'^ %^ \\^ l\^NN j<&i^m^^m-?fjf®a?^mk LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. §\n^,hLi. itijt^ngP !f n. Shelf ...S.^.... UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. SIMPSON'S HISTORICAL KEY, IMPOI^TANT DATES AND ^EfE^EfJCES, compiIvE;d by / Prof. J. p SIMPSON, A. M., 7_ Principal of Lucas academy, Iowa. DKS MOINKS, IOWA: CAMPBELL PRINTING COMPANY 1888. THE LIBRARY or CONGRESS WASHINGTON INTRODUCTION In these hurly-burly times of ours, when persons in the various avocations have too little -time to enter into all the minutia of everything passing under their observation, "boil it down" has been almost universally adopted as an apt enjoinder to all in the literary world. With this end in view, the author has cast aside all verbiage and surplusage, and presents to the public this com- pact little volume, containing all the important points in the world's history, which is principally intended for the use of teachers and students in our institutions of learning, and he justly feels flattered at the very many words of commendation he has received from all such who have been made acquainted with its contents. Entered according to Act of Congress. IN the Year 1888, by J. P. Simpson, Ix THE Office of the L,ibrarian of CoNciRESS, AT Washington. 5^ PREFACE. A knowledge of the history of our own country is the highest importance to American youth ; because a knowledge of its insti- tutions and of the struggles for their introduction and maintenance is necessar}^ to teach the true character of our institutions, the principles upon which our government is based, and according to which it should be carried on. The histor}' of the United States, as the record of the first civil government that has ever been founded upon the basis of freedom, furnishes lessons upon popular governments, and upon religious, social, and political freedom, of far greater value than can be derived from the record of any other nation, past or present. Only second. in importance, and hardly inferior in point of interest to our own history, is a knowledge of the origin and institutions of that nation and people from whom we are proud to derive our own. Our language, our popular in- structions, and notions of freedom, of constitutional government, are all derived from our English ancestors. Our own frame work of popular government is but a new edition, revised and improved, of that of England, with this difference : Theirs has required the gradual development of centuries, while our own has sprung at once; with only a brief colonial infancy, into a full vigor of matur- ity. Besides, the interest which attaches to the history of Eng- lish institutions, is, to some extent, the histor}' of the origin of our own ; the events of the past two centuries connected with both countries have been to such a degree interwoven with each other, that a knowledge of the one is indispensable to a proper acquaint- ance with the other. The gradual development of the Angolo- Saxon race, making with unmistakable pecularities each of the various offshoots from the parent stem, and no less surely than their common English language, present a study of importance and interest to American youth, hardly exceeded even by that of his kindred in the Fatherland of Old England. A knowledge of the history of both is indispensable to the full acquaintance with that of either. I therefore present this little key to the considera- tion of all who are interested in the education of youth, hoping that it may prove a valuable auxilary. J. P. SIMPSON. IMPORTANT DATES AND REFERENCES. PART I. England under the Romans, from B. C. 55 to A. D. 449. England under the Saxons, A. D. 449 to A. D. 827. England under the Anglo-Saxons, A. D. 827 to A. D. 1013. England under the Danes, A. D. 1013 to 1041. England under the Saxons, A. D. 1041 to 1066. HISTORICAL EVENTS. 1066. Norman Conquest. 1215. Magna Charta. 1517. Lutheran Reformation. 1649. Execution of Charles I. 1660., Restoration. 1689. Revolution. SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND. NORMANS. William I 1066 till 1087 William II . 1087 iioo Henry I iioo 1135 Stephen 1135 1154 — 4- HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET. Heary II 1154 till 1189 Richard I 1189 1199 John 1199 1216 Henry III 1216 1272 Edward I 1272 1307 Edward II 1307 1327 Edward III 1327 1377 Richard II 1377 1399 HOUSE OF LANCASTER. Henry IV 1399 till 1413 Henry V 1413 1422 Henry VI 1422 1461 Edward IV 14^1 1483 Richard III 1483 1485 HOUSE OF TUDOR. Henry VII 1485 till 1500 Henry VIII 1509 1547 Edward VI : 1547 i553 Mary 1553 1558 Elizabeth 1558 1603 HOUSE OF STUART. James I 1603 till 1625 Charles I 1625 1649 The Commonwealth 1649 ^^^o Charles II 1660 1685 James II 1695 1689 -5— HOUSE OF STUART AND NASSAU. William III - .__-.^^— ._-___i689 till 1702 Mary II ^^^_..^ ^ 1689 1694 Anne ^ — --^ 1702 1714 HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK:. Georo^e I — , ^-_^^ ^^ 1714 till 1727 George II i. ^ ^I'^l 1760 George III ^_^-^^ ^_^ 1760 1820 George IV ^^_-^ ^__^-^_..^ 1820 1830 William IV -_-^ — ^ . 1830 1837 Victoria _,-_^-^^^ ^-^^ ^_^_i837 DISCOVERIES. 1492 America discovered by Columbus. 1497 Labrador discovered by the Cabots. 1498 Coast of North America explored by Sebastian Cabot. The Continent at South America discovered by Columbus. 1499 South America visited by Amerigo Vespucci. 1512 Florida discovered by Juan Ponce de Leon. 1 5 13 The Pacific Ocean discovered by Balboa, 1520 Carolina visited by De Ayllon. 1521 Mexico conquered by Cortez. 1524 Coast of North America explored by Verrazzani. 1528 Navae2 undertook to conquei Florida. 1534 St. Lawrence river discovered by Cartier. 1539 De Sota undertook to conquer Florida. 1541 The Mississippi river discovered by De Sota. — 6— 1563 Colony of Huguenots settled at Port Royal en- trance. 1564 Colony of Huguenots settled in Florida. 1565 St. Augustine founded by the Spaniards. Huguenot colony in Florida destioyed by the Spaniards. 1583 Gilbert took possession of Newfoundland. 1584 Amidas and Barlow explpred the coast of Caro- lina. 1585 First attempt to form a settlement at Roanoke. 1587 Second attempt to form a settlement at Roa- noke. 1602 Cape Cod discovered by Gosnold. 1605 Port Royal settled by- the French. 1606 London and Plymouth Companies received charters. 1607 A settlement commenced on the Kennebec. Jamestown settled by the London Company. 1608 Quebec settled by the French. 1609 Virginia received its second charter. Hudson river discovered by Henry Hudson. . 1610 "Starving Time" in Virginia. 1612 Virginia received its third charter. 1613 Pocahontas married to Rolph. French settlements destroyed by ArgalL 1614 New England coast explored by Smith. New York settled by the Dutch. 1616 Culture of tobacco commenced in Virginia. 1620 Commencement of Negro Slavery in Virginia. Massachusetts settled at Plymouth. 1 62 1 Treaty with Massasoit made. 1622 First Indian massacre in Virfjinia. — 7— 1623 New Hampshire settled at Little Harbor and Dover. 1633 Connecticut settled at Windsor. 1634 Maryland settled at St. Mary's. 1636 Rhode Island settled at Providence. Harvard College founded. 1637 Pequod war. 1638 Delaware settled near Wilmington. 1641 New Hampshire settlements united to Massa- chusetts. 1643 Union of the New England Colonies formed. 1644 Second Indian massacre in Virginia. 1645 Clay horn's rebesilion in Maryland. 1650 North Carolina settled on the Chowan river. 1 65 1 The "Navigation Act" passed. 1652 The Maine settlements united with Massachu- setts. 1655 Civil war in Maryland. New Sweden conquered by the Dutch. 1663 Carolina granted to Clarendon and others. 1664 New York became an English province. New Jersey settled at Elizabethtown. 1670 South Carolina settled on the Ashly river. 1673 Virginia granted to Culpepper and Arlington. 1675 King Phillip's war commenced. 1676 Bacon's rebellion. 1680 Charleston founded. New Hampshire made a royal province. 1682 Pennsylvania settled. Delaware granted to William Penn. 1686 Andros appointed governor of New England. 1689 King William's war commenced. 1690 Schenectady burned by the French and Indians. Port Royal taken by the French under Phips. 1692 "Salem Witchcraft" delusion prevailed. 1697 King William's war terminated by the treaty of Ryswick. COLONIAL PERIOD. 1702 Queen Anne's war commenced. 1 7 10 Port Royal captured by the English. 171 3 Queen Anne's war terminated by the treaty of Utrecht. 1729 North and South Carolina became separate prov- inces. 1732 Washington born in Westmoreland County, Vir- ginia, February 22. 1733 Georgia settled at Savannah. 1 741 The Negro plot in New York. 1744 King George's war terminated by the treaty of Aix la Chapelle. 1753 Washington sent with a letter from Dinwiddie. 1754 Washington delivered the letter. St. Pieri's reply to Dinwiddie. Congress of Commissioners met at Albany. Battle of the Great Meadows, May 28th. Battle of Fort Necessity, July 4th. 1755 Convention of Colonial Governors in Virginia. French expelled from Nova Scotia by Monch- ton, June. Braddock's defeat at the battle of Monongahela, July 9th. British defeated by Dieskau, September 8th. ^.9— 1756 Great Britain declared war against France, May 17th. France declared war against Great Britain, June 9th. French under Montcalm captured Oswego, Au- gust 4th. Indians defeated at Kittanning, September 8th. 1757 Fort William Henry surrendered to Montcalm, August 9th. Massacre of Fort William Henry, August loth. 1658 lyord Howe killed in a skirmish near Ticonder- oga, July. Abercrombie repulsed by Montcalm at Ticon- deroga, July 8th. Ivouisburg taken by Amherst and Wolfe, July 26th. Fort Frontenac surrendered to the English, Au- gust 27th. Grant defeated by Aubry near Fort Duquesne, September 21st. . 1759 Ticonderoga and Crown Point abandoned by the French. Battle of Montmorenci, July 9th. Niagara surrendered to the English under John- son, July 25th. Battle of Plains of Abraham, September 13th. Quebec surrendered to the English, September i8th. 1760 The French, under De Levi, attempted the re- covery of Quebec, April 28th. Montreal and the rest of Canada surrendered to the English, September 8th. —10— 1763 Peace of Paris between Great Britain and France, Februar}^ loth. Florida ceded to Great Britain by Spain. 1765 The Stamp Act passed by Parliament, March. Colonial Congress met at New York, October. 1766 vStamp Act repealed by Parliament, March. 1767 Bill imposing duties on glass, paper, etc., passed, June. 1768 Body of British troops entered Boston, Septem- ber 27 th. 1770 Boston massacre, March 5th. All duties, except on tea, repealed by Parlia- ment, April. 1773 Cargoes of tea at Boston thrown overboard, De- cember i6th. 1774 Boston Port Bill passed by Parliament, March. First Continental Congress met at Philadelphia, September 5th. REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 1775 Battle of Lexington, April 19. Ticonderoga captured by Allen and Arnold, May loth. Crown Point captured by the iVmericans, May i2th. Washington elected Commander-in-chief, June 15th. . Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17th. Washington took command of army, July 12th. Montreal surrendered to Montgomery, Novem- ber 13th. Battle of Quebec, December 31st. —11— 1776 Norfolk destroyed by Lord Buiimore, January ist Boston evacuated by British troops, March nth. Battle of Fort Moultrie, June 28th. Declaration of Independence July 4th. Battle of Long: Island, Aug:ist 27th. City of New Yorlv abandoned by the Americans, September 15th. Battle of White Plains, November i'6th. Fort Lee taken by the British, November i8th. General Lee surprised and taken prisoner, De- cember 13th. Battle of Trenton, December 26th. 1777 Battle of Princeton, January 3d. Tryon's first , expedition against Connecticut, April. Battle of Ridg-ewood, April 27th. Meig's expedition against the British at Sagg Harbor, May 23d. Invasion of New York by Burgoyne, June. Ticonderoga abandoned bv the Americans, July 5th. The battle of Hubbardstown, July 7th. General Prescott captured by Colonel Barton, July loth. Murder of Miss Jane McCreo, July 27th. Fort Schuyler besieged by St. Ledger, August. The battle of Oriskany, August 6th. The battle of Fort Schuyler, August 6th. The battle of Bennington, August i6th. The battle of Brandy wine, September nth. The first battle of Stillwater, September 19th. 1777 ^^^ battle of Paoli, September 20th. Philadelphia entered by the British, September 26th. The battle of Germaiitown, October 4th. Forts Clinton and Montgomery taken by the British, October 6th. The second battle of Stillwater, October 7th. The surrender of Burgoyne, October 17th. The British repulsed at Fort Mercer, October 22d. The British repulsed at Fort Mifflin, October 28th. Articles of Confederation adopted by Congress, November 15th. Fort Mifflin abandoned by the Americans, No- vember i6th. Washington encamped at Valley Forge, Decem- ber nth. 1778 Ameri'^an Independence acknowledged by France. Treaty of alliance with France. British Commissioners sent to America. Philadelphia evacuated by the British, June i8th. The battle of Monmouth, June 28th. The battle of Wyoming and massacre, July 3d. The French fleet under D'Kstaing arrived July 8th. The battle of Rhode Island, August 29th. Grey's ravaging expedition to the eastward, September. Furguson's expedition against Kgg Harbor, Oc- tober. —13— 1778 The massacre at Cherry Valley, November nth and 12th, The battle of Savannah, December 20th. 1779 Sunbury captured by the British, January 9th. The battle of Kettle Creek, February 14th. The battle of Briar Creek, March 3d. Tryon's second expedition against Connecticut, March. Stony Point captured by the British, May ist. Verplank's Point captured by the British, June ist. War declared by Great Britain against Spain, June 1 6th. Battle of Stono Ferry, June 20th. Tyron's third expedition against Connecticut, July. Battle of Stony Point, July 15th. British garrison at Paulus Hook surprised by Lee, July 19th. Battle of the Penobscot, August 13th. Sullivan's expedition against the Indians. Battle of the Chemung, August 29th. , Savannah besieged by the French and Ameri- cans, September and October. Jones' naval battle off the coast of Scotland, September 23d. D'Kstaing and Lincoln repulsed at Savannah, October 9th. 1780 Charleston besieged by the British, April and May. Battle of Monk's Corner, April 14th. Cliarleston surrendered to the British, May 12th. U— 1780 Battle of Waxaw, May 29th. Battle of Springfield, June 2d. French fleet arrived at Newport, July loth. Battle of Rocky Mount, July 30th. Battle of Hanging Rock, August 6th. Battle of vSanders' Creek, August i6th. Battle of Fishing Creek, August i8th. Arnold's treason, August iSth. Andre executed as a spy, October 2d. Battle of King's Mountain, October 7th. Battle of Fishdam Ford, Noveml^er 12th. Battle of Blackstocks, November 20th. 1 781 Revolt of the Pennsylvania troops, January ist. Battle of Cowpens, January 17th. Revolt of the New Jersey troops, January i8th. Arnold's depredations in Virginia, January. Retreat of Morgan and Greene, pursued by Corn- wallis, January. Articles of Confederation ratified by the States, January. Battle of Guilford Court House, March 15th. Battle of Hobkirk's Hill, April 25th. S*iege of Ninety-six by the Americans under Greene, May and June. Battle of Ninety-six, June i8th. Colonel Hayne executed by the British at Charleston, July 31st. Arnold's expedition against Connecticut, Sep- tember. Battle of Fort Greswold, September 6th. Battle of Ulaw vSprings, vSeptember 8th. vSiege of Yorktown, October. —15— 1 781 Surrender of Cornwallis, October 19th. 1782 Preliminary articles of peace signed at Paris, November 30th. 1783 Cessation of hostilities proclaimed in the Amer- ican army, April 19th. Savannah evacuated by the British, July nth. Definite treaty of peace signed at Paris, Septem- ber 5Lh. American army disbanded by order of Congress, November 3d. New York evacuated by the British, November 25th. Charleston evacuated by the British, December 14th. Washington resigned his command, December 23d. ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITKD STATES AND ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION. 1787 vShay's rebellion in Massachusetts. Constitution ol the United States agreed on by the convention of delegates at Philadelphia, Sep- tember 17th. 1789 The first Congress under the Constitution met at New York, March 4th. Washino;ton inaugurated president of the United vStates, April 30th. —16— SETTLEMENT OF THE COLONIES. ^Virginia 1606 June 26, 1788 Massachusetts 1620 February 6, 1788 New Hampshire 1629 June 21, 1788 Maryland 1632 April 28, 1788 Connecticut 1635 January 9, 1788 Rhode Island 1636 May 29, 1790 New York 1662 July 26, 1788 North Carolina 1663 November 21, 1789 South Carolina 1670 May 23, 1788 New Jersey 1664 December 18, 1787 Pennsylvania 1681 December 12, 1787 Delaware ' 1682 December 7, 1787 Georgia 1732 January 2, 1788 The following States have been admitted since the adoption of the Constitution: Vermont, claimed by New Hampshire and New York 1791 Kentucky, ceded by Virginia 1792 Tennessee, ceded by North.Carolina 1796 Ohio, part of Northwest Territory 1802 Mississippi, ceded by South Carolina and Geor- gia 1817 Illinois, part of Northwest Territory 1818 Alabama, ceded by South Carolina and Georgia 18 19 Maine, set off from Massachusetts 1820 Missouri, acquired from France 1821 Arkansas, acquired from France ^ 1836 Michigan, part of the Northwest Territory! 1837 * The first column of dates give the time of the settlement of the thir- teen original colonies ; the second, the date of the ratification of the constitu- tion. Texas, a revolted province of Mexico . 1845 Iowa, acquired from France 1846 Wisconsin, part of Northwest Territory 1848 California, acquired from Mexico 1850 Minnesota, chiefly acquired from France 1858 Oregon, acquired from France 1859 Kansas, acquired from France-^ 1861 West Viro^inia, part of Virg-inia . 1863 Nevada, acquired from Mexico 1864 Nebraska, acquired from France ^ 1867 Colorado, acquired from France and Mexico 1876 TERRITORY ADDEDTO THE UNITED STATES. In 1803 the United States purchased the province of Louisiana, containing 930,000 square miles, from France, for $15,000,000. The purchase included what is now Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Dakota and parts of what is now Mon- tana, Wyoming, Colorado, Nebraska, Kansas and the Indian Territory. In 1820 Florida was purchased by the United States from Spain, for $5,000,000. It contained 59,700 square miles. In 1846 Oregon was added, taking in 220,420 square miles. In 1848 California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and western Colorado were purchased by the United States at a cost of $15,000,000. In 1853 the Gladson purchase was added to the United States at a cost of $10,000,000, giving the United States 934,260 vSquare miles., -^18— In 1867 Alaska was purchased by the United States from Russia at a cost of $7,200,000; area, 567,000 square miles. MISCELLANEOUS EVENTS. 1790 Harmar defeated by the Indians in Indiana, Oc- tober i7tli to 22d. 1 791 United States Bank established at Philadelphia. Vermont admitted into the Union. St. Clair defeated by the Indians in Ohio, No- vember 4th. 1792 Kentucky admitted into the Union. 1793 Washington commenced a second presidential term, March 4th. The difficulties with France. 1794 Wayne defeated the Indians on the Maumee, August 20th. "Whisky Insurrection" in Pennsylvania. 1795 "Jay's Treaty" with Great Britain ratified. Treaties with the Western Indians, Spain and Algiers. 1796 Tennessee admitted into the Union. 1797 John Adams inaugurated President of ths Uni- ted States, March 4th. 1799 The death of Washington, December 14th. 1800 Seat of government removed to V/ashington. Treaty of peace concluded with France, Septem- ber 30th. 1801 Thomas Jefferson inaugurated President, March 4th. War declared against the United States by Trip- oli, June loth. —19— i8o2 Ohio admitted into the Union. 1803 Louisiana purchased of France. Commodore Prebel sent against Tripoli. 1804 The frigate Philadelphia destroyed by Decatur, February 3d. The duel between Hamilton and Burr, July ist. 1805 Jefferson commenced a second presidential term, March 4th. Derne, a Tripolitan city, captured by Eaton, April 27th. Treaty of peace concluded with Tripoli, June 3d. 1806 British blockade from Elbe to Brest declared. May i6th. Bonaparte issued his "Berlin Decree," Novem- ber 2 1 St. 1807 British "Orders in Council" prohibited coast trade with France, January 7th. American frigate Chesapeake attacked by the Leopard, June 22d. British armed vessels ordered to leave the Uni- ted States, July. British "Orders in Council" prohibited all trade with France and her allies, November nth. Bonaparte issued his "Milan Decree," December 17th. Embargo on American ships laid by Congress, December 2 2d. 1809 Commerce with Great Britain and France inter- dicted by Congress, March ist. James Madison inaugurated President, March 4th. —20— i8io Bonaparte's " Rambouillet Decree," issued March 23d. 1811 Action between President and Little Belt, May 1 6th. Battle of Tippecanoe, Indiana, November 7th. SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 181 2 Louisiana admitted into the Union. War against Great Britain proclaimed by the United States, June 19th. Invasion of Canada by General Hull, July 12th. Surrender of Fort Mackinaw, July 17th. The first battle of Brownstown, August 5th. The second battle of Brownstown, August 9th. Surrender of Detroit by General Hull, August i6th, British sloop Alert taken by the Essex, August 13th. British frigate Guerrie taken by the Constitu- tion, August 19th. The battle of Queenstown, October 13th. British brig Frolic taken by the Wasp, October i8th. British frigate Macedonian taken by the United States, October 25th. British frigate Java taken by the Constitution,. December 29th. 1813 The battle of Frenchtown, January 22d. British brig Peacock taken by the Hornet, Feb- ruary 24th. Madison commenced a second presidential term,, March 4 th. 1813 The battle of York, April 27th. Fort Meigs, on the Maumee, besieged by Proc- ter, May 1st. The battle of Fort Meigs, May 5th. Fort George taken by the Americans, May 27th. The battle of Sackett's Harbor, May 29th. American frigate Chesapeake taken by the Shan- non, Jnne ist. The battle of Fort Stephenson, August 2d. American brig Argus taken by the Pelican Au- gust 14th. Creek war commenced by the massacre at Fort Minis, August 30th. British brig, Boxer, taken by the Enterprise September 5th. Perry's victory on Lake Erie, September loth. The battle of Thames, October 5 th. . The battle of Chrysler's Field, Canada, Novem- ber iith» 1814 The battle of Tohopeka, the last of the Creek War, March 27th. American frigate, Essex, taken by the Phebe and Cherub, March 28th. The battle of La Colle Mill, March 30th. The battle of Lundy's Lane, or Bridgewater, July 25th. Stonington bombarded by the British without effect, August. The first battle of Fort Erie, August 15th. The battle of Bladensburg, August 24th. The city of Washington taken by the British, August 24th. —22- i8i4 British sloop, Avon, taken by the Wasp, Sep- tember I St. McDonough's victory on Lake Champlain, Sep- tember nth. The battle of Plattsburg, September nth. The battle of North Point, September 12th. The battle of Fort McHenry, September 13th. The battle of Fort Bowyer, September 15th. The' battle of Fort Erie, September 17th. The British driven from Pensacola by General Jackson, November 7th. The battle of Lake Borgne, December 14th. Hartford Convention, December. The battle nine miles from New Orleans, De- cember 23d. Treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain, December 24th. 18 1 5 The battle of New Orleans, January 8th. The American frigate, President, captured by a British squadron, January 15th. The British vessels, Cyane and Levant, taken by the Constitution, February 20th. The British brig, Penguin, taken by the Hornet, March 23d. WAR WITH ALGIERS. ETC. 1815 War with Algiers declared by Congress, March ist. Commodore Decatur sent against Algiers, March. 