.^^ .0 ^'^^ ^^o^ t-n^ ^^v> ,^' <^. -v^^ c*^^. ° • * * ,0 \:> v^. A •s. o -o - .-^T.' oO \ ■ .. 3-,. . . . .^^^ v ' .^^ V, --,%^,- .^'^''-.^ ''9/ J\ '9) **'^-^- "■ ^^--^ :< -n.^o^ ^o\P 0^ .^v:.'. "^^ v^ °o .^^\c:^%\, /.^^i.'^-o .^^\c:^/"^. / O > ^•^°,<. K o 4 O ■a? %<^ 4 O ■1 > ^ Q UfC, 0' O .rt PUBLIC EDUCATION ASSOCIATION STUDY NO. 42 A Generation of Progress in Our Public Schools 1881-1912 \3\ 1910 /g \*X. ...•■■A/ PHILADELPHIA 1015 WITHERSPOON BUILDING Price 25 Cent* 1914 Gin JOAUt. 18 Public Education Association Study No. 42 A GENERATION OF PROGRESS IN OUR PUBLIC SCHOOLS 1881-1912 AN INTIMATE HISTORY OF THE PUBLIC EDUCATION ASSOCIATION OF PHILADELPHIA SINCE ITS ORIGIN AS A VOLUNTEER ORGANIZATION OF CITIZENS INTER- ESTED IN THE WELFARE OF OUR PUBLIC SCHOOLS 'THE ENTIRE EDUCATIONAL WORLD IS IN CONSTANT FLUX. THE THING WE CALL EDUCATION TODAY IS A VASTLY DIFFER- ENT THING FROM THE CONCEPT OF A GENERATION AGO' SUPERINTENDENT M. G. BRUMBAUGH PHILADELPHIA 1015 WITHERSPOON BUILDING 1914 ^^^I*^ -5? N^ CONTENTS PAGB Foreword 3 Date Schedule 5 Introduction 12 Reorganization of School System 18 Cooperation Through Committees 30 Compulsory Education 31 Scholarships 33 Medical Inspection 35 Backward Children 37 Industrial Training 39 Household Economy 44 Art 45 Kindergartens 46 Playgrounds 47 School Gardens and Vacation Schools 48 The School the Community Center 49 School Lunches 50 High Schools 51 Survey of Other Volunteer Organizations 54 Incorporation 55 Financial Statement 56 Growth of the Schools, 1881-191 1 57 APPENDIX President Eliot on the Administration of City Schools 59 Summary of Code 60 Officers of the Public Education Association 63 Public Meetings 64 Publications .". 66 Index '-,'.'■ 68 FOREWORD This study is put forth neither as a complete history of the PubHc Education Association nor as a chronicle of all the developments of the public schools of Philadelphia. If, however, it does give some side-lights on the progress of public education in this city, and if through setting forth the results gained by co-operative effort of public-spirited citizens, it shall encourage others to a like service, it will have fulfilled its purpose. For the investigation of the material from which the facts here stated were obtained, the Association is indebted to Miss Elizabeth Haupt Smith. In order to secure as great accuracy as possible in the facts narrated, she has given much time and un- tiring effort in research in the records of the Association, the reports of the Board of Education and other sources; and has placed on file in the office of the Association a detailed record of the authori- ties consulted. For intimate notes on the early history of the Association we are indebted to its first President, Mr. James Whitney; its first Secretary, Miss Charlotte Pendleton; to Mr. W. W. Justice, and others. Former Secretaries, Miss Dora Keen and Mr. George Roth, have also given valuable assistance in regard to the periods of their service. A large part of the history of the Code of 191 1 is by the pen of Mr. Roth. To these and to all those who through their helpful interest have made this study possible, we extend our sincere appreciation. JAMES S. HIATT, Secretary. March 19, 1914 With the co-operation of all the educational forces of the State and Nation, we may be sure that the day will eventually dawn when the ideal condition shall come, when each child shall be broadly educated to the extent of his powers and at the same time educated for his voca- tion, without reference to condition or birth. (President Charles R. Van Hise) A GENERATION OF PROGRESS IN OUR PUBLIC SCHOOLS 1881-1912 "The issue depends upon educational campaigns in behalf of educa- tion ITSELF." — Abraham Flexner The gains scheduled in the following table are not given as the result of the activities of this society alone but rather as evidence of the constructive achievements of an awakened community operating through this and various other philanthropic and civic organizations, constantly seeking the welfare of the youth of our city. Some of the more important developments that have taken place in these years are given in chronological order, as an effective illustration of co-operation. Main Interests of the Public Education Association 1881-1912 1 88 1 Universal education. Schools of trades and indus- try. Organization of schools under a City Superintendent. Compilation of school laws. Kindergartens. School hygiene. Salaries and qualifications of teachers. 