous and devious methods adopted for these purposes. Of the high 
 assessments placed on the renniants of ju'operty spared by the ravages of 
 war; of the equally high rate of taxation; of the issues of bonds and 
 stocks of the State by the Legislature, by the Governors, Treasurers 
 Speakers of the House of Representatives, and financial agents; of their 
 sale and hypothecation; of the army of clerks, messengers, porters, vfec, 
 aggregating 2,505, employed by the Legislature; of the legislative ac- 
 counts for services, including wines, groceries and dry goods, amounting 
 to ^543,232 ; and of much more, concerning which statements made by 
 their own witnesses, will be found in the reports on legislative frauds 
 during the years 1871, 72, '73, 74. 
 
 The average of the annual State taxes for the ten years })receding the war 
 — a linn.' of great prosperity and large expenditure — was $-142,58U. From 
 1800 to 1873, they averaged ^1,822,007. During this latter period, the 
 assots of the State disappeared. The interest on the public debt remained 
 unpaid, large deficiencies occurred, no public works were undertaken. 
 
TAXATION AND DEBT. 649 
 
 The sequel is briefly stated in tlie language of the Financial Investigating 
 Committee of the negro Legislature of 1871-2 : " We find ourselves 
 facing a total debt of $28,977,608. This sum represents the present 
 actual and contingent liabilities of the State as the committee find 
 tliem." The credit of the State was entirely destroyed. " It was with 
 the greatest difficulty that the officers of the State Lunatic Asylum could 
 purchase four thousand dollars worth of provisions on credit, although 
 appropriations had been made to be payable out of the revenues which 
 were then about to become due " (Statistics Public Indebtedness, 10th U. 
 S. Census). The appalling spectacle was presented of a State struggling 
 in the slough of debt, with Labor resting on her rusted implements. Com- 
 merce folding her wings. Trade in prison garments, and the Genius of 
 Liberty weeping over her people, prostrate, bankrupt and disgraced. 
 
 Extreme measures were of urgent necessity. A constitutional amend- 
 ment was ratified forbidding the General Assembly to create any further 
 debt without first submitting the question to the people at a general 
 State election, and unless two-thirds of the qualified voters cast their 
 votes in favor of it. The negro Legislature, by act of the 22d December, 
 1873, declared as absolutely null and void bonds recently issued to the 
 amount of $5,965,000. By the same act, known as the " Consolidation 
 Act," the State Treasurer was authorized and required to receive from 
 their holders certain specified certificates of stock and bonds, and to give 
 in exchange therefor, other certificates of stock or bonds equal in amount 
 to fifty per centum of the face value of the bonds and certificates of stock 
 surrendered. Interest was no longer to be paid on the old bonds and 
 stocks unless exchanged, and then at the rate of six per cent, per annum. 
 The bonds and stocks thus specified were : 
 
 Bonds and Stocks issued by the State from the year 1794 to 
 
 the year 1861, amounting to $2,837,460 
 
 Bonds and Stocks issued during the war, from 1801 to 1866, 
 
 amounting to 124,865 
 
 Bonds and Stocks issued after the war, before the Reconstruc- 
 tion Convention of 1868, amounting to 1,021,218 
 
 Bonds and Stocks issued by the negroes from 1868 to 1870, 
 
 amounting to 5,835,100 
 
 Total $9,818,643 
 
 This sum was to be paid at fifty per cent, discount, in consolidation 
 bonds. It would have amounted to $4,904,321, to which the past due in- 
 terest was to be added. 
 42 
 
650 TAXATION AND DEBT. 
 
 Even these measures failed to seoure an honest admuiistration of the 
 debt. The Comptroller-General of the negro government reported, in 
 1875, that the volume of consolidation bonds had been much increased 
 by the funding of a " large amount of coupons, although the records of 
 the treasury prove that they had been previously paid." 
 
 This was the state of affairs in January, 1877, when the United States 
 troops were withdrawn from the State House ; the negro government al- 
 lowed to fall to pieces, and the white citizens permitted once more to 
 take part in the administration of affairs. 
 
 On October 31st, 1877, the State Treasurer reported that 
 
 The principal funded under the Act of December, 1873, 
 
 amounted to $4,396,290 
 
 The principal then still fundable under the Act amounted to 
 12,704,551, which, at the rate established by the Act, 
 amounted to 1,352,276 
 
 Total principal $5,748,566 
 
 It was found necessary to appoint a commission to investigate the in- 
 debtedness of the State, under the Consolidation Act. The irregularities 
 discovered by this commission were so numerous and important that the 
 Legislature, in 1878, created a court, known as the " Court of Claims," 
 with jurisdiction to hear and determine cases testing the validity of the 
 consolidated bonds, coupons, and certificates of stock. A number of 
 cases involving issues of law and of fact were determined by this court, 
 and on appeal, by the Supreme court. In 1879, the Legislature appoint- 
 ed a special commissioner to ascertain, in accordance with the decisions of 
 the courts mentioned, and to establish the validity or the percentage of 
 validity of each consol bond, certificate of stock, or of the unpaid interest 
 thereon. The holders of these consols to have the right to surrender the 
 same for cancellation, and to receive new consols from the State Treasurer, 
 bearing interest at six per cent., for the exact amount reported valid in 
 the consols surrendered. These new consols, issued after February, 1880, 
 are engraved from the same plates as the green consols issued under 
 prior Acts, but are distinguished by their color, being brown. 
 
 The " deficiencies," or floating indebtedness, left by the negro govern- 
 ment, was adjusted by a " Court of Claims " established in 1878. " De- 
 ficiency " bonds and stocks, bearing six per cent, interest, and payable in 
 ten years, were issued in settlement of such portion of these claims as the 
 :jourt adjudged valid. 
 
 By these means the final adjustment of the debt of the State has been 
 
TAXATION AND DEBT. 651 
 
 nearly completed. The interest on it is being paid regularly as it falls 
 due. The State credit has been restored. The bonds and stocks which 
 had been sold as low as sixty cents on the dollar, under the Republican 
 administration, now commands from $1.04 to $1.06 in the money market. 
 
 Statement of the Public Debt, 31st October, 1882. 
 
 Total consols (valid) $5,429,928 54 
 
 Total deficiencies 501,992 24 
 
 State scrip Agricultural College 191,800 00 
 
 To be funded for ante bellum principal and inter- 
 est—say 168,924 47 
 
 To be funded for post bellum principal and interest 
 
 —say (all valid) 85,237 50 
 
 To be funded for post bellum principal and interest 
 
 —(partly invalid) 88,275 00 
 
 To be funded for " Fundable Interest " partly in- 
 valid—say 105,289 68 
 
 To be funded for bills of the Bank of the State . . 378 00 
 
 Total bonded debt $6,571,825 43 
 
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TAXATION AND DEBT. 
 
 653 
 
 It will be noticed in 1881 that there is an item of $464,300, under the 
 head of " poll and school tax," not treated with the annual State taxes. 
 It is derived from the poll tax and a tax of two mills on all property in 
 the State, and is not imposed by the General Assembly, nor subject to ap- 
 propriations made by it. A perpetual tax of this sort is levied by a con- 
 stitutional provision, ratified in 1877, and its proceeds are devoted exclu- 
 sively to educational purposes. 
 
 In addition to the regular State taxes. South Carolina, in common with 
 the other States of the Union, allows the citizens of the minor civil divis- 
 ions, and of the towns and cities, to impose, under certain restrictions, 
 such local county and municipal taxes as they may think necessary. 
 The counties and municipalities may also create county and muni- 
 cipal debts, distinct from the State debt. This local taxation was in 
 South Carolina for the year 1880, $554,164 for the counties ; and $542,109 
 for the minor civil divisions and municipalities. Of the latter the larger 
 part was levied in Charleston and Columbia. Outside of the counties in 
 which these cities are situated, the total township, town and village taxes 
 of the State aggregated only $62,514. Distributed according to popula- 
 tion, the sum of this local taxation amounted to $1.10 per capita; dis- 
 tributed according to area, it was $36.33 to each square mile. Through- 
 out the country at large the weight of these burdens is much greater, 
 the average for the United States being $5.09 per capita, and $94.49 per 
 square mile. Tlie indebtedness of counties, townships, school districts, 
 cities, towns and villages in South Carolina amounted, in 1880, to $6,706,- 
 767 ; outside of Richland and Charleston counties, this total amounted 
 to only $1,498,437. This amounted to $6.72 for each one of the popula- 
 tion, and $222 to each square mile. The aggregate of this species of in- 
 debtedness for the country at large averages $16.67 for each one of the 
 population, and $276 for each square mile of territory. 
 
 FEDERAL TAXATION. 
 
 In common with the citizens of the other States, the citizens of South 
 Carolina pay taxes for the support of the Federal Government. These 
 are of two sorts, the customs duties on articles imported, and the 
 
 INTERNAL REVENUE TAXES. 
 
 The United States Collection District of South Carolina paid for the 
 fiscal year 1881, internal revenue taxes to the amount of $135,907- 
 This is a little more than one-tenth per cent, of the entire collections of 
 internal revenue in the whole United States. It is notable that the cost 
 of making these collections in South Carolina — compensation of collec- 
 tors, office expenses, per diem of store-keepers, fees and travelling ex- 
 
Co4 TAXATION AND DEBT. 
 
 penses of gangers — amount to $45,332, or 33.35 per cent, of the amount 
 colloctod, wliile for the whok^ United States tlie cost of collections 
 amounted to only 3 7-10 per cent. During the period of the tax 
 on cotton the collections in South Carolina were much larger, 
 amounting in 1S6G to 34-100 per cent. ; in 18G7 to 73-100 per cent., 
 and in ISGS to 1| per cent, on the collections for the whole United States, 
 and aggregating, in the year last named, $2,034,800. 
 
 The collections made in the State are not, however, the criterion of the 
 amount paid on account of the tax within its limit. For if no collections 
 whatever were made in the State by revenue officers, the citizens consum- 
 ing the articles taxed would pay the tax thereon. If the amount of 
 taxed articles consumed could be ascertained, the chief factor in the 
 amount of tax paid would be determined. This can be done only ap- 
 proximately. It is perhaps safe to assume that retail dealers in the 
 articles taxed make about the same average amount of sales everywhere. 
 The leading articles subject to the internal revenue tax are distilled 
 liquors and tobacco. Liquor dealers are less numerous in South Carolina, 
 where they are only about one to one thousand of the population, than 
 in the rest of the United States, where they average a little more than 
 three to the thousand. In special taxes on pursuits there is collected : 
 
 In South Carolina, from retail liquor dealers $ 27,119 
 
 In the United States 4,265,992 
 
 In South Carolina, from dealers of manufactured tobacco . . 29,367 
 
 In the United States 1,827,495 
 
 This would make the percentage of the li(|uor trade .0066 of that of 
 the United States, and the retail tobacco business .016 per cent, of that of 
 the United States. Assuming, as above that these percentages represent 
 the percentages of these taxed articles consumed in South Carolina, and 
 that the tax is paid in proportion to their consumption, the statement 
 would be : 
 
 Tax from distilled liquors collected in the whole United 
 States for the whole period Internal Revenue taxes have 
 been in force, $707,209,362. of which .0066 per cent, is 
 
 paid by South Carolina ' $4,667,581 
 
 Likewise of the $524,240,114 collected on tobacco, of which 
 
 .016 paid by South Carolina ^ 8,387,841 
 
 These items form 80 per cent, of the Internal Revenue collec- 
 tions, and at the same ratio, 20 i>er cent, should be added . 
 
 to express the amount paid by South Carolina 3,263,854 
 
 To these items add the direct collections in South Carolina for 
 
 the whole period 7,743,334 
 
 Making total revenue tax paid in South Carolina .... $24,062,610 
 
TAXATION AND DEBT. 655 
 
 This would make the tax- paid in South Carolina to average about one 
 and a half millions of dollars for each year of the sixteen during which 
 the tax has l)een collected. The aggregate amount is .0085 of the $2,807,- 
 153,628 collected as internal revenue in all the States. Taking the popu- 
 lation of 1880, the average for the whole United States is $55 per capita; 
 for South Carolina it is $24 per capita. 
 
 THE CUSTOMS TAX 
 
 of South Carolina is still more difficult to compute. It is a strong point 
 in favor of these' indirect taxes that, while as other taxes they are as 
 certain to come as death, they more resemble this dread visitor in coming 
 unawares. The collections made of customs in South Carolina offer no 
 basis whatever for an estimate. Estimating the amount of the $186,- 
 522,064 of customs collected in 1880, in the ratio of the population of 
 South Carolina to that of the United States, the share paid by this State 
 would be about $3,700,000. This is probably more than what is really 
 paid, but it is estimated much higlier by many. From this it will appear 
 that, granting that South Carolina pays less in Federal taxes than 
 the average elsewhere in the Union, nevertheless, she pays, annually, 
 $5,200,000 in such taxes, or more than double all her other taxes. State, 
 county and municipal together. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 To estimate even approximately the burden that taxation and debt are 
 to any community, it is essential to form some idea of the relation they 
 bear to the wealth of the community. Unfortunately, the assessment 
 valuation for purposes of taxation furnish no data from which to judge 
 of the true values of property. Thus, in 1870, the assessed value of pro- 
 perty in Vermont was only 43 per cent, of the true valuation, and in 1860 
 it was 67 per cent. ; in New York, in 1870, it was 30 per cent., and in 
 1860 it was 70 per cent. ; in Illinois, in 1870, it was 22 per cent., and in 
 1860 it was 70 per cent. ; and in all the States the percentage of true val- 
 uations returned for taxes in 1870 was 47 ; for 1860 it was 70. The true 
 valuations of property for the year 1880 are in course of preparation in 
 the census office, but will not be completed for some months to come. 
 The census valuations of property in South Carolina placed it at $288,- 
 257,694 in 1850 ; in 1860 it was given at $548,138,754. This increase of 
 90 per cent, was rather remarkable, when it is remembered that, during 
 these ten years, the State not only gained little by immigration, but that 
 she spared largely of her population and wealth in opening up new set- 
 
GoO TAXATION AND DEBT. 
 
 tleiiicnts in the Soiitlnvest, aiul it is to be attributed altogether to an 
 intelligent anil eareful husbandry which developed the natural resources 
 of the State. For 1870, the census valuation, reduced to a gold basis 
 for comparison, amounted to only $1()(),41 0,582, showing that nearly 70 
 per cent, of the accumulations of 1800 had been sunk by the war. The 
 facts furnished by these pages show how great in many regards the 
 recuperation has been since this date, and especially since 187G. No 
 estimate of the aggregate gains will be here attempted, as without an 
 elaborate stud}' of the values in each of the States, such as is being now 
 conducted by the census office, it would furnish no basis of comparison 
 with other sections. It is safer to compare the relations of debt and taxa- 
 tion with certain comparatively well ascertained factors of wealth. Of 
 the three factors of wealth, land, labor and capital, it may be assumed in 
 communities so homogeneous, in most respects, as the States of the Union, 
 that land and labor correspond, to a considerable extent, with population 
 and area, and therefore a comparison of the debt and taxation per capita 
 and per square mile of one community with another, if not decisive, is 
 at least dealing Avith tolerably well known elements having a most im- 
 portant bearing on the problem. 
 
TAXATION AND DEBT. 
 
 657 
 
 The following table, taken from the United States Census returns gives 
 the figures, in accordance with which diagrams A, B and C were con- 
 structed : 
 
 1860. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Akea. 
 
 Debt. 
 
 Taxation. 
 
 New England. . . . 
 
 3,185,283 
 
 02,005 
 
 $ 9,170,113 
 
 $13,504,907 
 
 Middle States. . . . 
 
 8,333,330 
 
 111,940 
 
 259,168,359 
 
 28,220,008 
 
 United States. . . 
 
 31,443,321 
 
 2,970,000 
 
 528,443,991 
 
 94,180,740 
 
 AVestern States . . . 
 
 9,531,195 
 
 900,135 
 
 144,354,788 
 
 34,152,803 
 
 Southern States . . 
 
 10,259,010 
 
 797.125 
 
 115,750,731 
 
 18,132,242 
 
 South Carolina . . . 
 
 703,708 
 
 30,170 
 
 4,733,242 
 
 1,280,386 
 
 1870. 
 
 
 
 
 
 New England. . . . 
 
 3,487,924 
 
 02,005 
 
 123,611,000 
 
 43,309,461 
 
 Middle States. . . . 
 
 9,848,415 
 
 111,940 
 
 303,844,000 
 
 89,130,842 
 
 United States .... 
 
 38,558,371 
 
 2,970,000 
 
 868,676,000 
 
 280,591,521 
 
 Western States . . . 
 
 13,060,591 
 
 900,135 
 
 172,129,000 
 
 105,475,784 
 
 Southern States . . 
 
 11,250,411 
 
 797,125 
 
 268,476,000 
 
 41,467,885 
 
 South Carolina . . . 
 
 705,600 
 
 30,170 
 
 13,075,229 
 
 2,767,670 
 
 1880. 
 
 
 
 
 
 New England. . . . 
 
 4,011,529 
 
 62,005 
 
 178,654,977 
 
 42,010,217 
 
 Middle States. . . . 
 
 11,750,073 
 
 111,940 
 
 488.638,655 
 
 101.466,347 
 
 United States. . . . 
 
 51,155,783 
 
 2,970,000 
 
 1,117,821,071 
 
 312,756,721 
 
 Western States . . . 
 
 18,524,989 
 
 960,158 
 
 243,984,183 
 
 129,117,979 
 
 Southern States, . . 
 
 15,257,393 
 
 797,125 
 
 204,887,805 
 
 37,507,417 
 
 South Carolina . . . 
 
 995,577 
 
 30,170 
 
 13,419,958 
 
 1,839,983 
 
OoS TAXATION AND DEllT. 
 
 Plato A exhibits tlio relation of debt aiul taxation to population in 
 South Carolina, and for the principal geographical divisions of the United 
 States during the thirty years represented by the United States census 
 returns of 18G0, 1870, 1880. National debt and taxation are not con- 
 sidered, but only State and local indebtedness and taxation, the latter 
 including county, township and municipal debt and taxes. It appears 
 that the ratio of debt and taxation to population has greatly increased 
 since 1800, and that these burdens become larger in passing from South 
 Carolina and the Southern States to the Western, Middle, and New Eng- 
 land States. The increase in 1870 is in part attributable to the premium 
 on gold at that date, but in South Carolina it was due in a still greater 
 degree to the corrupt character of the State government, maintained by 
 military authority during *' reconstruction." The gradation of taxation 
 from New England to South Carolina is more striking even than that of 
 indebtedness, and while it shows the frugality with which the State gov- 
 ernment is administered, shows also how unjust the general and sweeping 
 charges of repudiation are, inasmuch as the load of debt imposed by the 
 " reconstruction " government is still being borne. 
 
 Plate B exhibits the ratio of State and local taxation and indebtedness 
 to area, and agrees in its general features with plate A. The State and 
 local indebtedness per capita of South Carolina is less than one-third 
 that of the Middle and New England States. Per square mile, it is only 
 one-eighth that of the former, and one-tenth that of the latter. 
 
 Plate C exhibits the total burden of debt and taxation, Federal, State 
 and local, chargeable on the State of South Carolina, per capita and per 
 square mile, for the periods of 1860 and 1880. The national debt and 
 taxes are here assumed to be equally distributed according to population 
 and area, and the portion assigned South Carolina is estimated on this 
 basis. Of course the Federal debt and taxes are not actually distributed 
 in this manner. As it is certain that no estimate, as to where and by 
 whom these indirect taxes are actually and ultimately paid, would pass 
 unchallenged, the above is given to show the relative magnitude of the 
 changes which have occurred since 1860 in State and Federal taxation 
 and indebtedness. The Federal debt was : 
 
 In 1860 $64,800,000 
 
 In 1880 $2,120,415,370 
 
 The Federal taxes were : 
 
 In 1860 $53,187,511 
 
 In 1880 $360,474,657 
 
 One thing is at least clear, that however and by whomsoever the por- 
 tion of Federal taxes paid by South Carolina be estimated, they will be 
 found to be largely in excess of all taxes, State and local, collected 
 within her borders. 
 
Plate A. 
 
Plate B 
 
PER CAPITA 
 
 loUNTY AND TOWN,} SOUTH CAROLINA TAX. 
 
 STATE, 
 
 COUNTY AND TOWN, 
 
 INTERNAL REVENUE I 
 CUSTOMS, I 
 
 DEBT. 
 
 I860 
 
 IITJ 
 
 FEDERAL TAX. 
 DEBT. 
 
 PER SQUARE MILE 
 
 1880 
 
 
 
 
 
 £j; 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 FEDERAL DEBT. 
 
 COUNTY AND TOWN, } SO^^H CAROLINA DEBT. 
 
 INTERNAL REVENUE 
 CUSTOMS, 
 
 STATE, I 
 
 COUNTY AND TOWN, ) 
 
 FEDERAL TAX. 
 SOUTH CAROLINA TAX 
 
 I860 
 
CH-A.T^TER X. 
 
 TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 The urban population of the United States was 3.8 per cent, of the 
 aggregate population in 1790. By the last census it has risen to 22.5 per 
 cent. The facilities offered to trade and manufactures during the present 
 century by the introduction of the use of steam, by improvements in 
 machinery, by the telegraph and cheaper and better postal arrangements, 
 has promoted everywhere this increase in city populations. In South 
 Carolina this tendency has been less obvious than in most countries 
 similarly located. Nevertheless, with the abolition of slavery, the barriers 
 M'hich isolated the State have been removed, and it is plain that she is 
 making haste to take part in this as well as in the other great movements 
 of the age. 
 
 Governor Drayton enumerates forty-two towns and villages in South 
 Carolina in 1800, the population of which may be estimated at not ex- 
 ceeding 30,000, or twelve per cent, of the inhabitants of the State. Mills, 
 in 1820, makes the number of towns and villages sixty-one, with a popu- 
 lation of near 45,000, being eight per cent, on the enumeration of the 
 census for that year. William Gilmore Simms counts, in 1840, of towns, 
 villages and hamlets, some seventy-five, with a population not far from 
 65,000, being ten per cent, of the people in the State. The census of 
 1880 counts one hundred and five towns in the State. This count, how- 
 ever, includes only a small proportion of the lesser villages and trading 
 settlements, which are increasing with great rapidity, and are effecting 
 marked changes in the social and industrial condition of the population. 
 The growth of the larger towns has been set back by the destruction and 
 losses attendant upon the war, and by the radical revolution it affect- 
 ed in the industries of the State, disturbing all the established methods 
 of trade. But along the lines of railways, and every where in the rural 
 districts, there has been a remarkable increase in the number of estab- 
 lishments engaged in trade. The cross-road store has become an impor- 
 tant factor in the organization of labor and in the distribution of wealth. 
 Established in the first instance as an adjunct to other industries, as 
 commissariats for farm hands, or those employed in saw mills, turpen- 
 
GGO TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 tlnc or pli03pliatc works, they have gained a foothold of their own, draw- 
 ing round them small but growing communitie?, which find such locations 
 eligible for the diversified industries and pursuits demanded by civilized 
 life. Originally, the Indian traders, following the trail of the hunters 
 and trappers, opened the interior of the State for settlement. Graziers 
 and stock raisers, known as " cowpen keepers," were the first to follow 
 them. In their wake, and to supplement for their uses the short-comings 
 of the seasons, came the tillers of the soil. These throve and prospered 
 until in the fullness of time they became large planters and great land- 
 lords, supplanting and overshadowing all others. Then came the war, 
 and the destruction of the plantation system. The thirty-three thousand 
 plantations of 1860 are divided out among ninety-three thousand small 
 farmers in 1880. Wholly occupied by their struggle with the soil 
 and the seasons, these small farmers, of necessity, intrust their trading 
 interests to the care of the country storekeeper. And thus the cross- 
 roads store stands again, as stood formerly the Indian trading post, a 
 pioneer in a new industrial departure. The blacksmith, the wheelwright, 
 and the trial justice settle near them, and when two or three stores are 
 gathered together, churches and schools are opened, and a town which, 
 from its very commencement, has instantaneous communication through 
 the telegraph with every quarter of the globe, is admitted into the great 
 fellowship of cities, and takes its growth. 
 
 The attempt is liere made to express numerically the character and 
 distribution of these towns and trading points. As in some sort, a first 
 attempt, it is necessarily defective. The defects are, however, those of 
 omission, and these can be supplied by more accurate enumerations in 
 future. 
 
 In the following statements, trading settlements alone are considered. 
 Health, educational or social resorts, as such, are not included, nor are 
 mills or manufactories entered unless stores are connected with them. 
 
TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Towns, Trading Points, Stores d'c. in South Carolina. 
 
 6G1 
 
 
 Tot 
 
 rxs axdTr.\ding' 
 
 Points. | 
 
 1 
 
 • 
 
 Stores 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Character of. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s- c 
 
 
 -^ CO 
 
 
 
 
 tJ 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 2 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 Regions. 
 
 6 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 3 x^ 
 
 
 
 5 
 
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 s 
 
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 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 Si 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
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 ^ 
 
 s 
 
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 Pi 
 
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 I. Coast 
 
 34 
 
 
 58,756 52 1 
 
 1,169 
 
 $20,322,000 
 1,473,000 
 
 51 
 
 187 
 
 660 
 
 16? 
 
 90 
 
 70 
 
 ^5 
 
 II. Lower Pine 1 
 Belt. r 
 
 78 
 
 16 
 
 9,095 
 
 6 
 
 330 
 
 4 
 
 295 
 
 23 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 III. Upper Pine ) 
 Belt. I 
 
 99 
 
 20 
 
 21,538 
 
 9 
 
 1,009 
 
 5,630,000 
 
 14 
 
 693 
 
 215 
 
 33 
 
 13 
 
 55 
 
 16 
 
 IV. Red and ) 
 
 &V. Sand Hill J 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 7,403 
 
 10 
 
 221 
 
 1,816,000 
 
 4 
 
 143 
 
 62 
 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 
 VI. Piedmont 
 
 244 
 
 49 
 
 50,788 
 
 12 
 
 1,750 
 
 10,546,000 
 
 26 
 
 973 
 
 506 114 
 
 71 
 
 86 
 
 3 
 
 VII. Alpine 
 
 8 
 493 
 
 o 
 
 100 
 
 3,084 
 
 33 
 
 166 
 
 369,000 
 
 1 
 
 99 
 
 53 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Totals 
 
 150,664 
 
 15 
 
 4,645 
 
 §40,156,000 
 
 100 
 
 2,390 
 
 1,519 316 184 
 
 286 
 
 49 
 
 It may be roughly estimated that the annual sales are about one hun- 
 dred and fifty millions of dollars. In this connection, a general view .of 
 the condition of the 
 
 BANKS 
 
 in South Carolina, in the present and also in the past, is exhibited on 
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TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. GGt 
 
 COAST REGION. 
 
 On the Coast Region of South Carolina there are 1,111 stores. Of these, 
 four hundred and fifty keep general merchandise and groceries ; one hun- 
 dred and sixty-four, dry goods; eighty-five, hardware, and three hundred 
 and ninety-seven are classed as miscellaneous. Notwithstanding the 
 j)r('ponderance of the colored race, only twenty-two stores of this whole 
 number are conducted by them. There are seventy-three stores or 
 saloons where liquors are sold. In 
 
 BEAUFORT COUNTY 
 
 there are 04 stores, to wit : Beaufort, forty-three ; Port Royal, seven ; 
 Blufiton, three; Hardeeville, four; Yemassee, four; Sheldon, eight; 
 St. Helena Island, seven ; Ladies' Island, one ; Pocotaligo, one ; Coosaw, 
 two; Grahamville, eight; Ferebeeville, two; Chisolm's Landing, two; 
 Combahee, two ; and doubtless some others which have escaped enu- 
 meration. Nine are kept by colored persons, and the aggregate wealth 
 of the storekeepers is estimated at $588,000. The lines of trade are 
 represented as follows: sixty-nine groceries and general merchandise, 
 twelve dry goods, five hardware, and three miscellaneous. There are 
 eight stores or saloons selling liquors. 
 
 PORT ROYAL, 
 
 the terminus of the Port Royal and Augusta railroad, is a striking in- 
 stance of great natural advantages long known and neglected. It is the 
 nearest point on the Atlantic ocean to the great centres of travel and pro- 
 duction in the Northwest. It has the deepest entrance, and the deepest, 
 safest and most commodious roadstead from Portland to Pensacola. It 
 is the nearest port on the Atlantic coa.st to the West Indies and South 
 America. Surrounded on all sides by large Vjodies of salt water, it is 
 troubled by none of the malarial influences usually affecting fresh water 
 estuaries. Dr. Spear, Surgeon U. S. N., gives the average annual death 
 rate of the U. S. naval forces in Port Roval waters as 5.6 per 1,000 men. 
 The range lights erected on Hilton and Paris Islands enable vessels with- 
 out a pilot to come in during blowing weather, with perfect safety by 
 day or night. Capt. Jas. E. Jouett, U. S. N., writes that he has passed in 
 and out several times at night, and never with less than twenty-nine feet 
 of water. There are two distinct channels, so situated that sailing vessels 
 may enter with the wind in any direction, and, passing up Broad and 
 
0G4 TOWXS OF SOUTH CAKOLINA. 
 
 Port Royal rivers, they may enter Battery ereek and reaeh the present 
 wharves under full sail, where there is a streteh of anchorage five miles 
 in length, with twenty-eight feet depth of water. 
 