1816 The Bank of the United States rechartered for twenty years, April loth. Indiana admitted into the Union, March 4th. —23— i8i7 James Monroe inaugurated President, March 4th. Mississippi admitted into the Union. The Seminoles and Creeks comrnenced depre- dations. 1818 General Jackson invaded the Indian Territory. Arbuthnot and Ambrister executed, April 30th. Pensacola seized by General Jackson, May 24th. Illinois admitted into the Union. 1819 Alabama admitted into the Union. 1820 Maine admitted into the Union. Florida ceded to the United States by Spain. 1821 Missouri admitted into the Union. 1824 Lafayette visited the United States. 1825 Johii Quincy Adams inaugurated President, March 4th. 1826 Death of two ex-presidents, Adams and Jeffer- son, July 4th. 1829 Andrew Jackson inaugurated President, March 4t]i. 1 83 1 Death of Ex- President Monroe, July 4th. INDIAN WARS AND OTHER EVENTS. 1832 "The Black Hawk War." Nullification in South Carolina. 1833 Removal ot government deposits from the Bank of the United States. 1835 War with the Seminoles commenced. General Thompson and friends massacred by the Seminoles, December 28th. A party under Major Dade massacred by the Seminoles, December 28th. —24— 1836 Arkansas admitted into the Union. 1837 Michigan admitted into the Union. Martin Van Buren inaugurated President, March 4th. The battle of Okechobee, Florida, December 25th. 1838 ''The Canadian Rebellion." 1841 William Henry Harrison inaugurated President, March 4th. Death of William Henry Harrison, April 4th. John Tyler inaugurated President, April 6th. 1842 The war with the Seminoles terminated. The ''Dorr Rebellion" in Rhode IslJmd. 1845 Joint resolution for the annexation of Texas signed by President Tyler, Marcii ist. James K. Polk inaugurated President, March 4th. Florida admitted into the Union. Texas admitted into the Union. 1846 Iowa admitted into the Union. MEXICAN WAR. 1846 Thornton's party captured by the Mexicans, April 26th. Fort Brown bombarded by the Mexicans, May. The battle of Palo Alto, May 8th.- The battle of Resaca de la Palma, May 9th. Congress declared that "war existed by tire act of Mexico," May nth. Taylor crossed the Rio Grande and took Mata- moras. May i8th. Monterey surrendered to General Taylor, Sep- tember 24th. —25— 1846 The battle of Bracito, December 25th. 1847 '^^^ battle of Buena Vista, February 23d. The battle of Sacramento, February 28th. The surrender of Vera Cruz to General Scott, March 27th. The battle of Cerro Gordo, April i8th. The battle of Contreras and Cherubusco, August 20th. The battle of Molino del Rey, September 8th. The battle of Chapultepec, September 13th. ; /, ' City of Mexico entered by the Americans under General Scott, September 14th. The battle of Huamantla, October 9th. 1848 Treaty of peace at Gaudaloupe, Hidalgo, Feb- ruary 2d. Wisconsin admitted into the Union. 1849 Zachary Taylor inaugurated President, March 5tl,. 1850 The death of Zachary Taylor, July 9th. Millard Filmore inaugurated President, Julv loth. California admitted into the Union. 1853 Franklin Pierce inaugurated President, March 4. 1857 James Buchanan inaugurated President, March 4th. 1858 Minnesota admitted into the Union. 1859 Oregon admitted into the Union. i860 South Carolina "seceded" from the Union, De- cember 24th. 1861 Kansas admitted into the Union. Abraham Lincoln inaugurated President, March 4th. -26— CIVIL WAR 1861 Fort Sumter attacked by the Confederates, April i2th and 13th. President Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops, April 15th. Volunteer troops attacked in Baltimore, April 19th. The President issued a second call for troops, May 4th. Union victory at Philippi, Virginia, June 3d. Confederate victory at Big Bethel, Virginia, June loth. Union victory at Boonville, Missouri, June 17th. Meeting of Congress in extra session, July 4th. Battle of Carthage, Missouri, July 5th. Battle of Rich Mountain, Virginia, July nth. Battle near Centerville, Virginia, July i8th. Confederate Congress met at Richmond, July 20th. Battle of Bull Run, Virginia, July 21st. Battle of Dug Springs, Missouri, August 2d. Battle of Wilson's Creek, Virginia, August loth-. Forts Hatteras and Clark, North Carolina, cap- tured, August 29th. Confederates captured lyCxington, Missouri, Sep- tember 20th. Battle of Edwards' Ferry, or Ball's Bluff, Vir- ginia, October 21st. Capture of Port Royal Entrance by the Union fleet, November 7th. Battle of Behnont, Missouri, November 7th. —27—- i86i Mason and Slidell taken from English steamer, November 8th. 1862 Battle of Mill Spring, Kentucky, January 19th. Fort Henry taken by Union fleet, February 6th. Roanoke Island captured by Union forces, Feb- ruary 8 th. Fort Donelson captured by the Union forces, February i6th. Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas, March 6th-8th. Vessels Congress and Cumberland sunk by the Merrimac, March 8th. Engagement between the Monitor and Merri- mac, March 9th. Newbern, North Carolina, captured by Union troops, March 14th. Battle of Winchester, Virginia, March 23d. Battle of Pittsburg Landing, or Shiloh, Tennes- see, April 6th-7th. Capture of Island No. 10, Mississippi River, April 7th. Fort Pulaski, Georgia, captured by Union fleet, April nth. New Orleans captured by the Union forces, April 25th. Battle of Williamsburg, Virginia, May 5th. Norfolk, Virginia, surrendered to the Unionists, May loth. Confederates retreated from Corinth, Mississippi, May 28th-29th. Battle of Seven Pines, or Fair Oaks, May 31st and Tune ist. ^28^ 1862 Memphis, Tennessee, surrendered to the Union- ists, June 6th. Seven days' contest on the Virginia Peninsula, June 25th-July 3d. The President calls for 300,000 more troops, July ist. Battle of Cedar Mountain, Virginia, August 9th. Pope's battles between Manasses and Washing- ton, August 23d-3oth. Battle near Richmond, Kentucky, August 30th. Invasion of Maryland by Lee's army, Septem- ber 5th. Battle of South Mountain, Maryland, Septem- ber 14th. Harper's Ferry surrendered to the Confederates, September 15th. Battle of Antietam, Maryland, September 17th. Battle of Munfordsville, Kentucky, September 17th Battle of luka, Mississippi, September 19th. Battle of Corinth, Mississippi, October 4th. Battle of Perry ville, Kentucky, October 8th. Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, December Union repulse at Vicksburg, Mississippi, Decem- ber ^9th. Battle of Stone River, or Murfreesboro, Ten- nessee, December 31st. 1863 The president's Emancipation Proclamation is- sued, January ist. Battle of Murfreesboro resumed and ended, Janu- ary 2d. —29— 1863 Arkansas Post captured by Union forces, Janu- ary nth. Bombardment of Fort Sumter, South Carolina, April 7th. Union cavalry raid under Grierson, in Missis- sippi, April. Battle of Port Gibson, Mississippi, May ist. Battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia, May 2d-3d. Battle of Raymond, Mississippi, May 12th. Union victory near Jackson, Mississippi, May 14th. Battle of Champion Hill, Mississippi, May i6th. Battle of Big Black River, Mississippi, May 17th. Second invasion of Maryland by Lee's army, June. West Virginia admitted into the Union, June 20th. Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July ist-2d. Vicksburgsurrendered by Confederates, July 4th. Port Hudson surrendered b> the Confederates, July 8th. Great Riot in New York City, July i3-i6th. Morgan defeated near Kyger's Creek, Ohio, July 2ISl. Morgan captured near New Lisbon, Ohio, July 26th. Fort Wayne, South Carolina, captured by Union troops, September 6th. Battle of Chickamauga, Georgia, September i9th-2oth. Knoxville, Tennessee, invested by the Ccvnfed- erates, November i-8th. —30— 1863 Uiiiou victory at Lookout Mountain, Georgia, November 24th. Union victory at Missionary Ridge, Georgia, No- vember 25th. Union victory at Knoxville, Tennessee, Novem- ber 29th. 1864 President orders a draft for more men, February ist. Battle of Olustee, Florida, February 20th. Grant created Lieutenant General, March 3d. Fort De Russy, Louisiana, captured by Union troops, March 14th. Battle of Cane River, Louisiana, March 26th. Battle of Mansfield or Sabin Cross Roads, Louis- iana, April 8th. Battle of Pleasant Hill, Louisiana, April 9th. Fort Pillow, Tennessee, captured by the Confed- erates, April 1 2th. Plymouth, North Carolina, surrendered to the Confederates, April 12th. Army of the Potomac commenced a forward movement. May 3d. Battle of the Wilderness, Virginia, May 5th-7th. March from Chattanooga against Atlanta, com- menced May 7th. ^Battles near Spottsylvania Court House, Vir- -^ ginia. May 7th-i3th. Brattle of Reseca, Georgia, Mav 15th. , Battle of New Market, Virginia, May 15th. Army of the Potomac crossed to south side of the James River, June 4th. ~3L— 1864 Battle between the Kearsarge and Alabama, June Early's army invaded Maryland, July 5th. Battle of Monocacy, Maryland, July 9th. President calls for 500,000 volunteers, July i8tli. Battles before Atlanta, Georgia, July 20th, 22d, 28th. Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, sacked and burned, July 3otli. Explosion of mine and Union repulse at Peters- burg, July 30th. Confederates defeated at Mobile Bay, Alabama, August 5tli. Weldon railroad seized by Union troops, Aug-iist i8th. Atlanta, Georgia, captured by the Union army, September 2d. Battle of Winchester, Virginia, September 19th. Nevada admitted into the Union, October 31st. Battle of Franklin, Tennessee, November 30th. Battle near Nashville, Tennessee, December i6th. Savannah, Georgia, Criptured by the Union army, December 21st. 1865 ^^rt Fisher, North Carolina, captured by the Union troops, January 15th. Columbia, South Carolina, captured by Union troops, February 17th. Charleston, South Carolina, captured by Union troops, February i8th. Wilmington, Nori.h Carolina, captured by Union troops, February 22d. Petersburg and Richmond entered, April 3d. 1865 Surrender of IvCe's army, April 9tli. President Lincoln assassinated, April i4tli. Andrew Johnson inaugurated president, April 15th. Surrender of Johnson's army, April 26th. Slavery declared abolished, December i8th. ADMINISTRATIONS AND IMPEACHMENT OF ANDREW JOHNSON. 1867 Nebraska was admitted into the Union, Novem- ber ist. Alaska purchased, June 20th. . 1868 President Johnson impeached, February 24tli. The president acquitted. May 26th. 1869 Ulysses S. Grant inaugurated president, March 4th. 1871 The " Alabama Treaty " concluded. May 8th. 1876 The Centennial Celebration and "World's Fair," May 8th. Colorado admitted into the Union, x\ugust ist. 1877 Rutherford B. Hayes inaugurated president, March 5th. 1881 James h. Garfield inaugurated president, March 4th. Chester A. Arthur inaugurated president, Sep- tember 20th, in New York, and September 22d, in Washington, D. C. 1885 Grover Cleveland inaugurated president, March 4th. PART IL POPULATION OF EVERY STATE AND TER- RITORY. UNITED STATES CENSUS OF 1880. STATES. Alabama Arkansas California - _ Colorado Connecticut -_^ Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana ^. Iowa --- Kansas — .. Kentucky Louisiana Maine - Maryland Massachusetts- . Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri North Carolina.. Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire - New Jersey New York Population. 1,262,794 802.. S 64 864,686 194,649 62,683 146,654 267,351 1,539.048 3.078,769 1,978,362 1,624,620 995,966 1.648,708 940,103 648,945 934.632 1,783,012 1,636,331 780,806 1, 131,592 2,168,804 1,400,047 452,433 62,265 346,984 1,130,983 5,083,810 50,772 52,198 188,981 104,500 4,674 2,120 59268 58,000 55,410 33.809 55,045 81,313 37,600 41,346 31,776 11,184 7,800 56,451 83-531 47,156 65,350 50,704 75,995 112,090 9.280 8,320 47,000 W> 10 7 8 3 6 3 4 12 22 15 13 9 13 'U- POPULATION-Continued STATES. Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania _- Rhode Island -. South Carolina- Tennessee Texas ... Vermont .- Virginia West Virginia - Wisconsin Population. 3.198.239 174,767 4,282,786 276,528 995,662 1.542,463 1,592.574 332,286 1,512,826 618,443 1,315,480 Total . 49,369.595 I District of Columbia — ^.-._J 177,638 ' TERKiroRlES. ! Arizona Dakota _ --.. — ..- — ,_...._ ..._^^. Idaho . ^.--._ — Montana -- New Mexico ., — -.. — ^ Utah - .....-.-.- Washington Wyoming ^. ._-. .^^_-,. ... Alaska ^ ..-.._ ^ Afea in Square t Miles. %<^) w> 39,964 23 95,224 3 46,000 30 1,306 4 29.385 9 45,600 12 237,504 f3 ro,2i2 4 40.904 12 23,000 6 53,924 II 2,054,666 401 60 Total, U. S 50,170,686 40,441 113,916 135,180 . 147,490 32,611 90,632 39.157 143,776 118,430 121,201 143.908 80,056 75,120 69,994 20,788 93.107 17,800 531,409 3446.457 —35— FICTITIOUS NAMES OF STATES. Badger State. — A name popularly given to the state of Wisconsin, Bay State.— x\ popular name given to Massachu- setts, which, previous to the adoption of the Federal Constitution, was called the colony of Massachusetts Bay. Bayou State.— A name sometimes given to Missis- sippi, which abounds in bayous. Bear State.— A name given to Arkansas, because of the number of bears which at one time infested its forests. Creole State.— A name given to the state of Louisi- ana, in which the original descendants of the French and Spanish settlers constituted a large portion of the population. Diamond State. — -A name given to Delaware, from its small size and great worth, as was formerly sup- posed. Empire State. — A popular name of the state of New York, the most populous and wealthiest state in the Union. Freestone State. — The state of Connecticut, .so called from the quarfies of freestone which it con- tains. Granite State. — A popular name for the state of New Hampshire, the mountainous portions of which are largely composed of granite. Green Mountain State. — A popular name for the state of Vermont, the Green Mountains being the principal mountain range in the state. —86— Hawkeye State.— The state of Iowa, said to be named after an Indian chief, who was once a terror to voyagers to its borders, Hoosier State.— The state of Indiana, This name means the bully of the west. Keystone State. —The state of Pennsylvania, so called from its having been the central state of the Union at the time of the formation of the Constitu- tion. Ivake State.— x\ name given the state of Michigan, which borders on four lakes, Superior, Michigan, Hu- ron and Erie. Lone Star State. — The state of Texas, so called from the device on its coat of arms. Lumber State. —A name given to the state of Maine, the inhabitants of which are largely engaged in the lumber business. Mother of Presidents. —A name given to Virginia, as she has furnished five Presidents to the Union, Virginia is also called the Mother of States, because she was the first settled of the thirteen states which united in the declaration of independence. Nutmeg State,— A name given to the state of Con- necticut, the inhabitants of which have such a repu- tation for shrewdness that they have been accused of palming oif wooden oats and nutmegs on unsuspect- ing purchasers, instead of the genuine article. Old North State. — A name given to the state of North Carolina. Palmetto State.— The state of South Carolina, so called from the arms of the state, which contains s palmetto. —37— Peninsula State. — The state of Florida, so called from its shape. Pine Tree State. — The state of Maine, a great por- tion of this state is covered with extensive pine forests. Prairie State. — The state of Illinois, a name given to this state on account of its vast prairies which form a striking feature of the scenery of the state. Turpentine State. — A name given to the state of North Carolina, which produces and exports great quantities of turpentine. FICTITIOUS NAMES OF CITIKS. Blnff City. — Hannibal, Missouri. City of Brotherly Love. — Philadelphia, Pennsylva- nia. City of Churches. — Brooklyn, New York. City of Elms. — New Haven, Connecticut. City of Magnificent Distances. — The city of Wash- ington, District of Columbia. City of Notions. — Boston, Massachusetts. City of Rocks. — Nashville, Tennessee. City of Spindles. — Lowell, Massachusetts. City of the Straits.— Detroit, Michigan. Crescent City. — New Orleans, Louisiana. Empire City. — New York. Falls City. — Louisville, Kentucky." Flour City. — Rochester, New York. Flour City. — Springfield, Illinois. Forest City. — Cleveland, Ohio. Garden City. — Chicago, Illinois. Garden of the West. — A name given to the states of Kansas and Illinois. —38-- Gate City.— Keokuk. Hub of the Universe. — Boston, Massachusetts. Iron 'City. — Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. Mound City. — St. Louis, Missouri. Quaker City. — Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Queen City. — Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. Greenwood City. — Des Moines. THE LONGEST AND LARGEST RIVERS IN THE WORLD. MILES. Amazon, South America : 4,000 Nile, Africa 4,000 Missouri to the sea, forming the longest river in the world 4^300 Missouri, to its junction with Mississippi 3? 100 Niger, Africa 2,700 Yang tse Kiang, Asia 2,500 Lena, Asia 2,400 Yenisei, x\sia_- 2,300 Amoor, Asia 2,200 Obi, Asia 2,000 Hoang Ho, Asia 2,000 Cambodea, Asia 2,000 Volga, Europe 2,000 Danube, Europe 15725 Irtysh, Asia 1,700 Euphrates, Asia- 11670 Undus, Asia 15650 Ganges, Asia 1)500 Bramaputra, Asia 1,500 —39— Tungooska, Asia 1,500 Salwen, Asia 1,500 Amoo, or Oxus, Asia 1,300 Dniper, Europe 1,725 Rio Grande, North America- 1,600 Nebraska, North America 1,500 Red River, North America 1,500 Columbia, or Oregon, North America 1,200 Kama, Europe 1,100 Colorado, North America 1,000 Don, Europe 995 Ohio, North America 950 Rhine, Europe 950 Yellowstone, North America 948 Kansas, North America 800 Tennessee, North America 700 Red River of the North, North x\merica 600 Cumberland, North America 600 Susquehanna, North America 500 Potomac, North America 500 Alabama, North America 500 James, North America 450 Connecticut, North America 425 Delaware, North America 400 Hudson, North America 350 Kennebec, North America 300 Thames, North America 233 Thames, Europe 200 40— THE HIGHEST AND LARGEST MOUNTAINS IN THE WORLD. Himalias in Asia, (Mt Everet) 29,002 Dhawalaghiri, Asia 28,000 Sorata, South America--! 25,000 Volcano Aconcagua, South America 23,910 Volcano Gualatieri, South America 22,000 Mt. Chimborazo, South America 21,420 Mt. Illimoni, South America 21,286 Mt. Chuquibamba, South America 21,000 Hindo- Koosh , Asia 20, 594 Volcano Popocatapetl, North America 18,500 Mt. St. Elias, North America 18,000 Volcano Agua, North America 1 7^374 Mt. Elboorz, Europe ^7^99^ Mt. Whitney, North America i5)990 Mt. Brown, the highest peak of the Rocky Moun- tains, North America 155900 Mt. Blanc, Europe 15,810 Fremont's Peak 15,675. Mt. Fairweather, North America 14,900 Mt. Ophir, Oceanica 13,842 Mt. Kini Balu, Oceanica 13,698 Mt. Kea Volcano, Oceanica 13,645 Mt. Loa Volcano, Oceanica 13,120 Mt. Semero, Oceanica 13,000 41— THE BATTLES AND INVENTS OF THE FED- ERAL AND CONFEDERATE ARMIES OF THE CIVIL WAR OF THE UNITED STATES COMPARED. Nov. lo. Bill to equip and raise 10,000 volunteers, introduced itl the South Carolina legisla- ture. 18. Georgia legislature voted $1,000,000 to arm the state. 20-23. Specie payment suspended by the banks in Richmond, Baltimore, Washington, Philadelphia and Trenton, also generally through the South. Dec. 3. A John Brown anniversary meeting in Bos- ton broken up by a riot. .10. lyouisiana legislature voted $500,000 to arm the state. 24. Election in Alabama, 60,000 majority for secession. 27. Troops ordered out in Charleston Jan. 5. Steamer Star of the West, sailed from New York with supplies and reinforcements for Fort Sumter, arrived off Charleston on the 9th; was -fired upon and driven back to sea; returned to New York on the 12th, v/ith two holes shot in her hull. 7. Senator Toombs, of Georgia, made a seces- sion speech in the United States Senate. -42- Jan. i8. 21. J. Feb. March 4. 26. May 2. II. 17- 29. 3i« June 2. 10. II. 14. Virginia Legislature appropriated $1,000,- 000 for the defense of the state. Jefferson Davis withdrew from the United States Senate. The United States mint at New Orleans seized by the state authorities. Jefferson Davis elected President of the Confederate States. United States $25,000,000 loan bill signed by the President. Abraham Ivincoln inaugurated President. Samuel Houston, Governor of Texas, de- posed for refusal to take an oath of alle- giance to the Confederate States. New York 69th regiment arrived in Wash- ington. General Butler took possession of the Re- lay House. The Charleston blockade established. The Confederate Congress authorized the issue of 150,000,000 of 8 per cent. 20 years bonds. President Davis reached Richmond. Cavalry skirmish at Fairfax Court House, Virginia. Battle of Phillipi, Virginia. Battle of Big Bethel, Virginia; Union forces repulsed. Colonel Wallace routed Confederate force of 800 at Romney, Virginia. Confederates evacuated and burned Har- per's Ferry, Virginia. 43- i8. Battle of Boonville, Missouri; Confeder- ates routed by General Lyon. 23. Forty-eight B. & O. R. R. locomotives, valued at $400,000, destroyed by the Con- federates. 29. General council of war held at Washing- ton. 5. President Lincoln called for 400,000 men and 1400,000,000 to put down the rebel- lion. 5. Battle of Carthage, Missouri. 10. Battle of Laurel Hill. 11. Battle of Rich Mountain. 18. First battle of Bull Run. 21. Second battle of Bull Run. Conflict lasted ten hours, when panic seized the Union forces, and they fled in disorder to Wash- ington. The loss was: Confederates, 630 killed, 2,235 wounded; and 150 missing; Union, 481 killed; 1,011 wounded; and 1,216 missing. Union loss, 2,698; rebel loss, 3,015. The number engaged were: 40,000 Union; Confederate, 47,000, which were reinforced during the battle 25,000. 2. Battle of Dug Spring, Missouri. 4. Battle of Athens, Missouri. 7. Hampton, Virginia, burned by the Con- fedeiates. 8. Battle of Lovettsville, Virginia; Confeder- ates defeated. 10. Battle of Wilson's Creek, Missouri; Union force, 5,200; Coniederate force, 15,000. 44- Sept. Oct. 14. 15- 20. 28. 29. 6. 10. 18. 20. 24. 3- 7- 16, 21. 21, 28. Nov. I. After six hours' fighting, Confederates re- pulsed. Martial law deckred in St. I^ouis. President Davis ordered all Northern men to leave the Confederacy within forty days. Skirmish of Hawk's Nest, Virginia, 4,000 Confederates attacked, the nth Ohio regi- ment, and were driven back with fifty killed. Bombardment and capture of Forts Clark and Hatteras; Confederate loss, 765 prison- ers and 1,000 stand of arms. Lexington, Missouri, attacked. Paducah, Kentucky, occupied by Union forces. Battle of Carnifax Ferry, Virginia. Banks at New Orleans suspended specie payment. Colonel Mulligan surrendered at IvCxing- ton, Missouri, with 2,500 men to the Con- federates. Romney, Virginia, stormed and captured by United States troops. Battle at Greenbriar, Virginia. General W. T. Sherman relieved. Battle near Pilot Knob, Missouri. Battle of Balls Bluff. Battle of Wild Cat, Kentucky. Battle of Cromwell, Kentucky. Winfield Scott, commander of the United States army, retired, and Major General George B. McClellan was appointed in his place. —45— 7- Great naval fi«rht off Hilton Head. 8. Battle of Belmont^ Missouri. II. Battle of Piketon, Kentucky. 