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FRONTIER DEFENSE ON THE 
 UPPER OHIO, 1777-1778 
 
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DRAPER SERIES. VOLUME III 
 
 FRONTIER DEFENSE 
 
 ON THE 
 
 Upper Ohio, 1777-1778 
 
 Compiled from the Draper Manuscripts in the 
 Library of the Wisconsin Historical Societ}^ 
 and published at the charge of the Wisconsin 
 Society of the Sons of the American Revolution 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 REUBEN GOLD THWAITES, LL. D. 
 
 Superintendent of the Society 
 
 AND 
 
 LOUISE PHELPS KELLOGG, Ph. D. 
 
 Editorial Assistant on the Society's Staff 
 
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 STATE 
 
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 f SOCIETY 
 
 MADISON 
 
 Wisconsin Historical Society 
 
 1912 
 
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 Copyright, 1912 
 By the State Historical Society of Wisconsin 
 
 Published March, 1912 
 
 OSHKOSH 
 Castle-Pierce Printing Company 
 
 ^|5> 
 
 CC1.A309920 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 • 
 
 
 Fayc 
 
 Introduction. The Editors 
 
 . . . . 
 
 . 
 
 Explanation .... 
 
 . 
 
 
 Docuniciiti 
 
 
 
 Hand at Fort Pitt . 
 
 
 I, 188 
 
 Frontier posts on the Ohio 
 
 . 
 
 . 3 
 
 News from Fort Pitt 
 
 5 
 
 , 14, 128 
 
 Affairs at Detroit 
 
 7, 14, 
 
 230, 280 
 
 Defense of the Virginia frontier 
 
 . 16, 21, 69, 205, 
 
 209, 223 
 
 General Hand warned 
 
 
 . 18 
 
 Friendly Indian warnings 
 
 
 • 25 
 
 Suggestions from Governor Henry 
 
 
 • 30 
 
 Provisioning and strengthening the 
 
 forts 
 
 33, 46 
 
 Sundry raids and skirmishes . 
 
 . 33, 36, 78, 93, 
 
 138, 151, 
 
 
 248, 273, 
 
 294 
 
 Expeditions planned 
 
 . 42, 48, 74, 100, 
 
 133, 145, 
 
 
 154, 193, 197, 
 
 202, 278 
 
 The Tory conspiracy 
 
 . 
 
 . 51 
 
 The siege of Fort Henry 
 
 . 
 
 54, 72 
 
 Situation at Fort Henry . 
 
 . 50, 76, 83, 129, 
 
 138, 245 
 
 Kittanning evacuated 
 
 . 
 
 . 82 
 
 Indians murdered by frontiersmen 
 
 . 
 
 . 85 
 
 Relations with the Delawares . 
 
 86, 93, 112, 164, 
 244, 269 
 
 228, 241, 
 
 Fort Hand built 
 
 
 . 97 
 
 Word from the Muskingum 
 
 
 . 100 
 
 Foreman's defeat 
 
 . 
 
 . 106 
 
 Aftermath of Foreman's defeat 
 
 . 
 
 . 118 
 
 Reinforcements for Fort Randolph 
 
 . 
 
 . 122 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Troops for the Continental Army . 
 
 Good news from the East 
 
 Tory drowned; Zackwell Morgan arrested 
 
 Fort Randolph reinforced; Cornstalk detained 
 
 The murder of Cornstalk 
 
 News from Fort Randolph 
 
 Indians of the Allegheny 
 
 Temper of Western Indians 
 
 The Kentucky settlements 
 
 Loyalists at Fort Pitt 
 
 Plans for Clark's expedition . 
 
 The Squaw Campaign 
 
 Oaths of allegiance 
 
 Conciliating the Shawnee 
 
 Report of Commissioners 
 
 Loyalists escape .... 
 
 Boat building . . . . . 
 
 Defense of the Southwestern frontier 
 
 Relations with Spaniards 
 
 Congress plans for the West . 
 
 News of the French alliance 
 
 Muster rolls 
 
 157, i< 
 
 Page 
 
 . 132 
 
 • 136 
 
 . 142 
 
 . 149 
 
 175, 240 
 
 171, 
 
 196, 
 
 194, 246 
 172, 188 
 . 178 
 . 181 
 . 184 
 226, 263, 271 
 201, 215 
 . 203 
 234, 258 
 . 238 
 249, 274 
 256, 276 
 262, 265 
 . 289 
 . 293 
 . 297 
 . 300 
 
 Index 
 
 307 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Map of the Frontier of Northwest Virginia 
 in the Revolution .... 
 
 Portrait of Gen. Edward Hand 
 
 Facsimile of portion of Gen. Henry Hamilton's 
 report of Council at Detroit 
 
 Fort Henry (Wheeling, W. Va.) in 1777 
 
 Portrait of Mrs. Lydia (Boggs-Shepherd) Cruger 
 
 Blockhouse, Fort Pitt 
 
 Monument to Cornstalk, at Point Pleasant, W. Va. 
 
 Portrait of Col. Moses Shepherd 
 
 Portrait of Gen. James O'Hara 
 
 Facsimile of portion of letter by John Campbell 
 to George Rogers Clark .... 
 
 Page 
 
 Frontispiece " 
 I 
 
 8 " 
 
 50 
 
 66 
 128 
 160 
 222 ' 
 278 ^ 
 
 298 
 
 ^ 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 The Draper Series, of which this is Volume III, is 
 devoted to the pubHcation of original documentary 
 material obtained in the main from the Draper Manu- 
 script Collection, now in the Society's possession. The 
 task of selection and annotation, and of putting the 
 volumes through the press, has fallen to the present 
 Editors ; but the cost of printing has generously been 
 borne by the Wisconsin Society of the Sons of 
 the American Revolution. The first volume, a 
 Documentary History of Dunmore's War, 1774, was 
 published in May, 1905 ; the second. Revolution on the 
 Upper Ohio, 1775-1777, appeared in February, 1908. 
 The present is a continuation of Volume II, and will, 
 it is expected, be followed by others, extending the 
 subject to the close of the Revolutionary War. 
 
 Volume II closed with news of the coming to Fort 
 Pitt of Gen. Edward Hand. For the frontiersmen of 
 the Upper Ohio, this was an event of much impor- 
 tance. He had served in its garrison during the British 
 regime, and was well-known and popular throughout 
 the district. His appointment was a welcome assur- 
 ance to the borderers that the commander-in-chief 
 and the Continental Congress proposed, so far as 
 seemed then possible, to assist in their protection. 
 
 But the barbaric enemy facing the frontier diflfered 
 greatly from the well-equipped, well-drilled profes- 
 
X FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 sional army from Europe that confronted the armed 
 men of the tidewater. The stealthy foes of the border 
 aimed their heaviest blows at the homes, wives, and 
 children of the settlers; no life was safe from them, 
 no person secure. Through long and bitter experience, 
 the backwoodsmen had come to understand the art 
 of defense by concentration within neighborhood 
 blockhouses and log forts. But a new danger pre- 
 sented itself. The Indians were now guided and stim- 
 ulated by the nation's white enemies, so that to their 
 native cunning were added the superior intelligence 
 and more astute methods of the English. The situa- 
 tion soon became desperate. 
 
 The British authorities at Detroit were especially 
 active in urging the Indians to war against the Ameri- 
 cans. Permissory orders to that effect were received 
 by Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton early in June, 1777. 
 With consummate skill he roused the barbarians to 
 frenzy; under his stimulus they prepared to hurl 
 themselves upon the American frontier. The invading 
 parties were provided by Hamilton w^ith proclamations 
 prepared both by Governor Carleton and himself, call- 
 ing on the Western inhabitants to submit to King 
 George and take refuge within the British posts, 
 where a land bounty would be given them for loyal 
 service. This project was adroitly devised to mingle 
 terror and mercy, in the hope that the colonists' rebel- 
 lion would speedily be crushed on the Western bor- 
 ders; and that the Easterners, finding themselves be- 
 tween two fires, would be obliged to yield. The effect 
 of these proclamations, scattered by Indian raiders 
 
INTRODUCTION xi 
 
 throughout the American backwoods settlements, was 
 considerable. In some cases they were suppressed by 
 American officers, but the Loyalist disaffection in the 
 trans-Alleghany is largely attributable to this source. 
 
 The herculean task confronting Hand on his arrival 
 at Fort Pitt was to defend the vast frontier (stretch- 
 ing from Kittanning on the north to the Great 
 Kanawha on the south) from the inroads of Indian 
 parties, and to overawe disaffection and active Loy- 
 alist measures within the settlements. To accom- 
 plish this result. Congress had given him a mere hand- 
 ful of regular troops, and left him to recruit militia- 
 men and commandeer the supplies sufficient for his 
 needs. Four principal forts were placed at strategic 
 points — Kittanning, Pitt, Henry, and Randolph. In 
 addition there were numerous local blockhouses, for 
 every small community ''forted" while danger hovered 
 near ; but during a lull in hostilities, the men ventured 
 to attend to their home duties in the widely scattered 
 farmsteads and fields. To add to his difficulties, Hand 
 was much embarrassed by the active and often viru- 
 lent boundary controversy betw^een Pennsylvania and 
 Virginia, both states claiming jurisdiction of the re- 
 gion around Fort Pitt. 
 
 Fortunately for the final event, the tribesmen who 
 had declared war against the border were those known 
 to the frontiersmen as the "far Indians," with habitats 
 about Detroit and along the Sandusky, Maumee, and 
 Wabash rivers, where they were closely under British 
 tutelage. The Shawnee and Delawares of the nearer 
 wilderness had not yet forgotten the battle of Point 
 Pleasant (1774), and for the time adhered to their 
 
xii FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 treaty with the Americans made in 1775 at Pitts- 
 burgh — not only maintaining neutrality, but proving 
 their friendliness by giving timely warnings of the 
 approach of war parties. The Delawares in particular 
 acted as a buffer between the Americans and the 
 Indian allies of the British. Their chiefs went fre- 
 quently and freely to Fort Pitt, and the Moravian 
 missionaries among them were useful agents for the 
 colonial cause. 
 
 Had the frontiersmen but carefully distinguished 
 between Indian friends and foes, and kept the faith 
 as loyally as the former, much trouble might have 
 been avoided. There was, however, a savage spirit 
 among the rank and file of the borderers, that did no 
 honor to the American cause. Hand was obliged con- 
 tinually to intervene to protect the lives of the friendly 
 Delawares, for he had reason to fear their massacre 
 by the inhabitants around Fort Pitt. This dispo- 
 sition culminated in the dastardly murder of Chief 
 Cornstalk, with three of his tribe, in the autumn of 
 1777, while they were detained as hostages within the 
 walls of Fort Randolph. This same indiscriminately 
 revengeful disposition broke out against the Loyalists, 
 one of whose leaders, Hickson, was drowned while a 
 prisoner, apparently by the connivance of the militia 
 officer in charge. With Cornstalk's death vanished 
 the hope of neutrality for the Shawnee, and both the 
 Kentucky settlements and the Virginia frontier suf- 
 fered repeatedly from the avenging fury of this tribe. 
 
 As a rule, Indian war-parties against the American 
 frontier were small. They sought to elude the garri- 
 sons, penetrate into the settlements before discovery, 
 
INTRODUCTION xiii 
 
 strike a quick blow, and then retire. During 1777, 
 however, considerable forces of the aboriginal enemy 
 twice appeared on the border, prepared for hostile 
 operations on a larger scale than usual. September i, 
 two hundred or more Indians invested Fort Henry, 
 determined, as White Eyes picturesquely put it, "to 
 carry Wheeling home" to the native towns. Although 
 forewarned by the friendly Delawares, the militia offi- 
 cers had grown careless, dismissed the levies that had 
 come to their assistance, and on the morning of the 
 attack had less than a hundred men within the stock- 
 ade. The siege continued during two exciting days, 
 at the close of which the persistent enemy withdrew, 
 after slaying all outlying cattle and other domestic 
 animals. 
 
 The attack on Wheeling aroused the county militia 
 of both Pennsylvania and Virginia, and company after 
 company poured into Fort Pitt to do garrison duty for 
 the outlying posts. Among the reinforcements sent to 
 Fort Henry was a band of men from the interior 
 county of Hampshire,^ whose inhabitants had for a 
 generation been free from Indian ravages. These new- 
 comers found the inaction at Wheeling irksome. 
 Toward the last of September, forty-six of them, 
 headed by their officers, started on a scouting expe- 
 dition down the Ohio, when twenty-one of the party 
 lost their lives in a native ambush at McMechen's 
 Narrows — the event known in border history as the 
 Foreman Massacre. For some time after this unfor- 
 tunate aflfair, savage raids on the Western border were 
 
 1 Now in West Virginia. 
 
xiv FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 less frequent. This seems to have been due to the 
 defeat of St. Leger's expedition, and the terror in- 
 spired in the Western tribesmen by Burgoyne's sur- 
 render, together with the possibility of final colonial 
 triumph. 
 
 In the frontiersman's calendar, winter stood for 
 peace. But the vengeance to be feared for Cornstalk's 
 murder made the winter of 1777-78 a time of busy 
 preparations for defense. Hand even hoped to con- 
 duct an offensive raid, to seize some stores at San- 
 dusky, and thus inflict a blow on the British fur-traders 
 and their tribal customers. Collecting a small force 
 from the western counties of Pennsylvania, he set 
 forth in February on the first regular expedition into 
 Indian territory since the outbreak of the Revolution. 
 A sudden rise of the waters defeated his plans. He 
 penetrated no farther than Beaver Creek, where he 
 raided two Indian camps, inhabited chiefly by squaws. 
 This expedition was thenceforth derisively known as 
 the "Squaw Campaign." 
 
 During the winter, Pittsburgh and its vicinity was 
 a hive of activity, induced by preparations for three 
 important Western expeditions. Documents descrip- 
 tive of the voyage of Gibson and Linn to New Orleans, 
 to secure powder, were presented in Volume II of this 
 series. Encouraged by the success of that undertak- 
 ing, and by the strong sympathy with the Americans 
 evinced by the Spanish authorities at New Orleans, 
 two expeditions outfitted in Pittsburgh to proceed to 
 the lower reaches of the Mississippi. One originating 
 in Virginia, was led by Col. David Rogers and had for 
 its object the procuring of supplies. The one author- 
 
INTRODUCTION xv 
 
 ized by Congress was in the care of Capt. James 
 Willing; this was bolder in scope, and embraced a 
 plan to seize West Florida and hold that region for the 
 patriot cause. The third was under Col. George 
 Rogers Clark, a pioneer of Kentucky ; but the destina- 
 tion of this expedition was as yet unrevealed. Colonel 
 Clark himself arrived at the neighborhood of Fort Pitt 
 early in February, and at once began the work of re- 
 cruiting, boat-building, and provisioning. Considerable 
 opposition was manifested by the inhabitants to de- 
 taching men from this exposed frontier at so critical a 
 juncture; but General Hand was admitted to the se- 
 cret of Clark's intention to capture the British-French 
 garrisons in the Illinois, and quietly aided him with 
 such supplies and support as he could furnish. Not 
 until Clark was well on his way down the river did the 
 news of the French-American alliance reach Pitts- 
 burgh. This important fact was communicated to him 
 with all speed, and no doubt contributed materially to 
 his success among the French of the Illinois. 
 
 Meanwhile communications were maintained with 
 the Spanish of Louisiana. In February a message 
 from the governor of New Orleans was received at 
 Fort Pitt; but as no one there was able to translate 
 this document, it was taken to Congress by Col. George 
 Morgan. Even in this body no satisfactory translator 
 could be found ; consequently, Morgan's response, 
 forwarded by Captain Willing, was necessarily 
 couched in vague terms of friendship, with a recapitu- 
 lation of the colonial victories and successes. 
 
 Hand had in view for the spring of 1778 another 
 invasion of Indian territory; he was convinced that 
 
xvi FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 nothing else would prove efficacious in subduing the 
 tribesmen. At first, success seemed wholly probable. 
 But among the men surrounding the general was Col. 
 Alexander McKee, formerly an Indian agent, but long 
 suspected of Loyalist tendencies. He was necessarily 
 well-informed of Hand's plans. On the night of 
 March 28, McKee broke the parole which he had 
 given, and taking with him several confederates and 
 servants, escaped to the Indian towns, on his way to 
 place and preferment under the British flag. 
 
 Hand had by now found his position intolerable. 
 Eager to serve his country, he was satisfied that, with- 
 out success, he had done all that any man might in the 
 circumstances, and that he could henceforth be more 
 useful in the Eastern army. A new commandant, bet- 
 ter supported than he had been, might, he thought, 
 win laurels on the Western frontier. His petition for 
 a recall was seconded by three commissioners then at 
 Fort Pitt investigating the situation and the Loyalists' 
 movements, and received the assent of Congress. Gen. 
 Lachlan Mcintosh was thereupon appointed to the 
 West, and being better equipped was able to take the 
 offensive from Fort Pitt and strike an effective blow 
 in the enemy's country. 
 
 Hand, however, had ably performed a difficult ser- 
 vice. At a critical period he saved the frontier from 
 being pushed back upon the colonies. His watchful 
 care, his careful husbanding of resources, his aid to 
 far Western expeditions, and his successful mainte- 
 nance of local garrisons, mark his administration as 
 one of vigor and efficiency. His command at Fort Pitt 
 is memorable in the annals of the American Revolu- 
 
INTRODUCTION xvii 
 
 tion. Our volume closes with his recall to the Eastern 
 field. 
 
 In addition to the material found in the Draper 
 Manuscripts we include a few documents from other 
 sources — some letters from Col. George Morgan's 
 letter-book, the transcripts of which have kindly been 
 furnished to us by Mr. Harrison W. Graver, librarian 
 of the Garnegie Library, Pittsburgh ; three documents 
 obtained through the courteous offices of Dr. Arthur 
 G. Doughty, from the Canadian Archives at Ottawa; 
 and portions of the Hand letters to Yeates, of which 
 accurate transcripts were obligingly sent to us by Dr. 
 John Billings, director of the New York Public Li- 
 brary. Our acknowledgments are also due to Dr. 
 Victor Hugo Paltsits, late New York State Historian, 
 for information concerning the Oswego Treaty of 
 1777. 
 
 The transcriptions from the Draper Manuscript Col- 
 lection are largely the careful work of Miss Daisy G. 
 Beecroft, of the Society's Library staff; the proof- 
 reading has been under the expert supervision of Miss 
 Annie A. Nunns, secretary to the senior Editor; and 
 the excellent map has been prepared by Miss Mary 
 Stuart Foster, also of the Society's staff. 
 
 R. G. T. 
 L. P. K. 
 
EXPLANATORY 
 
 Following the names of the writer and recipient of 
 each document is given its press-mark in the Draper 
 Manuscript Collection, by which the original can read- 
 ily be identified if its further consultation is desired. 
 The capital letter or letters refer to the series to which 
 the document belongs; the volume number precedes 
 the series letter, the folio or page number follows. 
 E.g., the press-mark 1SS57 means Vol. i of the 
 Shepherd Papers, p. 57; the press-mark 49J13 is 
 equivalent to Vol. 49 of the George Rogers Clark 
 MSS, p. 13. 
 
 Immediately after the press-mark, the nature of 
 the document is indicated by the descriptive initials 
 customarily employed in describing manuscripts : 
 
 A. L. — autograph letter unsigned:' (usually a draft 
 in the author's handwriting). 
 
 A. L. S. — autograph letter signed. 
 
 L. S. — letter signed (text being in another's hand- 
 writing). 
 
 D. S. — document signed. 
 
Gkxi-.kal Edward Hand 
 rriuisyiz'ania A rehires, 2d series, x, p. 14 
 
FRONTIER DEFENSE ON THE 
 UPPER OHIO, 1777-1778 
 
 HAND TAKES COMMAND AT FORT PITT 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to Col. David Shepherd. 1SS57 — 
 A. L. S.] 
 
 Whereas the Honourable the Continental Congress 
 have thought proper to appoint me to take the Com- 
 mand on the Frontiers of Virginia and Pennsylvania^ 
 & to embody such of the Militia as I shall think ade- 
 quate to the Defence of the Country. And whereas 
 the late Murders committed by the Savages, encour- 
 aged & supported by our cruel Enemies evidently 
 point out the absolute Necessity of a perfect union 
 and Harmony amongst the Frontier Inhabitants in 
 Defence of their Lives, Liberties & Properties 
 
 I do hereby declare, that in Execution of the Trust 
 reposed in me, I shall consider those persons as dan- 
 gerous & disaffected to the American Cause, who abet 
 or in any wise foment the present unhappy disputes 
 between the states of Virginia & Pennsylvania to the 
 
 1 Concerning General Hand and his appointment to com- 
 mand at Fort Pitt, see Thwaites and Kellogg, Revolution on 
 the Upper Ohio (Madison, 1908), p. 256. He arrived Jmie i, 
 escorted by a troop of Westmoreland lighthorse militia. — Ed. 
 1 
 
2 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 public injury.- The Love of our Country will I trust, 
 teach us to forget all Invidious distinctions & to pay 
 the proper attention to merit, unconfined to Party, we 
 shall do the most essential Service to the Common 
 weal by Carefully avoiding the giving any just cause 
 of offence to the Indians. Should a General war with 
 the savages be inevitable, I have the highest Confi- 
 dence in the fortitude of the Militia & their Zeal for 
 the public Service, which Comprehends their dearest 
 Interests. The knowledge I have formed of the Coun- 
 try & its Inhabitants by a long residence at Fort Pitt, 
 renders my present Command highly pleasing to me.^ 
 Happy should I be if I can Conduce by my Labours to 
 the Safety of the Frontier. Congress hath directed 
 the removal of the Continental Troops from this Quar- 
 ter except the 300 Men to be stationed at Forts Pitt, 
 Randolph & the Kittanning* as these Companies are 
 not yet Compleated; I expect you will be pleased to 
 
 2 For the boundary dispute between Virginia and Penn- 
 sylvania, each claiming the site of Pittsburgh, see Ibid, pp. 18, 
 19, — Ed. 
 
 3 General Hand came to America in 1767 with the i8th 
 (or Royal Irish) regiment, two companies of which were 
 stationed at Fort Pitt 1768-72. There Hand purchased a com- 
 mission as ensign in the regiment, which he resigned two 
 years later to settle in Lancaster, Pa. — Ed. 
 
 4 Fort Pitt was built not far from the site of the French 
 Fort Duquesne not long after the evacuation of the former, 
 and was garrisoned by British troops until 1772, when it was 
 abandoned by them. In January, 1774, it was restored 
 by Virginia authority and rechristened Fort Dunmore, after 
 the governor of that colony. At the close of Dunmore's 
 War it was again evacuated, until garrisoned by American 
 troops under Col. John Neville in the summer of 1775. 
 
 For Fort Randolph, see Thwaites and Kellogg, Dunmore's 
 War (Madison, 1905), p. 310, note 27; for Kittanning, Rev. 
 Upper Ohio, p. 200, note 39. — Ed. 
 
HAND TAKES COMMAND 3 
 
 take the most effectual methods in your Power to have 
 the posts directed to be occupied on the Frontiers by 
 the late Board of Officers, kept up untill some more 
 advantageous regulation can take place. If in the 
 mean Time any pressing Occasion should demand an 
 additional number of the Militia I hope they will be 
 in readiness to march on the shortest Notice. 
 
 I rely greatly on your activity & public Zeal & have 
 the Honour to be Y^. most obed*. & most Hble. Serv^ 
 
 EwD^ Hand B. G. 
 Fort Pitt June 3d. 1777. 
 
 On public Service to Col. David Shepherd at the Mouth 
 of Wheeling Ohio County Virginia.^ 
 
 FRONTIER POSTS ON THE OHIO 
 
 [Memorandum, unsigned. 1U54.] 
 
 Fort Pitt June ye 3d 1777 
 
 Memorandum for General Hand of the Difrent 
 Post[s] from Wheeling to the Great Kanhaway 
 
 The Kittaning 50 Mile from this Post Garrison^, 
 by on[e] Company of the Western Battallion of Con- 
 tinentall Troops and a Compy ordered from the West- 
 moreland Militia to Releve them^ 
 
 A small Guard of men Consisting of nine at a Stock- 
 aid Built at Munters bottom by the Adgecent [adja- 
 cent] inhabitants, 
 
 5 For David Shepherd, at this time county-lieutenant for 
 the newly-erected Ohio County, see Ibid, p. 196, note 30. — Ed. 
 
 6 The 8th Pennsylvania regiment marched from Kittanning 
 in December, 1776, leaving one company to garrison the fort 
 at that place. This was an independent company under com- 
 mand of Capt. Samuel Moorhead. See a letter dated June 
 4, 1777, from General Hand to Colonel Lochry, concerning 
 supplies for this post, in Mrs. Mary C. Darlington, Fort 
 Pitt and Letters from the Frontier (Pittsburgh, 1892), 
 p. 223. — Ed. 
 
4 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 at a place Call^. Rordons bottom about 40 Miles be- 
 low this post an Officer and 15 men 
 
 at the Mouth of Yellow Creek' fifteen Miles below 
 the Last mentioned Place Built by the inhabitants an 
 officer and 20 men 
 
 at the Mingo Bottom^ 20 below Yellow Creek a 
 Lieut, of the Regelers and 18 men, to be releved if not 
 alredy don by Milititia 
 
 at Wheeling^ a Company of Boutt [Botetourt?] 
 Militia 
 
 at the Mouth of Grave Creek twelve Miles below 
 Wheeling a Company of Ohio County Militia^'^ 
 
 "^ Yellow Creek was the scene of the massacre of Logan's 
 family, three years before the building of this fort. See 
 Dunmore's War, pp. 17-19. — Ed. 
 
 8 Mingo Bottom was on the west side of the Ohio, where 
 the town of Mingo Junction now is. Probably the fort was 
 opposite, on the Virginia side of the river, which may like- 
 wise have been called Mingo Bottom. The locality took its 
 name from a town of Mingo Indians established there during 
 the French and Indian War. Croghan in 1765 speaks of it 
 as a "Seneca village" on a high bank on the north shore. 
 When Washington passed in 1770 there were twenty cabins 
 and about seventy inhabitants. Rev. David Jones in 1772 
 says the people of this town were wont to plunder canoes, 
 and that he was happy enough to pass in the night undiscov- 
 ered. The raiding of this band of robbers was one of the 
 inciting causes of Dunmore's War. Before that war they had 
 abandoned their town near Cross Creek, and retreated to the 
 headwaters of the Scioto. There Wood visited them the fol- 
 lowing year — see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 48, note yy; also p. 217. 
 The locality of their former town on the Ohio retained its 
 name. It was the rendezvous both for the Moravian expedi- 
 tion and that of Crawford in the latter part of the Revolu- 
 tion. An important Indian trail led thence to the Muskingum 
 towns ; hence the necessity of the garrison here noted. — Ed. 
 
 9 For the garrison at Wheeling, see Rev. Upper Ohio, 
 pp. 232, 242-244. — Ed. 
 
 10 For this garrison, commanded by Capt. William Harrod, 
 see Ibid, index. It was abandoned in July, 1777, the troops 
 being concentrated at Wheeling. — Ed. 
 
MURDER BY INDIANS 5 
 
 at the Great Kanhaway 2 Compy. of Regalors one 
 hundred Each to releve by Militia^^ 
 
 NEWS FROM FORT PITT 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to Jasper Yeates. Original MS. in New 
 York Public Library; Hand Papers^- — A. L. S.] 
 
 Fort Pitt lo^h. of June 1777 
 Dear Yeates — Since I wrote to Kitty^^ by Col : 
 Morgan^* nothing has happened in this part of the 
 World worth notice except the murder of One man 
 on the evening of the 7**". Instant at wheeling^^, I sup- 
 pose by a part of the Pluggys town Gang^*^. the 
 
 11 For a sketch of Fort Randolph, at the mouth of the 
 Great Kanawha River, see Ibid, p. 185, note 18. Of the two 
 companies one was from Virginia, under Capt. Matthew 
 Arbuckle ; one from Pennsylvania, under Capt. John Robin- 
 son. Ibid, pp. 230, 231, 239-24 T. — Ed. 
 
 12 A portion of the Hand Papers which are among the 
 Draper MSS. are in the form of transcripts made in 1852 
 by Dr. Draper. The originals of a number of these, how- 
 ever, are now in the New York Public Library, whose 
 director, Dr. John S. Billings, has kindly furnished us with 
 fresh transcripts thereof, and these are followed in the pres- 
 ent volume. 
 
 For a brief sketch of Jasper Yeates, who was commissioner 
 for the treaty of 1775, see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 191, note 
 25.— Ed. 
 
 13 Kitty (Catherine Ewing) was Mrs. Edward Hand. She 
 was a niece of Jasper Yeates, whose sister Sarah was her 
 mother. General Fland was married in 1775; his wife died 
 in 1805, aged fifty-four years. — Ed. 
 
 1* George Morgan, Indian agent, who had gone to Phila- 
 delphia to consult with Congress on the Indian situation. For 
 a sketch, see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 31, note 59. — Ed. 
 
 15 The man whose murder is here mentioned was Thomas 
 McCleary, a member of Captain Van Meter's company, who 
 with one comrade had gone fishing up Wheeling Creek. For 
 details, see Pennsylvania Archives, ist series, v, p. 445. — Ed. 
 
 16 For the hostilities committed by this band of Indians and 
 the expedition against their town planned and then aban- 
 doned, see Rev. Upper Ohio, passim. — Ed. 
 
6 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 Chiefs of the wiandots & Mingos are expect [ed] to 
 Assemble here towards the end of next month, hope 
 that nest may be removed. I have seen an Address 
 from some of the Principle Inhabitants of Philad^ to 
 the Inhabitants of Westmoreland, inclosing A Coppy 
 of one to the Board of War & Assembly of Pennsyl- 
 vania, & the Boards Ans"" when I saw it there was 
 but two Signers. I am tomorrow to Attend A Genl 
 Meeting of Militia Officers at Catfish's Camp^^ it is 
 not unprobable that the Congress will send Commis- 
 sioners to meet the indians at the Approaching Treaty 
 I beg my love to every body & am D'^. Yeates most 
 Affectionately yours 
 
 Edw^. Hand 
 Jasper Yeates Esq^. 
 
 A great Part of the most Valuable stores are Arived 
 the rem^. to be at Hanna's Town^^ to day. the Gar- 
 
 i'' Catfish's Camp was, the early name for the white settle- 
 ment on the site of the present town of Washington, Pa. 
 The land was taken up as early as 1768, and a small settle- 
 ment developed, which was augmented during the Indian 
 troubles by removals from the Ohio. The name is said to 
 have been given in honor of Catfish, a Delaware Indian who 
 had his village in this vicinity. At the council of war held 
 at this place, it was decided that 200 men, properly armed 
 and officered, should be drafted to relieve the militia then on 
 duty. June 27, the Monongalia officers held a council to 
 make preparations to carry out this draft. Draper MSS., 
 I U60. — Ed. 
 
 18 Hannastown was an important station on the road to 
 Pittsburgh, being located at the junction of Forbes's road with 
 an Indian trail to the Kiskiminitas. In 1773 it was made the 
 seat of the newly-erected county of Westmoreland, and was 
 the first seat of justice west of the Alleghanies. During 
 1774-78 it rivalled Pittsburgh in importance. In 1782 the town 
 was captured and completely destroyed by a marauding band 
 of Indians. Although partially rebuilt, and remaining the 
 county seat until 1786, it never regained its earlier impor- 
 tance. — Ed. 
 
AN INDIAN COUNCIL 7 
 
 rison not Better Supplied with provision than you 
 found it. 
 
 Give me leave to introduce Col : Russell the Com- 
 mandant of the West Augusta Battalion a very worthy 
 man^^. Jessy is Well & Desires his love^^. 
 
 Ed. H. 
 
 COUNCIL AT DETROIT 
 
 [Official report of Hamilton. 49J13 — D. S.21] 
 Extract from the Council held at Detroit by the fol- 
 lowing Nations — Ottawas, Hurons, Chippewas, Pou- 
 teouattamis, Miamis, Shawanese, Delawares, Ottawas 
 from Ouashtanon, P out eouatt amis of S^. Joseph^^ 
 &ca. 
 
 Detroit 17^11 June 1777 
 Governor Hamilton opened the Council in the usual 
 form ; and then inform'd the different nations of his 
 
 19 For a brief biographical sketch of Col. William Russell, 
 see Dunmore's War, p. 6, note 9. — Ed. 
 
 20 Jasper (called Jesse) Ewing was a brother of Mrs. Ed- 
 ward Hand, and was born in 1753 at Lancaster. In 1776, he 
 joined the Continental army, and being commissioned a 
 second-lieutenant, took part in the battle of Long Island. 
 When General Hand went to Pittsburgh, he took with him 
 as aide-de-camp his brother-in-law, who had been promoted 
 to be brigade-major. After the Revolution, Major Ewing 
 removed to Northumberland County, where he served as 
 prothonotary, and died in 1800. — Ed. 
 
 21 This manuscript report of the council was prepared at 
 the instigation of Gov. Henry Hamilton (for whom see Rev. 
 Upper Ohio, p. 135, note 36), signed by himself, and captured 
 when Vincennes was taken by Col. George Rogers Clark 
 (Feb. 24, 1779). Clark kept the paper, which passed with his 
 collection to the keeping of the Wisconsin Historical Society. 
 Hamilton's brief letter on this subject, to his superior at 
 Quebec, is printed in Wis. Hist. Colls., xii, p. 45. — Ed. 
 
 22 For these tribes, formerly allies of the French, but 
 now of the British government of Canada, see Rev. Upper 
 Ohio, index. — Ed. 
 
8 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 intent in calling them together ; which he s^. was prin- 
 cipally to strengthen the alliance he form'd with them 
 last year^^, to inform them of what had come to his 
 knowledge regarding them, to know their sentiments 
 and lastly to be of any service to them that lay in his 
 power. 
 
 The Kings Health was then drank by all present. 
 Then some Belts from the Six Nations address'd to 
 the Western Confederacy were shewn & explained. 
 Chiefly exhortations to their Brethren to fullfill the 
 many promises they had made & the Engagements 
 they had enterd into to support His Majesty & Gov- 
 ernment.^* Gov*". Hamilton then gave them an ac- 
 count of the great Success of His Majestys Arms 
 over his rebellious Subjects in many places, & of their 
 obstinate disobedience, of their threats regarding the 
 Indians, & lastly that their Brethren from Michili- 
 mackinac,-^ & the Six Nations &^. were permitted & 
 had taken up the Hatchet, and finish'd by telling 
 them he would next day inform them of his real Sen- 
 timents. The Indians thank'd him for what he in- 
 
 23 See Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 202. — Ed. 
 
 24 The Six Nations (Iroquois) were at the beginning of the 
 Revolution inclined to remain neutral. Several chiefs attended 
 the treaty at Pittsburgh in 1775 (Ibid, pp. 25-135, 159-167), 
 and the Seneca in particular were favorable to the American 
 cause. The British agents from Canada, however, exerted 
 their influence to good efifect. Col. Guy Johnson wrote that 
 in April, 1777. the Six Nations had called in and assembled 
 all of their people in order to make a diversion on the fron- 
 tiers of New York and Pennsylvania, agreeable to the mes- 
 sages he had sent. See N. Y. Colonial Documents, viii, 
 pp. 711, 712. — Ed. 
 
 25 For the Indians at Mackinac and their gathering for 
 assistance to the British, see Wis. Hist. Colls., xviii, pp. 357, 
 358, and references there cited. — Ed. 
 
3 H 
 
 
 ^ I i 4 
 
 ^ 
 
 5 '\. 
 
 K 
 
 > 
 
 ^^ ^ K ^ ^ 4 
 
AN INDIAN COUNCIL 9 
 
 formd them of & said when they heard his sentiments 
 next day, he should know theirs. 
 
 1 8 June Being assembled as before, G[overnor] 
 H[amilton] Told the English & french Gentlemen, 
 that he was authorised to put the Hatchet into the 
 Hands of the Indians, and expected an implicit obe- 
 dience to the orders of His Majesty.-® He then in- 
 formd the Indians of what he thought they should do 
 upon the occasion, shewed them the Hatchet then 
 Sung the War Song — as did M'' Hay, Depu^ agent,-^ 
 the officers of the Garrison, all the Nations present, & 
 some of the French & English. G[overnor] Hamilton 
 then thanked them for their Zeal and Unanimity, & 
 adjournd to the open Field, to a feast prepared for 
 the purpose, and appointed next morning to meet three 
 or four Chiefs of each Nation to meet him at his own 
 House. 
 
 19**^ Being assembled according to adjournment, 
 Gov^. Hamilton gave some things & Belts of 
 Wam[pum] to cover & bury in oblivion the Murder of 
 an Ottawa, killd here last winter by a Chippawa, to 
 
 26 Hamilton's orders from headquarters must have ar- 
 rived between the 15th and i8th of June. On the former date 
 he wrote Carleton that the Indians had come to council and 
 he should retain them as long as possible, pending orders ; 
 see Wis. Hist. Colls., xii, p. 46. These orders were sent from 
 Quebec, May 21st; see letter of Carleton, with enclosure 
 from Lord George Germaine, Id, xi, pp. 175, 176, giving ex- 
 plicit directions to urge the Western nations upon the war- 
 path. As this was in response to a request from Hamilton 
 to be permitted to do so, it may be considered that the 
 project originated at Detroit, and this partially accounts for 
 the frontier hatred of Hamilton, who was called "hair- 
 buyer," because of his custom of paying for American 
 scalps. — Ed. 
 
 27 For Jehu Hay, see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 130, note 27. — Ed. 
 
10 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 prevent any animosity from existing after they had so 
 unanimously joined to take up the Hatchet. Then in- 
 formed them of a Message the Chiefs of the Miamees 
 rec^. the night before ; Shewing the perfidy of the Vir- 
 ginians, & the threats they had made use of against 
 the Indian Nations in general and the Kings Troops at 
 this place ending with a declaration of their not want- 
 ing to be at peace with the one or the other. The Mi- 
 amee Chiefs declared this to be the purport of the 
 Message sent them by their Nation. The Huron Na- 
 tion was then pitched upon by all the rest to be the 
 guardians of the Hatchet ;^^ all declaring they had 
 taken it up with an intent to hold it fast, untill desired 
 to lay it down. Equeshawey^^ then expressed his hap- 
 piness at seeing all his Brethren the Indians so unani- 
 mous — that he had just arrived from the Wabach 
 where he had been to conduct his Father G[overnor] 
 Abbott^^ that he had not seen anything bad on his voy- 
 
 28 Americans called the Huron Indians. Wyandot. See Ibid, 
 p. 36, note 62. — Ed. 
 
 -9 An Ottawa chief, head of the tribe residing near Detroit. 
 He was a faithful adherent of the British, attended all of 
 their councils, and accompanied Hamilton to Vincennes in 
 1778. He was in the town when Clark arrived there, but 
 escaped with Isadore Chene. In 1794, he was wounded at 
 Fort Recovery, but was able to take part in the battle against 
 Wayne. The following year he signed the treaty of Green- 
 ville. The last mention noted was in 1808, so that he prob- 
 ably died before the battle of Tippecanoe. — Ed. 
 
 ^'^ Edward Abbott was a British artillery officer. He came 
 early to the Northwest, being in Detroit soon after the close 
 of the French regime. In 1775 he was commissioned Indian 
 agent for the Crown on the Ohio ; and in the spring of 1777 
 was sent to command at Vincennes, where he was the first 
 and only British governor. He remained there less than a 
 year, being summoned to Detroit in Februar}^ 1778. While 
 at Vincennes he built Fort Sackville, which was captured in 
 
AN INDIAN COUNCIL 11 
 
 age ; on the contrary all the Nations shew'd an inclina- 
 tion to obey the will of their Father. G[overnor] 
 H[amilton] thankd them all & particularly the Hu- 
 rons as Guardians of the Ax & appointed 
 
 20 G[overnor] H[amilton] told the diff^ Nations 
 the Method he thought they should proceed in in mak- 
 ing war and informd them of the diff^ armeys that 
 were to attack the Rebells this Summer which he de- 
 sired them to consider of & let him know the Chiefs 
 & Warriors ready to go, & also to name a Chief or two 
 & some young Men to go to Niagara where they would 
 see their Bre". the Six Nations Si'^. &^. were acting the 
 same part — adjour^. till next day. 
 
 21^*^ According to adjournment, the above Nations 
 came & named their War Chief & young men then 
 ready for war, and an ax was presented for each Na- 
 tion to be deliv^. when they all should meet in a day or 
 two L* CaldwelP^ was named to accop". the few that 
 
 1779 by Clark. In July, 1778, Abbott was recalled from the 
 West and sent by General Haldimand to the West Indies. 
 His name appears in the army Hsts until 1788. At the time 
 he commanded at Vincennes, Abbott was captain-lieutenant. 
 He seems to have been a brave and humane officer. His pro- 
 test to Haldimand against the employment of Indians on the 
 frontiers does him credit. See Mich. Pion. Sr Hist. Colls., 
 ix, pp. 488, 489. His letters from Vincennes are printed in 
 ///. Hist. Colls., i, pp. 313-318. — Ed. 
 
 31 William Caldwell was an Irishman and came to Pennsyl- 
 vania before the Revolution. Having taken part in Dun- 
 more's War, he was, after the outbreak of the Revolution, 
 employed by Lord Dunmore to carry dispatches ; and suc- 
 ceeded in escaping from the Americans and reaching Niagara. 
 There he raised a company for Butler's Rangers, which was 
 sent in 1776 to Detroit. The following year (probably at the 
 time indicated in this document), Caldwell was sent back to 
 Niagara, where he participated in the siege of Fort Stanwix 
 and the raids against Wyoming and Cherry Valley. In 1781 
 
12 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 were going to Niagara Jehu Hay D*y. [deputy] 
 agent to conduct the whole when they acted in a body, 
 & many others who had offerd to serve his Majesty 
 upon this occasion, to accompany them when in small 
 parties. G[overnor] H[amilton] then as upon several 
 other occasions recommended it to all the Nations to 
 remember they were men, & were desired to make war 
 against men, and not against women or Children, and 
 to forbear to dip their hands in the blood of the two 
 latter — adjourn'd to Monday 23^. but it being bad 
 weather & some other Indians being arrived did not 
 meet till 24^^ 
 
 G[overnor] H[amilton] Returned thanks to the 
 Chiefs & young men for their orderly behaviour since 
 
 he returned to Detroit, and in the summer of the next year 
 was commander of the force that defeated Col. William 
 Crawford at Sandusky, wherein Caldwell was himself 
 wounded. After recovering he went out with the army that 
 in 1782 penetrated Kentucky, besieged Bryant's Station, and 
 defeated the Americans at Blue Licks. After the close of 
 the war Caldwell was retained in the British Indian depart- 
 ment, and is said to have been in the army that was defeated 
 in 1794 by Wayne. Upon the American occupation of De- 
 troit, Caldwell removed to Maiden and laid out a town near 
 the mouth of the river. Here he was justice of the peace 
 and colonel of the militia. In 1812 he was quartermaster 
 general and associated with General Brock in the capture of 
 Detroit. In 1814, upon the retirement of Matthew Elliott, 
 Caldwell was made superintendent of the British Indian de- 
 partment, from which office he retired two years later, after 
 a disagreement with the military commandant. Caldwell was 
 popular with the Indians, and his half-breed son, Billy Cald- 
 well, became a Potawatomi chief. His other sons (William, 
 James, and Thomas) served under the British in the War of 
 1812-15. Two of them, were still living in 1863, and related 
 to Dr. Draper incidents from their father's career (Draper 
 MSS., 17 S). The elder Caldwell died in 1822 at his Canadian 
 home, aged seventy-five years. He was one of the most 
 noted border partisans of the West. — Ed. 
 
AN INDIAN COUNCIL 13 
 
 the commencement of the Council — then shewed them 
 EngHsh & french Gentlemen who had offered to serve 
 as Officers & private men upon this occasion. Then 
 deliv^. a War Hatchet to each Nation which they 
 receivd & Sung the War Song then some Merchandize 
 was shewn them destined to Cover their old men 
 women & Children, & G[overnor] H[amilton] told 
 them they should be furnish'd with ammunition &^. 
 necessary for their Y^. Men G[overnor] H[amilton] 
 delivered them his thanks for their unanimity & pro- 
 fessions of friendship, and as soon as the division of 
 pres^^ was over G[overnor] H[amilton] told them he 
 would give each nation a Bullock to make a feast & 
 would visit them turn about beginning with the Otta- 
 was then closed the Council. 
 
 Since"^^ the closing the council, I have been at the 
 War feast of each nation, and the greatest decency 
 and alacrity has appeared. 30*^^. of June most of the 
 Nations had brought in their Sticks for the number of 
 Warriors,^^ and in a Month I dont question one thou- 
 sand Warriors going against the Frontiers. at the 
 same time I have exhorted them to act vigorously, I 
 have endeavored to teach them to spare Old Age 
 Women and Children 
 
 Henry Hamilton 
 Endorsed : Extract of a Council held at Detroit 17 June 1777. 
 
 32 The following paragraph was written by Hamilton, and 
 closes with his autograph signature. — Ed. 
 
 33 This was the Indian method of making an official count. 
 At treaties, councils, or where presents or annuities were to 
 be paid, one stick was presented to the agent for each mem- 
 ber of an Indian family. Hamilton means at this point that 
 the chiefs gave him an enumeration of the number of war- 
 riors ready to take the field. — Ed. 
 
14 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 HAMILTON'S PROCLAMATION 
 
 [Hamilton to American frontiersmen. 45J62 — D. S.] 
 
 Detroit 24*'! June, 1777. 
 
 By virtue of the power and authority to me given 
 by his Excellency Sir Guy Carleton Knight of the 
 Bath, Governor of the province of Quebec, General 
 and Commandant in chief, &c. &c. &c. 
 
 I do assure all such as are inclined to withdraw 
 themselves from the Tyranny and oppression of the 
 rebel Committees, & take refuge in this Settlement, or 
 any of the Posts commanded by his Majesty's Officers, 
 shall be humanely treated, shall be lodged and vic- 
 tualled, and such as come off in arms & shall use them 
 in defence of his Majesty against Rebels and Traytors, 
 'till the extinction of this rebellion, shall receive pay 
 adequate to their former Stations in the rebel service, 
 and all common men who shall serve during that per- 
 iod, shall receive his Majesty's bounty of two hun- 
 dred acres of Land. 
 
 Given under my hand & Seal God save the King 
 Henry Hamilton, 
 Lieut*^. Gov^: and Superintendent"^* 
 
 EVENTS NEAR FORT PITT 
 
 [Calendar of letters and documents. 1U56, 58, 59; 3NN46, 
 June 19-30-] 
 June 19. David Shepherd writes from Wheeling 
 that "the Indians has not come to see us Since our 
 
 34 A number of these proclamations were prepared by 
 Hamilton, and given to the custody of the Indian bands at- 
 tacking the frontiers of the colonies. They left them on 
 doorsteps, and beside the bodies of their victims. See letters 
 post. — Ed. 
 
DEPREDATIONS CONTINUE 15 
 
 Meeting at the Council [at Catfish Camp], and hope 
 they Never May until we are Ready to Return them 
 the Compliment." 
 
 The same day, Samuel Moorhead writes from the 
 fort at Kittanning that he finds the garrison badly off 
 for stores and shelter, and that the fort is commanded 
 by a hill two or three hundred feet distant. 
 
 June 21. Pluggy's Town gang, led by that Indian's 
 son, of whose approach the Delaware Chief Killbuck^'^ 
 had warned General Hand, killed two men on Alle- 
 gheny River about twenty miles above Pittsburgh. 
 Hand thinks no remedy will be efficacious but a coun- 
 ter stroke upon their town. 
 
 June 22. William Zane^^ writes from Fort Henry 
 that being more than sixty years old, with a constitu- 
 tion much shattered by five years' captivity in Brad- 
 dock's war, the loss of his negro carried off by the 
 Indians deprives him of means of support. He re- 
 
 35 For a brief biography of this chief, see Rev. Upper Ohio, 
 p. 38, note 64. Throughout the early years of the war, he 
 was a staunch friend of the American colonists, and fre- 
 quently warned them of the approach of hostile Indian 
 bands. — Ed. 
 
 36 William Zane was probably the father of the well- 
 known Zane brothers, the first settlers of Wheeling. William 
 was a descendant of Robert Zane, who emigrated to America 
 in 1673 and settled at Newton, N. J. It is supposed that the 
 latter's first wife, grandmother of William, was of Indian 
 origin. William was born in 1712. Breaking with the sect 
 of Quakers to which his ancestors belonged, he removed to 
 the South branch of the Potomac, in the present Berkeley 
 County, West Virginia. His son Isaac was captured at this 
 place, possibly at the time of the captivity of which his father 
 speaks. The other sons, Ebenezer, Silas, Jonathan, and An- 
 drew, were early upon the Ohio, and all settled near 
 Wheeling. — Ed. 
 
16 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 quests General Hand to secure the return of this man 
 if the Indians make peace. 
 
 June 30. General Hand writes to his wife : "Noth- 
 ing bad has yet happened since the affair of the 21st. 
 A number of Chippewas & Thawa [Ottawa] Indians 
 have been here to profess much friendship; they also 
 offered their mediation to remove the banditti that in- 
 fests our frontier, which I accepted with pleasure." 
 
 VIRGINIA MILITIA ORDERED OUT 
 
 [Gov. Patrick Henry to Gen. Edward Hand. 15ZZ7 — L. S.] 
 
 Williamsburg July 3d 1777. 
 Sir — By the constitution of this Commonwealth no 
 Militia can be embody'd but by orders from the Exe- 
 cutive Power, except in Case of Invasion or Insurrec- 
 tion; and when embody'd such Militia is under the 
 sole Direction of the Governour. I do not make this 
 observation with any View to counteract you, very far 
 otherwise. I shall be made happy in forwarding your 
 Designs to protect and secure the Frontiers from those 
 dangerous Incursions by means of which our People 
 suffer so much, and so great Diversion is made of our 
 best Men from the main Object. But I am constrained 
 by my Duty, by the Oath of my Office, to claim the 
 supreme command of all the Militia which are or may 
 be embody'd in the State. Altho' I do this on the pres- 
 ent Occasion, and shall certainly do the like on every 
 similar one, yet I beg leave to assure you. Sir, that I 
 shall most gladly contribute all in my Power to render 
 effectual every Plan calculated to promote the general 
 Good ; and I do hereby empower you to call for the 
 number of Men necessary for defending the Frontiers 
 
MILITIA CALLED OUT 17 
 
 from the County of Yohogany, Monongalia, Ohio, 
 Hampshire, Botetourt, Augusta, Dunmore and Fred- 
 erick until further Orders. 
 
 The Resolution of Congress respecting the Lead, 
 never came to Hand 'til yesterday. Orders will be sent 
 for its Delivery without loss of Time. Several Tons 
 were long since ordered for the militia in your Parts. 
 The Resolution for the artillery going to Fort Pitt, is 
 not yet received. 
 
 Col°. Aylett,-^^ who lives in this Town, is appointed 
 Commissary to supply the Western Garrisons with 
 Provisions. His Appointment came to my Hands 
 from the War-office yesterday, and is communicated 
 to him. I doubt some time will pass before M^. Aylett 
 can take the necessary Steps for furnishing Provi- 
 sions, and in the mean Time M^. Morgan perhaps can 
 supply them. There seems no other chance to get 
 them. 
 
 You will please to direct the Militia already em- 
 body'd to continue in Service so long as you think 
 there is occasion for them, and make such other neces- 
 sary Draughts from the above Counties as Exigencies 
 may require, giving me notice thereof from Time to 
 Time, and of the reasons that induce you to make 
 them. 
 
 37 Col. William Aylett belonged to a distinguished Virginia 
 family, intermarried with the Washingtons, Lees, Dandridges, 
 etc. Born in 1743, he was a member of the House of Bur- 
 gesses (1772-74), and delegate from King William County 
 to the conventions of 1775 and 1776. He resigned from the 
 latter May 22, having been chosen deputy commissary-general 
 by the Continental Congress. He served in this capacity until 
 his sudden death in April, 1780. His home was at "Fair- 
 field," and here he frequently entertained Washington and 
 the Lees on their way to Williamsburgh. — Ed. 
 2 
 
18 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 The chastising of Pluggy's Town seems to me abso- 
 lutely necessary, but is submitted to you, as being bet- 
 ter enabled to judge on the Spot. 
 
 I have the Honor to be Sir Y^. mo. ob^ & very hble 
 serv^ P. Henry. 
 
 To Brigadier General Edward Hand at Pittsburgh 
 
 [Gov. Patrick Henry to Col. David Shepherd. 1SS61 — 
 A. L. S.] 
 
 Sir — You are hereby required to raise so many of 
 the Militia of your County as General Hand may de- 
 mand for the Protection of the Frontiers of this State. 
 I am Sir Your mo. Hble Serv*. P. Henry. 
 
 Wms.BURGH July 3. 1777. 
 
 County Lieutenant of Ohio 
 
 [Col. Zackwell Morgan^s to Gen. Edward Hand. Calendar 
 of 1U63— A. L. S.] 
 
 Letter dated Monongalia July 8, 1777, says that the 
 militia of his county will be drafted in a few days. 
 He has placed Maj. James Chew^^ in command. Spies 
 are ranging, and one company is apprehending de- 
 serters. 
 
 GENERAL HAND WARNED 
 
 [David Zeisberger to Col. George Morgan. Calendar of 
 3NN11-13 — Transcript by Draper.] 
 
 Letter dated Cuchachunk*'^ July 7, 1777, says that 
 
 38 For Col. Zackwell Morgan, see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 230, 
 note 71. — Ed. 
 
 39 Maj. James Chew is noted Ihid, p. 246, note 88. — Ed. 
 
 ^^ For Zeisberger see Ihid, p. 45, note 71. The town was on 
 the site of that now known as Coshocton, for which see Ihid, 
 p. 46, note yz- — Ed. 
 
BRITISH AGENTS BUSY 19 
 
 the messengers sent to Pluggy's Town and Sandusky 
 met a hostile band of Mingo, Wyandot, and Mohican 
 bound towards WheeHng. They did not go to war of 
 their own wish, but because ordered to do so by the 
 governor at Detroit. Later the messengers met John 
 Montour,*^ who described the Detroit treaty, where 
 the governor was painted and dressed Hke an Indian, 
 and presented a large black belt painted red, sent by 
 the Six Nations. Colonel Morgan is urged to come to 
 Cuchachunk, for the Wyandot will not go to the treaty 
 at Pittsburgh; they will, however, come to the former 
 place. '^- 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to Jasper Yeates. MS. in New York 
 Public Library; Hand Papers — A. L. S.] 
 
 Fort Pitt 12*^. July 1777 
 Dear Yeates — I can not for my life find out the 
 Intention of the Indians, but believe they will be gouv- 
 erned by the Success of the British arms against us. 
 if they turn out too strong for us the Indians will join 
 them, if the Contrary, they will sit still, we cant 
 furnish the Articles necessary for trade Consequently 
 the Indians will not Attempt anything Against the 
 English. I inclose you a Coppy of a letter I this day 
 rec^. from Cushakunk,*^ you will See how busie the 
 British Agents are to engage the Savages to depopu- 
 late the Frontiers, there is a Treaty now holding at 
 
 *^ For John Montour and his presence at Detroit in 1776, 
 see Ibid, pp. 28, 202. — Ed. 
 
 *- Morgan, who was Indian agent at Pittsburgh, had gone 
 to Philadelphia to report to Congress. — Ed. 
 
 "^3 See preceding document for letter referred to. — Ed. 
 
20 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 Oswego, to which Col : Butler has Cal'd the Indians.** 
 they say they dont know what he intends by it, but 
 think if the English Attempt Our Frontiers it will be 
 by the way of the Susquehana. two Tribes of the 
 Shawanese declare for us, two are against us,*^ the 
 Wiandats also are evidently our Enemies. All other 
 nations that I have heard from declare they will be at 
 peace. 
 
 I wish much to hear from Lancaster, and to learn 
 how the Armies in the field proceed. I have not now 
 time to ans'*. Jacky Ewings letter would be glad to 
 Ans'" two together, Col: Morg[an's] Absence gives 
 me infinite trouble, there are now here upwards of 
 50 Indians of Diff*^. Tribes. Jessy Ewing Joyns me in 
 Duty, Love & Comp*^ to All I am D''. Yeates most 
 Affectionately Yours Edw^. Hand 
 
 Jasper Yeates Esq^. 
 
 44 The treaty of Oswego was held preliminary to St. Leger's 
 operations against Fort Stanwix. It was called early in July 
 by Col. John Butler (for whom see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 152, 
 note 67), and was attended by Sir John Johnson and several 
 Loyalist officers. See British accounts in N. Y. Colon. Docs., 
 viii, pp. 719, 724. These corroborate the account of the Sen- 
 eca chief Blacksnake (Draper MSS., 16F115-117) that the 
 Seneca particularly were averse to going to war, but were 
 urged thereto by the Mohawk chief Joseph Brant. See also 
 Journals of the Provincial Congress [etc. of Ne w York] 
 (Albany, 1842), i, pp. 1006, 1007, 1025, for reports of this 
 council at Oswego, given by Oneida Indians and the com- 
 mandant of Fort Schuyler. The attitude of the Six Nations 
 had a powerful influence on the Western tribes. — Ed. 
 
 45 The four tribes or clans of the Shawnee were the Kisca- 
 poo (Kishapocoke), Piqua, Chillicothe, and Mequochoke. Of 
 these the two first-named were hostile, being located farthest 
 from the colonial frontier, and nearest the sphere of British 
 influence. — Ed. 
 
A PUNITIVE EXPEDITION 21 
 
 WAR PARTIES STRIKE THE FRONTIER 
 
 [Calendar of letters. 1U64-67, 71, 72, July 14-20.] 
 July 14. At 8 o'clock Capt. John Minor writes 
 from Fort Stradler*^ to Col. Zackwell Morgan that 
 three men have just come in who escaped from a party 
 of Indians, twenty at least ; that Jacob Farmer's house 
 was fired, he and Nathan Wirly [Worley] killed, and 
 three children captured. "We shall march after them 
 in Less than an hour." 
 
 July 15. Col. Zackwell Morgan sends the above 
 letter by express to General Hand, giving account of 
 mischief done on Dunkards Creek. "Is not this 
 Cruel, While those Savage Nations are coming to treat 
 with your Excellency Pray for God sake Send me 
 full Instructions." 
 
 July 17. Capt. Samuel Mason writes from Fort 
 Henry of an attack on the 13th at Grave Creek. Lieu- 
 tenant Tomlinson*^ sallied out with twenty odd men 
 and followed the Indians, who had driven off many 
 horses; the pursuing party took canoes and dropped 
 down to Sunfish Creek, ^^ where they found the trail. 
 
 46 This was properly Fort Statler, so called from a family 
 of that name. It was a blockhouse located on the waters of 
 Dunkard Creek, a western tributary of the Monongahela. 
 Statler's Fort was in the present Monongalia County, W. Va., 
 just south of the Pennsylvania border. 
 
 For Capt. John Minor, see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 235, note 
 70. — Ed. 
 
 / 4'^ This was Lieut. Samuel Tomlinson, brother of Joseph 
 /(whose children were interviewed by Draper in 1846 — 3S164- 
 [166). He came to the Grave Creek neighborhood about 1771, 
 ! served as lieutenant in Captain Mason's company, and was 
 I killed in the attack on Fort Henry, Sept. i, 1777, — Ed. 
 
 48 Sunfish Creek is five miles below Fish Creek, in Monroe 
 County, Ohio, and comes into the Ohio from the west. The 
 
22 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 Coming upon their camp-fires after dark, one of their 
 guns went off by accident, whereupon fearful of being 
 surrounded, the party of whites retreated to Grave 
 Creek Fort, and sent word to Col. David Shepherd. 
 The latter sent Mason with fifty men in pursuit. On 
 the 15th they went to where the former party had 
 found the Indian Camp, but seeing it had been de- 
 serted two days, thought it needless to continue the 
 pursuit. Returning by canoe they were surprised by 
 three separate volleys from Indians concealed on the 
 left bank. After reaching the Indian shore, random 
 shots and some conversation ensued. The Indians 
 called out that they were Delaware and some Shaw- 
 nee; apparently they were twenty-five or thirty in 
 number. After dark the whites pushed up stream, 
 crossed, and lay on their arms all night. Seeing moc- 
 casin tracks, they followed them toward Grave Creek, 
 only to find that these signs were of Captain Pigman^^ 
 with a party of fifteen returning from a scout to Little 
 Kanawha. ''The Boys seem'd very anxious to Action 
 for further particulars you may be inform'd exactly 
 by the Bearer M^. Hoseae Cam S''." As Captain Van 
 Metre^^ talks of being removed, it would be well if 
 
 earlier settlers called the right bank of the Ohio the "Indian 
 shore," since by the Treaty of Fort Stanwix it formed the 
 southern boundary of their unceded territory. — Ed. 
 
 49 For Capt. Jesse Pigman, see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 235. — Ed. 
 
 ^^ Capt. John Van Meter, son of Henry, an early settler 
 west of the mountains, was born about 1738. In 1771 he 
 owned 300 acres at the site of the present town of Waynes- 
 burg, Greene County, Pa. Early in the Revolution he com- 
 manded a company of rangers from Westmoreland. Later 
 he settled in Brooke County, Va., and there died about 1803. 
 During the Indian wars his home was raided, his wife and 
 daughter being killed, and one son (John) carried captive. 
 
A PUNITIVE EXPEDITION 23 
 
 Mason should be stationed at Fort Henry ready to 
 lead out a pursuing party at short notice. 
 
 In an undated letter Morgan Jones writes to his par- 
 ents from Grave Creek full particulars of the actions 
 described in the preceding letter. The cattle and 
 horses carried off by the savages belonged to Joseph 
 Tomlinson, John Harness, Samuel Harries, Zephaniah 
 Blackford, Mr. Rogers, and Yates Conwell. The bat- 
 tle on Sunfish Creek was on a hill where the whites 
 were nearly surrounded. "So I hope you wont fail 
 to Come Down with five or six horses with all speed to 
 help us up to y"". parts &c. the Sign of Indians is very 
 Numerous over the Ohio, having Numbers of Camps 
 & one Large Bark Camp Below fish Creek. I was in 
 Both the Actions & saw the Signs myself." 
 
 July 19. James Chew took the testimony of two 
 spies, Richard Ashcraft and Thomas Carr, who on 
 oath declared that they saw tracks supposed to be 
 those of a party of seven or eight Indians, on the head- 
 waters of Buffalo Creek, making towards Mononga- 
 hela River. 
 
 July 20. William Cross writes to Col. Zackwell 
 Morgan from Fort Gerrard,^^ which he was guarding 
 with twelve men, for reinforcements and ammunition. 
 
 John Corbly^^ writes an undated note to Col. Zack- 
 
 The son never returned to civilization, but in habits and feel- 
 ing became partially an Indian. The elder John afterwards 
 , married Mrs. Jemima Bukey, mother of the famous spy, 
 \Hezekiah Bukey. Their home was on Short Creek. — Ed. 
 51 Garard Fort was situated on Big Whiteley Creek, in 
 Greene Township, in the Pennsylvania county of the same 
 name. — Ed. 
 
 5- John Corbly was a Baptist minister who in 1776 was pas- 
 tor at the Goshen Church, near Garard Fort. He was de- 
 
24 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 well Morgan, that the men will not go scouting with- 
 out flour, and asks for an order on Wilson's or Har- 
 din's mills. 
 
 July 20. Col. Zackwell Morgan sends to General 
 Hand the four preceding papers, and adds that accord- 
 ing to the spies' report he sent an express to warn 
 Prickett's Fort.^^ They had already been alarmed, 
 and were all forted. Morgan hopes that the enemy 
 will be disappointed. 'T shall send Major Chew with 
 a party on Tuesday next to Scour that part of the 
 Country. The Bussy Time of Harvest prevents my do- 
 ing it sooner." Captain Minor pursued the party who 
 did mischief on Dunkard's Creek, but could do no 
 more than recover a drove of cattle. 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to President Wharton^*. Summary of 
 letter dated Fort Pitt, July 24th, 1777 — printed in Pennsyl- 
 vania Colonial Records, v, pp. 443, 444.] 
 
 Sends an account of the late murders and ravages. 
 Every day's experience proves that nothing but pene- 
 trating the country and destroying the settlements of 
 these perfidious miscreants will prevent the depopula- 
 
 voted to the cause of the colonies, and preached vigorous and 
 warlike sermons that much heartened the frontiersmen who 
 came from many miles around to be his auditors. In May, 
 1782, while Corbly and his family were on their way to meet- 
 ing, Indians fell upon them and massacred his wife and five 
 children. See Thwaites (ed.), Withers's Chronicles of Bor- 
 der Warfare (Cincinnati, 1895), pp. 345, 346. — Ed. 
 
 54 Thomas Wharton Jr. was president of the executive 
 council of Pennsylvania, and chief officer of that state. For 
 another letter of Hand about this date, see Darlington, Fort 
 Pitt, pp. 224, 225. — Ed. 
 
 53 For the location of Prickett's Fort, see Rev. Upper Ohio, 
 p. 235, note 79.— Ed. 
 
FRIENDLIES 25 
 
 tion of the frontiers. Has determined to do this as 
 soon as he can obtain provisions and men enough to 
 ensure success. Needs the miHtia of Westmoreland 
 and Bedford counties. ^-^ The Indians are now going 
 to a treaty at Oswego, and have lately had one at 
 Niagara. Is apprehensive of an attack via the Sus- 
 quehanna or toward Albany. 
 
 FRIENDLY INDIAN WARNINGS 
 
 [Capt. Matthew Arbuckle to Col. William Fleming. iU68 — 
 A. L. S.] 
 
 Fort Randolph July 26*^'^ 1777 
 Sir — Having yesterday received Inteligence from 
 
 the Shawnee Towns by some Indians who I'm Con- 
 vinced are as yet our friends, that there has lately been 
 a Treaty at Detroit, where all Nations have unani- 
 mously agreed to Distress the frontiers as much as in 
 their Power, they accepted of the War Belt & Toma- 
 hawk and are so near as the Shawnee Towns, where 
 they are indeavouring to draw over what Shawnees 
 were resolved to remain Neuter they are Invited & 
 Encouraged by a French Man & a Wyndott Chief who 
 accompanys them. there was a Part of Shawnies 
 ready to Come to this Garrison, who upon receiving 
 the News from Detroit Postponed their Journey & re- 
 paired to the Council. ^^ their first Intentions are to 
 
 55 The two most westerly counties of Pennsylvania. Bed- 
 ford was erected in 1771 out of Cumberland; and Westmore- 
 land in 1773, out of that portion of Bedford west of Laurel 
 Hill — the eleventh and last provincial county. — Ed. 
 
 56 In Draper MSS., 3NN71-73, is a letter from Arbuckle to 
 Hand, containing practically the same information as this let- 
 ter to Fleming. In it he says that the Shawnee council was 
 being held "at the New Town where the Chillicothe Indians 
 
26 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 De[s]troy this & Whelen Garrisons & then Proceed to 
 the frontier Inhabitants. They are resolved if Pos- 
 sible to Secure this Place to them selves either by 
 Storming the Garrison or Starving us out, from the 
 Author of the above information^^ I understand there 
 are some Partys now on their way to this Place & they 
 suppose their General Attact will be very Shortly 
 their method to reduce this Garrison is as follows 
 there will a few Indians way lay some of our People a 
 hunting Cows or Horses upon which we will Detatch 
 a Pretty large Party to Drive them, when they get 
 our Party a Sufficient Distance from the Garrison 
 Their Main Body will Surround & Destroy them, by 
 
 now live." In an accompanying note, Dr. Draper locates this 
 Indian village on the Little Miami, three miles above the 
 present site of Xenia. This was later known as Old Town, 
 or Old Chillicothe, and had a famous history. Thither Daniel 
 Boone was carried captive in 1778 and lived as the adopted 
 son of the Chief Blackfish. This was also the town that Col. 
 John Bowman marched against, in 1779, and the one burned 
 by the Indians on the approach in 1780 of Clark's forces. 
 After this last-named date it was practically abandoned. — Ed. 
 57 The author of the information was an Indian woman 
 known to the whites as the Grenadier Squaw, from her un- 
 usual height. Her tribal name was Non-hel-e-ma ; she had 
 also been baptized Catherine (hence was called Katy). She 
 was a sister of Cornstalk and a woman of note, having a 
 village in the Pickaway Plains. See Dunmore's War, p. 301. 
 She was attached to the Americans, and frequently brought 
 them valuable information. After the death of Cornstalk, 
 she abandoned her people, and with forty-eight head of cattle 
 and some horses and other property made her way to Fort 
 Randolph and dwelt with the garrison, by whom she was fre- 
 quently employed as an interpreter. Later she removed to 
 the neighborhood of Pittsburgh, where in 1785 she petitioned 
 the Indian commissioners for relief and for a grant of land 
 on the Scioto, where her family had lived and her mother 
 was buried. This petition was referred to Congress, but ap- 
 parently was never acted upon. Draper MSS., 3D39. — Ed. 
 
REPORT FROM ZEISBERGER 27 
 
 which Scheme this Garrison is to Become an easy 
 Prey, upon the Strength of this information I have 
 Detained M''. Wallace with the remainder of his C°.^^ 
 untill farther Orders; or Relieved by the Militia. I 
 have Sent the within mentioned Particulars to General 
 Hand at Fort Pitt from whom I expect my first In- 
 structions.^^ 
 
 I desire if you think Proper that the Governor & 
 Council be made acquainted with the Particulars being 
 certain it can be conveyed much more expeditiously by 
 you than by the General I am S''. with esteem your 
 very Humble Serv^ 
 
 Matthew Arbuckle. 
 
 [David Zeisberger to Gen. Edward Hand. 1U69 — A. L. S.] 
 
 CUCHACHUNK July 29th 1777. 
 
 Honour'd Sir — I receiv'd your favor of the 9*^ In- 
 stant with the Message to the Counsellers at Cucha- 
 chunk which I explained to them. They are allways 
 glad to hear from their friends & Brethren at the Fort 
 
 58 Andrew Wallace, son of Peter Jr., and his wife Martha 
 Woods, belonged to a well-known Augusta County family. 
 He was in 1774 a private in Capt. Murray's company of vol- 
 unteers. At the opening of the Revolution he, with several 
 of his brothers, enlisted and was lieutenant of the 8th Vir- 
 ginia, and later captain of a company in this regiment. In 
 1776 he was recruiting for Captain Arbuckle; see Rev. Upper 
 Ohio, index. He arrived at Fort Randolph early in the sum- 
 mer of 1777, with orders from his colonel to march his men, 
 who had re-enlisted in the Continental army, into the settle- 
 ments. About twenty had gone, and the rest were detained 
 awaiting the return of the pack-horses, as here narrated. 
 Lieut. Andrew Wallace joined the Eastern army later, and 
 was killed in 1781 at the battle of Guilford. — Ed. 
 
 29 In Arbuckle's letter to Hand, he states that should Lieut. 
 Andrew Wallace leave, the garrison would then consist of 
 but eighty-seven rank and file. — Ed. 
 
28 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 & it giveth them new Encouragement to hold fast to 
 friendship. I wish therefore that you & Col. Morgan 
 might let them hear from you at this critical time as 
 often as you can. On the 20*^ this Month the Half 
 King of the Wyondats^^ with 19 of his Men arrived 
 at Cuchachunk where they had a great Council & after 
 they had delivered several Speeches the Half King 
 drew out the War Belt with the Tomhawk, told the 
 Delawares, that all the Nations on the other Side & 
 this Side the Lake had join'd & taken hold of it, that 
 the Delawares only had not yet taken hold of & deliv- 
 er'd the Belt to them. After they had consulted about 
 it they returned it back to the Half King & told him 
 that they would mind nothing but sit still & hold fast 
 to peace & friendship, that they had promised at a 
 Treaty when Peace was concluded after last War that 
 they would never fight no more against the white 
 people as long as the Sun shineth & the Rivers run & 
 that they would keep. The Half King not being 
 pleased with this Answer returned the War Belt & 
 compelled the Delawares to take it who are yet firm in 
 their Mind & stand fast. After the Wyondats were 
 gone, they gathered all their Men & Women & admon- 
 ished them not to have any thoughts of going to War 
 nor to join any of the Warriors when they pass by. 
 We now expect nothing else but that after these Wy- 
 ondats got home their Warriors will march into the 
 Settlements very fast. They desired them to let their 
 Warriors not come by the Delaware Towns that they 
 should march another Way, but they did not consent 
 
 60 For thi^ chief, see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 91, note 14. — Ed. 
 
REPORT FROM ZEISBERGER 29 
 
 to it & said they will march by Cuchachunk. Capt. 
 White Eye will inform you of every thing that has 
 passed & how Matters are. No doubt but you will 
 encourage them to be strong & to stand fast, for if 
 they should give out, we with our Indians could not 
 maintain ourselfs here any longer. We wish that an 
 Army might soon come out, this would in my Opinion 
 be the only Method to get a Peace settled among the 
 Nations. 
 
 23 Warriors returned lately from the Settlements 
 I heard from Red stone with 3 Prisoners & 3 Scalps & 
 7 or 8 horses Last Night we got Intelligence by an 
 Indian who came from Sandusky that a Party of 30 
 Wyondats & French among them, were not far of [f] 
 on their March to the Settlements & will come to 
 Cuchachunk perhaps to Day. 
 
 The Delawares flatter themselves that an Army will 
 soon come out which is their only Hope yet, but 
 should that fail I am afraid they cannot stand, & than 
 [then] surely all the Nations, that have not yet joined 
 & taken the War Belt, will join them.^^ I beg the 
 favour of forwarding the enclosed Letter & you will 
 much oblige your sincere friend & humble Serv*. 
 
 D. ZlSEBERGER. 
 To His Excellency Edwd Hand 
 Genl at Pittsburgh 
 
 61 Governor Hamilton wrote July 17, 1777, that there had 
 already gone out fifteen parties, composed of 289 warriors, 
 with thirty white officers. See Wis. Hist. Colls., xi, p. 98, 
 note. — Ed, 
 
30 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 SUGGESTIONS FROM GOVERNOR HENRY 
 
 [Gov. Patrick Henry to Gen. Edward Hand. 18J26 — L. S.] 
 
 Wms.BURGH July 27t^ 1777 
 
 Sir — I have this Day rec^. your Despatches by M'". 
 Kelly. I was f avor'd with yours a copy of which you 
 transmitted by this Express. Col°. Croghan^^ was 
 here & about to go up. By him I wrote you an answer 
 & together with that sent Letters to the Lieutenants of 
 sundry Countys most convenient directing them to 
 furnish from Time to Time, Such Requisitions of men 
 as you may think the safety of our Frontier, will make 
 it necessary for you to call for. In the Letter to you, 
 I observed that by the Constitution of Virginia, none 
 but the Governor with the Advice of Council had a 
 Right to embody the Militia; & that when embodyed, 
 the sole Direction of them is given to the Governor. 
 And I beg Leave here again to repeat, that I do not 
 claim this Power with any Intention to retard your 
 Views, but I shall on every Occasion think myself 
 happy to forward them & give you every possible Aid 
 & Furtherance. Least any of the Letters sent by Col''. 
 Croghan should miscarry I herewith send others to the 
 Coty Lieutenants in the N". West, desiring their Co- 
 operation with you. 
 
 I am very sorry for the Mischief done by the In- 
 dians. I was ever of opinion, that the severest Ven- 
 geance should be taken on Pluggys People. The Ter- 
 ror of their Fate, may serve as a usefull Lesson to the 
 neighbouring Tribes. Savages must be managed by 
 working on their Fears. No doubt but much address 
 
 '- For a brief sketch, see Diinmore's War, p. 7, note 12. — Ed. 
 
PATRICK HENRY'S SUGGESTIONS 31 
 
 will be necessary in keeping the other Indians quiet & 
 unoffended. I pretend not to point out the proper 
 means to effect this, & rely on your Skill & Ability to 
 do it. 
 
 Accounts from Kentucki tell me of the most dis- 
 tressing & deplorable condition of the surviving In- 
 habitants in that Quarter. Your Movements I trust 
 will prove the best Defence to them. Two hundred 
 men are ordered to their Assistance. *^-^ But it seems 
 to me, that offensive operations can alone produce 
 Defence ag^ Indians. 
 
 Are not the Six Nations wavering? perhaps the 
 progress of the Enemy about Lake George may in- 
 cline them against us. 
 
 With Respect to any particular Orders respecting 
 the Draft or march of any of the Militia, I cannot give 
 them. I must submit the whole Matter to you Sir, & 
 I have Confidence that whilst you exert yourself in 
 defending the Frontier & chastising the Enemy, you 
 will not forget the Domestic concerns of the people 
 composing the Militia. Indeed they will do well to 
 consider, that the Enemy stands between them, & that 
 State of Safety & Repose which I hope awaits them. 
 
 I'm very sorry to find the recruiting Business goes 
 
 63 The latter part of May the three forts of Harrodsburg, 
 Boonesborough, and Logan's Station were simultaneously at- 
 tacked, and messages of appeal for aid were sent to Virginia 
 and Fort Pitt. The relief ordered by Governor Henry was 
 two companies of militia, commanded by Col. John Bowman, 
 who arrived at Boonesborough August i. While there were 
 only about a hundred men in the two companies, their arrival 
 brought great hope and comfort to the harassed Kentuck- 
 ians. — Ed. 
 
32 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 on so slowly. I shall write Col"'. CampbelP* on the 
 Subject. The Beef & Flour you will want for y^. Ex- 
 pedition, no Doubt will be considerable. But I can't 
 p[r] event the Sale to the Drovers you Speak of. The 
 Lead you spoke of I ordered. The Relief for Fort 
 Henry will be ordered by you. I have to desire you 
 will favor me with an Acco^ of the State of the 
 Frontier as occasions happen, & of every Draught of 
 the Militia & the Reason & Design of making it as 
 soon as possible, the great Distance making it impos- 
 sible to wait for Orders from hence. The Disposition 
 of Cap^ Arbuckles men I submit to you. 
 
 You will now find Sir The Choice of Militia given 
 you over a great Extent of Country, from which may 
 be drawn the most formidable men in the State. I 
 confide the dearest Interests of these people to your 
 Conduct. Pardon me Sir, for observing the Magni- 
 tude of the Trust, which (tho' I have not the pleasure 
 of a personal Acquaintance with you) I doubt not will 
 be so managed as to redound to your Honor & the 
 Happiness of the Frontiers. I need not mention that 
 you will take the men from such Countys whose Situ- 
 ation & Circumstances will best enable them to Spare 
 the proper Soldiers for the Service. I am Sir y"". mo. 
 
 ob*. hble Serv. 
 
 P. Henry. 
 
 P. S. Culpepper County has furnished so many 
 men I Should be glad you'd Spare them if possible. 
 
 P. H. 
 
 Brigadier General Edward Hand, Pittsburgh 
 
 ^'^ Probably John Campbell, for whom, see Rev. Upper Ohio, 
 p. 231, note 74. — Ed, 
 
CAPTURE OF A FAMILY 33 
 
 I yesterday reed Letters from Gov. Henry he de- 
 sires me to act as I think proper with regard to the 
 Men at your Post but their being ordered to remain 
 where they are prevent the Necessity of any further 
 directions at present.®^ 
 
 PROVISIONING THE FORTS 
 
 [George Morgan to David Shepherd. Calendar of 1SS63 — 
 A. L. S.] 
 From Fort Pitt, July 29, 1777, George Morgan 
 writes that he has just returned from Philadelphia 
 and desires Colonel Shepherd to provision the garri- 
 son at Wheeling and keep accurate accounts therefor. 
 Since flour is not to be had in that neighborhood, Mor- 
 gan will supply all that is ordered. Wishes Shepherd 
 to supply all of the stations in Ohio County. Herd 
 the cattle until they are needed for the expedition, 
 when salt will be sent. Particulars about accounting 
 and issuing. Congress has ordered particular care to 
 be taken of the hides and tallow. 
 
 BEAVER CREEK RAID 
 
 [Col. John Gibson to Gen. Edward Hand. 1U70 — A. L. S.] 
 Dear General — This Moment two men came in 
 here they had Been a Reaping near the Mouth of 
 Beaver Creek, they informed me that on going to 
 George Bakers^^ house they found every thing de- 
 
 65 This last paragraph was written on the bottom of the let- 
 ter by General Hand, who transmitted it either to Col. David 
 Shepherd at Wheeling, or Capt. Matthew Arbuckle at Point 
 Pleasant. — Ed. 
 
 66 George Baker was of German birth, and coming to Amer- 
 ica in 1750 married an English girl. About 1772 they removed 
 
 3 
 
34 FROxNTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 stroyed and the people Missing, that one of them 
 tracked where the Indians went with the Children al- 
 most to the River, they found three Letters laying 
 Before the door, which they say were wrote at Detroit, 
 that upon this they were making the Best of their way 
 to this place, when about a Mile from here they saw 
 two Indians who Ran of[f] as soon as they Discov- 
 ered them, one of the men has the letters having in 
 the hurry forgot to Leave them as he went out to pilot 
 the party who turned out after them, there is a num- 
 ber of the people out from the Fort, probably they 
 may have done more mischief. As soon as I Learn 
 the particulars shall inform you more fully Bakers 
 family Consisted of himself, his Wife and five Chil- 
 dren and Lived about four miles from here on the 
 Dividing Ridge between the Ohio and Racoon. This 
 moment a party of 6 men who went to the mouth of 
 Racoon on a Scout, returned they saw Six Indians 
 crossing in a Cannoe near the mouth of Beaver Creek 
 to the Indian Side, and they were at the place where 
 the[y] tied Bakers family with Bark and saw where 
 the[y] Crossed the River. Fifteen men will pursue 
 in a few minutes, and as there hardly ten men will be 
 left here, if a Large party of Indians should be out 
 they will be Scarcely able to Defend the Fort. I have 
 been taken ill with a Fever last night which Still Con- 
 
 to the Western country and built their cabin as herein de- 
 scribed. The entire family were carried captive to Detroit, 
 and well-treated while in captivity. Upon their release they 
 lived awhile on the south branch of Potomac, and finally came 
 back to their home on Raccoon Creek, where Baker died in 
 1802. See Joseph H. Bausman, History of Beaver County 
 (N. Y., 1904), i, p. 149. — Ed. 
 
AN EXPECTED ATTACK 35 
 
 tinues, I am not able to pursue with the party. I am 
 Dear General with much Respect your most obedient 
 humble Serv^ 
 
 Jn°. Gibson^ 
 
 LoGSTOWN July 3i^t. 1777 3 oClock P. M. 
 To Brigadier General Hand, Fort Pitt, per Express. 
 
 r67 
 
 [Col. John Gibson to Gen. Edward Hand. 1U73 — A. L. S.] 
 Dear General — About an hour agoe a party of In- 
 dians fired on a Serj*, 2 men and 2 Boys about 2 miles 
 up the River the[y] killed the Sergeant and took one 
 of the Boys prisoner, the men Escaped. By two Dela- 
 wares who came from Coshachking I wrote you a let- 
 ter, By them which least it should Miscarry I have 
 sent you this. The Delawares say that 30 Wiandots 
 and some french will be here in a Day or two to At- 
 tack this Settlement and that a both [sic] number of 
 English and french and Indians are on their way to 
 Attack Fort Pitt, if White Eyes®^ passes this way he 
 will Be in danger of Being killed, it was with the 
 utmost Difficulty I prevented one of the men who 
 Escaped from killing the Delawares. I think if the 
 Accts are true this Small Garrison will Suffer, from 
 the present Temper of the Inhabitants they intend to 
 fly. I wish a party cou'd be Spared to Bring of[f] 
 the Women and Children. I shall Remain here until 
 tomorrow morning, if any person comes they had bet- 
 ter come this night, they militia all threaten to Leave 
 this Immediately. 
 
