ILC 1557 
 
 .113 
 
 1896 
 I Copy 1 
 
 HANDBOOK 
 
 OF 
 
 COURSES OPEN TO WOMEN 
 
 !N 
 
 IIRiTISH, CONTINENTAL ANDCANAI^IAIi 
 
 Uff^iVEHSiTIES 
 
 THE ftSACIVSILLAN COMPhWi 
 m FIFTH AVENGE, 
 
 MEW tonn 
 
Qass k g. [5^ 7 
 
 Book -4-^9 b 
 
 PRESENTED BV 
 
trnjbfbriDriDrh 
 
 IN 
 
 Bl^ITISH, (SONIPINBNJPAL AND (sANADIAN 
 
 COMPILED FOR THE 
 
 Graduate Club ok Bryn IvIA^?VR Col,lege 
 
 BY 
 
 ISABEL MADDISON, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Bryn Mawr), 
 
 ASSISTED BY 
 
 Helen Whitall Thomas, A. B. (Bryn Mawr) and 
 Emma Stansbury Wines, A.M. (Bryn Mawr). 
 
 NEW YORK 
 THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 
 
 1896 
 
 All riff/Us resefved. 
 
v^ 
 
 
 Copyright 1896 
 
 BY 
 
 The Macmillan Company 
 
 XI 
 
 1-5 
 
 v<y /K.A--e^ CH^ 
 
 
 The New Era Print, 
 Lancaster, Pa. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The many graduates of Bryn Mawr College who in the 
 last few years have wished to continue their studies abroad, 
 have strongly felt the need of a handbook defining the posi- 
 tion of the different foreign universities in regard to the ad- 
 mission of women to their courses, and giving for foreign 
 universities and colleges particulars such as are given for 
 American universities and colleges in " Graduate Courses," 
 a handbook published originally by the Graduate Club of 
 Harvard University, and later by the Federation of Gradu- 
 ate Clubs. It has therefore seemed desirable to the Graduate 
 Club of Bryn Mawr College to publish a Handbook of 
 Courses Open to Women in British, Continental and Canadian 
 Universities containing all the information on the subject 
 which it has been possible, in a necessarily limited space of 
 time, to collect. The funds necessary for the purpose have 
 been secured through the interest and assistance of the Presi- 
 dent of Bryn Mawr College. 
 
 An Editorial Committee, consisting of members of the 
 Club, corresponded with women studying abroad, addressed 
 enquiries to the authorities of all the foreign universities, and 
 collected calendars and other official publications. The in- 
 formation gathered from these different sources has been put 
 together in a condensed form, and it is hoped tfeat the alpha- 
 betical arrangement adopted will be found conv-^nient for 
 reference. x"*!^ 
 
 The Committee wishes to express its gratitude to alj, those 
 whose kindness in supplying information made the corftpila- 
 tion of the book possible, and to acknowledge its indebted- 
 
iv PREFACE. 
 
 ness to the " Minerva Jahrbuch der Gelehrten Welt."* It is 
 intended that a new edition of the handbook shall be issued 
 yearly, and the Committee will be grateful for corrections 
 of the errors almost unavoidable in a book of this kind and 
 for suggestions which may tend to make the next issue more 
 serviceable. The present volume has been delayed in the 
 press ; next year an effort will be made to have the Handbook 
 ready in June. 
 
 The Graduate Club of Bryn Mawr College is glad to 
 allow members of other colleges to make use of its collection 
 of official programs and calendars ; particular books will be 
 lent for a few days to applicants prepaying postage. 
 
 All communications in regard to the Handbook, and all 
 requests for programs and calendars, should be addressed to 
 Miss Isabel Maddison, President of the Graduate Club, 
 Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. 
 
 * Published bj Karl J. Triibner, Strassburg. 
 
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 
 AUSTRIA. 
 
 {See also Hungary.) 
 
 The universities of Austria, like those of Germany, are 
 state institutions. They are supported by the Government and 
 are directly subject to the Austrian Minister of Education. 
 
 With the exception of the university at Czernowitz, which 
 has no Faculty of Medicine, the eight universities of Austria 
 comprise the Faculties of Philosophy (Arts and Science), 
 Law, Medicine and Theology. Courses of lectures, seminary 
 and laboratory work in different subjects are provided by the 
 several faculties, and the degree of Doctor is given to matricu- 
 lated students who have fulfilled certain stated requirements. 
 
 The entrance requirements for men are similar to those of 
 German universities ; the candidate for admission must hold 
 the Matu7'itdtszeugniss of a gymnasium. 
 
 In 1878 the admission of women to the Austrian universities 
 was regulated by a decree of the Minister of Education ; 
 while declaring that there could be no question of a general 
 admission of women to academic courses, he yet made pro- 
 vision for particular cases. Certain courses might, as an ex- 
 ception and with the express sanction of the Minister, be 
 given especially for women, and advanced women students 
 might in addition be allowed to attend the courses held for 
 men, provided that they could in every case obtain the con- 
 sent of the faculty in question, in conjunction with that of 
 the academic senate and the individual professors, with 
 whom work was desired. In no case were women to be 
 allowed to register as students in the universities, but were 
 to be considered as hearers. 
 
2 CRACOW. 
 
 Under this regulation of 1878 women have studied at man} 
 of the universities of Austria, and at present the question of 
 their further admission is being agitated. For instance, in- 
 formation has been obtained to the effect that the Principal of 
 the Girls' Private Bohemian Gymnasium at Prague, has pre- 
 sented a petition to the Austrian Minister of Education, asking 
 that girls who have passed the maturitats examination of the 
 gymnasium be admitted to the Bohemian University of Prague 
 as recognised students. 
 
 The university libraries are open to women. 
 
 The academic year is divided into two semesters, the first, 
 or winter semester, which begins on October ist, and ends on 
 the Thursday before Palm Sunday, and the second, or sum- 
 mer semester, which begins on the first Thursday after Easter 
 and ends about July 30th. 
 
 The system of university fees is in general the same in 
 Austria as in German}^ (See under Germany.) 
 
 CRACOW, Galicia, Austria. 
 JAGELLONISCHE UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 UNIWERSYTET JAGIELLONSKI W KRAKOWIE. 
 This university, founded in 1364, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Austria ; see above. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Leon Cyfrowicz. 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 yii^xs. Comparative Philology : Professor de 
 
 Languages —Indo-Iranian: Doceni Philosophy: /'r^/m^r^ Pawlicki, Sti-as- 
 
 V. Mankowski. ^^^3,^^. ^^^^^^ Ziembicki. 
 
 Classical: Professors Miodonski, Mo- History : Professors Lewicki, Smolka. 
 
 rawski, Sternbach. Zakrzewski ; Docents Czermak, Krzy- 
 
 Germanic (Polish, Slavish): Profes- zanowski, Graf Mycielski. 
 
 sors Creizenach, Malinowski, Graf Art and Archeology : Professor So- 
 
 Tamowski,Tretiak; Z't?rc?«i'v. Zdzie- kolowski; Docents B^QnkovfsW, Graf 
 
 chowski. Mycielski. 
 
 Romance: Professor Kawczynski, Do- Pedagogy : Professor Straszewski ; Do- 
 cent Rongier. cent Kulczynski. 
 
A USTRIA-HUNGAR Y. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Karlinski, Zorawski ; Docent 
 Kepinski. 
 
 Physics : Professors Natanson, Witkow- 
 ski ; Docent Birkenmajer. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Godlewski, Ols- 
 zewski, Schramm ; Docents Bandrow- 
 ski, Jentys. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Kreutz. 
 
 Geology : Pj'ofessor Szajnocha. 
 
 Biology : Professors Hoyer, Wierzejski. 
 
 Botany : Professors Janczewski, Rosta- 
 finski. 
 
 Geography : Professor Szwarcenberg- 
 Czemy. 
 
 Agriculture : Professors Adametz, 
 Czarnomski, v. Lubomeski ; Docents 
 Ajdukiewicz, Jentys. 
 
 Engineering : Docent Ajdukiewicz. 
 
 LAPf^ AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 
 
 Professors Brzezinski, Cyfrowicz, Fier- 
 ich, Gorski, Kasparek, Kleczynski, Krzy- 
 muski V. Radwan, Leo, Milewski, Pie- 
 kosinski, Rosenblatt, Ulanowski, Zoll ; 
 Docents Czerkawski, Estreicher, W. L. 
 Jaworski, Wroblewski. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Browicz, Bujwid, Cybulski, 
 Domanski, Gluzinski, Halban, Jaku- 
 bowski, W. Jaworski, Jordan, Korczyn- 
 ski, V. Kostanecki, Lazarski, Mars, Oba- 
 linski, Parenski, Pieniazek, Poniklo, 
 Rosner, Rydygier, Stopczanski, Trze- 
 bicky, Walentowicz ; Docents Bossowski, 
 Braun, Rosner, Sroczynski, Zarewicz, 
 Zulawski. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Chotkowski, Fijalek, Grom- 
 nicki, Knapinski, Morawski, Pelczar, 
 Spis, Wadolny ; Instructor Bielenin. 
 
 CZERNOWrrZ, Buckowina, Austria. 
 
 K. K. FRANZ-JOSEFS-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 This university, founded in 1S75, is under the same regulations 
 as all the viniversities of Austria ; see pp. i, 2. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the seci-etary, Josef Pietsch- 
 
 MANN. 
 
 Professors and Ijectiirers. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic: Professor Rit- 
 
 ter V. Onciul. 
 Classical : Professors Hilberg, Wro- 
 
 bel. 
 English: Reader Romanovsky. 
 Germanic ( Slavonic, etc. ) : Professors 
 
 Kaluzniacki, Sbiera, Smal-stocki, v. 
 
 Summersberg. 
 Romance : Professor Gartner. 
 History: Professors Herzberg-Frank- 
 el, Zieglauer v. Blmnenthal; Docents 
 Kaindl, Milkowicz. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics: Professor Puchta. 
 Physics: Professors Handl, Tumlirz. 
 
 Chemistry: Professor Pribram. 
 Mineralogy: Professor Scharizer. 
 Zoology: Professor v. Lendenfeld. 
 Botany: Professor Tangl. 
 Geography: Professor Lowl. 
 
 LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 
 
 Professors Grawein, Halban, Hauke, 
 Hiller, Hruza, Kleinwachter, Ritter v. 
 Roschmann-Horburg, Skedl, Wabr- 
 mund; Docents Kryspin, Wolan. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Ritter v. Onciul, C. Popo- 
 wicz, E. Popowicz, v. Repta, Wojucki; 
 Docents Stefanelli, Tarnawski. 
 
GRATZ, INNSBRUCK. 
 
 GRATZ, Styria, Austria. 
 K. K. KARL-FRANZENS-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 This university, founded in 1586, is vinder the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Austria ; see pp. i, 3. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Josef Hutter. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Oriental : Professors 
 Kirste, Weiss. 
 Classical : Professors Goldbacher, 
 Ritter v. Karajan, Meyer, Pichler, 
 Schenkl. 
 English : Professor Luick. 
 Germanic (Slavonic) : Professors 
 Krek, Schonbach, Seuffert ; Docent 
 Oblak. 
 Romance: Professors Ive, Schuchardt. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Meyer. 
 Philosophy : Professors Ritter v. Mein- 
 
 ong, Spitzer ; Docent Martinak. 
 History : Professors Bauer, Krones 
 Ritter v. MarcHand, Loserth, v. Zwied- 
 ineck-Siidenliorst ; Docent Mayer. 
 Art and Archeology : Professors 
 Gurlitt, Strzygowski. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pi-o- 
 fessors Dantscher Ritter v. Kollesberg, 
 Frischauf, v. Hepperger ; Docent 
 Streissler. 
 
 Physics : Professors Klemencic, Pfaund- 
 ler, Streintz, Subic, Wassmuth ; Do- 
 cent Czermak. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Schrotter, 
 Skraup. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Doelter. 
 
 Geology : Professors Hilber, Hoernes ; 
 Docent Penecke. 
 
 Biology : Professors v. Graff, Mojsiso- 
 vics Edler v. Mojsvar, Zelinka ; Do- 
 cents Bohmig, Ritter v. Heider. 
 
 Botany : Professors Freiberr v. Ettings- 
 bausen, Haberlandt ; Docent Palla. 
 
 Geography: Professor Ricbter. 
 
 LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 
 
 Professors Freiberr v. Anders, Bis- 
 cboff, Freiberr v. Canstein, Gumplo- 
 wicz, Hanausek, Hildebrand, Lu- 
 betz, Luscbin Ritter v. Ebengreutb, 
 Miscbler, Freiberr v. Scbey, Scbiitze, 
 Tewes, Thaner, Vargba ; Docent Sperl. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Anton, Birnbacber, Bleicb- 
 steiner, Bomer, Borysiekiewicz, Drascb, 
 Ebner, Eppinger, Escbericb, Haber- 
 mann, Hoffer Edler v. Sulmtbal, Hof- 
 mann, Holl, Jarisch, Klemensiewicz, 
 Kratter, Kraus, MoUer, Miiller, Nico- 
 ladoni, Prausnitz, Freiberr v. Rokitan- 
 sky, Rollett, Scbindler ; Docents Eber- 
 staller, Elscbnigg, Emele, Fiirst, Laker, 
 Loos, Quass, Rossa, Scblangenbausen, 
 Steinbiicbel v. Rbeinwall, Tobeitz, Wal- 
 ser, Zotb. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Gutjabr, Klinger, Neu- 
 bauer, Ritter v. Scberer, Scblager, Sta- 
 nonik, A. Weiss, J. Weiss. 
 
 MUSIC. 
 
 Docent v. Hausegger. 
 
 INNSBRUCK, Tyrol, Austria. 
 K. K. LEOPOLD-FRANZENS-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 This university, founded in 1673-4, ^^ under the same regula- 
 tions as all the universities of Austria; see pp. i, 2. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Willibald 
 Stricker. 
 
A USTRIA-HUNGAR Y. 
 
 Professors and Ijecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Oriental : Professor 
 Flunk. 
 Indo-Iranian: Professor v. Schroder. 
 Classical : Professor Miiller, Zin- 
 
 gerle. 
 English : Docejtt Fischer. 
 Germanic : Professors SeemuUer, 
 
 Wackernell. 
 Romance : Professor Demattio ; Do- 
 cent W. V. Zingerle. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Stolz. 
 Philosophy : Professors Ueberhorst, v. 
 
 Wildhausen. 
 History : Professors Friedrich, Him, 
 Kaltenbrunner, v. Ottenthal, Pastor, v. 
 Scala ; Docetit Mayr. 
 Art and Archeology : Professors 
 Reisch, Semper. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 
 fessors v. Haerdtl, Stolz, Wirtinger ; 
 
 Decent Schober. 
 Physics : Professors Exner, Lecher, 
 
 Peche, Pernter ; Docents Hammerl, 
 
 Tollinger. 
 Chemistry : Professor Senhofer. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Cathrein. 
 
 Geology : Professor Blaas. 
 
 Biology : Professors Haider, v. Dalla- 
 
 Torre. 
 Botany : Professor Heinricher. 
 Geography: Professor Ritterv. Wieser. 
 
 LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 
 
 Professors Dantscher Ritter v. Kolles- 
 berg, V. Hormann, John, Lentner, Myr- 
 bach V. Rheinfeld, Pacchioni, Pfersche, 
 Ritter v. Sartori-Montecroce, Schiffner, 
 Freiherr v. Schwind, Singer, Steinlech- 
 ner, Waldner ; Docents BoscaroUi, v. 
 Eccher, Payr, Zanetti. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Dimmer, Ehrendorfer, Ip- 
 sen, Juffinger, Kerschner, Klotz, Loeb- 
 isch, Loewit, Lukasiewicz, Mayer, Ne- 
 vinny,Pommer, Freiherr v. Rokitansky, v. 
 Vintschgau, Wildner ; Docents Tschurt- 
 schenthaler Edler v. Helmheim, Lant- 
 schner, Malfatti, Sachs. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Biederlack, Flunk, Grisar, 
 Hurler, Kern, Michael, Nilles, Nisius, 
 Noldin, Straub ; Docents Gatterer, Lin- 
 gens, Rinz. 
 
 liEIVIBERG, Galicia, Austria. 
 
 K. K. FRANZENS-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 C. K. UNIWERSYTET IMIENIA CESARZA FRANCISZKA I. 
 
 This university, founded in 1784, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Austria; see pp. 1,2. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary^ Marceli Chlam- 
 
 TACZ. 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professor Sar- 
 
 nicki. 
 Classical : Professors Cwiklinski, 
 
 Kruczkiewicz; Docent Jezieniecki. 
 English: Instructor Kropiwnicki. 
 Germanic: Professors Kalina, Pilat, 
 
 Werner; Docent Colessa. 
 Romance: Instructor Amborski. 
 
 Philosophy : Professors Raciborski, 
 Skorski; Docent Graf Dzieduszycki. 
 
 History: Professors Dembinski, Finkel, 
 Gruszewski, Szaraniewicz, Wojcie- 
 chowski; Docent Hirschberg. 
 
 Art and Archeology: Professor Boloz- 
 Antoniewicz. 
 
 Pedagogy: Docent Danysz. 
 
LEMBERG, PRAGUE. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- 
 fessor Puzyna. 
 
 Physics: Professors Fabian, Zakrzewski. 
 
 Chemistry: Professors Lachowicz, Rad- 
 ziszewslci. 
 
 Mineralogy: Professor Dunikowski; 
 Docetit Niedzwiedzki. 
 
 Geology: Docents Niedzwiedzki, Sie- 
 miradzki, Teisseyre, Zuber. 
 
 Biology: Professor Dybowski; Docents 
 Nussbaum, Piotrowski, Wielowiejski. 
 
 Botany: Professor Ciesielski; Docents 
 Szyszylowicz, Zalewski. 
 
 Geography: Professor Rehmann. 
 
 Hygiene: Do cent Szpilman. 
 
 LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 
 
 Professors Abraham, Balasits, Balzer, 
 Bobrzynski, Czerny, Glabinski, Gryziecki, 
 Janowicz, v. Ochenkowski, Ostrozynski, 
 Pietak, T. Pilat, Graf Pininski, Rosz- 
 kowski, Starzynski, Stebelski, Szach- 
 owski, Till, Wachholz; Docents Dobrz- 
 anski, Dolinski, Lilienfeld, W. Pilat. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Beck, Kadyi, Niemilowicz. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Bartoszewski, Bilczewski, 
 Filarski, Kloss, Komamicki, Sarnicki, 
 Skrochowski, Walega ; Docent Nara- 
 jewski ; Instructors Redkiewicz, Jas- 
 zowski. 
 
 PRAGUE, Bohemia, Austria. 
 
 K. K. DEUTSCHE KARL-FERDINAND-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 This university, founded in 1348, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Austria; see pp. i, 3. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the rector, Karl Hugo Hup- 
 
 PERT. 
 
 Professors and liccturers. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic: Professors Grii- 
 nert, Peter. 
 Oriental: Professor Gerber. 
 Classical: Professors Holzinger Rit- 
 ter V. Weidich, Keller, Rzach, Schu- 
 bert. 
 English: /'rfT/'^w^rPogatscher; Read- 
 er Just. 
 Germanic: Professors Kelle, Sauer; 
 
 Docent Hauffen. 
 Romance: Professor Comu; Docent 
 Rohn; Readers Rolin, Vielmetti. 
 Comparative Philology: Professors 
 
 Lambel, Ludwig. 
 Philosophy: Professors Jodl, Marty, 
 
 Willmann; Docent Arleth. 
 History: Professors Bachmann, Four- 
 nier, Jung,Swoboda,Weber,Werunsky. 
 Art and Archeology: Professors 
 
 Klein, Neuwirth, Schultz. 
 Pedagogy: Professor Willmann. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- 
 fessors Bobeck, Pick, Weinek. 
 
 Physics: Professors Jaumann, Lecher, 
 Lippich. 
 
 Chemistry: Professors Brunner, Garza- 
 rolli Edler v. Thurnlackh, Gintl, 
 Goldschmiedt. 
 
 Mineralogy: P7'ofessor Becke. 
 
 Geology: Professor Laube. 
 
 Biology: Professor Hatschek; Docent 
 Cori. 
 
 Botany: Professors Molisch, Reinitzer, 
 Wettstein Ritter v. Westersheim; 
 Docents Nestler, Schiffner. 
 
 Geography: Professor Lenz. 
 
 LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 
 
 Professors Finger, Frankl, Franz, 
 Krasnopolski, Pfaff, Schuster, Ulbrich, 
 Ullmann, Vering, Freiherr v. Wieser, 
 Zuckerkandl ; Docent Spiegel. 
 
A USTRIA-HUNGAR Y. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Bayer, Chiari, Czermak, 
 Dittrich, Epstein, Ganghofner, Hofmeis- 
 ter, Hiieppe, Huppert, Jaksch Ritter v. 
 Wartenliorst, Kisch, Knoll, Maresch, 
 INIayer, Ott, Petrina, A. Pick, P. J. Pick, 
 Pohl, Pribram, Rabl, Rex, Edler v. 
 Rosthorn, Schenkl, Singer, Steinach, 
 Weil, Wolfer, Zaufal ; Docents v. Frey, 
 R. Fischl, W. Fischel, Hering, Herrn- 
 
 heiser, Miinzer, Pietrzikowski, Raudnitz, 
 Schmid, Spietschka, Winlernitz, Wunsch- 
 heim Ritter v. Lilienthal. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Elbl, Frind, Gerber, Kurz, 
 Peter, Rohling, Schindler, Schneedorfer, 
 Sprinzl ; Docents Rieber, Zaus. 
 
 MUSIC. 
 
 Professor Adler ; Reader Schneider. 
 
 PRAGUE, Bohemia, Austria. 
 
 K. K. BOHMISCHE KARL-FERDINAND-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 C. K. CESKA UNIVERSITA KARLO-FERDINANDOVA. 
 
 This university, founded in 1SS3-3, is under the same regula- 
 tions as all the universities of Austria; see pp. 1,2. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the rector, Kakel Vrba. 
 
 Frofessors and Lecturers. 
 
 Languages. — Oriental : Professor 
 Dvorak. 
 Classical: Professors Kvicala, Krai, 
 
 Novak; Docettt Vysoky. 
 English: Reader Sladek. 
 Germanic: Professors Gebauer, Mou- 
 rek, Polivka; Docent Maclial; Read- 
 ers Brabek, Kolar, Kraus. 
 Romance: Professor Jarnik; Readers 
 Mohl, Malecek. 
 Comparative Philology: Professor 
 
 Zubaty; Docent Kovar. 
 History of Literature: Professor 
 
 Frida. 
 Philosophy: Professor Durdik, Mas- 
 
 aryk; Docent Drtina. 
 Political Economy: Professors Braf, 
 
 Kaizl; Hon-Docent Bloman. 
 History: Professors Emler, Goll, Kal- 
 
 ousek, Rezek; Docents Pic, Zibrt. 
 Esthetics: Professor Hostinsky. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- 
 fessors Gruss, Studnicka, Weyr. 
 
 Physics: Professor Strouhal, Kolacek. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Belohoubek, 
 Brauner, Rayman, Safarik. 
 
 Mineralogy: Professor Vrba. 
 Geology: Professors Woldrich, Velen- 
 
 ovsky; Docents Barvir, Pocta. 
 Geography: Professor Palacky. 
 Meteorology : Professor Augustin. 
 Biology : Professors Celakovsky, Fric, 
 
 Hansgirg, Vejdovsky. 
 Anthropology: Docent Niederle. 
 
 LA IV AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 
 
 Professors Belohradsky, Braf, Celak- 
 ovsky, Hanel, Henner, Heyrovsky, Kaizl, 
 Ott, Prazak, Randa, Rieger, Storch, Stu- 
 pecky, Talir, Zucker ; Docents Bloman, 
 Herrmann, Trakal. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Boelim, Chodounsky, Deyl, 
 Eiselt, Hlava, Horbaczewski, Janosik, 
 Janovsky, Jirus, Kabrhel, Kaufmann, 
 Maixner, Maydl, Mares, Michl, Neureut- 
 ter, Nessel, Obrzut, Pawlik, Reinsberg, 
 Rohon, Schobl, Schwing, Spina, Thom- 
 ayer ; Docents Frankenberger, Hellich, 
 Kuffner, Mitvalsky, Pecirka, Pesina, Ru- 
 beska. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Kaderavek, Krystufek, 
 Pachta, Pechacek, Sedlacek, Sykora, 
 Vrestal; Docents Tippmann, Tmnpach. 
 
VIENNA. 
 