19. English packet Trent, boarded by Captain Wilkes, and Mason and Slidell captured. On the 24th they were placed in Fort War- ren, Boston Harbor, from which they were released on January ist, 1862, on a demand of the British government. 2. Naval engagement at Newport News. 9. Congress passed a bill authorizing exchange of prisoners. 10. Shelling of Free Stone Point by Union gun- boats.' 20. Battle of Drainsville, Missouri. 30. The banks of New York, Philadelphia, Al- bany and Boston suspend specie payment. 2. Battle at Port Royal Island, South Carolina. 11. Battle of Middle Creek, Kentucky. . 19. Battle of Mill Spring, Kentucky. Confeder- ate loss, 192 killed, 68 wounded and 89 pris- oners; Union loss, 39 killed, 207 w^ounded. 6. Fort Henry captured by Union soldiers, 7-8. Battle of Roanoke Island. Union loss, 50 killed, 222 wounded; Confederate loss, 13 killed, 39 wounded and 2,527 prisoners. 13. Battle of Fort Donelson, which was kept up incessently till the i6th, when the fort was surrendered to the Union forces. Union loss, 446 killed, 1,735 wounded and 150 prisoners; Confederate loss, 237 killed, 1,007 wounded and 13,300 prisoners. 21. Battle near Fort Craig, New Mexico. Union loss, 162 killed and 40 wounded. March 6-8. Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas. Con- federate loss, 1,100 killed, 2,400 wounded, and 1,600 prisoners; Union loss, 203 killed, 972 wounded and 176 missing. 9. First encounter of iron-clad vessels "Mon- itor" and "Merrimac," in which the latter was defeated. 10. Manass'iS, Virginia, evacuated by the reb- els. 14. Battle of Newbern, North Carolina. 23. Battle of Winchester, Virginia. 28. Battle of Valles Ranch, New Mexico. 31. B. & O. R. R. reopened, after having been closed for nearly a year. April 6-7. Battle of Pittsurg Landing. Union loss, 1,735 killed, 7,822 wounded, and 4,044 missing. Over 3,000 Confederates were buried on the field. 7. Island No. 10, Mississippi River, surren- dered after twenty-three days' bombard- ment. Confederate loss: 125 guns, 13 steamers, 10,000 small arms, 2,000 horses, 1,000 wagons and 6,200 prisoners. 9. "Shiloh," the most famotis battle, fought. 11. Pulaski surrendered after a thirty-hour bombardment. 16. Battle of Lee's Mills. 19. Battle of Camden, North Carolina. _4f_ April 25. May r. 5- 8. lO. 23. 55. 27. .3^- June 4' 6. 8. 9- 26. a;. 30- July I. 5- 20. Aug. 4. Commodore Farragut demanded the surren- der of New Orleans. New Orleans captured by Union forces. Battle of Williamsburg, Virginia, Battle of West Point, Virginia. Surrender of Norfolk, Virginia. General Butler captures |8oo,ooo in gold at New Orleans. Battle of Front Royal, Virginia, Battle of Winchester, Virginia, Battle of Corinth. Battle of Fair Oaks, Virginia. Battle of Seven Pines, Virginia. Battle of Tranter's Creek, North Carolina. Great gunboat fight before Memphis, at the close of which Memphis surrendered unconditionally. Battle of Cross Keys, Virginia. Battle of Port Republic, Virginia. Battle of Mechanicsville, Virginia. Bombardment of Vicksburg, Mississippi. Battle of White Oak Swamp. Battle of Malvern Hill, the last of the seven days' fight before Richmond. Total Union loss was 15,224, of which 1,565 were killed. President Lincoln called for 60,000 men. Bombardment of Vicksburg. Postage stamps made a legal tender. Morgan's guerrillas overtaken and scattered. President Lincoln ordered 300,000 men drafted. Aug. 5. Battle of Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Attack on Fort Donelson, Tennessee. 9. Battle of Cedar Mountain. 21. Five Confederate regiments crossed the Rappahannock and almost into the masked batteries of General Sigel, which opened fire on them with grape and canister, mowing them down by scores, 700 being killed and 2,000 captured. 28. Battle near Centerville, Missouri. Union forces evacuate Fredericksburg, Virginia. 29. Battle of Groverton, near Bull Run, Vir- ginia. 30. Battle of Groverton renewed ; General Pope defeated. Battle near Richmond, Kentucky; Union forces defeated; 200 killed, 700 wounded, 2,000 prisoners taken. Sept. r. Battle near Chantilly, Virginia. Battle at Briton's Lane, Tennessee. 12. Harper's Ferry invested by Confederates. 14. Battle of South Mountain, Maryland; Union loss, 2,325. 15. Harper's Ferry surrendered; 11,500 Fed- erals surrendered. 17. Battle of Antietam. Each army numbered about 100,000. Confederate loss, 25,542; Union loss, 12,469. Munfordsville, Kentucky, surrenders to the Confederates; 4,600 Federals captured. 20. Battle of luka, Mississippi. -49— Sept* 21. Emancipation proclamation issued. Oct. 3-4. Battle of Corinth, Mississippi. Confeder- ate loss, 9 363; Union loss, 1,359. 8-9. Battle of Perryville, Missouri. 15. Heavy fight between Lexington and Rich- mond, Kentucky. 18. Morgan, the raider, dashed into Lexing- ton, Kentucy and captured 125 prisoners. 22. Battle of Maysville, Arkansas. Nov. I. Artillery fight at Philmont, Virginia. 3. Reconnaissance at the base of Blue Ridge Mountain. Confederates driven into the river and drowned by the hundreds. 4. Galveston, Texas, surrendered. 16. Captain Dahlgren, with fifty-four men, dashed into Fredericksburg, Virginia and routed 500 Confederates. 21. General Sumner demanded the surrender of Fredericksburg, Virginia. 27. Battle near Frankfort, Virginia. 28. Battle of Cone HiH, Arkansas. Dec. 4. Wincliester, Virginia, captured by Union soldiers. 5. Battle near CofFeeville, Mississippi. 7. Battle of Prairie Grove, Arkansas. 11. Fredericksburg, Virginia, shelled by Fed- eralists. 12. Fredericksburg captured. 13. Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia. 2Q. General Sherman repulsed by the Confed- erates. 31. Battle of Murfreesboro, Tennessee. -oO- Jan. I, Battle of Galveston, Texas. Battle of Murfreesboro, Tennessee, re- newed with dreadful results to the Feder- als. Union loss was 1,500 killed, 6,000 wounded, 4,000 prisoners taken, 7. Battle of Springfield, Missouri. March 21. Battle of Cottage Grove, Tennessee. 28. Battle of Sumnierville, Kentucky. May 2. Battles of Fort Gibson, Mississippi, and Chancellorville, Virginia. 12. Battle of Raymond, Mississippi. 16. Battle of Champion Hill, Mississippi. 17. Battle of Big Black River, Mississippi. 19. Repulse of the Vicksburg assault. June 15. Battle of Winchester, Virginia. 25. Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, captured by the Confederates. 30. Battle of Hanover Junction, Virginia. 2. Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. 4. General Grant captured Vicksburg, Mis- sissippi. 9. Surrender of Port Pludson. 10. Repulse of the assault on F'ort Wagner. 13. Commencement of New York draft riots. Aug. 20. Lawrence, Kansas, v/as burned. Oct. 17. Pres't Lincoln calls for 300,000 more men. Nov. 15. Battle of Campbell's Station. 24. Battles of Lookout Mountain and Mission- ary Ridge were fought, Chattanooga, Ten- nessee. July —51— March 17. General U. S. Grant assumed command of all the armies of the United States. May 4. The Army of the Potomac crossed the Rapidan and encamped in the "Wilder- ness." 5-6. Battles of the Wilderness, Virginia. 6. General Sherman beo;an his Atlanta cam- paign. 9. Battle of Spottsylvania, Virginia. 14. Battle of Resaca, Georgia. 25. Battle of New Hope Church Station, Georgia. 26. The Confederates were repulsed in an at- tack on City Point, Virginia. June I. Battle of Cold Harbor, Virginia. 3. A battle was fought near Cold Harbor, Virginia. 16. Unionists were defeated in an attack on Petersburg, Virginia. 19. The investment of Petersburg, Virginia, was begun. The Alabama was sunk off Cherbourg, France, by the Kearsarge. 21-22. The Federals were repulsed in attacks upon Weldon railroad, Virginia. 27. Battle of Kenesaw Mountain. 28. The Confederates moved on Washington by way of the Shenandoah Valley, Vir- ginia. July 9. Battle of Monocacy River, Maryland. —62— July 20. Battle of Peach Tree Creelc, Georgia, 22. Battle in rear of Atlanta, Georgia. 30. The second nnsnccessful assault was made by the Union army upon Petersburg, Vir- ginia. Aug. 6. Fort Gaines, in Mobile Bay, surrendered to Admiral Farragut. 21. The Weldon railroad captured. 31. The battle of Jonesboro. Sept. 2. The Union army entered Atlanta. 19. The battle of Winchester, Virginia. 22. The battle of Fisher's Creek, Virginia, 30. Battle at Peeble's Farm, Virginia. Oct. 2. Battle of Holston River, Virginia. 6. Battle of Ailatoona Pass, Georgia. 19. Battle of Cedar Creek, Virginia. 27. The Union army was repulsed at Hatch- er's Run, Virginia. Nov. 16. General Sherman began his March to the sea. Dec. 13. Fort McAlister was captured by the Union army. 15. The battle of Nashville, Tennessee. 25. The Union army was repulsed in an at- tack on Fort Fisher, North Carolina. Jan. 15. Fort Fisher, North Carolina, was captured by the Union army. Feb. 5. The Union army was repulsed at Hatch- er's Pvun, Virginia. March 16. Battle of Averasboro, North Carolina. -i}6 March 18. Battle. of Bentonville, North Carolina. 25. Fort Steadmaii, near Petersburg, was cap- tured by the Confederates, and recaptured by the Union army. 31. The battle of Five Forks, Virginia. April 2. Richmond was evacuated by the Confeder- ates. 6. Battle of Farniville, Virginia. 9. General Lee surrenders to General U. S. Grant, with 26,115 men at Appomattox Court House, Virginia. • 13. Mobile surrendered to a combined anny and navy attack. 14. The flag General Anderson had Lowered at Fort Sumter w^as raised to its position. President Lincoln was assassinated at Washington. He was shot in the back of the head, at Ford's Theater, by Wilkes Booth, and died next morning. 15. Andrew Johnson, Vice President, took the oath of office as President. 25. Wilkes Booth shot, in a barn in Virginia, and died in twenty-four hours. 26. General Johnston surrendered to General Sherman in North Carolina. May 5. Galveston, Texas, surrendered to the Fed- erals. 10. Jeff Davis captured in Georgia. 13. A skirmish took place near Brazos, East- ern Texas. 26. The Confederates in Texas, under General Kirbv Smith, surrendered, —54— May 26. The armies of the East and West were disbanded and returned home, after a re- view at Washington. June 6. An order was issued for the release of all prisoners of war in the depots of the north. July 7. Mrs. Surratt, Harold, Payne and Atzerott hanged at Washington for conspiracy in the murder of Abraham Lincoln. Dec. 18. Secretary Seward officially declared slavery abolished. LARGEST CITIES IN THE WORLD. POPULATION ACCORDDSTG TO THE LATEST CENSUS. London, England 3,832,441 Paris, France, 2,269,023 Pekin , China 2, 000, 000 Canton, China, east 1,500,000 New York, United States 1,206,577 Berlin, Prussia 1,122,330 Vienna, Austria 1,103,857 Tschantshau-fu, China, east 1,000,000 Singan-fu, China, east . 1,000,000 Siongtan, China, east 1,000,000 Tientsin, China, east 950,000 St. Petersburg, Russia 927,000 Philadelphia, United States 847,467 Tschingta-fn, China, east ^ 800,000 Moscow, Russia 748,000 Calcutta, India 683,329 Bombay, India 644,405 —55— Constantinopie, Turkey 600,000 Bangkok, India 600,000 Tschuiigking-fu, China 600,000 Hankow, China 600, 000 Tokio, Japan 594,283 Brooklyn, United States 566,689 Glasgow, Scotland 555,289 Liverpool, England 552,423 Chicago, United States 503,185 Sutchan, China 500,000 Schaohing, China J 500,000 Naples, Italy 494,314 Nongkin, China 450,000 Birmingham, England !_._ 400,757 Fatschau, China 400,000 Hangtseheu-fu, China 400,000 Madrid, Spain 397,552 Manchester, England 393,676 Boston, United States . 390,406 Warsaw, Poland 383,973 Brussels, Belgium 377,084 Lyons, France 376,613 Buda Pesth, Hungary 365,051 Marseilles, France 360,099 Jangtschau, Cliina 360,000 St. Louis, United States 350,5iS Baltimore, United States 332,313 Amsterdam, Holland 328,047 Cairo, Egypt 327,462 Milan, Italy . 321,839 Leeds, England 309,126 Rome, Italy 300,467 -56- Hamburg, Germany 289,849 Ivucknow, India 284,779 Sheffield, England 284,410 Osaka, Japan 1 284,105 Cincinnati, United States 252,832 SIZE OF LAKES, SEAS AND OCEANS. T.AKKS. Caynga, 36 miles long and 4 miles wide. George, 36 miles long and 3 miles wide. Constance, 45 miles long and 10 miles wide. Geneva, 50 miles long and 10 miles wide. Lake of llie Woods, 70 miles long and 25 miles wide. Champlain, 123 miles long and 12 miles wide. Ladoga, 125 miles long and 75 miles wide. Maraca\bo, 150 miles long and 60 miles wide. Great Bear, 150 miles long and 40 miles wide. Ontario, 180 miles long and 40 miles wide. Athabasca, 200 miles long and 20 miles wide. Winnipeg, 240 miles long and 40 miles wide. Hnron, 250 miles long and 90 miles wide. Erie, 270 miles long and 50 miles wide. Great Slave, 300 miles long and 45 miles wide. Michigan, 330 miles lonv^ and 60 miles wide. Barcal, 360 miles long and 35 miles wide. vSnperior, 380 miles long and 120 miles wide. SPCAs. Aral, 250 miles long. Baltic, 900 miles long. —57— Black, 932 miles long. Caribbean, 1,800 miles long. China, 1,700 miles long. Caspian, 640 miles long. Japan, 1,000 miles long. Mediterranean, 2,000 miles long. Okhotsk, 600 miles long. Red, 1,400 miles long and 250 miles wide. White, 450 miles long. OCEANS. The German Ocean, or North Sea, is situated be- tween Great Britain and the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark and Norway. It is considered to extend from the Strait of Dover to the northwest of the Shetland Islands. Length, 650 miles; greatest breadth, 400 miles. Atlantic Ocean. That part of the ocean which separates the old from the new world; it v/ashes the eastern shore of America and the western shores of Europe and Africa. Its width is 3,000, its area 40,000,000 square miles. The name was given on account of its vicinity to the Atlas mountains. Pacific Ocean. A vast expanse of water extending from the western shore of America to the eastern shores of Asia and Australia. Its most northern limit is Behring's Strait; towards the southern ex- tremity it is divided from the Atlantic by a line drawn from Cape Horn to the Soutli Pole. Its extent from north to' south is 10,000 miles, and from east to west 11,000 miles. Its area is 110,000,000 square miles. —58-^ The Pacific received its name from Magellan, the Spaniard who first traversed it. Indian Ocean is sitnated between Africa, Asia and Malaisia. Its greatest length from east to west is 4,000 miles, and from north to south 5,000 miles. Area, 20,000 square miles. Arctic Ocean. Area, 5,000,000 square miles. Southern Ocean. Area, 10,000,000 square miles. ELEVATION OF CITIES. FKET. Potosi, South America ^3?330 Puno, South America 12,870 La Poz, South America 12,226 Cuzco, South America ii)38o Leh, Asia _ 9,995 Quito, South America 9? 553 Chuquisaca, South America 9,343 Bogata, South America 8,732 Arequipa, South America 7,852 Ghiznee, South America 7'J^^ Mexico, Mexico 7,74^ Puebla, Mexico 7,200 Valladolid, Spain , 6,395 Cabul, Asia 6, 360 Popayan, New Grenada 6,000 Kelat, Asia ^__, 6,000 Candahar, Asia 5,5^3 Cashmere, Asia 5,000 Jalapa, Asia ^ 4,340 Teheran, Asia 4,i37 Kutaiah, Turkey--.. _--__,_^-, ____,,., 4,000 -59— Madrid, Spain 1,995 Munich, Germany — 1.764 Geneva, Switzerland -- 1,230 Aurora, or Star City, North America 7,468 Salt Lake City, North America 4, 200 ELEVATION OF LAKES. Sirikol, source of the Amoo, or Oxus River-- 15,600 Manasarowar ^ 5 » 000 Rawan Rhud, source of the Sutlege River — 15,000 Titicaca 12,846 Aullagas (salt) 12,257 Tahoe - 7,000 Dembea 6,269 Van (salt) 5,467 Great Salt Lake 4,220 Itasca, source of the Mississippi River i,575 Baikal 1,419 Lucerne 1,380 Constance 1,250 Geneva . 1,229 Su perior 627 Huron ~ 574 Erie -_,_- ,^ — 565 Ontario ., -.-, 231 Sea of Aral (salt) . 36 DEPRESSION OF LAKES. Dead Sea, or Lake Asphaltites (salt) 1,312 Lake Tiberias 755 Caspian vSea (sal t) - - ,. ^ — - — 83 -60— THE THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. 1. New Hampshire. 2. Massachusetts. 3. Rhode Island. 4. Connecticut. 5. New York. 6. New Jersey. 7. Pennsylvania. 8. Delaware. 9. Maryland. 10. Virginia. 11. North Carolina. 12. South Carolina. 13. Georgia. AMERICAN WARS. Algerian war -1815 American revolution 1775 Barbary war 1^03 Dutch war 1673 Queen Anne's war 1774 King William's war 1689 Indian war 1790 King Phillip's war 1675 First Sem.inole war 1817 Second Seminole war 1835 Tecumseh war 1804 War of 1812 181 2 Tlie Southern rebellion 1861 M exican war 1 846 French and Indian war 1754 HEIGHTS OF WATERFALLS. FEE!'. Cerosola Cascade, Alps, Switzerland--. 2,400 Falls of Arve, Savoy --_i,ooo Falls of St. Anthony, Upper Mississippi 60 Falls of Terni, near Rome _- - 300 Fryer's, near Ivochness, Scotland 200 Genesee Falls, Rochester, New York 96 Lanterbaum, Lake Theen, Switzerland 900 Ividford Cascade, Devonshire, England 100 Missonri Falls, North America 90 Natchikin Falls, Kamstchatka 300 Niagara Falls, North America 165 Montmorency Falls, Canada 250 Nile Cataracts, Upper Egypt 40 Tivoli Cascade, near Rome 40 Passaic Falls, New Jersey 71 Waterfall Monntain Cascade, Sonth Africa 85 A FEW FACTS. The total railway mileage of the world is 319,152. The number of Chinamen in the United States is 300,000. The United States has received about 14, 000, oooem- igrants. Public Occurrences, — The first American appeared in Boston in 1990. Of the twenty-six barons who signed the Magna Charta, only three could v/rite their names. Harvard is the oldest college in the United States, It was founded in 1633. William and Mary was founded in 1693. Yale was founded in 1697. New York furnished 467,047 soldiers in the civil war. Pennsylvania furnished 366, 107 soldiers. Ohio furnished 319,659 soldiers. Illinois furnished 259, 147 soldiers. The first newspaper advertisement appeared in 1652. Until 1776 cotton-spinning was performed by the hand-spinning wheel. The first sewing machine was patented by Elias Howe, Jr., in 1846. The first steam engine on this continent was brought from England in 1753. The first knives were used in England, and the wheeled carriages in 1559. Gold was discovered in California in 1848. ARTICLES FREE OF DUTY. Actors' costumes and effects intended for personal use. Animals for breeding purposes. Antiquities not for sale. Articles and tools of trade. Art works of American artists. Bed feathers. Birds, land and water fowl. Books printed over twenty years. Coal— Anthracite. Cocoa. Coffee. Collection of antiquities for use in colleges, muse- ums and incorporated societies. Diamonds— rough , Effects of American citizens dying abroad, if ac- companied by consular certificate. Engraving (engraved over twenty years). Farina. Fertilizers. Fruits and nuts. Furs — undressed. Hides-=--raw. Household effects in use abroad over one yeaf and not for .sale. India rubber. Mineral waters— ^-natural. Mother of pearl — unmanufactured. Natural history specimens (not for sale). Newspapers. Periodicals. Personal effects, when old and in use over one year. Plants, trees and shrubs. Rags— other than wool, Rubber-— crude. Scientific instruments. Skins — raw. Tapioca. Tea. United States manufactures to foreign countries and return. Wax— vegetable and mineral. ELECTIONS AND MEETINGS OF LEGISLA- TURES. DATE OF ELECTION. Day of Meeting. Alabama Arkansas a California b Colorado Connecticut Delaware c Florida Georgian Illinois^ Indiana c Iowa a Kansas Kentucky b Louisiana Maine Maryland a Massachusetts Michigan c Minnesota Mis.sissippi Missouri ci Nebraska C-_ --_. Nevada c New Hampshire.. New Jersey New York North Carolina rf. Ohio a Oregon d Peniis\'lvania c __. Rhode'lsland South Carolina — Tennessee b Texas^ Vermont d Virginia b West Virginia Wisconsin Tu. after ist Mon. of Nov- Tu. after ist Mon. ol^Nov- First Tuesday of Sept F'irst Tuesday of Oct First Wednesday of May- Tu. after ist Mon. of Nov.. Tu. after ist Mon. of Nov_. Second Wednesday of Jan Tu. after ist Mon. of Nov.. Second Tuesday of Oct—. Second Tuesday of Oct Tu. after ist Mon. of Nov.. First Monday of August—. First Monday of Nov Second Monday of Sept Tu. after ist Mon. of Nov.. Tu. after ist Mon. of Nov-. Tu. after ist Mon. of Nov.. Tu. after ist Mon. of Nov_. Tn. after ist Mon of Nov-. Tu after ist .Mon. of Nov-. Second Tuesday of Oct — Tu. after ist Mon. of Nov— Second Tuesday of March. Tu. after ist Mon. of Nov_. Tu. after ist Mon. of Nov— Second Tuesday of Oct.— First Monday of June Tu. after ist Mo!i. of Nov- First Wednesday of April- Third Wednesday ot Oct- Tu. after i st Mon. of Nov- First Tuesday of Nov First Tuesday of Sept Tu. after ist Mon. of Nov_ Second Tuesday of Oct — Tu. after ist Mon. of Nov_ looiThird Monday of Nov. 26 82|Tu. after 2d Mon. of Nov. 40 80I First Monday of Dec. 26 49 First Wednesday of Jaiii 21 237 First Monday of April. 9 2iiTuesday after ist of Jan. 24 53 Tuesday after ist of Jan. 441 1731 First Wednesday of Oct. 51 153; Wed. after ist Mon. of Jan. 50 100 Finst Wednesday of Jan. 50 100 Second Monday of Jan. 33 105 Second Tuesday of Jan. 38 100 First Monday of Dec. 36 107 Fir.st Monday of Jan. 31 151 First Wednesday of Jau. 26 85 First Wednesday of Jau: 40 240 First Wednesday of Jan. 32 100 First Wednesday of Jan; 41 106 Tu. after ist Mon. ©f Jan. 37 115 Tu. after ist Mon. of Jan. 34 131 First Wednesday of Jan. 25 75 Thur. after ist Mon. of Jail . 