 67 For a sketch of John Gibson, see Dumnore's War, p. 11, 
 note 19. He was at this time forted at Logstown, for which, 
 see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 26, note 52. — Ed. 
 
 6^ For White Eyes, see Dumnore's War, p. 29, note 48. — Ed, 
 
36 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 I am Dear Genl your most humble Serv^ 
 
 Jn''. Gibson 
 August i^t 4 oClock P. M. 1777 
 To Brigadier General Hand per Express 
 
 SUNDRY RAIDS AND SKIRMISHES 
 
 [Calendar of letters. 1U74-79, 81, 82; 4ZZ10; 3NN146; 
 3S76-78; and Darlington's Fort Pitt, p. 226, Aug. 2-13] 
 
 At the beginning of August, reports began to pour 
 in to General Hand at Fort Pitt, of simultaneous raids 
 in widely-scattered places. 
 
 Aug. 2. Joseph Ogle^^ writes from Beech Bottom 
 Fort^*^ that spies having discovered Indians about eight 
 miles below this post, his lieutenant and five men went 
 in pursuit, met a party of five, within three miles of 
 Wheeling, and had a skirmish in which they killed 
 and scalped one Indian. This party of aborigines had 
 slightly wounded two negroes within three hundred 
 yards of Wheeling Fort, whence they were pursued 
 but not discovered. The booty was ''A good Rifle Gun 
 and his Accuterments and a famous Neet-made Ware 
 Club his scalp was Ellegantly Adornd with Three 
 fine Rows of Tassels and Feathers." 
 
 69 A family of Ogles were among the earliest settlers of 
 Ohio County; of these, Joseph appears to have been the most 
 prominent. As captain of a militia company he took part in 
 the siege of Fort Henry — see post. In 1781 he commanded a 
 company in Brodhead's Coshocton expedition. An autograph 
 letter of his (1785) is among the Draper MSS., 4NN101. 
 The same year he emigrated to Illinois, where for the remain- 
 der of the Indian wars he maintained his reputation as an 
 Indian fighter. He died Feb. 24, 1821, in St. Clair County, 
 111.— Ed. 
 
 "^ For Beech Bottom Fort, see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 243. — Ed. 
 
RAIDS AND SKIRMISHES 37 
 
 Aug. 2. James Booth^^ writes from Koon Fort to 
 Capt. Zedick Springer^^ at Prickett's Fort, that 
 Charles Grigsby's wife and child were killed and 
 scalped and one person missing on the 31st of July 
 from the waters of Elk Creek. ^^ A party of thirteen 
 or fourteen intend to pursue the raiders. 
 
 Aug. 4. Col. David Shepherd writes to General 
 Hand from Ohio County of the skirmish of the pre- 
 ceding Friday, when six scouts attacked and killed 
 one of five Indians and put the rest to flight. The peo- 
 ple are alarmed and may remove from the frontier. 
 
 Aug. 5. Capt. Samuel Moorhead writes from Kit- 
 tanning to General Hand, thanks him for his warn- 
 ings, and reports the visit of a Delaware whom he sus- 
 pects is a spy. The latter reported having seen the 
 writer's brother and Mr. McFarlane^* at Niagara 
 twenty days ago. 
 
 "^1 James Booth was one of the early settlers of the Monon- 
 gahela region, making his improvement on Booth Creek in 
 1771, not far from the present site of Morgantown. He was 
 killed by Indians, in the summer of 1778, and his loss was a 
 blow to the young community — see Thwaites, Withers's Bor- 
 der Warfare, p. 247. Coon Fort was on the land of Joseph 
 and Philip Coon in Marion County, W. Va. ; for the exact 
 location, see Henry Haymond, Harrison County, W. Va. 
 (Morgantown, 1910), p. 64. This fort was kept up until some 
 time in 1789 or 1790, when it was abandoned. — Ed, 
 
 ■^■2 Zadoc Springer belonged to a German family who emi- 
 grated in early days from New Jersey to the Monongahela. 
 In 1782 he was a magistrate in Westmoreland County, and 
 his sister was the wife of Col. Zackwell Morgan. — Ed. 
 
 ■^3 For a more extended account of the raid upon the Grigs- 
 by homestead, see Border Warfare, pp. 217, 218. It was sit- 
 uated on a branch of Elk Creek in Harrison County, W. Va. 
 For the exact location, see Haymond, Harrison County, p. 63. 
 The date has usually been given from tradition as June, 1777; 
 this document gives the exact time. — Ed. 
 
 ^4 For their capture, see Rev. Upper Ohio, pp. 245, 246. — Ed. 
 
38 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 Aug. 7. Dorsey Pentecost, at Greenway/^ sends an 
 express to General Hand to inquire concerning a ru- 
 mor that a man taken captive last autumn has lately 
 escaped from Detroit, and reported to Hand that an 
 army of 10,000 to 16,000 Canadians, Indians, and Brit- 
 ish are marching toward Pittsburgh. The panic is 
 great, and the writer wishes the rumor either con- 
 firmed or denied. 
 
 Aug. 8. Samuel Moorhead from Kittanning re- 
 ports the desertion of the Indian mentioned in his let- 
 ter of the 5th, after stealing a gun and other articles, 
 and setting their canoes adrift. If attacked, no in- 
 formation can be sent by water. Urges Hand to send 
 him more men. On the same date. Hand appointed 
 a meeting of militia officers at Ligonier for Monday, 
 Aug. 18. 
 
 Aug. II. Arthur Campbell writes from Washing- 
 ton County to Col. William Fleming^® that Peter and 
 Daniel Harmon, fifty miles down Sandy River,'^^ were 
 fired at by an Indian party, thought to be forty or fifty 
 in number, from four large canoes drawn up in a small 
 creek. The Harmons escaped and warned the inhabi- 
 tants. One settler was killed and scalped last Friday, 
 near Blackmore's on the Clinch River ;^^ traces of the 
 enemy are found along other parts of the Clinch. The 
 
 "^^ For Dorsey Pentecost see Dunmore's War, p. loi, note 
 47. "Greenway" was probably somewhere on Youghiogheny 
 River, whither Pentecost removed his family during the 
 panic of 1777. — Ed. 
 
 "^^ For Arthur Campbell and Col. William Fleming see Ibid, 
 p. 39, note 70, and pp. 428, 429, respectively. — Ed. 
 
 ^■7 For the Harmon family and their previous scouts in this 
 vicinit}^ see Ibid, p. 70. — Ed. 
 
 ■^8 For this location, see Ibid, p. 85, note 2>3- — Ed. 
 
RAIDS AND SKIRMISHES 39 
 
 people are closely forted, and in more distressing cir- 
 cumstances than last summer. They need men, provi- 
 sions, and salt, and can with difficulty get lead, 
 although so near the mines. It is rumored that Point 
 Pleasant has been evacuated. Can no plan be made to 
 chastise these ravagers ? Can nothing be done at Fort 
 Pitt ? Are they to look to Congress or their own state 
 for relief? As Fleming is the only representative in 
 whom they have confidence, they expect him to make 
 some plan to save this back country from total devas- 
 tation. 
 
 Aug. 12. Samuel Mason writes General Hand that 
 Colonel Shepherd has set men to work, strengthening 
 the fort. He found a package of ten proclamations 
 from Detroit, but kept them a profound secret, for 
 fear that spreading them would be hurtful to the 
 cause. 
 
 Aug. 12. Archibald Lochry writes from Twelve 
 Mile Run^^ to General Hand that he finds it difficult 
 
 ^9 Archibald Lochry (Laughrey, Lockrey, Loughrey) was 
 of Scotch-Irish parentage, and born on the frontiers of Penn- 
 sylvania. He was justice of the peace for Bedford County, 
 and on the organization of Westmoreland (1773) was chosen 
 county lieutenant, in which office he acted acceptably until his 
 departure for his ill-fated expedition (1781). His home was 
 in Unity township, between Greensburgh and Ligonier, on a 
 small stream designated in his letters as "Twelve Mile Run"; 
 it is, however, no longer so called. In 1781 Lochry raised a 
 volunteer expedition to join Gen. George Rogers Clark in his 
 operations in the West. Leaving the rendezvous not far from 
 Hannastown on July 24, he set out expecting to join Clark at 
 Wheeling. Upon reaching this latter place he found Clark 
 had gone in advance, and set forth to overtake him. Having 
 landed about ten miles below Miami River, to refresh his 
 party, Lochry and his men were overpowered by a superior 
 force of Indians and obliged to surrender. The commandant 
 was one of the first to be killed by a Shawnee tomahawk. 
 
40 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 to spirit up the people of his county. He has only 
 enlisted twenty-five. A substitute has orders to 
 range from Laurel Hill to the mouth of Kiskiminitas 
 Creek.8^ 
 
 Aug. 13. The inhabitants of a small fort on Buffalo 
 Creek write to General Hand requestmg ''your Excel- 
 lency to take our distressed case into your serious con- 
 sideration, we have at the risk of our lives preserved 
 our Crops untill now and last night we heard of a 
 party of Indians preparing to cross the river about a 
 mile above the Beech bottom Station and we have out 
 of what few men we have in the fort amounting in 
 the whole to about 20 men, sent 7 to assist in pursuing 
 them." Beg to be excused from a draft. ''Signed by 
 Tho^ McGuire, Edward Perins^^ and the fort people 
 in general." 
 
 His widow afterwards married Capt. Jack Guthrie. Two of 
 Lochry's children petitioned Congress for bounty land, and in 
 1859 a committee reported favorably upon their claim; see 
 35th Cong., ist sess. House Reports, no. 289. — Ed. 
 
 80 Laurel Hill was the eastern boundary of Westmoreland 
 County. Kiskiminitas Creek was on the northwestern border, 
 and peculiarly exposed to Indian attacks. Along this route 
 came the savages who burned and captured Hannastown 
 (1782), and during the later Indian wars (1789-95) this re- 
 gion was under special stress. A small blockhouse known as 
 Reed's Station was erected near the Kiskiminitas during the 
 latter period ; at the time of this letter there was no protec- 
 tion nearer than Fort Kittanning, some ten miles farther up 
 the Allegheny. — Ed. 
 
 ^1 Thomas McGuire was an Irish emigrant who settled first 
 on the South Branch of Potomac; thence he removed in 1772 
 to Washington County, Pa., where he settled near the upper 
 waters of Buffalo Creek. He was the father of Maj. Francis 
 McGuire, later noted in border history. The site of his fort 
 is not precisely known, but it was probably on or near Buffalo 
 Creek, some miles above its mouth. 
 
 Edward Perrin came West from Antietam, Md., and settled 
 
RAIDS AND SKIRMISHES 41 
 
 James Chambers of Westmoreland County told Dr. 
 Draper that in August, 1777, he and six or seven other 
 men were reaping oats near Adam Carnahan's block- 
 house.^^ On receiving notice of skulking Indians, 
 they went to John McKibben's, where Fort Hand was 
 built the next winter.^^ The Indians plundered several 
 cabins and finally attacked Carnahan's blockhouse. On 
 
 about seven miles east of Wellsburg, probably near Buffalo 
 Creek. Oct. 15, 1779, while hunting with two companions, he 
 was shot and killed by Indians on a stream fourteen miles 
 above the mouth of Short Creek, since known as Perrin's 
 Run, He was about fifty years of age when killed, and left 
 a widow and several children. See interview with his grand- 
 daughter in Draper MSS., 16S262, 263. — Ed. 
 
 82 James Chambers was born in Ireland in May, 1749, emi- 
 grated to America about 1768, and in the autumn of 1773 
 settled on Kiskiminitas Creek, in Washington township, West- 
 moreland County. There Dr. Draper in 1846 interviewed the 
 aged pioneer. He described his capture by Indians in 1781 
 while on a scout near Sewickley Creek, his sojourn at Detroit, 
 and at Prison Island near Montreal, whence he escaped in 
 1782. His memory was very retentive, and he gave Dr. Dra- 
 per many facts about Indian warfare. 
 
 Adam Carnahan was a neighbor of Chambers. His block- 
 house was located about a mile south of the Kiskiminitas and 
 six miles below the mouth of Conemaugh Creek. Carnahan's 
 son James enlisted in the Continental service, and was an 
 officer of repute. This blockhouse was the rendezvous for 
 Lochry's forces in his expedition of 1781. — Ed. 
 
 83 Fort Hand was built in the autumn of 1777 after Fort 
 Kittanning was evacuated (see post), and the garrison of the 
 latter transferred thither. It was the only fort in that region, 
 on the Continental establishment. In the latter part of July, 
 1778, Capt. Samuel Miller with nine soldiers of the 8th Penn- 
 sylvania were waylaid without the fort, when the captain and 
 seven men were killed. See Penna. Archives, vi, p. 6y2- In 
 March of the following year. Fort Hand was again attacked 
 and ably defended by Capt. Samuel Moorhead for twenty- 
 four hours, when the besiegers finally withdrew. Fort Hand 
 was evacuated shortly after this; but again occupied during 
 the Indian wars, and kept up until 1791 or 1792. It was lo- 
 cated in Washington township of Westmoreland County, 
 about a mile south of the Kiskiminitas ford. — Ed. 
 
42 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 stepping to the door, John Carnahan was instantly 
 shot dead. The firing continued briskly until dark, 
 when the Indians decamped, carrying their wounded 
 on litters. One Indian, left dead, had about him arti- 
 cles plundered from Chambers's cabin. 
 
 RETALIATORY EXPEDITION PLANNED 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to Col. William Fleming. iU8o — 
 A. L. S.] 
 
 Redstone84 i2tii. Augt. 1777 
 
 Sir — The Murders lately committed by the Savages 
 on our Frontiers have occasioned much distress and 
 uneasiness in the minds of the Inhabitants, and as a 
 General Confederacy of the Western tribes has taken 
 place at the Instigation of the British Emisaries in 
 their Country it will no doubt be productive of Multi- 
 plied Greivances to us except we can penetrate their 
 Country and take on them the Vengence due to their 
 perfidy 
 
 I therefore in Consequence of his Excellency the 
 Governor of Virginia's permission desire you will be 
 pleased to furnish me with 200 Men properly officered 
 and Equiped for an Expedition into the Indian Coun- 
 try, and willing to serve Six Months from the first of 
 September next unless sooner discharged. The Coun- 
 ties of Monongalia youghogania & Ohio have pro- 
 posed to furnish their proportions by Volanteers, 
 you Sir will be the best Judge how to proceed in your 
 own Country as soon as the Men are ready (which 
 I wish to be as soon as possible) order them to March 
 to Fort Randolph at the mouth of the Great Kanha- 
 
 84 For Redstone see Duiuiiore's War, p. 12, note 22. — Ed. 
 
RETALIATION 43 
 
 way. if in the meantime I find any other place of 
 General Rendevous more convenient will take the 
 earliest opportunity of Acquainting you. Least the 
 Garrison at Fort Randolph may not have the proper 
 supply of Provision beg you may contrive to send 
 flour & live Cattle to supply your detachment for some 
 time after their Arrival. Col. Aylett of Williams- 
 burgh is appointed Commissary for the Westren Posts 
 and will give you the necessary assistance.®^ I am Sir 
 your most Obed^ & Most Hbb. Serv*. 
 
 Edw^. Hand 
 To County Lieutenant of Bottetourt 
 
 P. S. Please to forward the Inclosed to Augusta 
 by Express. 
 
 [Col. Zackwell Morgan to Capt. William Harrod.s^ 4NN58— 
 A. L. S.] 
 
 Sir — You are to Proceed to Recruit all the able 
 Bodied Volenteers as Soon as Possible, enlist them 
 to go on an Expedition to the Indian Towns, and have 
 
 85 Upon receipt of this letter Colonel Fleming called a court 
 martial whose resolutions (passed Aug. 29, 1777) are in Dra- 
 per MSS., 1U88. There were present William Fleming, coun- 
 ty lieutenant, Col. George Skillern, Maj. George Poage, Capt. 
 Thomas Rowland, Capt. John Armstrong, Capt. Martin Mc- 
 Farren, Capt. Patrick Lockhart, Capt. George Givens, and 
 Capt. Jam.es Hall. On considering the letter of General Hand 
 it was determined to send an express to the governor of Vir- 
 ginia to know how far they were authorized to obey this 
 requisition. They are sensible that the frontier would profit 
 by such an expedition, but the county has been drained of 
 men, and they are apprehensive of the consequences, as win- 
 ter is approaching. As to supplies, Eastern parties are buying 
 cattle in their vicinity at extravagant rates, and they request 
 a stop thereto. — Ed. 
 
 86 For a sketch of Capt. William Harrod, see Dunmore's 
 War, p. 68, note 14. — Ed. 
 
44 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 them in Readiness as Soon as Possible. The place of 
 Rendevouse at Cams Fort,^^ where you are to Order 
 your men as Soon as Recruited, pray use Every 
 Method in Your Power to Dispatch this Business. I 
 wish you Success and am Sir your Hble Ser*. 
 
 Zack^I Morgan 
 Aug. 15, 1777 
 
 N. B. inlist the men for Six Months from i^* Sep*^. 
 tho they are to be under pay as Soon as Listed and all 
 plunder is to be Divided Equal. 
 To Capt William Harrod. 
 
 [Maj. Henry Taylor to Gen. Edward Hand. IU83— A. L. S.] 
 Rerdons B0TTOM88 17th Augst. 1777 
 Dear General — I received yours of the 9*^. of 
 Aug^*. Deated at Pittsburgh, and Must confess your 
 condesending to leave the place of fixing the post to 
 the people to be as satisfactory as the[y] Could Desire 
 and as the Chief of the old posts was below Logs- 
 Town I marched the Men down to this post, and went 
 down myself to the Lower posts taking the minds of 
 the people, and I found that every one was for having 
 it at the place where the[y] were. I found that the 
 people at Large could not fix it, I then ordred the 
 Officers to meet at this post and there to Agree on the 
 place. the[y] promised to do so, but has not yet 
 come. Owing I beleave to an alarm of some Indians 
 being in the settlement the Inhabatants is in the Ut- 
 
 8^ Probably intended for Kern's Fort, in the present Monon- 
 galia County, W. Va., on Decker's Creek See S. T. Wiley, 
 Monongalia County (Kingwood, W. Va., 1883), p. 649. — Ed. 
 
 88 Reardon's Run is on the southeast side of Raccoon 
 Creek, in Independence township, Beaver County, Pa. — Ed. 
 
RETALIATION 45 
 
 most confusion yet it is as bad as Deth to think of 
 moving, the Inhabatants of HoUaday's cove*^ De- 
 clared the[y] would stay & Difend themselves as long 
 as the[y] could. & secured all the Ammonition and 
 Guns, telling me that the[y] would Ace*, w*. the pub- 
 lick for all the[y] would Use of them Indeed I must 
 confess the[y] did not Use me w*. any indeacency. 
 Cap^ perce and his Vollounteers is here only 8 which 
 was left to Assist M^ Baker and his family to this 
 place. ^° the Militia is Cheefly all Gon & going home 
 therefor I will have only Cap*^ Hogland^^ and Cap*^ 
 Perces Vollounteers, Unless New Draughts is sent 
 
 I long to here what was concluded on at the council 
 at Redstone Fort. I have no News but what you have 
 had I have kept out constant scouts to tray to meet 
 them Indians that was in the Inhabatants but can not 
 make Any Discoverys, there is about 50 VoIP and 10 
 Militia Draughts here which will be free in a few 
 Days the people in General seems keen for an Expe- 
 dition but how the[y] will Turn out I am at a loss to 
 Gess I am w* Respect y^. Hubl Serv* 
 
 Henry Taylor Maj''.^- 
 To Brigadeer Genl. Hand, Fort Pitt 
 
 89 Holliday's Cove settlement was formed in 1776 and lay 
 in what is now Hancock County, W. Va., about three miles 
 back from Ohio River. There is at present on the site a 
 postoffice by this name. — Ed. 
 
 90 Probably the family of Joshua Baker, who lived opposite 
 the mouth of Yellow Creek in the present Hancock County, 
 W. Va. See Dunmore's War, pp. 15-18. — Ed. 
 
 91 Capt. Henry Hoagland lived on Pigeon Creek, in the 
 Monongahela district. He served with McDonald in the Wa- 
 katomica campaign of 1774; and went out as captain in 1782 
 under Crawford. After the latter's defeat he was never again 
 heard from. — Ed. 
 
 92 For a sketch of Maj. Henry Taylor, see i?^?^. Upper Ohio, 
 p. 233, note 76. — Ed. 
 
46 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 FORTS STRENGTHENED 
 
 [Capt. Samuel Moorhead to Gen. Edward Hand. IU84 — 
 A. L. S.] 
 
 KiTTANING 19*^ Augt. 1777 
 
 Sir — This evning sent Out A party of men to drive 
 up the Cattle, A Httle ways from the fort was fird on 
 by a Considerable Party of indeans, as it Appears by 
 their tracks. Killed and Scalpt three of the men, and 
 left with them two papers, equal in Substance, one of 
 which I inclose to you for your Consideration^^ Am 
 Sir Your Obdt Hum^ Serv* 
 
 SamI Moorhead 
 
 Have but three small Beef Cattle at Present 
 To Genl E. Hand Commander in Chieff Fourt Pitt 
 
 [Col. David Shepherd to Gen. Edward Hand. 1U85— A. L- S.] 
 Fort Henry August the 22d 1777 
 Sir — In obedience to your order I have Caled in all 
 the men to this place that is under pay and have Re- 
 moved my famely Likewise, but there Seems a Great 
 Confusion in the County Concerning it. I have or- 
 dered Capt Ogle to keep up a Scout Between this fort 
 and the Beach Bottom Likewise Capt Mason to send 
 a party to Scout Betwen this and Grave Creek and 
 Shall order Such Scouts and Spies over the River as 
 our Strength will admit of. Captains Shannon,^"^ 
 
 93 See Hamilton's proclamation of June 24, ante, p. 14. — Ed. 
 
 94 Probably Capt. Samuel Shannon from Ligonier, West- 
 moreland County, where he took up land in 1773. He was 
 head of a ranging company from 1777-81. In the latter year 
 he accompanied the ill-fated Lochry expedition (see ante, 
 p. 39, note 79), as one of its officers. Sent in advance by 
 Colonel Lochry with a note to General Clark, he was captured 
 by the Indian party lying in wait, and induced to advise sur- 
 
STRENGTHENING FORTS 47 
 
 Leach and Marchant^^ Arived here on the 20"' Ins* 
 and Seems Very well Behaved and Oblidging our 
 Cap tons is making up their Companeys as fast as pos- 
 ible. But the Men Complains Greatly that they are 
 not paid of as they want the money for their former 
 Service to aquip them for a Campain it would be well 
 if this Could be Done and a pay Master Sent Down 
 or some way ordred that the Men are paid But I 
 make no Doubt But we Shall Get the Men Required 
 of our County as they are Recruiting fast Col Mor- 
 gan has not yet arived here Neither have we heard 
 from him we are Repairing the fort as fast as posible 
 and Shall Soon have it Indian proof Except they Scale 
 the Stockades the Indians has Been with [us] Once 
 Since I Saw you they Crossed the River in the Night 
 near the mouth of Buffelow Creek when Cap*^ Ogle 
 with a party of his men followed their tracks next 
 morning and over took them they Changed Several 
 Shot but none kiled or Cripled on Either Side, our 
 people Got Eleven Blankets and plunder that Sold for 
 24 Pounds the Indians made their Escape a Cross 
 the River the next night by the plunder got it is 
 
 render to Lochry's force. He was carried captive to Lower 
 Sandusky, whence he managed to escape, and had reached the 
 hill opposite Wheeling when retaken by a marauding Indian 
 on his return from the settlements and tomahawked. See 
 Draper MSS., 6NN146, 175, 176.— Ed. 
 
 9o These companies had been .recruited in Westmoreland 
 County for the relief of the Ohio River forts. A Swiss fam- 
 ily named Marchand lived in 1770 on Little Sewickley Creek 
 in Hempfield township of that county, and had several distin- 
 guished descendants, Capt. David Marchand with a company 
 of thirty-four men and Capt. James Leetch with thirteen men 
 served on the Ohio frontier. 3NNT0. — Ed. 
 
48 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 thought that they was a party that had been at fort 
 Pitt^*^ I am Sir with Respect Y'" Humble Serv^ 
 
 David Shepherd 
 
 To His Honour General Hand at Fort Pitt 
 
 TROOPS FOR EXPEDITION 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to Jasper Yeates. MS. in New York 
 Public Library; Hand Papers — A. L. S.] 
 
 Fort Pitt 25*^ August 1777 
 Dear Yeates — Your favour of the 7^^. Instant I 
 rec^. the i6"\ by M^ Steel, by a person just returned 
 from Williamsburg I learn that the British fleet has 
 Appeared in Chesapeak Bay. this will cause a new & 
 fatigueing movement in our Army, I am as Appre- 
 hensive as yourself of S*^. Clairs fate. Indian Affairs 
 remain as when I last wrote to you. I have demanded 
 2000 men from the Several frontier Counties of Vir- 
 ginia & Pennsylvania if I get them cant have a doubt 
 of reducing the Wyandots & Pluggys Town Confed- 
 eracy, at present our most Troublesome Neighbours, 
 this County is in great confusion & Distress at present, 
 the prospects of fixing a permanent boundary between 
 \^irginia & Pennsylvania, gives the people much satis- 
 faction, next to Chastising the Indians, they desire 
 that may take place, the situation of the Delawares 
 embarraces me much. I wish to preserve their friend- 
 ship, how to do this & keep small parties in the Indian 
 Country, (A measure I wish to Adopt,) & steer Clear 
 
 96 Aug. 15, General Hand wrote to his wife, "The Delaware 
 Indians have left hostages as a pledge of their friendship." 
 3NN47.— Ed. 
 
MILITARY MOBILIZATION 49 
 
 of the Delawares I cant telL I wish you & all our 
 
 friends Felicity & am D'". Yeats, very Affectionately y^^ 
 
 Edw^ Hand 
 
 To Jasper Yeates Esq^". Lancaster 
 
 Endorsed : Fort Pitt Aug*. 25. 1777. Genl. Hand. (Answd. 
 Septr. 13. 1777 pr Col. Steel) 
 
 [Col. Zackwell Morgan to Gen. Edward Hand. 3NN 154, 155— 
 Transcript.] 
 
 25th Aug. 1777. 
 Capt". Pigman^^ marches this day for Wheeling with 
 his company, & takes the flour he talked of ; I shall 
 follow him myself with Maj''. Chew on Sunday 
 next with about 100 men, & as soon as I get to Wheel- 
 ing shall return by the way of Fort Pitt to consult 
 with your excellency the future operations of the 
 troops, by which time I am fully convinced that the 
 remainder of the men for the intended expedition will 
 be ready to march, that nothing may retard us any 
 longer. 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to Mrs. Hand. 3NN47, 48— Transcript.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, Aug. 25*1^ 1777. 
 The safety of the country depends on our being able 
 to penetrate the Indian country; but whether I can 
 accomplish it, I don't yet know. Certain it is, that 
 with a proper force (without which it will not be 
 attempted), a measure of that nature be executed 
 without greater danger than this garrison is exposed 
 to. * * * The 16*^^. instant a party of Indians 
 
 ^'J' Captain Pigman did not march as intended; see Shep- 
 herd's letter of Aug. 28, and Zackwell Morgan's of Aug. 29, 
 jwst. — Ed. 
 
so FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 attacked a house about forty miles from here, at a 
 place called Beaver Run in Westmoreland County, 
 where near 40 women & children had taken shelter 
 with 7 men ; the Indians were beaten off, two of them 
 left dead on the spot ; one white man was also killed.^* 
 A Delaware Indian who arrived here yesterday met 
 the party — they were Wyandotts — went out with 14 
 men & were returning with 10 — one of them was shot 
 through the body & had his arm broken. The 17^''. a 
 party of Chippewas fired on 6 men of the garrison at 
 Kittanning, killed three of them & got off clear. 
 Twenty men from this garrison are now out on the 
 Indian [side] in search of some skulking rascals who 
 fired on & slightly wounded a man near M'". Crog- 
 han's^^ place yesterday. As they are guided by an 
 Indian, I hope they will ferret them out. 
 
 QUIET AT FORT HENRY 
 
 [Col. David Shepherd to Gen. Edward Hand. 1U87— A. L- S.] 
 
 Fort Henry [Augt.] 28*^ 1777 
 Sir — we have not seen any signs of the Indians 
 since I wrote to you Last and we keep out Scouts and 
 Spies Every Day. Col Morgan has not ar[i]ved here 
 from the Monongahale County nor Aney Men from 
 that County neither Do we hear from him Cap' 
 Shannons men was Seemed unesy to go home and as 
 I saw no apperance of the Indians I Let them go they 
 Behaveed them Selves very well During their Stay, 
 
 98 This refers to the affair at Carnahan's blockhouse, when 
 John Carnahan was killed. See ante, p. 41. — Ed. 
 
 99 Col. George Croghan lived on the east side of the Alle- 
 gheny, about four miles from the intersection of the rivers. 
 The site is now within the limits of Pittsburgh. — Ed. 
 
A TORY PLOT 51 
 
 we have got the fort in Some Better posture of De- 
 fence than it was Before, I ordred the men from the 
 Beach Bottom But the Inhabetants would not Remove 
 I therefore ordred that party to Keep up a Scout on 
 the other Side of the River So as to Cover the Inhab- 
 itants as wel as possible. I Shall Come to fort pit in 
 a few Days if Nothing happens. Sir I am with Re- 
 spect yr Hum^ Servt. 
 
 David Shepherd 
 To His Honoi' General Edward Hand 
 
 THE TORY CONSPIRACY 
 
 [Col. Thomas Gaddis to Lieut.-Col. Thomas Brown^ at Red- 
 stone Old Fort. 3NN156, 157 — Transcript.] 
 
 Dear Sir — A certain person was at my house on 
 Monday the 25th inst, and he made oath to me that 
 the Tories have joined themselves together for to cut 
 off the inhabitants, and we know not what hour they 
 will rise. Therefore it would be proper that you 
 would take a particular care and keep a strong guard 
 over the Magazine^ for a few days, till we can use 
 some means with them. This day I am starting with 
 a party of men for to succor the people and suppress 
 the Tories. I would desire that you would do your 
 utmost endeavor and warn the friends of our country 
 to be upon their watch. Sir, I remain respectfully 
 your friend 
 
 THo^ Gaddis 
 August 26th. 1777. 
 
 ^ For these officers of Monongalia and Yohogania counties, 
 see Rev. Upper Ohio, pp. 233, 234, notes 76 and 78 respect- 
 ively. — Ed. 
 
 2 At Redstone was situated the powder magazine for the 
 Virginia counties west of the mountains. — Ed. 
 
52 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 [Thomas Brown to General Hand. 3NN155, 156— Transcript] 
 
 Redstone Fort, Aug<^ 29*^ 1777 
 
 D"*. Sir — Enclosed you have Col. Gaddis' letter to 
 me directed, from which you may find in what circum- 
 stances our country lies under. Agreeable to Col°. 
 Gaddis' instructions, I have called a guard of fifteen 
 men for the safety of the magazine, which I hope will 
 meet with your approbation. Any instructions from 
 your excellency shall be obeyed if in my power. Col"* 
 Gaddis and Capt. Enochs^ with about 100 men are in 
 pursuit of the Tories, but their success I have not yet 
 heard ; but from different accounts it appears the Tor- 
 ies are determined to stand battle. I expect to hear 
 from Col. Gaddis every hour, and shall transmit a full 
 account as soon as possible. I have the honor to be &c. 
 
 Thomas Brown. 
 
 N. B. From sundry acct^ the Tories are deter- 
 mined to take the Magazine if in their power. 
 Genl Hand. 
 
 Endorsed: Col. Tho^. Brown. 
 
 [Col. Zackwell Morgan to General Hand. 3NN65,66— 
 Transcript.] 
 
 August 29th. 1777 
 
 May it please y"^. Exc^. — It is with the utmost anx- 
 iety that I now inform you that our march is retarded 
 for some time against the natural enemies of our coun- 
 try. A few days ago the most horrid conspiracy ap- 
 peared. Numbers of the inhabitants of this country 
 have joined in a plot and were assembled together to 
 join the English and Indians. This forces me to raise 
 
 3 For Capt. Henry Enoch see Rev. Upper Ohio, pp. 207, 
 235.— Ed. 
 
A TORY PLOT 53 
 
 what men were enlisted as well as others, to put a stop 
 to this unnatural unheard of frantick scene of mischief 
 that was in the very heart of our country. We have 
 taken numbers who confess that they have sworn alle- 
 giance to the King of Great Britain, & that some of 
 the leading men at Fort Pitt are to be their rulers & 
 heads. The parties I have out are bringing in num- 
 bers of those wretches & they (those that confess) all 
 agree in their confession that the English, French & 
 Indians will be with you in a few days, when they 
 were with numbers of others to embody themselves, & 
 Fort Pitt was to be given up with but little opposition ; 
 some are taken that really astonish me out of measure. 
 Good heavens ! that mankind should be so lost to 
 every virtue & sense of their country. I am this mo- 
 ment informed that Gideon Long & Jeremiah Long, 
 two deserters are gone to Fort Pitt to deliver them- 
 selves up ; should this be the case, & as they have been 
 very active in this conspiracy, I hope your Exc^. will 
 punish them as they deserve. I am now at Minor's 
 Fort* with about 500 men, & am determined to purge 
 the country before I disband, as it would give me 
 much satisfaction to have this matter settled. I shall 
 wait y^ Excellency's instructions & am with respect 
 your most obed'. humble serv*. 
 
 Zack : Morgan. 
 
 * This was either at Statler's Fort, which Minor commanded 
 (see aiife, p. 21, note 46), or a blockhouse upon his property 
 in the present Monongalia township of Greene County, Pa. 
 See sketch in Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 235, note 79. — Ed. 
 
54 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 THE SIEGE OF FORT HENRY 
 
 [Reminiscences by Dr. Joseph Doddridge.^ 6NN123-126 — 
 A. D.] 
 
 Fort Henry, at Wheeling, was built at the expense 
 of the English Government, by the order of the Earl 
 of Dunmore, while on his campaign against the In- 
 dians in the summer of 1774, who, when he descended 
 the river in pursuit of the Indians on the Scioto, left 
 Colonel William Crawford and Angus McDonald, 
 with a detatchment of men to build and garrison the 
 fort.« 
 
 The fort was substantially built of squared timbers 
 painted at the top and furnished with bastions and 
 sentry boxes at the angles. The interior of the fort 
 contained an house for the officers and barracks for 
 the men. Its area was something more than half an 
 acre. 
 
 ^Joseph Doddridge was born in 1769 in Bedford County, 
 Pa. In 1773 his father removed with his family to what is 
 now Washington County, not far from the present West Vir- 
 ginia line. Doddridge was thus a boy eight years old at the 
 time of this siege, and living in the immediate neighborhood. 
 For several years he was a Methodist preacher, itinerating 
 throughout the entire region. Later he joined the Episcopal 
 church and studied and practiced medicine, dying in 1826 at 
 his home in Wellsburg. Two years before his death he pub- 
 lished (at the last-named place) Notes on the Settlement and 
 Indian Wars of the Western Parts of Virginia and Pennsyl- 
 vania, in which he embodied much of his knowledge of pio- 
 neer days. There is not, however, in this book any account 
 of the siege at Wheeling. Such a manuscript account was 
 found among his papers, and secured by Dr. Draper from his 
 daughter. Unfortunately the manuscript is incomplete, break- 
 ing off abruptly. We have supplemented this account, there- 
 fore, with recollections of other pioneers. — Ed. 
 
 6 See Dnnmore's War, p. 86. — Ed. 
 
ATTACK ON FORT HENRY 55 
 
 This fort was designed for the refuge and protec- 
 tion of the lower settlements in this district of coun- 
 try, and being next in strength and importance to fort 
 Pitt, soon attracted the notice of the Indians and their 
 English allies, who at three different periods at- 
 tempted to break up the establishment. 
 
 The first attack on fort Henry took place on the 
 first day of September 1777. 
 
 Gen^ Hand had, at that time, the command of the 
 western department. The Moravian Indians who 
 had three villages on the Muskimgum about sixty 
 miles from the Ohio river were in the practice of 
 sending runners to Gen^ Hand, with information con- 
 cerning any intended scout or campaign of the Indian 
 warriors against any of the settlements or forts of 
 the white people. 
 
 About three weeks before the attack of fort Henry, 
 Gen' Hand sent notice to Col" David Shepherd, the 
 Lieutenant Colonel of Ohio County, that he had re- 
 ceived advice that fort Henry would be attacked in 
 short time, by a large Indian force, aided by a body 
 of british rangers from Detroit. This advice was 
 accompanied with an order to the Col" to leave his 
 own fort which was about six miles distant from fort 
 Henry, and take the command of the latter fort. The 
 Col" was directed to issue his orders to all the Cap- 
 tains between the Ohio and Monongahala, to rendez- 
 vous at fort Henry with all possible dispatch, with 
 the whole number of their men. Accordingly Cap- 
 tains Williamson, Virgin, Crooks, Miller, Hathaway, 
 and Ogle, with some others whose names are not 
 recollected, assembled with their companies at the 
 
56 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 fort/ Their number was from four to five hundred 
 men. 
 
 The Indians not coming on as soon as was expected, 
 some of the Captains, thinking the report of the in- 
 tended attack of fort Henry a "false alarm" left the 
 place with their companies and returned home. Two 
 companies left the place the day before the attack. 
 Cap* Ogle, and his company were the only distant 
 troops at the place at the time of the engagament. 
 These troops, and those of Cap Mason of the place, 
 amounting in all to about one hundred men,^ consti- 
 tuted the whole force which defended fort Henry at 
 its first attack. 
 
 About sunrise, on the day of the attack, Andrew 
 Zane,® with a small party, set out from the fort to go 
 to a place about a mile distant to get some horses, to 
 move a family [Dr. McMechan's] from the fort up 
 the country towards the Monongahala. When this 
 party had reached the brow of the hill, back of 
 Wheeling, at the spot where the national turn pike 
 now passes it, they were attacked by several Indians, 
 who, however, did not fire on them, but endeavoured 
 
 "^ Dr. Doddridge has mistaken the names of the local com- 
 mandants. Captains Leach, Marchant, and Shannon were the 
 reinforcing militia officers, all of whom had departed previous 
 to the attack, except the local company of Capt. Samuel Ma- 
 son, and the supply from Beech Bottom Fort under Capt. 
 Joseph Ogle. — Ed. 
 
 8 An overestimate of the number of men. According to 
 Duke's account book (1SS149), Captain Ogle's company con- 
 sisted of thirty-eight men. Mason's was probably no larger 
 if as large. — Ed. 
 
 9 Andrew Zane was one of the brothers whose father was 
 noted ante, p. 15, note 36. They were the founders and first 
 settlers of Wheeling. Andrew was killed by Indians; not at 
 the siege of Wheeling, but later while scouting. — Ed. 
 
ATTACK ON FORT HENRY 57 
 
 to kill, or take them prisoners without giving an alarm. 
 One of the party of the name of Boyd, was caught, 
 after running about Eighty yards, and tomahawked. 
 Zane made his escape by jumping over a cliff of rocks 
 of considerable height. The Indians who were run- 
 ning after him, not choosing to imitate the perilous 
 leap he had taken gave up the pursuit. Zane was 
 much bruised in the fall, and his gun was broken to 
 pieces; but in the course of the day he reached Col" 
 Shepherds fort.^° One man and a negro boy of this 
 little party returned to the fort and gave the alarm. 
 
 According to the usual folly and rashness of our 
 militia of early times, about twenty turned out of the 
 fort to give battle to Indians; notwithstanding the 
 advice of Genl Hand, that the place would be attacked 
 by at least 200 of the enemy. 
 
 The Indians, after finishing their work with the 
 small party, passed over the top of the hill and de- 
 scended into the bottom, following the bend of the 
 creek, until they came to the flat piece of ground at 
 the south end of Wheeling hill. In this flat they 
 formed an ambuscade in the form of a crescent, with 
 its convexity towards the creek, it[s] points within a 
 short distance of the foot of the hill. A considerable 
 force had also been left among the bushes, on the 
 western side of the hill, some distance in front of the 
 
 10 Col. David Shepherd lived at the forks of Wheeling 
 Creek, where Little Wheeling comes in, about six miles above 
 Fort Henry. He purchased this location from Silas Zane in 
 1773, and there forted during the wars. According to General 
 Hand's orders, Shepherd had removed to Fort Henry, but 
 some of the neighboring families remained in his block- 
 house. — Ed. 
 
58 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 ambuscade to prevent the escape of any of our men, 
 in case they should pursue the Indians and fall into 
 the ambuscade. 
 
 The Indians in their march over the hill, down the 
 bottom and through the centre of the ambuscade, had 
 taken the precaution to make a large trail so that they 
 might be readily pursued so as to draw our men into 
 the snare. 
 
 When the party which had left the fort, for the pur- 
 suit of the Indians had fallen on their trail, they se- 
 lected two or three men to follow directly on the 
 tracks. The others divided into two equal parties and 
 marched in single file at the distance of several steps 
 of each other about 70 yards to the right and left of 
 the trail. 
 
 When our party had progressed some distance into 
 the flat, in which the ambuscade was formed, a soldier 
 of the name of Thomas Glen, who was marching next 
 to Captain Mason, discovered an Indian on the right 
 flank of the enemy whom he instantly shot down. The 
 first shot from the Indians wounded Cap^ Mason in 
 the hand and carried off the lock of his gun. 
 
 The battle then commenced with a^^ 
 
 [Recollections of John Hanks.12 12CC138.] 
 From the Monongahela, we moved to within 5 miles 
 of Wheeling; remaining there until the Indians com- 
 
 11 The manuscript is unfinished. Dr. Draper, in an append- 
 ed note, says that the latter portion was lost before it came 
 into his hands. — Ed. 
 
 12 John Hanks was born Nov. 29, 1767, in Loudon County, 
 Md., and removed in 1774 to the neighborhood of Redstone, 
 on the Monongahela ; thence, as he says, to the Wheeling 
 
ATTACK ON FORT HENRY 59 
 
 pelled us to move into Wheeling Fort. Before we 
 
 moved in one McBride was killed out on the waters of 
 
 Wheeling/^ * * * \Ve went out and around by 
 
 and to Silas Zane's;^* my father being at that time 
 
 over the Ohio (about a mile from us) after Indians. 
 ******** 
 
 From Zane's we went to the fort. While we were 
 there one morning, were out Jacob Coles, John Mills 
 and Dr. McMahon, looking for McMahon's heifer.^' 
 McMahon was intending to move out of the fort. I 
 was out at the spring, when the firing was heard. 
 
 neighborhood. Hanks was, therefore, a boy of ten and in 
 the fort during the siege. In 1786 the family removed to 
 Kentucky and settled in Montgomery County, whence Hanks 
 went out as scout and hunter. There, on the Spruce fork of 
 Slate River, he was interviewed by John D. Shane. — Ed. 
 
 13 See Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 250. — Ed. 
 
 1* Silas Zane was among the first settlers in the neighbor- 
 hood of Wheeling. He was himself not present at the first 
 siege in 1777, being a captain in the 13th Virginia, and on 
 service in the Eastern states. Hanks here refers to Shep- 
 herd's blockhouse, at what had been Silas Zane's location. 
 Zane returned to the Ohio before the close of the Revolution, 
 and was at Fort Henry during the siege of 1782. At the close 
 of the Revolution he went with George Green to the Indian 
 country, with goods for a trader from Maryland. On their 
 return, about 1785, the two traders were waylaid and mur- 
 dered on the Scioto. Silas Zane left an infant son of the 
 same name. — Ed. 
 
 15 There were two brothers McMechen (usually pronounced 
 McMahon) in the neighborhood of Wheeling — William, the 
 founder of the pioneer family of that name; and Dr. James, 
 a physician of Scotch origin, who came from Delaware to the 
 Ohio and was for a time clerk of Ohio County. During the 
 Revolution James returned to the East and never came back 
 to the frontier. His brother William settled six miles below 
 Wheeling. His family was at Redstone during the troubles 
 on the frontier, and later returned to their Ohio River home, 
 where they became prominent in early West Virginia an- 
 nals. — Ed. 
 
60 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 About twenty men seized their guns and ran out. 
 Jacob Coles and John Mills were killed, and Dr. Mc- 
 Mahon wounded. ^^ The Indians seemed to have made 
 as much sign as possible. When they got to the mouth 
 of Wheeling to which the trace led, John Saunders said 
 to the Company, ''I wish we were over the other side 
 of the River." Some one said they wouldn't wish to 
 be over the other side. They believed there were 
 plenty of Indians that side. Letters were found on 
 the trail, left by the Indians inviting the pursuers to 
 come over and join them that if they would bring a 
 flag they shouldn't be hurt, and should have fine quar- 
 ters at Detroit. Dreading some evil consequences 
 from these letters, all the members of the party were 
 mutually sworn not to divulge the secret of their con- 
 tents, for the next six months. 
 
 Dr. McMahon sent an Irishman, and his black man 
 Loudon, out in the morning to get the oxen. When 
 they got out, the Indians were in ambush and took 
 after them. The Irishman was overtaken and toma- 
 hawked; but the negro, who was too swift for them 
 rushed into the fort, and cried "Indians, Indians." 
 The men in the fort snatched up their guns, and ran, 
 some without their hats.^^ A high mountain puts in 
 just by Wheeling. There the Indians drew the pur- 
 
 16 The narrator has mistaken the persons ; it was John Boyd 
 who was killed. Dr. McMechen did not leave the fort. The 
 first party consisted of Boyd, Samuel Tomlinson, Andrew 
 Zane, and the negro Loudon. — Ed, 
 
 i^'This was Mason's party, ordered out by Colonel Shep- 
 herd. The number is variously given ; probably it was fifteen, 
 all but two of whom were killed. — Ed. 
 
ATTACK ON FORT HENRY 61 
 
 vSuing party to follow them round this mountain, hav- 
 ing others prepared to follow them in the rear, till 
 they closed in on both sides, and the whole party but 
 two cut off. These were Sam. Mason (a Captain) 
 and one Caldwell,^* who did not get started as soon 
 as the others, and so were not surrounded. Mason 
 and his sergeant encountered two Indians, Mason 
 called on the sergeant to shoot. Both shot on both 
 sides. Both the Indians and the sergeant, named 
 Steell, were killed and Mason wounded. He now 
 crept down under the banks of Wheeling Creek, 
 where he lay till night, and then got on to Shepherd's 
 fort, about six miles. ^^ 
 
 18 John Caldwell was born in Ireland Jan. 22, 1753. While 
 still a boy his parents emigrated to America and settled first 
 at Baltimore. In 1773 Caldwell removed to the vicinity of 
 Wheeling, and was for several years in the Indian wars. In 
 1774 he was out with Dunmore. In October, 1776, under the 
 command of Capt. William Harrod, Caldwell was one of a 
 party from Grave Creek Fort that went down the river to 
 rescue the wounded and bury the dead of Robert Patterson's 
 party, coming from Kentucky (see Rev. Upper Ohio, pp. 207, 
 210, 213). The next year Caldwell was a volunteer under 
 Capt. Samuel Mason. At first stationed at Shepherd's Fort, 
 he was at Fort Henry during the siege. His son related to 
 Dr. Draper (35141-144} that Caldwell ran up the hill to es- 
 cape the ambuscade, tripped and fell, and was wedged in be- 
 tween two trees. Seeing an Indian pursuing him, he wrenched 
 himself loose with great effort, just as the Indian threw his 
 tomahawk, which missed its aim, and Caldwell escaped to 
 Shepherd's Fort six miles up the creek. In 1778 and 1779 
 Caldwell was a volunteer guard at Wheeling, and in the latter 
 year went on Brodhead's campaign ; he also served awhile at 
 Rail's Fort on Buffalo Creek. He lived on Wheeling Creek, 
 about fourteen miles above its mouth, until his death in 1840, 
 and at one time drew a pension for his services. His pension 
 documents are in Draper MSS., 6ZZ60-66. — Ed. 
 
 i^Withers, who obtained his information from Noah, son 
 of Ebenezer Zane, tells a story of the close pursuit of Mason, 
 who having been twice wounded was faint from loss of blood. 
 
62 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 [Recollections of Mrs. Joseph Stagg.20 1200236,237.] 
 Col. Ebenezer Zane's cabin was right where the 
 fort stood. The fort was handsomely stockaded, at 
 King's expense. White Eyes came to Fort Pitt, and 
 told them that the Indians were going to take Wheel- 
 ing home. White Eyes was sometimes thought to be 
 of both sides. Col°. Shepherd sent to Fort Pitt, and 
 obtained 70 men of the militia; but returned them 
 again on Sunday morning, saying they had eaten too 
 much beef for nothing. Immediately after he had 
 sent them away, he sent to Mingo bottom for 25 oth- 
 ers.-^ The first company [Captain Shannon's], it 
 was supposed the Indians had seen go away, and by 
 
 The Indian came so near that Mason thrust him back with 
 his hand ; and then firing, he killed his red antagonist. After 
 this he hid behind a fallen tree, and after nightfall made his 
 escape. See Border Warfare, p. 223. — Ed. 
 
 20 Mrs. Joseph Stagg was the daughter of Edward Mills, 
 sister of John Mills, who took an important part in the second 
 siege of Wheeling. At the time of the first siege of Fort 
 Henry, she was the wife of Capt. Jacob Drennon, a prominent 
 Kentucky pioneer. Her granddaughter told Dr. Draper 
 (21S168) that when the alarm came she fled to the fort with 
 her infant, but in her flight left an adopted boy in the cabin. 
 Remembering this she hastened from the fort, although the 
 gates were closing, wrapped the boy in a feather bed, and 
 ran back to the fort unharmed, although several bullets from 
 Indian guns lodged within the bed. The Drennons afterwards 
 removed to Kentucky, settling in Mason County, where Cap- 
 tain Drennon was killed. His widow married Joseph Stagg 
 and for many years lived in Fleming County. She died in 
 1845, aged ninety, at her son-in-law's home in Harrison 
 County, Ky. — Ed. 
 
 21 This refers to Captain Mason's company, who had been 
 scouting as far as Beech Bottom Fort. But the narrator errs 
 in stating that they came in after the siege began. See Shep- 
 herd's letter of Aug. 28, ante, p. 50. — Ed. 
 
ATTACK ON FORT HENRY 63 
 
 the time the sun was up, on Monday morning, the In- 
 dians attacked the fort. 
 
 ******** 
 
 One McMahon sent out some young men, to catch 
 his horses; he and Jacob Drennon^^ were going away. 
 Drennon wouldn't venture so to do [send for horses]. 
 When the Doctor's negro came out to a thick wood, 
 he said, "Why this looks as if it might be a good place 
 for the Indians to hide." At that they started up. 
 They had like to have caught the negro, but he got in. 
 John Boyd, a youth was killed with their tomahawks 
 and scalped. Five or six men ran out, tied his hands 
 and feet, got a pole between them, and so got him in. 
 The Indians had gone to another point. Andrew 
 Zane, a brother of the colonel, jumped down a steep, 
 afterwards measured to be 70 feet, without injury. 
 Sammy Tomlinson was out too, and got in; but 
 went out again with 25 and was killed. Capt. 
 Mason commanded the 25 men that came from Mingo 
 bottom, they got in along the port sally gate. The 
 Indians then thought the fort open, and gave wonder- 
 ful shouts and yells, and rushed to it, and they said 
 they just came, 15 or 20 in a gang, holding each 
 
 22 One of his descendants related (12BB) that Jacob Dren- 
 non was born in Greenbriar County, Va., educated in England, 
 and commissioned in the English army; that he returned to 
 America with Lord Dunmore, and would take no part either 
 for or against the colonies. It is known that in 1773 he was 
 in Kentucky with McAfee's party, and visited the lick known 
 thereafter as Drennon's. In 1774 he was with Dunmore on 
 the Ohio, and although frequently in Kentucky made his home 
 in the neighborhood of Wheeling. He was shot in 1787 when 
 descending the Ohio. Knowing that he was mortally wound- 
 ed, he jumped from the boat into the river, that the Indians 
 should not secure his scalp. — Ed. 
 
64 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 other's hand. The men complained that the women 
 kept so in their way looking out at the portholes, they 
 couldn't do a thing. A great trail was left where the 
 Indians had dragged their dead to the river. Twenty 
 men staid in, 25 went out. * * * The 25 men 
 went out to head them. 15 were killed, I suppose at 
 once and 5 were wounded. ^^ 
 
 Francis Duke, Col. Shepherd's son-in-law, came 
 from Vanmetre's fort, and couldn't be made to stop 
 (commissary of the fort).^* Col. Zane had just fin- 
 ished him a good house, all to one window, shingle- 
 roofed. * * * Women ran bullets in frying pans, 
 and two shot. Mrs. Duke cut bullet patches out of a 
 700 linen piece, like one cutting out shirts. And one 
 Scotchman prayed all day. Rain came up, just after 
 
 23 This refers to the whole number killed and wounded dur- 
 ing the siege ; see Shepherd's letter, post. The narrator does 
 not distinguish between the two sorties of Captain Mason 
 and Captain Ogle. A dense fog overhung the place. Those 
 in the fort could hear the sounds of combat, but could not 
 perceive the number of the enemy. Captain Ogle, with a small 
 number, probably not more than twelve, issued out to the aid 
 of Mason's men, but were immediately included in the massa- 
 cre. — Ed. 
 
 2* Francis Duke was born in Ireland Feb. 11, 1751. Thence 
 the family emigrated to the present Berkeley County, W. Va., 
 where in 1773 Duke married Sarah, eldest daughter of Col. 
 David Shepherd. Thence he removed with the latter's family 
 to Wheeling Creek. He had been appointed by his father-in- 
 law deputy commissary, and as such was stationed at Beech 
 Bottom Fort. It was probably from there that he approached 
 Fort Henry some time in the afternoon of Sept. i, and was 
 shot down near the gate. The entry in the family genealogy 
 is, "September the i day 1777. ffrancis Duke was kled by the 
 Sageus [Savages]." His notebook is in Draper MSS.,iSSi49, 
 wherein his last entry was Aug. 30. He left an infant son 
 John, and a posthumous son Francis, whose descendants are 
 numerous in Ohio and the West. His widow married Levi 
 Springer. — Ed. 
 
ATTACK ON FORT HENRY 65 
 
 the town was set on fire. The women brought up 
 water in tubs, and scrubbed [drenched] the roofs. 
 That night the Indians left. 
 
 [Portion of reminiscences of Mrs. Lydia Cruger.^s 
 2S148-151.] 
 Mason received a flesh wound in the hip, and hid 
 himself in a fallen tree top, full of green leaves. In- 
 dians hunted all around him, he seeing them, in the 
 night he escaped to some neighboring fort. Captain 
 Ogle escaped to the cornfield with a wounded man, 
 and concealed themselves in the high horse weeds; 
 and while there, a wounded Indian, blood running 
 down and crying, and another Indian with him, both 
 sitting on the fence within a hanseP^ of Ogle; and 
 
 25 Lydia Boggs was born Feb. 26, 1766, in Berkeley County, 
 W. Va. In 1768 the family removed to the Youghiogheny, and 
 thence in 1771 to Beeler's Fort (now Uniontown). In 1777 
 they lived on Buffalo Creek, where Capt. John Boggs com- 
 manded a militia company. In August, 1781, the Boggs house- 
 hold removed to a spot three miles below Wheeling, but in 
 1782 retreated to Fort Henry and were present during the 
 second siege. Shortly afterward Lydia married Moses, son 
 of Col. David Shepherd, and lived at his homestead until her 
 husband's death in 1832. The following year she married 
 Gen. Daniel Cruger, but kept her home at the old stone man- 
 sion on Wheeling Creek until her death in September, 1867. 
 She was a woman of extraordinary memory, and great intel- 
 lectual power. Her reminiscences are entitled to much credit, 
 except where warped by personal prejudice. Although not an 
 inmate of the fort when it was besieged in 1777, her close 
 association with the Shepherd family, and her knowledge of 
 the frontier people, make her account thereof approximately 
 accurate and certainly interesting. For a description of a visit 
 to Mrs. Cruger see West Virginia Historical Magazine, July, 
 1903. — Ed. 
 
 -^ The word seems to be used in the sense of a hand's reach, 
 although no such significance is ordinarily attributed to this 
 term. — Ed. 
 5 
 
66 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 Ogle expecting every moment to be discovered, he lay 
 with gun cocked, intending if discovered to sell his 
 life as dearly as possible. Those Indians remained on 
 the fence, and finally went away. In the night Ogle 
 took the wounded man with him into the fort. 
 
 Three of the men, William Shepherd (oldest son 
 of Col. David Shepherd), Hugh McConnell, and 
 Thomas Glenn started from the defeated spot for the 
 fort, and young Shepherd (only nineteen) as he 
 neared the fort, his foot caught in a grapevine and 
 threw him, and before he could recover, the Indians 
 tomahawked and scalped him. Glenn was chased 
 above the fort a little distance up the river, and was 
 overtaken and killed. McConnell reached the fort.^' 
 John Caldwell escaped to Shepherd's Fort, six miles 
 from Wheeling at the Forks of Wheeling [Creek], 
 where the neighborhood f orted ; though Colonel Shep- 
 herd himself was at Wheeling. Town lots had been 
 sold, and several had built cabins and lived in them, 
 outside of Fort Henry ; and at this alarm, unexpected, 
 the people flew to the fort, leaving all their property 
 in their cabins, all which was plundered; and some of 
 the cabins were burned ; and others were seized and 
 occupied by the Indians from which to fight. Francis 
 
 27 William Shepherd was the oldest son of Col. David Shep- 
 herd, and had married Rebecca McConnell, by whom he left 
 one child. In January, 1790, Rebecca Shepherd petitioned the 
 state of Virginia for a pension in recognition of her husband's 
 services (Draper MSS., 7NN20). 
 
 The estate of Thomas Glenn was probated in 1778, together 
 with that of Francis Duke. He had been surveying on the 
 Ohio in 1774; see Dunmore's War, pp. 7, 116. 
 
 Hugh McConnell was ensign in the Ohio County militia in 
 1778. His sister Rebecca was the wife of William Shep- 
 herd. — Ed. 
 
Mrs. Lydia (Boggs-Shepherd) Cruger 
 I-rom U'csf Vinjinia Historical Magazine, iii, p. 203 
 
ATTACK ON FORT HENRY 67 
 
 Duke (a son-in-law of Colonel Shepherd, and deputy- 
 commissary) came from the Beech Bottom Station, 
 above, about noon, and came among the Indians, 
 before he was aware of danger, and made a dash for 
 the fort and was shot dead, some seventy-five yards 
 from the fort, so near that the Indians did not venture 
 for his scalp, until after nightfall, when they dragged 
 his body into one of the cabins and scalped and 
 stripped him. The Indians shot down large numbers 
 of cattle, hogs, geese, and took a good many horses. 
 Soon after dark they decamped, thought to have been 
 300 Indians; probably Girty was not with them.^^ 
 
 The first siege of Wheeling was on Monday, ist 
 September. That was muster day at Cat Fish camp 
 under Capt. John Boggs and Capt. Reasin Virgin,-^ 
 
 28 Many legends have grown up about the siege of Fort 
 Henry. None of them is more persistent than that Simon 
 Girty was the leader of the attacking party. But at this time 
 (1777) Girty was in Pittsburgh and had not yet escaped to 
 the British. It seems probable that no white men were with 
 the Indians at this siege. The aboriginals engaged in the 
 attack were chiefly Wyandot and Mingo, with a few Shawnee 
 and Delawares — a total of about two hundred in number. 
 One Wyandot was killed, and nine of the assailants wounded. 
 See Zeisberger's letter of Sept. 22, post. — Ed. 
 
 29 Capt. John Boggs was born on the Susquehanna in 1736. 
 He was taken when a child to Berkeley County, Va., and in 
 1768 came out to the Youghiogheny. In 1771 he was at Bee- 
 son's Fort (Uniontown, Pa.), and three years later made an 
 improvement on Chartier's Creek, about three miles west of 
 Catfish Camp. He was at this latter station when the siege 
 of Wheeling occurred. In 1781, while living on Buffalo 
 Creek, his oldest son was captured. In August of the same 
 year he built a cabin three miles below Wheeling, and in the 
 spring of the next year removed his family to Fort Henry 
 for safety. Captain Boggs was sent for reinforcements when 
 the siege of 1782 took place, but returned just after the be- 
 
68 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 and while mustering, towards evening, an express 
 came that Wheeling was attacked and Boggs and Vir- 
 gin and their men immediately resolved to start off, 
 and marched all night and reached Wheeling early 
 Tuesday morning, all the Indians had gone, helped 
 to bury the dead ; and haul off the swollen dead cattle 
 into the river. "'^ 
 
 [Court Martial for Ohio County, Oct. 13, 1778. 2SS33.] 
 Ordred that Captain Samuel Mason be paid Seven 
 Dollars for a Drum Purchased for his Company Use 
 and Lost by the Attact of the Enemy against Fort 
 Henry Sepf ist 1777. 
 
 siegers had departed. He had expected to remove to Ken- 
 tucky, which he visited in 1776, but the Revolution kept him 
 occupied on the Ohio frontier. In 1778 he was out with Mc- 
 intosh in command of a company, and for many years was a 
 militia captain. His final removal was to Pickaway County, 
 Ohio, where he died in February, 1824. 
 
 For Capt. Reazin Virgin see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 207, note 
 49. — Ed. 
 
 30 There is a persistent tradition of the arrival of a relief 
 party at Wheeling while the Indians were still about the fort. 
 It is alleged that on this occasion Maj. Samuel McColloch 
 leaped down Wheeling hill on horseback. If any such event 
 occurred during a siege of Wheeling, it must have been that 
 of 1781, for McColloch was killed before the siege of 1782; 
 and there are no evidences of any incident of the kind during 
 the attack of 1777. In all probability McColloch's famous 
 leap was taken during some one of the escapes from a small 
 marauding party of Indians, such as constantly infested the 
 border. No doubt that in the imagination of the frontier 
 narrators, the story grew to proportions far beyond the 
 facts. — Ed. 
 
COLLECTING RECRUITS 69 
 
 WESTMORELAND FRONTIER 
 
 [Capt. Samuel Moorhead to Gen. Edward Hand. 1U89 — 
 A. L. S.] 
 
 KiTTANING Sepf. 2d 1777 
 
 Sir — Rec'^. your favour of the 21^^. Aug^ With 
 Pleasure But upon Cap^ Millers'^^ Arival who 
 brought 20 Beef Cattle Findes there is not a Rein- 
 forcement Coming here. Therefore as we are situ- 
 ated and treated, you Cannot be surprisd if you 
 shoud here, shortly, of our being Cut off in Part, or 
 the whole. If it shoud be the case, I hope these will 
 be part of the discharge of my duty, with makeing use 
 of Such means as it Shall Please God to put in my 
 Power In whom I put my whole dependance for the 
 Preservation of these few men As allso his Other mer- 
 cies, which I truste will be Sofetient, Though the 
 Aspect be bad no Other means being Usd, Having 
 3 or 4 new recrutes at hannastown M*". Jack^- will 
 Call for Arms for them, the Arms here being Out of 
 Oarder, I am with Obediance your Hum Serv*^. Sir 
 
 Saml Moorhead 
 
 On Public Service Genl Edwd. Hand Commanding the 
 Westrin Departement Fort pitt favrd by Cap*. Miller 
 
 31 Capt. Samuel Miller, of the 8th Pennsylvania Continental 
 regiment, had his home on Big Sewickley Creek, not far from 
 Greensburg, in Westmoreland County, and thence he marched 
 in 1776 to join the Eastern army. He was at Valley Forge 
 in January, 1778, and in March was ordered West to Pitts- 
 burgh. July 7 of the same year, as he was taking reinforce- 
 ments to Fort Hand, he was set upon by Indians and he and 
 his entire party were killed. — Ed. 
 
 32 Lieut. William Jack, a brother of the more famous Capt. 
 Matthew Jack of the 8th Pennsylvania. The Jack family 
 came from Ireland and settled near the present Greensburg, 
 Pa. William was for several years lieutenant under Moor- 
 head; later he was county judge, and died at his home Feb. 7, 
 1821. In 1882 his descendants still owned the homestead. — Ed. 
 
70 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 [Devereux Smith to Gen. Edward Hand. 1U90 — A. L. S.] 
 
 Hannastown Septr 2d 1777 
 Dear Sir — A party Consisting of one Hondered 
 and odd, Set of under the Command of Colonels 
 Procktor Lochry Smith^^ &c in ordor to find Coll 
 Campble & fore othar Men Said to be Kild neer Con- 
 nemoch,^* The Came to the hous & found Letters 
 
 33 For Col. John Proctor see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 200, 
 note Z7- 
 
 Col. Archibald Lochry is noted ante, p. 39, note 79. 
 
 The Colonel Smith here mentioned would seem to be 
 James Smith, the well-known captive of 1755-59- He states 
 in his book, Account of the Remarkable Occurrences (Dar- 
 lington's edition, Cincinnati, 1870), p. 134, that he returned 
 to Westmoreland County in 1778. His editor, however, finds 
 documentary evidence to prove that he was there in the 
 autumn of 1777, and probably he was the person here men- 
 tioned. Born in 1737 he was captured at the age of eighteen, 
 returned home in 1760, served in Bouquet's expedition in 
 1764, and explored Kentucky two years later. Having settled 
 in Westmoreland he was chosen to the Virginia convention 
 of 1776, and a member of the assembly the following year. 
 In 1779 he led an expedition up the Allegheny to destroy 
 Indian towns. In 1788 he removed to Kentucky, where he 
 died in 1812. — Ed. 
 
 34 Charles Campbell was a descendant of the Argyle family, 
 one of whom fled to America after the battle of Culloden. 
 Charles settled and built a mill on Blacklick Creek, in the 
 present Indiana County in early days a part of Westmoreland. 
 He and four friends, Randall Laughlin, John Gibson and 
 brother, and one Dickson w^ere out looking for horses. While 
 preparing a meal in Laughlin's cabin they were surprised by 
 a party of Indians, who told them that if they would surren- 
 der they should not be harmed. Campbell was allowed (as 
 this letter states) to append a note to a proclamation, telling 
 of their capture. They were taken to Detroit, and afterwards 
 to Canada, where three of them were exchanged, two — Dick- 
 son and Gibson — having died in captivity. At the time of his 
 capture, Campbell was lieutenant-colonel of the county, an 
 office again given him after his return. Later he became 
 county lieutenant, and as such was prominent in the West- 
 
COLLECTING RECRUITS 71 
 
 Left their to the Same Porport of those Left by the 
 Dead Bodyes at Kattaning Signed Guy Carlton, ouer 
 Peeples Was attacted Whith Coll Lochry at thire 
 Head about 5 or 6 Milles from Wallises MilP^ Wee 
 Left one Campble Shot Dead on the Spot, he being in 
 the front, the[y] Discovered only a Leven Indians, 
 Wo all Made thire Escape Coll Campbile Wrote at 
 the Bottom of one of M'' Carltons Letters That he & 
 the fore Men that Was With him Was all takon Pris- 
 nors & used Well This acct I have from thre of Coll 
 Smiths Party Just Retorning Home 
 
 M'"'' Hanna^^ informs Me this Morning that Shee 
 Was informed two Days Since at Cap^ Lochrys, that 
 M'" Kelley Was intended to Mouve Down the Contery 
 in a few Days ; & that he Was at a Loss What to Do 
 
 moreland defense during the Indian wars (1789-95). In 1827 
 he was an associate judge of the county, and died about ten 
 years later at his original seat on Blacklick Creek, Indiana 
 County; see 7NN159. His brother Richard was on Lochry's 
 expedition, being killed in the afifray. — Ed. 
 
 35 Richard Wallace had a mill and blockhouse on McGee's 
 Run, a branch of the Conemaugh, which was established as 
 early as 1774. It was a centre for ranging parties, and was 
 often attacked ; see post. Richard Wallace was with Lochry 
 in 1781, and returned after captivity, only to be killed by In- 
 dians four years later on an expedition to choose lands ; see 
 on this attack, Penna. Archives, v, p. 741. — Ed. 
 
 36 Mrs. Hanna was the wife of Robert, proprietor and inn- 
 keeper at Hannastown. She was a woman of ability and 
 character, and much revered in her neighborhood. In July, 
 1782, she was captured at the siege of Hannastown. On that 
 occasion she saved the life of Capt. Matthew Jack, by her 
 resource and quickness in giving warning (6NN189). Taken 
 to Detroit, she won favor with the Indians and British, was 
 sent prisoner to Montreal, and at the Peace of Paris was re- 
 stored to her home. — Ed. 
 
72 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 With your Creetters I am Sir your obedeant Hum- 
 bel Servant 
 
 Devereux Smith^^ 
 To General Edward Hand 
 
 To the Honnorable General Edward Hand Commanding 
 The Forth Department Pittsburgh 
 
 SIEGE OF FORT HENRY REPORTED 
 
 [Col. David Shepherd to General Hand. 3NN147 — 
 Transcript] 
 
 Fort Henry, Sept^. 3d 1777. 
 Sir — Whereas I have sent M'". Robinson^^ to you, 
 who can inform you in particular of what happened 
 us in our late dreadful action with the Indians, you 
 may rely on him for the particulars, as he assisted 
 through the whole of it, better than I can write to you 
 at present. We stand in great need of provision & 
 men, & likewise some cash to pay some of the work- 
 men who have lost every thing they had & for some 
 
 other purposes. M'". Robinson and myself have ad- 
 vanced all that was in our power. Of the number of 
 the dead and wounded, he can inform you. Our 
 whole reliance now, Sir, must be on you for succour. 
 I am, Sir, y^. humble serv*., 
 
 David Shepherd 
 Genl Hand. ., 
 
 37 Devereux Smith was a prominent settler of Westmore- 
 land County. During the troubles with Connolly in 1774, over 
 the Pennsylvania- Virginia jurisdiction, he maintained the side 
 of the former and was once arrested during the contest, and 
 carried to Stanton. He held some office in the militia during 
 the Revolution, and as late as 1795 was living three miles 
 from Pittsburgh. — Ed. 
 
 38 Capt. John Robinson, mentioned in Rev. Upper Ohio, 
 pp. 230, 231, note 72. — Ed. 
 
ATTACK ON FORT HENRY 73 
 
 [Col. John Gibson to General Hand. 1U91 — A. L. S.] 
 
 Fort Pitt Sept^" 4th 1777 
 Dear Sir — This moment I Recieved your letter, 
 and accordingly have Examined all Major Smallmans 
 papers which we coud find in presence of the persons 
 you directed, we can find none but papers of an old 
 date, I Immagine any others, if any, are out of the 
 Way. Nothing material has happened since you left 
 us, Simon Girty^^ made his Escape on Sunday, But 
 he Returned next night and is now safe. We have a 
 flying Report of Wheeling Being Attacked last Mon- 
 day by a party of 100 hundred Indians, that Cap^ 
 Mason sallied out with some of the Garrison and was 
 wounded in the Hip and Wrist But I am in hopes the 
 news is without foundation. Gen^ Howe is landed 
 at Turkey point near Charles town in Maryland, this 
 we have by Cap*'. Sullivan. I am Dear Sir with much 
 Respect your most Obedient humble Serv^ 
 
 Jn''. Gibson 
 
 On the public Service For The Honourable Brigadier General 
 Hand at Redstone 
 
 39 Maj. Thomas Smallman and Simon Girty were both ac- 
 cused of being concerned in the Loyalist plot. Smallman's 
 papers were searched but no evidence found. Girty was 
 placed in the guardhouse, whence he escaped but on the suc- 
 ceeding day returned of his own accord. Girty thereafter 
 served the patriot cause, but in March, 1778, escaped to the 
 British. — Ed. 
 
74 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 RECRUITS FOR THE EXPEDITION 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to Col. William Fleming. IU92 — 
 A. L. S.] 
 
 Fort Pitt 7*^. Sepf. 1777 
 Sir — on the 12*^ Ultimo I did myself the Honour 
 of writing to you and requesting you to furnish 200 
 men properly Officered and equiped for an Expedi- 
 tion into the Indian Country, for Six months from 
 the i^*. Inst, if so long wanted, and to order them to 
 march to Fort Randolph on the Great Kanhawa as 
 soon as possible, I can Assure you that what has 
 Since happened encreases rather than lessens the 
 necessity for Accellerating their March. I beg you 
 may therefore Use every possible means to Accom- 
 plish my desire, and Inform me by express when your 
 men March & the time you expect them to Arive at 
 Fort Randolph, the Inclosed you will please to for- 
 ward to the Officer Commanding at the Kanhawa by 
 the Troops that march from your County Your 
 
 Obie*. Hble Serv*. tt u 4o 
 
 Edw: Hand*" 
 
 The County U. of Bottetourt 
 
 [Gov. Patrick Henry to Col. William Fleming. 15ZZ11— L. S.] 
 
 Wi"s.BURGH Sepi" 7th. 1777. 
 Sir — Brigadier General Hand who is appointed by 
 Congress to command the western Garrisons (the 
 
 40 After dispatching this letter of Sept. 7 to Colonel Flem- 
 ing, Hand received one from him dated Aug. 25, recounting 
 the difficulties under which he labored in equipping and pro- 
 visioning 200 men from his county. Hand therefore wrote 
 Sept. II (Draper MSS., 2U2), saying that he would send 
 flour by the first rise of the river, that cattle in abundance 
 were already at Fort Randolph, and that the Botetourt mili- 
 
DIFFICULTIES 75 
 
 Forts being under their Direction by Vote of our 
 assembly) informed me that he should want the 
 Assistance of Militia to chastize the offending Indians 
 & desired permission from me to call out certain por- 
 tions of them as the Safety of the Frontiers might 
 require. In consequence, I did authorize him to call 
 upon certain Countys & Botetourt among others, to 
 furnish the necessary Number of men, & sent to each 
 of the County Lieutenants Letters informing them 
 respectively that they should comply with the Gen- 
 erals Requisition. These Letters I sent to him & ex- 
 pected he would forward them as he might have 
 Occasion; for without such orders from me he well 
 knew he had not Authority to call out the Militia. I 
 find your Letter has miscarried. I wish you to com- 
 ply with his Demand if possible. Indeed it is a deli- 
 cate point as you observe, to march an Army ag^ the 
 western Tribes; but really their offences are so fla- 
 gitious, that the Measure of their Iniquity seems to be 
 full. Defensive operations cannot be productive of 
 Safety to the Inhabitants, who have suffered abom- 
 inable cruelty s from the Savages. The Mingos are 
 those whom the General wishes principally to scourge 
 for the present. I am sorry for the Difficultys attend- 
 ing the Measure with y"". Militia, but you will sur- 
 mount them as well as you can. The continental com- 
 missary being not on the Spot, I fear Obstructions on 
 that account. I send an order for some Lead. Con- 
 gress wants a large Quantity & I must be frugal of it. 
 
 tia already sent to that garrison could be considered a part 
 of the 200 requisitioned men. — Ed. 
 
76 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 I am glad to hear some Help is arrived at Kentucki.*^ 
 Gen^ Hands operations will be effectual toward pro- 
 tecting that Quarter. 
 
 I beg Leave to congratulate you on the Success of 
 our arms on the frontier of New York. Burgoine's 
 Defeat if it is totally effected will deter the Indians. 
 American affairs wear a promising aspect now. The 
 Enemy who are landed at the Head of the Bay, are 
 opposed by a well appointed Army ab^ 12,000 strong 
 & that will soon be reinforced by as many Militia who 
 are very eager to turn out. I wish you Health & Hap- 
 piness & prosperity to y^. part of the country & am 
 very respectfully Sir Y^ mo ob*. & very hble serv*. 
 
 P. Henry 
 
 P. S. The Evil of engrossing as practised with 
 you, is a great one. It requires legislative authority 
 to correct it. P. H. 
 
 DISTRESS AT WHEELING 
 
 [Maj. David McClure to Gen. Edward Hand. IU93— A. L. S.] 
 Catfish Camp S^^. September 1777 
 Sir — The Inhabitants of whelan are under Such 
 Distress that the[y] are in hopes your Excellency will 
 take them under your Consideration and Send them a 
 party of Horses and men to Bring them into the 
 Inhabitants as the have in Generall Lost all their 
 Horses and Cannott Come in off themselves. Col°. 
 Shepherd sent orders to Alex^ Douglass to bring 
 down his Brigade of Horses to Assist the Inhabitants 
 to Come in but s^. Douglass having rec^. orders from 
 
 *i This refers to Col. John Bowman's militia companies. 
 See ante, p. 31, note 63. — Ed. 
 
A CALL FOR HELP 77 
 
 Col". Steel to Cross the mountain for Provision Could 
 not obey Col°. Shepherds Orders, and Provisions is 
 so Scarce at whelan that unless the Inhabitants are 
 brought away the Provisions Cannott Last but a few 
 days as the are obliged to Draw from the Publick 
 Stores & Last friday there was but Seven Casks of 
 Flower in the Store & Col°. Shepherd was affraid that 
 unless your Excellency would order both men & Pro- 
 visions down Immediatly he would be Obliged to 
 evacuate the Garrison. I hope your Excellency will 
 take those things under your Consideration & send 
 them Immediate Assistance which will oblige your 
 most humble Serv* 
 
 David M^Clure*- 
 
 P. S I wrote the above by order of CoP. David 
 Shepherd he gave me the orders when I Left the 
 Garrison Last friday evening. 
 
 I believe Cap^ James Wright*^ Could Immediatly 
 raise a party of men to Escort the Inhabitants if he 
 Could get your Excellencys orders for it. 
 
 His Excellency Generall Ed. Hand 
 
 42 For this officer see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 234, note yy. — Ed. 
 
 *3 Probably this was James Wright, who with his brother 
 Joshua removed about 1765 from the Cumberland Valley and 
 settled on Peter's Creek, in the present Washington County. 
 James afterwards removed to Kentucky, and was there killed 
 by Indians. — Ed. 
 
78 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 RAIDING IN GREENBRIER 
 
 [Capt. John Van Bibber to Col. William Fleming. 3ZZ10 — 
 A. L. S.] 
 Captain John Van Bibbers** Fort Green Brier 
 September 11*^1 1777 
 HoN^ Sir : — Our present unhappy sittuation as well 
 
 as the duty Incumbant upon me by the post the Coun- 
 try has thought proper to honour me with, Lays me 
 under the greatest obligation of solliciting you for aid 
 of men which I as well as the rest of my Neighbours 
 are not in the least dubious of ; When you hear the 
 following Narrative of the Barbarity that was this 
 day Commited by our most Inhumane & savage Ene- 
 mys the Indians. The sequel runs as follows About 
 Break of day this Morning they attacked the house of 
 James Graham*^ which is sittuated within three hun- 
 dred yards of the fort where they killed three and 
 took one prisoner, and in about two hours afterwards 
 a small Detachment of men which was going to the 
 Assistance of some Adjacent Neighbours was again 
 Attacked within two hundred yards of the Fort, when 
 our Men gave them Battle & sustaind no damage only 
 one man slightly wounded in the shoulder, what loss 
 the Enemy sustaind is to us unknown, but we are in 
 great hopes our men did some Execution as some 
 
 4* For this fort and its builder see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 177, 
 note 7 ; also p. 192. — Ed. 
 
 *5 Col. James Graham was born in Ireland in 1741, and died 
 at his Greenbrier home Jan. 18, 1813. His daughter Elizabeth, 
 who was captured, was adopted by a member of the Cornstalk 
 family of Shawnee. Her father ransomed her with great 
 difficulty in 1785, and she married Joel Stodgill. Settling in 
 Monroe County, she died there in 1858. For a full account 
 of the capture, see West Virginia Magazine, Jan., 1905. — Ed. 
 
A GREENBRIER RAID 79 
 
 of them had a tolerable good View of their Bodies, 
 We got some few Implements belonging to them — 
 Namely A Couple of Spears and Match Coats, Two 
 Bows and a Case of Arrows & a scalping Knife. I 
 hope you will be as assiduous as possible in sending us 
 assistance of men. At the same time should be glad 
 if you think proper to be Invested with such an Au- 
 thority that I might have a small Body of men under 
 my Command so that they may be under the Neces- 
 sity of being Obedient to all Lawful Commands, and 
 likewise that I may have the Liberty of sending out a 
 Couple of Spies. Your Compliance with this request 
 will greatly oblige all my Desolate Neighbours as well 
 as Yr hble Serv* 
 
 John Van Bibber 
 Walter Kelwell [Caldwell], John Grimes [Gra- 
 ham], James Grimes Negro fellow, kild; Elizab^^ 
 Grimes, Prisoner; Isaac Taylor, Wounded. 
 
 [James Henderson to Col. William Fleming. 3ZZ11 — A. L. S.] 
 
 Fort Henrey*^ 
 Honour^ S'". — this Morning I Rec^^ the folowing 
 Acct. from And^. Kinkead*^ which is as folows — that 
 he and Walter Caldwell was at James Greham on 
 Green Brier River last wensday Night and a Thurs- 
 day morning a litel before Day the Indians broke open 
 the Dore upon them; and Shott Walter Caldwell & 
 
 '^s This was a local Greenbrier fort, named for Governor 
 Henry. Its location is not certainly known. — Ed. 
 
 ^"^ The Kinkeads were an Augusta County family, whence 
 they removed in 1789 to Woodford County, Ky. Andrew was 
 lieutenant of a ranging company under Capt. Andrew Lock- 
 ridge. — Ed. 
 
80 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 kild one of Ja"". Grehams Children and Negro Fellos; 
 
 and one of his Children is taken prisenor ; we are in 
 
 great want of lead and 1 have sent up to the mines 
 
 but Could not get Any. I have this Moment Rec^. 
 
 Ace*', of Steel Loftus being murdred at the mouth of 
 
 Indian Creek this Morning and what other Dammage 
 
 is don is not yet known I, am Sr Your Humb^ & 
 
 most Ob^ Serv^ 
 
 Ja^ Henderson^'* 
 
 Sept. i2tb 1/77 
 
 On publick Service To Colo. William Fleming Botetourt 
 County pi". Express. 
 
 [Capt. John Stuart (Stewart) to Col. William Fleming. 
 3ZZ12— A. L. S.] 
 
 Sir — I Rec^ a letter from Cap* Arbuckle last night 
 which I have herewith sent you. I was also allarmed 
 at the same time with an acc*^ from James Graham 
 about Sixteen miles down the river, who was yester- 
 day attacked by a party of Indians at his house who 
 killed Walter Caldwell as he was shuting the door to 
 keep them out, several other persons were killed and 
 taken at the same Time. I am told after the people 
 got relief from Cap*^ Jn° Vanbibers who lives in sight 
 of Grahams, & had taken in some of this Corps a 
 smart firing was heard at Cap* Vanbibers what the 
 Issue has been there I have not yet larned also a 
 number of guns was heard by sundry persons in our 
 
 *8 James Henderson was a brother of Col. John, noted in 
 Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 183, note 16. The elder brother was with 
 the Continental army, while the younger did militia duty at 
 the frontier forts. By his father's will, James received large 
 grants of land in Greenbrier County, where he became a 
 prominent citizen and militia officer. — Ed. 
 