1882 Centralization of executive power. Revised course of study. Co-operation with Sub-Pri- mary School Society in es- tablishment of Kindergar- tens. Manual training for boys. Revision of school laws. 1883 Revised course of study. Co-operation with Sub-Pri- mary School Society. Manual Training. 1884 Unification of school system. Co-operation with Society for Organizing Charity in dis- cussion of the revision of school laws. Course of lectures bearing on education. Consideration of school archi- tecture and school hygiene. Important Gains in the Public Schools of Philadelphia 1881-1912 Sewing introduced into Normal School. Sub-Primary School Society incor- porated. Department of Superintendence es- tablished, April 1 1. First Superintendent, Dr. James MacAlister, appointed March 12. First appropriation, $5,000, to the Sub-Primary School Society for Kindergartens. Course of study revised. $7,500 appropriated by Councils for first manual training school for boys. Main Interests of the Public Education Association 1885 Revision of school laws. Universal education. Public meetings on primary education and household economy. Handwork in schools. Important Gains in the Public Schools of Philadelphia Reorganization of school system un- der supervising principals. Central Manual Training School opened, September. Sewing for girls introduced into Grammar Schools. 1886 1887 1888 Revision of school laws. Industrial training. A school census. Opposition to substitution of city bureau head for School Board. Revision of school laws. Contribution of J^oo for es- tablishment of cooking classes in Girls' Normal School. Compilation of school laws. Hygiene in schools. Adequate pay and better qualifications of teachers. Betterment and enlargement of school buildings. Contribution of $2,216.56 to Industrial Exhibit. Contribution of |8oo for cook- ing classes in Grammar Schools. Kindergartens assumed by Board of Education $15,000 appropriated by Councils for their mainte- nance. Exhibit in New York of sewing in Philadelphia schools. First woman member of Board of Education. Cooking introduced into Girls' Nor- mal School. Industrial Training Exhibit of Public Schools in Horticultural Hall, financed by Public Education As- sociation, May. Cooking introduced into Grammar Schools. 1889 Project for a high school of applied science and manual training for girls. 1890 Manual training for both bo>s and girls. 1 89 1 Secretary of Association re- quested by Board of Edu- cation to prepare Act of Assembly for reorganiza- tion of school system. Contribution of $250 to found Chair of Pedagogy in Uni- versity of Pennsylvania. Cooking classes in Normal School as- sumed by Board of Education. Northeast Manual Training School opened, September. Department of Pedagogy instituted in Central High School. Manual Training introduced into James Forten Elementary School. 6 Main Interests of the Public Education Association Important Gains in the Public Schools of Philadelphia 1892 1893 1894 1895 1897 1898 School Census, in order to find out what children were out of school and why. Legislation for the reconstruc- tion of the school system. Meetings for "unification of system." Appropriation of ^250 for school census. Reorganization of school sys- tem. Contribution of $200 to sum- mer course for teachers at University of Pennsylvania. Contribution of $100 for deco- ration of rooms in Girls' Normal School. Compulsory Education. Bill urged for reorganization of school system. Compulsory Education. Reorganization of sectional school boards. Contribution of $200 to Civic Club towards expenses of School Bill at Harrisburg. Beginning of efforts for med- ical inspection. Decoration of memorial room in Alice Lippincott School, contribution $300. Medical inspection. Reorganization of sectional boards and enlarged powers for Central Board. Investigation of Compulsory Education in Europe and America; report published. Board of Education received appro- priation of $15,000 for establish- ment of free libraries in schools. Director of Drawing appointed. Separation of Girls' High and Nor- mal Schools effected. Commercial course in Girls' High School initiated. Chair of Pedagogy established in University of Pennsylvania, with aid of Public Education Associa- tion. Compulsory Education Law, includ- ing a census requirement, passed May 16. Reorganization of