25 50 First Monday of Jan. 12 341 First Wednesday of Jan. 21 60 Second Tuesday of Jan ; 32 128 First Tuesday of Jan. 50 120 Third Mondax^ of Nov. 36} 105 First Monday of Jan. 30 60 Second Monday of Sept. 50 200 First Tuesday of Jan. 36 72 L,ast Tuesday of May. 32 124 Fourth Monday of Nov. 25 75 First Monday of Oct. 30 90 Second Tuesdaj'^ of Jau. 30 241 Second Thursday of Oct. 43 181 First Monday of Dec. 51 Third Tuesday of Jan. 33 100 First Wednesday of Jan: a. Biennial sessions in even years, with election in odd years immediately preceding. ^ b. Biennial sessions and elections in odd years. c Biennial sessions in odd years, with elections in even years immediately preceding. d. Biennial sessions in even years. In other states the sessions and elections are annual. —65— THE GREATEST BATTLES IN HISTORY. The battle of Actium, B. C. 301, in which the com- bined fleets of Antony and Cleapatra were defeated by Octavius, and imperialism established in the per- son of Octavius. The battle of Arbela, B. C. 331, in which the Per- sians, under Tarius, were defeated by the Macedo- nians and Greeks under Alexander the Great. The battle of Marathon, B. C. 490, in which the Athenians, under Mietiades, defeated the Persians, under Datis. The battle of Syracuse, B. C. 413, in which the Athenians were defeated by the Syracusans and their allies. The battle of Metaurus, B. C. 207, in which the Carthagenians, under Hasdruble, were defeated by the Romans, under the consuls, Caius, Claudius, Ne- ro and Marcus Sevius. The Battle of Philippi, B. C. 42, in which Brutus and Cassius were defeated by Octavius and Antony. The fate of the republic was decided. The battle of Blenheim, A. D. 1704, in which the French and Bavarians, under Marshal Tallard, were defeated by the English and their allies, under Marl- borough. The battle of Chalons, A. D. 451, in which the Huns, under Atilla, called the "Scourge of God," were defeated by the confederate armies of the Ro- mans and Visigoths. Battle of Hastings, A. D. 1066, in which Harold, commanding the English army, was defeated by Wil- liam the Conquerer, of Normandy. The battle of Lutzen, 163, which decided the re- ligious liberties of Germany. Gustavus x^dolphus was killed. The battle of Pultowa, A. D. 1709, in which Charles XII, of Sweden, was defeated by the Rus- sians, under Peter the Great. The battle of Tours, A. D. 732, in which the Sara- cens were defeated by Charles Martel. Christendom was rescued from Islam. On the 2ist oi October, A. D. 1805, the great naval battle of Trafalgar was fought. The English defeated the French, and destroyed the hopes of Napoleon as to a successful invasion of England. The battle of Valmy, A. D. 1792, in which an in- vading army of Prussians, Austrians and Hessians, under the command of the Duke of Brunswick, were defeated by the French, under Damowriez. The battle of Waterloo, A. D. 1815, in which the French, under Napoleon, were defeated by the allied armies of Russia, Austria, Prussia and England, un- der the Duke of Wellington. ALIEN AND SEDITION LAWS. Laws passed in 1798 authorizing the President to expel from the country any alien suspected of con- spiracy against the government, and that the Presi- dent might suppress any publication calculated to sow sedition or weaken governmental authority. MEN CALLED BY PRESIDENT DURING THE LATE WAR. The total number called for under all calls made by the President, from April 15, 1861, to April 14, 1865, was 2,759,049. Their terms of service under all calls were from three months to three years. AGGREGATE. New York 455,568 Pennsylvania 366,326 Ohio 317,133 Illinois 258,217 Indiana 195,147 Massachusetts 151,785 Missouri '^^7^773 Wisconsin 96,118 Michigan 90, 119 New Jersey 79,5ii Kentucky 78,540 Iowa 75,860 Maine 71, 745 Connectiout 52,270 Maryland 49,730 Vermont 35,256 New Hampshire 34,605 West Virginia 30,003 Minnesota 25,034 Rhode Island 23,721 Kansas 20,097 District of Columbia 16,872 Delaware 13,651 Total 2,653,062 —68— HEIGHTS OF MONUMENTS AND TOWERS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD. FEET, Egypt, Pyramid of Cheops 486 Belgium, Antwerp Cathedral 476 France, Strasburg Cathedral 474 ^gypt) Pyramid of Cephrenes 456 Rome, St. Peter's Church 448 Germany, St. Martin's Church at I^andshut 411 England, St. Paul's Church, London • 365 England, Salsbury Cathedral 400 Italy, Cathedral at Florence 386 Lombardy, Cathedral at Cremona 397 Germany, Church at Fribourg 386 Spain, Cathedral of Seville 360 Lombardy, Cathedral of Milan 355 Holland, Cathedral of Utrecht 356 Egypt, Pyramid of Sakkarah 356 Bavaria, Cathedral of Notre Dame, Munich 348 Venice, St. Mark's Church 328 Italy, Assinelli Tower, Bologna 272 New York, Trinity Church 284 Hindoostan, Column at Delhi 262 Parib, Church ol Notre Dame 224 China, Porcelain Tower, Nankin 260 Massachusetts, Bunker Hill Monument 221 Italy, Leaning Tower of Pisa 179 Baltimore, Washington Monument 175 Pans, Monument, Place Vendome 151 Paris, Obelisk of Luxor no —69— THE GREAT WONDERS OF AMERICA. Yosemite valley, California. It is from eight to ten miles long, and about one mile wide; has very steep slopes, about 3,500 feet high; has a perpendicu- lar precipice 3,089 feet high; a rock almost perpen- dicular, 3,270 feet high; and waterfalls from 700 feet to 1,000. Niagara Falls. A sheet of water three-quarters of a mile wide, with a fall of 175 feet. Natural bridge over Cedar Creek, in Virginia. New State Capitol at Albany, New York. Mammoth Cave in Kentucky. New York and Brooklyn Bridge. Croton Aqueduct in New York City. Lake Superior, the largest lake in the world. Washington monument, Washington, D. C, 555 feet high. City Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the largest park in the world. Central Park, New York City. THE STEAMER GREAT EASTERN. The construction commenced May i, 1854, and the work of launching her, which lasted from November 3d, 1857, to January, 1858, cost $300,000, hydraulic pressure being employed. Her extreme length is 680 feet, breadth 82^2 feet, and including paddle-boxs, 118 feet; height, 58 feet, or 70 feet to the top of bulwarks. She has eight engines, capable in actual work of 11,- 000 horsepower, and has besides 20 auxiliary engines. She has been employed with great success as a cable- laying, vessel. GOVERNORS' SALARIES AND OFFICE. TERMS OF States and Territories. Terms of Office. Salary per Year. Alabama _ }Two years ^ \$3,ooo Arizona Territory jFouryears 1 2,600 Arkansas iTwo years 1 3,000 California Fouryears 6,000 Colorado Two years { 5,000 Connecticut Two years j 2,000 Dakota Territory Fouryears 1 2,600 Delaware Fouryears '• 2,000 Florida Fouryears 3.500 Georgia Two years i 3,000 Idaho Territory , Fouryears -j 2,600 Illinois Fouryears j 6,000 Iowa Two years ' 3,000 Kansas Two years ! 3,000 Kentucky Fouryears ----\ 5,000 Ivouisiana Fouryears i 4,000 Maine . Two years \ 2,000 Maryland JFouryears I 4,500 Massachusetts jOne year ; 4,000 Michigan jTwo 3'ears i 1,000 Minnesota iTwo years i 3,300 Mississippi — jFouryears _ i 4,000 Missouri" jFouryears j 5,000 Montana Territory jFouryears i 2,600 Nebraska iTwo years i 2,500 Nevada Fouryears j 5,000 New Hampshire JTwo years j 1,000 New Jersey jThree years . 5,000 New Mexico Territory Fouryears ! 2,600 New York-- jThree years 1 10 000 North Carolina JFouryears i 3,000 Ohio Two years j 4,000 Oregon Fouryears ! 1,500 Pennsylvania Fouryears "loooo Rhode Island One year 1,000 —71-- GOVKRNORS' SALARIES AND TERMS OF OFFICE. (Continued.) States and Territories. Salary Terms of Office. per i Year. South Carolina {Two years Tennessee jTwo years Texas Utah Territory Virginia Washington Territory . West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Territory- — Two years Four years Four years - Four years - Four years - Two years. Four years . 3,500 4,000 4,000 2,600 5,000 2,600 2,700 5,000 2,600 MASON AND DIXON'S LINE. A name given to the southern boundary line of the tree state of Pennsylvania, which formerly separated it from the slave states of Maryland and Virginia It was, with the exception of about twenty-two miles, surveyed by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, two English mathematicians and surveyors, between No- vember 15, 1763, and December 26, 1767. During the exciting debate in Congress, in 1820, on the ques- tion of excluding slavery from Missouri, the eccentric John Randolph, of Roanoke, made great use of this phrase, which was caught up and reechoed by every newspaper in the land, and thus gained a celebrity which it still retains. 2- WHAT THE WHITE HOUSE COSTS. Salary of President $50,000 Additional appropriations are about 75>ooo Total of $125,000 The president has the following corps of as- sistants: Private secretary Assistant private secretary $ 3,250 Stenographer 1,800 Five messengers $1,200 each 6,000 Steward 1,000 Two doorkeepers, $ i , 200 each 2, 400 Two ushers, $1,200, $1,400 2,600 Night usher 1,200 Watchman 900 Total $144,150 WHAT ROYALTY COSTS. The queen $300,000 Salaries of Household 656,500 Expenses of household 862,500 Ro>al bounty, etc 67,500 Unappropriated 42,500 $1,929,000 Prince of Wales $200,000 Princess ofWales 50,000 Prince Albert Victor 50,000 —73— Crown Princess of Russia $ 40,000 Duke of Edinburgh 100,000 Princess Christion, of Schleswig-Holsteiu- 30,000 Princess Louise ( Marchioness of Lorne ) 30,000 Duke of Connaught 200,000 Duke of Albany 200,000 Duke of Cambridge 30,000 Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 15,000 Duke of Cambridge 60,000 Duchess of Teck-^ 25,000 Total $2,884,000 ANALYSIS OF THE VOTE FOR PRESIDENT IN 1884. The following is an analysis of the popular vote for president in 1884: Northern democratic vote — 3,194,832 Southern democratic vote 1,716,143 Northern republican vote 3,589,056 Southern republican vote 1,225,960 Republican vote in republican states 2,599,331 Republican vote in democratic states 2,246,091 Democratic vote in democratic states 2,719,098 Democratic vote in republican states 2,191,777 St. John vote in republican states 99,261 St, John vote in democratic states 52,548 Butler vote in republican states 93,3^7 Butler vote in democratic states 40,500 —74— NOTABLE BRIDGES OF THE WORLD. Sublican bridge, at Rome, oldest wooden bridge; built in the seventh century. Trice rebuilt, but ruins only remain. The bridge at Burton, over the Trent; once the long- est bridge in England; 1,545 feet. The old London bridge was the first stone bridge. Commenced in 11 76, completed in 1209. The bridge of the Holy Trinity, Florence, built 1569; marble; 322 feet long. The bridge of Sighs, at Venice, over which con- demned prisoners passed to execution, was built in 1589. The Rialto, at Venice, a single marble arch, built from designs of Michael Angelo, 98^ feet long; com- pleted in 1 591. Coalbookdale bridge, in England, was the first cast- iron bridge. Built over the Severn in 1779. New London bridge, granite, from designs by L. Rennier. Commenced in 1824, completed in seven years; cost $7,291,000. The Britannia bridge, over the Menai Strait, Wales, 103 feet above high water. Wrought iron, 151 1 feet long, finished in 1850. Cost $3,008,000. The Niagara suspension bridge was built by Robe- ling, in 1852-1855. Cost $400,000; 445 feet above water, 1,268 feet long, estimated 1,200 tons. Havre de Grace bridge, over the Susquehanna, in Pennsylvania, 3,271 feet long. Brooklyn bridge was commenced in 1870 and finished in 1883, ^y J. Robeling; 2,475 feet long, 135 feet high. —75— The Canti-Lever bridge was built in 1884, over the Niagara; steel. Length, 910 feet; total weight, 3,000 tons; cost was $222,000. Bush street bridge, Chicago, Illinois, was built in 1884, cost $13,000; the largest general traffic draw- bridge m the world. Will accommodate four teams abreast, and its foot passages are seven feet wide in the clear. Swung by steam power and lighted bv electric light. Cincinnati suspension bridge, over the Ohio River, 2,200 feet long. Trajans stone bridge over the Danube River is 4,770 feet long. Highbridge over the Harlem, is built of stone, and is 1,460 feet long. Victoria tubular bridge over the St. Lawrence at Montreal, is 9,144 feet long. Louisville truss bridge over the Ohio River at Louis- ville, is 5,218 feet long. St. Louis steel bridge over the Mississippi at St. Louis, 2,045 feet long. -76- FOREIGN NATIONS AND THEIR RULERS. COUNTRIES. CAPITALS. FORM OF GOV'T. PRESENT HEAD. China British Empire Russian Empire France and colonies United States German Empire Austro-Hung. Emp- Japan Holland and Col's— Turkish Empire Italy Spain and Colonies Brazil Mexico Congo State Persia Portugal and Col's— Egypt Sweden and Norway Morocco Belgium Siam — Roumania Columbia Afghanistan Argentine Republic- Madagascar Abyssinia Saxony Peru Switzerland Bolivia Bokhara Venezuela Chili Denmark Bulgaria Greece _.- Wurtemburg Servia Oman Guatemala Ecuador Tripoli Transvaal Salvador Uruguay Paraguay Honduras __ Pekin lyondon St. Petersburg- Paris Washington Berlin Vienna Tokio The Hague Constantinople- Rome Madrid Rio de Janerio-- Mexico St. Salvador Teheran Lisbon Cairo Stockholm Fez Brussells Bangkok Bucharest Bogota Cabul Buenos Ayres Antananasivor _ Dresden lyima Berne LaPaz Samarcaud Caracas Santiago Copenhagen Sofia Athens Stuttgart Belgrave Muscat New Guatemala- Quito Tripoli Pretoria ^ San Salvador Montfcvidio Assumption Tegucigalpa Abs. Desp, lyim. Mon. Abs. Mon— Republic _. Republic — lyim Mon. Lim. Mon. Ivim Mon lyim. Mon- Abs. Mon— lyim. Mon. Lim. Mon. L,im. Mon. Republic — Free State- Abs. Desp- L,im. Mon- Abs. Mon-. Lim. Mon. Abs. Desp- Lim. Mon. Abs. Desp. Lim. Mon. Republic -. Abs. Desp. Republic — Abs. Desp Abs. Desp- Lim. Mon. Republic — Republic -. Republic -. Abs. Desp. Republic — Republic — Lim. Mon Lim. Mon. Lim. Mon. Lim. Mon Lim. Mou- Abs. Mon_. Republic -. Republic — Abs. Mon— Republic _. Republic -. Republic -- Republic _. Republic __ Kuan§ Su Victoria Alexander III — F. Jules Grevy Grover Cleveland William II Frances Joseph I Mutsuheto William III Abdul Haraed II- Humbert Marie Mercedes- Pedro II Porferio Diaz Leopold Nasscved Deen— _ Louis Moham'd Teyfik. Oscar II Mulai Hassan Leopold II Khulalonkorn Charles I Rafad Nunez Abdur'hm'n Khan Jules A. Roca Ronavalo III Johanes II Albert Adolph Dueches Narceso Compero Joaquin Crespo— Dora. Sante Maria Christian IX Alexander George I Charles Milan Leyyed Forrkee-- M. L. Barellas J. M. P. Coamons- Ahmed Rassim Kruger Fr. Menendez Maxemo Santos— Gen. Caballero--. Louiz Bograr Emp. Queen. Emp. Pres't. Pres't. Emp. Emp. Emp. King. Sultan. King. Queen. Emp. Pres't. Sovr'u. Shah. King. Khedive. King. Sultan. King. King. Prince. Pres't. Amir. Pres't. Queen. Sultan. King. Pres't. Pres't Pres't. Khan. Pres't. Pres't. King. Prince. King. King. King. Sultan. Pres't. Pres't. Gov. Gen Pres't. Pres't. Pres't. Pres't. Pres't. ■77— FOREIGN NATIONS AND THEIR RULERS. (Continued.) COUNTRIES. Nicaragua Domenica Montenegro Costa Rica Orange Free State Hayti Hawaii ICAPITALS. Managua San Domingo- Cetigno San Jose Bloetnfoutein _ Port.au Prince Honolula FORM ov gov't. PRESENT HEAD. TITLE. Republic - Republic - Abs. Mon.. Republic _. Republic _. Republic _. lyim Mon- Aden Cardenas— Pres't. Gen. Bellini Pres't. Nicholas Prince. Bermado Soto Pres't. J. H. Brand iPres't. Gen. Solomon Pres't. David Kalakaua— iKing. IMPORTANT HISTORICAL FACTS. There are 2,754 languages in the world. Envelopes were first used in 1839. Telescopes were invented in 1590. The first steel pen was made in 1830. Matches were first constructed in 1476. The first iron steamship was built in 1830. The first lucifer match was made in 1829. Coaches were first made in England in 1569. The first newspaper was published in England in 1588. The national colors of the United States were adopted by Congress in 1777. QUALIFICATIONS FOR VOTING IN EACH STATE OF THE UNION. Voters Must be Males, 21 Years Old, and Previous Res. Required. State. Countyj Prec't. Alabama [Citizens, or have declared intentions Arkansas iCitizens, or have declared intentiansii California lActual citizens Colorado Connecticut Delaware .- Floridal— _*- Georgia — Citizens, or have declared intentionsj6 Actual citizens n Actual county tax-payers 11 Citizens, or have declared intentions i Actual citizens .. i year-|3 mo— year_|6 nio— year-j90 days mo— _j year-;6 mo Illinois i Actual citizens- Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky I^ouisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Mississippi Missouri Citizens, or have declared intentions Actual citizens Citizens, or have declared intentions Free white male citizens Citizens, or have declared intentions Actual citizens Actual citizens Citizens Actual citizens Citizens, or have declared intentions Michigan [Citizens, or have declared intentions Minnesota jCitizens, or have declared intentions^ Nebraska 'citizens, or have declared intentionsi6 Nevada jCitizens, or have declared intentionsj6 New Hampshire' Actual citizens . New Jersey Actual citizens |i New York Actual citizens ji North Carolina-- Actual citizens i Ohio Actual citizens i Citizens, or have declared intentions 6 Actual citizens i Actual tax-paying citizens i year- year- year- year- mo mo _. mo-__ years year- mo year, year- mo— - I mo 6 mo — 6 mo — 90 days 60 da3's 60 days 2 years 6 mo— _ 6 mo- y ear- 60 days mo I mo — I mo 30 days 6 mo— 30 days 30 days 10 days 30 days 60 days 30 days 6 mo- i 10 days mo— _j 1 10 days mo mo Oregon Pennsylvania -. Rhode Island --- South Carolina - Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia West Virginia- Wisconsin ICitizens, or have declared intentions Actual citizens Actual citizens Citizens, or have declared intentions Actual citizens Actual citizens Actual citizens year year year year mo— I year-j year- 1 year_j6 mo year- 6 mo year- 16 mo year 30 days |6 mo 5 mo — 4 mo— 30 days 90 days year year-|6o days vear-l 2 mo— 6 mo-— 6 mo— 3 mo- Women are entitled to full suffrage in Utah, Wash- ington and Wyoming Territories. They can vote at school elections in Massachusetts and a few other states. Registration. ^In California, Connecticut, Illinois^ Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Hamp- shire, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia and Wiscon- sin, registration is required by law. In Colorado, Flor- ida, Maryland, Mississippi, Nevada, North Carolina, Pennsylvania and South Carolina, registration is aeon* stitutional requirement. In Kansas and Missouri registration is .required in cities only; in Ohio, in the cities of Cincinnati and Cleveland only; and in New York and New Jersey, in cities of 10,000 inhabitants and upwards. In Ala- bama, Delaware, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Louis- iana and Tennessee no registration is required ; and in Arkansas, Texas and West Virginia it \^ prohibited by the state constitution. —80- SALARIES OF U. S. OFFICERS PER ANNUM- PRESIDENT, VICE-PRESIDENT AND CABINET. President, $50,000; Vice-President, $8,000; Cabinet officers, $8,000 each, U. S. Senators, $5,000 each, with mileage; Members of Congress, $5,000 each, with mileage; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, $10,500; Associate Justices, $10,000; Justices of Circuit Courts, $6,000. AMERICAN MINISTERS TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES. Country. Capital. Ministers. Salary. Argentine Republic— Austria-Hungary Brazil Buenos Ayres Vienna Rio Janeiro Bayless W. Hanna Alexander R. lyawton— Thomas J. Jarvis William R. Roberts Charles Denby $ 8,500 12,000 12,000 Chili - China Pekin Bogota 12,000 Dabney H. Maury Robert M. McLane George H. Pendleton — Edward Phillips John B. Stallo 10,000 German Empire Berlin 17.500 London Rome - Italy 12,000 Yeddo Richard B. Hubbard Edward S. Bragg Charles W. Buck George V. N. Lothrop __ Jabez I^. McCurry Oscar S Straus 12,000 Mexico Mexico 12,000 10,000 17,000 12,000 Spain Madrid Turkey Constantinople j'> 000 MINISTERS RESIDENT. Country. Capital. Ministers. Salary. Belgium Bolivia Corea Denmark Greece Hawaiian Islands Hayti I^iberia The Netherlands Paraguay Persia Portugal Santo Domingo Siam Sweden and Norway- Switzerland ■Berne—. Venezuela iCaracas. Brussels Iva Paz ^^ Se6ul Copenhagen Athens^ Honolulu Port an Prince Monrovia «. The Hague Montevideo Teheran Lisbon Santo Domingo Bangkok' Stockholm Lambert Tree S. S. Carlisle Hugh A. Dinsmore Rasmus B. Anderson _ Walker Fearn George W. Meriill John E. Thompson ___ Ezekiel E. Smith Isaac Bell, Jr John E. Bacon E. Spencer Pratt E. P. C. Lewis John E. W. Thompson Jacob F. Child Rufus Magee? Bcyd Winchester Charles S. Scott 7-500 7.500 7,500 7,500 7.500 7,500. 7,500 4,000 7,500 7,500 7,500 7,500 7.500 7,500 7.500 7,500 7.500 -^81 POPULAR AND ELECTORAL VOTE FOR PRES IDENTS. Candidates. Popular Vote. o Andrew Jackson.. John Q> Adams W. H. Crawford- _- Henry Clay Andrew Jackson _. John Q. Adams Andrew Jackson.- Henry Clay John FloyS William Wirt Martin Van Bureu W. H. Harrison ... Hugh L.White-.. Daniel Webster ... W. P. Mangum Martin Van Buren W. H. Harrison — . J. G, Birney James K. Polk Henry Clay ^- _ James G. Birney __ Zachary Taylor Lewis Cass 1852 1852 1852 1836 1856 I856 I860 1 860 i860 I860 1864 1864 inm 1868 1872 "1872 1872 IS72 1876 1'876 Franklin Pierce Winfield Scott- John P. Hale James Buchanan Johti Cv Fremont Millard Filmore ;. Abraham Lincoln Stephen A. DouglaS— . John C. Breckenridge- JohnBell Abraham Lincoln George B. McClellan .. U. S. Grant — Horatio Seymour U. S. Grant-. Horace Greeley Charles O'Conor James Black R. B. Hayes Samuel J. Til den . Democrat Federal Republican! Republican -i ^^- Democrat, Federal Democrat National Republican- Whig Whig Democrat Whig Whig Whig ..... Whig Democrat .. Whig Liberty Democrat.- Whig Liberty Whig ....... Democrat Free Soil Democrat — - — — _ Whig Free Soil ^ Democrat ^- Republican American —. Republican Democrat Democrat Union Republican Democrat Republican Democrat Republican Liberal and Democrat- Democrat Temperance Republican Democrat 152*872 105,321 44,282 46,587 647,231 509,097 687,502 530>i89 761,549 736,656 ,128,702 ,275>oi7 7,059 .337.243 ,299,068 62,300 ,360,101 ,i2o>544 291,263 ,601,474 ,386,578 156,149 ,838,169 ,341,262 874,534 ,866,352 ,375,157 845,763 589,581 ,216,067 ,808,275 ,015,071 ,709,613 ,597,070 ,834,079 29,408 5,608 ,033.950 ,284,885 VOTES —82— FOR PRESIDENTS. (Continued.) >^ 1876 1876 1880 1880 1880 1884 1884 1884 1884 Candidates. Popular Vote. o Peter Cooper G. C. Smith James A. Garfield Winfield S. Hancock. James B. Weaver Grover Cleveland James G. Blaine Benj. F. Butler John P. St. John Greenback - Prohibition Republican Democrat- _- Greenback . Democrat- -- Republican Greenback . Prohibition »i,740 9>522 4,449.053 4.422,035 307,306 4,911,017 4,848,334 133,825 151,809 214 155 219 182 WARS OF THE UNITED STATES. STATKMRNT OF THE NUMBER OF U. S. TROOPS ENGAGED. Dates. From. Troops Engaged. War of the Revolution Estimated additional Northwestern Indian war War with France War with Tripoli Northwest'rn Indian wars General Harrison Creek Indian war War of 1812 Seminole Indian war Black Hawk Indian war__ Cherokee disturbance Creek Indian war Florida Indian war Aroostook disturbance War with Mexico Apache, Navajo, Utah war Comanche Indian war Seminole Indian war Civil war April 19, 1775 ApAl II, 1783 Sept. 19 July 9. I June 10, Sept. II July 27. June 18, Nov. 20, April 21, 1836 Mays, I Dec. 23, 1838. _-.. , 1790 798 .._ 1801. , 1811 1813- l8l2_ 1817- , 1831 836- 1835 April 24, 1849 1854. _-__ 1856 1846 Aug. 3, 1795 Sept. 30, 1800 June 4, 1805- Nov. II, 181 1 Aug. 9, i8i4_. Feb. 17, 1815 Oct 21, 1818-. Sept. 31, 1832 1837 Sept. 30, 1837 Aug. 14, 1843- 1839 July 4, 1848 — 1855 1854 1858 1865 130,711 250 600 85,000 1,000 1.339 935 ,169 30,954 1,500 58,750 105,330 660 13.181 471,662 6,911 5,126 9,494 12,483 29,953 1,500 73.776 1,061 503 2,627 309,791 8,933 4.593 3,339 910 13,781 576,622 7,9" 6,465 9,494 13,483 41,000 1,500 112,230 2,561 503 2,627 2859123 The total number of troops on 600,000. the Confederate .side during the war was -83- PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION American. Forces engaged Am. British. 1775. April 19. June 17— Dec. 31- 1776. June 28— Aug. 27_. Oct. 2S-_- Nov. 16— Dec. 26.— 1777. Jan. 3__. April 27- July 7___ Aug. 6— Aug. 6— Aug. 16— Aug. 16. _ Sept. II — Sept. 19— Sept. 20— Oct. 4 Oct. 6 Oct. 6 Oct. 7 Oct. 22- — Oct. 3— Nov i6_- 1778. June 28-- July 3— Aug. 29— Dec. 29-- 1779. Jan.9 — Feb. 14— March 3. June 29__ July 15- July 19- Aug. 13- Aug. 29— Sept. 23- Oct. 9 1780. April 14. May 12 — May 29 -_ Lexington--- Bunker Hill- Quebec Smith V Howe V Carleton v^ Fort Moultrie—. Long Island White Plains— Ft. Washington. Trenton I Parker _ Howe V- Leslie V- Howe V- Rahl Princeton Ridgefield Hubbardton Oriskany Ft. Schuyler Bennington, ist_ I " 2d- Brandywine' Bemis Heights— Paoli Germantown Fort Clinton Ft. Montgomery Saratoga Fort Mercer Fort Mifflin Fort Mifflin Monmouth Wyoming Rhode Island Savannah Sunbury Kettle Greek Briar Creek Stono Ferry Stony Point Paulns Hook Penobscot Chemung Flamboro Head- Savannah Monks Corner- Charleston Waxham Mawhood Tyron v Fraser v — - St. Leger rf Johnson Baum Breyman Howe V Burgoyne Grey v Howe V Sir H. Clintan v. Sir H. Clinton v. Burgoyne Donop Howe Howe Clinton John Butler v^ Pigot Campbell v ___ Prevost V — Boyd Prevost V — Maitland v- Johnson __ _ Sutherland - Mclycan z/— Brant Pearson Prevost Tarleton v^ Clinton v — Tarleton v- Parker Prescott Montgomery - Moultrie v—- Putnam McDougall — Magaw Washington v Washington v Arnold — _ — Warner Herkimer Willett V Stark V Warner %> Washington _ Gates V Wayne Washington _ James Clinton Gov. Clinton _ Gates V Greene V Smith V Thayer- Washington v Z. Butler Sullivan v Robert Howe- Lane Pickens V Ashe Lincoln Wayne V Leeu Lovell Sullivan v Paul Jones U— Lincoln Hager Lincoln Buford 1,500 900 1,700 3,200 1,200 400 5.000 I, €00 4,000 20,000 200 3,000 5,000 2,400 1,000 3,000 1,800 500 700 1,000 1,000 2,000 1,500 1,200 1,500 1,500 1,200 2,000 1,200 11,000 18,000 2,500 1,500 11,000 600 600 3,000 3,000 15,000 3,000 3,000 8,000 450 400 400 4,500 2,000 Mixed Mixed 12,000 11,000 400 5,000 1,100 5,000 900 2,500 200 2,000 300 1,200 800 1,200 1,800 1,200 600 350 900 4,000 Squ'd'n 4,500 250 3,000 1,500 2vess'ls 2,900 300 3,700 400 600 9,000 700 —84— PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION. (Continued.) Names. British, American. Forces engaged Am. British. June 23__ July 30 — Aug. 6 — Aug. i6__ Aug. 18— Oct. 7 Nov. 12— Nov. 20 1781. Jan. 17— March 15 April 25— June i8-_ Sept. 6— Sept. 8 Oct. i9-__ Springfield Rocky Mount — Hanging Rock __ Saunders Creek- Fishing Creek — King's Mountain Fishdam Ford— Blackstock Cowpens Guilford C. H Hobkirk's HilL Ninety-six Fort Gri.swold— Kutaw Springs- Yorktown Knyphausen . Turnbull v—. Brown Cornwallis _.. Tarleton v P'erguson Merayss Tarleton Tarleton Cornwallis v Rawden v Cruger v Eyre v Stuart d Cornwallis _. Greene V— Sumter Sumter V— Gates Sumter Campbell V- Sumter i)___ Sumter V— Morgan v Greene-. Greene Greene Ledyard Greene Washington V- 3,000 600 600 3.000 100 900 500 500 900 4,400 T,200 1,000 2,000 16,000 5,000 500 500 2,200 1,100 400 1,000 2,400 90a 800 2,860 7.500 V indicates the successful party; D, the doubtful. PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE WAR WITH MEXICO. 