4* ♦CvK^' -e, c^ "». *w* • c-y" ^o '" 'V'-'-'V' %*-'•*»«' 'V'*:^'*.-!,*' %**Tr;.*\o^ v-*^-- ^ ^^^'T^\/ "o^-^-*/ *^^'i^\/ ^o^*^*^/ ^^,'*!^- , V •v '••er^ « ■ft.*' ^d* *^ffMr» V •" THE PRICE OF PEACE Twenty-eight nations of tlie world declared war and took part, either actively or in a small way, in the conflict which shook the fabric of civilization and tumbled down the pillars of government during almost four and one-half years. All of the great nations were engaged and the majority of the smaller powers were participants sooner or later in the struggle. Below is given the approximate number of men who were under arms, the number of lives that were lost, and the total casualties to the principal combatant nations: m United States Great Britain France Italy Russia Belgium Servia Roumania Germany Austria-Hungary Turkey Bulgaria Men under arms 3,764,700 7,500,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 14,000,000 350,000 300,000 600,000 11,000,000 7,500,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 58,514,700 Lives lost 53,169 658,665 1,100,000 500,000 3,500,000 50,000 150,000 200,000 1,580,000 2,000,000 250,000 50,000 10,091,834 Casualties 236,117 3,049,991 4,000,000 2,000,000 5,000,000 250,000 200,000 300,000 4,000,000 4,500,000 750,000 200,000 24,536,108 The debts of the principal belligerents, as nearly as can be calculated by financiers and economists, were: Before the war After the tvar Great Britain $ 3,458,000,000 $ 33,000,000,000 France 6,598,000,000 26,000,000,000 Italy 2,792,000,000 10,328,000,000 Russia 5,082,000,000 25,383,000,000 United States 1,208,000,000 18,000,000,000 Germany 1,165,000,000 30,000,000,000 Austria-Hungary 3,985,000,000 21,738,000,000 Canada 336,000,000 1,172,000,000 Australia 93,000,000 1,212,000,000 29 T1 (D ;-< >* 0) n t/J rn vi sd C3 0) p< c OJ o F^ S r; ;h ^ o 3 C > OJ I-> OJ ■]> ^ tP "4H -t-> ■> -*J ^ -M C3 :3 M w c^; ^ >. o 'o ^^ -H 'M m +j O < 0) s CD o y. C3 O I? < t3 .a a a rt r=l u a !« ;^ i- <= NOTABLE DAYS OF THE WAR 1914 June 28 — Archduke Francis Ferdinand murdered at Sarajevo, Serbia/ July 28 — Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. July 31 — General mobilization ordered in Russia. August 1 — Germany declares war on Russia. August 2 — Germany invades Belgian neutrality. August 3 — Germany declares war on France. August 4 — Germany declares war on England. *August 4 — President Wilson proclaims our neutrality. August 6 — Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia. August 10 — France declares war on Austria-Hungary. August 12 — England declaies war on Austria-Hungary. September 3 — French government moved to Bordeaux. September 6 — French stop Germans on the Marne. October 10 — Antwerp falls to Germans. October 31 — Allies stop drive to Channel Ports. November 7 — Japanese capture Kiao Chau. December 8 — British navy wins Falkland Islands battle. December 14 — Serbians drive Austrians out of Belgrade. December 24 — First German air raid on England. 1915 January 24 — British win naval battle of Dogger Bank. *January 28 — American merchantman, William P. Frye, sunk. * February 10 — Wilson sends "strict accountability" note. February 12 — Russian disaster at Masurian Lakes. February 18 — German blockade of England begins. March 4 — British land at Gallipoli. March 10 — Battle of Neuve Chapelle. March 17 — Russians capture Przemsyl. April 23 — Germans make first use of poison gas. *May 1 — American steamer, Gulflight, sunk by Germans. *May 7 — Lusitania sunk and 1134 lives lost. May 24 — Italy enters war on side of Allies. *June 8 — Secretary of State Bryan resigns. August 4 — Germans capture Warsaw. * September 1 — Germans promise to sink no more of our ships. September 25-30 — French offensive in Champagne fails. October 6 — Conquest of Serbia is begun. October 12 — Edith Cavell is executed by Germans. October 13 — Bulgaria enters the war. December 15 — Haig succeeds French as British commander. *Indicates date of special American interest. lllil'Vr:iM!-i:Mll';'i!;!iii'!i|!i!i|||'i||l!|l!ll||||l|'lM 32 1916 January 9 — British evacuate Gallipoli. February 22 — Germans launch drive on Verdun. March 24 — Steamer Sussex, with American citizens, sunk. *April 19 — Wilson addresses Congress on German relations. April 29 — 15,000 British surrender to Turks at Kut-el-Amara. May 31 — British fleet wins Jutland battle. June 5 — Lord Kitchener is drowned. August 27' — Rouniania enters war with the Allies. September 14 — British make first use of "tanks." October 24 — French stop Verdun drive after six months. December 6 — Germans capture Bucharest. December 7 — Lloyd George becomes British premier. December 12 — First German peace ofi^er is made. 1917 *January 31 — Germany announces unrestricted submarine warfare. * February 3 — Ambassador Bernstofl" handed passports. * February 26 — Wilson asks authority to arm merchant ships. March 11 — Bagdad captured by the British. March 12-15 — Russian revolution; Czar deposed. March 17 — Germans retire to the Hindenburg line. *April 2 — Wilson asks declaration of war on Germany. *April 6 — Congress passes war resolution. i *April 8 — Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic relations. *May 18 — President Wilson signs draft law. *June 5 — 10,000,000 Americans register for service. June 7 — British blow up Messines Ridge. June 12 — Greeks depose King Constantine. *June 15 — First Liberty Loan oversubscribed billion dollars. *June 26 — First American troops reach France. June 29 — Greece enters war against Central Powers. July 20 — Kerensky becomes head Russian republic. *August 10 — Food and Fuel Control Bill is passed. August 15 — Pope Benedict proposes peace terms. *October 23 — First American troops enter the trenches. ♦October 25 — Americans capture first German prisoner. ♦October 27 — Second Liberty Loan oversubscribed. ♦November 2 — Privates Enright, Gresham, Hay — first Americans killed. November 13 — Clemenceau becomes French premier. November 28 — Premier Kerensky overthrown by Bolsheviki. ♦December 7 — War declared on Austria-Hungary. December 9 — British capture Jerusalem. ♦December 31 — 204,965 American troops in France. 1918 ♦January 5 — President Wilson announces "14 peace points." ♦February 1 — General March made chief of general staff. ♦February 2 — American troops take over Toul sector. ♦February 9 — Ukraine surrenders to Central Powers. ♦February 22 — U. S. troops are in Chemin des Dames sector. February 26 — Roumania forced to make peace with Huns. March 3 — Brest-Litovsk treaty is signed. March 21 — Great German drive on Amiens begins. *hidicates date of special American interest. lilllll 33 Ut, TM ilTiTT mmmi =i^ March 24 — German "Big Bertha" shells Paris. * March 27 — Pershing tenders all troops to stop drive. *March 29 — Marshal Foch made commander-in-chief. March 29 — Germans claim 70,000 prisoners, 1,100 guns. April 4 — Germans start drive to Channel Ports. April 16 — Messines Ridge falls before Germans. *April 17 — First U. S. Division in line at Montdidier. *April 20 — 26th Division beats off attack at Seicheprey. April 22 — British navy "bottles" Zeebrugge. *May 4 — Third Liberty Loan largely oversubscribed. May 5 — Austrians start drive on Italy. May 27 — Germans start drive in Marne salient. *May 28 — First American offensive takes Cantigny. .June 1 — Germans cross the Marne. *June 2 — 7th Machine Gun Battalion holds Chateau-Thierry bridge. *June 2 — Marines stop Prussian Guards near Chateau-Thierry. *June 3 — Submarines sink ships off U. S. coast. *June 6 — Marines capture part of Belleau Wood. June 17 — Austrian offensive on Piave breaks down. *.July 1 — American troops capture Vaux. *.July 4 — Americans celebrate by taking Hamel. *.July 12 — Eleven American divisions in battle line. .July 15 — Germans begin final drive on Paris. .JULY 18— MARSHAL FOCH LAUNCHES COUNTER-OFFENSIVE. *July 20 — Americans capture 20,000 men, .560 guns. July 23 — Germans retreat in Marne salient. *August 5 — U. S. troops land at Archangel, Russia. *August 6 — Americans capture Fismes on Vesle River. *August 15 — American troops land at Vladivostok. * August 31 — 1,553,000 Americans have reached France. September 2 — Allies have captured 188,000 men, 2,069 guns since July 18. September 6 — Allies advance on 90-mile front in Picardy. *SEPTEMBER 12— AMERICAN OFFENSIVE IN ST. MIHIEL SECTOR. *September 14 — Salient wiped out, 16,000 prisoners, 44.3 guns taken. *SEPTEMBER 2G— AMERICANS LAUNCH DRIVE IN ARGONNE. September 27 — British capture 45,000 Turks in Palestine. ♦SEPTEMBER 28— AMERICANS TAKE 10,000 PRISONERS IN ARGONNE. ♦SEPTEMBER 29— 30th and 27th DIVISIONS SMASH HINDENBURG LINE. September 30 — Bulgaria surrenders to Allies. October 1 — French capture St. Quentin. ♦October 1—1,976,000 U. S. troops in France. ♦October 2 — 2nd and 36th Divisions on Rheims front. October 3 — Turkey asks for peace terms. ♦October 4 — Second phase of Argonne battle begins. ♦OCTOBER 6— GERMANS ASK U. S. FOR ARMISTICE. ♦October 10 — Americans have cleared the Argonne of Germans. October 11 — Allies take Lille, Bruges, Ostend, Zeebrugge. ♦October 19 — Austrian peace plea rejected. ♦October 19 — Fourth Liberty Loan largely oversubscribed. October 30 — Italians rout Austrians, capture 33,000. ♦November 1 — Final advance in Argonne drive begins. November 3 — Austria surrenders to allies. ♦November 6 — American troops enter Sedan. November 8 — Marshal Foch receives German armistice delegates. November 9 — Kaiser and Crown Prince renounce throne. November 10 — Kaiser and Crown Prince flee to Holland. ♦NOVEMBER 11— ALL FIGHTING CEASED AT 11 A. M. ♦JUNE 28, 1919— PEACE TREATY SIGNED AT VERSAILLES. *Indicates date of special American interest. IJ. ii i n i ini i riiiiii iii i f i ii iii i i i i i i i ii i ii ii i i 'ii iii iiiiiii i i i iiiiiiii i iiiri i iiH 34 lifilliil lillilli|||i|gliifllllillttli "Courage, France I" GENERAL JOHN J. PER5HING COMMANDER- IN-CHIEF AMER.ICAN EAPEDlTIONAriY FOR.CE5 T .i^^SSE 36 GENERAL JOHN J. PERSHING With the din of battle barely hushed, it is yet too early to gauge accurately how lofty a niche General Pershing will occupy in the Hall of Fame. Yet what he wrought, the myriad difficulties he encountered, the almost insurmountable obstacles he overcame, and the success he won as commander-in-chief, in the great- est war of all times, of the largest army ever gathered under the American flag — of these things there can be no doubt. "Boys, let's get where we are going" was his favorite expression as a student at West Point. That spirit has typified his whole military career. Whether pursuing Indians across the scorching plains and arid mountains of the West; quelling rebellious, insurgent Moros in the Philippines; leading the bandit Villa in a long and heart-breaking chase across the parched wastes of Mexico; or breaking the back of the German army in the Argonne Foi-est — in all these strenuous campaigns he cut through the mass of detail and tangle of red tape and drove straight to the heart of the task he had been set to do. Chosen to lead the American forces abi'oad, he quickly picked a corps of the best trained officers in our army and set out to France in May, 1917. He cut short the social and diplomatic side of the trip and plunged immediately into the serious business of laying the foundation for the huge army which was to follow. With the aid of his staff, he rebuilt, first of all, the whole organization of our army, planned it on a scale of millions instead of thousands, and adapted its course of training to the new methods of warfare. With his engineers he then set about the construction of miles of docks at the French ports, the dredging of harbors, and the erection of great warehouses to receive the avalanche of clothing, food, ammunition, aeroplanes, trucks, and other supplies that were soon to be on their way over. At the same time problems of a far different nature were pressing upon him. The latter part of 1917 and the spring months of 1918 were dark days for the Allies. They were ready to quit, to make a compromise peace. The gloom of defeat hung over them and their armies. Wearied with this spirit. General Pershing one day burst out in a statement characteristically brief: "Germany can be beaten, Germany must and will be beaten. Let every soldier paste that in his cap lest he forget why he is in France." He was right. Seasoned by a few weeks of training in quiet sectors, he gathered six divisions early in July, 1918, to stem the Hun attack on Paris. They met the brunt of it, drove the flower of the Prussian guards back across the Marne, and compelled them to evacuate the whole Marne salient. The fighting stamina of the French stiffened, the ebbing morale of the British returned, the Allies saw the truth of Pershing's statement. A few weeks later he gave the world a revelation of American fighting qualities when he wiped out in 72 hours with the First American Army the St. Mihiel salient, which had been a thorn in the side of the French for more than four years. Twelve days later, with lightning-like rapidity, he struck again at the hai'dest and most vital part of the German line, the Argonne Forest, which the French had said was unconquerable. Through its tangles and mazes, over almost insuperable barriers, Pershing drove division after division until he had pierced in little more than six weeks the heart of the German lines of communication through Sedan, Stenay and Mont- medy. Then the Huns quit. True to his West Point expression, he had gotten where he was going — to victory over the greatest military machine that had ever been built. His purpose had been realized, for the American army had become a great, compact, self- reliant unit, capable of independent, offensive action, more than 2,000,000 in strength, tempered and seasoned by weeks of the most bitter fighting. Withal, he was very human. His passion was the welfare of the men in the ranks, "the ninety-five per cent," as he called them. His admiration for their fortitude under all circumstances was unceasing, his care and watchfulness over their health, their comfort, and their pleasures are recorded in dozens of orders issued from his headquarters. This was his tribute to them in the final sentence of his report upon the army's operations: "When I think of their heroism, their patience under hardships, their unflinching spirit of offensive action, I am filled with emotion which I am unable to express." !;i(ill!llVi(illli!if[!iliii(iillllllliilf!illilllliaiililllllilllllIii^^^ 37 On May 4, 1917. just twenty-eight days after the United States declared war for- mally on Germany. Admiral Sims, commandinp a fleet of American destroyers in fir^t- class fighting trim, stepped on land at Queenstown, England. From that day until i-he early months of 1919, when he returned home, laden with the honors of foreign gov- ernments, to be assigned to other duty, he was in supreme command of the American fleet in European waters. In the eighteen months the fleet was in the war, more vhan two million soldiers were convoyed in safety across the Atlantic, billions of dollars' worth of food and other supplies for these troops and the inhabitants of Europe were transported ovei-sea with minor loss, while not a few of the Hun undersea pirates were sunk by our navy. The flag of our fleet was in evidence from the Mediterrane:in to the White Sea, at Gibraltar, in the Bay of Biscay, along the English and Irish coasts, in the North Sea, and at Archangel and Murmansk. When the war ended, our navy in European waters comprised 338 vessels, manned by 75,000 men and officers. This was a force larger than the entire American fleet before the war began. Credit for the efficiency of this tremendous array of naval craft and the remarkable results that it accomplished has been attributed largely to Admiral Sims. In addition to being responsible persanally for its operations, he also had the highly delicate task of co- ordinating its work with that of the British High Fleet. This required not only tech- nical ability of the highest order, but a very keen knowledge of European and British diplomacy. Admiral Sims has held nearly every high post in American naval circles. He has been naval attache at Paris, head of the naval department of gunnery, where he improved wonderfully the marksmanship of all our fighting vessels ; commander of the American fleet; while his latest assignment is as head of the Naval College at Newport, from which the plans and preparations for the improvement and enlargement of our sea forays will be worked out. 38 GENERAL PEYTON C. MARCH The lot of General March as chief of staff of the War Department was a most difficult role, and yet one without the glamor or glory which field officers of lesser rank received for service in the fighting- line. His task was to mobilize, equip and train the divisions before they went to France, as well as to supply them from the United States after they arrived oversea. Before he was called to Washington, Gen- eral March had made a wide reputation as a field artilleryman. He had shown execu- tive ability of a high order in ail the posts to which he had been assigned. He was a graduate of West Point and thoroughly abreast of all the developments of three years of fighting in Europe. As a student at the army staff and war colleges, he made a fine record. War came, opportunity knocked, and he was advanced three grades to the rank of full general. General Pershing and General Bliss were the only other American officers who attained this rank during the war. Many of the same obstacles and difficulties that worried General Pershing in France also were stumbling blocks and problems for General March. T'he expansion of our army from less than 200,000 to 3,500.000 : the clothing, food, guns, rifles, and other necessaries to equip these men ; the most feasible manner of raising these millions with least disturbanc"e to the in- dustries of the country ; the immense number of records and the huge amount of data that the maintenance of a large army requires ; the immediate fulfillment of all the needs and requirements of the army abroad ; the tactful handling of domestic military problems and the distribution of war news^these were among some of the large questions and problems that came to General March for solution. They required a cool, quick brain and the grasp of a man of great affairs. General March fulfilled the i-equirements of the hour. ■^ 39 40 41 pmm mmmnimm DATA OF DIVISIONS (Train and other auxiliary divisional units have the same number as the I'egiment of Engineers). FIRST DIVISION (Regular)— 16th, 18th, 26th and 28th Infantry; .5th, 6th and 7th Field Artillery; 1st, 2nd and 3rd Machine Gun Battalions; 1st Engineers. Generals Commanding: W. L. Sibert, R. L. Bullard, C. P. Summerall, Frank Parker. Engagements: Cantigny, Soissons, St. Mihiel, Argonne, Army of Occupation. SECOND DIVISION (Regular and Marine)— 9th and 2.'3rd Infantry and .5th and 6th Marines; 12th, 15th and 17th Artillery; 4th, 5th and 6th Machine Gun Battalions; 2nd Engineers. G«nerals Commanding: Omar Bundy, J. G. Harbord, John E. LeJeune. Engagements: Bouresches, Belleau Wood, Soissons, St. Mihiel, Argonne, Army of Occupation. THIRD DIVISION (Regular)— 4th, 7th, .30th and S8th Infantry; 10th, 18th and 76th Field Artillery; 7th, 8th and 9th Machine Gun Battalions; 6th Engineers. Generals Commanding: Joseph Dickman, Preston Brown, R. L. Howze. Engagements: Chateau-Thierry, Jaulgonne, Mt. St. Pere, Argonne, Army of Occupation. FOURTH DIVISION (Regular)— 39th, 47th, 58th and 59th Infantry; 13th, 16th and 77th Field Artillery; 10th, 11th and 12th Machine Gun Battalions; 4th Engineers. Generals Commanding: John L. Hines, M. L. Hersey. Engagements: Ourcq Heights, Vesle, Argonne, Army of Occupation. FIFTH DIVISION (Regular)— 6th, 11th, 60th and 6 1st Infantry; 19th, 20th and 21st Field Artillery; 13th, 14th and 15th Machine Gun Battalions; 7th Engineers. General Conmianding: Hanson E. Ely. Engagements: St. Mihiel, Argonne, Army of Occupation. 42 SEVENTH DIVISION (Regular)— 34th, 55th, 56th and 64th Infantry; 8th, 79th and 80th Field Artillery; 19th, 20th and 21st Machine Gun Battalions; 5th Engineers. General Commanding: Edward Wittenmyer. Second Army offensive, November 8 to 11. EIGHTH DIVISION (Regular)— 8th, 12th, 1.3th and 62nd Infantry; 2nd, 81st and 83rd Field Artillery, 22nd, 23rd and 24th Machine Gun Battalions; 319th Engineers. General Commanding: Eli A. Helmick. Reached France as armistice was signed. TWENTY-SIXTH DIVISION (New England National Guard)— 101st, 102nd, 103rd and 104th Infantry; 101st, 102nd and 103rd Field Artillery; 101st, 102nd and 103rd Machine Gun Battalions; 101st Engineers. Generals Commanding: Clarence R. Edwards, Frank E. Bamford, Harry C. Hale. Engagements: Seicheprey, Soissons, St. Mihiel, Argonne. TWENTY-SEVENTH DIVISION (New York National Guard)— 105th, 106th, 107th and 108th Infantry; 104th, 105th and 106th Field Artillery; 104th, 105th and 106th Machine Gun Battalions; 102nd Engineers. General Commanding: John F. O'Ryan. Engagements: Ypres sector, Hindenburg Line. TWENTY-EIGHTH DIVISION (Pennsylvania National Guard)— 109th, 110th, 111th and 112th Infantry; 107th, 108th and 109th Field Artillery; 107th, 108th and i09th Machine Gun Battalions; 103rd Engineers. Generals Commanding: C. H. Muir, W. H. Hay. Engagements: Marne, Aisne, Argonne. ^ TWENTY-NINTH DIVISION (New .Jersey, Delaware and Maryland National Guard)— 113th, 114th, 11.5th and 116th Infantry; 110th, 111th and 112th Field Artillery; 110th, Ulth and 112th Machine Gun Battalions; 104th Engineers. General Commanding: Charles G. Morton. Engagement: Argonne Forest. THIRTIETH DIVISION (Tennessee, North Carolina and South Carolina National Guard) — 117th, 118th, 119th and 120th Infantry; 113th, 114th and 11.5th Field Artillery; 113th, 114th and 115th Machine Gun Battalions; 105th Engineers. General Commanding: Edward M. Lewis. Engagements: Ypres sector, Somme Offensive. 43 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiH!iiiiiiiiijiiiiiiiijijiiiiiiiii)iiijjijiiiiiiiilli|ijy^ W o rx ' THIRTY-FIRST DIVISION (Alabama, Florida and Geor- gia National Guard)— 121st, 122nd, 123rd and 124th Infan- try; 116th, 117th and 118th Field Artillery; 116th, 117th and 118th Machine Gun Battalions; 106th Engineers. General Commanding: LeRoy S. Lyon. At Brest when armistice was signed. THIRTY-SECOND DIVISION (Wisconsin and Michigan National Guard)— 125th, 126th, 127th and 128th Infantry; 119th, 120th and 121st Field Artillery; 119th, 120th and 121st Machine Gun Battalions; 107th Engineers. Generals Commanding: William G. Haan and R. L. Howze. Engagements: Grimpettes Wood, Bellevue Farm, Fismes, Argonne, Army of Occupation. THIRTY-THIRD DIVISION (Illinois National Guard) — 129th, 130th, 131st and 132nd Infantry; 122nd, 123rd and 124th Field Artillery; 122nd, i23rd and 124th Machine Gun Battalions; 108th Engineers. General Commanding: George Bell, Jr. Engagements: Hamel, St. Mihiel, Argonne, Army of Occupation. THIRTY-FOURTH DIVISION (Iowa, Nebraska, Minne- sota and South Dakota National Guard)— 133rd, 134th, ISGth and 136th Infantry; 125th, 126th and 127th Field Artillery; 125th, 126th and 127th Machine Gun Battalions; 109th Engi- neers. General Commanding: John A. Johnston. In reserve when armistice was signed. THIRTY-FIFTH DIVISION (Missouri and Kansas Nat- ional Guard)— 137th, 138th, 139th and 140th Infantry; 128th, 129th and 130th Field Artillery; 128th, 129th and 130th Machine Gun Battalions; 110th Engineers. Generals Commanding: William M. Wright, Peter E. Traub. Engagements: St. Mihiel and Argonne. THIRTY-SIXTH DIVISION (Texas and Oklahoma Nat- ional Guard)— 141st, 142nd, 143rd and 144th Infantry; 131st, 132nd and 133rd Field Artillery; iSlst, 132nd and 133rd Ma- chine Gun Battalions; 111th Engineers. General Commanding: William R. Smith. Engagements: Ai'gonne and Champagne. THIRTY-SEVENTH DIVISION (Ohio National Guard) —145th, 146th, 147th and 148th Infantry; 134th, 135th and 136th Field Artillery; 134th, 135th and 136th Machine Gun Battalions; 112th Engineers. General Commanding: Charles S. Farnsworth. Engagements: Argonne Forest, Escaut River in Flanders. )1]l!llfllliliri1illillli!liilllTii(ilTllllllilll'llliilllil((lll'i^ 44 THIRTY-EIGHTH DIVISION (Kentucky, Indiana and West Virginia National Guard)— 149th, 150th, 151st and 152nd Infantry; 137th, 138th and 139th Field Artillery; 137th, 138th and 139th Machine Gun Battalions; 113th En- gineers. General Commanding: Robert L. Howze. In reserve when armistice was signed. THIRTY-NINTH DIVISION (Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana National Guard)— 153rd, I54th, 155th and 1.56th Infantry; 140th, 141st and 142nd Field Artillery; 140th, 141st and 142nd Machine Gun Battalions; 114th Engineers. General Commanding: Henry C. Hodges, Jr. Depot Division at St. Florent. FORTIETH DIVISION (California, Utah, New Mexico and Arizona National Guard)— 157th, 158th, 159th and IGOth Infantry; 143rd, 144th and 145th Field Artillery; 143rd, 144th and 145th Machine Gun Battalions; 115th Engineers. General Commanding: Frederick S. Strong. Depot Division at Revigny and St. Dizier. FORTY-FIRST DIVISION (Washington, Oregon. Mon- tana and Idaho National Guard)— 161st, 162nd, 163rd and 164th Infantry; 146th, 147th and 148th Field Artillery; 146th, 147th and 148th Machine Gun Battalions; 116th Engi- neers. General Commanding: Richard Coulter. Depot Division at St. Aignan and Noyers. FORTY-SECOND DIVISION (Rainbow, made up from the National Guard of 26 states)— 165th, 166th, 167th and 168th Infantry; 149th, 150th and 151st Field Artillery; 149th, 150th and 151st Machine Gun Battalions; 117th Engi- neers. Generals Commanding: W. A. Mann, C. T. Menoher, C. D. Rhodes, C. A. F. Flagler. Engagements: Red Cross Farm, St. Mihiel, Argonne, Army of Occupation. SEVENTY-SIXTH DIVISION (Draft troops of New York State and New England)— 301st, 302nd, 303rd and 304th Infantry; 301st, 302nd and 303rd Field Artillery; 301st, 302nd and 303rd Machine Gun Battalions; 301st Engineers. General Commanding: Harry F. Hodges. Depot Division at St. Amantand Montrond. SEVENTY-SEVENTH DIVISION (Draft troops of New York City )— 305th, 306th, 307th and 308th Infantry; 304th, 305th and 308th Field Artillery; 304th, 305th and 306th Machine Gun Battalions; 302nd Engineers. Generals Commanding: George B. Duncan and Robert Alexander. Engagements: Vesle and Argonne. 