THE PEOPLE PORTING 81 
 
 nighbourhood supposed to be at muddy creek fort 
 about sundown last night I have sent of[f] some 
 hands to see what they were but is not yet returned 
 the people are in much confusion & flying to fort at 
 Camp Union asoon as they got their women & Chil- 
 dren someway secured shall endavour to take a party 
 & pursue the enimy. They above acc^ came so Im- 
 perfectly to me by sundry hands that I cannot pre- 
 sume giving the particulars but I make no doubt you'l 
 receive them from Cap* Vanbiber before this reaches 
 you. I have taken the first opportunity of writing you 
 as I was last night some distance from home, the 
 guard for escorting the cattle to the point was gather- 
 ing yesterday for this purpose, but this allarm has 
 scaterd them again & I am convinced untill we are 
 relieved by men from the Interior parts of the settle- 
 ment no escort can again be raised here for we appear 
 to be exceeding scarce of men & I have sent by the 
 bearer to Cap* Hendry Smith to send a Serg. ['s] com- 
 mand at least to assist the people in muddy creek who 
 is very few in numbers, & I am afraid will be much 
 distress'd (this I hope you'l approve off) there is a 
 report amongst us that Troops are to be here from 
 augusta in a few weeks on their march against the 
 Ohio Indians but of this I have [not] been rightly In- 
 formed how such an expedition has been proposed. 
 I also find it very difficult to get good hands to go 
 ascouting as the[y] complain of the wagges not being 
 equal to half the Value they were formerly & those 
 we had out has been som time returned & refused go- 
 ing back again I hope you'l do what you think will 
 be Best Soon as our present circumstances is very 
 
82 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 alarming" Whilst I remain with due respect Your 
 Obd. Humb^ Servt 
 
 John Stewart*'^ 
 
 Septr. I2th 1777 
 
 To the Colo William Fleming Commd. of Botetourt. 
 Pi" Express. 
 
 KITTANNEVG EVACUATED 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to Capt. Samuel Moorhead, dated Hanna's 
 Town, Sept. 14, 1777. Draper's calendar in 3NN67, 68.] 
 
 Having found it impracticable to procure a rein- 
 forcement for your post, & being convinced that in 
 your present situation you are not able to defend 
 yourself, much less to render the Continent any ser- 
 vice, orders withdrawal from Kittanning bringing 
 every thing away portable, leaving the houses & bar- 
 racks standing; & to take post at John M'^Kibbin's 
 house on White Pine Run, about six miles from the 
 Allegheny river & four from the Kiskeminetas. 
 There you will be joined by 50 or 60 who will assist 
 you in erecting a small stockade fort for your & their 
 own protection. Your duty will be to afford the 
 neighboring settlements every possible assistance in 
 securing themselves & their properties from the rav- 
 ages of the enemy, & by small scouting parties to dis- 
 cover any, & to give notice of the enemies parties.^" 
 
 49 For a sketch of this officer see Dunmores War, p. 104. 
 note 51. — Ed. 
 
 50 This was Fort Hand, for which see ante, p. 41, note 
 83.— Ed. 
 
MILITARY WEAKNESS 83 
 
 SITUATION AT FORT HENRY 
 
 [Col. David Shepherd to Gen. Edward Hand. 1U94 — A. L. S.] 
 Fort Henry Setembr. 15*11. 1777 
 Honour^. S^ — This if it Comes to hand will Inform 
 you of the State of our Garrison, at this Juncture one 
 Lieu^ & twenty Rank & file fit for duty, Sick & 
 wounded one Captain Rank & file four, the Reasons 
 for this Seeming Evacuating of the post is to be 
 attributed to Sundry Reasons some of which I shall 
 here undertake to Enumerate & first Notwithstanding 
 my Repeated orders to Captain Ogle to Martch to 
 this place, agreable to your orders to me I am now 
 Informed that your Honour has Incouraged him to 
 support the Beetch Bottom Station & that a further 
 Reinforcement will be sent to that place as soon as 
 possible 2^. I have understood that you have In- 
 couraged the Settlement about Catfishes Camp to fort 
 strongly there, and your honour would aford them a 
 Magazain for that purpose, thirdly as the Term of 
 Supplying the posts By draughts from the different 
 Militia Company's Ended the first of September, I 
 have not Been able Since that time to keep up the Sta- 
 tions with a sufficient Guard of men partly for that I 
 Expected this County's Quota of volantieres might 
 Been made up to Go on the Expedition without being 
 necessitated to draught for that purpose, which is 
 still my opinion should an army martch into the Indian 
 Country But notwithstanding our County men have 
 been so Stiddy on service during the whole Summer 
 that they in General protest against serving longer on 
 the Station & what men I have now in garrison are 
 only held upon my promise of being dismissed as soon 
 
84 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 as Relief Comes Col°. Zackwell Morgan wrote me 
 that he had order'd out Capt'^: Brenton'^ with fifty 
 men for our ReHef, But he having not yet ariv^. I 
 have therefore for that Reason together with those 
 above Recited thout it advisable to Retain Lieut James 
 Spark & party untill such time as M'": Brenton's Re- 
 lieve or some other shall arive I am of the opinion if 
 your honour Could Consistantly spare for the use of 
 this Garrison a Regular Lieu^ : or Capt" : & twenty five 
 Regular Soldiers to Join & intermingle with the Mili- 
 tia Business might much more advantageously be 
 Transacted for the Interes of the Country in particu- 
 lar with Respect to the Laying in of provition in 
 store for should any pressing orders be given to the 
 Militia at this time you may be assured that the Gar- 
 rison would be abandoned in three hours for the Ex- 
 periment has been try'd since the late action the Con- 
 sequence of which was that the men woud fling their 
 Budget & Gun over the Stockade & Slip out of the 
 Gate unarm'd & Run off I have sent you Inclosd 
 the Bill of Costs for Repairing this fort & hope that 
 your honour will Send the money p'' the Barer M'". 
 Zachariah Blackford'^'- whose Rect: shall avail Death 
 or Captivation only Excepted, the particulars of the 
 late action on the first of Septemb'' last is as follows : 
 I Lieu*^ : Killd & fourteen privates ; Wounded one Cap- 
 tain & four privates ; Escaped, five privates ; on the 2^ : 
 
 ^^ For Capt. James Brenton of Monongalia County, see 
 Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 231, note 73. — Ed. 
 
 ^- Capt. Zephaniah Blackford was commissary for Fort 
 Henry. The Shepherd Papers (Draper MSS.) contain num- 
 bers of his receipts and other papers during this period of 
 the war. His later history is not known. — Ed. 
 
OUTRAGES BY BORDERERS 85 
 
 of Septemb'" was kill^. within five miles of this place 
 Two, one scalps, yet alive; & one Missing; By the 
 Best Judges here who have seen the plan Laid by the 
 Indians & their Brestworks & blinds in the late action 
 it is thought their Numbers must not have Been less 
 than Between Two and three hundred the Destruc- 
 tion amongst Cattle Sheep horses hogs is not yet asser- 
 tainable, the other day a number of the distressed 
 families mov'd off yet a number Remain, for want of 
 horses This from S^: your very humb^ Serv^ : to 
 
 Command &c 
 
 David Shepherd 
 
 To His Honour General Edward Hand P^ Express 
 
 INDIANS MURDERED BY FRONTIERSMEN 
 
 [Gov. John Page to Gen. Edward Hand. 3NN 163, 164— 
 Transcript.] 
 Wms.BURGH, Va. IN COUNCIL, Sept. l/^^ 1777 
 
 Sir — Y''. letter of 25^^^ Aug^ is just come to hand, 
 in w'\ you apologize for y'". large draughts of militia 
 you have found it necessary to make. I can only ob- 
 serve. Sir, that the Board are perfectly satisfied with 
 the steps you have taken, but are afraid that the late 
 requisition from Congress for 1/3 of the militia of 
 several of the Counties you had called on, may inter- 
 fere with your plan, & the men you may receive may 
 fall considerably short of your expectations. * * * 
 
 I cannot conclude without expressing our earnest 
 desire that you wall endeavor to discover & bring to 
 justice the perpetrators of the horrid murders com- 
 mitted on the Indians at their late Treaty at Fort Pitt, 
 which must otherwise expose us to the shameful re- 
 proach of being as treacherous & perfidious as the 
 
86 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 ^ 
 
 worst of savages. ^^ We are the more shocked at this 
 affair which would be disgraceful to the most bar- 
 barous nation, as it is a repetition of the same cruel & 
 faithless behavior which the Cherokees experienced 
 from us on a late similar occasion. I have the honor 
 
 to be &c 
 
 John Page 
 
 MESSAGES TO THE DELAWARES 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to the Delawares. IU96 — L. S.] 
 
 Fort Pitt Sepf. 17*11, 1777 
 
 Brothers the Delawares — I lately told you it 
 would be dangerous for any Indians to come near to 
 this Place, owing to the foolish Conduct of the Min- 
 go's & Wiandots, & therefore for fear of any Mistake 
 I desired you not to send any Messengers this Way or 
 to allow your young Men to scatter too much I sent 
 this word by our Brother Meymaconon & young Kil- 
 buck. I now confirm them. 
 
 Brothers, As I have Reason to rely on the good 
 faith & friendship of our Brothers the Delawares, I 
 
 •53 This treaty did not take place, for there were in atten- 
 dance only a few Delawares, who left hostages for their good 
 conduct. On the attitude of the frontiersmen towards the 
 friendly Indians, see Gibson's letter of Aug. i, ante. Morgan 
 wrote March 15, 1777 : "Parties have even been assembled to 
 massacre our known friends at their hunting camps as well 
 as messengers on business to me; and I have esteemed it 
 necessary to let those messengers sleep in my own chamber 
 for security" — Craig, History of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh, 
 1851), p. 14T. Heckewelder relates that a party of Seneca 
 coming to this treaty were fired upon by the white inhabi- 
 tants. This is the incident to which Page refers; see John 
 Heckewelder, Narrative of the Mission of the United Breth- 
 ren Among the Delaware and Mo hegan Indians (FhWa., 1820), 
 p. 159.— Ed. 
 
LETTERS TO THE DELAWARES 87 
 
 send the Bearer M''. James Elliot^* to inform you of 
 the News of our grand armies, the cattle who you 
 were told were pen'd up, have broke down the fences 
 & trampled their Keepers to Death. 
 
 Brothers, The News Papers will give you a full 
 Account of the great Battles our armies have gained. 
 The Indians who were so foolish as to join our Ene- 
 mies have found their Mistake & those who have not 
 run away are quite sick of their Conduct. The 
 Oneidas & Tuscororas have joined our army & are 
 now in Pursuit of the Enemy. 
 
 Brothers, I expect very soon to send you an agree- 
 able Account of another Battle as Genl. Howe who 
 had run away from the Jerseys on board of his ves- 
 sells has now landed with his army in Maryland 
 whither Genl. Washington has gone with our army to 
 drive the red Coats on board their Ships again. He 
 will do little damage except stealing our sheep & 
 Poultry 
 
 Brothers, I send M^ Elliott not only to tell you 
 this good News but to assure you that I am deter- 
 mined to preserve your friendship by a sincere & up- 
 right Conduct toward you agreeable to the repeated 
 Orders of Congress. And notwithstanding foolish 
 People occasioned a Cloud to overspread our Council 
 fire & have filled the Road between you & me with 
 Briars & Thorns I will soon clear the path & make it 
 as broad & plain as ever, for this has been and is now 
 the wish of all our wise Men, as a Testimony of my 
 sincerity I sign & send you this. 
 
 5* James Elliott was an Indian trader whose home was in 
 the settlement known as Path Valley, in Franklin County, 
 Pa.— Ed. 
 
88 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 Brothers, What I have told you is true but do not 
 desire you to depend on Words alone. If you send 
 to the Northward your Messengers may see with their 
 own Eyes. 
 
 Brothers, If your Messengers get up to go for 
 News I desire they may go the whole way & not take 
 the reports of People they may meet on the Road. 
 
 Brothers, Your Uncles the Wiandots the foolish 
 People on Scioto & every other Indian Tribe that has 
 listened to the Advice of Governor Hamilton & Butler 
 will see when it is too late that those Men do not 
 regard the Interest of the Indians & will find them 
 ready to tread them under their feet when they can't 
 be of no further Use to them. 
 
 Brothers, You will be fully satisfied of my friend- 
 ship when you see my Messenger M'". James Elliott. 
 I desire you to use him well & give him what he wants 
 for which I will pay you as soon as I can see you. I 
 desire you will also send by him all the News you 
 have in Writing & convey him safe from all your 
 Towns as far as may be necessary. 
 
 Brothers, Be strong & adhere to your Professions 
 & depend on the friendship of your Brother 
 
 EDW<i. Hand 
 
 [Gov. John Page to the Delawares. 1U97.] 
 
 W^s.BURGH Septr. 18. 1777 
 Brothers the Delaw*" — I write now to you, by our 
 Brother Col. Geo: Morgan to assure you that the 
 State of Virginia is determined to hold fast the chain 
 of friendship with and support you as she would her 
 own children against all your Enemies as long as the 
 
LETTERS TO THE DELAWARES 89 
 
 Sun or Moon shall shine & rivers flow. The same 
 assurance the Col. will give from all our 13 United 
 States for now B''^ these states of america have broken 
 off the galling Yoke of the English & act for them- 
 selves they have been cruelly treated by the English 
 who have grown proud & insolent by the great riches 
 they had acquired in their Trade with our States & 
 by the Assistance we lent them in their Wars with the 
 french & other Nations as you can well remember, 
 began to treat us not like their Children, as we fool- 
 ishly called ourselves but like their slaves & because 
 we complained of this Brothers & entreated their cruel 
 King to let us enjoy the same Liberty we enjoyed 
 under the old King his Grandfather he insulted us & 
 sent his fleets & armies to frighten us into a Tame sub- 
 mission to his will, we bore long with many cruelties 
 still hoping that we should not be forced to break of¥ 
 from that Nation & shift for ourselves, but at last 
 when they had killed many of our People burned our 
 Houses & had endeavoured to make all the Indian 
 Nations on our frontier butcher our Women & Chil- 
 dren, & the very Negroes born in our own Houses 
 cut our Throats, the 13 States laid hold on one strong 
 bright Chain of friendship, & resolved to be as one 
 People for ever and to take up the Hatchet & knock 
 off the hard Chains the English had bound them with 
 & with that Hatchet to clear their way to Liberty & 
 Peace, whoever strikes one of these States strikes 
 all & all will return the Blow the English know this 
 & have felt the weight of it & have therefore told you 
 lies & endeavoured to prevail on you to help them to 
 fight us, but consider well that God almighty has 
 
90 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 seen their wickedness & heard their Lies & has there- 
 fore stretched out his hand to help us & has con- 
 founded almost all their cruel Schemes, we trust in 
 God he is now our King & not a weak & foolish Man 
 from him who is King of Kings & Gov'", of all the 
 World we expect support & we call on you yourselves 
 to say whether we have not reed, it from him for how 
 else did it happen B^^ that the English who were so 
 great a Nation with all the fleets & armies they Could 
 raise have not been able in two Years to conquer one 
 of our 13 States how otherwise can it be accounted 
 for that we who had neither arms or Soldiers have 
 now an abundance of both & that in several Battles 
 with them we have Killed many of their Soldiers 
 without loosing a Man we scorn to lie as they do 
 we acknowledge that they have taken some of our 
 Towns & that they still have a large army in one of 
 our States, but we deny that they can ever conquer us 
 or inclose us in a Pen like Bullocks as they falsely 
 told you, our Way is open even on the Sea, where 
 they are Most powerful for we trade with france & 
 Spain Nations great & powerful now as England & 
 as to being penned in by Indians the Cherokees know 
 how unable they were to keep us in & that the English 
 could not have hindered Us from destroying their 
 whole Nation, if we had Chosen it & had not merci- 
 fully spared them, they have seen their folly we 
 have forgiven them, & are now friends,^^ Brothers 
 we are not like the English cruel & unrelenting we 
 would forgive even them if they would leave oflF kill- 
 
 ^•5 For a good account of the Cherokee War of 1776 see 
 Roosevelt, Winning of the West, \, chap. xi. — Ed. 
 
LETTERS TO THE DELAWARES 91 
 
 ing our People we have lately got the better of them 
 in several Engagements & our army is now much 
 larger than theirs so that we hope that they will soon 
 carry them away to their own Country & leave us to 
 ourselves, if they do we will forgive them, & not 
 follow to fight them but trade peaceably with them 
 when they send their People here to buy our Tobacco 
 & Wheat & your skins & furs & many other Things 
 which they will want & which we can let them have 
 for their Goods. I hope I have now opened your 
 Eyes Brothers that you may see your Way clearly & 
 your Ears that you may hear the Truth let them not 
 be stopped again. Hold fast the Chain of friendship 
 with our States & remember that we look upon you as 
 B^^ born under the same Sky & living on the same 
 Land & having the same Common Interests. We love 
 you & sincerely Wish Peace & Happiness to all our 
 Indian B'^ We do not wish that they should ever 
 fight for us none but the cruel English & their friends 
 wish to see you engaged in a War. they indeed strong 
 as they pretend to be, would prevail on you to help 
 them to fight & I suspect have killed some of your peo- 
 ple & then told you ours had killed them trust them 
 not Brothers believe them no more but remember 
 what I have told you & listen to our Brother Col. 
 Morgan. I am Y'". friend & Brother 
 
 John Page 
 L*. Gov^ 
 
 [Col. George Morgan to the Delawares. IU97 — A. L. S.] 
 
 Fort Pitt 18 SeptJ". 1777 
 Brothers the Delawares — You know that I 
 never deceived you. It is my advice that you take 
 
92 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 Care of your young Men, & I hope the Clouds which 
 now interrupts our sight of each other will soon van- 
 ish. 1 intend to go immediately to Philad^. to give 
 an account of my Conduct to the great Council there. 
 And I will not fail to assure them how strong you are 
 in good Works. You may depend on their making 
 the Sky clear again if you will assist them as you have 
 done. Immediately after my Arrival there you shalli 
 hear from me if it is in my Power. You may expect a 
 Messenger from me about the i^^. day of next Nov''. 
 when you shall know the Minds of Congress. Till 
 then I desire you will wait with Patience & continue 
 to be strong in good Works that we may tie down all 
 those who study to do Mischief. 
 
 I committ M"". Zeisberger &c. to your particular 
 Care. He is sent to you from Heaven for your own 
 Good, therefore be strong & do not let him suffer on 
 any account. 
 
 Brothers, I desire you will give good Counsel to 
 your Grand children the Shawanese & repeat this 
 Message to them 
 
 I desire your Message to me may [be] directed for 
 me at Philad^. & that you will send it open under 
 Cover to Genl. Hand who will read it & then forward 
 it to me at the great Council by Express. 
 
 I therefore expect 3^ou will speak plain to me & tell 
 me your whole Minds that Congress may see your 
 Hearts. 
 
 I desire you will get M''. Zeisberger to write for you. 
 
 Taimenend.^® 
 
 56 This was Colonel Morgan's Indian name, given to him 
 by the Delawares. It was probably the same as the modern 
 Tammany. — Ed. 
 
THE DELAWARES' REPLY 93 
 
 RAID ON MONONGAHELA 
 
 [Col. Zackwell Morgan to Gen. Edward Hand, Sept. i8. 
 1U98— A. L.] 
 
 May it please your Excellency — On the 13''^. Instant 
 at Coones Fort on the west fork the Indians killed and 
 sculped a woman only 150 yards from the Fort, and 
 Appeared to be Very impudent.^" Whoever the In- 
 habitants seem to be Very Willing to Stand (if your 
 Excellency Pleases to let them have Amunition, as 
 what I Rec^. I have Distributed to the Different Forts 
 and have not any left I must Request your Excellency 
 to give an order on Colol Brown for what Quantity 
 you shall think Edaquit for the Defence of the Inhabi- 
 tants, of this Part of the Country I Expect to be 
 Down in A few days, after I get my Drove of Cattle 
 Delivered, I shall drive in a few days with what 
 Colo'. Evans^^ can Collect. I am Sir Your most Obe- 
 dient and Most Hum'. Sarv. 
 
 [Z. Morgan] 
 
 P. S please send by the bearer 3 quir paper 
 To His Excellency Edward Hand Fort Pit P^ Express 
 
 REPLIES FROM THE DELAWARES 
 
 [David Zeisberger to Gen, Edward Hand. 1U99.] 
 
 Cuchachunk59 Sepf. 22^. 1777. 
 May it please your Excellency: 
 
 Sir,- -As Capt. White Eye will endeavour to try if 
 he can get this Letter to the fort, I inclose here a Let- 
 ter to the Honble. Congress because I suppose accord- 
 
 ^'^ For a detailed account of this incident see Thwaites, 
 Withers' s Chronicles, pp. 218, 219. — Ed. 
 ^^ For this officer see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 234, note 78. — Ed. 
 ^^ For this town see Ibid, p. 46, note y^- — Ed. 
 
94 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 iiig to the account we had that M^ Morgan by this 
 Time had left the Fort. Capt. White Eye & the 
 Councellors Are very sorry that the Communication 
 and Correspondence with you is stopped & they shall 
 hear Nothing now from you not knowing in what 
 Condition they are and what they have to expect, be- 
 cause we heard that the White People would come & 
 attack Cuchachunk & the delaware Towns which has 
 set all the Indians in Consternation & fear, expecting 
 every day that they will be upon them. A late Report 
 we had that the white People were already on their 
 March hither caused our Indians at Gnadenhutten*^'^ 
 to fly & left their Town and we are now altogether 
 here nigh Cuchachunk. Therefore, pray Sir, let us 
 know if we the Christian Indians, or the Delawares 
 are in any Danger, & if we have any Thing to fear of 
 the white People. I cannot leave my People the 
 Christian Indians for I see it before hand that they all 
 will be scattered if I leave them & the Brethren's 
 Labour which they so many Years and with so much 
 Difficulty have continued with success would be en- 
 tirely lost. I venture my Life & am resolved to hold 
 out with them relying next [to] our Lord & blessed 
 Saviour on your Protection & Assistance. I hope you 
 will remember us, & as much as lies in your Power to 
 assist us that we may be able to keep our Ground & 
 remain in Possession of our Towns. Capt. White 
 Eyes and the Delaware Chiefs are yet determined to 
 stand fast and not to meddle with the War, they 
 want to live in friendship with the white People if 
 they only knew that the white People has no bad 
 
 6« For this town see Ibid, p. 45, note 71. — Ed. 
 
THE DELAW ARES' REPLY 95 
 
 design against them. As long as they remain quiet 
 and peaceable I with my People shall keep with or 
 nigh them, but should we see that they drop the friend- 
 ship, then we should be obliged to seperate ourselves 
 from them. But when they hear they have nothing to 
 fear of the white People it will cheer up their spirits 
 
 6 be quiet. The Wiondots & Mingoes are all gone 
 home again according to their Knowledge they killed 
 14 People at Weelunk, had one Wiondat killed & 6 or 
 
 7 Wounded one of the last died since. Wiondough- 
 walind's^^ son & another of his Company are badly 
 wounded & it is said will hardly live. Both Capt^. 
 At present we know that 40 of the Wiondats are gone 
 it is said to Weelunk^- of any more that are out we 
 know not. From Sandusky we hear that at Detroit 
 they were gathering Men to meet the army which they 
 expect to come up there. Pray let me know if pos- 
 sible with this opportunity if Messengers could come 
 safe to the fort, & if it was dangerous for Indians 
 perhaps we could send a white Man in Case of Neces- 
 sity that we might hear from one another I am Sir 
 Y"-. most Hble. Serv*. 
 
 D. ZlESBERGER 
 [White Eyes to Congress. lUioc] 
 
 CUCHACHUNK Scpf. 22^. 1777. 
 
 Capt. White Eyes Message to the Honhle. Congress 
 of the thirteen United States. 
 
 Brother, — When I was at Pittsburgh last I ac- 
 quainted M"". Morgan of all what passed in the Indian 
 
 61 This is the chief noted Ihid, p. 46, note 75. — Ed. 
 
 62 Probably those who ambuscaded Foreman and his men. 
 See post. — Ed. 
 
■I 
 
 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 ,fii% Country, that the Wiondats, Mingoes and others were 
 
 f^ coming to strike our Brethren the Virginians, & that 
 
 ^^'^ it was no more in my Power to stop them, that they 
 
 would march by Cuchachunk, as they also did, and 
 
 ; we could not hinder it because they were too strong. 
 
 I informed M'". Morgan that Wiondoughwalind with 
 
 *'* • his Men had joined them. They marched from hence 
 
 the fort at Weelunk, from whence they returned 
 
 ^ain, where they told the White People that they 
 
 fame from Cuchachunk. 
 
 Brother, As I see the dark Clouds arising over my 
 
 lead, I still hold fast to the chain of friendship, and 
 
 nc^ mori^^Jtgkn^ ever, But since the Battle at Wee- 
 
 ib5' the account we had, as if you would 
 
 p;. b^iuse you heard that these 
 
 tltey ca%ie from Cuchachunk, 'tho 
 
 d that their Chief Design was to 
 
 le upon us to strike us. 
 
 with one another to hold fast 
 tin of friendship which our 
 ancestors irav^ made, and as a token that my heart was 
 good and upright, I left two of my Men at the fort to 
 keep the roaa^ open between us & you, that we might 
 hear from oife^-^,nother. 
 
 Brother. I clioose M''. Morgan to transact Busi- 
 ness & to assist us in the good Work of Peace & 
 friendship & I always found him to be true upright & 
 faithful. I also believe you know him likewise to be 
 so, Let us therefore not drop our friendship for the 
 sake of a bad Word of some foolish People. It is a 
 Work of great Importance which the Honble. Con- 
 gress of the thirteen United States has undertaken 
 
BUILDING FORT HAND % ; 
 
 and continued until now. I should be very sorry that 
 our Communication with one another should be 
 stopped entirely. 
 
 Brother. We made out with one another, that if 
 an Army should march in the Indian Country it 
 should take its march above & below our Towns that 
 our Women & Children might remain quiet & not be 
 too much frightened, which I hope you will remember 
 and order it to be done according to our agreement. 
 
 This is all Brother, I have to say at present, pray 
 let us hear an answer from you as soon as possible. 
 Your Sincere friend & Brother, 
 
 White Eys;* 
 
 FORT HAND BUILT 
 
 [Capt. Samuel Moorhead to Gen. Edward Hand." 
 A. L. S.] 
 John McKibbens's House Se^. 22^!S777 
 Dear General — Arrived here last night with the 
 Greatest Deficulties 1 ever had in niy life, with Pack- 
 horses hevy loaded bad pack And untoward loading. 
 Have Obeyd your Oarders as well As I Possably 
 cou'd though it was not in my power to Accomplish 
 the whole for the want of horses, likewise had an 
 anvile And Some Other things that the people Coud 
 not get Along And hid them in the woods. Hid an- 
 other load by the way By reason of a horse Giveing 
 Out in the Rear, thursday Night rec^. your oarders, 
 f riday we spent in Packing, Saterday morning verry 
 early Orderd the g[a]tes to be cut down and burnd 
 As soon as them and part of the Stockades was set 
 on fire The indeans Set to hupeing on a hill About 200 
 7 
 
98 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 Yards from the fort we Cou'd just perceive them 
 through the fog. I inquird By an interpreter who 
 the[y] were or if they wanted to fight us they an- 
 swerd they did. I told them to Come on they an- 
 swerd they woud shortly, but we herd no more of 
 them that day, yestard[ay] morning we march'd 
 before day. One of My boys went back About half 
 a mile for a shot bag and Powder horn, just as he 
 got to the gate they rais'd a shoking huping and yaling 
 in a Swamp just at the back of the fourt, he came off 
 [being] descovrd suposed by their Sound there was 
 a great maney. Came unmolested within about 2 
 miles of this place where our advansd Party was fird 
 on by a party of indeans, our peopls arms was in bad 
 Oarder by reason of the wet wether, which obleged 
 them to retrate, they persud a little way nerly in 
 Sight of the frunt of the party, two of my best men 
 is a mising, but from what I Can learn, Am in hop[e]s 
 one or both of them has made their escape. Thirty- 
 five men has Assisted me in Coming here But there 
 is verry few of them that I can prevale upon to Stay, 
 Only the time that this express will be Coming back 
 from your Honnour. Nor have I any Account of 
 any more coming I expect to be treated in the Same 
 manner here that I was at the Kittaning, by the Meli- 
 tia. The indeans Apear to be verry Plenty in this 
 Settlement by their tracks, the nomber my people 
 Saw last evning was but Six though there apeard to 
 be more by their Signes. Some of our people Say 
 they heard indeans this day but am uncertain. Our 
 Beef Cattle ran away ten days ago was not able to 
 send a sofitient party to bring them back Untill M"". 
 
BUILDING FORT HAND 99 
 
 Jack came out, and hering of A removil thought it not 
 prudent to send for them then, they have been tract 
 through this Settlement expects they are near Fourt 
 pit at this time, they are 19 in nomber. I would not 
 chuse this situation for a fort by reason of a large 
 thickety bottom about 100 yards distant, Though 
 your Pleasure Shall be verry Agreeable to your Hum- 
 ble Servant providing we get Assistance which I can 
 have but little dependance upon Am Dear General, 
 with Respect Yr Mst. Obdt Huml Serv*. 
 
 SamI Moorhead 
 
 Returns you harty thanks for the newspaper it is 
 all the medesin of the kind that has done me any good 
 this long time. 
 
 Had to destroy two loads of flour. Put some mede- 
 sion in part of it that may be of Some Service to the 
 blks [blacks — Indians]. Have inclosed a Return of 
 the Stores brought to this place. The Commisary had 
 a wrong idea of the quantity of flour the last return. 
 My men have done verry extrorny duty for some time 
 past part of them has been three nights together 
 upon guard and the greater part of them has not in 
 the least Complaind knowing the necessity for it. 
 they are now in wors Situation then before lying out 
 in the open fields without blankets or Clothing fit for 
 the Season of the year, the flux has been through a 
 great many of them, are all recovrd except two 
 
 S. M. 
 On public Service Generl Hand Commanding the Westrin 
 
 Departement. Fort pitt Per express 
 
100 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 WORD PROM THE MUSKINGUM 
 
 [Capt. White Eyes's Message to Col. Morgan. 6ZZ7.] 
 
 CUCHACHUNK Sepf. 23d 1777 
 
 Brother, — I was exceeding glad to see your Mes- 
 sengers coming to me & so much more I rejoiced to 
 see them because I was already [at] a Loss what to 
 do, to get some Intelligence from you, and I was just 
 ready to send a Messenger to the fort when M^. Elliott 
 and his Company arrived to my great Joy & to the Joy 
 of all my Men Women & Children. For 210 War- 
 riors, Wiandots, Mingo's & other Nations who had 
 joined & taken up the Tomhawk & struck our Broth- 
 ers the Virginians had also agreed as we heard that 
 when they should have struck the Virginians they 
 would come here & leave the Tomhawk sticking in our 
 heads, because they said we were Virginians. It is 
 but a few Days ago since these Warriors went through 
 our Town saying with great Joy, it would not be long 
 that this Town would be no more. They went about, 
 killed our Creatures & when the Women spoke any- 
 thing about their Behaviour, they struck them & said 
 we only kill your Creatures, but others will Come & 
 knock you in the Head. 
 
 Brother, Therefore I am glad to hear you, that 
 you encourage me to be strong and so I will do. That 
 the other Nations have served me so ill shall not dis- 
 courage nor make me faint, the faster I shall take 
 hold to our Chain of friendship. You told me likewise 
 that I should keep my young Men together & not let 
 them scatter which I shall do they having already de- 
 clared their Minds to me that they will do what I shall 
 advise them. I have acquainted you that before this 
 
FROM THE MUSKINGUM 101 
 
 Wiondoughwalend with his Men won't obey nor listen 
 to me, but I am in hopes when they see that we are 
 strong in keeping our Agreement that they will listen 
 to me yet. 
 
 Brother, Let us be strong for our road is stopped 
 & filled with Briars, Thorns & Logs, but I am very 
 glad to hear from you, that there is hopes that it will 
 be open again soon. 
 
 Brother, I shew you my heart that it is good & 
 
 upright & you assure me before God Almighty that 
 
 our Agreement of friendship will last as long as the 
 
 Sun shineth, so I assure you likewise that I shall hold 
 
 & keep to it so long as the Sun shall shine. Your 
 
 Brother 
 
 Capt. White Eyes 
 
 [David Zeisberger to Gen. Edward Hand. 6ZZ8.] 
 
 CUCHACHUNK Scptr. 23d. 1 777 
 
 May it please your Excellency 
 
 Dear Sir — I wrote to you yesterday & in the Even- 
 ing your Messengers arrived at Cuchachunk to our 
 great Joy & Comfort when I immediately in the Night 
 was fetched where I read yours and M''. Morgan's 
 Speech to the Counsil when all rejoiced exceedingly 
 as well over the good News you communicated to 
 them as also especially when they heard that they had 
 Nothing to fear, of the White People, & we can now 
 thank God be quiet & without fear. I send the Letter 
 I wrote Yesterday as it is, & inclosed here is a Mes- 
 sage again to Col. Morgan. The Indians who shall 
 conduct the Messengers to the river shall have the 
 Packet in their Care in Case any Accident should hap- 
 
102 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 pen by the Way, 'till they shall part from them & 
 then deliver it to M"". Elliott. Yesterday we had the 
 following Intelligence which was sent by Wiondough- 
 walend to the Council here, to which so much more 
 Credit we can give as he is no friend to the Virgin- 
 ians, Viz*, that the Twightees [Miami] had rec'd the 
 Tomhawk Belt from the Gov'', at Detroit which they 
 took home with them & called the Head Men & Capt^ 
 of their Nation & the Wawiaghtana [Ouiatanon] & 
 Kickapoos &c^ together to consult about it when they 
 all agreed not to take the Tomhawk but to follow the 
 Example of their Grandfather the Delawares of whom 
 they had heard by a Messenger that he would not 
 receive the Tomhawk whereupon the Twightees sent 
 it back again to the Gov'', and said it would be the ruin 
 of their Nation if they took it. Another Piece of 
 News we had from the same Quarter, — That some 
 Tawas & Chipways had been to war & were returned, 
 who related, that they had attacked a fort at Kentucke 
 where they fought awhile till on both Sides a Number 
 was killed, when the white People hailed the Indians 
 and desired them to come nigh and to speak with 
 them which they refused to do & called the white 
 People out; upon which one or two went out of the 
 fort, & spoke with them, and told them that were 
 sorry to see the dead bodies of both sides lying there, 
 but neither they the Tawas & Chipways nor the white 
 People were the Cause of it, but their father the Gov'', 
 over the Lake was the cause of it, they should blame 
 him for it. That after this the white people invited 
 them to the fort treated them handsomely & let them 
 
FROM THE MUSKINGUM 103 
 
 go home in Peace.^^ This News Capt. White Eyes 
 desired me to inform you of. By information of a 
 white Man from Detroit who came here two days ago 
 but doth not choose to have his Name mentioned I can 
 give you the following Account. That there are six 
 Companies of Militia amounting to about 300 Men in 
 the whole. The English are all for America. About 
 70 Men in Garrison only. An Entrenchment is round 
 the fort on the Land Side & about 50 Pieces of Can- 
 non in the fort & 7 Pieces of Cannon on the Wharff. 
 If an Army should come against the fort every Man is 
 to march out to meet it & they are to be reinforced 
 from Niagara. Great Store of Provision is at Detroit 
 & the Inhabitants full of Cattle. At the Sandusky 
 there is 100 Head of Cattle & the People to whom they 
 belong will have Nothing against it if they fall in the 
 Hands of the Army. Six Vessels on the Lake the 
 largest two of 16 Guns. If an Army should march 
 there late then there will be a large Cargo of Goods at 
 Sandusky. I beg the favour to forward the inclosed 
 Packet to Lancaster by which you will oblige all the 
 Brethren down the Country very much who will im- 
 patiently wait to hear from us. I am, Sir Y'". most 
 Hble. Serv^ 
 
 D. ZlESBERGER. 
 
 63 Boonesborough and the other Kentucky stations were 
 repeatedly besieged during the summer and autumn of 1777; 
 but no such affair as this reported to White Eyes is known 
 to have occurred. The truth was, that a relieving force of 
 48 men entered Boonesborough Sept. 13, coming from the 
 Yadkin under command of Capt. William Bailey Smith. 
 Some lurking Indians withdrew and reported that 200 white 
 warriors had come to relieve the fort, and it was now useless 
 to attack it. See Draper MSS., 4B137, where Dr. Draper cites 
 this letter of Zeisberger. — Ed. 
 
104 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 TROOPS FOR THE EXPEDITION 
 
 [Capt. John Bowyer to Col. William Fleming. 1U102 
 A. L. S.] 
 
 D"" Sir — I received yours by the express but I am 
 railey at a loss what to do, your orders was so long 
 a Coming I did expect that no men was to Go on 
 the Indian expedition from this qarter and upon my 
 hearing that the Enemy was a penetrateing some Con- 
 siderable Distance into Pensylvania I determind to 
 Raise 100 VoUenteers and go and Joine Gen^ Washing- 
 tons Army and expected to have march^. on Tuesday 
 next but did not attemp it before Last Sunday when 
 I made shure that the men would not be wanted for 
 the Indian expedition as it was so late in the season 
 the men seems to be Willing to go with the Greatest 
 Cheerfullness Each man was to have his horse and 
 7 or 8 days provision with a good Rifle I want much 
 to be their myself however I would be loath to have 
 it said that I by any means had a hand in disapoint- 
 ing the Indian Expedition. I shall without delay do 
 as you have directed me and appoint the officers in 
 this quarter Imediately to get the Number of men 
 Either by VoUenteers or drafts from their Companys 
 without delay and march with all expedition to the 
 place of Rondevouse but I am afraid it will take some 
 time before they will be got Ready as they will have 
 everything to prepair for the Campain I feel from 
 my Very hart for our poor Country men to The 
 Northward and should have march^ on Tuesday with- 
 out fail had not these orders Come to hand how it 
 will be now I Cannot Tell one of the other will fail 
 but if I thought that the Indian expedition would be 
 
RAISING TROOPS 105 
 
 Carried into execution this season I would decline my 
 Going to General Washington but if I do I am afraid 
 we will be disapointed in both if I was to go it will 
 be an excellent Company of Rifel men and Cannot 
 help thinking that we would be of as much service to 
 our Country their as we Could be any where at this 
 time Especially as it is so late in the year I could 
 wish I had your advice upon the Ocasion I am loath 
 to do any thing that I thought would be a prejudice 
 to my Country but would do every thing in my Power 
 that I thought would be for the Advantage of it had 
 not these orders Come to hand at this time I should 
 Certainly gon down and brought you up a true acc*^. of 
 our Proceeding at Camp how it will be now I know 
 not I am Certain the men Cannot be got to go to 
 fort Randolph if I Proceed according as I was deter- 
 mined to do before these orders Come to hand the 
 Augusta Troops are now at Cars Creek and are to 
 march from that place in about two day 
 
 I am D*". Sir with the Greatest Sincearity y'". most 
 Obed*. & Very hble Serv*. 
 
 John Bowyer^* 
 Sepr. 24th. 1777 
 
 To Colo. "William Fleming Botetourt p^. Express 
 
 64 John Bowyer, son of Capt Michael Bowyer, settled in 
 1753 on Borden's Grant in Augusta County, Va., where he 
 was for a time employed as schoolmaster. Later he married 
 one of Borden's heirs, and became a substantial man in the 
 community, being captain of militia (1763), justice of the 
 peace (1770), and land commissioner (1776). In 1781 he en- 
 listed a company of Rockbridge militia and joined Lafayette 
 in the defense of Virginia, being wounded (July 6) at James- 
 town Ford. He lived near Lexington and died on his estate 
 in 1806, leaving no children. — Ed. 
 
106 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 FOREMAN'S DEFEAT 
 
 [Col. David Shepherd to Gen. Edward Hand. 6ZZ9.] 
 
 Fort Henry Sepf. 27. 1777. 
 
 To his Excy. General Hand. 
 
 Early yesterday a Party of 46 Men under the Comd. 
 of Capt". foreman*^^ & Ogle set out on a scouting 
 Party, they Purpose reconnoitering as far as Cape- 
 teening^^ & making their ret", in 3 or 4 Days on their 
 Arrival at Grave Creek they found the Place burned 
 down®^ & all the Canoes or Crafts destroyed or carried 
 off. this brought them to a resolution of returning as 
 they could not conveniently cross the river. By 5 
 Men returned of whom Col. Linn is one,^^ we learn 
 that about 11 oClock [this] forenoon they were fired 
 on a little above M'^Mahan's Narrows by a large body 
 of Indians who lay concealed between them & the 
 river & put our Men to flight such as did not fall 
 
 *^5 Nothing is known of the previous life of Capt. William 
 Foreman of Hampshire County. He came with a company 
 of militia to take part in Hand's projected expedition and 
 was sent to the relief of Wheeling. It is apparent from the 
 accounts of contemporaries that Captain Foreman was un- 
 familiar with Indian warfare, and incautious as to an am- 
 buscade. His son Hamilton was killed in the melee. — Ed. 
 
 66 Captina Creek, eighteen miles below Wheeling, on the 
 Ohio side in the present Belmont County. It was a well- 
 known haunt of the Indians. Washington mentioned a town 
 thereon while on his visit of 1770. In 1780 several boats on 
 their way to Kentucky were waylaid at this creek and their 
 inmates killed or captured; among the captured was Cathar- 
 ine Malott, who became the wife of Simon Girty. In 1794 
 occurred the battle of Captina Creek, between a party led by 
 Abraham Enochs from Baker's Fort, and a marauding Indian 
 band. — Ed. 
 
 67 The fort at Grave Creek had been abandoned before the 
 siege of Wheeling, and the building that had been left stand- 
 ing had been burned by Indian raiders. — Ed. 
 
 68 For Col. William Linn see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 144, note 
 51.— Ed. 
 
FOREMAN'S DEFEAT 107 
 
 before they had Time to discharge their Guns we 
 have reason to beHeve by the reports that few are es- 
 caped the Number of the Enemy being So Vastly 
 superior one of the men returned has reed two 
 wounds with one Ball or shot, not Mortal. Our Situ- 
 ation calls for immediate assistance as we expect to 
 have the Enemy in a few Hours at farthest we 
 wholly depend on you for flour as we are not able to 
 go to Mills as a Party would only fall into the Enemys 
 Hand's 4 Men are come in but can give no further 
 Account I am Sir with great respect 
 
 David Sheperd 
 There are wounded Men who lie in the Woods, par- 
 ticularly one with a broken Leg®^ & some others. 
 
 I am as before D. S. 
 
 [Recollections of Rachel Johnson.'^o 2S280, 281.] 
 Foreman's and Linn's companies came [to Wheel- 
 ing] , the next day went down to see if there were any 
 signs of Indians at Grave Creek, where there was a 
 deserted blockhouse. 46 turned out to go, camped 
 [that night] ; next morning [set out to return]. Linn, 
 
 ^9 This was John Cullins, for whom see post. — Ed. 
 
 ^0 Rachel Johnson was a mulatto woman, born in Delaware 
 (she said Oct. 20, 1736), who was brought to the Ohio by her 
 master Yates Conwell, before Dunmore's War. She was in 
 Wheeling at the time of the siege, and when the survivors of 
 Foreman's party came in. Her memory was very good, and 
 she had a reputation for truthfulness. Dr. Draper visited 
 and interviewed old Rachel in 1845, and again in 1846; she 
 died in 1847. She remembered to have seen Washington, 
 George Rogers Clark, and a number of prominent Western 
 heroes. — Ed. 
 
108 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 Daniel McLane^^ and a few others went up [over] 
 the hill, the others marching in Indian file. The In- 
 dians had made blinds and were under the river bank 
 &c. ; when the whites were opposite [they rose and 
 fired]. Foreman at the head was first shot down by 
 a single fire; the others stopped suddenly and were 
 fired on and shot down. McLane said he ran part 
 way down the hill [when he heard the firing] and said 
 he heard the tomahawks as if the Indians were cutting 
 up beef. * * * In ^^g afternoon a fugitive with 
 his gun, but without his hat gave the first mournful 
 intelligence [at Wheeling] of the defeat, not knowing 
 of any beside himself who had escaped. Others be- 
 tween that and night kept dropping in. Next day a 
 party turned out to bury the dead.'^- 
 
 71 Daniel McLain was appointed justice of the peace of 
 Ohio County early in January, 1777; he was likewise lieu- 
 tenant of the county militia, and in service at Wheeling. He 
 died some time before April, 1778, when his estate was ad- 
 ministered. — Ed. 
 
 72 It was several days before a party ventured out to bury 
 the dead ; see letters post. A monument w^as erected on the 
 spot to Captain Foreman and the other victims, all of whom 
 were buried in one grave. It bears this inscription : "This 
 humble stone is erected to the memory of Captain Foreman 
 and twenty of his brave men, who were slain by a band of 
 ruthless savages — the allies of a civilized nation of Europe — 
 on the 28th [27th] of September, 1777. 
 
 "So sleep the brave who sink to rest, 
 By all their country's wishes blest." 
 Erosion by the river removed the soil on which this stone 
 was placed ; whereupon, by the order of Marshall County 
 court, it was removed, in 1875, to Moundsville Cemetery. See 
 Southern Historical Magazine (Charleston, W. Va.), March, 
 1899, p. 19. — Ed. 
 
FOREMAN'S DEFEAT 109 
 
 [Petition of John Cullins^^ to Congress. 2E67.] 
 Your memorialist, John Cullins, of Muskingum 
 County, Ohio, respectfully represents that in the 
 month of August, 1777, your memorialist, then a resi- 
 dent of Hampshire County, Virginia, volunteered 
 under Capt. William Foreman, at said Hampshire 
 County, and marched to Pittsburg, and joined the 
 
 "^2 John Cullins was at this time nineteen years of age and 
 very vigorous. In his later life he visited a William Linn of 
 Brownsville, Pa., thinking that he was the Col. William Linn 
 who had rescued him at Grave Creek. He found himself 
 mistaken, for his benefactor had removed to Kentucky and 
 there been killed by Indians. William Johnson Linn, son of 
 the Brownsville man, told Dr. Draper Cullins's story as he had 
 related it (37J38, 39). The latter said that as Foreman's party 
 emerged from the narrows, where they had been marching sin- 
 gle file, they deployed to right and left, presenting a quite for- 
 midable front. They advanced in a wide bottom above the 
 end of the narrows, to where a cone, breast high, jutted from 
 the rock. Behind this the Indians were posted, and probably 
 others on the left of the path, along the bushes by the river. 
 No enemy was discovered until within a few paces of the 
 ambuscade. The work of death was the result of an instant. 
 Some of the survivors fled up the river, some down, and oth- 
 ers up the hill. Among the latter was Cullins, who when 
 two-thirds up was shot by an Indian below, and had his thigh 
 broken. Just above lay a large log; over this he threw him- 
 self to escape a second shot. At this juncture appeared Capt. 
 William Linn and a few other men, dashing down the hill, 
 whooping and firing. The Indians fled to their canoes and 
 put off over the river. Linn and his lieutenant came upon 
 Cullins. Linn wished to carry him away, but his lieutenant 
 thought that they should rather seek their own safety. After 
 some dispute, Cullins was at Linn's insistence carried up the 
 hill, over a second ridge, and secreted in a fallen tree-top. 
 Linn left him some food, promised to return, and then re- 
 treated. Faithful to his promise, Linn came back after dark, 
 and carried Cullins on his back for over eleven miles to 
 Shepherd's Fort, fearing to attempt the shorter road to Fort 
 Henry, lest Indians be lurking to waylay them. Another 
 pioneer told Dr. Draper (17S62) that the doctor wished to 
 amputate Cullins's leg, but the latter resisted and in time was 
 able to walk. — Ed. 
 
110 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 troops then under the command of General Hand; 
 thence, by order of General Hand, your memorialist 
 with said Company, marched to Wheeling and was 
 placed under the command of General Shepherd. 
 After performing duty at Wheeling a few weeks, your 
 memorialist was one of a party of forty-six men on a 
 scouting party under command of Captain Foreman 
 and some other officers, marched to the fort on Grave 
 Creek, and on their return were attacked by a party 
 of Indians, by whom the greater part of the party 
 were cut off, and in this action your memorialist was 
 wounded by a ball which broke his right leg in such a 
 manner that he has never since that time recovered 
 the full use of it."^* * * * 
 
 [Capt. John Van Metre to Col. Edward Cook.^s 6ZZ10— 
 A. L. S.] 
 Beech Bottom Ohio Sept 28 1777 
 Sir — I am sorry that I have the following Account 
 to give you that is on the 27*'' of this Instant Capt 
 
 '4 This petition was presented to Congress in 1834, and a 
 pension was granted. For additional facts see 23d Cong., 
 I St sess., Reports of Committees, no. 268. — Ed. 
 
 ■^5 Edward Cook was born in 1738 in the Cumberland Val- 
 ley. In 1772 he removed to the forks of Youghiogheny River, 
 where by 1776 he had built a large stone house, and was the 
 prominent man of the region. As both Pennsylvania and 
 Virginia claimed jurisdiction. Cook was an officer of both 
 Westmoreland and Yohogania counties, alternately. His in- 
 terest leaned, however, towards Pennsylvania, his native 
 state, and in 1776 he was a member of her first state conven- 
 tion. At the time this letter was written he was colonel of 
 the Westmoreland militia, of which from 1781-83 he was 
 county lieutenant. As Van Metre commanded a Westmore- 
 land company, he made his report to Colonel Cook. The lat- 
 ter died at his home between the forks of the Youghiogheny 
 in 1808, leaving one son. — Ed. 
 
FOREMAN'S DEFEAT 111 
 
 Linn with Nine Men Capt William Forman with 24 
 Cap Joseph Ogle from this Place with 10 Men Went 
 Down to Grave Creek to Make what Discovery they 
 could make when Come there found grave Creek 
 Fort a [11] Consumed to Ashes, the Corn Cut up and 
 Tottely Destro[yed] and on their Return to Weling 
 [Wheeling] About Eight Miles Below weling was 
 Actacted By A learg Number of Indeans the kild 
 and wounded is unknown Aney ferder than Sixteen 
 that hath Came Inn and Fore of them wounded sir 
 I Request the Favour of you to have another Com- 
 pany in Readiness and at this Place Against my Time 
 is up for I think there will be Great Nesesaty for them 
 here for the Times seemes to be now Dangerous and 
 More so hereafter otherwise I Expect I shall have 
 to Guard the People of this Place away from here for 
 it is Imposable for them to stay for the Garrison will 
 be left Disolate sir I am yours to serve 
 
 John Vanmatre 
 N. B Sir In case Another Company should come 
 send with them Asufficent quantity of Flower to sup- 
 port them for it Appeairs that they Cannot be sup- 
 ported with Flower here the times is so Difficult that 
 People that has wheat Cannot Thrush it Neither Can 
 Git it ground As for Beef or Pork there is Plenty 
 to be had Convenient also send asufficient Quantity, 
 of salt and Amnition for it is not to be had here any 
 your Compliance will Amiably oblige the People In 
 General sir I am 
 
 J. V. 
 
 To M^ Collonel Edward Cook These 
 
112 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 [Daniel McFarland to Gen. Edward Hand. 6ZZ11 — A. L. S.] 
 
 MONONGAHALIA Scpr. 30*^ 1777 
 
 HoN''^ Sir — As I was returning home I heard Very 
 Disagreeable News that Colo^ Lynn with a Party of 
 About forty five Men was Defeated at the Narrows 
 Above Grave Creek and the most part killed. Upon 
 consideration thereof I Raised and Sent About forty 
 Men this Day well Suplyed with Oficers they Being 
 the most willing to go to their Assistance, I could 
 not have raised them Unless I Promised them they 
 Would Be Relieved In one week. I Shall Look to you 
 for Directions By the Bearer. I am with Due Re- 
 spects your Humble Servant 
 
 Daniel M^Farland'^ 
 Geni. Hand Pittsurgh 
 
 THE DELA WARES REASSURED 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to the Delawares. 1U103.] 
 
 Fort Pitt Ocf. i^*. 1777 
 Brothers, Capt. White Eyes, John Kilbuck &c. 
 Delaware Chiefs at C 00c ho eking &c. 
 
 Brothers — The Arrival of your People here Yes- 
 terday with my Messengers made my Heart glad. And 
 our Women and Children rejoice. The Cloud will 
 now soon disperse and the Day appear bright & Clear. 
 I thank you for the News you send me. I shall 
 ere long be ready to speak to the Mingoes & Wiandots, 
 
 ^6 Daniel McFarland was a Scotchman who before moving 
 West lived for some time in Massachusetts. He made his 
 home on Ten Mile Creek in Amwell township of Washington 
 County. In 1777 he was chosen colonel of Monongalia Coun- 
 ty, to serve under Zackwell Morgan, because of previous ex- 
 perience in military affairs. After the Revolution he built a 
 fulling mill on his property, and there died (1817) at an ad- 
 vanced age. — Ed. 
 
REASSURING THE DELAWARES 113 
 
 as I promised you I would & they will soon be 
 ashamed of what they have done. 
 
 Brothers, You may depend that my Soldiers shall 
 not hurt your Women or Children. They shall go the 
 Road you have pointed out, & you shall have Notice 
 when I move, agreeable to my Promise. I am deter- 
 mined to do every thing that is proper to convince 
 you, that you have made a proper Choice of your 
 Friends, and if any Nation strikes you on our account, 
 I desire you will call on me & you shall be supported 
 with as much Power as you wish for, & if you think 
 it necessary I will build a fort & Garrison it either at 
 your Town or at any other Place near to it that you 
 think proper and when Peace shall be restored the fort 
 shall be burned & our People shall all come out of 
 your Country. 
 
 Brothers, I make this Offer to you to convince 
 you of my Sincerity and that I am determined to pro- 
 mote an everlasting friendship between the Delawares 
 & the United States. I say Brothers if any Nation 
 strikes you on our Account, I will consider your Quar- 
 rel as our own. 
 
 Brothers, Two of your Messengers conclude to 
 stay here some little Time longer for News. I now 
 send the other two Back with this. They carry a 
 Flag to make Use of when you send Messengers in 
 future to this Place. 
 
 Brothers, Col. Morgan will continue to superin- 
 tend Indian Affairs so long as he can render service 
 & I rejoice that his Conduct has been so agreeable to 
 you. He sets out for Philad^. to Morrow and carries 
 all your good News to Congress. And you may ex- 
 
114 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 pect to hear from him in thirty Days or perhaps thirty 
 five Days. They will rejoice to see your good Words 
 & the Sentiments of your Hearts. You may depend 
 we do not listen to what bad People say but we are 
 determined to hold fast to our agreements, and I de- 
 sire you will not fail to speak to Colesqua^^ & the 
 Shawanese whose Hearts continue to be good. 
 
 Brothers, If you can send Messengers to the Min- 
 goes up the Allegany, whose Hearts are yet good, 1 
 desire you will do it & desire them to continue to sit 
 still untill the Clouds disperse. I hope they will con- 
 tinue wise & not join the foolish People. 
 
 Brothers, The English landed lately in Maryland 
 & endeavoured to march their whole Army to Philad-''. 
 but our army went to meet them half way where a 
 Battle ensued. We lost six hundred Men & killed 
 eighteen hundred of the Enemy, this happened at 
 Shadesford on Brandywine Creek. The two Armies 
 now lye in sight of each other both preparing for an- 
 other grand Battle which you shall have News of so 
 soon as it arrives. 
 
 Brothers You may depend the English will soon 
 be ashamed of their foolish Conduct. All the united 
 States keep fast hold of the friendship of the Dela- 
 wares & Yesterday Col. Morgan rece'd a Message for 
 you from the Governor of Virginia which he now 
 sends to you.'^^ 
 
 Brothers Let us be strong in our Promises and 
 keep true to our agreements as you may depend I will. 
 
 "'"^ This is possibly the English form of the Shawnee name 
 of the chief Cornstalk. — Ed. 
 
 "'^ See letter of Sept. i8 from Gov. John Page. — Ed. 
 
REASSURING THE DELAWARES 115 
 
 [Col. George Morgan to the Delawares. 1U104.] 
 
 Fort Pitt Oct!", i 1777 
 Brother Capt. White Eyes & Capt. John Kilbuck — 
 
 Because James Elliott informs me you desire me to 
 write something for you to speak when you go to 
 Detroit, I now do it. You are wise Men and know 
 what part to speak & what part to leave unsaid. I 
 recommend to you when you speak to Gov"". Hamilton 
 to do it in writing as there are no good Interpreters at 
 Detroit & desire him to give You his answer in Writ- 
 ing for the same reason. M^. Zeisberger who has 
 your good much at heart will assist you. 
 
 Brothers the English — I have often heard your Voice at 
 a Distance & my Nation have thought proper to send me here 
 that I might see your face again and hear you distinctly that 
 they may not be deceived. 
 
 We have long lived in friendship with our Brothers the 
 English, we have no desire to go to war with any Nation 
 who will not strike us. The Big Knife are our Neighbours 
 and we live in friendship with them. They & we have lately 
 renewed our friendship & we wish it to last for ever. They 
 constantly speak what is good & so long as their Actions cor- 
 respond we desire to believe them. They have explained to 
 us the Nature of their Quarrel one Way. You explain it 
 another but we have Nothing to do with it. They have often 
 told us so, & they tell us to sit still whilst you & they wrestle 
 together. But Brother you have sent us a hatchet to strike 
 them. We desire you will tell us why we should strike those 
 who have done us no Injury & with whom we have long lived 
 in friendship. If you can give us a Reason which is sufficient 
 for wise men to listen to, We desire we may hear it. But if 
 you have no other Reason to give than your own Quarrels, 
 we desire you will say so, we are a free & independant Na- 
 tion, we are in friendship with all Nations & we desire to 
 remain so, & we particularly wish to live in friendship with 
 you. 
 
116 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 Brothers, If you have delivered the Hatchet to the Nations 
 near you to strike the big Knife & to murder their Women 
 and Children, tell us so, & give us a good reason why you 
 desire it, that I may also consider it, but if you have not, 
 we desire you will say so, & speak to them, to sit still for we 
 fear the Big Knife will take a large Stride some of these 
 days & hurt their Women & Children. 
 
 Brothers, Sir William Johnston [Johnson] ^^ took the 
 Tomhawk out of our hands a long time ago, he buried it & 
 told us we never should see it again, we desire you will not 
 make him a Liar. 
 
 Brothers, We wish to see an End to your Quarrel with the 
 Big Knife we are sorry to hear you speak to the Indian Na- 
 tions to strike them & thereby involve their Women & Chil- 
 dren in Trouble for I now tell them I hear the Big Knife is 
 almost opened. It has been shut a long Time & when it is 
 opened & ground it will cut sharp. We therefore wish to 
 promote peace & to have Pity on our Women & Children. 
 
 Brothers, We have spoke our Minds freely, Now see our 
 hearts & we desire you will speak freely to us that we may 
 know what you wish. We tell you it is impossible for all the 
 Indian Nations in the Woods to hurt the Big Knife, & it will 
 be their ruin if they do not bury the Hatchet What will they 
 say to you, or you to them when their Women & Children 
 [are killed]. Will they not tell you that you were the Cause. 
 
 Brothers, Be strong, & fight your own Battles like Men. 
 
 Brothers, You are wise Men. You will know 
 what Part to choose. Be strong in all good Works. 
 
 Taimenend 
 
 ^9 The former superintendent-general for North American 
 Indians, who died at his New York home in 1774. Morgan 
 here refers to the great Fort Stanwix Treaty (1768), when 
 peace was made with all the Indian tribes of the West and 
 North.— Ed. 
 
REASSURING THE DELAWARES 117 
 
 [Col. George Morgan to the Delawares. 1U105.] 
 
 Fort Pitt Ocf". i. 1777 
 
 Brothers the Delawares — Yesterday I reed, 
 your Message which pleases me very much. It shows 
 that what I have told Congress is true & that I have 
 not spoken lies. They know this & you may depend 
 they will not suffer your friendship to slip out of their 
 Hands, they are wise men chosen by all the united 
 states to conduct the Business of the whole & they 
 have ordered me to do every thing in my power to 
 convince you of their friendship. 
 
 Brothers, I shall set out to Morrow for Ph^. & 
 will Carry your Message to Congress which will give 
 them great Pleasure It was by their orders that I 
 supplied you with Powder & Lead & if you want fur- 
 ther assistance or want a fort to be built at or near 
 your Towns & to be garrisoned by our Troops for the 
 Protection of your Women & Children I desire you to 
 speak. Consider well of the Matter first, You may 
 depend Congress will never deceive you nor suffer 
 you to be struck by any other Nation on their account, 
 without supporting you 
 
 Brothers, Look again at my last Message, which 
 I sent to you by James Elliott, & Robin George, 
 When you see that my heart is good as a Man sees his 
 face in a Looking Glass. I desire you to consider my 
 Words & Advice the same as if I was your own flesh & 
 Blood & if you do it will be good for both of us. I 
 am sorry for Delaware George & Buckangehela's 
 Son^^ but they should not have gone with foolish 
 People. 
 
 s*' Delaware George was an important chief of that tribe 
 who took part in the French and Indian War, and was a firm 
 
118 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 You may expect to hear from you [me] in thirty 
 five days. 
 
 Taimenend. 
 
 Yesterday I reed, the inclosed Message to you from 
 the Gov'', of Virginia which he desired me to forward 
 to you. I expect the News Papers up every hour. If 
 they come in Time I will send them to you. I send 
 Capt. White Eyes some salt for the Money I have in 
 my hands. 
 
 AFTERMATH OF FOREMAN'S DEFEAT 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to Jasper Yeates. MS. in New York 
 Public Library; Hand Papers — A. L. S.] 
 
 Fort Pitt 2d Oct^. 1777 
 Dear Yeates — From Intelligence rec^. Yesterday 
 from the Delawar[e] at Coochachunk, I find that the 
 Tweetees, Wyachtanas, & Kickapoos,^^ have returned 
 
 friend of the English. See journal of Christian Frederick 
 Post in Thwaites, Early Western Travels, i. 
 
 Buckingehelas was a noted war chief of the Delawares, 
 called by John Johnston, Indian agent at Fort Wayne 
 (11YY3S, 38) "the Delaware Washington", He was likewise 
 an orator, and of great influence among his people. His vil- 
 lage was in Logan County, Ohio, not far from the present 
 Bellefontaine. He opposed St. Clair and Wayne and took 
 part in the Treaty of Greenville (1795). In 1800 he visited 
 Washington, and died subsequently on White River, Ind. 
 According to Zeisberger's letter of Sept. 22, ante, it was the 
 son of Wingenund, not of Buckingehelas, who was wounded 
 at the siege of Wheeling. No doubt it is to this affair that 
 Morgan refers. — Ed. 
 
 81 For a brief sketch of the Twigtwee (Miami) and Kicka- 
 poo Indians, see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 3, note 8, p. 56, note 84. 
 
 The Ouiatanon (Wyactanas) were a branch of the Miami, 
 who in the last decade of the seventeenth century had a vil- 
 lage near the site of Chicago. After the founding of Detroit 
 they removed to the Wabash, where they had a large village 
 near Lafayette, Ind. The French built a fort at that village, 
 
AFTER FOREMAN'S DEFEAT 119 
 
 the Tomahawk, and that the Tribe of Delawares 
 headed by Wendaughaland are Wiavering. the Reg- 
 ular Troops at Detroit, am*, to no more than 70, & 
 the Militia to 300, so that we need not dread a Visit 
 from that Quarter, tho the People here are well Dis- 
 posed, savage like, to Murder a defenceless unsus- 
 pecting Indian. I do not find them much inclined to 
 
 which was destroyed during Pontiac's conspiracy (1763)- 
 The British never rebuilt this post; but the Indian village of 
 Ouiatanon continued to exist until 1790, when two expeditions 
 by American troops — the first in June under Gen. Charles 
 Scott, the second in August under Gen. James Wilkinson — 
 destroyed the Ouiatanon towns (called Wea by the English 
 and French). In 1795 the Weas were present at the Treaty 
 of Greenville, where their chief Little Beaver asked to be re- 
 stored to their old home at Ouiatanon. They were at this 
 time granted an annuity of $500. In various succeeding treat- 
 ies of 1803, 1805, and 1809, they made to the United States 
 government successive grants for additional annuities. Dur- 
 ing the War of 1812-15, the Wea were hostile; but in 1814 
 signed the second treaty of Greenville; and four years later 
 ceded all of their Indiana lands, and agreed to remove to the 
 West. They were at first located in Missouri, where they 
 were closely allied with the Piankashaw. In 1832 this reser- 
 vation was exchanged for one on the eastern border of Kan- 
 sas. There they pursued agriculture and gradually adopted 
 a civilized life. A Baptist mission school was maintained 
 among them from 1847 to 1856. In 1854 the Wea amalga- 
 mated permanently with the Peoria, Kaskaskia, and Pianka- 
 shaw, and ceded most of their lands, agreeing to take allot- 
 ments in return. During the Kansas border troubles and the 
 War of Secession they were much harassed ; by 1859 the 
 confederated tribes numbered only 217. In 1867 they made 
 a new treaty, ceding all their Kansas lands and agreeing to 
 remove to a reservation in northeastern Indian Territory. 
 There they rapidly advanced in the arts of civilization, and 
 in 1889 they agreed to have all lands allotted to them in sev- 
 eralty. They still live in the northeastern portion of Okla- 
 homa, and while largely mixed with white blood, their condi- 
 tion compares favorably with the average white farmer of 
 the region. According to the last few census reports, the 
 population of the federated tribes is slightly increasing. — Ed. 
 
120 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 enter the Indian Country, and believe that no great 
 matter will be atchieved in the West this Season. 46 
 men from the Garrison of Wheeling, fell into An Am- 
 buscade the 27*^ Ult: about 8 miles below the Fort, 
 they were entirely Routed, & but few had come in 
 when the Acc'^^ came away 
 
 Our Eyes & Ears are Open to the East, much will 
 depend on the Operations there. Jessy is well & joins 
 in love to every Creature About your house Farewill 
 D'". yeates your Very Affectionate Kinsman 
 
 Edw^ : Hand 
 To Jasper Yeates Esqi". Lancaster p'" Col : Morgan. 
 
 [Col. David Shepherd to Gen. Edward Hand. 4ZZ11 — 
 A. L. S.] 
 
 Fort Henry, October 3d 1777 
 
 Dear General — Your timely Releif by Maj^ Chew, 
 was very Exceptable as we Could not Bury the Dead 
 before he Came. The party, that went on the late 
 Unfortunate Excursion, went not at my Request or 
 Order, but from Motives of their Own, as they were 
 tird of being Cooped up in the Fort Idle, & Purposed 
 the Same Several Times before I would at any rate 
 Consent. Indeed, I myself thought their party was 
 Sufficient for any Scouting party of Indians they 
 might fall in with as it was hardly to be Supposed, 
 that Forty Six of our best Riffle Men well Equipt 
 Should be Over power [ed] by Numbers of Indians 
 from the Known Manner of their Sending Small par- 
 ties to Annoy the Settlements 
 
 I Hope Maj''. Chew has made a Sattisfactory Re- 
 port to you of Action as well as of the Strength of the 
 Garrison, I am Sure Notwithstanding our Repeated 
 
AFTER FOREMAN'S DEFEAT 121 
 
 loss's that we Shall nearly Make Up our Quotoe for 
 the Expedition, tho the Situation & Danger of Leaving 
 their famileys Prevent their going to the Stations, 
 Yet Upon the Officers Receiving Marching Orders for 
 Joining the Main Bodyes their Quotoes will be immi- 
 diately Compleat. 
 
 The Friends of those Unfortunate Men that have 
 been Kill'd in these Two Attacks, have Request me to 
 Apply to you to Know Whither they will be paid for 
 the Gunns & Blanketts lost, in those Engagements, as 
 they Were mostly taken from Others by Consent and 
 appraised^- I refer you to Maj'". Chews letter for 
 what has happen^ Since his Arrival and am Sir with 
 the Greatest Respect Your Most Ob*. Hble Ser*. 
 
 David Shepherd 
 Brig. Gen. Hand Fort Pitt 
 
 [Maj. James Chew to Gen. Edward Hand. 1U106 — A. L. S.] 
 
 Fort Henry, October 3d 1777 
 Dear General — It was out of my Power to Send 
 you the Inclosed Account sooner as it was Difficult to 
 find out who was Kill'd, in that Unfortunate Affair 
 near the Narrows Agreeable to your Instructions, I 
 Have made out the most Authentick Reports of that 
 affair, as well as the Strength of the Garrison of Fort 
 Henry, and tho they are imperfectly done, as to the 
 Manner Yet I Hope they will Answer the End de- 
 sign'd. Youll find by the Report of the Garrison, 
 that I Have made a note, to the Several Cap^^ from 
 Monnongalia, as those Gentlemen on Hearing of the 
 Late Disaster near this place, March^ Immediately 
 
 82 See the Appendix for list of appraisals of effects. — Ed. 
 
122 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 with what Men they Could Collect for fear others 
 Might not Come Since my arrival Col° Shepard & 
 myself March^ & Buried those Unfortunate Men, in 
 the late Action a Moving Sight. Twenty One Brave 
 fellows, Cruelly Butcher'd, Even after Death. 
 
 this day, there was some fresh Tracks Di[s]coverd 
 about Two Miles from this Fort, every Method of 
 Discovering of the Enemy shall be made use of tho 
 the Monongalia Militia Will Return in about Ten or 
 Twelve Day, As they were Raised only for the Intent 
 of Burying the Dead, & not more than One Cap^ One 
 Lieut. & One Ensign of the said officers, Expects pay 
 as Officers. If any News from the Eastward Please 
 Let me Know by the Return of the Express, also when 
 I am to Sett out With the Boats &c I am Sir With 
 the Greatest Respect Your most Obt. Hble Ser* 
 
 James Chew 
 
 On Public Service To Brigadier General Hand at Fort Pitt 
 Pr Express 
 
 REINFORCEMENTS FOR FORT RANDOLPH 
 
 [Capt. John Bowyer to Col. William Fleming. 1U107 — 
 A. L. S.] 
 
 Sir — Imedeatily upon receiving your orders I ap- 
 pointed the officers as you Directed and with all expe- 
 dition the Several Companies on the forks were 
 Drafted I attended all the musters my Self except 
 Cap^ Gilmer s where ten of the Number you ordered 
 was to be raised and as a Lieutinent is to go from that 
 Company I make no doubt but they will be ready 
 Cap^ Paxton and Cap^ Hall are the two Captains 
 with the proper Number of other officers According 
 to the Number of Men required the two Companies 
 
AFTER FOREMAN'S DEFEAT 123 
 
 will be ready to march from Collins Town Next Tues- 
 day morning with out fail and I belive will amount 
 to Near lOO men they have got the Number of Pack 
 horses ready also Beef & flower sufficent to Serve 
 them down to the point also Tents and Kettles you 
 mentioned in yours to me that Donely Mathews 
 would furnish the men but I was informd by M'" 
 Sampson Mathews^^ that they had no flower at Green- 
 brier which made me Give the Captains orders to Take 
 a Nuff of Provisions with themselves least that they 
 should be disapointed I got also 25'^ of Powder & 
 44^^ of lead for the men they will march Next Tues- 
 day I sepose you have heard before this time That 
 General Washington has give How a Compleat 
 Drubing near Schoolkill it is Taken for fact this 
 way pray God it may be true If CoP Skilleron^* 
 goes on the expedition these men will be at greenbrier 
 before him I shall do every thing in my Power to 
 get them away my Comp*^ to Madam Fleming and 
 
 83 For a sketch see Dunmore's War, p. 223, note 54. — Ed. 
 
 8* Col. George Skillern was an Augusta County pioneer, 
 who as early as 1758 was paid for express services in the 
 army. In 1764 he was commissioned justice; and when Bote- 
 tourt County was set off in 1770 this commission was renewed. 
 In 1776 he received appointment as lieutenant-colonel of the 
 county militia. This expedition of 1777 seems to have been 
 the extent of Skillern's active service. In 1780 he became 
 county lieutenant for Botetourt, in place of Col. William 
 Fleming, and the following year was active in the defense of 
 the state during the invasions. He was in the same office as 
 late as 1793. His home was about two miles from Pattons- 
 burg, of which town he was an incorporator in 1788. He 
 was wealthy and hospitable, and one of the prominent men 
 of his day west of the mountains. He seems to have left no 
 descendants in the male line. — Ed. 
 
124 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 am with the greatest Sincarity Y'" most obed^ and 
 
 Very Hble Serv*. 
 
 John Bowyer 
 
 Ocf. 4*. 1/77 
 On the publick service To Col^. William Fleming 
 Botetourt P'' express 
 
 [Col. George Skillern to Col. William Fleming. iUio8 — 
 A. L. S.] 
 
 Sir — By the Inclos^ : it appears that there is Near 
 lOO men Rais^ : in the Forks Maj'' Poege^^ was hear 
 this Day and is preparing with all Expedition to 
 March as allso I will be Ready Shortly and Should 
 you think that the Number of men Rais*^. on green 
 brier and the Forks will Admit of me to go on the 
 Expedition you will please to Send me particular 
 Instructions How I am to act as I am a Stranger in 
 Sum respects to the Buisness as allso where you think 
 on Greenbrier the Troops had Besst Randivouse, we 
 will want a pack horse to Carry our Tent Cloath & 
 Bagage whether you think it ought Not be a public 
 Expense Should there Not appear to Bee 150 Men 
 when we Come to the place of Randivouse Maj''. 
 Poege offers to Re [sign] his Command to me if 
 Aprovd of But if I goe with my Quoto he is ready 
 allso to March as to a Commisary if M'". Lewis Dus 
 not Chuse to Act I would think Mr David May^^ a 
 
 ^^ Probably this was Maj. John Poage, son of the pioneer 
 Robert. The former was assistant surveyor in 1760; three 
 years later he was appointed vestryman; in 1778 he qualified 
 both as county surveyor and high sheriff, and died at his 
 Augusta County home early in 1789. — Ed. 
 
 86 David May was clerk of Botetourt County court for 
 many years before 1776 and as late as 1791. Probably the 
 
AFTER FOREMAN'S DEFEAT 125 
 
 proper person However what Ever Instructions you 
 send me I will Indeaver to Comply with to the utmost 
 of my power I am with Esteem your obed^ Humble 
 
 Geo Skillern 
 
 ye^th Ocf. 1777 
 
 On the publick Service To Col" William Fleming P^" Ex- 
 press. Botetourt 
 
 [Capt. Matthew Arbtickle to Gen. Edward Hand. 3NN74-78— 
 Transcript] 
 
 Fort Randolph, 6*^. Oct'". 1777. 
 
 Sir — I rec^. yours of the 17^^ ult°. by sergt^ Flinn,^^ 
 who arrived at this garrison the 25^^. do. I detained 
 said Flinn & his party until the arrival of Capt". 
 M^Kee^^ from the settlement whom I daily expected: 
 said M'^Kee & 8 or 10 of a party were detained in 
 order to assist in escorting a drove of beeves from the 
 settlement to Kelly's on the Kenhawa, which escort 
 was to have been militia. I likewise was ordered to 
 send an escort from this garrison to that place in order 
 to relieve the militia in case any circumstances would 
 admit of it, which order I complied with: said 
 M'^Kee is not yet arrived here ; but by 4 of the escort 
 who are returned, I learn he is with the cattle about 
 3 days march from this place. 
 
 In respect to the troops who are to assist in the 
 expedition, I am verbally informed those from Au- 
 
 Lewis mentioned was Col. Andrew, for whom see Dumnore's 
 War, passim. — Ed. 
 
 87 Probably the John Flinn mentioned in Ibid, p. 325, note 
 47, who in 1786 was killed by Indians. — Ed. 
 
 88 For William McKee, see Ibid, p. 348, note 69 ; also Rev. 
 Upper Ohio, passim. — Ed. 
 
126 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 gusta are on their march, but for more particular 
 information I refer you to Col. Fleming's [letter] 
 which I send enclosed. In respect to the junction of 
 the troops I would for various reasons advise to be 
 at this garrison. In the first place should it be at any 
 other place on the Ohio, there must be a number of 
 men left as a guard to the boats ; besides I think this 
 garrison as nigh to the heads of the Scioto as the 
 mouth of the Hockhocking. 
 
 Likewise expect to have in my custody six or eight 
 of the Shawanese Chiefs before you arrive. The case 
 stands thus : On the 19^^. ult°. two Shawanese arrived 
 here with a string of white wampum, & likewise deliv- 
 ered a speech with strong protestations of friend- 
 ship — in the meantime producing a black string which 
 they say they had sent them by the Delawares, which 
 was sent them by Col. George Morgan. Their prin- 
 cipal errand was to know the reason of it. They had 
 likewise information of an army that was to march 
 into their country, & they beg strenuously for Corn- 
 stalk & his tribe. They likewise informed me that 
 the Indians had embodied themselves immediately 
 upon receiving the black string, with the information 
 of a campaign. I thought proper to detain these two. 
 In about 8 days afterwards, Cornstalk's son came to 
 know the reason why they were detained, & gave me 
 the strongest assurances that his father, the Hard- 
 man,^'' & some more of their chiefs should come imme- 
 diately to this place. I have the two still detained, 
 and intend detaining & confining as many as fall into 
 
 s^ For this chief see Ibid, p. 57. — Ed. 
 
AFTER FOREMAN'S DEFEAT 127 
 
 my hands (unless it should be to carry intelligence for 
 me to & from this place) until I have further instruc- 
 tions from you. 
 
 I had two scouting parties sent out — one of 20, the 
 other of 17 men, two of whom in endeavoring to drive 
 some beeves towards the garrison, & by disobeying 
 my positive instructions, got killed & scalped on the 
 3I^^ of Aug^ And since, they have killed two men, 
 one child, & one negro, & taken a little girl prisoner 
 from Greenbriar.^*^ 
 
 The number of men in this garrison — in my com- 
 pany, I Lieut, 4 sergt^ i drummer, & 34 privates : In 
 Capt. M'^Kee's company, 2 Lieuts, 4 sergt^ i fifer & 51 
 privates: In Capt. Henderson's Company of militia, 
 I Lieut, I ensign, 2 sergt^ & 25 privates — total 130. 
 
 The provision on hand this day I began to issue of 
 the boat load I rec^. of Sergt. Flinn, which is all the 
 flour at this garrison. No beeves until Capt. M^Kee 
 arrives with the drove, which amounted to 112 head 
 in number at Kelly's, which is 80 miles distant from 
 this garrison. Only one keg of salt, scarcely i cw*^. ; 
 of amunition, between 16 & 17 w^ of powder, & 6 w*. 
 & 50'b^. lead. No country arms. Every man a good 
 rifle his own property in good order; scarcely 200 
 flints in the garrison. I have sent with M^ M^Nutt^^ 
 two boats, which are all fit for use at this place. Your 
 boats, I suppose, would carry 50 men each down 
 
 ^'^This refers to the affair at the house of James Graham; 
 see ante, pp. 78, 79. — Ed. 
 
 ^1 Lieut. James McNutt of McKee's company was probably 
 a son of John McNutt, an early settler of Augusta County, 
 in that portion afterwards set off as Rockbridge. See Draper 
 MSS., 8ZZ35.— Ed. 
 
128 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 stream, but 35 w^. be load sufficient up stream, as the 
 men would require room to work. For particulars 
 relative to this garrison, I refer you to JVP. M^Nutt. 
 I am Sir, with Esteem V. very humble serv^ 
 
 Mathew Arbuckle 
 Gen'. Hand 
 
 NEWS FROM FORT PITT 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to Jasper Yeates. MS. in New York 
 Public Library; Hand Papers — A. L, S.] 
 
 Fort Pitt 9th. Oct^. 1777 
 Dear Yeates — I rec^. your favours of the 13^^. & 
 17**^. Ultim. wish I could hear from you at this time, 
 to clear up our perplexitys respecting the many & 
 various reports of the progress of the Enemy in your 
 Quarter. I believe I told you in my last that we here 
 had nothing to Apprehend from Detroit. I some 
 weeks ago sent a Small party towards Niagara for 
 Intelligence but they have not yet returned. the 
 Clamor against Mess'■^ Morgan & M^.Kee was wrong- 
 founded nothing appeared agains[t] either of them. 
 * * * 
 
 Since my last about 200 men Arived here from 
 Frederick & Dunmore Counties. 
 
 Your Affectionate Kinsman 
 
 EDW<i Hand 
 Jasper Yeats Esq, Lancaster Pr fav'" of Mr. Jn^. Anderson 
 
^^I^IP 
 
 
 
 HiHM||||||tt^^:.f^ ... 
 
 
 |i 9 
 
 H| 
 
 
 The Block HuisE of Fort Pitt 
 
 lUiilt b}^ Bouquet in 1764, and now possessed by Daughters of 
 the American Revohition of Alleghen}- County, Pa. 
 
AT FORT HENRY 129 
 
 CONDITIONS AT FORT HENRY 
 
 [Maj. James Chew to Gen. Edward Hand. 4ZZ12 — A. L. S.] 
 
 Fort Henry, October lo^'^ 1777 
 My Dear General — by the Return of the Express 
 I had the pleasure of Receiving your very Kind Letter 
 and Instructions and can really Assure you nothing 
 gives me more Sattisfaction than to Obey every Order, 
 but the Task you have injoind on me is almost, beyond 
 my abilities, the Militia I Have with me was only 
 Raised for One Month, and that Time is past, about 
 Ten or Twelve days, nothing is more inconsistant 
 than Militia, when their Time Or Engagements are 
 at an End. However, I have by Letting four or Five 
 return with the last detachment from the Monnonge- 
 hala Prevailed on the rest, to Stay, for the Ten days 
 you have Mentioned, in which Time, Perhaps Col°. 
 [Zackwell] Morgan may Send the Company you 
 Order'd Here, as I Have Wrote to him on that Sub- 
 ject, and Let it be as it will I am fully determined to 
 pay the Attention due to your Orders, in endeavouring 
 to fulfill every part of them. I very readily agree with 
 you that our M[MS. torn] Cheifs, Vallorous for Kill- 
 ing their Allies, when at Treaties, may now Rest Sat- 
 tisfied on the direfull Consequence of Such, Vain 
 Exploits should they not think of it, every Sensible 
 Person must, & the Cruel Strokes the People Here, 
 have felt, from the Occasion [of] those Ignominious, 
 Heroes, will ever be Rememberd. what will not Men 
 do for want of Thought, or Rather to be Thought 
 brave [by] the giddy Multitudes, this last was the 
 Occasion of the loss in the Narrows. Beleive me I 
 never Saw, on this River, a Likelier platt of Ground, 
 9 
 
130 FRON'TIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 fur a LUittlc, for Such a Party, and their [MS. torn] 
 Conduct in the March, was the Occasion of the fatal 
 Event [that] Followed, all the Particulars of which 
 when 1 have the Pleasure [of] Seeing you shall relate; 
 1 have Sent the Necessary Instructions to the Beach 
 Bottom Commanders, Dividing the Catering With 
 theni by the Return of the Men from that place am 
 informed that Cap^ \^anmeters Company are daily 
 leaving him, so that that place will be straitned much 
 if no Releif is Sent them. Captain Williamson''- of 
 the Ohio Vollenteers is to bring the Cattle M''. 
 Robinson wrote you about the Said Captain Choosing 
 this duty himself. 
 
 ''- David Williamson was born in Carlisle about 1752. In 
 1846 Dr. Draper interviewed his eldest daughter, who gave 
 the following facts (2S34) concerning her father's life: 
 When a young boy he was ambitious to go West, and at the 
 age of thirteen accompanied a party hunting and trapping 
 toward Pittsburgh. Soon after, he made a settlement on the 
 waters of Buffalo Creek, and going home brought out the 
 families of his father John and his uncle Joseph. They all 
 settled, and built a stockade, or station, near the present Tay- 
 lorstown, Washington County. David Williamson was very 
 active in frontier defense, and popular with his neighbors. 
 In the spring of 1782 he was chosen commander of a force 
 embodied to raid the Moravian towns, whose inmates were 
 accused of encouraging attacks on settlers. This disgraceful 
 affair ended in the massacre of a number of peaceful, un- 
 offending Indians. Williamson's share in the affair has re- 
 ceived just obloquy, although he is said to have desired to 
 spare the prisoners. The same year he was second in com- 
 mand of Crawford's disastrous Sandusky expedition, wherein 
 his courage was of value in securing the retreat. His popu- 
 larity did not suffer by these expeditions, and in 1787 he was 
 elected sheriff of the county. But he is said to have been too 
 lenient with offenders, and lost his property through giving 
 security therefor. He died in 1809 in poverty, having lost 
 his large landed estate. His descendants are numerous. Sev- 
 eral are still living in Washington County, where as late as 
 1882 remains of his farm buildings were yet standing. — Ed. 
 
AT FORT HENRY 131 
 
 Upon my Arrival Here I found everything in the 
 utmost Confusion, Without any Kind of Order & the 
 Very Garrison, Enough to Poison Men. 1 Have now 
 Erected Some faint Emblem [semblance] of Order 
 and Got the Garrison neat & Clean so that How 
 [who] ever Comes after me, Will be Enabled to Live 
 Comfortable & Keep up the Disipline. the Armourer 
 that was Employed by Col°. Shepard for the use of 
 this and the Neighbering Garrisons has, as I am in- 
 form'd by all the People Here, as well as from the 
 ace*, of his Work, done his duty in Every Respect, 
 and is an Exceeding Good Workman. Yet I am at a 
 loss to Know whether he is to be Employed any 
 Longer, or upon What Terms, this I am Sure that he 
 is as Good for that Purpose as any that is to be had, 
 besides for the Work done Heretofore he has found 
 all the Matereals, and has worn out a Number oi Files 
 as well as Tools of Other Kinds and if he should not 
 be paid it will Ruin him to all Intents. I would be 
 much Obliged to you for Instructions on this Head, 
 the Doctor Likewise Informs me that he has no Con- 
 venience for to Keep the W^ounded Men as they 
 should be Kept. Neither have they or Can they be 
 supplyed, with Proper Cloathes having Lost their 
 Blankitts, and if it is agreeable to you When I Return 
 with Boats Purposes to Move Two of them to Pitt as 
 he informs me the Rest Can do without a Surgeon 
 but this Cannot be done without a Supply of Blankitts 
 for them.^-' I am afraid I have tired your Patience 
 
 ^3 In reply to this appeal, General Hand wrote Major Chew, 
 Oct. 12, 1777 (3NN58) : "Your wounded men are as well 
 where they now are as they could be here. 1 have not blank- 
 
132 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 with this Long Letter. Shall only Add that I will do 
 every [thing] in my Power to Discover the Enemies 
 Motions, & beg you well send me by the first Convey- 
 ance Two Quire of Paper, as I owe the Greatest part 
 [of] one Borrowed Already in my next Shall Send 
 you a Return of the Strength of this Garrison in Men 
 Provisions & Ammunition &c I am Sir with the 
 Greatest Respect Your most Ob*. Hble Ser^ 
 
 James Chew 
 I have Directed the Commissary to Supply Several 
 Distressed Families with the allowance of Soldiers. 
 Untill I Receive your Orders. myself and all that 
 Came with me from Pitt Left our Clothes So that if 
 we Continue Longer the Garrison will be numerous 
 Enough, tho of no Great addition to our Strength. 
 
 TROOPS FOR THE CONTINENTAL ARMY 
 
 [Capt. William Linn to Gen. Edward Hand. lUiio — A. L. S.] 
 Catfish Camp Ocf. ye nth 1777 
 Sir— M'-. MClure^* Has Arrived. He Brought A 
 Letter from M"". Lightfoot Lee®^ In which He Informs 
 
 ets to give them when here, much less to send down for 
 them." — Ed. 
 
 9* Probably David McClure, for whom see Rev. Upper 
 Ohio, p. 234. The following additional facts are noted : 
 April 6, 1778, David McClure was chosen justice of the peace; 
 Aug. 3 of the same year, he took oath as lieutenant-colonel 
 of the Ohio County militia; and at the September court he 
 was appointed clerk of the county, to succeed James Mc- 
 Mechen, who had removed from the state. — Ed. 
 
 95 Francis Lightfoot Lee (1734-97) was a member of the 
 Continental Congress from its first session until 1779, when 
 he resigned and the same year entered the senate of Virginia. 
 He was a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and 
 only less famous than his elder brother, Richard Henry 
 Lee. — Ed. 
 
RAISING TROOPS 133 
 
 me that He thought it proper for M^ MClure to Re- 
 turn Home Again As the Congress at that time Had 
 Left Philadelphia And Had Not Met Before He Left 
 that M^ Lee told M"". MClure that they Could not 
 Determine it Under two Weeks But as Soon as they 
 Concluded Upon it that they would Send an Express 
 Out which I Suppose will Come to You You will be 
 Kind Enough to Send me Express As Soon as the Ex- 
 press Comes from Congress to You And Inform me 
 What they Have Agreed Upon As I Intend to Rais 
 Men as fast As possible if they Congress Grants what 
 We Concluded Upon Pleas When You write me 
 Direct it to Colo. Brown^^ Redstone Fortt From 
 
 Your Obleg^. Humble Serv*. 
 
 Will*". Linn 
 
 To His Excellency Gen. Hand Fort Pitt P^. favour Col. 
 Shepperd 
 
 TROOPS FOR EXPEDITION 
 
 [Calendar of letters, 3NN57, 65, 180; lUiii; and Darlington's 
 Fort Pitt, p. 227. Oct. 13-16.] 
 Oct. 13. General Hand writes to Col. John Piper^^ 
 
 96 For Col. Thomas Brown see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 233, 
 note 76. — Ed. 
 
 9"^ Col. John Piper was born in Ireland in 1730. When ten 
 years of age his family emigrated to America, but soon after 
 landing at Wilmington, Del., the father died. The widow and 
 her sons removed to Shippensburg, in Cumberland County. 
 John Piper was out with Bouquet in 1764; and in 1772 re- 
 moved to Yellow Creek, in Bedford County, where he had a 
 large place on Piper's Run. About 1776 he built a large stone 
 house, which in i860 was still standing, and in possession of 
 his descendants. In 1776 he raised a company and served 
 one year in the Continental army; after that he was charged 
 with the defense of the frontier, as colonel of Bedford Coun- 
 ty militia. Piper later served in the state legislature, and as 
 associate justice of his county (1790). He died at his home 
 on Piper's Run in 1816. See Draper MSS., 7E48. — Ed. 
 
134 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 that he has ordered 150 men from Bedford and 250 
 from Westmoreland for an expedition into the Indian 
 country. Of the former, Captain Shearer with seven- 
 teen men have arrived.®* Urges that the remainder 
 be sent, as Virginia mihtia are partly arrived and 
 partly on their march. The same day he sent word to 
 the county-lieutenant of Westmoreland to hasten on 
 his men and the provisions. 
 
 Oct. 14. General Hand writes to Col. William 
 Russell^® or officer commanding the 13th Virginia: 
 ''We have had two severe blows at Wheeling on the 
 1st and 27th ult° — 14 killed the first, and 21 the last. 
 Capt. Wm. Foreman of Hampshire and his son fell 
 the 27th. Forty six of them suffered themselves to 
 be led out by Mr. Wm. Linn, fell into an ambuscade 
 of 50 Indians and were totally routed. The Kittan- 
 ning I was obliged to evacuate for want of men. I 
 have many difficulties to encounter, yet hope to drink 
 your health in pure element at Sandusky^ before 
 Christmas." 
 
 98 A William Shearer accompanied the Sandusky expedition 
 of 1782. Probably, however, the present allusion was to 
 Robert Shearer, a prominent citizen of Robinson township, 
 in the later- formed Washington County. He may have acted 
 with the Bedford militia at this time. It would seem from 
 Major Chew's letter of Oct. 16, that Hand stationed Shearer 
 and his men at Beech Bottom Fort. Robert Shearer was 
 killed by Indians in 1780, while cultivating corn at his home- 
 stead. — Ed. 
 
 99 For sketch of Col. William Russell see Dunmore's War, 
 p. 6, note 9. — Ed. 
 
 1 This is an interesting evidence of General Hand's purpose 
 in his proposed expedition — that it was to strike the Sandusky 
 towns, where were collected the bands most hostile to the 
 Americans. For a sketch of Sandusky see Rev. Upper Ohio, 
 p. 218, note 61. — Ed. 
 
RAISING TROOPS 135 
 
 Oct. 14. Maj. James Chew writes from Fort 
 Henry, enclosing lists of the garrison and Captain 
 Shearer's report from Beech Bottom. wSent Captain 
 Williamson with thirty men to escort in the beeves. 
 On their return it is learned that on Friday last one 
 man was killed near Van Meter's mill on Short Creek. 
 Scouts report fresh tracks ; but he flatters himself that 
 few scalps will be taken while he is with the garrison. 
 Purposes setting out with the boats next Thursday. 
 Garrison will be weak unless reinforced. Militia 
 will not remain after time expires. 
 
 Oct. 16. Thomas Baldwin, James Ratchkin, James 
 Parsons, Edward Lucas, John Baldwin, and Michael 
 Rader,- captains of militia from Frederick, Loudoun, 
 Berkeley, Hampshire, and Dunmore'^ Counties assem- 
 
 2 A famih' of Baldwins was forted at the present site of 
 Blacksville, Monongalia County. 
 
 Edward T>ucas was one of the earliest settlers of Frederick 
 County, arriving there from Pennsylvania in 1725. This is 
 probably Edward Lucas Jr., since the elder Lucas died Oct. 3, 
 1777. The son served in the Continental army as well as in 
 the militia. 
 
 A German family of Roeders (Rader) was located in the 
 Shenandoah Valley, in what was later Rockingham Coun- 
 ty. — Ed. 
 
 3 Frederick was the pioneer county of the lower Shenan- 
 doah Valley, and was erected in 1738; but owing to insuffi- 
 cient population it was not organized until 1743. 
 
 Loudoun, east of the Blue Ridge Mountains, was formed 
 from Fairfax in 1757, and named for the British General 
 Earl of Loudoun. 
 
 Berkeley was formed from Frederick in 1772. It then com- 
 prised all of what is known as the Eastern Panhandle of 
 West Virginia. Berkeley's quota for this campaign was to 
 be a hundred men. See letter from Hand, dated Aug. 12, 
 1777, to Col. Van Swearingen, militia officer in Berkeley, pub- 
 lished in Danske Dandridge, Historic Shepherdsfozvn (Char- 
 lottesville, Va., 1910), pp. 179, 180. 
 
 Hampshire County was erected in 1754 from both Augusta 
 
1.^6 IKON rilLk Dl'J'ENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 1)1ch1 at l'\)rt Titt, address General Hand to the effect 
 that in their opinion a campaign down the Ohio is im- 
 practicable, the season being far spent and there being 
 only 3(x3 men in their combined companies. Allude to 
 Captain Foreman's loss. 
 
 (iOOl) NEWS FROM THK KAST 
 
 I Col. (iccujAi' Mi>rg;in to the Dolawaros. 1U113.] 
 
 York I Pa.] Ocf. 16. 1777 
 
 Tainiriui, To the wise Council of the PeJawares at 
 Cooehoclci}i(/ 
 
 CiiiKKS AND Bkotiikrs.— \Mien 1 wrote to you last 
 1 told you you should hear from me again in thirty 
 Days. T then expected to have been back at Fort Pitt 
 in that Time but as I have much Business to do with 
 the great Council [Congress] 1 shall not return quite 
 so soon as 1 expected, they have desired me to write 
 to you to tell you some of the good News we have 
 from our Armies. They thank you for your last 
 Message, what you desire shall be done. They place 
 great Confidence in your wise Councils & are deter- 
 mined that you shall never have reason to be sorry 
 for being strong in good works. 
 
 Brothers, I lately wrote a I>etter to Genl. Hand 
 informing him of the Success our Northern Army 
 then had. He will send a Copy of it to you, I now 
 cinifirm the Contents. 
 
 and Frederick. It comprised the upper waters of the Poto- 
 mac, and lay between Alleghany and Shenandoah mountain 
 ranges. 
 
 l>unmore County was formed from Frederick in 1772. The 
 name was (in October, 1777) changed to Shenandoah, on ac- 
 count of Lord Dunmore's unpopularity in the state. — Ed. 
 
Nicws I'kOM 'iiii<: I':as'J" 137 
 
 lirolkcrs, Since I wrol(t lli.il Lcltci- Vi/'. on iIk! 
 4"'. Inst, owv Army surroiiudcrl ,-i p.ul of flic I'.rili ,li 
 'liooj)', ;il f icnii.'iiilowii wlicii 1500 f)f lliciii were 
 I. illcd, wounded ^ taken I'risoners. 'Ilieir (!oura^e 
 hcj^Hns to fail for they did nr)t (ij^lit stronj( tliat Day. 
 1 lowcvci- llicir whole Aiiny out ^ ;i pari of ours only 
 hein^ en^a/^ed we hrr>u^ht our prisoners off to our 
 iiK'iin army all oi them are now taking Possession 
 of ,U( h ^iromids ;i.s will effci hi.illy surrouu'l out ICne- 
 mics. We are making good strong fetices to I'en 
 them u|) so that they shall not get off unless ihey steal 
 out of sr)me hole in the Night Time for now they arc 
 out of reach of their Ship]>ing. 
 
 lirolhers, On the 7"'. Ins' our Army to the North- 
 ward routed the hritish Army commanrled hy their 
 greatest Gcnl's, who sent orders to Detroit last Spring 
 to emj)loy the Wiandots & other western Nations & to 
 hire them tf> do Mischief that he might Succeed the 
 I'etter. They were so foolish as tf> he deceiverl <S/ he 
 is now riefeated. I send yf>u a ])articular Account of 
 this hccause f know it will make your Hearts glad. 
 Listen to the ann(;xed Letter.'^ 
 
 * Annexcfl is the (;oi)y of a letter from Conimissary (General 
 'rrmnhiill to the President of Congress, daferl Albany, OcX. 0, 
 1777. After rlescriljing the battles of Oct. 7 anrl X, he says: 
 "The (Canada Indians have rleserted the I>ritish Army and the 
 Six Nations have joined ours. In the late action the Oneidas 
 ik Tuscaroras were of great Service. In this they had little 
 share, but they have determiner! to send a War Piclt through 
 all their own & other Nations to take uj^ the hatchet in favour 
 of the Americans ag"'- the British Troops on account of ill 
 Treatment they have rv.cA. The Southern Indians have also 
 ent us the Eagles Tail & Uattle, So that the Western Na- 
 tion [s] will soon reiK-nt th'-ir folly." — Fm. 
 
138 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 Brothers, So soon as we take Genl. Howe & his 
 Army Prisoners (which I hope to inform you of be- 
 fore many Moons) our Army will have nothing else 
 to do, but to divert themselves with the Mingoes, 
 Wiandots &c^. but as they & we are all born of one 
 Mother, and live on one Land, I wish they would now 
 come to their Senses and ask for Peace before their 
 women & children get hurt or are carried into Slavery. 
 If they lose this opportunity, I tell you they will re- 
 pent it. 
 
 Brothers, you shall hear from me three Weeks 
 after you receive this. Continue Strong & let Capt. 
 Pipe, Colisqua &c^ know this News. 
 
 Taimenend 
 
 HANI) VISITS WHEELING: MILITIA ATTACKED 
 
 [Archibald Steel to Gen. Edward Hand. 1U12S— A. L. S.] 
 
 Pittsburgh Octr. 21th 1777 
 Dear General hand — I Need Not inform you how 
 the Militia Behavd after you Set out for wheeling. 
 But Refers you to there Conduct whilst you were 
 Present, they Left this at 10 of the Clock on Sunday 
 Evening, yesterday they Stoptd at Logs toun^ in the 
 morning where the met with two or three indians, 
 which By all acounts Defeated the whole Party killd 
 one and wounded one. Magor Chue hapned to Com 
 to them Just after the indians fired and fled. he 
 found the whole Party So alarmd that he Could Not 
 get one Man to assist him to Surround a Cornfield 
 where the thought the indians were. But I Beleve 
 they Proceeded on their Jorney. 
 
 5 For this place see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 26, note 52. — Ed. 
 
INDIAN DEPREDATIONS 139 
 
 Just Now one hundred and forty horses Came 
 Loaded with flower. I Expect in a Day or two one 
 hundred More horses. I will Detain them to [till] 
 the Express Returns. 
 
 I have Just Convers'^ with Capt. wm. Loughry*^ 
 
 about the Militia of Westmorland, he Cannot Give 
 
 any acount whether one man from that Place will 
 
 Com to your assistance or Not. I am Dear Sir your 
 
 humble Servant 
 
 Archibald Steel." 
 
 To The Honorable Edward Hand Brigadi" General on his 
 way to or at wheelen By Express. 
 
 6 William Lochry was a brother of Archibald, county 
 lieutenant, and was in 1774 a justice of the county court of 
 Westmoreland. It would appear that he was at this time 
 captain of militia. — Ed. 
 
 ' Col. Archibald Steele was born in Lancaster County about 
 T741 ; at the outbreak of the Revolution he assisted in raising 
 a company of riflemen, of which he was commissioned lieu- 
 tenant. They proceeded to Boston, and were enrolled in the 
 regiment of which Hand was lieutenant-colonel. In Septem- 
 ber, 1775, Steele was one of a company detached to accom- 
 pany Arnold on his perilous march to Quebec. He attracted 
 the attention of the commander by his enterprise and endur- 
 ance, and undertook several difficult reconnoissances. At the 
 siege of Quebec, Steele was wounded and taken prisoner. 
 Being exchanged in 1776, he returned home, and was appoint- 
 ed deputy quartermaster-general. In that capacity he was 
 with General Hand at Pittsburgh. Later he served as mili- 
 tary storekeeper to the United States army, making his home 
 in Philadelphia. He was honorably discharged from the army 
 in 1816, and died at his Philadelphia home in 1832. Three 
 of his sons served in the War of 1812-15. — Ed. 
 
140 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 [Maj. James Chew to Gen. Edward Hand. 1U122 — A. L. S.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, October 21^*^ 1777 
 Dear General — this Morning I arrived at this 
 Garrison. a few minutes after I Passed by Loggs 
 Town, I was informed by one of the Officers of my 
 detachment that Call'd at that place, that the Indians 
 Killd a Man of Cap* Lucas's Company & Wounded 
 one Other, which I Brought with me to Pitt. I am 
 very sorry I had not Staid untill you Came to 
 Wheeling, as I am at loss to know, What I am to do 
 As the Monnongalia Militia, have left this Fort, 
 indeed, my Leaving Fort Henry was Owing to the 
 Impatiance of the Men to get other Cloaths, and fit 
 themselves out Should Occasion Call them again this 
 Fall, which I Heartily Hope it will be the Case and 
 that it will also be in your Power to Cross the River, 
 that the Indians may be Paid for Some of their Mis- 
 deeds. I beg you will Let me Know by Express if I 
 am to Continue Here, or where, Untill the Campain 
 goes Forward. Believe me any Post is Agreeable to 
 me that you may think Proper, As I will make my 
 Inclination & duty always Coincide with your Orders, 
 and am Sir With the Greatest Respect Your most 
 Obd* Hu'ble Ser*. 
 
 James Chew 
 
 On Public Service to Brigadier General Hand at Fort Henry 
 pi" Express. 
 
 [Col. John Gibson to Gen. Edward Hand, 1U123 — A. L S.] 
 Dear General — By the Inclosed letters you will be 
 informed of the state of the Garrison at Konhawa not 
 knowing what Quantity of Amunition and provision 
 you wou'd Choose to send by them, has enduced me to 
 
INDIAN DEPREDATIONS 141 
 
 Send this Express for your further orders. After all 
 the Care that has Been taken to prevent the Infection 
 of the Small pox from Spreading, I am sorry to In- 
 form you that a man at McClellans house in town has 
 Been lying there sick of that Distemper these sixteen 
 days past, the pox is quite turned on him and I am 
 afraid the Distemper is Spread. Major Chew and his 
 party arrived here last night he will Remain here 
 until further orders from you. Cap*^. [William] 
 Lochry is just come in with 150 Packhorses loaded 
 with flour, he informs me that the Indians have 
 Burnt a number of houses near Kiskemonetto. Noth- 
 ing new from Below. If you should think it proper 
 that any more flour or Stores should be sent to Weling 
 please to acquaint me. Capt Lochry seems to think it 
 will Be very hard to Get the Militia of Westmoreland 
 to turn out, and I wish it may not Be the Case with 
 the people of this County. I shall Be happy in hearing 
 of your safe Arrival at Weling. I am Dear General 
 your most obedient humble Servt. 
 
 Jno. Gibson 
 Fort Pitt Oct^ 21^* 1777. 
 To Genl Hand. 
 
142 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 TORY DROWNED; ZACKWELL MORGAN ARRESTED 
 
 [Col. John Gibson to Gen. Edward Hand. 3NN182 — 
 Transcript] 
 
 Fort Pitt Oct. 22^. 1777. 
 
 Dear General — Just after the express left this on 
 the 21^* [Oct.], James Shirley came in here with an 
 account of his being attacked by Indians, between 
 Capt. Cisney's place & Sam'. Newells on the road to 
 Logstown. They killed one Smith & his daughter, & 
 tomahawked his son, a boy about 6 years old, & after 
 scalping him, left him ; the boy is still alive, but I am 
 afraid will not recover. 
 
 I am sorry to inform you that the militia of Monon- 
 gahala county are in the utmost confusion, occasioned 
 by the drowning of Higgison, the noted Tory. The 
 report is that he in company with Col. Zach : Morgan 
 and four others were crossing a flat at the mouth of 
 Cheat River — Higgison was handcuffed & had bolts 
 on his legs & whether he tumbled out, or was thrown 
 out, is uncertain. Some say he was thrown by Col. 
 Morgan : However, the coroner's inquest have found 
 it wilful murder, & a called court has been held, & 
 Col. Morgan is ordered to Williamsburg for further 
 trial. Capt. Pigman & most of the Captains have re- 
 signed, & have publicly declared they will not go on an 
 expedition without Col. Morgan. As I thought the 
 communicating this to you was of the utmost impor- 
 tance, I have therefore sent this express'^ &c. 
 
 John Gibson 
 
 Gen. Hand, Fort Henry. 
 
 ^ The Virginia assembly passed a law in the autumn of 
 ^111, appointing three commissioners to proceed to Fort Pitt 
 
A TORY DROWNED 143 
 
 [Maj. James Chew to Gen. Edward Hand. 1U124 — A. L. S.] 
 
 Fort Pitt October 23 J. 1777. 
 Dear General — by two men from the County of 
 Monongalia Yesterday evening I was inform'd that 
 Hickison, the Cursed Tory was drown'd in Crossing 
 Cheat River, in Company with Col°. Morgan and Sev- 
 eral others, the Magestrates of that County have 
 Accused Col°. Morgan, as the Person who threw the 
 said Hickson into the River and Proceed to find him 
 Guilty & have Past Sentence for his further Tryal at 
 Williamsburgh by the Accounts my informant Gives 
 me no Positive Proof Could be made Appear, against 
 the Col°. Please Receive the Acc^ in their Own 
 Words. CoP. Morgan after Ironing Hickson was 
 
 and examine the extent of the dissatisfaction in that neigh- 
 borhood ; Hening, Statutes, ix, p. 374. The Loyalist dis- 
 affection in this region seems to have been a direct result of 
 Hamilton's letters and proclamations, already cited. In the 
 autumn of 1777 the affairs of the colonists appeared desperate, 
 and many thought to save their lives and property by giving 
 adherence to the king. British agents sent a test oath, which 
 was secretly taken by a number of poor and ignorant people 
 in that part of Pennsylvania and Virginia that borders the 
 Monongahela and Youghiogheny rivers. Col. Thomas Gaddis 
 and Col. Zackwell Morgan were especially active in arresting 
 and quelling this uprising. A skirmish was held, and the Loy- 
 alists dispersed. Higginson (or Hickson) seems to have been 
 the only one who was killed, and his drowning was claimed 
 to be accidental. His grave was marked for many years at 
 the forks of Cheat River. Col. Zackwell Morgan was arrest- 
 ed and tried for the murder of this prisoner, but was acquit- 
 ted at the trial. For a detailed account of the episode, see 
 the reminiscences of John Crawford in Draper MSS., 
 6NN86-101. The excitement in the West was intense. Many 
 prominent men were suspected. Col. George Morgan was 
 placed under arrest for a brief time ; and even Hand's fidelity 
 was in question. The disaffection finally culminated in the 
 flight to the British (March, 1778) of Col Alexander McKee 
 and his part}^ See post. — Ed. 
 
144 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 seen to turn away from him, and was not seen by any 
 Person, tho, there were six others in the Boat or flatt, 
 besides some others on the shore, to lay hands on the 
 said Hickeson but on Getting a Cross went off without 
 making any Schearch for him, tho his Hat was seen 
 on the River, the Court notwithstanding, have Done 
 the fatal stroke & Ordered him to Williamsburgh. 
 This will stop the Militia from that County, which 
 will Ruin the Expedition. Good Heaven that the 
 Death of a Vile Tory should Effect us so nearly & 
 Ruin what you have with so much Labour, pains & 
 Dificulty almost Accomplished. Yet, Sir, Without 
 Some Method Can Timely be thought of that will set 
 aside the ill timed Judgm*^. of Court, The Militia 
 from that County are not to be Expected. I know 
 the People there well and am sensible that it is not in 
 the Power of any other Man but Col°. Morgan to 
 march them. You Good Sir, saw the Intrepid beha- 
 viour of those People at the Apprehending of the 
 Torys, also heard how the Popular Voice, was to 
 Hang them on the Spot, it is easy for you to Judge, 
 how much Louder, that Cry is now Extended against 
 the Court for Condemning the Col°. Provided the fact 
 had been Proved, which it seems was not done, im- 
 politic when no other Man, Can do any thing with the 
 Militia to still Irritate them by Condemning, the only 
 Man that could, much more at this Juncture when you 
 had Honored him with your Instructions; Might it 
 not be to Presuming in me I would intreat you to go 
 to that County Your Presence Could do every thing 
 that is Required for the People there look up to you 
 as their Protector. 
 
A A/TEETING OF OFFICERS 145 
 
 Any Coniniands you in the Mean time sliall be 
 Please to give me shall be most Cheerfully Obeyed. I 
 will Repair any where, do any thing, so that the Expe- 
 dition goes On, and Let me add that my Dear f reind 
 the Col°. may be extricated from the Heavy Charge 
 Laid against him. Will you be so Kind as to forgive 
 the faults of this Letter as I am much imbarrassed & 
 Confused for the best of Freinds & the Disapoint- 
 ments you have Experience [d] on this side the Moun- 
 tains I am Dear General With the Greatest Respect 
 Your obliged & most Hble Ser^ 
 
 James Chew 
 
 Col. Gibson writes all the News in this part of the 
 Country and gives a much better Acc^ of Col. Mor- 
 gans affairs than I can Posible do at this Time. 
 On Public Service To. Brigadier General Hand at Fort 
 
 Henry 
 
 COUNTY LIEUTENANTS MEET; EXPEDITION 
 ABANDONED 
 
 [Calendar of letters. 3NN49, 58-62, 187, 188: 1U127. 
 Oct. 26-Nov. 5.] 
 
 Oct. 26. General Hand writes to Col. Daniel 
 McFarland of Monongalia County asking him to come 
 to a meeting of the officers at Fort Pitt, Nov. i. 
 
 Nov. I. General Hand writes from Fort Pitt to 
 Col. Archibald Lochry that he has just returned from 
 Fort Henry to meet the commanding officers of the 
 counties of Yohogania, Monongalia, Ohio, and West- 
 moreland, and get their positive answ^er as to the 
 practicability of an expedition. Mentions Burgoyne's 
 
 10 
 
146 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 defeat, and (jcncral Tottcr's attack on Hessians." 
 Orders an ollicer and a few men to White Pine Run, 
 as the commander-in-chief has sent orders to with- 
 draw Capt. Samuel Miller. 
 
 Nov. 2. General Hand writes to Mrs. Hand: ''I 
 am just returned from a visit to Fort Henry on the 
 Ohio, and am sorry to inform you that I despair of 
 being able to do anything effectual this season. If T 
 can assist the inhabitants to stand their ground, and 
 wait the event of our success to the Northward, shall 
 now deem myself doing a great deal." 
 
 Nov. 2. Col. Archibald Lochry writes to General 
 
 ^ The report was, that "General Potter with the Cumber- 
 land militia attacked looo Hessians on their march from Phila- 
 delphia to Chester with baggage, killed some, took 300 pris- 
 oners, and seized all the baggage and 13 pieces of brass artil- 
 lery," This seems to have been incorrect, although in De- 
 cember General Potter attacked a foraging party from Phila- 
 delphia, with great bravery and effect, and was commended 
 by Washington. 
 
 Gen. James Potter was born (1729) in Ireland, coming to 
 America while young. His father John was sheriff for Cum- 
 berland County, and the son began his career during the 
 French and Indian War, when he served on Armstrong's 
 campaign against Kittanning. At the outbreak of the Revo- 
 lution he joined the patriot forces, and was commissioned 
 brigadier-general in the spring of 1777, after serving through 
 the Trenton-Princeton campaign. In the autumn of this year 
 he commanded the Pennsylvania militia, and was assigned the 
 task of watching the west side of the Schuylkill and cutting 
 the enemy's communication with Chester and Wilmington. 
 The latter part of the year he retired, because of illness in 
 his family. Rejoining the army, he was in 1782 commissioned 
 major-general, after serving on the executive committee of 
 his state. He was in 1784 a member of the council of censors, 
 and died at his home in Penn's Valley, near Bellefonte, Cen- 
 tre County, in 1789. A portion of his papers was secured by 
 Dr. Draper from his descendants. It was unfortunate that 
 the entire collection was not entrusted to Draper's care, for 
 it has since been scattered and destroved. — Ed. 
 
SEEKING OPINIONS 147 
 
 Hand that they can furnish but lOO men for the expe- 
 dition, as their frontier is much distressed, the savages 
 daily committing hostihties, burning and plundering.^" 
 
 Nov. 2. General Hand writes to Col. George 
 Morgan that he expects little aid from the neighboring 
 counties. He has returned to Fort Pitt to meet the 
 county-lieutenants, who have not all arrived, owing to 
 excessive high waters. Narrates the Indian attacks 
 at Logstown and in the vicinity. "Tom Nichols and 
 party are returned ; they were out 6 weeks and a day ; 
 he has been at Muncy and Musquaghty towns,^^ Le 
 Boeuf and to the head of French Creek, but could not 
 discover any appearance of a regular enemy." 
 
 Nov. 3. General Hand sends to the Delaware 
 chiefs additional good news from the Eastward. 
 
 Nov. 3. General Hand requests of the county offi- 
 cers their sentiments in writing about the expedition. 
 Only seventeen men have come from Bedford, three 
 from Westmoreland, a few are assembled at Fort 
 
 i"See Lochry's letter in Penna. Archives, v, p. 741. — Ed. 
 
 " Probably Thomas Nicholson, who had lived with the In- 
 dians, and on several occasions was guide and interpreter ; 
 see Dumnore's War, p. 13, note 26. 
 
 The Munsee were a division or clan of the Delawares, who 
 had several villages upon the upper Allegheny. Thence issued 
 tlie parties that struck the Westmoreland frontier. These 
 villages were established some time previous to 1748, when 
 Celoron in his voyage mentions several "Loup" towns — the 
 Munsee were the wolf — loup — clan of the Delawares. Celoron 
 likewise mentions one town containing a number of Renard 
 (or Fox) Indians — see Wis. Hist. Colls., xviii, p. 40. This 
 would seem to be the town to which Hand here refers under 
 the name of "Musquaghty". The Foxes called themselves 
 Musquake, and the remnant of the tribe in Iowa is still known 
 by this name. These were the villages raided by P>rodhead 
 in his expedition up the Allegheny in 1779. — Ed. 
 
148 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 Henry. There are at Fort Randolph 130, from which 
 he could not draw more than 100. 
 
 Nov. 3. John Campbell, county lieutenant of Yoho- 
 gania, Daniel McFarland, colonel of Monongalia, 
 John Gibson, lieutenant-colonel of 13th Virginia, 
 Alexander Barr, colonel of Westmoreland,^^ and 
 James Chew, major of Monongalia, submitted their 
 opinion to General Hand. The number now collected 
 will not exceed 800; not more than 150 more avail- 
 able. ''And as the cold season is now setting in, and 
 the militia destitute of the necessary clothing — give us 
 leave. Sir, to offer it as our opinion, that under these 
 difficulties, the stationing a number of men, not less 
 than four hundred, on the frontiers of Monongalia, 
 Yohogania, & Westmoreland, this winter, is all that 
 can be done ; and from the distressed situation of Ohio 
 county, a number not less than one hundred and fifty 
 men." 
 
 Nov. 5. General Hand countermands orders for 
 militia, expressing his great mortification at finding he 
 could not collect a sufficient body of men to march 
 into the Indian country. 
 
 1- Alexander Barr was one of a group of Scotch-Irishmen 
 who as early as 1769 removed from Cumberland Valley to 
 Derry township, Westmoreland. The Barr settlement was 
 about a mile from the village of New Derry and contained a 
 blockhouse known as Fort Barr. During an attack in 1778 
 on Wallace's Fort, one of the Barrs while hastening to the 
 relief of his friends, was shot and killed before attaining the 
 safety of the fort. Alexander Barr went down the Ohio 
 about 1785, locating lands in company with Richard Wallace; 
 he was at that time killed by the Indians for trespassing on 
 their lands. See Hand's letter to Colonel Lochry, dated Nov. 
 5. '^Il'l, with regard to the disposal of Colonel Barr's troops, 
 in Darlington, Fort Pi ft, pp. 228, 229. — Ed. 
 
CORNSTALK 149 
 
 FORT RANDOLPH REINFORCED; CORNSTALK 
 DETAINED 
 
 [Capt. Matthew Arbuckle to Gen. Edward Hand. 3NN 78, 
 79 — Transcript.] 
 
 Fort Randolph, 7th Nov^. 1777 
 
 Sir — I have the pleasure to inform you of the ar- 
 rival of the troops from Augusta and Bottetourt here 
 the 5'^. inst, under the command of Col°. Dickinson & 
 Col. Skilron [Skillern]. 
 
 I am very uneasy concerning the batteaux which I 
 have daily expected for some time past — by which I 
 expected to hear more particularly from you relative 
 to the ensuing campaign. I am somewhat suspicious 
 that some misfortune has befallen them, being con- 
 vinced you would have despatched one down with 
 flour with the greatest expedition, knowing the condi- 
 tion of this garrison both with respect to flour & salt. 
 We were totally out of salt three days ago, & our 
 beeves are daily losing. 
 
 I have here detained Cornstalk and two other Shaw- 
 anese^^ whom I'm determined to keep confined until 
 I have further instructions from you. 
 
 I much doubt you have been disappointed in the 
 troops you demanded from the several counties, which 
 might probably have defeated your design. Should 
 you be so circumstanced, 1 desire you would despatch 
 as many boats with flour as would be sufficient during 
 the winter, as I make no doubt but the river may be 
 frozen up. 
 
 ^3 Xhe other Indians were Redhawk and a chief who hav- 
 ing lost one eye was familiarly known as "Old Yie." His 
 Indian name appears to have been Petalla. See West Vir- 
 ginia Magazine, April, 1902, p. 57, — Ed. 
 
150 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 Should you be prevented from proceeding, would 
 desire you would give particular directions relative to 
 Cornstalk as I am well satisfied the Shawanese are all 
 our enemies. The last arrived troops had scarcely 
 flour sufficient to carry them to this garrison. In- 
 closed I send you the n*'. of troops last arrived. I am, 
 with respect, Sir, Y"" very hble serv^, 
 
 Mathew Arbuckle 
 Genl Hand 
 
 [Col. John Dickinson to Gen. Edward Hand. 1U128 — A. L. S.] 
 
 POINT PLESENT NeAR FoRT RANDOLPH /th Nov'" 1777 
 
 Dear S^. — Col". Skilron from Bottetourt and myself 
 from augusta arived here with our Troops from Each 
 County the 5**^ Instant whare w^e flattered our selves 
 of the hapyness of meeting y'". Excelency but being 
 Disapointed Do greatly fear that som accident or Dis- 
 apointment has fell in y"". Way Which I should be 
 hearttely sorry for our N° of Troops are Not men- 
 tined here as the strength of the Whol is Inclosed in 
 Cap*. Arbuckels Letter agreeable to y^. Excelency s 
 Instructions to your County Lieu*^^. We brought Flour 
 and salt seficiant only to bring us to this place as We 
 ware greatly Detaind on our march by Rain and high 
 Waters.^* We Expected to have met with a seficient 
 
 I'' Tn an application (1832) for a pension in Tyler Count3^ 
 Virginia, Peter Berting thus describes the outward march of 
 the Augusta troops (6ZZ44) : He volunteered in a company 
 commanded by Capt. John Hopkins, which was part of a regi- 
 ment headed by Col. John Dickinson, and Major McClanahan. 
 They rendezvoused at Staunton and marched to Warm 
 Springs, Bath County, thence to Jackson's River and across 
 .A^lleghany Mountain to Camp Union (Lewisburg), in Green- 
 briar. There they formed a junction with Skillern's forces 
 
ATTACK ON WALLACE'S 151 
 
 supply of provisions here but to our great mortifica- 
 tion found the garison out of salt and very scarce of 
 Flour tho Wile we have Beef am Willing to sur- 
 mount Every Deficalty and hardship untill We Either 
 see or hear from y''. Excelency. our Troops are Ex- 
 streemly good In general and in high sperits Keen for 
 the Expedision under a Commander of so great a 
 Carecter as y^'.self 
 
 I am Dear general tho unacquainted Y''. Excelencys 
 most obediant and very Hble Serv^ 
 
 John Dickinson 
 
 WALIiACE'S FORT ATTACKED 
 
 [Col. John Proctor to Gen. Edward Hand. 1U129 — A. L. S.] 
 TwELVUE Mile Run Nov. ye 8^^ 1777 
 Honored Sir — I am Just Returned from Bedford 
 with My famaly and find this Quarter of the Contry 
 Mutch Destresst, and in the greatest confusion there 
 was a party of the Bedford Millita at my House on 
 theire Martch to Joyne you and receved youre orders 
 to return the necessity of this Distresst frunt^ 
 [frontier] Calls for Asistiance Coll". [James] Smith 
 being one his martch with a bodey of about Eighty 
 men thought it nessery to order them With him I 
 hope his conduct wnll Meet youre aprobation. Wal- 
 lases fort was Attacted one tuesday last^^ with a body 
 
 from Botetourt, and crossed Sewell Mountain to the Great 
 Kanawha. They halted for several weeks four miles below 
 the falls, and then descended the river to Point Pleasant. — Ed. 
 15 According to a note on the manuscript, written by Dr. 
 Draper, this attack occurred Nov. 4, 1777. The following 
 details are given in a contemporary journal written at Ligo- 
 nier during the autumn of 1777. See George A. Albert, 
 Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania (Harrisburg, 1896), ii, pp. 
 
152 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 of about forty or fifty White Men and indeans the 
 peple in the fort kild one of the white men and 
 obHdged the rest to retrate but the[y are] Seen Evory 
 Day in the Neibohud we havue though [t] it would 
 answer [every] avaluble End To Send out a Strong 
 party in order to fall in with them if Posable. 
 
 I Congratlate you on the Good Nuse from the Nor- 
 ward and am Sir youre Most Obed Humble Servt 
 
 John Proctor 
 
 N. B. I just now recaved intiligance that our 
 batrys has blue up by hot bals at Bilingsport a Ninty 
 gon Ship & 2 others and kild three hundred Hesions 
 and a numbor of Helandors who had landed and made 
 an atempt to storem the Garason but failed in their 
 Desires/^ I am your Hu® [servant] 
 
 j-p 
 
 244, 245: "[Novr.] 5th. The Light Horse Men return'd with 
 the news that yesterda}^ about 11 o'clock Wallace's Fort was 
 attacked by a number of Indians on one Side while a White 
 Man on the Other Side came wading up the Tail Race of his 
 Mill with a Red Flag which seem'd to be intended as a decep- 
 tion for the attack. When the Man appear'd open to the 
 Fort in the instant of the Attack 7 Balls were fir'd thro' him. 
 * * * 2 of the Balls went thro' 2 Letters he had ty'd in a 
 Bag which was hung round his Neck down his Breast. * * * 
 From what cou'd be discover'd by the Letters they were pro- 
 clamations from Detroit to the same amount of those found 
 with Col. Campbell. The same day the People about Palmers 
 Fort were fir'd on." — Ed. 
 
 1^ This is an inaccurate account of the attack, Oct. 22, on 
 Fort Mercer in New Jersey, by a body of Hessians under 
 Count von Donop. Col. Christopher Greene, in command of 
 the fort, repulsed the enemy with great loss. He was assisted 
 by Commodore Hazelwood, whose batteries fired into the 
 British ship "Augusta", 64 guns, causing a great explosion 
 that destroyed the vessel. The "Merlin" was likewise burned. 
 These events occurred the day after the attack on Fort Mer- 
 cer. Billingsport, where the stockade was unfinished, had 
 
ATTACK ON WALLACE'S 153 
 
 [Col. James Smith to Gen. Edward Hand. 1U130 — A. L. S.] 
 FROM ColI proctor's November the 8'^. 1777 
 
 D'' General — Whereas I am persuaded that you 
 had not heard of Wallaces fort being invaded and 
 other Damages Done by the Indiens near this place 
 when you gave orders to the Bedford Melitia to Re- 
 turn and Whereas there is a loud Call for men here at 
 present to Defend and protect this Distressed f runteer ; 
 I have orderd the Bedford Melitia to march in Con- 
 nection with a party of my men over Conemah^^ to 
 Reconoitor and Scour the woods and if posable to 
 anoy the Enemy or Drive them over the alegany; and 
 I hope Sir I will be Justified by you in So Doing. I 
 am Sir your most obedient Humble Serv*. 
 
 James Smith 
 To His Excelancy General Edward Hand Fort Pitt 
 
 N B my intention is to Detain those men but about 
 ten Days ; and by that time your pleasure may be 
 known 
 
 been abandoned b}- the Americans several da^'S previous to 
 this attack. — Ed. 
 
 1" The word Conemaugh is said to signify an otter. The 
 stream rises in the Alleghany range and flows westward 
 through Laurel and Chestnut ranges, until, uniting with the 
 Loyalhanna, it forms the Kiskiminitas. The valley of the 
 Conemaugh was early settled by Scotch-Irish from the Cum- 
 berland. John Pomroy and James Wilson formed the nucleus 
 of this colony, which was known as the Derry settlement. 
 These two men came out as early as 1772. A few settlers 
 may, however, have preceded them, on the north side of the 
 Conemaugh near Black Lick Creek. The region was un- 
 usually exposed to Indian raids, most of which originated 
 with the British authorities at Niagara. Wallace's Fort suf- 
 fered at least three attacks within the year 1777-78. — Ed. 
 
154 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 HAND REPORTS ABANDONMENT OF EXPEDITION 
 
 [Extract from a letter of Gen. Edward Hand to Gen. George 
 Washington. 15S113 — Transcript.] 
 
 Fort Pitt 9th Nov''. 1777. 
 ''When I last did myself the honor to write to your 
 Excellency, I fully expected to be able to penetrate 
 the Indian country. But, alas! I was disappointed; 
 the whole force I was able to collect, including drafts 
 from Hampshire, Berkley, Dunmore, Loudon, Freder- 
 ick & Augusta, did not exceed 800 men. I am there- 
 fore obliged to content myself with stationing small 
 detachments on the frontiers to prevent as much as 
 possible the inroads of the Savages, and rely on the 
 success of our arms to the Northward, & your Excel- 
 lency's operations, for the rest." The writer expects 
 to start next day for Forts Henry and Randolph to 
 establish order and make winter arrangements. 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to Gov. Patrick Henry. 3NN62, 63 — 
 Transcript] 
 
 Fort Pitt, 9*^ Nov. 1777. 
 Sir — When I addressed your Excellency the 8^^. 
 ult°. I fully expected to be able to give the Wyandotts 
 a specimen of what their perfidy so greatly deserves, 
 but to my very great mortification I am obliged to re- 
 linquish that design. The militia from Hampshire, 
 Berkley, Dunmore, Loudon & Frederick arrived here, 
 tho' not the number I expected, Hampshire excepted — 
 that county exceeded ; the number I called for from 
 Augusta I suppose are now at Fort Randolph. My 
 last letter from Col. Fleming, Cot^: Lieut, of Botte- 
 tourt County, gave me little reason to hope that I could 
 expect any men from that county in time. The Coun- 
 
EXPEDITION ABANDONED 155 
 
 ties of Yohogania & Ohio are not able to assist. From 
 Bedford & Westmoreland in Penn^. I did not get 50 
 men for the expedition— so that on summing up my 
 force I found it did not exceed 800 men, including the 
 few regulars here & at Kanhawa — these badly clothed, 
 & the cold season advancing. For these reasons I was 
 obliged to content myself with ordering 150 men to be 
 stationed in each of the frontier counties to prevent, 
 as much as possible, the inroads of the savages and 
 assist the inhabitants in securing their grain and other 
 property. I hope Yohogania & Monongalia will fur- 
 nish for themselves; for Ohio I intend detaining 100 
 of the militia from some of the other Counties, if they 
 are to be prevailed on to stay. 
 
 Since my last the savages have chiefly aimed at 
 Westmoreland County. They killed a soldier at Logs- 
 town & wounded another ; a man & two children have 
 been murdered about five miles from this place; in 
 Monongalia two Indians were seen and I apprehend 
 both killed. In Ohio nothing has happened. 
 
 [Extracts from a letter of Gen. Edward Hand to Richard 
 Peters, secretary to Board of War. 3NN64 — Transcript.] 
 
 Nov. 9, 1777. 
 [Says that he] expected making a move with about 
 300 men assembled here from over the mountains, to 
 draw out those I expected from the frontiers — but to 
 no purpose. But I conjecture it has had a tendency 
 to alarm the savages as they have not appeared in this 
 quarter in any considerable number, since they now 
 aim at Westmoreland — I believe they are yet ignorant 
 of our movements this way. * * * 
 
156 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 About the end of August I found it necessary both 
 to appease the popular clamor and for his own secur- 
 ity to bring M^. Alex'". M^Kee^^ from his farm & con- 
 fine him to his own house here ; he had given a parole 
 to the Committee of this place obliging himself not to 
 correspond with or give any intelligence to the ene- 
 mies of the United States, or to leave the neighbor- 
 hood of Fort Pitt without their leave — which on in- 
 quiry found he had not violated. During the violence 
 of the outcry he was desirous to move down the coun- 
 try to Lancaster County ; and he now wishes to con- 
 tinue here, having a considerable interest in the neigh- 
 borhood, which I did not think necessary to refuse him 
 until I learn the sense of Congress on that head. He 
 has taken up the old parole, & given a new one which 
 I enclose. * 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to Airs. Hand. 3NN50 — Transcript] 
 
 Fort Pitt, gt^^ Nov. 1777. 
 I believe I informed you in my last that I could not 
 accomplish an expedition into the Indian country. I 
 was much deceived in the real strength & spirit of this 
 part of the country ; but hope that the prosperity of 
 our affairs to the Northward will have a happy influ- 
 ence on the Western Indians. 
 
 Jesse [Ewing] & myself intend a voyage to the 
 Kenhawa & are to set out to-morrow ; on our return, 
 which will be by Staunton, in Virginia, I will apply for 
 leave to go down the country. 
 
 18 For a brief biographical sketch of Alexander McKee, see 
 Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 74, note 3. — Ed. 
 
CORNSTALK'S ATTITUDE 157 
 
 THE MURDER OF CORNSTALK 
 
 [Portion of the narrative of Capt. John Stuart.i^ 
 6NN105-112.] 
 
 The preceeding year 1777 the Indians again began 
 under the influence of british agents to manifest signs 
 of commencing hostilities, and the Corn Stak war- 
 rior with the young Redhawk paid a visit to Cap* 
 Arbuckle's garrison he made no secret of the dispo- 
 sition of the Indians declaring that he was opposed 
 to joining the war on the side of the British, but that 
 all the rest of the nation but himself and his wife were 
 determined to engage in it; and of course he should 
 have to run with the stream (as he expressed it) on 
 which Cap* Arbuckle thout proper to detain him, the 
 
 1^ Stuart's Narrative was first published in 1833 in the first 
 volume of Collections of the Virginia Historical and Philo- 
 sophical Society from a copy furnished to the editor by the 
 son of the author. The latter says, in his accompanying let- 
 ter, that he does not know the date at which the narrative 
 was written ; and that in presenting the copy he has made 
 some minor changes in spelling and punctuation. In 1877 the 
 American Magazine of History printed this narrative (vol. i, 
 commencing pp. 668, 740) from a manuscript said to be the 
 original by John Stuart, and then owned by a subscriber in 
 Salem, Va., who signed himself "Wm. McC". This is dated 
 December, 1820. Among the Draper MSS. is what appears to 
 be a portion of the original manuscript, from which we print 
 the extract relating to Cornstalk's murder, of which Stuart 
 was an eye-witness. Dr. Draper was long in correspondence 
 with Charles A. Stuart, son of the writer, from whom he may 
 readily have obtained this document. Both this and that at 
 Salem may have been originals prepared by the author. The 
 circumstance of the date would go to show that the latter 
 was a second edition, since the son testified that the original 
 in his possession showed no date. This narrative of Stuart 
 has been made the basis of all detailed accounts of Corn- 
 stalk's death, by Doddridge, Withers, and later writers. The 
 accompanying documents and letters throw additional light 
 on this tragic episode. — Ed. 
 
158 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 young Redhavvk and another fellow as hostages to 
 prevent the nation from joining the British. In the 
 course of that summer our new Government [ordered] 
 an army to be raised of volenteers and General Hand 
 was appointed to the command, who as soon as suffi- 
 cient fore could be collected at fort Pit was to begin 
 his march down the river to point pleasant, and there 
 to meet a reinforcement expected to be raised in 
 Augusta and Botetourt counties. 
 
 We collected in all 30 or 40 men and joined the rest 
 of the men on their march under Colo. Skillern to 
 point pleasant when we arrived there, there was no 
 account of General Hand or his army and but little 
 provision made to supply our troops save what we had 
 taken with us down the Kanawha; and we found the 
 garison unable to give us any relief, being [having] 
 nearly exhausted what had been previously furnished 
 before our arrival. we concluded to remain at the 
 garison until General Hand should arrive, or some 
 accounts from him; during our stay two young men 
 of the name of Hamilton, and Gilmore, crossed the 
 Kanawha one day to hunt deer ; on their return to 
 camp some Indians had approached to view our en- 
 campment and had concealed themselves in the weeds 
 of the top of the bank at the mouth of the Kanawha ; 
 and as Gilmore came along they killed him on [the] 
 bank Capt. Arbuckle and myself were standing on 
 the point of the opposite bank when the gun fired and 
 wondered what any one was doing there firing con- 
 trary to orders ; when we Saw Hamilton run down the 
 bank and call out that Gilmore was killed. Gilmore 
 
MURDER OF CORNSTALK 159 
 
 was one of the company of Capt. John Hall from that 
 part of the country now called Rockhridge county 
 [The captain was] a relation of Gilmores and whose 
 familey wer chiefly cut off by the Indians in 1763-" 
 when Greenbriar was cut off. Halls men instantly 
 jumped in to a canoe and went to the relief of Hamil- 
 ton brought the corpse of Gilmore down the bank 
 scalped and covered with blood, he was put into 
 canoe and as the[y] passed the River I observed to 
 Capt. Arbuckle the[y] would be for killing the hos- 
 tages as soon as the canoe would land but he sup- 
 posed the[y] would not commit so great an out rage 
 on the innocent who were not accessary to Gilmore's 
 murder. 
 
 but the canoe was scarsely landed in the creek when 
 the cry was raised let us kill the Indians in the fort 
 and every man with his gun in his hand came up the 
 bank pale as death with rage. Capt. Hall was at their 
 head. Captain Arbuckle and myself met them en- 
 deavoring to disuade them from so unjustifyable an 
 action but they cocked their guns threatened us with 
 instant death if we did not desist and rushed into the 
 fort. 
 
 On the preceeding day Corn Stalk's son had come 
 from the nation to see his father and to know if he 
 
 20 The Gilmore family lived on Carr's Creek in Augusta 
 (later Rockbridge) County. On Oct. 10, 1759, this settlement 
 was attacked by a band of Shawnee, headed by Cornstalk, 
 who massacred John Gilmore and his wife and son Thomas, 
 and the wife of William Gilmore; after killing Thomas they 
 captured his wife and three children. The marauders were 
 pursued and the prisoners retaken. The same settlement was 
 again raided in 1763, in which some of the Gilmore connection 
 suffered, as well as their neighbors the Hamiltons. — Ed. 
 
160 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 was alive; when he came to the River his father was 
 that instant dehneating a map of the country and wa- 
 ters between the Shawanee town and the Mississippi 
 at our request with Chalk upon the floor, he instantly 
 knew the voice of his son, went out and answered 
 him, when the young fellow crossed over and they 
 embraced each other in the most tender and affection- 
 ate manner. The next day the Interpreter's wife 
 who had been a prisoner with the Indians and had 
 recently left them, hearing the uproar and seeing the 
 men coming to kill the Indians for whom she seemed 
 to have an affection, run to their cabin informed them 
 the people were cumming to kill them and that the[y] 
 said the Indians that killed Gilmore came with Elinip- 
 sico the day before, he utterly denied it declared he 
 knew nothing of them, and trembled exceedingly ; 
 his father incouraged him told him not to be afraid, 
 for the great Spirit above had sent him there to be 
 killed, the men advanced to the door, the Corn Stalk 
 arose and met them, seven or eight bullets were fired 
 into him, and his son was shot dead as he sat upon a 
 stool. Redhawk made an attempt to go up the chim- 
 ney but was shot down, the other Indian was shame- 
 fully mangled. I grieved to see him so long a dying. 
 Thus died the great Cornstalk warrior who from per- 
 sonal appearance and many brave acts was undoubt- 
 edly a Hero. I have no doubt if he had been spared 
 but he would have been friendly to the Americans for 
 nothing could have induced him to make the visit to 
 the garison at that critical time, but to communicate 
 the temper and disposition of the Indians, and their 
 design of taking part with the British, on the day 
 
MONITMENT TO CoRNSTALK 
 
 At Point T'Icasant. W. \'a. From a recent pliotograph 
 
MURDER OF CORNSTALK 161 
 
 he was killed we held a council in which he was pres- 
 ent; his countenance was dejected and he made a 
 Speech all of which seemed to indicate an honest and 
 manly disposition, he acknowledged that he expected 
 himself and his party would have to run with the 
 stream, for all the Indians or those Indians on the 
 lakes and to the north were joinin the British. ^^ 
 
 When he made his speech in council with us he 
 seemed impressed with an awful presentment of his 
 aproaching fate for he repeatedly said, when I was a 
 young man and went to war I thought that might be 
 the last time, and I would return no more but now I 
 am here among you and you may kill me if you please, 
 I can die but once and its all one to me now or at 
 another time, this sentiment concluded every period 
 
 "1 The British reports of the murder of Cornstalk are as 
 follows : 
 
 Jan. 15, 1778, Hamilton, then at Detroit, wrote to General 
 Carleton : "Different parties of Indians have related that a 
 Sergeant from that place [Fort Pitt] having been killed by 
 some Shawanese, his officer required of the Commandant to 
 deliver up The Cornstalk (a Shawanese Chief at that time at 
 Fort Pitt being in the Virginia Interest) and some of his fol- 
 lowers, this was refused, on which the Cornstalk and his 
 people were seized on by force, taken out of the Fort and 
 put to Death, that the Commandant dissatisfied with this act 
 of violence had gone off to Philadelphia." — Mich. Pion. & 
 Hist. Colls., ix, p. 481. 
 
 Jan. 31, 1778, Joseph Galloway wrote from Philadelphia: 
 "I have received an Account from Fort Pitt that Col. Hand 
 had called to a Treaty the Great Corn Stalk an Indian Chief 
 with other Sachems of the Delaware and Shawanese Tribes, 
 and while in Treaty a Number of the Frontier People, as is 
 supposed under the Direction of Hand, rush'd in upon them 
 and put them to Death." — Dartmouth MSS., reproduced in 
 B. J. Stevens, Facsimiles of Manuscripts in European Arch- 
 ives relating to America, no. 2078, p. 11. — Ed. 
 11 
 
162 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 of his Speech he was killed one hour after. A few 
 days afterwards General Hand arrived but had no 
 troops and we were dismissed and returned home 
 Shortly before Christmass.-- 
 
 Not long after we left the garison a small party 
 apeared in sight of the fort. Lieutenant More--^ was 
 ordered with a party to pursue them, they had come 
 to retaliate the murder of Cornstalk. Moore had not 
 advanced 3,4 of a mile when he fell into an ambuscade 
 and was killed with i or 2 of his men. 
 
 [Deposition on the murder. 3NN80 — Transcript.] 
 
 Fort Randolph, Bottetourt Coxy., 10 Nov''. 1777 
 The deposition of Capt. John Anderson, W"\ Ward, 
 & Richard Thomas,-* being first sworn on the Holy 
 
 -- Nov. 19, 1777, General Hand issued orders to Col. George 
 Skillern, commanding the Botetourt militia, and Colonel 
 Dickinson, commanding the Augusta militia, with their re- 
 spective troops assembled there, to return home as the expe- 
 dition is relinquished; Draper MSS., 3NN68. — Ed. 
 
 23 There were at this time several families of Moores in 
 southwestern Virginia; Andrew and William Moore of Rock- 
 bridge County; James Moore, founder of Abb's Valley settle- 
 ment ; William Moore on Clinch, who was a lieutenant in the 
 Island Flats battle of 1776. All of these men were known to 
 have been living after 1777. The Moore here mentioned was 
 probably related to one of these families. — Ed. 
 
 -'^ John Anderson was one of the first settlers of Augusta 
 County, being a magistrate there as early as 1745. His home 
 was on Middle River, not far from Staunton. Probably this 
 deponent was a son or nephew of the first settler. 
 
 William Ward was the eldest son of Capt. James Ward, 
 noted in Dunnwres War, p. 276, note 93, and a nephew of 
 Capt. Matthew Arbuckle. He afterwards emigrated to Ken- 
 tucky and thence to Ohio, becoming in t8o6 founder of the 
 town of Urbana, and grandfather of John Quincy Adams 
 Ward, the American sculptor. 
 
 A Revolutionary pensioner named Richard Thomas was 
 living in Kentucky as late as 1840. — Ed. 
 
MURDER OF CORNSTALK 163 
 
 Evangelists, deposeth & saith : That they were pres- 
 ent when Rob''. Gilmore was brought over the Kan- 
 hawa River killed & scalped ; on which a n*". of armed 
 men appeared to be coming into the garrison in a riot- 
 ous manner, on which said deponents suspected that 
 they were determined to kill the Indians in custody in 
 said garrison; & further say, that Capt. Mathew 
 Arbuckle told them, that they should not be killed, as 
 they were his prisoners, & it appeared to them that it 
 was not in his power to stop their supposed intentions. 
 And further say, that they proceeded into the garri- 
 son, & a number of guns w^as shortly fired, on which 
 the Indians were all killed, being four in number, as 
 they afterwards understood — & further saith not. 
 
 Jn°. Anderson, 
 W"^. Ward 
 RicHd. Thomas. 
 vSworn before me, the date above said. 
 
 Geo. Skilron 
 I do certify that I know the above deposition to be 
 
 just & true. c 1 c c „ 
 
 Sam'. Smyth, Surg". 
 
 [Stanza of a popular ballad related to Dr. Draper by Capt. 
 James Ward of Kentucky.25 9BB54.] 
 
 King Cornstalk, the Shawnee's boast 
 Old Yie, by whom much blood we've lost, 
 The Red Hawk and Elinipsico 
 Lie dead beside the Ohio. 
 
 -' Capt. James Ward, second son of the one of that name 
 killed at the Battle of Point Pleasant, was born in Staunton, 
 Sept. 19, 1763. When a boy of six years his parents removed 
 to the Greenbriar country, where he continued to reside after 
 his father's death in T774. In 1780 he and his brothers made 
 
164 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 NEWS FROM THE DELAWAIIES 
 
 [Rev. David Zeisberger to General Hand. 3NN81-84 — 
 Transcript,] 
 
 C00KING,26 Nov''. l6, I777. 
 
 D'". Sir — As Capt. White Eyes is going to the fort, 
 I will not omit to acquaint you how matters are here 
 now with us. Since my last we have been quiet, & 
 not any warriors have passed by here except a small 
 party of Mohickons & now 8 days ago, 14 Wyandotts 
 & two white men with them who came from Detroit; 
 & as much as we know went to Weelunk [Wheeling], 
 John Montour being in their company. 
 
 Some time ago, as we heard, 50 Frenchmen came 
 over the Lake to Cuyahoga, & gave the Delawares and 
 Muncys^^ who live there the tomahawk, & desired 
 
 an exploring tour to Kentucky, whither they removed in 1785 
 and settled near Washington in Mason County. Captain Ward 
 went out in Logan's expedition against the Indians in 1786; 
 again with Edwards in 1791 ; and on Kenton's Paint Creek 
 expedition of 1793, when the only person killed was John 
 Ward, brother of the original Captain Ward, who had been 
 captured when three years of age and reared among the In- 
 dians. In 1794 James Ward was in Wayne's campaign. He 
 later became a Presbyterian elder in the Washington church, 
 under Rev. Robert Wilson. In 1845 Dr. Draper visited Cap- 
 tain Ward at his Kentucky home, and had a prolonged inter- 
 view with him. Ward died Feb. 27th of the next year. — Ed. 
 
 -6 A mistranscription of the Indian term for Coshocton, 
 which the German Moravians spelled in several different 
 forms. It was the chief town of the Delawares during the 
 Revolutionary period. See Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 46, note 
 73-— Ed. 
 
 27 The early Indian history of Cuyahoga River is obscure. 
 Some of the Six Nations seem to have removed thither at an 
 early date, and probably occupied the village denominated on 
 Evans's and Hutchins's maps as "Cuyahoga Town." It would 
 seem likewise to have been the site of an Ottawa village and 
 a French trading house; and may have been the "Riviere 
 Blanche," so frequently mentioned in the reports of the 
 
NEWS FROM DELAWARES 165 
 
 them to go with them to Ligonier.^^ Capt. Pipe not 
 being at home, they consented, & 40 men went with 
 the French, but Pipe met them on the road, reproved 
 the French for deceiving his people in his absence, & 
 told them that they were only servants, & had no 
 power to hand the tomahawk to them : Nobody could 
 force him neither to take it — whereupon the greater 
 part of the Indians turned back. 
 
 French officials, 1742-53. See Charles A. Hanna, Wilderness 
 Trail (New York, 1911), i, pp. 315-339- George Croghan had 
 a trading house in the vicinity in 1747, which seems to have 
 been abandoned by 1750 for one on the Muskingum. During 
 the French and Indian War there was an entire readjustment 
 of Indian villages, but the Cuyahoga town is still shown on 
 later maps. It would seem, however, to have been the abode 
 of Delawares rather than of Mingo, and the inference from 
 this letter is that it was the headquarters of Captain Pipe 
 before his removal in 1778 to the Sandusky region. The In- 
 dians reported in the autumn of 1777 that the British were 
 building a storehouse at Cuyahoga to supply the neighboring 
 Indians with goods ; but during the later years of the Revo- 
 lution the region seems to have virtually been deserted. In 
 the late autumn of 1782, Maj. Isaac Craig was ordered out 
 from Fort Pitt on a reconnoissance to the mouth of the Cuya- 
 hoga, to discover if the British were there building a post. 
 He reported on his return that there was no sign of occu- 
 pancy — Washington Irving Correspondence, pp. 137-139; 
 Draper MSS., iNNiii, 4S10. In 1786 the Moravian Indians 
 lived for a short time at the old Ottawa village, on the east 
 side of the stream, just north of Tinker's Creek, in Independ- 
 ence township ; but the following spring they removed to 
 Sandusky Bay. The preceding year, by the Treaty of Fort 
 Mcintosh, the Cuyahoga had been made the dividing line be- 
 tween white and Indian territory. With the exception of an 
 occasional wandering trader, this locality appears to have been 
 unvisited thereafter until the settlement (in 1796) of the 
 Western Reserve. — Ed. 
 
 28 Fort Ligonier was built during Forbes's campaign in 1758, 
 on the site of a well-known Indian town, probably of Shawnee 
 origin, on Loyalhanna Creek, just west of Laurel Hill. While 
 the advance of the army was encamped there, the enemy 
 attacked them, after having inflicted (Sept. 14, 1758) a severe 
 
166 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 Capt. John Killbuck & Pipe are gone to Detroit — 
 upon what business Capt. White Eyes can tell you bet- 
 ter. They did not desire me to write for them, so I 
 suppose they did not approve of what you proposed 
 to them. 
 
 The Shawanese — Cornstalk's people, perhaps, will 
 move from their place & come to Cuchachunk this 
 winter. They lately sent messengers who consulted 
 with the chiefs here about that matter; & as no mes- 
 sengers from hence are on their way thither, we shall 
 soon hear what they are resolved to do. 
 
 Of the Mingoes we have heard nothing since the 
 
 defeat upon Grant's skirmish line that had penetrated to the 
 neighborhood of Fort Duquesne. The attack upon Ligonier 
 was repulsed, and was the last battle between French and 
 British in this section, A garrison was maintained at this 
 point until after Pontiac's War, when Fort Ligonier was 
 besieged, and relieved with much difficulty. About 1765 the 
 permanent garrison was withdrawn, and in 1766 Capt. Harry 
 Gordon reported that the fort was much shattered and rot- 
 ting away. He also mentions some inhabitants clustered 
 about the fort. More would come, he says, if right of pos- 
 session was secured — Hanna, Wilderness Trail, ii, p. 40. In 
 1769 a land-office was opened at Ligonier and settlers flocked 
 in rapidly. The land on which the fort stood was patented to 
 Gen. Arthur St. Clair. The ravages of the Revolution did not 
 reach the Ligonier Valley until the summer of 1777, when 
 Col. Archibald Lochry set about establishing a stockade fort 
 at Ligonier. probably on the site of the former British fort. 
 This was officially known as Fort Preservation, but ordinarily 
 received the well-known appellation of Fort Ligonier. From 
 this date until the close of the Revolution, Ligonier Valley 
 was constantly exposed to the Indian ravages. Nov. 7, 1777, 
 it was reported that all of the settlers had fled to a distance 
 forty-two miles from Ligonier — Frontier Forts, ii, p. 245. 
 The party to whom allusion is made in this letter is doubtless 
 the one that attacked Fort Wallace ; see ante. Palmer's Fort, 
 in Ligonier Valley, was likewise attacked and eleven persons 
 killed and scalped, among whom was Ensign Woods ; Fenna. 
 Archives, v, p. 741. — Ed. 
 
NEWS FROM DELAWARES 167 
 
 Half King^^ was here; & it seems as if they were tired 
 of going to war, or rather frightened. We heard that 
 after their last ret^. they went over the Lake & asked 
 the Wyandott Chief's counsel & advice what they 
 should do, because the Virginians would soon be upon 
 them. The Wyandot Chief answered them, that they 
 had begun the war, & had always encouraged others 
 to go to war; they had now brought it to pass what 
 they always had wished for; he therefore could give 
 them no other advice than to be strong & fight as men. 
 Capt. White Eyes intends to stay at the fort two 
 or three days, & wish you would let him return again 
 as soon as possible, for none of the Counsellors are at 
 home to do business, if any thing should happen; but 
 if occasion should require to detain him longer, please 
 to let the people here know of it that they may not be 
 uneasy about him, for some apprehend because the 
 Cornstalk is taken fast at the Kanhawa, White Eyes 
 may be served so too : If he therefore stays out above 
 the time he has appointed them, they will surely think 
 so. The letter Gen'. Hand had sent to me last, the 
 messenger lost. I suppose you will by this time have 
 some news from before — if you can favor me with 
 any you will much oblige Sir, Your Hbl®. Serv^ 
 
 D. Zeisberger 
 
 29 In his Narrative, pp. i6o, i6i, Heckewelder describes a 
 visit of Half King (for whom see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 91, 
 note 14) to the Delaware towns in August, 1777. The Wyan- 
 dot having sent to the Delawares the war-belt, which the lat- 
 ter had refused, next dispatched thither their head-chief and 
 a deputation of 200 warriors. The Delawares, especially the 
 Christian Moravian Indians, were much alarmed at their 
 approach; but all ended well, for the Half King made a cov- 
 enant with the Christian Indians and acknowledged their 
 
168 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 NEWS OF CORNSTALK'S MURDER 
 REACHES VIRGINIA 
 
 [Col. William Preston to Col. William Fleming. 2ZZ43 — 
 A. L. S.] 
 
 Smithfield Dec 2^ 1777 
 Dear Sir — Last Night I rec'd your most obliging 
 Favour of the 10^^ of November, for which I thank 
 you. The News it confirms is glorious, and Interest- 
 ing to every Friend to the American Cause; and I 
 have the greatest hopes that it will have a happy Effect 
 in our Favour, by striking a Damp to our Enemies 
 and encouraging our Friends both in America and 
 Europe. God Grant that a proper and prudent use 
 may be made of this signal success ; & that the Ameri- 
 cans may not relax in their Duty by ''crying Peace 
 when there is no Peace ;" and thereby loosing sight of 
 the great Object they have in View, in hopes that no 
 further Efforts will be made by our Enemies. I wish 
 the dividing Counties here, the rating whiskey &c. in 
 Pennsylvania, may not too much engross the Atten- 
 tion of the Legislatures of the States, while proper 
 Provision to cloathe and recruit the Army & lessen the 
 Quantity of Currency in Circulation are neglected. I 
 only mention these Doubts to my Friend, as I am not 
 certain they have any real Foundation. 
 
 Parson Smith^^ came here last night, and Informs 
 that the Augusta Troops &c. are on their way from the 
 
 chiefs as "Fathers". He likewise agreed to leave the Dela- 
 wares in peace, and permit them to retain their much-prized 
 neutrality. — Ed. 
 
 30 Rev. Adam Smyth (so he v^rote the name) was a native 
 of Ireland, and in 1772 served for five months as curate of 
 the Augusta parish at Staunton. Resigning from his cure, 
 he was the following year appointed rector of Botetourt par- 
 
LOYALIST TENDENCIES 169 
 
 Point, after killing the Cornstalk and some other 
 Shawnesse Chiefs in cold Blood. This Account he 
 had by a Letter from his Friend at that Place. I am 
 apprehensive this Conduct will be followed by very 
 bad consequences to the Frontiers, by engaging us in 
 a war with that Revengful & Warlike Nation and their 
 Allies. 
 
 This County affords no News worth your Notice, 
 only that Capt. Burke^^ & his whole Company except 
 four or five & near forty of my Neighbours have Posi- 
 tively refused the Oath of Allegiance to the States. I 
 have laboured with them untill I am wearied out and 
 to no Purpose; and next week I intend to order them 
 to be disarmed, having given them this week to come 
 in and take the Oath, and I have the greatest reason 
 to believe that it will be attended with much Trouble 
 and perhaps Resistance. The Ringleaders, such as 
 Price, Bane, Shull & the Heavins, dont realize the 
 Punishment as the Law now Stands; and I am con- 
 vinced that they, and all such will stand out untill their 
 Property or Persons can be more Affected than what 
 the Law subjects them to. The present Punishment 
 
 ish. But little is known of his history. He appears to have 
 been an American sj^mpathizer during the Revolution, and in 
 1 781 applied for leave for a visit to Ireland. In 1782 he was 
 again in his parish, where the Virginia assembly ordered an 
 accounting of the tithes due him before the disestablishment 
 of the church in that state. He was living as late as 1792. 
 His youngest son was Gen. Alexander Smyth, prominent in 
 early nineteenth-century Virginia. — Ed. 
 
 31 Capt. Thomas Burk had for some years been a militia 
 officer; see his letter in Dunmore's War, p. 398. In 1775 he 
 accepted a commission from the Virginia committee of safety, 
 and served until Feb. 18, 1778, when he tendered his resigna- 
 tion ; see letter, post. — Ed. 
 
170 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 is really a matter of Divirsion to them. They bring 
 no Suits, they never Elect, they dont attend Court; 
 they can dispose of their arms and they dont want to 
 purchase Land ; by these means they entirely evade the 
 force of a Law, to which I sincerely wish some 
 amendments could be made to stop this growing Evil.^- 
 They speak with Caution therefore do not come within 
 the Law for punishing certain Offences. In short they 
 do as they Please.^-' 
 
 I would beg the Favour of you to lay the Enclosed 
 stat[ement] before Mr Jefferson and any other of the 
 first Lawyers & take their Opinion in writing for 
 which pray pay their Charge & I will repay you with 
 Thankfullness. You will readily Judge that it relates 
 to Col Pattons Will.^^ I am my D'" S'" your Sincere 
 Wellwisher & most Obed^ Serv^ 
 
 W"^. Preston 
 
 32 Colonel Preston is here referring to the law passed in 
 May, 1777, entitled, "An act to oblige the free male inhabitants 
 of this state above a certain age [sixteen] to give assurance 
 of Allegiance to the same, and for other purposes." This 
 provided for the taking of an oath renouncing all allegiance 
 to the king of Great Britain, and that the county lieutenant 
 shall disarm recusants. It further provided that all refusing 
 the oath shall "be incapable of holding any office in this state, 
 serving on juries, suing for any debts, electing or being elect- 
 ed, or buying lands, tenements or hereditaments" ; Hening, 
 Statutes, ix, pp. 281-283. — Ed. 
 
 ^'^ The act referred to was passed at the October session of 
 1776, and provided a fine of £20,000 and an imprisonment of 
 five years for openly maintaining and defending the authority 
 of the king or parliament of Great Britain. Ibid, pp. 170, 
 171. — Ed. 
 
 34 Col. James Patton was one of the earliest settlers of the 
 Valley of Virginia. He was a Scotch-Irishman who had 
 served in the royal navy, and later owned a passenger vessel 
 trading to America. In connection with Benjamin Borden, 
 his father-in-law, he obtained a large grant for land west of 
 
DIFFICULTIES 171 
 
 Perhaps it would be Possible to get two or three 
 Lawyers together & get their Opinion, all Expense 
 shall be paid as I am very anxious in this matter. 
 Col. Wm. Fleming p^ Fayi" of Cap* Cloyd, 
 
 HAND AT FORT RANDOLPH 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to Col. William Fleming. 17J2 — 
 Transcript.] 
 
 BOTTETOURT CoUNTY33 DeC". 3d 1777. 
 
 Sir: I take this opportunity of thanking you for 
 your readiness in granting me the assistance I re- 
 quested of you, & am extremely sorry that the mutual 
 exertions of your county & Augusta were so badly 
 seconded as to put it out of my power to carry my 
 designs into execution for the benefit of the distressed 
 frontiers; but hope that the rapid successes of the 
 American arms to the Northward will do more for us 
 than we can do for ourselves. Should that unhappily 
 not be the case, I have every reason to expect that you 
 
 the Blue Ridge, and after 1738 was busily employed bringing 
 out families for its settlement. He was a Presbyterian, and 
 largely instrumental in founding Tinkling Spring Church, of 
 which Rev. John Craig was pastor. In 1742 he qualified as 
 colonel of the county militia, and in 1745 as member of the 
 county court. Later he was county lieutenant, and in the 
 early years of the French and Indian War was entrusted with 
 the defense of the vast frontiers of Augusta County. In 
 1755, while Patton was on a tour of the Western country, he 
 stopped at Draper's Meadows and was killed during the mas- 
 sacre at that place. He is said to have cut down two Indians 
 with a broadsword, before he was himself shot and killed 
 from without the house. His will was admitted to probate 
 at Staunton in November, 1755. His nephew. Col. William 
 Preston, was its chief executor. — Ed. 
 
 35 The fort at the mouth of the Great Kanawha was at this 
 time within the limits of Botetourt County. — Ed, 
 
172 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 will on a future occasion, show the same readiness to 
 
 assist your neighbours. 
 
 I ordered your troops under Col. Skilron to march 
 
 back from Fort Randolph, and to be discharged on 
 
 their return. Their number fell short of your orders, 
 
 but beg that this circumstance may not exclude Major 
 
 Poag from his appointment; his readiness to serve in 
 
 any capacity merits that mark of respect. I am, Sir, 
 
 with respect. Your obed^ hble serv*^. 
 
 Edw^. Hand. 
 
 Col. W'". Fleming, Co. Lieut, of Bottetourt. 
 
 INDIANS OF THE ALLEGHENY 
 
 [Col. John Gibson to Gen. George Washington. 15S114 — 
 Transcript.] 
 
 Fort Pitt. Dec''. 5th, 1777: 
 
 Gen. Hand has gone down the Ohio to regulate the 
 
 garrisons in that quarter; Since he left this place 
 
 (Nov. loth) Nothing Material has happened. Simon 
 
 Girty,^*^ a Messenger dispatched by General Hand to 
 
 36 In view of his later history, the employment of Simon 
 Girty by the military authorities at Pittsburgh at this period, 
 is interesting. No doubt he was a good spy and ranger. As 
 such he was employed by Dunmore — see Dimniore's War, 
 p. 152, note 4; and again by Wood in 1775 — Rev. Upper 
 Ohio, pp. 28, 43. He was interpreter in 1775 at Fort Pitt 
 (Ibid, p. 67), and in May, 1776, was made official interpreter 
 for the Seneca, among whom he had been a captive in boy- 
 hood. This position he retained only for three months ; but 
 afterwards was employed in enlisting volunteers, and received 
 a commission as second-lieutenant in the Continental army. 
 His conduct in the summer of 1777 caused General Hand to 
 suspect his loyalty, and for a short time he was under arrest. 
 But after examination before a magistrate, he was acquitted 
 and was sent by Hand on this important mission to the Sen- 
 eca towns. For Girty's official report of this expedition, made 
 to Col. George Morgan, commissioner for Indian affairs at 
 
ALLEGHENY INDIANS 173 
 
 the Seneca towns on the heads of the Alleghany, re- 
 turned here a few days ago. he informs us Gu-a- 
 sho-ta,^^ a chief of them, had returned from war ; that 
 he had killed four people near Ligonier ; that another 
 party returned and brought in a white man and three 
 scalps whilest he was in the towns ; that they told him 
 all the Nations, excepting White Eyes & a few Dela- 
 wares, would strike us in the Spring; that they told 
 him he Must go with them to Niagara f^ that he made 
 
 Pittsburgh, see William M. Darlington, Christopher Gist's 
 Journals (Pittsburgh, 1893), pp. 214-216. — Ed. 
 
 ^'' For a brief sketch of this chief see Rev. Upper Ohio, 
 p. 38, note 65. This note is, we find, erroneous in regard to 
 Guyashusta's attitude during the Revolution. In the first 
 years, the chief, like the other Seneca, was in favor of neu- 
 trality. But after the council at Oswego (1777), he was 
 pledged to the British and went on the Oriskany expedition. 
 His relative, Governor Blacksnake, told Dr. Draper (4S64) 
 that Guyashusta (Giasodo) was not on any other Revolu- 
 tionary campaigns. This referred to the war on the New 
 York frontier ; whereas Guyashusta seems to have been in- 
 stigated by the officers at Niagara to attack the Pennsylvania 
 frontier. The raid which Girty reported was doubtless that 
 against Wallace's Fort. Guyashusta also led the Hannastown 
 raid in 1782, and throughout the Revolution terrorized the 
 border. — Ed. 
 
 38 There is still much obscurity concerning conditions at 
 Niagara during the Revolution. Frank H. Severance, secre- 
 tary of the Buffalo Historical Society, has, however, made 
 two important contributions to the subject in Old Trails on 
 the Niagara Frontier (Buffalo, 1899), pp. 63-103; and Buffalo 
 Historical Society Publications, ix, pp. 221-308. During 
 the period covered by our volume, Col. Mason Bolton of the 
 34th Royal Artillery was commandant-in-chief. Niagara was 
 the headquarters of the New York Loyalists, and thence par- 
 ties issued to harry the New York frontier. The Pennsyl- 
 vania frontier was likewise exposed to the Indian allies of 
 the British. The Seneca made headquarters at Niagara, and 
 in February, 1778, Col. John Butler of the Queen's Rangers 
 wrote from that place : "The Indians of the Six Nations & 
 those from the westward have exerted themselves in laying 
 
174 FRONTIER DEFENSE OX UPPER OHIO 
 
 n 
 
 his escape by going to hunt for his horse; he says the 
 news of Burgoyne's Surrender had not reached there. ""'-^ 
 [Gibson then speaks of having sent Capt. SulHvan'"^ 
 down the Country for clothing for the 13th Virginia 
 regiment, & hopes Gen' Washington will so direct as 
 to enable him to return with a supply as soon as pos- 
 sible.] 
 
 [John Gibson] 
 
 waste the Country most exposed to them from the east branch 
 of the Susquehanna to the Kiskismenitas Creek upon the 
 Ohio & from thence down to Kanhawa River an extent of 
 many hundred miles is now nothing but an heap of ashes 
 such of those miserable people as have escaped have taken 
 refuge in small forts." Commandant Bolton wrote Dec. 14, 
 1777, that he had 2300 savages at Niagara, who had all re- 
 ceived presents — Mich. Pion. & Hist. Colls., xix, pp. 335, 342. 
 Under these circumstances it seems remarkable that any set- 
 tlements were maintained west of the Alleghany Mountains 
 during the years of the Revolution. — Ed. 
 
 39 Girty declared (in report cited in ante, note 36) that the 
 Seneca had not heard of Burgoj^ne's surrender, and would 
 not believe his report of this event. When they reached 
 Niagara they learned these tidings, for Colonel Bolton wrote 
 (Mich. Pion. & Hist. Colls., xix, p. 335) : "The accounts of 
 the unfortunate affair that happened to General Burgoyne's 
 Army reached this place a considerable time before the Chiefs 
 assembled here, which put it out of Colonel Butler's power 
 to execute what was intended." — Ed. 
 