1846. May 8— _ May9 Sept. 24— Dec. 25— 1847. Feb. 23— Feb. 28__ March 27 April 18— Aug. 20— Sept. 8.- Sept 13— Oct. 8 BATTLES. COMMANDERS. American. Mexican. Forces Engaged Am. Mexican Palo Alto Resaca de la Palms Monterey Bracito Buena Vista Sacramento Vera Cruz Cerro Gordo Contreras Cherubusco Molino del Rey. Chapultepec — _ 'Huamantla Taylor v Taylor v Taylor v Doniphan u-. Taylor v Doniphan v Scott V Scott V - Scott V Scott V Worth V Scott V I^ane v Aresta Aresta Aiupudia Ponce de L,eon Santa Anna Frias Morales Santa Anna_ — Valencia Santa Anna- — Santa Anna Santa Anna-— Santa Anna 2,800 2,200 6,600 500 4,700 900 12,000 8.500 4,000 8,000 3,500! 7,2001 500 1 6,coo 5,000 10,000 1,000 17,000 4,00a 6,000 12,000 7,-^00 25,000 14.COO 25,0 o I,OCO The Americans were successful in every battle. -85- PRINCIPAL LAND BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 1812. Aug. 5 — Aug. 9___ Oct. 13- — 1813. - Jan. 22 — April 27— May 5— May29___ Aug. 2--_ Oct. 5— - Nov. ii__ 1814. March 13 July 5 July 25 — Aug. 15- Aug. 24— Sept. II— Sept. i2-_ Sept. 13— Sept. 15— Sept. 17— Dec. 23. ._ 1815. Jan. 8 COMMANDERS. American. British. Forces Engaged Am. British Brownstown Maguga Queenstown Frenchtown York Fort Meigs Sackett's Harbor Ft. Stephenson— Thames Chrysler's Field- La Colle Mill Chippewa Ivundy's Lane- Fort Erie Bladensburg Plattsburg North Pomt Fort McHenry— Fort Bowyer Fort Erie 9 miles from N. O New Orleans Van Horne Miller v Van Rensselaer. Winchester- Pike V Clay V Brown v Croghan w_- Harrison z/— Boyd V Wilkinson--- Brown v Brown v Gaines v Winder Macomb v Strieker Armistead v^ Lawrence z*-- Brown v Jackson Jackson. Tecumseh v. Tecumseh — Brock V Proctor zj_ SheaflFe Proctor — Prevost — Proctor Proctor — Morrison _ Hancock V-^ Riall Drummond . Drummond . Ross Z7 Prevost Brooke u Cochrane Nicholls Drummond Kean v Packenham . 200 600 1,200 800 1,700 1,200 1,000 160 3,500 1,200 4,000 1,900 3,500 2,500 3,500 3,000 2.000 1,000 120 2,500 2,000 600 900 2,500 1,500 1,500 2,000 1,000 1,300 2,000 2,000 2,COO 2,100 5,000 5,000 5,000 14,000 5,000 i6Ships Mixed. 3,500 2,500 6.000 12,000 The V indicates the successful party. -86- PRINCIPAL NAVAL BATTLES OF THE SEC- OND WAR WITH ENGLAND. WHERE FOUGHT. VESSELS. COMMANDERS. i8i Aug. 13— Off Newfoundland — Aug. i9-_ Off Massachusett.s Oct. iS—- Off North Carolina — Oct. 25- Dec. 29- 1813. Feb. 24— Off Demerara I American Brig U. S- ! British Frisrate Mticedoni -Near Canary Islands- i ^„ ^ , , Am. Frigate Constitution. -jOffSan Salvador 3^^^;^^^ Frigate Java June I — Aug. 14- Sept- 5 — Sept. 10— 1814. March 28 Massachusetts Bay British Channel Off Coast of Maine Lake E^ie Harbor of Valparaiso. American Frigate Essex Porter, v British Sloop Alert Laughrane. .^m. Frigate Constitution :Hull. V British Frigate Guerriere JDacres. American Sloop Wasp [Jones, v British Brig Frolic Whingates. Decatur, v Carden. Bainbridge, Lonibert. Lawrence. V Peake. Lawrence. Broke, v Allen. Maples. V Burrows V Blyth. Perry. v Barclay. American Sloop Hornet British Brig Peacock Am. Frigate Chesapeake British Frigate Shannon American Brig Argus British vSloop Pelican American Brig Enterprise.- British Brig Boxer Am. 9 vessels and 54 guns.— British 6 vessels and 63 guns . I April 29— [Off coast of Florida June 28— ' Near British Channel. Sept. I — jNear Africa Sept. II — (Lake Champlain Dec. 14— iBorgne 1815. Off New Jersey 'American Frigate Essex 1 Porter, {British Brig Phoebe jHillyar. v Jan. 15— Feb. 2o__ March 28 American Sloop Peacock ! British Brig Eperviev J American Sloop Wasp 'British Sloop Reindeer t American Sloop Wasp j British Sloop Avon ! Am. 14 vessels and 86 guns — JBrit. 17 vessels and 95 guns__- lAmerican, 5 gunboats jBritish, 40 barges 'American Frigate President- I British Squadron Off Island of Madeira Off Brazil - I Am. Frigate Constitution jBritish .ship Cvane . iBritish ship Lcvante [American Sloop tloruft- "iBritish Brig Penguin , Warrington. Wales. Blakely. v Manners.! Blakely. V Arbuthnot. McDonough Downie. Jones. Lockyr. V Decatur Hayes, v vStewart. Falcon. Douglass. Riddle. Dickenson. The V indicates the successful party. • —87— GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES. A. D. 86i Fern Islands (flscovered about this time by a Scan- dinavian vessel. 871 Iceland discovered by some Norwegian chiefs, who were compelled to leave their native coun- try. According to some accounts, it had been vis- ited before this by a Scandinavian pirate, Naddodd. 950 Greenland discovered by the Icelanders about this period. The first colony established there was destroyed by a pestilence in the 14th century, and by the accumulation of ice between Green- land and Iceland, all intercourse was cut off. 1002 Winland dat Gode, (Good Wine Land) a part of America, was discovered by the Northmen, Eric and Beorn. 1344 Madeira, the 'well-known wine-producing island, was discovered by Juan Gonzalez and Tristan Vaz, Portuguese. 1345 Canary Isles discovered by some Genoese and Spanish seamen, having been known to the an- cients. 1364 Guinea, the coast of, discovered by some seamen of Dieppie, about this period. 1418 Porto Santo discovered by Vaz and Zarco, Portu- guese. 1440-1445. Senegal River discovered by the Portu- guese. 1446 Cape Verde discovered by Denis Fernandez, a Portuguese. 1448 Azores Islands discovered by Gonzalio Velio, a Portuguese. -^8— 1449 Cape Verde Islands discovered by Antonie de Noli, a Genoese, in the service of Portugal. 1471 Island ofSt. Thomas, under tlie Equator, discov- ered. 1484 Congo discovered by the Portuguese, under Diego Cam. Cape Bajador, or Nun, doubled for the first time ]>y the Portuguese. i486 Cape of Good Hope discovired by Bartholomew Diaz. 1492 Lucayos, or Bahama Islands, These were the first points of discovery by Columbus San Sal- vador, one of these islands, was the first disc ov- ered by this great navigator on the nth or 12th of October in this year. 149*2 Cuba, Island of Hispaniola, or St. Domingo, dis- covered by Columbus in his first voyage. 1493 Jamaica, St. Christopher's Dominica, discovered by Columbus in his second voyage. 1497 Cape of Good Hope doubled by Vasco di Gama, and the passage to India discovered. 1497 New FoundLmd discovered by John Cabot, who first called it Prima Vista and Baccalaos. 1498 Continent of America discovered by Columbus. Malabar, coast of, discovered by Vasco di Gama. 1498 Mozambique, island of, discovered by Vasco di Gama. 1499 Guiana and Venezuela discovered by Ojeda and Amerigo Vespucci, under Portuguese flag. 1501 Brazil carefully explored by Amerigo Vespucci. —89— 1501 Labrador and river St. lyawrence discovered by Cortecal, who sailed from Lisbon on a voyage of discovery for the Portuguese. 1502 Gulf of Mexico. Some of the shores of this gulf explored by Columbus on his last voyage. St. Helena, the island of, discovered by Jean de Nova, a Portuguese. 1503 Canada visited by Thomas Aubert; known be- fore to the fishermen, who had been thrown there by a tempest. 1506 Ceylon discovered by the Portuguese. Ceylon was known to the Romans in the time of Clau- dius. Madagascar, island of, discovered by Tristan da Cunha, and revisited by the Portuguese naviga- tor, Fernandez Pereira, in 1508. This island was first called St. Lawrence, having been dis- covered on the day of that saint. 1508 Ascension Isle, discovered by Tristan da Cunha. Sumatra, island of, discovered by Siqueyra, a Portuguese. 151 1 Sumatra more accurately exammed by the Por- tuguese. Molucca Isles discovered by the Portuguese. Sunda Isles discovered by Abrew, a Portuguese. 1 51 2 Maldives. A Portuguese navigator, wrecked on these islands, found them in occasional posses- sion of the Arabians. Florida discovered by Ponce de Leon, a Spanish navigator. 1513 Borneo and Java. The Portuguese became ac- quainted with these islands. —90— 1513 South Sea. The great ocean was discovered this year from the mountains of Darian, by Francisco Nuguez de Balboa, and subsequently navigated by Magellan. The supposition of the new world being part of India now ceased. 1 5 15 Peru discovered by Perez de la Rua. 1516 Rio Janeiro discovered by Diaz de Soles. Rio de la Plata discovered by Diaz de Soles. 1517 China, discovery of by sea, by Fernand Perez de Andrada. Bengal discovered by some Portuguese thrown on the coast by a tempest. 15 18 Mexico discovered by the Spaniards; conquered by Cortez in 15 19. 1 5 19 Magellan, strait of, passed by Magellan with a fleet of discovery fitted out by the emperor Charles V. The first voyage round the world was undertaken by this navigator, and his ves- sel performed the enterprise, although the com- mander perished. 1520 Terra del Fuego discovered by Magellan. 152 1 Ladrone Islands discovered by Magellan. Philippines. This archipelago was discovered by Magellan, who lost his life here in a skirmish. 1524 New France. The first voyage of discovery by the French under Francis the First, one of whose ships, after reaching Florida, coasted along as far as 50 degrees north latitude, and gave to this part the name of New France. North America, traveled over from Florida to Newfoundland by Verrizona, a Florentine, in the service of France. 91 1525 New Holland discovered by the Portuguese about this time; this immense tract was for some time neglected by Europeans, but was visited by the Dutch at various periods from 16 19 to 1644. 1527 New Guinea discovered by Sanvedra, a Spaniard, sent from Mexico by Cortez. 1530 Guinea, the first voyage to, made by an English ship for elephants' teeth. 1534 Canada visited by Cortier, of St. Malo; a settle- ment having previously been made in 1528 by Verrizzani, who took possession in the name of Francis I of France. 1535 California discovered by Cortez. 1537 Chili discovered by Diego de Almargo, one of the conquerors of Peru. 1541 Labrador discovered by a French engineer, Al- phonse. India, the first English ship sailed to, for the purpose of attacking the Portuguese. 1542 japan discovered by the Portuguese, Antonio de Meta and Antonio de Peyxoto, who were cast by a tempest on its coast. 1545 Potosi, mines of, discovered by the Spaniards. 1552 Spitzbergen observed by the English, but mis- taken for part of Greenland. Visited by Barentz, a Dutch navigator in search of a northeast pas- sage, in 1596. 1553 White Sea. This sea, which had not been vis- ited since the time of Alfred, was now supposed to be discovered by Chancellor, the English nav- igator. —92— 1553 Nova Zembla discovered by Willoughby, an Eng- lish seaman. 1575 Solomon's Isles, discovered by Mendana, a Span- iard, sent by the Governor of Peru. 1576 Frobisher's Strait discovered by the English nav- igator whose name it bears. Greenland further explored by Frobisher, who also penetrated farther between this country and Labrador. 1577 New Albion discovered by Drake, who was the second to attempt a voyage round the world, which he performed in three years. 1580 Siberia discovered by Yermak Timophelevitch, chief of the Cossacks. 1587 Davis Strait discovered by the English naviga- tor whose name it bears, in his voyage for the discovery of a northwest passage. 1594 Falkland Islands discovered by the English nav- igator. Sir John Hawkins. 1596 Marquesas discovered by Mendana, a Spaniard, on his voyage from Peru to found a colony in the Solomon Isles. Solitary Island discovered by Mendana, on his voyage from Peru to Solomon Isles. 1606 Archipelago del Espirito Santo discovered by Guirus, a Portuguese, sent from Peru. These islands are the cyclades of the Bougainville and the New Hebrides of Cook. Otaheite, supposed to be discovered by Guirus, who named it Segittaria. 1607-1610 Hudson's Bay, discovered by the celebrated English navigator, Hudson, on his third voy- —93— i6oy age. Venturing to pass the winter in this bay, on his fourth voyage, he was, with four others, thrown by his sailors into a boat, and left to perish. Chesapeake Bay discovered by John Smith. 1615 Straits of I,e Marie discovered, with the island of Staten on the east, by he Marie, a merchant of Amsterdam, and Shouten, a merchant of Horn. 1616 Cape Horn doubled by I^e Maire and Schouten, Dutch navigators, who called it after the town ot which Schouten was a native. Van Dieman's I^and discovered by the Dutch. Baffin's Bay discovered by William Baffin, an Englishman. 1636 Frozen Ocean. In this year the Russians dis- covered this ocean washing and bounding the" north of Asia. The first Russian ship sailed down the I^ena into this sea. 1642 New Zealand, with the southern part of Van Dieman's Land, discovered by Taiman, a Dutch navigator. 1654 Bourbon, isle of, occupied by the French. 1673 Louisiana discovered by the French. Thiscoun- try received its name from La Salle, a French- man, who explored the Mississippi in 1682. 1686 Easter Islands discovered by Roggeweiii, a Dutch navigator. 1690 Kamtschatka, theprincipal settlement of the Rus- sians on the coast of Asi i, discovered by a Cos- sack chief, Morosko. This country was taken possession of by the Russians in 1697. -94— 1692 Japan carefully visited by Kemfer, a German. 1699 New Britain. This island, and the straits which separate it from New Guinea, discovered by Dam- pier. This enterprising seaman made a voyage round the world at the period of this discovery. 171 1 Kurile Isles occupied by the Russians. The people of these islands, which are twenty-one in number, still pay tribute to Russia. They are principally volcanic. 1728 Behring Strait explored and discovered by a Danish navigator in the service of Russia, whose name it bears. Behring thus established that the continents ofAsia and America are not united, but are distant from each other about forty miles. 1728 Kamtschatka ascertained by Behring to be a pe- ninsula. 1 741 Aleutian Isles, on the coast of North America, discovered by Behring. A more accurate survey ot these islands was made under the Russian gov- ernment, by Captains Billing and Sarytchef, from 1 78 1 to 1798. 1765 Duke of York's Islands discovered by Byron. Isle of Danger discovered by Byron. 1767 Otaheite discovered by Wallis. 1768 Cook's Strait discovered by Captain Cook on his voyage round the world, which occupied from 1768 to 1771. 1770 New South Wales discovered by Captain Cook. 1772 Island of Desolation, the first land south of India, discovered by Kerguelen, and called by his name. Subsequently called the Island of Desolation by Captain Cook. —96— 1774 New Caledonia discovered by Captain Cook on his second voyage, 1772-1775. 1778 Icy Cape discovered by Captain Cook. Sandwich Islands discovered by Captain Cook in his t'hird voyage, which commenced in 1776. He lost his life in 1779. 1797 Bass's Straits. Mr. Bass, surgeon of H. M. S. Reliance, penetrated as far as Western Port, in a small open boat, from Port Jackson, and was of opinion that a strait existed between New South Wales and Van Dieman's Land. In 1799 Lieut. Flinders circumnavigated Van Dieman's Land, and named the strait after Mr. Bass. 1 804-1806 The Missouri explored to its source by Captains Lewis and Clarke, and the origin and source of the Columbia ascertained. 1819 Barrows' Straits discovered by Lieut. Parry, who penetrated as far as Melville Island, in latitude 74 degrees 26 minutes north, and longitude 113 degrees 47 minutes west. New South Shetland discovered by Mr. Smith, of the brig William, bound to Valparaiso. 1819-1822 North America, the northern limits of, de- tennined by Captain Franklin, from the mouth of Coppermine River to Cape Turnagain. 1821 Asia, the northern limits of, determined by Baron Wrangle. 1825-1826 North America. Franklin's second expe- dition, Jin which the coast between the mouths of the Coppermine and Mc.Kenzie rivers, and the coast from the mouth of the latter to 149 —96— 1825 degrees 30 minutes west longitude, wero dis- covered. 1827 North America. In August of this year Capt. Beechey, in H. M. S. Blossom, discovered the coast from Icy Cape to Point Barrow, leaving about 140 miles of coast unexplored between this point and Point Beechy. Point Barrow is 150 degrees 30 minutes west longitude. 1829-1833 North America. Northwest passage; dis- coveries of Capt. Ross, October 18, 1833. 1830 The Niger, termination of, discovered by Rich- ard and John Lander, November 18. 1838 Arctic discoveries by Dease and Simpson. 1849 Livingstone and friends trace the river Zoaga, Africa. 1855 Livingstone discovers Victoria Falls, Africa. 1856-1859 Du Chaillu explores equatorial Africa. 1857 Captain Burton crosses equatorial Africa. 1858 Captain Speake discovers Victoria Nyanza. 1876 Cameron crosses the continent of Africa. British Arctic expedition within 1,000 miles of the North Pole. ADMIiMISTRATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES FROM THE ADOPTION OF THE FED- ERAL CONSTITUTION. FIRST ADMINISTRATION. — 1 789 TO 1797- President, George Washington. Vice-President, John Adams. Secretaries of State, Thomas Jefferson, till January 2, 1794; Edmund Randolph, of Virginia, till Decem- ber 10, 17951 Timothy Pickering, of Massachusetts. t —97— Secretaries of Treasury, Alexander Hamilton till February 3, 1795; Oliver Wolcot, of Connecticut. Secretaries of War, Ktnry Knox, of Massachusetts till January 2, 1795; Tirnothy Pickering till January 27, 1796; James McHenr}-, of Maryland. Postmasters General, vSamuel Osgood, of Mas.sachu- setts, till November 7. 1794; Timothy Pickering, of Massachusetts, till February 25, 179.5; Joseph Haber- sham, of Georgia. Attorneys General, Edmund Randolph, of Virginia, till January 27, 1794; William Bradford, of Penn.syl- vania, till December 10, 1795; Charles Lee, of Virginia. No navy department. SECOND ADMINISTRATION. — 1 797 TO 1801. President, John Adams. Vice-President, Thomas Jefterson. Secretaries of State, Timothy Pickering, till May 13. 1800; John Marshall, of Virginia. Secretaries of Treasur>% Oliver Wolcott till Decem- ber 31, 1800; Samuel Dexter, of Mas.sachu setts. Secretaries of War, James McHenry, till May 13, 1800; Samuel Dexter, of Massachusetts, till February 3, 1801; Rr>ger Griswold, of Connecticut. Secretaries of the Xavy, George Cabot, of Massa- chusetts, (^ deceased); Benjamine Stoddard, of Massa- chusetts, from May 12, 1798. Postmaster General, Joseph Habersham. Attorney General, Charles Lee. L —OS- THIRD ADMINISTRATION. — 1805 TO 1809. President, Thomas Jefferson. Vice-President, Aaron Burr, of New York, first term; Georg^e Clinton, of New York, second term. Secretaiy of State, James Madison, of Virginia. Secretaries of Treasury, Samuel Dexter, till Jan- uary 26, 1802; Albert Gallatin, of Pennsylvania. Secretary of War, Henry Dearborn, of Massachu- setts. Secretaries of the Navy, Benjamine Stoddard, till January 26, 1802; Robert Smith, of Maryland, till March 2, 1805; Jacob Crownshield, of Massachusetts. Postmasters General, Joseph Habersham, till Janu- ary 26, 1802, Gideon Granger, of Connecticut. Attorneys General, I^evi Lincoln, of Massachusetts, first term; Robert Smith, of Maryland, till January 17, 1806; John Breckenridge, of Kentucky, till January 20, 1807; Caesar A. Rodney, of Delaware. FOURTH ADMINISTRATION. — 1809 TO 1817. President, James Madison, of Virginia. Vice-Presidents, George Clinton, of New York, first term, died April 2, 1812; Elbridge Gerry, of New York, second term, died November 23, 18 13. Secretaries of State, Robert Smith, of Maryland, till April;2, 1811; James Monroe, of Virginia. Secretaries of Treasury, Albert Gallatin, of Massa- chusetts, till February 9, 1814; George Campbell, of Tennessee, till October 6, 1814; Alexander J. Dallas, of Pennsylvania. —99— Secretaries of War, William Eustis, of Massachu- setts, till January 13, 1813; John Armstrong, of New York, till September 27, 1814; James Monroe, of Vir- ginia, acting till March 3, 1815; William Crawford of Georgia. Secretaries of Navy, Paul Hamilton, of South Car- olina, till January 12, 1813; William Jones, of Penn- sylvania, till December 17, 18 14; Benjamin W. Crown- shield, of Massachusetts. Postmasters General, Gideon Granger, till March 17, 1814; Return J. Meigs, of Ohio. Attorneys General, Caesar A. Rodney, of Connecti- cut, till December 11, 181 1 ; William Pickney, of Mary, land, till February 10, 1814; Richard Rush, of Penn- sylvania. FIFTH ADMINISTRATION. — 1817 TO 1825, President, James Monroe, of Virginia. Vice-President, Daniel D. Tompkins, of New York. Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams, of Massa- chusetts. Secretary of Treasury, William H. Crawford, of Georgia. Secretaries of War, Isaac Shelby, of Kentucky, (declined); George Graham, of Virginia, from April 7, 18 1 7, to October 8, 181 7; John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, Secretaries of Navy, Benjamin W. Crownshield, of Massachusetts, continued till November 9, 1818; Smith Thompson, of New York, till September i, 1823; John Rodgers, of Massachusetts, till September 16, 1823; Samuel L. Southard, of New Jersey. —100— Postmasters General, Return J. Meigs, of Connecti- cut, till June 26, 1823; Jolii^ McLean, of Ohio. Attorneys General, Richard Rush, till November 13, 1817; William Wirt, of Virginia. SIXTH ADMINISTRATION. — 1825 ^^ 1829. President, John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts. Vice-President, John C. Calhoun, of South Caro- lina. Secretary of State, Henry Clay, of Kentucky. Secretary of Treasury, Richard Rush, of Pennsyl- vania. Secretaries of War, James Barbour, of Virginia, till May 26, 1828; Peter B. Porter, of New York. Secretary of Navy, Samuel L. Southard, of Con- necticut. Postmaster General, John McLean continued. At«torney General, William Wirt continued. SEVENTH ADMINISTRATION. — 1829 ^^^ 1837. President, Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee. Vice-President, John C. Calhoun, first term (re- signed December 28, 1832), Martin Van Buren, of New York, second term. Secretary of State, Martin Van Buren, of New York, till May 24, 1831; Edward Livingstone, of Louisiana, till March 29, 1833; Ivouis McLane, of Delaware, till June 27, 1834; John Forsyth, of Geor- gia. Secretaries of Treasury, Samuel D.. Ingham, of Pennsylvania, till Augusts, 1831; Louis McLane, of —101— Delaware, till May 29, 1833; William J. Duane, of Pennsylvania, till September 3, 1833; Roger B. Taney, of Maryland (not confirmed); Ly-evi Woodbury, of New- Hampshire, from June 27, 1834, to March 4, 1837: .Secretaries of War, John H. Eaton, of Tennessee, till August I, 1831; I^ewis Cass, of Michigan. Secretaries of Navy, John Branch, of North Caro- lina, March 9, 1829, ^iH May 30, 1834; Malone Dick- erson, of New Jersey. Postmasters General (first recognized as members of the Cabinet), William T. Barry, of Kentucky, from March 9, 1829, till May i, 1835; Amos Kendall, of Kentucky, from i, 1835, to March 4, 1837. Attorneys General, John McP. Berrien, of Georgia, from March 9, 1829, ^^^^ J^^Y 20, 1831; Roger B. Ta- ney, of Maryland, from July 20, 1831, till March 4, 1833; Benjamin F. Butler, of New York. EIGHTH ADMINISTRATION. — 1837 "^^ ^841. President, Martin Van Buren, of New York. Vice President, Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky. Secretary of State, John Forsyth, of Kentucky. Secretary of Treasury, Levi Woodbury, of Massa- chusetts. Secretary of War, Joel R. Poinsett, of South Caro- lina. Secretaries of Navy, Mahlon Dickerson, of New Jersey, from June 30, 1834, till June 25, 1838; James K. Paulding, of New York. Postmasters General, Amos Kendall, of Kentucky, till May 18, 1840; John M. Niles, of Connecticut, from May 25, 1840, till March 4, 1841. —102— Attorneys General, Benjamin F. Butler, of New York, till July 4, 1838; Felix Grundy, of Tennessee, from July 5, 1838, till January 10, 1840; Henry D. Gilpin, of Pennsylvania, from January 11, 1840, till March 4, 1841. NINTH Administration. — 1841 to 1845. President, William Henry Harrison, of Ohio; died 4th of April, 1 84 1. Vice President, John Tyler, of Virginia (became President on the death of Harrison). Secretaries of State, Daniel Webster, of JMassachu- setts, from March 5, 1841, till May 9, 1843; Hugh S. Legare, of South Carolina (died June 20, 1843); Abel P. Upshur, of Virginia, from July 24, 1843, till Feb- ruary 28, 1844 (killed by the bursting of a cannon); John Nelson, of Maryland, acting till March 6, 1844; John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, from March 6, 1844, till March 6, 1845. Secretaries of Treasury, Thomas Ewing, of Ohio, from March 5, 1841, till September 11, 1841; Walter Forward, of Pennsylvania, from September 13, 1841, till March i, 1843; Caleb Cushing, of Massachusetts, not confirmed ; John C. Spencer, of New York, from March 3, 1843, tiU June 5, 1844; George W. Bibb, of Kentucky, from June 15, 1844, till March 6, 1845. Secretaries of War, John Be'll, of Tennessee, from March 5, 1841, till September 11, 1841; John McLean, of Ohio, declined; John C. Spencer, of New York, from October 12, 1841, till March 8, 1843; James M. Porter, of Pennsylvania (not conrfimed); William —103— Williams, of Pennsylvania, from February 15, 1844, till June 15, 1844; George M. Bibb, of Massachusetts, from June 15, 1844, till March 6, 1845. Secretaries of Navy, George E. Badger, of North Carolina, from March 5, 1841, till September 11, 1841; Abel P. Upshur, of Virginia, from September 13, 1841, till July 24, 1843; Thomas W. Gilmore, of Virginia, from February 24, 1843, till February 28, 1844; John Y. Mason, of Virginia, from March 14, 1844, till March 4, 1845. Postmasters General, Francis Granger, of New York, from March 6, 1841, till September 12, 1841; Charles A. WicklifTe, of Kentucky, from September 13, 1841, till March 6, 1845. Attorneys General, John C. Crittenden, of Ken- tucky, from March 5, 1841, till September 11, 1841; Hugh S. Legare from September 13, 1841, till July I, 1843; ]ohn Nelson from July i, 1843, ^^^^ March 6, 1845. TENTH ADMINISTRATION — 1 845 TO 1 848. President, James K. Polk, of Tennessee. Vice-President, George M. Dallas, of Pennsylvania. Secretary of State, James Buchanan, of Pennsyl- vania. Secretary of Treasury, Robert J. Walker, of Mis- sissippi. Secretary of War, William L. Marcy, of New York. Secretaries of Navy, George Bancroft, of Massachu- setts, from March 10, 1845, ^^^^ September 9, 1846; John Y. Mason, of Virginia, from September 14, 1846, till March 8, 1849. —104— Postmaster General, Cave Johnson, of Tennessee, from March 6, 1845, till March 8, 1849. Attorneys General, John Y. Mason, of Virginia, from March 6, 1845, ^i^^ October 17, 1846; Nathan Clifford, of Maine, from October 17 till June 21, 1848; Isaac Toucy, of Connecticut, from June 21, 1848, till March 8, 1849. ELEVENTH ADMINISTRATION. — 1849 ^^ ^853. President, Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana (died July 9, 1850). Vice-President, Millard Filmore, of New York. Vice-President Millard Filmote, of New York, be- came President on the death of Taylor. Secretaries of State, John M. Clayton, of Delaware, from March 7, 1849, till July 10, 1850; Daniel Web- ster, of Massachusetts, from July 22, 1850, till Octo- ber 24, 1852; Edward Everett, of Massachusetts, from November 6, 1852, till March 7, 1853. Secretaries of Treasury, William M. Meredith, of Pennsylvania, from March 8, 1849, till July 10, 1850; Thomas Corwin, of Ohio, from July 23, 1850, till March 7, 1853. Secretaries of War, George W. Crawford, of Geor- gia, from March 8, 1849, till July 10, 1850; Charles M. Conrad, from August 15, 1850, till March i, 1853. Secretaries of Navv, William B. Preston, from March 8, 1849, till Tuly 22, 1850; William A. Gra- ham, of North Carolina, from July 22, 1850, till July 22, 1852; John P. Kennedy, of Maryland, from July 22, 1852, till March 7, 1853. —105— Secretaries of Interior (a new office), Thomas Ew- ing, of Ohio, from March 8, 1849, till July 10, 1850; James A. Pierce, of Maryland, from July 10, 1850, till August 15, 1850; T. McKennan, of Pennsylvania (died); Alex. H. H. Stuart, from September 12, 1850, till March 7, 1853. Postmasters General, Jacob Collamer, of Vermont, till July 10, 1850; Nathan K. Hall, of New York, from July 23, 1850, till August 31, 1852; Samuel D. Hubbard, of Connecticut. Attorneys General, Reverdy Johnson, of Maryland, till July 10, 1850; John J. Crittenden, of Kentucky, from July 22 till March 7, 1853. TWELFTH ADMINISTRATION — 1853 TO 1857. President, Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire. Vice-President, William R. King, of Alabama (died April 18, 1853). Secretary of State, William Marcy, of New York. Secretary of Treasury, James Guthery, of Ken- tucky. Secretary of War, Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi. Secretary of Navy, James C. Dobbin, of North Carolina. ' Secretary of Interior, Robert McClellan, of Mich- igan. Postmaster General, James Campbell, of Pennsyl- vania. Attorney General, Caleb Cushing, of Massachu- setts, __106-- THIRTEENTH ADMINISTRATION — 1857 TO 1861. President, James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania. Vice-President, John C. Breckenridge, of Ken- tucky. Secretaries of State, Lewis Cass, of Michigan (re- signed December 14, i860); Jeremiah Black, of Penn- sylvania, from December 17, i860, till March 4, 1861. Secretaries of Treasury, Howell Cobb, of Georgia (resigned December 10, i860); Phil. H. Thomas, oi Maryland, from December 12, i860, till January 11, 1861 (resigned); John A. Dix, of New York, from January 11, 1861, till March 7, 1861. Secretaries of War, John B. Floyd, of Virginia (resigned December 29, i860); Joseph Holt, of Ken- tucky, from January 18, 1861, till March 5, 1861. Secretary of Navy, Isaac Toucy, of Connecticut. Secretary of Interior, Jacob Thompson, of Missis- sippi ("resigned January 8, 1861). Postmasters General, Aaron V. Brown, of Tennes- see (died March 8, 1859); Joseph Holt, from March 14, 1859, till February 12, 1861; Horatio King, of Maine, from February 12, 1861, till March 5, 1861. Attorneys General, Jeremiah S. Black, of Pennsyl- vania, from March 6, 1857, till December 20, i860; Edwin M. Stanton, of Ohio, from December 20, i860, till March 5, 1861. FOURTEENTH AND FIFTEENTH ADMINISTRATIONS — 1 86 1 TO 1869. Presidents, Abraham Lincoln, assassinated April 15, 1865; Andrew Johnson, on the death of Lincoln. — 107-- Vice-Presidents, Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, first term; Andrew Johnson, second term, unti^ April 15, 1865. Secretary of State, William H. Seward, of Nev/ York. Secretaries of Treasury, Salmon P. Chase, of Ohio, till June 30, 1864; William Pitt Fessenden, of Maine, from July i, 1864, till March 7, 1865; Hugh McCul- loch, of Indiana, from March 7, 1865, till March 11, 1869. Secretaries of War, Simon Cameron, of Pennsylva- nia, from March 5, 1861, till January 15, 1862; Edwin M, Stanton, of Ohio, from January 15, 1862, suspen- ded August 12, 1867; General U. S. Grant (acting) till January 13, 1868; Edwin M. Stanton resigned May 26, 1868; General J. M. Schofield, of Missouri, from May 28, 1868, till March 11, 1869. Secretary of Navy, Gideon Wells, of Connecticut. Secretaries of the Interior, Caleb B. vSmith, of Indi- ana, from March 5, 1861, till January 8, 1863; John P. Usher, of Indiana, from January 8, 1863, till April 15, 1865; James Harlan, of Iowa, from May 15, 1865, till July 27, 1866; Orville H. Browning, of Illinois, from July 27, 1866, till March 6, 1869. Postmasters General, Montgomery Blair, of Mary- land, from March 5, 1861, till September 24, 1864; William Dennison, of Ohio, from September 24, 1864, till July 25, 1866; Alexander W. Randall, of Wiscon- sin, from July 25, 1866, till March 5, 1869. Attorneys General, Edward Bates, of Missouri, from March 5, 1861, till June 22, 1863; Titian J. Coffee, ad- interim, from June 22, 1863, till December 2, 1864; James Speed, of Kentucky, from December 2, 1864, —108— till July 23, 1866; Henry Stanbury, from July 23, 1866, till July 15, 1868; William M. Evarts, of New York, from July 15, 1868; till March 5, 1869. SIXTEENTH ADMINISTRATION — 1869 TO 1877. President, Ulysses S. Grant, of Illinois. Vice-Presidents, Schuyler Colfax, first term; Henry Wilson, of Massachusetts, second term (died Novem- ber 22, 1875). Secretaries of State, E. B. Washburne, of Illinois, till March 11, 1869; Hamilton Fish, of New York, from March 11, 1869, till March 12, 1877. Secretaries of Treasury, Alex. T. Stewart, of New York (ineligible); George S. Boutwell, of Massachu- setts, from March 11, 1869, till March 17, 1873; Wm. A. Richardson, of Massachusetts, from March 17, 1873, till June 4, 1874; Benjamin H. Bristow, of Kentucky, from June 4, 1874, till July 7, 1876; Lot M. Morrill, from July 7, 1876, till March 8, 1877. Secretaries of War, John A. Rollins, of Illinois (died September 6, 1869); William T. Sherman, of Ohio, from September 9, 1869, till October 25, 1869; William W. Belknap, of Iowa, from October 25, 1869, till March 8, 1876; Alphonso Taft, of Ohio, from March 8, 1876, till May 22, 1876; J. D. Cameron, of Pennsylvania, from May 22, 1876, till March 12, 1877. Secretaries of Navy, Adolph E. Borie, from March 5, 1869, ti^^ June 25, 1869; George M. Robeson, of New Jersey, from June 25, 1869, till March 12, 1877. Secretaries of Interior, Jacob D. Cox, of Ohio, from March 5, 1869, till November i, 1870; Columbus De- —109— lano, of Ohio, from November i, 1870, till October 19, 1875; Zachariah Chandler, of Michigan, from Oc- tober 19, 1875, till March 12, 1877. Postmasters General, J. A. J. Creswell, of Mary- land, from March 5, 1869, till July 7, 1874; James W. Marshall, of Connecticut, from July 7, 1874, till August 24, 1874 ; Marshall Jewell, of Connecticut, from August 24, 1874, till July 12, 1876; Thomas h. James, from July 12, 1876, till March 12, 1877. Attorneys General, E. R. Hoar, of Masssachusetts, till June 23, 1870; Amos T. Ackerman, of Georgia, from June 23, 1870, till December 14, 1871; George H. Williams, of Oregon, from December 14, 187 1, till April 26, 1875; ^ward Pierpont, of New York, from April 26, 1875, till May 22, 1876; Alphonso Taft, of Ohio, from May 23, 1876, till March 12, 1877. seve:nteenth administration — 1877 TO 188 1. President, Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio. Vice-President, William A. Wheeler, of New York. Secretary of State, William M. Evarts, of New York. Secretary of Treasury, John Sherman of Ohio, from March 8, 1877, till June 5, 1881. Secretaries of War, George W. McCrary, of Iowa, from March 12, 1877, ^^^^ December 10, 1879; Alex- ander Ramsey, from December 10, 1879, till March 5, 1881. Secretary of Navy, Richard M. Thompson, of In- diana, from March 12, 1877, till January 6, 1881; Nathan Goff, Jr., from January 6, 1881, till March 5, 1881. —no- Secretary of Interior, Carl Schurz, of Missouri. Postmasters General, David M. Key, of Tennessee, from March 12, 1877, till June 2^ 1880; Horace ?vlay- nard, from June 2, 1880, till March 5, i88[. Attorney General, Devens, of Massachusetts. EIGHTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. — 1881 TO 1885. President, James A. Garfield, of Ohio. Vice-President, Chester A. Arthur, of New York. Vice-President Chester A. Arthur, of New York, be- came President on the death of Garfield, assassinated September 20, 1881. Vice-Presidents /'r^' tern ^ of the Senate, Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware, from October 10, 1881, till Octo- ber 13, 1881 ; David Davis, of Illinois, from October 13, 1881, till March 3, 1883; George E. Edmunds, of Ver- mont, from March 3, 1883, till March 4, 1885. Secretaries of»State, James G. Blaine, of Maine, from March 5, 1881, till December 12, 18S1; T. F. Freiing- huysen, of New Jersev, from December 12, 1881, till March 6, 1885. Secretaries of Treasury, William Windom, of Min- nesota, from March 5, i88r, till October 27, 1881; Charles J. Folger, of New York, from October 27, 1881, till September 24, 1884; Walter Q. Gresham, of Indi- ana, from September 24, 1884, till October 28, 1884; Hugh McCulloch, from October 28, 1884, till March 6, 1885. Secretary of War, Robert T. Lincoln, of Illinois. Secretaries of Navv, William H. Hunt, of Louisiana, from March q, 1^81, till April i, 1882; William E. Chandler, from April i, 1882, till IVIarch 6, 1885 —Ill- Secretaries of Interior, Samuel J. Kirkwood, of Iowa, from March 5, 1881, till April 6, 1882; Henry M. Teller, of Colorado, from April 6, 1882, till March 6, 1885. Postmasters General, Thomas L. James, of New York, from March 5, 1881, till December 20, 1881; Timothy O. Howe, oif Wisconsin, from December 20, 1881, till April 3, 1883; Walter Q. Gresham, of Indi- ana, from April 3, 1883, till October 14, 1884; Frank Hatton, of Iowa. Attorney General, Wayne McVeigh, of Pennsyl- vania, from March 5, 1881, till December 19, 1881; Benjamin H. Brewster, of Pennsylvania. NINETEENTH ADMINISTRATION — 1885. President, Grover Cleveland, of New York. Vice-President, Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana (died December 7, 1885). Secretary of State, Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware. Secretarv of Treasury, Daniel P. Manning, of New York. Secretary of War, Wm. Bndicott, of Massachusetts. Secretary of Navy, William C. Whitney, of New York. Secretary of Interior, Lucius Q. C. Lamar, of Mis- sissippi. Postmaster General, W. F. Vilas, of Wisconsin. Attorney General, Augustus H. Garland, of Ar- kansas. -112- NAVY YARDS OF THE UNITED STATES. 1. Brooklyn Navy Yard, Brooklyn, New York. 2. Charlestown Navy Yard, Boston, Mass. 3. Gosport Navy Yard, near Norfolk, Virginia. 4. Kittery Navy Yard, opposite Portsmouth, N. H. 5. League Island Navy Yard, seven miles below Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 6. Mare Island Navy Yard, near San Francisco. 7. New London Naval Station (unfinished). 8. Pensacola Navy Yard, Pensacola, Florida. 9. Washington City Navy Yard, Washington, D. C. COLORED TROOPS IN U. 8. ARMY DURING THE WAR. NUMBER. Louisiana __ 24,052 Kentucky 23,703 Tennessee ___ 20,133 Mississippi 17,869 Maryland 8,718 Pennsylvania 8,612 Missouri 8,344 Virginia 5,723 Arkansas 5,526 South Carolina 5,462 Ohio 5,092 North Carolina 5,035 Alabama 4,969 New York 4,125 Massachusetts 3,966 Georgia 3,486 —US- District of Columbia 3,269 Kansas 2,080 Rhode Island 1^837 Illinois i,8ir Connecticut Ij764 Indiana 1 i)597 Michigan ^i3^7 Newjersey ' I5I85 Florida — . 1,044 Delaware 954 At Large _ 733 Iowa 440 West Virginia 196 Wisconsin 155 New Hampshire 125 Vermont 120 Maine 104 Minnesota 104 Colorado 95 Texas 47 Officers 7,122 Not accounted tor 5,083 Total 186,017 ENGLAND BEFORE THE CONQUEST. In the ancient times, nearly two thousand years ago, when Rome was a republic, England was a desolate waste of land, covered with swamps and forests. It was inhabited by a savage people, who dressed in the skins of beasts, and stained their bodies with colored —114— earths and juices of plants. They lived in huts rudely constructed of willow sticks and mud which were erected in little clusters here and there over the country. These clusters were called towns, and they were gen- erally situated upon small clearings in tracts of woody land, and were surrounded by a trench, and a low wall made of mud and the trunks of trees, which served for defense in time of war. These barbarians went by the name of Britons. They were divided into forty tribes-, each commanded by its own king; and these tribes were constantly at war with each other. They made swords of copper mixed with tin, and light shields, short, pointed daggers, and spears, with which weap- ons they always fought. They were very fond of horses, of which they made great use in battle, with their war chariots, for which they have ever been celebrated in history. The Britons had a strange and terrible religion, called the religion of the Druids. Most of its ceremonies were kept secret by the priests, who were called Druids. They sacrificed human beings on their altars and burned them in their huts. They met together in dark woods, and there instiucted in their mysterious arts young men who came to them as pupils. They built great temples and altars of huge stones, open to the sky, some of which are yet remaining. I UNDER THE ROMANS FROIVi BEFORE CHRIST TO A. D. 449. Such was the conditio:! of the ancient Britons fifty- five years before Christ, when the Romans, under their -115— great general, Julius Caesar, were masters of all the rest of the known world. Caesar had then just con- quered Gaul, and tempted by the rich pearls and tin mines, for which the island was famous, he came over with his ships and soldiers, and made the first con- quest of Briton. He soon, however, accepted propos- als of peace, and went away; but the next spring he retiirned from Italy, and laid waste the country in every direction. He again made peace, and went away with all his remaining ships and men. The Britons then had peace for nearly one hundred years. The Emperor Claudius came in the year A. D. 43, and conquered it over again, It was during this reign that Caractacus, a patriot Briton, made the first at- tempt to free his country from the Roman yoke. After a conflict of nine years, he was taken prisoner and car- ried to Rome; but his noble manner, dignified endur- ance of distress, so touched the Roman people, who thronged the streets to see liim, that he was released and restored to freedom. In the year 6r, during the reign of Nero, Sactonius Paulinus landed on the Island of Anglesea and de- stroyed the sacred groves and altars of the Druids, and burned them in their little mud houses. In the year 78 Julius Agracola took possession of the country, established the Roman power in Briton, founded the arts of peace, and made the people happy and civilized. He also delivered the Britons from the fierce incursions ofthe Pictsand Scots, and helped them to erect a great wall of separation across the island be- tween the Tyne and Solway. This, however, did not answer the purpose, and anotlier v\^all was built by —lie- Hadrian ill the year 138, between the Friths of Clyde and Forth. The Emperor Severas in leading an army against the northern barbarians in the year 207, found those earthen walls in a state of decay. He then erected a stone wall, which is known in history as the walls of Severus. The Romans remained masters of Briton for nearly four hundred years. ENGLAND UNDER THE SAXONS, A. D. 449, TO A. D. 827. No sooner had the Romans left Briton than the ma- rauding Scots poured in upon the defenseless Brit- ons, who, not knowing what better to do in their dis- tress, applied for assistance to the Saxons, a people of North Germany. The Saxons accordingly came across the channel, between six and seven thousand of them, under the command of two brothers, named Hengist and Horsa, in the year 449. They speedily routed the Scots, but rewarded themselves by taking possession of the country. They were followed by other German tribes; the Saxon tongue became the national language, and the native Britons fled to Wales, Cornwall, and the coast of France. After the death of Hengist iii^he year 488, the Sax- on's poured in upon Briton faster than ever, and it was in opposing these tribes that the famous Arthur, king of Briton, won his great renown. But the natives in turn were all overpowered or ex- pelled, and the land was divided into seven small kingdoms, each governed by a Saxon tyrant. This —117— period is called the Saxon Heptarchy. The kingdom of Kent was founded by Hengist in the year 457. The kingdom of South Saxony was founded by Ella in the year 490. The kingdom of West Saxony, or Wessex, was founded by Cerdic in the year 519. The kingdom of East Saxony was founded by Er- cenwin in the year 527. The kingdom of Northumbria was founded by Ida in the year 547. The kingdom of East Anglia was founded by Uffa in the year 575. The kingdom of Mercia was founded by Cridda in the year 582. Those seven kings did not at all times reign in per- fect harmony, but, on the contrary, distracted the country with perpetual warfare and quarreling. In the year 596 a monk named Augustine came over from Italy, with forty of his brethren, and con- verted the two powerful kings of Northumberland and Kent. A great church was built at Canterbury in the year 604. Sebert, king of Essex, became a proselyte. The University of Cambridge was founded in the year 664. Soon after this, the whole ol Britain em- braced Christianity, and the ^even kingdoms were united into one by the conquests of Egbert of Wes- sex, receiving the collective name of England. Winchester was at that time the capital of the country. UNDER THE ANGLO-SAXONS, A. D. 827 TO 1013 Egbert began to reign A. D. 827, and died 836. Scarcely had peace been established in the kingdom when a horde of savage warriors, called Danes, who dwelt on the shores of the Baltic Sea, landed on the coasts, but was routed on the coast of Devon, and forced to fly back to their ships for safety, only to re- turn again about once a year. Egbert had a prosper- ous reign, only troubled by invaders. He was buried at Winchester. Ethel wolf, the eldest son of Egbert, began to reign A. D. 836, and died 857. The Danes made them- selves a terror to England. They plundered the country and carried off many of the inhabitants for slaves. In the year 851 the Danes burned the cities of Lon- don, Rochester and Canterbury. At length the Britons were roused to action, and defeated the Danes. The king was buried at Stey- ning, in Sussex. Ethelbald began to reign A. D. 857, and died 860. Ethel wolf left four sons,' Ethelbald, Ethelbert, Eth- elred and Alfred. He was succeeded by Ethelbald, whose reign was brief, unimportant and vicious. Ethelbert began to reign A. D. 860 and died 866. Ethelbald was succeeded by his brother, Ethelbert, who reigned six years. The Danes laid waste the whole country of Kent, and established themselves on the Isle of Thanet. —119— Ethelred began to reign A. D. 866, and died. 872. Ethelbert was succeeded by Ethelred, a brave soldier, whose reign was one long scene of valiant warfare with the Danes. He fought nine pitched battles in one year with the enemies of his country. He was assisted by his brother, Prince Alfred, afterwards illus- trious as King Alfred the Great. Prince Alfred was the first earl created in England. In this reign the invaders penetrated into Mercia and took up their winter quarters at Nottingham, whither the king in- stantly marched to dislodge them. A great battle ensued, in which Ethelred was killed, leaving Alfred the inheritance of a kingdom which had declined into an almost hopeless condition of weakness and dis- tress. Alfred the Great began to reign A. D. 872, and died 901. Alfred the Great was just twenty-two years old when he ascended the throne of England, and for the first eight years of his reign he was engaged in an uninterrupted and disastrous warfare with the Danes. They at one time made themselves masters of the kingdpm, so that Alfred was obliged to assume many humble disguises and hide himself in the woods and in the cottages of his peasant subjects. In Som- ersetshire he found friends and assistance, built a strong fort, assembled an army and once more took the field against the Danes. Assuming the disguise of a wandering harper, he then penetrated to the en- emy's camp, judged of the most favorable manner cf attack, brought his soldiers unexpectedly upon them, and achieved a great victory. Many years of peace —ISO- ensued. The king put in most of his time in im- proving his country and in trying to make his people happy. The king formed new laws; encouraged the cultiva- tion of the arts and sciences; established regular mili- tia; instructed the English in the art of navigation. He was the first monarch who made England a naval power. He was the hero of fifty-six battles. He es- tablished the system of trial by jury, and founded the University at Oxford. After twelve years of peace, the Danes again invaded the ooasts. They came under the command of Hastings, their sea king, with a fleet of three hundred and thirty-one ships, and landed on the coast of Kent, making Appledore their headquar- ters. The king defeated the Danes, and took the wife and family of Hastings prisoners; but the king, with his general moderation, restored them to the Danish chief, on condition that he and all his followers should leave the country. King Alfred was buried at Win- chester A. D. 901, and he has left behind him the most honorable reputation for learning, courage, wis- dom, and generosity, of any English sovereign. Edward the Elder, began to reign A. D. 901, and died 925. He was the second son of Alfred the Great, and succeeded his father to the crown. He invaded Wales and added to the endowments of the Cambridge University. He gradually extended his power over the whole of England, and so the seven kingdoms were finally united in one. The king died leaving a large family. Athelston began to reign A. D. 925, and died 941. King Athelston had not been many years established —121— on his father's throne when a great league was formed against him by the Danes, Scots, and other nations. They were defeated and six of the kings, his enemies, were slain. This monarch caused the Bible to be translated into the Saxon language, and presented a copy to every church throughout the kingdom. The king was buried at Malmesbury, Wilts. Edmund I began to reign A. D. 941, and died 947. King Athelston was followed by his brother Edmund, a youth of eighteen years of age, whose first act was to subdue the Danes gathered together under the com- mand of Anlap. He was killed by a robber. King Edred succeeded his brother. King Edmund, and began to reign A. D. 947^ and died 955. King Edred built Glastonbury Abbey, and was entirely ruled by the abbot, Dunstan. Dunstan was in fact, the vir- tual king of England. King Edred was buried at Win- chester. Edway succeeded his uncle to the throne of Eng- land, and began to reign 955 and died 959. He was very profligate and careless. He married the Princess Elgiva, a lady of great beauty, but of near relationship to himself. Dunstan succeeded in uniting the priest- hood against him on the account of his marriage. The king was compelled to divorce his wife, and she was murdered by barbarous cruelty by her enemies. The king died of grief. Edgar, surnamed Peaceable, next ascended the throne. He was elected, and consequently governed by the Monks. He built many monasteries, and in- creased the navy to three hundred and sixty ships. —122— The king caused his barge to be rowed by eight prin- ces along the River Dee. Bdward II began to reign A. D. 975, and died 979. This unfortunate monarch, commonly called the Mar- tyr, whose reign promised to be happy and judicious, was stabbed by order of his step-mother, Elfrida, while drinking a cup of wine at the gate of Corfre Castle, in Dorsetshire. He was succeeded by his half-brother, Ethelred, the son of Elfrida. Ethelred II began the reign A. D. 978, and died 1016. In this reign the Danes again flocked to the coasts, and the king was weak enough to buy them off with a money tribute. He to pay the debt levied a tax on his subjects. This was the first tax known to be levied in the history of the country. Soon this did not satisfy them, and the king formed a cowardly plan to massacre all the Danes in the kingdom, instead of meet- ing them in fair battle. This disgraceful slaughter took place on the 13th of November, A. D. 1002, and was revenged by a great invasion of the enemy. They sailed for Denmark under the command of Sweyn, their king, who after a protracted struggle of eleven years, put Ethelred to flight, and ascended the English throne A. D. 1013. ENGLAND UNDER THE DANES, A. D. 1013 TO 1041. Sweyn began to reign A. D. 1013, and died inioi3. Canute began to reign in 1013 and died in 1036. Sweyne died suddenly in a little more than a month after he was proclaimed king of England. The Danes —123— declared Canute, his son, king, but Bthelred returned and attempted to reign. A war immediately ensued, which lasted three years, when Bthelred died. The English people then declared Edmund, surnamed Ironside, son of Ethelred II, king; but he and Canute made peace by dividing the kingdom between them. Before Ethel- red had reigned one year over his portion, he was murdered at Oxford, and Canute, who was at that time, A. D. 1017, the most powerful monarch in England, became- sole king. Having not only con- quered England, but the countries of Norway and Sweden, he called himself king of England, Den- mark, Norway and Sweden. He banished the chil- dren of Ethelred, but married Emma, their mother. The king was buried at Shaftsbury. Harold began to reign A. D. 1036 and died in 1039 at Oxford. Harold, surnamed Harefoot, from the swiftness with which he ran, was the son of Canute by his first wife. Hardicanute began to reign A. D. 1039 and died in 1041. Harold was succeeded by his weak and wicked half brother, Hardicanute. He died from intemper- ance, after a short reign of two years. He was the last representative of the Danish line. ENGLAND UNDER THE SAXONS, A. D. 1041 TO 1066. Edward the Confessor began to reign 1041 and died 1066. A Saxon, known as Edward the Confessor, was next chosen. This monarch was famous for his —124— piety, and married Editha, daughter to Earl Godwin. Having been educated abroad in the court of Nor- mandy, the king had but little affection for the cus- toms of his own country. He showed marked prefer- ence for all French laws and habits. He repealed the tax law called Donegelt^ and he was the first king who touched for the disease known as the king's evil. The king rebuilt Westminster Abbey, and at his death, January 5, 1066, was canonized as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church. Harold H began to reign and died A, D. 1066. Harold, son of Earl Godwin, was then elected king by the council of the states, but was destined to find a powerful opponent in Duke William of Normandy. This warlike and ambitious prince of France claimed the crown; and, gathering around his standard all the recruits he could muster, landed with sixty thousand men upon the coast of Sussex, and defeated the Eng- lish in a great battle on October 14, 1066. This bat- tle was rendered still more famous by the death of Harold, and famous to all as the battle of Hastings. Thus ended the Saxon period, which had subsisted with various fortune in England for upwards of six hundred years. SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND. NORMANS. William I 1066-1087 William H 1087-1100 Henry I 110Q-1135 Stephen _-- 1135-1154 —125— HOUSE OF PI.ANTAGANKT. Henry II 1154-1189 Richard I 1189-1199 John 1199-1216 Henry III 1216-1272 Edward I 1272-1307 Edward II 1307-1327 Edward III 1327-1377 Richard II i377-i399 HOUSE OF I.ANCASTER AND YORK. Henry IV 1399-1413 Henry V 1413-1422 Henry VI 1422-1461 Edward IV ' 1461-1483 Edward V« 1483-1483 Richard III 1483-1485 HOUSE OF TUDOR. Henry VII 1485-1509 Henry VIII 1509-1547 Edward VI i547-i553 Mary i553-i558 Elizabeth 1558-1603 HOUSE OF STEWART. James I 1603-1625 Charles I 1625-1649 (The Commonwealth) Charles II 1660-1685 James II 1685-1689 126- HOUSES OF STUART AND NASSAU. William III 1689-1702 Mary II 1689-1694 Anne 1702-1714 HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. George I 1714-1727 George II 1727-1760 George III 1760-1820 George IV 1820-1830 William IV 1830-1837 Victoria 1837 -127- ANCIENT BATTLES BEFORE CHRIST. (Those marked s were naval). Battles. Victors. Vanquished. Atticum 5 Mgatns s ^gospotanios Albia Arabella Asculuni Beneventum _. Cannse Carrhae Carthage Caudine Forks Charonea Clusseum Cranon Coronea Coronea Cremesus Cunoxa Cazzicus Drepanutn .s_— Burymedon .y— Gaza Granicus Halys Ipsiis Issus lycuctra Magnesia Montenea Montenea Marathon Metaurus Maylae ^ Parormus Pharsolea' Philippi; Platea Salanius s\ Salosia Sentenum Thapsus Thebes Thermopylae- - Thrasymenes . Ticenus Torone Volci Zama Zela Octavius Romans lyacadsemonians Gauls Alexandei Pyrrhus Romans Hannibal Parthians' Romans Samnites Phillip Romans Antipater Boeatians Agesilans Timelion Artaxerxes Alcibiades Carthagenians Greeks Ptolemy Alexander Medes and I^ydeans Seleucus Alexander Thebans Scipio Spartans Thebes' Greeks Nero Romans Metellus Csesar Octavius and Antony __ Greeks Greeks Macedonians Romans Caesar Alexander Leonidas Hannibal Hannibal Athenians Athenians Scipio Csesar Antony Carthagenians Atheiaian fleet Romans Darius Romans Pyrrhus Romans Crassus Carthagenians Romans Athenians Gauls Greeks Athenians Athenians Carthagenians Cyrus (killed) Spartans Romans Cimon Demetrius Darius Stopped by an eclipse. Antigonus Darius " Spartans Antiochus Athenians Epamenondas (killed) Persians Hasdrabal Carthagenians; Hasdrubal Pompey Brutus and Cassius Pausanius Persians Spartans Samnites Pompey Thebans Xerxes Romans Romans Spartans^ Romans Hannibal Pharnaces -128- ENGLISH, IRISH AND SCOTCH BATTLES, A. D. ROMAN INVASION. Victors. Vanquished. Shropshire Sunbury __. I Romans Caractacus . Romans Boadicea — BRITONS A^JD SAXONS. Battles. Victors. Vanquished. i Q Britons Heugist Oswy . ^ 455 Crayford Britons' Ivceds Penda DANISH INVASION. Battles. Victors, Britons \ Edward] Danes Brain Boriohme Alfred Kgbert Danes Vanquished Danes Danes Ethelwolf Danes Danes Danes Alfred P_ 871 905 840 1014 878 835 872 Ashdown ., Bury Channouth Clontarf [(Ireland) Ktheardou Hengestdown Wilton NORMAN INVASION. Battles. Victors. Vanquished. Q Hastings William Harold T066 SCOTTISH INVASION. Battles. Victors. Vanquished. Q Alnwich Britons Malcora ('killed ) Macbeth ( killed ) _-_.... Marv TVTav ii 1093 1056 ^658 1332 Dunsinane Britons I,angside Earl Murray Dupplen Edward Baliol Mar, August 11 -129- ENGI^ISH AND SCOTCH. Battles. VICTORS. VANCiUISHED. V English English I3H Wallace _ __ 1297 Falkirk EDSfli''h* Wallace T2l8 Flodden English' Scots 1515 Halledon Edward III Scots 1333 English' Scots — — inH T^8H Solway Moss , English Scots 1542 BETWEEN THE KINGS AND NOBLES. Battles. Victors. Vanquished. 1264 Lincoln Ifincoln Shrew.sbury Borougbriclge Earl Gloucester English Henry IV Edward II Stephen 1 141 French and Barons; Percey and Nobles Barons 1217 1403 1322 BATTLES OF THE WAR OF THE ROSES. Battles. Victors. Vanquished. Q St. Albans Bloreheath ___! Northampton Wakefield Yorkists 1^ Yorkists , 1455 ;:g Yorkists m6o St Albans Lancasterians - Yorkists ^ Lancasterians 14^1 Yorkists 1464 Tewksbury 1 Yorkists ! Lancasterians 1I471 CIVIL WAR— CROMWELL. Battles. Victors. Vanquished. 1 Worcester Edgehill Chalgrove Branham Moor Landsdown jRupert I Issue doubtful jSkirmish 1 Royalists Royalists i , September 23 October 28 Hampden, killed June 18 Fairfax, March 29 , July 5 Rupert, July 26 Charles I, June 14 Koyali.sts, Aug. 17 September 12 Scots, September 3 11642 !i642 ;i643 1643 1643 Marston Moor Cromwell Cromwell ;l644 164 ■> 1648 Drogheda ( Ireland ) Dunbar, Scotland Worcester .,. Cromwell ■1649 Cromwell Cromwell 1650 1661 ■130- WAR WITH SCOTCH COVENANTEJRS. Battles. Victors. Vanquished. Drumclog- _. Scots Clavehouse Tune i 1679 1679 Bothwell Brigg Monmouth Covenanters, June WIIylylAM OF ORANGE. I Battles. Victors. Vanquished. V Killiecrancle _ Highlanders William William, July 27 James II, July 30 1689 1689 1690 I69I Newtoa Butler _ __ _ William , Rno-li<;h Avighrim Trii^h Tiilv t5 . SCOTCH REBElvIylON. Battles. Victors. Vanquished. Preston Pans __ . _ _ vScotch _ English, September i___ Scotch, December 18 English, January 17 1745 1745 1746 1746 Clifton Moor Falkirk English ^ Scotch Culloden __ vj».wi^ii, ^Hiii xu — IRISH REBEIyl^ION. Battles. Victors. Vanquished. Q 1798 1798 1798 1798 1798 1798 1798 1798 1798 Kelculen Noas Tara Oulart Gorey Aiklow Balljmohinch Vinegar Hill. Ballinamuck . English, May 23- Irish, May 24 Irish, May 26 Irish English English Irish I English, May 27. Irish English, June 4. English [Irish, June 10 English {Irish, June 13 English jlrish, June 21 English I Irish, September —131— THE REIGN OF GEORGE III, OF THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. 1. George III. This great monarch ascended the throne of England fifteen years before the Revolution- ary war and died five years after the close of the war of 1812. He ascended the throne of England at a period when her arms abroad and the progress of her wealth and civilization at home had rendered the position of the monarch one of the most enviable and illustrious in the whole world. The first remarkable event in this reign was the declaration of war between England and Spain, in 1762. Altogether this was one of the most glorious wars ever carried on in any age by any people. In the course of seven years were won twelve great battles by land and sea. Twenty-five islands, nine fortified cities and forty forts and castles were taken; a hundred ships of war were captured, and more than $60,000,000 were acquired as plunder. France and Spain at length became anxious to terminate a war which had been so disastrous to them, and a gen- eral treaty of peace was concluded at Paris on the i6th of February, 1763. 2. Soon after the peace of Paris, serious troubles arose between Great Britain and her North American colonies. England had incurred an immense debt by the late war with France, and parliament determined that, as the war had been waged chiefly on account of the colonies, the colonies should bear their share of the expenses. They accordingly resorted to means of tax- ation. In 1765 the stamp act was passed. By this act, all business papers and certificates, as well as newspa- pers, required a stamp similar to that already used in — 132— • Great Britain. The passage of this act roused the col- onies to resistance, and a colonial congress was called, which met on the 7th of October, 1765. They pub- lished a "Declaration of Rights and lyiberties," on the 19th of the same month, in which they denied the right of parliament to impose taxes upon the colonies without their own consent, given personally or by their representatives. 3. In 1766 the stamp act was repealed, but in the following year an act was passed by parliament impos- ing a duty upon tea and other imports into the colo- nies. The passage of this act led to still more deter- mined resistance on the part of the colonies, and the tea sent from England was thrown overboard by an en- raged populace in Boston, and either destroyed or sent back in other places. 4. To enforce commercial rule of England her fleet upon the American coast was turned into a rev- enue squadron, and a standing army was sent out to enforce obedience. Still the colonies would not yield and a war was inevitable. On the morning of the 19th of April, 1775, a force of eight hundred Eng- lish troops was sent from Boston to Concord to seize some military stores. A battle ensued at Lexington, in which the English lost, during their retreat, 273 soldiers, and the Americans lost less than 100. The battle of Bunker Hill followed on the 17th of June, 1775, in which the Americans were compelled to re- treat for want of ammunition, after a valiant resist- ance, in which the advance of the enemy was twice repulsed. The Americans lost 450 men in killed and wounded, and the English more than twice that num- —133— ber. The news of this battle spread through the col- onies, exciting the most determined resistance, and on the 4th of July, 1776, the Continental Congress assembled at Philadelphia declared the colonies to be "free and independent states." 5. Gen. Washington was appointed commander- in-chief of the American forces, raised and to be raised, and the war in America was prosecuted with great vigor. In 1778 France formed a treaty with America, and in 1779 Spain acknowledged her inde- pendence. Thus war was provoked by these two powers, and in 1781 a third enemy was found in the Dutch. During this year England was carrying on at one time, by sea and land, four great contests — namely, with America, France, Spain and Holland. In America a few towns only on the seaboard had been taken, but the interior was untenable, if not un- conquerable. Thousands of troops, hundreds of ves- sels, millions of treasure had all been lost, and still the Americans would not yield. The war was vir- tually ended however, in the month of October, 1781, by the surrender cf Yorktown by Lord Cornwallis to Gen. George Washington; and in 1783 a treaty of peace was made, acknowledging the independence of the "United States of America." Peace was also made with France and Spain, and in 1784 with Hol- land, and also between the East India Company and the Rajah of Mysore. 6. A terrible revolution took place in France in the memorable year 1789, which, though it did not directly affect the interests of the British throne, was destined ultimately to extend an unparalled influence —134— over the destinies of Europe. The populace rose, de- stroyed the Bastile, deposed and imprisoned King lyouis XVI, and declared France a republic. After many excesses, during which the European powers stood by as inactive spectators, the French Jacobins guillotined the king, queen and certain members of the royal family, A. D. 1793, whereupon a great con- federacy was established between England, Spain, Holland and the Empires of Germany and Russia, to restore the crown of France. Valenciennes was taken; Toulon v/as taken and lost again; many French settlements in the West Indies were captured (A. D. 1794); the island of Corsica was subdued, and the Cape of Good Hope and Trincomalee, in Ceylon, were added to the possessions of Great Britain. 7. And now the most extraordinary man of mod- ern history, the greatest conqueror of any age since Ju- lius Caesar, the finest soldier that ever won French laurels, began to distinguish himself against the Aus- trians (A. D. 1795), and to pave the way for the mag- nificent reputation which, as Napoleon the Great, he afterwards acquired. Before his arms the Germans were forced to sue for peace, and the English viceroy was compelled to evacuate Corsica. The year 1797 saw the mutinies of Spithed and Nore, the disgrace of which was, however, compensated by the splendid vic- tories of Cape St. Vincent and Camperdown, won by Admirals Sir John Jervis and Duncan. These brave commanders were each rewarded by a peerage. 8. The highly merited fame of these two great vic- tories was, nevertheless, excelled by the battle of the Nile (A. D. 1798), in which Nelson asserted his place I —135— as the first naval commander of the day; cut through the center of the French fleet, dispersed, captured and destroyed thirteen of the enemy's ships, and was rec- ompensed with the title of Baron Nelson of the Nile, and a pension of $15,000 per annum. In the mean- time Napoleon Bonaparte was rapidly taking the lead in all the most important affairs of the French Repub- lic. To him was intrusted the command of a power- ful army in Egypt; but finding the English so victori- ous upon the Nile, he hastened back to Paris, and was created first consul in 1779. In the beginning of 1800 he crossed the Alps at the head of his army, and by the brilliant victory of Marengo June 14, 1800, he an- nihilated for a time the Austrian power in Italy. 9. The union of Great Britain with Ireland was fixed by act of parliament, passed on the 21st of April, 1800, to commence from the first day of the new century, January i, 1801. The imperial parlia- ment of the United Kingdom was summoned to meet on the 2 2d of the same month. This measure met with much opposition from the Irish. 10. In the year 1801 Napoleon Bonaparte suc- ceeded in fomenting a war between England, Den- mark, and a powerful fleet, under Lord Nelson, and Sir H. Parker was accordingly dispatched to the bombardment of Copenhagen. The Danes had made formidable preparations, and fought valiantly during a strife of four hours, when, having lost all their ships of the line and their floating batteries, they were compelled to capitulate. Shortly after this, the French were routed in Egypt by Sir Ralph Abercrom- bie and Major General Hutchinson, where the battles —136— of Aboukir and Alexandria were won, in the former of which the brave Abercrombie met his death wound. 11. While Great Britain was thus extending her triumphs abroad, in 1802 she was threatened by Na- poleon Bonaparte with an invasion at home. For this purpose he had prepared a flotilla of flat-bottomed boats, and other vessels, for the conveyance of his troops. Alarmed by these movements on the part of the enemy, the government assembled a squadron, under I^ord Nelson, for the defense of the coast. The invasion was never attempted; a treaty was entered upon by the English, French, Spanish and Dutch powers, and on the 29th of April, 1802, peace was proclaimed in London. This interval was destined not to be of long duration, and war was again pro- claimed, April 29, 1803. 12. Not content with the title of first consul, Napoleon constituted himself emperor of France in the year 1804, and was crowned king of Italy in 1805. In consequence of these proceedings an alliance was now formed between England, Russia, Austria and Sweden. But Napoleon was victorious at Austerlitz, where he signally defeated the Austrian forces, and Russia was compelled to retreat. Fortunately, the share borne by England was sufficiently victorious to counterbalance these disasters. October 21, 1805, was fought the famous battle of Trafalgar, in which I^ord Nelson, defeated the united fleets of France and Spain and expired just as the conquest was assured. The following year, 1806, records the death of the two most famous statesmen of that epoch, namely, Wm. Pitt and Charles James Fox. —137— 13. Napoleon was now the greatest monarch of Eu- rope. Emperor of France, King of Italy, Protector ot Bavaria and Wirtemburg, he dominated over every other government excepting those of England and Spain. Two of his brothers filled the thrones of Hol- land and Naples; Denmark was in his service; Prussia at his mercy; Russia had just concluded a peace which was entirely to his advantage, and Austria enjoyed but the shadow of a power which was really vested in his hands. Had he then been prudent, all might have been well; but he resolved to seize upon Spain like- wise, and from this attempt may the beginning of his ruin date. 14. Having taken Ferdinand of Spain prisoner by an ingenious strategem, in 1808, he carried that mon- arch and his son to France, and proclaimed his brother Joseph, king of Spain. A general insurrection imme- diately broke out in all parts of Spain ; aid was im- plored from England ; the peasantry formed themselves into guerilla parties, annoying and surprising the French at every opportunity, cutting off their supplies, shooting their stragglers, and skirmishing with their outposts; excepting where the army was actually pres- ent, the power of Napoleon was set at naught; and, to crown all, an army of ten thousand men was sent out, commanded by Sir Arthur Wellesley, better known at the present time by the title of Duke of Wellington. Thus commenced the famous Peninsular war, and the first engagement is known as the decisive battle of Vimiera, August 28, 1808. 15. The next event of importance was the victory ofTalavera, July 27, 1809, in acknowledgment of which —138— Sir Arthur Wellesley received the title of Viscount Wellington. Not so fortunate was the memorable and ill-fated expedition of Walcheren, in which nearly fifty thousand fine soldiers fell inglorious to the unhealthy climate of Zealand, and the disgraceful inefficiency of those placed in command. In the following year, 1 8 lo, Lord Wellington completely drove the French troops from Portugal. At this period, a succession of splen- did victories, too numerous to admit of notice in so brief a recapitulation as the ^present, everywhere at- tended the career of Wellington. 1 6. England and Russia now coalesced against France, A. D. i8ia, and the Emperor resolved upon an invasion of Russia, collected an army of six hun- dred thousand men, forced his way to Borodino, where, after a sanguinary battle of three successive days, the Russians were defeated, and pushed on im- mediately for Moscow. The Russians, knowing no other means by which to deprive the French of win- ter quarters and provisions, actually set fire to their ancient and beautiful capital, so that, on their arrival, the conquerors found nothing but desolation and flames. Thus disappointed of resources, they began a hasty retreat to France, having to traverse an enemy's country amid all the horrors of a northern winter, and being utterly destitute of all provision, except such as they could find amid the deserted vil- lages along their route. During this frightful journey they were perpetually harrassed by flying bodies of Cossacks, were starved, frozen and left to die by the wayside. No less than three hundred thousand splendid soldiers thus perished miserably. Seeing —139— the Emperor's present weakness, all the European powers now combined to crush their common enemy. One by one his conquests were wrested from him and, and on May 31, 1814, the allied armies entered Paris. On the 6th of April following, Napoleon signed his abdication at Fontainebleau, and I^ouis XVIII was recalled to the throne of his ancestors. 17. Some unfortunate disputes between the gov- ernment of Great Britain and the United States led to a declaration of war by the United States June 19, 181 2. The Americans unsuccessfully invaded Canada, but at sea their frigates obtained many signal triumphs over British vessels. The war, however, was of short duration, and peace was concluded between the two nations in 1815. The same year, while the ambassadors were assembled at Vienna to adjust the claims of Europe, the world was sjtruck with surprise, terror and admiration by the report that Napoleon had escaped from his exile at Elba, and, having landed in France, was once again at the head of his beloved army. Again he ascended the imperial throne; again the allied sovereigns assembled their forces; and again they met, for the last time, upon the field of Waterloo, in Brussels, in Belgium. Here, on the 1 8th of June, was fought the ever-memorable battle of Waterloo, in which the French army was irrevocably routed, and fled from the field in the ut- most confusion. All was over with Napoleon. He surrendered himself to the mercy of England; but instead of being received as a fallen hero, he was sent a prisoner to the far and lonely island of St. Helena, where, after lingering through a few melancholy —140— years, he died on the 5th of May. 1821. The ex- penses of England during the prosecution of this war are said to have exceeded seventy millions. 18. The year 1820 proved fatal to the Duke of Kent, father to Queen Victoria; and in less than a week after the death of this prince, England lost, in George III, one of her most respected sovereigns. This venerable monarch expired on the 29th of Janu- ary, 1820, in the eighty-second year of his age, and the sixtieth of his reign, which is the longest and most remarkable in the annals of English history. SOVEREIGNS AND RULERS OF ROME B. C. 735 Romulus. 716 Interregnum. 715 Numa Pompilius. 672 Tullus Hostillus. 640 Ancus Martins. 616 Tarquinius Priscus. 578 Servius Tullius. 534 Tarquinius Superbus. REPUBLIC. 510 Expulsion of Tarquin, and Republic. 82 Sylla, Dictator. 48 Cains Julius Caesar, Dictator. 31 Octavianus Caesar. KMPKRORS. 27 Octavianus Caesar, as Augustus Imperator. -141- II. AFTKR CHRIST. 14 Tiberius (Claudius Nero). 37 Caius Caligola. 41 Claudius I. 54 Claudius Nero. 68 Servius Sulpicius Gaba. 69 M. Salvius Otho (stabbed himself). 69 Aulus Vitellius; deposed by Titus Flavius Vespasian. 79 Titus, son of Vespasian. 81 Titus Flavius Dometian, last of the Caesars. 96 Cocceius Nerva. 98 Trajan. 117 Adrian. 138 Antonius Titus. 161 Marcus Aurelius. 180 Commodus. 193 Publius Helvius Pertenax (assassinated by the Praetorian bands.) Didianus Julianus, at Rome; Pescennius Niger, in Syria; Lucius Septermius, in Pannonia; Clau- dius Albinus, in Britain. 211 Marcus Aurelius Caracalla and Septimus Geta. 217 Marcus Opilus Macrinus. 218 Heliogabalus. 222 Alexander Severus. 235 Caius Julius Verus Maximus. 237 Antonius Gordianus and son. 238 Balbinus and Pupienus. Gordian. 244 Phillip and Arabian. —142— 249 Metinus Decius. 251 Gallus Hostiliiis. 253 ^milianus. Valerianus and Gallienus. 260 Gallienus alone. 268 Claudius II. 270 Quintillus. Aurelian. 275 Interregnum of about three montlis. Tacitus. 276 Florian. M. Aurelius Probus. 282 M. Aurelius Carus. 283 Carinus and Numerianus. 284 Diolectian. 286 Maximianus Hercules. 305 Constantius Chlorus and Galarius Maximianus. 306 Constantine (afterwards the Great). Maxentius. Maximianus Herculus. Flavins Valerius Severus. 307 Flavins Valerianus I^icinius. 323 Constantine alone. 337 Constantine II, Constans and Constantius II, sons of Constantine the Great. 361 Julian. 363 Jovian. 364 Valentinian and Valens. 375 Valens, with Gratian and Valentinian II. 379 Theodosius I. Empire divided into Eastern and Western. ^ It was divided by two brothers, Valentinian taking the — 143— western and his brother, Valens, the eastern portion. The following gives the succession of the divided empires : I. WESTERN EMPIRE. 364 Valentinian. 367 Gratian; son made a colleague of his father, who died in 375. 375 Valentinian II, associated with Gratian. 392 Kugenius, usurper, defeated by Theodosius the Great. 395 Honorius, son of Theodosius. 423 Usurpation of John, the Notary. 425 Valentinian III. 455 Maximus. Marcus Maecilius Avitus. 457 Julius Velerius Majorianus. 461 Libius Severus. 465 Interregnum. 467 Anthemius. 472 Flavius-Anicius Olybrius. 473 Glycerins. 474 Julius Nepos. 475 Romulus, the Little Augustus. 476 Odoacer, king of the Heruli, who assumes the title. King of Italy. II. EASTERN EMPIRE. 364 Valens. 379 Theodosius I, the Great. 395 Arcadius. 408 Theodosius II. -14:4:- 450 Marcian. 457 Leo I, the Thracian. 474 Leo the younger. Zeno, the Isaurian. 491 Anastasius I. 518 Justin L 527 Justinian. 565 Justin II. 578 Tiberus. 582 Maurice, the Cappadocian (murdered). 602 Phocus, the usurper (assassinated). 610 Heraclius. 641 Heracleonas-Constantine (poisoned). Constans II (assassinated). 668 Constantine III. 685 Justinian II, dethroned in 695 Leontius. 698 Tiberius III. 705 Justinian II (restored; slain in) 711 Phillippicus-Bardanes (assassinated). 713 Anastasius 11. 716 Theodosius III. 718 Leo III, the Isaurean. 741 Constantine IV. 780 Constantine V and Irene. 790 Constantine V alone. 792 Irene again with Constantine. 797 Irene alone (deposed and exiled). 802 Nicephorus I (killed). 811 Staurachius for a few days. Michael I (abdicated). 813 Leo V, the Armenian (killed). —145— 820 Micheal II, the Stammerer. 829 ^Theophilus. 842 Michael III, the Sot (murdered). 867 Basilius I, Macedonian. 886 Leo VI, the Philosopher. 911 Alexander and Constantine VI. 912 Constantine VI, with his mother, Zoe, as re- gent. 919 Romanns Lacapenus, usurper, associates with him his sons. 920 Christopher, and in 928 Stephen and Constantine VII. 945 Constantine VII alone. 959 Romanus II. 963 Nicephorus II. 969 John I, Zemisces, the celebrated general, with Basilius II and Constantine VIII. 976 Basilius II and Constantine VIII. 1028 Romanius III. 1034 Michael IV, the Paphlagonian. 1041 Michael V. 1042 Constantine IX and Zoe. 1054 Theodora, widow of Constantine. 1056 Michael VI (deposed). 1057 Isaac I, Comneus. 1059 Constantine X. 1067 Budocia, widow of Constantine, and Romanus IV. 1071 Michael VII and Constantine XI. 1078 Nicephorus III, dethroned by 1081 Alexis I, Comneus. 1 1 18 John Comneus. —146— 1 143 Manuel I. ^ 1180 Alexis 11. 1 183 Andronicus I (put to death). 1 185 Isaac II deposed by 1 195 Alexis III deposed by 1203 Isaac II again and Alexis IV. LATIN KMPKRORS. 1204 Baldwin I, Earl of Flanders. 1206 Henry I. 1 2 16 Peter de Courtenay. 1221 Robert de Courtenay. 1228 Baldwin II. GREEK EMPERORS AGAIN. 1261 Michael VII. 1282 Andronicus II. 1328 Andronicus the Younger. 1332 Andronicus III. 1 34 1 John Palaeogus. 1347 John Cantacuzenus (abdicates). 1355 John Palaeologus (restored). 1 39 1 Manuel Palaeogus. 1425 John Palaeogus II. 1448 Constantine Palaeogus. 1453 Constantinople taken by the Turks. SOVEREIGNS OF FRANCE. MEROVINGIANS. 481 Clovis. 742 Childeric III (last of the race). —147— CARI.OVINGIANS. 752 Pepin, the Short (son of Charles Martel). 768 Charlemagne. 814 Louis I, le D'bonnaire. 840 Charles the Bald. ^"jj Louis II, the Stammerer. 879 Louis III. 884 Charles III, le Gros. 887 Hugh, Count of Paris. 898 Charles the Simple. 922 Robert. 923 Rudolph. 936 Louis IV. 954 Lothaire. 986 Louis V. CAPETS. 987 Hugh Capet. 996 Robert II, the Sage. 1031 Henry I. 1060 Phillip, the Fair. 1 1 08 Louis VI. 1 137 Louis VII. 1 180 Phillip 11. 1223 Louis VIII. 1226 Louis IX (St. Louis). 1270 Phillip III. 1285 Phillip IV. 1314 Louis X. 1316 Phillip V. 1322 Charles IV. -148— HOUSK OF VALOISK. 1328 Phillip VI. 1350 John II. 1364 Charles V. 1380 Charles VI. 1422 Charles VII. 1461 Louis XL 1483 Charles VIII. 1498 Louis XII. 1515 Francis I. 1547 Henry II. 1559 Francis II. 1560 Charles IX. 1574 Henry III. 1589 1610 1643 1715 1774 1793 Henry IV. Louis XIII. Louis XIV. Louis XV. Louis XVI. Louis XVII. BOURBONS. RKPUBLIC. 1792 National Convention. 1795 Directory. CONSULATE. 1799 Bonaparte, Cambaceres and Lebrun. 1802 Bonaparte for ten years. Bonaparte for life. —149— KMPIRK. 1804 Napoleon I. RESTORATION OF BOURBONS. 1814 Ivouis XVIII. 1824 Charles X. HOUSE OF ORI.KANS. 1830 Ivouis Phillippe. SECOND REPUBIvIC. 1848 Provisional government, February 22. Louis Napoleon elected President December 19. SECOND EMPIRE. 1852 Napoleon III. THIRD REPUBUC. 1870 Committee of Public Defense. 187 1 Thiers, President, August 31. 1873 McMahon, President, May 24. 1879 F. P. Jules Grevy. SOVEREIGNS OF SPAIN. 1512 Ferdinand V became king of all Spain through the conquest of Grenada and Navarre I. 1 5 16 Charles. 1556 Phillip II. 1598 Phillip III. 1621 Phillip IV. 1665 Charles II. 1700 Phillip V| (resigned). 1724 lyouis I (a fe\V months only). —150— 1724 Phillip V again. 1746 Ferdinand VI. 1759 Charles III. 1788 Charles IV. 1808 Ferdinand VII. Joseph Bonaparte. 1 8 14 Ferdinand VII restored. 1833 Isabella II. 1868 Provisional government. 1869 Marshal Serrano, Regent. 1870 Amadeo. 1873 Execntive of the Cortes. 1874 Seranno, President. 1875 Alfonso XII. 1885 Marie Mercedes, Queen. 4 SOVEREIGNS OF PORTUGAL. 1093 Henry, Count or Earl of Portugal. 1 1 12 Alfonso (son) and Theresa. 1 128 Alfonso alone, as Count of Portugal. 1 1 39 Alfonso crowned king, as Alfonso I. 1 185 Sancho I (son of Alfonso). 1 2 12 Alfonso II. 1223 Sancho II. 1248 Alfonso III. 1279 Denis, or Dionysius, styled the Father of his Country. 1325 Alfonso IV, the Brave. 1357 Peter the Severe. 1367 Ferdinand I. 1383 John I, the Bastard and the Great. —151— 1433 Hdward, or Duarte. 1438 Alfonso V, the African. 148 1 John II, the Great and the Perfect. 1495 Emanuel the Fortunate. 1521 John III. 1557 Sebastian. 1578 Henry the Cardinal. 1580 Anthony (deposed by Phillip II, of Spain, who united Portugal to his own dominions. ) 1640 John IV, Duke of Braganza, who dispossessed the Spaniards, and was proclaimed king. 1506 Alfonso VI. 1667 Alfonso deposed and Peter made Regent. 1683 Peter II. 1706 John V. 1750 Joseph Emanuel, 1777 Maria Frances Isabella and Peter III. 1786 Maria alone. 1792 John, son of Maria, declared Regent. 1807 French invasion, and John returned to his Bra- zilian dominions. 1816 John declared King, with the title of John VI,. returning to Portugal in 182 1. 1826 Peter IV (Dom Pedro) abdicated to become Em- peror of Brazil. 1826 Maria II (seven years of age). 1828 Dom Miguel usurps the crown. 1833 Maria II (restored). 1853 Peter V (Dom Pedro). 1861 lyouis I. —152— FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON'S BATTLES ( Battles. Victor. Vanquished Date. Valmy Jemappes Combray Turcoing Charleioi Montenotte _. I,odi Areola Tagliamento . Nile* Pyramids Jaffa Trebia Aboukir Novi Zurich Engen Marengo Hotchstadt Hohenlinden__ Ulm Trafalgar * Austerlitz Jena Eylau Wagram Smolensko Borodino Moscow Polotzk Witepsk Krasnoi Beresina Lutzen Katzback Dresden Dennewitz I^eipzic Hanau St. Dizier Brienne Iva Bothiere Par-Sur-Aube _ Chap Aubert Fontainebleau Montereau Barriers Waterloo) French French Allies Moreau French Napoleon Napoleon Napoleon Napoleon Nelson Napoleon French Suwarrow Swarrow Napoleon Suwarrow Massena Moreau Napoleon Moreau Moreau Ney Nelson (killed) Napoleon French ( Indecisive ) French French French (Burned) Russians Russians Russians Russians Napoleon Bluchef Napoleon Allies Napoleon ■ Allies Allies Napoleon Allies Napoleon Napoleon ~ _. Napoleon AUiesenter, Paris. Wellington Austrians Austrians __ French Allies Allies Austrians _^ Austrians __ Austrians __ Austrians __ French Mamelukes Stormed by. Moreau Moroau Turks Moreau Russians Austrians __ Austrians ._ Austrians __ Austrians — Surrenders . French Austrians — Russians Austrians Russians _ Russians _ Retake French French French Checks allies. Ney Checks allies. Ney Napoleon Bavarians Napoleon Napoleon Allies Napoleon Allies Allies Allies French Napoleon September 20, 1792. November 6, 1792. April 24, 1794. May 18-22, 1794. June 26, 1794. April 12, 1796. May 10, 1796. November 15-17, 1796. March 16, 1797. August I, 1798. July 21, 1798. March 7, 1799. April 27, 1799. June, 18-19, I799- July 25, 1799. August 15, 1799. September 25, 1799. May 3, 1800. June 14, 1800. June 19, 1800. December 3, 1800. October ] 7-20, 1805. October 21, 1805. December 2, 1805. October 14, 1806. February 7-8, 1807. July5, 6, 1809. August 17-19, 1812. September 7, 1812. September 14, 1812. October 20, 1812. November 14, 1812. November 16-18, 1812. November 25-29, 1812. May 2, 1813. August 26, 1813. August 25-27, 1813. September 6, 1813 October 16-18, 1813, October 30, 1813. January 27, 1814. January 29, 1814, February i, 1814. February 7, 1814 February 10-12, 1814. February 17, 1814. February 18, 1814. March 31, 1814. June 18, 1815. The Battles marked * were naval. 153— A FULL LIST OF THE POPES OF ROME, FROM ST. PETER DOWN. St. Peter 42 St. lyinus 66 St. Anacletus 78 St. Clement I — -^ 91 St. Evaristus 100 St. Aleanderl---^- 108 St. Sextus I 119 St. Telesphorus -_-. 127 St. Hyginus 139 St. Pius I 142 St. Anicetus _-^ 157 St. Soterus -- 168 St. Blentherius 177 St. Victor I 193 St. Zephirinus 202 St. Calixtus I 217 St. Urban I 223 St. Ponteanus 230 St, Anterus 235 St. Fabiun 236 St. Cornelius 250 St. Stephen I 253 St. Sixtus II 257 St. Dionysius 259 St. Felix I 269 St. Eutychianius _- 275 St. Caius 288 St. Marcellinus 296 (See vacant 3 yrs, 6 mos. ) St. Marcellus I 308 St. Ensebius 310 St. Melchiades 311 St. Sylvester I 314 St. Marcus ^ 336 St. Julius I ___._-_ 2>2>7 Liberius 352 St. Felex II 355 St. Damasus I 366 St. Siricius 384 St. Anastasius I 398 St. Innocent I 402 St. Zosimus 417 St. Boniface I 418 St. Celestinel 422 St. Sixtus III 432 St. I^eo I The Great 440 St. Hilary 461 St Simplicus 468 St. Felex III 483 St. Gelasius I 492 St. Anastasius II _ - 496 St. Symmachus 498 St. Hormisdas 514 St. John I 523 St. Felex IV 526 Boniface II 530 John II 533 St Agapetus I 535 154— St. Sylverius 536 Vigilius 537 Pelagius I 555 John III 560 Benedict (I) Bonosus 574 Pelagius II 578 St. Gregory I The Great 590 Sabinianus 604 Boniface III 607 St. Boniface I V . _ - 608 St. Deusdedit 615 Boniface V 619 Honoris I 625 (See vacant i yr, 7 mos. ) Severinus 640 John IV 640 Theodorus I 642 St. Marten I 649 St. Engenius I 654 St. Vitaleanus 657 Adeodatus 672 Donus or Domnus I 676 St. Agathon 678 St. Leo II 682 St. Benedict II 684 John V 685 Canon 686 St. Sergius I 687 John VI 701 John VII -- 705 Sisinnius 708 Constantine 708 St. Gregory II 715 St. Gregory III 731 St. Zachary 741 Stephen II (died be- fore consecration) 752 Stephen III 752 St. Paul I 757 Stephen IV 768 Adrian I 772 St. Leo III 795 Stephen V 816 St. Paschal I 817 Bugenius II 824 Valentinus 827 Gregory IV 827 Sergius II 844 St. Leo IV 847 Benedict III 855 St. Nicholas I 858 Adrian II 867 John VIII 872 Marinus I 882 Adrian III 884 Stephen VI 885 Formosus 8gi Stephen VII 896 Romanus 897 Theodorus 898 John IX 898 I -155 Benedict IV 900 Leo V -- 903 Christopher 903 Sergius III 904 Anastasius III 911 Lando 913 John X 914 Leo VI 928 Stephen VIII 929 John XI 931 Leo VII 936 Stephen IX 939 Marinus II 943 Agapetus II 946 John XII 956 Benedict V 964 John XIII 965 Benedict VI 972 Donus or Domnus II___ 974 Benedict VII 975 John XIV 983 Gregory V 996 Sylvester II 999 John XVII 1003 John XVIII 1003 Sergius IV 1009 Benedict VIII 1012 John XIX 1024 Benedict IX (de- posed) 1033 Gregory VI 1045 Clement II 1046 Damasus II 1048 St. Leo IX 1049 Victor II 1055 Stephen X 1057 Benedict X 1058 Nicholas II 1058 Alexander II 106 r Gregory VII 1073 Victor III 1086 Urban II 1088 Paschal II 1^99 Gelasius II 1118 Calixtus II 1119 Honorius II 1124 Innocent II 1130 Celestine II 1143 Lucius II 1144 Eugenius III 1145 Anastasius IV 1153 Adrian IV (English) 1154 Alexander III 1159 Lucius II 1181 Urban III 1185 Gregory VIII 1187 Clement III 1187 Celestine III 1191 Innocent III 1198 Honorius III 1216 Gregory IV 1227 —156— Celestine IV 1241 (See vacant i yr, 7 mos.) Innocent IV 1243 Alexander IV 1254 Urban IV 1261 Clement IV 1265 (See vacant 2 yrs, 9 mos.) Gregory X 1271 Innocent V 1276 Adrian V 1276 John XXI 1276 Nicholas III 1277 Martin IV 1281 Honorius IV 1285 Nicholas IV 1288 (See vacant 2 yrs, 3 mos.) St. Celestine V 1294 Boniface VIII 1294 Benedict XI 1303 Clement V (seat of papacy moved to Avignon) 1305 (See vacant 2 yrs, 3 mos. ) John XXII 1316 Benedict XII 1334 Clement VI 1342 Innocent IV 1352 Urban VI 1362 Gregory XI (throne res- tored to Rome)-- 1370 Boniface IX 1389 Innocent VII 1404 Gregory XII 1406 I Alexander V 1409 John XXIII 1410 Martin V 1417 Eugenius IV 143 1 Nicholas V 1447 Calextus III 1455 Pius II 1458 Paul II 1464 Sixtus IV 1471 Innocent VIII 1484 Alexander VI 1492 Pius III 1503 Julius II 1503 Leo X 1513 Adrian VI 1522 Clement VIII 1523 Paul III 1534 Julius III 1550 Marcellius II 1555 Paul IV 1555 Pius IV 1559 St. Pius V 1566 Gregory XIII 1572 Sixtus V 1585 Urban VII 1590 Gregory XIV 1590 Innocent IX 1591 Clement VII 1592 Leo XI -- 1605 Paul V -- 1605 —157 Gregory XV 162 1 Urban VIII 1623 Innocent X 1644 Alexander VII - 1655 Clement IX 1667 Clement X 1670 Innocent XI 1676 Alexender VII 1689 Innocent XII 1691 Clement XI 1700 Innocent XIII 1721 Benedict XIII 1724 Clement XII '^7?P Benedict XIV 1740 Clement XIII 1758 Clement XIV 1769 Pius VI 1775 Pius VII 1800 Leo XII 1823 Pius VIII 1829 Gregory XVI 1831 Pius IX 1846 Whole number of Popes, 257. Whole number venerated as Saints, 82. INDEX. Administration, and Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 32 American Wars 60 A Few Facts 61 A Full Ivist of the Popes of Rome 153 Articles Free of Duty -_. 62 Alien and Sedition T^aws 66 Analysis of the vote for President in 1884 73 Administrations of the United States 112 Ancient Battles Before Christ _-^ 127 Colonial Period 8 CivilWar - 28 Colored Troops in the United States Army during the War 112 Discoveries 5 Depression of Lakes 59 Elevation of Cities 58 Elevation of Lakes 59 Election and Meeting of Legislatures 64 England Before the Conquest 113 England Under the Romans 114 England Under the Saxons 1 16-123 England Under the Anglo-Saxons no England Under the Danes 122 English, Irish and Scotch Battles 128 Fictitious Names of States 35 Fictitious Names of Cities 37 Foreign Nations and their Rulers 76 French Revolution and Napolien's Battles 152 Governors' Salaries and Terms of Office 70 Geographical Discoveries . 87 Historical Events 3 Heights of Waterfalls 61 Heights of Monuments and Towers in Different Parts of the World 68 Important Dates and References 5 Indian Wars and Other Events 23 Important Historical Facts 77 Largest Cities in the World 54 Miscellaneous Events -_- 18 II INDE] Mexican War 67 Men Called by the President During the Late War.. 67 Mason and Dixon's Line 71 Notable Bridges of the Worid 74 Navy Yards of the United States 112 Organization of the United States and the Adoption of the Constitution ^ 15 Population of Every State and Territory 33 Population and Electoral Vote for Presidents 81 Principal Battles of the Revolution 83 Principal Battles of the War with Mexico > .. 84 Principal Battles of the Second War with England 85 Principal Naval Battles of the Second war With England 87 Qualifications for Voting in Each State of the Union 78 Revolutionary Period 11 Sovereigns of England 3-124 Sovereigns and Rulers of Rome.. 140 Sovereigns of France 146 Sovereigns of Spain 149 Sovereigns of Portugal 150 Second War with England 20 Salaries of United States Officials Per Annum 80 Size of Lakes and Oceans 56 Territory Added to the United States 17 The Longest and Largest Rivers in the World 38 The Highest and Largest Mountains in the World 40 The Battles and Events of the Federal and Confederate Armies of the Civil War Compared 41 The Thirteen Original States 60 The Greatest Battles in History 65 The Great Wonders of America 99 The Steamer Great Eastern 69 The Reign of George III ' 131 Wars of the United States 85 What Royalty Costs 72 What the White House Costs 72 War With Algiers, etc 22