High School facul- ties into departments. Kindergarten course established in Girls' Normal School. Four playgrounds opened. Civic Club especially influential. First class graduated from Commer- cial High School for Girls. New Compulsory Education Law, July 12. Department of Compulsory Educa- tion organized. Director of Music appointed. Promotions in Elementary Schools made annually instead of semi- annually. Medical inspection begun by volun- teer physicians, June 16. School of Commerce in Central High School established. Vacation Schools opened by Civic Club. Free lectures in Northeast Manual Training School. First Special School for truant and incorrigible established. Main Interests of the Public Education Association 1899 Progressive school legislation; study of school finances; re- sults published in Annals of American Academy of Polit- ical and Social Science. Recommending candidates for School Board. Establishment of Class for Backward Children; main- tained by Public Education Association and Civic Club at cost of $1,852. First efforts for sectional high schools. Lectures in high schools; con- tribution of $ 1.343 461 325 2, II 3 4,929 ^1,033,628.39 4»540,75545 $14.01 30.92 M ,43 '.235.03 8,558,591.42 In 1 88 1 there was no Department of Compulsory Education nor of Medical Inspection; no provision for backward children nor special care for defective children; no playgrounds under supervision; no school gardens; no social centers. And yet in many of the modern forms of education Philadelphia has been a leader. In the matter of social centers successfully main- tained in school buildings, Philadelphia preceded Boston. New York did not inaugurate her departments of kindergartens, sewing, or manual training, nor trade schools and classes for defective children until after Philadelphia had taken the lead. In many of these fields of educational advancement volunteer agencies had most potent influence and will continue to be the true democratic element. 57 APPENDIX PRESIDENT ELIOT ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF CITY SCHOOLS An inspiring and lucid address given by President Charles W. Eliot of Harvard University on January i6, 1904, set so wise and far- seeing a standard of educational administration that the strides of progress during recent years have advanced us far along the way he pointed. But the goal has not been reached; and until the whole of this plan has been incorporated as a working basis in the public schools of our city, the Association will not rest satisfied. The following outline shows in condensed form the principles stated by Dr. Eliot: System Recommended by Ex-President Eliot I. LEGISLATIVE ADMINISTRATION A Board. Seven members. Elected one or two at a time. For seven years. Only two consecutive terms. No compensation. To determine general policy, appoint executive officers, and direct expenditures. II. EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS Four Expert Agents — All appointed by the Board: at first on probation, then for long terms. 1. A Superintendent of Instruction To have entire control of the teaching staff. To supervise the course of study and adoption of new methods. To consult with teachers. Inspectors, to supervise teachers. Examiners, to examine teachers. 2. A Superintendent of Buildings. To be an architect or engineer. Controlling new constructions. Controlling repairs. 3. A Superintendent of Supplies. To purchase all supplies. To control care of buildings. To supervise janitors. 4. A Superintendent of Finance and Accounting. To have charge of all income and expenditure. III. FINANCE Independent Taxation. Object: — To enable the board to predict its income. Method: — A city tax, fixed at a definite maximum number of mills per dollar of assessed valuation. The board to levy, collect, and expend, through a Financial Agent, such school taxes as are authorized by statute law, and to administer all endowments. 59 All three to co-operate with the head of the city Medical Inspection of Schools. SUMMARY OF THE SCHOOL CODE OF 1911, AS IT PERTAINS TO SCHOOL DISTRICTS OF THE FIRST CLASS, PHILADELPHIA AND PITTSBURGH FINANCE 1. Fiscal Year (a) Begins January first. (b) Taxes levied "on or after the second Monday of November and before the first Monday of December following." 