 VIENNA, Austria. 
 K. K. UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 This university, founded in 1365, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Austria; see pp. i, 3. The Medical 
 Faculty is large and important, and for this reason the subjects 
 lectured on by the different professors are stated below. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. —Chinese: Docent Kiihnert. 
 Semitic : Professors Bickell, David, 
 Heinrich Miiller ; Docent Wahr- 
 mund. 
 Egyptian : Professor Reinisch. 
 Indo-Iranian : Professor Biihler. 
 Classical : Professors Benndorf, 
 Gitlbauer, Gomperz, Ritter v. Har- 
 tel, Hoffmann, Schenkl Ritter v. 
 Sclineider ; Docents Hauler, Heber- 
 dey, Jurenka, Mekler, Reichel. 
 English : Professor Schipper; Docent 
 
 Kellner. 
 Germanic (Slavonic, etc): Professors 
 Heinzel, Jagic, Jirecek, Minor; Do- 
 cents Better, Jellinek, Kraus, Much, 
 Nagl, Pastrnek, v. Resetar, Strekelj, 
 Vondrak, v. Weilen. 
 Romance : Professors Meyer-Liibke, 
 Mussafia ; Docent Alton. 
 Comparative Philology : Professors 
 Meringer, Friedrich Miiller ; Docent 
 Sklenar. 
 Philosophy : Professojs Hillebrand, 
 Mach, Zimmermann ; Docents Frei- 
 herr v. Ehrenfels, Jerusalem, Reich, 
 Stohr, Twardowski, Wahle. 
 History : Professors Bormann, Biidin- 
 ger, Huber, Miihlbacher, Pribram, 
 Szanto, Redlich, Ritter v. Zeissberg ; 
 Docents Dopsch, Fellner, Hartmann, 
 Kubitschek, Rieger, Steinherz, Uhlirz, 
 Walzel, Ritter v. Zitkovszky. 
 Oriental History : Professors Kara- 
 
 bacek, Krall. 
 Art and ^Esthetics : Professors Frei- 
 herr v. Berger, Riegl, Wickhoff ; Do- 
 cents Dietz, Dollmayr, Ritter v. Schlos- 
 ser. 
 
 Arch/eology : Professor v. Schneider ; 
 
 Docents Homes, Wilhelm. 
 Pedagogy : Professor Vogt ; Docent 
 
 Hofler. 
 Music : Professor Rietsch. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics: Professors'^xVvs.xv . Esch- 
 erich, Gegenbauer, Kohn, Mertens ; 
 Docents Blaschke, Sersawy, Tauber, 
 Zindler, Zsigmondy. 
 
 Astronomy : Professor Weiss ; Docents 
 Oppenheim, Schram. 
 
 Physics : Professors Boltzmann, Exner, 
 Hann, v. Lang ; Docents Jager, Moser. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Lieben, Lipp- 
 mann, Freiherrv. Sommaruga, Weidel; 
 Docents Blau, Fossek, Herzig, Meyer- 
 hoffer, Natterer, Pomeranz, Schacherl, 
 Vortmann, Wegscheider, Zeisel. 
 
 Mineralogy and Petrography : Pro- 
 fessors Berwerth, Schrauf, Tschermak. 
 
 Geology: Professor Suess, Waagen; Do- 
 cents Diener, Fuchs, Wahner. 
 
 Geography : Professors Penck, Reyer, 
 Tomaschek ; Docents Paulitschke, Sie- 
 ger. 
 
 Biology : Professors Brauer, Claus, 
 Grobben. 
 
 Botany : Professors Beck Ritter v. 
 Mannagetta, Kemer Ritter v. Mari- 
 laun, Wiesner ; Docents Burgerstein, 
 Fritsch, Krasser, Stapf. 
 
 Ethnography : Docejit Haberlandt. 
 
 Meteorology : Docent Trabert. 
 
 LAJV AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 
 
 Professors Sigmund Adler, Bernatzik, 
 B5hm Ritter v. Bawerk, Brunnenmeister, 
 Ritter v. Czyhlarz, Friedmann, Gross, 
 Griinhut, Hofmann, Ritter Hussarek v. 
 
A USTRIA-HUNGAR Y. 
 
 Heinlein, v. Inama-Stemegg, v. Jura- 
 schek, Franz Klein, Lammasch, Lust- 
 kandl, Anton Menger, Karl Menger, 
 Menzel, Meyer, Mitteis, Pfaff, Philippo- 
 vich Edler v. Philippsberg, Schrutka 
 Edler v. Rechtenstamm, Seidler, Siegel, 
 Singer, Unger, v. Zallinger; Docents Karl 
 Adler, Burckhard, Brockhausen, Deme- 
 lius, Ehrlich, Feilbogen, Fuchs, Gruber, 
 Griinberg, v. Komorzynski, Landesber- 
 ger, Lenz, Pollak, Pineles, Rauchberg, 
 Schmid, Ritter v. SchuUem-Schratten- 
 hofen, Schwiedland, Strisower, Tezner, 
 Zoll. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Anatomy : Professors Dalla-Rosa, Em- 
 bry, Hochstetter, Kolisko, Paltauf, 
 Schenk, Toldt, Weichselbaum, Zuck- 
 erkandl. 
 
 Physiology : Professor Exner ; Bocent 
 Latschenberger. 
 
 Histology : Professors Ebner Ritter v. 
 Rofenstein, Schafter. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Gussenbauer, 
 Ludwig, Mauthner ; Docent Kerry. 
 
 Medicine : Professors Oser, Wintemitz ; 
 Docerits K!o^&i, Biach,Chvostek, Droz- 
 da, Hammerschlag, Heitler, Herz, 
 Klein, Kretschy, v. Limbeck, Lorenz, 
 Mannaberg, Obermayer, Ortner, Pal, 
 Pick, Sternberg. 
 
 Surgery : Professors Albert, Bohm Ed- 
 ler V. Bohmershein, Englisch, Ritter v. 
 Frisch, Gussenbauer, v. Hacker, Hocb- 
 enegg, Hofmokl, Lorenz, Ritter v. 
 Mosetig-Moorhof, Weinlechner ; Do- 
 cents Fieber, Frank, Frankel, Habart, 
 Neudorfer, Schnitzler, Scbustler, Ull- 
 mann, Zuckerkandl. 
 
 Obstetrics : Professors Braun, Breus, 
 Chrobak, Lett, Schauta ; Docents 
 Braun v. Femwald, Felsenreich, Herz- 
 feld, Jurie Edler v. Lavandal, Li- 
 hotzky, Schlesinger, Wertheim, v. 
 Weiss. 
 
 Pharmacy : Professor Vogl ; Docent 
 Paschkis. 
 
 Pathology : Professors Ritter v. Basch, 
 Gaertner, Neusser, Nothnagel, SchrSt- 
 ter Ritter v. Kristelli, Strieker, Ritter 
 V. Stoffella d'alta Rupe ; Docents Ko- 
 vacs, Schiitz. 
 
 Diseases of the Ear : Professors Gru- 
 ber, Politzer, Urbantschitsch ; Docents 
 Bing, Gomperz, Pollak. 
 
 Diseases of the Eye : Professors Berg- 
 meister, Fuchs, Ritter v. Reuss, Schna- 
 bel ; Docents Bernheimer, Klein, Kon- 
 igstein, Salzmann. 
 
 Diseases of Children : Professors Kas- 
 sowitz, Monti, Freiherr v. Widerhofer ; 
 Docents Eisenschitz, Foltanek, Friih- 
 wald, Ritter v. Hiittenbrenner, Unger. 
 
 Skin Diseases : Professors Finger, Ka- 
 posi, Kohn, Lang, Mracek, Neumann; 
 Docents Ehrmann, Griinfeld, Ritter v. 
 Hebra, Riehl, Schiff, Vajda, Edler v. 
 Zeissl. 
 
 Nervous Diseases : Professors Bene- 
 dikt, Fritsch, Freiherr v. Krafft-Ebing, 
 Obersteiner, Wagner Ritter v. Jau- 
 regg; Docents Freud, Frankl Ritter v. 
 Hochwart, Hollander, Redlich, Frei- 
 hen- Steiner v. Pfungen. 
 
 Diseases of the Throat : Professors 
 Chiari, Stoerk ; Docents Grossmann, 
 Rethi, Roth. 
 
 Epidemiology: Professor Drasche. 
 
 Balneology: Professor Clar. 
 
 Hospital Practice : Professor Stern. 
 
 Medical Jurisprudence : Professor 
 Ritter v. Hofmann. 
 
 History of Medicine: Professor Pusch- 
 mann. 
 
 Hygiene : Professors Gruber, Kratsch- 
 mer. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Bauer, Kopallik, Laurin, 
 Milliner, Neumann, Polzl, Reinhold, 
 Schafer, Schindler, Swoboda. 
 
BELGIUM. 
 
 BELGIUM. 
 
 There are in Belgium four universities, the state universi- 
 ties of Ghent and Liege, and the free universities of Brussels 
 and Louvain. Each university comprises the Faculties of 
 Arts, Science, Law and Medicine, and each of these Fac- 
 ulties provides instruction and grants the degrees of Candi- 
 date and Doctor to students who have fulfilled certain stated 
 requirements. 
 
 In 1883 women were admitted on the same conditions as 
 men to the universities of Brussels and Liege and also 
 allowed to take the state examinations. The Catholic Uni- 
 versity of Louvain, however, does not admit women. 
 
 Examinations are held and degrees conferred by state 
 commissions, made up of examiners chosen in equal numbers 
 from among the professors of the state universities and the 
 free university. These commissions are of two kinds, the 
 central commission and special commissions. The central 
 commission is accessible to any student who desires to present 
 himself for examination, the special commissions, instituted 
 for the separate universities, are accessible only to students 
 of the universities for which they were established. 
 
 No student is admitted to the examination for the degree of 
 Candidate, unless he present a certificate, stating that he has 
 followed certain specified courses of study. Such certificates 
 may be given by the directors of private schools or even by 
 private teachers. 
 
 To obtain the degree of Candidate in Philosophy and Lit- 
 erature, the student is required to study for four semesters and 
 to pass two examinations. For the degree of Doctor of Phil- 
 osophy two additional years of study are required, and one 
 or two more examinations must be passed. 
 
BELGIUM. II 
 
 The year is divided into two semesters, beginning respec- 
 tively in October and March. 
 
 The fees charged by the state and the free universities are 
 approximately the same. Upon registering at the univer- 
 sity each student is required to pay 15 frs. ($3). In addi- 
 tion he must register for the courses that he desires to take ; 
 for such registration a fee of 250 fr. ($50) a year is 
 charged by the Faculty of Law, by the other Faculties a fee of 
 200 fr. ($40). 
 
 BRUSSEIiS, Belgium. 
 UNIVERSITE LIBRE DE BRUXELLES. 
 
 This university, founded in 1834, ^^"^^ independent of Church 
 and State, consists of the Faculties of Ai'ts, Science, Law, Medicine 
 and Pharmacy and a Technical School. 
 
 Women are admitted to all lectures, examinations and degrees. 
 
 The academic year begins in October. 
 
 For fees, etc., see above. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, M. Denis. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. Biology : Professors EiTera, Francotte, 
 
 Languages. — Classical :/'ro/d'^i-o;-jBoi- Lameere, Yseux. 
 
 sacq, De Moor, Vollgraff, Willems. Engineering : M. de Keyser. 
 
 Sanscrit and Comparative Philol- law and political science. 
 
 OGY: Professor E. Monseur. Professors Baudour, Cornil, Duvivier, 
 
 Philosophy : Professors Denis, Ti- Giron, Graux, Nys, Olin, Prins, Van der 
 
 berghien. Rest, Rivier, Vauthier; MM. Behaeghel, 
 
 History : Professors Goblet d' Alviella, Cornil, de Hoon. 
 
 Leclere, Lonchay, Pergameni, Van- medicine. 
 
 derkindere. Professors Carpentier, Coppez, Crocq, 
 
 SCIENCE. Desmeth, Destree, Hauben, Heger, 
 
 Mathematics : Professors Brand, Char- f ^g^^^' J^^^f *^'. Rommelaere, Sacre, 
 
 bo, Goemans, Mineur, Tassel. ^^ ^met, Spehl, Stienon, Thmar. 
 
 Physics: Professors Reychler, Rousseau. technical school. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Joly, Reychler, Professors Anspach, Berge, Van Dru- 
 
 de Wilde, M. Daimeries. nen, Huberti, Ithier, MM. Habets, 
 
 Geology : M. Prinz. Horta. 
 
12 GHENT, LIEGE. 
 
 GHENT, Belgium. 
 UNIVERSITE DE L' ETAT DE GAND, 
 This university, founded in iSi6, consists of the Faculties of 
 Arts, Science, Law and Medicine. The degrees, lectures and ex- 
 aminations are open to women. 
 
 The first semester begins on the first Tuesday in October, the 
 second semester on the last Monday in February. 
 For fees, etc., see above. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. Geology and Mineralogy : Professor' 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professor- Renard. 
 
 Thomas ; MM. Bides, Roersch. Metallurgy : M. Breda. 
 
 Flemish : Professors Fredericq, Ver- Biology : Pj-ofessors MacLeod, Plateau, 
 
 coullie ; M. Micheels. Engineering : Professors Boulvin, Van 
 
 Germanic : Professor Bley. der Linden, Wolters; M. Flamache. 
 
 English : Professor Logeman. Architecture : Professor Cloquet. 
 
 Comparative Philology : M. de la Technology : Professor de Wilde; M. 
 
 Vallee Poussin. Foulon. 
 
 Philosophy : Professors Van Biervliet, Commercial Geography : M. Merten. 
 
 Hoffmann, Hulin. 
 
 History : Professors de Ceuleneer, Dis- law. 
 
 cailles, Cumont, Pirenne ; M. Van der Professors De Brabandere, Callier, 
 
 ^'^^g'^^^- D'Hondt, Montigny, Nossent, de Rid- 
 
 sciENCE. jgj.^ ^oXm, Seresia, Van Wetter; MM. de 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Baets, Claeys, Dauge, Dubois, Nicolai, 
 
 fessors : Dauge, Depermentier, Dusau- Pyfferoen. 
 
 soy, Mansion, Massau, Mister, Van 
 
 Rysselberghe, Servais ; M. Wolters. medicine. 
 
 Physics : Professors Van Aubel, Van Professors Bambeke, Boddaert, Bou- 
 
 der Mensbrugghe, Schoentjes ; M. que, Cauwenberghe, de Cock, Deneffe, 
 
 Boulvin. Eeman, Van Ermengem, Lahousse, Le- 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Delacre, Nelis- boucq, Verstraeten, de Visscher; MM. 
 
 sen, Rottier, Swarts. Van Duyse, Gilson, Heymans, Imschoot. 
 
 LBEGE, Belgium. 
 UNIVERSITE DE LIEGE. 
 
 This university, founded in 1817, consists of the Faculties of 
 Arts, Science, Law and Medicine. There is also a Technical 
 School. The degrees, lectures and examinations are open to 
 women. 
 
 The first semester begins on the third Thursday in October, the 
 second in the beginning of March. 
 
 For fees etc., see above. 
 
BELGIUM. 
 
 13 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Oriental : Professor 
 Chauvin. 
 Classical: Professors Delboeuf, Mich- 
 el, Parmentier, Waltzing; M. De- 
 marteau. 
 English: MM. Orth, Veerdeghem. 
 Flemish: MM. de Block, Veerdeghem. 
 Romance: Professors Doutrepont, Wil- 
 motte. 
 History of Literature: Professors 
 
 Francotte, Kurth. 
 Philosophy: Professors Grafe, Merten. 
 History: Professors Hubert, Kurth, Le- 
 
 quarre. 
 Pal/EOGRAPHy: Professor Bormans. 
 Art and Arch/eology: M. Renard. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics : Professors Graindorge, 
 Lepaige, Neuberg, de Ruydts ; MM. 
 Folic, Hubert. 
 
 Physics : Professors de Heen, Ronkar. 
 
 Chemistry : Professor Spring, de Kon- 
 inck ; AIM. Lohest, Krutwig. 
 
 Geology and Mineralogy : Professors 
 Cesaro, Dewalque ; M. Firket. 
 
 Biology : Professors Van Beneden, 
 Fraipont, Gravis. 
 
 Hygiene : M. Kubom. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors Dejace, Galopin, Lemaire, 
 Mahaim, Namur, Orban, De Senarclens, 
 Van der Smissen, Thiry ; M. Obrie. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors VanAubel, Firket, Fran- 
 cotte, Fredericq, Gilkinet, Masius, Nuel, 
 Plucker, Putzeys, Swaen, Vanlair, Wini- 
 warter; MM. Chandelon, Fraipont, Hen- 
 rijean, Jorissen, Julin, Schiffers. 
 
 TECHNICAL SCHOOL. 
 
 Professors Duguet, V. Dwelshauvers- 
 de Ry, Habets, Holzer, Gerard, Gillon, 
 Stevart; M. Trasenster. 
 
14 FREDERICTON. 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 There are in Canada the following universities : Dalhousie 
 College and University, Halifax, Nova Scotia ; Queens Col- 
 lege and University, Kingston, Ontario ; McGill University, 
 Montreal ; the University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, 
 New Brunswick ; the University of Toronto, University 
 College, Victoria University and Trinity University, To- 
 ronto. 
 
 The courses and degrees of these universities are in gen- 
 eral open to women. In some cases there are special Medi- 
 cal Schools for Women connected with the university and 
 giving preparation for the university degrees. 
 
 The colleges have as a rule no halls of residence ; the stu- 
 dents reside in boarding houses, which must be approved 
 by the college authorities. 
 
 FREDERICTON, New Brunswick. 
 UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 The University of New Brunswick gives instruction and confers 
 degrees in Arts, Science and Law. 
 
 Four classes of students are recognised : undergraduates, stu- 
 dents in special undergraduate courses, partial students (those who 
 attend two or more courses of lectures and are matriculated), and 
 occasional students (those admitted by the Faculty to a particular 
 course of lectures) . 
 
 Women are admitted to the university on the same terms as men. 
 
 The academic year consists of two terms, the Michaelmas term, 
 beginning on October i stand ending on December 19th, the Easter 
 term, beginning on January 6tli and ending on May 28th. 
 
 The matriculation fee is $2 and the tuition fee $30 annually. 
 In addition every student upon matriculating must give to the regis- 
 trar a bond to the amount of $40 to pay all charges accruing under 
 the regulations of the university. 
 
CANADA. 15 
 
 Four scholarships are offered at the University of New Bruns- 
 wick, but women are excluded from two of these. 
 
 For further information address Prof. Davidson, Frederlcton, 
 New Brunswick. 
 
 Professors and. Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. SCIENCE. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professor Mathematics : Professor Harrison. 
 Bridges. Physics : Professor Downing. 
 
 English and French : Pi-ofessor Chemistry and Natural Science : 
 Stockley. Professor Bailey. 
 
 Philosophy and Political Economy : Engineering : Professors Dixon, Down- 
 
 Professor John Davidson. ing. 
 
 History : Professor Bridges. 
 
 HALIFAX, Nova Scotia. 
 
 DALHOUSIE COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Dalhousie College was founded in 1821, and by an act passed in 
 1 84 1 university powers were granted to the college. 
 
 Courses are given and degrees conferred in Arts, Science, Law 
 and Medicine. 
 
 Persons of either sex may become students at the college by fur- 
 nishing satisfactory references, entering their names in the register 
 and paying the annual registration fee. Registered students may, 
 after paying the proper fee, enter any of the ordinary classes of the 
 college. The advanced classes are open to students who have 
 sufficient knowledge of the subjects taught in them. 
 
 The college has no hall of residence, but women undergraduates 
 are admitted, under special conditions, as boarders at the Halifax 
 Ladies' College. 
 
 The academic year consists of one session. The session in Arts 
 and Science begins about the middle of September, the School of 
 Law begins about September i st, and that of Medicine about Octo- 
 ber 1st. All the sessions close at the end of April. 
 
 The registration fee is $4 to be paid annually. $6 is paid for 
 attendance in each class which is not practical ; for the practical 
 classes the fees vary from $6 to $14 per class. 
 
 Seven scholarships are awarded at Dalhousie College. Five 
 of these are of the value of $40 each, while the others entitle the 
 holders to exemption from fees during the entire course. 
 
l6 KINGSTON. 
 
 For further information apply to the secretary, Dr. George 
 Lawson, Halifax, Nova Scotia. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professors Botany : Dr. Lawson. 
 
 Johnson (Emeritus), Murray. Engineering : Z?;x Gilpin, Murphy; 
 
 English : Professor MacMechan. Messrs. Doane, Dodwell, McColl. 
 
 Modern : Professor Lichti. laiv. 
 
 Philosophy : Professor W. C. Murray. „ ^ ^ „ ,^^ , _ 
 
 Political Science and History : Pro- „ Professors Russell, WeWon ; Messrs. 
 
 fessor Forrest. Harrington, Mclnnes, Mellish, Ritchie, 
 
 Pedagogy : Professor W. C. Murray ; Silver. 
 
 Mr. McKay. medicine. 
 
 SCIENCE. Professors Anderson, Black, Camp- 
 
 Mathematics: Professor Macdonald ; S"' ^owie Curry, Farrell Goodwin, 
 
 Mr Morton Henry, Lindsay, McLaren, Muir, Page, 
 
 Physics : Professor MacGregor. Vzx\^x Reid, Silver, Sinclair, Somers, 
 
 Chemistry AND Mineralogy: Profes- Stewart, lobin. 
 
 sor 
 
 " Lawson. 
 
 KINGSTON, Ontario. 
 QUEEN'S COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY. 
 
 This university, v\^hich has been open to women on the same 
 conditions as to men since its foundation in 1830, and has had 
 w^omen students attending its courses since 1S76, gives instruction 
 and confers degrees in Arts, Science. Law^, Medicine and Theology. 
 
 The classes and pass examinations are open to unmatriculated 
 students, but candidates for a degree must pass the matriculation 
 examination. Certain equivalent examinations are accepted. 
 
 Students, vs^hen registering, must produce a certificate of char- 
 acter and pay the required fees. 
 
 Classes in Arts, Applied Science and Medicine begin on October 
 istand end on April loth. Classes in Theology begin on Novem- 
 ber 2nd and end on April 15th. 
 
 There is a short summer session in Medicine, beginning on April 
 39th and ending on June 26th, and a summer session in Science, 
 beginning on July 12th and lasting four weeks. 
 
 Class fees in the Faculty of Arts are $25 per session ; in the Fac- 
 ulty of Science $40; in the Faculty of Medicine $75. Fees for 
 
CANADA. IT 
 
 single classes are $8 per session. Fees for registration, etc., are $io^ 
 There are numerous prizes and scholarships. 
 For further information apply to the registrar. 
 
 Professors and !Lectiirers. 
 
 ARTS. ^ SCIENCE. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professors Mathematics : Professor Dupuis ; Afr. 
 
 MacNaughton, Nicholson ; Messrs. Metzler. 
 
 Dyde, Ross, Windel. Physics: /'riT/J'jj'or Marshall; J/r. Baker. 
 
 English: Professor Q2.-\^-^or\., Q.^i^Wi&T^Y : Professor Qoo^^'m; Messrs. 
 
 Germanic : Professor Macgillivray ; Brock, Pope, Wood. 
 
 Mr. Day, Miss Griffith. Mineralogy : Professor Nicol. 
 
 Romance : Professor Macgillivray ; Geology : Mr. Miller. 
 
 Mr. Mcintosh. Biology : Professors Fowler, Knight ; 
 
 Comparative Philology : Professor Mr. Cunningham. 
 
 Nicholson. 
 
 Philosophy : Professors Dyde, Watson. . ,w ^iCfZH /•n.°^^H''°Th^n[Lrh ^'^"J^rf '"^ 
 ^ _ -^ _ ^ ■' ' , Law, Medicine and ineology nave not been 
 
 Political Science : Professor Shortt. obtained. 
 
 History : Professor Ferguson ; Mr. La- 
 
 vell. 
 
 MONTREAL, Canada. 
 McGILL COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY. 
 
 McGill College and University, founded in 1S21, comprises the 
 Faculties of Arts, Applied Science, Law, Medicine and Compai-a- 
 tive Medicine and Veterinary Science ; it gives instruction and con- 
 fers degrees in these subjects. The educational work of the 
 University is carried on in McGill College and the following Af- 
 ffiliated Colleges : Morrin College, Quebec ; St. Francis College, 
 Richmond, P. Q. ; the Stanstead Wesleyan College, Stanstead, 
 P. Q., and five Theological Colleges. 
 
 Students in the Faculty of Arts are classified as undergraduates 
 and partial students. Undergraduates alone can proceed to the 
 degree of B. A., and must pass the required entrance examinations. 
 Candidates for admission as partial students inust satisfy the pro- 
 fessors of the several subjects they select of their fitness to attend 
 the lectures or be examined in these subjects. Students of other 
 univei^sities may be admitted to a like standing in this Univei'sity 
 on production of certificates and after examination by the Faculty. 
 
 There are special classes in Arts for women under the Donalda 
 
1 8 MONTREAL. 
 
 Endowment, wholly separate from those for men. The only classes 
 women attend with men are the honors classes in Arts. Women 
 take the same examinations as men, under the same regulations, 
 and may obtain the same degrees. 
 
 The session begins on September 17th and ends on April 30th. 
 
 Undergraduates pay $37.00 per sesssion, including library, gym- 
 nasium and matriculation fees; $5.00 of this $37.00 must be paid 
 before the September entrance examinations. Partial students 
 pay $8.00 per session for one course of lectures, including the use 
 of the library, and $4.00 per session for each additional course. 
 They are also required to pay $2.00 a year for athletics and the 
 care of the college grounds. 
 
 Information in regard to scholarships offered by the College will 
 be found on page 23 in the Calendar of the University. Women 
 have the same privileges as men with reference to scholarships, 
 honors, prizes and medals. 
 
 For further infoi-mation apply to James W. Brakenridge, 
 acting secretary, McGill College, Montreal. 
 
 Professors and Lectui-ers. 
 