 40 As early as 1769, Capt. James Sullivan had settled on the 
 west side of the Monongahela ; and upon the enlistment of 
 the West Augusta or 13th Virginia regiment (see Rev. Upper 
 Ohio, p. 250, note 94) was chosen one of its captains. In 
 1/79 he served at Fort Mcintosh, and the next year emigrated 
 to Kentucky, settling a station not far from Louisville. In 
 Clark's campaign of 1780 he acted as master of horse, and 
 was captain in the expedition of 1782 (Draper MSS., 36J4). 
 He was one of the early trustees of the town of Louisville, 
 and owned many lots therein; in 1783 the trustees met at his 
 house. He was a large, powerful, and active man, and prom- 
 inent in the new community. He died early in the nineteenth 
 century near St. Louis, at the home of his son, John C. Sulli- 
 
MURDER OF CORNSTALK 175 
 
 HAND REPORTS CORNSTALK'S MURDER 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to Maj. Samuel McDowell. 3NN67— 
 
 Transcript.] 
 
 Camp near Kelly's*^ on Kanhawa, Nov. [Dec] 5, 1777 
 
 Sir — As I understand that a mare belonging to one 
 
 of the Shawanese Indians lately murdered at Fort 
 
 Randolph has been sold at vendue by the desire of the 
 
 soldiers, &: that the money she sold for is to be paid 
 
 into your hands — I hereby request that you may remit 
 
 it to Capt. Mathew Arbuckle for the benefit of the 
 
 representative of the dece^. ^t- tt -, 
 
 ^ (Edward Hand] 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to Gov. Patrick Henry. 3NN69-71— 
 Transcript.] 
 
 Staunton, 9th Dec. 1777 
 Sir — When I wrote your Excellency from Fort Pitt 
 in Nov'"., I promised myself the honor of addressing 
 you from Fort Randolph before now, but as I found 
 
 van. Another of his sons was George Rogers Clark Sulli- 
 van. — Ed. 
 
 ^1 For the location of Kelly's, on the Kanawha, see Dun- 
 more's War, p. 112, note 82. Walter Kelly emigrated from 
 the Carolinas to the Greenbriar settlement in 1773, and against 
 the protests of his friends made an advance settlement on 
 the Kanawha in the autumn of that year. He was there killed 
 by a marauding Indian party, early in 1774. The place was 
 thereafter known as Kelly's. Soon after the Battle of Point 
 Pleasant, Kelly's improvement was purchased by William 
 Morris, likewise of Greenbriar, who soon removed his family 
 thither. Morris was one of the notable men of Kanawha 
 Valley history. He was at the Battle of Point Pleasant, 
 where he was wounded. After settling at Kelly's he built a 
 fort and had many a skirmish with the savages. In later life 
 he was a member of the Virginia assembly for Kanawha 
 County. The Morris family had many descendants and con- 
 nections of note, among whom was Bishop Thomas A. Morris 
 of the Methodist Episcopal church. — Ed. 
 
176 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 n 
 
 this the only rout by which I could return with pro- 
 priety I deferred it until my arrival here/- Before T 
 left Fort Pitt I received a letter from Capt. Arbuckle 
 informing me that he had confined two Shawanese 
 Indians, suspecting them to be spies, & that he ex- 
 pected a number of their chiefs in a short time & was 
 determined to confine them also, until he had more 
 particular instructions from me. On my way down, 
 I rec^. another letter from him, a copy of which is 
 inclosed together with a return of the militia from 
 Augusta & Botetourt, & the deposition of some people 
 respecting the murder of four Shawanese Indians. 
 On my arrival at Fort Randolph the i8*^. ult°., I was 
 much concerned to hear that the Cornstalk, his son, 
 the Red Hawk's son, & another Indian had been mur- 
 dered by the militia, tho' in close confinement in the 
 garrison, more especially as the Cornstalk appeared to 
 be the most active of his nation to promote peace. I 
 understand that Ensign Gilmore of the Botetourt 
 militia & two others straggled over the Kanhawa to 
 hunt; soon after they crossed the river they took dif- 
 ferent routs, & Gilmore was killed & scalped within a 
 trifling distance of the fort. This so enraged the men, 
 that a party immediately proceeded to the fort & mur- 
 
 42 It is an interesting commentary on means of communica- 
 tion at this period, that the only practicable route from Fort 
 Randolph to Fort Pitt was by way of vStaunton. Probably 
 General Hand followed the same route as the Augusta troops 
 had taken going out; see ante, p. 150, note 14. Staunton was 
 the county town for Augusta, and was settled by the Lewis 
 family in 1732 at the Beverly mill-site. It was surveyed and 
 platted in 1748, and incorporated in 1761. The origin of its 
 name is uncertain ; possibly it was intended to honor Dr. 
 Edmond Staunton, an eminent English Presbyterian preachei 
 of the seventeenth century. — Ed. 
 
MURDER OF CORNSTALK 177 
 
 dered the Indian prisoners, notwithstanding Capt". 
 Arbuckle's endeavors to prevent it. Both Capt. 
 Arbuckle & the field officers of the mihtia — indeed 
 every officer at the Point, expressed great abhorrance 
 of the deed, but unhappily none of the militia officers 
 were at hand, & Capt. Arbuckle had not influence 
 enough to prevent it. It would be vain for me to 
 bring the perpetrators of this horrid act to justice at 
 that time, therefore must comfort myself with giving 
 your Exc^. this detail, & informing you that the most 
 active of the party are known to Col. Dickinson, Col". 
 Skilron & many other officers.^" 
 
 >K * * 'Pile number of men now at the Point, 
 including Capt. Arbuckle's & Capt. M^Kee's com- 
 panies does not exceed lOO, the strength of one com- 
 pany. I think they had best be consolidated, & super- 
 numerary officers sent to recruit. Capt". Arbuckle 
 will wait on you about the beginning of next month to 
 settle some public accounts, & know your pleasure on 
 this head. 
 
 I ordered 150 men from Yohogana County, & 
 same number from Monongalia, to be stationed on the 
 frontiers for their defence. I detained 100 men from 
 the militia of Frederick, Berkley, Dunmore and 
 Loudon Counties, to remain in Ohio, and to be joined 
 by 50 men from that county. 
 
 [Edward Hand] 
 
 *3 April 13, 1778, Capt. James Hall was brought to trial in 
 the Rockbridge County court for the "murder of the Corn- 
 stalk Indian, his son and two other chiefs of the Indians on 
 the loth of November last." Hall appeared and denied the 
 charge. The trial adjourned until April 28, when no witness 
 appearing against him, he was acquitted. Three other militia- 
 12 
 
178 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 TEMPEK OF WESTERN INDIANS 
 
 [Col. John Gibson to Gen. Edward Hand. 1U132 — A. L. S.] 
 
 Fort Pitt Dec lo*^ 1777 
 Dear Sir — A few days after you set of from this 
 place for Kanhawa, James Kelly^* and Tho^ Nicholson 
 the Messengers, who were sent by you with Des- 
 patches to the Delawares returned they informed me 
 that they went to a Small town of the Delawares on 
 P)eaver Creek, '^^ where they were kindly received by 
 the Indians, that on their Acquainting them with their 
 Business, and desiring some of them to Accompany 
 them, the Chief told them it would not be Safe for 
 
 men — Hugh Galbraith, Malcolm McCown, and William 
 Rowan — were tried in like manner and acquitted for lack of 
 witnesses. See "Rockbridge County Records," in Virginia 
 Historical Magazine, xvii, pp. 324, 325. — Ed. 
 
 •*■* A family of Scotch-Irish Protestant Kellys lived in Lan- 
 caster County. Their founder was John, who emigrated to 
 America before 1730, and became a well-known Indian trader. 
 One son was Maj. John Kelly, who served in the Pennsyl- 
 vania line of the Revolutionary army. There was likewise a 
 son James, who may have been this messenger to the Dela- 
 ware towns. He was born in 1749, married Elizabeth Forster, 
 and was buried in the Derry churchyard in the present 
 Dauphin County, Pa. — Ed. 
 
 ■*•'' There were several Indian towns on Beaver Creek and 
 its branches. The most famous was Kuskuskies — probably a 
 group of three or four contiguous towns, built originally by 
 the Six Nations, but later occupied by the Delawares. These 
 towns were near the forks of the Beaver and along the 
 Mahoning, its western branch. Salt Lick town, near the pres- 
 ent Niles, Ohio, was a well-known locality : but the town 
 here noticed was probably the one known as Mahoning. Most 
 of the Delawares had before this period removed to the Tus- 
 carawas and Muskingum, but a small town seems to have 
 been maintained at Mahoning, probably about the site of the 
 present Newton Falls in Trumbull County, Ohio ; this was 
 on an important trail to the West. See A. B. Hulbert, "Indian 
 Thoroughfares of Ohio," in Ohio Archaeological and His- 
 torical Society Publications, viii, p. 270. — Ed. 
 
ENEMY INDIANS 179 
 
 them to proceed any further, as they might fall in with 
 the Enemy Indians, he told them he would take the 
 Messages himself and goe with them to Gyahoga, and 
 from thence to Cooshachkung.*^ he Gave them a 
 String of Wampum as a Token of their holding fast 
 the Chain of friendship. 
 
 Simon Girty another Messenger who was also sent 
 by you with Messages to the Seneca towns on the 
 Heads of the Allegheney, Returned and Informed me, 
 that he went to the towns without meeting any In- 
 dians, tho by the Marks of the Warriors on the Roads 
 he could Discover they had Been at War, that on his 
 arrival there he acquainted them with the Success of 
 our Army to Northward and Asked them if they had 
 not heard of it. they Replied they had not. he then 
 told them they might depend on it for truth, and de- 
 sired them to sit still as they would hear it in a few 
 days from their own people, they then told him they 
 looked upon him as a Spy, and that they would take 
 him to Niagara they informed him that all the West- 
 ern Nations had taken up the Tomhawk against the 
 Americans Excepting White Eyes and a few Dela- 
 wares and that they would be Ready to Strike in the 
 Spring. he Learned that Seven parties were then 
 actually out against our frontiers, that Guashota had 
 Been twice at war against our Settlements, that he had 
 killed four people near Ligonier, that the White 
 
 *6 This would be the natural order of the route from Ma- 
 honing, which was nearer Cuyahoga than Coshocton, and on 
 the direct trail toward the former — probably to the town of 
 Captain Pipe, mentioned ante, p. 165. — Ed. 
 
180 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 Mingoe*" had also Been at War, that the flying Crow**^ 
 Brought in a White Woman Daughter of Dudley 
 Dougherty who was taken near Ligonier, whilst he 
 was there and some scalps,^*^ that All face the head 
 Warrior^^ was out with a party of 25 five [sic] Men, 
 that the Evening Before they were to set of[f] for 
 Niagara he pretended to hunt his horse, and after 
 going out he Returned in a Great hurry saying he saw 
 a flock of Turkeys and snatched up his Gun and Came 
 
 *" This chief is noted in Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 27, note 53. 
 It is apparent from this document that he did not die before 
 1777. Governor Blacksnake stated to Dr. Draper (4S67) 
 that he had no knowledge of the White Mingo having had 
 part in the Revokition, and therefore supposed he must have 
 died before this date. Blacksnake appears to have been well 
 informed regarding operations against the New York fron- 
 tier, but not of those ravages in Pennsylvania for which the 
 Allegheny Seneca were responsible. The date of the death 
 of White Mingo is uncertain. The map republished as fron- 
 tispiece in Rev. Upper Ohio, seems to have been made from 
 information secured on a trip down the Ohio in 1794. The 
 "Mungo blanc" who gave that information was doubtless the 
 White Mingo. One of that name is said to have died on the 
 site of Fort Wa3aie in 1790; see Louise W. Murray, Old 
 Tioga Point (Athens, Pa., 1908), p. 109. — Ed. 
 
 4« For this chief see Rev. Upper Ohio, passim. He was in 
 attendance at the treaty of 1775. — Ed. 
 
 *9 A contemporary journal written at Ligonier (see ante, 
 p. 147, note 10) has this entry for Nov. 2: "About 3 miles 
 from Richardsons [which was three from Ligonier] 2 men 
 were killd & Scalp'd & a W^oman missing. 24 of our Men 
 tnrn'd out and bury'd Richardson." There was a Dougherty 
 family captive at Niagara, apparently in 1780; but probably 
 was not connected with the person here mentioned. See 
 Severance's list of captives in Buffalo Hist. Colls., ix, 
 p. 250. — Ed. 
 
 "^'^ This chief has not been identified. He may be the same 
 as Hodowndaoga. head chief of the Conowango village. At 
 the time of Brodhead's expedition (1779), this chief and his 
 people abandoned their village on the site of Warren, Pa. 
 Later he settled on the Catteraugus, where he lived to be an 
 old man, dying early in the nineteenth century. — Ed. 
 
GIRTY'S REPORT 181 
 
 away, that in the night he came to another town on 
 the River where he got a Canoe and Came by Water, 
 that near the Kittanning Early in the Morning an In- 
 dian from the Shore haled him and asked him who he 
 was, that he told him his name was a Chiefs name 
 who he left in the towns, that the Indian told him 
 he Lyed that he knew him to be Girty and desired him 
 to come ashore, that on his Refusal he fired several 
 shot at him. 
 
 He Girty says that he thinks, they will wait to hear 
 from the Northward as they are guided by a Chief of 
 the Senecas there, and that the Surrender of Bur- 
 goynes Army will have a Good Effect on them I am 
 Dear Sir with Respect your most Obedient humble 
 
 Serv*^ 
 
 Jn°. Gibson 
 
 To Brigadier Geni Hand 
 
 THE KENTUCKY SETTLEMENTS 
 
 [Col. John Bowman to Gen. Edward Hand. 3NN192-196 — 
 Transcript.] 
 
 Harrodsburg, December 12*^ 1777 
 Sir — We received yours by M''. John Haggin,^^ 
 dated Fort Randolph, ig*''. November, 1777. Which 
 
 •''1 Capt. John Haggin was born in 1753 near Winchester, Va. 
 In early life he removed to western Pennsylvania, where he 
 married and served on Dimmore's campaign of 1774. He was 
 one of the earliest settlers of Kentucky, coming out in the 
 spring of 1775 with his wife's uncle. Col. John Hinkston. The 
 next year he brought out his family and built a cabin on 
 Hinkston's fork of Licking; but because of Indian hostilities 
 he removed that summer to McClelland's Station, on the site 
 of the modern Georgetown. Haggin was at McClelland's 
 when George Rogers Clark arrived at Limestone (Maysville) 
 with gunpowder for the Kentucky settlements, and was one 
 
182 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 news gives great satisfaction to the poor Kentucky 
 people, who have these twelve months past been con- 
 fined to three forts, on which the Indians made several 
 fruitless attempts. ^^ They have left us almost with- 
 out horses sufficient to supply the stations, as we are 
 obliged to get all our provisions out of the woods.^' 
 
 of the party who helped to carry it in to Harrodsburg. 
 .About that time (Jan., 1777), McClelland's Station was 
 broken up, and the Haggins removed to Harrodsburg. 
 There he had numerous adventures with Indians, was closely 
 pursued, and at one time he was supposed for over two weeks 
 to have been killed or captured. But later he walked into his 
 cabin quite unconcerned, greeting his wife with, "How are 
 you by this time, Nancy?" In May, 1777, Haggin was sent 
 express to Fort Pitt, where it was understood that an Indian 
 treaty was to be held. The Kentuckians had wished to have 
 a representative at this affair to recover their stolen horses 
 and obtain what reparation was possible. The treaty, as we 
 have seen, did not take place, but Haggin would appear to 
 have spent the summer in the neighborhood, and to have 
 been, at the time of this letter, on his return to Harrodsburg. 
 In 1778 he joined Clark's expedition for Kaskaskia, and the 
 following year was in Bowman's campaign. In 1780 he settled 
 Haggin's Station, not far from Harrodsburg, and there be- 
 came a planter and landholder. His wife died June 15, 1821, 
 and he March i, 1825. For these dates our thanks are due 
 to James B. Haggin of New York, a grandson of the Ken- 
 tucky pioneer. — Ed. 
 
 ^2 On the situation in Kentucky see ante, p. 103, note 63 ; 
 also Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 205, note 47, and p. 242, note 85. 
 The three forts were Boonesborough, Harrodsburg, and 
 St. Asaph (or Logan's) Station. All these were founded in 
 1775. Logan abandoned his station during 1776 and retreated 
 to Harrodsburg. During March, 1777, he returned to his old 
 location, near the present Standford, Ky., and rebuilt his fort, 
 which he occupied with his own and a few other families. 
 Twice during the summer of 1777 Logan had sought relief 
 from the Holston settlements, for his beleaguered garrison. 
 After September the raids of the savages appear to have been 
 diverted to the Fort Pitt neighborhood, and the Kentuckians 
 enjoyed a comparative immunity. — Ed. 
 
 53 James Ray, one of the Harrodsburg defenders, had one 
 old horse left out of a drove of forty that he and his step- 
 
KENTUCKY GARRISONS 183 
 
 Our corn the Indians have burned all they could find 
 the past summer, as it was in cribs at different planta- 
 tions some distance from the garrisons, & no horses 
 to bring it in on. At this time we have not more than 
 two months bread, — near 200 women & children;^* 
 not able to send them to the inhabitants; many of 
 those families are left desolate, widows with small 
 children destitute of necessary clothing. 
 
 Necessity has obliged many of our young men to go 
 to the Monongohale for clothing (their former place 
 of abode), intended to join their respective companies 
 as soon as possible, as there will be a sufficient guard, 
 I think proper to order some corn to this place for our 
 support : we intend to keep possession and plant crops 
 the ensuing spring, as we have no other place to expect 
 relief from. If we are denied this request we must 
 do without bread, till we can get it from what we in- 
 tend to plant. 
 
 I find it difficult to keep the garrisons plenty in meat, 
 & if we have no bread we must at any rate suffer. I 
 am. Sir, with due respect. Your humb. Servt, 
 
 John Bowman^^ 
 Genl Hand, FK Pitt Favored by Lieut. Linn.^s 
 
 father Hugh McGary brought to Kentucky. In later life, Ray 
 related that he would steal out from the Harrodsburg fort 
 before daylight and hasten to the woods as hunter for the 
 garrison, returning after dark with a horseload of game for 
 food; Draper MSS., 4B118.— Ed. 
 
 ■ ^* A census taken May 1,1777, reported the presence of 
 201 persons at Harrodsburg, about fifty at Boonesborough, 
 and thirty at Logan's Station; Ibid, p. 125. — Ed. 
 
 55 For a sketch of this pioneer see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 170, 
 note 94. — Ed. 
 
 56 Lieut. Benjamin Linn was a younger brother of Col. 
 William Linn. Being born in New Jersey in 1738, Benjamin 
 
184 FROxNTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 LOYALISTS AT FORT PITT 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to a committee of Congress. 3NN85-88 — 
 Transcript.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, 2i«t_ Dec. 1777. 
 
 Gent". — Before the arrival of your favor of the 
 24*''. Oct''. I had gone from this place to Fort Ran- 
 dolph, from whence I did not return till yesterday, 
 which prevented my complying with your order 
 sooner. 
 
 The report of Col. George Morgan's being arrested 
 here was well founded. The express (a militia offi- 
 cer) who brought the enclosed letter from Col. Zach : 
 Morgan informed some of his acquaintance in town 
 that the principal people here concerned in the 
 conspiracy, were Col. George Morgan, Col. John 
 
 lived during early life in western Maryland. In 1769 he re- 
 moved with his brother to the Monongahela and devoted most 
 of his time to hunting. Before hostilities broke out he had 
 lived much with the Indians. Early in 1776 he went out to 
 Kentucky and formed part of the Harrodsburg garrison, aid- 
 ing in removing the powder thither (Jan., 1777), and distin- 
 guishing himself for bravery in the attack of March 7, 1777. 
 When the militia was organized for Kentucky County, in the 
 spring of the same year, he was chosen lieutenant. In April 
 he was, with one other companion, sent by George Rogers 
 Clark to discover the situation at Kaskaskia, in the Illinois. 
 Here he narrowly escaped detection as a spy, and at the insti- 
 gation of an American friend, retired in haste. A contem- 
 porary letter indicates that this was not Linn's first visit to 
 Illinois — "Kaskaskia Papers," in Illinois Hist. Colls., v. p. 8. 
 After Linn's return to Harrodsburg he married (July 9, 1777) 
 Hannah Sovereigns. Linn did not go out with Clark on his 
 Kaskaskia or Vincennes expeditions, but with several men 
 joined him at the latter place in July, 1779. In 1782 he found- 
 ed the first church in the' Green River country, and the second 
 Baptist church in Kentucky. Three years later he settled in 
 Larue County, and became a Baptist minister of note. His 
 death occurred at the residence of his daughter, Mrs. John 
 Chisholm, at Huntsville, Ala., Dec. 23, 1814. — Ed. 
 
LOYALISTS 185 
 
 Campbell, Capt. Alex"". M^Kee, & Simon Girty— & 
 that the reason they were not pointed out in the letter 
 was, that I was myself suspected. From this informa- 
 tion I judged it prudent to secure these persons to pre- 
 vent their escaping the punishment they deserved, if 
 guilty, & to repair myself to where Col. Zack : Morgan 
 was, to sift the affair to the bottom. Col°. Campbell 
 before he had learned my intention of arresting him, 
 waited on me & desired permission to accompany me, 
 which I assented to; & told Col. Geo: Morgan he 
 might have the same liberty, which he declined, being 
 then, he said, very busy — & remained a prisoner in his 
 own house. Capt. M^Kee was sent for to his farm 
 house & confined in the same place ; & Simon Girty to 
 the common guard-house. I was present at the exam- 
 ination of the greatest number of the prisoners, & 
 heard from the Magistrates who examined the whole, 
 that no more than one man mentioned Col. Morgan's 
 name ; his expression was, that he allowed him to be 
 of their party; & some few of them mentioned Girty's 
 name — but none of them either Col. Campbell's or 
 Capt. M^Kee's. For this reason on my return I took 
 off Col. Morgan's arrest. Simon Girty was exam- 
 ined before a civil magistrate & acquitted; & Capt. 
 M^Kee I put on a new parole, after obtaining the old 
 one from the Cot^. Co'^ :^'^ His parole I have en- 
 
 57 "Minute Book of the Virginia Court held for Yohogania 
 County," published in Carnegie Museum Annals, ii, p. io6, 
 contains the following entry under date of Sept. 23, 1777: 
 "A letter from General Hand addressed to Col. Campbell 
 [re] questing that Capt. Alexander McKee's Parole given to 
 the Committee of West Augusta be given up to him, the said 
 General Hand, in order to enable him to put Capt. McKee 
 
186 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 closed to the Board of War & wait the direction of 
 Congress as to his future residence. 
 
 The remarks made in the enclosed letter by Capt. 
 Arbuckle on M^Kee's conduct, tho' coming (in my 
 opinion) from a bad author, knowing her to have an 
 implacable hatred to the woman who lived with 
 M^Kee, may yet have some weight with Congress. 
 The same person^^ was at Fort Randolph when I left 
 it the 21''*. ultimo — she assured me that M^Kee had 
 written letters to Detroit. I mention these circum- 
 stances to your Honb'^. Committee, as I think them 
 applicable to the present subject, & by that you may 
 also communicate them to Congress. 
 
 Col. George Morgan left this place in a few days 
 after my first arrival here, & did not return until 
 about the 25*^. of July — he staid until the beginning of 
 October, since when he has been absent. I recollect 
 that the day after he arrived here in July, he told me 
 he would cross the river to talk with the Indians then 
 waiting to see him, & probably not return that night. 
 As I had confined the day or two before two Indians, 
 I judged it unsafe, and advised him against it; but he 
 still persisted — early next morning I understood he 
 lay at Capt. M'^Kee's; on his return, told him what I 
 had heard — he said it was so, & that he had a confer- 
 ence with the Shawanese Indians ; who was his inter- 
 
 on a New Parole, as he finds it necessary to remove said 
 Alexander McKee. Ordered that the said Parole be given 
 up to General Hand and that he deposit a Copy of the New 
 Parole to be taken from the said Capt. McKee in lieu thereof, 
 Certified by the said General Hand." — Ed. 
 
 ^8 Without doubt a reference to the Grenadier Squaw, see 
 ante, p. 26, note 57. — Ed. 
 
LOYALISTS 187 
 
 preter I don't know, certain it is, he can't discourse 
 in that or any other Indian language. Except this part 
 of his conduct may be found exceptionable, I must 
 declare in justice to him that every proceeding of his 
 that came to my knowledge, either as Indian Agent or 
 Com^. appeared to me to be that of a zealous & faith- 
 ful servant to the United States. I should have made 
 early mention of his arrest, but as it was on a ground- 
 less assertion, I wished to have it buried in oblivion. 
 I am, gent"., with much respect Y"*. most obed*. hb^^. 
 
 serv^ 
 
 Edw^. Hand 
 To The Honbie Richd. Henry Lee, Richd. Law, and Dan^. 
 Roberdeau, Esq^s.^^ 
 
 59 Oct. 22, 1777, Congress having heard that Col. George 
 Morgan was unfriendly to the American cause, appointed a 
 committee composed of the three men here mentioned to in- 
 vestigate the report — Journals of Congress (new ed.), ix, 
 p. 831. In November following, the case was placed in the 
 hands of the commissioners for the Western frontier, who 
 on April 7, 1778, fully acquitted Morgan and restored to him 
 all his honors, offices, etc. The letter here published was 
 Hand's reply to the inquiry of the first committee. 
 
 Richard Henry Lee (1732-94) was one of the most promi- 
 nent of the Virginia patriots, a member of the Continental 
 Congress from its inception, president thereof in 1784, and 
 the first senator from his state. 
 
 Richard Law (1733-1806) was a Connecticut patriot, son of 
 a colonial governor, a graduate of Yale, and long a member 
 of the Continental Congress. He was a lawyer of repute, 
 chief justice of his state, and after 1789 the federal judge for 
 his district. 
 
 Daniel Roberdeau (1727-95) was a Philadelphia merchant, 
 and was of great service to the Revolutionary cause. — Ed. 
 
188 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 ALLEGHENY INDIANS AT WAR 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to Col. George Morgan. 3NN89 — 
 Transcript] 
 
 Fort Pitt, 24th. Dec. 1777 
 
 D'". Sir — As I communicated your first relation of 
 Genl Burgoyne's defeat to the Delawares, & as the 
 last is no more than a repetition, I don't think it neces- 
 sary to repeat the expense. Indeed I don't think it 
 advisable to send any person among them at present, 
 not knowing what effect the death of Cornstalk, who, 
 with his son, the Red Hawk's son, & another Indian, 
 being prisoners, were [killed] at Kanhawa the 10*^^. 
 ult°. Kayashuta, the White Mingo, All-Face, the 
 Flying Crow, &c have been lately at war. 
 
 Edw^. Hand 
 Col. Geo : Morgan 
 
 HAND RETURNS TO FORT PITT 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to Jasper Yeates. MS. in New York 
 Public Librar}^; Hand Papers — A. L. S.] 
 
 Fort Pitt 24*^. Dec''. 1777 
 
 D^ Yeates— Your fav''^ of the 23^. & 31^^ Ocf. 
 1777 I have rec^. and thank you heartily for the good 
 news you Communicate, & am More happy that the 
 domestic Acc*^ you are likely to give me next will be 
 still better. 
 
 hope the Political [situation] will also mend — Jessy 
 can give you the Particulars of Our late Ramble, & of 
 the Murder of Cornstalk, his son, & two other Shawa- 
 nese Indians at Fort Randolph, if we had anything 
 to expect from that Nation it is now Vanished, the 
 Senecas have been often at war this fall. Bedford & 
 Westmoreland have been the Scenes of Action. 
 
HAND SEEKS RECALL 189 
 
 I am so heartily tired of this place that I have peti- 
 tioned Congress to be recal'd. hope it may be 
 Granted me. 
 
 Farewell D''. Yeates y'". Affectionate Kinsm[a]n 
 
 Edw^: Hand 
 Jasper Yeates Esq^. 
 
 Kayashutas the White Mingo, AUface, & all the 
 Seneca Chiefs have been repeatedly at War 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to the Secretary of War. 3NN89-94 — 
 Transcript] 
 
 Fort Pitt, 24th, Dec. 1777 
 Sir — When I wrote you last, I acquainted you of 
 my intention of visiting Fort Randolph. You will find 
 by the enclosed letters from Capt. Arbuckle that 
 before my arrival there he had confined some Shawa- 
 nese Indians, & his reasons for so doing. On the io"\ 
 ult°., the day I left this post to go to Kanawha, three 
 men, one of them an ensign of the Bottetourt Militia, 
 straggled over the Kanawha to hunt. The Ensign was 
 killed & scalped within a small distance of the fort, 
 which exasperated the militia to such a degree that a 
 party of them rushed into the fort, & put the Corn- 
 stalk, his son, the Red Hawk's son, & another Indian 
 to death, notwithstanding Capt. Arbuckle's endeavors 
 to prevent it. From this event we have little reason 
 to expect a reconciliation with the Shawanese, except 
 fear operates on them ; for if we had any friends 
 among them, those unfortunate wretches were so. 
 Though from information brought me from the 
 Seneca country, which Lt. Col. Gibson has already 
 
190 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 communicated to you, we have little reason to expect 
 that will be the case. * * * 
 
 Col. W"". Crawford has arrived.^"^ I hope his activ 
 ity and influence will have a very good effect. If 
 Major John Stephenson^^ could have any appointment 
 worth his acceptance, I think he also would be a valu- 
 
 1 
 
 60 For a biographical sketch of Col. William Crawford see 
 Dunmore's War, p. 103, note 48; his early Revolutionary 
 service is sketched in Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 250, note 94. After 
 joining the Continental army in August, 1777, Crawford 
 served with efficiency, commanding a detachment of scouts 
 and skirmishing with the British under Howe. November 20, 
 Congress resolved "that General Washington be requested to 
 send Col. William Crawford to Pittsburg to take command 
 under Brigadier General Hand of the Continental troops and 
 militia of the Western department." In this way Crawford 
 lost his place and rank in the Continental line, and it was 
 never restored to him. He seems to have spent part of the 
 winter of 1777-78 at his own home on the Youghiogheny. In 
 March and April he was present at Yohogania County court, 
 acting as magistrate and commissioner to lay out prison 
 bounds. His subsequent career will be outlined in later docu- 
 ments in this volume. — Ed. 
 
 61 Maj, John Stephenson was a half-brother of Col. William 
 Crawford, and was born in Virginia about 1737. He was out 
 in the French and Indian War, and about 1768 removed to 
 the West, settling on Jacob's Creek, in Fayette County. There 
 in 1770 he was visited by Washington, who was then return- 
 ing from viewing Western lands. In 1774 Stephenson com- 
 manded a company under Dunmore, and was active on the 
 Virginia side during the troubles between that state and 
 Pennsylvania. In 1775 Stephenson enlisted a company for 
 the colonial cause, and joined Col. Peter Muhlenberg as cap- 
 tain in the 8th Virginia ; this regiment saw service at Charles- 
 ton and Savannah. In the summer of 1777 Stephenson con- 
 tracted disease, and returned home that autumn. He did not 
 again enter the Continental army, but served as a volunteer 
 on Hand's campaign (1778), and that of Mcintosh (1778-79). 
 About 1790 he removed to Kentucky, where he lived and die<i 
 on the South fork of the Licking, leaving no children. He 
 was a large, active man, brave, kind, and popular. For Sam- 
 uel Murphy's reminiscences of Stephenson, with whom he 
 lived, see Draper MSS., 3S1-10, 5S1-9. — Ed. -^ 
 
HAND SEEKS RECALL 191 
 
 able acquisition. I wish much to be permitted to lay 
 my proceedings here before Congress. 1 assure you 
 that I have fully exerted my poor abilities to accom- 
 plish the end for whch I was ordered here, yet am 
 sorry to say that little advantage has arisen from it ; 
 & unless some other measures can be fallen on, I have 
 little reason to promise myself better success for the 
 time to come. 
 
 I think that as it is now winter, & Col. Crawford 
 present, my absence for some time would not be at- 
 tended with inconvenience. If Congress have no par- 
 ticular objection, would esteem it as a most singular 
 indulgence to be recalled & suffered to join the grand 
 army, with them to share the honors & fatigues of the 
 field. Indeed, unless our affairs will admit of the 
 assistance of a regular force, I had rather resign my 
 office than continue here in command of militia. 
 
 Capt. Willing^^ had arrived here a few days before 
 my return from Fort Randolph. I have in the best 
 
 62 Capt. James Willing, youngest son of Charles and his 
 wife Anne Shippen Willing, was born in Philadelphia Feb. g, 
 1751. The Willing family were prominent in colonial affairs, 
 and James's oldest brother, Thomas, was a partner of Robert 
 Morris, and aided in financing the new nation. James re- 
 moved in 1774 to Natchez, where he dissipated his patrimony. 
 In 1777 he returned to Philadelphia, and received. from Con- 
 gress a commission as captain in the navy, with permission to 
 proceed to the Mississippi River to secure the neutrality of 
 the inhabitants along its banks and to bring back provisions 
 to the states. He enlisted a company for this purpose (see 
 roll in Penna. Archives, 2nd series, xv, p. 658), and in an 
 armed boat christened "Rattletrap" left Pittsburgh Jan. 10. 
 1778. Arrived at Natchez he succeeded in securing a pledge 
 of neutrality from the chief inhabitants (see Almon's i^^m^w- 
 hrancer, vi, p. 343), but was accused of having in a wanton 
 manner pillaged and inflicted damages on their property. 
 Having proceeded to New Orleans, Willing captured a small 
 
192 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 manner I could supplied hitn with such things a 
 wanted, but am afraid the river will be shut up before 
 he gets away. * * * 
 
 Ed^^. Hand 
 
 To Rhd. Peters, Sec. of Bd. of War 
 
 1 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to Jasper Yeates. MS. in New York 
 Public Library; Hand Papers — A. L. S.] 
 
 Fort Pitt 27th. DeC". 1777 
 
 Dear Yeates — Just as the Major [Jasper Ewing] 
 was about to set out for Lancaster I rec^. your favours 
 of 24 & 26 Nov''. & 8*^^. Instant, and need not mention 
 my joy at the agreable tidings you give me, my ab- 
 sence from this Place for some time prevented my 
 Answering your Many Favours Sooner, I refer you 
 to my last & the Major for every thing worthy 
 Relating from this Place. I wish much for an En- 
 quiry into the Causes of the Indian Expedition failing 
 & hope judicious men will be Appointed 
 
 Adieu D'". Yeates remember me to every Body & 
 Believe me to be most Affectionately y'"'' 
 
 Edw^ Hand 
 Jasper Yeates, Esq'", pr. Major Ewing 
 
 British vessel at Manchac, and used this for further depreda- 
 tions on the property of British sympathizers. In the follow- 
 ing year he sent his troops back up the river under charge of 
 Lieut. Robert George, who placed them under the orders of 
 Gen. George Rogers Clark. Willing himself proceeded to 
 Mobile, where he was captured and narrowly escaped being 
 hung. He was finally shipped as prisoner to New York, and 
 kept on Long Island,' under parole, with other American 
 officers. Having resented an insult offered by a British offi- 
 cer, Willing was incarcerated in New York City and loaded 
 with irons, where he remained for three months. One of his 
 sisters, wife of a British officer, interceded for him with Sir 
 Henry Clinton, who finally permitted him to return to Phila- 
 
AN ATTACK SUGGESTED 193 
 
 NEW EXPEDITIONS PLANNED 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to Westmoreland officers. 3NN94 — 
 Transcript.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, 27^^. Dec^. 1777. 
 D^. Sir — I am informed that the gent", in West- 
 moreland have it in agitation to make a descent on one 
 of the Indian Villages on the Alleghany. I think that 
 it might be put in execution without much hazard — 
 would therefore gladly consult with you on the occa- 
 sion, as I can make you acquainted with many circum- 
 stances you are now a stranger to I am, dear Sir, very 
 sincerely y''^ 
 
 Edw^. Hand 
 Col. Jno. Proctor or Col. Jas. Smith 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to Col. William Crawford. 3NN95 — 
 Transcript.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, Dec. 28*^. 1777. 
 D'". Crawford — As I expect the pleasure of seeing 
 you in a few days, shall defer communicating a matter 
 I much wish to set on foot, until that time.®^ 
 
 There are at Kayahoga about 100 miles from here, 
 a magazine of arms and provisions sent from Detroit, 
 & 15 batteaux lie there. You may guess the rest. 
 Y'\ &c. 
 
 Edw^. Hand 
 
 Col. Wm Crawford 
 
 delphia on parole until exchanged. He is said to have been 
 exchanged for Henry Hamilton, governor of Detroit. Willing 
 was never married. He made his home in Philadelphia, 
 where he died Oct. 13, 1801. — Ed. 
 
 63 See Crawford's reply of Jan. 4, 1778, published in C. W. 
 Butterfield, Washington-Crawford Letters (Cincinnati, 1877), 
 p. 66. — Ed. 
 
 13 
 
194 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 NEWS FROM FORT RANJ)OLPH 
 
 [Capt. William McKee to Gen. Edward Hand. 1U133— 
 A. L. S.] 
 
 Sir — Messrs Bailey^* & Lynn Express from Ken- 
 tucky to you CalH here on their way with whom I 
 transmit your Excellency some acc*^ of the state of this 
 (larrison and what has happened since your Depart- 
 ure on the 29^'' Nov. last Lt Moor with a Reconoit- 
 ring party fell into an ambuscade of about 20 Indians 
 within about 100 y^^ of the turnip field M'". Moor & 
 one private belonging to my Compy were kill^. we 
 
 6^ John Bailey was born in Northumberland County, Va., 
 May 4, 1748. He came to Kentucky as early as 1776, and 
 appears to have lived at Harrodsburg. In 1778 he was com- 
 missioned lieutenant, and joined Clark's Kaskaskia expedi- 
 tion. In August of that year Clark sent him to the aid of 
 Capt. Leonard Helm at Vincennes. Having returned to Kas- 
 kaskia, Bailey became a member of the expedition to recap- 
 ture Vincennes, and was sent in advance with a detachment 
 of fourteen men to make the first attack on Fort Sackville. 
 When Clark left Vincennes, Bailey was placed in command 
 of part of the garrison. November, 1779, found him at a 
 council of war at Louisville, when he is first designated as 
 captain. In 1780, Bailey accompanied Montgomery on his 
 expedition to Rock River, and early in the following year was 
 in command at Fort Jefferson on the Mississippi. Thence he 
 was detached in January, 1781, to take command at Vin- 
 cennes, where he remained until November under great diffi- 
 culties, due to lack of provisions, hostility of the Indians, etc. 
 In 1782 and 1783 he was still in service at Fort Nelson, and 
 in 1784 was one of the commissioners for the Clark grant of 
 land in Indiana, wherein he received his captain's allotment. 
 At the close of the Revolution, Captain Bailey became a 
 Baptist preacher, and was influential in laying the foundations 
 of that church in Kentucky. In 1792 and 1799 he was a mem- 
 ber of the constitutional conventions for the state, and voted 
 in favor of an emancipation clause. He died at his home in 
 Lincoln County, July 3, 1816, leaving the reputation of an 
 honored minister of the gospel, and a loyal, efficient soldier 
 and public servant. — Ed. 
 
CAMP DISEASES 195 
 
 sally^ from the Garrison with all Possible speed but on 
 our approach the Enemy fled in diffrent parties so that 
 we Got none of them nor any thing belonging to them 
 only one Blanquet & a Tomhawk. about 8 Days 
 Afterwards one came to the other side the Ohio Just 
 as it got Dark Fired his Gun and CalH. over that He 
 was Morgan^^ and was perishing with cold & Hunger 
 wanted to be brought over I wou^ not let any of the 
 men go over But sent Katty & Fawney®^ as they 
 wer[e] setting off he ask^. how many were coming 
 with her was told none but the two ; he told her not 
 to come till morning But we have [heard] nothing 
 of the Gentleman since I suppose he wanted some 
 hair [a scalp] but was Disappointed nothing of Im- 
 portance has happened since The small Pox & 
 Meazles both spread through the Garrison there is 
 now 17 men lying in them. Cap* Arbuckle left the 
 Garrison the 5*^^ Inst^ 11 men went with him four 
 had gone before make 15 on Furloe the state of 
 the Garrison at present as follows — Capt Arbuckles 
 Compy I L*. & serg't 19 Rank & file fit for Duty 5 
 serg*. 8 Rank & file sick i sergt 7 Rank & file on 
 Furloe. 
 
 My Compy i Capt i U. 2 Serg*^ 39 Rank and file 
 fit for Duty 8 Rank & file sick i Serg'<^ 6 Rank and file 
 in Furloe i L*^ absent You will Sir see by this our 
 
 65 No doubt this was an Indian who had taken the name of 
 Col. George Morgan, long a trader in the Western coun- 
 try. — Ed. 
 
 66 Katty [Katy] was the Grenadier Squaw, for whom see 
 ante, p. 26, note 57. Fawny [Fanny] was probably her 
 daughter, who is known to have been at Fort Randolph with 
 her. — Ed. 
 
196 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 Garrison is verry weak and in all probability will be 
 weaker as many of the men have those Disorders to 
 take. 
 
 The Commissary has wrote you and (I suppose) 
 has given an acc^ of the Provisions. 
 
 Please Present my Comp'^^ Maj'" Ewing & other 
 officers at your post tho' unacquan[t]ed. I am your 
 Excellencys Most obed^ Hble Serv^ 
 
 y^m m^Kee. 
 Fort Randolph 31st. Decern 1777 
 
 P. S. We have Nominated M'". David Wallace^^ 
 my Eldest Sergt to act as second L* in my Compy I 
 hope you'll approve of & signify your approbation in 
 your next. 
 
 On Continental service To His Excellency Edward Hand 
 B. Genl 
 
 PLANS FOR CLARK'S EXPEDITION 
 
 [Gov. Patrick Henry to General Hand. 3NN196 — Transcript.] 
 
 William SBURGH, Jan. 2d 1778. 
 
 Sir — I was favored with your two last letters which 
 shall have my attention. 
 
 I have to request that you will please to furnish 
 Major G. R. Clark with boats sufficient for conveying 
 seven companys of militia on an expedition of great 
 consequence.'^^ Besides the immediate advantages 
 
 t^" Probably belonging to the Wallace family of Augusta 
 County, early settlers near Staunton. — Ed. 
 
 68 George Rogers Clark (1752-1818) was born in Albemarle 
 County, Va., and as early as 1774 was surveying on Ohio 
 River. For his commission as captain in Lord Dunmore's 
 War see volume thereon in the present series, p. 156. In 1775 
 he visited Kentucky, and was occupied with its defense until 
 the autumn of 1777, when he returned to Virginia to obtain 
 authority for his plan to capture the Illinois settlements. 
 
CLARK'S ERRAND 197 
 
 arising from the success of it, the consequential bene- 
 fits will be many. A good understanding with [New] 
 Orleans is a desirable object. And I must entreat you, 
 Sir, to give Major Clark every assistance which he 
 may want. The boats I hope will not long be wanted ; 
 & the use of them, & every other thing furnished by 
 you will be amply compensated by the Major's suc- 
 cess, which I beg leave to assure you I am most anx- 
 iously concerned for. I refer you to that gentleman 
 for an explanation of the errand on which he goes. 
 It is needless to inform you how necessary it is that 
 the whole affair should be kept impenetrably secret. 
 I have the honor to be. Sir, Y^ obedient hble. Serv* 
 
 P. Henry. 
 P. S. I should have consulted you on the expedi- 
 tion, but time would not permit. I direct the Major 
 to get his powder & lead from your quarter. Please 
 to let him have what is necessary. P. H. 
 
 Genl Hand, Pittsburgh Favd by Majr Clark. 
 
 EXPEDITIONS FOR NEW ORLEANS 
 
 [General Hand to Jasper Yeates. MS. in New York Public 
 Library; Hand Papers — A. L. S.] 
 
 Fort Pitt 6*^. Jany. 1778 
 Dear Yeates — Since I wrote you by Major Ewing 
 have nothing to mention but the Arival of M'" George 
 
 This proposal was approved by Gov. Patrick Henry, and the 
 accompanying letter was one of several issued on this date, 
 destined to promote the expedition. Clark had at this time 
 been commissioned lieutenant-colonel of Virginia militia; but 
 Henry uses familiarly his former title of major, given while 
 in command of Kentucky forts. The object of the expedition 
 had necessarily to be kept secret, to insure its success. — Ed. 
 
198 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 J 
 
 Clyiiier*^^ (one of the Comn^issioners) Yesterday.^" 
 I have not yet heard of the Other Gent", hope they 
 may soon Arive and that I may be Able to return with 
 M^. Clymer as our Army has gone into Winter Quar- 
 ters, suppose nothing material will take place before 
 Spring My love to every Body Adieu! D"". Yeates 
 
 Affectionately y''^ 
 
 Edw^ Hand 
 Jasper Yeates Esq''. 
 
 [Capt. James Willing to General Hand. 3NN198 — Transcript.] 
 
 Ft Pitt, Jan. 7, 1778. 
 As I expect to bring at least five boats from New 
 Orleans laden with dry goods, & navigated by 20 or 25 
 men each, I request the favor of you to give the neces- 
 sary orders for a sufficient quantity of flour & pork to 
 
 *^9 George Clymer was a prominent Philadelphia patriot. 
 Born in that city in 1739, he was educated by his uncle, 
 William Coleman, and early entered into the colonial disputes. 
 He opposed the landing of tea, served on the first committee 
 of safety, and was a signer of the Declaration of Indepen- 
 dence. For several years he was a delegate to the Continental 
 Congress and to the Constitutional Convention. He was first 
 collector of excise for Philadelphia, one of the directors of 
 the Bank of North America, and a commissioner (1796) to 
 treat with Cherokee Indians. He died in 1813 at his home in 
 Bucks County, Pa. — Ed. 
 
 '0 Nov. 20, 1777, Congress took into consideration the state 
 of the Western frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia and 
 the disaffection existing there as the result of Hamilton's 
 proclamations. It determined to appoint a commission of 
 three to investigate the rise, progress, and extent of the dis- 
 affection and to provide means both for checking it and the 
 Indian ravages. Col. Samuel Washington, Mr. Gabriel Jones, 
 and Col. Joseph Reed were appointed. The last named having 
 withdrawn, George Clymer was (Dec. 11) elected to take his 
 place. See Jour, of Cong, (new ed.), ix, pp. 942-944, 
 1018. — Ed. 
 
ROGERS'S EXPEDITION 199 
 
 be lodged for me by the beginning of April next at the 
 Arkansas.'^ Not less than 60 or 70 barrels of flour, 
 of 250 to 300 ^^^ each, & 20 or 30 bb'^ of pork. I will 
 supply my crews with the remaining quantity of meat 
 necessary below. 
 
 [Gov. Patrick Henry to General Hand. 3NN199 — Transcript.] 
 
 WnisBURG, Jan. 15th 1778. 
 Sir — Col. David Rogers has my instructions to pro- 
 ceed to New Orleans on business of the greatest con- 
 cern to the State. ^- He must have boats, provisions, 
 Men, &c. without which his journey will be stopped. I 
 trouble you, Sir, on this occasion, so important to the 
 interests of America, hoping for your warmest Exer- 
 tiohs to fit out the Colonel in the Most Speedy manner. 
 His principal difficulties will probably be in procuring 
 boats & men. But I've hopes that in a Matter of such 
 high moment to your part of the country, everything 
 necessary for the trip will be got with alacrity. Am- 
 munition & arms will be delivered him by you. Sir, I 
 hope with Convenience. I am, Sir, V Mo. hble Serv*^ 
 
 P. Henry. 
 
 Gen. Hand. 
 
 ■1 Arkansas Post was one of the oldest in the Mississippi 
 Valley, having been founded in 1686 by some of Henri 
 Tonty's men. The settlement was not continuous, the fort 
 having been permanently founded about 1718 under the re- 
 gime of John Law. The official name of the post was St. 
 Etienne, but it was commonly known as "Aux Arcs", pho- 
 neticized by Americans into Ozark. In 1748 it suffered an 
 attack by the Chickasaw, and four years later was substan- 
 tially rebuilt. The Spanish kept a garrison there throughout 
 their possession of Louisiana, and in 1804 surrendered the 
 fort to the Americans. — Ed. 
 
 '- For a brief sketch of Col. David Rogers and his expedi- 
 tion, see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 232, note 75. — Ed. 
 
200 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 [General Hand to Jasper Yeates. MS. in New York Public 
 Library; Hand Papers — A. L. S.] 
 
 Fort Pitt 17*^. Jany. 1778 
 
 Dear Yeates — Since my last nothing has Occured 
 worth relating in the Public Way, and as to my pro- 
 ceedings in the private Character, I cant say how you 
 will relish them. I have Agreed, with M^. Ja^ Willing 
 for half my Concerns on Chartiers Creek,'^^ the terms 
 Kitty will communicate. M"". Clymer begins to be 
 uneasie at the stay of the other Gent". I hope I shant 
 have Occasion to be so on Jessy's Acc^ and that I shall 
 See you soon 
 
 my love to every Creature of your Family, My re- 
 
 "3 Chartier's Creek rises in Washington County and flows 
 north and northeast into the Ohio, a short distance below 
 Pittsburgh. The name (which was corrupted by the early 
 settlers into Shurtees) is an interesting reminder of early 
 Indian occupation. A French-Canadian named Martin Char- 
 tier was one of La Salle's party, and resided at Fort St. Louis 
 in the Illinois. Having married a Shawnee squaw he migrated 
 south and east with a band of that tribe, finally appearing 
 (1692) in Maryland — see Hanna, Wilderness Trail, i, 
 pp. 1 19-135. Later, these people settled on the Susquehanna, 
 where Chartier died in 1718. His only son Peter had great 
 influence with the Shawnee and removed with them to the 
 Ohio, where his village was known as Chartier's Town. Be- 
 ing induced to embrace the French interest he persuaded his 
 band to remove (1745) down the Ohio, after which his his- 
 tory is not known. Two localities in western Pennsylvania 
 preserve his name — Chartier's Run and Station in Westmore- 
 land County, and Chartier's Creek. The latter is noted for 
 the quality of its land. It was included in an Indian grant 
 of 1749 to George Croghan, and he sold a number of loca- 
 tions thereon. Probably Hand's tract belonged to this 
 number. — Ed. 
 
VOLUNTEERS WANTED 201 
 
 spects to M''. Shippen's &c^. Farewell D^ Yeates 
 
 Affectionately y'■^ ^ , ^^ 
 
 Edw^. Hand 
 M'^.Kee is Order'd down'^ 
 To Jasper Yeates Esqi-. Lancaster pr. Col : Steel 
 
 HAND'S EXPEDITION INTO THE INDIAN 
 COUNTRY 
 
 [General Hand to Col. William Crawford. 3NN95— 
 Transcript.] 
 YoHiOGANiA Cox'y, sth Feb. 1778. 
 
 D^ Sir — As I am credibly informed that the English 
 have lodged a quantity of arms, ammunition, provision 
 & clothing at a small Indian town about 100 miles 
 from Fort Pitt, to support the savages in their excur- 
 sions against the inhabitants of this and the adjacent 
 counties, I ardently wish to collect as many brave 
 active lads as are willing to turn out, to destroy this 
 magazine. Every man must be provided with a horse, 
 & every article necessary to equip them for the expe- 
 dition, except amunition, which, with some arms, I can 
 furnish. 
 
 It may not be unnecessary to assure them, that 
 everything they are able to bring away shall be sold at 
 jjuulic vendue for the sole benefit of the captors, & the 
 money equally distributed, tho' I am certain that a 
 sense of the service they will render to their country 
 
 '''4 The expression "down the country" was used as an 
 equivalent for return to the East. February 7, 1778, General 
 Hand wrote to Alexander McKee : "Sir — I am sorry to be 
 under the necessity of repeating my desire of the 29th Dec. 
 last, viz. that you may immediately repair to Yorktown, in 
 Penn., on your parole, there to receive the further directions 
 of the Hon. Continental Board of War." See C. W. Butter- 
 field, History of the Girtys (Cincinnati, 1800), p. 40. — Ed. 
 
202 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 will operate more strongly than the expectation of 
 gain. I therefore expect you will use your influence 
 on this occasion, & bring all the volunteers you can 
 raise to Fort Pitt by the 15"' of this month. I am, dear 
 Sir, Yr. obed*^ huble Serv^ 
 
 Edw^ Hand. 
 Col. Wm Crawford. 
 
 N. B. The horses shall be appraised, & paid for if 
 
 lost. 
 
 SUPPLIES FOR WESTERN EXPEDITIONS 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to Gen. Horatio Gates. 3NN98 — 
 Transcript.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, 12th Feby 1778. 
 
 Sir — I do myself the honor to enclose you the Copy 
 of a letter I yesterday rec^ from his Exc^ Gov^' Henry. 
 I can't doubt but Congress will direct an immediate 
 compliance with the demands he makes, & would not 
 myself hesitate to grant them, yet as time will admit 
 of consulting your Honb'^ Board, I think it my duty 
 so to do. I request your instructions how to act by 
 return of the express. 
 
 On the 17^^ ult*' I wrote to the Honb^^ the Commer- 
 cial Committee Enclosing a demand made on me by 
 Capt. James Willing of the armed boat Rattle Trap, & 
 Col. George Morgan's Estimate for provisions to be 
 sent to the Arkansas. 
 
 It will be very necessary that their determination be 
 immediately communicated, as the protection Major 
 Clark's party can afford the provision boats as far as 
 the Cherokee fort, which is within 40 miles of the 
 
LEAD FOR CLARK 203 
 
 mouth of the Ohio,'^ will save an expense of men, (a 
 Matter of Consequence in this quarter.) 
 
 It is to be lamented that Gov^ Henry had not recol- 
 lected that the three tons of lead ordered from Vir- 
 ginia by Congress in April last, never reached this 
 place, which leaves it in a deplorable Situation, & such 
 as deserves your early attention. The whole stock 
 now in store amounts to no more than 508 ^^^ — vide 
 last return ; but hope to draw from the out-posts what 
 will serve Major Clark. The intent of the expedition 
 is to seize upon the British post & stores at Kaskas- 
 quias in the Illinois Country, of which it is likely you 
 are apprized. I wish you every happiness, & am. Sir, 
 Very respectfully Y'" obed*^ hble Serv^ 
 
 Edw^ Hand. 
 
 P. S. An officer & private were killed within 300 
 yards of Fort Randolph since I left it. 
 To the Honb'e Maj. Gen. Gates, Presid* of Board of War. 
 
 OATHS OF ALLEGIANCE 
 
 [Capt. Thomas Burk to Col. William Preston. 4QQ158— 
 A. L. S.] 
 
 Dear S"" — I have Call'^ the men to Gather A gree- 
 able to your orders and am sorry that I Cannot Sat- 
 tisfy my own Concience so far as to Cumply and take 
 
 '5 The Cherokee fort was that known to the French as 
 Fort Massiac (Massac), built by them in 1757 to check the 
 incursions of Cherokee Indians. It was garrisoned through- 
 out the French regime. British engineers recommended it 
 as an important site, but it was allowed to fall into ruins. 
 At this site began Clark's overland march to Kaskaskia. In 
 1794 the United States rebuilt the post, which was garrisoned 
 until after 1812. The site has recently been purchased for a 
 state park, to be under the direction of the Historical Society 
 of Illinois. — Ed. 
 
204 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 Oath prescribed by law and I Render^ my Reason to 
 you When we held a Coversation at your own house 
 & Neighther Do I through stubburnness Refuse But 
 Ever look^ Upon it my Duty When I took an oath on 
 any occation their should be Noo doubt of Concience 
 I Never flew in the face of authority Neither shall I, 
 and stand not In Defyence of Goverment But Know 
 Very wel that I must be under the law of men and am 
 not against any thing in Reason and stand in reason- 
 able fear of My fellow man But must think that I 
 have A god to fear as he is the Creator of us all and 
 says the Rather fear him who is able to Destroy both 
 soul and body in hell I think it Requisit at all times 
 to take sum thought of an Eternal state as well as all 
 for temporal I do not hint on any man that has takun 
 it But only in vindication of my own Concience as I 
 think the apostle Paul says What shall it profit a man 
 if he gain the whole World and loos his own soul. I 
 Declare my selfe a rail friend to my Country Nither 
 have I Ever don any thing Against it and as to the 
 Resolveing any thing of rebeling against the Country 
 I Never thought of any such thing Neighther have I 
 Ever heard Mankind in my own Cumpany or any 
 other person What Ever speake or Motion the like, it 
 is not in my thought to teach any thing Concerning 
 scripture But Know you able to Be my Guide and am 
 With grate Respect your Most obedient Humble 
 servant 
 
 Tho^ Burk 
 
 And I hear in Close the Commition Deliverd to me 
 and Must Resine 
 
 febry igth 1778. 
 
PROTECTING THE FRONTIERS 205 
 
 DEFENSE OF VIRGINIA 
 
 [Gov. Patrick Henry to Col. William Fleming. i^TJLi'] — 
 A. L. S.] 
 
 Williamsburg, Feby 19*^ 1778. 
 
 Sir — The Murder of the Shawanese Indians will no 
 doubt bring on Hostilities with that People. In order 
 to ward off the Stroke which may be expected it is 
 necessary to have every Gun in your County put into 
 good order & got ready for Action. Lead may be had 
 from the Mines. An order for one pound for each 
 Man of your Militia accompany's this. Powder it is 
 said is plenty among you. If it cant be had otherwise 
 send to Richmond for it. Let trusty Scouts be kept 
 in constant Action towards the Enemys Country to 
 discover their Movements & give Information of ap- 
 proaching Danger. Proper Stockades or Defences to 
 receive the more helpless part of the People should be 
 provided in time and fixed at Places judiciously 
 chosen, that the able Men may be at liberty to assail 
 the Enemy & range the Frontiers as occasion may re- 
 quire. These Stockades should be provided at the 
 Expence of your People & are not meant to be garri- 
 soned only as particular Exigencies may make neces- 
 sary. I think no Neighbourhood ought to be without 
 one where the Enemy can possibly penetrate. In case 
 of Attack you are to draw out such Force from the 
 Militia as you judge sufficient to chastise the Invaders. 
 Let the pursuit of Scalping Parties, be close, hot and 
 determined, for if Vengeance is taken on the foremost 
 Partys, others will be intimidated. I wish to rein- 
 force Capt. Arbuckles Garrison with a Company of 
 fifty Men officered in the usual manner from your 
 
206 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 County and that they should march thither without 
 delay. Volunteers enlisted for this Business to serve 
 six Months in it, I would prefer, but if they are not 
 to be got without loss of Time let the Militia be 
 drafted. For I expect the Indians very shortly on the 
 Frontiers. I beg the favour of you to confer with 
 Col. Preston on the propriety of establishing a Post 
 to preserve the Communication with Fort Randolph, 
 perhaps some Place near the mouth of Elk River 
 might answer this purpose and also check the Inroads 
 of the Savages if the Garrison was alert and diligent 
 to intercept their Parties. 
 
 I am at a loss for Officers in Green Bryar and wish 
 for a recommendation from your County Court of 
 such as are proper ; That Place will be attacked tis 
 likely and if no other Expedient can be found I must 
 fill up the Commisisons in Council, where the Individ- 
 uals cannot be known. Rockbridge is in the same situ- 
 ation. Will you please to assist with such Informa- 
 tion as you can give in finding fit Persons for Officers. 
 I wash the Lead to be carefully preserved for the pur- 
 pose of Defence & not given to the men but as Occa- 
 sions call for it, except in exposed Places, where the 
 People must be trusted with it. 1 think the Garrison 
 proposed near Elk need not consist of more than sixty 
 Men, but I submit it to you and Col. Preston to do for 
 the best being on the Spot. 
 
 You will perceive my Views go no further than de- 
 fensive Operations. I know how impossible it is to 
 render them completely effectual against the Enemies 
 you have to oppose. But offensive Measures set on 
 foot against these Indians at this time after their late 
 
PROTECTING THE FRONTIERS 207 
 
 Treatment, would be too full of Injustice to escape 
 general Execration. Policy & even Self preservation 
 may ere long call for such Measures. But even then 
 it may be doubted if provisions purchased in your 
 parts would answer the Design. 
 
 Having now done every thing which 1 can foresee 
 to be necessary for protecting the Frontiers, I must tell 
 you Sir that I really blush for the occasion of this War 
 with the Shawanese. I doubt not but you detest the 
 vile assassins who have brought it on us at this critical 
 Time when our whole Force was wanted in another 
 Quarter. But why are they not brought to Justice? 
 Shall this Precedent establish the Right of involving 
 Virginia in War whenever any one in the back Coun- 
 try shall please? I need not argue to shew you Sir the 
 fatal tendency of such Conduct. You see it & 1 fear 
 your County will feel indiscriminately that Misery 
 which ought to visit only the guilty Authors of the 
 Mischief. Some say the People of your Country will 
 not suffer the Apprehension of the Murderers. 1 de- 
 sire it may be remembered, that if the frontier people 
 will not submit to the Laws, but thus set them at Defi- 
 ance, they will not be considered as entitled to the pro- 
 tection of Government, and were it not for the miser- 
 able Condition of many with you, T should demand the 
 Offenders previous to every other Step. For where is 
 this wretched Business to end? The Cherokees, the 
 Delawares and every other Tribe may be set on us in 
 this manner this Spring for what I know. Is not this 
 the work of Tories? No Man but an Enemy to 
 American Independance will do it, and thus oblige 
 our People to be hunting after Indians in the Woods, 
 
208 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 instead of facing Gen^ Howe in the field, search into 
 the Matter and depend upon it the Murderers are Tor- 
 ies, the Honor of your Country is at stake and it is 
 time to decide whether these Villains are to meet with 
 punishment or whether the greater Number will 
 espouse their Interests. I desire you to the utmost, 
 at all hazards & to the last Extremity to support and 
 assist the civil Magistrate in apprehending and bring- 
 ing these offenders to Justice. 
 
 If the Shawenese deserved Death, because their 
 Countrymen committed Hostilities, a Jury from the 
 Vicinage will say so and acquit the accused who must 
 be judged by his Neighbours feeling the same Resent- 
 ments and Passions with themselves. But they are 
 Traytors I suspect and Agents for the Enemy, who 
 have taken this method to find employment for the 
 brave back Woodsmen at home, and prevent their 
 joining Gen^ Washington to strike a decisive stroke 
 for Independency at this critical time. 
 
 Urge these things Sir with that Spirit and Warmth 
 the Subject demands, prepare your People for their 
 own Defence against the Indians to vindicate their 
 Honor from the rude attack now made on it, and let 
 them be shewn to the World as possessing the other 
 virtues which usually accompany Courage. 
 
 In the Confidence that what I now press, I mean the 
 bringing the Murderers of the Indians to Justice, will 
 be done. Government will loose no Time in lending its 
 best Aids to protect your Country. I fear something 
 essential for the frontier Defence, may have escaped 
 me. But your part must be in concert with your 
 Neighbours to point out what yet remains to be done 
 
PROTECTING THE FRONTIERS 209 
 
 for your safety. If a Reinforcement of fifty Men 
 more is necessary at Fort Randolph they will be sent 
 on your and Col. Preston's writing to me. 
 
 I have it much at Heart to bring the Indians to treat 
 on the subject of our Difference with them, perhaps 
 the Grenadier Sqaw may be usefull in this Business, 
 please to confer on this matter with Col. Preston and 
 let every possible Effort be made to bring on a Treaty, 
 the Expences necessary for the Attempt I will pay on 
 Demand. I forbear to mention particulars for begin- 
 ning this Work as they must be better judged of on 
 the spot, but at all Events try it vigorously. 
 
 Wishing safety to you & your people I am Sir Y'" 
 
 Mo. hbie Serv* 
 
 P. Henry 
 
 Col^ Fleming Botetourt The County Lieutenant of Bote- 
 tourt. 
 
 NEWS FROM THE FRONT 
 
 [Col. William Russell to Col. William Fleming. 2U6 — 
 A. L. S.] 
 Camp Valley Forge March i^ 1778. 
 D'" Sir — Having a few moments leasure, and being 
 favoured with this opportunity by CoP Gist;^^' I set 
 
 ■^6 Col. Nathaniel Gist was the son of Christopher Gist, 
 scout and explorer, who accompanied Washington on his 
 perilous journey (1753) to Venango, and saved the life of 
 the young Virginian envoy. Nathaniel was scout under his 
 father in Braddock's campaign, and next year (1756) lieu- 
 tenant of the company of scouts in Washington's Virginia 
 regiment. By 1762 Nathaniel had the rank of captain. At 
 the outbreak of the Revolution he undertook a perilous jour- 
 ney to the Cherokee country in order to secure their neu- 
 trality. In January, 1777, he was commissioned colonel of 
 an additional Continental regiment, raised by order of Con- 
 gress, which command was known as Gist's regiment. He 
 
 14 
 
210 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 down to remind you, that through mercy, I am still in 
 existence; and tho' I have not been so happy to hear 
 from you either by Letter or otherwise, since I left 
 your House; yet, I flatter myselfe, you have not forgot 
 your promise of writting to me at convenient times 
 such news as your quarter afford. I had to go by Fort 
 Pitt when I left you, on my way to head Quarters, 
 which obliged me to have the small Pox till the month 
 of July, a very hot season, but, I weather'd it with a 
 good deal of ease, however my conflict with the mea- 
 sles was very severe, of which, I have but lately recov- 
 ered, tho' I underwent constant Duty wnthin a few 
 Days after it seized me. I make no doubt but you 
 have long since been acquainted with the news of the 
 summer, and fall, since which, little has transpired. 
 We have taken up winter quarters at this place, and. 
 having erected a small city of Cabbins for the troops 
 to live in, it is likely we shall remain here till summer, 
 unless drove from it by M'' How ; which I doubt of, 
 as we are at present fortifying round our camp. A 
 committee of congress is now setting near us, to regu- 
 late our army, and I expect will new model in particu- 
 
 served directly under Washington during 1777, but in the 
 spring of 1778 was commissioned to undertake a second jour- 
 ney to the Cherokee. In that capacity he left the army, and 
 passed through southwestern Virginia. The summer found 
 him again- with the army, and the next year he was ordered 
 to reinforce Charleston, where Gist was one of the prisoners 
 captured in May, 1780. Released upon parole, he returned 
 home and resigned January i, 1781. Later in life, after mar- 
 riage to Judith Cary Bell of Virginia, Colonel Gist removed 
 (1793) to Kentucky, where he died early in the nineteenth 
 century, leaving several descendants, some of whom obtained 
 prominence in the country's service. An autograph letter 
 may be found in Draper MSS., 2L10. — Ed. 
 
NEWS FROM THE FRONT 211 
 
 lar, the present arrangement of officers. It is reported 
 that some Regiments will be diminished, if so, it is 
 probable some of us Field officers of the last six 
 [Virginia regiments] will be reduced. 
 
 Our lite infantry is to consi[s]t of eighteen Com- 
 panies Commanded by Major General Arnold & two 
 Brigadiers, of whom Gen^ Scott is to be one; the 
 other unknown ; and our officers will hereafter be on a 
 more respectable footing. Marquis De Lafayette, 
 Gen^ Conway and Gen' M'^Calb [De Kalb] are or- 
 dered to Canada, and will command in that quarter the 
 next campaign ; their influence will undoubtedly be 
 considerable among the Canadians it is said they are 
 coming over fast to our interest already. The deten- 
 tion of Gen' Burgoin and army, I expect gives great 
 satisfaction to the People of Virginia. We have just 
 heard that the news of his defeat occasion'd great com- 
 motions in England. The Parliament was sitting at 
 the time, and, when the accounts reached the House; 
 CoP Barre asked leave to speak on the occasion ; he 
 was ordered to silence, but a great majority crying out 
 leave leave, he was permitted together with M^ Burke ; 
 they spoke in a most copious manner, it is said much 
 to the satisfaction of great part of the House : we 
 daily expect the ace*'' in Print: if it comes shortly I 
 will send it to you. Gen' Muhlenburg^^ being gone 
 
 ■''^ Gen. John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg, the famous "fight- 
 ing parson", was born in Pennsylvania in 1746, the son of the 
 founder of the Lutheran church in America. Peter was sent 
 for education to Germany, where he had a brief military ex- 
 per-'ence. Returning home he took orders, and settled (1772) 
 as the pastor of Woodstock, Va., where he at once engaged 
 in the Revolutionary movement, serving on the committees 
 
212 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 Home, the command of the Brigade devolved on me 
 till his return, which gives me great trouble, and have 
 had ever since his absence, in discharging the soldiers 
 who's times have expired, which happens almost every 
 Day more or less. There is strong reasons to believe, 
 that my Regiment will be ordered to Fort Pitt very 
 soon, If so, and I continue to Command it; I shall try 
 to get leave of absance to visit my family and friends 
 before I go there, but if I should be continued here, I 
 am doubtful whether I can be spared : but his Excel- 
 lency General Washington has assured me he will in- 
 dulge me if possible. I should be exceeding happy to 
 spend an evening or two with you, I have much more 
 to communicate to you than I wood chuse to do by 
 Letter, for seldom any passes now without being 
 opened, and too commonly lost altogether. No doubt 
 
 of correspondence and safety, in the state convention, and as 
 a trusted counsellor of Henry and Washington. In 1776 he 
 was commissioned colonel of the 8th Virginia, and stepping 
 from the pulpit to the door of his church, he enrolled among 
 his parishioners his famous German regiment. Muhlenberg's 
 first operations were in Virginia, but in 1777 he joined the 
 main army after being commissioned (February 21) briga- 
 dier-general. Here he was one of Washington's most trusted 
 generals, partaking in all the battles and campaigns of 1777-78. 
 The short furlough mentioned by Russell was almost his only 
 visit to his Woodstock home during the first three years of 
 the war. In 1779-83 he served in Virginia, receiving the rank 
 of major-general (September, 1783). At the close of the war 
 he made a journey to the West to locate his own and other 
 officers' lands, intending to make his home in Kentucky. But 
 events decided his return to Pennsylvania, where he there- 
 after chiefly made his home. He was one of the supreme 
 executive council of Pennsylvania, member of the first Con- 
 gress under the constitution, and U. S. senator ; he was then 
 collector of the port of Philadelphia (1801) until his death 
 in 1807. — Ed. 
 
 II 
 
NEWS FROM THE FRONT 213 
 
 but you have long since heard of General Stephen^ ^ 
 loseing his Post in the Army, your old acquaintances 
 Woodford, Scott, and Weedon^^ still continue, the lat- 
 ter gone Home on Furloe. Discontents have much 
 prevailed among the officers, but, I hope the present 
 regulations will give general satisfaction : the officers 
 wait with great impatience to know them. I have long 
 
 ^8 For this officer, see Diinmore's War, p. 191, note 35. — Ed. 
 
 ^9 William Woodford was the son of a militia officer in 
 Caroline County, where he was born Oct. 6, 1734. He was 
 first-lieutenant and then captain in the Virginia regiment 
 during the French and Indian War, and he married a near 
 relative of Washington. On the arming for the Revolution, 
 Woodford was chosen colonel of the 2nd Virginia regiment, 
 took command against Lord Dunmore, and won the engage- 
 ment at Great Bridge (Dec. 9, 1775). Having resigned his 
 rank upon entering the Continental establishment, he was, 
 until made brigadier-general in 1777, placed below those 
 whom he had previously ranked. His resignation was only 
 avoided through the personal solicitation of the commander- 
 in-chief, who had a marked regard for his abilities. At the 
 battle of Brandywine he was wounded, but continued with 
 the main army until (1779) he was detached to the relief of 
 Charleston. There he was captured, taken to New York, and 
 died while still a prisoner, Nov. 13, 1780. 
 
 Gen. Charles Scott was born in Cumberland County, Va. 
 At the age of seventeen he was enlisted in the Virginia regi- 
 ment and was at Braddock's defeat. He was appointed first 
 sergeant, then ensign of the regiment. On the outbreak of 
 the Revolution. Scott was recommended by Washington for a 
 commission, and made lieutenant-colonel of the 5th Virginia. 
 He served with the main arm}^ commanding a brigade at 
 Brandywine and being with Wayne at the capture of Stony 
 Point. He was in Charleston at the time of its surrender, 
 and did not thereafter take active part in the army. In 1787 
 Scott removed with his family to Kentucky, where he settled 
 in Woodford County, near Versailles, and there his son 
 Samuel was killed in 1789 by lurking Indians. In 1791 Scott 
 headed a successful expedition against the Wea Indians on 
 the Wabash, when the old Ouiatanon settlement was totally 
 destroyed. One of his sons was out with Wayne in 1794. 
 General Scott was very popular with his neighbors, and in 
 1808 he was chosen governor of Kentucky, in which office he 
 
A^° 
 
 214 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 wished to hear the news from your Quarter, but not 
 one old acquaintance will favour me therewith ; any- 
 thing from that Quarter wood be most agreeable. I am 
 sorry to hear my old acquaintance Cornstalk is killed, 
 am much afraid that will set on the Shawanees to 
 War against our frontier in conjunction with the other 
 northen tribes ; which will greatly distress our People. 
 I understand an expedition is intended against 
 Detroyat from Fort Pitt, it is likely I shall be ordered 
 on that service with my Regiment : I hope the Militia 
 will be forward shou'd they be calld upon for that 
 purpose ; the reduction of that Post will secure our 
 Frontier. 
 
 Tho' I have been frequently hindered, while writting 
 this, by giving discharges to soldiers, yet I have per- 
 severed, till I fear it may tire your patience, but rely- 
 ing on your goodness to accept of what the Camp at 
 present affords, shall after tendering my best compli- 
 ments to your Lady, and all enquireing Friends, sub- 
 scribe myself e D"" Si'", Yours most affectionately. 
 
 Wm. Russell 
 
 To Col® William Fleming. Botetourt County, Virginia. 
 Favd by Col" Gist. 
 
 served for four years. He died at his home in October, 1813. 
 Gen. George Weedon was born in Fredericksburg, Va., 
 about"'i830. A neighbor and friend of Gen. Hugh Mercer, 
 he was (1758) an officer in the Virginia regiment. After the 
 war he became an innkeeper at his native place, and was an 
 active and zealous Whig. In 1776, Weedon was commissioned 
 lieutenant-colonel of the 3d Virginia, being transferred in 
 August of the same year to the ist. In February, 1777, he 
 was appointed brigadier-general, and commanded a brigade 
 at Brandy wine and Germantown. In 1780 he was assigned 
 to duty in Virginia, and took part in the siege of Yorktown. 
 At the close of the war he was breveted major-general. In 
 1774 General Weedon married Catherine Gordon of Freder- 
 
THE SQUAW CAMPAIGN 215 
 
 ACCOUNT OF HAND'S EXPEDITION 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to Jasper Ewing. MS. in New York 
 Public Library; Hand Papers — A. L. S.] 
 
 Fort Pitt 7th March 1778 
 
 Dear Yeates — I omitted writing to you by the last 
 Opertunity Because I had nothing material then to 
 Communicate, & Expected by this to have Mighty 
 feats to declare, having rec^. intelligence that a Quan- 
 tity of Stores were lodged at Cayahaga, I formed a 
 Project of Seizing them by Surprise, during the Sea- 
 son in which the Savages might Suppose us to be in- 
 active. A party nearly Amounting to 500 Chiefly 
 Westmoreland Militia Ofiferd themselves for this Ser- 
 vice, but unluckily the heavy Rains that fell soon after 
 we set Out, together with the Melting of the snow 
 raised the Waters to such a degree, that after Swiming 
 Some Creek's & going round the heads of others we 
 were obliged to relinquish our Design, about 40 miles 
 up Beaver Creek we discoverd Indian Tracts & Sent 
 out reconnoitring Parties some of them returnd & 
 Informd they had found a Camp Containing between 
 50 & 60 Indians, I conjectured they were Warriors 
 coming into Our Settlements & proceeded to Attack 
 them But to my great Mortification found only one 
 Man with some Women & Children, the Men were 
 so Impetuous that I could not prevent their Killing 
 the Man & one of the Women, another Woman was 
 taken & with difiiculty Saved, the rem^. escaped. 
 
 The prisoner told us that ten Miles higher, Ten 
 Money [Munsey] men were Making salt. I detachd 
 
 icksburg. and his name appears in the Spottsylvania records 
 until after 1793, about which time he seems to have died. — Ed. 
 
216 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 a party to Secure them, they turn'd out to be 4 
 Women & a Boy, of these one Woman only was Saved. 
 Notwithstanding this Savage Conduct I verily believe 
 the Party would Behave well if they had men to con- 
 tend with. You will be Surprised in performing the 
 Above great exploits I had but one man (a Capt".) 
 W^ounded, & one Dround'd. 
 
 I cant yet give you the Information you desire of 
 your Indian Brother but will inform myself if I can. 
 
 The Virginia Commissioners have not Arived here 
 nor can I learn Any thing of them. I beg my Love 
 to all Your Family. My respects to M^ Shippens &c^. 
 & am Dear Yeates your Affectionate Kinsman 
 
 Edw^: Hand 
 To Jasper Yeates Esq'". Lancaster 
 
 [Recollections of Samuel Murphy, 3S28-32.] 
 General Hand's expedition. This was in the winter 
 1777-78 with a slight fall of fresh snow. About 400 
 men [went out]. Col. Providence Mounts, of Mounts 
 Creek, ^^ which empties in Youghiogheny, was out. 
 Col. William Crawford, Major Brenton, Capt. John 
 
 80 Providence Mounts was a Marylander by birth, and is 
 said to have been with Washington at Fort Necessity. In 
 T768 he removed to the Youghiogheny, in what is now Con- 
 nellsville township of Fayette County, where he erected a 
 mill on a creek which there emptied into the river. During 
 the Revolution he was colonel of the 2nd battalion of West- 
 moreland militia, and in addition to this expedition served in 
 the pursuit of the savage enemy after the sack of Hannas- 
 town (1782). He died at his home in 1784, and after his de- 
 cease his land was patented to his descendants. — Ed. 
 
THE SQUAW CAMPAIGN 217 
 
 Stephenson, Captain Scott,^^ etc. William Brady, a 
 blacksmith of Pittsburgh, was chosen pilot.^- Simon 
 Girty was out, and wanted the appointment. 
 
 On the way out, Major Brenton lost his horse, and 
 he got Simon Girty to remain with him, they found 
 the horse, and rejoined the army just at the close of 
 the fight, or rather firing, on the Indian town, in the 
 forks of Neshaneck and Shenango and on the eastern 
 bank of the latter.^'' Orders had been given as they 
 
 81 Capt. David Scott was born on the South Branch of 
 Potomac River, but in 1770 he moved to the Monongahela, 
 near the site of the present Granville — a town founded by his 
 son Felix Scott — Monongalia County, West Va. Captain Scott 
 built one or more mills in the vicinity, and was a prominent 
 resident. In 1779 Indians murdered his daughters Fanny and 
 Phebe as they were taking dinner to men in the hayfield. 
 Later, a son named James barely escaped capture. An old 
 house said to have been built by Captain Scott in 1776, was 
 lately standing on the farm of the Gapen family, who de- 
 scended from Captain Scott's youngest daughter. — Ed. 
 
 ^- Nothing more appears in reference to this guide. Ac- 
 cording to Samuel Murphy's recollections, he was not of the 
 family of Samuel Brady. — Ed. 
 
 ^3 The first of these two streams is usually written Neshan- 
 nock. The village raided must have been on the site of the 
 present town of Newcastle, Mercer County, Pa. This was 
 probably part of the Kuskuskies towns (see ante, note 45), 
 which originally were built by the Iroquois. These villages 
 seem to have still been their abode when Washington visited 
 the West in 1753. The latter did not enter Kuskuskies, but 
 passed near it on his route from Logstown to Venango. After 
 the opening of the French and Indian War, the Iroquois 
 abandoned this region, which was then given over to the 
 Delawares, who had important settlements on Beaver Creek 
 and its branches. There the Moravian envoy Frederick 
 Christian Post visited them in the summer of 1758. He de- 
 scribes Kuskuskies as composed of four towns, some distance 
 apart, and says that at one of them the French had built 
 houses for the Delawares ; probably it was on the site of 
 Newcastle. In the period between the English capture of 
 Fort Duquesne (1758), and Pontiac's War (1763), the Dela- 
 
218 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 approached the town to surround it, but Colonel 
 Mounts did not fully accomplish his part, and left a 
 gap, and Pipe's wife and children got off, a little fall 
 of snow on the ground. This Pipe was a brother 
 of Captain Pipe. The mother of the Pipes, an old 
 squaw was pursued and shot at repeatedly, w^hen 
 Thomas Ravenscroft^* ran up to the old squaw and 
 tried to pull her away, but the bullets still flying, and 
 had a ball through his legging; when a Major came up 
 and put a stop to firing, when it was ascertained that 
 the only injury she had received was the loss of an end 
 of a little finger. An old squaw was shot by Lieut. 
 [John] Hamilton^^ and w^ounded in the leg. mistaking 
 
 ware tribesmen withdrew in large measure to the Tuscarawas 
 and Muskingum. The village raided by Hand's warriors 
 would appear to have been at this time (1778) inconsiderable, 
 with few vestiges of its former importance. — Ed. 
 
 s^ Thomas Ravenscroft was born about 1750, and brought 
 up in the family of Col. William Crawford. His first military 
 service was in Dunmore's army in 1774; the next year (1775) 
 he enlisted in Capt. John Stephenson's company, and later 
 joined the 13th Virginia under Colonel Russell. Discharged 
 at the close of 1777 or early in 1778, he was out with Hand 
 on this expedition, and in 1781 enlisted under Clark for ser- 
 vice in an expedition to Detroit, with a commission as lieuten- 
 ant. Clark's expedition having been abandoned, Ravenscroft 
 was employed in guarding the frontier. When out with Col. 
 John Floyd in September, 1781, he was captured and taken 
 prisoner to Detroit — see original letter of Floyd, relating this 
 event, in Draper MSS., 51J89. From Detroit he was sent 
 down to Montreal and there (June 20, 1782) made his escape, 
 but was shortly recaptured — see Canadian Archives, 1887, 
 p. 307. At the close of the Revolution, Ravenscroft was ex- 
 changed and returned to Kentucky, where he married either 
 the widow or daughter of Col. John Hinkston. He was living 
 in Harrison County, Ky., as late as 1823. — Ed. 
 
 ^^ Lieut. John Hamilton lived in what is now Washington 
 County, Pa. In the autumn of 1775 he enlisted in the 13th 
 Virginia and served in the Eastern army, being at the battles 
 
THE SQUAW CAMPAIGN 219 
 
 her for a warrior; and a soldier ran up and toma- 
 hawked her, and a second ran up and shot her. Pipe 
 shot and wounded Captain Scott and disabled his arm, 
 and when nearly ready to shoot again, some one shot 
 Pipe, and Reasin Virgin passing sunk the tomahawk 
 in his head. Then commenced a wild yelling and 
 shooting, without giving the least heed to the officers. 
 A few cabins only were there, a little plunder ob- 
 tained. This was about midday in February or March. 
 That afternoon a party started off for a small Indian 
 settlement several miles up the Mahoning at a place 
 called the Salt Licks. ^^ Simon Girty went as pilot. 
 They did not reach the place until in the night, found 
 the warriors all absent hunting, found a few squaws 
 there, and took [one] prisoner and brought her of¥, 
 the others were left. A small Indian boy out with a 
 gun shooting birds was discovered and killed, and sev- 
 eral claimed the honor : and it was left to Girtv to de- 
 
 at head of Elk River, at Brandywine, and Germantown. He 
 would seem to have been ordered to Fort Pitt late in 1777, 
 and to have served in the West until his discharge on 
 Nov. 23, 1778. Ten years later he moved to Ohio with Stites 
 and Synimes, who were settling the Miami country. Hamilton 
 was employed as an Indian trader, and died in Ohio in 1822. 
 For much of this information, our thanks are due to Mr. John 
 S. Hunt of Chicago. — Ed. 
 
 ^^ For the location of Salt Lick Town, see ante, p. 178, 
 note 45. The town at this site was, according to the testimony 
 of John McCullough, a captive living at the place, built in 
 1755. During the French and Indian and Pontiac's wars it 
 was a place of much importance, and several prisoners were 
 brought there to be delivered to General Bouquet (1764). 
 After that, however, the town declined, but the lick was fre- 
 quented for salt-making until 1804, when a final skirmish 
 occurred between the aborigines and the intruding white set- 
 tlers. — Ed. 
 
220 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 cide, and his decision was that one Zach. ConnelP'^ 
 killed the lad. 
 
 At the first town, the mother of Pipe was left in the 
 town. An old Dutchman scalped the squaw that had 
 been killed, and put the scalp in his wallet with his 
 provisions, and in swimming a stream on return the 
 Dutchman lost off his wallet, and exclaimed patheti- 
 cally "O, I loss my prosock and my sculp." This was 
 long a byword with the troops. 
 
 This campaign of Hand's was better known as the 
 Squaw campaign. ^^ Hand was greatly displeased, and 
 doubtless it contributed greatly towards his leaving 
 the frontiers and rejoining the main army. 
 
 
 ^" Zachariah Connell, founder of the Pennsylvania town 
 named Connellsville in his honor, was a native of Virginia 
 (1741) and settled upon this site about 1770. With him came 
 his brother James, who married Anne, daughter of Col. 
 William Crawford. In 1776 Zachariah was appointed captain 
 of militia for Yohogania County, and one of the justices for 
 the same. He was very regular in attendance at county court, 
 as the records show. Connell was a surveyor and laid out a 
 large landed estate for himself ; he acted also as business 
 agent for prominent Eastern investors in Western lands. In 
 1793 he chartered the town bearing his name; and in 1800 
 built the first bridge over the river at this place. He died at 
 his home in the village Aug. 26, 1813. At the time of his 
 death he was building a large stone house, which still stands 
 in the borough of Connellsville. — Ed. 
 
 ^8 The British report of this misadventure is given in Mich. 
 Piou. & Hist. Colls., ix. p. 436: "A party from Fort Pitt had 
 fallen on a Delaware Village and killed or carried oflf eight 
 persons, but unfortunately for the Rebels they have struck in 
 the wrong place and have sent back two squaws who were 
 prisoners to atone for their error." — Ed. 
 
THE SQUAW CAMPAIGN 221 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to Col. David Shepherd. 3NNioc>— 
 Transcript.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, 7th March, 1778. 
 D'' Sir — I am just returned from a short excursion 
 into the Indian Country, in which I was prevented of 
 completing my views by the badness of the weather & 
 height of the waters. Except a few gentlemen from 
 about Stewart's Crossings,^^ & Some who accidentally 
 happened here from the different parts of the Virginia 
 
 89 Stewart's Crossings is one of the historic spots of Fay- 
 ette County, Pa. In 1753 William Stewart located there, 
 about the same time that Christopher Gist built his cabin at 
 Mount Braddock. Stewart chose a ford on the Youghiogheny 
 where the old Catawba Indian trail from the Iroquois country 
 crossed that river. Erecting his cabin on the southwest bank 
 of the stream, he lived on the site of the present village of 
 New Haven. That autumn Maj. George Washington crossed 
 at this place, bearing the famous message from Governor 
 Dinwiddie of Virginia to the French officers on the upper 
 Allegheny. The next year Washington, with his Virginia 
 soldiers, did not advance as far as Stewart's Crossings ; but 
 his French opponent Sieur de Jumonville, must have crossed 
 at this spot when endeavoring to gain information of the 
 English situation. After the surrender of Fort Necessity 
 (July 4, 1754), Coulon de Villiers, the victor, retired to Gist's 
 place and ordered all the cabins of English settlers to be 
 burned. W^illiam Stewart's home shared the common fate, 
 and he retreated to the Eastern settlements, leaving his name 
 attached to the crossing of the Youghiogheny. Braddock's 
 Road led over this crossing; but that general himself forded 
 the stream (1755) a mile or two below. In 1765 Col. William 
 Crawford took possession of the place. Thither, the next 
 year, he brought his family and established his permanent 
 home. It is to his services that Hand here refers. On his 
 death his son John fell heir to the Stewart Crossings estate, 
 which in 1786 he sold to Edward Cook. The latter sold to 
 Col. Isaac Meason, whose son built a store and in 1796 laid out 
 the town of New Haven. The site of Stewart's Crossings is 
 now a busy one, leading to the populous city of Connellsville 
 on the northeast bank of the stream. William Stewart was 
 living in 1786, and testified to his early occupation of this 
 site. — Ed. 
 
222 FROXTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 frontiers, the party Consisted of volunteers from 
 Westmoreland County. Many of the Virginia gentle- 
 men seem to desire an opportunity of distinguishing 
 themselves on a Similar occasion, which would in my 
 opinion, render much service to the Country & should 
 meet my hearty concurrence. I therefore request that 
 you may request that you may endeavor to promote so 
 laudable an Enterprise. I think that 200 men, each 
 provided with a good horse & two bushels of grain, 
 might in 8 or 10 days from this place make a consider- 
 able blow. If the scheme be carried into execution, the 
 men should be punctual in rendezvousing here on the 
 1st of Next month. I think so short a trip would not 
 interfere with my intention of drawing what assist- 
 ance I can from the frontier counties & penetrating 
 the enemies country in May with a design of taking a 
 larger circuit; & beg to know your sentiments on the 
 subject, & what men I may expect from your county 
 on either occasion. Any grain furnished will be paid 
 for, & also, the horses by appraisement if lost. 
 
 Edw^ Hand 
 
 To Col. David Shepherd. 
 
 [Col. David Shepherd to General Hand. 2U7— A. L. S.] 
 Fort Henry March the 10^11 1778. 
 
 Dear Sir — T Received your favour By John Green 
 which Informed me of your Safe arrival to fort Pitt, 
 I am glad to hear that our Neighbours is Spirited 
 anough to turn out on the Like occation and for my 
 part I hartily Concur with you in the Scheme per- 
 possed and all the people I have Spoke with Concern- 
 ing it Join in Sentiments in favour of the Scheme. I 
 cannot as yet give you an Exact account what Number 
 
Corj)Ni-:L ATosKs Shf.phkrd 
 From IVest Virginia Historical Magazine, iii, p. 192 
 
THE SQUAW CAMPAIGN 223 
 
 of men I can Furnish you with, But I have summoned 
 all the Capts in the County to meet on Friday next in 
 order to send men to the Stations and other purposes 
 when I Expect to give you a better account. But at 
 this time I Expect to furnish you with 30 Men if Pos- 
 sible against the Day appointed. I have sent By Leu^ 
 Berry 53 Rifles and 8 Muskets Likewise 915'^ of lead 
 and there Remains in Store 390 ^^. The State of the 
 Store I shall attend to and Do Every thing in my 
 Power to Secure the Provisions as soon as I can collect 
 some men. Our Brave Beefeaters time is out and they 
 are all Returning home to tell of the great Exploits 
 they have Done on the Ohio, But I hope they will send 
 us Better Men the Next time. As for News I have 
 None but the people are well pleased with our last 
 trip. Sir I am with Respect your Humble Servant 
 
 David Shepherd 
 Pray Excuse this Scrall. 
 
 To Brig!" General Edward Hand Fort Pitt. 
 Favour of Lent Berry. 
 
 DEFENSE OF VIRGINIA FRONTIER 
 
 [Col. William Preston and Col. William Fleming to Gov. 
 Patrick Henry. 4QQ163— A. L. S.J^o 
 
 Botetourt. March 14, 1778. 
 Sir — We had an Opportunity this day at General 
 Lewis' of considering the different Matters recom- 
 mended to us in Your Excellency's Letter of the ig^^ 
 of Feby last, and was assisted with that Gentleman's 
 Opinion. We think it will be necessary that a Post of 
 
 90 The first part of this letter is in the handwriting of 
 Colonel Fleming; the latter part, in that of Colonel Preston. 
 Both signatures are autograph. — Ed. 
 
224 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 Communication with F. Randolph be fixed at Kellys 
 abt 22 Miles above the Mouth of Elk, as a place 
 proper for Checking the Inroads of the Indians as well 
 as inspiring the frontier Settlers with Confidence and 
 affording them protection without which we are 
 affraid the Inhabitants will abandon that Settlement 
 And to answer the above Purposes we are of opinion 
 this Garrison ought to consist of lOO Men, fifty from 
 G. Brier & 50 from Botetourt. We oiTer it as our 
 Opinion that the 50 men ordered to reinforce the Gari- 
 son at F. Randolph may with safety be drawn from 
 Rockbridge as it is an interior County not so imme- 
 diately subjected to the Incursions of the Enemy. 
 
 And on considering the dangerous Situation of 
 Montgomery County, which has a Frontier of up- 
 wards of eighty Miles, greatly exposed to the Enemy 
 & but thinly inhabited, We Judge 50 men cannot be 
 spared as a Reinforcement to the Garison at Fort 
 Randolph, but that two or three Companies be imme- 
 diately sent to such places, as will best secure the In- 
 habitants from the Enemy and Encourage them to 
 continue which they are now ready to abandon. For 
 the support of the men in provision at the Post of 
 Communication as well as on the Frontiers of Mont- 
 gomery County \\> think it will be highly Necessary 
 Commisaries should be appointed and furnished with 
 sums sufficient for purpose as no provision can be got 
 otherwise. We fortunately had an Opp^ of taking 
 Capt Arbuckle & Col Skillerns Depositions relative to 
 the Murder of the Indians at F. Randolph which we 
 transmitted to y'" Excellency by Mr Barnet. As it 
 Appears by these Depositions the Agressors live in 
 
CORNSTALK'S MURDER 225 
 
 Augusta, Rockbridge and Greenbrier Counties, We 
 imagine you will send Orders to the Commanding Offi- 
 cers of these Counties concerning them. As we think 
 it would be necessary to have a printed Copy of y"" 
 Proclamation for Apprehending the Guilty & bringing 
 them to Justice, that it may be transmitted with any 
 Letter we send by the Grenadier Squaw to the Shaw- 
 ness Nation, it may tend to Convince them the Mur- 
 der is had in abhorences by the Government and give 
 an Authenticity to our Letter. We Judge it likewise 
 necessary the state should be prepared to treat with the 
 Indians, should a Conferrence be brought about by 
 this Means which we are doubtful of as the Applica- 
 tion is so late. We are y"" Excellencys most ob^ Serv^ 
 
 W"' Preston 
 W"^ Fleming 
 
 [Gov. Patrick Henry to Col. William Fleming. 15ZZ21 — 
 A. L. S.] 
 
 WmfiURGH March 14th 1778 
 
 Dear Col'' — Yours by Express came to hand yes- 
 terday, & I am much obliged by your attention to the 
 several matters I mentioned to you. Please to use the 
 public Amunition as you see fit, for your Defence. 
 Draft the men from your County as divided or undi- 
 vided as is most for the public service. 
 
 I am really concerned at the uneasiness you express 
 from the Manner I mention'd the Death of the In- 
 dians. I know you too well to harbour the most dis- 
 tant suspicion that you ever approved what is in itself 
 unworthy. Much less any thing glaringly wrong. 
 Believe me I meant not the smallest censure, & I hope 
 
 15 
 
226 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OFIIO 
 
 you will not think T did. I can give no particular 
 Orders for Kentucki. 
 
 Please to march y*" Drafts to Alexandria Dumfries 
 or George Town in Maryland & agree with a Victual- 
 ler whom I will pay on rec'g your certificate. I refer 
 to my proclama" on the subject, I am Sir Y'" mo. 
 U^^^ Servt 
 
 P. Henry 
 
 Col. W"i Flemine:. 
 
 CLARK'S PREPARATIONS 
 
 [Col. George Rogers Clark to Capt. William Harrod. 18J69 — 
 A. L. S.] 
 
 March 15th 1778 
 D'' Cap*" — As the time is drawing nigh that we 
 should start for Kentucky I think it best that we 
 should as soon as possible get our provition Boats at 
 Whelin up the Monongehaly in order to take in our 
 Flour. I have Instructed the different Recruiting offi- 
 cers to send some of their men to whelin for that pur- 
 pose and hope that you will get as many of your 
 Company to go as you can. Mr. Rich^ Brashear^^ 
 
 ^1 Richard Brashears was a lieutenant in Capt. William 
 Harrod's company. Having accompanied Clark on his expe- 
 ditions to Kaskaskia and Vincennes, he was left at the latter 
 place in charge of the garrison from April to August, 1779. 
 In the latter month he returned to Kaskaskia, and early in 
 1780 was one of the garrison at Fort Jefferson. Returning to 
 Kaskaskia, in the autumn of 1780 he married Ann Brocus 
 [Brooks], and with her family emigrated to the Natchez 
 country, for this purpose resigning from the army. Some 
 time before his departure he was promoted to a captaincy, 
 since in that capacity he received his share in the Illinois 
 grant. In 1785 he was in Louisville temporarily, on business 
 concerning his land — see Draper MSS., 1M11T-117. He made 
 his home in Mississippi, and died in the southern part of the 
 
CLARK'S PREPARATIONS 227 
 
 takes charge of the party. I propose that those that 
 go on this Com<^ shall be subject to no other duty untill 
 they get to Kentucky. 
 
 My D^ S"" you know the necessity of bringing two 
 or three boats up. I hope that you will get as many 
 as you can to go. I intended to have come by your 
 house from Court but our common interest called me 
 another way. I am Si"" Your Hbl. Serv^ 
 
 Geo. R. Clark 
 
 N. B. I shall go amediately to Pittsburgh & shant 
 Return under eight Days. G R C 
 
 To Capt. Wm Harrod. Ten Mile. Pr M^ Brashears. 
 
 [General Hand to Col. David Shepherd. 3NN105 — 
 Transcript.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, 22d March, 1778 
 Sir — Please to deliver three of the Continental boats 
 at Wheeling to the party of [whom] Col. Clark shall 
 send to receive them, and order provision and ammu- 
 nition sufficient to bring them to this place. I have 
 ordered Lt. Berry to come up at the same time ; be- 
 sides the stores before called for, send by him all the 
 powder except 200 lbs. to the left at Fort Henry. I am, 
 sir, yr. hble. serv^ 
 
 Edw^. Hand 
 
 Col. David Shepherd. 
 
 state in May, 1822, leaving one daughter. The Carneys and 
 Nicholls of Mississippi are his descendants. — Ed, 
 
228 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 MESSAGE TO WHITE EYES 
 
 [Col. George Morgan to Capt. White Eyes. MS. in Carnegie 
 Library, Pittsburgh ; George Morgan's Letter Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt March 20 1778 
 
 Brother Cap^ White Eyes — Agreeable to the let- 
 ters I sent you some days ago I flatter'd myself with 
 seeing you and some others of your Wisemen here 
 very soon but unhappily the Messenger took sick and 
 returned to this Place. He is now recovered and I 
 send him to you and to call on Cap*^ Pipe in his Way 
 with Micheykapeecci the old Delaware Woman who 
 was taken at Beaver Creek and also the Young 
 Munsey Woman. I hope you will use your Interest 
 to bring Cap* Pipe and other Wisemen here that we 
 may renew and strengthen our Ancient Friendship. 
 
 Two Wisemen are arrived from Virginia tho not 
 the same I mentioned to you as they were detained by 
 unavoidable Bussiness.^^ Be strong Brother and let 
 us bear down the evil Spirit. I shall now be stronger 
 than ever and I desire you be so too. 
 
 George Morgan 
 
 [The Commissioners to Capt. White Eyes. Source, same as 
 preceding document.] 
 Pittsburgh March [blank in MS.] 1778. 
 Captain White Eyes — The Messenger sent by M^• 
 Clymer & Colonel Morgan about [blank in MS.] days 
 
 9- Two of the commissioners chosen by Congress (Samuel 
 Washington and Gabriel Jones — ante, p. 198, note 70) having 
 refused to serve, Sampson Matthews and Samuel McDowell 
 were chosen by the governor of Virginia, and accepted by 
 Congress — see Jour, of Cong, (new ed.), x, p. 191. For 
 Matthews, see Dunmore's JVar, p. 223, note 54; for McDowell, 
 Ibid, p. 25, note 41. — Ed. 
 
MESSAGE TO WHITE EYES 229 
 
 ago falling sick upon the Road was obliged to return 
 here, by which Accident you were unhappily prevented 
 from hearing sooner of the good disposition of Con- 
 gress towards the Delaware Nation, but as he is now 
 well again. We who are all the Commissioners ap- 
 pointed by Congress send him back to your Nation 
 with a confirmation of every thing that is said in the 
 former Message. And to give further assurance of 
 the good intentions of Congress he takes with him 
 [blank in MS.] the Delaware Woman taken by our 
 People that she may be restored to her Friends. The 
 other Woman taken with her being a Munsey is in our 
 possession & is well treated. We shall stay here long 
 enough to give an opportunity for you & the other 
 wise Men to visit us at Pittsburgh, in consequence of 
 the invitation already given, to lay the foundation of a 
 Treaty of Peace with your Nation & all other Indians 
 who incline to have our Friendship & good Will, but 
 as we wish to go home to our Wives and Children who 
 are a great way off, we hope you will lose no time in 
 coming with the Messenger. We are Your Friends 
 & Serv^^ : 
 
 Samp. Mathews 
 Geo. Clymer 
 Sam' : M<= : Dowell 
 
230 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 AMERICAN SPY AT DETROIT 
 
 [Daniel Sullivan's deposition. Source, same as preceding 
 document.] 
 
 Fort Pitt March 20^^ 1778. 
 To Colonel John Cannon^'"^ 
 
 Sir — Agreeable to my Contract with you in behalf 
 of the State of Virginia, I proceeded to the Indian 
 Country in February 1777 and return'd to this place 
 in March when I gave you an Acc*^ : of such intelli- 
 gence as I had obtained. I immediately returned to 
 the Indian Country in order to attend at all the Coun- 
 cils of the Different Nations, to inform myself of their 
 dispositions and designs and to obtain the knowledge 
 of every other Matter mention'd in my agreement. 
 
 I tarried among the Delawares and at Guyahaga 
 untill the 19^^ of April. During my Stay among them 
 the Delawares and Munsies appear'd perfectly dis- 
 posed for Peace with the United States — they shew'd 
 every good Disposition for that purpose. At Guya- 
 haga I met with a few Chipwas, Ottawas, Wiandots 
 and Mingoes about Twenty in Number. The white 
 Mingoe was also there on his Way from Pluggys 
 Town to Niagara. I could make no new Discovery 
 here of any Consequence. A Message arrived at 
 Kuskuskias from the Sennecas to the Delawares desir- 
 ing them to sit still and plant their Corn, and inform- 
 ing them they should go now and then to visit their 
 White Brethern. I could not discover that any of the 
 other Nations had determined in Council to carry on 
 a War against our Frontiers except the Mingoes of 
 
 93 For a sketch of this officer, see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 221, 
 note 63. — Ed. 
 
REPORT OF A SPY 231 
 
 Pluggys Town but I apprehended they did not appear 
 to be over friendly. 
 
 At Guyahaga were two Traders with Stores of 
 Indian Goods and a Cargo arrived there the i8^^ : of 
 April from Detroit, the 19*^ I hired myself agreeable 
 to Col. Morgans directions to James Howel to Serve 
 as a Batteau Man to go to Detroit with Peltries and to 
 bring away other Goods. We were eight days coasting 
 it to Detroit. On my arrival I assisted to unload the 
 Boat and then was conducted to Governor Hamilton 
 in my Indian dress who enquired who I was and my 
 Business. I inform'd him that I had been taken pris- 
 oner when young by the Delawares, that nine years 
 afterward Viz*^ in 1772 or 3. I went to live with my 
 Relations in Virginia but the present War coming on 
 between Britain and America and having no way but 
 by my Gun to maintain myself I had removed back to 
 my Delaware Relations and determined to live with 
 them untill I could do better. That I had hired with 
 a Trader at Guyahaga to assist him with his Peltries 
 to Detroit in order to enable me to buy some Powder 
 and Lead to hunt. After asking me some Questions 
 touching the Strength of Fort Pitt and other Posts on 
 the Ohio, the Governor dismiss'd me and told me to go 
 where I pleased and he would be me Friend. One 
 M^ Tucker^* an Interpreter for Governor Hamilton of 
 the Chipwa and Ottawa Tongues took me home to his 
 house and treated me very kindly. And his Wife who 
 was born in Hampshire County Virginia and had lived 
 at my Sisters told me that Governor Hamilton did all 
 
 94 For this interpreter, see Ibid, p. 203, note 44. — Ed. 
 
232 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 in his Power to induce all Nations of Indians to mas- 
 sacre the Frontier Inhabitants of Pennsylvania and 
 Virginia and paid very high prices in Goods for the 
 Scalps the Indians brought in. That he likewise pays 
 for Prisoners but does not redeem them from the 
 Savages and says he will not do it untill the Expira- 
 tion of the present Warr. I Slept at M"" Tuckers and 
 the next day went to walk through the Fort and Town 
 and then walk'd round the Common. In this Tour 
 Pluggys Son discover'd me and applied to the Gover- 
 nor to have me confined on Acco" of my having in the 
 Fall of 1776 kill'd his Brother in law near the Ken- 
 hawa. John Montour seconded this Information and 
 as a Proof referr'd to the wound I received in my left 
 Arm at the time.^^ I was therefore sent for by Gov^ 
 Hamilton and committed to the Guard, loaded with 
 Irons, Hand and Feet and in seventeen days was sent 
 to Niagara and from thence to Montreal and Quebec. 
 At Montreal my Irons were taken off. I embark'd at 
 Quebec about the i^^ day of November for New York 
 where I arrived the 20*** of December and having 
 given a Parole I was set at Liberty or rather sent from 
 the 22^ to General Putnams head Quarters. I am sat- 
 isfied with the truth of M""^ Tuckers Information and 
 this is all I think myself at Liberty to say. The two 
 Horses which I received from you together with my 
 Gun, Paint and a Shirt which I have charged you I 
 left with Mamaltese at the Delaware Towns to take 
 Care of, the Tomhawk I left with M'" Tucker. I doubt 
 not but you will think it just I should be paid for 
 
 95 Possibly this is the event described by Arbuckle in his 
 letter of Nov. 2, 1776: Ibid, p. 211. — Ed. 
 
REPORT OF A SPY 233 
 
 them. I omitted to mention that I was hurried off 
 from Detroit on Acc*^ of the Delawares being deter- 
 mined to have me released. If the Hon^'^ Speaker 
 and House of Delegates of Virginia shall think proper 
 to make me any Compensation for my Suffering in 
 their Service, I shall receive it with gratefull acknowl- 
 edgements, and if they think proper to have me ex- 
 changed or get me released from my Parole, I shall be 
 ready and I think I should have it in my Power to 
 render essential Service to the States under the Direc- 
 tion of CoP Morgan as I think the Delawares have 
 always been and Still are well disposed for Peace, 
 Unless the late unfortunate affair at Beaver Creek and 
 the other Murders Committed at Fort Pitt last Sum- 
 mer has sour'd their Mind. I am Sir Yours &c 
 
 Daniel Sullivan^^ 
 YouHiOGANiA County Pittsburgh 
 Personally appear'd Daniel Sullivan this 21^* day of 
 March 1778 before me John Campbell One of the Jus- 
 tices of the Peace for said County who being duly 
 sworn deposeth and saith that the forgoing Letter 
 directed to Col° John Cannon and sign'd by the said 
 Daniel Sullivan, contains a just and true relation of 
 the Matters and things therin mentioned, and further 
 saith not. 
 
 Daniel Sullivan 
 
 Sworn to & subscribed by the said Daniel Sullivan the day 
 &: year above mentioned before me John Campbell 
 
 96 Nothing more is known of Daniel Sullivan's early life 
 than is narrated in this document. He was at Louisville in 
 1780 where he platted some of its lots, and founded a station 
 in Jefferson County. In 1782, while going as express to Fort 
 Pitt from Kentucky, he was present at the siege of Wheeling 
 
234 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 CONCILIATING THE SHAWNEE 
 
 [Col. George Morgan to Shawnee chiefs. Source, same as 
 preceding document.] 
 
 Pittsburgh March 25*^ 1778 
 Wapeymachickthe^'^ to the Chiefs & Warriors of the 
 Shawnese Nation 
 
 Brothers — When I look toward you or at the 
 Kenawa River I am ashamed of the Conduct of our 
 young fooHsh Men. formerly I was ashamed of the 
 Conduct of your young men. Now I see there are 
 foolish people among all Nations. Our Wise men are 
 ashamed and sorry for what has happen'd and our 
 Warriors declare themselves in like manner. For this 
 Reason Brothers, I now send Swatswih^^ to tell you 
 
 and therein wounded. In 1785 he removed to Vincennes, and 
 was in some way connected with Clark's expedition of 1786. 
 In 1790 he was killed by Indians near Vincennes. He is said 
 to have been "very stout and very brave and every inch a 
 soldier" — Draper MSS., 13CC121. — Ed. 
 
 9" This was Col. George Morgan's Shawnee name, as 
 Taimenend was his Delaware cognomen. — Ed. 
 
 98 The Indian name of James Girty, who was the messenger 
 employed on this occasion. James Girty was born in 1743 in 
 Pennsylvania, captured at the age of thirteen, and carried 
 with all his family to the Indian town at Kittanning. During 
 Armstrong's raid the Girty boys were removed from the 
 vicinity, but were soon brought back and parcelled out among 
 the tribes. While Simon went to the Seneca, and George to 
 the Delawares, James was carried to the Shawnee towns and 
 there resided for about three years. After the treaty of 
 Easton (1759) he was returned to the settlements and lived 
 in the vicinity of Fort Pitt, being employed as a laborer and 
 occasionally getting an opportunity to interpret for traders. 
 In March, 1778, he was employed by the commissioners 
 then at Fort Pitt to carry a message to the Shawnee, in ex- 
 tenuation of the murder of their chief, and to persuade them 
 to keep the peace. McKee and the escaping Loyalists found 
 James Girty at Old Chillicothe, and easily persuaded him to 
 join their party. He did not arrive at Detroit until August. 
 
LETTER TO THE SHAWNEE 235 
 
 not to think hard of it. I know that the wicked 
 Mingoes and Wiandots have occasioned the loss of 
 your People at Kenhawa. They came and kill'd some 
 of our People whilst yours were in the Fort on pur- 
 pose to have them hurt. I therefore desire you not to 
 think hard of the white people there. Strings of 
 Wampum 
 
 Brothers Now Listen to what the great Council of 
 the United States, say to you. Open your Ears that 
 you may hear and your hearts that you may under- 
 stand them. It is as follows 
 
 Brothers the Shawnese It gave us great joy to hear 
 by our Agent M'* Morgan that you appear to be re- 
 solved to hold fast our Friendship. We have received 
 all your Speeches and what you said at the Treaty last 
 Summer. Your Words please us very much and so 
 long as your actions correspond you may depend on 
 
 He was then taken into British pay, and made interpreter for 
 the Shawnee. He led out his first party against the American 
 settlements in Kentucky, in the autumn of 1778. Thence until 
 the close of the Revolution he was in active service, recon- 
 noitering (1779) toward Ouiatanon at the time of Clark's 
 expected expedition, and accompanying that of Bird to Ken- 
 tucky (1780). In the summer of the latter year he was at 
 the Shawnee towns when they were raided by Clark. In 1782 
 he was among the forces that defeated Crawford, and in the 
 Shawnee towns he informed against Slover. In the autumn 
 of 1782, while his brothers were with Caldwell in Kentucky, 
 James Girty was with the Indian party that besieged Wheel- 
 ing. At the close of the Revolution he established a trading 
 house at St. Mary's on the Maumee, at a place later known 
 as Girty's Town. On the approach of Harmar (1790) he 
 removed to Auglaize, and finally (1704) retreated before 
 Wayne to Detroit, and then to Canada. There he had a grant 
 of land (1807) in the township of Gosfield, whither he retired. 
 Too infirm from rheumatism to take part in the War of 
 1812-15, he died at his farm, April 5, 1817. — Ed. 
 
236 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 our Friendship and we are determined to give you 
 every Proof thereof in our Power. 
 
 Brothers We are sorry to hear what has happen'd 
 at the Kenhawa. It has been owing to foolish wicked 
 People and they shall suffer. We therefore desire you 
 will not think hard of your White Brothers there on 
 that Acco". but impute the Loss of your Friends to the 
 Wicked Mingoes & Wiandots who came and killed 
 some of our People near the Fort whilst yours were 
 there on purpose to have them knock'd on the Head. 
 You know there are foolish people among all nations. 
 
 Brothers We desire to give you full Satisfaction 
 for the wicked Murder committed on your Chiefs and 
 young Men at the Kenhawa. Therefore and in order 
 to convince you that our Intentions are good and that 
 we are resolved to clear the Road between us and to 
 destroy all the Briars and Thorns which have grown 
 therein, We have named three Wise Men to repair to 
 Fort Pitt to consult with you for that purpose And we 
 desire that you will appoint a few of your Chiefs to 
 meet them there and whatever your Wise Men and 
 ours agree to, let each of us resolve shall bind our 
 People so that our Friendship may endure forever. 
 
 Brothers Consider well what we have proposed to 
 you and let nothing Prevent your coming, even though 
 your young Men in their Anger for the Loss of their 
 Friends may have done us mischief. What we ask is 
 to renew our Ancient Agreements and to put our 
 Freindship on such a footing that our peace may never 
 be interrupted. Tell us plainly whether you will or 
 will not come as we desire, let us know your Minds 
 for we shall consider your Answer as the Messenger 
 
LETTER TO THE SHAWNEE 237 
 
 of Peace or War and prepare ourselves accordingly. 
 We wish to live in Peace with you and with all Indian 
 Nations and we desire to give you satisfaction for the 
 foolish Conduct of our young Men at the Kenhawa. 
 Therefore Brothers if you wish for Peace as we do we 
 desire that you will send some of your Wise Men as 
 already mentioned that the Fears of your and our 
 Women and Children may be done away and we prom- 
 ise you shall Not have reason to be sorry for their 
 coming Belt of Wampum 
 
 Now Brothers You have heard the Voice of our 
 great Council. Our three Wise men are arrived here. 
 I therefore tell you to rise quickly and let nothing pre- 
 vent your coming here. You know I never deceived 
 you, therefore you may now beleive me. And with 
 this Belt I clear the Road &c &c A Road Belt. 
 
 Wapeymachickthe 
 
 To the Chiefs and Warriers of the Shawnese Nation — 
 We join with Colonel Morgan in our Wishes that 
 the antient agreement between us which we fear has 
 been interrupted by unhappy Accidents may be re- 
 newed with Sincerity on both Sides. And we unite 
 with him in the Invitation given in the name of Con- 
 gress, who have sent us here, to come to Fort Pitt to 
 establish a Peace, but we hope you will come quickly 
 as we shall stay no longer than will be sufficient for 
 you to make the Journey. ^^ 
 
 Deliver'd to James Girty i pJ" : broad Arm Bands 6 Hair 
 Plates 6 doz : Broaches, i Stroud i p^" : Leggings i large 
 Silver Cross i8 Silver Rings i Callico Shirt i Conk Shell 
 
 99 This portion of the document was intended for the sig- 
 nature of the commissioners. — Ed, 
 
238 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 REPORT OF COMMISSIONERS 
 
 [Commissioners to Gen. Edward Hand. 3NN21-23 — 
 Transcript.] 
 
 Sir — As under the present circumstances of things, 
 immediate recourse can be had to the MiHtia alone 
 for the defence of this country against the incursions 
 of the Indians: In the several conferences with you 
 we have agreed to the following arrangement to take 
 place until a plan which we shall recommend to Con- 
 gress can be approved of & carried into execution. 
 
 For Westmoreland 150 men, that is, 30 to be added 
 to Capt. Moorhead's company, & 120 to be disposed of 
 for the protection of the county as shall be thought 
 proper. This county to furnish the whole number for 
 these Services, & also to find the necessary relief. 
 
 For Yohogania 150 men, that is, 30 for the town of 
 Pittsburgh, & 120 for general service. The first draft 
 to be made in the county. 
 
 For Ohio 150 men, that is, 50 for the garrison of 
 Fort Henry, & 100 for more general Service : The 50 
 to be Supplied by Hampshire — 20 from Yohogania & 
 30 from Monongolia, for the last mentioned Service ; 
 the remaining 50, to be furnished by the county of 
 Ohio. The reliefs for the three counties of Yohogania. 
 Monongolia & Ohio, to come from the interior coun- 
 ties of Berkley, Frederick, Shenandore, & Hampshire. 
 
 For the frontiers of Augusta, 150 men to be drawn 
 from that county & Rockingham. 
 
 For Fort Randolph 50 men from Bottetourt & Rock- 
 bridge. 
 
 For Greenhriar, 150 Men, of which 100 from that 
 county, & 50 from Bottetourt. Bottetourt to relieve its 
 
DRAFT OF MILITIA 239 
 
 own Militia, but Rockbridge to relieve that of 
 Greenbriar. 
 
 For Montgomery & Washington, a number not ex- 
 ceeding 300; these counties to furnish the first 
 draughts as well as the reliefs. 
 
 Bedford being already provided for, is not included 
 in this arrangement. 
 
 With respect to the relieving counties, we think in 
 the requisitions made for that purpose, that regard 
 should be had to their comparative strength as it ap- 
 pears in the act regulating the draughts lately passed 
 by the Legislature of Virginia. The militia act of 
 Pennsylvania limits the Service of its Militia to two 
 months, but w^e think it would be proper your requisi- 
 tions on Virginia should be for three months. 
 
 This is the general plan agreed on, but as many cir- 
 cumstances may arise which should occasion an altera- 
 tion with regard to the force to be employed in the 
 different counties, as well as the requisitions to be 
 made, we do not wish you should be strictly confined 
 to it, but think it extremely proper you should in these 
 matters use your discretion, & deviate from it where 
 necessity seems to require it, & the public cause served 
 by it. We wish if practicable that instead of militia 
 called out in the ordinary way, who are with difficulty 
 brought to consider themselves soldiers, & will fre- 
 quently abandon the most important enterprise in the 
 moment of execution when their terms of service are 
 about expiring, that you engage an equal number of 
 volunteers to Serve for a longer time than can be 
 expected or required of militia. The latter mode of 
 protecting the country would, we believe, not only be 
 
240 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 more effectual, but more economical. We are, Sir, 
 
 Your Most obed^ humble Serv'^^ 
 
 Sam Mathews, 
 
 Geo. Clymer, 
 
 Saml McDowell. 
 Brig. Genl Hand. 
 
 MURDERERS OF CORNSTALK 
 
 [Gov. Patrick Henry to Col. William Preston and Col. 
 William Fleming. 15ZZ23— A. L. S.] 
 
 WmsBURGH Mar 27^ 1778. 
 
 Gentlemen — As you prefer Kellys for the new 
 post, please to order one hundred men officer'd in the 
 usual Manner to do Duty there in the Way most likely 
 to answer a good purpose, during such time as the 
 safety of the Frontiers shall require. Fifty of these 
 men are to be drawn from Botetourt & the other fifty 
 from Green Bryar. I order the fifty men from Rock- 
 bridge to Fort Randolph which you advise. Mont- 
 gomery need not send any if you judge it best, to that 
 post. Let the men necessary to defend Montgomery 
 be embodied & properly stationed. I send one thou- 
 sand pounds cash by M'" Neilly to put into the Hands 
 of such commissary as you shall Appoint. He ought 
 to give Bond & Security to account for this or more 
 money which may be given him to conduct that Busi- 
 ness. 
 
 I send some printed proclamations against the Mur- 
 derers of the Indians, please to distribute some to the 
 countys most proper, & send others to the Indians, 
 with whom I ardently wish a Treaty. Will you please 
 to tell me what preparations you judge best to make 
 in order to facilitate this work of peace? For indeed 
 
LETTER TO THE DELAWARES 241 
 
 the Injustice of pursuing by offensive & vigorous 
 Measures, those whom by our Injustice have been pro- 
 voked to Hostility, is too striking & shocks me. I am 
 
 Gen^ Y'' mo. hhble Serv' -r, tt 
 
 P. Henry 
 
 To Colos Wm Preston & Fleming 
 
 RELATIONS WITH DELAWARES 
 
 [Col. George Morgan to the Delaware chiefs. MS. in Carnegie 
 Library, Pittsburgh; George Morgan's Letter Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt March 27th. 1778. 
 The United States of America to their zvise Brethren 
 
 of the Delaware Council 
 
 Brothers — It made my Heart glad to see your Mes- 
 sengers, and to receive your Letter. You have now 
 made me stronger than I was before. All our People 
 rejoice at this fresh testimony of your Friendship. 
 
 Brothers What you say convinces me that the 
 great & good Spirit has directed you in your Councils. 
 Your determinations are wise, and I desire you to con- 
 tinue strong in good works. The Tempest will be over 
 in a few Months. You will then enjoy the Sweets of 
 Peace, whilst your restless Neighbours are suffering 
 the Punishment due to their evil Deeds. I know who 
 they are, and every one of them shall suffer, except it 
 be such as our wise Brethern the Delawares desire us 
 to have pity on. I therefore hope they will bury the 
 Hatchet and accept the friendship I still offer to them, 
 before it be too late. The foolish Lake Indians are 
 the Slaves of their pretended Father, they are afraid 
 of him, or I think they would not act so foolish, for 
 this reason and because their wicked Father at Detroit 
 
242 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 Niagara &c, has put evil into the minds of our foolish 
 Brethren, you will see him sunk from the place he is in, 
 never more to be heard of. I tell you Brothers you 
 will see this. What will then become of his foolish 
 Children who still refuse to hearken to the wise Dela- 
 ware Council. I wish to save them Brothers if it be 
 possible, if you can assist me therein, I shall leave 
 the method to you, and whatever the wise Delaware 
 Council do, or whatever they agree to with the Wian- 
 dots &c, it shall bind me; provided they immediately 
 leave off their foolish conduct, & prove themselves to 
 be our Friends. 
 
 Brothers I am much pleased to hear that three 
 Wise Chiefs of the Shawnese have come to live with 
 you, and that a number of their People are inclined to 
 sit down by their Grandfathers, and hold fast to our 
 friendship as I desired them when I sent the Token to 
 Coitcheleh last Fall, and in my Speeches last Summer. 
 I desire you will encourage them all in your power to 
 this good work, and that you may be like one strong 
 Man in your Councils, to promote the good of your 
 young Men, Women and Children. 
 
 Brothers I thank you for sending me the Papers 
 which the Governor of Detroit sent to you, and your 
 Grandchildren. He no doubt thought by his promises 
 of Cloathing &c to make Fools of the wise Dela- 
 wares — but he is mistaken. 
 
 Brothers I have no Cloathing at this present time 
 to give to you, tho' I see you have occasion of them, 
 but your wants shall be all supplied by and by, as they 
 have heretofore been. I do not want you to carry 
 Papers and to kill. Men, Women, or Children, like the 
 
LETTER TO THE DELAWARES 243 
 
 Governor of Detroit does, because he is not able to do 
 it himself. I do not want you to get hurt in my Quar- 
 rel. What I want of you is to live in Peace and 
 Friendship with me as Brothers ought to do, and to 
 take care of your young Men, your Women and Chil- 
 dren — this is what we desire of all Indian Nations. 
 And this very Paper will be brought as a Witness 
 against all those who may hereafter continue to act as 
 the Servants of the Governor of Detroit. 
 
 Brothers I have already told you of the great suc- 
 cess of our Armies toward the Sea, and of General 
 Burgoyne, and all his Army being made Prisoners by 
 General Gates. This I now confirm. And you may 
 depend I shall be able to give you some more good 
 News the ensuing summer. 
 
 Brothers I refer you for other matters to my 
 Messages lately sent to you and to our Brothers the 
 Shawnese. I now confirm them and I desire you will 
 consider this as directed to you and to your Grand- 
 children jointly. Our wise Men wait here to see you, 
 therefore make no delay. I have taken good care of 
 your Messengers, but have nothing more to give them 
 than plenty of good Victuals, Drink & Tobacco. 
 
 I desire you will aid and assist my Messenger to the 
 Shawnese at Miami all in your power. I shall be re- 
 joiced to have all your Grandchildren behave like wise 
 People, and I beg you will give them good Council and 
 assist them in taking care of their young Men, their 
 Women and Children. 
 
 Taimenend 
 
244 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 [Col. George Morgan to Zcisberger. Source, same as pre- 
 ceding document.] 
 
 Fort Pitt March 27th. 1778. 
 To The Rez'd: M>': David Zeisherger, 
 
 Dear Sir — Just after I had sent James Girty and 
 his Wife off with the Message to the Shawnese which 
 he will shew to you, the Delaware Messengers arrived 
 to my very great Joy. 
 
 I have sent your Packet down to Lancaster to Col" : 
 Nevill who left this yesterday. 1 lately forwarded to 
 you two Letters from your Friends below. I have not 
 heard from thence lately nor have I any News of im- 
 portance to communicate to you. 
 
 General Burgoyne and all his Army are at Boston 
 detain'd as Prisoners of War. I think our Affairs 
 below are in a good way and hope this Summer will 
 put an end to the Contest. We shall open the Cam- 
 paign with greater advantages than ever. 
 
 It gives me great pleasure to hear you have been so 
 quiet the last Winter and that you have hopes the en- 
 suing Summer will not be so bad as the past. 
 
 It rejoices me exceedingly to hear that Cap^ Pipe, 
 Cap^ White Eyes, Cap^ Killbuck, and all the other 
 wise Delaware Chiefs resolve to remain our Friends. 
 Were it not from the hope of promoting Peace I would 
 not stay here a moment. 
 
 I wish to God our mutual endeavours may be bless'd 
 with success. For my own part I wish no other re- 
 ward than to render service & to promote the Peace 
 & happiness of the Indian Nations & the United 
 States. Roth have placed great confidence in me and I 
 never will deceive either. I am with great respect &c 
 
 [George Morgan] 
 
ENGAGING VOLUNTEERS 245 
 
 REPORTS PROM FORT HENRY 
 
 [Col. David Shepherd to General Hand. 2U8— A. L. S.] 
 Fort Henry March the 28*^^ 1778. 
 
 Sir — Agreable to your order of the 22^ of this In- 
 stant I have Drafted fifty of the MiHtia of our County 
 & have the most part of them on the Stations, there is 
 some of them 1 am forced to use such Meashures with 
 as is Disagrable to me, accotioned by some Disaffected 
 people in our County. T have likewise Drafted ten 
 Men out of our County for the Regular Service and 
 Expect to Have them Ready in a few Days to Deliver 
 to you or any person properly authorised for that Pur- 
 pose as we are so far from the seat of Government. T 
 would be glad to know of you what would be best to 
 Do with them as they Might be useful 1 in your Depart- 
 ment. I have Engaged some Volunteers to go on the 
 Expedition you formerly mentioned to me against the 
 first of aprill and have ordered them to be at Pitt 
 against that time. But I fear the Murder Done at 
 Dunker Creek^ will prevent some of them and the 
 Proper Supplies not havin Come to our assistance 
 from the other Counties, We are Very Busy in hang- 
 ing and Drying the Pork in Store, But men having 
 such an aversion to work makes it Difficult. Every 
 other order I shall Comply with as far as is in my 
 power. 
 
 Any other matter that you may want to know the 
 Barer M'" Robinson can Inform you Sir I am with 
 Respect your Humble Servant 
 
 David S hep hard 
 
 To His Excelency General Hand 
 Pr favour of M^" Robinson. 
 
 ^ For Dunkard Creek, see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 212, note 55. 
 The depredations are further noted in Clark's letter of 
 March 30, post. — Ed. 
 
246 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 REPORT FROM FORT RANDOLPH 
 
 [Capt. William McKee to General Hand. 2U9 — A. L. S.] 
 For[t] Randolph, 29th March 1778 
 Sir — In my Last of 29th Jan. you were Inform^ 
 that six of the soldiers were Dead of the small Pox. 
 There has six Died since in Garrison & one that went 
 on Furloe with Cap*^ Arbucle Died on the Road makes 
 13 on the whole 8 of my Comp'y & 5 of Cap^ Arbucles 
 the Remainder that had the Disorder are all Recovered 
 except one that is yet unfit for Duty The Garrison is 
 now in general in good Health. The Indians have 
 made no Attempt upon us. There was the signs of a 
 party Discovered crossing Ohio 12 miles below this 
 [the] 9*^ of this Instant I sent an express to the set- 
 tlement to give notice who are Return'd and are now 
 going to your post. I also Informal you our Beef wou^ 
 be exhausted some time in April. But unfortunately 
 above 3500 ^^^ was spoil^ & we have been totaly out of 
 Beef since the 17*^ Inst. I expected either Pork or 
 Bacon wou^ have been sent by Lt Gilmore^ w^ (with 
 the weakness of the Garrison) caused my Delaying 
 sending on express sooner. To my Mortification was 
 Disappointed. By yours of the 12*^ Instant I learn^ a 
 supply of Pork for this place was Intended soon. But 
 
 2 Lieut. James Gilmore belonged to the well-known Rock- 
 bridge County family of that name (see ante, p. 159, note 20), 
 and had served under Capt. William McKee in Dunmore's 
 War. When the Revolution began, he volunteered and as 
 early as 1776 was a lieutenant in McKee's company on the 
 Continental establishment. Having resigned before 1781, 
 Gilmore raised and commanded a militia company from Rock- 
 bridge, for the relief of the Southern army, marched his 
 troops to the aid of General Greene, and participated in the 
 victory of the Cowpens (Feb. 17, 1781) under Gen. Daniel 
 Morgan. — Ed. 
 
AFFAIRS AT FORT RANDOLPH 247 
 
 from L* Gilmore & L*^ Hamilton (who is now here) I 
 also am Inform^ that the scarcity both of Boats & 
 hands as also your not expecting we were totaly out 
 might Procrastinate the supply too Long, have there- 
 fore sent L^ Ja" M^Nut with a party & a Boat with 
 whom I hope you'll endeavour to send a sufficient sup- 
 ply of Pork or Bacon there is now about 50 Days 
 Double Rations of flower for what men is here 20 
 Day's will elapse before the Boat Returns so that then 
 there will scarce be single Rations of flower for two 
 months, it therefore appears Necessary another Boat 
 with an Additional supply of flower shou'*^ be sent. 
 I have sent with L* Ja^ M^^Nut an ace* ag^* the United 
 States for Cloathing Money for three of my Compy 
 who are enlisted for three years w^ I hope your excels 
 will send with him. There is a sum of the Bounty 
 Remains in my hand and it Does not appear I shou^ 
 have an opportunity to use it in the Recruiting way 
 here, therefore wou<^ Desire your Directions where or 
 to whom I shall refund it. the men are giving in their 
 Notices already that they won*^ serve longer than their 
 present term. I have learn^^ from good Authority that 
 the Indians Intend striking a severe Blow at this place 
 some time in May next. The Money arriv^ safe. M"" 
 Gilmore is gone Down the River after those Deserters. 
 M'" Hamilton is here after another party it seems as if 
 all the men wou*^ Desert your post. We have not y^ 
 bushel salt in the garrison one Battoe was cut loose at 
 three o'c in the Morning of the 9*^ Ins* either by In- 
 dians or Deserters she was pursued Directly but the 
 Darkness of the Night and a Fogg on the River pre- 
 vented her being got the other Day we Catch^ one a 
 
248 I'kOMTIKR DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 J)rift of the same make & size with the others sii])- 
 posed to come from your (larrison. I have sent a cer- 
 tificate of Ja^ Logan & Phill. Hamoiid going express 
 to Green Briar.-' present my Comp''^ to Maj'' ICwing 
 Col" Mathews & M'^ Dowel. I am Wnn I'^xccl^^ Most 
 
 nW Hhle Serv^ 
 
 Wni M'Kee 
 
 lulwnrd Maiul P. Genl Fort Pitt 
 
 ATTACK ON DlTNKARl) CKKEK 
 
 I Maj. (ii'oriic Ro.ocm-s Clark to CK-ncral Hand. 18)71 — 
 ./\. 1.. S.l 
 
 Muddy CM. March 3ot'> 1778 
 D"" Gknkral — I am much obliged to you for send- 
 ing my Letters to me as for your opening them it is 
 a matter of no importance. 11ie liostilities commited 
 in this part of the Country stopt the party that I had 
 ordered to wheling [VVheeHng] for the Boats as their 
 presence was amediately nessessary in the neighber- 
 hood. I liave fited of a ])arty to Day whicli 1 hoi)e will 
 answer the purpose intended. 11ie Indians have made 
 
 3 James Logan of that part of Auj^nsta now a part of Rock- 
 hridgc County, was a son of the elder James, who with his 
 hrother David (father of Benjamin Logan of Kentucky) set- 
 tled at an early day on Carr's Creek. James the younger was 
 in McKee's company during Dunmore's War, and appears to 
 have enlisted as a volunteer in the Revolution. He married 
 PTannah Irvine, and two of his sons, Robert and Joseph D.. 
 were well-known Pre.sbvterian ministers in the Shenandoah 
 Valley. 
 
 Philip Hammond took part in Dunmore's War. among the 
 Botetourt volunteers. His title to fame is his notilication to 
 the inhabitants of Donnally's Fort of the approach of the 
 Indians (May, 1778), and his gallant defense of that fort. 
 Particulars of his after life are not known to us. He may 
 have descended from the Maryland family of Hammonds, 
 among whom the patronymic Philip was frequent. — Ed. 
 
McKEE'S ESCAPE 249 
 
 three different attacks on Dunkard C|rcek| whicli is 
 entirely evacuated.^ 1 am Si'' your hble. Serv' 
 
 Cj. k. Clark 
 Gen' luIw'J I land Piftshurg \*r Exjjress 
 
 LOYALISTS KHCAVK 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to Jasper Yeatcs, MS. in New York 
 Public Library; Hand Papers — A, L. S.] 
 
 F-'oRT F^TT 30*'i. M<'^. 1778 
 D*". Yf«:atks — f am in such Distress on being Satis- 
 fied that M*". M^.Kee has made his escape from here 
 tlie night before last, Accompanied by Mat: IClliot,''' 
 
 ■* l^'or the attack on the inhabitants of iJunkard Oeek, see 
 Thwaites, IVithers's Border Warfare, pp. 238-240. The l>rit- 
 ish reports of parties sent out, are in a letter of Henry Ham- 
 ilton in Mich. Pion. & Hist. Colls., ix, pp. 434, 435. — Ei>. 
 
 •'"' Matthew Elliott was born in Ireland, but removinj? to 
 Pennsylvania at an early age, he settled at Carlisle. Having 
 entered the Indian trade, he was familiar with the Shawnee 
 and acted as their peace ambassador in Dunmore's War. At 
 the outbreak of the Revolution he was, with his servingman 
 Michael ffcrbert, taken in the Muskingum country by six 
 Wyandot Indians and carried prisoner to Detroit. In later 
 life he claimed to have abandoned his property and gone to 
 Detroit because of Loyalist principles (Mich. Pion. /r Hist. 
 Colls., XXV, p. r78). He was, nevertheless, regarded with sus- 
 picion at Detroit, arrested, and sent down to Quebec. There 
 he was released upon parole, and making his way to Fort Pitt 
 escaped to Detroit, Mar. 28, 1778. He was at once made cap- 
 tain in the Indian department, with a salary of ten shillings 
 per day. His influence was great with the Shawnee, among 
 whom he had married. Throughout the Revolution Elliott 
 was actively engaged against the American frontier, taking 
 off the Moravians in 1781, and aiding in Crawford's defeat 
 C1782). After the war he settled at his home on the Cana- 
 dian side of Detroit r<iver, and in 1790 became deputy super- 
 intendent of Indian affairs, and 1795 superintendent. In 1798, 
 through some difificulty with the military arm of the service, 
 he was summarily dismissed from ofifice. In 1801 he repre- 
 sented Essex in the parliament of Upper Canada, and was 
 again a member in 1805 and 1809. In i8rj8 he was restored 
 
250 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 Simon Girty, two others I am not Acquainted with & 
 two negroes, that I can Say very little to you at this 
 time — 
 
 I inclose you a coppy of the Proceedings of the 
 Commissioners respecting Col : Morgan & Matters in 
 Gen^ 5 men were lately Murdered on Dunkard Creek, 
 two Wounded & 4 taken last week a soldier kild an 
 Indian on the Indian Side nearly Opposite M"". 
 Croghans place but did not escape himself. I hope to 
 See you Soon Untill then Adieu D'". Yeates most 
 
 Affectionately y'*^ 
 
 Edw^: Hand 
 Jasper Yeates Esq^. To the Care of Richd. Peters Esqr. 
 
 [General Hand to Gen. Horatio Gates. 3NN105, 106 — 
 Transcript.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, 30*^. March, 1778. 
 Sir — I have the mortification to inform you that 
 last Saturday night, Alex"". McKee made his escape 
 from this place, as also Mathew Elliott, a person lately 
 from Quebec on parole, Simon Girty, Robt. Surplus, 
 and one Higgins.^ On my arrival from Kanhawa in 
 
 to his office as superintendent of Indian affairs, receiving at 
 the same time a commission as captain in the regulars. At 
 the outbreak of the War of 1812-15 he became deputy-quar- 
 tcrmaster-general, and leader of the Indians, and in 1814 
 received a medal for his efficient services. When the Ken- 
 tuckians captured Amherstburg after Perry's victory on 
 Lake Erie, they completely wrecked Elliott's house and furni- 
 ture, because of his conspicuous services to the British cause. 
 Elliott retired with the army to the Thames, and after that 
 battle proceeded to Joseph Brant's place on Burlington Bay, 
 where in May, 1814, he died. His descendants returned to 
 his former home in Amherstburg, where they inherited a 
 considerable estate, including about sixty negro slaves. — Ed. 
 6 Robert (called Robin) Surphlitt (Surplus) was a cousin 
 of Alexander McKee. He was placed on the pay-roll of the 
 
McKEE'S ESCAPE 251 
 
 Dec'" last, I reed, the direction of the Board of War to 
 send McKee to York Town on his parole, and accord- 
 ingly wrote him the enclosed note the 29th Deer., 
 which he told the messenger required no answer. 
 Finding he did not come up from his farm (where he 
 then was) as soon as I expected, I repeated my desire 
 in the note dated 7th Feb'y, on which he came here 
 immediately and apologized for his delay. When I 
 returned here from my late excursion into the Indian 
 country, I found him still here pretending indisposi- 
 tion, which with other plausible excuses detained him 
 until the time of his escape — an event the more dis- 
 tressing to me as it was distant from my thoughts ; 
 nor can I help thinking that Elliott brought him 
 despatches from Quebec which influenced him at this 
 time. * * * 
 
 P. S. Within this month 5 men have been killed, 2 
 wounded, & 4 taken by the Savages on Dunkard 
 Creek. Last week two soldiers straggled over the 
 Alleghany and fell in with 5 Indians, the soldiers had 
 the first fire and killed one; but afterwards suffered 
 a like loss themselves. 
 
 Indian department and apparently was employed as a messen- 
 ger to the tribesmen. After the Revolution he was reduced to 
 half pay, and in 1796 pensioned for his services as "late 
 lieutenant of the Western Indians." In 1803 he applied for 
 a grant of land, and spoke of his residence as not being far 
 from the Niagara frontier. 
 
 John Higgins appears to have been a servant of McKee. 
 He was placed upon the pay-roll of Indian volunteers at four 
 shillings a day. In 1779 he attempted to desert to Clark's 
 army, but was captured at the Miami towns. In February, 
 1783, he was discharged, and in April of that year McKee 
 met him at Roche de Bout. — Ed, 
 
252 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 A report prevails that 28 men were taken by the 
 
 savages at the Salt Lick near Kentucky in Feby/ 
 
 EDW<i Hand 
 To Maj. Geii. Gates 
 
 [General Hand to Col. William Crawford. 3NN107 — 
 Transcript.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, 30^1^. March, 1778. 
 
 Dr. Crawford — I reed yr. favor of yesterday, and 
 am sorry for the accident that befel Mr. De Camp, 
 and send the Doctor to his assistance. 
 
 You will no doubt be surprised to hear that Mr. 
 McKee, Matthew Elliott, Simon Girty, one Surplus, 
 and Higgins, with McKee' s two negroes, eloped on 
 Saturday night. This will make it improper to pro- 
 ceed with the intended expedition to French Creek, 
 which I beg you may give proper notice of to the gen- 
 tlemen who are preparing for it ; and as your assist- 
 ance may be necessary towards preventing the evils 
 that may arise from the information of these run- 
 
 7 This refers to the capture of Daniel Boone and the party 
 from Boonesborough, who were boiling salt at the Lower 
 Blue Licks. The captors were about 120 Shawnee Indians 
 led by their war chief, Blackfish. They were on their way to 
 attack Boonesborough, in revenge for the killing of Corn- 
 stalk. The Kentucky pioneers did not anticipate an attack 
 during the winter months, hence their fort was palisaded 
 upon only three sides. Boone was captured while bringing in 
 supplies of meat obtained in hunting. Learning the number 
 and purpose of the enemy, he persuaded them to be content 
 with the capture of the salt-boilers, twenty-six in number, 
 whom he agreed to persuade to give themselves up. They 
 were taken to the chief Shawnee town, then on the Little 
 Miami three miles north of the present town of Xenia. There 
 Boone was adopted into the family of Blackfish. He made 
 his escape the following June. — Ed. 
 
McKEE'S ESCAPE 253 
 
 aways, I beg you may return here as soon as possible 
 I am, Dr. Crawford, sincerely yrs, 
 
 Edw*^ Hand 
 
 Col. Wm. Crawford. 
 
 [Maj. Jasper Ewing to Jasper Yeates. Reprinted from 
 Historical Register (Harrisburg, Pa., 1884), ii, p. 157.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, Mar. 30, 1778. 
 HoND. Sir — Last Saturday Night Mr. McKee, 
 Matt. Elliott, and Simon Girty, together with one 
 Higgins ran off. McKee's Conduct on this Occasion 
 is of so infamous a Nature, that it will forever render 
 him odious. The General's Behaviour to him, time 
 after time, when he was ordered below, and his Pitiful 
 Excuses, seem to infer that his Escape was premedi- 
 tated. His Intimacy with Elliott has been very great, 
 and 'tis conjectured that Elliott brought dispatches 
 for McKee from Quebec. As he was reputed to be a 
 Gentn. of the Strictest Honour and Probity, no body 
 had the least Idea of his being Capable of acting in so 
 base a manner. A man of his Capacity, and so well 
 acquainted with the Situation of our affairs in this 
 department, will be no unwelcome Guest at Detroit. 
 I am, Honerd. Sir, Yr. much obliged Nephew, 
 
 J. Ewing 
 Jasper Yeates, Esq. To the Care, of Richd. Peters, Esq. 
 
254 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 [Col. George Morgan to the President of Congress. MS. in 
 
 Carnegie Librar}^ Pittsburgh ; George Morgan's Letter 
 
 Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt March 31st. 1778. 
 To the Honble, Henry Laurens Esq>'. 
 
 Sir — As the Commissioners & General Hand are 
 possessed of every information respecting the situation 
 of affairs in this Quarter, I beg leave to refer you to 
 their Letters & to the inclosed Message from the 
 Delawares^ & Governor Hamilton's new Proclamation 
 with two of his old ones which accompany this.^ 
 
 I only wait here in hopes of being assistant to the 
 Commissioners during their stay at this place. As 
 they are fully acquainted with my sentiments respect- 
 
 8 The message from the Delawares stated that Killbuck 
 made a visit to Detroit in December, and that their forces 
 were too few to cause uneasiness at Fort Pitt. White Eyes 
 sent word that thirty Wyandots were out on the warpath 
 toward the Redstone settlements — probably the band that 
 made reprisals on Dunkard Creek. White Eyes also stated 
 that Cornstalk's tribe of the Shawnee seemed willing to ac- 
 cept the apologies of the whites for the murder of their chief, 
 and would continue friendly. The Delawares do not appear 
 to have been aware of the Shawnee raid to the Blue Licks, 
 and the capture of Daniel Boone and his men. — Ed. 
 
 9 This refers to a circular letter written by Hamilton 
 (Jan. 5, 1778), enclosing a statement from several American 
 captives testifying to the kind and humane treatment they had 
 received from both Indian and white captors. This was signed 
 by the following persons : "George Baker for himself, Wife 
 & five Children now here, from 5 Miles below Logs Town ; 
 James Butterworth from Bigg Kenhawa; Thomas Shoers 
 (his mark), from Harridge [Harrod's] Town near Kentucky; 
 Jacob Pugh, from six miles below the Fort at Wheeling; 
 Jonathan Muchmore, from Fort Pitt ; James Whitaker, from 
 Fort Pitt, taken at Fish Creek; [blank in MS.] from Bedford 
 taken at Sandy Run; John Bridges (his mark) from Fort 
 Pitt, taken at ditto." See Bausman, Beaver County, i, pp. 150, 
 I ST.— Ed. 
 
McKEE'S ESCAPE 255 
 
 ing Indian Affairs I need not repeat them to Con- 
 gress. 
 
 The elopement of M^ M^Kee late Crown Agent at 
 Pittsburgh who most dishonourably broke his Parole 
 on the 28*^. inst. has somewhat check'd the pleasing 
 expectation I entertain'd respecting the Delawares & 
 Shawnese, tho' I think the former will not be alto- 
 gether influenced by him. Four persons accompanied 
 him viz : Matthew Elliott, Simon Girty, Robin Surplis 
 & [blank in MS.] Higgins. 
 
 Elliott had but a few weeks ago return'd from 
 Detroit via New York on his Parole & I am told had 
 possess'd M^ : M'^ :Kee's mind with the persuasion of 
 his being assassinated on his Road to York. Indeed 
 several persons had express'd the like apprehensions, 
 and perhaps had also mention'd their fears to him 
 which I am of opinion has occasion'd his inexcuseable 
 Flight. It is also very probable that Elliott might have 
 been employ'd to bring Letters from Canada which 
 may have influenced M"" : M'^ :Kee's conduct. 
 
 Girty has served as Interpreter of the Six Nation 
 Tongue at all the public Treaties here & I apprehend 
 will influence his Brother who is now on a Message 
 from the Commissioners to the Shawnese to join him. 
 
 The Parties of Wiandots mention'd in the Letter 
 from Cap* : White Eyes have committed several Mur- 
 ders in Monongahela County. Last week two Soldiers 
 who had cross'd into the Indian Country 4 or 5 Miles 
 from this Post to hunt, discover'd five Indians, one of 
 whom they shot before the Indians perceived them — 
 the Fire was return'd, one of our Men was kill'd & 
 the other escaped back to the Fort. 
 
256 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 The Massacre of the Indians who were invited to a 
 friendly Conference at Fort Randolph & the unlucky 
 mistake at Beaver Creek^^' I doubt not Congress are 
 fully inform'd of by General Hand to whose Letters 
 I beg leave to refer & remain with the greatest respect 
 
 [George Morgan] 
 
 Sir — Since writing the foregoing I have received 
 an unexpected requisition from General Hand, a Copy 
 of which I inclose. 
 
 I am taking the necessary measures to comply with 
 the General's order — to enable me to do this Business 
 I must beg the favour of Congress to send to me by 
 the Bearer James M'^Clelland who goes Express for 
 the Commissioners four thousand Dollars. I am with 
 great Respect &c. 
 
 BOAT BUILDING 
 
 [Colonel Morgan to Colonel Buchanan. MS. in Carnegie 
 Library, Pittsburgh; George Morgan's Letter Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt March 31st. 1778 
 To Colonel William Buchanan 
 
 Commissary General of Purchases. 
 
 M'": Stewart (Father to Major Stewart^^ taken on 
 Staten Island) proposed to me the building of arm'd, 
 
 
 1*^ The first reference is to Cornstalk's massacre; the sec- 
 ond to Hand's campaign. — Ed. 
 
 11 This officer, known as Maj. Jack Stewart, belonged to 
 the Maryland line, where he was commissioned as first lieu- 
 tenant in 1776, captain in December of the same year, and 
 inajor in April, 1777. In August of the last-named year, he 
 participated in Sullivan's unsuccessful attack on Staten Island, 
 and was captured after such a brave attack "as would honor 
 the finest troops in the world." Having been exchanged. 
 
BOAT BUILDING 257 
 
 Boats on the Ohio and I believe would undertake the 
 six Boats now order'd that he might acquire a more 
 perfect knowledge of the Country and form a better 
 Judgment of his proposed private undertaking. 
 
 As he has a number of his own Workmen I think 
 it would be well to send an Express to him on this 
 business, requesting his attendance at York if he in- 
 clines to undertake the business. 
 
 A considerable number of other Boats will be 
 wanted as I formerly wrote to you but I have received 
 no orders respecting them. I am with respect &c 
 
 [George Morgan] 
 
 For your information I inclose to you the Contract 
 of the Carpenters who built the last thirty Boats. I 
 could wish the article of Rum to be left out if possible 
 in the new Contract but I would not let this delay the 
 Business. The Workmen and Materials may be di- 
 rected in case of my absence to M"" : Joseph Skelton.^- 
 The Materials wanted will be 
 
 Rudder Irons & Pintles; Six Pump Spears and Boxes; 
 Six large Ring Bolts; 12 Iron Potts for Cabouses; i large 
 do;, to boil Pitch in and two Ladles; Two thousand weight 
 of Deck Nails and Spikes assorted; Canvas & Blocks neces- 
 sary for Sails ; Cordage for d^ : and for Cables ; 12 Barrels 
 of Pitch; 2 d° : Turpentine; 600 ft Oakum; Sail Twine; 
 Sail Needles ; 500 tb largest Rod Iron ; 
 
 6 Rheams of Paper; 2 doz : Ink Powder; 4 hundred 
 Quills; I tb Sealing Wax; i tb Wafers; 2 good Penknives, 
 for the Commissary's Department 
 
 Major Stewart was in Wayne's forces upon their attack on 
 Stony Point, and was honored with a silver medal struck by 
 order of Congress to commemorate his gallantry. He was 
 later colonel of the ist Maryland regiment, and is said to 
 have been killed by a fall from his horse near Charleston, 
 not long after the close of the Revolution. — Ed. 
 ^- Commissary of stores at Fort Pitt. — Ed. 
 17 
 
258 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 [Gen. Edward Hand to Col. George Morgan. MS. in Car- 
 negie Library, Pittsburgh ; George Morgan's Letter Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt 21st. March 1778. 
 To Colonel George Morgan, 
 
 Sir — The Hon'ble the Commissioners appointed by 
 Congress to repair to this place for various purposes, 
 have recommended the building six Boats to carry one 
 four Pounder each, and otherwise calculated for War, 
 to secure the Navigation of the Ohio River from Post 
 to Post, as you have had the direction of the Boats 
 already built here, I beg you may take the necessary 
 steps towards the speedy building of these arm'd 
 Boats, the Dimensions and Construction I must leave 
 to yourself, who are a better Judge than I can possibly 
 
 be. I am Sir, Your Hble Servant 
 
 Edw^: Hand 
 
 
 ADDRESS TO THE SHAWNEE 
 
 [Col. William Preston and Col. William Fleming to the 
 Shawnee. 2ZZ44— A. L. S.i3] 
 
 To the Chiefs & Warriors of the Shawnese Nation 
 
 Brothers — We are Commanded by His Excellency 
 the Governor and Council of the State of Virginia to 
 Address your Nation. And we request in the Name 
 of Our Governor, that you will listen patiently to what 
 we have to say, and that you will accept the proposals 
 we are ordered to make to you in behalf of all the 
 good people of Virginia. 
 
 Warriors and Chiefs — It is with the deepest Con- 
 cern and sincerest Sorrow that we reflect on the Mur- 
 
 13 The draft of this letter is in the handwriting of Col. 
 William Fleming; the signatures of both Fleming and Pres- 
 ton are appended. Ed. 
 
LETTER TO THE SHAWNEE 259 
 
 der committed by some of Our rash young People, 
 on the Corn Stalk and three Others of your Nation. 
 Yet this Accident we hope will not lessen the Great 
 Council Fire, before which your Father and Ours, 
 and Yourselves and we, have sat and smoaked the 
 Pipe of Peace. When you consider that one of our 
 Officers was kiled by an Indian over the Kanhaway in 
 sight of the Fort, and our hot headed young Men, 
 believing it was done by some of Your Nation, 
 prompted them to commit the horrid Murder, but we 
 are Commanded to Assure you, that the Governor 
 and all the Great Men of Virginia detest the crime 
 and are much concerned that the Chain of Friendship 
 which binds us together as Neighbours, Antient Allies 
 & Friends, should contract any Rust. And to convince 
 you of the sincerity of Our great Men, we are ordered 
 to send you some of the Governors Proclamations, in 
 which a reward is offered for Apprehending the Mur- 
 derers, And every method taken to bring them to Jus- 
 tice. You may be Assured they will be punished by 
 our Laws, when they are taken in the same manner, 
 as if they had kiled so many of our own People. We 
 are Ordered to propose to you that Commissioners for 
 Virginia, meet some of your Wise Old Men in treaty 
 at Fort Randolph, in hopes that they can make you 
 such reparation as will satisfy Your Nation, and con- 
 vince you of the Peaceble disposition of Virginia 
 towards you. We love you, because you are Generous 
 & Sensible. We wish to be Friends with you. We 
 have no desire to injure or molest you. We covet 
 nothing you have. All we desire is Peace with you. 
 this we are earnest to propose because Our Young 
 
260 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 Men have done amiss & treated you ill. We Acknowl- 
 edge it, and are Willing to make all the satisfaction we 
 can. When you think seriously on the whole Affair We 
 hope Your Wise Men will conclude to meet at Fort 
 Randolph and hear what more the Virginia Commis- 
 sioners have to say to you. If you will set a time when 
 it will suit you to meet there, The Governor and Coun- 
 cil will appoint Commissioners to talk with you, and 
 endeavour to Cover the Blood that has been Spilt upon 
 the Path of Peace, and brighten the Chain of Friend- 
 ship. In order to forward this happy work, that you 
 may be easy in Your minds, and safe in your Persons, 
 when you come to treat an equal number of white peo- 
 ple shall be sent over the Ohio, and put into your Peo- 
 ples hands, for your sincerity and safe return. And 
 we assure you of the most Friendly treatment. And 
 should any Chiefs or Great Men of your Neighbour- 
 ing Nations, Delawares, Mingoes, Wyandots come 
 with you, they will be received kindly and treated as 
 Friends. In the meantime we beg you will not hearken 
 to the bad talks of our Enemies and Yours, they want 
 us to destroy one another;^* And then they they will 
 possess Your Lands and ours enslave Our Children 
 & Yours. Your People and Ours live in the same 
 
 1* Compare with this the message sent the Shawnee by 
 White Eyes, the Delaware chief, after McKee and the other 
 Loyalists had passed through his village : "Grand children ! 
 3^e Shawanese ! some days ago a flock of birds, that had come 
 on from the east, lit at Goschochking, imposing a song of 
 their's upon us, which song had nigh proved our ruin ! 
 Should these birds, which on leaving us, took their flight 
 towards Sciota, endeavor to impose a song on you likewise, 
 do not listen to them, for they lie." — Heckewelder's Narrative, 
 p. t82.— Ed. 
 
 I 
 
LETTER TO THE SHAWNEE 261 
 
 land, breath the same Air, and drink the same water. 
 We ought to live in Peace like Friends & Brothers. 
 And we hope you will lay down the Hatchet, and re- 
 strain your Young Men from disturbing Our Fron- 
 tiers, untill you hear the good Talk from Our Gover- 
 nor which he will send you by his Commissioners.^^ 
 We send this by the Grenadier Squaw, and in full 
 Assurance that you will accept the proposals we have 
 made and send us both a Friendly Answer to Fort 
 Randolph, which the Officer there will forward to us, 
 we send you this String of White Wampum, And sub- 
 scribe ourselves. Your Friends & Brothers 
 
 Wm. Preston 
 William Fleming 
 Virginia Aprile 3d 1778 
 
 15 The following "Heads of a Letter to the Shawnesse" 
 were written out by Colonel Preston and appended to his 
 letter to Colonel Fleming, March 14, 1778 (Draper MSS., 
 4QQ163) : "That we are commanded to write to them by the 
 Governor. That he and all his great men & the good Men 
 in Virga are sorry for the Murder. That every method is 
 and shall be taken to bring the Murderers to Justice. That 
 if they are taken they shall be tryed by our Laws in the 
 same manner as if they had murdered so many white People. 
 That the Governor is desirous some of the Warriors would 
 come to the point & hear & that he will send Com^ to meet 
 them. That for their Security while they are talking of 
 Peace an equal Number of white warriors shall be sent over 
 the River as hostages. That the Virginians are unwilling to 
 begin a War with them, and very desirous of Peace and want 
 to have all difference made up that they may once more be 
 Friends. That it will be for the Benefit of their Nation. 
 That to convince them of the sincerity of our professions & 
 Friendship, that should any [of] the Murderers be taken up 
 some the Indians may be present & see it. Hot headed young 
 Men." — Ed. 
 
262 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OFIIO 
 
 DEFENSE OF THE SOUTHWESTERN FRONTIER 
 
 [Gov. Patrick Henry's circular letter. 2U12. Printed 
 document, autograph signature.] 
 
 Williamsburg, April 12, 1778. 
 
 Sir — The season is now come when the enemy will 
 again take the field, and perhaps, by means of an in- 
 creased number of forces, may oblige the continental 
 army to retreat, and so overrun and ravage a great 
 extent of country. In order to check this destructive 
 progress, it is more than probable that assistance from 
 Virginia will be called for. As the volunteer scheme 
 does not promise to succeed, the militia will be our 
 only resource, and from that must be drawn so many 
 men as the exigency may require. Added to this, our 
 own country is liable to be invaded on all sides, and a 
 prudent regard to our safety, nay our existence, de- 
 mands that we be prepared to resist. 
 
 The design of this address is to require your most 
 strenuous exertions to get your militia in readiness. 
 In a particular manner, I entreat your attention to the 
 arms and accoutrements of the men, and to see that 
 one third part of them be put into readiness to march 
 at a moment's warning. I desire that you will be par- 
 ticular in getting returns from your Captains, by 
 which the repairs necessary to be made to the arms 
 and accoutrements may be discovered; and, after or- 
 ders are given for these repairs to be made, you will 
 order other returns, by which you may see whether 
 they are properly executed. Let powder horns and 
 shot bags be provided, where cartridge boxes cannot. 
 A particular report of the number of your men, and 
 the condition of their arms and accoutrements, when 
 
CLARK'S PREPARATIONS 263 
 
 you have executed these orders, will be necessary ; and 
 I shall expect it with impatience, equal to the impor- 
 tance of those consequences which will follow from 
 the punctual discharge of your duty. I am, Sir, Your 
 
 Most humble Servant, 
 
 P. Henry 
 
 OLABK'S PREPARATION FOR OHIO VOYAGE 
 
 [Col. George Rogers Clark to Capt. William Harrod. 18J72 — 
 A. L. S.] 
 
 April I2tb 1778. 
 
 D^' Cap^" — I have this Day heard of our Boats com- 
 ing up the River they left Wheling last tuesday. I 
 also hear that the companies that I expected a Cross 
 the Mountains is now on their march out so that I 
 hope that we shall shortly be able to imbark for Ken- 
 tucky as this is the Day that your Company was to 
 imbody, I thought it necessary to get this inteligence 
 to you as quick as possible as the men might not be 
 uneasy. I should be glad that you would gather the 
 remainder of your Company (that is not on Com^ to 
 Wheling) and keep them imbodied and ready to 
 March at the shortest warning as we shall start as 
 soon as possible, as you are on the frontier your com- 
 pany will be a guard to ye Inhabitants while you stay, 
 (what goods belonging to you & Company that is to go 
 down may be got ready to be put on board) Lieu'^ 
 J. Swan^*^ I expect will furnish Rations for the Com- 
 
 16 John Swan was one of the early settlers of Monongahela, 
 having first visited the region in 1767 and blazed trees for a 
 claim. In 1769 he removed his family thither from the 
 Potomac, where they had settled after leaving the ancestral 
 home in Loudoun County. The Swan place was contiguous to 
 
264 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 pany while they lay their, which I shall pay him for, 
 one of my Brothers^^ came up the other day with some 
 Acc*^ from the Governor to me, desireing me to be ex- 
 peditious as possible as he is apprehensive that the 
 Ind^ will shortly make a brake on the Frontiers and 
 our being on our station he expects will draw their 
 attention towards us until the army can be got ready 
 to march into the Indian Cun^. I have sent you part 
 of the late Laws of Virginia in which you will see part 
 of the Invation Act and the authority of an Officer on 
 duty. I am Si'" your H^^ Serv* 
 
 G. R. Clark 
 On piiblick service To Captn W^ Harrod Tenmile Creek. 
 
 that of Jacob Van Meter, in Cumberland township of Greene 
 County; and a blockhouse built about 1770 was named Fort 
 Swan and Van Meter. It seems probable that the Lieut. John 
 Swan, who was in Harrod's company on Clark's expedition, 
 was a son of the first settler. John junior was in the expedi- 
 tion to Kaskaskia (1778), and it is said (Draper MSS., 36J26) 
 that he w^ent out as captain of a company in the Shawnee 
 expedition of 1780. After that, nothing more is known to us 
 of this officer. A family tradition (History of Greene County, 
 Pa., p. 400) relates that while one son of the elder John Swan 
 was emigrating with his family to Kentucky, he was shot and 
 instantly killed on the boat while going down the Ohio River. 
 May this not account for the disappearance of the young 
 officer who served under Clark? Charles Swan remained on 
 the family estate in Pennsylvania, where his descendants yet 
 live. — Ed. 
 
 17 This was probably Richard Clark, fourth son of the 
 family; Jonathan, the oldest, was in the Continental service; 
 George Rogers was the second son ; John, the third, was in 
 a British prison, having been captured at Germantown. 
 Richard Clark was born (1760) in Caroline County, Va. In 
 March, 1779, he joined his brother George's army to the 
 Illinois as a volunteer, receiving a commission as lieutenant 
 in June of the same year. In May, 1780, he was at Cahokia, 
 and served with Montgomery on the latter's Peoria expedi- 
 tion. Later, Richard Clark was a member of the garrison at 
 Fort Jefferson, and in the spring of 1781 returned to Louis- 
 
INDIAN DEPREDATIONS 265 
 
 SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA FRONTIER ATTACKED 
 
 [Col. William Preston to Col. William Fleming.^s 3ZZ14 — 
 A. L. S.] 
 My Business called me 20 miles above Fort 
 Chiswell^^ [MS. torn] whence I returned last night 
 much fatigued having rode great part of [the way] 
 in the Rain and crossed the River yesterday at the 
 Risque of my Life. This [was] occasioned by an 
 Express from Culborsons Bottom^*^ which followed me 
 to near the head of Holston. The account was, that 
 the scouts, on tuesday last were met by fifteen Indians 
 who pursued them so closeley that it was supposed 
 one [was ta]ken. However I hear he is since come to 
 the fort. The Indians have [invested] a little Garri- 
 son about five Miles above Culbersons in such a 
 [way] that the Officer made two or three attempts 
 before he could send me a [message]. At length an 
 active man brought a Letter dated the 10*^. They had 
 not heard from Culbersons for three Days. I have 
 ordered men from several companies to the Relief of 
 these Places but I am really affraid they will not 
 arrive in Time as the Waters are impassable. It is 
 supposed by the People that a large Body of Indians 
 are come in and that a Number have passed [by] the 
 
 ville. In March, 1784, while travelling alone from Louisville 
 to Vincennes, he lost his life either by an accident or an 
 Indian ambush. As his horse was found with all his trappings 
 and accoutrements, it was at the time surmised that he was 
 drowned while crossing the Little Wabash. — Ed. 
 
 18 This letter is unaddressed, but its contents show that it 
 was written to Colonel Fleming, county lieutenant for 
 Botetourt. — Ed. 
 
 19 For account of Fort Chiswell, see Dunmore's War, p. 52, 
 note 90. — Ed. 
 
 20 For this location, see Ibid, p. 76, note 25. — Ed. 
 
266 rROXTlER DEFExNSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 garrisons down the River to strike the Inhabitants. 
 This supposition, I [think] is probable, and if I hear 
 any further Accounts this Day, I shall make [use of] 
 the kind Indulgence you gave me of calling some Men 
 from Botetourt. 
 
 I see very little Occasion to alter the Letter to the 
 Shawnesse, two or three alterations I have pointed 
 out, which Letter with the Wampum [MS. torn] you 
 will meet Cap*. Arbuckle at Court and get him to for- 
 ward it. Have it fairly Copied please to put my Name 
 to it. 
 
 You were certainly right in purchasing Provisions 
 for the Draughts and not engage a Person to Victual 
 them on the Road, and equally so in making [use of] 
 the Public Money for that Purpose, as it was not so 
 immediately wanted [for the] Militia. I was obliged 
 to advance Cap* Crockett^^ £70 for the Draughts in 
 this County. 
 
 I am sorry that the Deserter brought by R. Preston-^ 
 does not answer the [purpose]. At that time, nor till 
 I rec^ your Message by M'" Floyd. ^^ I had not adverted 
 [to that] Clause. Since which I have been informed 
 that the Reg* that Deserter belonged [to was] com- 
 posed of Virg^ & Maryland Troops. Had I thought 
 or believed that it was not legally clear, I could readily 
 have got a Deserter for him which [MS. torn] young 
 Man to take. But as he is now in Carolina & will not 
 
 -^ This officer is noted in Ibid, p. 44, note 79. — Ed. 
 
 -- See for Robert Preston, Ibid, p. 174, note 21. — Ed. 
 
 23 Capt. John Flo3'd must have but just returned from his 
 captivity in England, after his disastrous privateering expedi- 
 tion. See sketch of his life in Ibid, p. 9, note 15. — Ed. 
 
INDIAN DEPREDATIONS 267 
 
 [return] till June I will do all I can to have the Mat- 
 ter fully Settled before he [gets] in. 
 
 Col° Lynch told be last Tuesday that he had but 
 1500'''. of Lead [at the] Mines,-^ & the Frontier Li- 
 habitants were daily calling for it agreeable [to the] 
 Governors Order; but that in 8 or ten days his Fur- 
 nace would be ready [and he] hoped to be able to 
 Supply all the Demands against him for that Article; 
 [that the] Governor had wrote a most pressing Letter 
 to him to send two tons to Fort [Pitt and] a large 
 Quantity to Congress. 
 
 Before I saw the Colonel, I was informed that he 
 makes the Inhabitants [MS. torn] for the lead ordered 
 them by the Governor. I shall write to [MS. torn] 
 the first opportunity & know the certainty ; & Mention 
 your [MS. torn]. At present I am sure he cannot 
 Supply you, therefore it would [be useless to] send 
 up for it. 
 
 Any Expence that Cap*^ Arbuckle may be at, and he 
 ought [not to be] restricted, must be paid him; any 
 Assurance you think proper to give [him on] that 
 Head, I shall most readily Join you therein. 
 
 I cannot perfectly agree in Sentiment ivith the 
 Honble the Commissioners, that Botetourt should send 
 as many men out of the County as Rockbridge,-'^ as 
 [that] has a Frontier of its own to Defend, which is 
 not the case with the latter. I am convinced the Mili- 
 tia of Botetourt is not near equal to that [of the lat- 
 
 24 For Col. Charles Lynch, see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 174, 
 note 4. — Ed. 
 
 25 For the quotas ordered by the commissioners at Fort 
 Pitt, see ante, p. 238. — Ed. 
 
268 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 ter] County, but the misfortune was, that Bo^ had no 
 representative at Pittsburg. Upon the whole, for the 
 above reasons and many [that will] readily Occur to 
 you, were it my Case I would postpone that [perfect] 
 Obedience to the Commander which is required until! 
 the Governor, who by Law has the Command of the 
 Militia, should be made acquainted with the Demand 
 and the ill Consequences of a Compliance ; The Situ- 
 ation of both Counties [he is a] Stranger to, & he 
 may be made sensible that this County, in case of 
 [invasion] can expect no Relief but what Botetourt 
 can give it, & then I am sure he will let these things 
 rest on the footing his last Letter to you [advised]. 
 I can't See how you could send off your Militia at the 
 call of the Gen^ [Hand], the honble the Com''^ or still 
 a more hon'ble [MS. torn] unless first warranted to 
 do so by the Commander in Chief of this State. This 
 Warrant, I imagine, you have not yet received (but 
 the Reverse) from him, and therefore I should believe 
 you are Justifiable in refusing, or at least postponing a 
 Compliance [to the] Requisition, until you have Or- 
 ders from the Governor. 
 
 I am afifraid I have tired you with this confus'd 
 Letter. I am excessively uneasy about our Frontiers 
 in general & my own exposed Family in particular. 
 I am D'" Sir with real esteem your most [obedient 
 servant] 
 
 W"^ Preston 
 Ap. 13, 177826 
 
 26 On this same date General Hand sent a warning (Draper 
 MSS., 30NN108) to the militia officers of Ohio and 
 Monongalia counties, of the approach of the Wyandot bands 
 that had been sent by White Eyes. It was too late, however, 
 
LETTER TO WISE DELAWARES 2b9 
 
 P. S. If you see any careful Person coming this 
 way or to M'' Madisons/^ please to Send part of the 
 Money to M^ Floyd, as I was obliged to advance him 
 305 Dollars to buy provisions & shall be in want of it 
 soon. 
 
 DELAWARES KEEP PEACE 
 
 [MS. in Carnegie Library, Pittsburgh; George Morgan's 
 Letter Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt April 13th. 1778. 
 The United American States to the wise Delaware 
 
 Council 
 
 Brothers — We have received your Letter dated 
 the 6th. inst. we have considered the Contents and 
 are well pleased with your repeated professions of 
 Friendship to the United States. It was to perpetu- 
 ate our mutual happiness that we invited a few of you 
 to meet us at our Council Fire at this place, which we 
 are determined to rekindle sometime the ensuing Sum- 
 mer, for our wise Brethren the Delawares in particu- 
 lar and for all other Nations who incline to accept our 
 Friendship, it was for this purpose and to give you 
 assurances of our Friendship that we desired to con- 
 sult with some of your wise Chiefs and to know what 
 time to fix for our Meeting here with all your wise 
 Men and principal Warriors that we may determine 
 together what steps to pursue in order to defeat the 
 evil intentions of the Wiandots and Mingoes. 
 
 to avert the murders on Dunkard's Creek. See Clark's letter 
 of March 30, ante, p. 248. — Ed. 
 
 27 Probably referring to Capt. Thomas Madison, for whom 
 see Dunm ore's War, p. 59, note 99. — Ed. 
 
270 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 Brothers \\q have desired to take the Tomhawk 
 out of your Heads and to condole with you on the 
 unhappy affair at Beaver Creek. We sent back your 
 Women and we are sorry you have had any occasion 
 to reproach us. But Brothers we need not tell you 
 what your own people did before that. We do not 
 desire to recriminate, because that would appear as 
 though we were in a bad Temper, and wanted to quar- 
 rel with you. Brothers we tell you that is not the 
 intention of the United States or of any of them. We 
 have always told you so and have never deceived you. 
 You must not look on what has been done as intended 
 by our wise People to injure you, and we desire that 
 you may not think hard of it. When we say you, 
 Brothers, we not only mean the wise Council at 
 Coochocking, but all Cap*: Pipe's old Council w^hich 
 we consider as the same with you. 
 
 Brothers We anxiously wait to see some of your 
 wise Chiefs as we formerly desired, for which pur- 
 pose we will continue here thirteen days from the 
 date hereof. If they can arrive sooner it will be more 
 agreeable to [us] as we have been greatly disappointed 
 by being detained here so long. 
 
 Brothers Be strong, for you may depend we will 
 convince you of our Friendship : and that if you per- 
 severe in good works your Children yet unborn will 
 thank you for taking good Council. For this reason 
 we desire you will not listen to the stories of Deserters 
 or other bad People. Wq will convince you that it is 
 not their Interest to tell you the truth; and you may 
 rest assured that the United States desire Friendship 
 and Peace and not War with our Indian Brethren. 
 
VOLUNTEERS FOR THE ILLINOIS 271 
 
 RECRUITS FOR CLARK 
 
 [Col. George Rogers Clark to General Hand. 18J73 — Trans- 
 cript by Dr. Draper from "original in Dr. Tho. A. Emmet's 
 Collection, New York City."] 
 
 Redstone, April 17*11 1778. 
 Sir — As I found by express from Maj. Smith, that 
 my recruiters on Holston River had been more suc- 
 cessful that I expected, in raising four companies,"^ 
 and receiving intelligence of two companies more now 
 
 28 William Bailey Smith was a native (1738) of Prince 
 William County, Va. He early migrated to North Carolina, 
 where he was associated with the Hendersons, Harts, etc. 
 In 1775 he was present at the Treaty of Sycamore Shoals, 
 and went out to Boonesborough during that summer. He was 
 likewise in Boonesborough when the Boone and Calloway 
 girls were captured (1776), and aided in their rescue. During 
 the summer of 1777 he returned to the Yadkin, and brought 
 out a party for the relief of the beleaguered settlements ; see 
 ante, p. 103, note 63. Clark had known Smith in Kentucky 
 and gave him a commission as major, together with an ad- 
 vance of £150 to recruit for his expedition in the Holston 
 settlements. Smith's letters to Clark (Draper MSS., 48Ji9,20, 
 printed in Amer. Hist. Review, viii, pp. 495-497), dated 
 March 7 and 29, were encouraging and boastful. The first 
 reached Clark March 29, and made him relax his efforts to 
 recruit in the Redstone region. Smith eventually sent out 
 but one small company, part of whom deserted when the des- 
 tination of the expedition was made known. Smith himself 
 appears to have arrived at Boonesborough in June or July. 
 He took part in the great siege of that place, which was his 
 last military service. Having returned to North Carolina he 
 was commissioned to extend the boundary line between that 
 state and Virginia — now that between Tennessee and Ken- 
 tucky. He was so occupied in 1779-80. He received for his 
 services a tract of land on Green River, whither he removed 
 in 1794, settling at a place known as Smith's Ferry, not far 
 from the mouth of the Green. There he died Oct. 19, 1818. 
 For these and further particulars, see Draper MSS., 
 4B251. — Ed. 
 
272 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 ■ 
 
 on their March from Winchester,-'' I shall not attempt 
 to recruit any more men in this department, as I be- 
 lieve I shall have my full quota, but shall prepare to 
 set out on the intended expedition as soon as possible. 
 I shall order what recruits 1 have west of the Monon- 
 gahela to repair to Wheeling immediately, where they 
 may probably be of service, and shall stay here myself 
 until y® arrival of the troops I expect across the Mt". 
 I should be glad to know by an answer to this letter 
 whether I am to receive any provisions at this place or 
 at Pittsburgh, if at Redstone, I hope. Sir, that you will 
 send an order for ye receipt of it. I suppose it would 
 at any rate, be of service to take the boats that I have 
 loaded to Pittsburgh. 
 
 I should be glad to receive my powder, &c., at this 
 post. The provision boats that you were to send 
 down, I expect may be ready at any time. If you will 
 send them under my convoy, I shall take pleasure in 
 doing that or any other piece of service that lays in 
 my power. Be pleased to send me a few lines by y^ 
 bearer, M'' [William] Linn, who will wait on you with 
 this letter. I am. Sir, Your h^^ Serv^, 
 
 G. R. Clark. 
 To Gen. Hand, Pittsburgh. Pr. favor M^. Linn. 
 
 29 Of these two companies, that of Capt. Leonard Hehn 
 was recruited largely in Fauquier County; that of Capt. 
 Joseph Bowman in Frederick. — Ed. 
 
INDIAN DEPREDATIONS 273 
 
 ATTACK ON THE MONONGAHELA 
 
 [Col. John Evans to General Hand. 2U13 — A. L. S.] 
 
 Forks Cheat April 18*^ 1778. 
 D^ Sir — The Indians on the 15*** Instant on the 
 Monongahale, Above the Mouth of Cheat River Killed 
 and took ten persons belonging to Maj'" Martins Fort,^'^ 
 and took at least 20 horses, on 16*^. Burned a Fort 
 that was evacuated 3 Miles from the Magazine at my 
 house killed Seven Sheep & skined them and took 15 
 horses which leaves our part of the Country in such a 
 situation that the forts are all a Breaking the Inhabi- 
 tants all seem Determined to moove to some place of 
 Safety, for my part I shall be Oblidge to follow them, 
 and leve the Provision to the mercy of the enemy 
 Without some other method can Speedily take place, 
 our Country is in such confusion, at this time that the 
 Militia Will not be Redused to their Duty. I have 
 made bold to Detain part of a Company of the ham- 
 shire Melitia to guard the provision till I Receive or- 
 ders from your honour What is to be Done, this part 
 of the Country is much Distresed at this time and I 
 fear Will be more so the Enemy seems to Strike only 
 on this Quarter for farther particulars I refer you 
 
 30 Apparently this is the affair assigned to the date of June, 
 1779, by Withers and local historians who follow his account; 
 see Thwaites, Withers, pp. 282, 283. Martin's Fort was sit- 
 uated on Crooked Run, a small western tributary of the 
 Monongahela, just across the Virginia line in the present 
 Monongalia County. Martin's church is now located near by. 
 The fort was attacked while most of its defenders had gone 
 to work on their farms. Three men were killed — James 
 Stuart, James Smally, and Peter Crouse; seven were taken 
 prisoners, including sons of the three men killed and one 
 John Shiver and his wife. — Ed. 
 
 18 
 
274 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 to the Barer and am Sir Your most Obedient humb^ 
 
 Serv* 
 
 John Evans 
 
 P. S. We are Distitu[t]e of Amunition and beggs 
 
 your Honour to Assist us with that article if in your 
 
 power, as its impossible \Ye can Defend our Selves 
 
 without Amunition. 
 
 On Public Service 
 To His Excellency Gener'l Hand Fort Pitt. 
 
 BRITISH WELCOME McKEE 
 
 [Henry Hamilton to Alexander McKee. MS. in Canadian 
 Archives; Series M,, vol. 105, fol. 13 — A. L. S.] 
 
 Detroit Apl 23d 1778 
 
 Dear Sir — I congratulate you on your escape, and 
 shall be happy to see you here where you may be sure 
 of finding friends and sincere ones. 
 
 The sooner your convenience can admit of your 
 coming to this place, the better, as I wish to confer 
 with you on several points 'tis impossible to touch 
 upon in a letter. The newspapers you sent, were very 
 acceptable, they shall be forwarded to Gen. Carleton, 
 whom I have made acquainted with your happy es- 
 cape. The council to be held at this place and which 
 I expect to be very full, will meet on or about the 
 15th of May, till when matters will remain as they 
 are — nothing can exceed the good temper and tract- 
 able behaviour of all the Indians. The bearer is a very 
 spirited young fellow, is trusty & I hope by good be- 
 haviour will deserve to be put on a good footing. 
 
 The Six Nations are more than ever attached to 
 Government & zealous in the Cause against the Rebels. 
 
McKEE CONGRATULATED 275 
 
 Considerable reinforcements expected to Canada this 
 year. I am Sir your very humble Servant 
 
 Henry Hamilton. 
 
 [Jehu Hay to Alexander McKee. Source, same as preceding 
 document, but fol. 15 — A. L. S.] 
 
 Detroit, April 23rd 1778 
 Sir — Permit me to congratulate you on your escape 
 from Fort Pitt. I was in hopes last Fall of having 
 the pleasure of seeing you, but your situation was such 
 that I suppose put it out of your power to make the 
 attempt. The bearer Edward HazeP^ sets off imme- 
 diately to meet you, he tells me you desired him to 
 bring you some refreshment which I should have been 
 happy to send, but he goes by Land and says he can 
 not carry any thing not so much as a Kegg of Wine, 
 provision I hope you will not want as there is people 
 at Sandusky, and the Miamee [Maumee] River who 
 can and will supply you. I have given him a little Sil- 
 ver Works & Vermillion^^ to purchase me a good 
 Horse or two, but if you have the least occasion for 
 them pray make use of them. I wait with impatience 
 
 31 Edward Hazel was a Loyalist from the United States, 
 who served for a time in Butler's rangers. After he was 
 employed in the Indian department, he was frequently sent 
 with messages and in 1782 visited the Cherokee to instigate 
 them against the settlements. In 1783 he was discharged, but 
 afterwards reemployed by the government as interpreter. He 
 lived at Detroit until its evacuation by the British (1796), 
 when he retired to Maiden. He was out in the War of 1812-15 
 as leader of the Wyandot, and died in Amherstburg about 
 1817. See Draper MSS., 17S215, 20S217, 221. — Ed. 
 
 32 Articles much prized by the Indians, hence used as cur- 
 rency in dealing with them. — Ed. 
 
276 FROXTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 your arrival, and asure you I am Sir With truth Your 
 
 most Humble servant t tt 
 
 Jehu Hay 
 
 BOAT BUILDING 
 
 [Col. George Morgan to Capt. Joseph Skelton. MS. in Car- 
 negie Library, Pittsburgh ; George Morgan's Letter Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt April 24th. 1778. 
 To Capf: Joseph Skelton, 
 
 What follows being out of the particular Line of 
 your Duty I must ask of you as a favour. The Boat 
 Carpenters are to remove to this place and build the 
 remainder of the Boats at the Point near my Redoubt 
 or under the Council House. I shall therefore want 
 you to hire of Major Smallman the little House where 
 Miller lives for the use of the Carpenters and Sawyers 
 for whom M'■^ Gibson^^ will cook. She is on that ace* : 
 to draw Provisions with them. You can order them a 
 Barrel of Salt Pork and Beef and a Barrel of Flour 
 at a time and whenever there is fresh Meat you can 
 give an order for what M'■^ Gibson may require of all 
 which keep an Acc^ that I may be enabled to settle 
 their Ration Acc*^. on my return. 
 
 The Carpenters and Sawyers are to bring down in 
 the Boats now preparing to be launch'd, all their Tools, 
 Crooked Timber, Boards and Plank. The Crooked 
 or other Timber which they may hereafter want, they 
 
 33 Not the wife of Col. John Gibson, but of another John 
 Gibson, a trader and laborer at Pittsburgh. He secured sup- 
 plies at that place for George Rogers Clark, and several of 
 his letters are among the Clark papers in the Wisconsin 
 Historical Library. — Ed. 
 
BOAT BUILDING 277 
 
 must cut either toward Elliott's Bullock Pens or 
 General Hand's place, ^"^ paying the Owner of the Tim- 
 ber a reasonable price. The Quarter Master must be 
 applied to for Teams and for a Boat to transport 20M 
 feet of Boards and plank (which I have purchased 
 from Benjamin Kuykendall)^^ from the Mill to Fort 
 Pitt which must be piled and stuck near my House to 
 season. I would beg that this be done without delay. 
 You must also hire a House or Boat Carpenter or two, 
 or some other handy person to attend on the Carpen- 
 ters, boil the Pitch, spin Oakum & pick up the loose 
 Nails & Iron which may drop about the Yard. 
 
 For this necessary purpose you may give good 
 \\'ages to a sober careful handy Fellow. The neces- 
 sary Articles which are to come up the Country for 
 the building of Boats will be directed in my absence 
 to your care. Write to me by every opportunity and 
 you will oblige yours &c 
 
 [George Morgan] 
 
 3* On the map of original grants in Pittsburgh and environs, 
 Col. W'lliam Elliott's "bullock pens" are located just north 
 of the present Homewood Cemetery in Homewood addition. 
 Hand's property was southeast of Chartier's Creek in a town- 
 ship of that name. This information was kindly furnished 
 by Harrison W. Craven, librarian of Carnegie Library, 
 Pittsburgh. — Ed. 
 
 35 Benjamin Kuykendall was an early resident of Pitts- 
 burgh. In 1775 he was ordered by the county court to view 
 a road; and the next year was chosen as one of the justices 
 of the court, which he frequently attended. In 1780 he was 
 sworn in as sheriff, and on Feb. 28 signed the record of the 
 court — "Minute book of Yohogania County," in Carnegie 
 Museum Annals, ii, no. 2, p. 401. — Ed. 
 
278 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 WESTERN EXPEDITIONS 
 
 [General Pland to Gen. Horatio Gates. 3NN109, no — 
 Transcript.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, 24th April, 1778. 
 
 Sir — Some time ago I did myself the honor to in- 
 close you a letter from his Exc^ Gov*" Henry, Contain- 
 ing a request to supply Col. G. R. Clark with several 
 articles to fit him for a voyage down the Ohio river & 
 rec^ your answer on the premises. Col. Clark has rec*^ 
 from me everything he has yet desired — the remainder 
 is ready at his call. 
 
 I yesterday rec^ a letter from his Exc^ Making a 
 Similar demand in favor of Col. David Rogers — a 
 Copy of which I inclose. I make no doubt but Con- 
 gress will think proper to direct that Col. Rogers may 
 be furnished agreeable to the Governor's desire; tho' 
 I can't think myself authorized to do it without their 
 sanction. I must, however, beg leave to remark that 
 in my present Situation, men, arms or lead cannot be 
 Supplied. As Col. Rogers is not yet ready to pro- 
 ceed, there will be time sufficient for Congress to com- 
 municate their sentiments on this, or any future de- 
 mands made by his Exc^ Gov"" Henry, without a pre- 
 vious application to them. 
 
 As the time of Col. Clark's departure is very uncer- 
 tain, I am preparing to send Capt. O'Hara^^ with a 
 detachment to the Arkansas with the provisions for 
 Capt. Willing. * * * 
 
 Desertion prevails here to a great degree. Since the 
 18^*^ Jany last, 40 men have deserted from this small 
 garrison; last night 14, the greatest number of them 
 
 36 For this officer, see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 253, note i. — Ed. 
 
General James O'Hara 
 I<>om ^[a^y C. Darlington, Port Pitt (Pittsburgh, 1892) 
 
^ 
 
DESERTIONS 279 
 
 of the guard, went off, & took with them Eleazer 
 Davis, a prisoner formerly mentioned to the Board of 
 War — & a party of the country people. I believe the 
 Devil has possessed both the country and garrison. 
 A command of 40 men & 4 officers were detached in 
 pursuit of these deserters. 
 
 Col. Russell of the 13*^ Virginia regiment has ar- 
 rived here. He tells me that the remainder of his 
 reg^ are destined for this place. I think it would be 
 prudent to accelerate their march, otherwise our maga- 
 zines both here & elsewhere may fall an easey prey. 
 
 [Edward Hand] 
 
 P. S. Except the murder of two children & capture 
 of another within six or seven Miles of this place, 
 the savages have confined their visits to the settle- 
 ments on Dunkard & Muddy Creeks & Tiger's 
 Valley. ^^ The militia lately abandoned one of their 
 forts in Monongalia County, & left in it 9,000 ^^^ pork 
 provided for their support, which was in a few days 
 after the Evacuation set on fire & consumed with the 
 provision. 
 
 37 Tygart's Valley is on the east fork of the main Monon- 
 gahela, chiefly in what is now Randolph County, W. Va. It 
 received its name from its first settler, David Tygart, who 
 was in 1753 driven from the valley by Indian depredations. 
 This site was not permanently settled until 1772, for it was 
 peculiarly exposed to Indian raids, the famous Shawnee and 
 other trails passing through it. During the Revolution, it 
 suffered seyeral times (1777, 1779-82), also in the later Indian 
 war (1789, 1791). — Ed. 
 
280 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 SITUATION AT DETROIT 
 
 [Gov. Henry Hamilton to Sir Guy Carleton. MS. in Canadian 
 
 Archives; Series B, vol. 121, fol. 100-108 — Transcript. ]-^8 
 
 Detroit 25 Ap. 1778. 
 
 Sir — The last letter I had the honor of writing to 
 your Excellency was dated January the 15th 1778. 
 
 January the 26th. Some traders to Sandooski hav- 
 ing given room for suspecting they were carrying on 
 a correspondence with the Rebels, I ordered a search 
 to be made for some papers of which I had had notice ; 
 but though I was well assured that my suspicions were 
 well grounded, they eluded the search ; however, upon 
 examining the goods carryed out and comparing them 
 with the Invoices, a considerable quantity was found 
 for which a pass had not been asked. The offenders 
 were fined to the extent prescribed by the Ordinance 
 of Quebec. 
 
 January the 30th. John Montour (formerly men- 
 tioned to Your Excellency) decoyed out of the settle- 
 ment three Virginians (Prisoners) designing to have 
 carried them to Fort Pitt. Some Indians who met 
 them a few leagues off and suspected that they were 
 fugitives, gave me notice of it and a party of Volun- 
 teers with an Indian Officer and some Savages were 
 sent after them, who took and brought them all in, 
 they had prepared arms and meant to have stood 
 on the defensive, but were surprised and bound. 
 Montour, at the earnest sollicitations of a number of 
 chiefs of different nations, was set at liberty after 
 
 38 A transcript of this document was made for Dr. Draper 
 by the late Dr. Douglas Brymner, and is found in Draper 
 MSS., 11C96. — Ed. 
 
AT DETROIT 281 
 
 some weeks' confinement, the others, having made so 
 bad a use of the indulgence shown them, remain in 
 irons. The Indians were highly pleased at their re- 
 quest being granted. The prisoners are to be sent 
 down by the first vessel. 
 
 March the 7th. Lieutenant Governor Abbot with 
 his family arrived from Ft Vincennes, from his report 
 of the state of the post, I am humbly of opinion it 
 must be impossible for the Ouabasha Indians to be 
 kept in order without a vast expense in presents or 
 the presence of some troops. Indeed in all these Posts 
 where the French had settled a trade and intercourse 
 with the Savages, an Officer's presence with troops is 
 much wanted, for the minds of the Indians in remote 
 posts are poisoned by the falsehoods and misrepre- 
 sentations of the French. As to the Indians of the 
 Ouabash, they have been out of the way of knowing 
 the power of the English and from a presumption of 
 their own importance will be arrogant and trouble- 
 some. Monsieur de Celoron^^ writes me word from 
 
 39 One of the sons of Pierre Joseph Celoron, former com- 
 mandant of Detroit; see a list of the latter's sons in Mich. 
 Pion. & Hist. Colls., xxxiv, p. SSS- Celoron junior had been 
 sent by Hamilton to command at the village known as 
 Otiiatanon, situated on the Wabash two or three miles below 
 the site of the present Lafayette. There had been a French 
 fort at this place, which was destroyed in Pontiac's Con- 
 spiracy (1763). It had now grown up to be a small village. 
 Its importance lay in the fact that it commanded the water 
 route from Detroit to Vincennes. After the capture of the 
 latter place in 1778, by troops sent by George Rogers Clark, 
 a small detachment was sent to occupy Ouiatanon, whereupon 
 its commandant, Sieur de Celoron, hastily retreated. Hamilton 
 later claimed that Celoron was in sympathy with the American 
 troops, and had a "brother in the Rebel service." See ///. 
 Hist. Colls., i, pp. 336, 351-353, 359-— Ed. 
 
282 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 Ouiattanong, that some parties to the number of 50 
 men, partly Quigeboes, Mascoitainges & Ouiatta- 
 nongs/*^ are gone to war toward the Ohio, their 
 success is not yet known. I have sent him some am- 
 munition and arms & to gratify those among them who 
 behave well. All parties going to war are exhorted to 
 act with humanity as the means of securing a sincere 
 peace when His Majesty shall be pleased to order the 
 Hatchet to be buried. 
 
 March nth. One hundred and twenty five war- 
 riors, Mingoes, Shawanese & Delawares with a num- 
 ber of wives & children came to this place, they have 
 accepted War Belts and I believe are too well con- 
 vinced of the inability of the Virginians to do them 
 either much good or much harm, not to be sincere. 
 The Mingoes delivered me a young boy, whose father 
 they had killed. 
 
 29th. John Turney arrived from Quebec. He 
 brought a Belt sent by Colonel Butler*^ addressed to 
 the Lake Indians and all the Western Nations from 
 the Six Nations, by which they declare their resolu- 
 tion to support Government and revenge themselves, 
 desiring all the nations of the Confederacy to act as 
 one man — thanking them at the same time for the 
 zeal and spirit with which they acted last year. 
 
 April the ist. Forty Shawanese arrived having four 
 prisoners, whom they delivered to me soon after. 
 
 40 Kickapoo, Mascoutin, and Ouiatanon (Wea) Indians; 
 see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 3, note 8. These tribes all dwelt near 
 Ouiatanon settlement. — Ed. 
 
 41 Lieut. John Turney was in 1782 commandant at San- 
 dusky. 
 
 For Col. John Butler, see Ibid, p. 152, note 67. — Ed. 
 
AT DETROIT 283 
 
 April the 5th. Mr. Charles Baubin who acts at the 
 Miamis*^ came in from a scout — not having been able 
 to prevail on the Miamis to act with spirit. He with a 
 young man named Lorimier*^ engaged four score 
 Shawanese from Tchelacase and Pecori** to go toward 
 the Fort on Kentuck River, east of the Ohio into 
 which it discharges directly opposite the great Minea- 
 mis or Rocky River. The Fort is about 30 miles from 
 the mouth. The number of men in it about 80. Here 
 they had the good fortune to make prisoners Captain 
 Daniel Boone, with 26 of his men, whom they brought 
 off with their arms without killing or losing a man. 
 The savages could not be prevailed on to attempt the 
 Fort [Boonesborough], which by means of their pris- 
 oners might have been easily done with success. 
 These Shawanese delivered up four of their prisoners 
 to me; but took Boone with them expecting by his 
 means to effect something. By Boone's account, the 
 people on the frontiers have been so incessantly har- 
 rassed by parties of Indians they have not been able 
 to sow grain ; and at Kentucke will not have a morsel 
 of bread by the middle of June. Cloathing is not to be 
 had, nor do they expect relief from the Congress — 
 
 42 Charles Beaubien belonged to a prominent Detroit family, 
 and was official interpreter and acting commandant at Fort 
 Miami and the Miami village on the site of the present Fort 
 Wayne. He was accused by Hamilton (1778-79) of collusion 
 with the Americans, but succeeded in clearing himself. In 
 1780 he resisted the attack of Mottin de la Balme (see Wis. 
 Hist. Colls., xviii, p. 416, note 23). He married the widow of 
 Chief Richardville, but left no descendants. — Ed. 
 
 43 For a sketch of this person, see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 144, 
 note 49. The given name should be Louis, not Peter. — Ed. 
 
 4* Chillicothe and Piqua Indian towns, for which see Ibid, 
 PP- 15. 57> notes 30 and 87 respectively. — Ed. 
 
284 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 their dilemma will probably induce them to trust to 
 the savages, who have shewn so much humanity to 
 their prisoners & come to this place before winter. 
 
 The Placarts from this place having found their way 
 among the inhabitants & one in particular signed by 
 several Prisoners who were saved by the Indians, was 
 seen in the hands of Mr. Morgan at Fort Pitt, who 
 refused to let it be public; however, I believe he will 
 [not] be able to keep up his credit much longer. 
 
 April the 20th, Edward Hazle (who had under- 
 taken to carry a letter from me to the Moravian Min- 
 ister at Kushayhking)*^ returned having executed his 
 commission. He brought me a letter & newspaper 
 from Mr. McKee who was Indian agent for the Crown 
 and has been a long time in the hands of the Rebels 
 at Fort Pitt, at length has found means to make his 
 escape with three other men, two of the name of Girty 
 (mentioned in Lord Dunmore's list) [an] Interpreter 
 and Matthew Elliott, the young man who was last 
 summer sent down from this place a prisoner. This 
 last person I am informed has been at New York since 
 he left Quebec, and probably finding the change in 
 affairs unfavorable to the Rebels, has slipped away to 
 make his peace here. 
 
 23rd. Hazle went off again to conduct them all safe 
 thro' the village, having a letter and Wampum for that 
 purpose. Alexander McKee is a man of good char- 
 acter, and has great influence with the Shawanese is 
 well acquainted with the country & can probably give 
 some usefull intelligence, he will probably reach this 
 
 45 David Zeisberger at Coshocton ; see Ibid, p. 45, note 
 71.— Ed. 
 
AT DETROIT 285 
 
 place in a few days. In his letter to me dated Kushay- 
 king April 4th he mentions that no expeditions of any 
 consequence can be undertaken by the Virginians from 
 Fort Pitt thro' the Delaware villages, hitherward ; but 
 that they meditated some attempt against the villages 
 upon French Creek (Riviere au Boeuf) and that he 
 had information from some Delawares that six hun- 
 dred men were to set out on that design the 8th of 
 April, but that the savages being forewarned their 
 scheme must fail. 
 
 I have written to Col^ Bolton^^ to acquaint him & 
 Col'. Butler of this as also that a party from Fort Pitt 
 had fallen on a Delaware village & killed or carried off 
 eight persons; but that unfortunately for the Rebels, 
 they had struck in the wrong place & have sent back 
 two squaws who were prisoners to atone for their 
 error. 
 
 25th of April. Governor Abbott communicated 
 to me the following extract of a letter from Mr. 
 
 46 Lt. Col. Mason Bolton of the 34th Royal artillery had 
 seen much service in America, having campaigned in Florida 
 and the West Indies, and at one time been at Mackinac and 
 the Illinois. In 1777 he was placed in charge of the important 
 post at Niagara, being occupied not only with forwarding 
 supplies but with controlling and propitiating the Indians, 
 chiefly of the Six Nations. The best account of his conduct 
 of the post at Niagara is to be found in Frank H. Severance, 
 Old Trails upon the Niagara Frontier (Buffalo, 1909), 
 pp. 63-106. Bolton was at his own request relieved of duty 
 at Niagara, and left there late in October, 1780, on the vessel 
 "Ontario", which foundered in the lake of the same name, all 
 on board perishing. — Ed. 
 
286 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 de Rocheblave to one Bosseron*' at St. Vincennes 
 dated Feby. 28th. 78 : 
 
 Par un deserteur^^ arrive dti Fort Pitt nous avons apris 
 que le Peuple de Philadelphie ayant secoue le joug du Con- 
 gres avait leve la chaine qui empechoit les vaisseaux du Roi 
 de venir et avoit par ce moyen rentre sous I'obeissance de sa 
 Majeste. Que le Congres avoit fui precipittament vers les 
 Montagues apres I'entiere deroute de son armee que le peuple 
 soupirant ardemment apres la paix pour sortir de la plus 
 affreuse misere et que les chefs des troubles sauvoient leurs 
 effets par la route de Fort Pitt. 
 
 Un batteau descendant de ce dit Fort a pris les Sieurs 
 Becquets et leur pacquets. M^ La Chence^s a subi le meme 
 
 47 P'hillippe Frangois Rastel, Sieur de Rocheblave, was born 
 in France and served for a time in the army. Coming to 
 New France about 1750 he entered the colonial army as a 
 cadet, and was employed about Fort Duquesne and on the 
 Illinois frontier. At the close of the war he retired to Kas- 
 kaskia, and was there married in 1763. Later he crossed the 
 river, and was for a time connected with the Spanish govern- 
 ment at Ste. Genevieve. In 1776, the last British officer who 
 retired from Kaskaskia left Sieur de Rocheblave in command, 
 but without a garrison or any support. July 4, 1778, he was 
 captured by George Rogers Clark and sent a prisoner to 
 Virginia. There he evaded his parole, and returned to the 
 British at New York. He finally retired to Lower Canada, 
 where he died in 1802 at Varennes. 
 
 Frangois Bosseron was one of the most prominent citizens 
 of Vincennes and was enrolled in the British militia forces. 
 On the approach of the Americans he gave them his enthusi- 
 astic support and took office under Clark. He acted with 
 Capt. Leonard Helm in the Wabash expedition (i779)> and 
 furnished ammunition for the invading army. He was later 
 district commandant and territorial judge, dying at Vincennes 
 in 1791 and being buried in the churchyard. A street in 
 Vincennes still bears his name. — Ed. 
 
 48 The name of this deserter was Henry Butler, from 
 Pennsylvania; see his examination in ///. Hist. Colls., i, 
 PP- 304-306.— Ed. 
 
 49 Jean Baptiste and Charles Becquets were traders at 
 Cahokia — see letter of Morgan, post. Nicolas Caillot dit 
 Lachanse was a prominent citizen of Kaskaskia, and reputed 
 to be an especial friend of Rocheblave. These captures were 
 made by Willing's boat — see Chicago Historical Society 
 Collections, iv, p. 402. Lachanse was absent from Kaskaskia 
 
AT DETROIT 287 
 
 sort avec son eaii de vie, quoiqne les colons n'ayent jamais 
 regu de deplaisir de ce pays preiive bien certaine qu'ils le 
 menageroient peu, s'il y parvenoient en force. Certains bruits 
 qui courent de la mauvaise disposition des sauvages m 'en- 
 gagent a parler au chefs des loups. 
 
 Je vous prie si vous etes a porte de les engager a me venir 
 voir.50 
 
 This letter of Mr. Rocheblave explains in part the 
 accounts given by the Delawares of parties forming 
 for Riviere au Boeuf, which can only be calculated to 
 draw off the attention of the Delawares from the lower 
 part of the Ohio. I shall if possible lay a bar in the 
 way of the communication to N. Orleans. Your Ex- 
 cellency's orders and instructions which I am in hourly 
 expectation of receiving by Mr. LaMothe^^ will be my 
 guide for my conduct. 
 
 at the time of its capture by Clark. He was judge in 1779 
 and again in 1787, retiring soon after to the Spanish side of 
 the Mississippi. See ///. Hist. Colls., v, p. 50, note 7. — Ed. 
 
 50 Translation : By a deserter arrived from Fort Pitt we 
 have been informed that the people of Philadelphia having 
 shaken off the yoke of Congress had removed the chain that 
 prevented the King's ships from getting in and had thus re- 
 turned to obedience to His Majesty. But Congress had fled 
 precipitately toward the mountains, after the complete rout 
 of its army and that the people were sighing earnestly after 
 peace, to escape the most frightful miseries, and that the 
 chiefs of the troubles were saving their effects by way of 
 Fort Pitt. 
 
 A batteau coming down from this Fort has taken the 
 Sieurs Becquets and their peltries; Mr. La Chence has met 
 the same fate with his brandy although the settlers [of Ken- 
 tucky] never received any ill treatment from this Country. 
 This is a very good evidence of the manner in which they 
 would act, if they should reach there in large numbers. Cer- 
 tain rumours current as to the bad disposition of the Indians 
 led me to speak to the chief (or chiefs) of the Loups 
 [Delawares]. 
 
 I request if 3^ou are in a position to do so, to induce them 
 to come and see me. 
 
 51 Guillaume la Mothe was a French Canadian who entered 
 the British service. Born about 1744, he was in 1767 a trader 
 
288 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 25th April 1778. Mr. LaMothe not yet arrived. 
 
 A Huron of that band settled at Lorette named 
 datahyjas has been lately at Fort Pitt and says Mr. 
 Bentley^- supplied ammunition &c. to the Rebels, he 
 also confirms the reports of the intercourse between 
 the Spaniards and the Virginian delegates. 
 
 in the neighborhood of Detroit. At the outbreak of the 
 Revolution he was in New England; whence he retired to 
 Quebec and soon returned to Detroit, where in 1777 he be- 
 came captain of a scouting party. Apparently he was in 
 Quebec when this letter was written. The next autumn, as 
 captain of militia, he accompanied Hamilton to Vincennes, 
 where he was captured (1779) and sent prisoner to Virginia. 
 There he was kept in close confinement until exchanged 
 (1781). The following year found him at Detroit. In 1792 
 he was appointed interpreter at Mackinac, until removed from 
 that position in November, 1795. He retired with the British 
 to St. Joseph Island (1796), where he died in 1799. — Ed. 
 
 5- Thomas Bentley was a prominent merchant of Kaskaskia 
 during the British period, having come to that place from 
 London and West Florida. In 1777 he married into a French 
 family, and in the autumn of that year was arrested at 
 Mackinac by order of Governor Hamilton, who accused him 
 of furnishing supplies to American boats. He was detained 
 prisoner in Canada until 1780, when he managed to escape, 
 and by August was in the West. His letters prove his treach- 
 ery and double dealing, trying to keep in touch with British 
 and American officials at the same time — see ///. Hist. Colls., 
 V, passim. In 1783 Bentley went to Virginia to settle his ac- 
 counts, and appears to have died in Richmond. John Dodge 
 w^as his partner, and the executor of his estate. — Ed. 
 
IGNORANCE OF SPANISH 289 
 
 RELATIONS WITH SPANIARDS 
 
 [Col. George Morgan to Governor Galvez. MS. in Carnegie 
 Library, Pittsburgh ; George Morgan's Letter Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt April 26th. 1778. 
 To His Excellency Don Bernardo De Galvez Governor 
 
 General of Louisiana^^ 
 
 Sir — On the 24th. of February I had the honor to 
 receive your Letter dated the 9th. of August last. Not 
 having the happiness to understand the Spanish Lan- 
 guage I immediately transmitted your Letter by Ex- 
 press to Congress — but unfortunately not a Member 
 of that Body understands it nor has any Person been 
 yet found capable & worthy of Trust to translate it. 
 Wherefore his Excellency the President has directed 
 me to present his Compliments to you, he laments 
 this disappointment and will do himself the honor to 
 write to you the moment he can procure a translation 
 of your Excellency's Letter. 
 
 Should you do Congress the honour to write to 
 them, or should you again favour me, I would beg 
 leave to solicit your Indulgence by requesting you to 
 do it in English or in French, in which we can be at 
 
 53 Bernardo de Galvez, governor-general of Louisiana, was 
 born in Spain in 1756; his father was long viceroy of Mexico; 
 his uncle, Jose de Galvez, was a minister of state. In 1777 
 Bernardo arrived in New Orleans. He married a French 
 Creole, and was very popular with his subjects. His sympa- 
 thies with the Americans were keen, and he supplied them 
 with munitions of war. During the war between Spain and 
 Great Britain, Galvez energetically took the offensive and cap- 
 tured the English forts at Manchac, Baton Rouge, Natchez, 
 and Mobile. In 1781 he made a brilliant campaign against 
 Pensacola, which fell into his hands. Upon the death of his 
 father (1785), Galvez became Mexican viceroy in his stead, 
 which office he held until his own demise in 1794. — Ed. 
 
 19 
 
290 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 no loss, and least Congress may not procure an Inter- 
 preter for your late Letter, your causing it to be trans- 
 lated into English or French and transmitted by the 
 first opportunity will be gratefully accepted as a very 
 polite Condesension and particular favour. 
 
 I send this by the Boats which go to meet Cap^: 
 Willing, and as it may be acceptable to you to be in- 
 form'd of the particular occurrences of the War since 
 the date of my Letter in April 1777, and of the present 
 situation of our Affairs I take the liberty to give you a 
 short detail thereof.^^ 
 
 If I can hereafter contribute to your amusement or 
 
 information, I will do myself the honor. I am with 
 
 very great Respect Sir, Your very obedient & most 
 
 humble serv*: 
 
 [George Morgan] 
 
 [Col. George Morgan to Francisco Cruzat. Source, same as 
 preceding document.] 
 
 To Don Francisco Cruzat Esquire Commanding for 
 his most Catholic Majesty at Sf: Louis, Illinois. ^^ 
 Sir — The 24th. of February I had the honor to re- 
 ceive your Letter of the 19th. of November last, with 
 
 ^4 The portion omitted recounts the events of the Revolu- 
 tion during 1777. — Ed. 
 
 55 Col. Francisco Cruzat was a Spanish army officer, who 
 in 1775 was appointed governor of Spanish Illinois, with 
 headquarters at St. Louis. In 1778 he was superseded by 
 Francisco de Leyba, whom Clark (July, 1778) found in com- 
 mand at that place. Upon De Leyba's death (1780), Cruzat 
 was again returned to St. Louis and remained in command 
 until Nov. 27, 1787. He was a popular and efficient adminis- 
 trator, and in sympathy with the Americans. — Ed. 
 
IGNORANCE OF SPANISH 291 
 
 one inclosed from Don Bernardo De Galvez Governor 
 of Louisiana. 
 
 Being ignorant of the Spanish Language I imme- 
 diately transmitted his Excellency the Governor's Let- 
 ter by Express to Congress — But unhappily not a 
 Member of that Body understands it, nor has any Per- 
 son been yet found capable to translate the Letter. 
 This has been the occasion of my not having done my- 
 self the pleasure of answering your Letter till now. 
 
 As several Boats are shortly to leave this for New 
 Orleans I shall do myself the honor to forward by 
 them such Dispatches as may arrive for his Excellency 
 the Governor. 
 
 During the time of waiting the orders of Congress, 
 I had occasion to send a Messenger to the Delaware 
 Nation — Michael the Huron, offering his services, I 
 employ'd him, and I am sorry to inform you, that he 
 is taken Prisoner by some of his own Nation and a 
 Party of English who were employ'd by the Com- 
 mandant of Detroit and carried to that Post. I how- 
 ever hope he will be very speedily released, and more 
 especially as he is a subject of Spain, and was em- 
 ploy'd on a mere friendly Message to the Delawares. 
 
 I have paid to Baptist Bequette the ballance due to 
 himself & Michael as stated in the within Account and 
 have paid all their Expences during their detention 
 here, which on my part was unavoidable. 
 
 You may be assured Sir, that nothing but the want 
 of hard money has induced me to settle the account in 
 the manner I have done. I must also make the same 
 apology for giving Michael a Bill of Exchange last 
 
292 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 year on Mess^"*: Winston & Kennedy at Kaskaskias.^^ 
 I am indeed much mortified at that Bill not having 
 been paid, although those Gentlemen have very consid- 
 erable sums of mine in their hands. I impute their 
 conduct to their fears of Mons"": Rochblave who I am 
 told has been too severe with others who are deemed 
 Friends to the Americans. 
 
 This reason I expect will now be removed & I doubt 
 not but my draft will be punctually paid. 
 
 56 Winston and Kennedy were merchants at Kaskaskia, and 
 about this time acted as Morgan's agents. Richard Winston 
 was a Virginian, at one time sheriff of Orange County, who 
 was trading in the Western country at the time of the French 
 cession. When Pontiac's War broke out (1763) he was at 
 the fort at Ouiatanon, where he was robbed of £2400 worth 
 of goods. In compensation he was granted 1200 shares in the 
 Indiana Company, and entered the Illinois region as soon as 
 British traders could be protected. In 1766 he accompanied 
 an expedition to Kaskaskia; see Jennings's "Journal", in 
 Pa. Hist. Magazine, xxxi, p. 145. His sympathies were with 
 the American cause, and Clark appointed him captain in his 
 forces; see ///. Hist. Colls., v, p. 47. The succeeding year 
 he was chosen sheriff by John Todd, and when the latter left 
 the Illinois, Winston was appointed deputy lieutenant-gov- 
 ernor. In this capacity he had difficulties both with the mili- 
 tary authorities and with the French inhabitants, and in 1782 
 abolished the civic court that Todd had established. The 
 following year he went to Richmond to have his claims set- 
 tled ; and after spending eighteen months in fruitlessly en- 
 deavoring to arrange with the government, he died in poverty 
 in the autumn of 1784. The council endorsed his claims as 
 "reasonable" (Draper MSS., 11S150), but it does not appear 
 that they were ever paid. In 1786 his wife was reported to 
 be reduced from affluence to indigence {Ibid, 4J35-38). 
 Consult also ///. Hist. Colls., ii, v, passim. 
 
 Patrick Kennedy went to the Illinois country in 1766 as a 
 batteau man. He succeeded in his business ventures and 
 became one of the merchants of Kaskaskia. In 1773 he made 
 a journey up the Illinois in search of copper mines. Clark 
 appointed him deputy commissary, in which capacity he was 
 still acting in 1781. — Ed. 
 
IGNORANCE OF SPANISH 293 
 
 Notwithstanding I am so unhappy as to be totally 
 ignorant of the Spanish Language, & my long want of 
 Practice in the French, puts it out of my power to 
 comply with your desire, by writing in one of those 
 Tongues, I cannot forego the pleasure of communi- 
 cating to you, in English, the very happy situation of 
 our Affairs, compared to the state the World might 
 have expected to have seen them by this time. Indeed 
 our success has exceeded our most sanguine expecta- 
 tions; and by the blessing of God we now have the 
 happy Certainty of securing to ourselves and to our 
 Posterity the inestimable blessings of Peace, Liberty 
 and Safety.^^ 
 
 CONGRESS PLANS FOR THE WEST 
 
 [Resolutions of Congress. 4NN69, 70 — Transcript.] 
 
 In Congress, May 2^, 1778 
 Resolved — That two Regiments be Raised in Vir- 
 ginia & Pennsylvania to serve for one Year unless 
 sooner discharg'd by Congress, for the Protection & 
 operation on the Western Frontiers, twelve Companies 
 in Virginia and four in Pennsylvania, each Non- 
 Commission'd Officer & Soldier to Receive twenty 
 Dollars Bounty, and same Clothing with the Other 
 Continental Soldiers. Every non-Commission'd Offi- 
 cer & Soldier who shall find his own Blanket, Musquet 
 or Riffle & Accutrements shall have the same Allow- 
 ance given by Congress to the Draughts from the 
 Militia for filling up the Continental Regiments. 
 
 57 What follows is a repetition of that written to Galvez; 
 see ante, p. 290, note 54. — Ed. 
 
294 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 That Brigadier General Hand be recalled from his 
 Command on the Western Frontier, agreeable to his 
 request. 
 
 That a proper Officer be immediately sent to take 
 the Command on the Western Frontier. 
 
 That a proper Person be appointed to perform the 
 Duties of Quarter Master, Commissary & Pay Master 
 to the Militia of Rockingham, Augusta, Rockbridge, 
 Botetourt, Montgomery, Washington, & Green Brier 
 in Virginia. 
 
 That the Commissioners at Fort [Pitt], or in their 
 Absence, the Officer appointed to Command on the 
 Western Frontiers, be Authorised to appoint a Person 
 to perform the Duties aforesaid, & the Officers neces- 
 sary for Commanding the Battalions above Mentioned. 
 
 That General Washington be desired to appoint the 
 Officer to take the Command at Fort Pitt, and that a 
 Copy of the Commissioner's Letter be sent to the 
 General. Extracts from the Minutes. 
 
 Charles Thomson Sec. 
 
 SCOUTING PARTY ON THE FRONTIER 
 
 [Andrew Robinson to Gen. Edward Hand. 2U17 — A. L. S.] 
 Fort Henry May the 15th 1778. 
 
 Sir — Agreeable to Order I waited on Captain 
 
 Ritchey^^ who informs me that he will furnish me with 
 
 58 Either Matthew or Craig Ritchie, brothers from Glasgow, 
 Scotland, who emigrated to America in 1772 and settled in 
 what is now Washington County. 
 
 In 1778 Matthew was chosen sheriff of Yohogania County, 
 and in 1781 sub-lieutenant of the county. He was in the state 
 legislature, 1782-84; and was justice and deputy-surveyor of 
 Washington County, dying near the borough of Washington 
 in 1798. 
 
A FRONTIER SCOUT 295 
 
 the necessary quantities of Flour till all the wheat on 
 hand is Ground and will deliver the Same at the Cove 
 at any time after date. I have informed the com- 
 manding Officer at Fort Henry (Cap*" Hutton) he 
 Seems to dread Sending up the River but will I hope 
 Comply. 
 
 a Difficulty in Kegs and bags I shall endeavour to 
 Remedy. I have about 500 Bushels of Indian Corn on 
 hand in this Neighbourhood which I shall have 
 Ground this Meal with what we shall get from M"" 
 Richey will be Sufficient till a greater Supply can be 
 had from some other Quarter of which I shall if not 
 Possible to furnish give timely Notice. 
 
 Sir I have Received a line from Col° M'^Farland of 
 Monongahela County desiring me to Suply a Detach- 
 ment From Said County engaged for 3 Months Ser- 
 vice having Receved a bounty of 20 dollars and up- 
 wards each 59 men of which are Now lying at the 
 Confluence of Fish Creek and are to be Augmented to 
 150 in 2 weeks. They have out Spyes on both Sides 
 of the River and observe the most Profound Silence 
 Sending out the Spies in the Night and as they find 
 the Place has been much frequented in the enemys 
 Crossing they entertain hopes of intercepting them.^^ 
 When their Number is Compleat they Purpose to Re- 
 coniture Down the River as far as Middle Island 
 
 Craig Ritchie was a captain of militia, and in that capacity 
 was out with Crawford in 1782; Ritchie settled in Canons- 
 burg and became a prominent merchant. He served in the 
 legislature, 1793-95, and died in 1833. — Ed. 
 
 °9 For the pay-roll of this company of scouts, see post, 
 p. 305.— Ed. 
 
296 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 Creek®'^ and Place themselves as they shall deem best 
 either in Large or Smaller Parties as they find the dis- 
 position of the enemy and their safety may best Suit. 
 
 Sir I give this intelligence in Substance as I Re- 
 ceived it of M'" John Maddison^^ Liu^ who Came up 
 with CoP M'^Farlands Letter. Cap^" John Wheetsell 
 commands The Party.®^ 
 
 ^^V If I can Serve the Publick or your honor 
 Please to Command me by a Line with the bearer and 
 find a Ready Compliance from your Humble and obe- 
 dient Servant 
 
 And^ Robinson^^ 
 
 P. S. a party coming up from Fish Creek for meal 
 
 60 For this locality, see Rev. Upper Ohio, p. 213, 
 note 55-— Ed. 
 
 61 John Madison Jr. was the son of the person noted in 
 Dunmore's War, p. 280, note 98, The younger John lived in 
 Monongalia County, and was ensign of this company of 
 scouts. In 1780 he obtained a commission as surveyor of the 
 county, and continued his surveys until his untimely death, 
 late in 1783 or early in 1784. See his letters and those of his 
 brothers concerning him, in Draper MSS., 5ZZ74-79. — Ed. 
 
 62 Capt. John Wetzel was born in Switzerland, about 1733. 
 Migrating to America with his parents when he was seven 
 years old, he settled in Rockingham County, where were born 
 his well-known sons, Martin, Lewis, Jacob, George, and John. 
 About 1769 he removed to the West and settled on Wheeling 
 Creek, nearly fourteen miles above its mouth. Probably dur- 
 ing the Indian troubles of 1774, he removed his family to the 
 Monongahela, while himself acting with Dunmore as a scout. 
 At the close of this war, he returned to his home on Wheeling 
 Creek and for some time was captain of a ranger company. 
 In 1777 his sons Lewis and Jacob were captured, but suc- 
 ceeded in escaping. Martin was taken in April, 1778, and was 
 with the Shawnee two years and four months. Capt. John 
 Wetzel was killed in the summer of 1786 or 1787 while trap- 
 ping alone near the mouth of Captina Creek; see Draper 
 MSS., 2E8-10, 24S46, 8NN25.— Ed. 
 
 63 Andrew Robinson seems to have been a trader and officer 
 of militia, resident in Pittsburgh during 1779-81. — Ed. 
 
Mcintosh to succeed hand 297 
 
 Tracked two Indians but a few minutes before them 
 
 as a Shower of Rain convinced them &c. 
 
 A. R. 
 
 To His Excellency, General Edward Hand. 
 
 NEWS OF THE FRENCH ALLIANCE 
 
 [George Morgan to Gen. Edward Hand. 2U18 — A. L. S.] 
 York Town [Pa.] May 16*1^ 1778. 
 
 Dear Sir — Long live his Most Christian Majesty. 
 I congratulate you on the Certainty of our alliance 
 with him, on the respective Ambassadors of Brittain 
 & France being recalled &c &c &c. The particulars of 
 all which the Papers I have directed M'" Boreman to 
 deliver to you with this, will fully inform you. 
 
 The Appointment of an Officer to succeed you was 
 referred by Congress to his Excellency General 
 Washington who has named General M*^Intosh^* who 
 
 64 Gen. Lachlan Mcintosh was born in 1725 in the Scotch 
 Highlands. When he was eleven years of age his father emi- 
 grated with his family to Georgia, and became the agent of 
 the Georgia trustees for the Highland settlement of New 
 Inverness. In wars with the Spaniards, the elder Mcintosh 
 was captured and sent prisoner to Spain ; he returned broken 
 in health and soon died. The sons were educated by their 
 mother. At the time of the Scotch uprising in behalf of the 
 Pretender (1745), Lachlan and his elder brother attempted 
 to return home; but were prevented by the authority of 
 General Oglethorpe. Lachlan spent much of his youth in 
 Charleston as a protege of Henry Laurens, who had a warm 
 friendship for him. Having married, Mcintosh returned to 
 Georgia, and on the outbreak of the Revolution was called 
 upon to head the colony troops. Their first engagement with 
 British men-of-war at Savannah was successful, and brought 
 their colonel into notice, so that he was chosen (September, 
 1776) a brigadier-general in the Continental army, in com- 
 mand in Georgia. An unhappy political and personal dispute 
 with Button Gwinnett, signer of the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence, led to a duel in which the latter was slain. Laurens 
 then requested Washington to call General Mcintosh to the 
 
298 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 is expected to arrive here tomorrow on his way to Fort 
 
 Pitt. M*"^ Hand was well at Lancaster last Monday. I 
 
 did not then know of this Opportunity or I would have 
 
 informed her of it. I am Dear Sir Your very obedient 
 
 hum^ Servant ^ ,^ 
 
 Geo. Morgan 
 
 To Genl Edward Hand 
 
 [John Campbell to Col. George Rogers Clark. 48J22 — 
 A. L. S.] 
 
 Pittsburgh, June 8^^ 1778. 
 Gentlemen — As the Opportunitys from the Seat 
 of War and Congress into your Country is so very 
 seldom & the late Accounts from Europe are so inter- 
 esting I can not refrain from communicating them to 
 you tho I am necessitated to be concise the bounds of 
 a letter not admiting of any thing more. 
 
 main army, which he joined in the autumn of 1777 and passed 
 the winter at Valley Forge. Washington had a high opinion 
 of Mcintosh's military ability, and he knew of his acquaint- 
 ance with the Indian character from long association with the 
 tribesmen on the Georgia frontier ; he therefore chose him 
 in May, 1778, to relieve Hand at Fort Pitt. Mcintosh reached 
 that place early in August, and took the aggressive. He moved 
 into the Indian country with Continental troops and militia, 
 and in October built Fort Mcintosh on Beaver Creek. The 
 same autumn. Fort Laurens was built near the Delaware 
 towns on the Tuscarawa. The next spring Mcintosh was 
 recalled from Fort Pitt at his own request. The war in 
 Georgia necessitated his return thither, where he participated 
 efifectively in the siege of Savannah, wherein he was wounded. 
 Later he joined Lincoln at Charleston, and was captured 
 when that city surrendered. At the close of the Revolution, 
 General Mcintosh returned to Georgia to find his property 
 ruined by British incursions. He served one term in Con- 
 gress (1784), but his latter years were passed in obscurity. 
 He died at Savannah, Feb. 20, 1806. — Ed. 
 
3 S 
 
 n 
 
 
 tv 
 
 i,' 
 
 
 r 
 
 ^9 
 
 Oo 
 
THE FRENCH ALLIANCE 299 
 
 The 26th of May last we Celebrated the Joyfull 
 News here with the Discharge of Thirteen Pieces of 
 Canon and a Tripple discharge of Musquetry. 
 
 On or about Christmas Eve last Two Treaty s were 
 concluded between the Plenipotentiary of the United 
 States of America & The French King whereby the 
 French King cedes all North America & the Bermudas 
 Islands to the United States of America and declares 
 their Independence will Trade with them and protect 
 their Trade. The Americans are under no restrictions 
 whatever except they shall not return to their Depend- 
 ence On Great Brittain these matters are made 
 known to the British Court by the French Ambassa- 
 dor the Consequence is that Brittain has recalled 
 her Ambassador from France and Ordered him 
 Home. Therefore we daylay expect to hear of War 
 being Declared between the two powers and conse- 
 quently we must assist France. Lord North has 
 moved for Conciliatory Methods with America and 
 two Acts of Parliment are passed, one suspending 
 several Acts of Parliment or rather explaining the 
 right of Taxation in America & the Other Appointing 
 Commissioners to Treat with the Americans both of 
 which according to the way they are now understood 
 by us will be rejected with the Comtempt they deserve. 
 
 General How is said to be on the Wing from Phila- 
 delphia and I hope to have the pleasure of informing 
 you soon that there is not a British Soldier except 
 Prisoners on any part of the Continent of America. 
 M^ Wells is just waiting he can inform you of some 
 
300 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 of the particulars of these glad Tidings to whom I 
 
 must refer you & am Your Hum^ Serv^ 
 
 John Campbell. 
 
 Col. George Rogers Clark In His Absence to the Inhabitans 
 of Kentucky. 
 
 MUSTER ROLLS 
 
 [1SS67.] 
 A List of Effects Lost of Sundry Soldiers of 
 Captain William Formans Company of Hampshire 
 County Volunteers appraised by Lieutenant Anthony 
 Miller & Ensign David Wilson officers of s<^ : Com- 
 pany Being duely Qualify^ for that Purpose 
 
 1 Captain William Forman a Rifle Gun . . £11" 5" 
 Shotpoutch & horn 10/ pocket Compas 5/ . . 00'' 15" 
 
 a Blanket i" 17" 6 
 
 2 Edward Peterson a Rifle Gun 11" S" 
 
 Shotpoutch & horn 10/ Blanket 30/ ... . 2" o" 
 
 3 Benjamin Powel a Rifle Gun 12" 10" 
 
 a Blanket 1/ 17.6 shotpoutch & horn 2/ 6 . . 3" 
 
 4 Hambleton Forman a Rifle Gun 11" 5" 
 
 one Blanket 30/ shotpoutch & horn 10/ ... 2" 0" 
 
 5 James Green a Rifle Gun 10" i" 
 
 a Blanket 37/6 i" 17" 6 
 
 6 John Wilsons a Rifle Gun 10" 0" 
 
 shotpoutch & horn 7/ 6 Blanket 22/ 6 . . . i" 10" 
 
 7 Jacob Pew a Rifle Gun 8" 15" 
 
 Shotpoutch & horn 10/ Blanket 18/9 . . . i" 18" 9 
 
 8 Isaac Harna a Rifle Gun 12" 10" 
 
 shotpoutch & horn 10/ Blanket 37/ 6 , . . . 2" 7" 6 
 
 9 Robert McGrew a Blanket 22/6 i" 2" 6 
 
 10 Elisha Shivers a Blanket 22/6 i" 2" 6 
 
MUSTER ROLLS 
 
 301 
 
 l" 17" 
 
 6 
 
 l" 2" 
 
 6 
 
 l" 2" 
 
 6 
 
 l" 10" 
 
 l" 10" 
 
 l" 2" 
 
 6 
 
 l" 2" 
 
 6 
 
 l" 17" 
 
 6 
 
 11 Henry Riser a Blanket 37/6 . . . 
 
 12 Bartholomew Niney a Blanket 22/6 
 
 13 Anthony Miller a Blanket 22/6 
 
 14 Jno; Vincint a Blanket 30/ 
 
 15 Soloman Jones a D°. 30/ 
 
 16 William Ingle a D^ : 22/6 
 
 17 Nathan Forman a D^. 22/6 
 
 18 Abraham Powel a D^. yil ^ 
 
 19 Sami Lowry a Blanket 30/ 
 Sami Johnston a Rifle Gun 
 Shotpoutch & horn 10/ Blanket 22/ 6 
 
 We the Subscribers do hereby Certify That the 
 
 within specify^, appraisements are Just & true to the 
 
 Best of our Judgments & that the several articles were 
 
 lost in the late unhappy Defeat near M'^Mechen's 
 
 Narrows on the 27^^ of Septemb'^: 1777 as witness 
 
 hands this 3^^. of octobr*". 1777 
 
 Anthony Miller Lieut 
 
 David Wilson Ensgn 
 
 Sworn Before me David Shepherd A List of the Loses 
 in Capt Formans Company 
 
 I 10 
 
 7" 10" 
 i" 12" 6 
 
 [Additional names of men in Foreman's company, mentioned 
 in Draper MSS., as indicated in press-mark following each 
 name :] 
 
 Killed: Capt. William Foreman [2S280] ; Hamilton Fore- 
 man [2S280] ; George Avery [37J25] ; Thomas Brazier 
 [2S97; 3S3; 37J2S] ; Hugh Clark [37J25] ; Jacob Great- 
 house [3S166] ; Ezekiel Hedges [2S51] ; Moses Lawson 
 [9BB58]; Jacob Ogle [2S51 ; 3S131] ; John Polk [37J25] ; 
 William Shens [2S323] ; William Williams [37J25]. 
 
 Captured: Jonathan Pugh [2S97]. 
 
 Escaped: Harry Castleman [37J25] ; John Chambers 
 [6ZZ16] ; John Cullins [2E67] ; William Engle [2S97] : 
 
302 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 Robert Harkness [3S158, 165] : William Harrod [7NN19] ; 
 Solomon Jones [9BB58] ; William Linn [6ZZ9; 9BB58] ; 
 Daniel McLain [2S280] ; Joseph Ogle [6ZZ9] ; John Vincent 
 [9BB58]; Martin Wetzel [2E10]. 
 
 [3NN6.] 
 
 A list of 20 officers and men under Lieut. William 
 Cross, of Monongalia militia, under command of 
 Major James Chew at Fort Pitt, Oct i, 1777: 
 
 John Mills, lieut., Aug. 15, on command at Wheeling; 
 Samuel Blackford, sergt. ; Henry Yoho, Aug. 15; Stephen 
 Gasper, Aug. 15; Peter Goosey, Aug. 15; William Hall, 
 Aug. 16; Henry Franks, Aug. 16; Roger Barton, Aug. 19; 
 John Yoho, Sept. i ; James Flynn, Sept. i ; Bastian Keener, 
 Sept. 2; James Purdie, Sept. 4; Aron Flowers, Sept. 4. 
 
 [3NN6, 7.] 
 Capt. James O'Hara's Muster Roll of Independent 
 company of Regulars, stationed at Fort Pitt, Oct. i, 
 1777: 
 
 Thomas Gibson, ist lieut., [with] fifty-four sergeants, cor- 
 porals, and privates, of whom Samuel Fury, Charles Camp- 
 bell, James Ensworth, and Thomas Robertson (enlisted 
 Sept. 8) were on command at Wheeling. Thomas Brazee, 
 and John Polke were killed in Foreman's defeat, Sept. 27th. 
 Abraham Enochs (enlisted Sept. 12), James Amberson (en- 
 listed Sept. 30), and Patrick Ryan were privates. 
 
 Capt. O'Hara's pay roll for Dec. 28, 1777, returned Bryan 
 Burns prisoner. Thomas Hendricks deserted Oct. 20; James 
 Ensworth, Nov. 9; Michael Dillow, after Oct. 15, and John 
 McDonald, Sept. i. 
 
 [3NN7.] 
 Return of volunteer crew of "Rattletrap," under 
 command of Capt. James Willing, Dec. 22, 1777: 
 
 Capt. Thomas Love ; Sergeant John Marney ; Levin 
 Spriggs; John Walker; Richard Murray; Mark Foley; 
 John Ash ; Daniel Whittaker ; Lazarus Ryan ; Philip Hupp ; 
 John Gouldin ; Lawrence Kanan ; Samuel Taylor; John 
 
MUSTER ROLLS 
 
 303 
 
 Hanwood, and James Taylor from Captain Harrison's com- 
 pany of the 13th Virginia regiment. 
 
 Greenberry Shores, Nathan Henderson, Richard Rody, 
 Henry Haut and Tobrar Haut of Captain Sullivan's com- 
 pany. 
 
 Thomas Beard, sergeant; Nathaniel Down; James King; 
 Alexander Chambers ; William White ; and John Rowland 
 of Captain O'Hara's company. 
 
 James Ryan, Reuben Hamilton, and James Cordonis of 
 Captain Heth's company. 
 
 James Willing. 
 
 [3NN8.] 
 
 A general return of troops stationed at Fort Pitt 
 
 under the command of General Hand, Dec. 27, 1777 : 
 
 One colonel; Captain Harrison and company, 46; Captain 
 Sullivan and company, 54; Captain Heath and company, 67; 
 Captain O'Hara and company, 40 — total 208. Captain Sullivan 
 appears to have been absent. Included in the number were 
 two lifers and one drummer. 
 
 [3NN8.] 
 
 Volunteer company of 52 officers and privates in 
 
 Pittsburgh, under General Hand, for three months 
 
 from May i, 1778: 
 
 David Duncan, captain. 
 
 John Bradley, ist lieutenant. 
 
 Robert McKinley, 2nd lieutenant. 
 
 Roger O'Neal \ 
 
 Andrew Robertson ( 
 
 William Evans / Sergeants. 
 
 William Dawes | 
 
 Privates. 
 
 John Ormsby 
 James McClelland 
 William Redick 
 John Terry 
 Hugh Reed 
 Hugh Quigley 
 William Christy 
 
 Ignace Labat 
 Matthew Hayes 
 Rhoderick Frazer 
 William Flinn Jr. 
 Wyllys Pierson 
 Michael Strain 
 Joseph Nicholas 
 
304 FRONTIER DEFENSE ON UPPER OHIO 
 
 Hugh Smith William Boniface 
 
 Charles Richards Jacob Haymaker 
 
 James Robertson Jacob Grubb 
 
 William Deal James Fleming 
 
 John Small Andrew Neugle 
 
 John Handlen John Dousman 
 
 John Redick John Truine 
 
 James Brevard Patrick McDonald 
 
 John Girty Philip Engle 
 
 John Hoecraft Conrad Winbiddle 
 
 Samuel Semple William McMaicancy 
 
 James Fernsley Matthew Gilmore 
 
 Gasper Reel James Ryan 
 
 William Woods James McGouldrick 
 
 Thomas Bell Hugh O'Hara 
 Jacob Wise 
 Endorsed : Volunteer company of the town of Pittsburgh. 
 
 [3NN9, ID.] 
 
 Abstract of Westmoreland Militia ordered out on 
 an expedition to the Indian Country by Brigadier 
 General Edward Hand, commanded by Col. Alexander 
 Barr, from 10 Feb- 10 March, 1778, generally credited 
 for, some to March 8 : 
 
 Alexander Barr, colonel ist Battalion i 
 
 John Pumroy, lieutenant colonel i 
 
 Adam Guthrey, quarter master i 
 
 Capt. Charles Foreman & company ist Bat" 28 
 
 Capt. Robert Knox & company " 17 
 
 Capt. John Hinkson & company " 18 
 
 Capt. Richard Williams & company " 8 
 
 Lieut. Edward McDowell & company " 15 
 
 Capt. Andrew Lovars & company 18 
 
 Capt. William Love & company " 24 
 
 128 
 
 Capt. John McClelland & company 2nd Bat" ig 
 
 Capt. David Marchant & company " " 3-4 
 
 Capt. Hugh Martin & company " " 18 
 
 Capt. Christopher Truby & company " " 20 
 
 Providence Mounts, lieutenant colonel 3d Bat" i 
 
 John Brannon, adjutant " " i 
 
 Capt. James Leetch & company " " 13 
 
 Capt. David Vance & company " " 25 
 
MUSTER ROLLS 305 
 
 Capt. John Christy & company " " 32 
 
 Capt. William Sparks & company 4th Bat^ 15 
 
 Capt. John Kyle & company " " 19 
 
 Capt. James Clark & company 2nd Bat" 21 
 
 Capt. Hugh Mitchell & company 3d Bat" 13 
 
 Total officers and men 362 
 
 Total pay and subsistence ^1307. 3. 6 
 
 [From Samuel T. Wiley, History of Monongalia County, 
 JV. Va. (Kingswood, W. V., 1883), p. 70.] 
 
 Pay Abstract of Capt. John Whitsell's [Wetzel's] 
 company of Rangers, Monongahala County under 
 command of CoL Daniel McFarland. Ranging in 
 Monongahala and Ohio Counties from the 22nd day 
 of April to the 25th July 1778 both days included: 
 
 John Whitzell, captain 
 
 William Crawford, lieutenant 
 
 John Madison, ensign 
 
 Peter Miller,^ sergeant 
 
 Christian Copley, sergeant 
 John Six Samuel Brown 
 
 Lewis Bonnell [Bonnet] Jacob Teusbaugh 
 
 Joseph Morris Benjamin Wright 
 
 William Hall Philip Nicholas 
 
 John Nicholas Henry Yoho 
 
 John Duncan Thomas Hargis 
 
 John Province Jr. Henry Franks 
 
 Nicholas Crousber Jacob Teusbaugh 
 
 John Six Abram Eastwood 
 
 Conrad Hur Martin Whitzell 
 
 Enoch Enochs Jacob Riffle 
 
 Valentine Lawrence John Andreuer 
 
 John Smith William Gardiner 
 
 David Casto Joseph Yeager 
 
 Philip Catt George Catt 
 
 \ Joseph Coone Matthias Riffle 
 
 Vacob Spangler Peter Goosey 
 
 Philip Barker 
 
 20 
 
INDEX 
 
 Abbott, Gov. Edward, 281, 285. 
 sketch, 10, 11. 
 
 Albany (N. Y.), 25, 137. 
 
 Albemarle County (Va.), 196. 
 
 Albert, George S., Frontier Forts 
 of Pennsylvania, 151, 166. 
 
 Alexandria (Va.), 226. 
 
 All Face, Seneca chief, 180, 188, 189. 
 
 Almon, J., Remembrancer, 191. 
 
 Amberson, James, 302. 
 
 American Historical Review, 271. 
 
 Americati Magazine of History. 157. 
 
 Amherstburg (Ont.), 250, 275. 
 
 Amwell township, resident, 112. 
 
 Anderson, John, messenger, 128. 
 
 Anderson, Capt. John, deposition, 
 162, 163. 
 
 Andreuer, John, 305. 
 
 Antietam (Md.), pioneer, 40. 
 
 Arbuckle, Capt. Matthew, com- 
 mandant, 5, 32, 33, 157-159, 175, 
 205; company, 27; nephew, 162; 
 deposition, 224; letters from, 25-27, 
 80, 125-128, 149, 150, 176, 232; for- 
 wards news, 186, 266, 267; on fur- 
 lough, 195, 246; tries to protect 
 hostages, 163, 177, 189. 
 
 Argyle family, 70. 
 
 Arkansas post, supplies at, 199, 202, 
 278. 
 
 Armstrong, Gen. John, expedition, 
 43, 146, 284. 
 
 Arnold, Gen. Benedict, 139, 211. 
 
 Ash, John, 302. 
 
 Ashcraft, Richard, scout, 23. 
 
 "Augusta," British ship, 152. 
 
 Augusta County (Va.), 43, 171, 225, 
 294; seat, 176; pioneers, 27, 79, 
 123, 127, 196, 248; militia, 17, 81, 
 105, 126, 154, 158, 162, 171, 176; de- 
 fense of, 238; county formed from, 
 135, 136; troops march, 149, 150, 
 168, 169. 
 
 Avery, George, 301. 
 
 Aylett, Col. William, 17, 43. 
 
 Bailey, John, Kentucky express, 
 194. 
 
 Baker, George, captured, 33, 34, 254. 
 
 Baker, Joshua, pioneer, 45. 
 
 Baker family, 34, 45. 
 
 Baldwin, Thomas, at Fort Pitt, 135. 
 
 Bane, — , Virginia loyalist, 169. 
 
 Baptists, missions, 119; in Ken- 
 tucky, 184, 194. 
 
 Barker, Philip, 305. 
 
 Barnet, — , 224. 
 
 Barr, — killed, 148. 
 
 Barr, Col. Alexander, 148, 304. 
 
 Barre, Col. Isaac, speech, 211. 
 
 Barton, Roger, 302. 
 
 Bath County (Va.), 150. 
 
 Baton Rouge (La.), captured, 289. 
 
 Battles: Blue Licks, 12. Brandy- 
 wine, 114, 213, 214, 219. Captina 
 Creek, 106. Cherry Valley, 11. 
 Cowpens, 246. Elk River, 219. 
 
INDEX 
 
 307 
 
 Fallen Timbers, 10, 12. German- 
 town, 137, 214, 219, 264. Great 
 Bridge, 213. Guilford, 27. Lake 
 Erie, 250. Long Island, 7. Point 
 Pleasant, 163, 175. Sandusky, 12. 
 Stony Point, 213. Thames, 250. 
 Tippecanoe, 10. Wyoming, 11. 
 Pausman, Joseph H., History of 
 Beaver County, Pa., 34, 254. 
 
 Bays: Burlington, 250. Chesa- 
 peake, 48. Sandusky, 165. 
 
 Beard, Thomas, 303. 
 
 Beaubien, Charles, 283. 
 
 Beaver County (Pa.), 44. 
 
 Becquets, Charles, 286, 287. 
 
 Becquets, Jean Baptiste, 286, 287, 
 291. 
 
 Bedford County (Pa.), defense of, 
 239; captives from, 254; officers, 
 39, 133; militia, 25, 134, 147, 153, 
 155; pioneers, 54; raided, 151, 188. 
 
 Beech Bottom, 40, 46, 51, 62, 64, 67, 
 83, 130, 134, 135. See also Forts. 
 
 Bell, Judith Gary, 210. 
 
 Bell, Thomas, 304. 
 
 Bellefontaine (O.), 118. 
 
 Bellefonte (Pa.), 146. 
 
 Belmont County (O.), 106. 
 
 Bentley, Thomas, 288. 
 
 Berkeley County (W. Va.), pio- 
 neers, 15, 64, 65, 67; militia, 154, 
 177, 238; sketch, 135. 
 
 Berry, Lieut. — , 223, 227. 
 
 Berting, Peter, pensioner, 150. 
 
 Beverly mill, site, 176. 
 
 Big Knife, Indian term for Ameri- 
 cans, 115, 116. 
 
 Billings, Dr. John S., aid acknowl- 
 edged, 5. 
 
 Billingsport (N. J.), attacked, 152, 
 15?. 
 
 Bird, Capt. Henry, 235. 
 
 Blackfish, Shawnee chief, 26, 252. 
 
 Blackford, Samuel, 302. 
 
 Blackford, Capt. Zephaniah, 23, 84. 
 
 Blacksnake, Seneca chief, 20, 173, 
 
 180. 
 Blacksville (Va.), 135. 
 Blue Licks (Ky.), 12, 252, 234. 
 Boggs, Capt. John, 65, 67, 68. 
 Boggs, Lydia. See Mrs. Cruger. 
 Boggs family, 65. 
 Bolton, Col. Mason, 173, 174, 285. 
 Boniface, William, 304. 
 Bonnet, Lewis, 305. 
 Boone, Daniel, captured, 26, 252, 
 
 254, 283. 
 Boone, Jemima, captured, 271. 
 Boonesborough (Ky.), 31, 102, 103, 
 
 182, 252, 271, 283. 
 Booth, James, letter from, 37. 
 Borden, Benjamin, land grant, 105, 
 
 170. 
 
 Boreman, — , messenger, 297. 
 
 Bosseron, Frangois, 286. 
 
 Botetourt County (Va.), militia, 4, 
 17, 74, 75, 154, 158, 162, 176, 189, 
 224, 238, 240, 266, 267, 294; troops 
 from, 149-151,248; officials, 43,123, 
 124, 168, 169, 265; extent, 171. 
 
 Bouquet, Col. Henry, expedition, 
 70, 133, 219. 
 
 Bowman, Col. John, relieves Ken- 
 tucky, 31, 76; campaign, 26, 182; 
 letter, 181-183; sketch, 183. 
 
 Bowman, Capt. Joseph, 272. 
 
 Bowyer, Capt. John, 104, 105, 122-124. 
 
 Bowyer, Capt. Michael, 105. 
 
 Boyd, John, killed, 57, 60, 63. 
 
 Braddock, Gen. Edward, 15, 209, 
 213, 221. 
 
 Bradley, John, 303. 
 
 Brady, Samuel, 217. 
 
 Brady, William, guide, 217. 
 
 Brannon, John, 304. 
 
 Brant, Joseph, 20, 250. 
 
 Brazier, Thomas, 301, 302. 
 
 Brenton, James, 84, 216, 217. 
 
 Brevard, James, 304. 
 
 Bridges, John, 254. 
 
 British, incite Indian raids, 7-13, 19, 
 
308 
 
 INDEX 
 
 20, 42, 88, 102, 137, 153, 173, 232; 
 defeated, 136-138; supplies, 201-203. 
 Brock, Gen. Isaac, captures De- 
 troit, 12. 
 Brocus, Ann, 226. 
 Brodhead, Col. Daniel, expedition, 
 
 36, 61, 147, 180. 
 Brooke County (Va.), 22. 
 Brooks. See Brocus. 
 Brown, Samuel, 305. 
 Brown, Col. Thomas, 51, 52, 93,133. 
 Bryant's Station (Ky.), 12. 
 Buchanan, Col. William, 256. 
 Buckingehelas, Delaware chief, 117, 
 
 118. 
 Bucks County (Pa.), 198. 
 Buffalo Historical Society, Piiblica- 
 
 tions, 173, 180. 
 Bukey, Hezekiah, spy, 23. 
 Bukey, Mrs. Jemima, 23. 
 Burgoyne, Col. John, defeat, 76, 145, 
 
 146, 174, 181, 188, 243, 244, 289. 
 Burk, Capt. Thomas, 169, 203, 204. 
 Burke, Edmund, speech, 211. 
 Burns, Bryan, 302. 
 Butler, Henry, 286. 
 Butler, Col. John, 20, 88, 173, 174, 
 282, 285; rangers, 11, 275; sketch, 
 20. 
 Butterf^eld, C. ^N ., History of the 
 Girtys, 201; Washington- Crawford 
 Letters, 193; Irvine Correspond- 
 ence, 165. 
 Butterworth, James, 254. 
 Cahokia (111.), 264. 
 Caillot. See Lachanse. 
 Caldwell, Billy, Indian chief, 12. 
 Caldwell, James, 12. 
 Caldwell, John, 61, 66; sketch, 61. 
 Caldwell, Thomas, 12. 
 Caldwell, Walter, killed, 79, 80. 
 Caldwell, Capt. William, 11, 235. 
 Caldwell, William Jr., 12. 
 Calloway, Elizabeth, captured, 271. 
 Calloway, Frances, captured, 271. 
 Cam, Hosea, messenger, 22. 
 Camp Union, 81, 150. 
 
 Campbell, — , killed, 71. 
 
 Campbell, Col. Arthur, letter, 38. 
 
 Campbell, Charles, 302. 
 
 Campbell, Col. Charles, captured, 
 70, 152. 
 
 Campbell, Col. John, Pittsburgh 
 resident, 32, 148, 184, 185, 233, 
 298-300. 
 
 Campbell, Richard, killed, 71. 
 
 Canadian Archives, 218, 274, 275, 280. 
 
 Canon, Col. John, 230, 233. 
 
 Canonsburg (Pa.), 295. 
 
 Carleton, Sir Guy, governor of Can- 
 ada, 9, 14, 71, 161, 274, 280. 
 
 Carlisle (Pa.), settler, 249. 
 
 Carnahan, Adam, 41, 50. 
 
 Carnahan, James, services, 41. 
 
 Carnahan, John, killed, 42, 50. 
 
 Carney family, 227. 
 
 Caroline County (Va.), 213, 264. 
 
 Carr, Thomas, scout, 23. 
 
 Castleman, Harry, 301. 
 
 Casto, David, 305. 
 
 Catawba Indians, trail, 221, 
 
 Catfish, Delaware chief, 6. 
 
 Catfish Camp, 6, 15, 67 76, 83, 132. 
 
 Catherine. See Grenadier Squaw. 
 
 Catt, George, 305. 
 
 Catt, Philip, 305. 
 
 Celoron, — , 281. 
 
 Celoron, Pierre Joseph, 147, 281. 
 
 Centre County (Pa.), 146. 
 
 Chambers, Alexander, 303. 
 
 Chambers, James, 41, 42. 
 
 Chambers, John, 301. 
 
 Charleston (S. C), during Revolu- 
 tion, 190, 210, 213, 257, 297, 298. 
 
 Charleston (Md.), 73. 
 
 Chartier, Martin, 200. 
 
 Chartier, Peter, 200. 
 
 Chartier township (Pa.), 277. 
 
 Chartier's town, 200. 
 Chene, Isadore, 10. 
 
 Cherokee Indians, murdered, 86; 
 hostile, 90, 203, 207, 275; envoy to, 
 209, 210; treaty with, 198. 
 Chester (Pa.), skirmish near, 146. 
 
INDEX 
 
 309 
 
 Chew, Maj. James, relieves Fort 
 Henry, 23, 49, 120-122, 129-132 
 scouting, 24; in skirmish, 138,140 
 at Fort Pitt, 141, 302; council, 148 
 letters, 134, 135, 143-145; sketch, 18, 
 
 Chicago, Indian village at, 118 
 Historical Society Collections, 286. 
 
 Chickasaw Indians, 199. 
 
 Chillicothe, Shawnee clan, 20. 
 
 Chillicothe (O.), Indian town, 25, 
 26, 234, 283. 
 
 Chippewa Indians, at council, 7-13; 
 at Fort Pitt, 16; war party, 50, 
 102, 230; interpreter, 231. 
 
 Chisholm, Mrs. John, 184. 
 
 Christy, Capt. John, 305. 
 
 Christy, William, 303. 
 
 Cisney, Capt. — , 142. 
 
 Clark, Col. George Rogers, early 
 life, 39, 107, 181, 182; sends spy, 
 184; prepares for expedition, 196, 
 197, 202, 203, 226, 227, 263, 264, 278; 
 letters, 248, 249, 271, 272; "message 
 for, 46; in Illinois, 182, 235, 286, 
 287, 290; captures Vincennes, 7, 
 10, 11, 281; in 1780, 26; officers, 
 174, 192, 194, 218, 234, 250, 251, 292; 
 news of French alliance, 298-300; 
 sketch, 196. 
 
 Clark, Hugh, 301. 
 
 Clark, Capt. James, 305. 
 
 Clark, John Jr., 264. 
 
 Clark, Jonathan, 264. 
 
 Clark, Richard, 264, 265. 
 
 Clinton, Sir Henrj', in New York, 
 192. 
 
 Cloyd, Capt. — , messenger, 171. 
 
 Clymer, George, Congressional com- 
 missioner, 198, 200, 228, 229, 240. 
 
 Coitchelah, Shawnee chief, 242. 
 
 Coleman, William, merchant, 198. 
 
 Coles, Jacob, 59, 60. 
 
 Colisqua, Shawnee chief, 114, 137. 
 
 Collinstown (Va.), rendezvous, 123. 
 
 Connell, James, 220. 
 
 Connell, Zachariah, 220. 
 
 Connellsville (Pa.), founder, 216, 
 220, 221. 
 
 Connolly, Col. John, 72. 
 
 Conowango (Pa.), Indian village, 
 180. 
 
 Continental army, 2, 104, 105, 132, 
 133. See also the respective regi- 
 ments. 
 
 Continental Congress, seat, 133, 286, 
 287; appoints Hand, 1; recalls 
 Hand, 191; petitions for, 19, 109, 
 110, 189; resolutions, 17, 190, 191; 
 commissioners from, 6, 184-187, 
 198; relations with Indians, 92-97, 
 
 113, 117, 136, 137, 236, 237; defends 
 West, 293, 294; Spanish message 
 for, 289; Journals, 187, 198, 228. 
 
 Conway, Gen. Thomas, 211. 
 
 Conwell, Yates, 23, 107. 
 
 Cook, Col. Edward, 110, 221. 
 
 Coon, Joseph, 37, 305. 
 
 Coon, Philip, 37. 
 
 Copley, Christian, 305. 
 
 Corbly, John, letter, 23. 
 
 Cordonnis, James, 303. 
 
 Cornstalk, Shawnee chief, 26, 78, 
 
 114, 126, 254; detained as hostage, 
 149, 150, 167; draws map, 160; 
 murdered, 157-163, 175-177, 214, 233- 
 237, 256, 259; murderers, 207, 208, 
 224, 225, 240; effect of death, 188, 
 189, 252. 
 
 Coshocton (Cuchachunk), Indian 
 town, 18, 19, 27, 29, 35, 93, 96, 100, 
 101, 112, 118, 136, 164, 166; trail to, 
 179; council at, 270; Moravians, 
 284; Loyalists, 260, 285; expedi- 
 tion against, 36, 94, 96; sketch, 
 18, 164. 
 
 Craig, Maj. Isaac, 165. 
 
 Craig, Rev. John, 171. 
 
 Craig, Neville B., Hisioiy of Pitts, 
 burgh, 86. 
 
 Craven, Harrison W., aid acknowl- 
 edged, 277. 
 
 Crawford, Anne, 220. 
 
 Crawford, John, 143, 221. 
 
 Crawford, Lieut. William, 305. 
 
310 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Crawford, Col. William, 54, 190, 191, 
 216; letters for, 193, 201, 202, 252, 
 253; home, 221; defeat, 4, 12, 45, 
 130, 235, 249, 295; sketch, 190. 
 
 Crawford family, 218. 
 
 Creeks: Beaver (Pa.), 33-36, 178, 
 215, 217, 228, 233, 256, 270, 298. Big 
 Sewickley (Pa.), 69. Big White- 
 ley (Pa.), 69. Blacklick (Pa.), 70, 
 71, 153. Booth (W. Va.), 37. 
 Brandywine (Pa.), 114. Buffalo 
 (W, Va.), 23, 40, 41, 47, 61, 65, 67, 
 130. Captina (W. Va.), 106, 296. 
 Carr's (Va.), 105, 159. Catter- 
 augus (N. Y.), 180. Chartier (Pa.), 
 67, 200, 277. Conemaugh (Pa.), 41, 
 71, 153. Cross (O.), 4. Decker's 
 (Pa.), 44. Dunkard (W. Va.), 21, 
 24; raids on, 245, 248-251, 254, 269, 
 279. Elk (W. Va.), 37. Fish (W. 
 Va.), 21, 23, 254, 295, 296. French 
 (Pa.), 147, 232, 285. Grave (W. 
 Va.), 21-23, 46, 106, 107, 111, 112— 
 see also Fort Grave Creek. In- 
 dian (Va.), 80. Jacob's (Pa.), 190. 
 Kiskiminitas (Pa.), 6, 40, 41, 82, 
 141,153,174; sketch, 40. Le Bceuf 
 (Pa.), 147, 285, 287. Little Sewick- 
 ley (Pa.), 47. Little Wheeling 
 (W. Va.), 57. Loyalhanna (Pa.), 
 153, 165. Mahoning (O.), 178, 219. 
 Middle Island (W. Va.), 295, 296. 
 Mounts (Pa.), 216. Muddy (Va.), 
 81, 248, 279. Neshannock (Pa.), 
 217. Paint (O.), 164. Peter's 
 (Pa.), 77. Pigeon (Pa.), 45, Rac- 
 coon (Pa.), 34, 44. Sandy (W. 
 Va.), 38. Sewickley (Pa.), 41. 
 Shenango (Pa.), 217. Short (W. 
 Va.), 23, 41, 135. Shurtees,— see 
 Chartier's. Sunfish (W. Va.), 21-23. 
 Ten Mile (Pa.), 112, 227, 264. 
 Tinker's (O.), 165. Wheeling (W. 
 Va.), 3, 5, 57, 59-61, 65, 66, 106, 
 296— see also Fort Henry. Yellow 
 (Pa.), 133. Yellow (W. Va.), 4. 
 
 Crockett, Capt. Walter, 266. 
 Croghan, George, Indian trader, 4, 
 
 30, 200; residence, 50, 250; sketch, 
 
 30. 
 Crooks, Capt. — , 55. 
 Cross, Lieut. William, 23, 302. 
 Crousber, Nicholas, 305. 
 Crouse, Peter, killed, 274. 
 Cruger, Gen. Daniel, 65. 
 Cruger, Mrs. Lydia, reminiscences, 
 
 65-68; portrait, 66. 
 Cruzat, Col. Francisco, 290.- 
 Culbertson's Bottom (Va.), 265. 
 Cullins, John, 107, 109, 110, 301. 
 Culpeper County (Va.), militia, 32. 
 Cumberland County (Pa.), 25, 133, 
 
 146, 213. 
 Cuyahoga (O.), see Cuyahoga River. 
 
 Dandridse,Danske, Historic Shep- 
 herdstoTvn, 135. 
 
 Dandridge family, 17. 
 
 Darlington, Mary C, Fort Pitt and 
 Letters from the Frontier, 3, 24, 36, 
 133, 148. 
 
 Darlington, William M., Gist's 
 Jottrnals 173. 
 
 Dartmouth, Lord, papers, 161. 
 
 Datahyjas, Huron Indian, 288. 
 
 Dauphin County (Pa.), 178. 
 
 Davis, Eleazar, 279. 
 
 Dawes, William, 303. 
 
 Deal, William, 304. 
 
 Declaration of Independence, sign- 
 ers, 132, 198, 297. 
 
 Delaware George, chief, 117, 118. 
 
 Delaware Indians, clans, 147; vil 
 lages, 164, 165, 232, 298; migra 
 tions, 217, 218; in Illinois, 287 
 at Fort Pitt, 35, 48, 50, 86; De 
 troit, 7, 233; neutral, 168, 173, 285 
 friendly, 28, 29, 48, 86-92, 102, 179 
 255; hostile, 22, 37, 67, 207, 282 
 hostage, 96; messages for, 86-92 
 100, 112-118, 136-138, 147, 228, 229, 
 241-243, 269, 270, 291; messages 
 
INDEX 
 
 311 
 
 from, 164-167, 244, 254; fear attack, 
 94-96, 101; captives among, 231, 
 234; spy, 230; Half King, 167; 
 messengers, 178; message to 
 Shawnee, 126; fort to be built 
 for, 113, 117; Loyalists among, 
 260, 
 
 Derry settlement, on Conemaugh, 
 148, 153, 178. 
 
 Deserters, from Fort Pitt, 247, 278, 
 279, 286. 
 
 Detroit, founded, 118; British head- 
 quarters, 128, 137, 193, 234, 241-243, 
 249, 252, 254, 274, 280, 288; condi- 
 tions described, 103, 119; gov- 
 ernor, 10, 102, 193; Indian council 
 at, 7-13, 19, 25; captives, 34, 38, 
 41, 70, .71; Loyalists, 12, 186; 
 raids from, 152, 164; expedition 
 against, 214, 218; Delawares at, 
 115, 166; spy, 231; message from, 
 39; evacuated, 2T5; taken by 
 Americans, 12. 
 
 Dickinson, Col. John, at Fort Ran- 
 dolph, 149-151, 162, 177. 
 
 Dickson, — , captured, 70. 
 
 Dillow, Michael, 302. 
 
 Dinwiddie, Gov. Robert, 221. 
 
 Doddridge, Dr. Joseph, describes 
 siege of Fort Henry, 54-58; Notes 
 on the Setthme7tts, 54, 157. 
 
 Dodge, John, 288. 
 
 Donop, Count Carl von, Hessian 
 officer, 152. 
 
 Dougherty, Dudley, daughter cap- 
 tured, 180. 
 
 Dougherty family, captives, 180. 
 
 Douglass, Alexander, 76, 77. 
 
 Dousman, John, 304. 
 
 Down, Nathaniel, 303. 
 
 Draper, Lyman C, secures manu- 
 scripts, 5, 146; interviews, 12, 107, 
 109, 130, 164, 173, 180; correspond- 
 ence, 157; cited, 103, 151. 
 
 Drennon, Capt. Jacob, Kentucky 
 pioneer, 62, 63. 
 
 Drennon family, 62. 
 
 Drennon's Lick, 63. 
 
 Duke, Francis, killed, 64, 67; ac- 
 count book, 56; estate, 66. 
 
 Duke, Francis Jr., descendants, 64. 
 
 Duke, John, 64. 
 
 Dumfries (Va.), 226. 
 
 Duncan, David, 303. 
 
 Duncan, John, 305. 
 
 Dunmore, Earl of, governor of Vir- 
 ginia, 2, 63; expedition, 54, 61, 
 181, 196, 218, 296; officers, 172,190; 
 sends list of Loyalists, 284; in 
 the Revolution, 11, 136, 213. 
 
 Dunmore County (Va.), militia, 17, 
 128, 135, 154, 177; sketch, 136. 
 
 Elastwood, Abram, 305. 
 
 Edwards, Col. John, 164. 
 
 Eighth Pennsylvania regiment, 3, 
 41, 69. 
 
 Eighth Virginia regiment, 27, 190, 
 212. 
 
 Eighteenth British infantry, 2. 
 
 Elinipsico, killed, 159, 163, 188, 189, 
 259. 
 
 Elliott, James, messenger to Dela- 
 wares, 87, 100, 102, 115, 117. 
 
 Elliott, Matthew, Loyalist, 12, 249- 
 256, 284. 
 
 Elliott, Col. William, 277. 
 
 Emmet, Thomas A., 271. 
 
 Engle, Philip, 304. 
 
 Engle, William, 301. 
 
 Enoch, Capt. Henry, 52. 
 
 Enochs, Abraham, 106, 302. 
 
 Enochs, Enoch, 305. 
 
 Ensworth, James, 302. 
 
 Episcopalians, in Virginia, 54. 
 
 Equeshaway, Ottawa chief, 10. 
 
 Essex (Ont.), 249. 
 
 Evans, John, map, 164. 
 
 Evans, Col. John, letter, 273, 274; 
 sketch, 93. 
 
 Evans, William, 303. 
 
 Ewing, Catherine, relatives, 5. 
 
 Ewing, Maj. Jasper (Jesse), 7, 20, 
 
312 
 
 INDEX 
 
 120, 196, 248; accompanies Hand, 
 156, 188; letter, 253; on furlough, 
 192, 197, 200. 
 
 Fairfax County (Va.), 135. 
 
 "Fairfield," Virginia estate, 17. 
 
 Falls: Great Kanawha, 151. 
 
 Fanny, Indian woman, 195. 
 
 Farmer, Jacob, 21. 
 
 Fauquier County (Va.), 272. 
 
 Fayette County (Pa.), 190, 216. 
 
 Fernsley, James, 304. 
 
 Fifth Virginia regiment, 213. 
 
 First Virginia regiment, 213. 
 
 Fleming, James, 304. 
 
 Fleming, Col. William, county lieu- 
 tenant, 38, 43, 123, 154, 205-209; 
 hears of Cornstalk's mvirder, 168; 
 letters, 126, 223-225; to Shawnee, 
 258-261; letters for, 42, 43, 74-76, 
 78-82, 104, 105, 122-125, 171, 172, 
 209-214,240,241, 265-268; sketch, 38. 
 
 Fleming, Mrs. William, 123. 
 
 Fleming County (Ky.), 62. 
 
 Flinn, John, messenger, 125, 127. 
 
 Flinn, William Jr., 303. 
 
 Florida, in British regime, 285, 288. 
 
 Flowers, Aaron, 302. 
 
 Floyd, John, 218, 266, 269. 
 
 Flying Crow, Seneca chief, 180, 188, 
 189. 
 
 Fly-nn, James, 302. 
 
 Foley, Mark, 302. 
 
 Forbes, Gen. John, 6, 165. 
 
 Foreman, Capt. Charles, 304. 
 
 Foreman, Hamilton, killed, 106, 134, 
 300. 
 
 Foreman, Nathan, 301. 
 
 Foreman, Capt. William, defeated, 
 95, 106-112, 118, 120, 134, 136; 
 causes, 129, 130; losses, 121, 122, 
 300, 302; men buried, 120, 122; 
 monument, 108; sketch, 106. 
 
 Forster, Elizabeth, 178. 
 
 Fort Wayne (Ind.), site, 288. 
 
 Forts: on the Ohio, 3-5. Baker's, 
 106. Barr, 148. Beech Bottom, 36, 
 40, 51, 56, 62, 64, 67, 83, 110, 111, 
 130, 134, 135. Beeler's, 65. Bee- 
 son's, 67. Blackmore, 38. Chero- 
 kee — see Massac. Chiswell, 265. 
 Coon, 37, 93. Donnally, 248. Du- 
 quesne, 2, 166, 217, 286. Dunmore 
 — see Pitt. Garard, 23. Grave 
 Creek, 4, 22, 61; .burned, 107, 110, 
 111; sketch, 106. Hand, 41, 69, 82, 
 97-99. Henry (in Greenbrier), 79. 
 Henry, built, 54; strengthened, 39, 
 
 47, 51; garrison, 4, 23, 135, 140, 
 147, 148, 238; reports from, 15, 21, 
 46, 47, 50, 51; siege of, 32, 36, 
 54-68, 72, 73; losses at, 84, 85, 95, 
 96; after siege, 83-85, 106, 109, 
 120-122, 129-132, 227; Hand visits, 
 146, 154; later siege, 59; com- 
 mandant, 295 — see also Wheeling. 
 Jefiferson, 194, 264. Kern's, 44. 
 Kittanning, 2, 3, 15, 40, 181; attack- 
 ed, 46, 50; threatened, 69; evac- 
 uated, 41, 82, 97, 98, 134. Koon— 
 see Coon. Laurens 298; Ligonier, 
 165, 166. Mcintosh, 165, 174, 198. 
 Martin, 273. Massac (Cherokee), 
 202, 203. Mercer, 152. Miami, 283. 
 Mingo Bottom, 4. Minor, 53. 
 Morris, 175. Muddy Creek, 81. 
 Necessity, 216, 221. Nelson, 194. 
 Oriskany, 173. Palmer, 152, 166. 
 Pitt, commandant, 1-3, 298; Brit- 
 ish garrison, 2; artillery for, 17; 
 ammunition, 267; supplies, 74; 
 endangered, 31, 35; skirmish near, 
 255; smallpox at, 210; messages 
 for, 36, 182; route to, 176; condi- 
 tions at, 14, 140, 172-174, 178-181, 
 188-192, 231; as a rendezvous, 49, 
 165, 202, 214, 245; Indians visit, 
 
 48, 62, 164, 167; Indians killed, 85, 
 86, 233; Loyalists at, 53, 156, 
 184-187; Morgan, 33, 94; commis- 
 sioners, 142, 236, 294; officer's 
 council, 145-148; cattle near, 99; 
 
INDEX 
 
 313 
 
 celebrate French alliance, 299; 
 sketch, 2— see also Pittsburgh. 
 Preservation, 166. Prickett's, 24, 
 37. Rail's, 61. Randolph, garrison 
 of, 5, 39, 127, 140, 177; endangered, 
 26; reinforced, 105, 122-128, 148, 
 150, 151, 205, 224, 238, 240; route 
 to, 176; rendezvous, 42, 43; Shaw- 
 nee hostages at, 149, 150; Indian 
 massacre, 157-163, 175-177, 256, 259; 
 conditions at, 25-27, 194-196, 246-248; 
 officer killed, 203; Hand visits, 
 154, 162, 171-177, 181, 184, 186, 188- 
 191; Shawnee invited to, 260, 261; 
 sketch, 2, 5 — see also Point Pleas- 
 ant. Recovery, 10. Reardon's 
 Bottom, 4. Sackville, 10, 194— see 
 also Vincennes. St. Etienne — see 
 Arkansas Post. St. Louis (111.), 
 200. Schuyler, 20. Shepherd, 57, 
 61, 66, 109. Stanwix, 11, 20, 116. 
 Statler, 21, 53. Swan and Van 
 Meter, 264. Van Bibber, 78, 80. 
 Van Meter, 64. Venango, 217. 
 Wallace, 148, 151-153, 166. Wayne, 
 118, 180. Yellow Creek, 4. 
 
 Fox Indians, on Allegheny, 147. 
 
 Franklin County (Pa.), 87. 
 
 Franks, Henry, 302, 303. 
 
 Frazer, Rhoderick, 303. 
 
 Frederick County (Va.), militia, 17, 
 128, 154, 177, 238; recruits from, 
 272; counties formed from, 136; 
 sketch, 135. 
 
 Fredericksburg (Va.), 214. 
 
 French, forts in West, 118; alliance, 
 297-299. 
 
 Frontiersmen, disposition towards 
 Indians, 119, 129. 
 
 Fury, Samuel, 302. 
 
 Gaddis, Col. Thomas, letter, 51, 52. 
 Galbraith, Hugh, tried for Corn- 
 stalk's murder, 178. 
 Galloway, Joseph, letter, 161. 
 Galvez, Bernardo de, 289, 291, 293. 
 Galvez, Jose de, 289. 
 
 Gapen family, homestead, 217. 
 
 Gardiner, William, 305. 
 
 Gasper, Stephen, 302. 
 
 Gates, Gen. Horatio, letter for, 202, 
 203, 243, 250-262, 278, 279. 
 
 George, Lieut. Robert, 192. 
 
 George, Robin, messenger to Dela- 
 wares, 117. 
 
 Georgetown (Ky.), 181. 
 
 Georgetown (Md.), 226. 
 
 Georgia, during Revolution, 297, 
 298. 
 
 Germain, Lord George, orders, 9. 
 
 Giasodo. See Guyashusta. 
 
 Gibson, — , captured, 70. 
 
 Gibson, John, captured, 70. 
 
 Gibson, John, trader, 276. 
 
 Gibson, Mrs. John, 276. 
 
 Gibson, Col. John, at Fort Pitt, 35, 
 145; gives information, 73, 189, 
 190; at council, 148; letters, 33-36, 
 86, 140-142, 172-174,178-181; sketch, 
 36. 
 
 Gibson, Lieut. Thomas, 302. 
 
 Gilmer, Capt. — , in Augusta mili- 
 tia, 122. 
 
 Gilmore, Lieut. James, 246, 247. 
 
 Gilmore, John, killed, 159. 
 
 Gilmore, Matthew, 304. 
 
 Gilmore, Ensign Robert, killed near 
 Fort Randolph, 158-160, 163, 176, 
 259. 
 
 Gilmore, Thomas, killed, 159. 
 
 Gilmore, William, family attacked, 
 159. 
 
 Gilmore family, attacked, 159. 
 
 Girty, George, 234. 
 
 Girty, James, messenger to Shaw- 
 nee, 234, 236, 237, 243, 244; deserts 
 to British, 263, 284; sketch, 234. 
 
 Girty, John, 304. 
 
 Girty, Simon, captured when a boy, 
 234; wife, 106; not at siege of 
 Fort Henry, 67; suspected Loyal- 
 ist, 186; arrested, 73, 172, 185; 
 messenger to Seneca, 172-174, 179- 
 181; on Hand's campaign, 217, 
 
314 
 
 INDEX 
 
 219; deserts to British, 250-256, 
 284; sketch, 172. 
 
 Girty's Town (O.), 235. 
 
 Gist, Christopher, scout, 209, 221. 
 
 Gist, Col. Nathaniel, 209, 214. 
 
 Givins, Capt. George, 43. 
 
 Glenn, Thomas, killed, 58, 66. 
 
 Gnadenhiitten, Moravian village, 94. 
 
 Goosey, Peter, 302, 305. 
 
 Gordon, Catherine, 214. 
 
 Gordon, Capt. Harry, 166. 
 
 Gosfield township (Ont.), 235. 
 
 Goshen church (Pa.), 23. 
 
 Gouldin, John, 302. 
 
 Graham, Elizabeth, captured, 78, 79, 
 127. 
 
 Graham, Col. James, home attacked, 
 78-80, 127. 
 
 Graham, John, killed, 79, 80. 
 
 Grant, Maj. James, defeated, 166. 
 
 Granville (W. Va.), founded, 217. 
 
 Greathouse, Jacob, 301. 
 
 Green, George, Indian trader, 59. 
 
 Green, James, 300. 
 
 Green, John, 222. 
 
 Greenbrier County (Va.), settle- 
 ment, 175; pioneers, 63, 80, 163; 
 officers, 206; defense of, 238, 239; 
 militia, 124, 224, 225, 240, 294; raid 
 in, 78-82, 127, 159; supplies for, 
 123. 
 
 Greene, Col. Christopher, at Fort 
 Mercer, 152. 
 
 Greene, Gen. Nathaniel, 246. 
 
 Greene County (Pa.), 22, 23, 53, 264. 
 
 Greensburg (Pa.), 39, 69. 
 
 "Greenway," Pennsylvania estate, 
 38. 
 
 Grenadier Squaw, at Fort Ran- 
 dolph, 195; gives information, 26, 
 186, 225; messenger, 209, 261; 
 sketch, 26. 
 
 Grigsby, Charles, 37. 
 
 Grimes. See Graham. 
 
 Grubb, Jacob, 304. 
 
 Guthrie, Adam, 304. 
 
 Guthrie, Capt. Jack, 40. 
 
 Guyashusta (Giasodo, Kyashoto), 
 Seneca chief, 173, 188, 189. 
 
 Gwinnett, Button, 297. 
 
 Hassan, James B., aid acknowl- 
 edged, 182. 
 
 Haggin, John, Kentucky pioneer, 
 181, 182. 
 
 Haggin's Station (Ky.), settled, 182. 
 
 Haldimand, Gen. Frederick, 11. 
 
 Half King, Wyandot chief, 28, 29, 
 167. 
 
 Hall, Capt. James (John), at court 
 martial, 43; at Fort Randolph, 
 122, 159; tried, 177. 
 
 Hall, William, 302, 3(^. 
 
 Hamilton, — , at Fort Randolph, 
 158, 159. 
 
 Hamilton, Henry, governor of De- 
 troit, 7, 231; holds Indian council, 
 7-13, 19; sends out Indian parties, 
 29, 88, 102, 232; welcomes Loyal- 
 ists, 274,275; suspects officer, 283; 
 hated by Americans, 9; humane 
 policy, 282; proclamations, 14, 39, 
 46, 70, 71, 143, 152, 198, 242, 254, 
 284; letters, 161, 249, 280-288; cap- 
 tured by Clark, 193, 288; Dela- 
 ware message for, 115; sketch, 7. 
 
 Hamilton, Lieut. John, 218, 219, 247. 
 
 Hamilton, Reuben, 303. 
 
 Hamilton family, attacked, 159. 
 
 Hammond, Philip, messenger, 248. 
 
 Hammond family, 248. 
 
 Hampshire County (W. Va.), 135, 
 136, 231; militia, 17, 106, 109, 134, 
 154, 238, 273, 300. 
 
 Hancock County (W. Va.), 45. 
 
 Hand, Gen. Edward, appointed 
 commandant, 1-3, 16, 55, 110; de- 
 scribes conditions, 19, 20, 24, 25; 
 protects frontier, 76; popularity, 
 144; suspected as Loyalist, 143, 
 185; messages to Delawares, 86-88, 
 112-114, 147; orders fort evacuated, 
 82; summons council, 145, 147; 
 warned of raids, 15, 21, 24, 29; 
 warns settlements, 268; plans ex- 
 
INDEX 
 
 315 
 
 peditions, 42-45, 48-'50, 74-76, 133, 
 158, 193-195, 201-203; abandons ex- 
 peditions, 136, 148, 154-156, 192; 
 winter campaign, 106, 190, 215-223, 
 256; hears of Foreman's defeat, 
 106; visits Fort Henry, 138-141, 
 145, 146; Fort Randolph, 162, 
 171-177, 184, 186, 188-191; hears of 
 American success, 136; aids Clark, 
 196, 197; Rogers, 199; requests 
 recall, 189, 191; recalled, 294; 
 property near Fort Pitt, 200, 277; 
 papers, 5; sketch, 2; portrait, 1. 
 
 Hand, Mrs. Edward, letters for, 5, 
 7, 16, 49, 50, 146, 156; at Fort Pitt, 
 200; message, 298; sketch, 5. 
 
 Handlen, John, 304. 
 
 Hanks, John, recollections of siege 
 of Fort Henry, 58-61. 
 
 Hanna, Charles A., Wilder?iess 
 Trail, 165, 166, 200. 
 
 Hanna, Mrs. Robert, 71. 
 
 Hannastown (Pa.), founder, 71; 
 recruiting at, 69; rendezvous, 39, 
 70; Hand visits, 82; raided, 40, 
 71, 216; sketch, 6. 
 
 Hanwood, John, 308, 
 
 Hardin, — , mill owner, 24. 
 
 Hardman, Shawnee chief, 126. 
 
 Hargis, Thomas, 305. 
 
 Harkness, Robert, 302. 
 
 Harmon, Gen. Josiah, 233. 
 
 Harmon, Daniel, scouting, 38. 
 
 Harmon, Peter, scouting, 38. 
 
 Harmon family, 38. 
 
 Harna, Isaac, 300. 
 
 Harness, John, 23. 
 
 Harries, Samuel, 23. 
 
 Harrison, Capt. — , 302. 
 
 Harrison County (Ky.), 62, 218. 
 
 Harrison County (W. Va.), raided, 
 37. 
 
 Harrod, Capt. William, at Grave 
 Creek, 4; company, 61, 302; re- 
 cruiting, 43, 44; enlists with Clark, 
 226, 227, 263, 264; sketch, 43. 
 
 Harrodsburg (Ky.), pioneers, 182, 
 
 194, 204; garrison, 184; attacked, 
 31, 183; letter from, 181-183. 
 
 Hart, Nathaniel, 271. 
 
 Hathaway, Capt. — , 55. 
 
 Haut, Henry, 303. 
 
 Haut, Tobias, 303. 
 
 Hay, Jehu, British Indian agent, 9, 
 12, 275, 276. 
 
 Hayes, Matthew, 303. 
 
 Haymaker, Jacob, 304. 
 
 Haymond, Henry, Harrhon County, 
 W. F., 37. 
 
 Hazel, Edward, 274, 275, 284. 
 
 Hazelwood, Com. John, 152. 
 
 Heath, Capt. — , 303. 
 
 Heavins, — , Virginia Layalist, 169. 
 
 Heckewelder, John, Narrative, 86, 
 166, 167, 260. 
 
 Hedges, Ezekiel, 301. 
 
 Helm, Capt. Leonard, 194, 272, 286. 
 
 Henderson, Capt. James, 79, 80, 127. 
 
 Henderson, Col. John, 80. 
 
 Henderson, Nathan, 303. 
 
 Henderson, Col. Richard, 271. 
 
 Hendricks, Thomas, 302. 
 
 Hening, Walter, Statutes, 143, 170. 
 
 Henry, Patrick, governor of Vir- 
 ginia, 16, 79, 212; plans defense, 
 205-209, 262, 263; sends supplies, 
 203; notified of Cornstalk's mur- 
 der, 175-177; sends Western ex- 
 peditions, 196, 197, 199, 278; let- 
 ters, 16-18, 30-33, 74-76, 202, 225, 
 226, 240, 241; letters for, 154, 
 223-225. 
 
 Herbert, Michael, 249. 
 
 Hessians, attack fort, 152; attacked, 
 146. 
 
 Heth. See Heath. 
 
 Hickson, — , Loyalist drowned, 142- 
 144. 
 
 Higgins, John, deserts to British, 
 250-255. 
 
 Higginson. See Hickson. 
 
 Hinkston, Col. John, Kentucky 
 pioneer, 181, 218, 304. 
 
 Historical Register, 253. 
 
316 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Hoagland, Capt. Henry, 45. 
 
 Hodowndaoga, Seneca chief, 180. 
 
 Hoecraft, John, 304. 
 
 Holliday's Cove, 45. 
 
 Hopkins, Capt. John, 150. 
 
 Howe, Gen. William, 73, 76, 87,138; 
 army, 190, 208, 210; battle with, 
 123; leaves Philadelphia, 299. 
 
 Howel, James, 231. 
 
 Hulbert, A. B., Indian Thorough- 
 fares, 178. 
 
 Hunt, John S., aid acknowledged, 
 219. 
 
 Huntsville (Ala.), 184. 
 
 Hupp, Philip, 302. 
 
 Plur, Conrad, 305. 
 
 Huron Indians, See Wyandot. 
 
 Hutchins, Thomas, map, 164. 
 
 Hutton, Capt. — , at Fort Henry, 
 
 Illinois, British in, 285, 292; pio- 
 neers, 36,200; expeditions to, 203, 
 264; historical society, 203; Col- 
 lectiojis, 11, 184, 281, 286-288, 292. 
 
 Independence township (O.), 165. 
 
 Indian Territory, sites in, 119. 
 
 Indiana, Indian land cessions in, 
 119; land grant, 194. 
 
 Indiana Company, 292. 
 
 Indiana County (Pa.), pioneers, 70, 
 71. 
 
 Indians, trails, 4, 279; frontiersmen 
 murder, 85, 86, 233; council, 7-13; 
 method of enumeration, 13. See 
 also respective tribes. 
 
 Ingle, William, 301. 
 
 Iowa, Indians in, 147. 
 
 Iroquois Indians. See Six Nations. 
 
 Irvine, Hannah, 248. 
 
 Islands: Bermuda, 299. Long, 192. 
 Prison, 41. St. Joseph, 288. 
 Staten, 256. 
 
 Jack, Capt. Matthew, 69, 71. 
 
 Jack, Lieut. William, 69, 99. 
 
 Jamestown (Va,), 105. 
 
 Jefferson, Thomas, Virginia lawyer, 
 
 170. 
 Jennings, John, Journal, 292. 
 Johnson, Col. Guy, British Indian 
 
 agent, 8. 
 Johnson, Sir John, at Indian treaty, 
 
 20. 
 Johnson, Rachel, recollections, 107, 
 
 108. 
 Johnson, Sir William, 116. 
 Johnston, John, Indian agent, 118. 
 Johnston, Samuel, 301. 
 Jones, Rev. David, cited, 4. 
 Jones, Gabriel, commissioner, 198, 
 
 228. 
 Jones, Morgan, letter from, 23. 
 Jones, Solomon, 301, 302. 
 Jumonville, Sieur de, 221. 
 
 Kalb, Baron Johann de, 211. 
 
 Kanan, Lawrence, 302. 
 
 Kanawha County (W. Va.), 175. 
 
 Kansas, Indians in, 119. 
 
 Kaskaskia (111.), spies sent to, 184; 
 expedition against, 182, 194, 203, 
 226, 264, 286; merchants, 288; 
 Papers, 184. 
 
 Kaskaskia Indians, habitat, 119. 
 
 Katy. See Grenadier Squaw. 
 
 Kayashuta. See Guyashusta. 
 
 Keener, Bastian, 302. 
 
 Kelley, — , removes from frontier, 
 71. 
 
 Kelly, — , messenger, 30. 
 
 Kelly, James, messenger, 178. 
 
 Kelly, John, Indian trader, 178. 
 
 Kelly, Maj. John Jr., ofificer, 178. 
 
 Kelly, Walter, West Virginia pio- 
 neer, 175. 
 
 Kelly family, Pennsylvania pio- 
 neers, 178. 
 
 Kelly's, on Kanawha, 125, 127, 224, 
 240. 
 
 Kennedy, Patrick, 292. 
 
INDEX 
 
 317 
 
 Kenton, Simon, 164. 
 
 Kentucky, explored, 70, 164; bound- 
 ary, 271; census, 183; governor, 
 213; constitutional convention, 194; 
 raided, 12, 31, 102, 103, 235, 252; 
 destitute, 283; aid for, 76; de- 
 fense, 196, 197, 226; news from, 
 181-183; express, 233; expedition 
 for, 263; emigration to, 61, 106, 
 264; pioneers, 77, 109, 162, 174, 
 184, 190, 194, 210, 213, 218, 300. 
 
 Kentucky County, militia, 184. 
 
 Kickapoo Indians, neutral, 102, 119; 
 on warpath, 282; sketch, 118. 
 
 Killbuck, Delaware chief, 15, 112, 
 115, 244; at Detroit, 166, 254. 
 
 Kilbuck Jr., Delaware Indian, 86. 
 
 King, James, 303. 
 
 King William County (Va.), 17. 
 
 Kinkead, Andrew, 79. 
 
 Kinkead family, Augusta County 
 pioneers, 79. 
 
 Kiscapoo, Shawnee clan, 20. 
 
 Kittanning, Indian town, 15, 146, 
 234. See also Fort Kittanning. 
 
 Knox, Capt. Robert, 304. 
 
 Kushayhking. See Coshocton. 
 
 Kuskuskies, Indian town, 178, 213, 
 230. 
 
 Kuykendall, Benjamin, 277. 
 
 Kyle, Capt. John, 305. 
 
 La Balme, Col. Mottin de, 283. 
 
 Labat, Ignace, 303. 
 
 Lachanse, Nicolas Caillot dit, 286, 
 
 287. 
 Lafayette, Marquis de, 105, 211. 
 Lafayette (Ind.), Indian town near, 
 
 118, 281. 
 
 Lakes: Erie, 103, 164, 250. George, 
 
 31. Ontario, 285. 
 La Mothe, Guillaume, 287, 288. 
 Lancaster (Pa.), 2, 20, 103, 192, 244, 
 
 298. 
 Lancaster County (Pa.), 56, 139, 178. 
 Larue County (Ky.), 184. 
 
 La Salle, Robert Cavelier de, 200. 
 
 Laughlin, Randall, captured, 70. 
 
 Laurens, Henry, 254-256, 297. 
 
 Law, John, in Mississippi company, 
 199. 
 
 Law, Richard, Congressional com- 
 missioner, 187. 
 
 Lawrence, Valentine, 305. 
 
 Lawson, Moses, 301. 
 
 Leach. See Leetch. 
 
 Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 132, 133. 
 
 Lee, Richard Henry, 132, 187. 
 
 Lee family, 17. 
 
 Leetch, Capt. James, 47, 56, 304. 
 
 Lewis, Col. Andrew, 124, 125, 223. 
 
 Lewis family, residence, 176. 
 
 Lewisburg (W. Va.). See Camp 
 Union. 
 
 Lexington (Va.), resident, 105. 
 
 Leyba, Francisco de, 270. 
 
 Ligonier (Pa.), during the Revolu- 
 tion, 38, 39, 151, 152; pioneer, 46; 
 raided, 165, 173, 179, ISO; sketch, 
 165. See also Fort Ligonier. 
 
 Limestone (Ky.), 181. 
 
 Lincoln, Gen. Benjamin, 298. 
 
 Lincoln County (Ky.), 194. 
 
 Linn, Lieut. Benjamin, 183, 184, 194. 
 
 Linn, Col. William, 106, 183, 272, 
 302; in Foreman's defeat, 106-112, 
 134; letter, 132, 133; death, 109; 
 sketch, 106. 
 
 Linn, William, of Brownsville, 109. 
 
 Linn, William Johnson, inter- 
 viewed, 109. 
 
 Little Beaver, Ouiatanon chief, 119. 
 
 Lochry, Col. Archibald, county 
 lieutenant, 3, 70, 139, 148, 166; at- 
 tacked by Indians, 71; summoned 
 to Fort Pitt, 145; letters, 39, 40, 
 146, 147; expedition, 41, 46, 47,71; 
 sketch, 39. 
 
 Lochry, Capt. William, 139, 141. 
 
 Lockhart, Capt. Patrick, 43. 
 
 Lockridge, Capt. Andrew, 79. 
 
 Loftus, Steel, killed, 80. 
 
 Logan, Indian chief, 4. 
 
318 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Logan, Col. Benjamin, 164, 182,248. 
 
 Logan, David, 248. 
 
 Logan, James, 248. 
 
 Logan, James Jr., messenger, 248. 
 
 Logan, Joseph D., 248. 
 
 Logan County (O.), Indian town 
 
 in, 118. 
 Logan's Station (Ky.), attacked, 31. 
 Logstown, fort at, 34, 35, 44, 217, 
 
 254; militia, 138, 140; skirmish 
 
 near, 142, 147, 155. 
 Long, Gideon, 53. 
 Long, Jeremiah, 53. 
 Lorimier, Louis, 283. 
 Loudon, negro at Fort Henry, 60, 
 
 63. 
 Loudon County (Md.), 58. 
 Loudoun County (Va.), 135, 154, 
 
 177, 263. 
 Louisiana, during Spanish regime, 
 
 199, 289-293. 
 Louisville (Ky.), 174, 194, 226, 233, 
 
 265. 
 Loup Indians. See Munsee. 
 Lovars, Capt. Andrew, 304. 
 Love, Capt. Thomas, 302. 
 Love, Capt. William, 304. 
 Lower Sandusky, captives at, 47. 
 Lowry, Samuel, 301. 
 Loyalists, laws against, 169, 170; 
 
 troubles with, 51-53, 142-145, 184- 
 
 187, 198, 207, 208; list, 284; from 
 
 New York, 173; escape to Detroit, 
 
 249-256. 
 Lucas, Capt, Edward, 135. 
 Lucas, Capt. Edward Jr., 135, 140. 
 Lutherans, in America, 211. 
 Lynch, Col. Charles, 267. 
 
 McAfee, James, Kentucky pioneer, 
 
 63. 
 McBride, Roger, killed, 59. 
 McClanahan, Maj. — , 150. 
 AlcCleary, Thomas, murdered, 5. 
 ]\[cClellan, — , Pittsburgh resident, 
 
 141. 
 
 McClelland, James, 256, 303. 
 
 .McClelland, Capt. John, 304. 
 
 McClelland's Station (Ky.), 181, 182. 
 
 McClure, David, 76, 77, 132, 133. 
 
 McColloch, Maj. Samuel, 68. 
 
 McConnell, Hugh, 66. 
 
 McConnell, Rebecca. See Shep- 
 herd. 
 
 McCown, Malcolm, tried for Corn- 
 stalk's murder, 178. 
 
 McCuUough, John, 219. 
 
 McDonald, Maj. Angus, 45, 54, 
 
 McDonald, John, 302. 
 
 McDonald, Patrick, 304. 
 
 McDowell, Lieut. Edward, 304. 
 
 McDowell, Maj. Samuel, 175, 228, 
 229, 240, 248; sketch, 228. 
 
 McFarland, Col. Daniel, 112, 143, 
 148, 295, 296, 305; sketch, 112. 
 
 McFarlane, Andrew, captured, 37. 
 
 McFarren, Capt. Martin, 43. 
 
 McGary, Hugh, Kentucky pioneer, 
 183. 
 
 McGouldrick, James, 304. 
 
 McGrew, Robert, 300. 
 
 McGuire, Maj. Francis, 40. 
 
 McGuire, Thomas, 40. 
 
 Mcintosh, John Mor, 297. 
 
 Mcintosh, Gen. Lachlan, 68, 190; 
 appointed to Fort Pitt, 297; 
 sketch, 297. 
 
 McKee, Alexander, Loyalist, 128, 
 185-187, 234; residence, 186; pa- 
 roled, 156; ordered East, 201; de- 
 serts to British, 143, 249-256, 260, 
 284; welcomed by British, 274-276, 
 285; sketch, 156. 
 
 McKee, Capt. William, at Fort 
 Randolph, 125, 127, 194-196; com- 
 pany, 177; letter, 246-248; sketch, 
 125. 
 
 McKibben, John, residence, 41, 82, 
 97. 
 
 Mackinac , Indians gather at, 8; 
 British at, 285, 288. 
 
 McKinley, Robert, 303. 
 
 McLain, Daniel, 108. 302. 
 
INDEX 
 
 319 
 
 McMahon. See McMechen. 
 
 McMaicancy, William, 304. 
 
 McMechen, Dr. James, at Fort 
 Henry, 56, 59, 60, 63; clerk, 132. 
 
 McMechen, William, 59. 
 
 McMechen's Narrows, battle at, 106, 
 112, 121, 129, 130, 301. See also 
 Foreman's defeat. 
 
 McNutt, Lieut. James, 127, 128, 247. 
 
 McNutt, John, 127. 
 
 Madison, John, 296. 
 
 Madison, Lieut. John Jr., 296, 305. 
 
 Madison, Capt. Thomas, 269. 
 
 Mahoning, Indian village, 178, 179. 
 
 Maiden (Ont.), 12, 275. 
 
 Malott, Catharine, captured, 106. 
 
 Mamaltese, Delaware Indian, 232. 
 
 Manchac (La.), 192, 289. 
 
 Marchand, Capt. David, 47, 56, 304. 
 
 Marchand family, 47. 
 
 Marion County (W. Va.). 37. 
 
 Marney, John, 302. 
 
 Marshall County (Va.), court, 108. 
 
 Martin, Capt. Hugh, 304. 
 
 Martin's Church (W. Va.), 273. 
 
 Maryland, Indians in, 200; pioneers, 
 59, 248; officers, 256, 257; Howe, 
 87. 
 
 Mascoutin Indians, war party, 282. 
 
 Mason, Capt. Samuel, at Fort Hen- 
 ry, 21, 23, 39, 56, 68; Beech Bot- 
 tom, 62; scouting, 21, 46; sally 
 from fort, 60-64, 74; wounded, 58, 
 65. 
 
 Mason County (Ky.), pioneers, 164. 
 
 Matthews, Donelly commissary, 123. 
 
 Matthews, Sampson, 123, 228, 229, 
 240, 248; sketch, 228. 
 
 May, David, commissary, 124, 125. 
 
 Maysville (Ky.). See Limestone. 
 
 Meason, Col. Isaac, 221. 
 
 Mequochoke, Shawnee clan, 20. 
 
 Mercer, Gen. Hugh, 214. 
 
 Mercer County (Pa.), 217. 
 
 "Merlin," British ship, 152. 
 
 Methodists, in Virginia, 54, 175. 
 
 Meymaconon, Delaware Indian, 86. 
 
 Miami Indians, village, 283; at De- 
 troit council, 7-13; neutral, 102, 
 119; sketch, 118. 
 
 Michael, Huron Indian, 291. 
 
 Micheykapeecci, captured, 228, 229. 
 
 Michigan Pioneer and Historical Col- 
 lections, 11, 161, 174, 220, 249. 
 
 Miller, Lieut. Anthony, 300, 301. 
 
 Miller, Peter, 305. 
 
 Miller, Capt. Samuel, 41, 55, 69. 
 
 Mills, Edward, at Fort Henry, 62. 
 
 Mills, John, at Wheeling, 59, 60, 62. 
 
 Mills, Lieut. John, 302. 
 
 Mingo Indians, towns, 4, 165, 230; 
 friendly, 6, 114; hostile, 19, 67, 75, 
 86, 112, 138, 166, 235, 236, 269; war 
 party, 95, 96, 100, 282; conciliated, 
 260. 
 
 Mingo Bottom, fort at, 4, 62, 63. 
 
 Mingo Junction (O.), 4. 
 
 Minor, Capt. John, 21, 24, 53. 
 
 Mississippi, settlers in, 226, 227. 
 
 Missouri, Indians in, 119. 
 
 Mitchell, Capt. Hugh, 305. 
 
 Mobile, during the Revolution, 192, 
 289. 
 
 Mohawk Indians, hostile, 20. 
 
 Mohican Indians, hostile, 19, 164. 
 
 Monongahela County, 305. 
 
 Monongalia County (Va.), militia, 
 17, 18, 84, 112, 121, 122, 129, 140, 
 142, 155, 177, 238, 295, 296,302; offi- 
 cers, 6, 51, 145, 148; fort in, 279; 
 volunteers, 42; raided, 255, 268; 
 reinforcements from, 50; Loyal- 
 ists in, 143. 
 
 Monongalia County (W. Va.), site 
 in, 21, 44, 217, 273; pioneer, 135. 
 
 Monroe County (O.), 21. 
 
 Montgomery, Col. John, 194, 264. 
 
 Montgomery County (Ky.), 58, 59. 
 
 Montgomery County (Va.), 224, 239, 
 240, 294. 
 
 Montour, John, Indian chief, 164, 
 232, 280; sketch, 19. 
 
 Montreal, captives at, 41, 71, 232. 
 
 Moore, Lieut. — , killed, 194, 203. 
 
320 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Moorhead, — , captured, 37. 
 
 Moorhead, Capt. Samuel, at Kittan- 
 ning, 3; attacked, 46; evacuates 
 Kittanning, 82; builds Fort Hand, 
 41, 97-99; company of, 238; letters, 
 15, 37, 38, 69, 97. 
 
 Moravians, among Delawares, 164, 
 217, 284; villages of, 55, 94, 165, 
 167; raids against, 4, 130, 249. 
 See also Zeisberger. 
 
 Morgan, an Indian, 195. 
 
 Morgan, Gen. Daniel, 246. 
 
 Morgan, Col. George, an Illinois 
 trader, 195, 292; acting commis- 
 sary, 17, 202; Indian agent, 19,88, 
 89, 91, 101, 113, 114, 126, 231, 233, 
 235, 236; messages to Indians, 91, 
 92, 115-118, 136-138, 228, 234-237, 
 241-243, 269, 270; goes East, 20, 
 94, 113, 120; returns to Fort Pitt, 
 33; suppresses proclamation, 284; 
 suspected as Loyalist, 128, 184- 
 187; arrested, 143, 184, 187; re- 
 leased, 185; vindicated, 187, 250; 
 letters, 86, 244, 254-257, 276, 277, 
 288, 297; letters for, 18, 19, 28, 
 100, 101, 147, 172, 173, 188, 258; 
 writes Spanish governor, 288-293; 
 sends news of French alliance, 
 297, 298; Indian name, 92, 234; 
 sketch, 5. 
 
 Morgan, Col. Zackwell, militia offi- 
 cer, 18, 37, 112, 129; defending 
 frontier, 21, 23, 24, 47, 50, 84; act- 
 ive against Loyalists, 52, 53, 184, 
 185; arrested, 142-145; letters, 18, 
 43, 44, 49, 52, 93; sketch, 18. 
 
 Morgantown (W. Va.), 37. 
 
 Morris, Joseph, 305. 
 
 Morris, Robert, financier, 191. 
 
 Morris, Bishop Thomas A., 175. 
 
 Morris, William, West Virginia 
 pioneer, 175. 
 
 Morris family, of West Virginia, 
 175. 
 
 Moundsville (W. Va.), 108. 
 
 Mount Braddock (Pa.), 221. 
 
 Mountains: Alleghany, 6, 136, 
 150, 153, 174. Blue Ridge, 135, 
 171. Chestnut, 153. Laurel, 25, 
 40, 153, 165. Sewell, 151. Shenan- 
 doah, 136. 
 
 Mounts, Col. Providence, 216, 218, 
 304. 
 
 Muchmore, Jonathan, 254. 
 
 Muhlenberg, Gen. John Peter Ga- 
 briel, 190, 211, 212. 
 
 Munsee Indians, messenger to, 147, 
 164; friendly, 230; attacked, 215, 
 216, 228, 229; sketch, 147. 
 
 Munter's Bottom, fort at, 31. 
 
 Murphy, Samuel, recollections, 190, 
 216-220. 
 
 Murray, Capt. John, 27. 
 
 Murray, Louise W., Old Tioga 
 Point, 180. 
 
 Murray, Richard, 302. 
 
 Muskingum County (O.), 109. 
 
 Musquake. See Fox Indians. 
 
 Natchez (Miss.), in the Revolu- 
 tion, 191, 226, 289. 
 
 Neilly, — , messenger, 240. 
 
 Neugle, Andrew, 304. 
 
 Neville, Col. John, 2, 244. 
 
 New Derry (Pa.), settlement, 148. 
 
 New Haven (Pa.), 22L 
 
 New Inverness (Ga.), 297. 
 
 New Orleans, relations with, 197, 
 287, 291; expeditions for, 191, 197- 
 201; Spanish govern, 289, 
 
 New York, frontier attacked, 8, 76, 
 173, 180; Loyalists, 173; Colotiial 
 Documents, 8, 20; your?iais of 
 Provincial Council, 20. 
 
 New York City, British hold, 192, 
 232; public library, 5. 
 
 Newcastle (Pa.), 217. 
 
 Newell, Samuel, residence, 142. 
 
 Newton Falls (O.), 178. 
 
 Niagara, British headquarters, 11, 
 153, 173, 174, 179, 230, 242, 285; 
 commandant, 285; captives at, 37, 
 
INDEX 
 
 321 
 
 180, 232; scouting toward, 128; 
 
 frontier, 251; Loyalists at, 11, 12. 
 Nicholas, John, 305. 
 Nicholas, Joseph, 303. 
 Nicholas, Philip, 305. 
 Nicholls family, 227. 
 Nicholson (Nichols), Thomas, 147, 
 
 178. 
 Niles (O.), site, 178. 
 Niney, Bartholomew, 301. 
 Nonhelema, Shawnee squaw, 26. 
 North, Lord Frederick, 299. 
 North Carolina, boundary, 271. 
 Northumberland County (Pa.), 7. 
 Northumberland County (Va.), 194. 
 
 Ogle, Jacob, killed, 301. 
 
 Ogle, Capt. Joseph, at Fort Henry, 
 55, 56; scouting, 46, 47; at siege, 
 64-66; Beech Bottom, 83; with 
 Foreman, 106, HI, 302; letter, 36; 
 sketch, 36. 
 
 Ogle family, 36. 
 
 Oglethorpe, Gen. James, 297. 
 
 O'Hara, Hugh, 304. 
 
 O'Hara, Capt. James, 278, 302, 303; 
 portrait, 278. 
 
 Ohio, Indian trails, 178; sites, 106; 
 pioneers, 178; Archaeological and 
 Historical Society Publications, 
 178. 
 
 Ohio County (Va.), stations in, 33; 
 militia, 4, 17, 18, 42, 155, 245, 305; 
 officers, 3, 108, 130, 132, 145; 
 scouts, 37; defense of, 177, 238, 
 268. 
 
 Oklahoma, residents, 119. 
 
 Old Yie (Petalla), Shawnee host- 
 age, 149, 158; murdered, 160, 163, 
 188, 189, 259. 
 
 O'Neal, Roger, 303. 
 
 Oneida Indians, at Oswego treaty, 
 . 20; friendly, 87, 137. 
 
 "Ontario," foundered, 285. 
 
 Orange County (Va.), 292. 
 
 Ormsby, John, 303. 
 
 21 
 
 Oswego (N. Y.), treaty at, 20, 173. 
 Ottawa Indians, in Detroit council, 
 
 7-13; at Fort Pitt, 16; village, 
 
 164, 165, 230; interpreter, 231; 
 
 war party, 102. 
 Ouiatanon, Indian town, 7, 119, 235, 
 
 292; British commandant, 281, 282; 
 
 destroyed, 213. 
 Ouiatanon (Wea) Indians, neutral, 
 
 102, 119; war party, 282; campaign 
 
 against, 213; sketch, 118. 
 Ozark. See Arkansas Post. 
 
 Page, Gov. John, letter, 85, 86; 
 message to Indians, 88-91, 114, 118. 
 
 Parsons, Capt. James,, 135. 
 
 Patterson, Robert, 61. 
 
 Parsons, Capt. James, 135. 
 
 Pattonsburg (Va.), incorporated, 
 123. 
 
 Paxton, Capt. — , Augusta officer, 
 122. 
 
 Pennsylvania, frontier defense, 1, 
 8, 48, 173, 180, 232; boundary dis- 
 pute, 2, 48, 72, 110, 190; troops, 5, 
 293; legislature, 6, 24, 168; offi- 
 cials, 212; Loyalists in, 143, 198; 
 Archives, 5, 41, 71, 147, 166, 191;. 
 Colonial Records, 24; Magazine oj 
 History, 292. 
 
 Pensacola (Fla.), captured, 289. 
 
 Pentecost, Dorsey, 38. 
 
 Peoria (111.), expedition against, 
 264. 
 
 Peoria Indians, habitat, 119. 
 
 Perrin, Edward, 40, 41. 
 
 Perry, Capt. Oliver, 250. 
 
 Petalla. See Old Yie. 
 
 Peters, Richard, 250, 253; letters 
 for, 155, 156, 189, 192. 
 
 Peterson, Edward, 300. 
 
 Pew. See Pugh. 
 
 Philadelphia, address from, 6; offi- 
 cers at, 92, 139, 192, 193; Congress 
 leaves, 133; skirmish near, 146; 
 British take, 286; leave, 289. 
 
322 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Piankeshaw Indians, 119. 
 
 Pickaway Plains, 26. 
 
 Pickaway County (O.), 68. 
 
 Pierce, Capt. — , 45. 
 
 Pierson, Wyllis, 303. 
 
 Pigman, Capt. Jesse, 22, 49, 142. 
 
 Pipe, Delaware Indian, 218, 219. 
 
 Pipe, Captain, Delaware chief, 138, 
 165, 218, 228, 270; village, 179; at 
 Detroit, 166; friendly, 244. 
 
 Piper, Col. John, 133. 
 
 Piqua, Shawnee clan, 20; village, 
 283. 
 
 Pittsburgh, site, 50; road to, 6; 
 claimed by two states, 2; pro- 
 posed treaty at, 19; endangered, 
 38; reinforced, 69; supplies for, 
 272; smallpox at, 141; White 
 Eyes, 95; Girty, 67, 172; black- 
 smith, 217; traders, 130; officers, 
 7: militia, 238, 276, 277; list of, 
 303, 304; cemetery, 277; Carnegie 
 Museum Annals, 185, 277. See 
 also Fort Pitt. 
 
 Pluggy, hostile Indian, 30; son, 15, 
 232. 
 
 Pluggy's Town, hostile, 5, 6, 15, 18, 
 19, 48, 230, 231. 
 
 Poage, Maj. George, 43. 
 
 Poage, Maj. John, 124, 172. 
 
 Poage, Robert, Augusta pioneer, 
 124. 
 
 Point Pleasant (W. Va.), troops at, 
 33, 151, 158. See also Fort Ran- 
 dolph. 
 
 Polk, John, 301, 302. 
 
 Pomroy, Col. John, 153, 304. 
 
 Post, Christian Frederick, 118, 217. 
 
 Potawatomi Indians, 7-13. 
 
 Potter, Gen. James, 146. 
 
 Potter, John, 146. 
 
 Powell, Abraham, 301. 
 
 Powell, Benjamin, 300. 
 
 Presbyterians, in Virginia, 171,248; 
 Kentucky, 164. 
 
 Preston, Robert, 266. 
 
 Preston, Col. William, letters, 168, 
 
 223-225, 265-268; letters for, 203, 
 204, 206, 209, 240, 241; executes 
 will, 271; message to Shawnee, 
 258-261. 
 
 Price, — , Virginia Loyalist, 169. 
 
 Prince William County (Va.), 271. 
 
 Princeton (N. J.), campaign for, 146. 
 
 Proctor, Col. John, 70, 151-153, 193. 
 
 Province, John Jr., 305. 
 
 Pugh, Jacob, 254, 300. 
 
 Pugh, Jonathan, 301. 
 
 Purdie, James, 302. 
 
 Putnam, Gen. Israel, 232. 
 
 Quakers, in New Jersey, 15, 
 Quebec, ordinance of, 280; captives 
 
 at, 232, 249; messages from, 251, 
 
 233; attacked, 139. 
 Queen's Rangers, 173. 
 Quigley, Hugh, 303. 
 
 Rader (Roeder), Capt. Michael, 
 
 135. 
 Rader family, 135. 
 Randolph County (W. Va.), 279. 
 Ratchkin, Capt. James, 135. 
 "Rattletrap," Willing's boat, 191, 
 
 202; crew of, 302, 303. 
 Ravenscroft, Thomas, 218. 
 Ray, James, Kentucky pioneer, 182, 
 
 183. 
 Reardon's (Rorden) Bottom, 4, 44. 
 Redhawk, Shawnee hostage, 149, 
 
 157, 158; murdered, 160, 163, 176, 
 
 188, 189, 259. 
 Redick, John, 304. 
 Redick, William, 303. 
 Redstone (Pa.), Indian raid at, 29; 
 
 refugees, 59; powder magazine, 
 
 51, 52; early settlers, 58, 133, 254; 
 
 council at, 45; Hand, 73; Clark, 
 
 271, 272; sketch, 42. 
 Reed, Hugh, 303. 
 Reed, Col. Joseph, commissioner, 
 
 198. 
 Reed's Station, 40. 
 
INDEX 
 
 323 
 
 Reel, Gasper, 304. 
 Renards. See Fox Indians. 
 Richards, Charles, 304. 
 Richardson, — , murdered, 180. 
 Richardville, Miami chief, 283. 
 Richmond (Va.), 288, 292. 
 Riffle, Jacob, 305. 
 Riffle, Matthias, 305. \ 
 Riser, Henry, 301. 
 Ritchie, Craig, 294, 295. 
 Ritchie, Matthew, 294, 295. 
 
 Rivers: Allegheny, 15, 40, 70, 82, 
 114, 147, 153, 173, 179, 180, 188, 193, 
 221, 251. Auglaize, 235. Blanche, 
 164, 165. Cheat, 142, 143, 273. 
 Clinch, 38. Cuyahoga, trail to, 
 179; stores at, 193, 215; spy, 230, 
 231; sketch, 164, 165. Detroit, 249. 
 Elk (W. Va.), 206, 224. Great 
 Kanawha, 3, 5, 42, 74, 125, 140, 151, 
 155, 156, 158, 163, 167, 171, 174, 175, 
 178, 188, 189, 232, 234, 236, 237, 250, 
 254, 259. Great Miami, 39, 219, 243, 
 251, 283. Green (Ky.), 184, 271. 
 Greenbrier (Va.), 79. Hinkston's 
 (Ky.), 181. Hockhocking (O.), 
 126. Holston, 182, 265, 271. Jack- 
 son's (Va.), 150. Kanawha — see 
 Great Kanawha. Kentucky, 253, 
 283. Licking (Ky.), 181, 190. Lit- 
 tle Kanawha, 22. Little Miami, 
 26, 252. Little Wabash, 265. 
 Maumee, 235, 275. Miami— see 
 Great Miami. Middle (Va.), 162. 
 Mississippi, 160, 191, 194, 287. 
 Monongahela, 21, 23, 37, 45, 55, 56, 
 58, 59, 93, 143, 183, 184, 217, 226, 
 263, 272, 273,279,296. Muskingum, 
 4, 55, 100, 165, 178, 218, 249. Ohio, 
 6, 10, 21, 22, 34, 45, 55, 59, 63, 81, 
 107, 126, 146, 163, 172, 196, 200, 203, 
 231, 246, 257, 258, 264, 282, 283, 287; 
 forts on, 3-6, 47. Potomac, 15, 34, 
 40, 136, 217, 263. Rock (111.), 194. 
 Rocky — see Great Miami. St. 
 Joseph, 7. Schuylkill, 123, 146. 
 
 Scioto, 4, 26, 59, 88, 126, 260. 
 Slate, 59. Susquehanna, 20, 25, 67, 
 174, 200. Thames (Ont.), 250. 
 Tuscarawas (O.), 178, 218, 298. 
 Tygart (Va.), 279. Wabash, 10, 
 118, 281, 286. White (Ind.), 118. 
 Yadkin (N. C), 103, 271. Yough- 
 iogheny, 38, 65, 67, 120, 143, 190, 
 216, 221. 
 
 Roberdeau, Daniel, commissioner, 
 187. 
 
 Robertson, Andrew, 303. 
 
 Robertson, James, 304. 
 
 Robertson, Thomas, 302. 
 
 Robinson, — , messenger, 245. 
 
 Robinson, Andrew, letter, 294-297. 
 
 Robinson, Capt. John, 5, 72, 130. 
 
 Robinson township (Pa.), 134. 
 
 Rocheblave, Frangois Rastel, Sieur 
 de, 286, 287. 
 
 Roche de Bout, 251. 
 
 Rockbridge County (Va.), no ex- 
 posed frontier, 224; court, 177; 
 records, 178; pioneers, 127, 159, 
 206, 246, 248; militia, 105, 238-240, 
 267, 268, 294. 
 
 Rockingham County (Va.), militia, 
 238, 294, 296. 
 
 Rody, Richard, 303. 
 
 Rogers, — , loses cattle 23. 
 
 Rogers, Col. David, expedition, 199, 
 278. 
 
 Roeder. See Rader. 
 
 Roosevelt, Theodore, Winning of the 
 West, 90. 
 
 Rordon. See Reardon. 
 
 Rowan, William, tried for Corn- 
 stalk's murder, 178. 
 
 Rowland, John, 303. 
 
 Rowland, Capt. Thomas, 43. 
 
 Runs: Beaver (Pa.), 50. Crooked 
 (W. Va.), 273. Chartier's (Pa.), 
 200. McGee's (Pa.), 71. Perrin's 
 (W. Va.), 4L Piper's (Pa.), 133. 
 Reardon's (Pa.), 44. Sandy (W. 
 
324 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Va.), 254. Twelve Mile (Pa.), 39, 
 151. White Pine (Pa.), 82. 
 
 Russell, Col. William, in Conti- 
 nental army, 209-214, 218; letter 
 for, 134; at Fort Pitt, 279; sketch, 
 7, 134. 
 
 Ryan, James, 303, 304. 
 
 Ryan, Lazarus, 302. 
 
 Ryan, Patrick, 302. 
 
 St. Asaph (Ky.), founded, 182. 
 
 St. Clair, Gen. Arthur, 48, 118, 166. 
 
 St. Clair County (111.), 36. 
 
 Ste. Genevieve (Mo.), 286. 
 
 St. Leger, Col. Barry, expedition, 
 20. 
 
 St. Louis, Spanish at, 290; pio- 
 neers, 174, 1T5. 
 
 St. Mary's (O.), trader at, 235. 
 
 Salt Lick town, Indian village, 178, 
 219. 
 
 Sandusky, Indian towns, 165; Brit- 
 ish at, 275, 282; traders, 280; 
 messengers for, 19; news from, 
 29, 95; supplies at, 103; expedi- 
 tion for, 130, 134; Crawford at, 12, 
 134; sketch, 134. 
 
 Saunders, John, at siege of Wheel- 
 ing, 60. 
 
 Savannah (Ga.), during the Revo- 
 lution, 190, 297, 298. 
 
 Scotch-Irish, in Pennsylvania, 148, 
 153; Virginia, 170. 
 
 Scott, Gen. Charles, 119, 211, 213. 
 
 Scott, Capt. David, 216, 217, 219. 
 
 Scott, Fanny, killed, 217. 
 
 Scott, James, escaped, 217. 
 
 Scott, Phebe, killed, 217. 
 
 Scott, Samuel, killed, 213. 
 
 Second Virginia regiment, 213. 
 
 Semple, Samuel, 304. 
 
 Seneca Indians, towns, 4; chief, 20; 
 interpreter for, 172; captive, 234; 
 messenger to, 179; message from, 
 230; friendly, 8; hostile, 172-174, 
 ISO, 188, 189; fared on, 86. 
 
 Severance, Frank H., Old Trails on 
 Niagara Frontier, 173, 285. "Cap- 
 tives at Niagara", 180. 
 
 Shannon, Capt. Samuel, at Fort 
 Henry, 46, 50, 56, 62; sketch, 46, 
 47. 
 
 Shawnee Indians, clans, 20; towns, 
 25, 160, 165; trail, 279; migrations, 
 166, 200; traders among, 249; 
 captives, 78, 296; in French and 
 Indian War, 159; at siege of Fort 
 Henry, 67; messages for, 92, 114, 
 234-237, 242-244, 266; friendly, 25, 
 254; chiefs held as hostages, 126; 
 chiefs murdered, 157-163, 169, 175- 
 177; hostile, 22, 39, 150, 189, 205, 
 207, 252, 255; war parties, 282, 283; 
 at Detroit council, 7-13; attempts 
 to conciliate, 186, 225, 258-261; 
 McKee's influence with, 284; ex- 
 pedition against, 264. 
 
 Shearer, Capt. Robert, 134, 135. 
 
 Shearer, William, 134. 
 
 Shenandoah County (Va.), militia 
 238. See also Dunmore County. 
 
 Shens, William, 301. 
 
 Shepherd, Col. David, commandant 
 at Fort Henry, 22, 33, 62, 66, 76, 
 77, 83-85, 110, 131, 301; repairs 
 fort, 39; describes skirmish, 37; 
 warned, 55; during siege, 60; de- 
 scribes siege, 72; Foreman's de- 
 feat, 106, 107; letters, 14, 15, 46, 
 47, 49-51, 120, 121, 222, 223, 245; 
 letters for, 1-3, 18, 221, 222, 227; 
 buries dead, 122; as messenger, 
 133; sketch, 3. 
 
 Shepherd, Moses, 65; portrait, 222. 
 
 Shepherd, Rebecca McConnell, at 
 siege of Fort Henry, 66. 
 
 Shepherd, Sarah, 64. 
 
 Shepherd, William, killed, 66. 
 
 Shepherd family, 46, 65; residence, 
 57, 59; papers, 84. 
 
 Shippen, Edward, message for, 201, 
 216. 
 
 Shippensburg (Pa.), resident, 133. 
 
INDEX 
 
 325 
 
 Shirley, James, messenger, 142. 
 
 Shiver, John, captured, 273. 
 
 Shivers, Elisha, 300. 
 
 Shoers, Thomas, 254. 
 
 Shores, Greenberry, 303. 
 
 Shull, — , Virginia Loyalist, 169. 
 
 Skelton, Capt. Joseph, 257, 276. 
 
 Skillern, Col. George, at court mar- 
 tial, 43; commands militia, 123; 
 at Fort Randolph, 149, 150, 158, 
 162, 172, 177; letter, 124, 125; 
 deposition, 224; takes deposition, 
 163; sketch, 123, 
 
 Six, John, 305. 
 
 Six Nations (Iroquois) Indians, 
 towns, 164, 178, 217; attitude, 31; 
 hostile, 8, 11, 137, 173, 274; influ- 
 ence on Western tribes, 20; send 
 war-belts, 8, 19; messages, 282; 
 interpreter for, 255. See also 
 Mohawk, Mingo, Oneida, Seneca, 
 Tuscarora. 
 
 Slover, John, captive, 235. 
 
 Small, John, 304. 
 
 Smallman, Maj. Thomas, 73, 276. 
 
 Smally, James, killed, 273. 
 
 Smith, — , killed, 142. 
 
 Smith, Devereux, 70-72. 
 
 Smith, Capt. Hendry, militia offi- 
 cer, 81. 
 
 Smith, Hugh, 304. 
 
 Smith, Col. James, pursues In- 
 dians, 70, 71, 151; letter, 153; let- 
 ter for, 193; sketch, 70. 
 
 Smith, John, 305. 
 
 Smith, William Bailey, 103, 271. 
 
 "Smithfield," Preston's residence, 
 168. 
 
 Smith's Ferry (Ky.), 271. 
 
 Smyth, Rev. Adam, 168, 169. 
 
 Smyth, Gen. Alexander, 169. 
 
 Smyth, Samuel, surgeon, 163. 
 
 Sovereigns, Hannah, 184. 
 
 Southern Historical Magazine, 108. 
 
 Spanish, in Louisiana, 199, 287; re- 
 lations with Americans, 288-293. 
 
 Spangler, Jacob, 305. 
 
 Spark, Lieut. James, 84. 
 
 Sparks, Capt. William, 305. 
 
 Spottsylvania County (Va.), rec- 
 ords, 215. 
 
 Spriggs, Levin, 302. 
 
 Springer, Levi, 64. 
 
 Springer, Capt. Zadoc, 37. 
 
 Stagg, Mrs. Joseph, recollections, 
 62-65. 
 
 Stanford (Ky.), 182. 
 
 Statler family, Virginia pioneers, 21. 
 
 Staunton, Dr. Edmund, English 
 divine, 176. 
 
 Staunton (Va.), Augusta County 
 seat, 72; pioneers, 162, 163, 196; 
 a rendezvous, 150; rector of, 168; 
 Hand visits, 156, 175, 176; sketch, 
 176. 
 
 Steel, — , at siege of Fort Henry, 61. 
 
 Steel, Col. Archibald, 48, 49, 77, 138, 
 139, 201; sketch, 139. 
 
 Stephen, Gen. Adam, 213. 
 
 Stephenson, Maj. John, 190, 216-218. 
 
 Stevens, B. J., Facsimiles, 161. 
 
 Stewart, — , boat-builder, 256, 257. 
 
 Stewart, Maj. Jack, 256, 257. 
 
 Stewart, William, 221. 
 
 Stewart. See also Stuart. 
 
 Stewart's Crossings (Pa.), 221. 
 
 Stiles, Benjamin, 219. 
 
 Stodgill, Joel, 78. 
 
 Stony Point, captured, 257. 
 
 Strain, Michael, 303. 
 
 Stuart, Charles A., furnishes docu- 
 ment, 157. 
 
 Stuart, James, killed, 273. 
 
 Stuart, Capt. John, letter from, 
 80-82; narrative, 157-162. 
 
 Sullivan, Daniel, spy, 230-233. 
 
 Sullivan, George Rogers Clark, 
 Kentucky pioneer, 175. 
 
 Sullivan, Capt. James, 73, 174, 303. 
 
 Sullivan, Gen. John, 256. 
 
 Sullivan, John C, at St. Louis, 174, 
 175. 
 
 Surphlitt (Surplus), Robert (Rob- 
 in), deserts to British, 250-252, 255. 
 
326 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Swan, Charles, 264. 
 Swan, John, pioneer, 263, 264. 
 Swan, Lieut. John Jr., 263, 264. 
 Swatswih. See James Girty. 
 Swearingen, Col. Van, 135. 
 Symmes, John C, 219. 
 
 Taimenend, Morgan's Indian 
 name, 92, 116, 118, 136, 138, 243. 
 See also Col. George Morgan. 
 
 Tammany. See Taimenend. 
 
 Tawa Indians. See Ottawa. 
 
 Taylor, Maj. Henry, 44, 45. 
 
 Taylor, Isaac, wounded, 79. 
 
 Taylor, James, 303. 
 
 Taylor, Samuel, 302. 
 
 Taylorstown (Pa.), 130. 
 
 Tennessee, boundary, 271. 
 
 Terry, John, 303. 
 
 Teusbaugh, Jacob, 305. 
 
 Third Virginia regiment, 214. 
 
 Thirteenth Virginia (West Augusta) 
 regiment, 7, 59, 174, 218; at Fort 
 Pitt, 279; officers, 147, 303. 
 
 Thirty-fourth British artillery, 173, 
 285. 
 
 Thomas, Richard, deposition, 162, 
 163. 
 
 Thomson, Charles, secretary of 
 Congress, 294. 
 
 Thwaites, R. G., Early Western 
 Travels^ 118; Withers^ s Chrojiicles, 
 24, 37, 62, 93, 137, 249, 273. 
 
 Tinkling Spring (Va.), church, 171. 
 
 Todd, John, in Illinois, 292. 
 
 Tonti, Henri, explorer, 199. 
 
 Tomlinson, Joseph, 21, 23. 
 
 Tomlinson, Lieut. Samuel, 21, 60, 63. 
 
 Treaties: Detroit (1777), 25. 
 Easton (1759), 234. Franco-Amer- 
 ican (1777), 299. Fort Mcintosh 
 (1785), 165. Fort Pitt (1777), 235. 
 Fort Stanwix (1768), 22, 116. 
 Greenville (1795), 10, 118, 119. 
 Niagara (1777), 25. Oswego (1777), 
 25, 173. Paris (1783), 71. Sycamore 
 
 Shoals (1775), 271. Wea Indians, 
 119. 
 
 Trenton (N. J.), campaign for, 146. 
 
 Truby, Capt. Christopher, 304. 
 
 Truine, John, 304. 
 
 Trumbull, Jonathan, commissary- 
 general, 137. 
 
 Trumbull County (O.), 178. 
 
 Tucker, William, 2-31, 232. 
 
 Turney, Lieut. John, 282. 
 
 Tuscarora Indians, join Americans, 
 87, 137. 
 
 Twigtwee Indians. See Miami. 
 
 Tygart, David, 279. 
 
 Tyler County (Va.), 150. 
 
 Uniontown (Pa.), 65, 67. 
 Urbana (O.), founder, 162. 
 
 Valley Forge, camp at, 209, 210, 
 298; officer, 69. 
 
 Valleys: Cumberland, 77, 110, 148, 
 153. Great Kanawha, 175. Lig- 
 onier, 166. Mississippi, 199. Path, 
 87. Penn's, 146. Shenandoah, 135, 
 248. Tygart's, 279. Virginia, 170. 
 
 Van Bibber, Capt. John, 78-81. 
 
 Van Meter, Henry, pioneer, 22. 
 
 Van Meter, Jacob, 264. 
 
 Van Meter, Capt. John, 5, 110, 111, 
 130, 13'5; sketch, 22, 23. 
 
 Van Meter, John Jr., captured, 22, 
 23. 
 
 Vance, Capt. David, 304. 
 
 Versailles (Ky.), 213. 
 
 Villiers, Coulon de, 221. 
 
 Vincennes (Ind.), British governor, 
 10,281; settler, 234; route to, 265; 
 expedition against, 184, 226; cap- 
 tured, 7, 10, 11, 194, 288. 
 
 Vincent, John, 301, 302. 
 
 Virgin, Capt. Reazin, '55, 67, 68, 219. 
 
 Virginia, frontier defense, 1, 48, 205- 
 209, 232; boundary dispute, 2, 48, 
 72, 110, 190, 271; invaded, 123; 
 militia, 5, 16, 30-32; regiments, 
 293; governor, 114, 118, 258; legis- 
 
INDEX 
 
 327 
 
 lature, 17, 132, 142, 168; conven- 
 tion, 70; laws, 169, 170, 239; rep- 
 resentative in Congress, 187; 
 British prisoners in, 286, 288; 
 Loyalists, 143, 198; messages to 
 Delawares, 88; supplies lead, 203; 
 Historical Collections^ 157; His- 
 torical Magazine, 178. 
 
 Wakatomica, campaign, 45. 
 
 Walker, John, 302. 
 
 Wallace, Lieut. Andrew, 27. 
 
 Wallace, David, 196. 
 
 Wallace, Peter Jr., 27. 
 
 Wallace, Richard, 71, 148. 
 
 Wallace family, 196. 
 
 Wapeymachickthe, Morgan's Shaw- 
 nee name, 234, 237. 
 
 Ward, James, killed in Dunmore's 
 War, 162-164. 
 
 Ward, Capt. James Jr., Kentucky 
 pioneer, 163. 
 
 Ward, John, Indian captive, 164. 
 
 Ward, J. Q. A., sculptor, 162. 
 
 Ward, William, deposition, 162, 163. 
 
 Warm Springs (Va.), 150. 
 
 Warren (Pa.), 180. 
 
 Wars: French and Indian, 4, 15, 
 117, 146, 165, 166, 171, 190, 213, 219. 
 Pontiac's (1763), 119, 166, 217, 219, 
 281, 292. Dunmore's (1774), 2, 4, 
 11, 196, 246, 248, 249. Cherokee 
 (1776), 90. Spain and Great Brit- 
 ain (1778), 289. 1812-15, 119, 139, 
 235, 250, 275. Secession, 119. 
 
 Washington, Gen. George, 17; in 
 French and Indian War, 209, 216, 
 217, 221; in the West, 4, 106, 107, 
 190; commander in chief, 104, 105, 
 208, 212, 213, 297, 298; appoints 
 officers, 190, 294; commends offi- 
 cer, 146; encounters Howe, 87, 
 123; letters for, 154, 172-174. 
 
 Washington, Col. Samuel, commis- 
 sioner, 198, 228. 
 
 Washingrton family, 17. 
 
 Washington (D. C), Indians at, 
 118. 
 
 Washington (Ky.), pioneers, 164. 
 
 Washington (Pa.), 6, 294. 
 
 Washington County (Pa.), 40, o4, 
 77, 112, 130, 134, 200, 218, 294. 
 
 Washington County (Va.), 38, 239, 
 294. 
 
 Wawiaghtana. See Ouiatanon. 
 
 Wayne, Gen. Anthony, at Stony 
 Point, 213, 257; defeats Indians, 
 10, 12, 118, 164, 235. 
 
 Waynesburg (Pa.), 22. 
 
 Wea Indians. See Ouiatanon. 
 
 Weedon, Gen. George, 213, 214. 
 
 Wells, — , messenger, 299. 
 
 Wellsburg (W. Va.), 41, 54. 
 
 West Augusta, committee for, 185; 
 regiment— .see Thirteenth Virginia. 
 
 West Virginia, panhandle, 135; 
 Historical Magazine, 65, 78, 149. 
 
 Western Reserve (O.), settled, 165. 
 
 Westmoreland County (Pa.), bound- 
 aries, 40, 50; seat, 6; sites in, 200; 
 officers, 37, 39, 70, 71, 110, 139, 145, 
 148; militia, 1, 3, 25, 134, 141, 147, 
 155, 215, 216, 222, 304,305; rangers, 
 22; recruits, 47; raided, 147, 155, 
 188; frontier defense, 69-72, 238; 
 expedition from, 193; pioneer, 41; 
 address to, 6; sketch, 25. 
 
 Wetzel, George, 296. 
 
 Wetzel, Jacob, 296. 
 
 Wetzel, Capt. John, 296, 305. 
 
 Wetzel, John Jr., 296. 
 
 Wetzel, Lewis, 296. 
 
 Wetzel, Martin, 296, 302. 
 
 Wharton, Thomas, 24. 
 
 Wheeling (W. Va.), commandant 
 14, 110; garrison, 33, 120; skir 
 mish near, 36; threatened, 19, 26 
 reinforced, 49, 106; besieged, 96^ 
 106, 107, 118, 134; after siege, 76, 
 77, 83-85; losses, 95; siege of 1782 
 68, 233-235; war party at, 164; 
 Clark's expedition, 39, 272; boats, 
 226, 227, 263; Hand visits, 138-140 
 
328 
 
 INDEX 
 
 settlers, 15, 59. See also Fort 
 
 Henry. 
 Whitaker, James, 254. 
 White, William, 303. 
 White Eyes, Delaware chief, 29; 
 
 warns Americans, 62, 254, 255, 268; 
 
 neutral, 173; friendly, 179, 244; 
 
 messages for, 112-118, 228, 229; 
 
 messages from, 93-97, 100, 101, 103; 
 
 message to Shawnee, 260; in dan- 
 ger, 35; visits Fort Pitt, 164, 166, 
 
 167; sketch, 35. 
 White Mingo, on warpath, 179, 180, 
 
 188, 189; at Cuyahoga, 230. 
 Whittaker, Daniel, 302. 
 Wiley, Samuel T., History of 
 
 Monongalia County., 44, 305. 
 Wilkinson, Gen. James, expedition, 
 
 119. 
 Williams, Capt. Richard, 304. 
 Williams, William, 301. 
 Williamsburgh (Va.), 16, 17, 142-144. 
 Williamson, Capt. David, 55, 130, 
 
 135. 
 Williamson, John, 130. 
 Williamson, Joseph, 130. 
 Willing, Anne Shippen, 191. 
 Willing, Charles, 191. 
 Willing, Capt. James, expedition, 
 
 191, 202; supplies for, 278, 290; 
 
 boat crew, 302, 303 ; captures boat, 
 
 286; buys land, 200; letter, 198, 
 
 199; sketch, 191. 
 Willing, Thomas, financier, 191. 
 Wilmington (Del.), skirmish near, 
 
 146. 
 Wilson, — , mill owner, 24. 
 Wilson, Ensign David, 300, 801. 
 Wilson, James, Pennsylvania pio- 
 neer, 153. 
 Wilson, John, 300. 
 Wilson, Rev. Robert, 164. 
 Winbiddie, Conrad, 304. 
 Winchester (Va.), 181, 272. 
 Wingenund (Wiondoughwalind), 
 
 Delaware chief, 95, 96, 101, 102, 
 
 118, 119. 
 
 Winston, Richard, 292. 
 
 Wise, Jacob, 304. 
 
 Wisconsin Historical Collections, 
 7-9, 29, 147. 
 
 Withers, Alexander, secures in- 
 formation, 61. See also, Thwaites, 
 Withers^s Chronicles, 
 
 Wood, James, at Indian towns, 4, 
 172. 
 
 Woodford, Gen. William, 213. 
 
 Woodford County (Ky.), 79, 213. 
 
 Woods, Ensign — , killed, 166. 
 
 Woods, WiUiam, 304. 
 
 Woodstock (Va.), 211, 212. 
 
 Worley, Nathan, killed, 21. 
 
 Wright, Benjamin, 305. 
 
 Wright, Capt. James, 77. 
 
 Wright, Joshua, 77. 
 
 Wyandot (Huron) Indians, at De- 
 troit council, 7-13; friendly, 6; 
 urged to war, 137; hostile, 19, 20, 
 29, 48, 86, 88, 112, 138, 154, 235, 236, 
 269; war parties, 35, 50, 95, 96, 100, 
 164, 254, 255, 268; at siege of 
 Wheeling, 67; at Cuyahoga, 230; 
 relations with Delawares, 28, 29, 
 167, 242; with Mingo, 147; chief, 
 25; conciliated, 260; in War of 
 1812-15, 275. 
 
 Xenia (O.), 26, 252. 
 
 Yeager, Joseph, 305. 
 
 Yeates, Jasper, letters for, 5, 6, 19, 
 20, 48, 49, 118-120, 128, 188-192, 
 197-201, 215, 216, 249, 250, 253; 
 sketch, 5. 
 
 Yeates, Sarah, 5. 
 
 Yoho, Henry, 302, 305. 
 
 Yoho, John, 302. 
 
 Yohogania County (Va.), court, 
 190; officers, 51, 110, 145, 148, 220, 
 233, 294; militia, 17, 155, 177; vol- 
 unteers, 42; defense of, 238; rec- 
 ords, 185, 277. 
 
INDEX 
 
 329 
 
 York (Pa.), 136, 201, 251, 255, 297. 
 Yorktown (Va.), siege, 214. 
 
 Zane, Andrew, early Wheeling 
 settler, 15; at siege, 56, 57, 60, 63; 
 sketch, 56. 
 
 Zane, Ebenezer, 15, 61, 62, 64. 
 
 Zane, Isaac, captured, 15. 
 
 Zane, Jonathan, 15. 
 
 Zane, Noah, 61. 
 
 Zane, Robert, 15. 
 
 Zane, Silas, 15, 57, 59. 
 
 Zane, William, 15. 
 
 Zeisberger, David, Moravian mis- 
 sionary, 244; letters, 67, 93, 94, 
 101, 102, 118, 164-167; warns set- 
 tlers, 18, 19, 27-29; commended, 
 92, 115; British address, 284; 
 sketch, 18. 
 
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