 The net-work o1^ broad and deep rivers, the beautiful islands resting 
 in their midst, the verdure of the forests, the immense live oaks, venerable 
 with the growth of centuries, the glistening fronds of the palmetto trees, 
 the orange trees, the vines, laden with grapes, climbing everywhere, the 
 abundance of wild fowl, and the fragrance of flowei-s that perfumed the 
 air of this healthful and genial climate, attracted the early explorers and 
 settlei"s to this locality. Here, in 1320, the Senator and Judge, De Ayllon, 
 was the fii-st European to land on Carolina soil. Here, in 1502, the 
 Huguenots, under Jean Ribault, made the first settlement on the North 
 Anierican continent. Coveted and fought for by Spaniards and French- 
 men, the remains of the forts they built are still to be seen here. It was 
 to this point, called then " the beauty and the envy of North America," 
 that the English colony, led by AVilliam Sayle, which afterwards settled 
 permanently at Charleston in 1670, first came.* And here, in 1082, 
 Lord Cardross and his Scotch colony were dislodged and driven off by 
 the Spaniards. In 1742, the headquarters of the British squadron on 
 this coast was located here. More recently, this port was selected as the 
 rendezvous of the United States naval force during the late war, as a depot 
 of supplies and for repairs, and as a sanitarium for the troops. The records 
 of the Navy Department bear ample testimony to its many natural ad- 
 vantages. The railroad was projected and built to this port under the 
 idea that it was the most accessible from the interior, that it was the 
 legitimate shipping point for "Western produce, and that, in time, it 
 would be the terminus of the great Southern lines of railway to the 
 Pacific. That these hopes and plans have not been realized and accom- 
 plished has in no instance been attributed to anything wanting in the 
 place itself, its surroundings, or its geographical relations to other places. 
 The first settlements were abandoned in consequence of the inroads of 
 Spi\niards and pirates. To-day, it is said that hostile!* railroad combina- 
 tions and the ill-advised jealousies of neighboring towns have checked 
 the growth of this great seaport. As an illustration of this, it may be 
 mentioned that, in 1875, the city authorities of Savannah presented a me- 
 morial to Congress, expressing the fear that the " establishment of a naval 
 station at Port Roval mav result in the establishment of a arov.-ing com- 
 merce at that point, to the serious and lasting detriment of the commerce 
 of the city of Savannah." 
 
 The present town of Port Royal is built on the southwestern point of 
 
 *This colony report seeing, on St. Helena Island, many peach trees. 
 
TOWN'S OF SOUTH CAROLINA. OOo 
 
 Port Royal island,* on a high sandy bluff, near the junction of Battery 
 and Port Royal rivers, eighteen miles from Port Royal bar. There are 
 three tliousand feet of wharf room fronting Battery river, and the track 
 
 if the Port Royal railroad terminating here, runs along the wharves 
 within twenty feet of the vessels' berths. There is a large railroad ware- 
 house across the railroad track on the wharves, witii a storage capacity 
 of 13,000 bales of cotton, uncompressed, 55,000 tons of fertilizer, and 250 
 tons of merchandise. The steam cotton compress in this warehouse is 
 located within sixty feet of the wharf, where the deepest draft steamships 
 may lie, and is one of the most powerful compresses in the South, and 
 has a capacity of 500 bales per day ; the grain elevator, adjacent, has a 
 capacity of 00,000 bushels. Five pilot boats attend Port Royal and St, 
 Helena bars, with an average of three full branch pilots to each boat, 
 ^'essels requiring water, coal or wood, can obtain them here. Towing 
 facilities ample. Towage rates the same as in Savannah and Charleston. 
 The town has a population of 387 ; three churches and a school ; two 
 hotels, and two boarding houses. The taxable valuation of real and 
 personal property is .?390,000. Town taxes are fifty cents on §100. Stores 
 rent for sS to 825, and dwellings from SO to S15 per month. The con- 
 nections by rail are, with Augusta, one hundred and twelve miles ; Yem- 
 assee, on the Charleston and Savannah railroad, twenty-five miles, this 
 point being sixty and a half miles from Charleston, and fifty-five and a 
 half miles from Savannah. There is an inland passage among the sea 
 islands, between Charleston and Savannah, and two steamers are on the 
 line, and touch at this point. A line of sea-going steamers run to New 
 York. The number of vessels arriving during 1882 was 429, tonnage, 
 219,050 ; ships of deep draft, with heavy freights, as railroad iron, cotton 
 ties, salt and fertilizers, find it convenient to deliver their loads here. 
 The shipments are, of upland cottons, about 22,000 bales (in 1880, 48,000 
 bales were shipped), yellow pine lumber, manganese ore, cotton seed meal 
 and Kaolin clay. The value of the exports from this port and Beaufort 
 for the year 1881 are stated as §1,401,807, against S2,078,893 for the year 
 previous. Customs receipts in 1879, §13,294. Port Royal has seven 
 stores, and the yearly sales are given as §45,000 provisions, §15,000 dry' 
 Cfoods, §10,000 hardware. Phosphate rock of the finest quality is found 
 
 :i Battery creek and the Port Royal Fertilizing Company has extensive 
 works here. 
 
 BEAUFORT, 
 
 the county seat, settled about 1717, has a population of 2,549. It is built 
 )i rising ground, on Port Royal island, about sixteen miles from the sea 
 
 *Iu the Statutes of State, 1795, this island is called Port-Republican island. 
 43 
 
GOG TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 und one hundred and ei^^lit miles a little east of south from Columbia. 
 It covers an area of one thousand acres. The southern front of the town 
 is on a bluff over the deep and wide waters of the Port Royal river; along 
 it is a fine broad drive, laid with shell, a mile in length, and a turf-cov- 
 ered promenade, shaded by a growth of massive live oaks. The streets 
 are twenty -seven miles in length, and forty to sixty feet wide. They are 
 regularl}' laid out, running east and west and north and south, dividing 
 the town into one hundred and thirty-seven blocks. The sidewalks are 
 neatly curbed and raised above the roadways, which are laid with siiell, 
 well kept, and shaded by avenues of fine trees. A number of small 
 parks, open scpiares planted in shade trees and furnished Avith seats, are 
 interspersed through the town. Wells twenty feet in depth furnish an 
 abundant supply of excellent water, and cisterns for rain water are also 
 used to some extent. The porous, sandy soil absorbs the rains so rapidly 
 that there is little cause for drainage. The sewerage collected by surface 
 and under ground drains is delivered into twD large brick sewers, one a 
 thousand, and the other six hundred feet in length, which empty into 
 the river north and south of the town at low water mark. East of 
 the promenade is the business portion of the town, and the wharves, 
 which have nineteen feet depth of water at low tide. The Sea Island 
 hotel is well located on the promenade, and is large and well kept ; there 
 are a number of good boarding houses. The private houses are well 
 built, and having been erected as residences for the wealthy planters of 
 the sea islands, are much larger and handsomer than those usually met 
 with in towns of this size. The public buildings are the Arsenal, now 
 used as a Court House, the Town Hall, the Steam Fire Engine House 
 and Hall, and two hand fire engine houses. Building material consists 
 chiefly of choice yellow pine lumber, which costs $10 to $15 per thou- 
 sand feet ; tabby, a mixture of shell lime and gravel, was formerly much 
 u^ed for walls and foundations, but is now superseded by the use of 
 br'.ck. The shell road, stretching across the island, furnishes a fine drive, 
 and the facilities for transportation are good, carriages for pleasure drives 
 hiring from seventy-five cents to one dollar per hour. The National 
 cemetery, just beyond the town limits, covers thirty acres. It is hand- 
 somely laid out, and contains the graves of 10,000 Federal soldiers and 
 sailors who lost their lives in the civil war. There are six other small 
 cemeteries attached to the churches in the town, and a number of bury- 
 ing i)laces outside, now used by the colored people. The St. Helena 
 Episcopal Church, built of tabby and brick, dates from 1720. There is 
 als) a Baptist church for the whites and a Roman Catholic church. The 
 colore 1 i)eople have two Baptist, two Methodist and one Reformed Epis- 
 copalian church. The whites have a Masonic lodge, and the colored 
 
TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. G67 
 
 population has a number of charitable organizations for the care of their 
 sick and the burial of the dead. Some of these are, the Benevolent So- 
 ciety of the First Baptist Church, the Workers of Charity, the Shekinah 
 Society, the Sons and Daughters of Zion, the Rising Sons and Daughters 
 of Zion, the Rising Sons and Daughters of Benevolence, the Rising Sons 
 and Daughters of Charity, the Mary and Martha Society, the Olive 
 Branch, the Sisters of Zion, the Knights of Wise Men, and an Independ- 
 ent Order of Odd Fellows. These societies have an aggregate member- 
 ship exceeding one thousand, and own eleven buildings and lots, valued 
 at over $12,000. There is a white school, attendance sixty, and a colored 
 school, attendance one hundred. The market is excellent, and living is 
 cheap, f].sh, oysters, clams, shrimp, sea turtle and terrapin, with game, 
 including partridges, water fowl, wild turkeys and deer, are abundant ; 
 the cost of beef on the foot is four cents to six cents, and of mutton three 
 cents to five cents. The stores. on the Bay rent for $300 to Sl,200, and 
 dwelling houses from S180 to $G00 per annum ; the Sea Island hotel rents 
 for $2,500. The indebtedness of the town is $5,000, bearing seven per cent, 
 interest, and represents the unpaid balance of the sums expended for 
 the purchase of the steam fire engine, in building the house for it, and 
 in laying the brick sewers. The taxable property is valued at $500,000' 
 for the real estate, and $200,000 for the personal property. The taxes 
 are one per cent., and the sale of licenses yield $1,500 more per annum. 
 The government of the town is invested in an intendant and six alder- 
 men, elected annually by the citizens. The police force consists of a chief 
 marshal and two assistants. The town is remarkable for quiet and good 
 order; for twenty years past, not a single individual has beeii killed or 
 serioush' injured in any disturbance within the corporate limits. There 
 are forty-three stores, and the yearly sales are estimated at $300,000 for pro- 
 visions and groceries, $200,000 for dry goods, S15,000 for liardAvare, $20,000' 
 miscellaneous; total, $535,000. Trade and the mechanical and manufac- 
 turing industries engaged the attention of the old residents of Beaufort to a 
 very limited extent. It was the home of the large landowners of the ad- 
 jacent sea islands. Those w^hose time was not fully occupied with the care 
 of their estates, devoted themselves to the professions, to politics, or tO' 
 literature. In addition to the amusements incident to a refined and cul- 
 tivated society, their chief pastime was in boating, fishing and hunting, 
 and Elliott's volume on the Field Sports of Carolina is esteemed a 
 classic in such literature, as well for the scholarly elegance of its stjde, 
 the vivid interest it excites in the adventures and scenes it describes, oc- 
 curring in this immediate vicinity, as for the pleasant pictures of rural 
 life it portrays. Recently, three large steam custom gins have been es- 
 
(U>S TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROT.IXA. 
 
 tablislKHl. two large Si\w mills, and three large maimfaeturing mills for 
 the maiuitactiiro of phosphate rock into fertilizers. 
 
 BKRKKLEY COUNTY. 
 
 On ihe eoast of Berkeley t'ounty there are twenty-nine stores, to wit ; 
 Edisto Island, nine ; Koekville, one : Enterprise, seven : Monnt Pleasant, 
 nine : C'ainhoy, three. These are all groeeries. or stores keeping general 
 merchandise. The estimated wealth of the storekeepers is placed at 
 §104,500, and one of them is a colored person. 
 
 MOUNT PLEASANT. 
 
 the county seat, is on the north shore of Charleston harbor, three and a 
 half miles from the city. Its tront beaeji extends one and a half miles 
 along the harbor, of which it commands a line view, its width varies 
 from four hundrcii to one thousand yards. Population. 7S3. Location 
 high, dry and remarkably healthy. Excellent water is obtained from 
 wells thirty feet in depth. About four miles of streets are laid with 
 shell and well kept. The place has long been a pleasure and health 
 resort for the plantei*s of Christ Church parish and the people of Charles- 
 ton. The Alhambra Hall, surrounded by a grove of live oak. is used for 
 public entertainments, and there are two other halls, St. George's antl 
 the British Masonic. A park of ten acres has been laid out. and the 
 county buildings will shortly be erected. The whites have an Episcopal 
 and a Presbyterian church, and the colored people have a Methodist. 
 Baptist, Presbyterian, and free chureh. There is also a two-story school 
 house, and an orphan asylum for colored children — private charities. 
 Stores and dwellings rent for $10 to S20 a month. The tax assessment 
 values the property at S18'2,'i7o for real estate, and S12.000 for pei'sonal. 
 on which a tax of one-half cent is levied. Truck farming is largely and 
 protitably engaged in ; as an instance, the cabbages alone from one farm 
 of eleven acres sold for $10,500 in ISSl. Xear by is a large saw-mill, and 
 an extensive brick and tile factory. There are nine stores, owned chiefly 
 by Germtuis. A steam ferry plies regularly to Charleston, and the town 
 will be the terminus of a railway, the stock for which has been recently 
 subscribe^!, to extend along the coast to the Santee river, and beyond it to 
 Little river, which will develop a region hitherto untouched. 
 
 CHARLESTON COUNTY 
 
 lies entiivly along the coast, and besides the City of Charleston, has twi 
 small towns. Moultrieville, on Sullivan's Island, is five miles across tlu 
 
TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 6(39 
 
 bay from Charleston, and is connected with it by a steam ferry. It is a 
 pleasure and health resort for Charlestonians and people from the upper 
 country, who resort here in Summer to enjoy the sea air and bathing its 
 fine beach affords ; it contains many handsome cottages and some attrac- 
 tive drives. It derives its name from Fort Moultrie, which beat off the 
 British fleet of Sir Peter Parker, June 28th, 1776, and which, with Fort 
 Sumter, a mile distant across the north channel, guards the entrance to 
 the port. There are six stores. 
 
 McClellansville has ten stores, and is some thirty miles to the northeast. 
 
 The city of 
 
 CHARLESTON 
 
 is built on a peninsula, formed by the confluence of the Ashley and' 
 Cooper rivers, that has an average elevation of eight to ten feet above 
 high tide. Its safe and spacious harbor, forty feet deep at the city, and 
 three miles wide, opens to the sea at a point about six miles to the south- 
 east. The soil is loose, quartzose sand for a depth of twenty feet, resting 
 on a tenacious and impervious clay. The city is three miles long, and 
 varies in width from half a mile to two miles. " The first site of the 
 town (on the western bank of the Ashley) had been chosen without re- 
 gard to commerce. The point between the two rivers, to which the 
 names (Ashley and Cooper) of Lord Shaftesbury were "given, soon at- 
 tracted attention ; those who had purchased grants there, desirous of ob- 
 taining neighbors, willingly offered to surrender one-half their land as 
 commons of pasture. The neck of land, then called Oyster Point, soon to 
 become a village named from the reigning king, immediately gained a 
 few inhabitants ; and on the spot where opulence now crowds the wharves 
 of the most prosperous mart on our Southern seaboard, among the groves 
 that swept down to the river's brink, and were covered with the yellow 
 jesamine, which burdened the vernal zephyrs with its perfumes, the cabins 
 of graziers began the city. Long afterwards the splendid vegetation, 
 which environs Charleston, especially the live oak, palmetto and cypress 
 trees along the broad road which is now Meeting street, delighted the 
 observer by its perpetual verdure. The settlement steadily increased ; 
 and to its influence is in some degree to be attributed the love of letters, 
 and that desire of institutions of learning for which South Carolina Avas 
 afterwards distinguished." (Bancroft.) 
 
 Notwithstanding the provisions of the fundamental constitutions of 
 the great John Locke, devised expressly for this colony, Charleston was 
 not governed by a mayor or aldermen. Nor was there any township or- 
 ganization, or " select-men," no merchant or craft guilds, or unions, taking 
 part in local politics. The affairs of the town were administered directly 
 
(170 TOWNS OF SOl'TH (.WHOl.lNA. 
 
 l\v tho rrovim'ial (»ovornor niul AssoniMy ; tlio roiiulation of many 
 thiuiis. ospooially such as ivlatoil to v\liu'ation aiul the oaiv of tho iH>or, 
 boiuii" loft witli tho ohmvh. Throuiih tlm loading- part takon by the 
 Yostry. tho parish systoni, long a foatnro in tho Stato govorninont, was 
 dovolopod. and thus it happenod when, moro tlian a century afterwards, in 
 ITSo, Charleston was incorporated by Act of tho Logislaturo, tho church 
 wardens were deputed to couiluct the tirst election for intendant and city 
 wardens. 
 
 lnl8ot>, tho titles intendant and wardens were changed to those of 
 mayor and aldermen. They were to be elected by citizens (|ualified to 
 vote tor members of tho Legislature, were ileclared to bo the City Council 
 of Charleston, and were vested with the power to establish such by-laws, 
 rules and ordinances respecting the harbor, streets and public buildings, 
 and, in gonoral. every other by-law and regulation that should to them 
 appear ivquisite for the weltare and security o1^ the city, or for the 
 preservation of peace and good order, and to make assessments on the 
 inhabitants of Charleston for the couvenience and boiiotit of the city, and 
 to tix, levy and recover tines for all otfonces agiiinst their by-laws, and to 
 appoint ottioei's to carry their by-laws and regulations into etVeetual 
 extvution. Such was and has since been tho form of government for 
 tho oity of CMiarleston, except when it was temporarily suspended in 1807 
 and 1S6S. by onier of the military authorities in charge of tho military 
 district of South Carolina. 
 
 The cv^t of tho city government of Charleston reached its maximum 
 in 1870. when it was $S2lX30o. For tho decade including this year and 
 the sueeeediug nine, tho average annual cost wa^ $7iU.2o5. From this 
 date a moiv economical administration of the oity tinances ensueil, and 
 for tho last tluve yeal^s the aveii\g-e cost of the city government has been 
 ivduoe<.l to $'.>o3.13l>. The increased expenditure in 188"2 was oceasioneil 
 by the establishment of the paid Fire Department and the Fire Alarm 
 Telegrai>h. costing $70,000. The following statements give the i^eceipts 
 and expenditures in detail : 
 
TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 071 
 
 Statement of Receipts ami Expenditures for the years 1870, 1880, 1881, 1882. 
 
 K EC EI ITS. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1S81. 
 
 1^2. 
 
 c.\»\\ Balance 1st January $ 56/583 91 
 
 JJccnses li«J,2:W 91 
 
 Markets 
 
 Tiixeis, current year 5^4.909 <i8 
 
 Taxes, other years ; ^J.TSO 08 
 
 OthekSoukces. j 
 
 Interest Account 681 a3 
 
 Police iJeijartment 
 
 Orplian House ! 7,3?» 96 
 
 Kire Department , 250 00 
 
 Uailroad Bonds '. ' 26.0f« W 
 
 Rents 3,085 50 
 
 Heal Estate 
 
 IJoinis Receivable 1 
 
 Health Uejjjirtment i 
 
 Powder Magazine 
 
 S 3.a51 44 
 
 V)iM-i 'M 
 
 .5 (i»0 «9 
 
 .VJ4.518 2fi 
 
 3J ;i87 14 
 
 «1 180 
 
 2.im 00 
 
 450 <J0 
 
 $ 5.168 4.3 
 
 128..VW 19 
 
 4jm 80 
 
 473 195 m 
 
 34,602 78 
 
 e848,972 37 8651,142 59 I 8046^3 13 
 
 8 5,5K 55 
 
 VHi 367 »Mi 
 4,«fJ 24 
 
 im,rm 7.5 
 
 18,:i9<i 25 
 
 2.95*28 
 5,550 m 
 
 321 60 
 6 789 W 
 18 (W8 (H) 
 •Hm 33 
 
 .5.54 3 J 
 
 709,-578 51 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 
 Asrricultural i^ociety , 
 
 Aiken Hospital 
 
 Alms Hou.se 
 
 Appraiser's Uflice 
 
 Ratliimc House 
 
 City Officers 
 
 City Court 
 
 City Hall 
 
 «'lty Hospiial 
 
 Clfrk of Council 
 
 (,'ollege 
 
 Commissioners of Public Lands.. 
 
 Citadel .square 
 
 Commissioners of Election 
 
 Colonial Common 
 
 Destitute Orphans 
 
 KnsUjn Home. 
 
 Engineers Department 
 
 Fire Department 
 
 Gas Lights 
 
 Health Department 
 
 High School 
 
 Harbor Master 
 
 Incidental Expenses... 
 
 Interest Account 
 
 Interest on Public Debt 
 
 Lunatic Asylum 
 
 Lazaretto 
 
 Miscellaneous appropriations.. .. 
 
 Mayor's Annual Report. 
 
 Mayor's Office 
 
 Maps for Assessor 
 
 News and Courier Co 
 
 Notes Payable 
 
 Ordinances. City , 
 
 f.)rphan House 
 
 Police Department 
 
 Printing and Stationery 
 
 Public Buildings 
 
 Sinking Fund 
 
 Street Department 
 
 «t. Michael's Clock 
 
 Tidal Drains 
 
 Transportation 
 
 Treasurer's office 
 
 Unpaid Bill 1879 
 
 Vaults for Treasury 
 
 "Water Works , 
 
 Widows' Home, , 
 
 » 2f« m 
 8,.>55 15 
 
 4.483 ;« 
 1,4M6 83 
 
 ' "ijiii'fw 
 
 251 25 
 10 902 00 
 19,187 13 
 
 6,(J0O00 
 
 ""2.m 90 
 .32.191 95 
 28 823 00 
 29.9.59 .>3 
 2..571 (X) 
 1412 m 
 11.982 00 
 
 "334.2i9"61 
 7.168 45 
 
 .31.912 14 
 
 "li'jii2"ii 
 
 25,000 00 
 
 "32.'.^"66 
 
 74.041 .52 
 
 1..5y4 80 
 
 ia5,.315 31 
 
 277 47 
 
 11,296 .56 
 
 "5.897 50 
 
 S 8,000 00 
 
 "i^'.m'iio 
 
 13,000 00 
 
 4 006 00 
 3,9.51 60 
 
 5143 
 
 ""olcioo'oo 
 6oo"6o 
 
 26.«Jf) 00 
 25.024 .57 
 15 490 96 
 
 2 7.50 00 
 71 40 
 
 217.004 00 
 
 11.069 .S3 
 
 19 828 24 
 6).(J<XI 00 
 3 fJOtJ 00 
 4,000 00 
 
 "72"6oo'6o 
 
 ■"4,726 "84 
 
 129,-592 08 
 
 408 52 
 
 S820..306 75 86.50,977 65 
 
 8 I.OfJO 00 
 ""7,947"58 
 
 ""iijm'oii 
 
 "'i'9/J99"84 
 
 " '2>J(J6 "60 
 3.961 09 
 
 '"'6,00600 
 
 'mifi) 
 
 2f),<n)<) iM) 
 18,193 -51 
 13,00<J OU 
 
 2,986 91 
 
 .34 00 
 
 219,39:3 05 
 
 14.000 00 
 
 19.996 02 
 70,525 W 
 3.4!« rj)) 
 10,000 00 
 10,(JOO 00 
 101 ,.500 00 
 
 ""4,i?7"47 
 
 9,000 00 
 
 8609,623 .52 
 
 $ 1,000 00 
 "■"8,'24S"72 
 
 "'Tmm 
 
 24 210 00 
 ""i4.'999'62 
 
 '"iimiHi 
 
 .3,999 69 
 
 6.981 91 
 6.<XXJ 00 
 7.0fXI 00 
 
 (m (*) 
 
 92 im OfJ 
 lX..3f>6 62 
 13.4.56 75 
 4.000 00 
 
 ■ "i'm'ob 
 "m.m'iii 
 
 16,281 83 
 
 .500 00 
 
 -396 '66 
 
 2 250 00 
 
 ""i.".%6"66 
 
 20 000 00 
 73.fr22 97 
 .3.IW 31 
 25,471 29 
 
 "m,m'()i) 
 
 " ''L^'65 
 .340 -50 
 
 2.610 00 
 10,500 00 
 
 8698,806 90 
 
072 TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 The. rate of taxes for 1880 was two and one-half per cent., and for the 
 following two years it was two and one-quarter per cent. In this period 
 the taxable values in the city had advanced two and one-half millions of 
 dollars, or nearly twelve per cent. At the same time it was found by 
 comparison of the sums actually realised on the sale of a number of 
 jneces of property, with their assessment valuations, that the actual 
 value was considerably in advance of the assessed value. In 1881 this 
 advance was stated at twenty-two and one-half per cent., and in 1882 it 
 was still greater, being thirty-four per cent. 
 
 CITY DEBT. 
 
 There has been no growth in America greater or more remarkable than 
 the growth of town and city debts. Previous to 18G0 the entire muni- 
 cipal indebtedness of the country aggregated only $51,222,558, being about 
 §10 per capita for the urban population. In 1870 these debts had reach- 
 ed 8211,119,688, and stood at $20 per capita. In 1880, the enormous in- 
 debtedness of $710,555,924 is attained, exceeding $51 for each citizen ; 
 in twenty-two cities it exceeds $85 per capita, and reaches a maximum of 
 $210 per capita. The history of the debt of Charleston is in some degree 
 similar. Prior to 1850 this debt amounted to only $388,252, or about $9 
 per capita. By 1850, however, it had reached $3,101,695, and was $78 
 per capita. Its maximum was reached between 1872 and 1880, and 
 amounted to $5,043,534, being $115 per capita. Alarmed at this rapid 
 growth, and at the almost unlimited power granted by the city charter 
 to the Council for contracting debts, the city government elected in De- 
 cember, 1879, obtained from the State Legislature the passage of an Act 
 restraining the exercise of this dangerous power. By this x\.ct the City 
 Council was prohibited from creating or endorsing any obligation be- 
 yond the municipal income of the current year, except when a proposi- 
 tion, specifying the object and amount of the indebtedness it Avas pro- 
 posed to incur, should, by a two-thirds vote of the Council, have been 
 submitted to a vote of the citizens, and having received the votes of two- 
 thirds of the qualified voters voting at the preceding municipal election, 
 should then have been submitted to and approved by the State Legisla- 
 ture. The spirit of economy thus expressed has made itself practically 
 manifest by a reduction of the city debt to the amount of nearly one and 
 one-half millions of dollars, as will be seen from the following statement : 
 
TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. C73 
 
 The debt of the City of Charleston on the first 
 
 day of January 1870, was $5,241,709 77 
 
 It was increased by the issue of six per cent. 
 
 stock, for past due interest $ 5,725 
 
 Five per cent, stock College and Higli School 22,000 
 
 Seven per cent. Fire Loan Bonds 324,000 
 
 Four per cent, bonds issued in settlement of 
 
 case Fraser & Dill vs. City 50,100 401,825 00 
 
 $5,643,534 77 
 Amount decreased by the cancellation and re- 
 tirement of Fire Loan Bonds $250,100 00 
 
 Six per cent, stock 743,983 79 
 
 Five per cent, stock 47,600 00 
 
 Four per cent, stock (cancelled in '81 and '82) 372,100 00 
 
 Six per cent, stock, old issue ........ 500 00 1,414,283 79 
 
 Leaving public debt 1st January, 1833 . . . $4,229,250 98 
 
 AVhich is made up of 
 
 Bonds, four per cent 83,413,300 00 
 
 Bonds, six per cent 160,500 00 
 
 Bonds, seven per cent 500,000 00 
 
 Bonds, seven per cent.. Fire Loan 103,400 00 4,177,200 00 
 
 Stock, six per cent $29,050 98 
 
 Stock, five per cent 23,000 00 52,050 98 
 
 $4,229,250 98 
 April 24th, 1883. 
 
 The burden of this debt has been still further and greatly relieved by 
 a reduction in the rate of interest, which a wise policy of promptly meet- 
 ing all claims at maturity has enal)led the present administration in a 
 large measure to effect. Prior to 1880, the annual interest charges on 
 the city debt amounted to $314,557, being $6.41 per capita. In 1883, 
 this charge has been reduced to $188,000, or about $3.05 per capita. 
 If the present plan of paying at maturit}- the debt bearing six and seven 
 per cent, interest is persisted in, the city will, at an annual outlay of . 
 $23,000, clear off the whole of this debt in eight j'ears, and have remain- 
 ing nothing but the four per cent, bonds maturing in 1909, with an an- 
 nual interest charge of only $140,000. Notwithstanding the disasters 
 through which it has passed, swept as it has been by fire and sword, the 
 
074 TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 oivJit oftho City of Charleston has ouoe more gained the high rank it 
 formerly held. While only one-eighteenth of the aggregate niuniei[)al 
 indebtedness of the United States bears so low a rate of interest as fonr 
 per oent.. more than three-fonrths of the debt of Charleston is placed at 
 that tigure. 
 
 STREETS. 
 
 Charleston has seventy miles of streets. Cobblestone roadways extend 
 nine and one-eighth miles, and there is a shell road for one and three- 
 eighth miles. There were five and one-eighth miles of plank roadway, 
 bnt this has been redueed, and will be entirely done away with. The 
 remainder of the streets are much in the condition in which they were 
 two hundred years ago, a state of things that would have been impossible 
 but for the dry and porous nature of the soil. For the thirteen years pre- 
 vious to 1S80. about $100,000 were annually expended by the city on 
 the streets ; in that year, two and one-eighth miles of stone roadway was 
 laid, at a cost of S70,000: in ISSl, of stone roadway, cobblestone, and 
 Macadam roadway, about 1.4 miles was laid. The city is also charged 
 with the sidewalks. The cost of paving with flagstone is estimated at 
 two dollars, and witli brick at one dollar per square yard. In 1881, 
 besides resetting and repairs, 4,257 square yards of flagstone, and 3,811 
 square yards of brick pavement were laid, together with 2,534 feet of 
 curbstone. Charleston ha^ five miles of street railway. The early 
 settlers obtained an abundant supply of excellent 
 
 WATER 
 
 by sinking wells, twelve to fifteen feet in depth, through the loose sands: 
 with the growth of the city this water lost its purity, and recourse was 
 had to cisterns supplied by rains. Many plans were proposed to remedy 
 this evil. As early as 1803, Mr. Longstreet attempted to Ixire an artesian 
 well, but did not succeed. From time to time other similar attempts 
 were made, with like results. At length, in 1870, Mr. Spangler bored a 
 well on Citadel Green, to the depth of 1,970 feet, and obtained an abundant 
 supply of water. The delivery, tested at four feet above the surface of the 
 earth, was found to be 250 gallons a minute, or 300,000 gallons a day. The 
 water has a temperature of 09.5° Fahr. It is pleasiint and healthful for 
 drinking and culinary purposes, it is delightful for bathing, and superior 
 even to cistern water for washing. This demonstrates the practicability 
 of furnishing an unlimited supply of excellent water for the city. Mr. 
 Spangler is working at another well, and others will be constructed as 
 occasion requires. 
 
TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. biO 
 
 DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE. 
 
 There are five and one-quarter miles of tidal drains, built at twenty 
 inches above mean low tide. These drains would be a complete and 
 effective scavenger, but being built with plank floors on loose sands, the 
 planks have in some places rotted, and in others the sand has washed 
 out, lowering the levels to such a degree as to render thorough drainage 
 impracticable. They are to be replaced with concrete or other hard 
 floors. . The numerous street drains, built at different times, do not con- 
 stitute a uniform system, and are defective as to levels, the vital necessity 
 of which is not so conspicuous in tidal drain localities, where the water 
 runs up hill half the time. In 1881, there were laid 11,320 feet of twelve- 
 inch vitrified ironstone pipes, at a cost of eighty-seven and one-half cenls 
 a foot, in substitution of brick and wooden drains, and 0,105 feet of 
 eight-inch pipe-drains. The scavengering has been transferred from the 
 Street Department to the 
 
 BOARD OF HEALTH, 
 
 with verv satisfactory results. It is also proposed to concentrate the 
 slaughtering houses at a public abattoir under their supervision. The 
 administration of quarantine too has been transferred to this Board. The 
 City Registrar is Secretary" of the Board, and there is in operation a verj'' 
 effective system for the registration of vital statistics. 
 
 In consequence of the high rate of mortality prevailing among the col- 
 ored race since emancipation, due to their disregard of the laws of hygiene, 
 especially as regards children, it is necessary, to form a fair estimate of 
 the healthfulness of Charleston, that the mortuary statistics of the races 
 be considered separately. The ratio of deaths among the colored popu- 
 lation of the city was, in 1830, 24.85 per 1,000, in 1840 it was 27.60, in 
 1850 it was 20.08, or an average of 24.47. In 1870 it had risen to 41.08, 
 and in 1880 to 41.08. In 1880 the ratio of death per 1,000 of the colored 
 population was as follows, for some of the Southern cities : Nashville, 
 35.23; Norfolk. 37.06; New Orleans, 44.49; Savannah, 45.47. The fol- 
 lowing tal)le exhibits the mortality among the white race in Charle.ston, 
 as compared with that of some Northern cities during the last half 
 centurv : 
 
()7(i 
 
 lUiWN.s KM' sur I'll (AKOI.INA. 
 
 i'rnnithtli'y l/n/, ,/;/,/ l,\i(io per 1,000 Whites in tlw I'il;/ oj ('/idrlrstoii, S. C. 
 
 and in otlnr (V//<.s'. 
 
 1S;U). ISIO. j IS')!), i 18(50. 
 
 I i 
 
 1870. ' 18S0. 
 
 liATK. 
 
 IvATU) () 
 
 riuliiilolplita 
 Clijirlrslon . 
 Inislon. . . 
 
 Now ^'^>^k 
 
 •JO.IH) 17.78 I \[).{\:\ I 15). 18 
 
 •J.VI') { 18.01 I 18.(18 j 17.70 
 
 •JO.OO 'J-J.IO 24.50 24.08 
 
 22.82 ' 20.0 1 24.01 22.01 
 
 2r).(:(; | 2:).i(; 80.70 28.10 
 
 2a.(J0 
 
 24.30 
 27.00 
 28.84 
 
 20.01 
 22.01 
 23.58 
 27,1(5 
 2G.47 
 
 12.1.12 
 12().()7 
 180.20 
 144.04 
 l()r).02 
 
 20.18 
 21.11 
 28.21 
 24.15 
 '27.50 
 
 I'lKK i)i:r.\irrMi:N r. 
 
 In []w Vwv l\'|>;uinuM>t ot" tlu' I'ity thorc was a sultstituiion, in 18SI. 
 of paiil tor \(>liintt'or sorviri'. 'IMio sia'vu'o is [HM'tornuHl iiiniiM" tlu> direc- 
 tion of a r»oanl ot" Kiivniast^M's. Thoiv aiv six stoani tiro iMiiiinos, two 
 rosorvo stt\am tin> onuinos. anil twi> hook and laililiT trncks. with ono 
 luuulriHl tucn and .a sntru-iont t'oroo of iiiru'iM's. horsos, fnol, waji'ons. ^to. 
 'Tho tiro alarm toloiirapli has thirty niilos of wiro. an«l ninoty-tlnvo signal 
 boxos. in six so{>arato ;uul ilistini't motallic oirrnits. oomurtoil only 
 thronu'h a ropoator at tln> ri-ntral otlico. 
 
 rnu.u^ ciun'NPs. 
 
 On tho oxtromo soutin^astorn tVont lU" thooity a niassivo stono wall, ton 
 foot in width and tittoon hnndroil foot in loniith, risos itnniodiatoly from 
 tho wators (A' tho hay ; a broad, smooth drivo sojviratos it tVi>m tho hand- 
 somo privato rosidonoos o( tho oity that, with thoir uardons. ooonpy this 
 (|\iartor. 'Tho viow oovors tho spaoioiis harbor, with its shippinii'. forts 
 ami islands, strotohinii" soaward to tho soiithoast. whoro tho nnbonndod 
 oooan torminatos tlio horizon. It is known as tho Battory. ancl forms a 
 .st^asido promonado soarooly surpassoil anywhoro. From tho sonthorn 
 torminus of this promonado a walk, twonty-tivo foot broad, oxtonds for 
 oiiiht hnndrod foot alono- tho southorn shoro lino of tho oity. Oponing- 
 on this walk aro tho ontranoos to tho \\'hito Point uardons, oovorini; 
 oiii'ht aoros o( iironnd. boyond which is auain tho broad, smooth drivo, 
 with tho handsome privato rosidonoos and boantifnl pirdons. Wash- 
 ington Stpiaro. adjoininii" tho City Hall, centrally located, covers one 
 and a quarter aoros. with its shade trees. Marion Sqnaro. in front of the 
 Citadel, is a well kept parade iironnd. o( nine and a half aoros. 1 lamp- 
 stead. Wragi;-. and Aiken Malls, are lands belonging to the oity, making 
 
TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. G77 
 
 for the whole fifty-three acres, susceptible of being greatl}^ improved for 
 the pleasure and comfort of the citizens. The public buildings, State and 
 Federal, the numerous churches, to some of ■which historic as well as 
 architectural interest attaches; the Academy of Music, one of the finest 
 theatres in the South; the colleges, the library, the edifices devoted to 
 charity, and many other fine buildings, including the imposing Charles- 
 ton Hotel, and the Market, famous for its fruits, fish, game and vegetables, 
 can not find place in this brief account. Charleston has always been 
 generous in its 
 
 CHARITIES. 
 
 Mills enumerates fiftj'-one benevolent and missionary societies in ope- 
 ration prior to 1824; of these fourteen were established in the eighteenth 
 century. He ascribes to Charleston the honor of establishing the first 
 religious charitable societ}'^ in America. The Fellowship Society, formed 
 in 1762, for the succor of the insane, was doubtless one of the first of 
 these humane institutions in modern times. The first library was a dona- 
 tion from Dr. Bray, in the year 1700, and the first free school was opened 
 in 1712. At present the city maintains its charitable institutions at a 
 cost of about ten per cent, on its gross income. Their management is in 
 the hands of boards of commissioners, who serve gratuitously, deeming 
 it a privilege to be intrusted with the duties of administering hospitals 
 and bestowing relief on pauperism ; a survival perhaps of the sponta- 
 neous charity cultivated by the old vestry influence. The Orphan House 
 was established in 1790, and has accommodations for three hundred 
 children; it is maintained at an annual cost of $20,000. The Alms House, 
 founded in 1712, has an annual average of seventy-eight inmates, besides 
 its outdoor relief to two hundred and eighty-nine others. The Ashley 
 River Asylum, for colored persons, averages sixty-eight inmates. The 
 Roper and City Hospitals, and the Shirra's Dispensary, wdth four phj^si- 
 cians employed permanently by the city, give relief to the sick poor, and 
 by arrangement between the city and the Faculty of the Medical Col- 
 lege, " the best medical and surgical skill is at all times available to the 
 humblest person at a nominal cost, without regard to race or creed." 
 
()78 
 
 TOWNS OF SOrTlI (WKOLINA. 
 
 J\ipulatiou of the Citi/ of Charleston, as sJiotoi hi/ the United States Census from 
 1790 to JSSO, with the Decennial Rate of Increase compared ivith that of 
 the State, ainl tlie Xiniiher of ])nrllii)(j>i. 
 
 
 PorULATION 
 
 
 I'kuC'ent. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 
 Ykak. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 Ss^ 
 
 
 White. 
 
 rOLOKlCD. 
 
 TOTAI.. 
 
 City. 
 
 ' St 
 
 ATE. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 1700 . . 
 
 8 080 
 
 8,270 
 
 16,359 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1800 . . 
 
 0,(vU) 
 
 10.8-13 
 
 20,473 
 
 .25 
 
 
 .38 
 
 
 1810 . . 
 
 11.508 
 
 13,143 
 
 24,711 
 
 .20 
 
 
 .21 
 
 . 
 
 1820 . . 
 
 10.1>53 
 
 14,127 
 
 24.780 
 
 •A 
 
 
 .21 
 
 2,330 
 
 18o0 . . 
 
 12.828 
 
 17.401 
 
 30.280 
 
 •).) 
 
 
 .15 
 
 2,481 
 
 1810 . . 
 
 13.030 
 
 10,231 
 
 20.2(M 
 
 Doc. .3 
 
 
 ,2 
 
 2.804 
 
 1850 . . 
 
 20,012 
 
 22,073 
 
 42,085 
 
 .40 
 
 
 .12 
 
 2.789 
 
 1800 . . 
 
 23,321 
 
 17,140 
 
 40,417 
 
 Dec. .5 
 
 
 .5 
 
 
 1870 . . 
 
 22,7-10 
 
 20.173 
 
 48.050 
 
 .21 
 
 
 2 
 
 0.801 
 
 1880 . . 
 
 22,000 
 
 27,270 
 
 40.084 
 
 ■ ■ ■ . 
 
 
 .41 
 
 0,552 
 
 In 1870, Charleston ranked twenty-sixth aniono- the cities of the United 
 States as to population; in 1880 it ranks thirty-sixth. In 1870 it ranked 
 twenty-sixth as to tlie nnniherof persons engaged ni useful and renunie- 
 rative occupations, in 1880 it ranks as thirty-tifth in this regard. In 
 1870 it was twenty-eighth as to the nuniher of families, in 1880 it is twenty- 
 ninth in this respect. In 1870 it was twenty-ninth as to the number of 
 dwelling's, in 1S80 it is forty-fourth in this respect. In 1870 eighty-eight 
 per cent, of the population were natives of the State, nine per cent, foreign 
 and three per cent, were born in other States of the Union. In 1880, 
 eighty-eight per cent remain natives, eight per cent, are foreign and four 
 }HM" cent, are from other States. 
 
 THE HARBOK 
 
 is deeji. Spacious, land-locked, and perfectly safe. Tlie deep water beyond 
 the bar is only six miles from the city. The present wharves, furnish- 
 ing as nuich as forty feet depth of water, have accommodations for about 
 two hundred vessels, and the wide and deep waters of the Ashley {Kea- 
 wah, Indian name) and Cooper {Efiwan) rivers extend for six miles aloi^g 
 the peninsula on which the city stands. The depth of water on the bar 
 is at present about eighteen* feet. Since 1878 the United States govern- 
 
 *Mills jrives the depth, in 1827, as twenty to twenty-two feet. 
 
TOWNS OF BOUTII CAROLINA. 070 
 
 rnont has been engaged in extensive works for increasing the depth of 
 the entrance. A stone jetty from Sulhvan's Island, running southeast 
 iiiit] seaward, and another from Morris Island, bearing northeast and to- 
 ward the first, are being built. '^J'here will be an opening of 2,000 or 
 2,000 feet in width at their point of convergence, and it is estimated that 
 the concentrated force of the currents and tides will scour out and keep 
 '»j)en, through this funnel-shaped aperture, a permanent channel twenty- 
 -ix feet in depth. Foundation courses 15,000 feet in length, for the nortli 
 jetty, and 12,757 feet for the south jetty, in all 27,757 feet, have been laid, 
 varying in width from forty-three feet to one hundred and eighteen feet, 
 and height from two and a half feet to fourteen feet from the bottom, ex- 
 clusive of spur jetties at certain points. The expenditure has been 
 §1,045,000, and it is estimated tliat it will require 3755,000 to complete 
 the work, which can be accomplished by the oOth of June, 1884. 
 
 In 188], the entire management and control of the affairs of Charleston 
 harbor was vested by the State Legislature in a Board of Harbor Com- 
 missioners, The mayor of the city is, ex officio, chairman of this board, 
 which includes among its members, the President of the Chamber of 
 Commerce, a member of the Board of Health, and ten others, appointed 
 by the Governor, one of them a full branch pilot. The board appoints 
 annually, with power to remove at discretion, the Harbor Master and 
 Port Wardens, and defines and assigns their duty. Formerly there were no 
 ])ort charges ; at present the support of the officers and other port expenses 
 i ■! borne by a fee bill of five cents to ten cents per foot of length over all, 
 charged upon vessels ariving. The Harbor Commissioners have charge of 
 all matters pertaining to pilotage and quarantine. The pilot ground for 
 Charleston is thirty miles in any direction from the port. The service is 
 ]>erformed by eleven pilot boats and thirty-five authorized pilots ; the 
 rate of charges varying from fifteen dollars for six feet to one hundred 
 and eighty dollars for eighteen feet, with four dollars per day detention 
 money. Every care is taken to insure the faithful and efficient discharge 
 of these responsible duties. It is proposed to establish a marine signal 
 station, with telegraphic communication from the Charleston light-house 
 to the city, so that on arrival, masters of vessels will be at once in 
 communication with the commercial world. Charle.ston is nearer to the 
 grain fields of the great West than any Atlantic port lying to the north 
 of it. The distance from Havana to Cincinnati, via Charleston, is three 
 hundred miles less than by Baltimore, and five liundred miles less than by 
 Boston. For the European trade, this, the largest seaport on the South 
 Atlantic coast, is nearer than the Gulf ports, and offers to immigrants 
 the .safest and most comfortable voyage at all seasons of the year, with 
 facilities for their distribution on landing as cheap and convenient as 
 
680 
 
 TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 those at any port on the continent. Nearly two hundred years ago the 
 transportation charges for immigrants from Europe to Charleston ■were 
 twenty dollars apiece. The following statement shows the foreign tonnage 
 entered at the port of Charleston, for the years named : 
 
 1801 . . 59,880 
 1802 . . 67,914 
 
 1843 
 1853 
 
 21,148 
 94,475 
 
 1859 
 1870 
 
 129,764 
 36,332 
 
 1881 . . 156,500 
 
 The following statement shows the value of the exports and imports of 
 merchandise at Charleston for the years given, and also the percentage of 
 such value on the value of the total exports and imports for the colonico, 
 and for the United States : 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 ■A \ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 < < 
 E-i c 
 
 
 
 
 
 t < 
 
 < !^ 
 
 
 
 25 C 
 
 
 5 H 
 
 
 
 Z '- 
 
 y, •- 
 
 Yeak. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 
 Imports. 
 
 
 Year. 
 
 Exports, 
 
 
 Imports, 't H 
 
 
 
 U o 
 
 
 •^ o 
 
 
 
 a c 
 
 
 ^ a 
 
 
 
 2h 
 
 
 '^ \ 
 
 
 
 —t 
 
 
 Sh 
 
 1700 ... 
 
 £14,158 
 20,793 
 
 4 
 
 £10,003 
 19,613 
 
 R- 
 
 1810 
 
 $5,290,614 
 7,200,511 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 1710 
 
 9 
 
 6, 
 
 1821 
 
 14 
 
 $3,007,419 
 
 7 
 
 1720 
 
 62,736 
 
 13 
 
 18,290 
 
 5 
 
 1830 
 
 7,627,051 
 
 13 
 
 1,054,019 
 
 2 
 
 1730 
 
 151,739 
 
 26 
 
 64,785 
 
 11 
 
 1840 
 
 10,036,769 
 
 9 
 
 2,058,870 
 
 2 
 
 1740 
 
 265,560 
 
 37 
 
 181,821 
 
 22- 
 
 1845 
 
 8,890,648 
 
 8 
 
 1,143,158! 
 
 1750 
 
 191.«)07 
 
 23 
 
 134,037 
 
 20! 
 
 1848 
 
 8,081, '.117 
 
 6 
 
 l,4So,299; 
 
 1760 
 
 162.769 
 
 21 
 
 218,131 
 
 8 
 
 1856.. 
 
 17,328,503 
 
 5 
 
 1,905,234 
 
 1770 
 
 278,907 
 
 27 
 
 146,273 
 
 . 7 
 
 1860 
 
 21,170,273 
 
 6 
 
 1,500,570 
 
 
 1775 
 
 £579,349 
 
 30 
 
 £378 116 
 
 14 
 
 1870 
 
 10,772,071 
 
 2 
 
 1 505,609 
 
 
 1791 
 
 ^2,693,268 
 
 11 
 
 $1,520,000 
 
 11 
 
 1880 
 
 19,590,()27 
 
 *2 
 
 202,790 
 
 
 1796 
 
 7.620,049 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 1881 
 
 • 26,498,827 
 17,617,483 
 
 
 440,240 
 586 800 
 
 
 1800 ... 
 
 14,304,045 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 1882 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 In 1769, the exports from Charleston were valued at £508,108, and 
 were greater than from any of the other English colonies ; in the same 
 year her imports amounted to £300,600, and were greater than those of 
 New York and Pennsylvania added together. It was not until 1816 that 
 the value of exports from New York equalled those made from Charles- 
 ton in the first j^ear of the century, and as late as 1724 the value of the 
 domestic exports from Charleston was greater than that of any cit}'^ in 
 the United States. The largest value of imports after the revival of pros- 
 perity, about 1850, was in the year 1858, and amounted to $2,070,249. 
 The lowest ebb in this regard, after the war and reconstruction, was 
 reached in 1879, when the value of the imports amounted to only $131,- 
 182. Here, as elsewhere, it will be observed that there was great devel- 
 opment from 1850 to 1860, a disastrous falling awa}^ from that date, with 
 a fair promise of a restoration of prosperity since 1880. From 1791 to 
 1825 the Federal customs revenues collected in Charleston aggregated 
 
TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 681 
 
 §22,337,381 (more than the assessed value of the real and personal pro- 
 perty of the city in 1880), with a minimum, in 1796, of $52,443, and a 
 maximum, 1817, of $1,616,460. In 1879, the receipts from customs in 
 Charleston was $53,727. 
 
 The Leading Articles Received at and Shipped from Charleston in 1S83. 
 
 ARTICLES. 
 
 Shipments. 
 
 Domestic. Foreitrn. 
 
 Cotton, Uplands, bales 
 
 Cotton, Sea Islands, bales. . . . 
 
 Rice, tierces 
 
 Rosin, barrels 
 
 Spirits of Turpentine, barrels . . 
 
 Phosphate Rock, tons 
 
 Lumber, feet 
 
 Railroad Ties, feet 
 
 Staves 
 
 Corn, bushels 
 
 Oats, bushels 
 
 Flour, barrels , . . 
 
 Berries, quarts 
 
 Potatoes, barrels 
 
 ^^egetables, packages 
 
 Melons 
 
 488,427 
 
 16,468' 
 
 43,602j 
 
 70,047! 
 
 . 288,928 i 
 
 146,946 
 
 19,028,928 
 
 23,021,621 
 
 409,586 
 
 1,100,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 650,000 
 
 55,000 
 
 71,000 
 
 190,856 297,572 
 
 12,533 3,933 
 
 28,104 
 
 15,702 54,345 
 
 110,907 178,039 
 
 117,470, 29,476 
 
 18,662,258 366,665 
 
 23,021,621' 
 
 10,700 398,886 
 
 i 
 
 450,000 '.'.'.. \ 
 
 45,000 
 
 62,333 
 
 40,000 
 
 41 
 
(;8"2 TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Mfclianical and Manujacturlnff liidiistrlcs of the City of CJuidcston, lSSi2 
 
 Iniusiuiks. 
 
 Ca VITAL. 
 
 Hands i Wages. iMatkrial. 
 
 I'RODICT. 
 
 Axle C I reuse 
 
 Haiririiv:: Kiu-iorie: 
 Bakeries 
 
 Ikisket jiiul Willow ware 
 
 l>eer and IJreweries 
 
 Uhn'ksiuithinjj: 
 
 lUiots aiul ^hoes 
 
 iVntistry. Meelianical... 
 
 I'amly Fai-tories 
 
 rarpeuterinji 
 
 Carriages and Wajrons.. 
 
 (."lothin.ir, Men's 
 
 (.'onerete IMping 
 
 l\>tton Factory 
 
 Cotton I't nupresvses 
 
 I'otton 8eed Oil Mill 
 
 Kn;.;raving 
 
 KKnnin.irandCirist Mill Products 
 
 Fertilizers 
 
 Furnitiue 
 
 (ia? 
 
 Harness 
 
 Iron Fonnderiesand Works j 
 
 l.oek and Gnnstnithins: 
 
 Marble and Stone v\ orks ! 
 
 Mineral and Soda Water 
 
 Taiiiting and Faper Haniiin<: ' 
 
 Phot oirra phi ng 
 
 PlunihingandUas-Fitting ' 
 
 Print ins; I 
 
 Kiee Mills ! 
 
 SaddK-rv | 
 
 Saw Mi'lls I 
 
 Sh i p- Bn i I di ng 
 
 Shirt and Underwear j 
 
 Street Car Repairs i 
 
 Tin. Copper anil Sheet Iron j 
 
 Tobaei'O I 
 
 I'liholstering ' 
 
 Wooil and Saw Mills ' 
 
 Watch and Cloik l\ei)airs ' 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 l»l 
 
 1 
 (> 
 t) 
 7 
 4 
 
 15 
 8 
 
 13 
 ti 
 2 
 
 1 
 4 
 1 
 2 
 9 
 11 
 3 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 M 
 
 12| 
 111 
 
 i; 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 8 
 
 4 
 81 
 i)j 
 7 
 
 aO.dOOi 
 
 L'.oOOl 
 
 .'Hl.OOO 
 
 10,(VH) 
 
 l.ll'O 
 
 I'.SOO . 
 
 S.OOOj 
 
 140.000! 
 
 30,1^00] 
 
 30,000 
 
 ()0,000 
 
 12,000 
 
 50l\000 
 
 53(\00tt 
 
 100,000 
 
 ' (5,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 2,;i80,000 
 
 20,000 1 
 
 375,000 
 
 45,00t)' 
 
 300,000 
 
 2:?,:UH) 
 
 25,000 
 
 4.5001 
 
 5,5.50! 
 
 8,000 1 
 
 30,000 
 
 240.000' 
 
 450,000, 
 
 22,000 
 
 325,0001 
 
 44,;rH) 
 
 7.000, 
 
 5.000' 
 
 35,000' 
 
 10,IHHV 
 
 4,700 
 
 2()0,1>«H) 
 
 15,(KM) 
 
 lt)0,t)OO 
 
 4 
 
 2S0' 
 
 W 
 
 5 
 25 
 15 
 13 
 
 $(>,058| 
 4,25(>l 
 
 $3,855 1 
 4,100 
 3,785 
 
 475j 
 
 (>5 
 
 100; 
 
 50 
 
 10' 
 
 200| 
 
 2301 
 
 00; 
 
 5j 
 
 av 
 
 0201 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 00 1 
 
 450 
 
 8 
 
 (50 
 
 13 
 
 44 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 215 
 22(5 
 
 (>2,0(Kt 
 (•.2.i)00 
 
 (55,000 
 84,0001 
 
 2,708; 
 
 2,0001 
 
 4,050 
 9,G2t), 
 
 7,800 
 10,228 
 
 41 5| 
 
 85 1 
 05 
 
 42 
 5(5 
 15 
 
 380 
 18 
 
 210 
 
 52,810; 53,350 
 
 (5,00(V 
 
 30,4201 
 
 $0,000 
 400.000 
 200.000 
 
 :i.O(io 
 
 80,000 
 1:5,727 
 
 1:5,101 
 
 0,880 
 
 70,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 70,tiOO 
 
 145,000 
 
 70,(». 
 
 50.000 
 
 600,(HO 
 
 174,000 
 
 135,000 
 
 4,500 
 
 80,000 
 
 2,51)2,000 
 
 8.000 
 
 200,000 
 
 (50,000 
 
 75.000 
 
 11,41:5 
 
 80,000 
 
 20.250 
 
 25,450 
 
 7.000 
 
 42.01H) 
 
 200.000 
 
 1,202,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 800,000 
 
 i;58.000 
 
 15,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 48.000 
 
 5:>,ooo 
 
 40,(500 
 (!(iO,(HH> 
 
 20,000 
 15(VHH) 
 
 273 $0,(528,470. 
 
 51()7 , r<>,010,731 
 
 Those tiouros inckulo those of several larp:e industries whieh have gone 
 into operation sinee the enun\eration for the Tenth U. S. Census was 
 niaile. Had they been in operation at that date, Charleston would have 
 ranked as twentieth among the eities of the United States in regard to 
 the amount of eapital invested in manufactures. 
 
TOWNS OF WJUTII CAROLINA. ^'>^^> 
 
 The number of firms engaged in the 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE 
 
 of the City of Charleston is given, in January, 1883, as 924. They are 
 credit.'d with an aggregate wealth of $18,785,100. Of their number 302 
 were engaged in the grocery and provision trade ; 148 in selling dry 
 goods, clothing, boots and shoes ; eighty dealing in hardware; miscella- 
 neous, 304. There were reported fifty-eight establishments where liquor 
 was sold. Of the whole number twelve were under the direction and 
 management of colored persons. The sales for 1882 were given as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 Provisions Groceries 815,700,000 
 
 Grain and hay .... 945/JOO 
 
 Ice, fish and oysters . . 60,000 $10,705,000 
 
 Dry Goods Dry goods 4,320,000 
 
 Boots and shoes . . . 1,255,000 
 Hats and caps .... 1 75,000 
 
 Clothing 375,000 6,125,000 
 
 Hardware • .... 1,525,000 
 
 Miscellaneous 4,600,000 
 
 Total $28,055,000 
 
 The aggregate values of the annual trade of the city may be summa- 
 rized as follows : 
 
 Value of staple products received $34,840,132 
 
 Value of local manufactures 0,010,731 
 
 Value of wholesale and retail trade 28,055,500 
 
 Total $72,806,363 
 
 Banks of Charleston. 
 
 1848. 
 
 1860. 
 
 1883. 
 
 Number ot Banks. - • 7 
 
 Capital ' $9,152,582 
 
 Dividends i 5.03 to 7.44 
 
 Surplus 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 $11,129,637 j $1,120,000 
 I 
 
 6. to 10. , 
 
 637,000 
 
084 TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 There is a large business in foreign and domestic exchange and in dis- 
 counts carried on by merchants in the city, employing a capital three to 
 four times as great as that of the banks. 
 
 The most recent improvement in the railroad iacilities offered by 
 Charleston is the extension since July, 1882, of the South Carolina Eail- 
 Avay track to deep water on the Cooper river, in the northeastern portion 
 of the city. The railroad company has built here, on creosoted piling, a 
 wharf 931 feet long and 100 feet wide, with two slips for loading lighters, 
 and a slip on the north for loading lumber. Besides a number of sheds 
 on this wharf, there are two storage sheds for fertilizers, each 400 feet by 
 GO feet. The wharf is furnished with ten electric lights. \Vest of the 
 wharf, and separated from it by double rows of railway tracks, are two 
 warehouses, 410 by 60 feet each. There is a hoisting engine, and an 
 automatic bucket and dump car, two automatic railways, with switch 
 and chute to lacilitate the handling of heavy freights. Immediately 
 west of the southern section of the wharf is the freight depot, 4o0 feet 
 long, and two business offices. Other ^vharves are being constructed. 
 They will consist of a number of piers, with docks from 200 feet to 30< » 
 feet long. Railroad tracks will run to the head of the piers, enabling 
 vessels to load directly into the cars. 
 
 GEORGETOWN COUNTY. 
 
 Georgetown, the county seat, the only seaport on the South Carolina 
 coast north of Charleston, is situated at the head of Winyaw bay, on a 
 slightly undulating sandy and clay loam, on the north bank of the Sam- 
 pit river. Immediately above the town, the Black, the Pee Dee and the 
 AVaccamaw rivers enter ^Vinyaw bay. The Santee river was also for- 
 merly connected with Winyaw bay by a canal six miles long. To avoid 
 the shoals at the mouth of this river and to render it more accessible, 
 the United States government has made an appropriation to reopen a 
 canal here. When this is completed, Georgetown will be at the outflow 
 into the sea of a system of rivers having a drainage area of 31,000 square 
 miles. These streams are now navigable by steamboats for a distance of 
 799 miles. Surveys and approp/riations for perfecting their navigation 
 have been made by the general government. The status of this work, 
 up to the 1st July, 1881, may be briefly summarized as follows : 
 
TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 C85 
 
 Name of River and part NAviciAULE. 
 
 OB 
 
 fcT 
 
 ^ =: 
 
 d 
 
 0) 
 
 Si tt 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 a-r 
 
 a 
 
 
 -^- 
 
 «« "S 
 
 K fee 
 
 
 "^ 
 
 ^•13 a 
 
 5 
 
 u-s 
 
 
 
 
 cc 
 
 a 
 
 Q 
 
 w 
 
 
 !- a> > 
 
 ? «C5 
 
 
 
 Waccamaw, from movith to Conwayboro' 66 
 
 Waccamaw, from Conwayboro' to Reeves Ferry 123 
 Wacfamaw, from Reeves Ferry to Lake Wac- 
 camaw j 55 
 
 Great Pee Dee, to Cheraw 149 
 
 Little Pee Dee I 50 
 
 Black River ; 60 
 
 Santee River and Canal, to Winyaw Bay 184 
 
 Wa'eree,to Camden I 64 
 
 Congaree, to Columbia 48' 
 
 $29^70 $25,000 
 
 I 
 25,250J 13,000 
 
 104.427! 
 45,991 1 
 
 22,000 
 8,(X)0 
 
 $r,9r4 
 
 0,215 
 
 Total. 
 
 799 $205,038, $08,000 $12,169 
 
 These great highways, through the most fertile and perhaps the least 
 developed portions of the State, could thus be permanently opened for 
 transportation, which would be cheapened to the lowest rates by the com- 
 petition consequent on the free admission of all carriers. The cost being 
 estimated at only §257 per mile. 
 
 The improvement in the Waccamaw river, which has its course par- 
 allel to the Atlantic coast, will make it a link in the great interior line 
 of water communication along the seacoast, uniting at the Cape Fear 
 with the inland water routes leading to Norfolk, Va. The estimates of 
 the amounts necessary to complete the whole line of interior navigation 
 from Georgetown to Norfolk is stated by the United States engineer corps 
 as §6,225,805 ; the distance being 538 miles, the cost would be less than 
 half of that for a railway. 
 
 Looking southwestward, the Winyaw canal, uniting the Santee with 
 the waters about Georgetown, opens an inland route for steamboats to 
 Savannah, requiring for its completion, according to Robert Mills, one 
 or two short canals, aggregating in length eight and a half miles. Be- 
 yond Savannah there is the long contemplated inland route across the 
 peninsula of Florida, and thence, by interior salt water rivers, to New 
 Orleans, an improvement, the cost of which has been estimated at less 
 than half the original outlay for the Erie canal, besides being always free 
 from the obstacles of ice. Such a route would allow fleets of steam tugs 
 and barges to transport in bulk, safely and cheaply, along the Galf and 
 Atlantic coast, all the products of the great West, from the head waters 
 of the Missouri and the Mississippi. 
 
()8(> TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 \\'ssols ilrawiiiii; twelve feet are soiuetinies detained at Georgetown, 
 Iteeausi' tlu' bar ot" Sanipit river all'ords only nine feet at low water. 
 Caj)t. lMiillij)s, ITiiited States En*iineers, reports that this obstaele may be 
 removed at u eost of ii trifle over $14,000. 
 
 In the year 1700, a vessel that was detained by low tide at Charleston 
 bar, had previonsly made its way, withont a pilot, to the i)resent site of 
 (Jeorii'etown. At tluit very time, however, a great storm oecurred whieh 
 opened the inlet throngh North Island, known as North Inlet. The 
 pressure* of the vast flood of waters deseending the rivers in Winyaw bay 
 was thus no longer eontined to a single ehannel, and as a eonsequence 
 the entranee has tilled up to a considerable degree. Gapt. Marcou, United 
 States (\)rps of Engineers, estimates that it would require the outlay of 
 one and a half millions of dollars to establish a depth of nineteen to 
 twenty-two feet at low water on the (Jeorgetown bar. 
 
 The railroad eonneeting Georgetown with the Northeastern railroad is 
 nearly completed. When this is done, Georgetown will have the shortest 
 railroad eonneetion with Columbia of any seajiort in the State. 
 
 (Georgetown was founded early in the eighteenth century by the Rev. 
 Mr. Screven, the first Baptist minister in South Carolina. It covers an 
 area a mile square. In 1S20, tlie population was 2,000 ; in 1840, it was 
 1,500; in 1850, it was 1,028; in 1800, it was 1,720; in 1870, it was 2,080; 
 in 1880 it was 2,557. 
 
 It is regularly laid out, and has fourteen miles of streets, paved with 
 stone, brick or wood. Trans})ortation through the streets is performed 
 by drays or carts, at fifteen cents a load. I>uggies and carriages may be 
 hired at §2.50 to $1.00 a day. Wells and cisterns afford an abundant 
 sui)ply of water. Four main drains, with a number of lateral drains, 
 empty into Sampit river, and constitute an excellent system of drainage. 
 There are throe boarding-houses ; charges, from $1.00 to $2.00 a day for 
 transient boarders. The court house, jail, and market house are of brick, 
 and were erected at a cost of $50,000. The hall of the Winyaw Indigo 
 Society is also of brick ; it is two stories, and cost $18,000. The lower 
 story is used as a school, the upper story has a library, and is used as a 
 public hall ; fees for exhibitions, $5.00. There are five churches, three 
 for whites, Kpisco]>al, Methodist, and Baptist, and two for tlie colored 
 l»opulation, Methodist and Baptist. They have an aggregate seating 
 capacity of over three thousand, and cost about $30,000. The pupils of 
 the Winyaw Indigo Society school are prejiared to enter West Point and 
 the colleges ixud universities of the United States. There are two public 
 schools, one white and one colored, and, in addition, a nund)er of private 
 schools. The Winyaw Indigo Society, one of the oldest charitable insti- 
 tutions in the South, was incorporated in 1756 ; its funds have been chiefly 
 
TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 087 
 
 <I<'Vote<l to the education of orphan children, many huji<lreds of whom 
 have enjoyed its hounty. There is. also, a lodge of Masons. The choicest 
 game, fish and oysters are ahimdant and cheap. Beef and mutton sell 
 at ten to twelve cents per pound ; eggs, twelve to fifteen cents per dozen ; 
 fowls, twenty to twenty-five cents. Stores rent from $100 to $500, and 
 <lwellings from $60 to $300 per year. The huilding materials are heart 
 j)ine and hrick ; the latter are manufactured in any quantity called for. 
 on I'ort's creek, eight miles from the town. The total value of all pro- 
 I>erty. real and personal, is stated at $800,000, and the annual taxes are 
 ahout $7,000. The town has no debt. 
 
 One hundred and seventy-five sail of vessels, of from fifty to five liun- 
 red tons burthen, and drawing six to thirteen feet of water, cross 
 (jfcorgotown bar annually. There is regular communication with 
 Charleston and Cheraw by steamboat, and a line of eight three-masted 
 schooners ply regularly between this port and the coast towns. The 
 annual shipments are given as follows: 
 
 1,500 bales cotton, valued at . . .$ 75,000 
 
 .'50,000 bhls. sj)irits turpentine 540.000 
 
 170,000 bbls. rosin 510,000 
 
 0,500,000 feet lumber, shingles and other stuff 300,000 
 
 10,000 tierces of rice 500,000 
 
 Total $1,885,000 
 
 The yearly sales of goods is estimated as follows: 
 
 Cfroceries and provisions $ 700,000 
 
 Dry goods ". . . 300.000 
 
 Hardware and miscellaneous 300,000 
 
 Total $1,300,000 
 
 There are three saw mills, cai)acity of 20,000 feet per day; a shingle 
 mill, capacity 15,000 to 20,000 shingles per day ; an inexhaustible .supply 
 of the finest cypress timber is at hand; it is furnished in blocks three 
 feet to five feet diameter, clear of knots, at five cents to seven cents per 
 cubic foot. A large rice-pounding mill has recently been established, 
 and the direct shipment of this grain to Northern ports is increasing. 
 Other manufactures are the preparation of naval stores, and of corn in 
 various forms, oak staves, &c. The average wages paid to laborers is 
 twenty-five cents to seventy-five cents a day, and for skilled labor, one 
 dollar to two dollars a day. 
 
^'>SS TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 The roads leadinp; from the town are fine and well shaded, oftering in- 
 ducements for pleasure riding and driving, and there are delightful walks 
 along the Sampit and Black or Wynee rivers. Winyaw bay is a beauti- 
 ful sheet of water, and North island, on the seaward side of it, has a fine 
 beach, and affords, with the adjacent sea islands, cool and salubrious 
 summer resorts. " Here," says Robert Mills, " besides the refreshing sea 
 breeze, the good things of this life, the treasures of the ocean and the land, 
 are offered in great abundance to the inhabitants." 
 
 LOWER PINE BELT REGION. 
 
 The ten thousand square miles in lower South Carolina, described as 
 the lower pine belt region, contains, according to the census of 1880, only 
 sixteen villages, with an aggregate population of 4,722. Of these Wal- 
 terboro is the largest, with a population of six hundred and ninety-one- 
 If, however, all the small settlements and trading points in this region 
 be counted, they will, with addition of those mentioned in the census, 
 amount in all to seventy-eight. The following account will make them 
 appear still larger, as the settlements in each county will be named, for 
 convenience, under the count}'', whereas since some of these counties ex- 
 tend into the adjoining regions, towns outside of the lower pine belt will 
 be necessarily mentioned. 
 
 HAMPTON COUNTY 
 
 contains fifteen towns and trading settlements, with eighty-five stores, 
 to-wit: Brunson, nineteen stores; Varnville, fourteen stores; LaAvton- 
 ville, nine stores ; Hampton Court House, Brighton, and Matthews Blufi', 
 eight stores each ; Gillisonville, six stores ; Staftbrd, three stores ; Rob- 
 ertsville, Tillman's, Early Branch and McNeil's, two stores each, and 
 Peeplesville, Wagon Branch, and McCoy's Bluff, one store each. Of this 
 number, five sell liquor, two. are drug stores, two millinery, and the 
 balance deal in general merchandise. One is kept by a colored person, 
 and the estimated wealth of the storekeepers is $438,000. 
 
 Hampton Court House (Township 120) was established in 187G. It 
 has a brick court house and jail, and a population now of three hundred. 
 It is situated in the centre of the county, on the Augusta and Port Royal 
 railroad. 
 
 Varnville, on the same railroad, has a town hall and high-school build- 
 ing. There are three churches, one of which is for colored persons, and 
 has a seating capacity of 1,200. The churches were built at a cost of 
 about $1,000 each. There are two schools, one for white, and one for 
 
TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 689 
 
 colored, pupils. Several thousand bales of cotton, a considerable quantity 
 of rice, naval stores, hides and wax are shipped to Charleston and Savan- 
 nah by rail. The Varnville Messenger is edited by E. W. Peeples. The 
 buildings are of brick and wood, and the population and trade are in- 
 creasing. 
 
 Peeples ville (Township 117) was settled in 1865, and has now about 
 three hundred inhabitants. It has a hall seventy by thirty-five feet, and 
 there are three churches, and one school, with forty pupils, in the neigh- 
 borhood. The value of the real and personal property is given as $150,- 
 000. One thousand bales of cotton are shipped to Savannah. The yearly 
 sales are, provisions, $30,000; dry goods, $20,000; hardware, $2,000. 
 There is a boarding-house, blacksmith shop, and livery stable, and several 
 saw and grist mills, and naval stores manufactories. Planting, lumber, 
 and naval stores are the chief pursuits. 
 
 Brighton (Township 119). At the close of the war there was one 
 dwelling and one store, with a capital of one hundred dollars, here. 
 There are now eight stores, fifty dwellings, a population of three hundred, 
 two churches and a school. Two barrel makers, who came here ten years 
 ago without capital, are the owners of a steam saw mill, and a gin and 
 grist mill, with a turpentine and rosin still, as the result of their indus- 
 try. There is weekly communication with Savannah by steamboat. 
 
 Gillisonville (Township IIG) was formerly the county seat of Beaufort. 
 The public buildings were burnt during the last war. It has a church 
 and two schools. 
 
 COLLETON COUNTY 
 
 contains twenty -two towns and trading settlements, having in all one 
 hundred and twenty stores, to-wit : White Hall, eighteen stores ; Walter- 
 boro, thirteen stores ; Jacksonboro and St. George's, eleven stores each ; 
 Ridgeville, nine stores ; Saltkehatchie, eight stores ; Rantowles, Smokes' 
 and Green Pond, seven stores each ; Reevesville, five stores ; Ashepoo and 
 Combahee, four stores each ; Bell's, Ross', and Folk's, three stores each ; 
 Ravenel's, Byrds, Cottage ville, Rumphtown, Twenty-six Mile, Parker's 
 Ferry, and Maple Cane, one store each. There is one drug store, the re- 
 mainder dealing in general merchandise. Three out of the whole num- 
 ber are kept by colored persons. The estimated wealth of the store- 
 keepers is placed at $383,000. 
 
 Walterboro, the county seat, is located in the centre of the county and 
 has a handsome brick court house and jail. The population in 1880 was 
 six hundred and ninety-one. There is an Episcopalian, a Presbyterian, 
 a Methodist, a Baptist and a Roman Catholic church in the town, with 
 three other churches for colored persons. A school house for colored 
 
C)^0 TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 oliiUlron lins a eapat-ity for one luiiulred puj.ils. The Avhito soliools are 
 }n-ivato. The Colleton Press is publisliecl weekly. There is a daily mail 
 by staue line to (treen Pond, twelve miles distajit, on the Cliarleston and 
 Savannah Railroad. A railroad from Walterboro to this point is graded, 
 and when eompleted it is proposetl to extend it to Brancliville, wliieh 
 will make it the shortest line from the capital to the seaboard. Walter- 
 boro is in a region devoted formerly to rice culture, and no cotton Avas 
 sold here before the war ; in 1881 one thousand bales were sold in the 
 town. The yearly sales are stated (probably underestimated) as follows ; 
 Provisions, $75,000; dry goods. $'25,000; hardware. S10,000 ; miscella- 
 neous, $45,000. 
 
 St. George's, on the South Carolina Railroad, has a population of three 
 hundred. There is here a hotel, two school houses and a church. About 
 4.000 bales of cotton are shipped annually to Charleston. The estimate 
 of yearly sales is, provisions, $75,000 ; dry goods, $30,000 ; hardware, 
 $t),000 ; miscellaneous, $50,000. There are two steam saw mills and a 
 grist mill. 
 
 BERKELEY COUNTY, 
 
 exclusive of the places on the seacoast already noticed, has ten villages 
 and trading settlements, with sixty-tive stores, to wit: Summerville, 
 twenty-four stores; St. Stephen's and Moncks Corner, twelv.e stores eaeli ; 
 Bonneau's, eleven stores ; Oakley, three stores ; Ladson's, two stores, ami 
 Pineville. one store. Of this number there is one liquor store, four drug 
 stores, the remainder dealing in general merchandise. Four are kept by 
 colored persons. The estimated wealth of the storekeepers is given at 
 $200,000. Summerville, in the pine woods on the South Carolina rail- 
 road, is a liealth and pleasure resort for the citizens of Charleston. There 
 are two hotels, two livery stables, several boarding houses, and churches 
 of the leading religious denominations. The population is given by the 
 last census as 630. But during the season there are as many as 2,500 
 persons living here. 
 
 WILLIAMSBURG COUNTY 
 
 has thirteen towns and trading settlements, containing one hundred and 
 thirteen stores, to wit: Kingstree, thirty-one stores; Graham's Cross 
 Road, eighteen stores ; Scrauton, twelve stores ; Black Mingo, ten stores ; 
 Salters and Cambridge, nine stores each ; Gourdin's, seven stores ; Indian- 
 town and Johnsonville, six stores each ; Lane's, two stores ; Greeleyville, 
 Lynch's Lake, and Pine Blutf, one each. Among these two liquor stores 
 and one drug store are enumerated, the remainder keep general mer- 
 chandise; one is kept by a colored person. The wealth of the store- 
 keepers is estimated at $478,000. 
 
rOWSH OF HOUTH CAROLINA. 001 
 
 Kin^^stroc, the county scat, has a population of about 300. It i.s situated 
 at tlie head of navigation on the Black, more properly the Wynee river, 
 and on tlie North Eastern railroad. The court house and jail are hand- 
 some hrick buildings. There is a Presbyterian, a liajiti.st, and a Metli- 
 odist church, besides a church for colored persons. The Kingstrec Star, 
 a weekly paper, is })u}>lished here. About two tliousand bales of cotton 
 are ship[)ed annually. The name is d(jrived from a large white or short 
 leaf pin<; tree that stood on the banks of the Wynee, which was called 
 the King's tree, after William HI., of England. 
 
 Scranton, on tlie same railroad, has a hot(;l and church, and about two 
 thousand bales of cotton are sljipped annually, besides lumber and naval 
 ston-s. 
 
 CLARENDON COUNTY 
 
 has ten towns and trading settlements, with fifty-one stores, to wit : Man- 
 ning, twenty-four stores; .Summerton, nine .stores; P^jrreston, eight stores; 
 h'u Hon, five stores ; McFadden, two stores; Dudley, Enterpri.se, Jordan, 
 I'anola and Packsville, one store each. Of this number there are two 
 lif|Uor stores, three drug stores and one millinery; the balance deal in 
 gf.'iieral merchandi.se. The wealth of the storekeepers is estimated at 
 $217,000. Manning, the county .seat, is on the C<;ntral Railroad, near 
 where it cros.ses Pocotaligo river. ''J'he Methodists, Baptists, and Presby- 
 t(;rians have each a church in the town. There is an academy, and one 
 )iewspaper, the Clarendon PreHS. 
 
 Fornjston, ten miles south of Manning on the railroad, lias a Baptist 
 church and two .schools. Besides a con.siderable amount of lund^er and 
 naval stores, about four thousand bales of cotton are shipped to Charleston. 
 
 JfOltllY COUNTY 
 
 has thirteen towns and trading settlements, with forty-five stores, to wit: 
 Conwuyboro, twelve stores; Board Landing and Port llarreison, .seven 
 stores each; Hickman's, five stores; Red Bluff and Bucksville, three 
 stores (;ach ; Bayton, two stores ; Dogwood Neck, Gallivant's, Hickman's, 
 Wampee, and Round Swamp, one store each. The wealth of the store- 
 keepers is estimated at $284,000. 
 
 THE UPPER PINE BP:LT 
 
 is credit(;d, in the census of 1880, with twenty-one towns, liaving a popu- 
 lation of 1 J,71o. Including some omitted by the above mentioned enu- 
 meration, and the various trading settlements, they, actually numbered, 
 
G92 TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 January, 1883, ninety-nine, with 1,009 stores and a population of over 
 20,000. The weaUh of the storekeepers is given at between five and six 
 millions of dollars. Their distribution among the counties lying chiefly 
 or wholl}' in this region is as follows : 
 
 BARNWELL COUNTY, 
 
 traversed in a north and south direction by two railroads, the Port Royal 
 and the Charleston and Augusta, has twenty-two towns and trading set- 
 tlements, to wit: Blackville, thirty-three stores; Allendale, thirty-one 
 stores ; Bamberg, twenty -six stores ; Williston, twenty-two stores ; Barn- 
 well Court House, seventeen stores ; Midway, eleven stores ; Campbellton 
 and Graham, eight stores each ; Elko, five stores ; Appleton, Beldoc, 
 Dunbarton and Martin's, four stores each ; Buford's Bridge, Cohen's Bluff, 
 Lee's, Robbins', two stores each; Erwinton, Fiddle Pond, Hattieville, 
 Millett, Varn, one store each. Of these one hundred and ninety-one es- 
 tablishments, iifteen sell liquors, thirty-three miscellaneous articles, and 
 the remainder general merchandise. The wealth of the proprietors is es- 
 timated at $l,2o0,000. 
 
 Barnwell Court House has a high and healthy situation on Turkey 
 Creek, in the centre of the county. The public buildings and three- 
 fourths of the town were burned by Sherman's troops, in 1 864, and after 
 the war the county seat was removed for some years to Blackville. In 
 1876, the old court house was rebuilt and a railroad, twelve miles in 
 length, oj^ened to Blackville. The town is rapidly increasing in size since 
 this date. The Presbyterians, Baptists, Methodists, Episcopalians, and 
 Catholics have churches here. Town lots and lands in the surround- 
 ing country are rapidly advancing in price. A company is formed to 
 build a cotton factory on Turkey Creek, near by. There are two news- 
 papers, the Barnwell People and the Barnwell Sentinel. 
 
 Blackville, on the South Carolina Railroad, has now upwards of 1,000 
 inhabitants, four churches, four schools, a carriage factory, several gins, 
 saw and grist mills, and ships annually about 4,000 bales of cotton. 
 
 Allendale is a thriving and rapidly growing town on the Port Royal 
 railroad, of over six hundred inhabitants ; the leading religious denomi- 
 nations have churches, and there is one public and one private school. 
 
 Bamberg, on the South Carolina railroad, has two churches, a high 
 school, three private schools, a newspaper, a banking establishment, a 
 planing mill, three wagon and wood shops, a saw mill, several cotton 
 gins and grist mills, and ships about 5,000 bales of cotton annually. The 
 population, in 1880, was 648. 
 
TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 693 
 
 ORANGEBURG COUNTY 
 
 has eleven towns and trading settlements, with one hundred and thirty- 
 five stores, to wit : Orangeburg Court House, seventy-five stores ; 
 Branchville, twenty-six stores ; St. Matthew's, seventeen stores ; Fort 
 Motte, seven stores ; Rowesville, three stores ; Elloree and Jamison, two ■ 
 
 stores each ; Edisto, Felderville, Knott's Mills, one store each. Of this 
 number, eight sell liquors, and eight are druggists, thirty-eight deal in j 
 
 miscellaneous articles, and seventy-six in general merchandise. One is j 
 
 kept b}'' a colored person. ! 
 
 Orangeburg Court House is situated on high, level land, rising above ^ \ 
 
 the clear waters of North Edisto river, at the head of raft navigation* and ^^«**^' ^^ [ 
 on the Charleston and Columbia railroad. It was first settled in 1730, '^--^f'^'C^ i 
 by German subjects of the Prince of Orange, whence its name. In 1825, '^''f- . ^\ 
 the population was 152, in 1840, 350. The public buildings and most of ^2^ '^ 
 the town was burnt b}^ Sherman's troops. It has been rebuilt, and the j^i 
 
 c/*^ 
 
 
 population in 1880, was 2,140, and probably exceeds 3,000 at this time. .J,^r^^ ys- j 
 It has a circular area two miles in diameter, with the court house and ■'■^^.^^ \ 
 public scjuare as the centre. The business portion of the town, including ^_^ ^^^ 
 many handsome brick buildings, is built about the public sc[uare. Be- ^.^^^^^^^Cu^^ 
 tween this point and the railway station is a fine drive, on each side of ,^^^/ji^^\ 
 which are handsome private residences, with well kej)t grounds. The c.-'J^d, ce^ 
 town government consists of a mayor and two aldermen, a chief of po- "tSa^rJr ^<z^', 1 
 lice, and four patrolmen. The sidewalks have a wood curbing, and the «y, Q- 
 
 roads are well kept. The town is lighted by kerosene street lamps. | 
 
 Water is abundant and good ; the drainage is into the Edisto river, sixty 
 to one hundred feet below the town. The court house is a fine brick build- 
 ing, costing $35,000. The Claflin University, a large three-story brick 
 building, with mansard roof, is surrounded by fine grounds, and has ac- 
 commodations for three hundred colored students. The Boliver and 
 May's halls are large and handsome halls, fitted with stage, seats, &c., for 
 public entertainments. Charges, $10 to $15 per night. There is a Pres- 
 byterian, an Episcopal, a Methodist, a Baptist and a Lutheran church.^ .^ ^.eva.^j^'vv* j 
 There are two public schools for whites, and three private schools, with c<,wveive4 ^ \ 
 one public school for colored pupils ; number of pupils about six hun- ur-cJti* . lU, \ 
 dred. Five room cottages, with garden, rent for $ 1 2 a month. Stores ^^"^^"^ *T^^ 
 rent at from $10 to $40 per month. Bricks, for building, cost $7.50 per p la^i,^ 
 thousand. Pine lumber, $10 per thousand ; shingles, $3.50 per thou- / ux«-c«-J^ 
 sand. The value of real and personal property is estimated at $800,000 ; ' -H-^"^ '^^*^- 
 there is no town debt, and the annual town tax on property is about one- ' 'W'^''™***" ■ 
 half of one per cent. The average yearly sales are given as follows: 
 provisions, $700,000; dry goods, $125,000; hardware, $25,000; miscel- 
 
004 TOAVXS OF SOUTH CAEOLINA. 
 
 laiieous, §i;jO,000. The manufacturing industries consist of a cotton mill, 
 a rice mill, and two wagon factories, employing about one hundred 
 liands, at wages of $1 to $2 a day. There i^ a weekly newspaper. The 
 annual shipments of cotton average 10,000 bales, to Charleston and New 
 York. 
 
 SUMTER COUNTY 
 
 has eighteen towns and trading settlements, with one hundred and sixty- 
 two stores, to wit : Sumterville, seventy-five stores ; Maysville, twenty-one 
 stores ; Bishopville, twelve stores ; Magnolia, seven stores ; Providence, 
 AVedgefield, and Lynchburg, six stores each ; Mannville and Shiloh, five 
 stores each ; Spring Hill and Statesburg, four stores each ; Sanders' and 
 Boykin's, two stores each ; Bossards, Claremont, Durant, Mechanicsville, 
 one store each. Of this number seven deal in liquor, one in hardware, 
 eight in dry goods, twenty-nine miscellaneous, and one hundred and sev- 
 enteen in general merchandise. Seven are kept by colored persons. 
 The estimated Avealth of the storekeepers is $812,000. 
 
 Sumterville, on the Columbia and Wilmington railroad, near the head- 
 waters of the Wynee river, was founded in 1800. It occupies a level site 
 on sandy soil, three-fourths of a mile in each direction from the court 
 house square as a centre. There is an intendant and four wardens, with 
 a chief of police, an assistant, and three regular policemen. There are 
 ten miles of streets, with elevated sidewalks of rammed clay. Besides a 
 fine court house building, there is a music hall fitted for public amuse- 
 ment ; charges per night, including rent, license and lights, $20.00. 
 There are five churches for the whites : one Episcopal, one Methodist, 
 one Baptist, one Presbyterian, one Catholic. The colored population have 
 three clnirches: two Methodist and one Baptist. The educational estab- 
 lishments are the Sumter Institute, the St. Joseph's Academy (Catholic), 
 the Sumter public s'^hool for whites, cost SI, 200, pupils 200 ; the Lincoln 
 public school, colored, cost $1,200, pupils, 250, and several private schools. 
 Stores rent from $12.50 to $00.00 a month ; dwelling houses from $5.00 
 to $20.00. The town taxes are four-tenths per cent, on real, and two- 
 tenths per cent, on personal property, realizing on the assessments about 
 82,000 per annum. The indebtedness of the town is $12,000 for the 
 music hall, fire engines and floating indebtedness from 1872 to 1878, in- 
 terest, seven and eight per cent. Sumterville was only a small village 
 until the railroad was built from Columbia to Wilmington, in 1854. 
 Besides these connections, it is the present terminus of ,the Central rail- 
 road to Charleston, and has connection with Camden. About 12,000bales 
 of cotton are shipped annually. The yearly sales are estimated at, pro- 
 visions, $250,000; dry goods, $200,000; hardware, $150,000; miscel- 
 
TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 695 
 
 laneous, $100,000. The Bellemonte cotton factory, recently erected, is in 
 successful operation. There are three weekly newspapers, and the town 
 is growing rapidly. 
 
 DARLINGTON COUNTY 
 
 has sixteen towns and trading settlements, with one hundred and seventy- 
 six stores, distributed as follows : Darlington Court House, fifty-three 
 stores ; Florence, forty-six stores ; Timmonsville, twenty-two stores ; So- 
 ciet}' Hill, fifteen stores ; Dovesville, thirteen stores ; Lydia, four stores ; 
 Ebenezer, Hartsville, Palmetto, Parrotts, and Stokes, two stores each ; 
 Cypress, Leavenworth and Oats, one store each. Of this number, ten 
 sell liquors, eight, dry goods, five, hardware, thirty-eight, miscellaneous, 
 and one hundred and fifteen, general merchandise. Two are kept by 
 colored persons. The estimated wealth of the storekeepers is $938,000. 
 
 Darlington Court House, embowered in a majestic grove of evergreen 
 oaks, and washed on two sides by the clear waters of Swift creek, is the 
 county seat. It ships about 7,000 bales of cotton annually. It contains 
 two carriage and wagon factories and a furniture manufactory. The 
 school privileges are good, and there are churches of the leading de- 
 nominations. The Darlington National Bank has a paid up capital of 
 $50,000 ; surplus, $5,193. The fair grounds of the Agricultural Society 
 are well laid out, and have a commodious house. There are two weekly 
 newspapers. 
 
 Florence, on the Columbia and Wilmington railroad, and at the ter- 
 minus of the Northeastern and the Cheraw and Darlington railroads, had 
 a population, in ISGO, of 600 ; in 1880, of 1,940 ; now estimated at 2,500. 
 There are fourteen miles of streets, constructed at a cost of $75.00 per 
 mile. There are two hotels, a two-story town hall, costing $5,000, seven 
 churches, built at a cost of $19,000, and four schools. Dwellings rent 
 from $7.00 to $17.00 a month, and stores from $15.00 to $40.00 a month. 
 Excellent bricks are burned in the vicinity,"and lumber is abundant and 
 cheap. The town taxes are one-half of one per cent, on property, and 
 there is a town debt of $3,000, at seven per cent, interest, for the purchase 
 of a steam fire engine. About 4,000 bales of cotton are shipped annually. 
 The Florence Times is published weekly. There is a carriage factory, 
 four steam and two water gins and grist mills, three steam saw mills, 
 and the railroad shops located here employ about one hundred and fifty 
 hands. 
 
 Society Hill is an early settlement made by the planters of this section. 
 It is on the Cheraw and Darlington railroad, and has weekly communi- 
 cation with Georgetown by steamboat on the Great Pee Dee river, which 
 is one mile distant from the town. 
 
696 TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 MARLBORO COUNTY 
 
 lias eight towns and trading settlements, with fifty-five stores, distributed 
 as follows : Bennettsville, fort}^ stores, Clio, seven stores, Brightsville and 
 Brownsville, two stores each, Hunt's Bluff, Parnassus, Red Hill, and 
 Three Creeks, one store each. Liquors are not sold in the county, and 
 of the stores enumerated, six deal in miscellaneous articles, and forty- 
 nine in general merchandise. The estimated wealth of the storekeepers 
 is $524,000. Bennettsville is the county seat. 
 
 MARION COUNTY 
 
 has sixteen towns and trading settlements, with one hundred and thirty- 
 six stores, distributed as follows : Marion Court House, fifty-eight stores ; 
 Mullens, seventeen stores ; Little Rock, thirteen stores ; IMars Bluff, ten 
 stores ; Forestville, nine stores ; Effingham, Lynches Creek, seven stores 
 each ; Oak Grove, four stores ; Jeff'reys' Creek, three stores ; Little Bluff*, 
 two stores ; Brick Swamp, Campobella, Cranesville, Donohoe, Free State 
 and Hyman, one store each. Of this number, five sell liquors, three, 
 dry goods, twenty-seven, miscellaneous, and one hundred and one, gen- 
 eral merchandise ; two are kept by colored persons. The estimated 
 wealth of the storekeepers is placed at $633,000. 
 
 The town of Marion, first called Gilesborough, is on the Wilmington 
 and Columbia railroad. The population was given, in 1880, at 824; it 
 is now thought to exceed 1,500. It has eight churches and five schools. 
 There are three weekly newspapers and an agricultural paper. Avenues 
 of stately trees offer an attractive promenade. About 8,000 bales of cot- 
 ton are shipped annually from this point. 
 
 THE RED HILL REGION 
 
 requires no separate mention as regards its towns. Being a long and 
 rather narrow region, running northeast and southwest, the railroads 
 crossing it only traverse it for a short distance, except the Columbia and 
 Augusta road. As the towns along this road are actually on the granite 
 formation, or the sand hills, they will be mentioned when treating of the 
 towns in these regions. Actually the two small towns of Wedgefield and 
 Stateburg, with St. Matthew's, in Orangeburg, are about the only towns 
 in this region, and this will account for the fact that the region itself has 
 never heretofore been recognized, notwithstanding its very characteristic 
 features, as one of the physical subdivisions of the State. The 
 
TOWXS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. GO' 
 
 SAND HILL REGION 
 
 proper, though thinly settled has a larger per cent, of its population 
 collected into villages than either of the regions last treated of, as -^vill 
 be seen by reference to the table. For convenience, the five counties 
 traversed by this region, to wit : Aiken, Lexington, Richland, Kersliaw 
 and Chesterfield, will now be considered, and as some of their most 
 considerable towns are situated on intrusions, as it were, of the Piedmont 
 and Lower Pine Belt Regions into these counties, the aggregate of towns 
 will appear greater than strictly belongs to the region. 
 
 AIKEN COUNTY 
 
 has sixteen towns and trading settlements, with one hundred and four 
 stores, distributed as follows : Aiken Court House, forty-four stores ; 
 Graniteville, seventeen stores ; Hamburg, nine stores ; Beech Island, six 
 stores ; Langley, Windsor and Ellenton, five stores each ; Montmorenci, 
 three stores; Bath and Vaucluse, two stores each ; Hammond, Johnston, 
 Kitching Mills, Merritt's, Sunnyside and White Pond, one store each. Of 
 this .number eight sell liquors, three hardware, thirty-seven miscellaneous 
 articles, and fifty-six general merchandise. Two are kept by colored 
 persons. The estimated wealth of the storekeepers is stated at $712,000. 
 Aiken, the county seat, was settled in 1833, when the South Carolina 
 railroad, then the longest in the world, was built. The first settlers were 
 persons from the lower country in search of a healthy and invigorating 
 climate during summer. Since it has become a famous health resort for 
 those from Northern latitudes seeking a warm dry winter air and sunshine. 
 It has an elevation of about six hundred feet above the sea level, and the 
 soil is coarse quatzose sand to the depth of ninety to one hundred and 
 fifty feet, sanitary conditions reinforced by the balsamic odors of the 
 great pine forest that surrounds it. In addition to numerous excellent 
 boarding houses, the Highland Park Hotel, open during the spring and 
 winter months for Northern visitors, is one of the largest and, in mau}'^ 
 respects, one of the best hotels in the South. There is a private bank in 
 the town. The population in 1880 Avas 1,817. The streets of Aiken 
 are wide. The sidewalks are raised and covered with clay. This clay, 
 resting on a bed of deep sand, is kept well drained, and forms a smooth, 
 hard, elastic surface. A broad drive of the same material has been sim- 
 ilarly constructed from the Highland Park Hotel to the freight depot, 
 three-quarters of a mile, at a cost of $600. It forms an excellent road- 
 way, over which even heavily laden cotton wagons are in the habit of 
 45 
 
(>5>S IXnVXS OF SOUTH ( AKOLINA, 
 
 nioviuii' iit a tvoi. It is ohiinuHl that six to oiiiht iin-hos of suoli clay. 
 ^lM•oa^l ovi'i" tlicso saiul bods, will luako a ilurablo road ot" this (.'haraotor. 
 easily ki>[>t ii\ i'i.>[niir. As bodios o( this clay aiv met with in nearly 
 every locality throughout the samly lower two-thirds of the State, the 
 above experiments suugest the material auvl methods suitable for eonstruet- 
 iuii uood and cheap dirt roads in this section. LJraniteville, on Horse 
 C'reck. where the Columbia road ap}>roaches the Charleston and Augusta 
 railroail. is a thriving manufacturing village of 1,009 inliabitants. \'au- 
 cluse. a few miles above, and Langley and l>atb, a short distance below, 
 are similar villages, situated in the valley of this stream. Hamburg, 
 opposite Augusta, has now only about 48o inhabitants. Fifty years ago 
 it was a prosperous village, of l.'iOO inhabitants. Besides Hour, corn, 
 tobacco and other productions, there was then shipped hence by steam- 
 boat to Savannah and Charleston as many as twenty-six thousand bales 
 of cotton in one season. Fifteen steamboats, capable of transporting six 
 hundred to one thousand bales at a load, once plied regularly, making 
 weekly trips between this town anvl the citiv's of Cliarleston and Savannah. 
 
 I.KXINOTOX OOINTY 
 
 has eleven towns and trading settlements, with sixty-three stores, dis- 
 tributed as follows : Batesburg, nineteen stores ; Leesvillo, sixteen stores; 
 Court House, twelve stores; Gilbert Hollow, six stores ; Countsville. three 
 stiues; Rish's, two stores ; Bars, Keisler, Pine Ridge, Kishston and Sin- 
 clair, one store each. Of this number four sell liquors, twelve miscella- 
 neous articles, and forty-seven general merchandise. The estimated 
 wealth of the storekeepei's is $ooO,000. 
 
 Leesville, on the Columbia and Augusta railroad, has a population of 
 177. The situation is high and level. Soil sandy, with clay sub-soil. 
 There are two hotels, a Methodist and a Lutheran church. The Leesville 
 Knglish and Classical Institute accommodates one hundred and tweiity- 
 tive pupils. The ival and pei-sonftl property is valued at $100,000. The 
 town taxe^ aggregate Sll-.oO yearly. Four thousand bales of cotton are 
 shipped annually, with fruit to the value of $15,000. lumber, oats and 
 other products. The yearly sales are. provisions, $112,000; dry goods. 
 $'Jo,000: hardware. $2.000 ; miscellaneous. $10,000. The place is growing 
 rapidly. 
 
 KICHLAND (.Ol NTY 
 
 has seven towns and trading settlements, with one hundred and sixty- 
 nine stores, distributed as follows : Columbia, one hundred and tifty-four 
 stores ; Eastover and Gadsden, five stores each ; Shand's, two stores ; 
 
TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 099 
 
 Klri^ville and Acton, one store each. Of thi.s number thirty-two keep 
 lifjuor.s. seventeen hardware, seventeen dry goods, eighty-three miscella- 
 neous articles, and thirty general merchandise; three are kept by c<^lored 
 persons. The estimated wealth of the storekeepers is given at §1,308,000. 
 
 Columbia, the county seat of Kichland, and the capital of South Caro- 
 lina, is situated in lat. 33° 59' o8" N. Long. 81° 2' 3" W. It has a level site 
 elevated some two hundred feet above the east bank of the Congaree, at the 
 confluence of the Broad and Saluda riv^ers, and three hundred and thirty- 
 six feet aVxjve the sea. It stands upon a promontory of granite, which 
 extends from the crystalline rocks of the Piedmont Region along and 
 between the Broad and Saluda rivers, and at their union juts out into the 
 Sand Hill Region of the State. 
 
 The great falls of the Congaree begin at the upper end of the town, and 
 terminate a little below the lower end. The fall in this distance is thirty- 
 six feet, and the greatest width of the river is eighteen hundred feet. 
 
 Originally these lands were covered with a magnificent growth of im- 
 jjjense oaks, hickories and pines. Colonel Thomas Taylor, whose de- 
 scendants still reside here, was their first owner. The city was laid out 
 and incorporated in 1787, and the Legislature met here for the first time 
 in 1789. The town is two miles .square, regularly laid out in streets one 
 hundred and one hundred and fifty feet in width, most of them planted 
 with beautiful shade trees. The streets aggregate sixty miles in lengthy 
 and are neatly kept. The roadways of the main thoroughfares are ]\Iac- 
 adanji/.ed, the sidewalks paved. They are maintained, including lamps, 
 at a cost of §8,000 annually. Facilities for transportation of all kinds are 
 ample aiid cheap. Natural springs, issuing from a valley between the 
 town and river, afford an ample supply of excellent water, which is 
 raised one hundred and twenty feet by steam power, for use, at the rate 
 of one million gallons a day. The soil is porous, and its elevation above 
 the river offers every facility for thorough drainage. There are eight 
 liotels and first-class boarding houses, with moderate charges, and the 
 place is much frequented by invalids' from the North during winter. 
 The public buildings are the State House, h>uilt of enormous blocks of 
 granite, quarried in the vicinity, and to cost five millions of dollars when 
 completed. The U. S. Court House and Postoffice is built of Fairfield 
 granite, which at a distance might be mistaken for marble. The large and 
 extensive fire-proof buildings of the Insane Asylum. The numerous 
 buildings of the State University, and those of the Presbyterian Theo- 
 logical seminary. A large and handsome City Hall and Opera House 
 (800 seats ; rent and license fee $40 a night). The Court House and Peni- 
 tentiary, with some fine blocks of business houses, banks, &c. The ag- 
 gregate cost of the public buildings exceeds six millions of dollars. Co- 
 
700 TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 lunibia is noted for the beauty of its public and private grounds, and for 
 its beautiful flower gardens. Sj'dney Park covers twenty acres, furnish- 
 ing attractive promenades. The Agricultural Society of the State has 
 extensive fair grounds, with numerous buildings, and during fair week, 
 in November, as many as twenty thousand persons assemble here from 
 all parts of the State. There are two handsome cemeteries. There are 
 fourteen churches, three free and fifteen private schools. Stores rent 
 for $20.00 to $50.00 a month, dwellings from $50 00 to $500.00 per an- 
 num. The assessed value of real and personal property is $3,000,000, 
 and the estimated true value is given as $5,000,000. The taxes aggre- 
 gate $45,000 yearly, of which $33,000 are levied on property, and $12,000 
 come from licenses. The city debt, incurred for permanent improvements, 
 water works, streets, &c., aggregates $850,000. Interest payable half- 
 yearly, and the capital in three installments, running ten, twenty and 
 thirty years. Hailroads radiating from Columbia terminate at the fol- 
 lowing points : Charleston, one hundred and thirty miles ; Augusta, 
 eighty-five miles ; Greenville, one hundred and forty-four miles; Wal- 
 halla, one hundred and forty-seven miles; Laurens C. H., seventy-two 
 miles ; Spartanburg, ninety-four miles ; Charlotte, one hundred and 
 ten miles ; Camden, sixty miles ; "Wilmington, one hundred and ninet}' 
 miles. The Congaree river is navigable for steamboats from the south- 
 west end of the city to the Santee river, which is navigable to its mouth, 
 a waterway more than onC' hundred and seventy-five miles in length. For 
 many years this highway has been neglected, but as long ago as 1825, 
 two steamboats, besides a number of tugs and canal boats, plied regu- 
 larly on these streams and the Santee canal, transporting annually not 
 less than 30,000 bales of cotton from Columbia to Charleston, with full 
 return freights. The receipts of cotton in Columbia in 1876 were 12,257 
 bales ; in 1882 they were 24,660 bales; and in 1883 they amount to this date 
 already to more than. 38,000 bales. They will overrun 40,000 bales for 
 the whole year, not counting large amounts purchased by factors here 
 from points more or less distant on the railroads, and shipped thence di- 
 rectly. Charleston and Norfolk are the competing points to which pro- 
 duce is shipped. 
 
 The Carolina National Bank has a capital of $100,000, surplus $15,000, 
 and the Central National Bank has a capital of $100,000, with a surplus 
 of $20,000. 
 
 The annual yearly sales are given as follows : provisions, $500,000 ; 
 dry goods, $500,000; hardware, $500,000; miscellaneous, $1,000,000. 
 This is, probably, a good deal short of the actual figures. The manu- 
 factures of Columbia are- thus stated in the Tenth 'U. S. Census : 
 
TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 701 
 
 Mechanical and 3Ianvfaduring Industries of Columbia, S. C, in 1880. 
 
 Capital. 
 
 ■^ 
 
 S 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Materials. 
 
 Products. 
 
 Blacksmithing 
 
 Boots and shoes .... 
 
 Bread and baking products 
 
 Carpentering 
 
 'Flouring and grist mill 
 products * . 
 
 Foundry and machine 
 shop products .... 
 
 Painting and paper hang- 
 ing 
 
 Photographing 
 
 Printing and publishing . 
 
 Tin, copper and sheet-iron 
 ware 
 
 All other industries . . . 
 
 Total. 
 
 52 
 
 $3,815 
 2,650 
 7,700 
 3,450 
 
 8,680 
 
 58,000 
 
 1,260 
 
 3,200 
 
 16,000 
 
 16,050 
 
 20,050 46 
 
 $140,855 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 32 
 
 16 
 
 85 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 56 
 
 9 
 
 293 
 
 $4,875 
 1,760 
 4,350 
 8,550 
 
 2,154 
 
 22,354 
 
 2,165 
 
 750 
 
 27,175 
 
 1,510 
 9,190 
 
 $84,833 
 
 p6,250 $15,300 
 2,200 4,700 
 
 23,232 
 14,900 
 
 31,450 
 
 28,825 
 
 53,295 
 
 61,049 
 
 30,639 
 
 89,202 
 
 4,526 
 1,400 
 9,300 
 
 8,915 
 
 5,300 
 
 50,200 
 
 2,800 
 18,212 
 
 6,050 
 41,741 
 
 $166,754 
 
 $842,732 
 
 This statement does not include the products of the manufacture of 
 gas, nor of quarrying, or the statistics of establishments owned and ope- 
 rated by the railroad companies and by the State. The large railroad 
 shops located in Columbia, the gas works, the manufacturing operations 
 carried on in the penitentiary shops, would augment greatly the above 
 figures. Even without these, the thirty hands of the two c|uarries, 
 those of the brewery, ice factory, and the five hundred bricklayers 
 and carpenters constantly employed in the town, would swell the number 
 of skilled workmen to be found here, A cotton seed oil mill* is being 
 erected, and when the work on the canal, which is being done b}^ the 
 State, is completed, and power for several large factories furnished, Co- 
 lumbia will be a manufacturing centre of considerable importance. 
 
 The population in 1820 was 4,000, and it was about the same in 1840. 
 
 * Before 1802 Mr. Benjamin Waring established an oil mill here, and obtained half 
 a gallon of oil from one bushel of cotton seed. Mr. Stephen Brown had at that time a 
 valuable rope walk here. Mr. Waring, and subsequently Mr. Herbemont, engaged here 
 successfully in grape culture. 
 
7*^2 TOWNS OF SOI'TH CAKOLINA. 
 
 Ill isr)0 it was ().0G0. In \Sl\0 it M'as 8,052. In 1870 it was 0,208. In 
 1880 it was 10,03a. Since the latter date the i>oi)iUation lias increased 
 about l,r)00, and since 187t) the returns of taxable property have in- 
 crea'^ed ^700,000. The urowtli which set in in 18r)0 was much increased 
 durinu' the war, to be swept otl' durino- the single night which Sherman 
 occu[>icd the town, by tiie great tire wliich destroyed it almost as com- 
 plett>ly as it was possible to destroy a town at one etlbrt. During recon- 
 struction an unhealthy growth was stimulated by the corrupt politicians 
 who congregated here. This has passed away, and the city has entered 
 a promising period o( normal and substantial progress. 
 
 KKKSH.\W (X>l'NrY 
 
 has three towns and trading settlements, with eighty-four stores, to-wit : 
 Camden, seventy-eight stores ; Flat Rock, five stores ; AVelche's, one store. 
 Of this number six sell liquors, two hanlware. six dry goods, twenty-one 
 miscellaneous articles, and forty-nine general merchandise. Four are 
 kept by colored persons. The estimated wealth of the store keepers is 
 $380,000. 
 
 Canulcn. (he county srai, is on the east bank of the ^\'au•l^•(.■ iivcr. a 
 mile from the stream, and at an elevation of one hundred feet above it. 
 The river is navigable to this point, and the town is one of the termini 
 of the South Carolina Kailroad. Pine Tree creek and Belton's branch 
 wash it on three sides, giving it a position almost insular. It is the 
 oldest inland town in the State, being settled by Quakers in 1750; it was 
 laid out into regular squares in 1700, and chartered in 1709. In 1825 
 the population was 2.000 ; in 1840 it was 2,300; in 1850 it was 1,133: 
 in 1800 it was 1,021 ; in 1870 it was 1.007 ; in 1880 it was 1,780. There 
 are four large churches for the whites — Episcopal, Methodist, Presbyte- 
 rian, and Baptist. Two large colored congregations — Baptist and Meth- 
 odist. Two weekly newspapers. About 20.0()0 bales of cotton are shipped 
 here annually, besides large amounts of naval stores and rice, the pro- 
 duction oi the latter article is beeoming very considerable and profitable 
 in the vicinage. A private bank in the town atlords facilities for the 
 transaction of business. 
 
 CHESTERFIELD COINTY 
 
 has six towns and trading settlements, with sixty-seven stores, to-wit : 
 Cheraw,fit\y-six stores; Chesterfield Court House, five stores ; Hornsboro 
 and Jetfcrson, two stores each, and Irvington and Old Store, one each. 
 Of this number four sell liquoi's, twenty-one miscellaneous articles, and 
 fortv-two <jeneral merchandise. 
 
I"^* 
 
 TOWNK OF SOU! II CAIiOMXA. 703 
 
 C'lKjrau', ut tli(; ji]ii-;t:ioii of the Clioraw and Darliiri'oii linlio.n nji.li 
 the niilroafl to Salisbury, N'ortli Carolina, is one rnih; from the head of 
 navigation on tFie Great Pee I) i2 riviiv. Thare is a population of 1,000 
 within tJie eorj>orate lir/iits, and ahout the same nurnher on the outnkirts 
 of th(j town. Jn 1825 the [copulation was 1,200, anrl 20,000 bales of cot- 
 ton were shipped by «teamboat on the Pee Dee river from this point ; in 
 1S40 the f.ofiulation was 400; in 1800 it was 000. It is regularly laid ofi'. 
 The streets are one hundred feet wide and have an aggregate length of 
 fifteen miles, three lines of handsome full grown shade trees, one on each 
 side, and one in the middle, render them delightful drives and walks. 
 A handsome two-story town hall has the upper stv^ry occupied as a Ma- 
 sonic lodge, the lower story is supplied with seats and scenery, and is 
 used for public entertainments (charges, including license and lights, 
 five to t(;n dollars). There is a skating rink, and the river, several 
 streams and two beautiful lakes near by afford good fishing. There is a 
 race-course near the tfjwn. There is a Methodi.st, Bapti.st, Presbyterian, 
 Kpiscojcal, and Catholic church for the whites. The cemetery of St. 
 Daviri's chiirch has }>een used for more than one hundred years, and a 
 number of iiritish soldiers were buried there during the Revolution. 
 There are also several churches for the colored population. Stores rent 
 for one hundred dollars to four hundred dollars per annum, and dwelling 
 houses about the same. The real estate is estimated at $500,000, and the 
 personal [)roj>erty at $250,000. Taxes are restricted by the town charter 
 to one-half of one per cent., and it has been found necessary to call 
 for only half of this amount. Personal property is not taxed, except 
 t'le bar-rooms. There is no town debt. The Chester and Cheraw rail- 
 road is com[>leted to L^mcaster, and partially graded between that 
 jjoint and Cheraw. A gap of eighteen miles from Cheraw to Hamlet, 
 North Carolina, remains to be built to coinplete what is cortsidered the 
 shortest line from Augusta, Georgia, to Richmond, \'irginia. There is 
 steamboat communication with Charleston, via Georgetown, by the Pee 
 l)(Hi river. Besides considerable shipments of lumber, naval stores, 
 leather, hides, &c , about 10,000 bales of cotton are shipped annually. 
 There is a tannery, a tin- ware, h wagon, and a fertilizer manufactory in 
 the town, besides two steam grist mills, and gins, and one .steam saw 
 mill. Abundant water powers in the neighborhood are little utilized. 
 Cheraw is one of tlie oldest settlements in the State, and has been long 
 noted for the wealth and culture of its citizens. 
 
"04 TOWNS OF SOUTH CAEOLINA. 
 
 THE TOWNS IN THE PIEDMONT REGION 
 
 of South Carolina are given in the census of 1880 as thirty-six in num- 
 ber, with a population of 30,999. A closer count, however, shows that, 
 including towns, villages, and trading points, this region numbers nearly 
 two hundred and fifty (two hundred and forty-four), with a population 
 exceeding fifty thousand. So that half the towns of the whole State, and 
 one-third of the town population is in the villages of the upper country. 
 A count of the stores give 1,750, and the estimated wealth of the store 
 keepers exceeds ten millions of dollars. The enumeration is made here 
 by the counties lying wholly, or in part, in this region, taken in their 
 alphabetical order. 
 
 ABBEVILLE COUNTY 
 
 has twenty-five towns and trading settlements, with one hundred and 
 sixty-three stores, distributed as follows : Abbeville Court House, thirty- 
 nine stores ; Greenwood, twenty-one stores ; Ninety-Six, nineteen stores ; 
 Hodge^, fifteen stores ; Due West, twelve stores ; Troy, ten stores ; Don- 
 aldsville and McCormick, seven stores each ; Antreville, four stores ; 
 Calhoun's Mills, Cokesbury, Lowndesville, Mapleton, and New Market, 
 three stores each ; Broadway, Simm's, and Yerdery, two stores each ; 
 Bold Branch, Bordeaux, Lulah, Mill way, Mountain View, Phoenix, and 
 Sawney, one store each. Of this number nine sell liquors, one hard- 
 ware, five dry goods, fifty-one miscellaneous articles, and ninety-seven 
 general merchandise. The estimated wealth of the store keepers is 
 $681,000. 
 
 Abbeville Court House, the county seat, in Lat. 3-4°, 13', 8" ; Long. W. 
 from Columbia, 1°, 5', 15" ; on a hill among the head- waters of Long 
 Cane, is the terminus of a branch from the Greenville and Columbia 
 railroad, twelve miles long. In 1840 the population was five hundred ; 
 in 1850 it was 1,252; in 18G0 it was five hundred and ninety-two ; in 
 1880 it was 1,543. There are two hotels, six churches, and a large 
 graded school. The value of real and personal property is given at 
 $400,000. The town taxes are two mills. There is no debt. Stores, 
 built chiefly of brick, rent for from one hundred dollars to five hundred 
 dollars a year. The yearly sales are given as $500,000, and ten thousand 
 to fifteen thousand bales of cotton are shipped annually to Charleston 
 and Baltimore. There is a carriage manufactory, and two large weekly 
 newspapers. Property lias increased in value twenty per cent, within 
 three years. 
 
 Greenwood, at the junction of the Augusta and Knoxville railroad 
 
TOAVXS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 705 
 
 with the Columbia and Greenville railroad, had a population, in 1870, of 
 seven hundred ; in 1880, of seven hundred and forty-five, and is esti- 
 mated now at twelve hundred. There are three churches, and two 
 schools. Four thousand bales of cotton are shipped annually. 
 
 Ninety-Six, a colonial name, indicating the distance of this point from 
 the old frontier fort of Prince George, is on the Columbia and Greenville 
 railroad. It has a hotel, three churches and a school, with a population 
 of five hundred and fifty. The property is valued at $150,000. Six 
 thousand bales of cotton shipped annually. One hundred and tAventy- 
 five thousand bushels of oats were shipped in 1882. 
 
 ANDERSON COUNTY 
 
 has eighteen towns and trading settlements, with one hundred and thirty- 
 seven stores, distributed as follows: Anderson Court House, sixty-six 
 stores ; Williamston, eighteen stores ; Pendleton, thirteen stores ; Honea 
 Path, twelve stores ; Belton, seven stores ; Andersonville and Pelzer, 
 three stores each ; Equality, Piercetown, Storeville, and Townville, two 
 stores each ; Broyle's, Holland's, Mountain Creek, Newell, Robert, Rock 
 Mills, and Shallow Ford, one store each. Of this number two sell liquors, 
 five hardware, thirteen dry goods, fifty-two miscellaneous articles, and 
 sixty-five general merchandise. The estimated wealth of the store 
 keepers is placed at $1,086,000. 
 
 Anderson, the county seat, is on the Columbia, Greenville and Blue 
 Ridge railroad, and is the terminus of the Savannah River Valley rail- 
 road, which is being built. The population in 1860 was six hundred and 
 twenty-five; in 1870 it was 1,432; in 1880 it was 1,850, and has much 
 increased since. There are two hotels, three halls for public entertain- 
 ment owned by private individuals ; license fee, ten dollars per day. 
 The whites have five churches — Presbyterian, BajDtist, Methodist, Episco- 
 pal, and Catholic ; colored persons, two churches — Baptist and Metho- 
 dist. There are three public and a number of private schools, and two 
 weekly newspapers. Stores rent for from one hundred dollars to six 
 hundred dollars, and dAvellings for one hundred dollars to three hundred 
 dollars a year. Personal property is estimated at $350,000. Real estate 
 $400,000. Town tax seventy cents on the one hundred dollars ; no toAvn 
 debt. The yearly sales aggregate $750,000. The national bank has a 
 paid in capital of $50,000 ; surplus $50,000. The State Saving and In. 
 surance Bank a paid in capital of $25,000. About 20,000 bales of cotton 
 are shipped annually to Charleston, Philadelphia and New York. 
 
 Pendleton, on the Blue Ridge railroad, near Eighteen Mile Creek, had 
 a population, in 1840, of three hundred ; in 1860, of eight hundred and 
 
70(5 TOWNS OF SOI rii (' \i;t>nN.\. 
 
 lifty-l'our; 111 1S70, i^t" niuo luiU(lrr(l niid iMt;liiy-li\o, nud in 1SM>, of six 
 luimlrrd and si^vonty-lwo. 'l'h(M'(> is a liotcl, i\\\{\ tour l>(»ju'dinu' liouscs. 
 'riu> l-'arnuM-'s ll;dl is a two-story Iniildinu-. Tlioro ari> sovon iluivrlu'S 
 and tivo solnnds. No town tax or doht. Alxnit t'onrlorn liundrtHl haU>s 
 o( K'oWow aro sliipptMl to Charloston. and tMiild Inmdrod to Wwv York and 
 IMuladolpliia ; six hundred u'o to tlu> Tondloton, and four huudri'd to tho 
 lMi>«hnont laotorit^s in this viiinity. 'Hu-ro is a lin.a wauon, a shoi\ and 
 a hhu'ksniith sho{). 
 
 Hohon. at tho inlorsootiou o[' tiio lUuo l\idm> w ith tho Cohuuhia and 
 («roonviIU> railroad, had a |>o|uilation oi' thioo hun(h"i>d and fourtoon in 
 ISSD. A laruo halh holontiino' to th(^ Sons oi' 'l\>ni|>oranoo. is usod t\)r 
 ]nihlio oxliihitions (lii'onst> livo dollars). Thore aro tivo ohun-hos. 'Pho 
 hiuh srluiol is a laruo now huildinu': thoro is also a private stdiool. and a 
 oi^lorod froo sohool. Brick stores rent for three hundred dollars to four 
 hundretl dollars a year: wooden ones, from ont^ hundred dollars to two 
 hundred dollars. The Atlantie and l-'rench Hroad N'alley railroatl is to 
 pass this jHMUt. .Vhout five tlunisaud hales of eotton are shipi>ed an- 
 nually, ehietly to Charleston, but in part to Norfolk and New Ytuk. The 
 yearly sales are. provisions, ^To.OtH) ; dry goods, $.15,000; hardware. 
 ^o.lHHV nuseellaneous. ^'io.tXXV There is a wood and blaeksniith shop, 
 and a hriek-yard. A eluireh, live briok stores, and several residences 
 have been built within eighteen months. 
 
 CUKSrKU COINTY 
 
 has sixteen towns and trading settleu.ents, with one hundred and twenty- 
 tive stores, as follows : Chesterville. eighty-seven stores ; Blackstock. nine 
 stores: Richburg. seven stores: Fort Lawn, tour stores: Ixiseomville. 
 Chestnut Grove. Ila/lewitod. Loweryville. and Orosbyville. two stores 
 each ; Carmel. ramwell. Landsford. Rossville. and Wylie's. one store 
 each. Of this number live sell liquor, two hardware, twelve dry goods, 
 forty-seven niiscelluneous articles, and tiftv-nine general merchandise- 
 The wealtb of the storekeepei-s is estimated at $004,000. 
 
 Chesterville. the county sent, is in Lat.^VPoT' 48", Long. O*" 21'. W e>t oi 
 CVlumhia. from which it is distant forty-eiglit miles, in an air line. It is 
 built on a dyke of aphanitii' porphyrv. which slo[>es upward tVotn all 
 sides, in the numner of a glacis, recalling the towns of the middle ages, 
 built about the castle o( son^e feudal potentate. It has three hotels, and 
 a large hall tor public exhibitions is let for $,"> to $10 a night. Nine 
 clnnvhes. with acconnnoiiations to seat o.tH>0 jHM'sons. were built at a cost 
 of $o5.00(\ There are two gnuled schools; the buildings cost $0.0(iO. 
 with a cajnicity for five hundred pupils, a female academy, and a Metho- 
 
TOWN8 OF BOUTII CAROLINA. 707 
 
 fii.si Jij-uiuio (:X(i]u^A\'<:\y ior colored pupils. Stores rent at $200 to $2oO 
 per amuirn, and dwellin^^s at $100 to 82o0. Taxes are two and one-half 
 mills, with a street, tax of S2.50 on all able-bodied raale.s. There is an 
 indebtedness of S3,000, the balance due on the cost of constructing five 
 water tanks for fire supply, with a capacity of 100,000 gallons. Three 
 railroads unite here, the Charlotte and Columbia, and two narrow gauge 
 roads, the Chester and Lenoir, tapping the Atlanta and Air Line rail- 
 road, and the Chester and Cheraw, completed to Lancaster. The Nation- 
 al liank has a paid up capital of $150,000, surplus $80,000. Beside-s 
 fruits, hides, (fee, about 30.000 bales of cotton are shipped annually to 
 Charle,ston, Xcm' York, Baltimore, and Philadelphia. The yearly sales 
 are given as follows: provisions, $300,000; dry goods, $150,000; hard- 
 ware, $50,000 ; miscellaneous, $20,000. Among the industries of the 
 town is a large wagon and carriage manufactory, the Chester agricultural 
 works and machine shops, a saddlery, and a cotton .seed oil mill. Much 
 attention has been bestowed here on grape culture. Two newspapers are 
 pu};lished in the town, and the County Agricultural Society has exten- 
 sive fair grounds. In 1840 the population was 250, in 1880 it was 1,800. 
 
 EDGKFIELD COL'XTY 
 
 has twenty-nine towns and trading settlements, M'ith one hundred and 
 ten stores, distributed as follows : Johnston's, thirty-f>ne stores ; P^dgefield 
 Court House, fifteen stores ; Trenton, twelve stores ; Kidge Springs, nine 
 stonis ; Parksville, five stores ; Kirksey's, four stores ; Clintonward, Elm- 
 wood, and Pleasant Lane, three stores each ; Big Creek, Butler, Clark- 
 skill, Duntonsville, Meeting Street, two stores each ; Bouknight, Caugh- 
 rnan, Celestia, Cold Spring, Denny's, Ethridge, PVuit Hill, Carvin'.s, 
 Longmires, McKee's, Mine Creek, Modoc, Plea.sant Cross, RehoUAh, and 
 Havirdsville. one store eacli. Of this rmmber five sell liquor, one dry 
 goods, twelve miscellaneous articles, and ninetN'-two general merchan- 
 dise. The estimated wealth of the storekeepers is placed at $549,000. 
 
 FAIRFIELD COL'X^TY 
 
 lias seventeen towns and trading settlements with ninety-one stores, dis- 
 tributed as follows: Winnsboro, forty-nine stores; Ridgeway, ten stores ; 
 Strother's, six stores; Shelton,five stores; Blythewood, Wallaceville, and 
 White Oak, three stores each ; Lylesford and Woodward, two stores each : 
 Blair, Buckhead, Gladden's, Horeb, Long Run, Monticello, and Poplar 
 Spring, one store each. Of this number five sell liquors, five hardware, 
 five dry good.s, nineteen miscellaneous articles, and fifty-seven general 
 merchandise. The estimated wealth of the storekeepers is $075,000. 
 
708 TOWNS t>K sorrii Carolina. 
 
 Winnshin-o, tho county scat, is on tho (1iarl(>tto anil Columbia rail- 
 road, thirty niilos from tl\o lattor [Uaoo. Tho ilojiot lias an elevation of 
 five luuulreil and forty-tivo foot above tiio sea level. It is situated 
 oil a ridjiv dividini;- the water shed of the Wateree from that of 
 liroad river. The soil is a rieh, stitf. dark red clay loam. Granite 
 and trap rooks are found. Twenty feet below tho surface the earth 
 beeomes friable, somewhat rosoniblino; quicksand, boiiij:; j^erfootly white 
 in some places. The town is roiiularly laid out ; the streets of good 
 wiilth, a«i;iiTeji;ate six miles in length, have broad j>avements, curbed 
 with split granite, and are well shaded by handsome trees. The C'ourt 
 House, Jail. Town Hall, Market, Steam Fire Engine Halls, and Mt. Zion 
 Collegiato Institute are all handsome brick buildings. The Thespian 
 Hall, fitted for exhibitions, is eighty by thirty-tive feet. Many of tho 
 private residences are beautifully loeatoii and are tine buildings. The 
 water supply is exeellont and abundant from wells and springs. There 
 are live large tire wells and cisterns, a steam tire engine, a hand tire en- 
 gine, and a hook and ladder company. Of the tive cluirclies for Avliites, 
 tlie Presbyterian cost ?oo.OOO; the Associate Keformed rresbyterian seats 
 •oOO; the Kpisooml Church seats 400; The Methodist 300: the Bap- 
 tist, 3(X\ The ooloivd jux">ple have an African Methodist Church, 
 seating tUX). and Baptist Church, seating 200. The colored Pres- 
 byterian Mission School, built of wood, cost $2,000, and accommo- 
 dates 200 puj^ls. Stores and dwelling-s rout for §100 to SoOO. or about 
 ten per cent, of their value ; for the latter tlie demand is greater than 
 the supply, a considerable portion of the town having been burned by 
 Sherman's army, whicli has much retarded its growth. Excellent brick 
 are made in the vicinity, and four miles distant, on Col. Thos. J. AVood- 
 ward's land, is a quarry of the tinest granite, to which a railroad is being 
 built. The yearly shipments are 14,000 to 15,000 bales of cotton to 
 Charleston and New York, and 3,000 bales to Baltimore and Richmond. 
 The Wiiinsboi*o National Bank has a paid in eapital of STo.OOO, and a 
 surplus of $lo,(XX\ The yearly Siiles are given as, provisions, §350,000; 
 dry gxHHls, §150,000 ; hardware. §50.000 : miscellaneous. §100.000. Pro- 
 IHM-ty is valued at §500.000. There is a debt of §3,000, balance due on 
 pnrohasoof steam tire engine, interest seven per cent. Town taxes are 
 restricttnl to two and ont^half mills on the dollar by statute. In 1S40 
 the population was oOO, in 1850 it was 355. in 1800 it was 1.124. in T^TO 
 alxnit the Siime, and in 1880 it was 1.500. 
 
 C.REENVILl.K COUNTY 
 
 lias twenty-six towns and trading settlements, distributed as follows : 
 Greenville Court House, one liundred and fortv-nine stores ; Grip's, 
 
TOWN'S OF BOUTH CAROLINA. 700 
 
 fourteen stores; Piedmont, six stores; Fairview, five stores; Hunt- 
 ersville, Marietta, Merrittsville, and Sandy Flat, three stores each ; 
 Bellevue, Fork Shoals, Lima, O'Neal, Plain, Sterling Grove, Tay- 
 lor's, Highland Grove, two stores each ; Alba, Batesville, Chick 
 Springs, Fountain Inn, Gowansville, Lickville, Mush Creek, Pelham's, 
 Pliny, and Hart's, one store each. Of this number thirteen sell liquors, 
 twelve hardware, twenty-seven dry goods, sixty-nine miscellaneous arti- 
 cles, and ninety -one general merchandise. The estimated wealth of the 
 storekeepers is*^ §1,298,000. 
 
 Greenville, the county seat, long noted for the salubrity of its climate 
 and the beauty of its situation, at the foot of the Blue Ridge mountains, 
 and in full view of them, is located on Reedy river, at the junction of the 
 Columbia and Greenville railroad with the Atlanta and Charlotte Air- 
 Line railroad. In 1820 the population was 500, in 1840 it was 850, in 
 1850 it was 1,305, in 1860 it was 1,518, in 1870 it was 2,757, in 1880 it 
 was 6,160. A careful enumeration by the Inter-State Directory Com- 
 pany, in 1883, shows the population to be 8,355. It appeared on the 
 same date that there were in course of erection sixteen residences, 
 seven stores, one warehouse, one stable, one large church, and a musi- 
 cal conservatory three stories high, and including twenty-one rooms. 
 
 It has an elevation of ten hundred and fifty feet above tlie sea 
 level. It has six hundred yards of granite pavement, twelve hundred 
 yards of other rock pavement, and twelve hundred yards of brick pave- 
 ment. There are two miles of street railway in the town. Reedy river, 
 with two falls of over thirty feet each, traverses the town, which has in 
 addition twenty-five street cisterns, capacity, fifteen thousand gallons 
 each. Rock culverts and drains, with side drains of terra cotta, make a 
 good S3'stem of drainage and sewerage. There are six hotels and three 
 livery stables in the town. The handsome brick Court House cost 
 §25,000, and an opera hall, costing §15,000, has .seven hundred seats. 
 The University grounds are handsomely kept, and the agricultural fair 
 grounds cover thirty acres, having some fine buildir>gs. ^here are ten 
 churches, with a seating capacity of three hundred to one thbu.sand each, 
 and costing, in the aggregate, S75,000. There are two colleges, a military 
 institute, a public school, and a number of other schools. Building 
 materials are brick and granite, obtained in the vicinity. The value of 
 real and personal property is stated at §2,500,000, of which $1,800,000 is 
 insured. The taxes are six and a half mills on the dollar, yielding 
 811,500 per annum. There is a debt of $55,000 in aid of the Air-Line 
 railroad. Forty thousand bales of cotton, it is stated, have been shipped 
 in one year to New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia and Boston, and yarn, 
 to the value of $200,000, to Baston. Before the war no cotton was shipped 
 
710 TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 from this point. The yearly sales are approximately given as : provis- 
 ions, S800,000 ; dry goods, $800,000 ; hardware, $300,000; miscellaneous, 
 $100,000. The National Bank of Greenville has a capital of $100,000 ; 
 surplus, $20,000, and there is a private bank also. Besides the Huguenot 
 and Camperdown cotton mills, there is a carriage factory, a furniture 
 factory, an iron foundry, a cotton seed oil mill, a mattress factory, three 
 saddle and harness shops, a flour mill, a terra cotta factory, three brick 
 yards, and a mill turning out peorl grits. There are three printing 
 offices, two newspapers and a religious paper. The town is lighted with 
 gas ; the mills have electric lights. 
 
 Piedmont is a flourishing manufacturing town, eleven miles south of 
 Greenville, where the railroad crosses the Saluda. The population is 1150. 
 There is a hotel, a two-story school house, capacity, one hundred pupils ; 
 the upper story used as a town and society hall ; one church, capacity, 
 four hundred persons, built at a cost of $1,800. The value of the pro- 
 perty is estimated at $1,000,000. The shipments are confined to the 
 l)roducts of the mills of the Piedmont Manufacturing Company, estimated 
 at $900,000 ; by the last report of the president, " the net profits during 
 the year amounted to 21^ per cent, on the capital stock of $500,000, or 
 over $105,000. The yearly, sales are : provisions, $40,000 ; dry goods, 
 $40.000 ; miscellaneous $20,000. This village was commenced in 1874-5. 
 
 LANCASTER COUNTY 
 
 has nine towns and trading settlements, with fifty stores, as follows : 
 Lancaster Court House, thirty stores; Flat Creek, five stores; Pleasant 
 Hill and Taxahaw, four stores each ; Cureton's and Pleasant Valley, two 
 stores each ; Craigsville, Gum and Hail's, one store each. Of this num- 
 ber eight sell miscellaneous articles, and forty-two general merchandise. 
 The estimated wealth of the storekeepers is $272,000. 
 
 LAURENS COUNTY 
 
 has eighteen towns and trading settlements, with one hundred and 
 twenty-three stores, to wit : Laurens Court House, fifty-three stores ; 
 Clinton, twenty-seven stores; Martin's, eight stores; Line Creek and 
 Cross Hill, six stores each ; Power's Shop and Waterloo, four stores each ; 
 Brewerton, Roseborough, Tumbling Shoals, and Tylersville, two stores 
 each ; Cedar Grove, Mountain Shoal, Mount Gallaghar, Pleasant Mound, 
 Scuffletown, Young's and Eden, one store each Of this number five sell 
 liquors, five dry goods, eight hardware, twenty-six miscellaneous articles, 
 and seventy-nine general merchandise. The estimated wealth of the 
 storekeepers aggregates $772,000. 
 
TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 711 
 
 Clinton, on the Laurens branch of the Cohmibia and Greenville rail- 
 road, is a rapidly growing village. In 1870 the population was 200, in 
 ISSO it was 450, and it now exceeds 600. There are nine miles of streets, 
 a hotel, several boarding houses, and a livery stable. There are no taxes, 
 or town debt, and the sale of liquor being prohibited witlihi three miles 
 of the depot, it is not thought necessary to have a police. There are six 
 churches, with a membership of four hundred, costing $7,000, and able 
 to seat seventeen hundred and fifty persons ; a library society, three 
 lodges of Masons, Good Templars, and Knights of Honor. The educa- 
 tional establishments are, the Thornwell Orphanage, the Clinton College 
 and jireparatory school, a military school, and a private school. Among 
 the manufacturing establishments are three steam mills, one carriage 
 shop, one tin shop, one printing office, one gin factory, one steam brick 
 factory, one steam planing mill, one firm of tinners, two shoemakers, six 
 firms of carpenters engaged in house-building. Dwelling houses rent on 
 an average at |100, stores at $100 to |250 per annum. Building mate- 
 rials are lumber, brick and stone, obtained in the vicinity, and a concrete 
 of granite, sand and lime is also being used for buildings. Cotton 
 shipments are about six thousand bales annually. The valuation of 
 pro^jerty is given as $1 85,000. 
 
 NEWBERRY COUNTY 
 
 has fifteen towns and trading settlements, with one hundred and twentj^- 
 one stores, distributed as follows: Newberry Court House, eighty stores; 
 Prosperity, ten stores ; Chappel's and Saluda, five stores each ; Liberty 
 Hall, four stores ; Kinard's, Silver street and Jalapa, three stores each ; 
 Pomaria, two stores; Belmont, Boston, Helena, Phifer's, Walton and 
 Whitemire's, one store each. Of this number nine sell liquors, eleven 
 hardware, six dry goods, forty-seven miscellaneous articles, and forty- 
 eight general merchandise. The estimated wealth of the storekeepers is 
 $700,000. 
 
 Newberry, the county seat, is in Lat. 34° 16' 37", and Long. 0° 41' West 
 of Columbia, from which it bears N. 60 West, 36^ miles.. It is situated 
 on the Columbia and Greenville railroad, on the ridge between the Broad 
 river (the Es-waw-pud-de-nah, or line river, dividing the Indian tribes), 
 and the Saluda (Salutah or Corn river), and has an elevation of 502 feet 
 above the sea level. In 1840, the population was 300 ; in 1850 it was 
 509 ; in 1870, it was 1,891 ; in 1880, it was 2,342. The streets have an 
 aggregate length of twenty-four miles. Two small creeks traverse the 
 town, which, with springs and wells, furnish an abundant supply of excel- 
 lent water. Two large brick hotels, costing $15,000, are open. The court 
 
712 fowNS OF SOUTH Carolina. 
 
 house cost $8,000, the jail $6,000, the market $2,100 A new brick opera 
 house cost $25,000, seats 1,000 persons, and rents for $40 a night. The 
 Avhites have six churclies, Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist, Lutheran, the 
 Associate Reformed and the Episcopal, built at an aggregate cost of 
 $18,000, capacity, 4,000 seats, and three colored churches, costing $4,500. 
 There are nourishing organizations of Masons, Odd Fellows, Knights of 
 Honor, and Sons of Temperance. The Newberry College buildings cost 
 $20,000, the Female Academy $2,500, the Male Academy $1,000, the 
 Ilogc School (colored) $1,500. The average rental of stores is $350.00; 
 of dwellings, $200.00. Building materials are brick and pine lumber 
 from the vicinity, and granite, great quantities of which of the finest 
 quality are found in three to five miles of the town. The mayor and 
 aldermen serve without pay. The town tax is two mills on the dollar, 
 and a revenue, in addition, of $2,400 from licenses. There is a debt of 
 $22,000, incurred in 1881, for building the opera house ; interest, seven 
 per cent. The Newberry National Bank has a paid in capital of $150,000 ; 
 surplus, $90,278. Twenty thousand bales of cotton are shipped annually 
 to New York and Norfolk. The yearly sales are given as, provisions, 
 $450,000; dry gccds, $20O,0C0 ; hardware, $75,000; miscellaneous, 
 ?1 25.000. A large cotton mill is about being built. 
 
 SPARTANBURG COUNTY 
 
 has twenty-three towns and trading settlements, with one hundred and 
 sixty-six stores, distributed as follows : Spartanburg C. H., seventy -four 
 stores ; Gaffney, thirty-two stores ; Woodrutf, eight stores ; Pacolet and 
 Wellford, six stores each; Cowpens and Landrum, five stores each; Cross 
 Anchor and Reidville, four stores each ; Dumans, New Prospect and In- 
 man, three stores each ; Campobello, Damascus, Hobby ville and Martin- 
 ville, two stores each ; Compton, Crawfordsville, Fingerville, Glenn 
 Springs, Hills Factory and Rich Hill, one store each. Of this number, 
 seven sell hardware, fourteen dry goods, thirty-one miscellaneous ar- 
 ticles, and one hundred and fourteen general merchandise. The esti- 
 mated wealth ofthe storekeepers is $1,242,000. 
 
 Spartanburg, the county seat, is situated at the junction of the Spar- 
 tanburg, Union and Columbia railroad, and the Spartanburg and Ashe- 
 ville railroad with the Atlanta and Charlotte Air Line railroad. The 
 population, in 1820, was 800 ; in 1840, it was 1,000 ; in 1850, it was 1,176 ; 
 in 1860, it was 1,216 ; in 1870, it was 1,080 ; it 1880 it was 3,253. It has 
 an elevation above the sea level of seven hundred and eighty-seven feet. 
 Besides the court house and jail, there is an opera house costing $11,000, 
 and three large and handsome brick hotels, one of which has one hun- 
 
TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 713 
 
 drcd rooms. There are four churches for the whites, and three for 
 colored persons. The Wofford College is under the direction of the 
 Methodist Church. There is also a male seminary, a female seminary, 
 six puljlic and private schools, and an orphan house. The National 
 Bank has a paid in capital of $100,000 ; surplus, $30,000. Property is 
 valued at one and one-quarter million dollars. There is a city debt of 
 $150,000 for subscription to railroads, and $20,000 for Macadamizing the 
 streets. Twenty-five to thirty thousand bales of cotton are shipped an- 
 nually to New York and Charleston. There is a mineral spring in the 
 town, and several in tlie vicinity. The town is lighted with gas. 
 
 GafFne}^, on the Air Line railroad, east of Spartanburg twenty-one 
 miles, was founded in 1873. The population, in 1880, numbered 400, 
 and is now estimated at 1,000. There is a hotel, and brick town hall 
 eighty-five feet by fifty-four feet; four churches, costing $5,000, and two 
 schools. Stores and dwellings rent for ten dollars to twenty-five dollars 
 a month. The property valuation is S500,000. There is no town debt 
 or taxes. The yearly sales are about $315,000. Eight to ten thousand 
 bales of cotton are shipped to New York and Baltimore. There is a 
 brick yard, lime kiln and two blacksmith forges in the village. One 
 mile distant are the Limestone Springs, formerly a noted summer resort, 
 now a female academ3\ Near here is the Magnetic Iron Manufacturing 
 Company, with a magnificent water power. Iron ore, lead, copper, gold, 
 flexible siindstone (ita columite or diamond rock), blue limestone, white 
 and streaked marbles, fire-proof sand, and soapstone, are all found in this 
 neighborhood. There is a weekly newspaper. 
 
 Clifton, on the Pacolet river, two-thirds of a mile from the Air Line 
 railroad, is a manufacturing village, of one thousand inhabitants, built 
 up within two years. The village is the property of the Cotton Manu- 
 facturing Company, which emploj^s six hundred hands. There is a 
 church and school. Sales, about seventy thousand dollars per annum. 
 Shipment of factory goods, $000,000 per annum. 
 
 Woodruff, on the proposed line of the Greenwood and Spartanburg 
 railroad, is eighteen miles south of the Court House. It has a population 
 of three hundred. There are four churches, one colored, and three 
 schools. Wagon making and saw milling are local industries. Mail b)' 
 private conveyance. 
 
 Reidville, twelve miles southwest of the Court House, and five miles 
 from Vernonville, on the Atlanta and Charlotte Air Line railroad, is a 
 village of three hundred inhabitants, that has grown up around educa- 
 tional institutions located there. These are a female college, one hun- 
 dred and fifty pupils, and a male high school, one hundred pupils. 
 Board costs ten dollars to twelve dollars a month ; the buildings are of 
 46 
 
71 \ TOWNS OK SOI ril ( AHOI.INA. 
 
 hrirk niaiuilnrturitl (lioro. l>NvoIlinn- houses rout from six dollars to 
 oiiiht (lolliirs a month. Town taxos, one mill on tho dollar. In the 
 noighhorluHxl iwv two minoral springs, con tain iiiij,- sulphur, iron and niai;- 
 ni>sia. 
 
 A\'ollioivl. ten miles wi\>^t of Spartanburji'. on tln> railroad, has an I\pis- 
 ropal rhun-h and the Wolllbrd lliuh ISehool. Kate i>l' tuition, hoard and 
 washing'. .^I'i.oi) i)er month. The sehool-room ac\H)mmodatos one hun- 
 dri'd and twenty-tiv*^ pupils. 
 
 (ilenn Springs, twelve miles south of iS[>artanburi;', is a summer resort 
 noted i'oY its mineral waters and healthful elinuite. There are two 
 ehnrehes, a white and a eolorod sehool. Larj^e numbers of visitors come 
 ilurino- the summer. l)wellings rent for seventy -live dollars to one hun- 
 dred dollars a year, eottaues for thirty dollars during- the summer. The 
 mineral waters are bottled and shipped. 
 
 INION oorxTY, 
 
 traversi'd by the rniou. Spartanburg and Columbia railroad, luis eight- 
 een towns and trading settlements with eighty-four stores, as follows : 
 Union Court House, forty-eight stores; Santue. eight stores; Jonesville, 
 live stores; Cross Keys and Skull Shoals, four stores each; Mountjoy, 
 three stores ; Fish Dam, Mount Tabor, and Sniithford, two stoves each ; 
 Asbury, Colerain, (»oshen Hill, Cuirdysvill, Meador, Pinogrove, Sedalia, 
 West Spring, and Wilkinsville, one store each. Of this number tive sell 
 litiuors. three dry ginnls, twenty-live miscellaneous articles, and thirty- 
 one general merchandise. The estiuuited wealth of the storekeepers is 
 ^TSo.OlH). 
 
 YOUK COUNTY 
 
 has twenty-one towns and trading settlements, with one hundred and 
 thirty-seven stores, distributed as follows: Yorkville, forty-live stores; 
 Rock Hill, tw'enty-seven stores; Black's, eleven stores; Fort Mills, 
 eleven stores ; Whitaker and Clover, seven stores each ; Bullock's Creek, 
 four stores ; Clay Hill and Smith's, three stores each ; Blairsville, Bow- 
 ling Creen, Clark's Fork, Guthriesville, Sandei^sville. Zeno and Bethel, 
 two stores each ; Corncob, Hickory Grove, Tirzah, Bethany, and McCon- 
 nellsville, one store each. Of this number four sell liquoi-s, two hard- 
 ware, six dry goods, forty-three miscellaneous articles, and eighty-two 
 general merchandise. The estimated wealth of the storekeepers is 
 ^02t»,000. 
 
 Yorkville. on the Chester and Lenoir narrow-gauge railway, is the 
 county seat. In 18"Jo it had a population of 441, being lifty-two me- 
 
TOM'XS f)F SOUTH CAROLINA. 715 
 
 clianics, eight lawyers, two physicians, and one clergyman ; there was 
 then eight stores, five taverns, a male and female academy, and two 
 weekly papers, one devoted to agriculture. In 1840 the population was 
 000 ; in 18G0 it was 1,360; in 1880, 1,339. There are ten miles of street, 
 I)aved at a cost of twenty-five cents to one dollar per yard. The Court 
 Jfouse is a venerable and handsome building, costing originally $8,000. 
 The King's Mountain Military Academy and the Female Academy are 
 fine buildings, costing about $20,000 each; there are several other 
 schools, and a newspaper. The churches are the Episcopal, Methodist, 
 Presbyterian, Baptist and Associate Reformed. Building materials are 
 ciiiefly stone and brick from the vicinity. Taxes are four mills on the 
 dollar, two of which go to pay the balance due on paving the streets, 
 which is nearly paid up. Six to ten thousand bales of cotton are shipped 
 to New York. The yearly sales are stated as, provisions, $200,000 ; dry 
 goods, $150,000 ; miscellaneous, $50,000. 
 
 Rock Hill, on the Charlotte and Columbia railroad, has an elevation 
 of six hundred and sixty-eight feet above sea-level. In 1880 the popu- 
 lation was 800, almost all of whom had settled there after the war. There 
 are three hotels, a town hall, engine house, and two public halls, with a 
 capacity for seating six hundred persons ; has stage, scenery, (fee, for 
 theatrical exhibitions (license fee, $5). The whites have three brick 
 churches, and there are three wooden churches belonging to the colored 
 people. The best stores rent for S400; cottage dwellings, from $100 to 
 $150. Excellent brick are manufactured in the town. The value of 
 property is estimated at $500,000, of which $200,000 is insured. Taxes 
 are three mills on the dollar. Fifteen thousand bales of cotton are ship- 
 ped to New York, Baltimore and Charleston. The yearly sales of goods 
 aggregate $500,000. A cotton factor}'-, two carriage factories, a tin man- 
 ufactory, two shoe shops, and two saddlery and harness shops, employing 
 one hundred and twenty-five hands in manufactures. There is a private 
 banking establishment in the town. The 
 
 ALPINE REGION, 
 
 of South Carolina, occupies the larger portions of Oconee and Pickens 
 counties, although it extends through the northern portions of Green- 
 ville, Spartanburg and York counties, whose towns have been already 
 treated of. Taken as a whole, it will be seen, on reference to the table, 
 that the percentage of the population living in towns is greater for 
 the Alpine Region than for any region in South Carolina, except imriie- 
 
716 TOWNS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 diately on the coast. This is due to the wide stretches of mountain sides 
 that are but sparsely settled. 
 
 OCONEE COUNTY 
 
 has nine towns and trading settlements, with one hundred and nine 
 stores, as follows : Walhalla, forty-nine stores ; Seneca City, twenty-six 
 stores ; Westminster, sixteen stores ; Fair Play, seven stores ; Oakway, six 
 stores; Fort Madison, two stores; High Fall, Long Creek, and Whet- 
 stone, one store each. Of this number three sell liquors, five hardware, 
 four dry goods, thirty-seven miscellaneous articles, and sixty general 
 merchandise. The estimated wealth of the storekeepers is $146,000. 
 
 Walhalla, the terminus of the Blue Ridge railroad, is the county seat, 
 and had, in 1880, a population of 789. There are four churches and two 
 colleges, the Adger and the Walhalla ; a newspaper, three saw-mills, five 
 grist mills, three ginneries, and two coach factories. 
 
 PICKENS COUNTY 
 
 has eleven towns and trading settlements, with fifty-seven stores, as fol- 
 lows : Easeley, sixteen stores ; Central, fifteen stores ; Pickens Court 
 House and Liberty, six stores each ; Briggs, four stores ; Pock, three 
 stores ; Dacusville, and Six Mile, two stores each ; Ninetimes, Stuart, 
 and Table Mountain, one store each. Of this number, one sells liquors, 
 one hardware, sixteen miscellaneous articles, and thirty-nine general 
 merchandise. The estimated wealth of the storekeepers is $223,000. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 ABBEVILLE CO., PIEDMONT REGION : 
 The Metamorphic rocks on Savannah 
 river, 127 ; Mica Slate, overlyino; belts 
 of Hornblende upon Gneiss in the 
 northern portion of, 132 ; Talc and 
 Clay Slates of, 132 ; Trap rock gives 
 rise throu<rh the disintegration of Fel- 
 sitic and Dioritic Porphyries to the 
 " Flat Woods " of, 134 ; Gold mines 
 open in the Talc Slates — above the 
 Metamorphic rocks the Streams gen- 
 erally contain Gold in their sands, ib. ; 
 Silver in Galena, Iron Ores, Feldspar, 
 Steatite, Zircons found in. 137; Analv- 
 sis of the " Flat Woods," Soil, 143 ; 
 Original Growth Hickor\', Oak and 
 Chestnut, with no underbrush, only a 
 dense growth everywhere of Cane, 
 Grasses, and the Wild Pea, grazed on 
 by herds of Deer and Buffalo — the 
 Chestnut has nearly disappeared, but 
 the long extinct Wild Pea is said to be 
 re-appearing since the passage of the 
 Stock Law, 146; Hemp, Tobacco, Silk 
 and Wine ]iroduced by the early 
 French settlers who gave its name to, 
 147 ; Warren Grape cuttings shipped 
 to France from, ib. ; Field Labor and 
 Wages in, 1-35 ; Share System preferred 
 in, 150; (Quality, Price of Land, Crops, 
 Water-powers, Mines, itc, in, l(34-l<i(); 
 Waddell's celebrated Willington Acad- 
 emy in, 449 ; Erskine College, 492 ; Due 
 West Female College, 517 ; Schools of, 
 458 ; Towns and Trading Points of, 704. 
 
 AGRICULTURE : The Department of, in 
 the State Government, 441 ; Agricul- 
 tural and Mechanical Colleges of the 
 State Universitv, 488. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL REGIONS OF SOUTH 
 CAROLINA : I. Coast Region, 14-43 ; 
 11. Lower Pine Belt, 44-70 ; III. Up- 
 per Pine Belt, 71-109 ; IV. Red Hill 
 Region, 110-116 : V. Sand Hill Re- 
 gion, 117-125; VI. Piedmont Region, 
 126-182 ; VII. Alpine Region, 183-208. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL RETROSPECT : Early 
 Colonial Exports, Skins, Lumber, Tar, 
 Oranges, &c., 9 ; Indieo, Indian Corn, 
 10; Cotton, 11: Sea Island ditto. 12; 
 Diagram showing the fluctuations of 
 all the Staple Crops from 1670-1880,13. 
 
 AIKEN CO. : In the Sand Hills ; Lignite, 
 immense beds of fine Buhr-stone, 112; 
 Boiling Springs, Blowing Wells, 119; 
 
 Granites, 119-131 ; Kaolin Quarries, 
 120; Soil Analysis — Rapid Rise in 
 the Price of Lands in, 121 ; Peanuts, 
 "Watermelons, 16. ; Flower Gardens, 
 Peach Orchards, 122 ; Aiken Town, a 
 Famous Health Resort, 123 ; Factories 
 of, 118, 582; Towns and Trading 
 Points in, 697. 
 
 ALPINE REGION : Location and Physi- 
 cal Features of, 183 ; Geology of the. 
 185 ; Soils and Climate, 186 ; Ginseng 
 and other Medicinal Herbs in great 
 abundance found in the, 188; Gold, 
 Iron, Lime, Kaolin, Silver, Copper, 
 Lead, Corundum, Mica. Mineral 
 Springs, 188 '. Statistics of Farms, Pro- 
 ducts, &c., 189-195. See reports from 
 Pickens and Oconee. In climbing the 
 mountains the following trees mark 
 the steps of ascent : Rock Chestnut, 
 Mountain Oak, Cucumber Tree, Moun- 
 tain Laurel, White Pine, Hemlock or 
 Spruce Pine, 188. 
 
 ALMOND 115 
 
 APPLE 174 
 
 ANALYSES OF SOILS : Coast Region. 19 ; 
 Lower Pine Belt. 53 ; Upper Pine Belt, 
 74; River Swamp Lands, 76,78; Red 
 Hill Redon, 113; Sand Hill Region, 
 120; Piedmont, 139; Gray Sandy and 
 Red Clay Loam, 139 ; Hornblendic 
 Soils, 'HO; Clav Slate, 141 ; Trappean, 
 142; Black-jack, 143. 
 
 ANDERSON CO.. PIEDIMONT: Manga- 
 nese, Graphite, Feldspar, Steatite, As- 
 bestos, Tourmaline, Zircon, Corun- 
 dum in, 137 ; Quality, and price of 
 lands. Growth, Mill Sites, Products, 
 Factories, Gold, Silver, Spinel Rubies, 
 of, 166-8 ; Water Courses, 204 ; Schools, 
 458, 481 ; Towns and Trading Points, 
 705. 
 
 ANIMALS, VERTEBRATE: Of South 
 Carolina. 209-262. 
 
 AREA : Of South Carolina, 3 ; of Sea Is- 
 lands, 7 ; Rice Lands. 7, 57 ; Salt 
 Marshes, 7, 53 ; Swamp Lands, 7, 8. 52. 
 53 ; Improved Land of Coast Region, 
 24; of Uplands in Lower Pine Belt, 
 52; Swamp I-ands in ditto, 53 ; Tilled 
 Land in ditto, 55 ; of LTnused Land 
 adapted to Rice Culture in ditto, 57 ; 
 River Swamps of the Upper Pine Belt, 
 area of, 76 ; of Upland Swamps, 78 ; of 
 the Sand Hill Region, 118 ; of Bottom 
 
718 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 Lands on Creeks in tlie Sand Hills, 
 
 118; Red Hills, 115; Piedmont, 12G; 
 
 Alpine Repon, 183. See Table II. for 
 
 areas of the regions, 362 
 
 ASBESTOS : 137 
 
 ASHLEY FISH BED 48 
 
 BAGGING: Cliarleston Factory of. 63 
 
 BALES: Cotton, different Presses for bal- 
 ing.', Weifilit of, 03, 91 ; Charges for 
 Transportation of. on Steamboats and 
 Railroads, 92; other Charges on, 9o ; 
 Tables Showing the Numbers in dif- 
 ferent Regions and Counties made in 
 1870-80 of, 362 ; Sizrw^594. 
 
 BANANA >:. 24,114 
 
 BANKS, 643 ; Branch of the National Bank 
 Established in South Carolina, ()44 ; 
 Bank of the State Chartered in 1812 — 
 183o, ih. ; re-chartered in 1830 until 
 1856, 045 ; again in 1852 to 1871, 046 ; 
 Favorable Rejjort of Joint Committee 
 of General Assembly on the Bank in 
 1871, 647; Closed by Reconstruction 
 in 1870, 048 ; other Banks, 602. 
 BANK OF NEWBERRY, good plan for a 
 
 Farmer's Bank, 154. 
 BAPTISTS : Institutions of Learning of 
 the, 497, 528; First Establish in ent and 
 Early History of the, 552; Churches, 
 Sittings and Property of the, 555. 
 BARLEY: Bushels made in 1850-'60-'70- 
 
 '80, 362. 
 BARNWELL CO., UPPER PINE BELT: 
 System of Labor in, 84; Quality and 
 Price of Lands, ]\Iarl, Swamps, Growth, 
 Products of, 99 . Towns and Trading 
 Points, 692. 
 
 BARYTES 137, 182 
 
 BEAUFORT CO, COAST REGION : Im- 
 mense Grape Vine in, 25 ; the First 
 Settlement in South Carolina made in; 
 Long Staple Cotton First Planted in, 
 27 ; Labor Contracts, 30 ; Marsh Grass, 
 Negro Farmers, Schools, Phosphate 
 Rock, Port Royal Harbor and Railroad, 
 31. 663 ; Towns and Stores, 663. 
 BERKELEY CO., COAST REGION: Sta- 
 tistics of, in 1880, Table v., 362; Towns 
 and Stores, 668. 
 
 BERMUDA GRASS 25, 87 
 
 BERYL 137 
 
 BIRD'S MOUNTAIN 184 
 
 BIRDS: Of South Carolina, 217-33; few 
 Fossil Remains of, 49. 
 
 BIRTHS 404-7 
 
 BISMUTH 137 
 
 BL.AOKJACK: Limit of. 169 
 
 BLIND, DEAF AND DUMB, School for, 
 
 557. 
 BLOSS():\IS. COTTON: First Appearance 
 of, 35. 90. 
 
 BLOWING WELLS 119 
 
 BLOWING SANDS 17 
 
 BLUE RIDCrE MOUNTAINS, 184; height 
 of different Peaks of the, 185. 
 
 BOUNDARIES: Of South Carolina..3, 184 
 BOYLSTON, MRS. S. A. ( WINNSBORO) : 
 
 Fine Water Power on the Catawba of, 
 
 205. 
 
 BROOMSEDGE 87 
 
 BUFFALO 147,212 
 
 BUHR STONE: 40, 73; Mill Stones, 111, 
 
 112. 
 BUILDING MATERIALS 47, 308 
 
 CAESAR'S HEAD MT 185 
 
 CALHOUN, JAMES E 180, 188 
 
 CAMDEN : .loseph Kershaw's Flouring 
 
 Mills, near, 9 ; Trade in 1820, 627. 
 CANAL: Act Establishing the Catawba, 
 
 620 ; Santee, 623 ; Saluda, 625. 
 CA NE : Wild, 140, 170 ; Sugar, 25, 00, ] 14 
 
 CATHOLICS, ROMAN 553 
 
 CATTLE 360 
 
 CHAIA^BEATE SPRING 108 
 
 CHARGES ON COTTON 93-102 
 
 CHARLESTON CO., LOWER PINE 
 BELT : Ashley and Cooper INIarls, 46 ; 
 Quality. Price of Land ; St '• homas 
 and St. Denis, once wealthy and popu- 
 lous, now abandoned — Growth, Indus- 
 tries, AVando Phosphate, 00; Towns 
 and Stores of, 009. 
 CHARLESTON: Health of, 21, 23, 670; 
 First Appearance of Y'ellow Fever 
 in, 22; Settlement and Earlv His- 
 tory of, 422, 609; Schools of, 461-7; 
 Charitable and Literary Institutions 
 of, 409; College of, 490; Cotton Mill, 
 582; Water Communication with the 
 Back Country, 611 ; Early Trade with 
 the Indians. 614; Receipts and Ex- 
 l>enditures for 1879-80-1-2 and Debt 
 of, 072 ; Water Supph', Streets of, 074 ; 
 Drainage, Board of Health of 675 ; 
 Fire Department, Public Grounds. 676; 
 Charities, 677 ; Population at differ- 
 ent periods — Harbor of, 678 ; former 
 Pie-eminence among the Cities of the 
 Union of, 680; Leading Articles of 
 Trade of, 081 ; Industries of, 082. 
 CHARLESTON AND HAMBURG RAIL- 
 ROAD: History of the. 630. 
 CHESTER CO., PIEDMONT: Iron, Stea- 
 tite, Flagging and Whetstones in, 137 ; 
 Gold, Granite, Blackjack Land-*, Lime- 
 stone Spring, Quality and Price of 
 Lands, Catawba Canal in, 169 ; Cotton 
 Mills, 582; Towns and Trading Points 
 in, 706. 
 CHESTERFIED CO., IN THE SAND 
 HILLS: Beds of Lignite in, 112; 
 Brewer Gold Mine, Bismuth, 137 ; 
 Schools of, 482; Towns and Trading 
 Posts. 702. 
 CHURCHES: The "Church Act," 1704, 
 declaring the Church of England the 
 Church of South Carolina, 550 ; the 
 Parochial System of Government, 551 ; 
 Early Colonial, ibiii ; Nejzroes first 
 Baptized, 553; Numbers, Sittings and 
 
INDEX. 
 
 719 
 
 Property of different, 555 ; Present 
 Condition and Distribution of the 
 most ini))ortant, 55(). 
 
 CLAFLIX UNIVERSITY 525 
 
 CLARENDON CO., IN THE LOWER 
 PINE BELT : Santee Marls underlie 
 the whole of, 47 ; Size of Farms, Labor 
 Contracts, Liens, Quality and Price of 
 Lands, fiO, 67 ; Stone resembling: Mene- 
 lite, found in, 112; Towns and Stores 
 of, (iia. 
 
 (LAY SLATES 133 
 
 CLIMATE : Of Sea Islands, "20 ; of Lower 
 Pine Belt, 54; of ITpper ditto, 79 ; Red 
 Hills, 114; Sand Hills, 122; Piedmont, 
 144 ; Alpine Region, 185 ; Meteorologi- 
 cal Table, 300. 
 
 CLOVER 147, 18L 
 
 COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES: The 
 South Carolina College, 48() ; Charles- 
 ton, 4!)0 ; Erskine, 492 ; Wofibrd, 4!to ; 
 Furman, 497 ; Newberry, 499 ; Adser, 
 501 ; Claflin, 525 ; Alleii, 527 ; Medical 
 Colleire, 505; Female, 511-522. 
 
 COLLETON CO., IN THE LOWER PINE 
 BELT: Sea Island Cotton, first grown 
 in, 27 ; Quality and Price of Lands. 
 Labor System, Water-Powers, Swamp 
 Hammocks, Products of, 05 ; Towns 
 and Stores of, 089. 
 
 COLONY OF SOUTH CAROLINA : Earlv 
 History of the... 9, 381 , 421 , 550, 574, 012. 
 
 COLUMBIA : Congaree Tribe and River, 
 807 ; Act of 22d March, 178(), to found, 
 020 ; Incorporated 1787, First Legis- 
 lative Session at, 099 ; Trade, Debt, 
 Population, Industries of, 099-702. 
 
 CONCRETE FOR BUILDING STONE, 20, 
 111. 
 
 CONSTITUTION : Locke's Fundamental. 
 433 ; tiie Second in 1729 modeled after 
 the English, 425; the Provisional, 1776, 
 the Fourth, 1790, modeled after that of 
 the United States, 427; the Fifth, 
 made by the Convention summoned 
 by Congress in 18()8, 429 ; Leading 
 Principles of the said, 429-442. 
 
 COPPER 137, 186. 
 
 CORALLINE BED OK THE CHARLES- 
 TON B.\SIN 47. 
 
 COST OF MAKING COTTON: In the 
 Coast Region, per acre and pound, 42 : 
 in Lower Pine Belt, 04 ; in Upper ditto, 
 95. 
 
 COST OF PICKING COTTON 30, 42. 
 
 ( OTTON : Sea Island, derivation of the 
 name, 20; Appearance of the Plant, 
 28, 35, 79 ; First Crop Maximum Pro- 
 duct, Excellent Quality and High 
 Prices of, 12 ; Introduction and Early 
 History of, 27 ; Color, Length and 
 Strength of the Fibre of, 28 ; Labor 
 and System of Planting, 29 ; Tillage 
 and improvement of, 32-34 ; Diseases 
 and Enemies of, 30, 100; Preparation 
 for Market, 37 ; Gins, Roller and Toll, 
 
 38 ; Seed, 39 ; Santees and Mains- 
 western limit of, ibid ; Cost in general 
 of producing, 40; Table of Itemized 
 Cost per acre. 42 ; per pound, 43. 
 
 COTTON : Uplands, Lower Pine Kelt, 58 ; 
 System of Labor, 59 ; Cultivation of, 
 00-02 ; Preparation for Market, 03 : 
 Cost of producing, (i4. 
 
 COTTON : Upl.ands, Upper Pine Belt, 
 Tillage, 80 ; Manner of Planting, 88 ; 
 Ginning, Baling, Shipping, 90; Diseases 
 and Enemiesof the Plant, 92 ; Charges 
 on Selling, 93 ; Cost of, ibid : Itemized, 
 ditto, 95 ; Seed and Lint, 9(;. 
 
 COTTON: Number of bales made indif- 
 ferent Regions of South Carolina, 
 Tables II., III.; Number made in 
 United States and South Carolina in 
 1850, 1800, 1870, 1880, Number in sepa- 
 rate Counties. TableV ., 3()0-303. 
 
 COTTON : Manufactures of, 570-597 ; of 
 Raw Cotton in South Carolina, 583 ; 
 Shape of the fibre, 593 ; Ginneries in 
 connection with Factories. 599. 
 
 COTTON SEED: Hybridization of, 30; 
 Oil and Meal made from the, 598-()01. 
 
 COUNTIES: Township report of (see 
 names of). Table V 300. 
 
 COURTS AND JUDGES 483. 
 
 COW PEA 01, 81. 
 
 CRAB GRASS 101. 
 
 CREEKS 129,200, 204. 
 
 CRIMES AND PUNISHMENT 437. 
 
 CYCLE OF TRADE, 9 ; and of Transporta- 
 tion, 017. 
 
 DARLINGTON CO., UPPER PINE BELT : 
 System of Farming in, 85 ; Tnlile 
 showing Yield of Cotton in Lint, 
 Liens per bale. Size of Farms and Per- 
 centage of Owners, 80 ; Expenses and 
 Production of Plantation in, 97 ; Wine 
 Making, Quality of Lands, Croi)s in, 
 103 ; Towns and Trading Points in. 
 095. 
 
 DEATHS : In Charleston. 1877-81, 23, 402 ; 
 Percentage of according to Age, Sex 
 and Color, 408; in Charleston, 1830 to 
 1880, 676, 54. 
 
 DEAF DUMB AND BLIND: Institutes 
 for the, 504 ; Numbers of, 509. 
 
 DEBTS: Remedies for the Recovery of, 
 443 ; State, Liquidated by Indents, 
 
 _, 643 ; Assumption of by Cieneral Gov- 
 ernment, 044; Amount discharged bv 
 the Bank of the State in 1830, 04o ; 
 Amount in 1840 of the, 040; In 185<), 
 040 ; War Debt declared Invalid, 648 
 State Debt 1871-72 Repudiated by Ne- 
 gro Government, 049 ; Condition of in 
 1877, when the People of South Caro- 
 lina recovered the Government of the 
 State, 050 ; Adjustment by Court of 
 Claims, 050 ; Statement of, in 1882, (551 ; 
 Tabular Statement of Receipts, Expen- 
 
720 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 ditnres and Indebtedness in South 
 Carolina, 1801-1881, 652 ; State and Lo- 
 cal of Country, GoT ; Plates A. B and 
 C, 058 ei seq. ; See Towns, 659-716 
 
 DEER SKINS : Trade in 614 
 
 i)EPRP:SSIONS, CIRCULAR, IN THE 
 
 SAND HILLS 119 
 
 DIAGRAMS : 13, 32, 79, 118, 13G, 385, 388, 
 402, 658. 
 
 DIAMOND 133 
 
 DISEASES: 22,145. (See Township Re- 
 ports), 401, 407 to 420. 
 DISINTEGRATION OF ROCKS ; 138, 197, 
 202. 
 
 DIVORCES 442 
 
 DORN, GOLD MINE : 165 
 
 DRAINAGE : 7, 33, 45, 86, 606. 
 DROUGHT : 76 92 ; Demarration of areas 
 of, bv Synclinal Axis, 145. 
 
 DUELLING : 438 
 
 DUE WEST, Female Collejie at 517 
 
 DWELLINGS AND FAMILIES: 398 
 
 EARTHENW^\RE : Clay, 171. 
 
 EARTHQUAKES : Felt during Drought, 
 145. 
 
 EDGEFIELD CO. : The Gneiss Rock dips 
 vertically, 132 ; Clay Slate faces alter- 
 nately N. E. and S. W. in, 133; Gold 
 Mines, 134 : Silver. Manganese, Whet- 
 stones,Flagstones,Bervl, S})inel Rubies, 
 found in, 137 ; Soil Analysis, 140, 144 ; 
 Lands, Quarries, Water-powers, 170-72; 
 Towns and Trading Points, 707. 
 
 EDISTO ISLAND: 30,41 
 
 EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA: 
 Historical Sketch of, 446 ; Free School 
 System, 450 ; Expenditures in 1850 for, 
 453 ; Public School System under Con- 
 stitution of 1868, 455 ; State and Coun- 
 ty Officials, 45(5; School Districts and 
 Schools by Counties in 1881, 458 ; Grad- 
 ed Schools and Local Taxation, 459 ; 
 Schools in Cliarleston, 461-467 ; in Co- 
 lumbia, 468 ; Charitable, Educational 
 and Literaiy Institutions, 469-481 ; 
 Private Schools, 481-85; South Caroli- 
 na College, its Origin and History, its 
 Usefulness ; Presidents and Distin- 
 guished Alumni, 486-88 ; Reopened as 
 a University, 488 ; Present Faculty and 
 Courses of Study, 489 ; College of 
 Charleston, 490; Erskine College, 
 Clark and Erskine Seminary, 492 ; 
 WofJbrd College, 495 ; Furman Uni- 
 versity, 497 ; Newberry College, 499; 
 Adger College, 501 ; Theological Semi- 
 nary at Columbia, 502 ; Deaf, Dumb 
 and Blind Institution, 504 ; Medical 
 College of South Carolina, 505 ; South 
 Carolina Military Academy, its bril- 
 liant record, 509 ; King's Mountain 
 Military School, 512 ; Greenville Mili- 
 tary Academy, 513; Greenville Fe- 
 male College, 514 ; Due AVest Female 
 College, 517 : Walhal'a Female Col- 
 
 lege, 518 ; Williamston Female Colle?e, 
 519 ; Cooper Limestone Female Insti- 
 tute, 521 ; Anderson Female Seminary, 
 522; Clafiin Lhiiversity, Colored, 525; 
 Allen University for ditto, 527 ; His- 
 tory of the Press of the State, 529 ; 
 Newspapers and Periodicals, extinct 
 and e.vtant, 530-34 ; Comparative Il- 
 literacy, 535-537 : Peabody Fund, 539; 
 Synoptical Tables referring to, 541-49. 
 ELEVATION OF SEA ISLANDS, 8,18; 
 of Lower Pine Belt, 45, 72 ; Hypsome- 
 trical Diagram of Sand Hill Region, 
 118; of River Banks. 127; of Pied- 
 mont Region, 127 ; of Alpine Region, 
 183; Highest Point in the State,' 185. 
 (See Section on Map.) 
 
 ELK 212 
 
 ELLIOTT, WM. : First Long Staple Cotton 
 
 Planter, 27 ; ' Field Sports of Caro- 
 
 lit a," written by, 667 ; Stephen Elliott, 
 
 645 
 
 EOCENE FORMATION : 14, 46, 49, 73, 111, 
 
 119. 
 EPISCOPAL CHURCH : Recognized for 
 seventy years as the State Church, 
 551. 
 
 EROSION 15, 128 
 
 ERSKINE COLLEGE 492 
 
 EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 433 
 
 FACTORIES : Comparative Cost of Power, 
 208 ; Enumeration of in South Caro- 
 lina, in 1882, by Department of Agri- 
 culture, 582 ; see Manufactures. 
 FAIRFIELD CO., IN PIEDMONT RE- 
 GION : On second line of Granite 
 Outcrop, 131 ; Building Granite, of, 
 131, 608 ; Soapstones, Whetstones, 
 Flagstones, 137 ; Lord Cornwallis' opin- 
 ion of, 146 ; Compared with Blue Grass 
 Region, immense crop of Lucerne 
 made in, 148 ; see Township Reports, 
 172-3 ; Towns and Trading Points, 707. 
 
 FALLS OF THE RIVERS 204 
 
 FALLOWING 29, 61,86, 158 
 
 FAMILIES AND DWELLINGS 398 
 
 FARMS: On Coast Redon, 23-45; Lower 
 Pine Belt, 55-62; Upper Pine Belt, 
 82-9 ; Red Hill Region, 115 ; Sand Hill 
 Region, 123; Tabular Statement of 
 Values and Productions, 152; Pied- 
 mont Region, 155-6 : Alpine Region, 
 193 ; see Reports, Township Corres- 
 pondents, and Tables II., III., IV., V. 
 
 FAULT 184 
 
 FAUNA : Of Phosphate Works, 48 ; found 
 by Early Settlers of South Carolina, 
 146; 209 to 311. 
 
 FENCES 32, 86. 123, 150 
 
 FERTILIZERS : Manufacture of.. .601, 602 
 
 FIRE-PROOF CRUCIBLE CLAY 112 
 
 FIG 24 
 
 FISHES, 20, 45, 48 80; Fish Ponds, 610 ; 
 of South Carolina: 350 Species of, 248 
 to 264, 
 
INDEX. 
 
 721 
 
 FISHERIES, of the World ; Value of the, 
 
 243 ; of South Carolina, G09. 
 
 FLAGSTONES 185 
 
 FLATWOODS OF ABBEVILLE 166 
 
 FLOUR MILLS ; OF JOSEPH KER- 
 SHAW, in 1760, 9; Tabular Statement 
 
 of, 604. 
 
 FLOW OF RIVERS 202 
 
 FORAGE 25,58, 61, 88, 148.161 
 
 FORESTS AND FOREST INDUSTRIES, 
 
 53. 79. 87, 18, 115; Changes in 146, 606 
 
 FRESHETS 5. 40, 77, 78 
 
 FRENCH COLONISTS' settlement in 
 
 South Carolina, of, 381, 425. 
 
 FROSTS : Table 79 
 
 FRUITS: Of the Coast Region, 24 ()64, 
 
 Note ; Sand Hill Region, 114, 322 ; Best 
 
 Regions for, 14-1, 180. 
 
 GALENA 186 
 
 GAME: Birds 226 
 
 GARDENS 25. 122 
 
 GEODESIC : Changes in Rivers and Deltas 
 
 in South Carolina, 5, 6, 16. 
 GEOLOGY : Of South Carolina Upper and 
 Lower Country, 4 ; of Coast Region, 
 14 ; of Lower Pine Belt, 75 ; of Red 
 Hill Region. Ill ; of Sand Hill Region, 
 119; of Piedmont Region, 130; Eras 
 of. 136; of Alpine Region, 185. 
 GEORGETOWN CO , COAST AND LOW- 
 ER PINE BELT REGION: Quality 
 and Price of Land, 70 ; Exemption 
 from Stock Law of, 443; Towns and 
 Trading Points, 684 ; River Transi:)or- 
 tation, 685. 
 
 GERMANS 383,425 
 
 GIN : Cotton, Eli Whitnev's, Roller Gin. 
 37 ; Toll Gins, 38 ; ditterent kinds of^ 
 63, 90 ; Steam and Water, 90 ; Long 
 Staple on Saw Gin, 593-4. 
 GINNING Cotton in the ITpper Pine 
 Belt, 90 ; in Piedmont Region, 161; 
 Alpine Region, 193 ; as an Important 
 Industry, 589 ; Number of Gin-houses 
 in South Carolina, 589 ; Enlarged Gin- 
 neries, 596. 
 
 GLENN SPRINGS 180, 714 
 
 GNEISS 131 
 
 GOLD : 134, 136. 164. 180, 186. See -Map 
 GRAIN, 13, 24, 56, 81, 115, 121, 150, 189 
 See Tables II , HI., IV., V. 
 
 GRANITE 119, 131, 169. 170, 608 
 
 GRAPEVINE 25 
 
 GRAPHITE: 1.37,168,186. See Map. 
 GRASSES, 58,57,94; different kinds of, 
 9 347. 
 
 GREENLAND 1.36 
 
 GREEN SAND 47- 74,111 
 
 GREENVILLE CO., IN PIEDMONT AND 
 ALPINE REGION, 174-5; Cotton 
 Mills of, 582 ; Towns and Trading 
 Points, 708. 
 
 GROWTH 53, 79, 114, 121, 146, 128 
 
 GOVERNMENT: Laws and Institutions, 
 Original Charter, 422 ; Locke's Consti- 
 
 tution. 423; Organization of, 424 ; Dif- 
 ferent Constitutions of, 426-429; De- 
 partments of, 432 ; Suflrage, 434 ; Tax- 
 ation, Education, Militia, 435; Statu- 
 tory Laws, 437-9 ; Public Instruction, 
 440 ; Dep. of Agr. 441. 
 GULF STREAM 6 
 
 HAGOOD, GOVERNOR: Soil Analysis, 
 
 75 ; Bermuda Grass, 148. 
 HAMBURG : Former Trade, 627, 698 ; C. 
 
 & H. Railroad, 629. 
 HAMMOND, .1. IL, yield of Bottom Land, 
 77 ; Table of F'rosts, 79 : P. F. ; Cost 
 of Producing Cotton, 94 ; Soil Analv.^is, 
 74. 
 
 HAMMONDITE 187 
 
 HAMPTON, WADE, Upland Cotton Plan- 
 tation, 11. 
 HAMPTON CO., LOWER PINE BELT, 
 65, 84, 96, 98; Towns and Trading 
 Points, 688. 
 
 HAY 58,148 
 
 HEALTH. 21, 34, 79, 114, 185 ; Resorts, 54, 
 114, 123 ; Mineral Springs for, 168, 180 
 
 HEMATITE 168 
 
 HEMP 147 
 
 HERRING 80, 256 
 
 HIGHWAY'S : Colonial Acts Relating to, 
 
 613, ()15, 617 ; Materials for, 698. 
 HISTORY OF SOUTH CAROLINA : Chro- 
 nological Table, 381 ; Early, 425. 
 HOMESPUN : Cotton and Woolen, form- 
 erly used, Murray's Ferrv, 574. 
 
 HOMESTEAD law; '. 440 
 
 HORNBLENDE, 131-2 (See Map). 
 HORSES : Act of Legislature against in- 
 ferior, 147. 
 HORSE CREEK 5, 118, 206 
 
 ICE AND SNOW 202 
 
 ILLITERACY IN SOUTH CAROLINA, 
 
 535. 
 
 INDIGO 9,80 
 
 INDIANS : Nations and Tribes formerly 
 inhabiting South Carolina, 363 ; Num- 
 ber, 368 ; Former Trade with Charles- 
 ton. 614. 
 INDIAN CORN : Value of early Export, 10 ; 
 Parker's crop of. 11 ; White Flint, 25; 
 Swamp Crops, 77 ; Amount of Waste 
 Land adapted to culture of, 78; Aver- 
 age product in Sand Hills, 124. See 
 Tables IV. and V. 
 
 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS 645 
 
 INTERNAL REVENUE 6-53-5 
 
 INSANE 557 
 
 INSECTS : 1770 Species enumerated, 266- 
 311. 
 
 IRISH SETTLERvS 382 
 
 IRON. 1.37; Mines 172, 178, 180; Early 
 
 Works, 574 ; Pyrites, 135. 
 ISLANDS: Formation of, 15; Elevation 
 
 of, 18. 
 ITACOLUMITE, OR DIAMOND BEAR- 
 ING ROCK, 133, 185. 
 
00 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 .lAMKS' ISLAND 29 
 
 .1 AMKSTON WK.Kl) for Nut Grass 87 
 
 JOHN'S ISLAND •^o 
 
 .IC)1L\S()N,CHANCKI>L()R: Tcniint Sys- 
 tem of, S4 ; Soil of Dunohoe, 75 ; Cost 
 of Cotton Production W. 
 JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT OF SOUTH 
 CAROLINA 433 
 
 KAINIT 42 
 
 KAOLIN 112, 120, 171. 17.">. (iOS. 
 
 K 1 ; RS 1 1 A W ( 'O. . S A N 1 > II T L L A N D PI K 1 )- 
 MONT RECilOX: Steatite found in, 
 1 1!> ; Porpliyritic (Jrunite in, 131; 
 Townsliip Reports, 123 ; Early Flour 
 Alills, 574 ; Towns and Trading Points, 
 702. 
 
 KINCAID: First Gin made by 11 
 
 KING'S MOUNTAIN.: Height, 185; Mili- 
 tary School, 512. 
 
 LAPOR: Sea Islands. 20; Lower Pine 
 Belt, 5}). Upper ditto, 82 ; Piethnont, 
 L">!)-l(i4, 1!)0, 588. 
 
 LABORERS : Proportion of AVhite and 
 Colored in Uj)per Pine Belt, 83 ; (See 
 Township Re|)orts), 5(54. 
 
 LANCASTER CO., PIEDMONT REGION, 
 175; Schools, 483; Towns and Trad- 
 ing Points. 710. 
 
 L.\NDS : Former Prices of, 2tl, 57 ; Present 
 Value in lIam])ton, 65, (18 ; Colleton. 
 Charleston, Clarendon, (17 ; Williams- 
 l)urg, ()8; Marion, (>!), 104; Barnwell, 
 Oil; Orangeburg, 100; Sumter, 101; 
 Darliu-iton. 103; ISIarlboro', 107; Red 
 Hills, il5 ; Sand Hills, 123 ; Abbeville, 
 104; Andenson, IHO; Chester, 108; 
 Edgelield. 170; Fairfield, 172 ; (ireen- 
 ville, 174; Lancaster, 175; Laurens, 
 17(!; Newberry, 178 : S|)artanburg. 17!t; 
 Union, 181 ; York, 182: General View 
 of Values of, 15(>-157. 
 
 LAURENS CO., PIEDMONT REGION: 
 Limestone, Manganese.CTraphite, Feld- 
 spar, Asbestos, Tourmaline, Beryl. 
 Corundmn, 137 ; (iray and Blue Ciran- 
 ite, Gold. Copper, Lead, Quality ami 
 Price of Lantls, SuLrar ALiples, Water 
 Bowers, 170; Towns and Trading- 
 Points, 710. 
 
 LEAD 137,177, 180 
 
 LENJNGTON CO., SANH HILL RE- 
 GION: CTranite and Sandstone, 1U>; 
 Soil Analyses, 121 ; Flowersand Fruits, 
 122; Statistics, Stock and Crops, 123; 
 Towns and Tradiuir Points, 098. 
 
 LIP^RARY : Charleston 470 
 
 LIENS: Number and averaire amount in 
 Upper Pine Belt, 82 ; Piedmont Ke- 
 irion. 154 ; Laws concerning, 430. 
 
 LIGNITE 105 
 
 LI .M E : From Marls, 74 ; Kilns, 185, 104. 
 
 LI M K.STONE, 137. (See Map.) 
 
 LIMi: SINKS 45 
 
 LINIVIATION OF SOILS 139 
 
 LUCERNE : J. 11. Rion's Crop of 148 
 
 LUTHERANS: College of, 400, 501; First 
 Church of, 552. 
 
 LUMIiER (;o5 
 
 LUNATIC ASYLUM 500 
 
 MACHINERY: Value of Farming in 
 United States and South Carolina. 
 Table IV 302 
 
 MALARIA 54, 79, 145, 415. 410, 417 
 
 MAAHLVLS OF SOUTH CAROLINA...209 
 
 MANGANESE 137, 105, 180 
 
 MAGNOLIA AND GRAY MOSS : Limit 
 of the 80, 114 
 
 MANNINCr, J. L. : Curious Siliceous Rock 
 near residence of. 112 
 
 MAN U F ACTUR1<;S : Laws to Encourage, 
 443 ; Numbers engaged in, 504 ; of In- 
 digo ; JMachiuery for Cleaning Rice 
 and (iinniug C\)tttni inventedand lirst 
 used in South ''arolina; Early Cottoji 
 Factories in Williaiusburg and Sum- 
 ter, Iron Works in York. 574 ; Imrease 
 since 1850 of, 57() ; Manulhcturing In- 
 iliistries in South Carolina in 1882,578 ; 
 great Increase in last Dei-ade, 581 ; 
 Names and Locations of chief Cotton 
 Mills, t!«c., in South Carolina, 582 ; 
 Magnitude of Cotton Manufactures. 
 584; Products ])er Spindle, &c., 585 ; 
 Proximity of Cotton, 587 ; other ad- 
 vantages of South Carolina, 588 ; Cot- 
 ton OinuinLr, 589; Fertilizer Factories, 
 001 ; Flour Mills, 003. . 
 
 MANUAL LABOR ScniOOLS 473,477 
 
 MANURES IN COAST RECilON, 20, 34; 
 I'hosphates, Potash Salts, 01; Cow Pea, 
 Cotton Seed .Meal. 88; the Marlboro 
 Plan, 88, 89; Taylor's Method, ihid ; 
 in Piedmont Region, 159. 
 
 MAPS, 3; of Population, 388. 
 
 MARLS 20, 45, 46, 47, 73 
 
 MARION CO., UPPER AND LOWER 
 PINE BELT, 09,85. 87; Schools of, 
 48.") ; Towns and Trading Points, ()93. 
 
 MARLBORO', UPPER PINE BELT: 
 Maxiuuim Product of Cotton made in, 
 81; System of Farming, 85 ; n> Aban- 
 doned Lands, 87 ; Product ])er acre, 
 88, 107; Schools of, 484 ; Towns and 
 Tradimz Points in, 09t). 
 
 MARRIAGES, 4(t3-4. Divorce, 442. 
 
 MEDICAL COLLEGE OF SOUTH CARO- 
 LINA 505 
 
 METAMORPHIC R0CKS,4, 1 19, 13t>, etmj. 
 See Map. 
 
 METEOROLOGY^ : Table 1 300 
 
 METHODISTS: First appearance in 
 South Carolina, 5.53 ; Institutions of 
 Learning, 495 ; Female College, Colum- 
 biii, 51(5; Allen University, 527; Num- 
 bers, 555. 
 
 MICA SLATE 132, 186, 103; See Map. 
 
 MILITARY ACADEMY^ 508; King's Mt., 
 512; (jreenville, 513 ; Age, itc, 395. 
 
 MILITIA 442 
 
INDEX. 
 
 723 
 
 MILLS 201,582 
 
 MINES, 135. See Gold, Iron, Phosphates. 
 
 MIXING 134, 007 
 
 MINERALS 137 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS 132, 168 
 
 MIOCENE 4. 73 
 
 MOUNTAINS 184-5 
 
 MULES: Tables IV. and V 360 
 
 NAVIGATION. Extent of Inland, 0; 
 Water (?ourseB suited to, 72 ; j^avi- 
 ^able Rivers, 120; Bays, Sounds, Har- 
 bors, Rivers, 001, 035. 
 
 NEGROES, 31 ; First Imported, 309; by 
 whom and number of, 1 714-1 805, 371 ; 
 Free Nejjjroes, 372 ; Intermixture of 
 Races, 373 ; Distribution accordin;^ to 
 Elevation and Temi)crature, 379; Per- 
 centage in different Rej.dons, 379; 
 Character of the, 379 ; First Admission 
 to Christian Church, 55:'); Relij.dous 
 Character of, 554 ; Trades, 1800, of, 508 ; 
 Insane, 574 ; Criminals, 572. See 
 Township Reports for Negro Labor, 
 Waf;es, <fec., &c. 
 
 NEWRERRY CO., PIEDMONT: Quality 
 and I'rice of Land, Crops, Growth, 
 Grasses, (iranite, (iold, Water-jjowers, 
 178-79; Rank of, 154; CoHcfre, 499;. 
 Schools, 458; Towns and Trading 
 Points, 710 
 
 NUTGR.VSS; 87, 148 
 
 OATS-: 9, 58, 362 
 
 r)AKS : 80 ; 30 Varieties of, 340. 
 OCCUPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE OF 
 SOU Hi CAROLINA, IN 1880: Far- 
 mers, 93 550 ; Farm Laborers. 198,147; 
 Factory Operatives, 2,314; Clergvuion, 
 1.105;"l'hysi(;ians, 919; Lawyers, 014; 
 Teachers, 2, 170, Since 187(t the nund>er 
 of those engaged in Agriculture has 
 decreased 4 per cent. ; the number of 
 Lawyers has decreased 40 per cent, ; 
 Clergymen have increased 110 per 
 cent.'; 564-65. 
 0C0NI<;E CO.. ALPINE REGION : Tonr- 
 maliiie. Lead, Gold, Silver, Cop])er, 
 Graphite, Mica, Coimndum, 137, 180 ; 
 Soils, Water Falls, Winds, Springs, 
 Climate, 187 ; College at Walhalla,501 ; 
 Town.ship Reports, 378 ; See Title 
 Alphie Region ; Towns and Trading 
 Stations, 093. 
 OIL: Of Cotton i-'eed and Meal ; the Man- 
 ufacture and Value of, 597. 
 
 OLD FIELDS : 158 
 
 OLIVES: 24 
 
 ORANGP:S: A Colonial Export, 9, 24, 317. 
 ORANCtEBURG CO., UPPER PINE 
 BELT: Quality and Price of Lands, 
 Growth, Crops, Labor System, Abund- 
 ant Supjjly of Marl (Iron Ore), Water- 
 Powers, 100; College, 525; Cotton 
 Mill, 582 ; Towns and Trading Stations 
 693. 
 
 ORCHARDS; 80, 122, 144, 179, 180 
 
 ORES AND MINERALS 137 
 
 OXEN :'>«! 
 
 PACOLET : A Remarkable Fruit Region 
 in Fairforest and Pacolet Townships, 
 Spartanburg Co.. lying in the Ther- 
 mal Belt, not Liable to Frost, 144, 180. 
 PALAEOZOIC ROCKS OF SOUTH CARO- 
 LINA 131, 133 
 
 PALMETTO : 18; Varieties of, 342. 
 
 PA Rl S GREEN : For Cotton Caterpillar, 37 
 
 PAUPERS 557 
 
 PEACH 122,144 
 
 PEA NUTS 121 
 
 PEA, As a P'ertilizer 01 
 
 PEE DEE: Herring in the., 80 
 
 PIEDMONT REGION : Water Courses of 
 the, 129; Geological Formation of the, 
 130-130; Ores and :\Iinerals, 137;S(jils, 
 139-143; Climate, 144; Growth and 
 Productions, 140; Statistics of Farms, 
 Crops. Stock, 149; Systems of I>abor 
 and Farming in the, 153-100; See 
 Counties of Ahberille, Anderson, Ches- 
 ter, Edgefield, Fairfield, Greenville, Lan- 
 caster, Laurens, Newberry, Sjjartanburg, 
 York. 
 PICKENS CO., ALPINE REGION: A^-be- 
 tos, Copper, Feldspar, Iron, Mica, Lime 
 stone. Spinel Rubies, Steatite, 137, 180 ; 
 Towns and Trading Stations, 710. 
 PINNACLE, MOUNTAIN: The Highest 
 
 Point of South Carolina, 185, 
 PINCKNEY, GEN. C. C: Water Culture 
 
 for Rice introduced by, 9. 
 PINES: Short and Long Leaf, 114,121; 
 18 Varieties of in South Carolina, 342 
 PINE BELT, THE LOWER: Physical 
 and Geological Features of, 44-47 . 
 Phosi)l)ate Rock, 'i6. ; Soils, 52 ; Growth, 
 53; Climate, 54; Area of, 55; Rice 
 Culture, Dry and Wet — General Sta- 
 tistics, 50; Area of Fertile Swamp 
 Lands in, 57 ; Systems of Labor and 
 Farming in, 59 . Housing Crops m, 
 63. See Charleston, Clarendon, Colleton, 
 Georgetown, Hampton, Horry, Marion, 
 WiUimnshurq. 
 PINE BELT, THE UPPER: Geological 
 and Physical Features of, 71, 715; Water 
 Courses, 72; Soil Analyses of, 74-0; 
 Climate, Growth, 79 ; Productions, 
 Statistics of Farms, Grain, Cotton, 
 Live Stock, 81 ; Systems f)f Farmihg, 
 Contracts, Wages, Liens, 82-0 ; Plant- 
 ing, Housing and Shipping Crops in, 00. 
 See Barnuell, Darlingtoii, Marion, Marl- 
 boro, Orangeburg, Sumter. 
 PHOSPHATE ROCK : Theories concern- 
 ing the Forma' ion of, 49 ; the Location 
 and Extent of the Formation— the 
 Companies now engaged in mining 
 the, 47-52. 
 PLANTS: Native and Naturalized, of 
 South Carolina, 312-357. 
 
724 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PLANTING AND CULTIVATION: See 
 
 Cotton. 
 
 PLEIOCENE AND POST-PLEIOCENE 
 FORMATIONS, 14, 20. 
 
 PLOWING : 33, 34, 60, 80; Steam Plow for 
 Pice, 57. 
 
 POLYTflALAMIA 47 
 
 PORT ROYAL 02, 663 
 
 POTATOES : Sweet, 2'^, (iO ; Irish, 362. 
 
 PREPARATION FOR MARKET OF SEA 
 ISLAND (;OTTON, 37; Uplands, 63. 
 
 PRESSES : Cotton, in nse, 92, 594. 
 
 PRESBYTERIANS : Institutions of learn- 
 ing founded by ; Erskine College, 492 ; 
 Adjrer College, 501 ; Columbia Theo- 
 logical Seminary, 502; Due West Fe- 
 male College, 517 ; Brainard, Fairfield 
 Normal Institute, 528; Early Church 
 of the, 552; Relative Standing in 1850- 
 '60-70; of the Church of the, 555. 
 
 PRESS OF SOUTH CAROLINA : Papers, 
 Religious, Political ; Periodicals, Ex- 
 tinct and Extant; Printing, Publish- 
 ing and Binding Establishments, 529- 
 534. 
 
 PROPERTY : Laws of. ..439 
 
 POPULATION: Indians, 364; Negroes, 
 369, 371 ; Free Negroes, 372 ; Increase 
 of the Black, ib ; Distribution of the, 
 375 ; Percentage of Colored, 379 ; Chro- 
 nolocrica! and Census Tables from 
 1790-1S80 of the different Pursuits of 
 the, 3',il ; as to Sexes and Ages, Com- 
 parative Tables, 392-6 ; Dwellings and 
 Families, 398 ; Comparative Mortality 
 in South Carolina to that of other 
 States upon the aggregate and classi- 
 fied, 401-408 ; Diseases of the, 412. 
 
 QUARRIES : Of Kaolin, 120 ; of Granite, 
 164, 172, 180, 193, 608; of Building 
 Rock, 164. 
 
 QUARTZ 138 
 
 RAILROADS 629, 634 
 
 RAIN FALL: In Piedmont, 144, 187; in 
 
 the State, Average, 199. 
 RATTLESNAKES : Four varieties of, 235 
 
 RECLAIxMED LANDS 77, 78 
 
 REGIONS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, Seven: 
 L Coast, 14; II. Lower Pine Belt, 44; 
 III. Upper Pine Belt, 71; IV. Red 
 Hii], 110; V. Sand Hill, 117; VL 
 Piedmont, 126; VII Alpine, 183. 
 RED HILL REGION: The trend of this 
 narrow belt, which embraces the 
 " Ridtre " and the " High Hills of San- 
 tee" below the Sand Hills, whose pro- 
 trusion occasionally interrupts it, fol- 
 lows that of the other regions, 110; 
 Geoloirical Features of the. Ill ; Soils, 
 112; Climate, Growth, 114; and Statis- 
 tics of the, 115; Wedgefield, High 
 ^ Priced Lands of, 116. 
 RF^NT : See Townshiu Reports. 
 REPTILES OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 234- 
 240. 
 
 RION. J. H., Great Crop of Lucerne made 
 bv, 148. 
 
 RICHLAND CO., SAND HILL REGION: 
 Lies on the dividing line between the 
 recent and very ancient formations ; 
 Growth, Productions, Climate and 
 Statistics of, 121-6 ; See Columbia, 098 ; 
 and other Towns and Trading Sta- 
 tions, 699-701. 
 
 RICE: Early Export of, 9; Water-Culture 
 introduced in 1784 ; Mills for Cleaning 
 Rice invented by Lucas, ih ; Exports 
 in 1«28, 1850, 1870, 10 ; Dry and Wet 
 Culture in Lower Pine Belt, 56; Area 
 Adapted to Water-Culture, Process of 
 Cultivation, Price of Land and Product 
 of, 57 ; Protective Tariff on, -58. 
 
 RIVERS AND CREEKS OF SOUTH 
 CAROLINA, affording Inland Coast 
 Navigation, 4-6; Navigable Streams 
 in the Lower Pine Belt, 45; in the 
 Sand Hill Region, 118; Synoptical 
 Table of all the Rivers and Creeks in 
 the State, 129 ; with the Water-Powers 
 afforded bv each of them, 204. 
 
 ROTATION OiF CROPS 61, 87, 158, 191 
 
 SALT MARSHES 18, 19 
 
 SAGO PALM 114 
 
 SAND HILL REGION: See Aiken, Ches- 
 terfield, Ker.thmv^ Lexington, Bkhland, 
 F^levation of the. 118 ; Geological Fea- 
 tures, 119; Kaolin, 120; Soil Analy- 
 ses, Corn, Watermelons, 121 ; Peach 
 Orchards. 122 ; Salubrity of Climate, 
 122 ; Statistics of Farming, 123. 
 
 SANTEE MARLS 46-7 
 
 SANTEES AND MAINS 39 
 
 SCHOOLS : Graded, 459 ; in Charleston, 
 401 ; Columbia, 468 ; Private, 481 ; Col- 
 ored, 527 ; Manual Labor, 474-7. 
 
 SCOTCH SETTLERS 383, 425 
 
 SEA ISLANDS : Formation of, 15 ; Char- 
 acter of, 18, 19. 
 
 SEAL: In Charleston Harbor 211 
 
 SECESSION ORDINANCE, in 1860 479 
 
 SECTIONS : Geological, see Map. 
 SERVANTS, Statistics in relation to ...443 
 
 SHEEP: Tables IV.and V 360 
 
 SHIPPING AND SALE OF COTTON. 63, 
 90, 93, 162. 
 
 SHIP CHANNELS: How lyina 17 
 
 SHAD, STURGEON AND ROCK FISH, 
 80, 610. 
 
 SHRIMPS 293, 609 
 
 SHARE SYSTEM IN LOWER PINE 
 BELT, 59, 60 ; Upper ditto. 84 ; Pied- 
 mont Region, 156. 
 
 SILVER 135, 137 
 
 SNOW, Late f\Ul of 79 
 
 SOC;iETIES, Charitable, Educational and 
 Literary, 4()9-4SO. 
 
 SOUNDINGS: Depth of. 16 
 
 SOILS, Analysis of Prodm'ing Long Sta- 
 ple, 19 ; ditto in Lower Pine Belt, 52-3; 
 River Swamp, 76; Red Hills, 113; 
 
I^'DEX. 
 
 '25 
 
 Sand Hills, 120 ; Piedmont, 139; Horn- 
 blende, 140 ; Clay Slate, 141 ; Trau, 142. 
 SOUTH CAROLINA: Origin of the name, 
 
 421. 
 SPIDERS : 285 species of, 242. 
 SPARTANBURG, PIEDMONT REGION : 
 
 Ores and Minerals, 137, 180 ; Towns 
 
 and Trading Points, 712. 
 SPRINGS, Boilins. 118; Temperature of 
 
 certain, 123; Mineral, 168, 180. 
 
 STATEBURG, Elarly Cotton Mill 574 
 
 STRIKE 4, 108 
 
 STUART'S OLD MILL 73 
 
 STACKHOUSE, E. T. : Cost of Cotton 
 
 Crop, 96. 
 STEAMBOATS: Charges for Transporta- 
 tion of Cotton, 92. 
 STEATITE, OR SOAPSTONE, 119, 137, 
 
 167, 174, 186. 
 STOCK LAW: Counties Exempted from 
 
 the, 443. 
 STOCK, Live, on Coast, 24 ; Lower Pine 
 
 Belt, 55 ; Upper ditto, 82 ; Red Hill, 
 
 116 ; Sand Hills, 124 ; Piedmont, 150 ; 
 
 Alpine, 190. See Tables II., III., IV., V. 
 
 STORMS 187-108 
 
 ST. HELENA: Negro Farmers 31 
 
 STRATA : Order of Superposition in 
 
 South Carolina, 4. 
 
 SUBSIDENCE OF COAST 15 
 
 SUBMERGENCE 15 
 
 SUGAR LOAF MOUNTAIN 117 
 
 SUGAR, 66, 114; Sorghum, 121; Sugar, 
 
 Maple, 174. 
 SUMTER CO., UPPER PINE BELT: 
 
 Elevation of, 71 ; Miocene Marls, 73. 
 
 See Township Rejjorts, 102: 'lowns 
 
 and Trading Points, 694. 
 
 SYNCLINAL AXIS 145 
 
 SYNAGOGUE : The first iu South Caro- 
 lina, 552. 
 SWINE : See Tables IV. and V. 
 
 TABLES, between First and Second Part. 
 
 TALC SLATE 133 
 
 TARIFF: On Rice, 58; on Manufactures, 
 
 588. 
 
 TASK IN HOEING 92 
 
 TAXATION 435 
 
 TEMPERATURE OF SPRINGS 187 
 
 TIDES 18 
 
 THOMPSON, HUGH S., Superintendent 
 
 of Education ; Zeal and ability of, 456 ; 
 
 Organization of State Normal School 
 
 by, 459. 
 
 TOBACCO 80 
 
 TOMMALINE 187 
 
 TOWNSHIP REPORTS, 65 to 70; 98 to 
 
 109 ; 164 to 182. 
 
 TOWNS: Table of 661 
 
 TRAP ROCK 134 
 
 TRANSPORTATION: History of in South 
 
 ^'irolina, 611-640 ; Coast Region, In- 
 
 ' Water Communication, 611 ; In- 
 
 dian Boats and Early Exports, 612 ; 
 Indian Trade of Charleston, 1707, ex- 
 tended 1000 Miles Inland, 614 ; Early 
 Road and Ferry Acts, 615 ; Two Lines 
 of Traffic till 1775; Upper Country 
 Trades with Virginia and the Low 
 Country through Charleston, Later 
 Road and Ferry Acts to connect Two 
 Distinct Peoples of South Carolina, 
 617-21 ; Canal System, 623-6 ; Steam- 
 boat Navigation, 627 ; Charleston and 
 Hamburg Railroad, 629, Public Sjiirit 
 and Enterjjrise of Charleston, ib. : De- 
 velopment of Railroads results in re- 
 newing old divergence of Trade Routes, 
 633-34 ; Cost of Wagon, Steamboat and 
 Railway Transi)ortation, 638. 
 
 UNION CO., PIEDMONT REGION : Third 
 Line of Granite Outcrop and Second 
 Line of Trap Rocks, giving Rise to the 
 Meadow Lands, 134 ; Ores, 137 ; Itaco- 
 lumite, 133 ; See Township Rei)orts, 
 181 ; Schools, 485 ; Towns and Trad- 
 ing Points, 714. 
 
 UNIVERSITIES: The South Carolina, 
 488 ; Furman, 497 ; Claffiin, 525 ; Al- 
 len, 527. 
 
 UP-COUNTRY AND LOW COUNTRY : 
 Distinction of 4, 124, 388 
 
 VEGETABLE REMAINS : Fossil, 112 
 
 VERTEBRATES OF SOUTH CAROLI- 
 NA 211-262 
 
 VINE .25 
 
 VITAL STATISTICS 400-20 
 
 WAGES 29, 65, 83, 98, 164 
 
 WAGON TRANSPORTATION COMPAR- 
 ED WITH STEAM 638 
 
 WALHALLA FEMALE COLLEGE ...501 
 
 WATER CULTURE OF RICE 56 
 
 AVATERMELONS 121 
 
 WATER POWER : Summarv of,... 200-204 
 WATER SHEDS : Of the River Systems 
 
 of South Carolina, 129. 
 WARS OF THE REVOLUTION : Of Mex- 
 ico and Secession ; Troops furnished 
 by South Carolina during the, 395. 
 WELLS : 99, 73, 114 ; Artesian, 674. 
 WELSH AND SWISS SETTLERS IN 
 SOUTH CAROLINA; 383. 
 
 WHALES 2]?,G10 
 
 WHEAT: 362 ; Mills for Grinding, 603. 
 
 WHETSTONES 137 
 
 WHITNEY 10, 593 
 
 WILLIAMSBURG COUNTY, LOWER 
 PINE BELT : Farms, 59 ; Abandoned 
 Lands, 60 . Exempted from Stock Law, 
 443 ; First Cotton Factory of the State 
 Established in, 574; Towns and 
 Trading Points, 690. See Township 
 Reports, 68 and 69. 
 
/ 
 
 •2<) 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 WINDS 4, 17, 114, 187, 202 
 
 WOFFORD COLLEGE 495 
 
 WOODWARD, T. W. : Granite Quarry...()OS 
 WOOL : 3(32 
 
 ' YAZOO FRESHET 5, 46 
 
 YELLOW FEVER 22, 416 
 
 YORK COUNTY, PIEDMONT REGION ; 
 Black Jack Lands, 1:54, Ores and Min- 
 erals, lo7 ; Large trees, 147. See 
 Township Reports, 182 ; Towns and 
 Trading Points, 714. 
 
 ZIRCONS 132 
 
 ZINC .137 
 
 I 
 
 ..^ >-ria- 
 . Belt, 52-3; 
 Hills, 113; 
 
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