2. Tax Levy (a) "Shall not be less than five or more than six mills on the dollar of the total assessment of all property assessed and certified for taxation." (Section 524.) (b) All unpaid school taxes shall be liens on real property and shall be collected in accordance with the laws of the Commonwealth. 3. Loans (a) "The total indebtedness incurred or created by any school district of the first class including any indebtedness assumed by it at the time of the approval of this Act shall not exceed two (2) per centum upon the total assessed valuation of the taxable property in such school district." (Section 535.) (b) Indebtedness to be reduced by bonds issued for any period of time not to exceed thirty years. (c) Temporary loans not to exceed two tenths of one (i) per centum may be negotiated on two-thirds vote of Board of Education. 4. School Controller, Treasurer, and Receiver of Taxes The Controller, the Treasurer, and the Receiver of Taxes of the munic- ipality will be respectively the same officers of the school district. BOARD OF PUBLIC EDUCATION 1 . Number of Members Fifteen; five selected each year. 2. Length of Term Six years beginning second Monday of November. 3. Time of Selection October. 4. Manner of Selection Appointed by the Judges of the Courts of Common Pleas. 5. Powers (a) Of taxation and borrowing. (b) Of preparing a budget of estimated expenditures of the school district on or before the second Monday of November. 60 (c) Of legislative control of the policies of school administration: "The duties of the board of public education in districts of the first class in addition to the duties prescribed in this Act shall be to define the general policies of the school system and to legislate upon all matters pertaining thereto, to determine and direct all expenditures for the maintenance and improvement of the school system, to appoint the officers herein prescribed and define their duties, to appoint teachers and in general to legislate upon all matters concerning the conduct of the schools subject to the provisions of this Act." (Section 2222.) SECTIONAL SCHOOL DIRECTORS 1. New Name School Visitors. 2. Number Seven for each Ward. 3. Length of Term Four years, beginning first Monday of January. 4. Manner of Selection Elected at each municipal election, four and three respectively at a time. 5. Secretary's Salary The Secretary "may receive from the funds of the school district an annual salary not exceeding twenty-five dollars ($25) as the Board of Public Education of the school district may determine." (Section 2207.) 6. Powers (a) They shall visit all the public elementary schools of their respective wards at least once every three months. (b) They shall report to the Board of Public Education the needs of the ward district "in regard to the number, kind, equipment and efficiency of the schools and school buildings." (Section 2208.) (c) They may, on vote of a majority of all the members, "elect suitable persons for janitors for all grammar and elementary schools in such ward dis- trict subject to the rules of the Board of Education." (Section 2232.) SUPERINTENDENCE 1 . Number of Department Heads Three: (a) Superintendent of Schools. (b) Superintendent of Buildings (may be appointed). (c) Superintendent of Supplies (may be appointed). 2. Manner of Selection Appointed by Board of Education. 3. Term One year, beginning the first Monday in January: "the superintendent of schools may be elected for a term of four years." (Section 2223.) 4. Powers Executive supervision of their respective departments subject to the rules and regulations ot the Board of Public Education. 5. Superintendent of Schools (a) He shall have such associates and assistants as the Board shall de- termine. 61 (b) He shall receive for criticism "all plans for new school construction, addition or repairs" from the superintendent of buildings. (Section 2231.) QUALIFICATIONS OF TEACHERS 1 . Manner of Selection Teachers and principals of elementary schools are required to be appointed from eligible lists prepared by a Board of Examiners. 2. Board of Examiners May be constituted by the Board of Public Education to consist of such number and to have such power as the rules of the Board direct; the superin- tendent of schools to be chairman and to nominate the members who shall serve subject to the approval of the Board of Education. 3. Classes Exempted from the Eligibility Clause Superintendent Associate and Assistant Superintendents. Directors of Special Branches. Principals of Higher Schools. Teachers in Higher Schools. Promotions. Transfers. " Except as superintendent of schools, associate superintendent, assistant district superintendent, director of a special branch, or as principal of or teacher in a high school or normal school, or in case of promotion or transfer from any position to another or higher position, no person shall be appointed to any educational position in the public school in school districts of the first class whose name does not appear among the three highest names upon the proper eligible list. Provided that in any district of the first class or in one that is made a district of the first class by this act, no person holding a position at the time of the passage of this act shall be displaced by the above provision." (Section 2229.) MEDICAL INSPECTION 1 . Manner of Appointment of Inspectors By Department of Public Health, as heretofore. 2. Salaries Paid by the Board of Education. 3. Duties "The medical inspectors shall at least once each year inspect and care- fully test and examine all pupils in the public schools of their districts, giving special attention to defective sight, hearing, or other disabilities and defects specified by the Commissioner of Health in his directions for the medical examinations of schools. Each medical inspector shall make to the teacher or if the board of school directors so directs to the principal or district super- intendent of schools a written report concerning all pupils found to need medical or surgical attention, and giving careful directions concerning the care of each pupil who needs special care while in school. The teacher or the principal or district superintendent shall keep such report until the end of the school year, shall carry out as carefully as possible said directions concerning the special care of pupils while in school and shall promptly send a copy of the medical inspector's report upon each child to the parents or guardian thereof." 62 OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION From the unwearied efforts of the officers throughout these thirty years the Association has gained much of the inspiration that helped in its growing work. It seems fitting that these should be mentioned here, and the repeated names will show that successive years of faith- ful work were cheerfully given by many of them. Chairman 1882 James S. Whitney. 1883 James S. Whitney . 1884 James S. Whitney . 1885 James S. Whitney to James S. Whitney. 1890 1891 to 1892 1893 Edmund J. James. 1894 Edmund J. James. 1895 Edmund J. James. 1896 Philip C. Garrett . 1897 Philip C. Garrett . 1882-1897 Secretary Miss Charlotte Pendleton. Miss Charlotte Pendleton. .Cor. Miss Charlotte Pendleton. Rec. William W. Justice. .Cor. Miss Charlotte Pendleton. Rec. William W. Justice. .Cor. Miss Charlotte Pendleton. Rec. William W. Wiltbank. Cor. Miss Charlotte Pendleton. Rec. William W. Wiltbank. .Cor. Miss Charlotte Pendleton. Rec. William W. Wiltbank. William W. Wiltbank. William W. Wiltbank. William W. Wiltbank. Miss Caroline E. Paxson. Treasurer Dal ton Dorr Dalton Dorr Mrs. J. Dundas Lippincott Mrs. J. Dundas Lippincott Mrs. J. Dundas Lippincott Mrs. J. Dundas Lippincott Mrs. J. Dundas Lippincott Mrs. J. Dundas Lippincott Miss Susan W. Janney Miss Susan W. Janney Miss Susan W. Janney 1898-1912 President Secretary Treasurer 1898 Philip C. Garrett . . Cor. Clinton Rogers Woodruff. Miss Susan W. Janney Rec. Miss Caroline E. Paxson. 1899 Philip C. Garrett . . . .Cor. Clinton Rogers Woodruff. Miss Susan W. Janney Rec. Miss Caroline E. Paxson. 1900 Philip C. Garrett . . . Cor. Miss Dora Keen. Miss Susan W. Janney Rec. Miss Mary E. Converse. I90! Philip C. Garrett . ...Cor. Miss Dora Keen. Jonathan M. Steere Rec. Miss Mary E. Converse. 1902 Philip C. Garrett . . .Cor. Rec. Miss Dora Keen. Cyrus D. Foss. Jonathan M. Steere 1903 Philip C. Garrett. Miss Dora Keen. George Henderson 1904 S. Davis Page. . . . Miss Dora Keen. W. Marriott Canby 1905 1906 Joseph Swain .... Miss Dora Keen. W. Marriott Canby E. Pusey Passmore Joseph Swain .... Miss Dora Keen. 1907 Joseph Swain .... Paul S. Atkins. E. Pusey Passmore 1908 W. W. Justice, H George Henderson, onorary Acting James S. Hiatt. E. Pusey Passmore 1909 W. W. Justice, Honorary George E. Roth. E. Pusey Passmore George Henderson, Acting 1910 W. W. Justice, Honorary George E. Roth. E. Pusey Passmore George Henderson, Acting I9II Otto T. Mallery . . James S. Hiatt. E. Pusey Passmore I9I2 Otto T. Mallery . 5 James S. Hiatt. 63 E. Pusey Passmore PUBLIC MEETINGS Mass meetings are a means of presenting educational ideals to the general public, and in this way the Association has always stood as a clearing house between the school system and the parent-citizens; therefore it has aimed to have its meetings timely and instructive. As early as 1884 the report tells of four lectures by Dr. MacAlister, Dr. G. Stanley Hall, Professor John Ordway, and Professor Edmund J. James. To give the complete list of prominent men and women who have appeared under the auspices of the Association would show the extent of its influence. Among the distinguished speakers who have discussed educational problems on its platform have been: 1884 Dr. G. Stanley Hall, Professor John Ordway, and Professor E. J. James. 1885 Miss Maria Parloa, on ' 'Principles of Household Economy and Related Studies." Dr. M. Putnam Jacobi, on "Experiments in Primary Education." 1898 Mrs. Alice Freeman Palmer, on "The Citizen's Relation to the Public Schools." 1899 Dr. E. M. Hartell, formerly Director of Physical Training in Boston, on "Hy- giene and Physical Training." Dr. A. P. Marble, Assistant Superintendent of Schools of New York City, on "Vacation Schools." 1901 Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, on " Improvement of the Teaching Force." 1902 His Excellency, Wu Ting Fang, Chinese Minister to the United States, on "Impressions of the Educational System of the United States." Mr. James B. Reynolds, Secretary to Mayor Low, on "Vacation Schools." Dr. Felix Adier, on "The Moral End of Education." 1903 Dr. Andrew S. Draper, President of the University of Illinois, on "Vital Points Touching the Public Schools of a Large City." Dr. W. H. P. Faunce, President of Brown University, on "The Training of Women as Teachers." Dr. Ernst J. Lederle, Commissioner of Health of New York City, on "Medical Inspection of Schools." Miss Lina L. Rogers, Supervising School Nurse of New York City, on "Medical Inspection of Schools." 1904 President Charles W. Eliot, of Harvard University, on "A Good Urban School Organization." 64 1904 Mr. Herbert D. Hemenway, Director of the Hartford School of Horticulture, on "School Gardens." Mrs. Henry Parsons, Director of the Children's School Farm, New York City, on "School Gardens." 1906 Superintendent F. Louis Soldan, of St. Louis, Mo., on "The Board, the Super- intendent and the Teacher." Dr. Joseph S. Taylor, of New York, on the "Sectional School Boards— The Character and Importance of their Work." Mr. James P. Haney, Superintendent of Manual Training, New York, on "The Development of Manual Training in a City System." Dr. Walter E. Fernald, Superintendent, Massachusetts Institution for Feeble- Minded, on " Public School Classes for Backward Children." 1907 Mr. George I. Aldrich, Superintendent, Brookline, Mass., Mr. George E. Meyers, Principal, McKinley Manual Training School, Washington, D. C, Mr. W. B. Gunnison, Principal, Erasmus Hall High School, Brooklyn, N. Y., on "The Best Type of District High School, with Special Reference to Co-education." 1908 Professor Lorenzo Dow Harvey, Ph.D., Superintendent of the Stout Training Schools at Menominee, Wis., on "Industrial Education." Mr. Leonard P. Ayres, General Superintendent of Schools of Porto Rico, on " Do Twenty-five Per Cent of all Public School Children fail to get an Educa- tion?" 1910 Dr. George Drayton Strayer, Director of Educational Administration, Columbia University, and Mr. William McAndrew, Principal of the Washington Irving High School, New York, on " Public Education in a Democracy." Members of the School Code Commission, at dinner given in their honor. Dr. Georg Kerschensteiner of Munich, on " Industrial Education," at reception given jointly with Pennsylvania Branch of National Society for Promotion of Industrial Education, and other societies. 19 12 Mr. William A. Wirt, Superintendent of Schools of Gary, Ind., on "The Com- plete Use of the School Plant." 65 LIST OF REPORTS, PAPERS AND ADDRESSES RELATIVE TO THE WORK OF THE PUBLIC EDUCATION ASSOCIATION Annual Reports, 1881-1912 Addresses at Joint Meeting of Civic Club, Dept. of Education, and Public Education Association, March 3, 1894 Herbert Welsh Charlotte Pendleton History of Public Education in Philadelphia, 1896 C. S. Bernheimer History of the Public Education Association of Philadelphia, 1896 Lewis R. Harley Compulsory Education, 1898 Dora Keen Extension of the Course of the Central High School, 1898. . . W. W. Wiltbank and Press Editors Medical Inspection of Schools, 1898 Dora Keen Leaflet History and Outline, 1898 Clinton Rogers Woodruff Truants and Incorrigibles, 1898 Dora Keen Backward Children in Public Schools, 1899 Dora Keen Backward Children and Education, 1900 Dora Keen Eight Charts. Philadelphia School for Backward Children and Comparative Statistics of Similar Schools in the United States, 1900 Dora Keen Organization and Financial Powers of the Department of Education, with special reference to the needs of Phila- delphia, 1900 James T. Young and Leo S. Rowe School Laws pertaining to Philadelphia, 1902 George Henderson Vital Points Touching the Public Schools of a Large City, 1903 Andrew S. Draper Plea for District High Schools, 1903 Dora Keen A Good Urban School Organization, 1904 Charles W. Eliot Seventh Conference of Education Associations, 1904 Dora Keen Conference of Eastern Education Associations, Bulletin No. 1 1, 1904 School Gardens in Great Cities, 1904 Helen C. Bennett Philadelphia School Gardens, 1904 A. W. Crawford and others Educational Organization and Progress in Seventeen Ameri- can Cities, 1905. A Symposium School Reforms in Philadelphia, 1905 The Outlook 66 Story of a School Nurse, 1905 Anna M. Stanley and Dora Keen The Board, the Superintendent, and the Teacher, 1906 F. Louis Soldan Suggestions in Sectional School Boards, 1906. Dora Keen The Sectional School Boards, 1906 David Stout The Importance of the Early Discovery and Treatment of Defectives in Special Public School Classes, 1906 Walter E. Fernald Directory of 156 Education Associations and Committees, 1 907 Dora Keen Manual Training in Elementary Schools, 1907 Industrial Education Committee, Leslie W. Miller, Chairman Causes of Retardation in Public School Classes, 1908 Leonard P. Ayres A Comparison of the Present School System with the System which the New School Code would Establish, 1909. . . .George M. Philips The Small Board of Education versus the Large Board, 1909 . . Scott Nearing Notes on the Educational Problem in Philadelphia, 1909. . .James S. Hiatt The Philadelphia High School Problem, 1909 George E. Roth A Parallel Comparison of the Proposed System with the Present System of Public Education in Pennsylvania, 1910 George E. Roth A Review of School Expenditures, 1910 George Henderson Study of the By-Laws and Rules of the Board of Education, 191 1 James S. Hiatt Recent Progress in School Administration in Philadelphia, 1912 James S. Hiatt Newer Ideals in Education — The Complete Use of the School Plant, 1912 William A. Wirt An Introduction to Vocational Guidance, 1912 James S. Hiatt The Child, the School and the Job, 1912 James S. Hiatt The German System of Industrial Schooling, 1913 Ralph C. Busser The Public Schools of Philadelphia, 19 13 James S. Hiatt 67 INDEX Appeal of School Principals, for rcor- gaiii/;uioii ol school system, 2i. Armstrong Association, co-operation, 43- Art Committee, 45. Baby Saving Show, co-operation, 36. Backward Children, tiist class, 37. Bemheimer, Charles, History of Edu- cation ill riiiiatlcl()hia, 14. Board of Education, see Education, Board of Public. Brumbaugh, Dr. Martin G., elected Su|HMintoiulciit, :?4. Budget of School Expenses, 26. Bureau of Mxmicipal Research, New York, 54. Census of School Children, 31. Census of Subnonnal, Truant and Incorrigible, 38. Child Labor, Law, 33; Coininittee, 41. Children's Aid Society, co-operation, 34- City Parks Association, co-operation, 48. Civic Club, co-(.>iicratioii in report on Compulsory Kducation, 31; in establisimuMit of Special Class for Backward Cliildren, 37; in in- dustrial exhibit, 41; School Gar- dens, 48; Vacation Schools, 48; Social Centers, 40. Commercial High School for Girls, establislied 1808, 45. Commission, to prepare Act changing scluH>l law, 2T,; to codify School Laws, 25. Committees, of Public Education Asso- ciation, 30. Compulsory Education, see Education, Compulsory. Conference with Board of Education, Ci>n\niittee, 30. Consumers League, co-operation, 41. Cooking, jilaced in curriculum, 44. Co-operation, tlnouiili committees, 30. Crippled Children, establishment of class for, 36. Date Schedule, 5. Denison, Elsa, "Helping School Chil- dren," 54, 55. Directory, of educational organizations, 54; of children's institutions, 54. Education, Board of Public, reduced from 42 to 21, 23; from 