 ARTS. Biology : Professors Mills, Penliallow ; 
 
 Languages. — Oriental : Professor Drs. J. D. Cameron, Elder, Hender- 
 
 Coussirat. son, J. G. McCarthy, Morrow, Scane ; 
 
 Classical : Professors Eaton, Peter- Miss Derick. 
 
 son ; Dr. Day. Engineering : Professors Bamford, 
 
 English : Professor Moyse ; Mr. P. Bovey, Carus-Wilson, McLeod, Nich- 
 
 T. Lafleur. olson ; Messrs. Herndt-Carlyle, Lea, 
 
 Germanic : Mr. Gregor. C. B. Smith. 
 
 French : Messrs. Ingres, Morin. law. 
 
 Philosophy : Professor Murray ; Mr. Professors Abbott, Davidson, Doherty, 
 
 P. T. Lafleur. Fortin, Geoffrion, E. Lafleur, Marler, 
 
 History : Professor Colby. McGoun, Trenholme, Wurtele ; Mr. 
 
 Elocution : Mr. Stephens. Ryan. 
 
 SCIENCE. MEDICINE. 
 
 Mathematics : Professors Chandler, Professors Adami, Alloway, Arm- 
 Johnson ; Messrs. Lea, C. B. Smith, strong, Baker, Bell, Birkett, Blackader, 
 Tory. BuUer, J. C. Cameron, Craik, Finley, 
 
 Physics : Professors Callendar, Cox ; Gardner, H. A. Lafleur, C. McEachran, 
 
 Messrs. Pitcher, Tory. D. McEachran, Roddick, Shepherd, Stew- 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Girdwood, Har- art, Wilkins; Drs. Burgess, K. Cameron, 
 
 rington, Ruttan ; Messrs. Evans, Wolf. G. G. Campbell, Decks, Evans, Gardner, 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Harrington. Gunn, Hamilton, Johnson, Kirkpatrick, 
 
 Geology : Professor Adams. Martin, McKenzie, Shawr, Williams. 
 
CANADA. 19 
 
 TORONTO, Canada. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. 
 
 The University of Toronto, founded in 1827, has connected with 
 it University College and Victoria University. 
 
 Instruction is given in different subjects of the Arts course by 
 the Arts Faculties of the University of Toronto, Victoria Univer- 
 sity and University College ; Latin, Greek, Ancient History, Eng- 
 lish, French, German, Oriental Literature and Ethics are taught 
 by the latter two Faculties and the remaining subjects by the Uni- 
 versity of Toronto. Knox College, Wycliffe College and St. 
 Michael's College give instruction in Theology and allied subjects. 
 
 All courses, examinations and degrees are open to women on 
 exactly the same conditions as to men. 
 
 No conditions ai-e imposed in regard to residence ; women stu- 
 dents are under the supervision of a lady superintendent whose 
 directions as to conduct are to be obsei-ved. 
 
 There are two terms in the year: the Michaelmas term, begin- 
 ning October ist and ending December 30th; the Easter term, 
 beginning January 3d and ending April 13th. 
 
 The fee for each course of not more than fifteen hours of lectures 
 is $2. The fees for matriculation are $7 and $10. 
 
 There are numerous scholarships and fellowships of the value of 
 $375 to $500? full particulars concerning which can be obtained 
 from the calendar, or from the registrar. 
 
 VICTORIA UNIVERSITY. 
 
 This university, founded in 1830, has the affiliated Colleges, 
 Albert College, Belleville; the Wesleyan Ladies' College, Hamil- 
 ton ; the Ontario Ladies' College, Whitby ; Alma College, St. Thom- 
 as; and Columbian Methodist College, New Westminster, B. C. 
 
 The Faculty of Arts in Victoria University provides instruction 
 in all subjects assigned to it by the Federation Act of University 
 College (see above.) In other subjects the students of Victoria 
 University attend the lectures and use the laboratories of the Uni- 
 versity of Toronto. 
 
TORONTO. 
 
 The terms are the same as for Toronto University, but there are 
 additional college fees of from $25 to $30 a year. 
 
 Professors and Ijecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Oriental : Professors 
 McCurdy, McLaughlin, Dr. Mc- 
 Gee. 
 Classical: Professors Bell, Hutton; 
 Alessrs. Carruthers, Langford, Mil- 
 ner, J. C. Robertson. 
 English: Professors K\^yiz.xi^tx, Hom- 
 ing, Reynar; Mr. Keys. 
 German: Professors Homing, Van der 
 Smissen ; Drs. Fick, Needier ; Mr. 
 Langley. 
 Romance : Professors W. H. Fraser, 
 Patch, Squair; Messrs. Cameron, Cu- 
 sin, F. J. A. Davidson, Lingelbach. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Hutton. 
 Philosophy: Professoi's'Ba.A^Qy, Hume; 
 
 P)rs. Kirschmann, F. Tracy. 
 Political Science : Professors Bur- 
 wash, Mavor, Hon. David Mills, 
 Hon. Mr. Justice Proudfoot ; Mr. 
 C. A. Stuart. 
 History: Professors Bain, Wrong. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics : Professor A. Baker ; 
 
 Messrs. de Lury, Odell. 
 Physics : Professor James Loudon ; 
 
 Messrs. Chant, Hall, W. J. Loudon, 
 
 McLennan. 
 
 Chemistry: Professor Pike; Drs. Ellis, 
 W. L. Miller; Mr. F. B. Allan; 
 Miss J. Balmer. 
 
 Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 
 E. J. Chapman ; Mi-. W. A. Park. 
 
 Biology : Professors A. B. Macallum, 
 R. Ramsay Wright ; Messrs. Bens- 
 ley, E. C. Jeffrey, McCrae. 
 
 Hygiene: Dr. Oldham. 
 
 Professors the Hon. David Mills, Hon. 
 Justice Proudfoot. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors W. T. Aikins, Cameron, J. 
 Caven, Daniel Clark, Graham, A. B. 
 Macallum, J. M. MacCallum, McFarlane, 
 Ogden, Reeve, Richardson, A. H. 
 Wright ; Dj-s. Bumham, McDonagh, 
 McKenzie, Spencer, Thistle, Winnett ; 
 Messrs. H. W. Aikins, F. B. Allan, 
 Amyot, Bensley, Bumham, Cane, W. 
 P. Caven, Clingan, Ellis, Gordon, Heeb- 
 ner, Hon. David Mills, McDonagh, 
 McPhedran, Peters, Primrose, Spencer, 
 Starr. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Badgley, J. Burwash, N. 
 Burwash, McLaughlin, Reynar, Wallace. 
 
 TRINITY UNIVERSITY. 
 
 This vmiversity, founded by a Royal Charter in 1852, gives in- 
 struction and confers degrees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and 
 Theology (Church of England). 
 
 All candidates for a degree must pass the matriculation examina- 
 tion. 
 
 Women are admitted to the Arts course on the same conditions 
 as men ; women studying medicine attend the Woman's Medical 
 College. 
 
 The year is divided into two terms, the Lent term beginning on 
 January loth and ending on March 21st ; the Easter term beginning 
 
CANADA. 21 
 
 on April 13th and ending on June 37th. The tuition fee for each 
 term is $21.66, and is paid to the Bursar. 
 
 Residence in the college buildings is not compulsory, but strongly 
 recommended. The hall of residence for women is St. Hilda's 
 College. The fees for board are $63.33 P^^ term, with an entrance 
 fee of $13. Occasional students are admitted at the discretion of 
 the Lady Principal to take partial courses in one or more subjects. 
 
 For further information apply to Miss Patteson, 337 Shaw 
 Street, Toronto. 
 
 Professors and Ijecturers. 
 
 ARTS. SCIENCE. 
 
 LANGUAGES. — CLASSICAL: Professor MATHEMATICS : Professor M. A. Mac- 
 
 Huntingford; Mr. W. H. White. ^ ^^°^^^V ^ tt ^ . 
 
 Modern: Mr. A. H. Young. Physics: Mr. T H. Smyth. 
 
 Philology: Mr. A. H. Young. Biology: Mr. Montgomery. 
 Philosophy: Professor W. Clark. theology. 
 
 History: Professor Rigby. Professors Cayley, Welch; Mr. Bed- 
 
 ElocutioN: Mr. H. N. Shaw. ford-Jones. 
 
 WOMAN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE. 
 
 This college, founded in 1SS3, was afnliated with the University 
 of Toronto in 1890. 
 
 It gives instruction in all the subjects required by the College of 
 Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario for admission to a license to 
 practice, and also in all the svibjects required for examination by 
 the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Toronto. 
 
 The recently erected building is situated in Sumach Street, 
 Toronto. 
 
 St. Hilda's College is a hall of residence for women students. 
 See above. 
 
 For full particulars see the annual announcement of the college, 
 to be obtained from the dean. Dr. R. B. Nevitt. 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 MEDICINE. Chambers, Eadie, Gordon, J. Gray, Mac- 
 
 Professors Duncan, Gullen, J. Mac- Donald, McKenzie, Powell, Sweetnam, 
 
 Galium, Machell, McMahon, Nevitt, Thistle, Tyrell; Misses Ctarzon, L. A. 
 
 Pyne, J. F. W. Ross, G. B. Smith, Davis; Messrs. Cane, Cleland, Dwyer, 
 
 Wishart; Lechirers, Drs. Atherton, Boyle, Shuttleworth. 
 
22 COPENHAGEN. 
 
 DENMARK. 
 COPENHAGEN, Denmark. 
 
 KJOBENHAVNS UNIVERSITET. 
 
 There is one university in Denmark, that of Copenhagen, Kjo- 
 benhavns Universitet, founded in 1478. It comprises the five Facul- 
 ties of Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology ; the Faculty 
 of Theology confers the degrees of Doctor and Licentiate, the 
 other Faculties that of Doctor only. 
 
 Women have been admitted on the same conditions as men since 
 1875, and may take examinations and degrees in all the Faculties 
 except that of Theology, in w^hich there is a special examination 
 for vv^omen. 
 
 The conditions for entrance are that the candidate must have 
 passed the matriculation examination of a lyceum, or of a private 
 school having the same privileges ; certain other examinations qual- 
 ify for entrance provided that a supplementary examination be 
 taken. Before taking the special examinations of any Faculty the 
 student must have attended a preparatory course in philosophy 
 for tv^o semesters. 
 
 There are two semesters, the first beginning February ist and 
 ending June 9th; the second beginning September ist and ending 
 December 22nd. 
 
 There are no fees for lectures ; the matriculation fee is 22 Kr. 
 ($5.94) ; the fee for the Doctor's degree is 160 Kr. (43.20.) Schol- 
 arships founded before 1875 are not open to women. 
 
 Further information may be found in the Apergti, sur V Orgaizi- 
 sation de V Universite de Copenhague^ or obtained on applica- 
 tion to the rector. 
 
 Professors and Ijecturers. 
 
 ARTS. Classical: Professors Gertz, Ussing; 
 
 Languages. — Semitic: Professor van Docents Drachmann, Siesbye. 
 
 Mehren. English: Professor '^ts^trstxi; Decent 
 
 Indo-Iranian: Professor Fausboll. Hansen. 
 
DENMARK. 
 
 23 
 
 Germanic (Norse, Slavonic): Profes- 
 sors Gudmundsson, Moller, Vemer, 
 Wimmer; Docents Jonsson, Saaby. 
 
 Romance : Professor Nyrop. 
 Comparative Philology: Professor 
 
 Thomsen. 
 Philosophy and Psychology: Pro- 
 fessors Hoffding, Kroman ; Docents 
 
 Lehmann, Wilkens. 
 History: Professors Erslev, Holm, 
 
 Steenstrup; Docent Gudmundsson. 
 Art and Archeology: Professors 
 
 Lange, Paludan, Schmidt, J. L. Ussing. 
 History of Literature: Dr. Vedl. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- 
 fessors Petersen, Thiele, Zeuthen. 
 
 Physics: Professor Christiansen. 
 
 Chemistry: Professor Jorgensen, Thom- 
 sen; Docent E. Petersen. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor N. V. Ussing. 
 
 Biology: Professor Lutken; Docents 
 Bergh, Levinson, Meinert. 
 
 Botany: Professors Pedersen, Warm- 
 ing; Docent Rosenvinge. 
 Geography: Professor Loffler. 
 
 LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 
 
 Professors Bentzon, Deuntzer, Hansen, 
 Lassen, Matzen, Scharling, Torp, West- 
 ergaard; Docent Wilkens. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Bohr, Chievitz, Gaedeken, 
 Gram, Grut, Haslund, Hirschsprung, 
 Lange, J. J. Petersen, Plum, Pontop- 
 pidan, Reisz, Salomonsen, Saxtorph, 
 Sorensen, Stadfeldt, Studsgaard, With; 
 Docents Bloch, Briinniche, Holm, 
 Mygge, Nielsen, Tscherning, Wanscher. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Jacobsen, Madsen, Nielsen, 
 Petersen, Scharling; Instructors Paulli, 
 Schepelern. 
 
 MUSIC. 
 
 Instructor Sanne. 
 
24 FRANCE. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 ■ Higher education in France is almost entirely under the 
 control of the State. All that remains of the old universities 
 is certain distinct Faculties, the Faculties of Arts (^Lettres)^ 
 Science, Law, Medicine and Protestant Theology, which are 
 both teaching and examining bodies. 
 
 There are Faculties of Arts and Science at Aix, Besangon, Bordeaux, Caen, Clermont, Dijon, 
 Grenoble, Lille, Lyons, Montpellier, Nancy, Paris, Poitiers, Rennes and Toulouse; Faculties of Law 
 at Aix, Bordeaux, Caen, Dijon, Grenoble, Lille, Lyons, Montpellier, Nancy, Paris, Poitiers, Rennes 
 and Toulouse ; Faculties of Medicine at Bordeaux, Lille, Lyons, Montpellier, Nancy, Paris and 
 Toulouse ; and Faculties of Theology (Protestant) at Montauban, Paris and Toulouse. 
 
 In addition to these there are also certain ecoles su^eri- 
 eures, corresponding in some respects to American or English 
 colleges the most important of which are mentioned below 
 (pp. 31-36). These are all controlled by the Mimstre de 
 r Instruction -puhli que. Tho. facultes libi'es at Angers, Lille, 
 Lyons, Marseilles, Paris and Toulouse and the ecoles libres at 
 Nantes and Paris are more independent institutions. 
 
 Each state Faculty confers, in its own subject, the degrees 
 of bachelter, licencie and docteur. The facultes libres and 
 ecoles libres give instruction but have no power to confer de- 
 grees. 
 
 All the courses in all these Faculties and schools, with the 
 exception of the cours yermes, the conferences and the prac- 
 tical work are public, and open free of charge to persons of 
 either sex as hearers [auditeurs') . 
 
 Permission to attend the cours yermes, the conferences and 
 the practical work as a hearer is given to any applicant who 
 registers his or her name, address and age on a special list 
 at the office of the particular Faculty or school, though any 
 professor may refuse to admit a hearer to his class. Foreign- 
 ers when making application should show their diplomas. 
 
FRANCE. 25 
 
 Women may become registered students {tnscrites), i. e.^ 
 candidates for degrees, on the same conditions as men, that 
 is, they must be bacheliers^ de V enseignement secondaire, 
 either classique or moderne, depending on the Faculty in 
 which they wish to graduate ; in the Faculties of Arts, 
 Science (see p. 26), and Medicine the bachelor's degree of 
 a foreign university in general qualifies for registration. 
 The Faculty in which the student wishes to register enquires 
 into the degree held by the student, and if the degree is ac- 
 cepted as equivalent, the student is allowed to register on pay- 
 ment of a sum equal to the amount that would have been paid 
 in fees, if the student had obtained the degree from the French 
 Faculty. The application for a dispensation from the French 
 baccalaureat must be addressed to the Mmistre de VlnsU'iic- 
 tion fuhlique and accompanied by the original diplomas and 
 certificate of birth of the applicant, together with their trans- 
 lations into French made by an official translator. The dis- 
 pensation, if obtained, costs 120 frs. ($24). All registered 
 students must pay a fee of 30 frs. ($6) quarterly ; if at Paris, 
 to the receveur des droits tmiversitaires^ quai des Grands- 
 Augustins, 25 ; if in the provinces, to a receiver appointed 
 by the Faculty. They must at the same time present to this 
 official a bulletin de versemcnt obtained from the secretary of 
 the Faculty or School they attend. 
 
 Attestations d^ etudes su^erietires or certijicats d'' etudes are 
 given by certain of the Faculties of Arts and Science to hear- 
 
 * The baccalazireat de F enseignement classique is a preliminary diploma given on the result 
 of an examination, partly oral and partly written, in Latin, Greek, French, either English or Ger- 
 man, history, physics, chemistry and biology, geography and elementary mathematics, and a 
 further examination in either philosophy or elementary mathematics. The baccalaureat de Cen- 
 seignement inoderne is given on a similar examination in which modern languages are substituted 
 for Greek and Latin. The examinations are preliminary to the work in the Faculty and are held by 
 the professors of the Faculties of Arts and Science for candidates leaving the secondary schools. 
 These two diplomas have been recently established and take the place of the baccalaureat es 
 lettres and the baccalaureat is sciences. 
 
26 FRANCE. 
 
 ers who have attended the courses regularly. In the pro- 
 vinces no requirement is made as to age, sex, nationality, 
 etc., but in Paris the hearer, in order to be eligible for this 
 certificate, must hold the degree of bachelier es lettres or an 
 equivalent degree. 
 
 The di^Iome d^ etudes su^erieures d''histoire et de geografhie 
 of the Faculty of Arts of the Normal School is open without 
 any restrictions as to age, sex, degree, or nationality. The 
 regulations for degrees differ greatly in the different Facul- 
 ties. In Arts and Science the licence is given one year after 
 the baccalaureat and the doctorat as soon after the licence as 
 the candidate has written and is prepared to sustain two 
 theses. 
 
 The examinations in the Faculty of Science have recently 
 been reorganised in such a way as to give greater facilities 
 to foreign students. In addition to being free to offer an 
 equivalent for the French baccalaureat degree, the student 
 is now allowed to select the subjects in which he desires to 
 be examined. He may take his examinations either simul- 
 taneously or in succession, and obtain for each a certijicat d^ 
 etude. Three such certificates may be exchanged for the 
 di^ldnie de licencie. This gives the student liberty to travel 
 from one university to another and present himself for exami- 
 nation when he wishes. 
 
 In this connection it may be well to draw the attention of 
 students to the advantages of less crowded classes and more 
 individual attention from the professors, offered by the Facul- 
 ties of the provinces compared with those of Paris. 
 
 Though not quite all the medical courses are open to women 
 it is not difiicult for women doctors of medicine to obtain ad- 
 mittance to the different hospitals, of which there are 24 in 
 Paris alone with accommodation for upwards of 17,000 
 patients. 
 
FRANCE. 27 
 
 University libraries are open to students on presentation of 
 their student's card and to all persons authorised by the rec- 
 tor. The reading room of the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, 
 is open to all persons over 16 years of age. To obtain ad- 
 mission to the salle de travail for the study of manuscripts, a 
 special card of admittance from the administrator general is 
 required. Foreigners applying for this card should present a 
 recommendation from their ambassador. 
 
 All courses open in the beginning of November and con- 
 tinue nominally for eight or nine months, in general actually 
 for only six or seven. 
 
 Hearers pay no fees, registered students pay 30 frs. ($6) 
 quarterly. The library fee is 10 frs. ($2) yearly. 
 
 Scholarships {bourses) are as a rule not open to foreign- 
 ers. The Comite de Patronage des Etudiants Strangers de 
 Paris has, however, some scholarships of 200 frs. ($40), and 
 350 frs. ($70), to offer to specially recommended students, 
 the whole sum to be devoted to the payment of fees. 
 
 Note. — English-speaking women who wish to reduce their expenses while studying in France 
 may apply to be admitted as assistant teachers of foreign languages in one of the numerous training 
 colleges for primary teachers. These teachers are required to give to the students (girls of from 
 fifteen to twenty years of age), and to any of the teachers who may desire it, practical instruction 
 in English and practice in English conversation for an hour and a half or two hours dally. For the 
 rest of the time they are free to study privately, to attend lectures or employ themselves as they 
 think fit. They pay into the college funds the sum of 400 frcs. (§80) and for this have a room, 
 light, firing and board in the College for the college year, October ist to July 31st, holidays 
 included. Candidates for these posts should fill out a form of application, to be obtained from 
 M. le Ministre de F Instruction publique. Direction de I' Enseigneinent primaire, 6e bureau, 
 Paris, and return it to him filled up, together with copies of certificates, etc. It is advisable to have 
 these testified to by one of the American members of the Comite Franco-Americain. The follow- 
 ing is a list of these members : 
 
 President J. B. Angell, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 
 
 President Timothy Dwight, Yale University, New Haven. 
 
 President Charles W. Eliot, Harvard University, Cambridge. 
 
 President D. C. Oilman, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. 
 
 Mr. G. Brown Goode, Assistant Secretary U. S. National Museum, Washington (Secretary). 
 
 Professor E. R. L. Gould, Secretary International Statistical Institute, Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 President G. Stanley Hall, Clark University, Worcester. 
 
 Mr. W. T. Harris, U. S. Commissioner of Education, Washington. 
 
 Mr. S. P. Langley, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 
 
 President Setk Low, Columbia College, New York. 
 
28 PARIS. 
 
 Professor Simon Newcomb, U. S. N., Superintendent Nautical Almanac, Washington (Presi- 
 dent). 
 
 President J. C. Schurman, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. 
 
 Hon. Andrew D. White, former U. S. Minister to Germany, Ithaca, N. Y. 
 
 President B. L. Whitman, Columbian University, Washington. 
 
 Mr. Carroll D. Wright, Commissioner of Labor, Washington. 
 
 Students from American universities or colleges going to study in France are allowed a reduc- 
 ion of 30 per cent on the rates of the steamers of the Compagnie generale Transatlantique. To 
 obtain this they should apply to M. Paul Melon, Secretary of the Comite de Patronage des Etud- 
 iants Etrangers, at the Sorbonne. 
 
 Further information is to be found in the Annuaire de la 
 Jeunesse by H. Vuibert, (Nony et Cie, 17, rue des ecoles, 
 Paris), price 4 frs. ($.80) ; in the Aniiuaire de V Instruc- 
 tion Piibliqiie (Delalain freres, 56, rue des ecoles, Paris), 
 price 5 frs. ($1), and in Le Liv7'et de VEtudiant de Paris, 
 (pubHshed by Delalain freres), price 11 frs. ($2.20). 
 
 An amount of interesting and valuable information is given 
 in U Enseignement su-perieur et V Enseignement technique en 
 France, by M. Paul Melon (Paris, Libraire Classique Ar- 
 mand Colin et Cie, 1893). 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to The Comite de Patronage 
 des Etudiants Etrangers, Bureaux a la Sorbonne, 15 rue de 
 ■Sorbonne, Paris. This association, which has branches at 
 Aix, Bordeaux, Lyons, Montpellier, Nancy and Toulouse, 
 in addition to giving advice and help to individual students, de- 
 votes itself to furthering the interests of foreign students as a 
 body. In Paris, Aix and one or two other places it has been 
 instrumental in establishing courses in the French language 
 especially for foreigners. Some of these are summer courses. 
 
 PARIS, France. 
 
 FACULTES DE PARIS. 
 
 The old University of Paris, founded in the Middle Ages, sur- 
 vives in the form of the separate Faculties of Arts, Science, Law, 
 Medicine and Protestant Theology. All particulars in regard to 
 these have been given above (pp. 24 et seq.) 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 29 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES. 
 
 The Sorbonne, Paris. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 The * indicates that the course given by the professor is a conference or cours ferme. The 
 list is taken from the Annuaire de I' Instruction p2iblzgue for 1896. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professors 
 Aug. Cartault, Croiset, Decharme, 
 J. Martha; MM. Em. Chatelain, 
 *Hauvette, *Lafaye, *Puech. 
 
 English : 3IM. *Baret, Al. Beljame. 
 
 Germanic : M. *Lange. 
 
 Romance : Professors Crousle, Geb- 
 hart, Lenient, Mezieres, Petit de 
 Julleville; MM. *Dejob, Faguet, 
 *Gazier, Larroumet, Lichtenberger, 
 Thomas. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Henry ; MM. *Brunot, Havet. 
 
 Philosophy : Professors Boutroux, Bro- 
 chard, P. Janet; MM. Egger, *Seailles- 
 Ransan. 
 
 Sociology : Professor Espinas. 
 
 History : Professors Aulard, Bouchc- 
 Leclercq, Lavisse, Luchaire, Ram- 
 baud ; MM. Denis, Grebaut, Guiraud, 
 Langlois, B. *ZelIer, 
 
 Art and Arch.^ology : Professor Per- 
 rot ; MM. CoUignon, Lemonnier. 
 
 Geography : Professors Dubois, Himly, 
 Marcel ; M. *Gallois. 
 
 Pedagogy : Professor H. Marion ; M. 
 *Seignobos. 
 
 FACULTE DES SCIENCES. 
 
 The Sorbonne, Paris. 
 
 Professors and Lectnrers. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- 
 fessors Darboux, Hermite, Picard, 
 H. Poincare, Tisserand, Wolf; MAI. 
 *Andoyer, *Koenigs, *Painleve, *Pui- 
 seux, *Raffy. 
 
 Physics : Professoj-s Appell, Boussi- 
 nesq, Bouty, Lippmann; MM. *Alph. 
 Combes, *Paul Janet, *Jannettaz,*Joly, 
 *Leduc, *Pellat, L. *Poincare, *Ri- 
 ban, Robin. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Ditte, Friedel, 
 Troost ; MM. *Joannis, *Pechard, 
 Riban. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Hautefeuille. 
 