45 SEVENTY-EIGHTH DIVISION (Draft troops of New York and New Jersey)— 309th, 310th, 311th and 312th In- fantry; 307th, 308th and 309th Field Artillery; 307th, 308th and 309th Machine Gun Battalions; 303rd Engineers. General Commanding: James H. McRae. Engagements: St. Mihiel and Argonne. SEVENTY-NINTH DIVISION (Draft troops of Pennsyl- vania, Maryland and District of Columbia) — 313th, 314th, 315th and 316th Infantry; 310th, 311th and 312th Field Ar- tillery; 310th, 311th and 312th Machine Gun Battalions; 304th Engineers. General Commanding: Joseph E. Kuhn. Engagement: Argonne Forest. EIGHTIETH DIVISION (Draft troops of Virginia, West Virginia and Pennsylvania)— 317th, 318th, 319th and 320th Infantry; 313th, 3i4th and 315th Field Artillery; 313th, 314th and 315 Machine Gun Battalions; 305th Engineers. General Commanding: Adelbert Cronkhite. Engagements: St. Mihiel and Argonne Forest. EIGHTY-FIRST DIVISION (Draft troops of North and South Carolina, Florida and Porto Rico)— 321st, 322nd, 323rd and 324th Infantry; 316th, 317th and 318th Field Artillery; 316th, 317th and 318th Machine Gun Battalions; 306th Engi- neers. General Commanding: Charles J. Bailey. Battle of Argonne Forest. EIGHTY-SECOND DIVISION (All- American)— 32.5th, 326th, 327th and 328th Infantry; 319th, 320th and 321st Field Artillery; 319th, 320th and 321st Machine Gun Battalions; 307th Engineers. General Commanding: George B. Duncan. Engagements: St. Mihiel and Argonne Forest. EIGHTY-THIRD DIVISION (Draft troops of Ohio and Pennsylvania)— 329th, 330th, 331st and 332nd Infantry; 322nd," 323rd and 324th Field Artillery; 322nd, 323rd and 324th Machine Gun Battalions; 308th Engineers. General Commanding: Edwin F. Glenn. Depot Division at Le Mans. EIGHTY-FOURTH DIVISION (Draft troops of Illinois, Indiana and Kentucky)— 333rd, 334th, 335th and 336th In- fantry; 325th, 326th and 327th Field Artillery; 325th, 326th and 327th Machine Gun Battalions; 309th Engineers. General Commanding: Harry C. Hale. Supply service at Neuvic. ^^ — AlLOR, LiLLARD EARLE The first man from Knox County who was killed in action in the world war. He enlisted in the regular army September 10. 1913; was sent to the Philippines, where he was a member of the Second Field Artillery ; after two years of ser- vice, he was returned to the United States and became a member of the Fourth Field Artillery, with which he went into Mexico with General Pershing- He sailed to France December 15. 1917, as a part of the newly organized Fifteenth Field Ar- tillery. After a period of traininjr, his regiment was sent to the Verdun front, where he was killed April 8. 1918. (2) — Amyx, Riley S. Entered the service September 2, 1917, as a member of Company L, 117th Infan- try. After traininE at Camp Sevier, went overseas with his organization, with which he took part in all of the opera- tions in Belfrium and in the battles for the Hindenburff Line. His death came on February 3. 1919. near Le Mans, France, as a result of an attack of influenza. (3) — Austin, Fred Clay After enlistment in June. 191S, was sent to Camp Johnston in Florida as mem- ber of Motor Truck Company No. 527. He was taken ill on the boat, which sailed September 28. 1918, for France, and died just before its arrival. He was buried at Lambezellec. Finistere, France. (V)- (8)- — Austin, William M. Enlisted September 15, 1917, as a mem- ber of Company B, 113th Machine Gun Battalion. 30th Division. After training at Camp Sevier, he went to France in May, 1918, with his organization. He took part in the fighting in Belgium, but was killed in action September 29, 1918, on the first day of the attack on the Hindenburg Line. -Bentley, John L. After enlisting in the medical detach- ment of the Second T'ennessee Infantry in July, 1917, he was transferred to the same branch of the 119th Infantry at Camp Sevier. South Carolina. He sailed to France in May, 1918, and went through the training period without ac- cident. He lost his life in action Sep- tember 1, in the operations in Belgium. (9) — Berry, Robert M. After enlistment in the navy at Kn^x- ville in July, 1918, he was sent to train- ing camp in California. He was caught by the influenza epidemic and was sent to a hospital at Los Angeles for treat- ment. This was of no avail, as he died on October 14, 1918. (10)- (4) — Adcock, Thomas Dwyer Enlisted in Company G, Second Ten- nessee Infantry, from which he was transferred to Company C, 120th Infan- try at Camp Sevier. He rose to the rank of sergeant. After arrival overseas, he went through the fighting in Belgium in the Ypres sector, but lost his life in action the first day of the attack on the Hindenburg Line. September 29, 1918. (5) — AcKLiN, Christopher Cottrell Left home for training camp at Camp Shelby. Miss., on August 5. 1918, where he was assigned to Battery A, 139th Field Artillery. 38th Division. He sailed with his organization from New York on October 5, 1918, but died of pnemnonia at Hartley College Hospital October 26 on reaching Manchester, England. (6) — Andes, James Cowan Commissioned Second Lieutenant at the first Flattsburg Training Camp and as- signed to Company H. 1 6th Regiment, First division. He sailed to France in February, 1918. Was engaged with his company in the battles of Cantigny, Chateau Thierry, and Soissons. Killed in latter battle on July 19, 1918, leading his platoon in the face of heavy mach- ine gun fire He was awarded the Distin- guished Service Cross posthumously. (11) —Burgess, Robert Taylor Killed in action on October 8, 1918, in the battle near Premont, France. He was a member of Company I, 117th In- fantry, from his enlistment on Septem- ber 2, 1917. He went through the train- ing period at Camp Sevier and in France. In the fighting in Belgium, he was un- scathed. His rank was sergeant. — CoGDiLL, Benjamin J. He gave up his medical practice in Janu- ary, 1918, and was assigned to duty as first lieutenant with the Third Develop- ment Battalion. 155th Deiwt Brigade, at Camp Lee. Virginia. He contracted pneu- monia at camp in October, of the same year, and died therefrom a few days later. (12) — Congdon, Warren A. Enlisted in the 105th Sanitary Train, 120th Ambulance Company, of the 30th Division, on October 5, 1917. After train- ing at Camp Sevier, he went to France, where he served in the Aisne-Marne, Oise-Aisne, and Meuse-Argonne Offen- sives. Sent to Base Hospital at Langres on October 7. and died there October 26 of typhoid fever. 54 55 (1) — BuRKHART, Walter Wesley Be^i^an his naval career on June 26. 1906. During the World War was on detail duty with the Cuban Navy. Transferred to the U. S. Navy Yard at New Orleans, Louisiana, and saw active duty in the coast patrol, operat- ing in the Gulf of Mexico. Assigned to the U. S. S. Luckenbach and made several trips in convoy work. He re- ceived a fractured lep and was sent to the hospital, and while a patient there contracted the influenza and died as f* result of same on October 14. 1918. Rating, boatswain's mate, first-class. (2) — Butler, Lyman C. Volunteered his services to the U. S. Army on December 10, 1917 as a member of the Quartermaster Corps. Was stationed at Camp Joseph E. John- ston. Florida. Died on January 2, 1918 as a result of pneumonia. Rank, priv- ate. (3) — Armstrong, Walter R. On August 1 . 1 9 1 S was sent to Camp Gordon, Georgia for military training. As a member of the September Automa- tic Replacement Draft sailed for France on September 8. 1918. Was causrht bv the influenza epidemic, which was fol- lowed by pneumonia. Died Sejitember 29. 1918 in an English Hospital as a result of same. (4) — Bayless, Joseph A. Enlisted on June 24. 1918. as a mem- ber of Company G, 357th Infantry. 90th Division. Became a member of the A. E. F.. in September 1918 and was in the fighting at Argonne Forest. Private Bayless returned to the states in Feb- urary, 1919. Died in the Base Hospital at Fort McPherson, Georgia after two operations. Date of death May 21, 1919. (5) — Boles, Ralph Ernest Saw service on the Mexican Border as a member of the Third Tennessee Infan- try. Again called to the colors in 1917 and as a member of Headquarters Com- pany. 117th Infantry, 30th Division was stationed at Camp Sevier. S. C. prior to sailing for France in May 1918. Wounded in action on October 7. 1918 and died as a result of wounds the same day. His rank was corporal. (6) — Bayless, William Thomas On March 28, 19i8 enlisted in the U. S. Marines and for duty was assigned to Company 45, 6th Regiment, later trans- ferred to the 82nd Company. Paris Is- land. S. C. was his training station. Sailed for France in April 1918 and as a member of his unit took part in the fighting at Belleau Woods and Chateau Thierry. Sergeant Bayless was last seen on July 19, 1918 during a battle. (7) — Black, John Wesley Answered the call to the colore on May 24, 1918 and for duty was assign- ed to the Second Corps, Artillery Park, Park Battery, stationed at Camp Jack- son, S. C. Embarked for France on July 10, 1918 and as a member of the A. E. F., was in the fighting at Aisne-Marne. St.Mihie', Meuse-Argonne and the Oise-Aisne. Private Black was killed on January 5, 1919. (8) — Burkhart, Bruce Began his military career at Camp Gordon, Georgia on July 24. 1918. Sail- ed for France in August 1918 and unon his arrival was assigned to the First Army Corps, School Detachment. Priv- ate Burkhart died in France as a re- sult of pneumonia. (9) — Bohanan, Harry R. Enlisted in February 1917. His organ- ization was the 67th Company, 5th Reg- iment, U. S. Marines. Received his training at Charleston, S. C. and Paris Island, S. C. Was among the first to go to Franca Killed in action at Belleau Woods on June 7, 1918, by mach- inegun fire. Held the rank of private. (10) — BooTHE, William H. Volunteered his services to the U. S. Army on April 4, 1917. First assigned to the 74th Company, 6th Regiment, Marines, 2nd Division. Sailed for Fran- ce on September 20, 1917, and was in the fighting at Verdun, Belleau Woods. Bouresches. Soissons, St. Mihiel and Blanc Mont. Killed on October 3. 1918, by machine gun fire in the attack on Blanc Mont., in the Champagne Sector. Rank, private. In June 1918 became a member of the 97th Company, 6th Reg- iment, Marines. (11) — Brock, Robert L. As a member of Company D, 117th In- fantry, 30th Division received his mil- itary training at Camp Sevier, S. C. Sailed for France on May 11, 1918 and as a member of the A. E. F., took part in all engagements of his unit until killed on October 8. 1918 in the battle of Busigny. Corporal Brock, prior to his enlistment in July 1917, served one enlistment in the Coast Artillery. (12) — BoRUFF, Lee Houk Began his military career in October 1917. as a member of the Cook and Bakere' School. Died on March 1, 1918 at Camp Taylor. Kentucky. 56 57 (1) — Davis, Thomas Lloyd, Jr. Volunteered his services to the U. S. Army in July 1917. As a member of the 120th Infantry. 30th Division, was sta- tioned at Camp Sevier, S. C. for mili- tary training. Participated in all en- gagements of his unit until killed in act ion on October 10, 1918. He was killed at Selle River. Had the rank of private first-class. (7) — Cooper, William Nelson In June 1917 volunteered his services for military duty. His organization, was Company L, 119th Infantry, 30th Divis- ion, stationed at Camp Sevier, S. C Embarked for France in May 1918 and took part in all battles of his unit until October 11, on which date he was killed. Held the rank of corporal. (2) — Chenoweth, Rufus Wesley As a member of the Third Tennessee Infantry saw active service on the Mexican Border in 1916. Was again called to the colors in the year 1917. As a member of Company L, 117th In- fantry, 30th Division was stationed at Camp Sevier, S. C. Sailed for France on May 11, 1918 and as a member of the A. E. F., participated in all engage- ments of his command until wounded on October 6. in the Hindenburg Line at- tack. As a result of same wounds died on October 13, 1918. Had the rank of corporal. (3) — Daniel, James Robert Enlisted on April 12, 1917. As a mem- ber of Company E, 16th Infantry, 1st Division received his military training in Texas. Sailed for overseas duty on June 10, 1917. As a member of his command was active until April 1918 and since that date has never been heard of. His rank was private. (4) — Clark, Charles Andrew Answered the call to the colore in April 1917. He trained at Camp Sevier S. C as a member of Company C. 117th In- fantry 30th Division. Became a mem- ber of the American Expeditionar'^ Force in May 1918. Took part in all battles of his organization until killed on October 8, 1918, near Premont. (8) — Curtis, Thomas A. Saw service on the Mexican Border as a member of the Third Tennessee Infan- try. Again called to the colore in 1917. As a member of Company A, 117th In- fantry, 30th Division, sailed for France on May 11, 1918. Corporal Curtis was killed in action on October S, 1918, at Geneve, a point on the Hindenburg Line. (9) — Dickson, Richard H. Enlisted in the Second Tennessee Infant- ry in August 1917. Transferred later to Company C, 120th Infantry, 30th Di- vision, stationed at Camp Sevier, S. C, Sailed for overseas duty in May 1918, and as a member of the A. E. F. ■ took part in all engagements of his com- mand until September 29, 1918 on which date he was killed. Held the rank of corporal. (10) — Earle, Jackson Campbell Volunteered his services to the U. S. Army on July 6. 1917. As a member of the 117th Ambulance Company, 105 Sanitary Train, was stationed at Camp Sevier, S. C-, for military training. Became a member of the A. E. F.. in June 1918 and participated in all engage- ments of his organization. Sergeant Earle died on February 5, 1919, while in France. (5) — BuRDET, Francis Joseph Volunteered his services to the U. S. Navy on April 8. 1917. After a period of training at Norfolk, Virginia was assigned for duty to the U. S. S. America. Died of heart failure on December 2. 1917. while on the above mentioned boat enroute to the states. Rating, assistant gunner. (11) — Cross, Roger Harris Began his military career as a member of the Quartermaster Corps in Novem- ber 1917. Was stationed at Fort Ogle- thorpe, Georgia. Private Cross died on May 11, 1918 as a result of pneumonia. (6) — Carr, John M. After his enlistment on July 20. 1917 for military training was assigned to Camp Sevier, S. C. As a member of Machine Gun Company. 117th Infantry. 30th Division embarked for France on May 11, 191S. Sergeant Carr was killed in action on October 8. 1918, in the op- erations north of Montbrehain Award- ed the Distinguished Service Cross. (12) — Dunbar, Merritt Entered the service of the U. S. Army on July 25. 1917. His organization was Supply Company. 117th Infantry. 30th Division, stationed at Camp Sevier, S. C. Sailed for France on May 11. 1918. Lieutenant Dunbar was killed by shell fire near Ypres on July 22, 1918. Pro- moted from first sergeant to first lieuten- ant in his company. 58 Ki ^ ^( m I (1) — Groner, Lena Floyd Entered the military service on Septem- ber 4. 1918, at Knoxville. He was order- ed to Camp Wadsworth. Spartanburg, S. C. for training and was assigned to Company I. 57th Pioneer Infantry, for duty. Shortly after enlistment he was ordered overseas, sailing September 28. Landed at Brest. France, where he was taken ill of pneumonia and died October 8. 1918. Rank, private. (2)— Gann, Birt Davis Enlisted in the U. S. Marines at Knoxville on April 2, 1917. and was as- signed to the 67th Company. 5th Regi- ment, with which he sailed in June 1917 to France. He was in the Chateau Thierry and other battles of his organiza- tion until November 1. 1918, when he was wounded, dying three days later. Awarded the French Croix de Guerre with one star. Highest rank, corporal. (3) — GiBDONs, Arthur Walter Volunteered in July 1917 as a member of the Second Tennessee Infantry. At Camp Sevier in September 1917. he was transferred to Company C. 120th Infan- try, with which he trained and went overseas in May 191S. He participated in all engagements of his company un- til September 29, when he was killed in action at the St. Quentin Canal in the attack on Hindenburg Line. Rank, pri- vate. (4) — French, Marshal Thomas Entered the army July 21, 1918. at Knoxville. He was ordered to Camp Shelby. Miss., for training, where he became a member of Company C. 113th Engineers. Sailed for France in Octo- ber, and shortly after arrival was strick- en with influenza, with which he died on November 7. 1918. Rank, private, first- class. (7) — Good, John Stuart Volunteered in the United States Navy in June 1918. and was assigned to the Naval Training Station at New Orleans. Louisiana, for his preliminary sea work. He was on duty there until November 4. 1918. when he was drowned in the Miss- issippi River while assisting in raising a sunken tug boat. His rank was sea- man. (8) — Flenniken, John Jcseph He volunteered at Knoxville in July 1917 in Company C, 117th Infantry, with which he went to Camp Sevier and trained until his regiment was ordered overseas in the spring of 1918. He sailed from New York on May 11 to France. He lost his life in Belgium on July 23, 1918. when he was killed by the enemy in the Ypres sector. Rank, private. (9) — Hall, Jesse F. Saw service with the Third Tennessee Infantry on the Mexican Border, and when the call to the colors on July 25. 1917. came, he answered by reenlisting in Company C. of the same regiment. Went through the training period at Camp Sevier and sailed with his com- pany to France on May 11. 1918. Cor- poral Hall participated in all fighting up until October 16, 1918. when he was fatally wounded and died in an Australian hospital. (10) — Earle, Patrick B. N. Lieutenant Earle left Knoxville in September 1917 as an officer of Company D, 117th Infantry. At Camp Sevier he became an aide-de-camp of Gen. W. S- Scott, and when the latter was succeeded by Gen. Tyson in command of the 59th Brigade. Lieutenant Earle remained on staff duty. Howeveir. after reaching France he asked assignment to line duty and was ordered to Company M. 118th Infantry. Took part in all engagements up to October 5. 1918, when he was fatally wounded near Bellicourt. He died October 7. Highest rank, first lieutenant. Si iU (5) — Eatmon, William M. Enlisted in the regular army several years before the declaration of war. In reorganization after that he was as- signed to Company H. 56th Infantry. 7th Division, rising to rank of first ser- geant. Stationed at Camp McArthur. Texas, until July 29. 1918. when he sailed to France. He was killed on November 2. 1918. in an attack of his company on the German lines. (11) — Ely, Ernest Enlisted in the U. S. Navy on AJigu^t i. 1907, at Knoxville. He was assigned to the torpedo boat Dale after he had com- pleted his preliminary sea training. He took part in the attack of our nav7 on Vera Cruz. Mexico. He lost his life May 30, 1917. when he was killed by a shark in Manila Bay. His body was recovered. He had received two medals. Rating, petty officer. Was serving in third enlistment. (6) — GosE, Charles Morton His military career was very brief, as he died at Hoboken, New Jersey, of pneumonia just a month after he had entered the service. He was called to the colors in September 1918 and as- signed immediately to the Headquarters Company, 57th Pioneer Infantry at Camp Wadsworth, S. C. A month later he was on his way to France, but death over- took him at port in New York. (12) — Eckel, William Hugh Went to first officers' training camp in May 1917, and received commission as second lieutenant. Later transferred to Company L, 117th Infantry, with which he sailed to France May 11. J9ifi. Took part in all engagements of Thirtieth Di- vision vp to October 7, 1918. when he was wounded in attempting to take a machine gun nest. Died in hospital two days later. He was awarded the Dis- tinguished Service Cross posthumously for his extraordinary bravery under fire. 60 61 (1) — Hellard, Jesse Hamilton Volunteered June 25, 1917, as a member of Company G, Second Tennessee Infan- try, but was transferred at Camp Sevier to Machine Gun Company. 120th Infan- try. Sailed May 12, 1918. and took part in every battle up to the last day his regiment was in line, October 20, when he was wounded. He died a week later in the hospital. His rank was private. (7) — Jones, Bert Montgomery Called to the colors in March 1918, he was assigned to Company K. 362nd In- fantry, 9Ist Division. After short train-. ing at Camp Lewis, Washin/^ton, he was ordered overseas. He w^as fatally wound- ed in the Argonne Forest on Sep- tember 30, 1918. dying the following day. His rank was private. (2) — Johnson, Dewey M. Enlisted in Company C. 117th Infantry, with which he went to Camp Sevier and trained. Arriving in France in May, 1918, he participated in the fighting in Belgium and in the attack on the Hin- denburg Line. Sergeant Johnson met his death in the attack on October 8. east of Nauroy. (8) — Hembree, George Answering the President's call to the national guard, he was mustered into federal service as a member of Company B, 117th Infantry, in August 1917. Trained at Camp Sevier and went over- seas May 11, 1918. He was in all bat- tles of his company in Belgium and in the Hindenburg Line operations until October 9. 1918, when he was killed in action. Rank, private. (3) — Henry, John Smith, Jr. He enlisted June 8. 1917, in the Univer- sity of Tennessee Ambulance Unit. later known as Ambulance Co. No. 533. Train- ed at Allentown, Pa., and sailed to France in December 1917. His company was assigned for duty to the 30th French Division. Met his death May 3. 1918, when he was struck by shell. His rank was private. (9) — Hickey, Callia Morgan After induction into service at Knoxville on March 29, 1918. he was ordered to Camp Gordon for training. After short assignment with 28th Company. 157th Depot Battalion, he was transferred to Company G. 327th Infantry. 82nd Divi- sion. Sailing April IS. for overseas duty, he took part in all fighting of his unit until October 11, when he was killed in action in the Argonne Forest. (4) — HiCKEY, Lee L. Eniistinj^ at Knoxville March 28, 1917, he was assigned to Company L, 28th In- fantry, 1st Division. Sailed for France June 28, 1917, being among the first American soldiers to reach there. After training in quiet sectors, he went with his company into Montdidier salient in May 1918, losing his life there in action against the enemy on May 28. Rank, private. (10) — JoNES, Sam Stanhope Private Jones enlisted in the Marine Corps shortly after the declaration of war and was assigned to the 66th Com- pany. 5th Regiment. After short train- ing at Paris Island, S. C, he went over- seas in June 1917. He met his death on June 6. 1918, when the Marines stormed Belleau Woods. (5) — Johnson, John H. Inducted into the service at Knoxville on March 29. 1918, he was assigned to Com- pany C. 327th Infantry, 82nd Division. He sailed in April with his organization to France. Took part in all battles of the 82nd Division until October 12. 1918. when he was killed in action in the Ar- gonne Forest. Rank, private. (11) — Hack NEY, Charles Volunteering his services for the war at Knoxville in May 1917. he Was as- signed to Company M. 9th Infantry, 2nd Division. His organization sail- ed for overseas duty in November 1917. He was killed in action June 3. 1918. in the American defense of the Chateau Thierry sector in the Mame salient. Rank, private. (6) — Huff, Kenney J. Volunteering as a member of the Ma- chine Gun Company, 117th Infantry, in June 1917. he trained with his organi- zation at Camp Sevier and sailed for France May 11. 1918. Fought in battles of Ypres sector and in the attack on the Hindenburg Line. He was killed in ac- tion by shell fire on October 8. 1918 east of Nauruy. Rank was private, first- class. (12) — Griffin, Rex Hobson He enlisted in the army January 10, 1918. and was stationed at Columbus. Ohio, temporarily. Later he was or- dered to Fort Sill. Oklahoma, for duty. There he died on October 27. 1918. from an attack of pneumonia. He was only seventeen years old at the time of his death. 62 (1)- -Jefferies, Henry Mitchell Entered the service of the U. S. Army in 1912. Was first a member of the 120th Infantry, later transferred to the Signal Corps. Received his military trainine at Columbus Barracks, Ohio and Fort Worth, Texas. Sailed for France on July 7, 191S and was stationed at St. Nazaire. Captain Jeffries died on Oc- tober 19. 1918 as a result of pneumonia. (2) — Johnston, Charles D., Jr. Volunteered his services to the U. S. Army on June 7, 1917. As a member of the University of Tennessee Ambulance Unit, received his military training: at Allentown,, Pa. Embarked for France on December 25. 1917. With the A. E. F., Serjeant Johnston saw service with the 7th, Sth and 10th French Armies. United Sanitary Section No. 533, and was a participant in all battles of his com- mand until his death on September 26, 1918, as a result of influenza. (3) — Johnston, James Ldwin Began his navai career on April 20. 1917. First stationed at the Brooklyn Navy Yard as assistant paymaster, and on March 31, 1918 was ass igned to th e transport ship U. S. S. President Lin- coln, with duties as paymaster. With the sinking of the President Lincoln. En- sign Johnston lost his life. May 31, 1918. (7) — Kelley, Arl B. Enlisted in Headquarters Company, 57th Pioneer Infantry, on September 4. 1918, Prior to sailing in September 1918 was stationed at Camp Wads worth, S. C. Contracted pneumonia while on the transport U. S. S. Leviathan and died at sea on October 4. 1918. (8) — Langford, John Alexander Answered the call to the colors on Sep- tember 5, 1917. First assigned to Com- pany A. 328th Infantry. 82nd Divi- ion with headquarters at Camp Gordon. Ceori,'ia. Later transferred to Company B. 117th Infantry, 30th Division, station- ed at Camp Sevier, S. C. As a member of the latter named organization embark- ed for France on May 11, 1918. Priv- ate Langford was killed in action on September 29. 1918 in the Somme Offen- sive. (9) — Jones, George H. M. Beg'an his military career on May 24, 1918 as a member of Battery A. 1 7th Battalion, Field Artillery Replacement Division. Later transferred to Head- quarters Company, 9th Field Artillery Brigade. Was stationed at the following camps : Fort Thomas, Kentucky, Camp Jackson, S. C, Camp Dix, N. J., and Camp McClellan. Alabama. Sergeant Jones died on February 4. 1919 at the latter named camp as a result of pneu- (4) — LaRue, Floyd S. On July 17. 1918 entered the service of the U. S. Army. As a member of Com- pany M. 467th Engineers received his military training at Camp Humphreys, Virginia and Fort Oglethorpe. Georgia. Embarked for France on September 25, 1918 and shortly after his arrival con- tracted pneumonia and as a result died on October 22, 1918 at Brest, France. (10) — KiRKPATRiCK, Richard F. Volunteered his services to the U. S. Army on May 29, 1917. First assigned to Company F. 138th Infantry, 35th Di- vision, and later transferred to Com- pany L, 306th Infantry, 77th Division, Embarked for France in May 1918. Saw service on the Swiss Border and in the Vosges Mountains. Attended an Off- icers Training School for three months and received a commission as second lieutenant. Killed in action on October 15, 1918, in the battle of the Argonne. (5) — Lane, Edward Walden Answered the call to the colors on Sep- tember 4, 1918. As a member of Com- pany I, 57th Pionro" Infantry was stationed at Camp Wadsworth, S. C, for military training. Sailed on overseas duty on September 27. 1918, and while on the transport enroute to France died. October 8, 1918. (11) — Kline, Albert R. Saw service on the Mexican Border with the Third Tennessee Infantry in the year 1916. During the recent emer- gency was a member of Company C, 117th Infantry. 30th Division. Sailed for overseas duty on May 11, 1918 and was in all the battles of his crganization until October 8, 1918 on which day he ■was wounded. Date and cause of death to be determined. Rank, corporal. (6) — Koontz, Floyd Thomas Enlisted in September 1917 as a mem- ber of Company B. 117th Infantry, 30th Division, Camp Gordon, Georgia, ana Camp Sevier, S. C, were his training stations prior to sailing for France in May 1918. Killed in action on Septem- ber 29, 1918 in the first day's fighting on the Hindenburg Line. (12)— KiDD, Adrian W. Enlisted on June 5. 1917 as a member of Company D, 1 17th Infantry. 30th Division. Prior to sailing for France in May 1918 was stationed at Camp Sevier, S. C. Was active in all engage- ments of his command until October 8. 1918 on which date he was killed. Had the rank of corporal. 65 (1) — Mingle, Claude L. Volunteered his services to the U. S. Army on April 16, 1917 as a member of Company D. 117th Infantry. Later transferred to Machine Gun Company, and Supply Company of the same Regiment. Prior to sailinff for France on May 11, 1918 was stationed at Camp Sevier. S. C. for military train- inff. Took part in the Ypres Defensive and on September 29, 1918 while on the Hindenburc: Line near Bellicoi^r' was killed in action. Cited in special orders of 30th Division Headquarters dated December 10. 1918 for conspic^ uous bravery. (2) — Moody, Rolfe Entered the service on June 26, 1916, as a member of the Third Tennessee, from which he was transferred to the Supply Company. 117th Infantry at Camp Se- vier, S. C. Later assigned to the com- mand of Company I. 1 1 7th Infantry, Embarked for France on May 11. 1918. Was enjraR'ed with his company in the battles of Ypres, Hindenburc Line. Belli- court, Nauroy. and Busiffny, wh^e he was severely wounded on October 7, 1918. Died on October 9, in a Germari hospital. Captain Moody wa=i awarded the American Distinguished Service Cross posthumously. (6) — MowRY, George Livingston Entered the service of the U. S. Army in October 1917. As a member of Bat- tery D, 5th U. S. Field Artillery re- ceived his military training at Fort Ogle- thori>e. Georjria. Sailed for overseas duty in January 1918. and as a mem- ber of the A. E. F. , took part in all engagements of his command. Killed accidentally on May ■1. 1919 as a result of a pistol shot. Had the rank of wagoner. (7) — Mynatt, Burlie G. Began his military career on June 11 j 1917 as a member of the 47th Company. 5th Regiment of Marines, stationed at Port Royal, S. C. for training. Priv- ate Mynatt was severely wounded on June 7, 1918 which resulted in his death. His division was engaged in holding the Marne sector against the Germans. (8) — Morris, Cleo After enlisting for military service in the U. S. Army was assigned to Com- pany M. 1 17th Infantry. 30th Division, Stationed at Camp Sevier. S. C, for training until he went overseas on May 11. 1918. Took part in all actions ofl his unit until October 18. 1918 on which day he was killed. Had the rank of private. t t I it- 1 (3) — Lowe, Claude Otto Enlisted in the aviation section. Signal Corps, in April, 1916. Received train- ing at Mineola. Long Island, and was commissioned first lieutenant in August, 1916. Instructor at Dayton. Ohio, until March 1, 1917, when he was transferred to Arcadia, Fla. Met his death March 26, 1918, when his plane fell with him. Aviation field there named in his honor and tablet to his memory erected by the citizens. (4) — Meltabarger, Hicks Riley As a member of Company B. 117th In- fantry, 30th Division, began his mil- itary career on September 20, 1917. Received his military training at Camp Gordon, Georgia and Camp Sevier. S. C. Embarked for France on May 11. 1918 and took part in the following engage- ments of his unit: Ypres Defensive, Hin- denburg Line and Somme Offensive. Died of disease on November 10, 1918. Had the rank of private first-class. (5) — McGuiRE, Charles R. On June 15. 1917 became a member of Company G, Second Tennessee Infantry, from which he was transferred on Nov- ember 22, 1917 to the Machine Gun Com- pany, 120th Infantry at Camp Sevier. He rose to the rank of sergeant. After arrival overseas, he went through the fighting in the Ypres Sector in Belgium, but lost his life on the night of Septem- ber 30. on the Hindenburg Line near Bellicourt. (9) — Matthews, Douglas R. Volunteered his services to the U. S. Army on June 24, 1918. Received his military training at Camp Jackson. S. C. As a member of Field Artillery sailed for France in August 1918. Killed in action on November 3. 1918. (10) — Miller, Oliver Enlisted in the U. S. Arniy on July 17, 1917. As a member of Battery C. 114th Field Artillery, 30th Division. received his military training at Camp Sevier, S. C. Embarked for France on May 26, 1918 and was engaged with his battery in the battles of To'il. St. Mihiel. Meuse-Argonne, and Woevre. Died from disease on February 9. 1919. (11) — LuTTRELL, Hugh J. Killed in action on September 29. 1918, in the Somme Offensive. He was a member of Company D. 117th Infantry. 30th Division from his enlistment on July 23. 1917. He went through the training period at Camp Sevier. S. C. and in France. In the fighting in Belgium, he was unscathed. Held the rank of sergeant. (12) — McElroy, Wilburn Rhea In August 1917 began his military career. As a member of Company I. 61st Infantry was stationed at Camp Sevier, S. C. Died December 22. 1917. His rank was corporal. y\ m -fe- -^£^ 66 67 j^^p^^^ir:. (1) — Matthews, James S. Volunteered his services to the U. S- AriTiv o" June 9. 1917. As a member of the First Tennessee Hospital Corps was stationed at Fort Ogrlethorpe. Geor- tria. Private Matthews died on July 3. 1917 at the above mentioned post. (2) — McMillan, William Alexande.^ Entered the military service in March 1918. As a member of Company C. 327th Infantry. S2nd Division, saile 1 for France in May 1918. Went through the training ptriod with his orjraniza- tion and took part in all enjrajjementi until seriously wounded on October fi, 191fi, in the battle of Argonne Forest. Died followinp day. Rank, private. (3) — Payne, James M. Enlisted on November 6, 1917. as a member of Company A, 327th Infantry, 82nd Division. Received his militnry training at Camp Gordon, Georgia. Embarked for France on March 2. lyiS and took part in all battles of his com- mand until wounded on Augnast 2, 1918. As a result of these same wounds spent several weeks in a hospital. Contrac'ted bronchial pneumonia and died on Nov- ember 20. 1918. (4) — McMillan, Samuel Ancrum On June 24, 1918 volunteer^'d his ser- vices to the U. S. Army. Trained at Camp Gordon and then transferred to Company F, 604rh Engineers. Sailed for France August 14. Became member of Company E. 29th Engineers, after arrival. Died on October 11, 1918, of pneumonia. (5) — Parks, Robert Richard Began his military career on May 23. 1917 as a member of the First Tenn- essee Infantry, from which he was trans- ferred to Battery D. 115th Field Ar- tillery, 30th Division. Received his mil- itary training at Camp Sevier, S. C, and upon his arrival in France in June 1918 completed his training at Camp de Coetquidan. As a member of his unit participated in the St. Mihiel, Ar- gonne-Meuse, Toul and Woevre offen- sives. Private Parks was killed acci- dentally on December 18, 1918. (6) — Palmer, Roy O. Answ^ered the call to the colors on July 7. 19i7. His organization waa the llSth Ambulanoa Company. 105th Sanitary Train 30th Division. Em- barked for France in May 1918. and as a member of the A. E. F. participated in all engagements of his unit- Acci- dentally wounded by a comrade on De- cember 23. 1918. Died as a result of same wound on December 28. 1918. (7) — Phillips, Claude Eeecher Entered the service of the U. S. Army in 1917. Received his military training at Camp Sevier, S. C. with the Ma- chine Gun Company, 117th Infantry. 30th Division. Sailed overseas on May n. 191S. Killed in the So"ime offensive September 29, 1918. Held the rank of sergeant. (8) — OVERHOLSER, JOSEPH WAYNE Volunteered his services to the U. S Army in October 1917. His organiza- tion was Company E, 131st Infantry. 3:?rd Divi^iion. Was stationed at Camp Grint. Illinois and (^amo Log-n. Tpv- prior to sailing for Franca in May 1918. In the fighting at Haniel Wood received wounds that were fatal. Died on July 7, 1918. Cited for bravery by Division Commander and General Pershing. (9) — McCarty, Samuel Angus Entered the military service on Sep- tember 4. 1918. First assigned to the Supply Company, 57th Pioneer Infan- try and later transferred to the 49th In- fantry. His training station was Camp Wadsworth, S. C. Embarked for France on September 29. 1918 and shortly after his arrival contracted pneumonia and as a result died on October 10, 1918, at Brest. France. (10) — McClinton, Arthur J. Began his naval career on January 4, 1914, and saw three years' service on U. S. S. Utah. During war he was on merchant ships Atlantic Sun, Wilmore, and Charleston. Captured by Germans when Wilmore w-as sunk by submarine in September. 1917. bvt later released. Disappeared February 25. 1919. and found dead March 5. in canal at New Orleans. (11) — Pope, Archie Volunteered his services to the U. S. Navv in April ]9'7. AftT a p riod of training at Norfolk, Virginia, was as- signed to the U. S. S. Cyclops. The U. S. S. Cyclops played an important part in the World War until March 1918 when it was reported missing and has never been heard of. Had the rating of fire- man third-class. (12) — Ogle, George A. In May 1917 volunteered his services to the U. S. Army. As a member of Head- quarters Company, 17th Infantry, was .stationed at Fort Oglethorp'^, Georgia. Corpoi'al Ogle was accidentally killed in an army truck wreck, in line of duty, on November 4, 1917. 69 (1) — SisK, Hubert C. Enlisted in Battery C, 114th Field AH tillery. 30th Division, on July 1. 1917. Later transferred to the 16th Company. 4th Regiment, D. M. A. Embarked for France in July 1918. as a member of the latter named orf^anization. He con- tracted pneumonia and was sent to a hospital at Clermont, for treatment. This was of no avail, as he died on October 24, 1918. His rank was sergeant major. (2) — Rogers, Walter Enlisted in January 1914, as a member of Battery A. 21st Field Artillery. 5th Division. After training at Waco Texas. went to Franc*e in May 19 IS with his organization. He took part in the fight- ing at St. Mihiel and Meu^e-Arirone. He contracted bronchial pneumonia in February. 19 1 9 and died therefrom a few days later. His rank was sergeant. (3) — Snyder, James B. After enlistment in September 1917. was sent to Camp Lee, Virginia as a member of Company F. 317th Infan- try. 80th Division. He sailed for France in May 1918 and went through the training period without accident. He lost his life in action on October 6, 1918, in the Argonne Forest. (4) — Rich, Charles Henry Entered the service on March 15. 191S as a member of Company D, 58th Infan- try. He received his training at Camp Greene. N. C. He contracted pneumonia at camp in April, of the same year, and died therefrom a few days later. (5) — Russell, Frank Roger Volunteered his services to the U. S. Army in June 1917. Was assigned to 1-Sth Cavalry, stationed at Fort Riley. Kansas. Was transferred to San For- dyce, Texas, and at this post was caught by the influenza epidemic, which resulted in his death on November 7. 1918. (6) — Reed, Andrew Dewey Enlisted on October 11, 191B, as a mem- ber of the 4th Regiment. 31st Company, U. S. Marine Corps. Received his mil- itary training at Paris Island. S. C, and during the war was stationed in the West Indies and South America. He died on April 24. 1918. Had the rank of corporal. (7) — Rose, Mack (8)- (9) Began his military career on October 3. 1917, as a member of Company F, 6th U. S. Infantry. Received his military training at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, and on April 8. 1918 embarked for France. Died on October 15. 191S from wounds received in action in the Ar- gonne Forest. -Shoemake, Samuel Oscar Answered the call to the colors in May 1918. His organization was Battery C. 53rd U. S. Field Artillery. Received his military training at Camp Travis and Camp Stanley. Texas. At the lat- ter named camp Private Shoemake died February 2. 1919. -Sweet, Roy LaFayette Saw service on the Mexican Border as a member of the Third Tennessee. Was again called to the colors in 1917 as a member of Headquarters Company, 117th Infantry, 30th Division. Prior to sailing for France on May 11. 1918 was station- ed at Camp Sevier, S. C. He lost his life on October S. 1918 in the operations at Premont. (10) — Smith, Gurney E. Entered the air service in April 1917. Received his training at Kelly Field Texas, as a member of the fith Snnadron. Died of influenza on October 17, 1918, while stationed at Buffalo. N. Y. (11) — Sharp, Lee Enlisted in Company D, 117th Infantry. 30th Division, on June 30. 1917. After training at Camp Sevier, S. C. he went to France in May 1918 with his organi- zation. He took part in all engage- ments of his command until October 8. 1918, on which date he was killed. He held the rank of private. (12) — Rider, Osker After enlisti7->ent April 26, 1918 was sent to Camp Jackson. S. C., as a member of Company M, 321st Infantry. He sailed for France on July 21. 1918 and went throui^h the training period and all en- gagements of his unit until November 11, 1918, when he was killed in the Ar- gonne Forest just an hour before the armistice became effective. 71 (1) — Underwood, Charles Latham Entered the military service on Jan- uary 2'i, 1918. For training was sent to Kort Oplethjrpe. GeorCTa. Later as- signed to Recruit Camp No. 3. station- ed at Camp Greene, N. C. On Oc- tober 15, 1918 was sent to the Central Officers Training School, Camp Gor- don, Georgia. Private Underwood died of imeumonia following the influenza at the above mentioned camp on No- vember 5. 19' S. (2) — TiLLERY, James Masters Volunteered his services to the U. S. Army on May 9, 1917. As a member of Machine Gun Company, 117th In- fantry, 30th Division was stationed at Camp Sevier, S. C. Sailed for over- seas duty on May 11, 1918 and while a member of the A. E. F., partici- pated in all engagements of his unit until killed in action on October 8. 1918. Sergeant Tillery received the Dis- tinguished Service Cross. Honorably mentioned in general orders of 30th Di- vision Headquarters. (3) — Williams, Fred Linzy On September 21, 1917 became a mem- ber of the U. S. Army. First assigned to Company D. 3 16th Machine Gun Battalion. Later transferred to Com- pany B, 15th Machine Gun Battalion. He was in training at the following camps : Camp Gordon, Camp Jackson, and Fort Oglethorpe. Embarked for France on April 13, 1918. Corporal Williams on October 14. was killed in action, near St. Quentin. (7)- (8)- (9)- -Waitman, George E. As a member of the ThirJ Tennessee Infantry saw service on t'le Mexican Border in 1916. Was again called to the colors in 1917 and as a member ofi Company C. 117th Infantrv. 30th Di- vision was stationed at Camp Sevier. S. C Embarked for France on May 11. 1918. Sergeant Waitman while advanc- ing with his iilatoon in the attack of October 8. on the Hindenburg support line was killed by enemy shell fire. -WiLKiNS, John Edward Entered the service of the U. S. Army in June 1918. As a member of the 56th Pioneer Infantry received his military training at Camp Gordon, Georgia. Ser- geant Wilkins died at sea on October 3. 1918. -Wallace, Spencer On September 21. 1917 entered the ser- vice of the U S. Army. As'^iened to Company A, 328th Infantry and prior to sailing for France in April 1918 saw service at the following camps ; Camp Gordon, Georgia, Camp Jackson. S. C, and Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. Private Wallace was killed in action on September 13. 1918, in the Argonne Forest, as member of Company C. 15th Machine Gun Battalion, to which he had transferred. (4) — Turner, Sherman Harrison Began his military career in August 1918 as a member of Company B, 49th Infantry. Later transferred to Com- pany G. 11th Infantry. Sailed from New York for overseas duty on Septem- ber 14. 1918 Killed in actinn on No- vember 10. 1918. in Argonne-Merse bat- tle. Had the rank of private. (5) — Tucker, Ross Charles After enlistment on June 5. 1917 was sent to Camp Sevier. S. C. for mil- itary training. As a member of Corij,- pany D. 117th Infantry. 30th Division sailed for France on May 11, 1918.^ As a member of the A. E. F., partici- pated in all battles of his command until October 8. 1918, on which date he was killed. He was in action at the time of death near Premont. France, His rank was private first-class. (6) — VanDeventer, Grant Entered the military service on Aug- ust 27. 1917. As a member of Company I. 117th Infantry, 30th Division received his training at Camp Sevier. S. C. Sailed for overseas duty on May H, 1918. Took part in all battles of his unit until October 1918. Removed from the lines on account of being gassed. As a result of the influenza, followed by pneumonia. Private Van- Deventer died on December 10. 1918. (10) — Underwood, Alva Robert Answered the c:ill to the colors in August 1917. After a period of train- ing at Camp Sevier. S. C. as a member of the inth Infantry. 30th Division sailed for France in May. 1918. Par- ticipated in all engagements of his com- mand until September 15. 1918 on which date he was killed. (11) — Smith, J. Bolton Volunteered his services to the U. S. Navy in October 1901. Saw service on the following boats : Lancaster. Ohio. San Francisco, Panthier and Baltimore. During the World War was assigned to the latter mentioned boat with duties of mine planting. As a result of blood poison died at the United States Hos- pital at Poi*tsmouth, on June 23. 1918. His rating was chief pharmacist's mate. .: IJ (12)— Smith, Mack Hobart Entered the service of the U. S. Army in 1918. Received his military train- ing at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. Saw service with the American Expedition- ary Force. Died in France on January 14, 1919 as the result of blood poison. Had the rank of private. 72 73 (1) — CocKRUM, Lawrence W. Volunteered in July 1917 as a member of Company G, Second Tennessee In- fantry. Transferred at Camp Sevier to the Headquarters Company. 117th Infantry, with which he sailed to France on May 11. 1918. Took part in all fij?htinK of his unit in the Ypres Sec- tor. Belgium, but lost his life near Bellicourt on September 29, 1918. in the attack on the Hindenburg Line. Rank, sergeant. (7) — Leonard, Robert Henry Offered his services to the government on September 11. 1918. enlisting' in the navy. He was assigned to Company 137, Unit X. at the U. S. Naval Base. Hampton Roads. Va., where he was sent for trainine*. Shortly after his arrival he was taken ill with influenza, fol- lowed by pneumonia. He died October 7. 1918, less than a month after his en- listment. (2) — Wyatt, Richard Corporal Wyatt tendered his services to the government on April 16, 1917, enlisttnp in Company C. 117th Infan- try. He received his traininir at Camo Sevier and went overseas May 11. 1918. Went through all fighting in Belgium, but was killed in the attack on October 8. 1918. east of Bellicourt. (8)— French, David Sergeant French enlisted in the Sec- ond Tennessee Infantry at Knoxville in June 1917. After arrival at Camp Sevier he was transferred to the 120th Infantry with which he trained until his departure overseas May 1 1, 1918. Went through all fi"-hting of his regi- ment up to the last day, October 19. 1918, when he was fatally wounded. He died from his wounds November 2. (3) — Renneau, Samuel W. Enlisted in Company D, 117th Infan- try, at Knoxville on July 31. 1917. and trained with it at Camp Sevier until its departure for France on May 11. 1918. He survived all engagements up to October 8, 1918. when he was kill- ed by shell fire in the attack of his reg- iment upon the Germans that day. Rank, private. (9) — Maloy, Robert Enlisted in the regular army Septem- ber 21, 1917, and was assigned to Com- pany A. 6th Engineers, 3rd Division. He trained at Camp Gordon and Camp Jackson, going overseas in March 1918. He was killed at the Second Battle of the Marne, July 16. 1918. in the counter- offensive of Marshal Foch against the Germans. (4 ) — McCalla, Richard Volunteered his services to the govern- ment in the air branch of the Navy Department. He went to Pensacola. Florida, where he received his training in the Naval Training School. He lost his life May 10. 1918. when his aero- plane crashed to the ground. (10) — Parris, William Volunteered in Company D. 1 1 7th In- fantry, at Knoxville in July 1917 and went with his organization to Camp Sevier, training there until its departure overseas on May 11. 1918. Participated in all fighting of his regiment in Bel- gium and in the attack on the Hin- denburg Line defenses until October 17. 1918 when he was killed near Ri- beauville. Rank. private first-class. (5) — Wohlford, Robert Samuel Entered the service in June 1918 as a member of the University of Tennessee Training Detachment. His period of ser- vice in the army was brief, as he died October 9, 1918. at General Hospital No. 14, Ft. Oglethorpe. Ga.. where he had been sent for medical treatment. (11) — Baker, Claude Albert Enlisted in the U. S. Navv on Decem- ber 27. 1916. After his period of train- ing he was assigned to duty on the U- S. S. New York, sailing in November 1917. He was killed in a seaplane ac- cident in the war zone December 7, 1917. His rating in the navy was sea- man, second-class. (6) — Yeager, Carrick Heiskell Entered the Second Officers' Train- ing Camp, Ft. Oglethorpe, Ga.. in August 1917 and received a commis- sion as second lieutenant upon complet- ing the three months' course. As- signed to the 20th Machine Gun Bat- talion, 7th Division. Sailed for France in July 1918. Lost his life November 1, 1918. from enemy fire. Recommend- ed for Distinguished Service Cross. (12) — Raper, Horace After enlisting in the army at Knoxville he was assigned to Company G. 59th Infantry. 4th Division. He went over- seas in the Spring of 1918 with his unit and after training in quiet sectors, he took part in the Marne Offensive, the St. Mihiel drive, and the Meuse-Ar- gonne Offensive up to October 9. 1918, when he was killed in action in the latter battle. 75 (1) — Johnson, William N. VolunU'crod April 9, 1917. as a member of the Sanitary Detachment of the 117th Infantry, just after it was called back into federal service. Trained with his unit at Camp Sevier until May. 1918. when he was ordered overseas. He took part in the Ypres defensive and the Somme offensive of the Thirtieth Divis- ion until September 29, 1918. when he was wounded fatally in the attack on the Hindenbuit: Line. Died from wounds tw^o hours later. Rank, private. (2) — Johnson, Edgar Emory Corporal Johnson enlisted in the Marine Corps at Knoxville on March 7, 1917, and was assigned to the 45th Company, 5th Reg:iment. 2nd Division. After train- ing; at Mare Island, California, and Quantico. Virj^inia, he went overseas in August. 1917. He took part in all fight- ing of the Marines up to October 6, 1918, when he was killed in action near Mont Blanc in the Champagne sector. (7) — Harper, Walter R. Entering the army March 28, 1918, he was assigned to Camp Gordon for training and joined Company B, .■J27th Infantry, 82nd Division. Sailed with his organization to France on May 9. 1918. Engaged in St. Mihiel offensive and the Toui sector. He was killed Oc'.obcr 15, 1918, by a German shell while he was recuperating in a hospital back of the battle lines. Rank, private. (8) — Tucker, Harry Clay Corporal Tucker entered the service in May, 1918, and went overseas two months later as mejjfiber of 5th Company Auto Replacement Division. On account of knowledge of telegraphy, he was soon transferred to 405th Telegraph Battalion, Signal Corps. Lost his life in the St. Mihiel battle on September 16, 1918. He was killed in half mile of his brother, who was in the same organization, but did not know of his death. (3) — Keith, Leo Joined Company I, 117th Infantry, at Knoxville in July, 1917, and went through all the training at Camp Sevier with it. Arriving overseas in May, 1918, he took part in all of the fighting in Belgium, in the preliminary drive on the HindenbiTg Line, but lost his life near Geneve on October 7, when his battalion was ordered to wipe out a salient in front of the regiment. Rank, private, first-class. (9) — Arnold, Charles Called into service May 27. 1018. and was placed in July Automatic Replacement Draft at Camp Pike, Arkansas. Sailed for overseas duty in July, and upon ar- rival he was assigned to Company M, 128th Infantry. 32nd Division. He was killed in action in the Argonne Forest battle on November 10, 1918, one day before the armistice was signed. (4) — Burns, George H. Volunteering his services for the war in Company B, 117th Infantry, he trained with it for eight months at Camp Se- vier. Sailed for overseas duty May 11, 1918, and went through all fighting against the Germans in Belgium wi:hout injury. Wounded September 29. 1918, in the attack on the Hindenburg Line and sent back to an English hospital. Died there of pneumonia November 18. His rank was mechanic. (5) — Winfrey, Herman H. His term of service in the army was probably the shortest of any man who went from Knox County. Ordered lo ac- tive duty on May 13, 1918, he died four days later, just after his arrival at Fort Thomas. Kentucky where he was to train for military service. His death was due to an unsuccessful operation for appendicitis. (6) — Blankinship, Dan Moser Enlisted in the Marine Corps at Knox- ville on June 27. 1917. and was sent to Paris Island. S. C, and Quantico. Va.. ior training. He was assigned to the 83rd Company, 6th Regiment, of the Marines, with whom he sailed for France October 28, 1917. Fatally wound- ed June 8, 1918, by machine gun bullets when the Marines cleared Belleau Woods of the Germans. Died four days later in hospital. Rank, private. (10) — Jett, Adrian 0. Inducted into the army at Knoxville on September 4. 1918. and assigned to Camp Wadsworth at Spartanburg, S. C, for his military training. His organization was Company I. 57th Pioneer Infantry. Sailed for France September 28. 1918. but died of pneumonia on October 13, a few days after he had arrived overseas. (11) — Flemming, Willard Voli'nteered as member of Company M. 117th Infantry on November 20. 1917. but later transferred to the Supply Com- pany of the same organization. Trained at Camp Sevier and went overseas May 11. 1918. Took part in the Ypres de- fensive, but was killed by the accidental explosion of a shell on September 23, 1918, just before the opening of the at- tack on the Hindenburg Line. Rank, private. (12) — Reed, Frank Enlisted in the regular army at Knox- ville on June 5, 1917, and was assigned to Company D. 11th Infantry. 5th Di- vision. He trained with his organization at Ft. Oglethorpe and went overseas in May, 1918. Corporal Reed was killed September 14, 1918. in the great Amer- ican attack on the St. Mihiel salient. li 76 77 (D- -Boyd, Richard Enlisted in Company E. Second Tennes- see Infantry, in July, 1917. Transferred to Headtu'arters Company, 59th Infan- try Brigade, at Camp Sevier. Received appointment to attend Third Officers' Training Camp at Leon Springs, Texas, from which he was commissioned second lientenant in the spring of 1918. On his return he was assigned to the Head- quarters Company. 117th Infantry, with which he went overseas. Participated in Ypres Defensive and all battles of Somme offensive until he was killed in action on October S, 1918. Awarded the Distinguished Service Cross posthumous- ly. (2) — Tyson, Charles McGhee Enlisted in the service of his country as seaman, second-class, in July, 1917, and rose to grade of lieutenant, junior grade, U. S. Naval Reserve Flying Corps, before his death. October 11, 1918, while on a flight over the North Sea. Received his training at Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology, Pensa- cola and Newport News. Because of executive ability, ordered to Washing- ton and charged with ordering and loading supplies for the transport ship Jason. Reciuested to be allowed to join his flight squadron and sailed August 8. 1918. After his death his remains were brought to Knoxville vnder naval escort and buried with naval honors. (3) — Miller, George Frederick Volunteered in Company K, Second Ten- nessee Infantry, June 26, 1917. At Camp Sevier he was transferred to Company K. 119th Infantry, with which he train- ed until the departure for overseas ser- vice on May 11, 191S. Took part in de- fense of Ypres sector, the capture of Kemmel Hill, and in the attack upon the Hindenburg Line on September 29. Fat- ally wounded that day and died October 4 in the general hospital at Rouen, France. Distinguished Service Cross awarded after his death. Rank, ser- geant. (4)- — Haeper, Milton A. Attended First Officers' Training Camp at Ft. Ogrlethorpe and received commis- sion as second lieutenant. Transferred to the 117th Infantry at Camp Sevier, being assigned to the Second Battalion as adjutant. Went overseas with his regiment in May, 1918, and participated in all of its fighting until October 8, when he was killed by shell fire near Estrees. Rank, first lieutenant. In addition to the 148 men and officers, whose photographs and records appear in the foregoing pages, the War Department reported in the casualty lists through the newspapers, the deaths of fourteen other Knox Countians. It was impossible, however, to verify their deaths or to find any trace of their relatives. The names of these men were: Anderson, William L. Caldwell, George H. Dayton, John duscall, h. i. Evans, Arthur G. Gattis, William HOLCOMB, Lynn S. E^^^^^^3 5C Mulvany, Ody Newbill, Robert L. O'Neal, Lieut. .1. S PuGH, Horace C. Parker, Joseph Reed, A. Sparks, Loney E. 78 -.«.- Vi IN FLANDERS FIELDS R (AN ANSWER) Bv R. W. Lillara ]<]ST ye in peace, ye Flauders dead ! The fight that ye so bravely led We've taken up! And we will keep True faith with you who lie asleep, With each a cross to mark his lied, Aud poppies ))lowing overhead Where ouce his own life blood ran red! So let your rest be sweet and deep In Flanders fields! Pear not that ye have died for naught; The torch ye threw to us we caught ! Ten million hands will hold it high, And Freedom's light shall never die! We 've learned the lesson that ye taught In Flanders fields ! Courtesy of The New York Evcnins! Post. -U'-u- M»<^ 79 80 "To the Rescue' 1 i Military, Naval and Air Section 82 "^A LON DON _,, ^0^-y - ./ HAMBLIRC ^«»V. VORTSMOUTH ~ :2at^ FOLKSTONE- :;i^„^^.._.^HASTtNCS ^ / BRIGHTON ^^^ DUNKIRK ,., ZU V V' -•^ c ^^ _-^^ , #ABBEV1LL| B^^AMTWEBP ) ^ESSEN -^ ^^^ 1; -^ /^ LHAUNES* A^^H » LOU VAIN AIX- LA-CHAPE U E • ^ •» . <'"-' ^•> V .-^SN biounI ^n\ ^> ■^J5^ ' NroTRTj" DOUAI V jS?*-^ -MP ^ DIEPPE AUMALE BE&UVAIS HI ir.ii^i '^ <- >j«EiJT ^*^, w.t.. -^ CHAUNV -. ilA^E monS CHARLEROI VAIENQENMES ' ^^"^^ "^ •-^-ti'M*u»Eu<;£ /fij 5: ► OINAN MAR^F CUISE t VERVims CHA' MEZrJjf Wmontdidier _ r-"-^ .X:*a^...) ..-oC. > ''^'"3^\\- : -TRE> ^0^1 O&LENZ tJlNOEN ^^o\ o*. /- ^^HAVRE ►CHERBOURO- ir-j Rouen :kan ,J=^. ojajeaU^IJjiew Ui.-''^- Ma' r- (6MBARKATION CENTFH) %\S MtLi FOKTAlNfEIEAU If^^^SST An\//>iur-c: nK 17FDA '^ST AbVAhtca oe. GERMANS Vp75 Its ■St- MONTER?«r ; '■^^ VANNES RELIEF MAP OF THE WESTERN FRONT t . -. K.. iK^ Ami'ncjn .trniitv when Ihe armislicv put un i-nd I0 tlie fightinji The main »hea re o( «P»^^"»'«n*J*>. '^^ '7^" ^^..st.-lv Jirection .» p.,mt* «Ll ..I th.- M.^-llt W-r. on NovemlxT U, MH. w^s Ironi SidJn in a vm ^^_ ^j^^, ,^,^^^ ^^^ .^^^^^ ^^^ ^j^^ Divisions wtrn.- tn Belgium, wh.k- Ihv .1 . h n.vis.-.n v^^ '" '^'- '^Jj ,(„,, ^vhlch fumiMud a«l and ..on .0 Germany. Nov.mtx-r 11, a.mmg at th. ^^-'P'"^^" ' ,'X^^^.vc rut,..--!^^ (l).hv Im... ol Ihv G.nn:.n advance lo l'.ri* The four lines, shown by dots and '>.^J[]fj >,,„.,'„ ^.^.h -oto iu\y IK, IMl.S; (M the Mrunjily foilihed , around Rheims. in St. Quentin, and in _ ul sector ntJr Fliu-y. - hradnuarters ot the American armies. ^Amcncan war schools dti oMicers and ire. Chvrbours and Ix' Havre, I roups. the Rhine. Nine kepi always in {^ NEVER5 OUR VARIED SERVICE Exclusive of a few companies and one division, there were no other units or organizations in the army in which the men and officers from Knox County were gathered distinctively and into large groups during the war. Through assign- ment and transfer, as well as on account of the different times at which they en- tered the service of the government in its multitude of branches, the large ma- jority of those who went to war from this city and county — above 4,000 in num- :^ ber — were scattered throughout all the arms of our military and naval forces. :;) To understand thoroughly this diffusion and wide separation of men in the army, a condition which applied to every section and locality, it will be necessary to trace briefly the growth of our military forces under the stress of a great emergency. In its expansion from a small, compact organization of about 190,000 in time of peace, with virtually only four distinct branches — infantry, artillery, cavalry and engineering — to a huge, multiplex organization of more than 3,500,- 000 men under arms, our army underwent a complete transformation. Quite as striking as its growth in numbers was the increase in the variety and com- plexity of special services and special branches, made necessary by the waging of war under new conditions and at a great distance from home. As an illustration, the motor transport service, which was quite unknown be- fore this war as a distinct organization, was almost as large in numbers on the day the armistice with Germany was concluded as our whole army was befoi'e the war began. The air service had more than 200,000 men and officers assigned to it. The chemical warfare branch required the employment of almost a division for its special work. The units of the national guard divisions were organized before this great expansion took place. The individual companies were recruited from the same town or section. They were composed of men who had been boys together, who knew each other intimately, and whose officers were men whose leadership they accepted. When the call into federal service on August 5, 1917 came, and they went away to training camps, the same basic organization was maintained. There were some infusions of draft troops in the fall of 1917 to bring these com- panies up to the new war strength, but the personnel remained largely the same throughout the war. When the fighting was over, the men returned home in the same companies and same regiments, for the most part, with which they had departed two years before. The companies had the same nucleus with which they went away to war. Quite the reverse was true of the men who were in the regular and national army divisions. After the declaration of war, the regular army regiments were expanded into three regiments each. Each of them was made up of one-third veterans and two-thirds recruits or drafted men. Many of the old men in the original regiments were transferred to the national army divisions as commis- sioned and non-commissioned officers. They were scattered throughout the Uni- ted States to assist in the training of tlie new men. After the organization of the first national army divisions, this dispersion of men from the same section became even greater. This was due to two entirely diff"ei'ent causes, whose full effect became in evidence during the spring and sum- mer months of 1918, when the majority of all the men drafted were called to the colors. The national guard and regular army divisions, which were selected to go to France first because of their earlier training, began to suffer casualties and to dwindle in strength after a few weeks in the trenches. There was need con- stantly of a large reservoir of man power from which replacements could be : — 8.3 Ej-i/r drawn periodically to fill these divisions. It was found better policy to refill them in this way than to create new divisions to take their place in the line. To meet this situation and to keep a steady flow of men to France to fill the gaps, in- fantry and artillery replacement camps were established in this country to train men for this work. Instead of becoming a component part of som.e new division, the di-aft boards sent large groups of men directly to these camps, from which they were scattered throughout the combat divisions in France. Under this policy, Knox County men filtered into regular army, national guard and national army combat divisions. They were as likely to be assigned to a regiment of Californians or New Yorkers as to one of the Tennessee units. They were used wherever the needs of the moment were greatest. Sectional lines and previous residence were disregarded absolutely in the assignment of troops. The War Department recognized this gradual amalgamation of the three grand di- visions of the combat forces of the army and ordered that all officers and men should wear the same collar insignia, the large "U. S." There was another factor which added to this dispersion of men from the same county, state and section. By the spring of .1918, all the numerous special branches and services in the army had been organized on a skeleton basis. Men of special, technical training were needed to fill them to their proper strength. The government permitted men of this type with these special qualifications, even though they wei-e registered and subject to call later into the service, to enlist in those branches for which they were fitted best. Regular calls were sent out from Washington to the draft boards, asking for men of this quality. Hundi'eds of Knox Countians came under this classification and rendered their service to the government in this way. Finally, to complete the thorough dispersion of men of the same city or coun- ty, the local draft boards were ordered to send recruits to many difi'erent camps over the country. In the beginning of the operation of the draft law, Knox Coun- ty boards sent these men only to Camp Gordon. But in the heavy calls of the summer months of 1918, men were ordered to Camp Sevier, Camp Shelby. Camp Greene, Camp Jackson, Camp Taylor, Camp Sherman, and other cantonments. Examination of the personal war records of the men, whose photographs are shown elsewhere in this volume, will reveal the fact that there was hardly a division in our army, a camp in this country, or a single one of the branches of the service, in which there were not a few Knox Countians. They were through- out the majority of the combat divisions; in the infantry, artillery, cavalry, quartermaster corps, and engineering branches; in the motor transport service, the many phases of railroad work in France, in the staff schools and staff' head- quarters; in mobile ordnance repair shops, in pioneer regiments, labor battalions; cooking and baking schools, gas and flame service, and in the many subdivisions of the service of supply. This diversity of service both at home and abroad has made it next to im- possible, therefore, to sketch in one volume, or even in many volumes, the history of the organizations of all the men from Knox County who played some part, either large or small, in the greatest of all wars. Such a history would be a complete story of the war in all its phases and of the battle actions of many companies, regiments and divisions. Its scope would be so extensive as to pre- clude its treatment in a volume of this size. The personal records of the Knox County men, which are given later, tell the principal facts of their military ca- reers and of their military service. The fighting operations of the majority of these men, however, are comprised in the St. Mihiel and Argonne Forest battles, which constitute the distinctive, olfensive accomplishment and contribution of the American Expeditionary Forces ii(iii]fliiiiiii!iiiii(iiii(ffntfm-nm 84 lllllillillliilllH!!!l!!ll!lll!!ll imii'li"iHilllHI in winning the war. Several divisions, sooner or later, were stationed elsewhere, either entirely or in part throughout the fighting, but always under the British or French High Command. They made glorious records on whatever front or in whatever sector it was their lot to be engaged. The Thirtieth and Twenty-seventh divisions fought side by side with the British throughout their service in France. The First, Second, Third, Fourth, Twenty-sixth, Twenty-eighth, Thirty-second, and Forty-second divisions took a very weighty and active part under the French during June and July, 1918, in checking the German drive toward Paris, while their assistance in the counter-offensive of Marshal Foch, beginning July 18, was the main factor in causing the German evacuation of the Marne salient. The St. Mihiel and Argonne battles, however, stand out above all the en- gagements of the American forces during the war, because they were fought in American sectors, under American leadership, and largely by American troops. The larger number of our combat divisions, twenty-four out of the twenty-nine which had battle experience, engaged in one or both of these great offensive operations. To describe at some length these battles, together with the operations of the Thirtieth Division in Belgium and in the Somme offensive, should include, then, in a general way the principal activities on the front of the men from Knox Coun- ty who were privileged to have a part in the fighting. Reference to the accom- panying maps will make clear some of the difficulties that they encountered, show what parts of the line were held by the divisions of which Knox Countians were members, and the strategy which the American and allied commanders employed in accomplishing their ends and bringing the Germans to their knees. : = The same conditions, which operated to separate and scatter the men who went into the army, also applied to those who went into the navy, air sei'vice and the marines. In no camp, training station, naval base or battle fleet were there gathered more than a handful of men who were from this city or county. Yet they served with the same fidelity, endured the same hardships, made the same sacrifices that their brothers did who fortunately were grouped together in larger numbers and in distinctive units. Only their personal records will ever reveal the quiet, unostentatious service they rendered. No class of men worked so hard, so long hours, or were so constantly exposed to danger as the men in the navy. Yet there was little of the spectacular in their work which brought them before the public eye like the soldiers who took part in some memorable battle. This great majority of Knox Countians, who were submerged in the different varieties of war service, returned home as they left. They came by ones and twos and threes. Some were discharged a few days after the armistice was signed. Most of them were mustered out during the spring and summer of 1919. A few, who were in the last divisions to leave Germany as part of the army of occupation, did not receive their discharges for nearly a year after fighting had ceased. There was no blare of trumpets or reception committees to meet them. They came in quietly, and, after a few days of rest, went back to the occupations and professions in which they were engaged before war called them to their coun- try's standard. They had done their full duty. They were glad to lay aside the livery and pursuit of war and return to the labors of peace. 85 MAJOR-GENERAL E.M.LEWIS ^ COMMANDER, 30^." DIVISION ^ * ~^ !" '^'-,. " " " " '' " " *' " " " " " '" "^ *' '' 86 THIRTIETH DIVISION (OFFICIAL HISTORY) The Thirtieth Division was a distinctively American division. More than 95 per cent of its personnel was of American-born parents. The division was con- stituted of National Guard troops of North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennes- see, augmented by many thousands of selective draft troops fi'om the states of Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee. The division was dubbed "Old Hickory" after the warrior and statesman, Andrew Jackson, who was so closely identified with the history of the states fur- nishing the major portion of its personnel. The Old Hickory Division landed at the port of Calais, France on the 24th day of May, 1918, and was billeted in the Eperlocques Training Area. While in this area the officers of the division reconnoitered the Terdeghen Switch Line, south of Cassel, and complete plans were formulated for the occupation of this line by forced marches in case of emergency. Before the completion of its training period, the division was transferred to the II British Corps, Second Army, in the Ypres sector to be in close support in case of the expected German offensive. This division, the first American division to enter that kingdom, marched into Belgium on .luly 4th, with Division Head- quarters at Watou, to be in close support of the 33rd and 49th British Divisions, and was employed in completing the construction of the East and West Poperinghe Defense Systems immediately in rear of these two divisions. An immense amount of ti'ench and wire construction was done. Complete plans and orders were issued for the occupation of the East and West Poperinghe Systems by the 30th Division in the event of a German attack and a forced withdrawal of the British Divisions in the front. The division received training in the front line with the 33rd and 49th Divisions, first as individuals, then by platoons, and lastly by entire battal- ions. On August 17, 1918, the division took over the entire sector occupied by the 33rd British Division, 60th Brigade being in the front line, 59th Brigade in support. This was known as the Canal Sector and extended fi-om the southern outskirts of Ypres to the vicinity of Voormezeele, a distance of 2,400 metres. ;- i!fi ii i(iiiyi(iiiiiiii!ii»(iiii(iiii( i iiiiiiT i i i iiiiiiii\ii ( iiiiiii nm iiii^ m 87 iiiiiiiiiiijiiiiiiiiii!)iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiijiiiijijiii.yiiill^iliiiiii{!^^ t1 On August 31 and September 1 the division engaged in an offensive in con- junction with the 14th British Division on the left and 27th American Division on the right. The 30th Division captured all its objectives, including Lock No. 8, Lankhof Farm, and the City of Voormezeele, advancing fifteen hundred yards, capturing fifteen prisoners, two machine-guns and thirty-five rifles. As a result of this advance the 236th Division, which was considered an average German division, was identified. During the six weeks previous to this advance, many attempts had been made by the British and our own troops to identify this Ger- man division. On September 4-5, the division was withdrawn from the Canal Sector and placed in British G. H. Q. reserve with Division Headcjuarters at Roellecourt, France. While in this area the entii-e division was trained in attacking in con- junction with British tanks. On September 17, the division was again moved farther south with Division Headquarters at Herissart, and on September 22 was moved to the British Fourth Army with Division Headquarters at Bois de Buire, near Tincourt, taking over a front line sector from the 1st Australian Division on the night of September 23-24. September 29 this division, with the 27th American Division on the left and the 46th British Division on the right, assaulted the Hindenburg Line. The Hindenburg Line at this point curved in front of the Tunnel of St. Quentin. This was considered impregnable by the Germans for the following reasons: The Hindenburg Line, curving west of the tunnel, consisted of three main trench sys- tems protected by vast fields of heavy barbed wire entanglements skillfully placed. This wire was very heavy and had been damaged very little by artillery fire. The dominating ground enabled them to bring devastating machine-gun fire on all approaches. The lines had been strengthened with concrete machine-gun em- placements. It contained at this point a large number of dugouts, lined with mining timbers, with wooden steps leading down to a depth of about 30 feet and with small rooms capable of holding from four to six men each. In many cases, these dugouts were wired for electric light. The large tunnel, through which the canal ran, was of sufficient capacity to shelter a division. This tunnel was electrically lighted and filled with barges. Connecting it with the Hindenburg trench system were numerous tunnels. In one case a direct tunnel ran from the main tunnel to the basement of a large stone building, which the enemy used for headquarters. Other tunnels ran from the main tunnel eastward to the City of Bellicourt and other places. This complete subteri'anean system with its hidden exits and entrances, unknown to us, formed a most complete and safe subterranean method of communication and reinforcement for the German sector. The Thirtieth Division, 60th Brigade, augmented by units of the 117th Infantry, attacking, assaulted this line at 5:50 a. m., September 29, on a front of three thousand yards, captured the entire Hindenburg System of that sector and ad- vanced farther, capturing the tunnel system with the German troops therein; took the Cities of Bellicourt, Nauroy, Riqueval, Carriere, Etricourt, Guillaine Ferme and Ferme de Riqueval, advancing four thousand, two hundred yards, de- feating two enemy divisions of average quality, (the 75th Reserve Division and the 185th Division), and taking as prisoners 47 officers and 1,434 men. On October 1-2, the division was relieved by the 5th Australian Division and moved to a back area with division headquarters at Herbecourt. The division scarcely reached this area when it was marched back and took over the front line in the same sector from the 2nd Australian Division near Montbrehain on the night of October 4-5. From October 8-11, the division attacked each day, advancing 17,500 yards, and capturing le Tilleul d'Archies, le Petit Cambresis, Becquigny, Mon. Sarasin, le Trou Aux Soldats, Busigny, Gloriette, le Vert Donjon, Escaufourt, le Rond '"iLi 88 ^ ^ Pont, Vaux-Andigny, Vallee Hasai-d, la Haie Menneresse, la Rochelle, le Vent de Bise, St. Souplet, St. Benin, Malassise, Geneve, half of Montbrehain. Brancourt, Fremont, Vaux-le-Pretre, Brancoucourt, Fraicourt Ferme, Bois Mirand, Butry Ferme, la Sabliere Bois, Becquignette Ferme, Bois de Malmaison, Malmaison Ferme, Bois de Busigny, Bois TErmitage, Bois Proyart, Imberfayt and Du Guet Fassiaux Fermes, taking prisoners 45 officers and 1,889 men. The .59th Brigade began this attack on October 8 and captured all their objectives, including Fre- mont and Brancourt. During this opei-ation from October 8-11, the 30th Division encountered units from fourteen German divisions, classified by the British High Command as follows: 34th Division, average; 20th Division, very good; 24th Division, very good; 21st Division, average; 21st Reserve Division, average; 38th Division, very good; 119th Division, average; 121st Division, average; 187th Sharp- shooting Section, very good; 204th Division, average; 208th Division, average; 3rd Naval Division, very good; 15th Reserve Division, average. The 30th Division was relieved by the 27th Division on October 11-12. but re- turned on October 16 and took over a part of the same line at the same place, being the right half of the sector temporarily held by the 27th. The next attack was launched on October 17-19 against the 221st Division, average; 243rd Division, average; 29th Division, very good, advancing nine thousand yards and capturing 6 officers and 412 men, and the towns of Molain, St. -Martin Riviere, Ribeauville, Ecaillon, Mazinghein and Ribeaucourt Ferme. During much of the fighting from October 8-11 and October 17-19, difficulties of the terrain were very great, with the country greatly broken by small patches of woods, while villages, with uneven terrain and occasional large towns, admirably added to the machine-gun defense of which the Germans took every advantage. The Selle River with high banks beyond was obstinately defended. In spite of these difficulties the advance continued, often without artillery support, and was made possible only by the determination of the men and the skillful use of all arms combined with clever utilization of the diversified terrain. The 3rd German Naval Division of the crack German divisions was hastily thrown in in an attempt to stop the advance. The division was then withdrawn to the Heilly Training Area, near Amiens, for replacements and a well-earned rest. Two weeks later, when orders for an immediate return to the front were expected daily, the armistice with Germany was signed November 11, 1918. The fighting being over, the II American Corps was released from the British E. F., wth which it had been associated since its arrival in France, and transferred to the American E. F. in the Le Mans area, where the first units of the 30th Division arrived and Divisional Headquarters opened at Ballon on November 21. During the above operations the advance was so rapid and the troops with- drawTi so soon, there was no opportunity to gather up and salvage a great num- ber of guns and supplies captured, which were left for the salvage troops of the Fourth British Army. Upon a partial check by the units of the division, it is knowni that at least 72 field artillery pieces, 26 trench mortars, 426 machine guns and 1,792 rifles were captured in addition to the great mass of material. This represents but a portion of the captures. In many instances, field guns taken from the Germans were turned over to the supporting artillery and used by them upon the retreating enemy. Total number of prisoners captured by this division from September 29 to October 20 were: 98 officers, 3,750 men. During the same period we lost 3 officers and 24 men as prisoners. The total casualties of the entire division, according to statistics of the War Department, were 1,652 killed and 9,429 wounded. The division stood eleventh in the army in the number of casualties. 89 VI >. C3 O 3 W TO ?6 o J= be K ^ =2 bo C 03 3 90 w JMlllMMlMlIlll'illiyilllillllllllllJllllllllllll The following messages and orders speak for themselves: AUSTRALIAN CORPS My Dear General: Corps Headquarters, 2nd October, 1918. As the II American Corps has now been withdrawn from the line, and my official association with you and your troops has been, for the time being, sus- pended, I desire to express to you the great pleasure that it has been to me, and to the troops of the Australian Army Corps to have been so closely allied to you in the recent very important battle operations which have resulted in the breaking through of the main Hindenburg Line on the fi-ont of the Fourth British Army. Now that fuller details of the work done by the 27th and 30th American Divis- ions have become available, the splendid gallantry and devotion of the troops in these operations have won the admiration of their Australian comrades. The tasks set were formidable, but the American troops overcame all obstacles and contributed in a very high degree to the ultimate capture of the whole tunnel system. I shall be glad if you will convey to your Division Commanders my appreciation of and thanks for the work done, and to accept my best wishes for every possible success in the future. Yours verv sincerely, john'monash. Commanding Australian Corps. To: Major-General G. W. Read, Comd'g., II American Corps. Major-General G. W. Read, II American Corps. October 9th, 1918. On this first occasion on which the II American Corps has taken part in battle of its own, I desire to convey to you. General Read, and all members of your staff as well as to all other ranks of the Thirtieth Division, my hearty congratu- lations on your victory today. The gallantry of your infantry and the precision with which all staff arrangements have worked has filled me with admiration and it has given me pleasure to report your unqualified success to Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig. HENRY RAWLINSON, General, Commanding Fourth British Army. Major-General G. W. Read, II American Corps. October 12, 1918. The Commander-in-Chief desires you to convey to the officers and soldiers of your Corps his appreciation of the magnificent qualities which have enabled them, against powerful resistance, to advance more than ten miles and to take more than six thousand prisoners since September twenty-seven. McANDREWS. Major-General G. W. Read, II American Corps. October 20, 1918. I wish to express to you personally, and to all the officers and men serving under you, my warm appreciation of the very valuable and gallant services ren- dered by you throughout the recent operations with the 4th British Army. Called M ( !!Jliii'l i' ,.::v'i::;fl ii ( i iii iii iii l Kl l'l iiii i ii l' lllO l f mii^^ 91 ^ 'm± up to attack positicns cf great strength held by a determined enemy, all ranks of the 27th and 30th Divisions under your command displayed an energy, courage and determinaticn in attack which proved irresistible. It does not need me to tell you that in the heavy fighting of the past three weeks you have earned the lasting esteem and admiration of your British comrades-in-arms whose success you have so nobly shared. D. HAIG, Field Marshal. October 22nd, 1918. II American Corps: Now that the American Corps has come out of the line for a well-earned period of rest and training, I desire to place on record my appreciation of the gallantry and the fine soldierly spirit they have displayed throughout the recent hard fight- ing. The breaking of the great Hindenburg System of defense, coupled with the capture of Brancourt, Busigny and St. Souplet, and finally the forcing of the passages of the Selle river, constitute a series of victories of which each officer, N. C. O. and man has every reason to feel proud. The Corps has been very well supported by the artillery of the Australian Corps, to whom I desire to off'er my best thanks for their skill and endurance during the long months they have now been in action. The efficiency with which the staif work of the Corps has been carried out on this their first experience as a fighting Corps in the line of battle has filled me with admiration, and I attribute it largely to the zeal and unity of purpose which has throughout animated the whole Corps. The outstanding feature of their recent victories has been the surpassing gal- lantry and self-sacrifice of the regimental officers and men. I congratulate them on their prowess and off'er them, one and all, my warmest thanks for the leading part they have taken in the recent operations. It is possible now to give the Corps a period of rest, during which special attention should be paid to the training of the smaller units in minor tactics, such as the attack of strong points and machine gun nests. The experience they have had of actual combat will assist them to improve their fighting efficiency in this respect. In thanking the Corps as a whole for the great services they have rendered to the Allied cause, I desire to wish all ranks the best good fortune in the future. RAWLINSON, Commanding 4th British Army. Busigny, October 27, 1918. Commanding General, 30th Division: Acting as a representative of the commune and in its name, consequently in the name, too, of a part of France, I take the liberty to come and express to our liberator and to the gallant troops under your command our feelings of deepest and eternal gratitude. For those who have not been submitted, as we have, for four years, to the in- tolerable and abhorred German yoke, it is difficult to realize how great were the relief, the joy, the well-being, in a word the unexpressible happiness, we all felt when the first Allied troops made their way through our village, and this great event has been for us like the dawn of a resurrection. ■'. Tn i, , , ,, V .^:L^i-_..-^^L^L^ 92 jaiiii iiloML ^ I should be vei-y thankful to you if you would convey to all your officers, N. C. O's. and men under your command, our deep feelings of admiration and eternal gi'atitude. Please, Sir, accept the expression of my highest consideration, and believe me. Yours most devotedly, The Mayor of Busigny, E. MAIRIS. Commanding General, 30th Division: November 15th, 1918. 1. Referring to the telegram from the Commander-in-Chief of appreciation of the sacrifice and service of the troops of the American Expeditionary Force, I feel that it should be impressed upon the men of our command that they, and the organizations to which they belong, have played an exceptional part in bringing about the magnificent results which the Commander-in-chief has so warmly eulogized, and that every advantage should be taken of this expression of what has been done in the past and confidence as to the future by those in command to inspire their men with pride in the service they have had as soldiers in the Army of the United States, and to keep alive this "proud consciousness of a new Amer- icanism born of sacrifice." 2. I would request that you convey to your command my appreciation of the part they have taken in our great victory, and my thanks for their heroic devotion to duty; and that I share with them their sorrow for fallen comrades, and their pride in the high achievements of the men of this Corps. G. W. READ, Major-General, Commanding II Corps. Commanding General, II American Corps: November 16th. 1918. Now that the II American Corps is leaving the British zone, I wish once more to thank you and all officers, non-commissioned officers and men under your com- mand, on behalf both of myself and all ranks of the British Armies, in France and Flanders, for the very gallant and efficient service you have rendered during the period of your operations with the Fourth British Army. On the 29th of September, you took part with distinction in the great and critical attack which shattered the enemy's resistance in the Hindenburg Line and opened the road to final victory. The deeds of the 27th and 30th American Di- visions who on that day took Bellicourt and Nauroy and so gallantly sustained the desperate struggle for Bony, will rank with the highest achievements of this war. They will always be remembered by the British Regiments that fought beside you. Since that date, through three weeks of almost continuous fighting, you ad- vanced from one success to another, overcoming all resistance, beating off numer- ous counter-attacks, and capturing several thousand prisoners and many guns. The names of Brancourt, Fremont, Busigny, Vaux-Andigny, St.-Souplet and Maz- inghein testify to the dash and energy of your attacks. I re.ioice at the success which has attended your efforts and I am proud co have had you under mv command. (Signed) D. HAIG, Field Marshal. Mj ViTttt; m Ki nil 93 ..J3UliK^^^lM^JM.^Ai^i .L A.J.^.Ju^Jil^ IM ii.i.,Ji GENERAL LAWRENCE D. TYSON In rank. Icnuth of service, and experience in military aflairs, General Tyson stands at the head of the national guardsmen of Tennessee. His military career reached its apex in his command of the Fifty-ninth Infantry Brigade, of the Thirtieth Division, duriny: the World War. For the splendid manner in which he handled it in its operations on one of the most difficult parts of the front he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal by the War Department upon the recommendation of C^eneral Perihinn. General Tyson's career as a soldier l:ey:an in 1SS3 when he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Ninth United States Infantry, after he had completed the four-year course at the West Point Military Academy. He remained as an olTicer of the regular army vntil 1896, when he resigned to come to Knoxville to reside and enter business. When war with Spain arose. General Tyson volunteered his services and was made colonel of the Sixth Volunteer Infantry. With his regiment he saw service in Porto Rico. After the declaration of war against Germany, Governor Rye recognized General Tyson's military ability by com- missioning him brigadier general of the Tennessee volunteer troops. In the reorganization of the national giard troops of Tennessee. North Carolina and South Carolina, into the Thirtieth Division. General Tyson was placed in command of the Fifty-ninth Infantry Brigade. He accompanied it to France and led it in its battles in the Ypres sector in Bel- gium and in the attack on the Hindenburg Line, together with the bitter engagements which followed it in the succeeding three weeks. r r 94 OT =i^ FIFTY-NINTH BRIGADE The Fifty-ninth Infantry Brigade of the Thirtieth Division, organized at Camp Sevier, S. C, in September, 1917, was composed of the 117th and 118th Infantry regiments and the 114th Machine Gun Battalion. The 117th Infantry originally was the Third Tennessee Infantry, the 118th Infantry was the former First South Carolina Infantry, while the machine gun battalion was made up of Troops A, B, C, Tennessee cavalry, from Nashville, Chattanooga and Athens, respectively. To bring them up to war strength in accordance with the revised tables of organization, there were large infusions of draft men into each unit of the brigade in tlie fall of 1917. These men were largely from Tennessee and the Middle West. They made most excellent soldiers. The first commander of the brigade was Gen. W. S. Scott. He was succeeded soon after its organization by Gen. Lawrence D. Tyson, of Knoxville, who went to Camp Sevier as the head of all the Tennessee national guard troops. Gen. Tyson commanded the brigade through its period of training at Camp Sevier, in all of its operations overseas, and until it was mustei-ed out of service in April, 1919. Though most brigades went through a series of changes in the per- sonnel of their higher commanders during the war, the Fifty-ninth was peculiarly an exception in this respect. Gen. Tyson remained with it during its entire ser- vice. So also did Lieut. -Col. Thomas .1. Wyrick, brigade adjutant, and Lieuts. Rye and Milburn, Gen. Tyson's aides. Colonel Spence commanded the 117th In- fantry from its organization until its discharge, but Col. Peter K. McCulley was succeeded by Col. Orrin R. Wolfe in France as commander of the 118th Infantry. Major .J. Perry Fyffe, who was the first commander of the machine gun battalion, was relieved by Major E. B. Cantey after the brigade's arrival overseas. Movement of the brigade from Camp Sevier, where it trained for approxi- mately eight months after its organization, began early in May, 1918. The route taken was by New York to Liverpool, across England, and then by the Eng- lish Channel to Calais, France. Before the end of the month all units of the brigade were in France and under the intensive training of English instructors. On July 4 the brigade moved forward into Belgium, the first American troops to enter the little country. The division remained in support of the .3.3rd and 49th British Divisions for several days, but units up to the battalion went into the battle line for real experience. The Thirtieth Division finally took over the Canal Sector from the 33rd British on August 17, and the brigade thereafter saw front line duty daily until its withdrawal. During the period in Belgium, which was largely spent in accustoming the regiments to trench warfare and in training them for the big ofl'ensive a month later in the Somme area, the casualties of the brigade were very light. They included two officers killed, four officers wounded, four enlisted men killed, five died of wounds, and fifty-six wounded, a total of 71 for the operations in Belgium. The brigade was withdrawn from the Canal Sector September 4-5 and placed in reserve for a short course in training with tanks. Two weeks later the final move in preparation for the big offensive between St. Quentin and Cambrai was made, and on September 23 the brigade took over the line just west of Bellicourt from the First Australian Division. The 118th Infantry went into the front lines, with the 117th Infantry in suppoi-t. They were relieved shortly before the attack by the 60th Brigade. The plan of battle was that the Sixtieth Brigade, plus Company H, of the 117th Infantry, and the 114th Machine Gun Battalion, should attack on the divisional front, penetrate the barbed wire entanglements, and capture Belli- 9.5 jTlllHIIiljJIIIIlllllllljIIMIimillMllllimiilJIIIiiililiillii^ court and Nauroy. Its elements were to have the protection of a creeping bar- rage and be preceded by a strong array of tanks. The Fifty-ninth Brigade was allotted the task of ei-eating a divisional i-eserve and exploiting the line to the southeast after the St. Quentin Canal had been crossed. Exploitation of this territory was assigned to the 117th, while the 118th made up the divisional re- serve. The sector of attack for the division was considered the most strongly forti- fied part of the whole Hindenburg Line, which extended from the English Chan- nel to the Swiss border. The defensive fortifications were thought to be the strongest that could possibly be erected and capable of withstanding any offense. In addition to the St. Quentin Canal, which reached a depth of 15 feet at places and some 150 feet in width, the Germans had built four series of trenches, each of which was protected by heavy barbed wire entanglements. It was through these obstacles that the assaulting waves had to pass. At the apex of the de- fenses of the German lines, and in front of Bellicourt, the canal ran through a tunnel, in which 30,000 troops could be billeted in safety. The approaches to the tunnel were made almost impregnable by numbers of machine guns, which com- manded the canal both north and south. Furthermore, smaller tunnels made connection with many points of the trench system in front of the canal. Two elements favored the attack. The first of these was an intense artillery preparation from hundreds of British and Australian guns. These played upon the enemy lines, but did little damage to the barbed wire. The other element was a heavy fog, which concealed the advance of the Americans and prevented the full efl'ect of the German machine gun and rifle fire from playing upon them accurately. Undoubtedly, many of the companies became lost from each other and wandered from the direction of their objectives, but their losses were not so heavy as they would have been if the morning had been clear. The crushing of the main defenses of the line and the cleaning up of machine gun nests continued throughout September 29 and the two succeeding days, when the brigade and division were relieved for a short time to rest and recuperate for further attacks. The brigade's casualties in the drive upon the Hindenburg Line, which stands out as one of the great battles of the war, were 854 out of a total strength of 7,661 men and officers. They were divided as follows: oflficers killed, 3; officers wounded, 37; men killed, 79; men died of wounds, 39; men wounded, 696. The heaviest and bloodiest fighting of the brigade, however, was upon October 8 and 9. In these two days the towns of Geneve, Ponchaux, Montbrehain, Bran- court, Fremont, Busigny, and Becquigny were captured, and an advance of close to 10,000 yards was made against the most determined resistance by the German divisions with machine guns, artillery, and infantry. The attack was taken up on October 10 and 11 by the Sixtieth Brigade. On October 12 the Thir- tieth Division was relieved by the Twenty-seventh American Division for a brief rest. However, the Thirtieth was called back on October 16, and the follow- ing morning the Fifty-ninth Brigade again took up the battle against the enemy. It captured Molain and advanced across the Selle River before it was relieved by the Sixtieth Brigade, which continued the fighting until the afternoon of October 19. From October 5 to 19, inclusive, covering this hard fighting beyond the Hin- denburg Line, the brigade sufl'ered 2,571 casualties. Of 194 off'icers, 22 were killed, 1 died of wounds, and 66 were wounded. From the enlisted personnel of the brigade, comprising 6,857 men, 382 were killed, 56 died of wounds, and 2,044 were wounded. Summarizing the casualties of the brigade from the time it went M 96 iMnimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiijjiijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiii B into the line until it was finally -withdrawn, the total killed and wounded of officers and enlisted men was 3,496, or 45.5 per cent of the brigade's strength. The units of the brigade advanced approximately 19,700 yards for a penetration of about 11 miles into the lines of the enemy. While exact figures are impossible because of the rapidity of the advance and the fierceness of the fighting, yet a fairly accurate count of the spoils taken by the brigade in its operations in the line shows the following: prisoners captured, 2736; field pieces taken, 65; machine guns captured, 446; rifles and other small arms, 4171; trench mortars, 72; anti-tank guns, 25; bicycles, 200; anti-aircraft guns, 5; minnenwerfers, 3; and square miles of territory taken, 18.2. In the attack on the Hindenburg Line and the operations that followed it, the following ad- vances were made: jumping-off line to St. Quentin Canal, 1,900 yards; St. Quen- tin Canal to objective on September 29, 2,400 yards; operations of October 7, 8, and 9, 9,800 yards; operations of October 17 and 18, 5,600 yards. Exhausted by the long siege of fighting, the brigade was withdrawn with the rest of the division to the Heilly training area near Amiens on October 20. Re- placements for the thinned ranks were to be drawn and men and officers were to be given a few days of rest before returning to the fighting again. .Just when orders were expected for a return to the front, the armistice was signed and all fighting ceased. Toward the end of November orders were received from Amer- ican General Headquarters to entrain for the Le Mans area. There the brigade remained until early in March, 1919, when it again entrained for St. Nazaire, where boats were waiting to transport its units to the United States. Landing was made at Charleston, South Carolina, during the last days of that month. The 118th Infantry was mustered out at Camp Jackson, but the 117th Infantry and the 114th Machine Gun Battalion, after great parades through Knoxville, Nashville and Chattanooga, were demobilized at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, about the middle of April, 1919. Recognition of the splendid fighting qualities of the brigade is shown in the number of medals, crosses and citations bestowed upon it. General Tyson was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal by General Pershing for his stei'ling leadership during the battle activities of the brigade. One officer and seven men received the Congressional Medal, the highest and most coveted military honor that our government bestows. No other brigade in the history of the army has been awarded so many. Fifteen officers were decorated with the Distinguished Service Cross, while the same award was made to 69 enlisted men of the Brigade. British Military Crosses were bestowed upon 21 officers, and the British Military Medal conferred upon 54 men of the enlisted peisonnel. The Distinguished Con- duct Medal was granted to 31 men. Citations for personal bravery were given to 57 officers and 250 men by Major-General Lewis, the division commander. The brigade upon its return was a far different organization from what it was when its members left their homes nearly two years before. They came back battle-scarred veterans, bronzed and hardened from twenty months of ser- vice in the open under sun and rain, enduring the hardships of heat and cold. They served their apprenticeship in the school of war at Camp Sevier, where they hewed their camp and drill grounds out of pine forests and learned the rudi- ments of warfare from American and British instructors. They became masters of the art in the three months in which they were thrown against the best troops of the hitherto victorious German armies. They were at home equally in trench or in open warfare, able to cope with any foe they met, recognized as the peer of any troops on either side, and regarded as the superior of most of them. 97 COLONEL GARY F. SPENCE The military career of Colonel Spence extends over a period of more than two decades. It began with the Spanish-American war in 1S9S, when he was com- missioned first lieutenant and appointed regimental adjutant of the Sixth Volunteer Infantry. He was promoted to the rank of Captain the following year while on duty in Porto Rico. After the close of the war. Colonel Spence did not allow his interest in military jilTaira to lapse, but continued to be an active factor in Tennessee national guard circles. This lively participation in military matters led to his choice later as colonel nf the Thi>d Tennessee Infantry. When war with Mexico threatened in 1916, he recruited the regiment to full strength and led it to the border, where it saw nearly a year of service on guard duty. Colonel Spence's most active war service, however, was in the World War, through which he led the 117th Infantry. He accompanied it to Camp Sevier in September, 1917 ; directed its training in preparation for overseas duty : was its active commander through all the fighting in Belgium, the attack upon the Hinden- brrg Line, and the several battles which followed ; and he brought home the regiment in the spring of 1919 to be mustered out. In recognition of his leadership. Colonel Spence was ci'.ed in divisional orders by Major-General Lewis, while he was also the recipient of special honor from General Pershing in the form of a citation for his work upon the Western Front. i 98 n THE 117th INFANTRY The Third Tennessee Infantry, as the 117th Infantry was knowTi in state service, was a veteran organization when President Wilson called the national guard into federal service as a part of the great army that was to fight Germany. The regiment had spent nine months on the Mexican border, patrolling our south- ern boundary to prevent trouble with our neighbors. The regiment left Knoxville June 16, 1916, and did not return home until March 20, 1917, to be mustered out. A few weeks later, following the declaration of war, the Third Tennessee was again sworn into state service and ten days later into the service of the federal government. An active recruiting campaign was conducted to raise the companies to full strength. At the same time, infantry foot drill and physical exercises wei'e given daily to put the men in good physical trim and training. Recruiting and drilling were carried on simultaneously until the regiment assembled at Knoxville and departed for Camp Sevier, S. C, early in September, 1917. There, in the or- ganization of the Thirtieth Division, it was designated the 117th Infantry of the 59th Brigade. The personnel of the officers of the regiment, together with the localities from which the companies were recruited, was as follows: Colonel Cary F. Spence, commanding, Knoxville; Lieutenant-Colonel Charles F. Brown, Chattanooga; Headquarters Company, of Knoxville, Captain Thomas J. Wyrick; Supply Com- pany, of Knoxville, Captain Roscce A. D. Stanis, 2nd Lieut. John A. Skelton; Machine Gun Company, of Knoxville, Captain Robert A. McMillan, 1st Lieut. James N. Condon, 2nd Lieut. James C. Compton, 2nd Lieut. Neal A. Reynolds. First Battalion — Major Charles W. Dyer, Knoxville; 1st Lieut. Oscar J. B. Whitehurst; Company A, of Knoxville, Captain Ernest W. Andes, 1st Lieut. Fred W. Fritts, 2nd Lieut. George P. Howard; Company B, of Maryville and Knox- ville, Captain Emerson J. Lones, 1st Lieut. Wiley W. Boring, 2nd Lieut. Robert M. Lindsay; Company C, of Knoxville, Captain George A. Blair, 1st Lieut. Lynn Z. Morris, 2nd Lieut. George W. McMillan; Company D, of Knoxville, Captain Harry W. Curtis, Jr., 1st Lieut. Belmont Earle, 2nd Lieut. John Walker Leach. Second Battalion — Major Caleb R. Hathaway, 1st Lieut. Robert W. Swatts; Company E, of Hampton, Captain Philip I. Brummit, 1st Lieut. Fred Baker, 2nd Lieut. Charles Mitchell; Company F, of Johnson City, Captain George H. Scott, 1st Lieut. Robey Williams, 2nd Lieut. Richard K. Gibson, Jr. ; Company G, of Elizabethtcn, Captain E. C. Cass, 1st Lieut. Byrn H. Folsom, 2nd Lieut, Van Dyke Ochs; Company H, of Bristol, Captain W. A. Buckles, 1st Lieut. George Burrow, 2nd Lieut. Joseph Morton. Third Battalion — Major Dan M. Ellis, 1st Lieut. Ernest Brown; Company 1, of Athens, Captain Nathaniel Callen, 1st Lieut. Glenn Cauthron, 2nd Lieut. Rolfe Moody; Company K, of Chattanooga, Captain Ernest Bell, 1st Lieut. Harry L. Clark, 2nd Lieut. Amiel W. Brinkley; Company L, of Etowah, Captain David W. Lillard, 1st Lieut. Charles D. Walters, 2nd Lieut. William C. Boyd; Company M, of Tellico Plains, Captain Burley J. Pennington, 1st Lieut. Levi J. Moorehouse, 2nd Lieut. N. E. Ellis. On leaving Knoxville the regiment had over 2,000 men. During the early fall of 1917, its strength was increased by the addition of 1676 drafted men at Camp Sevier. They came from Camp Gordon and were principally from Ten- nessee. However, about 350 men, picked from the entire regiment and chosen for special technical qualifications, were transferred from the il7th during the n^ TTMnTTiiTWli'T i^m fllilllilllllHIIilllTiTI' TntnT 99 mm ijjijjllillljijjlj!il!]liillllill])jiyjllll^;ll]ljllll!lli|lllllllllliy^ !Ui period of training- at Camp Sevier and were ordered to special branches of the army in which their technical ability was needed. Their loss was more than taken care of by a quota of 500 draft men from the Middle West, who made a splendid addition to the regiment. Taking a general average of the service of the 117th, its enlisted personnel was about half draft and half volunteer. No difference or distinction was made between them, they worked into a homogeneous whole, and the honors won on the battlefield were divided about half and half between them. The first part of the work at Camp Sevier was clearing a camp from a pine forest. All military drill was impossible until the large pine trees and under- growth had been removed and the holes leveled. This hard physical work proved e.xcellent for the men, as they hardened into fine condition and most of them gained in weight. After fair grounds had been prepared, a strenuous daily schedule of infantry drill was carried out, discipline stiffened, and during the winter and spring of 1918, instruction was given by English officers and non- commissioned officers in trench warfare. During the winter, which was a very severe one, one officer and twenty-nine enlisted men died from disease, princi- pally pneumonia. During the eight months at Camp Sevier, all kinds of schools for officers and non-commissioned officers were held. Many of the officers went to other camps for training in special branches. Col. Spence and Lieut.-Col. Brown went to Fort Sam Houston for a course of several weeks for field officers. Orders were received May 2, 1918, to entrain for duty overseas, and on the night of May 10, 1918, the regiment went on board transports at New York. Some ten days later, after an attack by submarines off the Irish Coast, in which the convoy escaped without loss, landing was made at Liverpool, England, where special trains carried the regiment straight through London to Folkestone. Trans- ports ferried it across the English Channel by night to Calais, France. Amer- ican equipment was turned in there and British was issued in its stead. The Thirtieth Division was one of seven American divisions which were concentrated in the British area for training and for use in case the Germans made their threatened drive for the Channel ports. The enemy was said to have 20 divisions at this time just back of Ypres, ready to make this attack, but their withdrawal was made necessary later by the allied resistance on other parts of the front. The 117th proceeded from Calais to Norbecourt, where, under British officers and non-commissioned officers, the officers and men of the regiment were trained strenuously for five weeks. Detachments went up from time to time to the Canal Sector, between Ypres and Mont Kemmel, for front line work. This was most important, for it gave the regiment some experience in actual warfare be- fore it was ordered later to take over a part of the line. About July 1 the Thir- tieth Division was ordered to move into Belgium. The 59th Brigade, which crossed the border on July 4, was the first unit of American forces to enter the war-torn little country, which bore the first assault of the German attack in the world war. .':!./)) The 117th was assigned to Tunneling Camp, where it was given its final train- ing in trench warfare and in attacking strong points. After a few days of this work, the regiment was ordered into the battle line. One battalion held the front line trenches, another was kept in support, while the third was held in re- serve on the East Popperinghe Line. The battalions alternated in these positions for twenty-four days, each receiving the same amount of real front line work. On August 17, when it became evident that the Americans were fully able to handle the situation, the sector was turned over to the Thirtieth Division by the Thirty- third British Division, which had been stationed in the line there. The extent of the sector was from the southern outskirts of Ypres to Voormezeele and was known as the Canal Sector. ??i*» EI a 100 With the exception of a limited offensive, conducted in cooperation with the British, in which Mont Kemmel was outflanked, Voormezeele captured, and an advance of about 1500 yards made, the Thirtieth Division was purely on the de- fensive in all the fighting in Belgium. Yet this type of warfare was, perhaps, the most harassing through which it went during the whole war. The Gei-mans knew the location of every trench and their artillery played upon them day and night. Night bombers also made this a very uncomfortable sector, for they dropped tons of explosives both upon the front and at the rear. There was little concealment on either side, because this part of Belgium was very flat. Artificial camouflage provided what little deception was practiced upon the enemy. Tile casualties of the 117th in the two months in which it was stationed in the Canal Sector were not heavy. Only a few men were killed and the number of wounded was less than 100. King George of England and Field Marshal Haig, commander of the English armies, honored the regiment with a visit and made an inspection of its companies. On the night of September 4, the 117th, together with the other units of the division, was withdrawn from the English Second Army and placed in British G. H. Q. reserve. The next two weeks were given to intensive training with tanks, with a view to coming offensive operations with them. September 18 trucks and busses wei'e provided and the I'egiment moved through Albert, Bray and Peronne to near Tincourt, just back of the celebrated Hindenburg Line. The Thirtieth and Twenty-Eeventh Divisions, which were the only American divisions left with the British, were assigned now to the British Fourth Army, General Raw- linson commanding, for the great attack which was soon to be launched at this most vital and highly fortified part of the whole line. They were fresh, they had shown their mettle in the defensive operations in Belgium, and so they were chosen for the spearhead of the attack. The 59th Brigade went into the line first, relieving the Australians on the night of September 26. The 118th Infantry took over the front line, with the 117th Infantry in close support. The casualties of the latter were rather heavy from gas shells in making the relief, one company losing 62 men to the hospital. The celebrated Hindenburg Line, which the German commander-in-chief. Gen- eral von Hindenburg, built as a great defensive system to hold against captui'e all of France and Belgium east of it, extended from the English Channel to the Swiss border. It was not a local defensive system at all. Yet at various parts of the line there were key positions, dominating a large area, the fortifications of which had been made much stronger. The area between St. Quentin and Cam- bria held the key to the German defenses on the northern end of the line. It was fortified accordingly with all the ingenuity and deviltry of the Hun mind. In front of Bellicourt, near the center of the American sector of attack, the Hindenburg Line, which curved west of the St. Quentin Canal, consisted of thi-ee main trench systems, each protected by row after row of barbed wire entangle- ments. These trench systems were on high ground and gave the Germans the advantage of being able to sweep the whole area in front of them with machine guns. Along the canal were concrete machine gun emplacements. Back of this formidable system of defenses was the canal tunnel, built by Napoleon in 1802-10, and running underground for a distance of three miles. From this tunnel there were thirty-eight exits, each carefully camouflaged. The tunnel was lighted by electricity, a narrow gauge railroad brought in supplies from the outside, while canal boats provided quarters for a large number of men. Thus there was com- plete shelter for a large garrison of the enemy against heavy shelling, and in case of a real attack, an almost impregnable defense. I ':>t. n MMMMMMHihhllMl^ 101 "THE THIRTIETH IN BELGIUM" This map shows the location of the four regiments with respect to Ypres and Kemmel Hill. They took over this sector from the British on August 17 and held it until September 5, 1918, when they were relieved to move south and take part in drive on Hindenburg Line. "AT THE HINDENBURG LINE" This map, made for Col. Gary F. Spence, of the 117th Infantry, shows operation of all Thirtieth Di- vision regiments from September 29 to October 20, 1918. 102 The attack upon this part of the line was set for the morning of September 29, 1918. The 27th American Division was on the left, the 46th British en the right of the 30th American Division. The American sector passed across the tun- nel, but the British on the right and left were prepared to swim the canal in case no bridges were found to afford them passage. The assault of the infantry upon these fortifications was to be preceded by a bombardment of 72 hours — with gas shells for 24 hours and with shell and shrapnel from light and heavy artillery for 48 hours. In the Thirtieth Division sector, the 119th and 120th Infantry were assigned to make the opening attack, with the 117th Infantry following in close support, and prepared to exploit their advance after the canal had been crossed. The 118th Infantry was held in reserve. The 119th Infantry had the left half of the sector, while the 120th, strengthened by Company H, of the 117th, covered the right half. In addition to his regimental strength. Colonel Spence, of the 117th, had under his command for the attack 92 guns of Australian artillery, 24 British tanks, and two extra machine gun companies. The plan of battle was that the regiment, following the 120th, should cross the canal between Bellicourt on the left and the entrance to the canal on the right, then turn at right angles, and proceed southeasterly down the main Hindenburg Line trench, mopping up this territory of the enemy for about a mile. Connection was to be made with the British on the right, if they succeeded in crossing the canal. The facts of the case are that this paper plan of battle worked out somewhat differently under battle conditions. Most of the assaulting companies became badly confused in the deep fog and smoke, strayed off somewhat from their ob- jectives, and their attack swung to the left of the sector. The 117th, which fol- lowed, went off in the opposite direction fortunately and cleaned out a territory which otherwise would have been left undisturbed. M'^hile it caused endless con- fusion and the temporary intermingling of platoons, companies, and even regi- ments, this pall of mist and smoke on the morning of the attack undoubtedly contributed to the success of the battle. The Germans did not know how to shoot accurately, for no targets were visible. During the morning hours it was im- possible for a man to see his hand more than a few inches in front of him. Men in the combat groups joined hands to avoid being lost from each other. Officers were compelled, in orienting their maps, to lay them on the ground, as it was impossible to read them while standing in the dense cloud of smoke and mist. The atmosphere did not clear up completely until after the canal had been crossed. The barrage for the attack went down at 5:50 a. m. The First Battalion, under Major Dyer, jumped off promptly on time, with C and D Companies in the line, A and B Companies in support. The Second Battalion followed at about 500 yards, while the Third Battalion, with a company of engineers, was held in reserve on the crest of a hill. The tanks, for the most part, became separated from the infantry, but their work was invaluable in plowing through the barbed wire, which had been cut up very little by the barrage. Like nearly everyone else, the tanks lost sense of direction in the smoke and fog cloud, while the ma- jority of them were disabled before noon of the 29th. Most of the morning was consumed by the 117th in clearing out the area south and w'est of the tunnel entrance. Some units, mistaking one of the trench sys- tems for the canal, turned southward before actually reaching the genuine canal. They cleaned out thoroughly the Germans, who were in this pocket, shown on the accompanying map, but toward 10 o'clock turned northward and began to pass over the tunnel, the left flank skimming Bellicourt and the right crossing near the tunnel entrance. It then turned southward and mopped up the area assigned it. The Third Battalion, in the meanwhile, had been called from re- serve and joined with the 119th Infantry in the attack northeast of Bellicourt. The First and Second Battalions reached their objectives after vigorous fighting, PTWiTiMTniiTiMiffmi 103 '*PAI T3 consolidated the positions they had won, and reorganized their companies, which had been badly scattered and mixed by the morning fog. At 8 p. m. the regiment was ordered to lie in support of the Australians, who had passed over earlier in the evening and gone forward to pursue the attack. The casualties of the 117th on September 29 were 26 officers and 366 men. Seven field pieces, 99 machine guns, 7 anti-tank rifles, many small arms and 592 German prisoners were the trophies of the day. Though the casualties were rather heavy, in view of the machine gun and artillery resistance which the Ger- mans offered from powerfully held positions, they should be regarded as rather light. With a clear day, without fog or smoke, they would have been double or treble this number. The 117th was relieved from the line about noon of October 1, and before night the regiment was on its way back to the Herbicourt area on the Somme River for rest and reorganization. This period, however, was very brief, for on October 5 orders were issued to relieve an Australian brigade. On returning the Third Battalion was assigned to the line, the Second was placed in support, while the First was made the brigade reserve. The Third Battalion had many losses in relieving the Australians, for the night was very dark, getting into position dif- ficult, and the enemy very active with his artillery and machine guns. The off"ensive of the division, with the 59th Brigade making the attack, was scheduled for the morning of October 8. In preparation for it, it was thought necessary to straighten a salient of about 500 yards in depth in front of the 117th sector. Consequently, the Third Battalion, which was in the line, attacked on the morning of October 7. The order of battle was Company I on the left. Com- pany L in the center. Company M on the right, with Company K in support and Company F, of the Second Battalion, in reserve. The attack started before six o'clock in the morning, after a heavy barrage had been laid down by the accom- panying artillery. In spite of heavy shelling by German machine guns and artillery on both flanks, especially from the towns of Ponchaux and Geneve, the companies made fairly good gains during the day, fighting almost every foot of the way. This operation was a very costly one, perhaps the most bloody of the whole division in proportion to the number of men engaged, for out of the bat- talion, 12 officers and about 400 men were either killed or wounded. The 59th Brigade off^ensive was launched the following morning, October 8, the 117th on the left, the 118th on the right. The British were on the flanks. The jumping off" line was northeast of Wiancourt, while the objective was slight- ly beyond Fremont. The First Battalion of the 117th launched the attack for the regiment, the Second Battalion was in close support, while the Third Bat- talion, which had been cut up badly the day before, was in reserve. The attack got off" on time in spite of the difficulties that were encountered the previous night in getting into position under fire and in the dark. In the face of furious German resistance with all kinds of machine gun nests and an abundance of light artillery, the battalions advanced very rapidly, skill- fully knocking out machine guns and maneuvering to the best advantge over the broken ground. The Second Battalion suffered heavy losses during the morning and two companies of the brigade reserve were ordered to its support. Befoi-e noon IMajor Hathaway, who commanded it, announced the capture of Fremont and his arrival at the prescribed objective. Positions were consolidated during the afternoon and preparations made for a possible counter-attack. The cas- ualties of the 117th on October 8 were the heaviest of any day of fighting in which it was engaged on the front. The toll of ofl:'icers and non-commissioned ofi:icers was especially distressing, as it cut down the number of leaders in the coming battles. m I 5:= n mm ■\t\m\:\ 104 illl!H|l!ll,|lljllllll|llljjl)llllllllll!)!JI)llllllilJ|ll)lllll|l,y^ Wl During the night, when all were expecting word of relief after such a stren- uous day in which everyone had spent himself to the utmost, orders were re- ceived that the brigade would continue the fight at daybreak the next morning. The sector was moved to the right, however, and the front of attack shortened. The drive started before six o'clock in the morning, after the usual barrage had been laid down by the artillery. In spite of the fact that this shift was made at night, that the two battalions had to reorganize and gather their men from the attack the day previous, and that the Germans kept up their bombardment by artillery and aeroplanes, all the companies were on the tape and the attack was launched on the minute. The resistance slackened during the day, and with the exception of a short check at a railroad embankment, the advance was steady toward the objective. The First and Second Battalions fought side by side, the Third Battalion was held in reserve and to further recuperate. There was a big decrease in the in- tensity of the hostile artillery fire during the day and the losses were light as compared to the day before. Busigny was captured and all objectives reached early in the afternoon. The 119th Infantry, of the 60th Brigade, passed over the regiment during the late afternoon and continued the attack. During these three days of fighting, October 7, 8, and 9, the regiment lost 34 officers and 1051 men as casualties. A count of the spoils taken included 113 machine guns, 28 field pieces, 907 small arms and about 800 prisoners. The great majority of the latter, 703, were captured on October 8, showing that on the final day the men, enraged by the losses of their comrades the day previous, killed most of the Germans they took. This became not an uncommon practice in the latter days of fighting, especially against the German machine gunners, who would kill or wound from their place of concealment a half platoon or more of men before their gun was located and put out of action. This custom of tak- ing no prisoners was confined to no regiment, but became common practice throughout the division. The next few days were given the 117th to rest and recuperate, a course it sorely needed after the exhaustion and losses of the last three days of its fight- ing. On the morning of October 16, however, it was called back into the line to relieve the 27th American Division. The First Battalion, less Company C, which was relieved just before the battle on account of ptomaine poisoning, jumped oif in a new attack the following morning, October 17. The Second Battalion, which followed it, caught the brunt of the enemy fire. Major Hath- away was wounded early in the morning, and Captain Ware, the remaining captain of the battalion, was sent back a short time later with a serious wound. Lieut. Baker, as senior officer, took command and led it the rest of the day, while non-commissioned officers commanded two companies because there were no of- ficers left. Molaine was captured by the regiment, an advance of more than a mile across the Selle River was made, but heavy machine gun fire held up the ad- vance on Ribeauville, which was protected by a railroad embankment. The British had been checked on the right and so it was thought inadvisable to push the capture of the town immediately by a frontal attack, when it might be taken later from the flank. The regiment was relieved on the night of October 17, with the exception of the Third Battalion, which was assigned to the support of the 60th Brigade during the attack the following day. The 117th remained in this area until October 20, when the whole division started back to the rear for rest, reorganization and a new supply of officers and men to bring it up again to war strength. The area designated was near Amiens. Expectation was that the whole division would be ordered back into the line about November 15, but the signing of the armistice put an end to any return to the battle front. iiilii. MMffini nTmrnT; 105 ri m =if. After receiving some fresh replacements, the 117th entrained for the Le Mans area on November 22, arriving there two days later and remaining until March 10, 1919. An intensive schedule of drill, maneuvers, and parades was carried out, even during the winter months. General Pershing visited the division and re- viewed it during its stay here. In February, the regiment moved into the for- warding camp at Le Mans, went through the delousing plant and was furnished some personal equipment for the men. This month was one of severe trial, for fuel was very short, the weather was cold and rainy, and an epidemic of influenza ran through the camp. Some of the men, who had endured the hardships of battle, succumbed to the disease on the eve of returning home. On March 10 the ti'ains arrived to transport the regiment to St. Nazaire, from which its boat sailed on March 16. The transport arrived in Charleston harbor the latter days of the month, and the men were entrained at once for Columbia, where they were given their final delousing and furnished some new clothing. The triumphal return began the first week of April, 1919, Knoxville being the first stop. A reception, in which it seemed that all East Tennessee joined and to which the city turned out en masse, was tendered the officers and men in the one day of their stay. The crowd was historic in size and in enthusiasm. A parade through the principal business streets, which were jammed with cheer- ing thousands, and a banquet to every man in uniform were the principal features of the day. The regiment then went to Nashville where it received a similar wel- come. Chattanooga was the last city in which a parade was given. A splendid welcome was given the men and officers there. The regiment was mustered out of service at Fort Oglethorpe, nearby, during the middle of April. A resume of the regiment's laurels, as well as its losses between July 4, when it came under shell fire, and November 11, the date of the armistice, shows the following interesting figures: Prisoners captured, 17.58; machine guns 268; field pieces 44; small arms, about 3000; anti-tank rifles 12. Total casualties of officers and men were 1818, of which 81 were officers and 1737 were non-com- missioned officers and enlisted men. Total deaths of officers and men were 366. The regiment's total advance into hostile territory was 11 2-3 miles and the towns captured by it were Premont, Busigny and Molaine. No finer testimony to the bravery of both officers and men can be found than in the number of medals and decorations with which they were honored. Three men won the coveted Congressional Medal of Honor, while 126 other men and officers were awarded the American Distinguished Service Cross, the British Dis- tinguished Service Order, the British Military Cross, the Distinguished Conduct Medal and the Military Medal. While statistics are not available now, it is doubt- ful whether any regiment in our army surpassed this record in the same period of time. Major-General Lewis, commanding general of the Thirtieth Division, decor- ated the colors of the regiment for participation in the following engagements: Canal Sector, July 16-August 30. Ypres-Lys Offensive, August 31-September 2. Somme Offensive, September 20-October 20. He also cited the regiment in divisional orders for its distinguished conduct in battle. Colonel Cary F. Spence, its commanding officer, was cited by General Pershing for his distinguished leadership in action. The regiment also shared equally in the ten citations conferred upon the whole Thirtieth Division by the English and Australian High Command. !'iHiiiiiiiiiiiiffl(iiriiiiiiifiri(iiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiHii}i!iiiiiiii'iiiiiiiii^ n mai 107 COLONEL JAMES A. GLEASON All the way from a "buck" private to a full colonel is the gamut that Col. Gleason's military career has run in a period of twenty-five years of almost continuous service. He enlisted in the Tennessee national guard in 1894 : saw service in the Spanish-American War with the Third Tennessee Volunteer Infantry : commissioned successively, second liertenant. first lieutenant, captain and lieutenant-colonel of it between 1904-12 ; and served with it on the Mexican border until he resigned on January 29, 1917. During all these years he was very active in state national guard circles and spent much time in keeping alive the military spirit, especially in East Tennessee. He was often a competitor at national rifle matches and was inspector of small arms for the state guard. After the declaration of war on Germany, Col. Gleason was largely instrumental in raising the Second Tennessee Infantry and received a commission as its lieutenant-colonel. On its dismemberment at Camp Sevier, he was transferred to the 114th Field Artillery with the same rank. He served through all of its campaigns on the Western Front — the St. Mihiel, Argonne Forest and Woevre Plain offensives and the Tovl and Woevre de- fensives. For his military leadership and his outstanding ability as a handler of military men he received his promotion to full colonel in 1919 at Le Mans, France, just before he sailed home to be mus'.ered out. During his army career he commanded at different times four regiments — the Second and Third Tennessee Infantry and the 114th and 115th Field Artillery. SECOND TENNESSEE INFANTRY No Knoxville organization of men made a more commendable record or par- ticipated more actively in the operations in Belgium and against the Hindenburg Line in Flanders than those who went to Camp Sevier as members of the Second Tennessee Infantry. Yet because this regiment was mei-ged with others in the organization of the Thirtieth Division and i+s officers and men scattered through several different units of the division, it has never received the credit and the glory it should have for its splendid record both in training camp and on the battlefield. The Second Tennessee was raised largely through the efforts of Colonel James A. Gleason, of Knoxville, who was commissioned lieutenant-colonel, with Charles B. Rogan, adjutant general of Tennessee, as colonel and commander of the or- ganization. The majority of General Rogan's time was needed in the adminis- tration of his state office, and so the burden of organizing most of the companies and the task of equipping and whipping them into military units fell largely to Colonel Gleason during the summer of 1917. The state was aflame with the war spirit and so little difficulty was experienced in raising the new regiment, the companies of which were liberally distributed over the three grand divisions of the state. The formal organization of the regiment was: Charles B. Rogan, of Nash- ville, colonel and commander; James A. Gleason, of Knoxville, lieutenant-colonel; Roane Waring, of Memphis, Hal Holmes, of Trenton, and James W. Birks, of Livingston, majors; Headquarters Company, of Nashville and Memphis, Captain George Hedge; Supply Company, of Nashville, Captain Harry Manners; Regi- mental Infirmary, of Knoxville, Major Robert H. Newman; Company A, of Dover and Cumberland City, Captain Thomas Miller; Company B, of Nashville and Fayetteville, Captain John L. Craig; Company C, of Livingston, Captain Timothy E. Stephens; Company D, of Crossville, Captain David Southard; Com- pany E, of Newport, Captain Joseph GafTney; Company F, of Bristol and Har- riman, Captain Thomas Fauntleroy; Company G, of Knoxville, Captain William H. Beckner; Company H, of Rockwood, Captain T. Asbury Wright, Jr.; Company I, of Trenton, Captain William W. Wade; Company K, of Dyersburg, Captain William G. Green; Company L, of Memphis, Captain Frazier Hinton; Company M, of Memphis, Captain William F. Murrah, Machine Gun Company, of Mur- freesboro, Captain Thomas Y. English. In addition to Company G and the Regimental Infirmary, of Knoxville, there were scores of Knoxville men who, after their enlistment at home, were trans- ferred to other companies of the regiment to fill them up to the necessary strength. In all, a fair estimate of the number of Knox County men who en- listed in the Second Tennessee would be between 400 and 500. They were stout, vigorous men, most of whom had never been in a military organization before, and who came straight from civil life to serve during the period of the emer- gency. The regiment entrained and departed with the other organizations of the state national guard to Camp Sevier in the early days of September, 1917. A short time after its arrival, the reorganization of the regiments of the national guard of Tennessee and North and South Carolina took place under the direction of Major-General John F. Morrison, commander of the Thirtieth Division. The First Tennessee Infantry was converted into the 11.5th Field Artillery; the Third Tennessee Infantry became the 117th Infantry; the First Tennessee Field Artil- lery was numbered the 114th Field Artillery; Troops A, B, and C, of Cavalry, were converted into the 114th Machine Gun Battalion, while Troop D, of Knox- 109 ville, became the Trench Mortar Battery of the division. The hardest luck fell to the lot of the Second Tennessee, the last Tennessee organization, which was made a part of the Fifty-ninth Depot Brigade, destined later to furnish many of the replacements for the new organizations of the division, all of which were be- low the new war strength. The transfer of the men and officers of the depot brigade did not take place immediately, however. Drilling was continued daily, and the same vigorous schedule that was outlined for the rest of the division was kept by all the com- panies and battalicns of the brigade. In spite of the certainty that the sepa- ration would come in a few days or weeks, the esprit de corps of the Second Ten- nessee was kept at the highest mark, and many of the men and officers refused voluntary transfers to other organizations. They held the faint hope that some change might be made by which they might be held together as a unit and go overseas together. The order for the compulsory transfer of the officers and men of the regi- ment came on October 22, 1917. The large majority of the men were sent to the 119th and 120th Infantry regiments of the Sixtieth Brigade, some few to the three machine gun battalions of the division, while still others went to the artil- lery regiments and the other units of the division. The officers were more widely scattered than the men. Col. Rogan was placed on the unassigned list; Lieuten- ant-Colonel Gleason went to the 114th Field Artillery with the same rank, but later received his promotion to a full colonelcy; while the line officers mainly stayed with the infantry regiments, though some few transferred to the artil- lery. The majority of them went with their men into the Sixtieth Brigade, the 119th and 120th regiments. The history of the Sixtieth Brigade is largely that of the Fifty-ninth Bri- gade, the story of which has been told in previous pages. They fought side by side in Belgium and Flanders, each relieving the other to take up the drive against the German forces. The Sixtieth, together with units of the Fifty- ninth, made the assault upon the Hindenburg Line. The Fifty-ninth had the honor of launching the attack on October 8, while the Sixtieth took up the at- tack two days later. The Fifty-ninth also started the drive on October 17, which was taken up a day later by the Sixtieth. Of the honors and decorations they won, the deaths and wounds they sus- tained, the battles and engagements in which the individual men and officers of the Second Tennessee Infantry from Knox County took part, only their individual records, which are given elsewhere, will tell fully. They will show that these men won their share and did their part to the utmost. All commanders under whom they served paid tribute to their courage, fidelity, and soldierly qualities. Had they been allowed to remain together as the unit in which they were or- ganized, there is no doubt they would have made the same illustrious record which other Tennessee regiments did during the great war. )l}l!f!![l(illl!(il(illll!iff!lfllliiilllilllill!liliMtMilflllil!llilii!lh^ ^^ no "BIVOUACED FOR THE NIGHT" An American battery of heavy field artillery in a rest camp on a hillside in France. "A NIGHT BARRAGE" American battery of 75 mm. guns firing a barrage at 4:15 a. m. near Reberry, Finance. Ill iliiliiiiiil)iiijjii;:;i;ii]ljiii;';i;i^i;!:iii!iij!jiiiiiii!i|il 55th ARTILLERY BRIGADE While the infantry of the Thirtieth Division was operating with the British armies around Ypres in Belgium and near St. Quentin in France, the artillery, composed of the 113th, 114th, and 115th Field Artillery Regiments and the Trench Mortar Battery, making up the Fifty-fifth Artillery Brigade, was attached to the American divisions on the southern end of the battle line and took part in the St. Mihiel, Argonne Forest and Woevi-e Plain offensives. The separation of the artillery and infantry took place at Camp Sevier, South Carolina, in May, 1918, when the Thirtieth Division was ordered overseas. They were never together again until early in 1919, when both moved into the Le Mans area, France, preparatory to coming home. The artillery received its training for battle at Camp Coetquidan, near Rennes, France, while the infantry went through its preparation for fighting in the extreme northern part of France. The British needed infantry badly, their artillery was more plentiful. On the other hand, General Pershing was in greater need of artillery than of infantry for the operation in the St. Mihiel salient. Therefore, the Fifty-fifth Brigade was ordered to Toul to take part in the first Ail-American offensive instead of going to Belgium to support the two infantry brigades of the Thirtieth Division. It was used from the latter part of August, 1918, up to the close of the fighting on November 11 as army, or "shock" artillery, being moved from sector to sector as the needs of the hour for artillery were greatest. The majority of the men from Knox County in the artillery brigade were in Battery "C", of the 114th Field Artillery, and the Trench Mortar Battery. There were quite a few men, however, who wei'e scattered through the other organiza- tions of the 114th, while perhaps a dozen were members of the 115th Artillery Regiment. Battery "C" was recruited by Captain Roy V. Myers in the summer of 1917, while Captain Ambrose Gaines raised at the same time Troop D, of cavalry. Upon the organization of the Thirtieth Division in the fall of 1917, Troop D was converted into the Trench Mortar Battery of the artillery brigade. On the pi-omotion of Captain Myers to be a major at Camp Sevier, the command of his battery was taken over by Captain Reese Amis, who remained at its head until it was mustered out of service in April, 1919. After his arrival in France, Captain Gaines was compelled by illness to relinquish command of the Trench Mortar Battery to Lieut. Flem Hazen, who was later promoted to the rank of captain, and who handled it in the engagements in which it took part upon the front. For variety of experiences, observation of the many phases of fighting, and actual participation in the number of battles, these two Knoxville units saw ser- vice second to none. They were in the line fighting from the latter part of August, 1918, when they entered the Toul sector, until the hour of the armistice on the morning of November 11. They were in three major engagements — the St. Mihiel, Meuse-Argonne and Woevre Plain offensives — and two minor opera- tions — the defense of the Toul and Woevre sectors. They were a part, at dif- ferent times, of the First, Second, Third American armies and the Fourth French army. They were attached to six American and French corps and served with seven American divisions, supporting the 89th, 37th, 32nd, 79th, and o3rd in battle operations. The first large engagement in which they took part was the attack on the St. Mihiel salient, September 12 to 14, 1918. They were in the very vi:n of the fighting, their positions being just behind the infantry lines at Flirey in the cen- ter of the drive on the right side of the pocket. They lost no men in the initial attack, and followed the infantry forward to Bouillonville as soon as the engi- 112 neers could build a road across the old German trenches. On the third day after the fighting began, when they had penetrated as far forward as Beney, the order came for the whole brigade to leave the sector and move to the Argonne Forest to take part in the offensive there. This move of about 100 miles was the bitterest test to which the brigade was subjected. The horses for pulling the guns had been exhausted in the prepara- tion for and participation in the previous fighting, the men were worn out, their nerves were frayed from lack of sleep and rest, and rations were pitifully short. All marching was done by night, beginning at sundown and continuing until day- light the next morning. The nights were cold and clammy, and many of the men became sick. The woods in which they often slept by day were little better than swamps. They arrived, however, by forced marches and went into position on the night of September 24. By working most of the day and part of the following night in digging trail pits and bringing up ammunition, all batteries were ready and took part in the huge bombardment over a 20-mile front on the morning of Sep- tember 26, signalling the opening of the greatest and longest battle in which American arms ever took part. That afternoon they followed the infantry for- ward through Avocourt toward Montfaucon, the German strong-point of the Argonne sector. They went forward again the following day, taking positions just back of and to the left of Montfaucon, remaining there for several days be- cause the infantry had trouble in advancing the lines against the German resis- tance. This was overcome after two or three days and the artillery moved into the vicinity of Ivoiry and Epinonville. There it remained until withdrawn on October 6. The Woevre sector was held then until November 8, when the preparations be- ^an for the great offensive of the Second American Army to outflank Metz with the aid of the First American Army. All units of the brigade moved forward into the Woevre Plain on the night of November 10 and were ready for the drive toward Conflans, when the announcement of the armistice put an end to the fighting the next morning after a few rounds had been fired. It was a very fortunate termination for the brigade, for most of its batteries were out upon an open plain, with little protection, and subject to direct fire by the enemy's artillery. Had the fighting continued during the day of November 11, the casualties undoubtedly would have been very heavy. In December, 1918, about a month after the close of hostilities, the brigade moved forward with the 33rd Division as a part of the Army of Occupation. Their route lay through Conflans, Longwy, Luxemburg, and on to the German border. There they were halted, but before the orders to turn back into the center of Luxemburg arrived. Battery "C", which was at the head of the brigade, drove over the bridge into Germany. Thus it was the oiihi unit of the 30th Di- vision which actrally got into Germany. Shortly after January 1, the brigade was ordered to rejoin the division at Le Mans. The march was made back through Luxemburg and France to Trondes, near Toul, where special trains carried the regiments to the Le Mans area. Enroute the worst accident of the months in France befell the brigade. A train wreck occurred in which twenty-three men wei-e killed and many more injured near Chaumont. Two of the men killed were members of Battery "C". The Trench Mortar Battery received orders to return home ahead of the rest of the division. It went to Brest for debarkation, reached Newport News on March 6, 1919, and was mustered out a week later. The remainder of the bri- gade, including Battery "C", left France early in March and reached America some two weeks later. The mustering out took place at Fort Oglethorpe, after parades through Knoxville, Nashville, and Chattanooga, where the regiments were greeted with tremendous crowds. Ihe discharges were handed the men on April 7, 1919. 113 "READY FOR CAMP" These groups are of the 280 men, inducted into service May 24, 1918, at Knoxville. It was the lar- gest single group inducted into service from Knox County through the draft call and they were given a great [:end-off at the federal building and a parade to the railroad station. Most of them were assigned later to the Second Corps Artillery Park. Vf^K^iSsSfSsS=* 114 iiiiiijijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiji.iniiiiimps^ SECOND CORPS ARTILLERY PARK Pursuant to a special call issued by the War Department for an additional 55,000 men, 280 young men of Knoxville and Knox County were formally mus- tered into the service of the United States on Tuesday, May 21, 1918. Exactly two months later a large proportion of these men steamed into the harbor of Brest, France, as members of the various units of Second Corps Artillery Park. Befoi'e the signing of tlie armistice, this Knox County contingent had actively participated in four of the greatest battles of the war — a record achieved by few units of the American Expeditionary Forces and excelled by still fewer. The Second Corps Artillery Park was known as an artillery auxiliary unit. At no time was it attached to any division, but was placed where its services were most needed. This meant its labor scarcely lapsed from the time the unit landed in France July 21, 1918, until its broken remnants set sail for home in -July, 1919. From August 10-15, the Second Corps Artillery Park served with the American forces in the latter part of the Aisne-Marne offensive, which com- prised all fighting in the famous Chateau-Thierry district and is commonly known as the Second Battle of the Marne. September 12-15 it was engaged with the American First Army in the St. Mihiel drive. For weeks previous to this battle, however, the organization worked tirelessly on the Toul fi-ont in prep- aration for the offensive. September 17 to October 17 it was attached to the Second French Army and actively engaged in the Oise-Aisne offensive. October 17 to November 11 it did valiant work with the Fifth Army Corps of the Ameri- can First Army in the historical battle of the Argonne Forest. Three times the organization was cited by the ranking generals of the American and Fi'ench armies for valuable results accomplished during tliese offensives. Boarding a special train at Knoxville Friday, May 24, 1918, after one of the most patriotic and enthusiastic demonstrations ever accorded a departing unit, the men reached Fort Thomas, Kentucky, the following day, were quickly examined and outfitted, and at 10:30 o'clock Sunday morning started for Camp .Jackson, South Carolina, as field artillery replacements. Reaching Camp .Jackson early Monday evening, they were assigned to a field artillery replacement depot and during that week received their first training in the rudiments of soldiery. How- ever, their experience as field artillery replacements was destined to be of short duration. Saturday, .June 1, the men were ordered to move to another part of the camp and there were assigned to the new organization known as the Second Corps Ar- tillery Park. This unit, destined to be a motorized outfit, was composed of six truck companies of 140 men each and one company of 250 men known as the Pai-k Battery, making a total of approximately 1,100 men, and comprising a majority of the 280 Knox County boys and about 100 from Louisville, Ky. Practically the entire remainder of the new unit hailed from Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Massachusetts and Maine. The regiment was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel H. H. Rogers, of New York. Knoxville and Louisville men were assigned entirely to Companies A, B and the Park Battery. The original duties of the organization in the battle area was to repair and replace disabled artillery pieces, but, after reaching France, the work assigned to the six truck companies was almost wholly that of hauling ammunition. The Park Battery was placed in charge of various am- munition depots and of loading and unloading trucks, a gruelling labor contin- ually beset by the danger of enemy artillery and aeroplane attacks. After one month of intensive military training, the Second Corps Artillery Park entrained July i for Camp Stuart, Newport News, Virginia. The or- ganization was reoutfitted, received its final overseas examination and early on 115 the morning of July 10 boarded the former Pacific liner Matsonia, which was accompanied by four other transports and escorted by two torpedo boat chasers. On July 13, they were joined by six transports, a cruiser and two destroyers that had embarked from the port of New York. Reaching the war zone July 18, all men were required to assemble at their respective life rafts at 7:30 o'clock each evening and remain there until dark — about 10:30 o'clock in that latitude during the summer. They were assembled there again at 2:30 o'clock in the morning and remained until breakfast, such precautions being taken because of the likelihood of submarine attack during either twilight or dawn. However, the voyage was made wholly without incident and the dawn of July 21 brought the joyful sight of the dim outlines of Brest, France. After enduring the rain, mud, and flies of the celebrated Pontanazen Barracks until Wednesday morning, July 24, the men boarded a train that was to carry them to their work on the battle front. After riding 22 hours, however, they awakened to find themselves once more in Brest, a change in orders having turned them about and brought them again to their starting point. For the next week the members of the regiment were used on the docks of Brest as stevedores. On August 1, part of the men were ordered to Havre and Bordeaux for trucks, while the remainder started overland in trucks that were to be part of the reg- iment's equipment and driven by its own men. Friday, August 9, the overland contingent, after traveling 425 miles, reached the destroyed village of Mont St. Pere, nine kilometers east of the famous city of Chateau-Thierry and situated on the north bank of the beautiful Marne River. Here the remainder of the regiment was awaited and to the east of Mont St. Pere the first work in the battle areas was done. The fighting in this vicinity was known as the Aisne- Marne off'ensive. Wednesday, August 14, camp was broken and, with its 167 steel-bodied am- munition trucks, the regiment traveled to a point seventeen kilometers west of Chateau-Thierry. There it remained until the following Tuesday, when once more a long trip overland was started which ended near the city of Toul, August 24. After three days of work towing artillery and transporting French troops, the regiment moved its camp into a dense forest several miles north of Toul and only a short distance from the German front lines. During the stay here the men received their first real taste of actual warfare. Continually beset by the dangers of artillery and aeroplane fire, ammunition was hauled nightly for two weeks in pitch darkness over dangerously slippery roads, heavy with war traffic of all kinds. On the afternoon of August 29, two well-placed German artillery pro- jectiles touched off an ammunition dump several aci'es in area, which was main- tained by the organization, and to which its trucks had been hauling shells. Two terrific explosions rocked the earth and the sound of bursting shells continued all through the night. Fortunately, no one was hurt. During the great St. Mihiel off'ensive which followed on September 12, many of the trucks continued to supply the big guns with ammunition all through the night of the opening attack. The following day a hundred Second Corps Artil- lery Park trucks loaded with shells started a slow trail in the wake of che swiftly advancing Yanks. Over roads blown to atoms by artillery fire and through a maze of traffic, travel was slow, indeed, and it was the evening of September 15 before they reached a point southwest of Metz, unloaded and re- turned to camp. This ended the work in the St. Mihiel offensive. September 17 the regiment again broke camp and moved to the village of Lavoye, twenty kilometers southwest of the devasted city of Verdun. After a short stay there, headquarters were moved to Fleury-sur-Aire, where for the next thirty days the regiment hauled ammunition for the Second French Army, to which it had been attached for the Oise-Aisne offensive. The work of the companies was done principally in the vicinity of Verdun. This was a month of severe hardships, of work by day and by night. 116 IP The regiment was relieved from duty witli the Second French Army on Octo- ber 17 and immediately assigned to the Fifth Army Corps of the American First Army. The battle of the Argonne Forest was then in full swing and, day after day, night after night, the companies of the regiment were constantly on the road hauling ammuniticn to our batteries of artillery which were slowly blasting a way forward for the infantry. Often times these trips were of sixty to seventy-two hours duration and were always made under continuous shell fire and unspeakable hardships. Rain fell almost constantly and the trucks, being coverless, gave no protection from the constant downpour. By November 4 the American army had advanced so far north that it became necessary to move camp near the one-time village of Very, and finally to the village of Gesnes, about .3-5 kilometers northwest of the city of Verdun and in the very heart of the upper Argonne. During the last stages of the Meuse-Ar- gonne drive many Second Corps boys dauntlessly ran their trucks through shell fire in plain view of the enemy gunners, and on one occasion a few trucks out- distanced the infantry and unloaded cases of shells at the edge of the village of Beauclaire while the Germans yet occupied the town. One detachment of Second Corps trucks advanced with the artillery to the edge of the city of Sedan. Their forward movement was only stopped by the signing of the armistice. All kinds of rumors were circulated after November 11 as to what would be done with the Second Corps Park. They ranged from the statement that the regiment would go into Germany as a part of the Army of Occupation, to the report that it would return immediately to parade in Washington on Christmas day. What it did do for the next two months was to haul salvage of every sort and description from off' the battlefields to the numerous points of concentration. The greater part of this work lay on the old Verdun battlefield, a devastated area so wasted, so dead, so barren after a four-year scourge of hell-fire that it had become a combined desert and charnel house. For awhile the hauling of hand grenades was the chief occupation, but after one truck load blew up, the regiment was relieved from further hauling of these dangei'ous little missiles. Finally, orders came to depart and on .January 20 the Second Corps Park entrained at Dun-sur-Meuse for Brest, which was reached January 23 after sixty-eight hours of travel in box cars too crowded to lie down and with the weather very wintry. After two weeks of suspense, the regiment became a skeleton organization of 76 men and the remainder transferred to Bi'est Casual Companies 239, 240, 241, 242, and 243. As casual companies, some men were used as truck drivers, some as military police, others as stevedores and mechanics, while others drew special duty with the Motor Transport Corps. This lasted until May, 1919, when all were relieved, supposedly to depart for home. How- ever, after three weeks' labor with pick and shovel, building a railroad, all were restored to their original status and once more took up the old duties. Early in July, though, the glad day finally arrived when the last member of the or- ganization bade a final farewell to the shores of France and soon arrived home after one year's foreign service well done. n& ?,"n,'.. .V/'.^T MM iffiWTiiTff m IMF ii ii iii iniiiiii i 117 "RETURN OF OUR VICTORY FLEET" American dreadnaughts, returning from European waters, sailed up the New York harbor in battle formation in April, 1919. 118 ^M :m' Ii^in:;i\!M:j|iii[iiii|[iinTiiiiiTirnniiiiiiiHiiii0^rh^ OUR NAVY IN THE WAR The hundreds of Knox Countians, who cast their lot with the navy and went to sea during the world war, made the same splendid record and wrote as glo- rious a page in local history as their brothers who chose the ai-my and fought the Huns on land. They ably upheld the traditions established a half century ago by Farragut and Maynard as the g-uardians of our flag upon the trackless paths of the ocean. Theirs was not so spectacular a task, nor did they receive the pub- licity and prominence which other branches of the service did. Yet the two million soldiers, who sailed to France under the convoy of our fleet, know the relentless vigil and the hourly peril that the men of the navy underwent that our armies, with the food and equipment for them, might reach the battle line in safety. For nineteen months they braved the dangers of the sea upon battleships and cruisers, submarines and merchantmen. They stood guard with the English at the mouth of the Kiel Canal to await the appearance of the German fleet for battle, they hunted the seas upon destroyers and chasers to ferret out the hostile submarines, they manned the transport vessels that plied the Atlantic in trans- porting our troops to France. There was little relief or rest for them, for their vessels were at sea the great majority of the time. They were ever under the shadow of death from the monsters that lurked beneath the waters. The navy was the one department of our government which was ready for action when war was declared. Within a few hours after the passage of the war resolution. Admiral Sims was gathering a fleet of destroyers and preparing to sail for Queenstown, England. In less than a month they were on guard duty in European waters. It is worthy of more than passing comment that in all the criticism and vituperation, which flooded the nation in its mad frenzy to get ready adequately for the war, and in the series of investigations which followed its close, thei-e was never any abuse or evil said of the navy. It went through the trying period without scandal or investigation. Its efficiency was so thorough that no partisan or political attack was made upon it. Of the varied work which our navy did during the war, perhaps the greatest and most elTectual was in the convoy and transportation of troops and supplies to Europe. While the English merchant marine gave great assistance by fur- nishing the vessels for a great deal of this work, the larger part of it was done by our own navy. This v>-as work of the most vital nature, for the cries and pleas of our allies for more, more men in the spring and summer of 1918 were insistent. Defeat stared them in the face unless they had more divisions to check the German onslaughts. Every sea-going vessel that our government owned, which was not absolutely needed in some other phase of work, was manned by the men of the navy and put into the transportation service. The convoy system, which was worked out as a means of avoiding the heavy losses of the British, who sent out ships alone upon the sea to become the prey of the submarines, consisted of collecting several troop or cargo vessels into a group, sailing from the same port at the same time. There were usually a dozen or more of these craft which put to sea as a unit, and which followed a well known lane across the ocean. Cruisers and the older battleships protected them from German raiders, while a flotilla of destroyers met them when they entered the danger zone and guarded them against submarine attack. If the submarines dared to appear in their midst, the transpoi'ts scattered to avoid making them- selves targets, but the fighting craft attacked with guns and depth bombs. After several encounters, in which they learned the system of defense that had been adopted, the submarines became more wary of attack upon these groups and con- (illViflii(llllll!(i(llll(lillii l llill l ' l illlll l ll(lllfllllllllli ^ ^ 119 fined their attention more and more to unprotected vessels on the high seas. The fear, which swept over the American people at the beginning of the war because of the submarine terror, gradually subsided as every transport vessel bound for France with ti'oops arrived there in safety. That not a single ship of the hundreds, which transported two million men to France, was torpedoed while eastward bound, and that only three — the President Lincoln, the Antilles, and the Covington — were sunk on return trips to America, is eloquent proof of the success of the convoy system and of the vigilance e.xerted by our cruisers and destroyers against would-be attackers. The submarine pei'il, which reached its apex about the time this nation entered the war, steadily declined thereafter. Our own losses at sea were insignificant in proportion to the amount of tonnage that was exposed in the nineteen months of our participation in the war to the attacks of the submarines. While complete figures are not available, statistics for several months indicate that the sinkings of all American vessels by mines and torpedoes were somewhat less than one per cent of our tonnage. While a part of our fleet was guarding transport and cargo vessels, the rest of it was waging an active, offensive warfare on the submarines upon the high seas and around the channel ports, standing guard with the British fleet at the mouth of the Kiel Canal, planting mines in the strategic areas in the North or Mediterranean Seas, or patrolling our long coast line against hostile attacks. Only three fighting ships were lost as a result of enemy action. They were the Alcedo, a converted yacht; the Jacob Jones, a converted torpedo boat destroyer; and the San Diego, a cruiser. None of the larger and heavier battle ships were injured. Some of the most effective, as well as the most dangerous work done by our navy was in the laying of mines. These made a gi'eat barrier against the escape of the German fleet and the slipping out of an occasional raider to prey upon commerce. The seas between Norway and Scotland, which were the main outlet, were planted with thousands of mines by special mine layers. To the south, the American navy had another force of vessels Which cooperated with the British in sweeping the English Channel of these menaces to the safety of transport ships. On land the navy's activities were not inconsiderable. No unit or branch of the service showed greater bravery or won more laurels during the war than the men of the marine corps. Their deeds at Belleau Woods, Bouresches, Soissons, St. Mihiel and in the Argonne Forest have been told in song and story. The personnel of this peculiar branch of the navy, which is trained for both land and sea duty, was of the very highest. They proved their valor on field after field of battle. Their defense of Belleau Woods is one of the epics of the war. Of the eight thousand who were picked for service in France, more than a half were killed or wcunded. The most notable need of our army in France was artillery. The French fur- nished Genei-al Pershing with the lighter calibers, but there was a deficiency of heavy, Icng range guns. The ordnance department of the navy came to the rescue by designing and constructing a battery of 14-inch rifles, shipping them across the seas en special mounts, and transporting them across France to the American front on special cars. They threw a projectile weighing 1400 pounds and had a range of about 20 miles. They were used with great efl"ect in bom- barding towns and strong points far in the rear of the German lines. Their military efl'ect was far superior to that of the German "Big Berthas," which ter- rified Paris. In spite of their tremendous size and weight, they were thoroughly mobile and capable of being moved on shoi't notice to other parts of the front. ^@ MiHllillli;i'!S!!l(!;'ll!illllliri mmi Mill 120 Mlimilill!MJiaiWlllllli'!ilillllliilil'Mlillil!!ili ^ In the execution of the innumerable demands made upon it by the require- ments of the war, the navy underwent an expansion and growth almost in pro- portion to that of the army. The number of officers was increased from 4,37(i to 10,409, the enlisted personnel from 62,667 to 216,968. The men and officers, who were members of the naval reserve in time of peace, also were called to active duty during the war. The number of officers was enlarged from 877 to 21,622, while the personnel of the enlisted men was raised to 289,639, of whom about 8,000 were women. At the close of the war, our navy had 40 battleships of the first-class, 32 cruisers, 12.5 destroyers, 17 torpedo boats, 68 submarines, 303 submarine chasers, 79 mine planters and sweepers, 56 yachts on patrol duty, 33 gunboats, 8 monitors, and a few other ships used for special duties. Furthermore, our navy was man- ning 50 troop transports, 230 cargo transports, 50 patrol vessels, and 175 barges. The total number of ships operated at the end of the war was about 2,000, as compared with 250 when the war begun. Our navy had moved from third into second place among the naval powers of the world, displacing Germany and ranking next to England. With the additions made in the few months following the war as the result of construction begun before that time, the gap that separated us in naval strength from first place upon the seas was cut down materially. i i i i i l l )]l ( iiiiili l ) i iliiiiil i )lfl i ii ii iilll l ln i iiil l lii l i i niiiilli ii iiiiii iiiiil^ ^^ 121 "A CLOSE-UP VIEW" The photographer who took this picture at such short range, was in another plane above this one. "FLYING IN FORMATION" These American aeroplanes are out for a practice spin. The photograph was taken by a member of the group from another plane. 122 OUR AIR SERVICE The glamor of the aeroplane drew scores of the young men of Knox County into its service during the world war. The fascination of the air, the thrill of spectacular combat high above the battle lines, the prospect of long flights far into enemy territory, the glory and fame with which the successful aviator was crowned, made a strong appeal to the young American with strong nerve and hardy constitution. That only two — Lieut. McGhee Tyson and Lieut. Claude O. Lowe — lost their lives of the scores of Knox Countians who risked them, either as pilots or as ob- servers, speaks for the safety of this apparently very hazardous branch of the service. Lieut. Tyson, who was in the naval aviation branch, made his sacrifice in a flight ofl" the French coast, while Lieut. Lowe was killed in the smash of his plane at Arcadia, Florida. While some got across and into action, the majority of the Knox County men in the air service suff'ered the same misfortune as the larger number of those who enlisted in the air department — they were still in the United States when the armistice came on November 11, 1918. Some of them were at the port, ready to sail. This failure to reach Europe was no fault of theirs, for statistics show that of the qualified flying officers, less than one in three left the United States. Sufficient service planes had not been produced to equip the flyers who were al- ready in France, not to speak of the thousands on this side who were aching to meet the Huns. The air program of the United States went through a multitude of vicissitudes, of bright promises and bitter disappointments before it became stabilized and was finally put upon an eflicient war basis. Because of the lack of planes, our airmen did not become an active, decisive force in the air until the last two months of the war. When war was declared in April, 1917, the United States government had .55 serviceable planes, all of which were obsolete as compared with foreign models, and entirely unsuited to war conditions. Congress at once appropriated .$600,000,000 for our air program. The confident prediction was made through newspapers and magazines that the United States would have 10,000 planes on the battle front in a year, a force suflicient to drive the Germans down and give the allies an overwhelming superiority. The program, however, received jolt after jolt. German spies in factories held up quantity production of training planes and ruined all of a certain model, making its abandonment necessary. Divided management and a change in direc- tors of the whole air program further complicated the situation. A great deal of time was necessary in making tests and fitting the foreign designs to our 12-cyl- inder Liberty Motor, which proved our chief contribution to aviation. Diffi- culty was encountered in getting out the great quantity of spruce, fir, linen and other materials that are necessary in the construction of planes. Due to these and a great number of other difficulties, spring of 1918 came before the kinks in the air program were smoothed out and factories settled down to turn out planes and engines on a quantity basis. After much experimenting and consultation with English and French aviation officials, it was decided to concentrate American production of a quantity scale on four types of machines: (1) the De Havilland observation and bombing plane; (2) the Handley-Page night bomber; (.3) the Caproni bomber; (4) the Bristol fighting plane. Only the first was produced in quantity before the end of the war. Equipped with the Liberty Motor, it proved the fastest observation plane on the western front. About 700 were used in actual warfare, nearly 2000 more were in France, and liOO were being turned out monthly at home m m 123 ~) when the armistice came. Two new models of planes, the Le Pere two-seater fighter and the Martin bomber, were developed and under tests made better per- formances than any known machines of their class. Neither was completed nor produced in quantity for use on the front. Liberty motors were manufactured much faster than planes. About 13, .500 were accepted from the factories up to the time of the armistice, 44.35 of these being shipped overseas for use. The British and French recognized the superiority of this engine and made contracts for large numbers of them. American flyers, organized into strictly American squadrons, got their first real chance on the front in April, 1918, when two observation and one pursuit group, comprising about 3.5 planes, wei'e assigned a definite sector. Their success was so immediate and thorough that the French readily turned over more planes to the Americans and the sector was widened considerably. In May, the number of American squadrons was increased to 9; in June to 14, in July to 15, in August, when the De Havillands began to arrive from America, to 25; in September to 30; in October to 42, and in November to 45 complete squadrons. In the early months, all of our squadrons were equipped with foreign planes, principally French. This continued until August 10, 1918, when the first American manu- factured planes were put on the front. The supply grew rapidly in the next three months, and on the day of the armistice 667 of the 2698 planes our aviators were using were of American construction. The first large air opei'ation in which our squadrons took part was the St. Mihiel attack, for which General Pershing assembled the most foi'midable air force that was gathei'ed during the war for a battle. French, British and En- glish contributed some of their very best fighting squadrons. Our aviators, who were about one-third of the w'hole foi'ce employed, were organized into 12 pur- suit, 12 observation and 3 bombing squadrons. We also had 15 balloon companies in operation. The American supremacy in the air during the two days of the attack was very decided. The enemy planes wei'e kept on the ground largely, while ours went far behind the lines, located the German reserves, spotted am- munition dumps and enemy concentrations, and directed the long range artillery fire. In the long struggle of six weeks in the battle of the Argonne Forest, which followed, American aviation was put to its most severe test. A great deal of the French and English aviation, which was loaned for the St. Mihiel operation, was withdrawn for use with their armies, but our increased production of planes somewhat made up for this loss. There was bitter fighting for the control of the air. The Germans drew to this front more than a proportionate amount of their very best planes and pilots. So vital an attack called forth their very best. Losses were heavy on both sides, but the enemy got the worst of it by a large edge. The American bombing, pursuit and observation squadrons did excellent work, getting far behind the German lines, bombarding day and night their lines of communication and ammunition dumps, and swooping down to the attack of any concentration of troops in the rear. The test of battle showed the individual superiority of the Americans in the air. The Germans, during the few months which American aviators participated in the war, brought down 357 of our planes, while our aviators put 755 of the Hun machines out of commission. On the day of the armistice, there wei'e 45 American squadrons, 1238 American flying officers and 740 service planes operated by them on the front. About 2500 flying officers were in reserve, while 7000 others in the United States lacked but a short specialized course of being equipped for battle duty. Had the war continued until the spring of 1919, the American air force in numbers and in equipment would have been far superior to that of any nation on either side. It would have been independent of all aid and ready to re- pay our allies for the generous assistance they rendered us while our air program was getting under way. ■i= fe 124 p*>j^mm'^i?sm i_r GENERAL ROBERT EMMET CALLAN Graduating from West Point in 1896. General Callan saw service in tlie Spanish-American War as a lieutenant. He rose step by step until he had reached the rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1917. being stationed in the Philippine Islands as chief of staff. On the outbreak of war, he asked to be sent to France on active duty. He sailed in command of the 63rd Regiment. Coast Artillery Corps, on March 24, 1918. After participation in the Second Battle of the Marne, he was made brigadier-general and put in command of the 33rd Brigade, C. A. C. He was relieved of this to become head of the great artillery training school at La Borne, France, where eight regiments were trained at a time. General Callan was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal by General Pershing on June IZ, 1919, and later the Cross of the Crown of Italy from the Italian Government. rngtimmmu^A 1 i 125 THE BATTLE OF ST. MIHIEL Salient is the military term for the very common words "pocket" and "wedge." The St. Mihiel salient, the elimination of which was the first big, concerted, of- fensive operation of our forces in large number in France, was a deep pocket driven into the French lines in the fall of 1914 by the German armies in their attempt to outflank Verdun, whose forts held the key to the defense of Eastern France. The right edge of this wedge, as a glance at the map will show, was just above Pont-a-Mousson, while the left edge was at Les Eparges, a few miles southeast of Verdun. This pocket, always the deepest and sharpest on the western front, was some 18 miles across from base to base, and slightly over 13 miles in depth. Yet meas- uring around its perimeter, it was no less than 40 miles in extent. To pinch off or close the salient meant shortening the line about 22 miles. There were other considerations than the decrease in battle front which caused General Pershing to select this as the sector of attack of the First American Army. For four years this pocket had been a threat to Verdun, about which the Germans had closed on the northern and eastern side. If the left side of the wedge above St. Mihiel was driven still farther westward, Verdun would be virtually cut off and the French forces therein surrounded and captured. Fur- thermore, the German advance at the deepest point of the pocket barely cut the main raih-oad from Paris to Verdun, Toul, Epinal and Belfort, a double-track line that linked up the great fortresses of Eastern France. This had been a great loss, for it interfered with the speedy movements of troops from one sector to another of the southern battle front. It had been necessary for four years to transport troops by a single track line farther south, much longer and burdened with all traffic to Toul and Nancy. As an ofl'ensive stroke, the closing of the St. Mihiel salient was fraught with equally great possibilities. It meant the restoration of about 150 miles of French territory, which was under the yoke of its German oppressors ; the reversal from a threat to surround Verdun to a very decided menace of an allied attack upon Metz, the left hinge and base of the German battle line; the establishment of a straight base line from which attacks could be launched toward Conflans at the coal and iron fields of Briey and Longwy, the German mineral basins, and at the great railroad arteries through Sedan, Montmedy and Metz. Several desperate attempts had been made by the French earlier in the war to straighten out their lines and relieve the pressure on Verdun. In the spring of 1915, they struck a hard blow with large numbers at Les Eparges on the western flank. The attack was continued several weeks and both sides left thousands of dead on the field of battle. The Germans were estimated to have lost 30,000 killed in this series of operations, while the French casualties were even heavier. Outside of local gains, the attack was unsuccessful. The French resumed their drive in the summer on the other side of the pocket at Apremont, attempting to crush in that flank. The fighting was bitter and the French made some headway, but all was lost in a counter-offensive of the Germans in the fall of 1915. After that nothing was done on either side for three years, as the tide of active operations shifted to other sectors. Both sides improved their defensive fortifications, but neither assumed the offensive. The lines were held by divisions that needed rest and recuperation from operations elsewhere. The military strategy employed by General Pershing in the reduction of this salient is explained very well by a homely illustration. Pont-a-Mousson and Les Eparges, the bases of the pocket, were the hinges of two great doors which opened outward in the direction of St. Mihiel. If the doors were swung together on these hinges, they would meet just north of Vigneulles and form a straight line. To accomplish this, it was necessary for the divisions on the left flank to El 127 work eastward, while those on the right side made their way northwesterly to join them. The attacks had to be so timed that the flanks would arrive at the junction point at the same time. It was necessary also that the maneuver be accomplished