21 to 15, II. Education, Compulsory, first consid- eretl by a committee, 13; Report, 14; work of committee, 31; Act of 1897, 31; rinladelphia Depart- ment organized, 31; report pub- lished, 31; L^epartment reorgan- ized, 32; co-operation with Public Education Association, 32. Education, Industrial, first considered by a committee, 13; report, 14; committee work, 40; exhibit in rhiladelphia and in Paris, 1888, 40; exhibit in Philadelphia, 1906, 42. Educational Alliance, 16, 52. Eligible Lists, for teachers, 28. Eliot, Charles W., on "A Good LIrban School Organization," 20; sum- mary, 59. Financial Statement, of Public Educa- tion Association, 56. Flexner, Dr. Abraham, on voluntary associations, 12. Forten, James, Scliool reorganized with niaiuial training, 41, 46. Girls' High and Normal Schools, sepa- rated 1803, 44. Growth of the Schools in Thirty Years, 57- Hallowell, Anna, instigated opening of kiiuiergartens, etc., 46. Harley, Lewis R., History of Public Eiliication Association, 18. High Schools, see Schools, High. Home and School Association, co- operation for Social Centers, 49; for School Lunches, 50. Household Economy, committee work, 44. Incorporation, of Public Education Association, 55. 68 Industrial Training, sec Education, In- dustrial. Introduction, 12. Kindergartens, 46. MacAlister, Superintendent James, 15. 19- Manual Training, defined, 39; High Schools opened, 40; James For- ten School reorganized, 41, 46; in- troduced in six elementary schools, 43; i)lanned for girls, 44. Massachusetts Commission on In- dustrial and Technical Education, 42. Medical Inspection, 35. New Century Club, co-operation, 42. Officers of the Public Education Asso- ciation, 63. Pendleton, Charlotte, first secretary, 3, 13. 44- Philadelphia Teachers Association, Document No. 3, 38. Playgrounds, 47. Principals, Supervising, 19. Public Education Association, organ- izx'd, 13; object, 13; Committees, 30; officers, 63. Public Meetings of Association, 64. Publications of Association, 66. Recreation, Board of, conducting re- creation centers, 47, 48; taking over social centers, 49. Reorganization of School System, 18. Scholarships, granted by Public Edu- cation Association, 33. School Code of 191 1, advances under Code recorded, 17; Commission appointed, 25; passed, 29; sum- mary, 60. School of Industrial Art, opened, 40. School the Community Center, 49. School Gardens, 48. School Lunches, 50. Schools, High, 51; Manual Training High Schools opened, 14, 40, 52; separation of Girls' High and Normal Schools, 44; William Penn High School opened, 45; committee work, 51; campaign for district high schools, 51; in other cities, 53. Schools, Special, first, 37; class for backward children, merged into special, 37. Schools, Trade, opened, 41. Schools, Vacation, 48. Sewing, placed in curriculum, 14, 44. Social Centers, first established in Pliila(l(li)hia, 49. Society for Organizing Charity, founded, 13; investigation of scholarship cases, 33; acceptance of scholar- ship trust, 34; Sub-Primary School Society evoJved from com- mittee, 46. Society for Promotion of Public Economy, 13. Special Schools, see Schools, Special. State Board of Education, 17, 27; established under Code of 1911, II. Sub-Primary School Society, founded, 46. Superintendence, Department of, created, 14, 15, 19. Superintendent of Schools, first, Dr. MacAlister, 15, 19; Dr. Brum- baugh, 24. Survey of Other Volunteer Organiza- tions, 54. Trade Schools, see Schools, Trade. Vacant Lots Association, co-operation, 48. Vacation Schools, see Schools, Vaca- tion. Visiting Nurses, 36. Vocational Guidance, plan for, 43. Vocational Training, study of, 41, 42, 43; see also Education, Indus- trial. Volunteer Organizations, truly dem- ocratic, 12; helpful, 55; see also Survey of Other Volunteer Organizations. 69 THE OFFICERS OF THE PUBLIC EDUCATION ASSOCIATION, 1913-1914 President MR, OTTO T. MALLERY yice-Presidents DR. JOSEPH SWAIN MISS DCiRA KEEN MRS. EDWIN C. GRICE Secretary Treasurer MR. JAMES S. HIATT MR. SAMUEL PRICE WETHERILL. JR. Directors MR, FRANCIS B. BIDDLE MRS. RUDOLPH BLANKENBURG MR. SAMUEL B. BOWEN MR. FRANKLIN N. BREWER MR. W. MARRIOTT CANBY MR. GEORGE P. DARROW MR. JOHN T. EMLEN MR. MAURICE PELS MR. GEORGE HENDERSON MR. MALCOLM S. HUEY MR. GEORGE C. KRUSEN DR. ARTHUR J. ROWLAND PRESIDENT M. CAREY THOMAS MRS. JAMES D. WINSOR. JR. DR. A. DUNCAN YOCUM 78 t ^ e V. 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