 Geology and Geography : Professor 
 Munier-Chalmas ; M. Velain. 
 
 Biology : Professors Bonnier, Dastre, 
 Delage, Duclaux, Giard, de Lacaze- 
 Duthiers ; MM. *Chatin, *Daguillon, 
 *Matruchot, *Perrier, *Velain. 
 
 FACULTE DE DROIT. 
 
 Place du Pantheon, Paris. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Professors Alglave, Beauregard, Bois- 
 tel, Bufnoir, Cauwes, Chavegrin, Col- 
 met de Santerre, Cuq, Ducrocq, Es- 
 mein, Estoublon, Faure, Garsonnet, Ge- 
 rardin, Girard, Glasson, Jobbe-Duval, 
 
 Laine, Lamaude, Lefebvre, Le Poittevin, 
 Leveille, Lyon-Caen, Massigli, H. Mi- 
 chel, Leon Michel, Planiol, Renault, 
 Thaller ; MM. Chenon, Jay, Leseur, 
 Saleilles, Weiss. 
 
30 PARIS. 
 
 FACULTE DE MEDECINE. 
 
 r 
 
 Place de I'Ecole-de-Medecine, Paris. 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Berger, Bouchard, Brouar- cher, Geslaud, Gilbert, Gilles de la Tou- 
 
 del, Comil, Debove, Dieulafoy, Duplay, rette, Girode, Glantenay, Gley, Guille- 
 
 Mathias Duval, Farabeuf, Alf. Fournier, main,Hanriot, Hartmann, Hebert, Heim, 
 
 Gariel, Armand Gautier, Grancher, Guy- Laborde, Lapointe, Launois, Leclerc, 
 
 on, Hayem, Jaccoud, Joffroy,Laboulbene, Legry,Leh, Lejars, Letulle, Malbec, Mar- 
 
 Landouzy, Lannelongue, Le Dentu, fan, Marie, Marion, Martin-Diirr, Mau- 
 
 Pajot, Panas, Pinard, Potain, Poucbet, claire,Maugery, Mayet, Maygrier, Mene- 
 
 Proust, Raymond, Richet, Sappey, See, trier, Mergier, Morau, Morestin, Morin, 
 
 Straus, Tarnier, Terrier, Tillaux ; MM. Mulon, Nelaton, Netter, Pasteau, Petit, 
 
 Albarran, Andre, Archard, Auvray, Bar, Picou, Poirier, Potier, Rabaut, Remy, 
 
 Baraduc, Baudet, Benoit, Bernard, Bois, Retterer, Reynaud, Ricard, Riche, Rob- 
 
 Bonnaire, Bougie, Bourges,Broca,Brault, ineau, Roger, Rondeau, Sandoz, Sava- 
 
 Chantemesse, Charrin, Chassevant, Chat- riaud, Sebileau, Souligoux, Therese, 
 
 tellier, Courtillier, Critzman, Deharbe, Thiery, Thoinot, Tuftier, Vamier, Vin- 
 
 Delahousse, Delbet, Paul Delbet, Des- cent, Walther, Weil, Weiss, Widal, 
 
 champs, Desgrez, Duclos, Fredet, Gau- Wintrebert, Wurtz. 
 
 FACULTE DE THEOLOGIE PROTESTANTS. 
 Boulevard Arago, 83, Paris. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors AUier, Bonet-Maury, Ehr- Reville, Sabatier, Stapfer, Stroehlin, 
 hardt, Lods, Massebieau, Menegoz, *J. Vaucher ; M. *Berger. 
 
 FACULTES LIBRES DE PARIS. 
 Rue de Vaugirard, 74, Paris. 
 
 These are Catholic institutions giving instruction similar to that 
 given by the state Faculties, but without the power to confer de- 
 grees. Students who obtain their instruction from the Factiltes 
 libres are examined by and obtain degrees from the state Faculties. 
 The general regulations, fees, etc., are the same as for the state 
 Faculties. (See pp. 24 et seg.) 
 
 The secretary is M. Joseph Chobert, Rue de Vaugirard, 74, 
 Paris. 
 
FRANCE. 31 
 
 Professors and liecturers. 
 
 THEOLOGY. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE, 
 
 Semitic Languages : Frofessoj- Graffin. Professors G. Alix, Cauvi^re, Ch. Cho- 
 
 Philosophy : Professor Bulliot. bert, Clotet, Corret, Guyot, Jamet, La- 
 
 Theology : Professors Auriault, de la cointa, de Lamarzelle, Larcher, Laurent, 
 
 Barre, Baudrillart, Beurlier, Boudin- Lescoeur, Merveilleux du Vignaux, Tau- 
 
 lion, Clerval, Fillion, Gasparri, Lar- diere, Terrat ; M. Bureau. 
 
 gent, Pisani, Vigouroux. 
 
 ECOLE LIBRE DE HAUTES ETUDES SCIENTIFIQUES ET 
 
 LITTERAIRES. 
 
 Professors and lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. SCIENCE. 
 
 Languages. — Chinese : Professor Paul Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 Antonini. fessors D^ 'Escla.ihes, Nau ; MM. Chai- 
 
 Semitic : Professor le baron Carra de Ian, Fouet. 
 
 Vaux. Physics : Professor Branly. 
 
 Classical : Professors Bertrin, Beur- ^,,^,„„^„„ d ^ xr *. 
 
 , . T, ^ -n X T ^1, i 1 Chemistry : Professor Hamonet. 
 
 her, Boxler, Bousquet, Le Cnatel- -' 
 
 lier, Lejay, Lelong, Ragon. Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 
 
 Romance : Professors Jacquet, Klein, ^^ Lapparent. 
 
 Margival, Rousselot. Geography : Professors de Lapparent, 
 
 Philosophy : Professors Bulliot, Piat. Pisani. 
 History : Professors Baudrillart, Digard. 
 
 COLLEGE DE FRANCE. 
 Place des Ecoles, Paris. 
 
 This college, open to women since its foundation in 1518—45, 
 gives instruction in Arts, Science, and Medicine, but confers no 
 degrees. Students desiring certificates of attendance should register 
 their courses. 
 
 The first semester begins on the first Monday in December, the 
 second semester begins in the week after Easter and ends between 
 the 20th and 30th of July. 
 
 All the courses are free. 
 
 The secretary is M. Abel Lefranc. 
 
 Professors and liectiu-ers. 
 
 ■^RTS. Classical : Professors Boissier, Croi- 
 
 Languages — Chinese and Tartar : set, Havef. 
 
 Professor Chavannes. Germanic : Professor Chuquet. 
 
 Semitic : Professors Barbier de Mey- Romance : Professo7's d' Arbois de Ju- 
 
 nard, Berger, Duval. bainville, Deschanel, Meyer, Paris ; 
 
 Indo-Iranian: Professor Levi. M. Morel-Fatio. 
 
32 PARIS. 
 
 Slavonic : Professor Leger. science. 
 
 Comparative Philology: Professor Mathematics and Astronomy: Pr^- 
 
 ■gj.^^1 jessors Jordan, Levy ; M. Koenigs. 
 
 -- ■ „ . ^ , . -. Physics : Professoi-s Angot, Bertxand, 
 
 Philosophy : Professors Leveque, Nou- ^ascart ; M. Deprez. 
 
 nsson, Ribot, Tannery, Thamin ; M. Chemistry : Professors Andre, Berthe- 
 
 J^^^*-* lot, Schiitzenberger. 
 
 History of Religions : Professor Re- Geology and Geography : Professors 
 
 ville. Fouque, Longnon. 
 
 Political Science : Professors Flach, Biology : Pi'ofessors Balbiani, Henne- 
 
 Leroy-Beaulieu, Levasseur, Longnon. guy, Marey ; M. Franck. 
 
 Art and Archeology : Professors General History of the Sciences : 
 
 Cagnat, Clermont-Ganneau, Foucart, Professor Lafitte. 
 
 Guillaume, Maspero, Oppert ; M. La- medicine. 
 
 fenestre. Professors d'Arsonval, Ranvier. 
 
 ECOLE DU LOUVRE. 
 
 The Louvre, Cour Lefuel (ancienne Cour Coulaincourt), Paris. 
 
 The object of this school is to give instruction in regard to the 
 collections in the Louvre and to educate librarians and custodians 
 in the history of art and archaeology. The instruction is given in 
 the form of conferences. 
 
 Regular students and hearers are admitted on application to l^e 
 secretary of the school {^pavilion de V Horloge.! au Louvre)^ from 
 whom cards of admission can be obtained. 
 
 The full course lasts three years, the lectures in each year begin- 
 ning in the first week of December and ending about the 15th of 
 June. 
 
 All the lectures are free. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Archeology: Professors Bertrand, Heu- History of Art : Professors Courajod, 
 zey, Pierret ; M. Pettier. Lafenestre, Molinier. 
 
 Inscriptions: MAI. Ledrain, Revillout. 
 
 ECOLE LIBRE DES SCIENCES POLITIQUES. 
 
 Rue Saint Guillaume 27, Paris. 
 
 This school is established for the training of diplomatists, con- 
 suls, ambassadors, etc., in Administration, Finance and kindred 
 subjects. 
 
FRANCE. 33 
 
 Students and hearers are admitted without a degree and without 
 undergoing any examination. The school is intended for men 
 only, and it is probable that women would not be admitted unless 
 under very exceptional circumstances. 
 
 The academic year begins in the second week of November and 
 ends on June 8th. 
 
 The general secretary is M. Ch. Dupuis, rue Saint Guillaume, 
 27, Paris. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Administration : Professors Alix, le History of Diplomacy and of Pub- 
 
 Vavasseur de Precourt, Romieu. Lie Opinion : Professors Funck-Bren- 
 
 Finance : Professors Arnaune, Bou- tano, Levy-Briihl, Koechlin, Rambaud, 
 
 langer, de Colonjon, Courtin, Levy, Renault, Christian Schefer, Sorel, Van- 
 
 Plaffain, Rene Stourm. dal. 
 
 Commercial and Statistic Geogra- Konstitutional Law : Professors Be- 
 
 PHY : Professors de Foville, Levasseur. noist, Andre Lebon. 
 
 Political and Social Economy : Pro- Modern Europe : Professor Leroy- 
 
 fessors Cheysson, Dunoyer. Beaulieu. 
 
 Legislation : Professors Lyon-Caen, Colonial Questions : Professors Cor- 
 
 Dietz, Flach, Paulet, Romieu. dier, Houdas, Pelet, Silvestre, Wil- 
 
 Geography and Ethnography : Pro- helm. 
 
 fessor Gaidoz. Modern Languages : Professors Cart, 
 
 Geography and Military Organi- Houdas, Leger, Morel. 
 
 SATION : M. le Commandant Leblond. 
 
 ECOLE NATIONALE DES CHARTES. 
 Palais des Archives, rue des Francs-Bourgeois, Paris. 
 
 This is a school of Archieology. French students are admitted 
 on the results of a competitive examination; foreigners are ad- 
 mitted on presenting a diploma equivalent to that of the bachelier 
 es lettres. The number of students is limited to 20. 
 
 Students who have taken the three years' course and passed each 
 of the two examinations in each year, and presented a satisfactory 
 thesis, obtain a diploma {diplome cfarchivistefialeograpJie.^ The 
 school is open to women on the same terms as to men. 
 
 The academic year begins at the end of November and lasts till 
 the first of August. 
 
 All the courses are public and free. 
 
 For information apply to the secretary, Ecole des Chartes, Palais 
 des Archives, rue des Francs-Bourgeois, 58, Paris. 
 
34 PARIS. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers.^ 
 
 Philology : Professor Paul Meyer. History : Professors Molinier, Viollet. 
 
 Bibliography : M. Mortet. Archeology : Professor de Lasteyrie. 
 
 Diplomacy : Professor Giry. Paleography : Professor Gautier. 
 
 Political Institutions: A-o/^j-^or Roy. Archives: M. Desjardins. 
 
 ECOLE PRATIQUE DES HAUTES ETUDES. 
 
 The object of this institution, which was founded in 1868, is to 
 provide opportunities for practical work in connection with the 
 lectures given at the College de France, the Sorbonne, the Museum 
 d'histoire naturelle, the Faculty of Medicine, etc. The courses of 
 the school are held at these various institutions, and the laboratories 
 for the purposes of instruction and research are situated in various 
 parts of Paris and at different places on the coast (Villefranche, 
 Wimereux, Marseilles, Celte.) 
 
 The courses are open free without any restrictions as to age, de- 
 gree or nationality ; but a year's probation is necessary before the 
 title of eleve titulaire is conferred. Certain professors reserve the 
 right of refusing to admit women to their classes, but with the ex- 
 ception of a few hospital courses, practically all are open to women. 
 
 There are five independently organised sections, the second and 
 third of which (those of Physics, Chemistry and Natural Sci- 
 ence) , consist entirely of laboratory courses. 
 
 It is intended that students should attend the courses for three 
 years. The academic year begins on the ist of November and 
 ends on the 30th of June. 
 
 Enquiries should be addressed to the Secretariat de la Faciilte 
 des Sciences^ a la Sorbonne. 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 FIRST section: MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES. CHEMISTRY: Professors Berthelot, Du- 
 
 Professors Hermite, *Koenigs, *Pui- claux, Friedel, Joly, Moissan, Schiitz- 
 
 seux, *Raffy, Tisserand. enberger, Troost ; MM. Brizard, Bu- 
 
 SECOND SECTION : PHYSICO-CHEMICAL rais, _ Chamberland, Didier, Griner, 
 
 SCIENCES. Martin, Mesnil, Monthreuil-Jacquart, 
 
 (The courses in this and the following section Mourlot, Pechard, Pottevin, Rivals, 
 
 are all laboratory courses.) Roux. 
 
 Physics : Professors Bouty, Lippmann, Mineralogy : Professors Hautefeuille, 
 Violle; MM. Abraham, Brillouin, Guil- Lacroix ; M. Perrey. 
 
 lard, Guillet, Maneuvrier. 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 35 
 
 THIRD SECTION : NATURAL SCIENCES. 
 
 Physiological Psychology : Professor 
 Binet ; MM. *Henry, Philippe, Cour- 
 tier. 
 
 Geology and Geography : Professors 
 Fouque, Gosselet, Munier-Chalmas ; 
 M. Rividre. 
 
 Biology : Professors d'Arsonval, Bar- 
 rois, Bonnier, Bureau, Dastre, Filhol, 
 Giard, Laborde, Lacaze-Duthiers, Ma- 
 rey, Milne-Edwards, Marion, Perrier, 
 Ranvier, Van-Tieghem ; MM. Art- 
 haud, Beauregard, Bernard, Brumpt, 
 Chauveau, Delage, Dufour, Franchet, 
 Grehant, Henocque, Jolly, J. Jolly, 
 Lepine, Malassez, Manouvrier, Pois- 
 son,*Remy Saint-Loup, Roche, *Rous- 
 sy, Sabatier, Schudzinski. 
 
 Medicine : Professors Dareste de la 
 Chavanne, Javal, Franck; AIM. Lamy, 
 Tscheming. 
 
 FOURTH SECTION : HISTORICAL AND PHIL- 
 OLOGICAL SCIENCES. 
 
 (Office and Lecture Room at the University 
 Library, The Sorbonne.) 
 
 Languages. — Ethiopian and 
 ARITE : M. Halevy. 
 
 Himy- 
 
 Semitic : Professor Carri^re ; M. De- 
 
 renbourg. 
 Indo-Iranian : MM. Finot, Levi, 
 
 Meillet. 
 Classical: Professors Havet,Lebegue, 
 de Nolhac, Tournier ; MM. Chate- 
 lain, *Desrousseaux, Jacob. 
 Romance : Professors Gaidoz, Paris ; 
 MM. Morel-Fates, Thomas. 
 Comparative Philology : MM. *Du- 
 vau, Gillieron, Lebegue, *Meillet, de 
 Nolhac, *Passy, Psichari. 
 Philosophy : M. *Soury. 
 History : Professor G. Monod ; MM. 
 
 *Bemont, Giry, Roy, Thevenin. 
 Art and Archeology : Professors 
 Clermont-Ganneau, Heron de Ville- 
 fosse, Oppert ; MM. Guieysse, Haus- 
 souUier, *Scheil. 
 
 FIFTH section: RELIGIOUS SCIENCES. 
 
 (Office and Lecture Room at the University 
 
 Library, The Sorbonne.) 
 
 Theology : Professor Albert Reville ; 
 MM. *Amelineau, *Berthelot, Dera- 
 mey, Derenbourg, Esmein, de *Faye, 
 *Foucher, Levi, *Marillier, *Picavet, 
 A. Quentin, G. Raynaud, Jean *Re- 
 ville, de Rosny, Sabatier, Vemes. 
 
 ECOLE SPECIALE DES LANGUES ORIENTALES VIVANTES. 
 
 Rue de Lille, 2, Paris. 
 
 The object of this school, founded in 1795, is to give instruction 
 in modern oriental languages for political and commercial purposes. 
 
 Regular students iTiust be bacheliers es scie?ices or es lettres be- 
 tween 16 and 24 years of age and of French nationality. Excep- 
 tions are sometimes inade in respect to age and nationality. 
 
 The courses and diploma {diploine d' Sieve brevete) are open to 
 women. 
 
 The lectures begin early in November and the course lasts three 
 years. 
 
 All the lectures are public and free of charge. 
 
 For further information apply to the secretary, rue de Lille, 3, 
 Paris. 
 
PARIS. 
 
 Professors and liecturers. 
 
 Oriental Languages : Professors Bo- Rosny, Schefer, Vinson ; MM. Kal- 
 
 net, Boyer, Carriere, Cordier, Deren- pakdjian, Marre, Manimo, Aboul Nasr, 
 
 bourg, Deveria, Hondas, Legrand, Pernot, Ravaisse, Stchoukine, Lien 
 
 Barbier de Meynard, Picot, Leon de Young. 
 
 MUSEUM D' HISTOIRE NATURELLE. 
 Jardin des Plantes, rue Cuvier, 57, Paris. 
 
 The Museum d' histoire naturelle was founded in 1626 for the 
 purpose of making scientific collections and for research. Each 
 department is in the charge of a professor, and each professor is 
 obliged to give 40 public lectures yearly on the subject with which 
 his department deals. 
 
 The courses are unconditionally open to the public. Regular 
 hearers, by producing certificates of attendance from the professors, 
 may obtain cards which give them access for a year to the galleries 
 and collections. For the conferences and practical work, registra- 
 tion is required, but diplomas are not necessary. Botanical and 
 entomological excursions into the country are arranged weekly dur- 
 ing the summer months. Lectures begin on April 23d. 
 
 Secretary, M. H. Chatelain, Museum d' Histoire Naturelle, 
 Jardin des Plantes, rue Cvxvier, 57, Paris. 
 
 Professors and Assistants. 
 
 Physics : Professor Becquerel ; AI. Bar- Van-Tieghem, Ville ; MM. Bernard, 
 
 tbelot. Beauregard, Brongniart, Gervais, Gley, 
 
 Chemistry: Professor Arnaud; AI. Bour- Kiinckel d' Herculais, Maquenne, Moc- 
 
 geois. quard, Morot, Oustalet, Poisson, Re- 
 
 MiNERALOGY : Professor Lacroix ; M. nault, Roux, Sauvinet, Tremeau de 
 
 Jannettaz. Rochebrune, Vemeau. 
 
 Geology and Geography : Professors Agriculture : Professor Comu ; M. 
 
 Gaudry, Meunier ; MM. Boule, Ra- Bois. 
 
 mond. Pathology : Professor Chauveau ; M. 
 
 Biology : Professors Bouvier, Bureau, Phisalix. 
 
 Deherain, Filhol, Grehant, Hamy, Drawing : AI. Fremiet. 
 
 Milne-Edwards, Perrier, Vaillant, 
 
 THE FRENCH PROVINCES. 
 
 The following is a list of the professors in the different Facultes 
 of the French provinces. The organisation of these Facultes is 
 exactly the same as at Paris, and is described pp. 24— 28. 
 
FRANCE. 37 
 
 AIX, France. 
 
 ACADEMIE D'AIX. 
 
 This academy, dating from the 13th centmy, comprises the Fac- 
 ulties of Arts and Law, situated at Aix, and the Faculties of Sci- 
 ence, Law and Medicine at Marseilles. 
 
 There is a branch of the Comite de Patronage des Etndia?its 
 Etrange7's at Aix and by its means courses in French language 
 and literature especially for foreigners have been arranged. 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES D'AIX. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : M. de Duranti Literature : Professor Joret. 
 
 La Calade. Philosophy : Professor Dumesnil. 
 
 Classical : Professor Constans ; MM. Political Economy : M. Perreau. 
 
 Brenous. *de Ridder. History : Professors *Clerc, Guibal. 
 
 Romance : Professors Constans, Du- Archeology : M. de Ridder. 
 
 cros ; M. Bonafous. Geography : M. Girbal. 
 
 FACULTE DE DROIT D'AIX. 
 
 This Faculty shows a tendency to become less of a professional 
 school and more a school of Political Science. 
 
 Professors and LiSCtiirers. 
 
 Political Science : Professor Jourdan; Ion, Bry, Gautier, Jourdan, Lacoste, 
 
 M. Perreau. Moreau, Pison, Vermond ; MM. Cesar- 
 
 LAiv. Bru, Perreau, de Pitti-Ferrandi, The- 
 
 Professors Audinet, Bouvier-Bangil- lohan. 
 
 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE MARSEILLE. 
 
 Connected with this Faculty is the Marine Zoological Laboratory 
 at Encloume and a large astronomical observatory. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 SCIENCE. Geology : Professor Vasseur. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Biology : Professors Heckel, Marion ; 
 
 fessors Charve, Sauvage, Stephan ; M. MM. Gourret, Jourdan, *Jumelle, Le- 
 
 Jamet. ger, Vayssiere. 
 
 Physics : Professors Mace de Lepinay, Agriculture : Professor Pauchon. 
 
 Perot ; MM. Fabry, Vayssiere. 
 Chemistry : Professors Duvillier, Re- laiv. 
 
 boul ; MM. Berg, *Perdrix. Professors Bouvier-Bangillon, de Pitti- 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Vasseur. Ferrandi. 
 
38 AIX, BESANgON. 
 
 ECOLE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE PLEIN EXER- 
 CICE DE MARSEILLE. 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 MEDICINE. Livon, Magon, Nepveu, Queirel, Rietsch, 
 
 Pi'ofessors Boinet, Bouisson, Caillot de Roux pere, Vigneron, Villard, Villen- 
 
 Poncy, Chapplain, Combalat, Domergue, euve ; MAT. Alezais, Amaud, Benet, 
 
 Fallot, Gourret, Meckel, Jourdan, Laget, Berg, Gerber, Laplane, Roux fils. 
 
 FACULTE LIBRE DE DROIT DE MARSEILLE. 
 This Faculty was founded in 1 88 1 . 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Political Science: Professor Peyron. de Vauplane, Delobre, Fabre, *de Fons- 
 
 colombe, Gourdez, Just Guigou, Laugier- 
 L^^J-'- Ravanas, Perrin, Peyron, Pierre, Thu- 
 
 Professors Barreme, Berenger, Berlier min ; M. Gabriel Guigou. 
 
 BESANCON, France. 
 
 ACADEMIE DE BESANCON. 
 
 This is a small academy, founded in 1422, comprising Faculties 
 of Arts and Science and a Preparatory School of Medicine. Total 
 number of students, 194. 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES DE BESANCON. 
 
 Professors and tiectiirers. 
 
 ARTS. Romance : Professor Droz. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professor Na- Literature : Professors Boucher, Nag- 
 geotte ; MM. Levy-Wogue, Ver- eotte. 
 
 nier. History and Geography : Professors 
 Germanic : M. Kontz. Pingaud, Sayous. 
 
 Philosophy : Professor Colsenet. 
 
 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE BESAN9ON. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : P7-o- Mineralogy and Geology : M. Chu- 
 
 fessors Gruey, Saint- Loup, Stouff. deau. 
 
 Physics : Professor Joubin. Biology : Professors Charbonnel-Salle, 
 
 Chemistry : Professor Boutroux ; AI. Magnin. 
 
 * Genvresse. 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 Z9 
 
 ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE 
 
 DE BESAN9ON. 
 
 Professors and Liectiirers. 
 
 MEDICINE. Roland, Saillard, Thouvenin ; MM. Bm- 
 
 P;-ofessors Boisson, Bolot, Chapoy, chon, Colleatte, Fillion, Heitz, Morin, 
 Drulien, Gauderon, Magnin, Mandereau, Prieur. 
 
 BORDEAUX, France. 
 ACADEMIE DE BORDEAUX. 
 
 This academy, founded in 1441, comprises Faculties of Arts, 
 Science, Law, Medicine and Pharmacy. In addition to the usual 
 laboratories and museums, there is a School of Chemistry Applied 
 to Manufactures and Agriculture, a School of Industrial Electricity, 
 an Astronomical and Meteorological Observatory at Florae, and a 
 Zoological Laboratory at Arcachon. 
 
 There is a branch of the Coinite de Patronage des Etiidiants 
 Etrangers in Bordeaux, secretary. Professor Duguit. 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES DE BORDEAUX. 
 Professors and Liectnrers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professors Philosophy : Professor Espinas ; MM. 
 
 Ouvre, Waltz; MM. *de la Ville de Hamelin, *Rodier. 
 
 Mirmont, *Zyromski. Sociology : M. Durkheim. 
 
 Germanic : M. Legras. History : Professors Denis, Imbart de 
 
 Romance : Professors Bourcier, Stap- la Tour, Jullian, Radet; M. Marion, 
 
 fer ; RI. *Le Breton. Art and Arch.-eology : Professor 
 
 Literature : Professor de Treverret. Paris ; AI. Bouvy. 
 
 Comparative Philology : M. Mas- Geography : Professor Gebelin. 
 
 queray. Pedagogy : M. Durkheim. 
 
 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE BORDEAUX. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 SCIENCE. Chemistry : Professors Gayon, Joannis; 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Mineral'^g?:' ^Professor Fallot ; M. 
 fessors Brunei, Hadamard, Rayet ; Goo-uel 
 
 MM. Picart, Giraud. Geology': Professor Fallot. 
 
 Physics : Professors Duhem, Morisot ; Biology : Professors Millardet, Perez ; 
 M. Gossart. MM. Devaux, Kunstler. 
 
40 BORDEAUX, CAEN. 
 
 FACULTE DE DROIT DE BORDEAUX. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Political Science : Pi'ofessor Saint- Duguit, Le Coq, Levillain, de Loynes, 
 
 Marc. Marandout, Monnier, Saignat, Saint- 
 
 Law : Professois Barckhausen, Baudry- Marc, Vigneaux ; M. Didier. 
 Lacantinerie, de Boeck, Despagnet, 
 
 FACULTE MIXTE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE 
 
 BORDEAUX. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Amozan, Badal, Bergonie, Moussous pere, de Nabias, Picot, Pie- 
 
 Blarez, Boursier, Bouchard, Coyne, De- chaud, Pitres, Vergely, Viault ; MM. 
 
 mens, Dupuy, Ferre, Guillaud, Jolyet, Deniges, Denuce, Dubreuilh, Moure, 
 
 Lanelongue, Layet, Masse, Morache, Moussous fils, Pousson, Regis, Riviere. 
 
 CAEN, France. 
 
 ACADEMIE DE CAEN. 
 
 This academy, founded in 1437? comprises Faculties of Arts, 
 Science, Law, and a Preparatory School of Medicine and Pharmacy. 
 There is a Marine Laboratory at Luc-sur-Mer, open all the year. 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES DE CAEN. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classical: Professors\.t- Philosophy: Professor yiz!o\!Atzyx. 
 
 hanneur, Lemercier. History : Professor Tessier ; M. Tou- 
 
 ROMANCE : Professor Gaste; MM. tain. 
 
 Chammard, Souriau. Art : Professor Gaste. 
 
 Literature : Professor Biichner. Science and Geography : M. Camena 
 
 Comparative Philology: M. *Huguet. d' Almeida. 
 
 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE CAEN. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- Chemistry: Professorl.o\xi?>Q; M. *Bes- 
 
 fessors Riquier, de Saint-Germain ; M. son. 
 
 *Lelieuvre. Geology : Professor Bigot. 
 
 Physics: Professor'^^^x^-a&xsS.; M. *Mar- Biology: Professors JoyevLx-haifme, Lig- 
 
 chis. nier, MM. *Huet, *Leger. 
 
FRANCE. 41 
 
 FACULTE DE DROIT DE CAEN. 
 
 Professors and. Liccturers. 
 
 Political Science : Professor Villey; Carel, Danjon, Gauckler, Guillouard, 
 
 M. Grandmoulin. Laisne-Deshayes, Lebret, Marie, Tou- 
 
 LAW. I^^i^' Villey ; M. Ambroise Colin. 
 Professors Biville, Bouvier, Cabouat, 
 
 ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE 
 
 DE CAEN. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 MEDICINE. rais, Gidon, Guillet, Louise, Moutier, 
 
 Professors Auvray, Barette, Catois, Pihier; MM. Besson, Chevrel, Gosselin, 
 Charbonnier, Demerliac, Fayel-Deslong- Gramond, Noury, Vigot. 
 
 CliERMONT-FERRAND, France. 
 
 ACADEMIE DE CLERMONT. 
 
 This is a small academy, founded in 1808, comprising Faculties 
 of Arts and Science, and a Preparatory School of Medicine and 
 Pharmacy. Total number of students, 163. 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES DE CLERMONT. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. Comparative Philology : M. *Colar- 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professor ^ deau. 
 
 Baron ; M. *Audollent. Philosophy : Professor Joyau. 
 
 English : M. *Mahieu. ^^^^°^^ = i?'f''f-'' ^"'^"^^'^' ^"^ ^"^ 
 
 zert ; MM. Gobm, Hauser. 
 Romance: /'r^yJ'.fwrdesEssarts; M. Paleography : i1/. Rouchon 
 
 Leclerc. Geography : Professor Desdevises du 
 
 Literature : Professor Ehrhard. Dezert. 
 
 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE CLERMONT. 
 
 SCIENCE. Chemistry : Professor Parmentier ; M. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- *Duboin. 
 
 fessor Pellet ; M. Le Cordier. Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 
 
 Physics : Professors Guicbard, Hurion ; Julien. 
 
 M. *Lugol. Biology : Professors Girod, Poirier. 
 
42 CLERMONT-FERRAND, DIJON. 
 
 ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE 
 DE CLERMONT. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Bousquet, Dourif, Fouriaux, chard, Rocher, Tixier, Truchot ; MM. 
 Gagnon, Girod, Huguet, Lepetit, Plan- Brayant, Lafont, Maurin, Mosnier. 
 
 BIJON, France. 
 
 ACADEMIE DE DIJON. 
 
 This academy, founded in 1733, comprises Faculties of Arts, 
 Science and Law, and a Pi^eparatory School of Medicine and Phar- 
 macy. Total number of students, 484. 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES DE DIJON. 
 Professors and Ijecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classical: Professors Do- Comparative Philology: vl'/.*Lambert. 
 
 rison, Royer. Philosophy: Professor Adam. 
 
 Romance: MM. Roy, Lame. History: Professor Gaffarel; M. Stouff. 
 
 Literature: /'rtT/^j-j-cr d' Hugues. Geography: Professor Gs-^zx^. 
 
 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE DIJON. 
 Professors and Ijecturers. 
 
 SCIENCE. Physics: MM. Bagard, Brunhes. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Mineralogy and Geology: Professor 
 
 fessors Meray, Duport. Collot. 
 
 Chemistry: Professor Recoura; M. Biology: Professors Emery, Jobert; M. 
 
 Pigeon. Bataillon. 
 
 FACULTE DE DROIT DE DIJON. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Political Science : Professor Mongin ; Louis-Lucas, Renardet, Saleilles, Tis- 
 
 M. Truchy. sier ; AIM. Deslandres, Desserteaux, 
 
 Law : Professors Bailly, Bonneville, Mongin, Moulin, StoufT. 
 Duverdier-de-Suze, Gaudemet, Geny, 
 
 ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE Me'dECINE ET DE PHARMACIE 
 
 DE DIJON. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 MEDICINE. PauiTard, Tamier, Viallanes ; MM. 
 
 Professors BroussoUe, Collette, Deroye, Brunhes, Cottin, Hebert, Lagoutte, 
 Gautrelet, Laguesse, Misset, Parizot, Pigeon, Quioc. 
 
FRANCE. 43 
 
 GRENOBLE, France. 
 
 ACADEMIE DE GRENOBLE. 
 
 This academy, founded in 1339, comprises the Faculties of Arts, 
 Science and Law, and a preparatory School of Medicine and Phar- 
 macy. The number of students is 464. 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES DE GRENOBLE. 
 Professors and liccturers. 
 
 .„^^ Romance: Professor Morillot ; M. 
 
 ARTS. J ' 
 
 Hauvette. 
 Languages.— Classics : Professors Ber- Literature : Professor Besson. 
 trand, Dugit ; J/i^/. *Bardot, *Cha- Philosophy: Professor <Z\x2xzMyi. 
 bert. History and Geography : Professor 
 
 English : M. *Mathias. de Crozals. 
 
 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE GRENOBLE. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 SCIENCE. Chemistry : Professor'^z.o\i!A ; M. *Cha- 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- vastelon. 
 
 fessors Astor, Collet ; M. *Cousin. Mineralogy and Geology : Profes- 
 
 Physics : ProfessorY\0'a.<^on; M. *Beau- sor Kilian. 
 
 lard. Biology : Professors Lachmann, Pruvot. 
 
 FACULTE DE DROIT DE GRENOBLE. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Political Science : M. Reboud. Tartari, Testoud ; MM. Balleydier, 
 
 Law : Professors Beaudouin, Foumier, Beudant, Capitant, Cuche, Hitier. 
 
 Guetat, Gueymard, Michoud, Pillet, 
 
 ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE 
 DE GRENOBLE. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Allard, Berlioz, Bordier, Pionchon, Porte, Turel, Verne ; MM. 
 Gallois,Girard,Labatut, Nicolas, Pegoud, Baboin, Deschamps, Dodero, Douillet. 
 
44 LILLE. 
 
 LilLiLE, France. 
 
 ACADEMIE DE LILLE. 
 
 This is a large academy, founded in 1808, and comprising free 
 and state Faculties of Arts, Science, Law and Medicine, and a free 
 Faculty of Catholic Theology. 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES DE LILLE. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professor Slavonic : M. Hautnant. 
 
 Thomas ; MM. Couvreur, *Dautre- Philosophy : Professor Penjon ; M. 
 
 mer, Dufour. Blondel. 
 
 English : Professor Angellier ; MM. History : Professors Fabre, Flammer- 
 
 Chevrillon, Derocquigny. mont ; M. Petit-Dutaillis. 
 
 Germanic : Professor Pinloche. Archeology : M. Fougeres. 
 
 Romance : Professor's Langlois, Moy ; Geography : Professor Cons. 
 
 M. *Dupont. 
 
 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE LILLE. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Mineralogy : Professor Gosselet. 
 
 fessors Demartres, Petot, Souillart ; M. Geology : Professor Gosselet ; M. Bar- 
 
 Borel. rois. 
 
 Physics : Professor Damien ; MM. Ca- Biology : Professoi-s Bertrand, Hallez ; 
 
 michel, Swyngedauw. MM. Prouho, Queva. 
 
 Chemistry : Professor's Buisine, Willm ; Agriculture : Professor Buisine. 
 
 MM. Matignon, Pelabon. 
 
 FACULTE DE DROIT DE LILLE. 
 Professors and Ijecturers. 
 
 Political Science : M. Deschamps. Lacour, Mouchet, Vallas ; MM. Col- 
 
 Law : Professors Bourguin, Drumel, linet, Jacquelin, Peltier, Wahl. 
 
 Feder, de Folleville, Gargon, Jacquey, 
 
 FACULTE MIXTE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE 
 DE LILLE. 
 
 Professors and Liccturers. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Barrois, Baudry, Castiaux, coeur, Lotar, Moniez, Morelle, Wert- 
 
 Combemale, Debierre, Doumer, Dubar, heimer; MM. Bayrac, Bedart, Carlier, 
 
 Folet, Gaulard, Lambling, de Laper- Charmeil, Curtis, Deroide, Laguesse, 
 
 Sonne, Leloir, Lemoine, Leroy, Les- Oui, Phocas, Surmont. 
 
FRANCE. 45 
 
 FACULTE LIBRE DES LETTRES DE LILLE. 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professors Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Herengt, Rambure. Cliquennois. 
 
 Romance : Professor Charaux. Philosophy : Professor de Margerie. 
 
 Literature: Professors Gahide, Looten. History and Geography : Professor 
 
 Rhetoric : Professor Baunard. Canet. 
 
 FACULTE LIBRE DES SCIENCES DE LILLE. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 
 
 fessors de Salvert, Villie ; M. Stoffaes. Bourgeat. 
 
 Physics : Professor's Delenser, Witz. Biology : P)-ofesso7-s Boulay, Maurice, 
 
 Chemistry: Professors Schmitt. Van-Oye. 
 
 FACULTE LIBRE DE DROIT DE LILLE. 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 Law: Professors Artliaud,Becliaux, De- Prevaux, Vanlaer,Vareilles-Sommieres; 
 
 lachenal, Gand, Groussau, Lamache, MM. Cavrois, Corbie, Payen, Maurice 
 
 Ory, Pillet, Rothe, Selosse, Trolley de Vanlaer. 
 
 FACULTE LIBRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE 
 DE LILLE. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 MEDICINE. Eustache, Faucon, Guermonprez, Lay- 
 
 Professors Augier, Baltus, Bernard, rand, Lenoble, Lienhart, Redier, Rogie, 
 Bouchaud, Boulay, Desplats, Buret, Schmitt, Witz; M. Dujardin. 
 
 liYONS, France. 
 ACADEMIE DE LYON. 
 
 This academy, founded in 1808, is large and important, com- 
 prising state and Catholic Faculties of Arts, Science, Law, a 
 Faculty of Catholic Theology, and a Faculty of Medicine, founded 
 in 1876, which, with its large hospitals and excellent laboratories, 
 is second only to that of Paris. 
 
 A branch of the Comite de Patronage des Etudiants Etrangers 
 has been formed at Lyons: secretary, Professor Thallers. 
 
46 
 
 L YONS. 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES DE LYON. 
 Professors and. Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Indo-IraniAN : Professor 
 Regnaud. 
 Classical : Professors Allegre, Fabia, 
 
 Jullien ; M. *Legrand. 
 English : M. *Legouis. 
 Germanic : M. Gruber. 
 Romance : Professors Cledat, Fon- 
 taine ; M. Texte. 
 Literature : Professor Firmery. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 Regnaud ; M. *Durand 
 
 Philosophy : Professor Bertrand ; M. 
 
 Hannequin. 
 History : MM. Mariejol, Waddington. 
 Art and Archeology : Professors 
 
 Bloch, Coville; MAI. Cledat, Hol- 
 
 leaux, Legrand, *Loret. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Geography : MM. Deperet, Schirmer. 
 Ethnology : M. Chantre. 
 Pedagogy : M. *Chabot. 
 
 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE LYON. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Allegret, Andre, Lafon ; MM. 
 *Autonne, Flamme, Gonnessiat. 
 
 Physics : Professor Gouy ; M. *Houlle- 
 vigue. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Barbier, Raulin; 
 
 MM. *Bouveault, *Vignon. 
 Mineralogy : Professor Offret. 
 Geology : Pi'ofessor Deperet. 
 Biology : Professors Dubois, Gerard, 
 
 Koehler; MM. *Caullery,*Sauvageau. 
 Agriculture : Professor Raulin. 
 
 FACULTE DE DROIT DE LYON. 
 Professors and L/ecturers. 
 
 Political Economy: Professor Rougier; 
 
 M. Souchon. 
 Law: Professors Ch. Appleton, Audibert, 
 
 Bartin, Berthelemy, Caillemer, Co- 
 
 hendy, Flurer, Enou, Garraud, Ma- 
 bire. Pic; MM. *Henri Appleton, Jean 
 Appleton, Lacassagne, Souchon. 
 
 FACULTE MIXTE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE 
 DE LYON. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Arloing, Augagneur, Bard, 
 Bondet, Cazeneuve, Crolas, Florence, 
 Fochier, Gailleton, Gayet, Hugounenq, 
 Lacassagne, Lepine,Lortet,Mayet,Morat, 
 Monoyer, Oilier, Pierret, M. Pollosson, 
 Poncet, Renaut, Soulier, Teissier, Testut, 
 
 Tripier; MM. Barral, Beauvisage, Boy- 
 er. Collet, Condamin, Courmont, Cur- 
 tillet, Devic, Didelot, Doyon, Durand, 
 Gangolphe, Laroyenne, Moreau, Aug. 
 Pollosson, Rochet, RoUet, Roque, Roux, 
 Siraud, Vallas, Weill. 
 
FRANCE. 47 
 
 FACULTE LIBRE DES LETTRES DE LYON. 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Qi^ps^izkl: ProfessorsV)^- Comparative Philology: Professor 
 
 vaux, Forest, Gonnet. Lepitre. 
 
 Romance : Professors Condamin, Del- Philosophy : Professor Reure. 
 
 mont. History and Archaeology : Professor 
 
 Literature : Professor Frintz. Leotard. 
 
 FACULTE LIBRE DES SCIENCES DE LYON. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 SCIENCE. Physics : Professor Chassy. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Chemistry : M. Lepercq. 
 
 fessors Berloty, Magnus de Sparre, Geology : Professor Berthaud. 
 
 Onofrio, Valson. Biology : Professors Donnadieu, Morin. 
 
 FACULTE LIBRE DE DROIT DE LYON. 
 
 Professors and liecturers. 
 
 Political Science : Professor Rambaud. Mouterde, *Perrin, *Poidebard, Ricli- 
 
 Law : Professoi-s Beaune, Boucaud, Gai- ard, Roux, Wies ; MM. Brun, Rivet, 
 
 ral, Hostache, Jacquier, de Lajudie, Roux, Voron, *Wies. 
 
 FACULTE LIBRE DE THEOLOGIE DE LYON. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 THEOLOGY. Chambost, Chevallier, Dumas, Jacquier, 
 
 Professors Belon, Blanc, Bourcbany, Lemann, Vemet. 
 
 MONTPELLEER, France. 
 ACADEMIE DE MONTPELLIER. 
 
 This academy, founded in the twelfth century, comprises Fac- 
 ulties of Arts, Science, Law and Medicine, and is large and im- 
 portant. There are good laboratories and hospitals and some 
 scientific institutes. 
 
 The branch of the Co77tite de Patronage des Etudiants 
 Etrangers has arranged free practical courses for the benefit of 
 foi'eigners. The secretary of the Comite is Professor Flahaut. 
 
48 MONTPELLIER, NANCY. 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES DE MONTPELLIER. 
 
 Professors and Ijeeturers. 
 
 ARTS. Comparative Philology : M. Gram- 
 
 Languages, — Classical : Professoj's mont. 
 
 Bonnet, Maury ; J/. Reynaud. Philosophy: ProfessorW^2M.&. 
 
 Germanic : M. Fecamp. History : Professor Gachon ; M. Pe- 
 
 RoMANCE : Professor Rigal ; MM. lissier. 
 
 Chabaneau, Vianey. Archeology : MM. Berthele, Lechat. 
 
 Literature : Professor Castets. Geography : M. Malavialle. 
 
 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE MONTPELLIER. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Mineralogy : Professor Delage ; M. 
 
 fessors Dautheville, Fabry; M, *Cartan. Curie. 
 
 Physics : Professors Crova, Meslin. Geology : Professor Delage. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors de Forcrand, Biology : Professors Flahault, Sabatier ; 
 
 Oechsner ; M. de Coninck. M. *Soulier. 
 
 FACULTE DE DROIT DE MONTPELLIER. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Political Science : Professor Gide ; Chausse, Glaize, Laborde, Laurens, 
 
 M. Brouilhet. Meynial, Valabregue, Vigie ; MM. 
 
 Law : Professors Bremond, Charmont, Barde, Declareuil, Valery. 
 
 FACULTE DE MEDECINE DE MONTPELIER. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 MEDICINE. Vialleton, Ville; MM. Baumel, Brousse, 
 
 Professors Bertin-Sans, Bosc, Carrieu, Delezenne, Frangois, Galavielle, La- 
 
 Ducamp, Estor, Forgue, Gilis, Granel, peyre, Lecercle, Moitessier, Mouret, 
 
 Grasset, Grynfeltt, Hamelin, Hedon, Puech, Rauzier, de Rouville, Vallois, 
 
 Imbert, Mairet, Sarda, Tedenat, True, Vires. 
 
 NANCY, France. 
 
 ACADEMIE DE NANCY. 
 
 This academy, founded in 1572, comprises the Faculties of Arts, 
 Science, Law and Medicine, a School of Pharmacy, and a Pro- 
 fessional School. There is an influential branch of the Comite de 
 Patronage des Etudiants Etrangers at Nancy, which has done 
 much for the benefit of foreign students. 
 
FRANCE. 49 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES DE NANCY. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. Literature: Professor QxMC^tx. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professors Comparative Philology ; M. *Cousin. 
 
 Thiaucourt, Martin ; M. *Collignon, Philosophy : M. Souriau. 
 
 *Couve. History : Professors Diehl, Pfister; M. 
 Germanic : M. *Lichtenberger. Pariset. 
 
 Romance : Professor Krantz ; M. Archeology : Professor Diehl. 
 
 Etienne. Geography : Professor Auerbach. 
 
 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE NANCY. 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Mineralogy : Professor Thoulet. 
 
 fessors Floquet, Molk; MM. *de Tan- Geology and Geography : MM. Mil- 
 
 nenberg, *Vogt. lot, Nickles. 
 
 Physics: Professors Bichat, Blondlot ; Biology : /'riy^^JorjEriant, LeMonnier; 
 
 M. *Perreau. MM. *Gain, Cuenot. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Arth, Haller, Agriculture : Professor Petit. 
 
 Petit ; MM. Guntz, *Miiller. 
 
 FACULTE DE DROIT DE NANCY. 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 Political Science : Professor Gamier ; del, Bourcart, Chretien, Gardeil, 
 
 M. Liegeois. Gavet, Lombard, Lederlin, Liegeois, 
 
 Law : Professors Beauchet, Binet, Blon- May ; MM. Carre de Malberg. 
 
 FACULTE DE MEDECINE DE NANCY. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 /V^5j-(?r^Baraban,Bemheim,Charpen- mann, Vuillemin, Weiss ; ilO/. Etienne, 
 
 tier, Chretien, Demange, Gamier, Gross, Fevrier, Froelich, Gu6rin, Guilloz, Haus- 
 
 Herrgott, Heydenreich, Mace, Meyer, halter, Jacques, Parisot, Rohmer, Schuhl, 
 
 Nicolas, Prenant, Schmitt, Simon, Spill- Zilgien. 
 
 POITIERS, France. 
 
 ACADEMIE DE POITIERS. 
 
 This academy, founded in 143 1, comprises Faculties of Arts, 
 Science and Law, and a Preparatory School of Medicine and 
 Pharmacy. 
 
so POITIERS, RENNES. 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES DE POITIERS. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. Comparative Philology: i^.*Audouin. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professors Philosophy : Professor Luguet. 
 
 Emault, Hild. History: Professor (Zzxxh; il/. *Boisson- 
 
 ROMANCE : M. Amould. ade. 
 
 Literature : Professor Parmentier. Archeology : M. LiSvre. 
 
 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE POITIERS. 
 Professors and liecturers. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 
 
 fessors Durrande, Maillard. Welsch. 
 
 Physics : Professor Garbe ; M. Deloulez. Biology : Professors Dangeard, Sclinei- 
 
 Chemistry : Professor Roux; M. *Guit- der. 
 
 teau. 
 
 FACULTE DE DROIT DE POITIERS. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Political Science: Professor'&x\%%ox^&t; Courtois, Normand,Parenteau-Dubeug- 
 
 M. Clieneaux. non, Petit, Surville, Thezard ; MM. 
 
 Law : Professo7-s Artbuys, Arnault de la Cheneaux, Girault, Michon, Prevot- 
 
 Menardiere, Barrilleau, Bonnet, Le Leygonie. 
 
 ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE 
 
 DE POITIERS. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 MEDICINE. Delaunay, Guitteau, Jouteau, Poirault, 
 
 Professors Alban de la Garde, Brossard, Poisson, Roland ; MM. Garbe, La- 
 Buffet-Delmas, Chedevergne, Chretien, trille, Leger, Malapert. 
 
 RENNES, France. 
 
 ACADEMIE DE RENNES. 
 
 This academy, founded in iSoS, comprises Faculties o£ Arts, 
 Science and Law, and a Preparatory School of Medicine. 
 
FRANCE. 51 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES DE RENNES. 
 Professors and Lecturers, 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classical: Professors TiQ- Romance: Professor AWaxs; M. "Loth.. 
 
 launay, Loth ; M. *Mace. Comparative Philology : M. *Dottm. 
 
 English : M. *Barbeau. Philosophy : M. Bourdon. 
 
 Germanic : M. Basch. History : MM. Jordan, See. 
 
 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE RENNES. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pt-o- Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 
 
 fessors Morin, Pujet ; M. Andrade. Seunes. 
 
 Physics : MM. Moreau, *Weiss. Biology : Professor Crie; MM. *Guitel, 
 
 Chemistry : Professor Lechartier ; M. Joubin, *Lesage. 
 
 *Cavalier. 
 
 FACULTE DE DROIT DE RENNES. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Political Science : Professor Worms ; de Caqueray, Chatel, Chauveau, "kon, 
 
 M. Turgeon. Fettu, Jamo, Turgeon, Vignerte ; 
 
 Law : Professors Artur, Aubry, Blondel, MM. Bodin, Piedelievre. 
 
 ECOLE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE PLEIN EXER- 
 
 CICE DE RENNES. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Aubree, Bellamy, Brute, MM. Bertheux, Blin, Castex, Crie, 
 Delacour, Fleury, Lefeuvre, Lhuissier, Dayot fils. Faint, Follet, Laurent, Lautier, 
 Mace, Perret, Perrin de la Touche ; Topsent. 
 
 TOULOUSE, France. 
 
 ACADEMIE DE TOULOUSE. 
 
 This academy, fovmded in 1239, is large and important, and 
 comprises Faculties of Arts, Science, Law and Medicine, and free 
 Faculties of Arts and Theology. There are good scientific labora- 
 tories and institutes and an astronomical obsei-vatory. Dr. Maurel 
 is President of the Comite de Patronage des Etudiants Etran- 
 gers., which has procured for foreign students reduced rates at the 
 hotels and all other pecuniary advantages enjoyed by French stu- 
 dents. 
 
52 TOULOUSE. 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES DE TOULOUSE. 
 
 Professors and Lectiirers. 
 
 ARTS. Philosophy: Professor^Rs-Via.; M. Maux- 
 
 Languages. — Classical: Professors ion. 
 
 Antoine, Beaudouin : M. *Navarre. History : Professors L^crivain, Moli- 
 English : M. Dumeril. nier ; MM. Marion, *Dumas. 
 
 Romance : Professors Benoist, Jean- Archeology : Professor Diirrbach. 
 roy, Merimee; M. *Guy. Geography : M. *Dognon. 
 
 Literature : Professor Hallberg. Pedagogy : Professor Rauh. 
 
 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE TOULOUSE. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 
 
 fessors Baillaud, Legoux ; MM. Cos- Lartet ; M. Caralp. 
 
 serat *Paraf, Vessiot. Biology : Professors Leclerc du Sablon, 
 
 Physics : Professor Mathias; MM. *Bou- Moquin-Tandon, Roule ; MM. *Jam- 
 
 asse, *Cotton. mes, *Prunet. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Destrem, Saba- Agriculture : M. Fabre. 
 
 tier ; M. Fabre. 
 
 FACULTE DE DROIT DE TOULOUSE. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Political Science : Professor Hoques- piau, Hauriou, Merignhac, Paget, 
 
 Fourcade. Rouard de Card, Timbal, Vidal, Wal- 
 
 Law : Professors Bonfils, Bressolles, Ion ; M. Fraissaingea. 
 Brissaud, Campistron, Deloume, Des- 
 
 FACULTE MIXTE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE 
 
 TOULOUSE. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 MEDICINE. Audry, Bezy, Biarnes, Braemer, Garri- 
 
 Professors Andre, Caubet, Chalet, gou, Gerard, Guilhem, Guiraud, Lamic, 
 
 Charpy, Crouzat, Dupuy, Frebault, Herr- Marie, Maurel, Morel, Penieres, Re- 
 
 mann, Jeannel, Labeda, Mosse, Tapie, mond, Rispal, Saint-Ange, Secheyron, 
 
 Tourneux ; MM. Abelous, Aldibert, Souli6, Suis, Terson, Vieusse. 
 
 FACULTE LIBRE DES LETTRES DE TOULOUSE. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. Philosophy : Professor Montagne. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professors Archeology : Professor Saint-Ray- 
 
 Gimazane, Montaut, Morlais ; M. mond. 
 
 Valentin. science. 
 Romance : Professor Amaud. 
 
 Modern : Professor de Suplicy. Mathematics : Professors Domec, 
 
 Literature : Professor Couture. Thomas. 
 
 Comparative Philology : Professors Physics and Chemistry : Professors 
 
 Couture, Samouilhan. Lacaze, Senderens. 
 
GERMANY. 53 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 The universities of Germany are state institutions, sup- 
 ported by the Government and subject to the Ministers of 
 Education of the several States in which they are situated. 
 They have, how^ever, an independent legal personality, and 
 are to a great extent self-governing. At most of the univer- 
 sities the Minister of Education is represented by the Curator, 
 Chancellor or Vice-Chancellor, whose duty it is to look after 
 the state interests and to manage the finances of the univer- 
 sity. When this official is wanting the universities are di- 
 rectly under the Ministers. 
 
 Each university comprises four Faculties, namely, the Fac- 
 ulties of Philosophy (Arts and Science), Law, Medicine 
 and Theology ; by each of these Faculties courses of lec- 
 tures, seminary and laboratory work are provided, and the 
 degree of Doctor is given to matriculated students who have 
 fulfilled certain requirements, which vary slightly with the 
 different universities. It is the custom for students to go from 
 one university to another, returning for their degrees to the 
 university of their choice. 
 
 There are in Germany twenty universities, the largest and 
 most important being the universities of Berlin, Leipzig and 
 Munich. Women are as a rule admitted only to courses in 
 the Philosophical Faculty of the several universities, although 
 in some cases they have also attended lectures in the Faculties 
 of Law and Medicine.* 
 
 The reading-rooms of the university libraries are as a rule 
 open to women in general, although little use is made of this 
 
 * Wherever courses in Law and Medicine have been opened to women, special mention is made 
 of the fact under the head of the separate universities. 
 
54 GERMANY. 
 
 privilege by German women. Women who are studying at 
 the various universities are in every case permitted to take 
 books out of the libraries upon the same conditions as men. 
 The degree of Doctor of Philosophy has been granted to 
 women by the Universities of Freiburg, Gottingen and 
 Heidelberg, and at these universities women have a certain 
 recognised position as hearers, although they are not allowed 
 to matriculate. At most of the universities in Prussia in- 
 dividual women are permitted to attend courses in the Philo- 
 sophical Faculty as a special favor, if they are considered 
 properly qualified by the Minister of Education, and can ob- 
 tain the permission of the Rector of the university and of 
 the individual professors whose courses they desire to hear. 
 They have, however, no rights, and are not counted as 
 students. Any particular application for admission may be 
 refused. The other universities of Germany vary in regard 
 to the admission of women, the Bavarian universities being 
 in this respect the most conservative. 
 
 The academic year begins in October and is divided into 
 two semesters, the winter semester which extends from the 
 middle of October to the middle of March, and the summer 
 semester which extends from the middle of April to the mid- 
 dle of August. The lectures do not, however, generally be- 
 gin until a week or ten days after the date officially an- 
 nounced as the beginning of the semester. 
 
 The list of courses to be given in one semester is not pub- 
 lished until the end of the preceding semester. Official lists 
 of lectures ( Vorlesungsverzeichnisseii) of the universities 
 are sold at the bookshops, they are not distributed by the 
 universities themselves. The Deutsche?' Universitdts-Kalen- 
 der, published each semester in Berlin, gives the courses 
 offered during the semester at all the German universities. 
 
 The fees paid at German universities are of two kinds, 
 
GERMANY. 55 
 
 those paid to the universities themselves and those paid to the 
 individual professors. Each university charges students a 
 small fee on entering for matriculation; 18 M. ($4.50) for 
 first matriculation, 9 M. ($2.25) for students coming from 
 another university ; on leaving, for a certificate of work 
 done 14 M. ($3.50), in addition to a fee each semester for 
 the right to hear lectures (5 M., $1.25). For each course 
 attended a fee is also paid to the professor giving the course, 
 except in those cases where the course is expressly stated to 
 be free (3-5 M., $.75-$!. 25, for one hour a week during 
 one semester) . A much larger fee is paid to the university 
 for a Doctor's degree (300-400 M., $75-$ 100).* 
 
 The fees paid by women vary in the different universities. 
 Where women are officially admitted they may pay the uni- 
 versity fees for those privileges which they enjoy. Where 
 they attend lectures by the permission of the individual pro- 
 fessors without the sanction of the Ministry, they may only 
 pay the fees to the professors. 
 
 The whole question of the admission of women to the universities has given rise to much 
 discussion in Germany and is still far from being settled. Many Germans regard the higher educa- 
 tion of women as undesirable, and there is a strong objection manifested by a largenumber of the pro- 
 fessors and students alike to the admission of women to the universities. Even those universities 
 that are most freely open to women students do not give women any rights as such, and it is 
 clearly understood that whatever privileges are granted to them, are granted in each individual 
 case as privileges which may at any time be withdrawn, and which may not be cited as precedent. 
 Although the sanction of the Ministry is in most cases necessary, the final permission to attend lec- 
 tures is always given by the individual professors, and they have the power in every case to refuse 
 such permission. 
 
 The seriousness of purpose and the ability of individual women who have studied in Germany 
 has, it is believed, done much towards destroying the prejudice against women students in the minds 
 of the professors under whom they have worked. Each woman who applies for permission to 
 attend lectures should bear in mind the great responsibility she incurs in thus becoming, as it were, 
 a test case, by which other similar cases in the future will be judged. If she is insufficiently pre- 
 pared or lacking in seriousness of purpose in her work she cannot fail to do harm to the cause of 
 women's education in Germany. Women students should also bear in mind that the conditions of 
 German life are very different from the conditions of American life, and that any failure to observe 
 the established customs of the people among whom they are living and whose hospitality they are 
 enjoying, is likely to bring women students as a class into discredit. 
 
 * The above figures are approximate. 
 
56 BERLIN. 
 
 BEKLiIN, Prussia. 
 KONIGL. FRIEDRICH-WILHELMS-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 Until within the last few years the University of Berlin, -which 
 was founded in 1809, has been entirely closed to women, and no 
 degrees have ever been granted by it to women. Individual women 
 are at present permitted by the University to attend lectures pro- 
 vided that they can obtain the consent of (i) the Prussian Minister 
 of Education, (2) the Rector of the University, (3) the several 
 professors whose courses they desire to hear. 
 
 The application to the Minister of Education and to the Rector 
 should be made according to a stated form and should be accom- 
 panied by the passport and testimonials of the applicant. It has 
 in many cases been found advisable to apply first to the indi- 
 vidual professor whose work is desired, since with him rests the 
 final option of opening or closing his courses to women, and his 
 interest, if it can be obtained, may be of assistance in gaining the 
 permission of the Minister and Rector to attend courses at the uni- 
 versity. 
 
 Women students are often admitted to lectures when entrance to 
 the seminaries and laboratories is refused them, but some pro- 
 fessors have opened both their seminaries and their laboratories 
 to individual women. 
 
 In addition to courses offered by the Philosophical Faculty, 
 courses in Law have been attended by women, but up to the pres- 
 ent time no women have attended courses in Medicine. 
 
 Fees should be paid at the beginning of the semester at the 
 office of the Qiiaestor of the University, v^here all courses attended, 
 including free courses, must be registered. There is given to students 
 that desire it a blank book in which are entered the courses to be 
 heard, and which may be presented to the instructors for their re- 
 spective signatures at the beginning and at the end of the semester. 
 
 For information as to dates of semesters, fees, etc., see pp. 54, 55. 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 57 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professors 
 Barth, Dieterici, Sachau, Schrader; 
 Docent Winckler. 
 Indo-Iranian : Professors Geldner, 
 
 Weber ; Docents Franke, Oppert. 
 Classical : Professors Diels, Hiibner, 
 Kirchhoff, Vahlen; DocentsYxo€tiA&, 
 Kiibler, Rotbstein, Thomas, Winter. 
 English : Professors Brandl, Geiger. 
 Germanic : Professors Bruckner, Gei- 
 ger, Heusler, Hoffory, Roediger, E. 
 Schmidt, Weinhold ; Docents Herr- 
 mann, Meyer. 
 Romance : Professors Geiger, Tobler ; 
 
 Docent Schultz. 
 Chinese : Professor Grube. 
 Mongolian and History of Bud- 
 dhism : Docent Huth. 
 Comparative Philology: Professors 
 John Schmidt, Steinthal ; Docettt 
 Kretschmer. 
 Philosophy : Professors Dilthey, Paul- 
 sen, Runze, Stumpf, Zeller ; Docents 
 Dessoir, Doring, Hoppe, Lasson, 
 Schmekel, Simmel, Schumann. 
 Political Science : Professors Boeckh, 
 Meitzen, Sering, Schmoller, Wagner ; 
 Docents Hoeniger, Jastrow, v. Kauf- 
 mann, Oldenberg. 
 History : Professors Bastian, Delbriick, 
 Droysen, Hirschfeld, Kohler, Lenz, 
 Mommsen, Scheffer-Boichorst, Schie- 
 mann, Wattenbach ; Docefits Breysig, 
 Dessau, Hintze, Honiger, Klebs, 
 Koepp, Lehmann, Liesegang, Seler, 
 Spannagel, Stemfeld. 
 Art and Archeology : Professors 
 Curtius, Erman, Fray, Grimm, Ke- 
 kule, Wattenbach ; Docents Dessau, 
 Graef, Goldschmidt, Kalkmann, Kern, 
 Puchstein, Sethe. 
 Geography: Professors Kiepert,v.Richt- 
 hofen ; Docents Dove, Kretschmer. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Foerster, Frobenius, Fuchs, 
 Helmert, Hensel, Heltner, Knoblauch, 
 Lehmann-Filhes, Planck, Scheiner, 
 Schwarz, Weierstrass ; Docents Ass- 
 mann, Glan, Hoppe, Kotter, Schlesinger. 
 
 Physics : Professors v. Bezold, Blasius, 
 Neesen, Planck, Warburg; Docents 
 Arons, du Bois, Glan, Hoppe, Prings- 
 sheim. Raps, Rubens, Thiesen, Wein- 
 stein, Wesendonck, Wien. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Biedermann, 
 Fischer, Gabriel, Landolt, Liebermann, 
 Pinner, Rammelsberg, Schneider, Sell, 
 Tiemann, Wichelhaus, Will ; Docents 
 Friedheim, Hayduck, Jahn, Marck- 
 wald, Reissert, Rimbach, Schopff, 
 Schotten, Thoms, Wohl. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Klein ; Do- 
 cents Fock, Tenne, Traube. 
 
 Geology : Professors Berendt, Bey- 
 rich, Dames ; Docents Jaekel, Wahns- 
 chafife. 
 
 Biology : Professors Ascherson, Engler, 
 Garcke, Kny, Magnus, v. Martens, 
 Moebius, Schulze, Schwendener, 
 Wittmack ; Docents Gilg, Heymons, 
 Karsch, Krabbe, Lindau, von Luschan, 
 Plate, Reinhardt, Schumann, Seeliger, 
 Volkens, Warburg, Zimmermann. 
 
 Agriculture : Professor Orth. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors Aegidi, Bemer, Brunner, 
 Crome, Von Cuny, Dambach, Demburg, 
 Eck, Gierke, G<)ldschmidt, Hinschius, 
 Hiibler, Kahl, Kohler, Oertmann, Per- 
 nice, Stolzel, Zeumer; Docents Biermann, 
 Bomhak, Burchard, Heilbom, Jacobi. 
 Kaufmann, Lass, Lasson, Preuss, Seckel. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors A. Baginsky, v. Bergmann, 
 Bernhardt, du Bois-Reymond, Brieger, 
 Busch, von Coler, Ehrlich, Eulenburg, 
 Ewald, Fasbender, B. Frankel, Fritsch, 
 Gad, Gerhardt, Gusserow, Gurlt, Henoch, 
 Hertwig, Heubner, Hirschberg, Israel, 
 Jolly, Koch, Konig, G. R. Lewin, Ley- 
 den, Liebreich, Lucae, Mendel, Miller, 
 Moeli, H. Munk, Olshausen, Rose, Rub- 
 ner, Salkowski, Schoeler, Schweigger, 
 Schweninger, Senator, Skrzeczka, Son- 
 nenburg, Strassmann, Trautmann, H. 
 Virchow, R. Virchow, Waldeyer, Win- 
 ter, J. Wolff, M. Wolff; Docents B. Bag- 
 insky, Behrend, Benda, C. du Bois-Rey- 
 mond, Bonhoff, Burchardt, Casper, 
 Diihrssen, A. Fraenkel Fehleisen, Geb- 
 
58 
 
 BERLIN, BONN. 
 
 hard, Gluck, Goldsclieider, Grawitz, Greeff, 
 Grunmach, Gumprecht, Giinther, Giiter- 
 bock,Guttstadt, Hansemann,Herter,Hey- 
 mann, Hirschfeld, Holtzke, Horstmann, 
 Jacobson, Katz, Klemperer, Koeppen,W. 
 Krause, H. Krause, Kristeller, Kronig, 
 Landau, Langerhans, Langgaard, Lassar, 
 L. Lewin, Lewinski, Litten, Loewy, Mar- 
 tin, Mendelsohn, Mitscherlich, I. Munk, 
 Nagel, Nasse, Neumann, Nitze, Ohlmiil- 
 ler,Oppenheim, Pagel, Perl, Pfeiffer, Pos- 
 ner, Preyer, Rabl-Riickhard, Rawitz, Re- 
 mak, Riess, Rosenheim, de Ruyter, Salo- 
 mon, Schelske, Silex, Schiiller, Stadel- 
 
 mann, Thierfelder, Tobold, Veit, War- 
 nekros, Weintraud, Wernicke, Westphal. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professsors Baethgen, B. B. Bruckner, 
 Deutsch, von der Goltz, Gunkel, Har- 
 nack. Kaftan, Kleinert, Lommatzsch, 
 Miiller, Pfleiderer, Runze, Schlatter, 
 Steinmeyer, Strack, von Soden, Weiss; 
 Docents Plath, Titius. 
 
 Professors Bellermann, Fleischer ; Do- 
 cent Friedlander. 
 
 BONN, Prussia. 
 RHEINISCHE FRIEDRICH WILHELMS UNIVERSITAT. 
 No definite information has been obtained in regard to the admis- 
 sion of women to the University of Bonn. It seems however 
 probable that duly qualified women would be permitted to attend 
 lectures at the University should they make application. 
 
 The university was founded in 1818 and is under the same general 
 regulations as all the universities of Germany; see pp. 54, 55. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professor Prym; 
 Docent Nix. 
 Classical : Professors Buecheler, El- 
 ter, Klein, Usener ; Docent Brink- 
 mann. 
 Indo-Iranian : Professor Jacobi ; Do- 
 cent Solmsen. 
 English : Professor Trautmann. 
 Germanic: Professors Franck, Litz- 
 
 mann, Wilmanns ; Docent Berger. 
 Romance: /'ro/^wor Foerster; Docent 
 Gaufinez. 
 Comparative Philology: Professor Auf- 
 
 recht. 
 Philosophy: Professors Bender, Elter, 
 Meyer, Martius, Neuhaeuser, Schaar- 
 Schmidt, J. Wolff. 
 Political Science : Professors Dietzel, 
 
 Gothein. 
 History : Professors Koser, Menzel, 
 Nissen, Ritter, Wiedemann ; Docent 
 Meister. 
 
 Art and Archeology : Professors Justi, 
 Kiippers, Loeschcke; Docent Clemen. 
 
 Geography : Professor Rein ; Docent 
 Philippson. 
 
 Music : Professor L, Wolff. 
 
 Mathematics : Professors Lipschitz, 
 
 Kiistner, Kortum, Study ; Docents 
 
 Deichmiiller, Monnichmeyer, Rein- 
 
 hertz. 
 Physics : Professors Kayser, Lorberg. 
 Chemistry : Professors Anschiitz, Kling- 
 
 er, Kekule v. Stradonitz, Partheil ; 
 
 Docents Bredt, Hensler. 
 Mineralogy : Professor Laspeyres. 
 Geology : Professors Pohlig, Schliiter ; 
 
 Docent Rauff. 
 Biology : Professors Ludwig, Schimper, 
 
 Strasburger ; Docents Konig, Noll, 
 
 Schenck, Strubell, Voigt. 
 Agriculture : Docent Immendorf. 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 59 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professsors Baron, Bergbohm, Ende- 
 mann, Hiibner, Hiiffer, Kriiger, Lands- 
 berg, Loersch, v. Schulte, Seuffert, Zitel- 
 mann. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Binz, Doutrelepont, Fin- 
 kelnburg, Finkler, Fritsch, Fuchs, Gep- 
 pert, la Valette St. George, Kochs, 
 Koester, Leo, v. Mosengeil, Nuss- 
 baum, Pelman, Pfliiger, Saemisch, 
 Schede, Schiefferdecker, Schultze, Un- 
 gar, Walb, Witzel ; Docents Bleibtreu, 
 Boennecken, Bohland, Burger, Dreser, 
 
 Jores, J. Kocks, W. Kocks, Krukenberg, 
 Kruse, Peters, Pletzer, Rieder, Schmidt, 
 Schultze, Thomsen, Wolters. 
 
 THEOLOGY^ PROTESTANT. 
 
 Professors Bratke, Goebel, Grafe, 
 Kamphausen, Krafft, Meinhold, Ritschl, 
 Sachsse, Sell, Sieffert ; Docettts Meyer, 
 Simons. 
 
 THEOLOGY^ CATHOLIC. 
 
 Professors Englert, Fechtrup, Felten, 
 Kellner, Kaulen, Kirschkamp, Langen, 
 Rappenhoner, Reusch, Schrors. 
 
 BRESLiAU, Prussia. 
 KONIGLICHE UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 The University of Breslau, founded in 1506, admits women 
 under the same restrictions as the University of Berlin. No degrees 
 have as yet been granted to w^omen by this University. The gen- 
 eral regulations are same as those of oth er German universities ; 
 see pp. 54, $<,. 
 
 Professors and IJecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professors De- 
 litzsch, Fraenkel. 
 Indo-Iranian: Professors Hillebrandt; 
 
 Docents Brockelmann, Liebich. 
 Classical : Professors Forster, Marx, 
 Rossbach, Zacher; Docents Leopold 
 Cohn, Kroll, Skutsch. 
 English : Professor Kolbing ; Lec- 
 turer Pughe. 
 Germanic: Professors Koch,Nehring, 
 
 Vogt; Docents Bobertag, Jiriczek. 
 Romance: Professor Appel; Lecturer 
 
 Pillet. 
 Russian : Lecturer Abicht. 
 Comparative Philology : Professors 
 
 Fick, Hillebrandt. 
 History of Literature : Professor 
 
 Koch. 
 Philosophy : Professors Baeumker, 
 
 Ebbinghaus, Freudenthal, Weber. 
 Political Science : Professors Elster, 
 
 Sombart. 
 History : Professors Caro, Griinhagen, 
 
 Hiiffer, Kaufmann, Wilcken; Docent 
 Kruse. 
 Art and Archeology : Professor Mm- 
 ther ; Docent Semrau. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors O. E. Meyer, Rosanes, Sturm ; 
 Docent London. 
 
 Physics: Professors Heydweiller,Meyer. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Ahrens, Laden- 
 burg, Poleck, Weiske ; Docents Abel, 
 Scholtz. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Hintze ; Do- 
 cent Milch. 
 
 Geology : Professor Freeh ; Docents 
 Giirich, Milch. 
 
 Geography : Professor Partsch. 
 
 Biology : Professors Chun, Ferdinand 
 Cohn, Pax ; Docents Braem, Mez, 
 Rohde, Rosen. 
 
 Engineering : Docent Beyer. 
 
 Agriculture : Professors Ahrens, Hol- 
 defleiss, von Riimker. 
 
6o 
 
 BRESLAU, ERLANGEN. 
 
 Forestry : Docent Kayser. 
 Veterinary Surgery: Professor Metz- 
 dorf ; Docent Strauch. 
 
 LAIV. 
 
 Professors Bennecke, Brie, Bruck, 
 Dahn, Fischer, Jors, Leonhard, Schott ; 
 Docents Beling, Eger. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Auerbach, Barth, Born, 
 Cohn, Czemy, Fischer, Filehne, Fliigge, 
 Forster, Hasse, Heidenhain, Hirt, Kast, 
 Kolaczek, Kiistner, Lesser, Magnus, Miku- 
 licz, Neisser, Partsch, Ponfick, Richter, 
 Rohmann, Rosenbach,Wemicke,Wiener; 
 Docents Alexander, Bruck, Buchwald, 
 
 Endres, Frankel,Groenouw, Hiller, Hiir- 
 thle, Jacobi, Kaufmann, Kroner, Kiim- 
 mel, Liibbert, Pfannenstiel, Reichel, 
 Stem, Tietze, Weintraud. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Protestant : Professors Arnold, Erd- 
 mann, Hahn, Kawerau, Kittel, Lohr, 
 Miiller, Schmidt, Wrede ; Docents 
 Beer, Schulze. 
 
 Catholic : Professors Commer, Fried- 
 lieb, Frantz, Konig, Krawutzcky, 
 Lammer, Miiller, Niimberger, Probst, 
 Schaefer, Scholz ; Docents von Tes- 
 sen-Wesierski. 
 
 KGL. 
 
 ERIiANGEN, Bavaria. 
 FRIEDRICH-ALEXANDERS-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 No information of any kind has been obtained in regard to the 
 admission of women to the University of Erlangen. 
 
 The u niversity was founded in 1743, and the general regulations 
 are the same as those of other German universities; see pp. 54, 55. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic: Professor Abel. 
 
 Classical : Professors Heerdegen, 
 Luchs, Romer. 
 
 Germanic : Professors Geiger, Stein- 
 meyer. 
 
 Modern : Professor Vamhagen. 
 Philosophy : Professors Class, Falcken- 
 
 berg ; Docent Rabus. 
 Political Science : Professors Ehe- 
 
 berg, Neuburg. 
 History : Professors von Bezold, von 
 
 Hegel, Pohlmann. 
 Geography : Professor Pechuel- 
 
 Loesche ; Docent Blanckenhom. 
 Art and Archeology : Professor 
 
 Flasch. 
 Pedagogy : Professor Romer. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Gordan, Nother. 
 
 Physics : Professor Wiedemann ; Do- 
 cent Knoblauch. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Beckmann, 
 Fischer, Paal ; Docent Busch. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Lenk ; Docent 
 Blanckenhom. 
 
 Geology : Professor Lenk. 
 
 Biology : Professor Reess ; Docent 
 Fleischmann. 
 
 Professors Allfeld, Gengler, Hellwig, 
 Kipp, V. Marquardsen, Rehm, Sehling. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Bumm, Eversbusch, Flei- 
 scher, Frommel, J. von Gerlach, Leo 
 Gerlach, Graser, Hauser, von Heineke, 
 Hermann, Kiesselbach, Penzoldt, Rosen- 
 thal, Schneider, V. Striimpell, von Zenker. 
 
 Professors Caspari, Ewald, K5hler, 
 Kolde, Miiller, Seeberg, Zahn ; Docents 
 Sellin, Wiegand. 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 6i 
 
 FREIBURG IM BREISGAU, Baden. 
 
 GROSSHERZ. BAD. ALBERT-LUDWIGS-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 The University of Freiburg, founded in 1457, is one of the three 
 universities "in Germany that have granted the degree of Doctor to 
 women. Women are admitted to university lectures under the 
 same restrictions as at the University of Heidelberg. (See page 
 66?) For the general regulations see pp. 54, 55. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professor 
 Reckendorf. 
 
 Indo-Iranian: Professor Holtzmann. 
 
 Classical : Professors Hense, 
 Schmidt, Steup. 
 
 English : Professor Schroer. 
 
 Germanic: Professors Kluge, Meyer, 
 Steinmann, Weissenfels. 
 
 Romance : Professors Baist, Levy. 
 Comparative Philology : Professors 
 
 Thumb, Thumeysen. 
 Philosophy : Professors Grosse, Miins- 
 
 terberg, Rickert, Riehl. 
 Political Economy : Professor Weber. 
 History : Professors Busch, Fabricius, 
 
 Gaevernitz, Michael, Schulte, v. Sim- 
 son; Docents Bienemann, Sutter. 
 Art and Archeology: Professor'^lM^- 
 
 niczka ; Docent Terey. 
 Geography : Professor Neumann. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Liiroth, Stickelberger. 
 
 Physics : Professors Himstedt, Meyer, 
 Zehnder. 
 
 Chemistry: Professors'Qzxxn^zxi-a, Claus, 
 Willgerodt; Docents Edinger, Fromm. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professors Graeff, Stein- 
 mann; Docent Beckenkamp. 
 
 Geology : Professor Boehm. 
 
 Biology : Professors Gruber, HScker, 
 Oltmanns, Weismann, Ziegler; Docent 
 Fritze. 
 
 Agriculture : Professor Schulze-Gae- 
 vemitz. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors Behagel, Cosack, Eisele, 
 Gebhard, Rive, von Rohland, Rosin, 
 Riimelin, Schmidt, Sontag. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors von Babo, Baumann, Baum- 
 ler, Emminghaus, Goldmann, Hegar, 
 Hildebrand, v. Kahlden, Keibel, KiUian, 
 Kirn, Knies, Kraske, von Kries, Jacobi, 
 Manz, Oppel, Schinzinger, Schottelius, 
 Sonntag, Thomas, Wiedersheim, Wie- 
 dow, Ziegler; Docents Baas, Bloch, Bu- 
 lius, Gaupp, Nagel, Reerink, Ritschl, 
 Rose, Schiile, Striibe, Treupel. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Braig, Heiner, Hoberg, 
 
 Keppler, Konig, Kraus, Krieg, 
 
 Riickert, Schill, Trenkle, Worter ; 
 Docent Kiinstle. 
 
 GIESSEN, Hesse. 
 
 GROSSHERZOGL. HESSICHE LUDWIGS-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 No definite information has been obtained in regard to the ad- 
 mission of vs^oinen to the University of Giessen. It seems, how^- 
 
62 
 
 GIESSEN, GOTTINGEN. 
 
 ever, probable that duly qualified women would be permitted to 
 attend lectures at the University should they make application. 
 
 The University was founded in 1607, and the general regulations 
 are the same as those of other German universities; see pp. 54, 55. 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Indo-Iranian : Profes- 
 sor von Bradke. 
 Classical : Professors Gundermann, 
 
 Schwartz. 
 English : Professor Pichler ; Docent 
 
 Wetz. 
 Germanic : Professors Behagel, 
 
 Pichler. 
 Romance : Professors Behrens, Pich- 
 ler. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Von Bradke. 
 Philosophy : Professors Gross, Sie- 
 
 beck. 
 Political Science: Professor Laspeyres. 
 History : Professor's Hohlbaum, Onck- 
 
 en; Docents v. Bradke, Dieterich. 
 Art and Archeology : Docent Sauer. 
 History of Modern Literature : 
 
 Docents Collin, Strack. 
 Geography : Professor 'i\tvQx%. 
 Pedagogy : Professor Schiller. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Fromme, Heffter, Netto, Pasch. 
 
 Physics : Professors Elbs, Fromme, 
 Wiener. 
 
 Chemistry: Professors Elbs, Naumann; 
 Docent Finger. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Brauns. 
 
 Biology : Professors Hansen, Spengel. 
 
 Agriculture : Professor Thaer. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors Biermann, Braun, Frank, 
 Giinther, Heimburger, Leist, Schmidt. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Bose, Bostroem, Eckhard, 
 Eichbaum, Fuhr, Gaehtgens, Gaffky, 
 Lohlein, Pflug, Poppert, Riegel, Som- 
 mer, Steinbriigge, Strahl, Vossius, Winck- 
 ler ; Docents Baur, Sticker, Walther. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Protestant : Professors Baldensperger, 
 Holtzmann, Kattenbusch, Kostlin, 
 Kriiger, Stade. 
 
 GOTTINGEN, Prussia. 
 GEORG-AUGUSTS-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 The University of Gottingen, founded in 1737, is one of the three 
 universities in Germany that have granted the degree of Doctor to 
 women. In 1893 its doors were first opened to women students, 
 and from the beginning a certain official position has been given to 
 them, although they are not allowed to matriculate, and the appli- 
 cation of any Individual candidate for admission may be refused at 
 the option of the university authorities. 
 
 Application for admission must be made, through the Curator of 
 the University, to the Prussian Minister of Education, and must 
 
GERMANY. 63 
 
 be accompanied by testimonials and a recommendation from a 
 member of the university Faculty. After she is admitted by the 
 Curator the candidate may register in the University as a hearer. 
 She must report to the Pro-rector and obtain from him an official 
 permit, and finally, she must obtain from the separate instructors 
 permission to hear the particular courses of lectures desired. The 
 admission of women to lectures, even after the official permit has 
 been obtained from the Pro-rector, may be refused by the individual 
 professors. 
 
 The university library, reading rooms and the special reading 
 rooms for separate subjects are open to w^omen students as freely 
 as to men students and upon the same conditions. 
 
 The Faculty reserves to itself the right of presenting or refusing 
 to present to the Minister any particular request on the part of a 
 woman student for permission to take the Doctor's examination. 
 
 Fees are paid to the Quaestor of the University. The general 
 regulations are the same as for other German universities ; see 
 PP- 54^ 55- 
 
 Professors and liecturers. 
 
 ARTS. Art and Archeology : Professors 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professors ^ Vischer, Pietschmann. 
 
 Smend, Wellhausen; Decent Schult- Geography : Professor Wagner, 
 hess. 
 Indo-Iranian : Professor Kielhom. 
 
 Classical : Professors Dilthey, Leo, Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 
 Meyer, v. Wilamowitz-MoellendorfiF; fessors Hilbert, Klein, Schering, 
 
 Docent Wentzel. Schoenflies, Schur, Voigt ; Docettts 
 
 English : Professor Morsbach; Lee- Ambronn, Bohlmann, Burkhardt, 
 
 tor Tamson. Pockels, Sommerfeld. 
 
 Germanic : Professors Heyne, Physics : Professors Nemst, Riecke, 
 
 Roethe ; Docent Michels. Schering, Voigt ; Docents Abegg, 
 
 Romance : Professor Slimming ; Des Coudres, Pockels. 
 
 Lector Mercier. Chemistry : Professors v. Buchka, 
 
 Comparative Philology: Professor Nemst, Polstorff, Wallach ; Docents 
 
 Schulze. Abegg, Kerp, Lorenz. 
 
 T, T, J- T, Mineralogy : Professor Liebisch. 
 
 Philosophy: Professors Baumann, Geology : Pr./....r von Koenen. 
 
 Muller, Peipers, Rehnisch. Biology : Professors Berthold, Ehlers, 
 
 Political Science : Professors Cohn, Peter ; Docents Burger, Henking, 
 
 Lexis. Rhumbler, 
 
 History : Professors Kebr, Krauske, Agriculture : Professors Backhaus, 
 
 Lehmann, Volquardsen ; Docent Griepenkerl, Lehinann, Liebscher, 
 
 Brandi. ToUens. 
 
64 
 
 gOttingen, greifswald. 
 
 Professors Andre, von Bar, Detmold, 
 Dove, Ehrenberg, Frensdorff, Merkel, 
 Planck, Regelsberger, Ziebarth ; Do- 
 cent Kriickmann. 
 
 Professors Burkner, Damsch,Droysen, 
 Ebstein, Esser, Hildebrand, Husemann, 
 Kallius,K6nig,Lohmeyer, Marme,Meiss- 
 
 ner, Merkel, Meyer, Nicolaier, Orth, Ro- 
 senbach, Runge, Schmidt-Rimpler, Wolff- 
 hiigel. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Bonwetsch, Knoke, 
 Reischle, Schader, Schultz, Schiirer, 
 Tschackert, Wiesinger ; Docents Ache- 
 lis, Bousset, Hackmann, Rahlfs. 
 
 GREIFSAVAIiD, Prussia. 
 KONIGLICHE UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 The University of Greifswald, founded in 1456, admits women 
 under the same restrictions as the University of Berlin. No degrees 
 have as yet been granted to women by this university. 
 
 The general regulations are the same as those of other German 
 universities; see pp. 54, 55. 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic: Professor Kess- 
 ler. 
 
 Oriental : Professors Alilwardt,Zim- 
 mer ; Docents Jacob, Rost. 
 
 Classical : Professors Gercke, Nor- 
 den, Susemihl. 
 
 English : Professor Konrath. 
 
 Germanic : Professors Pietsch, Reif- 
 ferscheid ; Docents Bruinier, Siebs. 
 
 Romance : Professor Koschwitz. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Zimmer. 
 Philosophy : Professors Relimke, 
 
 Schuppe. 
 Political Science : Professors Fuchs, 
 
 Struck ; Docent Sclimoele. 
 History : Professors Bembeim, Pyl, 
 
 Seeck, Ulmann ; Docents Altmann, 
 
 Scbmitt. 
 Art and Archeology: Professor Preu- 
 
 ner ; Docent Pernice. 
 Geography: Professors Credner, Fucbs. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- 
 fessors Minnigerode, Thome ; Docents 
 Brendel, Wellmann. 
 
 Physics : Professors Holtz, Richarz ; 
 
 Docent Schreber. 
 Chemistry : Professors Limpricht, 
 
 Schwanert ; Docents Biltz, Semmler. 
 Mineralogy : Professor Cohen. 
 Geology : Professor Deecke. 
 Biology : Professor Schiitt ; Docents 
 
 Moeller, Miiller. 
 
 Professors Bierling, Frommhold, Hae- 
 berlin, Pescatore, Stampe, Stoerk, Weis- 
 mann ; Docent Medem. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Amdt, Ballowitz, Beumer, 
 Bonnet, Grawitz, Heidenhain, Helferich, 
 Krabler, Landois, Loffler, Mosler, Pei- 
 per, Pernice, v. Preuschen, O. Schirmer, 
 R. Schirmer, Solger, Sommer, Schulz, 
 Striibing ; Docents Abel, Busse, Ender- 
 len, Hoffmann, Richter, Stoewer. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Cremer, Giesebrecht, Haus- 
 sleiter,Lutgert,Nathusius,Oettli,Schultze, 
 Zockler ; Docents Dalmer, Lezius. 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 65 
 
 HALiLE, Prussia. 
 
 VEREINIGTE FRIEDRICHS-UNIVERSITAT HALLE-WITTEN- 
 BERG. 
 
 In order to attend lectures at the University of Halle women stu- 
 dents must obtain permission from the Prussian Minister of Educa- 
 tion and from the individual professors v^hose courses they desire 
 to hear. 
 
 In making application to the Minister the candidate must state 
 the course of study to be pursued and, in so far as is possible, the 
 names of the professors under vs^hom she wishes to work. 
 
 The general regulations are the same as for other German uni- 
 versities ; see pp. 54, 55. 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic: Professor Pra- 
 
 torius ; Docents Fischer, Meissner. 
 
 IndO-Iranian : Professors Pischel, 
 
 Zachariae. 
 Classical : Professors Blass, Ditten- 
 berger, Wissowa ; Docents Ihm, 
 Maurenbrecher. 
 English : Professor'^z.^tx. 
 Germanic : Professors Burdach, 
 Haym, Strauch ; Docents Bremer, 
 CoUitz, Meier, Schultze. 
 Romance : Professor Suchier ; Do- 
 cents Heuckenkamp, Wechssler. 
 Comparative Philology : Professors 
 
 Bechtel, Zachariae. 
 Philosophy .- Professors Erdmann, 
 Haym, Uphues, Vaihinger ; Docents 
 Husserl, Schwarz. 
 Political Science : Professors Con- 
 rad, Diehl, Friedberg. 
 History : Professors Droysen, Ewald, 
 Friedensburg, Hertzberg, Lindner, 
 Meyer ; Docents Erode, von Heine- 
 mann, Sommerlad. 
 Geography: Professor Kirchhoff; 
 
 Docents Schenck, Ule. 
 Art and Archeology : Professor 
 Robert ; Decent Wernicke. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : P7-o- 
 fessors Cantor, Eberhard, Wangerin, 
 Wiltheiss. 
 
 Physics : Professors Dom, Schmidt ; 
 Docent Cornelius. 
 
 Chemistry: Professors Doebner, Vol- 
 hard ; Docents Baumert, Chess, Erd- 
 mann. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Luedecke. 
 
 Geology : Professor v. Fritsch. 
 
 Biology: Professors Grenacher, Kraus, 
 E. Taschenberg, O. Taschenberg, 
 Zopf ; Docents Brandes, Schulz. 
 
 Agriculture: Professors Albert, Kuehn, 
 Maercker, Wiist ; Docents Cluss, 
 Fischer, 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors Amdt, Boretius, v. Bruen- 
 neck, van Calker, Endemann, Fitting, 
 Heck, Lastig, v. Liszt, Loening, Schultze, 
 Stammler. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Ackermann, Bernstein, 
 V. Bramann, Bunge, Eberth, Fehling, 
 Frankel, Genzmer, Graefe, Harnack, 
 v. Hippel, Hitzig, Kohlschiitter, v. 
 Mering, Oberst, Pott, Roux, Schwarz, 
 Schwartze, Seeligmiiller, Weber, Welck- 
 er. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Beyschlag, Eichhom, 
 Haupt, Hering, Kaehler, Kautzsch, 
 Koestlin, Loofs, Rothstein ; Docetits 
 Beer, Clemen, Ficker, Foerster, Stange, 
 Steuemagel. 
 
66 
 
 HEIDELBERG. 
 
 HEIDELBERG, Baden. 
 GROSSHERZLICHE RUPRECHT-KARLS-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 The University of Heidelberg, founded in 1386, has granted 
 the degfree of Doctor to several women. Women v\^ho obtain the 
 permission of the Dekan of the Faculty in question and of the indi- 
 vidual professors may attend lectures at the university. The semi- 
 naries and laboratories of certain professors have been opened to 
 individual v\^omen. 
 
 Permission to take the Doctor's examination is granted by the Philo- 
 sophical Faculty, each case being considered separately by the Faculty. 
 
 Fees are paid to the Qiiaestor of the University. The general 
 regulations are the same as for othe r German universities ; see pp. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Indo-Iranian : Profes- 
 sors Bezold, Briinnow, Lefmann. 
 
 Classical : Professors Brandt, 
 Rohde, Scholl. 
 
 English : Professors Ihne, Schick. 
 
 Germanic : Professors Braune, K. 
 Fischer, Meyer, von Waldberg, 
 Wunderlich; Docents Kahle, Waag. 
 
 Romance : Professor Neumann. 
 Comparative Philology : Professors 
 
 Osthoff, Lefmann; Docent Siitterhn. 
 Philosophy : Professor K. Fischer. 
 Political Science : Professors Knies, 
 
 Leser, Scherrer: Docent Kindermann. 
 Geography : Professor Wolf. 
 History : Professors v. Domaszewski, 
 
 Erdmannsdorffer, Heyck, Klein- 
 
 schmidt.Koch, Scherrer, Winkelmann; 
 
 Docents du Moulin- Eckart, Neumann. 
 Art and Archaeology: von Duhn, 
 
 Eisenlohr, Thode, Zangemeister. 
 Pedagogy : Professor Uhlig. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Cantor, Eisenlohr, Koehler, 
 Konigsberger, Schapira, Wolf; Docent 
 Landsberg. 
 
 Physics : Professor Quincke. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Auwers, Born- 
 trager, Briihl, Bunsen, Gattermann, 
 
 Horstmann, Jacobson, Jannasch, 
 
 Krafft, Meyer; Docent Knovenagel. 
 Mineralogy : Professors Goldschmidt, 
 
 Osann, Rosenbusch. 
 Geology : Professors Rosenbusch, 
 
 Schmidt ; Docent Sauer. 
 Biology : Professors Askenasy, Biit- 
 
 schli, Koch, Pfitzer ; Docents v. 
 
 Erlanger, Haller, Samassa, Schuberg. 
 Agriculture : Professor Stengel. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors Barazetti, Bekker, Buhl, 
 Heinze, Jellinek, Karlowa, von Kirchen- 
 heim, Meyer, Schroder, Seng, Strauch. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Arnold, Czerny, Dinkier, 
 Erb, Ernst, Ewald, Fleiner, Gegenbaur, 
 Bessel-Hagen, Hoffmann, Jurasz, Kehrer, 
 Klaatsch, Knauff, Kraepelin, Kiihne, 
 Leber, Lossen, Maurer, Oppenheimer, 
 v. Schroeder, Vierordt, Weiss ; Docents 
 Aschaftenberg, v. Beck, Cramer, Fischer, 
 Goppert, Gottlieb, v. Hippel, Jordan, 
 Kaiser, Schaeffer, Schmidt, Schottlander, 
 Vulpius. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Bassermann, Hausrath, PIol- 
 sten, Kneucker, Lemme, Merx, Troeltsch; 
 Docejtt Griitzmacher. 
 
GERMANY. 67 
 
 JENA, Saxe-Weimar. 
 GROSSHERZOGL. UND HERZOGL. SACHSISCHE 
 GESAMT-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 In order to attend lectures at the University of Jena women stu- 
 dents invist obtain the permission of the Curator of the university 
 and of the individual professors whose courses they desire to hear. 
 
 The university, founded in 1558, is under the same general 
 regulations as other German universities; see pp. 54, 55. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professor Wil- 
 helm ; Docent Hilgenfeld. 
 
 Indo-Iranian : Professors Cappeller, 
 Delbriick, Stickel, Wilhelm. 
 
 Classical: Professors Gelzer, Gotz, 
 Hirzel, Schrader ; Docent Schlosser. 
 
 Romance : Professor Cloetta. 
 
 Modern Languages : Professors 
 Franz. 
 Comparative Philology: Professors 
 
 Delbruck, Schrader. 
 Philosophy : Professors Eucken, Lieb- 
 
 mann ; Docent Erhardt. 
 Political Science: Professor Pier- 
 
 storff; Docent Anion.. 
 History : Professors Gelzer, Klop- 
 
 fleisch, Liebenam, Lorenz ; Docents 
 
 Keutgen, S. Stoy. 
 Geography : Professor Kegel. 
 Art and Archaeology : P7-ofessors 
 
 Gaedechens, Klopfleisch. 
 Pedagogy : Professor Rein ; Docent 
 
 Stoy. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy 
 
 Pro- 
 
 fessors Abbe, Frege, Thomae; Docents 
 
 Knopf, Piltz. 
 Physics : Professors Auerbach, Schaf- 
 
 fer, Winkelmann ; Docent Straubel. 
 Chemistry : Professors Knorr, Wolff ; 
 
 Docent Gaenge. 
 Geology : Professors Linck, Walther. 
 Biology: Professors TyeSxi^&x, Haeckel, 
 
 Kiikenthal, Stahl. 
 Agriculture: Professors Pfeiffer, Seel- 
 
 horst, von der Goltz. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors Danz, Franken, Kniep, 
 Langenbeck, Leist, L5ning, Rosenthal, 
 Thon. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors v. Bardeleben, Biedermann, 
 Binswanger, Engelhardt, Fiirbringer, 
 Gartner, Haeckel, Kessel, Krehl, Leu- 
 buscher, Muller,Neumeister, Riedel, Se- 
 men, Schillbach, Schultze, Skutsch, 
 Stintzing, Verworn, Wagenmann, Ziehen; 
 Docents Gumprecht, Matthes, Witzel. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Drews, Hilgenfeld, Nip- 
 pold, Seyerlen, Siegfried, Wendt ; Do- 
 cents Baentsch, von Dobschutz. 
 
 KBEIj, Prussia. 
 KONIGLICHE CHRISTIAN-ALBRECHTS UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 The University of Kiel, founded in 1665, does not admit women. 
 The general regulations are the same as those of other German 
 universities; see pp. 54, 55. 
 
68 
 
 KIEL, KONIGSBERG. 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professor Hofif- 
 mann. 
 
 Indo-Iranian : Professor Oldenberg. 
 
 Classical : Professors Bruns, Schone. 
 
 English : Professor Sarrazin, 
 
 Germanic : Professors Gering, Kauff- 
 mann ; Docetits Groth, Stosch, 
 Wolff. 
 
 Romance : Professor Korting. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Oldenberg ; Docent Cauer. 
 Philosophy: Professors Deussen, Riehl; 
 
 Docents Adickes, Tonnies. 
 Political Science: Professors Back- 
 
 haus, Hasbach, Seelig. 
 Geography : Professor Krlimmel. 
 History : Professors Busolt, Roden- 
 
 berg, Schirren ; Docents Rachfahl, 
 
 Unzer. 
 Art and Archeology: P^-ofessors 
 
 Milchhoefer, Matthaei. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Kreutz, Krueger, Lamp, Poch- 
 hammer, Weyer. 
 
 Physics : Professors Ebert, Karsten, 
 Weber. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Curtius, Riig- 
 heimer ; Docents Berend, Buchner, 
 Emmerling, Stoehr. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Lehmann. 
 
 Geology : Professors Haas, Lehmann ; 
 Docent Stolley. 
 
 Biology: Professors Brandt, Reinke; Do- 
 cents Dahl, Karsten, Lohmann^ 
 Schneidemiilil. 
 
 Agriculture : Professors Backhaus, 
 Rodewald. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors Frantz, Hanel, Kleinfeller^ 
 Niemeyer, Pappenheim, Schlossmann. 
 Docents Rehme, Thomsen. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Bier, Bockendahl, v. Es- 
 march, Falck, Fischer, Flemming, Hel- 
 ler, Hensen, Hoppe-Seyler, Kosegarten, 
 Petersen, Quincke, v. Spec, v. Starck, 
 Volckers,Werth; Docents Doehle,Fricke, 
 Glaevecke, Hochhaus, Jessen, Kirchhoff,, 
 Nicolai, Paulsen, Seeger. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Baumgarten, Bosse, Klos- 
 termann, Matthaei, Miihlau, Nitzsch, v. 
 Schubert, Titius. 
 
 KONIGSBERG, Prussia. 
 KONIGLICHE ALBERTUS-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 The University of Konigsberg, founded in 1544, does not admit 
 women. The general regulations are the same as those of other 
 German universities; see pp. 54, ^^. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic: Professor Jahn; 
 Docent Peiser. 
 
 Indo-Iranian : Pj-ofossor Franke. 
 Classical : Professors Friedlander, 
 
 Jeep, Ludwich, Rossbach ; Docents 
 
 Merguet, Tolkiehn. 
 English : Professors Kaluza, Kiss- 
 
 ner. 
 Germanic : Professors Baumgart, 
 
 Schade ; Docent Uhl. 
 
 Romance : Professor Kissner. 
 Comparative Philology : Professors 
 
 Bezzenberger, Hoffmann. 
 Philosophy : Professors Thiele, Walter. 
 Political Science: Professors Ger- 
 
 lach, Umpfenbach. 
 History: Professors Erler, Lohmeyer, 
 
 Prutz, Riihl, Schubert. 
 Geography : Professor Hahn. 
 
GERMANY. 69 
 
 Art and Archeology : Professor law. 
 
 Handcke ; Docent Ehrenberg. Professors Gareis, Gradenwitz, Giiter- 
 
 sciENCE bock, Salkowski, Schirmer, Zom ; Do- 
 
 „ cents Hubrich, Schon, Weyl. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Franz, Minkowski, Saalschiitz, medicine 
 Stackel, Struve, Volkmann ; Docents Professors Berthold, Braun, Caspary, 
 Cohn, Rahts, Wiechert. Dohrn, v. Eiselsberg, v. Esmarch, Grun- 
 
 Physics: Professors Pape, Volkmann; bagen, Hermann, Jaffe, Kuhnt, Licht- 
 
 Docent Wiechert. heim, Meschede, Nauwerck, Neumann, 
 
 Chemistry: Professors Blochmann, Samuel, Schneider, Schreiber, Seydel, 
 
 Lessen, Miigge, Ritthausen, Spirgatis; Stieda, Zander; i?^f^«^j Askanazy, Cohn, 
 
 Z>or<f«/ Lassar-Cohn. Czaplewski, Falkenheim, Gerber, Hil- 
 
 Mineralogy : Docettts Jentzsch, Schell- bert, Kafemann, v. Krzywicki, Lange, 
 
 ^jgn. Miinster, Ostmann, Rosmski, bamter. 
 
 Geology : Doce7tts Jentzsch, Schell- Stetter, Valentini. 
 
 ■^ieu, THEOLOGY. 
 
 Biology: Professors Braun, Luerssen. Professors Benrath, Comill, Domer, 
 
 Agriculture : Professors Fleischmann, Jacoby, Klopper, Kiihl, Link, Sommer, 
 Marek. Voigt. 
 
 liEIPZIG, Saxony. 
 
 UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 The University of Leipzig, founded in 1409, is not officially 
 open to women, although women have foi- a number of years been 
 permitted by the kindness of individual professors to attend certain 
 courses at the university. They have no standing as students and 
 are in no case granted degrees. Permission to attend lectures is 
 given by the individual professors. In many cases the seminaries 
 and laboratories have been opened to women students. 
 
 In the Medical Faculty all courses except clinical courses and all 
 laboratories except the anatomical laboratory are open to women. 
 
 The general regulations are the same as those of other German 
 universities; see pp. 54, 55. 
 
 Professors and liccturers. 
 
 ARTS. Germanic: Professors v. Bahder, 
 
 Languages. — Indo-Iranian : Profes- Elster, Leskien, Mogk, Scholvin, 
 
 sors Krehl, Lindner, Socin, Win- Sievers, WoUner ; Docents Hirt, 
 
 disch; Docents Conrady, Stumme. Holz, Witkowski. 
 
 Classical: Professors Lipsius, Rib- Romance: Professors Birch-Hirsch- 
 
 beck, Wachsmuth, Zarncke; Do- feld, F. Settegast; Z>o<r^«i'Weigand. 
 
 cents Cichorius, Immisch. Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 English: Professor'^xiSk^tx. Brugmann; Docent Ylxxt. 
 
LEIPZIG, MARBURG. 
 
 Philosophy : Pj-ofessors Drobisch, 
 
 Heinze, Hermann, V. Schubert- Soldem, 
 
 Striimpell, Volkeet, Wundt ; Docents 
 
 Barth, Meumann, H. Wolff. 
 Political Science : Professors Biicher, 
 
 Fricker, Hasse, v.Miaskowski; Docent 
 
 Walcker. 
 History: Professors Biedermann, Buch- 
 
 holZjGardtbausen, Lamprecht, Marcks, 
 
 Piickert, Seeliger, Wachsmuth,Wenck; 
 
 Docents Brandenburg, Cichorius, Gotz, 
 
 Salomon, Schurtz, Sorensen. 
 Art and Archaeology : Professors 
 
 Brockhaus, Ebers, Overbeck, Schmar- 
 
 sow, Schreiber, Steindorff, Zimmern ; 
 
 Docent Schneider. 
 Geography : Professors Ratzel, Hett- 
 
 ner ; Docents Schurtz, Hassert. 
 Pedagogy : Professors Richter, Vol- 
 
 kelt ; Docent Barth. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Bruns, Engel, Lie, Mayer, 
 Neumann, von Oettingen, Scheibner ; 
 Docents Hausdorff, Nieper, Scheffers. 
 
 Physics: Professors Drude, Hankel, von 
 Oettingen, Wiedemann ; Docents O. 
 Fischer, Wiedeburg. 
 
 Chemistry: Professors Hirzel, Ost- 
 wald, Weddige, Wislicenus ; Docents 
 LeBlanc, Paul, Rassow, Siegfried, 
 Stobbe. 
 
 Geology : Professors Credner, Felix. 
 
 Biology : Professors Ambronn, A. 
 Fischer, Fraisse, Leuckart, Marshall, 
 Pfefter, Schmidt, Simroth ; Docents O. 
 Fischer, Karsten, Looss, zur Strassen. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Zirkel. 
 Agriculture : Professors Howard, 
 
 Kirchner, H. Seltegast, Stohmann, 
 
 Strecker ; Docent Hucho. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors Binding, Bulow, v. Degen- 
 kolb, Friedberg, Goetz, Plolder, Muller, 
 Rieker, Schmidt, Sohm, Stein, Strohal, 
 Voigt, Wach ; Docentsl^\xxc}azxA, Engel- 
 mann, Geffcken, Haepe, Kloeppel, Stint- 
 zing, Triepel. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Birch- Hirschfeld, Boehm, 
 Cams, Curschmann, Doederlein, Fick, 
 Flechsig, v.Frey,Hagen,Hennig, Hering, 
 Hesse, Wilhelm His, Friedrich Albin 
 Hoffmann, Franz Hofmann, Kolliker, 
 Moldenhauer, Sanger, Sattler, Schmidt, 
 Schroeter, Soltmann, Spalteholz, Till- 
 manns, Trendelenburg, Wenzel, Winter, 
 Zweifel ; Docents Braun, Friedheim, 
 Friedlander, Friedrich, Garten, Haake, 
 Heffter, Held, Hess, Heymann, Wil- 
 helm His, Jr., Kaestner, Kockel, Koll- 
 mann, Kiister, Lange, von Lesser, Nau- 
 mann, Romberg, Schoen, Schiitz, 
 Schwarz, Urban, Wagner, Windscheid. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Brieger, Buhl, Dalman, 
 Fricke, Gregory, Guthe, Hauck, Hein- 
 rici, Hofmann, Kirn, Luthardt, Riet- 
 schel, Schnedermann, Thieme ; Docent 
 Kunze. 
 
 MUSIC. 
 
 Professors Kretzschmar, Paul; Docents 
 Priifer, Riemann. 
 
 MARBURG, Prussia. 
 UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 The University of Marburg, founded in 1527, is open to women 
 under the same restrictions as the University of Berlin ; see pp. 
 
 54-56. 
 
 The general regvilations are the same as those of other German 
 
 universities. 
 
 Professors and. Liectiirers: 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic: Professor Jen- 
 
 Classical : Professors Birt, Dieterich, 
 
 Maass, Niese. 
 English : Professor Victor. 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 71 
 
 Germanic: Professors Koster, Schroe- 
 
 der. Docent Wrede. 
 Romance : Professors Koschwitz, Vic- 
 tor. 
 
 Sanskrit and Comparative Philol- 
 ogy : Professors Justi, Stengel. 
 
 Philosophy: Professors Bergmann, Co- 
 hen, Natorp; Docents Busse, Klihne- 
 mann. 
 
 Political Science: Professor Rath- 
 gen ; Docent Waentig. 
 
 History: Professors Konnecke, Naude, 
 Niese, von der Ropp, Tangl; Docents 
 Judeich, Wenck. 
 
 Geography : Professor Fischer. 
 
 Art and Archeology : Professors von 
 Drach, von Sybel. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors von Drach, Feussner, Hess, 
 Meide, Schottky. 
 
 Physics : Professors Feussner, Melde. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Fittica, Rathke, 
 Schmidt, Zincke ; Docents Fritsch, 
 Kiister, Partheil. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Bauer; Decent 
 
 Busz. 
 Geology : Professor Kayser. 
 Biology : Professors Kohl, Korschelt, 
 
 Meyer; Docent Brauer. 
 
 Professors Bergbohm, v. Blume, En- 
 neccerus, Lehmann, Leist, v. Lilienthal, 
 Sartorius, Ubbelohde,Westerkanip,Wach- 
 enfeld; Docents Mueller, von Simmern. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Ahlfeld, Behring, Disse, 
 Gasser, Kossel, Kiister, Lahs, Mann- 
 kopft, Marchand, Meyer, Miiller, Ost- 
 mann, Tuczek, Uhthoff, Wagener ; Do- 
 cents Axenfeld, Barth, Buchholz, Von 
 Heusinger, Hiiter, Nebelthau, Sandmey- 
 er, v. Sobieranski, Zumstein. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Achelis, Von Baudissin, 
 Cremer, Herrmann, Jiilicher, Mirbt, 
 Weiss, Werner ; Docents Bauer, Bess, 
 Kraetzschmar. 
 
 MUNICH, Bavaria. 
 KONIGL. LUDWIG-MAXIMILIANS-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 No exact information has been received in regard to the admis- 
 sion of women to the University of Munich. The present Minis- 
 ter of Education for Bavaria is, it is said, opposed to the admis- 
 sion of women to the universities, and permission to attend lectures 
 is therefore difficult to obtain from him. Through the influence of 
 individual professors, advanced w^omen students have, however, 
 been allowed to attend certain lectures at the university. 
 
 The university was founded in 1472, and is under the same gen- 
 eral regulations as the other German universities; see pp. 54, 55. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic: Professor Hom- 
 
 mel. 
 Indo-Iranian : Professors Kuhn, von 
 
 der Schulenberg ; Docents Scher- 
 
 mann, Simon. 
 Chinese : Docent won der Schulenberg. 
 
 Classical : Professors v. Christ, v. 
 
 Miiller, v. Woelfflin ; Docents Oeh- 
 
 michen, von der Pfordten, Weyman. 
 Byzantine and Modern Greek : 
 
 Professor Krumbacher. 
 English : Professor Koeppel; Docent 
 
 Worner. 
 
72 
 
 MUNICH, ROSTOCK. 
 
 Germanic : Professors Muncker, 
 Paul ; Docents Borinski, Panzer. 
 
 Romance : Professor Breymann ; Do- 
 cent Ha tmann. 
 History of Modern Literature : 
 
 Professor Woerner. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Kuhn. 
 Philosophy: Professors \on Hertling, 
 
 Lipps ; Docei7ts Cornelius, Guttler. 
 Political Science : Professors v. Baur, 
 
 Brentano, Lotz, v. Riehl, von Rock- 
 
 inger. 
 History: Professors Yx\&A.x\(^, Grauert, 
 
 Heigel, Oberhummer, von Rockinger ; 
 
 Docents Chroust, Fester, Mayr-Deis- 
 
 inger, Simonsfeld, Traube. 
 Geography: Professor Oberhummer; 
 
 Docent Neumann. 
 Art and Archeology: Professors 
 
 Furtwangler, von Reber, Riehl, 
 
 Riggauer. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Bauer, Ebermayer, Lindemann, 
 Pringsheim, Seeliger; Docents Auding, 
 Bauschinger, Brunn, Doehlemann, 
 Erk, V. Weber. 
 
 Physics : Professors Graetz, von Lom- 
 mel ; Docents Donle, Kom. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors v. Baeyer, Hil- 
 ger, Koenigs, Muthmann, Thiele; Do- 
 cents Baumann, Hofmann. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Groth. 
 
 Geology : Professors Rothpletz, von Zit- 
 tel ; Docents Pompeckj, Weinschenk. 
 
 Biology : Professors Goebel, Hertwig, 
 Radlkofer, Ranke, Selenka ; Docents 
 Giesenhagen, Hofer, Maas, Pauly, 
 Solereder, Weiss. 
 
 Professors v. Amira, v. Bechmann, 
 Birkmeyer, Hellmann, v. Planck, Seuf- 
 fert, V. Seydel, v. Sicherer, v. Stengel, 
 Ullmann ; Docents Grueber, Harburger, 
 Loewenfeld, Schmidt. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors J. Amann, Angerer, Bauer, 
 Bezold, Bollinger, Hans Buchner, L. A. 
 Buchner, Emmerich, Grashey, Klauss- 
 ner, v. Kupffer, Messerer, Moritz, Oertel, 
 Pettenkofer, Posselt, v. Ranke, v. Roth- 
 mund, Riidinger, Schech, Tappeiner, v. 
 Voit, V. Winckel, v. Ziemssen ; Docents 
 J. A. Amann, Barlow, Brandl, Cremer, 
 Fessler, Frank, Hahn, Haug, Herzog, 
 Hofer, Klein, Kopp, v. Liebig, May, 
 Mollier, Neumayer, Oeller, Passet, 
 Rieder, Schloesser, Schmaus, Schmitt, 
 Seitz, Seydel, Sittmann, v. Stubenrauch, 
 Stumpf, Voit, Wolfsteiner, Ziegenspeck, 
 Ziegler. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Atzberger, Bach, Barden- 
 hewer, Knoepfler, Andreas Schmid, 
 Alois Ritterv. Schmid, Schoenfelder, Sil- 
 bernagl, Wirthmiiller; Docent Dausch. 
 
 MUSIC. 
 
 Docent Sandberger. 
 
 ROSTOCK, Mecklenberg. 
 
 GROSSHERZOGLICHE UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 The University of Rostock has in individual cases permitted 
 w^omen w^ho inake teaching a profession to attend certain lec- 
 tures at the university. The Ministry has asked for information 
 in regard to these vs^omen students, and for the present the question 
 of the admission of w^omen to the university remains in abeyance. 
 
 The university v^as founded in 141 9 and is under the saine gen- 
 eral regulations as the other German universities; see 2:>p. 54, 55. 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 n 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Indo-IraniaN : Pro- 
 fessor Philippi. 
 Classical : Professors v. Arnim, 
 
 Bethe. 
 Germanic : Professor Golther. 
 Romance : Professor Lindner ; Docent 
 Robert. 
 Philosophy : Professor von Stein. 
 Political Science : Professor Stieda. 
 History : Professor Schirrmacher. 
 Art and Archeology : Professor 
 Korte. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- 
 fessor Staude. 
 Physics : Professor Matthiessen. 
 Chemistry : Professors Michaelis, Tohl. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Geinitz. 
 Geology : Professor Geinitz. 
 Biology: Professors Blochmann, Fal- 
 
 kenberg, Will. 
 Agriculture : Professor Heinricli. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors Bemhoft, von Hippel, Leh- 
 mann, Matthiass, Sachsse. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Berlin, von Brunn, Garre, 
 Gies, Korner, Langendorff, Lubarsch, 
 Martins, Nasse, Pfeiffer, Schatz, Schu- 
 chardt, Albert Thierfelder, Theodor 
 Thierfelder ; Docent Reinke. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Pi-ofessors Hashagen, 
 gen, Schulze, Walther. 
 
 Koenig, Nos- 
 
 STRASSBURG, Alsace. 
 KAISER-'WILHELMS-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 The University of Strassburg, founded in 1567, is not officially- 
 open to women. By the special permission of certain professors 
 and without the sanction of the Ministry one or two advanced 
 women students have been admitted, as a great exception, to cer- 
 tain of the university courses. 
 
 The general regulations are the same as those of other German 
 universities; see pp. 54, 55. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professors Lut- 
 ing, Keil, Landauer, Noldeke ; 
 Docent Schwally. 
 
 Indo-Iranian : Professor Leumann ; 
 Docent Horn. 
 
 Classical : Professors Friedlander, 
 Hubschmann, Kaibel, Michaelis, 
 Reitzenstein, Thramer; Docents 
 Heinze, Miller. 
 
 English : Professor Koepel ; Docent 
 Miller. 
 
 Germanic : Professors Henning, Mar- 
 tin ; Docent Joseph. 
 Romance : Professor Grober ; Docent 
 Schneegans. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Hubschmann. 
 Philosophy: Professors Hensel, Win- 
 
 delband, Ziegler. 
 Political Science : See Lavr and Pol- 
 itical Science. 
 History : Professors Bresslau, Neu- 
 mann, Varrentrapp, Wiegand ; Do- 
 cents Cuntz, Sackur. 
 
74 
 
 STRASSBURG, TUBINGEN. 
 
 Geography: Professor Gerland; Do- 
 cent Hergesell. 
 
 Art and Arch/EOLOGY: Professor 
 Dehio ; Docents Heinze, Leitschuh, 
 Spiegelberg, Voge. 
 
 Pedagogy : Professor Ziegler. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- 
 fesso7's Becker, Krazer, Maurer, Reye, 
 Roth, Weber, Wislicenus ; Docent Ko- 
 bold. 
 
 Physics : Professors Braun, Cohn ; Do- 
 cent Cantor. 
 
 Chemistry: Professors Fittig, Rose, 
 Schaer ; Docents Cantor, Erlenmeyer, 
 Marburg. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Bucking ; Do- 
 cent Bi-uhns. 
 
 Geology : Professor Benecke ; Docent 
 Tornquist. 
 
 Biology : Professors Doderlein, Goette, 
 Jost, Solms-Laubach ; Docent von 
 Wagner. 
 
 LA IV A AW POLITICAL SCIENCE. 
 
 Law : Professors Bremer, van Calker, 
 Laband, Lenel, Mayer, Merkel, 
 Schultze, Sickel, Wlassak, Zimmer- 
 mann. 
 
 Political Science : Professors Knapp, 
 von Mayr, von Waltershausen; Docents 
 von Bortkewitsch, Witticli. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Bayer, Calm, Ewald, F. 
 E. Fischer, F. Fischer, W. A. Freund, 
 Furstner, Goltz, Kohts, Kuhn, Laqueur, 
 Ledderhose, Leop, Madelung, Minkows- 
 ki, Naunyn, Pfitzner, Recklinghausen, 
 Schmiedeberg, Schwalbe, Stilling, Ulrich, 
 Wolff; Docents H. Freund, Gerhardt, 
 Hoche, Jacobj, Jessen, Klemperer, Levy, 
 Mehnert, Scheurlen, Schmidt. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Budde, Ficker, Holtzmann, 
 Lobstein, Lucius, Mayer, Nowack, 
 Smend, Spitta ; Docent Anrich. 
 
 MUSIC. 
 
 Professor Jacobsthal. 
 
 TUBINGEN, Wurttemberg. 
 KONIGLICHE EBERHARD-KARLS UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 The University of Tubingen, founded in 1477? has been opened 
 in several instances to women, although it is in general closed to 
 them. 
 
 Permission to attend lectures at the university is, in exce|5tional 
 cases, granted to w^omen by the Minister of Education in Stuttgart, 
 and by individual professors. 
 
 The general regulations are the saine as those of other German 
 universities; see pp. 54, 55. 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Docent Sey- 
 
 bold. 
 Indo-Iranian : Professor Garbe. 
 Classical : Professors Crusius, von 
 
 Herzog, Schmid, von Schwabe. 
 
 English : Professor Hoops ; Docent 
 Johs. 
 
 Germanic : Professor Fischer ; Do- 
 cent Bohnenberger. 
 
 Romance : Professors Pfau, Voretzsch. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Garbe. 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 75 
 
 Philosophy: Professors Pfleiderer, v. 
 
 Sigwart, Spitta. 
 Political Science: Professors von 
 
 Jolly, von Martitz, Neumann, von 
 
 Schonberg ; Docents von Bergmann, 
 
 Troltsch. 
 History : Professors von Kugler, Saeg- 
 
 miiller, Schafer. 
 Art and Archeology: Professors 
 
 Lange, von Schwabe. 
 Pedagogy : Docent Majer. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Brill, Holder, Stahl, Waitz. 
 
 Physics : Professo7-s Oberbeck, Waitz, 
 
 Chemistry: Professors Hiifner, von 
 Pechraann ; Docent von Meyenberg. 
 
 Mineralogy: Professor Koken; Docent 
 Wiilfing. 
 
 Geology : Professor Koken. 
 
 Biology: Professors Eimer, Hegel- 
 
 maier, Vochting. Docents Correns, 
 Hesse. 
 Agriculture : Pi-ofessor Leemann. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Pi-ofessors v. Franklin, Geib, v. Meyer, 
 Riimelin, v. Seeger, v.Thudicum, Wendt. 
 
 iMEDlCINE. 
 
 Professors v. Baumgarten, Bruns, Fro- 
 riep, Griitzner, von Jiirgensen, v. Lieber- 
 meister, v. Lenhossek, Oesterlen, v. Sax- 
 inger, Schleich, Siemerling, Vierordt, 
 Wagenhaeuser ; Docents Dennig, Hof- 
 meister, Nagel, Roloff, Winternitz. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Protestant : Professors von Buder, 
 
 Gottschick, Grill, Haring, Hegler, 
 
 Weizsacker. 
 Roman Catholic : Professors Belser, 
 
 von Funk, v. Kober, Koch, Schanz, 
 
 Vetter. 
 
 ^ViJRZBURG, Bavaria. 
 KONIGLICHE JULIUS-MAXIMILIANS UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 The University of Wiirzburg, founded in 1402, is not open to 
 women. 
 
 The general regulations are the same as those of other German 
 universities; see pp. 54, 55. 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 Languages. — Indo-Iranian : Profes- 
 sor Jolly. 
 Classical : Professor Grassberger, 
 
 Schanz, Sittl. 
 Germanic: P>-ofessor^r&nr\tx; Docent 
 
 Rotteken. 
 Romance: P7'ofessor ^inxzingtr ; Do- 
 cent Pirson, Zenker. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Jolly. 
 Philosophy : Professors Kulpe, Stolzle ; 
 
 Docent Neudecker. 
 Political Science: (See Law and 
 
 Political Science). 
 History : Professors Henner, Unger, 
 Wegele. 
 
 Geography : Docent Ehrenburg. 
 Art and Archaeology: Prof essor SiiiX; 
 
 Docent Schmid. 
 Pedagogy : Professor Grasberger. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Prym, Selling, Voss ; Docent 
 Haussner. 
 
 Physics : Professor Rontgen ; Docents 
 Geigel, Wien. 
 
 Chemistry : Hantzsch, Medicus, Wisli- 
 cenus ; Docent Tafel. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor von Sandberger. 
 
 Geology : Pi'ofessor von Sandberger. 
 
 Biology : Professors Boveri, von Sachs; 
 Docejtt Hauptfleisch. 
 
76 
 
 WVRZBURG. 
 
 LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 
 
 Law : Professors Burckhard, Mayer, 
 Meurer, Piloty, Oetker, Schollmeyer; 
 Docents Heimberger, Knapp. 
 
 Political Science: Professor Schanz; 
 Decent von Meckel. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Fick, Helfreich, Hofmeier, 
 Kirchner, v.Kolliker, Kunkel, Lehmann, 
 V. Leube, Matterstock, v. Michel, Reu- 
 
 bold, Riedinger, Rieger, v. Rindfleisch, 
 Sch5nborn, Schultze ; Docents Arens, 
 Bach,Berten,v. Franque,Geigel, Heiden- 
 hain, Heim, Hoffa, Leuhossek, Nie- 
 berding, Reichel, Riese, Rosenberger, 
 Schenck, Seifert, Sobotta. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Abert, Braun, Gopfert, 
 Ehrhard, Kihn, Schell, Scholz, StaM. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 77 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN. 
 ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 There are six universities in England and Wales : Cam- 
 bridge, Durham, London, Oxford, Victoria and the Univer- 
 sity of Wales. These are in the main examining bodies 
 and confer degrees on the results of examinations held by the 
 examiners on their staff. Candidates are prepared for these 
 examinations by colleges affiliated with the different univer- 
 sities. At Oxford and Cambridge the universities appoint 
 professors and lecturers who give lectures open to all stu- 
 dents, but the greater part of the teaching is arranged for by 
 the college authorities. London is at present merely an ex- 
 amining university, but a proposal to make it a teaching uni- 
 versity is under consideration. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, England, 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 The University of Cambridge, founded in the 12th century, is a 
 corporation which provides instruction in the various branches of 
 knowledge and confers degrees in arts, science, law, medicine, 
 theology and music on candidates who have fulfilled certain condi- 
 tions in regard to residence at specified colleges and passed certain 
 examinations. There are in Cambridge seventeen colleges and two 
 public hostels for men students and there are a few non-collegiate 
 students. Each college and hostel has its own staff of lecturers 
 and tutors, and though university lectures given by university 
 professors and lecturers are open to members of all the colleges, 
 college lectures are in some cases open to students of specified col- 
 leges only. 
 
 Women ^vlio desire to attend lectures in Cambridge inust enter 
 as students one of the two colleges for woinen in Cambridge 
 
78 
 
 CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 Girton College or Newnham College, residence at which confers 
 certain privileges. 
 
 Women students who reside at Girton College (see p. 79), 
 Newnham College (see p. 81), or in Cambridge, as ' out- students ' 
 of one of these colleges, are admitted, with a few exceptions indi- 
 cated below, to all the university lectures, to certain of the college 
 lectures and to most of the laboratories and museums. Women 
 are, by special permission, allowed to read in the University library. 
 
 Women who have fulfilled, in connection with one of the above 
 mentioned colleges, the conditions respecting length of residence 
 and standing which men students are required to fulfil have been 
 admitted, since 1881, to the Previous and Tripos (z. e., honours) ex- 
 aminations of the university. 
 
 After each examination the examiners publish a list of the suc- 
 cessful candidates, arranged either in classes and divisions or num- 
 bered in order of merit. The names of the men and women stu- 
 dents are on separate lists, but the position taken by the women with 
 reference to the men is shown and the standard is the same for each. 
 
 The question of granting degrees to women who have passed 
 these examinations is at present under consideration. 
 
 All applications for admission to the university lectures, etc., are 
 made by the authorities of Girton and Newnham colleges on be- 
 half of the students, and all fees are paid and arrangements made 
 by these authorities. 
 
 University Professors and Lecturers and College Lecturers. 
 
 (From the list of lectures for the year 1895-96, published in the Cambridge University Reporter, 
 January 13, 1896. The * indicates that the professor or lecturer does not admit women to his lectures. ) 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic and Indo-Ira- 
 NIAN : Professors Bevan, