Pfass. Book_ COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT T^f Complete History of the City of "PhT?. PriOTo£(70. C o GOOD GOODS AT MODERATE PRSCE8, A MOTTO ALWAYS OBSERVED AT HOPPER BROS. &CO.'S THE ONLY HOUSE IN THE CITY "WHERE A COMPLETE LINE OF HOUSE- FURNISHING GOODS CAN BE HAD. Fine, Common and Medium FURNITURE, IN BED ROOM SUITS. MEDIUM AND FINE PARLOR SUITS, (onr own make.) BEST SELECTION OF CARPETS, . RUQS « AND . CURTAINS IN THE CITY. We keep in stock everything that goes to the proper furnishing of a comfortable home. PIOarEERS OF I.OW PRICES. HOPPER BROS. & CO., 307 WOOD STREET, — ==~ - PITTSBURGH, PA. B. & B. IMPOI^IFBI^S. (SOBBBI^S. ^ I^BIIAILEI^S. % Fine Dp^ l|ood?, $\\\t, VELVETS, WRAPS, SUITS, LACES, HOSIERY, GLOVES. Everything pertaining to a modern 19th Centnry Dry Goods store, Medium to finest and best quali- ties at lowest prices consistent with satisfactory trad- ing between buyer and seller. KUR DEPARTMENT. Large and complete stock i Finest Alaska London Seal Coats, Jackets and Wraps a Specialty, AT MODERATE PRICES. Se al Skin Carments taken on Storage, guaranteed acfainst Fire or Moths. BOGGS & BXJflL, 115, 117, 119 «& 131 Federal St. ALLEGHENY, PA. W]VI. FliflCCUS & SOJl, IDashington Tannery. DIAMOND BRAND OAK Harness and Skirting Leather. 164 to 176 Spring fiarden ]|veDue, Sllegbeny, Pa. MANUFACTURERS' AGE.VTS AND WHOLESALB DKALERS IN $UB^, (Juried Hair i]\lEat'^ Foot Oil. MAXUFACTCRERS OF Blacksmiths' Bellows and Agnews' Patent Nozzle Bellows, for Oil and Gas Well Drillers. OFFICE AND F.-ICTORY: //2S a/id //SO Tenn Ave., PITTSBURGH, PA. SMITH BROS. & CO., La Belle Steel Works RIDGE AVENUE AND BELMONT STREET, Post Office Address, Pittsburgh, Pa. ALLEGHENY CITY PA. lIAXri"ACTrRHRS OI- ALL KINDS Ol' STEEL SPRINGS, AXLES, RAKE TEETH, ETC. WETHERELL BROS , Eastern Representatives, 31 Oliver St., Boston, and 93 Liberty St., N. Y. C. E.JAMES & CO., Chattanooga, Tenn. RICE, LEWIS & SON, Toronto, Ont. PATENT FLEXIBLE BACK Blank Books. Opens flat at any part. No Strain on Bind- ing. No Steel Springs. OPENS FLAT. TELEPHONE 237. Do not order any Books until you have examined this. Strongest Book Ever Made. Guaranteed. WM. P. BENNETT, 89 FOURTH AVENUE, PITTSBURGH, PA. WM. (-,. LKK. JA.S. HAMILTON. LEE & HAMILTON, DE.ALERS IN Breeze Coke Manufactorers. HEAVY HAULING. No. 98 Rebecca • Street, ALLEGHENY, PA. Established IfSJd. JEWKLRY! Superior Quality. Latest Styles. WATCHES ! Our Special, Best Value in the World. Silver and Gold, every Price. Prkcious SI'ONES! I purchase extensively, and can offer better prices than anybodj' in the city. STERLING SILVER ■ RELIABLE PLATE. From the simplest pieces to coiupletc sets. TRBUE CUTUERY, CUT GIjASS, CUOCKS, BROflZES and f^OVELiTIES. As soon as they appear in the market. ESTABLISHED IN ; J. c. GROGAH, 443 MARKET ST., COR. FIFTH AVK., nTTJDURQH, Ffl . GERMAN NATIONAL BANK pittsblFrgh, pa. CAPITAL, SURPLUS, $250,000 480,000 A. GROETZINGER, President. E. H. MYERS, Vice President. C. VAN BUREN, Jr., Cashier. FOREIGN EXCHANGE BOUGHT AND SOLD. MELLOR & HOENE, 77 Fifth Avenue, PITTSBURGH, PA. Wholesale and Retail Dealers in PIKNOS OF HIGHEST GRADE, wliich are known throughout the world as Standards of Execllenee, and acknowledged by artists and critics to be pepfeet. R. HAY & SON, SHOE DEALERS, 125 Federal St., ALLEGHENY, PA. ■^^\ ^[li — _ J. W. ARROTT, President. FRANCIS J. TORRANCE, Sec'y & Treas r. THE LARGEST PORCELAIN ENArVIELLING WORKS IN THE WORLD, en o» C/5 CO CO CO ci O 3=1 Pure Lager Beer. jeeg ^jodx^ puB jeuesnj THE PEOPLE'S STORE, FIFTH AVENUE, PITTSBURGH. THE LARGEST AND MOST COMPLETE STORE ! DRY GOODS, NOTIONS, TRIMMINGS. DRESS GOODS, SILKS, VELVETS, WRAPS, JACKETS, SUITS, MILLINERY, CARPETS, CURTAINS AND UPHOLSTERY GOODS, LADIES,' MISSES- AND CHILDREN'S FINE SHOES. Choicest Goods ! Newest Styles ! Lowest Prices ! CAMPBELL &. DICK, 83, 8S, 87 A 8S.' PUREST AND BEST ©IRiiS i(& a (©ream oP ©larfar 5i»atCmy pococ^er, Manu^acfurec^ a't^ti puf up in J^PPegRenLJ. ©W® reoommenc^ if for ife puriCij, ^trengtfi, a^ ©Y^RoPeiSomrjeeia)!^). •Sjuaraateei. to gi^e tPie 6e<«)t iSafifaifactioa to tfte ^ouiSe^Cecper, /M.I-E' Ask your Grocer for Keystone Baking Powder and take no other. Union Malleable Iron Works. H.W. MINNEMEYERi&CO. MANUKACTURKKS c U- Saddlery e-c- Hardiuare I^efined MallEable Iron Ca^ting^, PITTSBURGH, PA. Factory and Office, Nos. 187 to 195 River Avenue, Allegheny, Pa. (Two doors above Sixteenth Street Bridge.) ESTABLISHED 1840. Franl^lin Tannefil. MARTIN LAPPE & SONS, MANUHACTURHRS OF Qal\ spanned napness LEATHER. 296 Spring Garden Avenue, ALLEGHENY, PA. THE PEOPLE'S STORE, FIFTH AVENUE, PITTSBURGH. THE LARGEST AND MOST COMPLETE STORE ! DRY GOODS. NOTIONS, TRIMMINGS, DRESS GOODS, SILKS, VELVETS, WRAPS, JACKETS, SUITS, MILLINERY, CARPETS, CURTAINS AND UPHOLSTERY GOODS, LADIES,' MISSES AND CHILDREN'S FINE SHOES. Choicest Goods ! Newest Styles ! Lowest Prices ! CAMPBELL & DICK, 83, 85, 87 & 8Q FlFTrf AVE., PITTSBURGrf. J ^ I THE LARGEST ESTABLISHMENT NEW YORK CHICAGO. PRINTING. ENGRAVING. I'.INDING. SAVE TIME BY HAVING YOUR WORK COMPLETED IN THE ONE HOUSE. Keystone Baking Powder PUREST AND BEST @IRi;a i)s) a ©ream of Uarfar S^atCino- Ooosc^er, Manufacfurec^ a'r^ti puf up in oTlPPegReriLj. ©We reeommenc^ if £oi* ifis) Suritij, ^trengtfi. anb ©WRoPef&omneeiiX^. (S\uaranteeil to gi^e tPie 6e^t iSiafii&faction to tFie fioui^etCeeper. ''f% Ask your Grocer for Keystone Baking Powder and take no other. Union |VIaIleable Iron Works. ESTABLISHED 1840. H.W.MINNEMEYERi&CO. MANTlACrrRI-.KS <)I- Fitanl^lin Tannei'ij. Saddlery -:!$ Ijarduiare I^efined Malleable \m Ca^ting^, PITTSBURGH, PA. MARTIN LAPPE & SONS, MANHHACTtlRHRS OF Factory and Office, Nos. 187 to 195 River Avenue, Allegheny, Pa. (Two doors above Sixteenth Street Bridge.) LEATHER. 296 Spring- Garden Avenue, ALLEGHENY, PA. rC. S. HMUSER. : JEAaZELER. WATCHES. CLOCKS. lEWELRY. THE GREATEST VARIETY OF NEW STYUES. Low Priced Preseybs. Mediun) Priced Preseijb^ ai)d Cojbly Presenb^. Jewelry of every kind and description in the greatest variety and of the newest designs. Call and inspect our stock, you will find that our prices are the lowest of any house in the city, for the same style and quality. C. S. HAUSeR. 631 Smithfield Stpeet, Pittsburgh, Pa. WE RESPECTFULLY CALL THE ATTENTION OF THE f>UBLIC TO OUR MAGNIFICIENT STOCK OF SILVERWARE. The styles and patterns of our goods in this line are graceful and modern, and our stock is so varied and complete that every taste and every pocket-book can be \TA readily suited. We aim to give the best ^£^ value and the best goods. An inspection of our stock will satisfy you that is is first-class in artistic design, fine workmanship and honest qualit5'. WATCHES. We can furnish you anj' style or grade of time-keeper, and convince you that 3'ou are obtaining a watch at closest prices by dealing with us. We sell the best standard movements, the newest style of cases, and render great inducements to purchasers. Call and inspect our fine line of ladies' and gentlemen's watches and learn our prices before purchasing elsewhere. You will be sure then to buy a reliable timepiece of a reliable jeweler at a reliable price. SMALL JEWELRY. A stock of rare and lovely designs awaits the inspection of those ot our customers who wi.h to invest in articles of small jewelry. It is a comprehensive and well assorted stock, and every article, whether brooches, pins, lockets, earrings, sleeve buttons or minor trinklets, combine ^iV novelty, beauty and modern style. Our prices are always fair, and their scope so wide that none need be disappointed in find- ing some article entirely within reach of their pocket-book. We present many lovely designs, entirely new, and guarantee every article to be just what it is represented. ^.^ Ke ^>kring your repairing to us if you desire expert workmanship, prompt attention and moderate charges. Watches and Clocks cleaned, repaired, regulated and put in order in the most p - skillful manner. We make a specialty of caring for valuable Ira. time-pieces of all kinds. Jewelry and all small wares repaired, iM Q cleaned and polished in the most workmanlike style. We invite your patronage, guaranteeing satisfaction on everything entrusted to us, and will make prices as low as first-class work can be done. Old Gold and Silvep Bought. C. * S. * HAUSER, 631 SMITHFIELD STREET, PITTSBURGH, PA. CHESTER B.ALBREE. ORNAMENTAL IRON W^ORKS. Fences, Railings, Iron Stairs, Fire Escapes, Bridge Railing and Iron and Steel Forgings. 10. IS, 20, 22, 24. 20. 2S, HO yiathef Street, TELEPHONE 3270. ALLEGHENY. >:?^a>.^Si.^.a^^.j;.a.a»a>^a>Sa./ CjfABl-IJHED I867 ^%A DECKER BROS., KNABE and FISC ESTEY STOREY & CLAR HER piano?. K Organ?. Ma51QAL ^OObS LOWKST I'KICKS. H. KLEBEt & 506 WOOD ST. THE OLDKST AM) CHlvAI-KST MUSIC S'l'OKK IN PITTSHUKGH. STEINW«Y. CONOVFR. PiAi^os: OPERA EMERSON. Prom $2CO to $1,000, EARHUFF MOUSE AND DUST-PROOF ORGANS, S50 TO SIOO. Vou can save $25 to $50 on the price of a Piano or Organ. WARRANTED FOR TEN YEARS. EASY TIME PAYMENTS GIVEN. [dest jarass ar)J Slrhiq Igsfrun^cnts. 506 Wood Street, PITTSBURGH, PA. HOUSE ESTABLISHED IN 1859. ff. W. fatties. ©Jcw^clcr and |nipoptcp. 30 X i2 FIFTH AVENUE. OUR SPECIALTIES: i^^riNE WATCI1E5,fe^^ HIGH CL4SS DIAMONDS. RICH JEWELRY, STERLING SILVERWARE AND ARTISTIC IMPORTED DECORATIVE WARES, From the r ebrated make C3-0 TO D. Wi CARPETS, AND Household Goods OF ALL KINDS. Wo. 313 lV|arl^Bfc ^tmt, PITTSBURGH, PA. " Faets are not JVIere Fancies." LIGHT THROWN UPON A DARK SUBJECT. J/is/fddi/!j^ /Yiccs are siinjilj- Tciiif>tini^ Baits to entrap the unwary. Profit by Past Experiences! We place our GOODS and PRICES with tliosc of STRICTLY CASH CONCERNS. \'o\\ can bny of us the newest, latest anil nobbiest designs in FURNITURE, CARPETS, STOVES, &C., of every description, of every quality, to furnish your homes complete. FOR CASH OR CREDIT, For same Price as asked by Legitimate Cash Houses. No shop worn goods, everj'thing New and Bright. All are cordiallv inviteter V — Uprising of llie Indians after Braddock's defeat. The red demons bathe in the blood of the white settlers. The Russell family seeks safety in flight. An affect- ing farewell. Surprised by Indians. A terrible conflict. Massacre of Jlrs. Rusisell's children. Mrs. Russell is given a Mazcppa ride ........ 24 Ch.\ptf.r VI — The implacable hatred of the Indians toward the whites. Cruelty an inhe- rent trait of the Indian character. An unparalleled act of liarbarity executed opposite Fort Duquesne. Live coals laid on the scalped heads of white prisoners, . . .29 Ch.\pter VII— The "Reserve Tract opposite Pittsburgh" laid out in lots. The birth of Allegheny County. An act of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania ordains that the Seat of Justice shall be in the new town. Pittsburgh as a competitor for the County Seat. Mr. Wright's sarcastic remarks on the Reserve Tract. Sur- veyor Redick and his report on the site of .VUegheny, in which his descriptive powers come into full play. The Act repealed. The first permanent log-cabin. The birth of General William Robinson, .■•■■•.,... 31 Ch.vpter VIII — Slow growth of Allegheny town. James Robisou, the ferryman ; a com- munication from his great-grandson. A biographical sketch of General William Robinson, ............... 3-$ Ch.^pTER IX — Primitive means of coniniuuicalion between Pittsburgh and .\lleghenv. Parke's paper on Modern Ferries on the Ohio, Monongahela and .\lleghcny Rivers. The .\lle,gheny Bridge Company is organized. Construction of the first bridge over the .\llegheny river. The suspension bridge sn Ch.\pter X— The insecurity of life and property during Allegheny's log-cabiu days. Mrs. Robinson, single-handed, defends her cabin a.ijainst a liand of savages. John Kellv on a " fire-water " excursion. The Getty family settle in .\llegheny, . . . 3y Chapter XI — Henry Rickenbach's advent to the North Side. More new settlers. Alle- gheny gains "rapidly in population. Its first industry. The establishment of the Juniata Rolling Mill, 42 Chapter XII — Allegheny is made a borough by .\ct of General Assembly. The bounda- ries. The steady growth of Allegheny. Better educational facilities. More manu- facturing establishments. Beginning of the Fire Department. An amusing docu- ment. Allegheny town is made a city. A dark page in the history of Allegheny, . 44 Chapter XIII — The educational history of the City of Allegheny. John Kelly, the veteran teacher. Mr. Scott presides over the "educational center" of Allegheny town. Organization of the public schools. Allegheny's collegiate institutions, . 47 ChapTp:r XIV — The Allegheny Observatory and its history, •■.... 54 Chapter XV — The Carnegie Free Library. Andrew Carnegie, the philanthropist. How the City of Allegheny came to be the recipient of such a magnificent gift. Formal opening of the Carnegie Free Library by the President of the United States, . . tiO Chapter XVI— Allegheny's transportation facilities, their progress and development, . H6 The Allegheny Public Parks, 68 The Story of Massy Harbisou, ••■••■...... 79 Allegheny from a Sanitary Point of View, ......... 102 The Semi-Centennial Celebration, ............ 109 The Official Report of the Semi-Cenlennial Committee, ....... 120 Portraits and Biographical Sketches of Councilmen and Officials of the Citv uf Allegheny, . 124 PRBFACE. I have not undertaken to write a critical history of the City of Allegheny. Neitiier was it my purpose to compile a book of statistics. What I attempted to do was to write a historical narrative, believing that form best suited to the occasion. In fact, no other style of history could be made interesting in this case. Had I been writing the history of a city of national importance or great antiquity, the case would have been different. The events narrated in the following pages can only be of local interest, and if I have succeeded in making tiiem interesting and in a measure instructive, my task has been accomplished. It may be objected that I have given too much space to tradition and l)ersonal adventure. To this I answer that Walter Scott's novels are a better history of Scotland than has ever been written of that country. While most of liis characters are imaginary and the events made to suit his purpose, he draws a true picture of the people, customs and institutions of his country, a picture that impresses itself much more readily on the mind of the reader than pages of lifeless facts and figures. I mention this not because I wish to make any comparison between that great author's work and my own humble performance, hut simply to show that by coloring, that is by giving life and interest to minor events, history is made palatable to the general reader, without in the least detracting from its intrinsic value. The early history of Allegheny abounds in material from which a liistorical romance, say on the Cooper style, could be constructed, and I shall always regret that I wasted my opportunity. It was a real pity to be obliged to kill off" such a hero as Andrew Long in tlie second chapter, when he might have been put through many more thrilling adventures and hair-breadth escapes, finallyto die of old age, bedded on the two or three hundred Iroquois scalps which he had taken to avenge the cruel death of his mother at the hand of the savages of that tribe. It would have been much more interesting had Mrs. li^issel and "lier children been rescued at the last moment, instead of allowing them to be massacred by the Indians. The plaintive lowing of the cow, when that affectionate brute found it was left behind, alone in the wilderness, could have attracted a party of trappers, to apjjcar upon the scene just in time to save Mrs. Russel and the little ones. In that case all the savages, with one exception, would have been made to bite the dust, and that one sent home without ears as a terrible warning to the rest of his tribe. Or Samuel Bendei' and Ills two companions might Iiave arrived twenty-four hours earlier at the deserted cabin, accompanied by a band of friendly Indians, and swooped down upon the hostile savages just as they charged across the clearing. It would liave been too late to save poor Itttle Tom from the cruel bullet which struck liiin down, but he could have recovered, afterwards to become a great Indian lighter. It was my intention to give a minute account of tjju industrial development of Allegheny. The material had been gathei-ed and most of it put in sliape, when it was found that it would swell the size of the work far beyond its intended limits. However, should the reception of the present volume warrant it, I may venture to publish the matter separately. The main sources of my information have been personal interviews with citizens whose forefathers were among the early settlers of Allegheny. The Colonial Records of Pennsylvania have been consulted, but to little purpose. They are as bare of information regarding the early history of the City of Allegheny' as the different histories of Allegheny Countv, the authors of which seem to have had no cognizance of the existence of any such place as the North Side. Pittsburgh, January 20, 1S91. C. W. r requires no ^reat stretch of imagina- tion to k't one's mind travel back a cen- 'tiny aixl a half, and contemplate the -ite of till' present city of Alleghenj- ■fore it had been trodden by the foot of white man. We see a jirimeval forest of iiii- , i/7'" »*'< '^ .."*"' "*'.^' '^'W'"'*\'''i-|*^ speakable grandeur, gently rising from '"/. ^".^aS^S J'V**''^J^^'^ifv|'''* '' 't^''"'^*'- l'"'pifl f'tream :iiia hues, in striking contrast with their dark, cool surroundings. We hear the vj murmuring of the crystal streamlet as it ?! winds around the base of yonder hill, / disappearing and re-appearing as if 1^^ ])layiug hide-and-seek with hollies and ' ' c^)psewood, graceful flowers and broad- headed mushrooms. Here, it hastens across a narrow glade ; there, gratefully giving life to the roots of a gnarled invigorating, until it is received, with open arms, by its grander and more majestic flowing brother to be borne along to the father of all rivers, and finallv to mingle with the mighty ocean. \ v.; >'# ■ i':K '%■ oak ; always fresh, yonng, cooling. Tlie forest in all its pristine beauty anil magnificence is spread out before us, as j'et undisturbed by tlie greedy hand of man. The stillness over all is that of Nature fresh from the hand of God. The trees, the plants, the turf, stand in awe before Him. The very beasts of the forest slink silently through the halls of the Almighty; and the Indian, as he traverses the woo(• miles," mutters the man to liimself, '-but 'foresight is better tiiaii hind sight.' If there is one witliin 20 miles Nero will find it out in that many minutes " He stretches himself on the grass and strikes a light for his pipe, the some what vigorous fragrance of which he seems to enjoy hugely. Awaiting Nero's return from his Iroquois-scenting expedition, we have a good opportunity to take a closer look at the first white man that ever step])ed on the present site of the city of Allegheny. To judge by his tall, spare figure, his broad chest, his prominent cheek-bones and his bronzed face, he might have easily been taken lor an Indian, but there all similarity came to an end. His iiair was not black and titraight, as that of the savage, but light brown and wavy. His motions, though free and full of latent power and energy, had not the tiger like, lurking spring which distinguishes the Indian. And lastly, his garb and outfit were that of a trapper and pioneer settler combined. The upper portion of his body was clothed in a plain hunting-shirt of deei-- skin, under which a flannel garment was worn to absorb the perspiration. A pair of tight-fitting breeches, also of deer-skin met below the knee by leg- gings of the same material, complete the simple, but highly serviceable dress of our friend. His armament consisted of the already mentioned rifle and ax supplemented by a broad, two-edged hunting-knife stuck in his belt, where he also carried the ax, the blade protected by a leather case. His age might have been guessed at 40 years. The whole appearance of the man indicated great physical strength and endurance. Long fatigue and continued exercise had reduced his form to brawn, bones and sinews. His features, coppei'-color- ed from constant exposure to wind and weather, with the broad chin, the firmly set moutii, the aquiline nose and a pair of keen piercing gray eyes, were powerfully expressive. He was beyond question a man of fearlessness, in- domitable energy and un- bending will power. Such was Andrew Long, the pioneer settler of the present city of Allegheny. He had come down from a small village of friendly Indians situated at the head-waters of the Alle- gheny, to look for a place to settle with his family. It was his strong arm that felled t!ie trees which gave ANDREW LONG. material for the roof and walis of tlie lonesome log-cubiii. that cabin, which nestling in a primeval forest, was destined to expand into a centre of popula- tion, education and industry within a niarvelously short space of time. But we are anticipating. Antlrew J.,()ng. as we shall hereafter call our hefo, because this is the name of the first settler handed down to us by tradition, had finished his pipe and was knocking out the ashes, when the rustling of some dry leaves behind the tree against which his back rested made him jump to his feet and grasp his rifle. But it was only Nero, who had returned fiora his scout. Witli panting breath the dog stretched himself at his master's feet and looked up to him as is to say that he was ready to be interrogated as to the result of his exploration. •'The woods are clear of unfriendly red-skins, eh. Nero?" the trapper asked. In answer the dog wagged his tail in the affirmative. '• Well, let's go and look for a lodging itlace, then,'' Long continued. He fastened the ax to his belt, picked up his rifle and, followed by the dog maile his way to the foot of the already mentioned mountain, only a few hundred yards distant. Here, in a small open space, and protected by the far-reaching branches of a giant oak, he encamped for the night, leaving Nero, to stand watch, with tiie comfortable knowledge that a more trustworthy sentinel it would have been impossible to find. ^l^apter I J EXT morning, ere the sun, which rose in unclouded splendor, had left the horizon, Andrew was up and doing. After looking to the safety of his boat and taking a plunge in the river, he attended to his breakfast. It was a meal of Spartan simplicity, consisting merely of two or three strips of dried bear meat and a few crackers, washed down with a drink of pure cold water from a spring near by. Nero shared his master's breakfast, and that he enjoyed it was plain by the ceaseless motion of his tail. The meal over, Andrew began to look around for a suitable place on which to build a cabin. It was his purpose to establish a trading-post close to the forks of the Ohio, further west than any white adventurer had yet dared to go. But the business of trading at that point promised large returns if fi-iendly lelations with the neighboring tribes of Indians could be established. The country about the headwaters of the Allegheny was then inhabited by the Delewares, while up the Monongahela the Mohicans had built a number of small villages on both sides of the river. These two tribes had been conciliated mainly through the fact that they found trading with the pale-faces to their advantage. But the Iroquois, then still the most powerful tribe of Indians in America, though driven back beyond the Allegheny mountains by the irresistible march of civilization, were deadly enemies of the white man. When an Iroquois brave had taken the scalps of twelve pale-faces, and drunk the heart's blood of at least two white babies torn from the mother's breast and killed in her sight, while she was tied to the stake, he was entitled to admission to the happy hunting-grounds (the Indians' Pai'adise) after death. This tribe, at the time our history begins, occupied the shores of the Ohio from about sixty miles below the confluence of the Allegheny and the Monongahela rivers to the Illinois country and the Mississippi. But we must return to Andrew Long, the bold pioneer, who intended to brave the hatred of those savages, and even risk the lives of his wife and children in the attempt to establish an outpost of civilization. We left him in search of a site for his log cabin. He f.ound it north of Monument Hill. A rich grassy opening, over which hundreds of broad-headed, thick-stemmed oaks flung their gnarled branches. It was an ideal spot for such a purpose. Protected from the heat of the sun during the summer months, and from the winter blasts as well, within a few steps of a delicious spring of cool and pure water, with game and fish abounding in the neighborhood, it was indeed just such a place as a backwoodsman would choose for his home. As soon as he had selected the site for his cabiu. Andrew went to work felling trees for building material. It was his intention to put up the log house that fall. He had two sons, eighteen and twenty years of age respectively, who had stayed with their niotlier at the settlement up the river, while the head of the family was looking for a suitable place whereon to build a permanent home. Besides the boys there were three u-irls sixteen, ten and live years old, and a baby at the mother's breast. It was pre-arranged that if Long, after being absent ten days, did not return to the settlement, his two sons should follow him in another boat loaded with provisions and tools. When the log house was completed the rest of the family were to bo brought down the river. The arrangements were all carried out as planned, and by the end of Octo- ber, 1740, Monument Hi" i ■i—l ■'■■"■■ 'i'"- 'i'- ti'~f liouse of what was to be, by and by, the City of Allegheny. It was constructed entirely of logs, not even the bark being removed from them, except where they rested upon each other, and where it was necessary that they should fit snugly. The hut was one and one-half sto- ries high, and large enough to comfort- ably hold a family of eight persons. In those days the house of every frontiersman was a little fort, with loop-holes for win- dows, and enclosed by palisades in- stead of a fence. Andrew Long did not neglect to for- tify his cabin in that manner, and tluis make it capable of resisting a sudden attack of hostile Indians. The Long family passed two peaceful and prosperous years at their new settlement. In the spring of the third year two more families from Attique (or Kittanning, as it was afterwards called by the English), came down the river and built a log house each, about where the conservatory now stamls in Aile- J'l;iUK\AL FURE.-iT. glieiiy Public Piuks, but; their names liave not been handed duwii to us by the pioneer annals. Early in 1743 the natives even those who for a number of years had been in friendly relations with the traders, began to show signs of hostility. Every- thing indicated a general uprising of the savages west of the Allegheny mountains. That meant the destruction ot nearly every settlement in south- western Pennsylvania, with the massacre of the pioneers. It seems that the Iroquois had sent delegates to the tribes located on the shores of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, and the country about the headwaters of those streams, exhorting them to take up arms against the white invaders, who despoiled tiieir hunting grounds. A liberal distribution of "fire water" (said to have been supplied by the French) helped to awake-i the Indian breast to a sense of the wrongs the red man was suffering at the hands of the English settlers, who were making inroads upon his territory, and driving him further and further to the west, with the evident intention of finally extinguishing him altogether. The Delewares, the Mohicans and the Shawanees joined the bloodthirsty Iroquois savages on -the war-path, and soon the soil of southwestern Pennsylva- nia was soaked with the blood of the brave frontiersmen and their families, only two or three escaping the tomahawk, the scalping knife and the stake. It is not our intention to describe in detail the raids of the Indians on the white settlements, save those that come within the scope of the present history. News of the uprising had been received by the seltlement near the forks of the Ohio. The heads of the three families of which it was composed, came to- gether for a consultation as to the best method of defense, should the settlement be attacked by the Indians, as it was almost sure to be. Flight was impossible. Surrounded as they were by savages on all sides, the safest thing was to stay ami fight. There was a bare possibility that succor might arrive in time from Detroit, which city had been founded by the French in 1700, and from which they had built a good military road to the Ohio, or La Belle Kiviere, as they were in the habit of calling that stream. On account of his large experience as a pioneer, as well as his energy and personal courage, Andrew Long was chosen to preside over the council of war, and his advice was listened to with the deepest attention. In his opinion the other two cabins should be abandoned -and all the forces ot the little settlement concentrated in his own log house, whieh was double the size of either of the others Long kept powder and ball by the barrel, for trading purposes, and there was enough ammunition on hand to kill several thonsaiid I'edskins, should they come within gun shot. If they could only manage to run the water from the spring within the palisades, the garrison would be in a condition to stand a comparatively long siege. Long's proposition was accepted, and the others moved all their belongings into his log 'house. There were nine fighting men. Counting all the male members of the three families'who had passed their seventeenth year. There were also six fighting women, for it must be remembered that the wives and daughters of those early settlers knew how to handle a rifle, to swing an ax, and in close encounter make use of a hunting knife, almost as well as the men themselves. 10 Tlie little garrison then, consisted of fifteen able-bodied members, every one of whom would die at his or her post if necessar}'. Long conceived a plan for carrying water from the spring within the palisades that encircled and fortified the log house, whicii proved to be entirely feasible, and everybody wondered why he hadn't thought of it before. The plan was to build an underground wooden trough. The distance to the spring was not great, and there were a dozen hollow trees lying about that could be utilized for the purpose. Everybody went to work and in throe days a ditch had been dug, hollow logs placed in it and the joints made water tight with clay. The aqueduct was read^'. Tiie ditch was then filled in and the turf replaced, so that not even the sharp eye of a savage could detect a disturbance of the ground. Within the palisades, or what might properly be termed the court yard of the log house, a hole, about ten feet deep and six in diameter was dug. so that in case of fire plenty of water should be on hand. P^NCOrNTER liETWKfiN AN INDIAN AND ANDREW LONG. All these arrangements made and as large a stock of provisions laid in as could be stored away, the settlers calmly awaited their foes. Tiie men took turn about in scouting, but did not venture far from the log house for fear of being cut oflf by the sudden approach of the enemy in another direction. Weeks passed and still no Indians had been seen. It was vain to hope th;it 11 the savages liad no knowledge of the existence of this partir-iilar settloirieiit. They probably even knew the exact number of scalps to be found there. One evening, wiien Long was scouting along the bank of the river east of the log house, the moving of a bush attracted his attention. He walked up to it expecting to see a deer jump up and break away. When lie was about ten feet from the spot something did jump up, but it wasn't a deer, nor any other four-footed beast. An Indian in full warpaint stood there as if the earth had suddenly ejected him. In the same moment atomaliawk came whizzing tlirough the air, but, quick as the savage had been. Long dodged the weapon, altliough it had been thrown witli almost incredible foi'ce and accuracy, and it lodged in a tree twenty feet behind liiin. The Indian gave a grunt of rage and drew a knife, but before he could make use of it, Long was upon him with the leap of a tiger and liad grasped liim around the body, and now ensued a combat for life between the two, that words are too weak to describe. The pioneer was the equal of the savage in strength, agility and endurance, and his superior in coolness and judgment. It was a magnificent wrestling match at first, in which each of the combatants centered ail his efforts upon the freeing of his right arm, for the use of the knife Not a word passed between them, but their gleaming eyes and hissing breath spoke of tlieir fierce determination. Clasping each other in deadly embrace, they writhed and twisted and rolled on the ground, now the white man on top and now the Indian. Suddenly Long's left hand went up to the Indian's throat. It fastened on it like a vise. The savage's eyes bulged from their sockets ; his body writhed like that of a serpent. For a moment he loos- ened his grip upon his foe Fatal movement! The pioneer's hunting-knife plunged to the hilt into his breast. Tiie Indian gave one gasp, and tiien his body straightened out in death. Long disengaged himself from the body of the savage, listened intently for a moment, and then, picking up his rifle ran as fast as his legs would carry him in the direction of the log house. He found everybody inside of the palisades. "Barricade the entrance," he said quietly. "The Indians are here." When the door had been made fast, he told of his encounter with the savage, whom he believed to be one of the scouts of a band of Iroquois, coming to raid the settlement. For that reason he had not made use of the riile, the report of which might have attracted a dozen other scouts, who were sure to be in the neighborhood. Everytiiing was put in shape to give the savages a red-hot reception should they venture an attack, which in all probability would be made after dark. Hardly twenty minutes had elapsed since Long's return to the log house from his terrible encounter with the Indian, when the woods rang with the war- whoops of the Iroquois, who had come upon tiie body of their dead brave. The blood-curdling yells of the savages echoed tiirougli the forest as if ten thousand demons had been let loose from tlie infernal regions. The same night the Indians attacked the log house. They outnumbered the garrison ten to one, but again and again they were beaten back by the brave pioneers, who did not waste a single bullet, but only fired when the shot was sure to have effect. The Indians had soon lost twenty-five of their number. 12 At'tc'v till' eixtli Mttack tliey drew back into tlie woods and lii'ld a C(juiicil of war. Tlie niglit wore ou and day was almost breaking, when tlie garrison of the log liouse perceived a |>eciiliar odor, as of green wood burning. As it grew light the worst fears of the pioneers were realized. The savages had set the woods on lire north of the log lionse. A gentle morning breeze blowing from that direction, was lazily rollinuiid. When Mrs. Russell regained consciousness she found herself securely tied to a tree, facing the opening where shehad lately fought against such fearful odds. At first there was a blank in her memory regarding the circumstances which had brought her into that position. But the dull throbbing pain in her iiead and tlie scene she gazed upon as soon as she opened her eyes, soon brought to her mind with horrible vividness, everything that had happened. The black shadows of night had descended upon the forest. Not a star was to be seen. Like a funeral pall the murky clouds spread over the sky, and shut out the light of heaven. The very atmosphere foreboded evil; it was so thick and oppressive. All nature seemed in accord with the atro- cious scenes about to be iiiacted. The savages had ki ti- lled a fire in the center ' if the clearing, by the ight of which Mrs. Rus- -ill saw the dusky forms move about like black icmons preparing for a tiast of cruelty. She knew that her three ' hildren were to be tor- tured to death in her -ight. At that moment >lie heard them whini- I'cring for their mamma. ( Ould words invented bv man describe the agony of that mother's heart? The anticipation of the fate of her children was already the most ex- quisite torture that even an Indian could devise. The woman made a desperate effort to burst lier bonds, but the only result was that the thongs with which she was tied to the tree, cut deeper into her flesh. Some of the Indians were now busy driving three stakes into the ground, INHUMAN TKKATMENT OF MRS. KL'SSELL. close to the fire and in full view of Mrs. Russell. This done, the three children,' stripped of all their clothes, were brought out and made fast to them. The four year old boy cried ])iteously for his mamma, but the two little girls, the youngest one a baby yet, had fallen asleep. Three of the savages stepped forward with their scalping knives, and a minute later, the three scalps were hanging from their belts. The mother gave a shriek, so piercing and full of agony, as to make the flesh creep of any one but an Indian. Then her head dropped on her breast. She had fainted. But the savages were not contented with what she had already suffered. They dashed cold water In her tace and brought her back to consciousness, to see her children slowly roasted to death. But the strain was too great for any woman to bear. When all was over, and Mrs. Russell was taken down, she was a raving maniac. The leader of the band of savages had at first thought ot claiming her as his squaw, but now he gave up that idea and was willing enough to part with her. Some of his followers wanted to burn her at the stake, but the majority were for tying her to the bare back of her own horse, and then chasing the animal into the forest, where her face and form would be torn by the bushes, brambles and the branches ot trees. This was done. However, the poor woman was not torn to pieces as intended, for the horse, after he had quieted down from the lashes with which the Indians had sent him off, slowly picked his way back to the log house, where he went under his shed and munched some hay still remaining in the manger from the day before. Samuel Bender and two other trappers, who had come to look after the Russell family and take them to a place of safety, found Mrs. Russell in that condition. She was almost dead when taken from the horse. A little brandy revived her, and she commenced to rave about what she had gone through. Mrs. Russell died two weeks later. She breathed her last in Samuel Bender's log house, which stood near the present Sewickley. Two hours before her death, her mind became perfectly clear again, and she was able to tell her terrible story. 2S ^l>apter VI. HE liutreci which the Indians bore toward the whites cannot be lugnrded as a sufficient cause for the relentless cruelty practiced by them on man, woman and child of the Caucasian race, with- out distinction to age or sex. However implacable and deep- seated that hostility may have been — and we must concede that there was reason for it — to the physiologist it cannot account iur the ecstacy of delight with which the red savage watched his pale-faced victim writhe in unutterable pain. The fact that the Indians did not torture their prisoners wiien the spj^-it of revenge was at white heat, like it would be directly after a conflict with the whites in which tliey had lost many of their best warriors, but waited weeks, and months sometimes, before puttino- them to death in the most heinous manner, shows that cruelty was practiced for cruelty's sake, and consequently that it is an inherent trait of the Indian character. An act of barbarity that stands, perhaps, without a parallel in pioneer his- tory, so far as the number of victims are concerned, was perpetrated by the Indian allies of the French a few days after Braddock's defeat, on the banks of the Allegheny river, opposite Fort Duquesne, and therefore within the limits of what is now the City ot Allegheny. About twenty-five prisoners had been brought to the fort by the Indians, among them three British officers. During the first days of their captivity they were treated so well and fed so plentifully that the prisoners began to believe their lives were not in danger. Their spirits rose accordingly, and some of them, much pleased with the beauty of the sur- rounding country, even made known their intention of bringing their families from the East, and settling in the vicinity, as soon as they had regained their liberty. On the sixth day of their capture, the prisoners noticed an unusual activitv about the fort. The Indians j)ut on fresh war-paint, and their blood-freezing scalp-yells rend the morning air. What did it mean ? Had the remnants of Braddock's army been rallied for another battle ? No ; that could not be for the French garrison did not stir ; on the contrary, the officers and soldiers of whom it was composed loitered about in undress uniform, smoking cigarettes or were sitting in the shade of the tall sycamore trees outside play- ing at cards. The doomed men were not kept long in suspense. One by one they were taken out to a place under the trees were stood a barrel tilled with some sticky black stufl' that bore a resemblance to tar. Here each prisoner was stripped 29 naked, his hands were bound behind him, and then the lower part of his body received a coat of the bhick paint. When they had all been dealt with in this fashion, they were marched to the bank of the Allegheny, surrounded by about three hundred yelling and dancing savages. It must not be imagined that the prisoners submitted quietly. They knew now what was to be their fate,and they resisted with hands and feet, having no other weapons to fight with. They did this in the hope of exasperating the red devils, so they would kill them on the spot. But it was of no avail. The Indian will not kill his victim if there is any chance to torture it to death at his leisure. While the Indians with their pi-isoners were embarking in a number of canoes that lay moored to the shore, the sound of axes echoed across the river, and on looking up, the white men saw that on the other bank a number of stakes had been driven in the ground in a long row, and that a band of savages were still busy in sharpening and driving in more. No wonder they turned pale, and that some of them groaned aloud in anticipation of the fearful tor- tures they would soon have to suffer. Half an hour later each prisoner was tied to a stake, and the torture began. Some were flayed alive, aud left to die that way; others were slowly tortured to death with fire-brands and red-hot irons, otliers again were roasted by so slow a process that their sufferings extended over hours. Three of the victims showed great fortitude, and after the first half hour had not emitted a single groan of distress. This exasperated the savages, who wanted to see them wince, and to have that gratification they applied a still more exquisite torture from any yet employed. First the three brave men were scalped and then live coals where laid on their heads. It had the desired result. When the quivering nerves of the brain came in contact with the hot coals the victims began to wimmer. The torture was more than any human being could bear. But under the circumstances it was the best thing that could have happened to them. Their sufferings were cut short, for fifteen minutes after the coals had been laid on their heads, they breathed their last. Such horrible cruelty will seem to many almost beyond belief, but the entire truth of the above statements are vouched for by Col. James Smith, who was himself at the time a prisoner at Fort Duquesne, and witnessed the beginning of the tortures from the wall of the fort. The sight was so hcrrible and the cries of the victims so heart-rending that Smith, at that period barely twenty years old, fainted and had to be carried below. Col. Smith ought to be trust- worthy authority. In 1778 he secured his commission. In 1788 he settled in Bourbon county, Kentucky, and was elected to represent his district in the State Assembly. 30 ^I7aptci- VII. X Sept. 11, 1787, according to the Colonial Records, tlie Supreme Executive Council ot the Coniiiionwealth ofPennsjlvania ordered "The Reserve Tract opposite Pittsburgh" to be surveved and laid out as a uniuor. It was done during the year following. Allegheny Town, as it was afterwards called, was laid out in 144 lots, measuring 60x240 feet each. Four large squares in the centre of the town were reserved for public purposes. Three of them are now occupied by public buildings, namely, (^ity Hall, Carnegie Library and the Market House. On the fourth, grass still grows, though not as luxuriant as of yore, on account of the cobble stones which have since been sown broad- cast over its surface. Haymarket Square is like a big wart on a woman's face, otherwise beautiful. It is an eyesore to every public spirited citizen. Several attempts have already been made to convert the square into something that would be a credit to the city, and to judge by the present outlook the friends of the scheme will succeed ere long. A common pasturage for cattle, containing 102 acres, surrounded the town as it was first laid out. Today these commons, converted into beautiful parks, and located in the very heart of the city, are the pride of Allegheny and the joy of its citizens. Allegheny county had not yet been born, but in the following year it came to life. Late in the fall of 1788, the Supreme Executive Council of the Common- wealtn ordered a new county to be created out of portions of Washington and Westmoreland counties, to be known as Allegheny county. The act further provided that the seat of justice should be located on the Reserve Tract opposite Pittsburgh. The resolution to that effect reads as follows: ^'■Resolved, Tliat the seat of justice be located on the said reserved tract, and that in the meantime until a court house and jail can be built on the said tract the courts shall be held in the town of Pittsburgh, and the Commissioners be empowered to rent a con- venient building for a court house and jailat the expense of the county.'" Ordered that the Messrs. Ross, Piper, Find ley, Brackeuridge, Fleniken, Gilchrist and Carson be a committee to bring in a bill agreeable to the foregoing resolution. On December 6, the committee reported a bill which was laid on the table. The bill went through a second reading. It was then printed for public con- sideration, but nothing furtlier was done with it at that session. Mr. Wright opposed it on the grounds that it was not only impracticable and inconvenient to have the seat of justice on the otiier side of the river, but, that by reason of the small population of Pittsburgh, then numbering about 500 souls, the expense 31 would be out of all proportion. The strongest and most logical argument — in his own opinion— which that acute gentleman advanced against the location of the county court and prison in Allegheny was that there would be nothing to com- mit to jail in the prospective town on the other side of the river, except an occasional wild beast. Mr. Wright dug the thorn of his satire yet deeper into the "site" of the future City of Allegheny by saying that he used the term "occasional," because even the creatures of the forest, so plentiful in every other direction around Pittsburgh, avoided that God-forsaken spot, where the Commonwealth intended to locate the county seat. As a matter of course the project of locating the county seat on the north bank of the Allegheny river met with a vehement opposition on the part of the citizens of Pittsburgh. This was quite natural, at the same time no excuse can be given for the highly colored and biased report sent by surveyor D. Kedick to the Supreme Executive Council, and giving a description or ratiier a mis- representation of the site selected for the new town. That document is more amusing than comprehensive, or instructive, or truthful. Here is a sample of Mr. Redick's descriptive power and the literary pyrotechnics he indulged in when composing an oiBcial report by which the Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania was to be guided in considering a bill of great importance : "I am of the opinion that if the inhabitants of the moon are capable of receiving the same advantages from the earth which -we do from the world, I saj-, if it be so, this same famed tract of land would afford a variety of beautiful lunar spots, not unworthy the eye of a philosopher. I cannot think tliat ten-acre lots on such pits and hills will possibly meet with purchasers, unless, like a pig in a poke, it be kept out of view." In the spring of 1789 a supplementary act was passed fixing the seat of justice for Allegheny County in Pittsburgh. The Reserve Tract was duly laid out as authorized by the Supreme Council, and given the name of Allegheny Town. It contained an area of about 3,000 acres. The town for the present consisted of a solitary log house inhabited by William Robinson, the ferryman. It stood at the foot of the Franklin road, now Federal street, and is to-day represented on the Seal of the City of Allegheny. In this same cabin. General William Robinson, the son of the ferryman, was born December 17, 1785. It is claimed that General Robinson was the first white child born west of the Allegheny mountains, and while that historic honor may not belong to him, it is an undisputed fact that he has the distinction ot being the first child born on the site of the present city of Allegheny. 32 t^trnptev YIII. ■*■ " V Allegheny town had been made the seat of justice for the coiintj, its growth would have been rapid. But the incentive to a speedy settlement of the new town was lost, and in the absence of any other stimulus to augment its population, it languished like a tree in unresponsive soil. The lots which had been sold by the state, were purchased principally by a few Revolutionary soldiers, who bought them for the purpose of speculation and not settlement. Naturally, their disappoint- ment was great, when the act locating the county courts in the new town was repealed. Although the lots had been bought at a ridiculous low figure, the owners now found it impossible to get rid of them at any price. No one could be found who believed in the future of Allegheny town, which, according to Surveyor Redick, furnished to the iniiabitants of the moon a splendid view of a variety of beautiful lunar spots. It is, therefore, not to be wondered at that, for nearly thirty years following its foundation, the pace of Allegheny's growth and development was even less brisk than that of the proverbial snail. As has been stated, James Robinson, the father of General William Robinson, was the first permanent settler on the site of the City of Allegheny, and it is safe to say that he is the real founder of the town. He was the intrepid pioneer on the north side of the Allegheny river, who bid defiance to the wild beasts and hostile Indians, in the interest of civilization. We cannot but admire his undaunted courage in remaining at his post, where his own and the lives of his wife and children were in constant jeopai'dy, when he could have resided across the river in comparative security. 13ut to just such men our country owes its greatness, though they seldom get credit for it. To the rough pioneer, with his hardened frame, his contempt of danger, his fierce determination in overcoming seeming impossibilities, and withal his fear of God, civilization is more deeply indebted thaai to any other agenc\' exercised in its cause. The memoirs of James Robinson would make thrilling and instructive reading. Unfortunately, he has left no written records of his life to posterity. His personality has become a mere tradition even in his own family. The writer applied to the pioneer's great-grandson, now residing in Media, Pa., for informa- tion on. this point. In answer a communication was received of which the following is the quintescence: '•The first permanent settlement of the site of the city of Allegheny, as I have understood from tradition and history, was a log cabin in which my great- grandfather lived. It was almost on the site of the residence that my grandfather, 33 Gen. Win. Robinson, occupied for eighty-five years, and which was torn down about fifteen years ago. I have heard my grandfather say that his mother was attacked by Indians at one time and the defense was made in this cabin. I believe there is a picture of it used in the seal of the city of Allegheny." While there is little or nothing known of the life of James Robinson, the career of his distinguished son, William, is familiar to all those who take an interest in local history. A short biographical sketch of the man, who was so closely identified with the growth and development of the city ot Allegheny, cannot be amiss at this place. He was born on the 17th day of December, 1785, in the log cabin, the picture of which is now used on the seal of the city of Allegheny. His early youth was spent amid surroundings better calculated to endow him with a spirit of adventure and a predeliction to manly sports, than to create a love for boo' s and learning. His mother, however, a woman of considerable education and refinement, had set her heart on the boy receiving a classical training to fit him for the study of law. Her crowning wish was to see him, some day, a great barrister. She began early to teach him the art of reading and writing. WilliaTU was not a precocious ch/!d. During his boyhood he displayed no special marks of mental brightness or lOve of learning His Latin grammar haunted him in his dreams. Euclid was the hete noir of his early life. The irregular Greek verbs almost drove him to suicide, and ancient history bored him beyond endurance, as he afterwards used to tell his friends. It seems that the only thing he distinguished himself by at the age of twelve, besides being already an excellent marksman with the rifle, was the avidity with whicii he devoured the "dime" literature of the period, compared with which our modern "Deadwood Dick," "Rattlesnake Dan" and goose-skin begetting detective stories are classical reading. It is said that young William was once caught by his father poring over a yellow-covered composition entitled, ''Jim, the One-eyed Horse- thief," and was so deeply interested in the daring adventures and hair-breadth escapes of the hero of the story, that he did not perceive the approach of his parent until the latter had freed his loins of a strong leather belt and vigorously applied the same to that part of the youngster's anatomy which shall be nameless. It seems that this thrashing, which must have been an uncommonly sound one, to judge by its salutary efi:ect, mai'ks a new era in the early life of William. When we hear of him again, he is a studious lad of sixteen, who has relegated "Jim, the One-eyed Horse-thief" and other heroes of his ilk to Limbo, and applies himself seriously to the business of acquiring a classical education. A year or two later he entered Princeton College, where after taking a full course, he gradu- ated, taking the first honors of his class. He then read a full course of law with James Ross, the eminent barrister. The young man was now well qualified to enter upon the duties of his profession and make a name for himself in the annals of legal lore. But it seems that by the time he was ready to practice law, he had lost all taste for the profession, to which he had looked forward with so much delight and to excel in which he had equipped himself at the cost of so much arduous mental labor. Politics fascinated him, and henceforward politics were his favorite occupation. He was ambitious to hold high public office, but in this he 34 was tloomed to disappointment. He was, indeed, well qualified to hold anv office in the gift of the Commonwealth, or even the nation, but he was altogether lacking in one quality, without which no man can hope to gain the suffrages of the people, no matter how brilliant may be his parts or how well fitted he may be to occupy a high public position. General Robinson was devoid of the art of making himself (wpular. He was of too positive a nature to be successful in his political aspirations. He did not understand that in order to gain the good will of the majority of men one must give way to their opinions, no matter how absurd they sometimes may be. His austere and dictatorial manner and his high temper, alienated even those friends from him, who, had he treated them differently, would have exerted ail their influence in favor of his political preferment. His election to the chief magistracy of Allegheny, when that borough was created a city in 18i0, he owed to the prestige of being the son of the first permanent settler of the town and the first white child that was born within its limits. Gen. Robinson suffered much in the esteem of his fellow-citizens when he allowed himself to become entangled in the disreputable project of Aaron Burr, relating to the conquest of Alexico. It is, however, only justice to say that Gen. Robinson was led to take part in that scheme, by misrepresentation as to its principal object. Gen. Robinson inherited a large and valuable property on the death of his father. It was situated within the present limits of Allegheny. Its value augmented with the growth and prosperity of the city. The best part of the property was laid out in lots and called, "Buena Vista." The streets by which it was intersected were named after the battles of the Mexican war. It cannot be questioned that Gen. Robinson, especially during the last two decades of his eventful life, was largely instrumental in bringing about an era of prosperity in his native place, such as had never before been experienced by Allegheny. During that period the population of the town almost doubled, mainly in con- sequence of the various industrial establishments which sprang up on all sides, and of the majority of which he was the projector. He was also a heavy stock- holder in the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad, now the Pittsburgli, Fort Wayne and Chicasro Railroad, of which he was the promoter and first President. He was also the first capitalist to invest his money in the construction of a bridge over the Allegheny river. His political ambition, however, was never gratified. He had been Mayor of Allegheny, President of Select Council, in which branch he served from 18i9 to 1856, and was elected to the State Legislature for one term. These places he regarded simply as stepping-stones to higher political office. But for reasons already stated, he was unsuccessful in his aspirations. Gen. Robinson died on the 25th day of February, 1868. 35 ^l7aptcr IX. HE first means of communication between Pittsburgh and Allegheny was the ferry-boat owned by William Robinson, the father of General Robinson. This dates back to 1785. As the subject of early trans-river traffic is an interesting one we shall, in this chapter, quote at length from a paper read by Hon. John E. Parke before the Old Residenters' Association on " Ancient and Modern Ferries on the Ohio, Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers." " As early as 1786 Col. William Butler, was granted, by Act of the State Legislature, the right to establish a ferry on the Allegheny river, from a point on the Pittsburgh side to a point opposite, to where the line of Bank Lane would strike the Allegheny at what is now the mouth of School street. The nature of the ground at this point was deemed altogether unsuitable for a landing ; and representation having been made to the authorities to that effect, on considera- tion thereof, it was ordered and decreed by the Supreme Executive Council, that the " said grantee be authorized and empowered to establish a landing, and erect a ferry-house, upon such other part of the ' Reserve Tract opposite Pitts- burgh ' as will best promote the convenience of the residents and the intentions of the Legislature as set forth in the Act granting the same. He is also per- mitted to occupy such land as has been improved and hitherto cultivated by James Boggs, deceased, for which privilege he shall exercise a supervisory care^ so as to prevent the undue destruction of the timber of the Reserve Tract above referred to. "In pursuance of the authority given, the ferry was established at the mouth of St. Clair, (now Sixth street) to the month of Federal street directly opposite. Col. Butler, it seems, disposed of his interest to Robert Knox and John Morri- son ; the former conducting affairs on the Pittsburg side and the latter on the Allegheny side. They were succeeded by Robert Stewart and Mr. Battrocks. Mr. Cassidy succeeded the latter. LTnder Messrs. Stewart and Cassidy the ferry was carried on until the completion of the Allegheny bridge in 1820. "There was an ancient ferry established from a point a short distance below the railroad viaduct, Allegheny, to the mouth of Hand street, (now Ninth) Pittsburgh. It was carried on by Mr. Yerkins, under the management of David Haney, an old and experienced waterman, and continued in operation until about the year 1830, when it was abandoned. "In 1834 Mr. George A. King established a wire-rope ferry from the mouth of Hancock street (now Eighth), Pittsburgh^ to a point about midway between 36 Sandusk}' aiul Anderson streets, Alleglieiiv. Tlic amount of travel not justify- ing its continuance, it was abandoned the following year. "About the beginning of the present century, a ferry, operated by hand, was established by West Elliott on the Ohio river, from the mouth of Ferry Lane, North Side, from which the lane derived the name, to a point on the South Side, immediately opposite. "At this point the great buftalo-trails from the south-east to the feeding grounds on the northwestern plains connected, over which the various Indian tribes roamed to and fro in their periodical visits in order to concoct and perfect their nefarious scliemes to crush out their indomitable Anglo-Saxon foe. This undertaking, not proving profitable, was, after a short experience, abandoned. "In 1S32 Mr. Nolan established a ferry at the points above referred to, operated by a wire rope, and buoys to support the same. It proving detrimen- tal to the free navigation of the river, and dangerous to those operating it, it was also subsequently abandoned. Capt. Valentine Shorts succeeded Mr. Nolan, and operated the ferry by horse-power for a number of years quite suc- cessfully. In the meantime Capt. Stoops established a steam ferry from the mouth of Chartiers street to a point on the South Side above the mouth of Saw- mill run. "The perils encountered during storms, floods, floating ice and driftwood by the early mode of transit across the Allegheny river were of a very serious char- acter ; and many who had the temerity to brave the dangers, had abundant reason to regret it ere they reached the desired haven. Some of the incidents are so deeply impressed upon my memory that the lapse of over sixty years has failed to obliterate them. "Early in the month of December, 1817, the river was frozen over with a coating of ice about two and one-half inches thick. At tiiis time, in company with my elder sister, on a visit to our friends in Pittsburgh, we took passage on the ferry boat crowded with passengers and horses — it being the intention of the ferryman to open a passage through the ice to the other shore. When about midway over, the ice parted from the shore and commenced breaking up, making a clear breach over the low sides of the boat, creating a fearful panic among the passengers and horses. The massing of the ice in and around the boat rendered our situation perilous, and efi"orts to reai,-Ii either shore unavailing, and all attempts on the part of our friends to aid us proved a failure. Passing the "Point" the rapid current of the Allegheny carried us to within a short distance of the southern shore of tiie Ohio, which enabled us to make a landing just above the month of Saw-mill run. To the experience and presence of mind displayed by the ferryman, David Haney, and his comrade, may be attributed the happy termination of an adventure, which might have, under other circumstances, ]>roved fatal to all on board. "During the summer of 1S33, returning from a visit to tiie South Side, I met my military friend. Major Andrew McFarland, arrayed in all the pomp and circumstance of his official character as brigade inspector, en route to inspect the troops belonging to his brigade. Arriving at the Johns ferry-landing, we boarded the hook-boat, John Welsh acting in the capacity of engineer, pilot and chief commander. All aboard being announced, we started for the opposite shore, full of passengers and a large load of hay. The day was calm and clear, iinportentious of any elementary disturbance. About midway of the stream, a violent wind storm arose, which rendered the boat unmanageable and demoralized onr brave commander, who, usually calm and self-possessed, on this occasion entirely lost his luind. Johnny was a peculiar character, mentally weak, but honest and faithtul in the discharge of his duties, peaceful in his habits and disposition. Those who knew him best gave him full credit for his integrity and goodness of heart. "The roaring wind, tumultuous waves of the otherwise placid river, and struggling horses, created a scene of teirorand dismay not easily described. In the emergency Major McFarland seized the tiller, in order, if possible, to con- trol the movements of the vessel. In his laudable effort to accomplish it, he had the misfortune to lose his military hat. Finding it out of question to reach either shore, he directed the course of the vessel up the river until it caught on one of the piers of the bridge. Here we remained until the storm abated, when- we commenced working our way to the landing at Liberty street, where we arrived without serious damages. Upon leaving the boat, the Major, after giving vent to a deep sigh, remarked in his peculiar manner, "that a load of hay was an awful thing in a high wind."' The absolute necessit}' of a bridge to accommodate the trafHc between Pittsburgh and Allegheny, if the latter place was intended ever to become more than a straggling village, was evident to everybody who took an interest in the growth and prosperity of the new town On several occasions the public spirited citizens of Allegheny met to discuss ways and means for spanning the river with a substantial structure. It seems, however, that those who had the means, were unwilling to risk»their money in such an enterprise, probably because the trans-river traffic on the Allegheny was, for the present at least, not heavy enough to pay interest on the capital invested. Finally, Gen. William Robinson, always to the front where the honor and prosperity of his native town was concerned, took the matter in hand and succeeded in forming the Allegheny Bridge Company with a paid-up capital of $80,000. This company was granted a charter by the Legislature on the 17th of February, 1816, which was approved by the Governor on the 31st of the month following. On July 8, 1816, the company was organized and the officers elected. Gen. Robinson was made President. The Board of Directors consisted of James Adams, James Anderson, Abner Barker, Robert Campbell, Thomas Cromwell, John Darrah, Hugh Uavis, Ebenezer Denny, William Hays, George Poe, Jr., and A. Zeigler. The work on the bridge was commenced, and finished early in February, 1820. On the 20th of the same month it was opened for travel. The cost of construction was about $85,000. In 1857, when through wear and tear and the action of the elements it had become unsafe, the company obtained a supplemeiit to the charter, authorizing the demolition of the wooden structure o,nd the erec- tion of the suspension bridge, which now connects Sixth street with Federal street. Its cost was $250,000. It was the first iron suspension bridge erected over a navigable stream in this country. It made its builder, John A. Roebling, famous, and will, as long as it lasts, be a monument to his genius and engineering skill. The State of Pennsylvania subscribed one-half of the stock for the construction of the first bridge, the par value per share being $25. In 1843 this stock was sold and taken up at $32 per share. 38 ^Japter X. HE extraordinary slow progress and tlie inactivity which char- acterized the town ot Allegheny for thirty years after its founda- tion may be ascribed to several causes. During the first two decades tlie insecurity of life and prop- erty undoubtedly was the principal reason for the sluggishness in the increase of population. The fear of Indians was at first the great obstacle in the way of a rapid settlement. In those days it required both courage and circumspection to live on the North Side. The rifle and hunt- ing-knife were as indispensable to the early inhabitants of .Allegheny town as the ax and the plow. Going out to fell trees or to plant corn without being armed, would have been considered extreme foolhardiness. The Indians were always on the alert to slay and to rob. They were continually lurking about in he neighborhood of the settlement, waiting for an opportunity to raid an un- garded cabin and to take the scalps of women and children who had been left to themselves. Of course, most of the attacks were made under cover of the night but sometimes, when they were in large numbers, and it could be done with little risk, the red marauders would commit their bloody depredations in broad daylight. A daylight attack was once made on the cabin of Wm. Robinson, the ferry- man, while he was taking some passengers across the river. His wife was busy preparing the noonday meal. The children, among them William, then a sturdy boy of eight, were playing in the grass not far frcnn the cabin, impatiently awaiting the sound of the dinner-horn. Suddenly tiie little girl, next to William in age, who had been watching a butterfly flatter towards the forest which form- ed the background to the log house, jumped to her feet and pointing her finger in that direction exclaimed : " I see a man with feathers on his head."' Young William had heard his father saj- that the only good Indian was a dead Indian, and from that thesis he quite correctly drew the s^'llogistic demonstration that all live Indians were full ot mischief. Consequentlj'. when he recognized a red man in the object pointed out by his sister, he said hurriedly, " let's run to the house," and suiting his action to his words, ran to the cabin, followed by the other children. Mrs. Robinson did not faint when she heard ot the Indian, but, like the true wife of a pioneer that she was, dropped the frying-pan, grasped a rifle that was always ready loaded for her own use, and hastened out to close up and bar- ricade the opening in the pallisades, which, raised to a height of twelve feet, surrounded the cabin and made it proof against any sudden attack of savages. 39 This done, she returned to the house and calmly proceeded with the preparation of dinner. She was to be interrupted again, however. The Indian, seen by the chil dren, was the scout of a small band of Iroquois savages, who had been lurking about for some days, watching for a good chance to raid tiie Robinson cabin and carry off the scalps of the wiiole family if possible. Hitherto their designs had been frustrated by the watchfullness of the inhabitants of the log-house. The ferryman and his two helpers took turn about in standing watch at night, well knowing that eternal vigilance was the price of their scalps. The red-skins finally grew impatient and decided to venture a daylight attack. If they could creep up to the cabin while the men were away on the river, without being seen, and get on the inside of the pallisades, before the entrance could be barricaded, the inmates would be at their mercy. When the Indian, who had been spied by the sharp eyes of the little girl, saw the children run for the house, he gave a grunt of rage and quickly disappeared in the woods. A few minutes later ten savages with murder gleaming in their eyes were crawling on hands and knees through the tall grass in the direction of the cabin. They reached the pallisades without being seen. A young brave, who, probably had not won his spurs yet and thought this a good opportunity to gain them, motioned to his companions that he wanted to be the first one to scale the palisades, a privilege which was readily granted him. He divested himself of his rifle and taking his knife in his teeth climbed to the top of the pallisades with the help of two other Indians who had formed themselves into a living ladder. Hardly, however, had his iiead appeai-ed above the enclosure, when the sharp report of a rifle rang out from the inside, and the daring young warrior fell back with shattered brains. Mrs. Robinson had fired the shot. There was no need for another. The savages hastened back to the shelter of the woods without making any more attempts to get inside the pallisades. In their hurry to get away they even left tiieir dead comrade behind. A short time after Mr. Robinson returned from his trip across the river. He liad heard the report of the rifle and surmised tliat there was something wrong. Aftei' inspecting the scene of the late conflict and ascertaining the number of Indians involved, which to his practiced eye was evident frojn the trampled grass on the spot where the savages had attempted to gain an entrance, he crossed over to Pittsburgh again and organized a search party to go in pursuit of the Indians. However, they had too great a start over their pursuers and the latter returned after a fatiguing search of several days without a single scalp. The foregoing event occured in the early summer of 1795, when the " Reserve Tract opposite Pittsburgh" already bore the euphonious and alluring name of Allegheny town. The entire population then, consisted of three families. About half a mile up the river from Robinson's ferry-landing, stood a log-cabin occupied by John Kelly, his wife and four children. Kelly was a jolly Irishman in wliose affection the whisky-bottle seems to have held a larger place than his family. He was a wood-cleaver by occupation, and it is related of him that he used to stay sober and work hard for a whole month in order to be able to indulge in a full week's "spree". For that purpose he would go to Pittsburgh, get his pay and "blow it in" like a sailor just returned from a year's cruise. On more ■io than one occasion, wlu'ii Kelly was in Pitfsbuigli on one of liis periodical fire-water excursions, did Allegiieny town stand in imyiinent danger of losing one of its citizens, which, considering that there were but three heads of families in the place, would certainly have been a serious blow to its population. Once lie exchanged costumes with a friendly Indian who had assisted him in consuming large quantities of bad whisky. His face painted in bright red and yellow, his iiead crowned with a great bunch of eagle-feathers, and the upper part of his body bare to the waist, honest Kelly, who, as long as there was no fight in sight was the best natured man in the world, looked as savage as any Iroquois that ever went on the war-path. After parading town for a while in this attire, the pseudo Indian and the metamorphosed red-skin, who looked not less ridiculous in the ragged coat, the much patched, parti-colored pantaloons, and the heavy l)ootsofthe Irishman, steered an unsteady course for the bank of the river, where, on a spot amid the willows that grew there in profusion, they intended to sleep off the fumes of the liquor. After uttering a succession of blood-curdling war-whoops, Kelly had gotten into a reflective mood. He dimly recollected that his money was all spent. It was time for him to go home and go to work. He had been entreated by his wife to purchase several articles which were urgently needed in the household. This he had neglected, as he always did. Though he was drunk he felt some remorse. He reeled up close to the hank of the river and vacantly stared into the water, a sad smile playing about his lips as he thought of the people who did not have to chop wood for a living. It was a bi'ight, sunny day. The Allegheny, clear and limpid, reflected the objects near the river and the sky above as true as a mirror. Kelly suddenly became aware that a ferocious-looking Indian, liis face twisted into a horrible sneer, was staring u]) at him. This was too much for our friend. Exclaiming, "Be the sowl of me father, I'll tache ye manners, ye feather-headed divil!" he leaped on to his own image with clenched fists, and, being unable to swim, would have drowned, had not his copper-colored companion come to the rescue, who gallantly plunged into the water and, after a great deal of hard work, managed to land his friend Kelly on terra firma again. About 1798 the population of Allegheny town received an addition by the advent of the Getty family, of which Richard Getty was the head. He built himself a log-cabin near the bank of the river, a short distance east of the terry -landing. The abundance of splendid timber within a stone's throw from his door led him into the business of boring pumps. In Pittsburgh he found a ready market for the product of his labor. Getty had seen better days. He was the son of an Irish country gentleman, had taken a too prominent part in jiolitics on the wrong side, and to save his head was forced to leave his native land and flee to America. Some of his descendants are residing in AUeglienv to this day. Mrs. Graham, the wife of 1). F. Graham, night Superintendent of one of Allegheny's largest iron mills, is one of them. 41 ^apter XI. IKE the rest cf the world, Alleglieny town was ushered into the nineteeiitl) century when the eventful eighteenth had breathed its last. But unlike the rest of the world, which, with the young blood of a new century infused into its arteries, was advancing J|^ and expanding in material and intellectual wealth, the town of hr-"'^~~^ Allegheny reinainod in statu quo. Emigrants from the Old World P were pouring into Pennsylvania by the thousand, a great number ' of them coming to tlie wtjstern part of the State and many settling in I'ittsburgh, but Allegheny was given the cold shoulder. The place offered no inducements to the emigrant who iiad come over with means just sufficient to pay for his passage, and those enn'grants were then, as now, in the great majority. The few who brought a sum of money witii them large enough to purchase a piece of land or to go into some business, naturally preferred Pittsburgh. It already was a firmly established community. It was the coun'y-seat. It had schools and churches, and its mercantile and manufacturing interests were rapidly expanding. In short, Pittsburgh was a thriving town, and boasted a considerable number of substantial dwelling liouses, when Allegheny had not yet emerged from its log-cabin days. In the early spring of 1808, a man made his appearance in Alleglieny town, who was destined to be the cause of the first impetus ever given to the growth of tlie population of Allegheny. Tiiis was Henry Rickenbach, a native of Switzerland, who had come to America to see for himself how much truth there was in the stories told in his country about the rapidity and ease with which wealth could be acquired in the New World. He had brought a considerable sum of money with him, which he intended to invest in land or some business that would promise large returns. He had left his famdy behind, but meant to Turing them over as soon as he had found a permanent place of settlement. It is probable that the cheapness of land and his belief in the future of the town, induced Rickenbach to settle in Allegheny. At any rate, he pnrcliased a large piece of ground and at once set to work to build himself a substantial log house. This house stood on wliat is now the northeast corner of Voeglitly street and River avenue. At the end of three years, Rickenbach had everything in shape for the reception of his family. He went back to Switzerland after his wife and children. While there, he induced the Voeglitly family to immigrate with him. Through the Rickenbachs and Voeghtlys, quite a number of other Swiss families came to America and settled in Allegheny. 42 In 1815 Allegheny town had assumed a more lively aspect. Its population numbered now about forty families, and for the next ten years it steadily increased, until in 1828, when it rose to the dignity of a borough, it was a thriving town of 4,000 inhabitants. A great many people who did business in Pittsburgh and had formerly lived there, now made their home in Allegheny, because it was a healthier and cleaner place to live in. The first industry born in Allegheny was that of rope making. The iirst rope walks west of the Allegheny mountains had been established in Pittsburgh in 1794 by Col. John Irwin. In 1813 the works were removed to Allegheny. They were located on a ten-acre out-lot bounded by the West Commons, Western avenue, out-lots 275. 29 and 30. Mr. Irwin carried on tlie business alone until 1835, when he took his son, Henry, into partnership. In 1836 the works were burnt down, and after they had been rebuilt they were again destroyed by fire. The factory was again rebuilt and the business carried on until 1858, when it was abandoned. Some years later the machinery was removed to Smoky Island. But only a few weeks after the works had been put in operation, they were again visited by a disastrous fire and leveled to the ground. That ended their career. Allegheny's first establishment for the manufacture of iron, was the Juniata Rolling Mill, built in 1826 by Henry Blake, Sylvanus Lothrop and James Anderson. It was located on Robinson street. The mill having been constructed for the exclusive use of blooms, but in 1834, when the establishment was sold to John Bissell, William Morrison and Edward W. Stephens, it was extended and the puddling and boiling process brought into use. Just before the War of the Rebellion, the works were dismantled and the machinery moved to some place in Ohio. This was the extent of the industrial development of Allegheny on tiie eve of its incorporation as a borough. 43 ^aptep XII. =_, LLEGHENY was made a borough bj the Act of the General Assembly, approved April 14, 1828. The boundaries of the new borough were described as follows: Beginning on the bank of the Allegheny river, corner of East lane ; thence by the northeast line of that lane to the northwest line of the Butler turnpike; thence along the same to the line between out-lots 140 and 145; thence north 14° west by the line between lots 140, 145, 141, 144, 142, 143 to the high rough tract granted by patent to James O'Hara, May 5, 1789; thence by the same 76° west to lot 148; thence north 14° west by the line of the out-lots 148, 149 and 150 to the northeast corner of outlot 150; thence south 76° west by the line dividing out-lots 150, 151, 174, 175, 182 and 183 to the northeast line of Pasture lane, now Irwin avenue; thence by the same south 14° east to the northwest corner of Water lane, now Western avenue ; thence by the same south 76° west to the southwest corner of Ferry lane, now Beaver avenue; thence by the same south to the Ohio river. In 1838 the boundaries of the borough of Allegheny were changed by Act of General Assembly, as follows: Beginning at a point on the Allegheny river where Sawmill run empties into said river; thence by the centre of said run northwardly to the point where it strikes the northern line of out-lot No. 142; thence west by the said line of out-lots 142 and 143 soutii 76° to out-lot 148; thence north 14° west by the east line of out-lots 148, 149 and 150 to the northeast corner of the latter; thence south 76° west by the dividing line between out-lots 150, 151, 174, 175 and 183 to the northeast line of Pasture lane, now Irwin avenue; thence by the same northwardly to Island lane, now Washington avenue; thence westwardly by the north line of said Island lane to a sti-eet running southwardly between out-lots 251, 250, 257 and 256; thence south by the west line of said street to Ohio lane, now Pennsylvania avenue; thence by the north line of said lane to Fulton street, the dividing line between out-lots 261, 262, 270 and 269; thence by the west line of said street to Water lane, now Western avenue; thence by the northern line of Water lane to the southwest line of Ferry lane, now Beaver avenue; thence by the same south 14° east to the Ohio river; thence by the same and the Allegheny rivei' by the several courses of the same to the place of beginning. From now on Allegheny grew steadily. During the next ten years it more than doubled its popoulation. Manufacturing establishujents multiplied. There was a popular demand for better educational facilities, and the demand was satisfied. Everywhere signs of new life and prosperity became visible, 44 and ill 1840, when the town developed into a city. Aiicglieny was fairly swrted on the road to its future greatness. The Fire Department of Allegheny was burn in IS.'i^;. The ordinance by which it was created is worthy of reproduction: "Be it ordained and enacted by tiie Burgess and Council of Allegheny, that annually hereafter each of the different Fire Companies of Allegheny, shall, on or before the 15th day of January, in each year, report the names of eight persons to the Council, of whom four shall be elected at the election of tiie other Borough officers, for each company, to serve one year, and until others be elected, and in failure of the Fire Companies recommending individuals for Fire Wardens, then the Council shall proceed, without such recommendation, to elect the said Wardens, four for each company, and the Wardens so elected shall wear on their hats a distinguishing badge and also a stuflT of officer; they shall be present at all the fires in the Borough and preserve the apparatus from wilful injury, direct the protection of private property, and remove the crowd or any other obstruction that may impede the successful o])erations of the firemen. "That annually iiereafter. at the time of electing Borough officers, the Council shall elect one suitable person as Bell Kinger, whose duty it shall be to ring the bell at such times as the Council may direct, sweep the rooms and light fire and candles in the Council room at such times as the Town Clerk may direct. lie shall also take charge of the engine and hose belonging to the Borough, and shall c:irefully preserve and clean the apparatus, or any part thereof, as often as he may be required so to do by the Captains of the different companies; for all of which duties he shall be entitled to the yearly compensation of sixty dollars, to be paid in quarterly payments." This amusing document is signed by John Tassy. Jr'resident of Council, and Hugh Davis. Burgess. Between his duties and drawing his salary the Bell Ringer must have had a hard time of it. He has, however, the honor of being the first person ever paid in Allegheny for doing work connected with the fire department. Had he been a child of our own times, he would, in all probability, not have been satisfied with that distinction, great and honorable as it seems, but would at once have asked for less work and more pay. The tire extinguishing apparatus in those days consisted of a coil of hose on a portable pump, which was dragged to the scene of action by the citizens. Until shortly before the Borough of Allegheny was incorpoiated into a city, there were no persons paid for any part they took in helping to put out a fire. The system of volunteer fire department was continued untill 1848, when the citv purchased four machines. Four hosemen were employed for each machine. Their pay was one dollar for each fire they attended. In the following year the firemen's riot occurred, a dark page in the history of Allegheny. The firemen were discontented because Councils refused to increase the annual appropriation for the department. They presented a memorial to that body, setting forth their grievances. The memorial was couched in the most disrespectful language. Notwithstanding that fact, Councils appointed a committee to confer with the men. But no agreement could be arrived at. Matters grew from bad to worse, and the crisis was 45 reached on July 16. On that day lire broke out in the carpenter shop of Henry Charles, located on the south side of Gay alley, between Arch street and the Diamond. The shop was soon a mass ot flames. The fire crossed the alley to the Dewdrop property, and from there spread to buildings on Arch and Ohio streets and the Diamond The Presbyterian Dlnirch was burned to the ground. The tiames could have been eas ly controlled and confined to the east side of Arch street, had not the firemen carried out their threat. On the first alarm the firemen hastened to their respective engine houses, to prevent the citizens from taking out the engines. They were determined to let the whole city burn down before they would allow an engine to be taken out. The Pittsburgh firemen came out to fight the fire, but their hose was cut by the rioters and rendered useless. Fortunately there was almost a calm that day, or the conflagration would have been much more disastrous. As it was, the loss was great for those times. Sixty thousand dollars worth of property was destroyed, only a very small part of which was covered by insurance. The year 1863 marked a great change in the fire department. The steam tire engines came into use and revolutionized the whole system. Four years later the alarm telegraph system was placed in operation. The circuit at first consisted of thirty-six boxes; now there are one hundred and fifteen boxes in use. Additional engines were purchased, new companies formed, and in 186S a paid department organized, with James E. Crow as its Chief Engineer. In 1S70 it was reorganized into its present state. From year to year more improvements have been made. In 1878 the sliding pole for the men and the swinging harness were adopted. The force now consists of one Chief Engineer, one Assistant, one ISuperintendet of Fire Alarm Telegraph, and eightj'-four firemen, engineers, stokers and hosemen The equipment consisist.s of nine steamers, two hook and ladder trucks, eleven hose carriages and forty-four horses. 46 ^aplcPXIII. HE educational history of Alleglieny City extends back as far as 1S"2U. In that year a Miss Slogan taiiiiht a private school located in a little alley off Beaver street, below South Diamond street. About the same time another private school was estab- lished by John Salter, who rented a room for that purpose in a house on Sandusky street, near Park Way. Previ(nis to that, John Kelly, Rev. Joseph Stockton, and N. R. Smitii, had given private lessons wherever they coukl get hold of a scholar. But the scholars were few and far between, and even those parents who would let a teacher come into their house would not think of paying out any cash for the education of their children. Although John Kelly and N. R. Smith were then considered the two best edu- cated men in Allegheny County — their eminent qualities as instructors to the young afterwards attracted many scholars from Pittsl)urgh--they were obliged to take out the tu'tion fee in board and lodging. In 1S2."), Samuel Kerr established a school on Ohio street, between Arch and Diamond streets. It was held in a red frame house owned by Mrs. Dew- snap. Two or three years later Mr. Scott, a veteran teacher, founded a school on Stockton avenue, where the Allegheny General Hospital now stands. The school-building had been used as a stone shed, where stones were cut for the locks of the old canal. The school room had no floor except that which was gratuitously provided by natui'e. Weeds grew luxuriantly in the corners of the shed and added not a little to the pictures(jueness of the educational centre of Allegheny town, the proud title which Mr. Scott claimed for his school. By all accounts Mr. Scott was a good old man. He was in great favor with the boys who attended his school. None of them ever received a thrashing, no mat- ter how little they had studied their lessons, or how boisterous would be their behavior in his presence. But what they liked still better was, that he would go out for his whisky half a dozen times during school hours, and sometimes, prob- ably when he found good company at the tavern, forget to come back. Tiie only school in Allegheny, prior to 1830, that really amounted to any- thing, was the so-called " High Free School of Allegheny Borough," of which the veteran John Kelly was the principal. When Allegheny became a city, it was divided into four wards. The por- tion of the borough which comprised the First Ward previous to 1835, supported a school iiicMted on Robinson street, near Corry street. This school was presided over by Thomas McConnell. About 1835 all the schools of the borough were removed to the old Presbyterian Academy on South (yoinmon, near Marion aveuue. In tliis manner a burougii school was established, which was continued until 1840. In that year the First and Fourth Wards established and maintained a High School in the basement of the South Common M. E. Church, and appointed John Kelly teacher. In 1844 the directors of the First Ward pur- chased a lot on the corner of School and Rebecca streets, and erected a two- story brick building containing four rooms, and in January, 1845, removed the schools from the academy. John Kelly was elected principal and teacher of the highest depart ment. In 1845 this building was enlai-ged by the addition of a third story, containing two rooms. In 1853 a contiguous lot in the rear of the school house was purchased for $1,500. In the same year two rooms weie rented in the west end and two schools oi'ganized tlierein. In 1856 six rooms were added to the rear of the first building at a cost of $4,100, and the two schools in the west end of the ward were transferred to the enlarged building on Eebecca street. This house continued to be used for school purposes until 1874, in which year it was torn down and the present building erected. The public schools of the Second Ward were organized in 1840. From then until 1846 the schools were held a part of the time in a two-story house, which stood on the corner of North alley and Webster street. It contained two rooms. During the remainder of this period they were held in a building on the corner of Barnett alley and Arch street. The building on North avenue was lirst occu- pied in August, 1846. It was two-stories high and contained four rooms. This building was subsequently remodeled, one story being added. The remodeled building was damaged by storms in 1859, and was then rebuilt very nearly as it now stands. The added story, like each of the others, was constructed to suit the plan of the school management in those times with a class room and study room occupied separately by a principal and an assistant. Prior to 1874 the Second Ward maintained two other schools beside the one on North avenue. One of these was located on Taggart street and was known as the Pleasant Valley School. The other was on Observatory Hill. In 1866 a two-story trame school house, aftei-ward the Pleasant Valley Church, was erected on Taggart street in Manchester During the following winter the Borough of Manchester was annexed to the city and their school was assigned to the Second Ward. The Observatory Hill school was oi'ganized as a sub-district of McClure Township, and a one-story brick school house was erected there in 1867. In 1870 this territory was also annexed to the city, and became a part of the Second Ward. In 1873 a lai'ge lot on Irwin avenue, fronting on Washington street, was purchased, and during the summer of 1874 the Irwin avenue school house was built. Since that time a large wing,-coniprising seven rooms, has been added to the main building. In 1887, another large building was erected on Obser- vatory Hill. The Second Ward Schools, as now organized, are in three build- ings. They stand on North avenue, Sliei'man avenue, and Observatory Hill. The first building erected in the Third ward for public school purposes was located at the corner of North and Cedar avemies, in 1839 It was built of brick and contained two rooms. The second house was built at the corner of East and Third streets al)i>ut ls41. It was a frame one-story containing two rooms. 48 About 1846, the old Washington Temperanco Society, of Allegheny erected near tiie Diamond, a building which was known as "The Ark." Tiiis buildiii"- was rented and fitted up to acconiniodate the advanced pupils of the male department of all the schools of the ward. The school building at the corner of Esplanade street and North avenue, was erected in 1850. It contained at first eleven rooms, but the rapid increase in population nuide it necessary, at two different times, to enlarge the building, wliich now contains 23 rooms. In 1870 a site was procured on Chestnut street, in the eastern part of the ward, where in 1871, a handsome three-story brick building with stone trimmings, was erected containing twelve large school rooms, cloak rooms, etc., the entire cost of which, including the lot of ground, heating apparatus, furniture, etc., was §7.5.000. At the present time the schools of the ward are accommodated in the two buildings, North avenue and Chestnut street. In 1840, as far back as the records extend, there were three public schools in the Fourth Ward. Two of these were located in the basement of Dr. SprouPs church, corner of Lacock and Sandusky streets, and the remaining one on Avery street, nearly opposite the present scliool house. There were also in the ward two joint public schools, one for colored children in the basement of the Baptist Church, and the other a joint High Scliool already spoken of. In 1841 another school was added to the three already in operation, and in 1844 the schools were reorganized, when the joint High School was abandoned, and the rooms occupied by it were taken for the lower schools, wliich had grown from three in 1840 to seven in 1844. The schools as organized in 1844, were located as follows : two in the base- ment of the South Common M. E. Church; two in the basement of Dr. Rodgers' church; two on South Canal street near the aqueduct, and the remaining one on Avery street near the present school building. Tlius organized they remained until 1848. In 1847, a lot 70x110 feet, situated on Sandusky street, where Dr. Sproul's church now stands, was purchased for $3, .500, and a new school house was erected thereou at a cost of $5,400. This building contained fourteen rooms and was used for school purposes until 1871, when the present building on Liberty street was occupied. The building for the schools of the upper district of the Fourth Ward was located on SoulIi Cann! street near the aqueduct, from 1848 until 1868, when the present building on Liberty street was finished at a cost of $31,000. The total cost including ground, furniture, grading, paving, etc., was about $56,000. The Fifth and Sixth Wards are so intimately connected as to make their early history inseperable. When Manchester was consolidated with the citv. parts of the First and Second Wards were merged with the Fifth and Sixth Wards. At that time there were nearly 600 children of school age in the Fifth Ward. The school accommodations of that ward consisted then of a two-story brick building on the corner of Chartiers and Fayette streets. It had four rooms only. A lot at the foot of Fulton and Page streets was jiurchased, and by Sep- tember. 1S69, an elegant new building was ready for occupancy. Just three ■i'O mouths hiler the structure was partially destroyed by fire. It was rebuilt during the following year. A few years later the demand grew for an additional twelve ]-oom house, and one of the most elegant school edifices in tiie State was erected. That part of Allegheny embraced within the Sixth Ward constituted in 1834 part of Koss Township. Later it became part of the Borough of Manches ter. Earlier than 1834 Mr. Neville had taught a school near what is now the corner of Sti-awberry alley and Beaver avenue. Through the influence ot Robert M. Clark and others a small frame school house was ei-ected on the corner of Chartiers and Fayette sti-eets, in which private schools were maintained for several years before the adoption of the public school system. In this building it was claimed that the first public school of this locality was opened under the new law. The new system met with such bitter opposi- tion that no one could be found willing to serve with Mr. Park on the board. He, however, was equal to the etnergency. Under legal advice he levied a tax, appointed collectors, and for a year constituted the board, bravely fighting the new law through to a glorious success. From that time on the schools grew in public favor. In 1836 a new one-roomed school house was erected on Chartiers street, near Locust. In 1840 blackboards were first used in the schools of this neighborhood. During the same year arrangements were made for the building of a new brick school house on the lot where the old frame stood. In 1859 the old Sixth Ward school house, which still stands near the uew one and which is still occupied with schools, was ready for use. It contained twelve rooms, and accommo- dated the children until 1870, when a new fifteen room building was erected alongside of the old one, at a cost of $42,700. To these two buildings a frame annex of six rooms was added two years ago, making a total of thirty-three rooms. In the Seventh Ward, which was formerly a portion of Reserve Tt)wnship, public schools were organized in 183(5. This district embraced Duquesne Bor- ough, New Troy, Spring Garden, Woodville and McClure Township. Troy Hill, Woodville and Spring Garden were absorbed by Allegheny in 1868, and formed the Seventh Ward until 1877, when Woodville became the Twelfth Ward and Troy Hill was designated as the Thirteenth Ward. The first public school build- ing in the Spring Garden district waserectedin 1857, on a lot fronting on Angle and Humboldt streets. It was a one-story brick of three rooms. An additional story of two rooms was added in 1861. lu 1868 a one-story frame containing one room was erected on the same lot. In 1874 an adjoining lot was purchased and the building was remodeled for school purposes. In 1880 all the schools of Spring Garden were brought together in an elegant new brick building of twelve rooms, which is still in use. In 1849 Duquesne Borough was formed from a portion of t'le Troy Hill district, and in 1868 it became the Eighth Ward. As far back as 1847 or 1848 a two-story brick building was erected on River avenue, opposite Herr's Island. The Board of Directors furnished some money to assist in the erection of the building, but most of it was contributed by the citizens, on condition tliat the liouse should Berve for both school and church purposes. In J 869 a room was 50 added to this structure and four teachers were employed. Again in 1863 another teacher was added to the force, and in 1S83 the Eighth Ward schools, with six teachers, occupied the new building on the upper side of East Ohio street. Through tlie efforts of James Shipniau the tirst school (select) was estab- lished in the Ninth Ward in 1856. At and prior to this time the Ninth Ward was part of Ross Townsliip. In ]858 this territory became part of McClure Township, and the select school became a public school. In 1859 the Board ot Directors purchased, at a cost of ^800, a half acre lot on William and Hanover streets, on which they erected a two-story frame building for $1,60(1, and in 1861 another room was added. In 1867 a brick building was erected on the same lot containing three rooms at a cost of S6,(t()0. In 1870 part of McClure Township was annexed to Allegheny as the Ninth Ward, and, still more room being needed for school purposes, in 1873 a three-story brick building was added to the old house, making a total of twelve rooms and a hall. Prior to 1873 the Tenth Ward was part of Ross Townsliip. Soon afterward it became part of the citv and another school house was erected in addition to tiie one already in use. The schools at present organized employ six teachers, four in the Charles street building and two in the building near the Perrysville road . More than forty years ago the Eleventh Ward, then part of Ross Township, and' afterward part of McClure Township, had a school located on Black Lane, subsequently transferred to the upper part of Strawberry Lane, where it remained until 1870, when a new site was purchased on Woodland avenue, for the sum of $1,300. On this a two-roomed brick house was erected. Three years later a school was added by occupying the drawing room of the upper grade of scholars. In 1873 this territory became the Eleventh Ward of the city, and in 1874 the present large building was erected on Shady Lane. The Davisville School, in the lower end of the ward, was organized about the same time as those in the upper part already alluded to. A fourth of an acre (if ground was purchased where the present building now stands, north of the Brighton road, on the hill west of Wood's Run. In 1858, when a second story was added to the school, two teachers were employed. The school now employs four teachers, two more rooms having been added to the building at a recent date. The Twelfth Ward School, like the others of Reserve Township, was organ- ized in 1836. During 1857 a one-story brick building of two rooms were erected and the Woodville School was reorganized. h\ 187i another story was added to the building. This territory, with its schools, had then become the Twelfth Ward, and at present supports twelve teachers in two excellent buildings ot n.odern style. The Thirteenth Ward School was organized in I8;J6 in a one-roomed house In 1860 the little house was sold and the location changed to Clark street, where a tsvo-roomed building was put u]). In 1874 two more rooms were annexed t<> this, and in 1885 the directors erected a two-story eigiit-roomed building, which now employs seven teachers. In 1S37 a public scluiol for the education of colored children was organized 51 in the basemeut of the Baptist Churcli on llobinson street. It grew so rapidly that soon another colored school was opened. In IS-t-i both the schools were removed to a building on Sherman avenue, in the rear of Dr. Swift's Church. In 1846 they were removed to Avery street. From there they were taken to the Temperance Ark, where they remained for seven years. Their next flight was to tiie Universal ist Chapel, in the Second Ward, in 1859. This building was located on the corner of Middle alley and North Commons. The final locality of the colored school was Sherman avenue, where the new High School now stands. It remained there, in a four-roomed building, until 1880, when the pupils were distributed among the ward schools. Previous to 1883 a high school department had been established and main- tained in each of the first six wards At that date all these departments were consolidated and a central High School was organized. The frame building on Sherman avenue which had been used for the colored school was refitted for the accommodation of the High School pupils in September, 1883. This build- ing, however, has since been torn down and three more lots purchased adjoining the one on which it stood. On this ground an elegant High School building has been erected, which is an ornament to the city. The entire cost of the edifice, including the ground and furniture, is about $120,000. The public schools of Allegheny have what Pittsburgh has not — a library of over 3^,000 books. Its nucleus was the old-time Anderson Library, which was donated to the schools by its founder. In ]S50 the Anderson Library had fifty-seven paying subscribers, with the name of thirty-seven apprentices on the list. The Allegheny public schools as at present organized are under tlie man- agement of a Board of Controllers, consisting of seventy-eight members. Prof. James Morrow is Superintendent. The total number of school buildings is twenty-two. Total valuation of school property, $1,249,514; total bonded indebtedness, $5(52,993 ; total enrollment of pupils, 14,815 ; total average daily attendance, 11,200 ; total number of teachers employed, 204; total receipts for 1888, $466,970; total expenditures for 1888, $416,683. Such is the history of the public schools in Allegheny. The school held in a stone-shed, attended by half a dozen ragged boys, and presided over by a tipsy old man, has developed, in little more than fifty years, into a system of education, which, for thoroughness and systematic training of the intel- lectual faculties of the young, rivals, if it does not excel that of any other city in the land. Only the most competent teachers are employed, and especial care is taken by the Board of Controllers to select for principals of the ditterent schools only men who are, by education temper and knowledge of human character, qualified to hold positions of such great responsibility. An additional chapter might be written on Allegheny's collegiate institu- tions, but the narrow limits of this work forbid such an undertaking, pleasant and instructive as it doubtlessly would prove, both to writer and reader. The Western Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church, established in 1827, The Theological Seminary of the United Presbyterian Church, the Allegheny Theological Institute, founded by the Keformed Presbyterian Church in 1840, and the Western University, which lias recently been removed from its former location on North avenue, to its large and commodious new liome on Observatory Hill, are all in a flourishing condition and from j'ear to year establish more firmly the claim which Allegheny' City lays to being a centre of education.* •In the foregoing chapter Warner's "History of Allegheny County" has been quoted from to some extent. 33 (^aptcr XIY. HERE is one institution on the North Side, the fame of which as carried the name of Allegheny through the length and breadtli of the land and even across the sea. Tiiis is the Allegheny Observatory. Allegheny may well be proud of it, for it holds a high place among the institutions for scientific research in this country and Europe. Its achievements while under the direction of Prof. Langley, have been great. That scholar had certainly made it one of the most famous institutions of its kind in this country, when in 1886, in consequence of the renown he had gained through his work at the Allegheny Observatory, he was tendered the highest astronomical position at the disposal of the United States Government, and he accepted it. Since then the Observatory has been ably directed by Prof. Very, who gave such valuable assistance to Prof. Langley during his labors in Allegheny. No one could be better qualified to write an histoi'ical sketch of the Allegheny Observatory than Prof Langley himself, and below will be found a highly interesting and instructive account of the birth, the progress, and the achievements of that celebrated institution, penned by his own hand. " The Allegheny Observatory was founded in 1860 by the subscriptions of citizens, induced to promote the undertaking by the exertions of Mr. L. Bradley, to whom the inception of public interest in the plan was due. A building was erected, and a large equatorial telescope was procured, when pecuniary difficul- ties arose to hinder immediate farther progress. In 1S66 the donation of a large sum by the late Wm. Thaw, of Pittsburgh, with aid from others, freed the Observatory from debt, and furnished means for a partial endowment, whose income should supply its more urgent future current needs. At the same time the original contributors were induced, at the solicitation of Dr. G. Woods, to convey their title in the property to the trustees of the Western University of Pennsylvania, conditionally upon this property being restricted to the uses of the observatory, and on the appointment and maintenance of an observer. Tn consequence of this change, the trustees, in 1867, invited S. P. Langley to assume the office of director, but it was not until 1S69 that tlie equipment was in such a state of forwardness as to permit systematic observation, such as has since been uninterruptedly maintained. The Observatory is situated on the high ground just north of the most populous part of the city of Allegheny, about 450 feet above the Ohio river and 1,150 feet above sea level. The original building was 72 feet in length and consisted of a principal story and basement, the facade looking toward tlie south 64 and being divided into a (tnind dome with two wings. Additions have been made from time to time, and tiie newer part, wiiich adjoins the eastern wing, extends in a northerly direction 88 feet The material is brick, excepting the •' dark room," or pliysical laboratory, for investigations in light and heat, which is of wood. The revolving dome (having an internal diameter of twenty feet) is of wood and iron. * Beneath the dome is the principal instrument, the equatorial, of 13 inches aperture (with an excellent objective by Clarke, the mounting being by Fitz, of New York), with hour circle, reading to seconds of time, declination circle reading to ten seconds of arc, and clock movement controlled by Bond's system. The instrument has also a position filar micrometer, polarizing solar eye piece, star spectroscope with two prisms of Huggins' pattern, a large and a small grating spectroscope, and accessories for attaching a reflecting telescope (employing no lenses whatever) for special heat researches — for attaching an optically plane mirror to the polar axis (thus forming a Fahrenheit heliostat), and for converting the inverted telescope Into a great equatorially mounted spec- troscope. In the western wing is the transit room, containing an instrument of four inch aperture by Simnis, a standard barometer by Green, the sideral clock by Frodsham, and the principal mean-time clock by Howard. Both clocks, as well as the observer at the meridian instrument, or the equatorial, can be placed in electric connection with the rest of the building, and also with the lines of telegraph connecting the Observatory witii the city, so that beats of the clock can at a few moments' notice be transmitted to any part of the country — those of the sidereal clock for the determination of longitude, and those of the mean time clock for supplying time to near or distant cities and to railroads. In the small hall connecting this room with the dome is a stand for the galvanometer when this is used in connection with thermo-electric apparatus, attached to the equatorial in differential measurements ot the heat from diflferent parts of the sun. From this hall, access is also had to the self-registering and other thermometers. In the east wing is the room containing the chronograph, various pieces of electric apparatus, a third clock, and chronometers. It is occupied by the assistant in charge of the time service. The north wing contains the private study of the director, the library (which has also been used as a workroom and study for f February 11, 1890, the doors of the Carnegie Free Library building were thrown open to the general public. Two days later it was formally opened by the President of the United States. 65 ^liaptcr XVI. HE history of Allef^heiiy City would be very incomplete without a brief sketch of her transportation facilities, their progress and development. Her favorable location would benefit her but little without the enterprise on the part of her citizens which enabled them to avail themselves of those advantages, thus drawing to her su|)]ilies from the surrounding country and enabling her to return such supplies as they required. Tlie first great step in tlie direction of increased facilities was the construction of the Pennsylvania canal. This canal entered Allegheny county on the west bank of the Allegheny river, just below the mouth of Buffalo creek, and followed down that bank of the river to a point just below Madison avenue, in Allegheny City, where it made a sharp turn and crossed the river by an aqueduct to tlie foot of Washington? now Eleventh street, in Pittsburgh, passing along Eleventh street and crossing Penn and Liberty streets, it passed under Grant's hill by a tunnel, near to the present Pan Handle tunnel, and thence down Suter run into the MonongaheJa river. From the bend at Madison avenue there was a branch passing down the river on the line now occupied by the West Penn Railrtiad and crossing under Anderson, Sandusky and Federal streets to a large basin just beyond Darragh street; thence crossing Lacock and Robinson streets, it passed into the Allegheny river between Darragh and Craig streets. The canal from Allegheny City to Leechburg was placed under contract in 1827 and water let into it in 1829. The other divisions were pushed rapidly forward, together with the construction of the Portage Railroad, over the Allegheny mountains, and various divisions were opened as they were completed, so that by 1834: the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania had built and in operation a comjilete system of inland communication from Allegheny City and Pittsburgh to Philadelphia, consisting of 81f miles of railroad, from Philadelphia to Columbia, on the Susquehanna river ; 174 miles of canal, following the Susquehanna and Juniata rivers, from Columbia to Hollidaysburg ; 38 miles of Portage over the mountains from Hollidaysburg to Johnstown, consisting of a railway with ten inclined planes, five on the east and five on the west side of the mountains ; 104 miles of canal along the Conemaugh, Kiskiminetas and Allegheny rivers from Johnstown to Allegheny City and Pittsburgh. Allegheny City thus became one of the termini of a through system of transportation, which continued in operation until 1863, when its use as a canal was abandoned, having, in 1857, passed (along with the other public improvements) into the ownership of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. After the construction of the Pennsylvania 66 Railroad the business of the canal gradually declined, until it was manifest that it must from necessity' give waj- to a superior type of highway, so that in 1865 the Western Peunsylvania Railroad Company, which had built its road from Blairsville to Fret-port on its way to Butler, became the owners of the canal from Freeport to the outlet into the Allegheny river below Federal street, and ])roceeded at once to build upon the bed of the abandoned canal a, railway, which was completed in 18(iG, and has continued in operation ever since, each year, in spite of panics and disasters, showing an increase of business over its predecessor. It now consists of four tracks from Allegheny City to Pine creek, four miles ; a double track from Pine creek to Allegheny river bridge, above Freeport. 25 miles, and a single track with several brandies and loops to Bolivar Junction, 94^ miles, and a branch from Butler Junction, near Freeport, to the town of Butler, 21 miles. This road was built under the supervision and direction of Antes Snyder, Principal Assistant Engineer. As its various sections were completed it was opened and operated under his charge until entirely completed, when it was leased to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and has since been operated by that company as one of the divisions of its vast net-work of railways. Its steady growth, and the progress and prosperity of the country through which it passes, is largely due to the liberal and enlightened policy pursued by that company in the management of this road. Along with this progress of the country traversed by this road has been a corresponding progress of the City of Allegheny, its western terminus, the point from which the sections reached by the road draw their supplies, and to which they either send their produce, or the money realized from that produce, if disposed of in other markets. Many and curious incidents are connected with the construction of the old Pennsylvania canal. It was the first step in the march of internal improvements ; it placed our grand old Commonwealth in the front of material progress, a place she has never lost ; it paved the way and rendered possible the grand developments which we see, and those of the future whose magnitude our wildest dreams can hardly conceive of. Let us give all honor to the men who, without a precedent to follow, without the experience of the past to guide them, had the courage to undertake and the ability to complete this grand foundation of our present prosperity. Nathan S. Roberts, the engineer of the western division of the canal, was so bold as to propose carrying the canal over the Allegheny river, from Allegheny City to the foot of Washington street, Pittsburgh, by a wooden acqueduct of spans of 100 feet, which was such a novel proposition that a board of engineers was sent from Harrisburg to Pittsburgh, traveling all the way by stage, to examine into the matter and report ; who did examine the site and Mr. Roberts' plans and made a favorable report, and Mr. Roberts built the acqueduct. It stood for many years, when it was burned down and replaced by a wire suspension acqueduct, built by John A. Roebling, then a resident of Saxonburg, Butler county. This was considered at the time by many as a wonderful structure and opposed by others as impracticable. Yet Mr. Roebling built the structure and it remained in use until the canal to Pittsburgh ceased to be used. 67 T^e -Alls^l)ci»^]poblic]parks. il IS the 26th of March, 1807, an Act of Assembly was passed, authorizing and providing powers and Qieans for the conversion of the Common Grounds of the City of Allegheny into Public Parks. The territory known as Common Ground, was a reserva- tion from the State of one hundred acres outside of the limits of the boundaries of the old town of Allegheny, and dates back as far as 1783. The extent of the Common Ground, however, was somewhat reduced by grants made at differ- ent times to the West- ern Penitentiary, Theological Seminary and the Ohio and Pennsylvania R a i 1- road. The ground occupied by the Peni- tentiary, however, has been reclaimed since that institution was moved to its present location, and on its former site now stands the P h i p p s Conservatory. According to the first annual report of the Park Commis- sion (January 1st. 1869), several well directed efforts had been made at various times to improve the Common Ground, and plans suggested by public spirited citi- zens, prominent among which was that of Henry Irwin, Esq., which included the purchase of the Seminary Hill property, and the sub-division of eighteen acres of the reservation into building ■^cr fe Wit;* '^''--^' ■p^i&= It is needless to follow up the work of the Park Commission in detail. The transformation of the "barrens, sink pools, receptacle of garbage, unsightly badges of municipal disgrace," as the Improvement Committee designates the Common Grounds, in the beautiful Parks that attract the attention of every stranger and are the pride of the citizens of Allegheny, is much more striking, THE CONSERVATOR\ if we do not take notice of its different stages of ])rogress. Let us take a view of the Parks as they appear now, on a bright day in June, when the grass, the flowers, the plants and the foliage have assumed their richest hues and a gentle breeze laden with the fragrance of the verdure fans your cheek. Entering the Parks from Stockton avenue, on the west side of Federal street, you see a broad stretch of velvet}' grass extending as far as the eye can reach. Along the trim, well-kept walks are trees of all the varieties that thrive well in this locality: maples, poplars, lindens, elms, magnolias, sycamores, oaks and chestnuts. Further along and crossing Ohio street, 3'ou see the conservatories glistening in the sunlight, while on the left is what appears in the distance to be the primeval forest, but is in reality a succession of plateau.x jumbled with trees enough to afford a grateful shade without spoiling the prospect. Here a bridge, there a rustic summer house, beyond a silver ribbon, that appearing and disappearing fitfully among the trees, is recognizable as an ornamental lake. These are what the visitor sees as he strolls along, with the conservatories on his right and the occasional puff's of white smoke on his left, betokening the proximity of a hidden railroad. Then turn to the right and walk towards the East Parks. Here fountains, statues and beds of gorgeous flowers will attract your attention. Having described a complete circle, you will find yourself again on Federal street, after walking several miles without leaving the Parks at all, save to CONSERVATORY. INSIDE VIEW. 76 cross two or three streets tliat Intersect them. The fountains, of which there are quite a number in tlie Parks, will bear inspection. A very handsome one of marble is placed in the East Park, near North avenue. It stands in the centre of beautiful parterres, in which blossoms of thousands of brilliant hues can be seen throughout the summer. It is one of the favorite idling places of those who know the relative attractions of the Parks. Lower down, toward Church avenue, there is a stone fountain, with steps and a large basin. Then there is a smaller one on Stockton avenue, and a very large iron one in the West Park, near Kidge avenue. This is in the centre of an open space, around which seats are ranged, and is generally the resort of hundreds of children and their nurses in the afternoon, who give way to young couples in the evening. In the West Park, near Sherman avenue, and at the end of the conserva- tories, is a circular space, 200 feet in diameter, paved with asphaltum, which is always crowded on band afternoons and evenings. In the centre is a handsome music pavilion, commodious enough for a large orchestra. Concerts are given throughout the summer, the cost being defrayed by citizens, many of whom take the concert upon their own shoulders for some particular day in the season. There is no lack of public spirit in Allegheny, and the concerts are given at very frequent intervals. CONSERVATORY. IINSIDE VIEW. But the glory of the Allegheny Parks are the conservatories, the gift of that philanthropical and public spirited gentleman, Mr. Henry Phipps, Jr. Covering a space of 140 by 150 feet, they comprise nine separate houses, in which nearly every ordinary variety of plant that can be grown under glass is LAKE IN ALLEGHENY PARKS. to be found, besides many that ,are extraordinary. In the middle is the palm house, 120 feet long and 28 feet in height. Kept at a tropical temperature and full of mighty trees such as is seldom seen in this country, even in hot houses, it is a very interesting place to visit. Bananas, bearing fruit, are some of the curiosities. Even the 28 feet is not enough for them, and they are continually threatening to force their way through the glass roof. Around them are fine specimens of palms, pandanus, cycads, orchids, etc., while in a stone basin at their roots gold and silver fish play among queer water plants whose names are known only to learned botanists. In the other houses are thousands of decora- tive and bedding plants, the chrysanthemum show in the autumn being the fin- est in Pennsylvania. A proof of this is afforded in the fact that Superintendent Hamilton has taken several prizes with specimens of this plant at different flower shows throughout the country. Mr. William Hamilton has held the position of Superintendent of the Alle- gheny Parks for more than twelve years, and to his well directed efl^orts the beauty of the parks, and their usefulness as a health-resort to the citizens, are mainl}' due. 78 ^Otopy of ]\:Tassy 4H[ti^t>5s^i). A quaint little book, tlio yollow leaves aud obscure type of which would at once attract the attention of •duy curiosity-seeker, is the '•'■ Narrative of the Sxifftrinys of Masity llarhison from Indian Barharity." It has long been out of print, and at present, so far as is known, there are but three copies in existence, highly prized by the owners. Indeed, it was only with great difficulty and perseverence that the writer succeeded in discovering the owner of one of them. It was easy, though, when compared with the cyclopean task of persuading him to give it up for a few days, in order that an extract might be made of the thrilling story. The editor of Mrs. Harbison's narrative says, in his preface, that he was influenced by several considerations to be instrumental in presenting the storv to the public. "The repeated solicitations of a poor widow," he states, "who in the first settlement of this western country, acted the noble part of a ))ioneer, and encountered those numerous privations, hardships and sufferings which are related within, and many more, which, of their nature, will not admit of being recorded. The firm conviction that suffei'ings lierein recorded are true, notwithstanding their singular nature and almost incredulous magni- tude ; for he (the editor) has made it his business to converse with many, who are now alive, who were eye and ear witnesses of many of the scenes here related by the widow. And, whenever, from the nature of the circumstances in which she was placed, the facts could be cori'oborated, they have been attested as true by many persons of indubitable veracity. Her captivity, the murder of her two children, the length of time she was in captivity, and her almost miraculous escape from Indian barbarity, are facts well known to hundreds yet alive. And although she cannot substantiate by any one the ])cculiar privations siie underwent while a captive and in her escape, yet we know that ''the tender mercies of the wicked are cruel," and that when she came in from captivity, her emaciated and haggard look, her wretched and helpless condition, and her sunburnt and mangled bod}', gave full evidence that her sufferings had been equal, or even superior, to her tale of sorrow. To the preface is affixed a lengthy cei-tificate of Robert Scott, Esquire, attesting the truth of a number of the incidents related by Mrs. Harbison. He says: '"I have examined the facts which are set forth in her 'narrative,' and can attest that there are a number of them which 1 know to be facts, namely, those relating to the parts of families killed and wounded on the banks of the Allegheny river, above the mouth of Bull creek. Also, the attack made by the Indians upon the Block House at Reed's Station, and of Mrs. Harbison being taken prisoner at the same time, and her children being killed by the Indians. These are facts, for I saw one of her children the next day after it had been scalped and murdered in the most barbarous manner, and I 79 know tliat another of her children was found upon the Island, after her return, murdered and scalped, and was buried on the Island, according to her state- ment; and she herself was missing for several days after she was taken prisoner before she came to the Allegheny river." To Alleghenians, Mrs. Harbison's story must be of especial interest, as most of the startling incidents related therein occurred within the present limits of their citv. Tt^J>C^i arratiVc. I. In consequence of the solicitations of a great number of my friends, who have been made acquainted with my sufferings from Indian barbarity, and in compliance with the request of many of those who were witnesses of the scenes here recorded, I have come to the determination of presenting a narrative of my sufferings, &c., before an enlightened and feeling public, being conscious thev will sympathize with a woman who endured so many privations and trials in the first settlement of this nou-< happy country — feel grateful for the repose and felicity which they now enjoy through the labor and privation of tho.se who preceded them — and most willingly patronize a poor widow, who is left to provide for her family through her own industry. I shall begin my narrative with a short account of my birth, parentage, removal to the western country, and marriage. 1 was born in Hamwell Township, Somerset County, New Jersey, on the 18th of March, 1770. In the days of my childhood I was an eye and ear witness of some of those struggles which were endured for our independence and liberty. At the battles of Long Island, Trenton and Monmouth, I heard the roaring of the cannon and the din of war. And when our Revolutionary heroes were engaged in mortal combat with the enemies of our country at Westtield, 1 witnessed the bloody scene, for on that day, I was at school near where the conflict took place, and upon the commencement of the battle we left the school, ascended an eminence which commanded a view of the field of battle, where we could hear the word of command given by the officers, and see the movements of the troops until the smoke enveloped them. • My father, whose name was Edward White, was a soldier of the Revolu- tion, was for three years during our Revolutionary struggle contractor for the army, and was in every battle but that of Long Island. Animated by a love of liberty, and a hope of enjoying it, he engaged in this arduous struggle, and had the felicity of realizing the accomplishment of his desires in the overthrow of our enemies. After the establishment of peace, my father and family moved from New Jersey to the western parts of Pennsylvania, on the Monongahela river, to a place that was then called Redstone Fort, where Brownsville now stands. This took place in the year 1783, and in that place I lived with my father till the year '87, when I was married to John Harbison. My marriage SO incurred tlic displeasure of my father. Two years elapsed wliile 1 lived near liim. At last, finding that iiis displeasure did not abate, I moved with my husband to the banks of the Allegheny. We settled on the head waters of Chartier's creek, where, from 17S9 to '91 we did extremely well, and had a prospect of continuing to do well; but the breaking out of the Indian war in March, '01, blasted all our prospects, and the consequence of that war bereft us of all we possessed. So pass the fleeting enjoyments of the present life ! II. The savages, who had been persuaded to take a part with Great Britain during our struggle for independence were unwilling, when peace was restored, to bury the bloody tomahawk — they had not sufficiently bathed that murderous weapon in the blood of the Americans; hence they continued to exercise towai-ds them the most wanton acts ot barbarity without the smallest pretext. It appears from the most indubitable testimony, that from 1783, when peace was made, to October, 1790, when the United States commenced offensive operations against them, that on the Ohio and the frontiers the Indians killed, wounded and took prisoners about 1,500 men, women and children, besides taking away 2,000 horses and a large quantity of other property. The particu- lars of many of the acts of barbarity, although supported by indisputable evidence, are cf too shocking a nature to be presented to the public. These cruelties were inflicted upon prisoners of different ages and sexes, and it is sufficient here to observe that the scalping knife and tomahawk were the mildest instruments of death which were employed; in many cases torture by fire and other execrable means were used. The inhabitants of the frontiers on the banks of the Allegheny, during the year 1790, enjoyed repose, though many inhuman acts of barbarity were perpetrated on the frontiers by the savages on the Fouth side of the Ohio, to detail which would be too tedious and disgusting, as well as swell the narrative beyond our intended limits. The first acts of Indian aggression and cruelty which took place on the banks of the Allegheny in 1791, was the attack which the savages made upon the house of Mr. Thomas Dick, living below the mouth of Deer Creek. This attack was made on the 18th of March, 1791. Mr. Dick and his wife were made prisoners, and a young man who was living in the house with them was killed and scalped, and a considerable number of horses was stolen. Mr. Dick and his wife, though they were the subjects of those cruelties which were to be endured by those who were so miserable as to fa'J into the hands of these barbarians, yet had their lives spared them, and at the termination of four years, when peace was restored, through the victory which General Wayne obtained over the Indians, they obtained their liberty again, with nearly 400 more. On the night of the 22d of March, that is four days after the preceding act, seven Indians came into the house of Mr. Abraham Russ, who lived about two miles above the mouth of Bull Creek, and twenty-three miles from Pittsburgh, 81 on the Allegheny river, in a friendly manner, leaving their rifles at the door, (a well-known token of Indian friendship) and solicited their supper. Their request was complied with, and supper was procured for them, and they sat down and supped. When they hud supped one of the savages went and placed himself against the door, to prevent any of the family from escaping, while the rest with their instruments of death, (the tomahawks) began an indiscriminate mur- der of the inhabitants of the house, who had just treated them with so much hospitality. They succeeded in their diabolical project, so far as to tomahawk and scalp four men, old Mrs. Russ, the mother of Mr. Russ, and six children ; then plundered what they pleased from the house, bore away their plunder, and set fire to the house, and burnt the dead bodies with the buildings. Mrs. Dary, daughter of old Mrs. Russ, stood and endured the appalling and heart-rending sight of an Indian's taking her own child, of eighteen months old, and knocking its brains out against the head of her motiier, by which means her mother was also killed. Thus by one inhuman act of barbarity she was deprived of a mother and a child ! When she beheld this, she made to the door, to attempt an escape herself; then one of the Indians struck a blow at her head with his tomahawk ; but she raised her left arm and averted the blow, so that the end of the tomahawk only cut her cheek. She succeeded in getting to the door, and in pulling it to pieces, being made only of clapboards, by which means she made her escape, and left an open passage for those who were able to follow her. Three of her daughters then made their escape by following her Mrs. Dary, sister-in-law to young Mrs. Russ, then made her escape, and three of her daughters with her. Agnes Clerk had the felicity of escaping with two children, and Catharine Cutwright also escaped with them, having lost her husband and son. John Dary, a lad of thirteen or fourteen years of age, a son of Mr. Jacob Dary and Mrs. Dary, who was the proprietor of the house, but who was from home when this melancholy catastrophe took place, who escaped, when he saw the manner of the Indians at supper, suspecting that all was not right, privately made his escape from the house and hid himself in a hollow tree, where he remained till the next morning, when he removed to a hole in some rocks, on little Bull Creek; in this situation he remained till the third day, when he was frightened from his retreat by the appearance of a wolf; and Jacob, a younger brother of six years of age, escaped from the house during the bloody conflict, and hid himself under a log, and covered himself over with leaves. While he was there secreted, the Indians repeatedly came upon the log, with tire in their hands, in quest of those who had escaped, but he was mercifully preserved, by an over-ruling Providence, from falling a prey to their cruelty. The women and children who had escaped hastened to the river, when they called so as to be heard a mile and a half, and Levi Johnson, son-in-law to Mrs. Russ, ventured at the hazard of his life to cross the river in a canoe for them, by which means seventeen persons were preserved from falling a prey to those monsters. The night was very frosty and severe, and those who had thus crossed the river had to run nine miles, many of them nearly naked, without shoes to their feet, and through the woods for a place of shelter. By the time they came to a place where they felt any way secure, Mrs. Dary was nearij' exliausted witli the loss of blood, from the wound she had received in the face, in iier forcing a passage out of tlie house. The tidings of this melancholy and heart sickening event spread with great rapidity through the counlry. It was brought to nie, and to seven or eight families beside, within a mile of the Allegheny and Kiskiminitafi, by Messrs. William Critchlow and Samuel Orr, about 11 o'clock that night. By this intelligence I was greatly alarmed and agitated for an hour, when we had packed up all we were able to carry with us. and were ready to start. I then mounted on a horse, with one child in my arms, and another about four years old tied on behind me, to ))revent him from falling off; and 1 was within two months of being confined with a third. We travelled about seven miles, to Mr. James Paul's, on Pine run, where we arrived about daybreak. By the time the sun rose, there were between 70 and 80 women and children collected to this retreat. And all the men (four excepted) had left us to pursue the Indians. The pursuers first went to the place where the awful massacre had taken place; there they found the smell, which proceeded from the burning of the dead bodies, to be so awfully oflensive, that they were scarcely able to endure it. From thence they proceeded a mile below the Kiskiminitas on the Allegheny, and erected a block-house, where, in two weeks' time, all the families who had fied from our neighborhood returned, and remained during the summer. My husband, John Harbison, then enlisted in the six month service, in a corps raised by Captain Guthrie, and proceeded to the Miami Village, under the command of General St. Clair, and was in the fatal engagement, in which the Indian savages so completely out-generaled and defeated General St. Clair. My husband left me for this expedition at the above mentioned block-house, which had received the name of Reed's Station, with three helpless children, and came partially among strangers on the 3d of August. And he did not leturn till the 24tli of December, when he came home wounded. The wound he received in the fatal battle on the 4th day of November, when General St. C;iair was defeated. On the 6th of November, two days after the above engagement, the Indians attacked David M'Kee and another young man, at a fish basket, on the river seven miles from the Station, and most brutally massacred and scalped them. This was the last act of savage barbarity perpetrated on the banks of the Allegheny this season. III. Vicissitude is the characteristic feature of the present life. All are the subjects in a greater or less degree, of the trials and the changes of life; but, although it is certain that there is a general allotment of trials in the present world, so that "every heart knoweth its own bitterness;" yet it is but too evident that there are some of the human famih- who are called to pass through those which are infinitely more severe than others. Some seem to pass over the season of lite without encountering those awfully agitating billows which 83 threaten their immediate destruction, while to others the passage to the tomb is fraught with awful tempests and overwhelming billows. Happy will it be for those who, after having sailed over the boisterous ocean of time, shall eventually be wafted, by a divine breeze, into the haven of eternal repose. That those trials which were ot a particular nature, and of an almost overwhelming magnitude, were endured by me, will appear by a recital of those sober facts* (facts which are too notorious to be d-enied, and too peculiar to be counterfeited), to which the attention of the reader is now invited. On the return of my husband from General St. Clair's defeat, mentioned in a preceding chapter, and on his recovery from the wound he received in the battle, he was made a spy, and ordered to the woods on duty, about the 23d of March, 1792. The appointment of spies, to watch the movements of the savages, was so consommt with the desires and interests of the inhabitants, that the frontiers now resumed tiie appearance of quiet and confidence. Those who had tor nearly a year been huddled together in the block-house, were scattered to their own habitations, and began the cultivation of their farms. The spies saw nothing to alarm them, or to induce them to apprehend danger, till the fatal morning of my captivity. They repeatedly came to our house, to receive refreshment, and to lodge. On the 15th of May, my husband, with Cap- tain Guthrie and other spies, came home about dark and wanted supper, to pro- cure which I requested one of the spies to accompany me to the spring and spring house, and William Maxwell complied with my request. While he was at the spring and spring house, we both distinctly heard a sound, like the bleating of a lamb or fawn This greatly alarmed us and induced us to make a hasty retreat into the house. Whether this was an Indian decoy, or a warning of what I was to pass through, I am unable to determine. But from this time and circumstance I became considerably alarmed, and entreated my husband to rehiove me to some more secure place from Indian cruelties. But Providence had designed that I should become a victim to their rage, and that mercy should be made manifest in my deliverance. On the night of the 2l8t of May, two of the spies, Mr. James Davis and Mr. Sutton, came to lodge at our house, and on the morning of the 22d at day break, when the horn blew at the block-house, which was within sight ot our house, and distant about two hundred yards, the two men got up and went out; I was, also, awake, and saw the door open, and thought when I was taken prisoner that the scouts had left it open I intended to rise immediately, but having a child at the breast, and it being awakened, I lay with it at the breast to get it to sleep again, and accidentally fell asleep myself. The spies have since Informed me that they returned to the house again, and found that I was sleeping; that they softly fastened the doiM-, and went immediately to the block-house, and those who examined the house after the scene was over, say that both doors had the appearance of being broken open. The first thing I knew from falling asleep, was the Indians pulling me out *To the principal facts related in this chapter I was called on by the public to make oath immediately after their occurrence, for the good of the country, an account of which may be found in most newspapers of the day, and in Loudon's selection of the most interesting narratives of outrages committed by the Indians, &c. Carlisle, 1808. 84 of tlie bed by tlie feet. I then looked up and saw the house full of Indians, every one having his gun in his left hand, and tomahawk in his right. Behold- ing the dangerous situation in which I was, 1 immediately jumped to the floor on my feet, with the young child in my arms. I then took a petticoat to put on, having only the one on in which I slept, but the Indians took it from me, and as many as I attempted to put on, they succeeded in taking from me, so that 1 had to go just as I had been in bed. While I was struggling with some of the savages for clothing, others of them went and took the two oldest children out of another bed, and immediately took the two feather-beds to the door and emptied them. The savages immediately began tiieir work of plunder and devastation. What they were unable to carry with them they destroyed. While they were at their work, I made to the door and succeeded in getting out with one child in my arms and another by my side ; but the other little boy was so much displeased by being so early disturbed in the morning, that he would not come to the door. When I got out I saw Mr. Wolf, one of the soldiers, going to the spring for water, and beheld two or three of the savages attempting to get between him and the block-house, but Mr. Wolf was unconscious of his danger, for the sav- ages had not yet been discovered. I then gave a terrific scream, by which means Mr. Wolf discovered his danger, and started to run for the block house ; seven or eight of the Indians fired at him, but the only injury he received was a bullet in his arm, which broke it. He succeeded in making his escape to the block-house. When I gave the alarm, one of the Indians came up to me with his tomahawk as though about to take my life, a second came and placed his hand before my mouth and told me to hush ; when a tJiird came with a lifted tomahawk and attempted to give me a blow; but the first that came raised his tomahawk and averted the blow, and claimed me as his squaw. The Commissary, with his waiter, slept in the store house, near the block- house. And upon hearing the report of the guns, came to the door to see what was the matter, and beholding the danger he was in, made his escape to the block-house, but not without being discovered by the Indians, several of whom fired at him, and one of the bullets went through his handkerchief, wliich was tied about his head, and took off some of his hair. The handkerchief with several bullet holes in it he afterward gave to me. The waiter, on coming to the door, was met by the Indians, who tired upon him, and he received two bullets through his body and fell dead by the door. The savages then set up one of tlieir tremendous and terrifying yells, and pushed forward and attempted to scalp the man they had killed; but they were prevented from executing their diabolic purpose by the heavy fire which was kept up through tlie port lioles from the block-house. In this scene of horror and alarm I began to meditate an escape, and for this purpose attempted to direct the attention of the Indians from me and to fix it on the block-house, and thougiit if I could succeed in this I would retreat to a subterranean rock with which I was acquainted, which was in the run near where we were. For this purpose I began to converse with some of those who were near me, and they began to question me respecting the strength of the block- house, the number of men in it, &c., and bemg informed there were forty men 85 there, and that they were excellent marksmen, they immediately came to the determination to retreat, and for this purpose they ran to those who were besieging the blockhouse and brought them away. Tliey then began to flog me with their wiping sticks, and to order me along. Tlm.s what I intended as the means of my escape was the means of accelerating my departure in the hands of the savages. But it was no doubt so ordered by a kind Providence for the preservation of tlie fort and the inhabitants in it; for when the savages gave up their attack and retreated, some of the men in the house had the last load of ammunition in their guns, and there was no possibility of procuring more, for it was all fastened up in the store-house, which was inaccessible. The Indians when they had flogged me awa}' along with them, took my oldest boy, a lad about five years of age, along with them, for he was still at the door by mj side. My middle little boy, who was about three years of age, had by this time obtained a situation by the fire in the house, and was crying bitterly to me not to go, and making little complaints of the depredations of the savages. But these monsters were not willing to let the child remain behind them; they took him by the hand to drag him along with them, but he was so very unwilling to go, and made such a noise by crying, that they took him up by the feet and dashed his brains out against the threshhold of the door. They then scalped and stabbed him, and left him for dead. When I witnessed this inhuman butchery of my own child, I gave a most indescribable and terrific scream, and felt a dimness come over my eyes, next to blindness, and my senses were nearly gone. The savages then gave me a blow across my head and face, and brouglit me to my sight and recollection again. During the whole of this agonizing scene I kept my infant in my arms. As soon as their murder was eflected the}' marched me along to the toji of the bank, about forty or sixty rods, and there they stopped and divided the plunder which the}' had taken from our house, and iiere I counted their number and found them to be thirty-two, two of whom were white men painted as the Indians. Several of the Indians could speak English well. I knew several of them very well, having seen them go up and down the Allegheny river. I knew two of them to be from the Seneca tribe of Indians, and two of them to be Munsees, for they had called at the shop to get their guns repaired, and I saw them there. We went from this place about forty rods, and they then caught my uncle John Currie's horses, and two of them, into whose custody I was put, started with me on the horses towards the mouth of the Kiskiminetas, and the rest of them went oil' towards Puckety. When they came to the bank that descended towards the Allegheny, the bank was so very steep, and there appeared so much danger in descending on horseback, that I threw myself off the horse in opposition to the will and command of the savages. My horse descended without falling, but the one on which the Indian rode who had my little boy, in descending fell and rolled over repeatedly ; and my little boy fell back over the horse, but was not materially injured ; he was taken up by one of the Indians, and we got to the bank of the river, where they had 86 secreted some bark canoes under the rocks, opposite to the island that lies between the Kiskiminetas and Buft'aloe. Tlicy attempted in vain to make the horses take tiie river. After trying for some time to effect this, they loft the horses behind them and took us in one of the canoes to the point of the island, and there they left the canoe. Here I beheld another hard scene, for as soon as we landed my little boy, who was still mourning and lamenting about his little brother, and who complained that he was injured by the fall in descending the bank, was murdered. One of the Indians ordered me along, probably that I should not see the horrid deed about to be perpetrated. The other then took his tomahawk from his side, and with this h\^U-un\en{ oi Anath killed and seaiped him. When I beheld this second scene of inhuman butchery, I fell to the ground senseless, with my infant in my arms, and it being under and its little hands in the hair of my head. How long 1 reniained in this state of insensibility I know not. The first thing I remember was my raising my head from the ground, and feeling myself exceedingly overcome with sleep. I cast my eyes around and saw the scalp of my dear little boy, fresh bleeding from his head, in the hand of one of the savages, and sunk down to the earth again upon my infant child. The first thing I remember after witnessing this spectacle of woe, was the severe blows I was receiving from the hands of the savages, though at that time I was unconscious of the injury I was sustaining. After a severe castiga- tion they assisted me in getting up, and supported me when up. Here I cannot help contemplating the peculi'^j- interposition of Divine Providence on my behalf. How easily might thej nave murdered me ! What a wonder their cruelty did not lead them to effect it ! But instead of this, the scalp of my boy was hid from my view, and in order to bring me to my senses again they took me back to the river, and led me in knee deep ; and this had its intended effect. But "the tender mercies of the wicked are cruel." We now proceeded on our journey, by crossing the island and coming to a shallow place where we could wade out, and so arrive to the Indian side of the country. Here they pushed me in the river before them, and had to conduct me through it. The water was up to ni}' breast, but I suspended my child above the water, and through the assistance of the savages got safely out. From thence we rapidly proceeded forward, and came to big Buffaloe ; here the stream was very rapid, and the Indians had again to assist me. When we had crossed this creek, we made a straight course to the Conequenessing creek, the very place where Butler now stands ; and from thence we travelled on five or six miles to little Buffaloe, and crossed it at the very place where Mr. B. Sar- ver's mill now stands, and ascended the hill. I now felt weary of my life, and had a full determination to make the savages kill me, thinking that death would be exceedingly welcome, when com- pared with the fatigue, cruelties and miseries I had the prospect of enduring. To have my ])urpose effected, I stood still, one of the savages being before me, and the other walking on behind me, and I took from off my shoulder a large powder horn thej' made me carry, in addition to my child, who was one yeai" and four days old. I threw the horn on the ground, closed my eyes, and &cpected every moment to feel the deadly tomahawk. But to my surprise, the Indians took it up, cursed me bitterlj, and put it on my shoulder again. I took it off the second time and threw it to the ground, and again closed my eyes, with the assurance that I should meet death ; but, instead of this, the savages again took up the horn, and with an indignant frightful countenance, came and placed it on again. I took it off the third time, and was determined to effect it then, and therefore threw it as far as I was able from me, over the rocks. The savage immediately went after it, while the other, who had claimed me as his squaw, and who stood and witnessed the transaction, came up to me and said : " well done, I did right and was a good squaw, and that the other was a lazy bawd ; he might carry it himself." I cannot now, sufficiently' admire the indulgent care of a gracious God, that at this moment preserved me amidst so many temptations, from the tomahawk and scalping knife. The savages now changed their position, and the one who claimed me as his squaw went behind. This movement, I believe was to prevent the other from doing me any injury ; and we went on till we struck the Conequenessing, at the Salt-Lick, about two miles above Butler, where was an Indian camp, where we arrived a little before dark, having no refreshment during the day. The camp was made of stakes driven in the ground sloping, and covered with chestnut bark ; and appeared sufficiently long for fifty men. The camp appeared to have been occupied some time ; it was very much beaten, and large beaten paths went out from it in different directions. That night they took me about three hundred yards from the camp, up a run, into a large dark bottom, where they cut the brush in a thicket, and placed a blanket on the ground, and permitted me to sit down with rriy child. They then pinioned my arms back, and left my hands only with a little liberty, so that it was with difficulty that I managed my child. Here in this dreary situa- tion, without fire or refreshment, having an infant to take care of, and my arms bound behind me, and having a savage on each side of me, who had killed two of my dear children that day, I had to pass the first night of my captivity. Ye mothers, who have never lost a child by an inhuman savage, or indured the almost indescribable misery here related, may nevertheless think a little, (though it be but little) what I endured ; and hence now you are enjoying the sweet repose, and the comforts of a peaceful and well replenished habitation, sympathize with me a little, as one who was a pioneer in the work of cultivation and civilization. But the trials and dangers of the day I had passed had so completely exhausted nature that, notwitlistanding my unpleasant situation and my deter- mination to escape if possible, I insensibly fell asleep and repeatedty dreamed of my escape and safe arrival in Pittsburgh, and several things relating to the town, of which I knew nothing at the time ; but found to be true when I arrived there. The first night passed away, and I found no means of escape, for the savages kept watch the whole of the night, without any sleep. In the morning one of them left us to watch the trail or path we had come, to see if any white people were pursuing us. During the absence of the Indian, who was the one that claimed me, the savage who remained with me, and who was the murderer of my last boy, took from his bosom his scalp and prepared a 88 hoop, aiul sti-etched the scalp on it. Tlioso mothers who liavo not seen the like done by one of tlio scalps of their own cliildren. (and few, if any, ever had so much misery to endure,) will be able to form but feint ideas of the feelings wliich then harrowed up my soul ! ! I meditated revenge ! While he was in the very act, I attempted to take his tomahawk, which hung \>y his side and rested on the ground, and had nearly succeeded and was, as I thought, about to give the fatal blow, when alas ! 1 was detected. The savage felt me at his tomahawk handle, turned around upon ino, cursed mo and told n.e I was a Yanki-e, thus intimating he understood my intention, and to prevent me from doing so again, faced me. My excuse to him for hand- ling his tomahawk was, that my child wanted to play with the handle of it. Here again I wondered at my merciful preservation, for the looks of tlie Indian were terrific in the extreme ; and these, I a])])rehendod, were only an index to his heart. But God was my preserver. The savage who went upon the look-out in the morning, came back about 12 o'clock, and had discovered no jnirsuers. Then the one who had been guarding me, went out on the same errand. The savage who was now my guard, began to examine me about the white people ; the strength of the armies going against them, &c. and boasted large of their achieven)ents in the preceding fall, at the defeat of General St. Clair. He then examined into the plunder which he had brought away from our house the day before. He found my pocket book and money in his plunder. There were ten dollars in silver, and half guinea in gold in the book. During this day they gave me a dry piece of venison, about the bulk of an egg, and a piece about the same size, the day we were marching, for my support and that of my child ; but owing to the blows that I had received from them in my jaws, I was unable to eat a bit of it. I broke it up and gave it to the child. The savage, out on the look-out, returned about dark. This evening, (Monday the 23d,) they moved me to another station in the same valley, and secured me as they did the preceding night. Thus I found my self the second night between two Indians, without fire or refreshment. During this night I was frequently asleep, notwithstanding my unpleasant situation, and as often dreamed of my arrival in Pittsburgh. Early on the moring of the 2-l:th, a fiock of Mocking birds and Robins hovered over us, as we lay in our uncomfortable bed ; and sung and said at least to my imagination, that I was to get up and go off. As soon as the day broke, one of the Indians went off again to watch the trail, as on tiie preceding day, and he who was left to take care of me, appeared to be sleeping. When I preceived this, I lay still and began to snore, as though asleep', and he fell asleej). Then I concluded it was time to escape. 1 found it impossible to injure him for my child at the breast, so I could not effect anything without putting the child down, and then it would cr}', and give the alarm ; so I contented myself with taking from a pillow ease of plunder, a short gown, handkerchief and a child's frock, and so made my escape ; the sun then being about half an hour high. I took a direction from home, at first being guided by tiie birds before 89 mentioned, and in order to deceive the Indians ; tlien took over the liill and struck the Conequenessing creek, about two miles where I crossed it with tlie Indians, and went down the stream until about two o'clock in tJie afternoon, over rocks, precipices, thorns, briars, &c., with my bare feet and legs. I then discovered by the sun and the running of the stream that I was on the wrong course, and going from, instead of coming nearer home. I then changed my course, ascended a hill, and sat down to rest until the sun set, and the evening star made its appearance, when I discovered the way I should travel ; and hav- ing marked out the direction I intended to take the next morning, I collected some leaves, made up a bed, and laid myself down and slept, though my feet being full of thorns, began to be extremely painful, and I had nothing still to eat for myself or child. The next morning, (Friday, 25th of May.) about the breaking of the day, I was aroused from my slumbers, by the flock of birds before mentioned, which still continued with me, and having them to guide me through the wilderness. As soon as it was sufficiently light for me to find my way, I started for the fourth day's trial, of hunger and fatigue. There was nothing very materially occurred on this day while I was travel- ling, and I made the best of my way, according to my knowledge, toward the Allegheny river. In the evening about the going down of the sun, a moderate rain came on, and I began to prepare for bed, by collecting some leaves together, as I had done the night before ; but could not collect a sufficient quantity, without setting my little boy on the ground ; but as soon as I put him oat of my arms he began to cry. Fearful of the consequence of his noise iu this situation, I took him in my arms, and put him to the breast immediately, and he became quiet. I then stood and listened, and distinctly lieu/rd the foot- steps of a man, coming after me, in the same direction which I had come! The ground over which I had been travelling was good, and the mould was light; I had therefore left my foot marks, and thus exposed myself to a second capti- vity! Alarmed at my perilous situation, I looked around for a place of safety, and p-vovident tally discovered a large tree which had fallen ; into the tops of which I crept, with my child in my arms, and tiieie I hid myself securely under the limbs. The darkness ot the night greatly assisted me, and prevented me from detection. The footsteps 1 had heard were those of a savage. He heard the cry of the child, and came to the very spot where the child cried, and tliere he halted, put down his gun, and was at this time so near, that I heard the wiping stick strike against his gun distinctly. My getting in under the tree, and sheltering myself from the rain, and pressing my boy to my bosom, got him warm, and most providentially lie fell asleep, and lay very still during the time of my danger at that time. All was still and quiet, the savage was listening if by possibility he might again hear the cry he had heard before. My own heart was the only thing I feared, and that beat so loud, that I was aprehensive it would betray me. It is almost impossi- ble to conceive, or to believe, the wonderful effect my situalion produced upon my whole system. After the savage had stood and listened with nearly the stillness of death, 90 for two hours, the sound of a bell, and a cry like that of a night owl, signals which were give to him from his savage companions, induced him to answer, and after he had given a most horrid jell, which was calculated to liari'ow u^ my soul, he started and went ofl" to join them. After the retreat of the savage to his companions, I concluded it unsafe to remain in my concealed situation till morning, less they should conclude upon a second search, and being favoured with the light of day, find me, and either tomahawk or scalp me, or otherwise bear me back to my captivity again, which was worse than death. But by this time nature was nearly exhausted ; and I found some difficulty in moving from my situation that night ; yet, compelled by necessity, and by a love of self preservation, I threw my coat about my child, anci placed the end of it between my teeth, and with one arm and my teeth I carried tlie child, and with the other arm I groped my way between the trees, and travelled on, as I supposed, a mile or two, and there sat down at the root of a tree till the morning. The night was cold and wet ; and thus terminated the four days' and nights' difficulties, trials, hunger and danger! The fifth day, Saturday, 26th of May, wet and exhausted, hungry and wretched, I started from my resting place in the moring, as soon as I could see ray way, and on that morning struck the head waters of Fine creek, which falls into the Allegheny about four miles above Pittsburgh ; though I knew not then what waters thej^ were, but I crossed them, and on the opposite bank I found a path, and discovered in it two mockasin tracks, fresh indented, and the men who had made them were before me, and travelling on the same direction that I was travelling. This alarmed me ; but as they were before me, and travelling in the same direction as I was. 1 concluded I could see them as soon as they could see me, and therefore I pressed on in that path for about three miles, when I came to the forks where another branch empties into it, and where was a huntei-'s camp, where the two men, whose tracks I had before discovered and followed, had been, and kindled a fire and breakfasted, and had left the fire burning. I here became more alarmed, and came to a determination to leave the path. I then ascended a hill, and crossed a ridge towards Squaw run, and came upon a trail or path. Here I sto])pcd and meditated what to do ; and while I was thus musing, I saw three deers coming towards me in full speed ; thej' turned around to look at their pursurers ; I looked too with ail attention, and saw the flash of a gun, and then heard the report as soon as the gun was fired. 1 saw some dogs, start after them, and began to look about for a shelter, and immediately made for a large log and hid myself behind it ; but most providentially, I did not go clear to the log ; had 1 done so, I might have lost my life, by the bites of Rattle Snakes ; for as 1 put my hand to the ground, to raise myself to see what was become of the hunters, and who they were, I saw a large heap of Rattle Snakes, and the top one was very large and coiled up very near my face, and quite ready to bite me. This compelled me to leave this situation let the con- sequences be what they may. In consequence of this occurence I again left my course, bearing to the 91 left, and came upon the head waters of Squaw run, and kept down te run theh remainder of that day. d)uring this day it rained, and I was in a very deplorable situation ; so cold and shivering were my limbs, that frequently in opposition to all my struggles, 1 gave an involuntary groan. I suffered intensely this day from hunger, though my jaws were so far recovered from the injury they sustained from the blows of the Indians, tiiat wherever I could, I procured some grape vines, and ciiewed them for a little sustenance. In the evening I came within one mile of the Allegheny river, thf>ugh I was ignorant of it at the time ; and there at the root of a tree, through a most tremendous night's rain, I took up my fifth night's lodgings, and in order to shelter my infant from the storm, as much as possible, I placed him in my lap and placed my liead against the tree, and thus let the rain fall upon me. On the sixth (that was Sabbath) morning from my captivity, I found myself unable for a very considerable time, to raise myself from the ground ; and when I had once more by hard struggling got myself upon my feet, and started on the sixth day's encounter, nature was so nearly exhausted, and iny spirits UJere so comjjletely depressed, that my progress was amazingly slow and discouraging. In this almost helpless condition, I had not gone far, before I came to a path where there had been cattle travelling I took the path under the im- pression that it would lead me to the abode of some white people, and by travelling it about one mile, I came to an uninhabited cabin ! and though I was in a river bottom, yet 1 knew not where I was, nor yet on what river bank I liad come. Here I was seized with the feelings of dispair, and under those feel- ings I went to the uninhabited cabin and concluded that I would enter and lie down and die ; as death would have been to me an angel of mercy in such a situation, and would have removed me from all my misery ! Such were my feelings at this distressing moment, and had it not been for tiie recollection of those sufferings which my infant would endure, who would sur- vive for some time after I was dead, I should have carried my determination into execution. Here too, I heard the sound of a cow bell, which imparted a gleam of hope to my disponding mind ! I followed the sound of the bell, till I came opposite to the fort at the point of the Six IMile Island. When I came there, I saw three men on the opposite bank of the river. My feelings at the sight of these were better felt than they can be described. I called to the men, but they seemed unwilling to risk the danger of coming after me, and requested to know who I was. I replied, that I was one who had been taken prisoner by the Indians, on the Allegheny river on last Tuesday morning, and had made my escape from them. They requested me to walk up the bank of the river for a while that they may see if the Indians were making a decoy of me, or not ; but 1 replied to tiiem that my feet were so sore that I could not walk. Then one of them, James Closier, got into a canoe to fetch me over, and the other two stood on the bank, with their rifles cocked, ready to fire on the Indians, provided they were using me as a decoy. When Mr. Closier came near to the shore, and saw my haggard and dejected situation, lie 1)2 exclaimed, "who in the name of God are you?" This man was one of my nearest neiglihors before I was taken, j'et in six days I was so much altered that he did not know me, either by my voice or my countenance. When I landed on the inhabited side of tiie river, the people from the fort came running out to the boat to see me ; they took the child from me, and now I felt safe from danger, I found myself unable to move or to assist myself in any degree. Whereupon the people took me and carried me out of the boat to the house of Mr. Cortus. Here, when I felt I was secure from the ravages and cruelties of the l)arbariaii8, for the first time since my captivity, my feelings returned with all their poignancy! When I was dragged from my bed, and from my home, a prisoner with the savages ; when the inhuman butchers dashed the brains of one of my dear children out on the door sill, and afterwards scalped him before my eyes ; when they took and tomahawked, scalped and stabbed another of them before me, on the island ; — and when, with still more barbarous feelings, they afterwards made a hoop and stretched his scalp on it ; — nor yet, when I endured liLinger, cold, and nearly nakedness, and at the same time ray infant sucking my very blood to support it, I never wept ! ! ! No! it was too, too much for nature! A tear then would have been too great a luxury ! And it is more than probable, that tears at these seasons of distress, would have been fatal in their con- sequences : for savages despise a tear ! But now that my danger was removed, and I was delivered from the pangs of the barbarians, the tears flowed freely, and imparted a hapiness beyond what I ever experienced before, or ever expect to experience in this world ! When f was taken into the house, having been so long from fire, and having endured so much from hunger, for a long period ; the heat of the tire, and the smell of the victuals, which the kindness of the people immediately induced them to provide for me, caused me to faint. Some of the people attempted to restore me, and some of them put some clothes upon me. But the kindness of these friends would in all probability have killed me, had it not been for the providential arrival from down the river of Major McCulley, who then commanded the line along the river. When he came in and saw my situation, and the provisions they were making for me, he became greatly alarmed, and immediately ordered me out of the house from the heat and smell- — prohibited my taking anything but the whey of butter-milk, and that in very small quantities, which he administered with his own hands. Through this judicious management, of my almost last situation, I was mercifully restored again to my senses and ver}' gradually to my health and strength. Two of the females, Sarah Carter and Mary Anne Crozier, then began to take out the thorns from my feet and legs ; 'and Mr. Felix Nigley, who now lives at the mouth of Bull creek, twenty miles above Pittsburgh, stood by and counted the thorns, as the women took them out ; and there were one hundred and fifty drawn out ; though they were not all extracted at that time, for the next evening at Pittsburgh there were many more taken out. The flesh was mangled dreadfully, and the skin and flesh were hanging in pieces, on my feet and legs. The wounds were not healed for a considerable time. Some of the thorns y3 went through my feet and cuiuo out uii the lop. For two weeks I was unable to put my feet to the ground to walk. Besides whicli, tlie rain to which I was exposed by night, and the heat of tlie sun to which my ahiiost naked body was exposed by day, together with my carrying my child so long in my arms without any relief, and without any shelter from the heat of the day, or the storms of the night, caused nearly all the skin of my body to come off, so that my body was raw nearly all over. The two men's tracks which I had followed down the run, referred to before, and which made me so much afraid, were two spies, James Amberson and John Thompson, who arrived at the station very soon after me. The news of my arrival at the station spread with great rapidity. The two spies took the intelligence that evening as far as Coe's station, and the next morning to Keed's station, to my husband. It also reached Pittsburgh that same evening. And the next morning a young man who was employed by the Magistrates of Pittsburgh, came for me to go immediately to town to give in my deposition, that it might be published to the American people. Being unable to walk, or ride on horse-back, some of the men took me and carried me into a canoe on the river, and took me down in this manner ; and when I arrived in Pittsburgh, I was taken from the canoe in the arms of the men, to the office of John Wilkins, Esquire, the father of the Hon. Wm. Wilkins, Judge of the United States Court. The deposition which I then gave in, was published through tlie Union in the different newspapers of the day, and has since been preserved, and may be read in Loudon's Narratives of Outrages by the Indians, Vol. 1, page 85. As the intelligence spread, the town of Pittsburgh, and the country ftir twenty miles around was all in a state of commotion. About sunset the same evening my husband came to see me in Pittsburgh, and I was taken back to Coe's station on Tuesday morning. In the evening I gave the account ot the murder of my boy on the island. The next morning (Wednesday) there was a scout went out and found it by my directions and buried it, after being murdered nine days. In the revolution of human affairs, it not unfrcquently hap])ens, that circum- stances which are sma'l in themselves are over-ruled by the lloral Governour of the Universe^ so as in no small degree to contribute in the accomplishment of very important events. The circumstances of the Western Country at this period of its history, 7'cjM«wrf much individual suffering, before general bless- ings could abound. It is no small alleviation of our individual sufferings, if we are enabled to see, that they in any measure contributed to a general good. In reflecting upon the events which contributed to the iinal liberation of this country, from the deadly rifle, the tomahawk and the scalping knife of the Indians, I have the felicity of believing, that the sufferings which were recited in the preceding chapter, had some small share in bringing about a successful 94 issuo; as they tended to give fresh impulse to those who were already engaged in the conflict, and to engage others in it On tlie Tuesday after my arrival at Coe's station, I was taken before the ofticers and spies who were stationed on the frontiers, and very strictly examined respecting the number and designs of the savages ; the situations of their camps, and their prospects and anticipations as far as I had become acquainted with them. Upon the imformation which I was enabled to give them, there was a party of scouts consisting of one hundred and thirty men, and twelve spies, commanded by Major McCulley, and Captains Guthrie and Stevenson, immedi- ately raised and started for Coe"s station, in pursuit of the Indians. This party explored the woods, and at length with considerably difficulty, thev found the camp which I had described to them ; and ascertained that it was as large, and apparently as much frequented as I had represented it to be. Hut the Indians had fled from it, doubtedly. under the apprehension that my escape from them would lead to their detection. After ten days range through the wilderness, and not finding any of the savages, the party returned again, without being able to accomplish anything. The circumstances which transpired during my absence, were awful in the extreme; the account of which was communicated to me upon my return. Now, I was informed my dear child that was scal])ed, tomahawked and stabbed, lived in agony, notwithstanding -the inhuman treatment which he received, for two days. Tlie Indians who left us and went towards Puckety, went on to the house of John ('urry, and plundered, and burnt it, and burnt the barn and all in it ; and the family veiy narrowly escaped. They were alarmed while they were in bed and fled from their habintion nearly naked. When the savages foundtio one in the house, and were consequently unable to gratify their savage thirst for blood upon human victims, they went and killed and scalped the calves, and hung the scalps on poles, and shot arrows into the cows. After they had committed all the depredations and acts of cruelty which they were able, at Mr. Curry's, the savages went on to Puckety. But the news of their depredations went before them, and the inhabitants were flying in every direction. They had not proceeded much more than a mile up the creek, when they fell in with the families of Mr. Flails and Mr. Mellons, who were flying from the savages. The Indians immediately flred upon then and wounded the two men, and old Mrs. Flails, and took the eldest daughter of Flails, a prisoner. Her name is Elizabeth. And with Miss Flails, they took the horses belonging to the two families, and all their plunder, and burnt the house of Mr. Hugh Mellons. Fifty or sixty women and children, who had fled from their respective houses from their murderous enemies, for safety, collected together that night. at the house of Mr. M'Glochland, where the Indians came in the night, and took a number of horses frohi a field by the house. In the evening Mr. John Anderson and son went from the house of Mr. M'Glouchland, to their own house, a little distance, to settle a little business, after which on their return to their company, as they were coming to the fence, to cross the foot way to come to the house, the gun of young Anderson most unaccountable went off; for 95 notliing WHS fartlier from their wish than firing at such a time as this ; but upon this providential fire, seven or eight savages started up a few yards from tliem, and run off with all speed, doubtless imagining, that their ambush was discovered, and that they were in danger. But the going off of the gun cannot be accounted for, only as it was the merciful and miraculous interposition of Divine Providence, for the preservation of their lives, and the lives of others. Those who had fled to this situation, feeling that it would be unsafe for them to remain there any longer, before daylight the next morning fled, in a most deplorable situation, from the frontiers to the inhabited part of the country. The Indians on this day went on plundering a quantity of horses, and everything they could meet with, but they were not able to kill any white per- son ; but on the next day, that is Thursday 24rth, they killed Bartholomew Gar- vey, about fifty rods from Chamber's station. Garvey was on his way to Reed's station, with two horse loads of bacon, for the garrison there, when the Indians fired on him and killed him. There was now a considerable scout out after the savages, for their depre- dations or murders had roused the country, and induced it to put all its ener- gies into operation ; hence on this day they were so closely pursued that they had to kill a stud horse which they had plundered. They ran a sword into the body of the horse, and left him in that situation ; but before the poor animal was dead the scouts came up to them. During the remainder of this week they were so closely pursued by the whites, that they were unable to do any more mischief in this neighborhood. In the week following they took from a corn- field of Samuel Homes, on Crf)oked creek, his son and daughter, and bore them away prisoners. This was the last depredation the savages were able to make this summer on the Allegheny. About five weeks after this, my busband, being one of the spies, was out with one of the scouts, when they fell in with an Indian about Puckety, and killed him, as he was in the act of firing on them and thus my husband, to revenge the murder of his children, scalped him. This was the only injury which we were able to do the Indians through this summer. Elizabeth Flails, whose captivity by the savages was mentioned in a preced- ing page, after sixteen months absence, was again restored to her friends. She now lives on the waters of Buftaloe, in Armstrong county. Pa., and has given the following account of her captivity, escape, &c., &c. She says that the Indians took her across the Kiskiminetas, and in the forks of the Kiskiminetas and the Allegheny, because they were so closely pursued by the white people, they hid her there three days. While she was in this retreat, she says, she saw white people every day. On the fourth day they took her up the river for a considerable distance, there they made a bark canoe, in which they took her across the river. This day tliey killed a deer and dressed some of the meat, and the smell of the meat made her faint, for she had been from the time of her captivity without food. While they were in this place, the two Indians from whom I made my escape came to them, and showed them the scalp of the boy they had taken. They stated that the white people had come upon them, and took the uwrnan away from them. This refers to me, and this was the way they accounted for 96 in}' escape from tlie Indians. Miss Flails said she knew a sliawl of mine wliicli one of tlieni had about his neck. The savages told her they must alter their course, as there were white people after them. A little before the sun went down, slio said, they came upon a track of a person, who was travelling without an\'tiiing upon the feet. When they saw this they were struck with astonishment, and one of the savages followed the track till dark. At dark they rang a bell, and made a noise like owls, to bring him back to his party again. When he came back he said he had heard eitiier the cry of a child or young bear, he could not toll which ; but said he listened, and examined for a long time, but could hear nothing afterwards. This was without doubt the very Indian who pursued me, and the cry which he heard vras that of my child vfhen I put him down to collect some leaves to make a bed. Doubtless this was the man who remained near me so long, when I took my child, hid him in my bosom, and hid him in the boughs of a tree as before mentioned. Miss Flails says, that she was claimed by one of the Indians for a sister, in the room of one he had lost by death; and she was adopted into his family, as his sister; according to the mode of adoption among them. They took her to Guyahaugha, and there she had to hoe corn a little; but the Indian who claimed her as his sister, was remarkably good to her. From hence they went to the river to the traders, who came to deal with them and receive their booty. She said she had a desire to speak to the trader, to see if there were any ]irobability of escaping with them; but it came to the last day of their stay, and she almost dispaircd of an opportunity. When she had almost given up the hope, she went to the spring by the side of the river, and the trader saw her there, and had a desire to speak to her, and she came to him, and the plot was laid for her to escape that night at 9 o'clock. At the appointed hour, she went to the river, and crossed it before the trader came for her. But he came according to appointment, took her, and hid her for two nights and one day; during which time the Indians made every search within their power, but all in vain When he was ready to start with his cargo, he came and dressed her in ins own clothes, and put a gun in her hand, and took her right through the camp of the Indians, at a late hour of the night, and she was not detected notwithstanding all their vigilance. The Trader then took her to Detroit, and she was there furnished with clothing, and there she remained till the June following; he then took her with another of the Indians' prisoners, which he had brought with him that spring, through the wilderness, to Bald Eagle Valley, on the Susquehannah, to his own house, and then she wrote to her father, and her father went and brought her home to his own house again ; where she was received almost as one from the dead. He also brought the other liberated woman with him. After these scenes of trial, privation and distress had passed over, the privation we had suffered in the complete plunder of all our property, bv the 97 savages, left us entireh' destitute of the necessaries of life; so that when we settled down at Coe's station, among: comparative straogers, we had to begin anew. Here I had to enter upon hard labour in washing, «&c., for the men at the station, to procure a livelihood. In this station, which is about seventeen miles above Pittsburgh, I remained nearly three years. The remaining part of the year '92 passed over without any material injury being added to the last which has been before related. There were numerous alarms, and the inhabitants frequently tied from their plantations to the station for safety. During the whole season there was a strong guard kept up at the station, commanded by Major McCulley. In the year 1793, the army under the command of the gallant General Wayne, so completely occupied the attention of the Indians, that they were unable to commit any depredations upon the frontiers;, hence this season passed over without any material depre(Jations having been committed upon the frontiers. In 1794 the savages again made their appearance, and commenced their horrid work of pillage, spoliation and murder. In June, they attacked a canoe going up the Allegheny river to Franklin, and killed John Carter and wounded William Cousins and Peter Kinner, but they were unable to obtain the scalp of either of them; for the man they killed, instead of falling over-board, fell into the canoe, and the men who were wounded, paddled the canoe out of their reach. Two or three days after this, the savages attacked the boat of Captain Sharp, as he was descending the Kiskiminetas river, about fifteen miles from its mouth. In the attack which they made on Captain Sharp's boat, the savages were but too successful, for they killed four of his men, and mortally wounded the Captain himself, who survived the wounds which he received for several weeks, but died of them in Pittsburgh. The boat in which they were killed and wounded, floated down the stream, entered the Allegheny, and passed two stations in the night, without being discovered, or without the assistance of any- one on board to steer, or to row her; and came opposite to Mr. Thomsis Gurty's, a little below the mouth of Deer creek; wlien the fourth man died, and when the women who were in the boat, fearing that the Captain was about to expire, and that they were to be left alone, called to the people on shore for their assist- ance; who immediately put off a boat to their assistance, and brought their boat to the shore. Four of the ujen had wives i!i the boat with them. The>i€ iiiere compelled to vntness the rnarder of their /lusbands and to set in their blood, as it fimoed freely and warm from their veins. The wife of Captain Guthrie, who was in the boat with her husband, was shortly after she arrived in Pittsburgh, delivered of her ninth child. The men who brought the boat to shore, after they had made every arrangement they were able, took the boat to Pittsburgh. When the boat was first attacked by the savages, one of the men belonging to it was on shore taking care of the horses, which they were bringing to town. He witnessed the attack which the savages made upon his comrades, but found it impossible to render them anj' assistance, or to get into the boat. He, there- fore, left all the horses behind him and ran off as fast as he was able, and two 98 Indians iit'ter liiiii, who pursued hiui so closely, lluit lie could distiiictlv liear tliern following liini. They kept up the pursuit, till 11 o'clock at night, when finding themselves unable to get up to hitn, tiiey gave over their chase. He however, kept on his route, and arrived in Pittsburgh before the boat. In those days of danger and trouble, notwithstanding all my former suffer- ing from Indian barbarity, my iuisband on the 15th day of December tliis year, (1794,) moved me out on the waters of Bull creek, about two miles below where I now reside, to settle a tract of land. In the creek bottom a log iiouse was raised for me to live in, but it had neither floor nor loft, nor was it either chunked or daubed. Here during a severe winter, I lived, or rather dragged out a miserable existence, with three small children to care for. My husband was at tliis time a spy, and only came home from iiis employment once in seven or eight days. In this dreary and desolate situation, I was seven miles from the abode of any white person, and more frequently' saw wolves, than any of the human species. In the spring of 1795, 1 became so much ahunied and afraid of an attack from the Indians, (remembering well what 1 had endured from their savage cruelty already,; that my husband was under the necessity of removing me from this dangerous situiition, to the mouth of Butialoe creek, at what was called Gregg's station. Here live women and thirteen children lived together in peace. All the men at the station being out endeavoring to ascertain the movements of the savages. This station was the place of their general rendezvous. Some- times they would repair to it of an evening, and sometimes we were left alone. Nothing particularly occurred until about the middle of May, when one evening as we were about to call the cows to milk, we observed them at a point of a hill, and the hindmost was coming apparently much frightened, and the dogs began most fearfully to bark. With tiie deepest of anxiety we stood at the door of the station and listened, and distinctly iieard wliiMllng on a r/ianjrr, in difl'erent directions as fast as they could respond. At this time we were in a very defenceless situation, having neither man nor gun, and being perfectly unprepared for an attack. We hastened into the house to consult what was best to be done. Most of the women were dreadfully afraid and anticipated nothing but death, or that which was more to be dreaded than death. All concluded if we remained at the station till day we should be murdered. I then proposed that each woman should take her own children and take a blanket, and go into the woods apart, and there secret ourselves till the morning. This proposition was no sooner made, but it was rejected. The rest objected to leaving me, believing that 1 was the best able to plot a retreat and escape, having before been so much accustomed to scenes of trial. What steps to take we were at a lose to determine, for our situation was as defenceless at the river as it was at the station ; for provided we could ever gain the river, we had no craft, but a Perogue, without anything to work it, but oars, and they were so large that it was impossible for us to work 99 them. I tlieii requested two of the women to take 8oiiie beds to the boat, and take the children and put them on the beds, while I went with two more women to the boat, and placing the oars under water to prevent any noise, with a hand, saw I cut the oars in two, so that I was able to make paddles of them with a draw-knife. This being accomplished, we all got into the Perogue ; but no one was able to do anything towards managing it but Mrs. Mahaffry and myself, and we were entire strangers to the river; consequently, wlien we came to the point of the island, a mile below Buffaloe, we ran aground and landed on the island. Here we concluded we would spread our beds on the ground and lie down till morning. But we no sooner came to this conclusion, than we beheld a fire kindled on the top of the bank, on the Indian side of the river. We could distinctly see men walking around the fire, and hence concluded that it would not be safe to remain where we were till morning, least we should be seen, pursued and murdered. We therefore waded into the water, and exerted ourselves till we succeeded in getting the boat back into the stream again, and went down the stream as far as Owen's station, and here we again ran aground, and got into such difiBculties that we were unable to extricate ourselves from them, at the same time the sky lowered for rain, and it began to tiuinder and lightning very dreadfully. Here we were compelled to remain till the morning. We took the beds out of the boat, and all the company laid down but myself and an infant at my breast. I took my station, with my infant in my arms, at the point of the hill, watching till morning ; when morning came I went and woke those who had laid down. One of the women went and called to some white men who had collected on the island to raise corn, and succeeded in making them acquainted with our distressed situation ; eight or ten of whom came and released us from our dangers and fears. The men of the station came home the next day, and came and took us back again to the station. The Indians, however, committed no depredations for five or six days from this. It was supposed they found they had been detected, and therefore, did not attempt anything. At the end of five or six days, they came back and began to chase the horses within a few rods of the house. But by this time a force of forty men had collected at the station, and therefore we were not so apprehensive of personal injury. But we could hear them chasing the horses most of the night. Some of the horses escaped to the house and two of them crossed Buffaloe creek, and ran. to Coe's station. The men were watching during the night, on and about the house; in the morning they pursued the savages, so that they were unable to take away any horses. This was the last attack the Indians ever made on the banks of the Alle- gheny for plunder or murder. From this time the frontiers enjoyed repose, and were enabled to pursue the cultivation of their soil, each man sitting under his own vine and fig tree, without molestation or dread. In tiie fall of this year, having defeated the Indians, General Wayne made a treaty with them, which they have found to be to their advantage and safety to regard. On the 17th of August, I again went back to my last winters quarters on Bull creek, and still remained without neighbours, till the cold weather, when 100 two families, one about three miles, and the other about four distant, came and settled. The one namely, Mr. Ezekicl Davy, is now living on the same plan- tation on which he then settled. These were the onlv neighbours we had till 1796. Since those days of privation and sorrow, I have been a widow, to care for a numerous family. Vicissitudes and sorrow have still marked my journey through life. But having obtained help from God, I continue to the present day, and in the midst of all my judgments and trials I have cause to bless the name of the Lord for his deliverance and his mercies. 101 Allegl^epy City fi*oir^ a S^r^itary poii^t of VieW. =%=^ N 1755, Lord Talbot, a prisoner in old Fort Diiquesne, unable longer to endure the sight of Sergeant MacPherson being tortured by the Indians across the Allegheny, on what has since been called Smoky Island, fired a shot from where he stood, intending to kill the unfortunate sergeant outright. That bullet, meant to end the misery of the luckless prisoner, sped over water pure as a mountain spring. The territory behind, above and below that gravelly island whereon MacPherson a moment later died by the more successful shot of Captain Jack — territory destined to be, within a hundred years, the site of the prosperous City of Allegheny — was as healthy a locality to live in as any in the world. The pure, spring-fed mountain stream, the Allegheny, which Washington in. 1753 described as "a very rapid, swift-running water," flowed through territory on which a man of sound body and mind ougiit at that time to have been able, barring accidents and too much work, to live a hundred years. The sloping, wooded hills, the pure air, the unpolluted water, the total absence ot household filth, with which man in his progress and civilization surrounds liimself, pollutes his drinking water and inocculates himself — these things, with of course the favorable climate, made this place whereon Allegheny City now stands one of the world's choicest spots for man's habitation. It is not so to-daj'. Still, Allegheny as it is now. compares very favorably indeed with other cities of its size anywhere. Healthy, as applied to cities, is only a comparative term. All cities are more or.less unhealthy as compared to a place such as the site of the then undreamed of City of Allegheny at the time above referred to. It is impossible to aggregate one hundred thousand people on a few square miles of ground and still have as healthy a place to live as thoi»gh but a single individual occupied it. But by careful attention to the dictates of modern sanitarj' science, such an aggregation can be made fairly healthy. Taking it as it is to-day, considering its location, its topography, its parks, its wide, straiglit streets, the prosperity of its inhabitants, the scarcity of tenement houses, the absence of harmful industries, and the jyossihility of a pure water supply — considering all these things, Allegheny ought to be an ideal of municipal sanitation. As a matter of fact, it is not such a very long way from being so. ,\11 that is necessary to make it as healthy as it is possible for a city to be is to fully equip the Board of Health, supplying it with the necessary money to push 102 ahead more tliorouglily flie good work it is now doing. Dr. T. L. Hazzard and the other able gentlemen wlio, (•(in.-^idering their opportunities, are succeeding well in tlieir endeavor to better tlie sanitary condition of the city, are making a good siiowing. Some interest manifested by the people, and an evidence on their part of a determination to assist the Board of Health, both bj seeing to an adequate approjiriation and by personal endeavor, would be of material assistance. A certain apathy of the public, an antagonism almost, to matters of general city sanitation stands much in the way. A new municipal building is a more important matter in many persons' eyes than clean streets and good sewers. Compared to the East End of Pittsburgh, that other fashionable residence district, Allegheny City is far the healthier place to live, as shown by the recent mortality statistics. This state of things is due to tbe more complete sewerage system, and especially to the greater natural advantages for drainage possessed by the North Side. When one considers the health of certain portions of Allegheny which are poorly, if at all sewered, the natural adaptation of the city site becomes apparent. For instance, the triangle having Allegheny avenue for its base. Ridge avenue and Rebecca street for its sides. This district has a very poor sewerage system, and were it not for the topographical adaptation of the locality, its mortality would be frightful. The same holds true of njany portions of the hill districts. It is no criticism oii the Municipal Board of Health to call public attention to some things yet required to bring Allegheny up to what it ought to be in a sanitary way. Any sanitarian will grant that it (-an be made the healthiest city in the country. Then, looked at in detail, what remains to be done to make it so ? Tlie first and most urgent need is a pure and plentiful water supply. True it is that this matter has been brought before the public almost ad nauseimi. Still, the impression exists that the impurity of the present supply has been over-rated. '"For,"' many agree, ■' if the water is so awfully bad, why are we not all dead ? We have been drinking this water for years and yet we are living." These people always lose sight of the fact that susceptible individuals have been dying for years of typhoid fever, and, likely, other preventable diseases resulting from contaminated drinking water. The fact that every one lias not had typhoid fever is simply due to the insusceptability of some persons to the disease. Every one exposed to its germs does not get typhoid fever anj' more than every one exposed to the germs of diphtheria, scarlet fever or small p. T was at ilawii on the I7tli ilav ot' .liilv. IsHi). that Alloglieiiy awoke to celebrate tlie fiftieth anniversary of lier corporate exist- ence. We will climb up to one of the many points of vantage offered by the surrounding hills and take a birds-eye view of the city at sunrise. She had gone to bed robed in herbirtiiday dress, so that on the morrow no time should be lost in making her toilet. She had been washed and scrubbed, combed and decorated until she was tiie most beautifal city in the land. Now witness her, bathed in the golden glory of the morning sun, her feet caressed by the glistening waves of two mighty rivers. We are doomed to disappointment ! It is half i)ast live. An impenetrable curtain of mist hangs over the city at our feet. The intense heat of the preceding day, supplanted by a cool night and a chilling morning air, have done it. Streets and house tops, even the tallest church spire, are immerged in that surging sea of grayish vapor, out of which the black, treeless crowns of the rugged hills on the other side of the river loom up sphinx-like. Far away down the river, there is a rend in the fog, where you can see the smoking waters of the Ohio disappear around a sweeping curve. Nothing else is discernable. The outlook is utterly dismal, and we are as utterly disgusted with ourselves and the rest of the world, Allegheny included. The very thought of getting out of bed at an unearthly hour and climbing up a steep hill to look down upon an ocean of dirty white fog is exasperating. It is now six o'clock and no sign of the fog lifting. Suddenly, almost like a flash of ligiitning, a ray of sunlight cleaves the mist and shoots its golden arrows into the very heart of the fog-submerged city beneath us. As if by magic, the vapory curtain is torn to shreds, and two minutes later, the sun, already half an hour high, shines out in all its splendor and pours a flood of golden light upon the magnificent panorama spread out before us. "What a lovely city ! what a superb frame I" is the involuntary exclamation of every lover of a fine view who beholds this grand prospect. There are the parks in the very center of the town, closed in by stately mansions. The contrast between their emerald green and the dark sea of surrounding houses is most striking. The glass roofs of the conservatories glisten in the sunshine. The placid surface of the artificial lakea])pears like a great shield of burnished steel. The great spouts of the fountains seem like bars ot pure silver as they ascend into the fragrant morning air. The broad streets intersecting each other at right angles, look almost white; in their cleanliness. The electric cars, driven by an invisible but irresistable power, can be seen moving swiftly along the main HI llioroughfares. An object of curiosity is the one tiiat is just now ascending the hteep hill to our left, and we wonder how the passengers can keep their seats. The Carnegie Library building, that gem of architectural art, is plainly visible in its emerald setting, and even at this distance attracts the eye by its noble pro- portions. The pyramidical light towers placed at I'egular intervals at the iiiter- section of streets, rearing their slender heads far above the tallest buildings, seem to stand guard over the city, as indeed they do — at night. But now the boom of cannon reminds us that it is time to descend if we do not wish to lose any of the sights the great day is to bring forth. No truer test can be applied to the prosperity of a city and the public spiritedness of its citizens than the celebration of an event which requires a sacrifice of time, money and comfort by those who participate. Allegheny is prosperous ! It is not yet nine o'clock, but already the streets are black with people. Men, women and children in their best clothes, wearing expectant faces, looking out of bright eyes, speaking with laughing lips, altogether a happy, contented, well dressed crowd, line the sidewalks. The streets are thronged with carriages, wagons, bands and organizations that are to take part in the parade, the first and most important event of the day. The surging mass gravitates toward the Diamond, and by ten o'clock the neighboring streets aie impassable. Allegheny's local pride was stirred to its inmost depths. That was evident from the decorations. The city was decked in a bewilderitig profusion of flags, bunting and evergi'eens. Almost from every house-top floated the Stars and Stripes. The City Hall was fairly covered with flags and bunting. Gi-eat streamers fell from the roof on all sides and were fastened near the ground in red, white and blue rosettes. A trio of flags fluttered from each of the numerous windows. The Carnegie Free Library building was almost hidden from view by flags and festooned bunting, intertwined with fanciful garlands of red, white and blue. The electric light towers were one of'the prettiest sights of tiie day. Their iron bodies were gaily decorated with tricolored garlands, winding all around them away up to the very top. From near the top of each to the ground were strings of Chinese lanterns. At the Federal street entrance to the Sixth street bridge a magnificent arch had been erected. It was formed of evergreens and immortelles, wound into legends and expressing patriotic sentiments. The wlio'e was surmounted by the American flag and coat of arms. At eleven o'clock Battery B flred a salute and Chief Marshal J . F. Beilstein gave the command for the procession to move. The co]iin)n formed in the streets at and adjacent to the Diamond and proceeded along the following route : Federal street to Church, to Cedar, to Washington, to Madison, to Liberty, to Chestnut, to Ohio, to James, to North, to Allegheny, to Locust, to Chartiers, to Eidge, to Marion, to Ohio, to Federal, and finished by passing in review at City Hall. Leading the procession was the Cathedral Brass Band, Chief Mar- shal Beilstein and staff of fifty mounted aids. The first division followed, commanded by Dr. H. K. Beatty; Frank J. Fleck, Adjutant General; Alfred E. Smith, Chief of Staff, and Charles Sorg, Adjutant. In this division were grouped the various military and G. A. R., and singing societies, American Mechanics, Turners and other organizations. The commander and staff, fol- 112 lowed b}' thirty mounted aids and the Grand Army Band, headed tiiis division, wliich turned down Federal street in tlie following order: ORDER OF THK I'ROCESSION. Wm. Thaw Council, Jr. O. U. A. M. Uniformed Rank, (). U. A. M. Homestead Band. Homestead Council, Jr. (). U. A. M. Reliable Council, Hildale Council, Jr. O. U. A. M. O. H. Berry Council, Jr. O. U. A. M. James Lyslc Bost, Sons of Veterans. Allegheny Band. Allegheny County Butchers' Association, '2h() strong. Germania Band. McKeesport Singing Society with Electric Band.. Superior Band. German Maennerchor Society. Cecilia Maennerchor Society, carrying Japanese Parasols. Lawrenceville Band. Lodges of Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Iron Citj^ Band. Members of Allegheny Turnverein. Turner's Educational Float, with School Children and the Motto, " Education Represents Liberty." The second grand division was commanded b}' David Hunter, Jr.; John Glenn, Adjutant General, and John Hastings, Chief of Stafi'. It moved in the following order : THE SECOND DIVISION. Great Western Band. Eight Mounted Police, commanded by Chief Murphy. One Hundred and Twenty-Five Patrolmen on Foot. Three Police Patrol Wagons. Carriages containing ex-Mayors Stuckrath, Peterson and Pearson. Carriage containing Mayors Wyman and H. I. Gourley. Carriage containing Orators ofthe Day. Carriage containing County Commissioners McKee and McWilliams, and Sherriff McCandless. Carriages containing Chairmen Ford and Holiday and other visitors. Forty-one Letter Carriers ofthe Allegheny Postoffice. Carriage containing ex-Postmasters Andrew Robinson, John A. Mylerand Jrlin Swan, and Postmaster Gilleland. Carriage containing Assistant Postmaster Clark and Chief ('IcM-k Mylerand Superintendent Mendel. Carriages, two abreast, containing Members of Select and Common Councils. Carriages containing City Officials. Carriages containing members ofthe Poor Board. Carriages containing members ofthe old Volunteer Fire Department. Carriages containing members of the Semi-Centennial Committee. 11 3 One Hundred and Fifty employes of tlie Street Department in wagons. Fifty employes of the Roads Department in wagons. Float representing the Roads Department in 1840. Machinery and wagons of the Street and Roads Departments. Wagon representing the Water Department in 1840. Float representing the Water Department in 1890. One HiHidred employes of the Water Department on foot. Carriage containing Chief Jones and Chairman Swindle, of the Fire Department. Steamers, Hose Carriages and Trucks of the Fire Department. Carriage containing Assistant Chief Clark and Clerk Hunter. An old road scraper, an ancient plow and other implements in use by the street department fifty years ago, were exhibited in a wagon in connection with the improved machinery of to-day. The water department of 1840 was represented by a large barrel fastened to a pair of cart wheels with a hose attached to tiie rear. A half century ago the citizens of the Northside were supplied in this manner, the water being taken from the river. The float representing the water depart- ment of 1890 consisted of a picture of the Allis & Lowry engines on canvas. In the center of the float, perched up high in the air, was a display fountain. It became entangled several times in the Pleasant Valley wires at street corners, but was extricated without damage. The citj' departments made a most creditable exhibit. In the third divison, comprising a grand industrial display, the enterprising business men of Allegheny entered into tlie spirit of the occasion with an enthusiasm and earnestness that made their exhibits one of the most interesting features of the parade. It was under the command of George N. Lacock, Marshal; with W. T. Bradbury as Adjutant General; Dr. S. S. Woodburn as Chief of Staff, and about fifty aids. The First regiment United American Mechanics' band, formerly known as the Post 162 Band, led the division ; then the Washing- ton Infantry, forty men, under command of Captain Shannon, as escort. At two o'clock in the afternoon the great mass meeting was held in West Park. Chairman Neeb called the meeting to order. The opening prayer was made by Rev. T. J. Leak. The meeting was then turned over to President James Hunter with the following list of Vice Presidents : Captain J. D. Walker, Robert Andrews, Henry Albrecht, Arch Alston, Robert Albree, John Arbuckle, John Aiken, David Arnheini, Colonel James Andrews, F. R. Bruuot, R. C. Beatty, James Brownlee.J.U. Barr, Professor John Brashear. Richard Brown, James Best, Willian Burchell, Utilles Baird, C. C. Boyle, Charles Becker, John Benson, Joseph D. Brown, Alfred Bungey, Cap- tain Robert Boles, Isaac Brown, Morgan Bryant, Harry Boyle, William Barklej', Alexander Beggs, Basil Barker, John A. Caughey, John Chalfant, Joseph Craig, Michael Cooper, Captain William Crider, J. M. Crider, William Chambers, George Cupps, Charles C. Cole, Josiah Cohen, William Criswell, Charles Campbell, Robert Caskej', Robert Culp, Henderson Davis, Richard Dewhurst, Charles Donnell, George W. Day, Hugh Danver, JamesJ. Donnell, Hance Dunlap, William Black- stocks John Dalzell, Captain James Boyd, Willis Dalzell, E. M. Byers, Samuel Dyer, Captain M. Day, Jacob Aochley, Charles Duvallen, G. N. HofFstott, Andrew Elliott, Jehu Haworth, Robert Enis, Captain W. Haslett, George W. Evans, William Hazlett, Joseph Eichbaum, George B. Hill, Captain W. Evans, Dr. James B. Herron, Prof. L. H. Eaton, Simpson Horner, Robert Elton, John Hanev, Dr. A. Fleming, Alex. Hanna, John Frazier, Campbell Herron, Captain C. H. Frisbee, Israel Hoag, Jacob Foreman, Charles Hawthorne, General Fitzhugh, Robert Hawthorne, Jacob A. France, R. T. Hawthorne, John C. Eisher, Charles Hutchinson, Charles Yerse, John Hutchinson, Henry Gerwig, George W. Hubley, Nathan Graham, John Huckenstein, Adolphus 114 Groetzingcr, B. F. Jennings, Stephen Geyer, James Home, Jonathan Gallagher, Barney Oray, Asher Guckenhcimer, Col. Joe Gerst, Michael (ieyer, Thomas Harper, Michael Hill, Captain William Hamilton, James Herdmau, Henry Holdship, John Kirkpatrick, Dr. John Kirker, John Logan, Robert Lea, Reuben Logan, General J. Lawrence, Ham. Lacock, Rudolph Lcidy, James Lindsay, Samuel Long, John Lemon, Fred Lehman, C. Lighthill, Hon. B. F. Jones, John B. Ingham, Sullivan Johnson, Porter Jackson, William Jackson, John Jahn, James Kerr, George A. JCelly, R H. King, Jacob Klec, Ralph Means, John Morlorn, William McClelland, Alex. McGil- very, J. N. McCuUough, John McDonald, Thomas McCance, E. V. McCandless, Laughlin, Mcintosh, David McKclvy, -V. P. McGrew, Johnston Mclntyre, Wilson Miller, D. Lutz, Robert Means, Stephen Mercer, John Martin, Reuben Miller, Sr.,john A. Myler, Martin MahalTey, Jacob Minehart, John Marlow, Captain W. W. Martin, William Mullin, T. M. Morrow, R. M. Mowry, L. Mutzig, Dr. T. Mabon, Alexander Moore, Arch Marshall, W. G. Muzzy, James McCutcheon, Captain JlcClusky, J. C. McConnick, John McKeowu, Samuel McGinniss, Joseph McNaugher, Samuel McXaugher, E. Nutt.iU, Richard Nuttall, David Neely, Alexander Neely, Robert Nauni- berg, John Osman, H. W. Oliver, Park Painter, John Porterfield, Davis Moore, Patrick Wallace, James Patton, Charles Schleiper, W. G. Park, A. E. W. Painter, Rev. Dr. Thomas Sproul, Moses Peebles, James B. Scott, John Pryor, Sr., Robert Simpson, William Pickersgill, Martin Schaffer, William Peters, Alf Slack J. G. Phillips, M. D., O. P. Scaife, John Phillips, William Slack, Jacob Reymcr, G. Shiras, Jr., A. Reinenian, J. Scott, C. Raeder, W. Stewart, Joshua Rhodes, Captain A. Smith, John Ray. William Reed, Jacob Reel, Captain John L. Reno, William Reel, James Ramsev, Andrew Robinson, Dr. D. X. Rankin, James Reed, Stewart Robinson, W. T. Richardson, Captain Russell, Charles Rumsey, Abe Rife, David Reynolds, John Rice, P. Rice, Captain D S. Sholes, John M. Staub, John S. Slagle, Dr. Swinger, William Stewart, James Sanderson, Judge Ed-ward Sto we, Samuel Severance, R. S. Smith, Wils. Smith, William Singer, John Tiernan, J. O. Thompson, Robert Till, John Taggart, David Teets, Colonel J. D. Walker, L. Walters, Captain Joseph Walton, J. Swoger, Ben Waddington, Harry H. Walker, Robert White, William White, Samuel Wertheimer, Joseph Watson, D, M. Watson, John Wills, James G. Welsh, Captain O. West, Captain Ed Wright, John Walsh, Alex. Watson, R. D. Wood, Joseph Watson, C Whiston, William Trimble, T. D. Casey, P. H. Knox, D. H. Chambers, John Trimble, James Horn, William K. Armster, George W. Shepherd, James Hallar, George Keyser, Peter Lippert, Henry Blumhage, N. H. Noegtly, Michael Gang, F. Lau^, Christian Breining, William Riemensnyder, John Stotz, Gottlieb F.;as, John Froelich,Johu Meyer, Louis Braun, Gottlieb Dahlinger, Jacob Hill, Andrew Schlots, J. E. Sonnenberg, A. A. Urben, H. Venning, Robert Rapp, John Wilkson, Addison Lysle, W. D. McGill, H. Gray, E. B. Martin, Thomas W. Jones, G. E. Hemphill, Samuel Hastings, M. Simon, W. Lang, R. Adair, J. Murphy, M. Callio, Arthur Sholes, Jacob Hasley, John Martin, T. C. Jenkins, G. K. McNulty. Henry Mucker, D. W. Miller, John Benbard, W. J. Beckfield, Frank K. Brown, J. S. GrafF, J. Fairman. H. D. Renwick, J. Renwick, J. Z. Brown, W. Scandrett, Walter Kerr, L. Brown, John Stewart, Nathan Whiston, J. Steele, Charles Sherriff, John Wettich, Robert Marshall, George Lozier, James Godfrey, Henry Jones, Louis Stuckrath, William Paul, Robert Pitcaim, Thomas Patterson, E. J. Smith, Morrison Foster, — Schreiber, Hon. J. M. Kirkpatrick, — Marshall, WiUiam Neeb, A. D. Smith, William France, Captain J. D. McGill, Colonel W. D. Moore, Samuel B. Cluley, Fred Beuchler, Thomas Jones, R. H. McCreery, Thomas Johnston, James W. Grove, L. D. McCandless, jacob Klee, Martin Gunnon, Julius Adler, Hugh Cavatan, John Cochran, J. T. Arnold, Isaac Cline, Captain R. C. Miller, Prof John Davis, Captain Rodgers Adam Miller, Thomas Johnston and Alex. Ralston. In, ■.accepting the Presidency Mr. Hunter said : " Fifty years ago, on the ground now occupied by this beautifial city, the semi-centennial of whose birth we are to-day celebrating, was the home of a few thousand people. The spot on which we now stand, beautified by the loveliness of vegetation and artistic excellencies, was a barren, forbidding common. To-day within our city we have over 100,000 people, rich in manufactures, in a common and general prosperity and happiness. We are a contented people, appreciating the opportunities that have grown with the rapid development of our citv. In commercial prosperity, in our government and its administrators, in the manner of our growth and in our city's beauty, we are the equal of any in the country. "But great as our progress has been in tlie fifty years of the city's life, still greater things are to come. If we to-day congratulate ourselves tliat we have lived in an era of success, those who live fifty years hence, when the hundred years of life have been completed, will be amaze a?- ^ PORTRAITS AND BIOGRAPHICAL SKKTCHES OK OFFICIALS .<» COIJNCILMKN OK ALLBGHENY CITY, PENN A. \* I ^ \ > CITY OFFICIALS. Henry Huiineshageii, Mayor's Clerk. Jolui R Muri)liy, Chief of Police. James G. Wviiiaii, Mayor. James Brown. City Controller. Charles Hhlers, City Engineer. Biographical Skbtches. *Ammon, Adam. — Mr. Amnion, who for Ihe Uisl ten years has been a prominent figure in the municipal afTairs of .Allegheny City, was born in Washington county, June 17th, 1827. At the age of lH, after having attended the subscription school for three years, he was apprenticed to the coopering business, which he followed until 1H44 In that year Mr. Amnion removed to .\llegheny county and decided to learn the nursery business. He was apprenticed to J. S. Schneider, who had a large nursery near Pittsburgh. Ten years later Mr. Amnion, in partner- ship with a friend, bought out Mr. Schneider, and carried on the business successful!}' until 1804, when he sold out and became a comniis.siou nierclunit in Pittsburgh. In 18ti8 he entered the firm of Hamilton, Lemon & Co., coffin manufacturers, of which he is a member to-day. He then made his home in Allegheny, -A-hcre the works of that well known concern are located. Mr. Ammon was elected to Common Council from the Fifth ward in 188], ami has served continually since. He has been Chairman of the City Property Committee for several years, is a member of the Carnegie Library Commission and a number of other important committees. Brown, J.\mes. — Mr. Brown, City Controller, is one of the most popular officials in .■Vlleghenv. His pleasing and courteous manner to everybody with whom he conies in contact has made him hosts of friends. He was born in 1834, in Alleghcnj', and has resided there all his life. He is now serving in the nineteenth year of his service as Controller. Mr. Brown started in life as a carpenter when he was still a young man, and soon established an excellent reputation as a skilled workman. Some years later he became manager of a coal and coke business, and afterward entered the office of the City Engineer. On August 1st, 1872, he was elected City Controller, which office he has held ever since. He has all the degrees possible conferred upon him in Masonry, and is a prominent and active member of that organization. Brown, Thom.^S. — Mr. Brown was born in Allegheny in 18.j2, and educated in the public schools of his native city. He is the head of the plumbing and gas fitting house which bears his name. This house was founded in 18.52, and the following have been the changes in the style and title of the firm since that date, viz.: 1852, Maffett Old & Bailiff; 18()0, Bailiff i& Brown ; 186.5, Bailiff, Brown & Co. ; I8U7, Bailiff, Brown & Carson ; 18 9, Bailiff & Brown ; 1871, Thomas Brown. Mr. Brown has had great experience, and possesses an intimate knowl- edge of everv detail of the business. He has always made it a rule to do nothing but first-class work, for the acconiplishment of which the most skilled workmen are employed, and the best procurable materials used. Everything in the way of plumbing, ventilating, steam and gas fitting is done ; contracts are entered into, and the complete fitting up of buildings is satisfac- lorilv executed. In sanitary plumbing, the .specialty of this house (on the perfect performance of which so nuicli of the health and comfort of the community depends), a leading specialtv is made of fitting, etc., of the most approved character for natural gas, and every q., he hung out his shingle in our sister city, Pittsburgh. By strict attention to business and his office, he has now an extensive practice that is yearly increasing. He was ambitious to gain a scat in the City 137 Legislature, because he thinks law-making should form a part of a lawyer's education, and thereby could serve his constituents and clients better. Mr. Mercer is a member of Library, Finance and Park Committees, three of tlie most important committees in the gift of Chairman Hunter. He was also a member of the Semi-Centennial Commission, and did much towards making the celebration of Allegheny's fiftieth birthday the success it proved to be. MUEHl,BRONNER, G. A. — Mr. Muehlbronner is a rising young man, and to all appearances destined to make his mark in the political world. He has recently been elected to the State Legislature from the First District by a handsome majority. He was born in Philadelphia in 1857, and when he was about ten years old his parents removed to .'Vllegheny. For a number of years Mr. Muehlbronner has been in the grocer/ business, at first retail but now wholesale, his spacious storerooms being located on Liberty street, Pittsburgh. In 1883 he was elected to Com- mon Council from the Seventh ward. He served two terms in that branch, and in 1887 was elected to the Select Council. Mr. Muehlbronner was returned to Select Council for another term, from which he now resigns to enter the State's Legislature. Mr. Muehlbronner is very popular among his constituents, especially with the German element, whereof his district is largely composed. Murphy, John R. — Mr. Murphy, Chief of Police of Allegheny, was born in Allegheny in 1853, and has resided there ever since. His efficient service is so well known that it hardly requires mention here. He has been 15 years in the police service, and during that time many an evil-doer probably wished that John R. Murphy had never been born. Naturally bright and quick of understanding, his detective qualities have developed in the course of his long service, until now he can take hold of the most intricate case and unravel it if any man can. For nine years he held the position of Market Constable of Allegheny. On account of his vigilance and fitness he was appointed by Mayor Wy man Chief of Police. With sound judgment, courteous bearing and great personal courage, Chief Murphy has deservedly attained a wide popularity. Ober, J P. — Mr. Ober is one of Allegheny's most substantial and influential business men. The Eberhardt & Ober Brewing Co., of which he is the treasurer, is one of the largest concerns of the kind in this part of the country. Besides this, Mr. Ober is largely interested in other business enterprises of great magnitude. He also is the projector of the Troy Hill electric street railway, and the organizer of the company which is to build it. While Mr. Ober is one of the shrewdest of business men, he is also a most genial companion and very popular with every one he comes in contact with, whether in his business relations or socially. But the main and most admirable trait of his character is his kind-heartedness, which he has proven on many occasions to those in need. Mr. Ober was elected to Select Council in February, 1889, where he represents the Thirteenth ward. He is a member of the Conmiittees on Streets and Sewers, Fire Department, Street Railroads Printing, Ordinances, Poor Farm and Auditing. Ober, F. L. — Mr. Ober, member of Common Council from the Seventh ward, was born in 1851, in the Fourth ward, Allegheny. He received his education at the public school there. When still very young he went into the office of his father, who was then in the brewing business. In 1875 Mr. Ober went into business on his own account the name of the firm being F. L. Ober & Bro., Brewers. From 1878 to 1881 he represented the Thirteenth ward in Common Council. He was re-elected in April, 1882, serving until 1884. He was elected for the third time in 1889. Mr. Ober is a prosperous and popular business man, and one that is well fitted for the public place he holds. He is a member of the Water, Police, Wharves and Landings and Ordinance Committees. PaTTON, Wm. F. — Mr. Patton was born in 1860, in the Second ward, Allegheny. He received a thorough education at private schools, finishing up at the now defunct New Institute in Pittsburgh, from which he graduated at the age of twenty-one. He then went into the brush business, being a member of the firm of Wolfe, Patton & Co. The sales-rooms on Wood street, Pittsburgh. After a few years Mr. Patton sold his interest in the business and became a stock broker. He has continued in the brokerage business ever since. In February, 1889, he was elected to Common Council from the First ward. Mr. Patton is a member of the Streets and Sewers, Water, Public Parks, and Whar\es and Landings Coniniiltees. He takes an active part in the deliberations of Common Council, and is highly respected as well as popular among his constituents, and in fact by everybody that knows him. 138 B. F. Rynd, C. C, Morris Einstein, -S'. C, Atiam Amnion, C. C, C. A. Muehlbronner, S. C, Arthur Kennedv. S. C, LIBRARY COMMITTEE c. w Geo . Dahiinjjer. C. C, ChaiiDian. \V. Snainan. .*>■. C"., W'ni M. Stevenson, Librarian. J no R. Ilenricks, 6". C, A. H Mercer, C. C, Geo J Lapi)e, C. C. A. C Groetzinger, C. C. KoniNSON, Harry C. — Mr. Robinsou is the youngest man in Council, having been bom iu l.i<>4, and is certainly one of the most promising young men in both cities. Straight, honest, of pleasing a(i(lress, taking appearance and with a good education, his future looks bright indeed. He was born in the Fou:th ward, Allegheny. He attended the jjuIjUc sc1:o- r m «5 t*J^ ■■tf 1^, / 'iw '#^^ /^^v^- K< ' Siin'l D. Hiiljcly. R. H. Gilliford, M. D. H. A. Knox. Michael Hauiian. Jas P. Gict;g Jr. John (1. Wallhcr. RolaiKl '1\ While, Clerk of Select Council. LiNnSAV, I. H. — Mr. Lindsay, President of Select Council, was born in the Third Ward, Allegheny, on January 8, 1841, and, after receiving a common school education, went into the hardware business in Pittsburgh under the firm name of Lindsay & Co., in which he remained until 186;{, when he left that business and started at No. 98 Rebecca street, under the firm name of Lindsay S: McCutcheon, where they have been for a quarter of a century. This firm is also interested in the Keystone Rolling Mill Company and the Pittsburgh Tube Company. Mr. Lindsay is a Director of the First National Bank of Pittsburgh, and Presil). K.lwanl Alln-tK.ll.j i. "«> A i Maj. James A. McLaughli GoETTMANN, F. G., jR. — Mr. Gocttnianti was born in Allegheii)' in 1859. He received a common education in the schools of his native town. When he was about fifteen years old he went to work in an iron mill. For ten years he was a steel worker at one of the largest rolling mills in their neighborhood. During that time he did not neglect his education, having the ambition to rise some day above tlie position of a steel worker. He read and studied after having done a hard day's work, to such good puqjose. that he fitted himself to hold a position in the Countv Treasurer's oflfice, a place which was given liim some four or five years ago. Since the 1st of January, Ihill, Mr. Goettmann has been in the Recorder's office, where he holds a responsible position. He was elected to Common Council by the citizens of the Fifth ward at the last municipal election, (1891), and polled a large vote. Mr. Goettman is very popular among his constituents. Grihu.s, Bartox. — The Chief of the Department of Public Charities, was born in Butler, the seat of Justice for Butler county. State of Pennsylvania, iu 1850. Four years later his parents removed to Allegheny City, where they took up their residence in the Third ward. Mr. Grubbs attended the I'ourth Ward Public School in Pittsburgh. After having gone through all the grades there, he accepteti a position as clerk with the firm of McCrome S: Gloide, dealers in Notions and Gents' Furnishing Goods, whose place of business was located on Market street, Pittsburgh. He remained witli them for eigth years. Subsequently he accepted a position with F. H. Eaton, now Clerk of Charities in Pittsburgh, but who was at that time in the Notion business, on Fifth avenue. At the end of one year Mr. Grubbs gave up his position and went into the Merchant Tailoring business, under the firm name of Scandrett & Co., Mr. Scandretl being his father-in-law. In 1884 he became the Water Assessor for the City of Allegheny, which position he has held until elected by Councils Chief of the Department of Public Charities. Sir. Grubbs election to that important and responsible position has given general satisfaction. Both morally and intellectually he is well fitted to be the head of that department. L.^Ni"-, John J. — Mr. tang the well-known grocery merchant, whose establishment is located on Chestnut street, Allegheny, was elected to Common Council in February, 1891. He polled the largest vote ever given to any candidate for office from that ward, or any other w'ard in the city, namely l-ii7. This large vote will seem even more phenomenal when it is .stated that Mr. Lang is a democrat. A man must be very popular indeed, and his sterling qualities as a citizen very well known, if he is a democrat and can poll such a vote in the Third ward, Allegheny, one of the republican strongholds in the cit\-. Mr. Lang was born in 185(i in the Fourth ward, Alleghenv, and went to school there. At about fifteen years of age he learned tlie tinner's trade, a business in which his father had been engaged for a long time. After a while he left his trade for tlie grocery business and for a number of jears he has owned a large store stocked complete with everything that goes to make up a first class establishment of that kind. Mr. Lang did not become a candidate for council from his own choice. For the last five years his neighbors had been urging him to accept the candidacy, and at last he consented. Lewis, Charles V. — It would be difficult to find a more popular man in the two cities than Mr. Lewis. He is the very essence of geniality and good fellowship. He is a good talker, a delightful companion, one of those men with whom one can spend an evening without looking to see what time it is. His stock of anecdote is inexhaustible. He once belonged to the dram- atic profession, and in his capacity as an actor, has traveled all over this country and a good part of the old world. Mr. Lewis was born in New York City, fifty-five years ago. When nine- teen years old he became an actor, and reuiained a member of the craft for fifteen years. Burlesque was his forte and Irish and German dialect his favorite parts. At the outbreak of the war he enlisted in the 8th N. Y. Yolunteers, who afterwards became famous as the Durvie Zuaves. Mr. Lewis went into the war as a private, he came out as a first lieutenant. In 1871 he went to Chicago, where he entered into tlie newspaper business as a stereotyper. In ISSl he came to Pittsburgh and took charge of the stereotyping department of the '"Dispatch." He remained with that paper for nine years, residing in .■Mlegheny. Then he became one of the proprietor's of the " Yolksblatt," a German paper, also looking after its stereotyping apparatus. In February 1891, he was elected to Common Council by the citizens of the 5th ward. .Allegheny. His election was almost unanimous. 1.51 MuTH, Henry. — The superintendent of the Bureau of Police, was born in the 6th ward, Allegheny, in 1860. He received his elementary education at the public school of his ward, also going to the German school. .•Vfter leaving the school, he took a full course at the Iron City College. Then he learned the trade of machine moulding in the Rosedale Foundry, where he was employed for eight years Then he went to the establishment of Mcintosh, Hemphill & Co., Limited, with whom he stayed four years, .\bout two years ago, he was given a position in the I'nited States Revenue Office. When Allegheny became a city of the second class, and Mr. Murph\' was elected by Councils Chief of the Department of Public Safety, it was important to have a trustworthy man at the head of the Bureau of Police, and Mr. Muth was appointed. McL.^L'GHLiN, J.A.MES A. — Mr. McLaughliu who has been appointed Superintendent of the Biu-eau of Health by the Chief of the Department of Public Charities, was born in 1844 in East Liberty now the Nineteenth ward, Pittsburg. He received his education at the Fourth ward public school in Pittsburg. He was a bright, intelligent boy, candid, good hearted, and well liked by his teachers as well as liis schoolmates. These qualities Major McLaughlin has carried with him into manhood and they are his to-day. After leaving school he learned the last-making trade. August 16th, 1861, he enlisted in Company P, 102d Regiment, and took part in some of the hardest fought battles of the civil war. He was wounded in the battle of \'illiers, Ma3- 5, 1 862, and again, on May 3, 1862, at the battle of Salem Church. He was mustered out Sept. 16, 18ti4, came home and again took up his trade. But last-making, no matter how profitable, could not satisfy a man of Mr. McLaughlin's disposition and intelligence. He was ambitious. He wanted to rise in the world, and forthwith became a newspaper man. For several years he was connected with the old Chronicle now the Chroniiie-Telegraph. That was the ste]3ping stone to his sub- sequent career. When he left the Chronicle he went into the Revenue office of the Twenty-third district. Since that he has held positions in County Treasurer's and Recorder's offiices. The position he now holds, that of Superintendent of the Bureau of Health in Allegheny, is one of great responsibility. NESBIT, William W. — Mr. Nesbit was born on Fulton street, Pittsburgh, in 1844 When he was but eighteen months old his parents took up their residence in New York City. He received his elementary education at the public schools, afterwards attending one of the collegiate institutions oi the metropolis. Then he went into the house furnishing business but soon abandoned it for the stud}' of law. He spend two years in the office of one of the well-known law firms on Nassau street. New York. In 1861 he came to Pittsburgh. It seemed to him that there were more lawyers then clients in Pittsburgh, and thought it wise to make living at something else. And so he learned the trade of paper hanging, a business in which he has been engaged ever since. Mr. Nesbit belongs to the third generation of the family by that name, since it settled in the state of Pennsylvania He is related to many of the prominent families in the state. His mother was a cousin of Mrs. Mansfield Brown, whose husband founded the town of Mansfield, Pa. A cousin of his father founded Hollidaysburg, in Cambria County, Pa. Mr. Nesbit is serving his first term in council. He represents the Tenth ward, and resides on Perrysville avenue, near Woods run. Oliver, John C. — It is very gratifying to know that among the Allegheny Councilmen elected to serve uuder the new city charter there are a number of gentlemen belonging to a class which, to all outside appearance has heretofore taken but little interest in the welfare of the city. we mean professional men, manufacturers, prominent business men, men of integrity, and men of education. They seldom take the trouble to vote, much less consent to run for office. It requires going into politics, they say, and to most of them politics is an abomination. But a change is taking place. The present Councils of the City of Allegheny contains lawyers, physicians, manufacturers, in short, men who are prominent in all walks of life. Mr. John C. Oliver, a sou of the well-known iron manufacturer David B. Oliver, represents the 11th ward in Common Council. He was born in Pittsburgh, on the 29th day of October, 1863. His elementary education he received at the Public Schools of Allegheny. He then took a full Scientific course at Yale College, graduating with the class of 1885, when he was but little more than twenty years of age. He returned home, and was emplo^'ed as a shipping clerk in one of his father's mills. Slowly he worked his way up from that position, and to-day he is the Manager ot the Oliver Steel and Iron Company's Fifteenth street mill, on tlie South Side. It was a week 152 ^ ^ Tames W. Dickson, M. D. J. O. Home. />^ '^- m Will \V. Ncsl)it. I&- «**.. John C. (llivcr. before election wlieti he consented to become a candidate for member of Common Council from the P^lcventh ward. The time was very short in which to re.sM Ciiood!9, I^aoes and Triinniings, Suits, Csowns, Cloaks anti Jackets. [izaiiT Kui" ir)g ■ rtiurpiers : » I'iiiest Alaska Seal Skin Gannents, in the latest French shapes. JOS. HORNE A CO., 609-621 Penn Ave., PITTSBURGH, PA. THE OLD RELIABLE ALLEGHENY Stehpi Dyeihe, Sgooriiii! AND lauhdry aioRK, Nos. 353 & 355 Beaver Ave. , ALLEGHENY, PA. RKCKIVINC, (IFKICKS:— 443 Smithfield St., Pittsburgh, 1913 Carson St., South Side, 100 Federal St., Allegheny. Ladies' and (Cents' CJlothins Cleaned and Dved Fine Laces and Lace Cnrtains Refinished. Piano'and Table Covers Cleaned. Carpets. Blankets, etc.. Re- stored. .Shirts, Collars and Cuffs I.aundried equal to new. CHARLES PFEIFER. Tki.kphonks— l'ittsbiir<;l,, riH4; Allegheny, :llllll. ALEX. ROSS, IIIU8I11 House. SHEET MUSIC. MUSIC BOOKS. piano^: EVERETT, WEBER, I.A.ME;,S & HOLMvSTROM, HARVARD. WEAVER, SMITH AMERICAN, DVER & HTiaHES, .ALL KI-XDS 111- Oi^gan^. Musical Instruments. 137 Federal Street, ^^ ALLEGHENY, PA. D. LUTZ S SON, BREWERS. REED & KREPS, FINE EXPORT BEER. LION BREWERY, Cor. Vinial and Villa Sts. Allegheny Brewery, Cor. Chestnut and Spring Garden Sts., TELEPHONE 3002. ALLEGHENY. ANUFACTURERS OF STEAMBOAT BARROWS, RAILROAD BARROWS, GARDEN BARROWS, BRICK BARROWS, STONE BARROWS, STORE BARROWS, BOYS' BARROWS, COKE BARROWS, COAL BARROWS. Our Brewings are from the choicest Barleys and Hop> fully matured and palatable. Pine and Monongahela Oak LUMBER. FOOT OF MULBERRY STREET, ALLEGHENY, PA. 8HEAFER I LLOYD, JEWELERS. SUCCESSORS TO WATTLES & SHEAFER. Mi ►III ►li VIv *1> ^IV DIAMONDS, ^ WATCHES * * ^ ^i? $:J ^!^ JEWELRY. Silverware, Cut Glass and Art Goods. Diamonds and Watches a Specialty. 37-FIFTH AVENUE-37 ^PITTSBURGH, PA. THE BALTIMORE & OHIO R.R. Maintains a Complete Service of Vcstibuled Express Trains between New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Columbus, + St. Louis and Chicago, EQUIPPED WITH Pullman L?ala6b Sleeping -(©ai^s, Running Though Without Change. j^j.i^ :b. &: c>. t:^i5^^i]vs. BETWEEN THE EAST AND WEST, RUN VIA WASHINGTON. Special Rates for Parties Numbering Ten or More, upon Application to Agents. 211 Washington Street, Boston, Mass. 41.5 Broadway, New York. Cor. 9th and Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia, Pa Cor. Baltimore & Calvert Sts., Baltimore, Md l;i.51 Pennsylvania Ave., Washington, D. C. Cor. Wood St. and Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. Cor. 4th and Vine Streets, Cincinnati, O. IMS Clark Street, Chicago, 111. 10.5 North Broadway Street, St. Louis, Mo. E. D. SMITH, Division Passenger Agent, Pittsburgh, Pa. J. T. ODELL, CHAS. O. SCULL, General Manager, (;eneral Passenger AgDnt. + + + liA-LTHMORE, »ir>. + -i- + // ?s both pleasant and instrtictive to contemplate the life of a self-7nade man, a man, who is under no obligations to cirawistances, but owns whatever success he may have achieved to his brains, his force of character and perseverance Mr. David Hollander, the well- ktiown Clothier, whose elegant and spacious emporium is located at I lo Ohio street, Allegheny, gives us such an opportunity. Twenty years ago, he started in business a few doors below the building lohich he now occupies and of which he is the owner. His capital was tzuenty dollars. It may be imagined that his store was not a pre- tentious one. But in the Business he invested something, which, in the end, is of more value than capital. It zuas energy, fair dealing, perseverance and polished maimers, the last of which qualities is by no means the least in itnportance to a business man. One by one the number of his patrons increased, and — 07ice a customer, always a customer, that was the keynote of Mr. Hollander s success. Slowly, step by step, never slipping back as so many do who over-reach them- selves, he climbed the ladder of success, and to-day his establishment will stand cotnparison with any first-class clothing store atid merchant tailoring business in the two cities. How firmly established Mr. Hollander's reputation is for excellent worktnanship in the tailoring business, is shown by the fact that he makes nearly all the uniforms for the meinbers of the Allegheny police force and fire department. WM. EBERHARDT, Prest. INO. N. STRAUB, Vice-PresL THEO. F. STRAUB, Supt. JNO. G. WALTHER, Sec'y. JOHX P. OBER, Treas. The Gberhardt & Qber greuiing Company, NO. 1 TROY HILL ROAD, ALLEGHENY CITY, PA. BREWERS OF THE CELEBRATED TELEPHONE C012. MAIL YOUR ORDERS. F. I^. <>l;i;U. I'lest. C. V. < IHF.K, F. L. OBER & BRO. Br6wiGo.,Liiiiiteil, BREWERS and BOTTLERS, 14, 16, 18, 20 Vlnlal Street, ALLEGHENY CITY, PA. ONEOFTHELAND- MARKS: "HOLMES' BEST" WHISKEY. 1858. vie 1890. ETNAflROlSlfW^ORKS SPANG, CHALFANT & CO. MANUFACTURERS OF Wiouglil lioii Welded Tutes FOR BOILERS, GAS, STEAM AND WATER, Oil Well Tubing and Casing, Line Pipe AND DRIVE PIPK. R. O. HDDRESS: -t> PITTSBURGH, PA. JAMKS MeCrrCHKON, K. k- Kkami;k. President. Casliu i JcHN Thumi'Sux, a. H. Nkvix. Vice-President. A.sst. Cashiei. J, X. David.sii.v, President. A. <•. Camkk.i.n-, .\. .Alston, Vice-President. Cashier. THE First flatiooal U$ OF ALLEGHENY, PA. SecoQUllatiODalBaiiK OF ALLEGHENY, PA. Paid in Capital, - $350,000 Surplus, - - - 150,000 A General Banking Business Transacted. CAPITAL, - - $150,000 ACCOUNTS SOLICITED. SURPLUS, - - 100,000 8HEAFER X LLOYD, JEWELERS. SUCCESSORS TO WATTLES & SHEAFER. DIAMONDS, ^^ ^^ ^5 ^' m WATCHES ^ ^' ^^ m ^^ «- ^ JEWELRY. Silverware, Cut Glass and Art Goods. Diamonds and Watches a Specialty. 37-FIFTH AVENUE-37 «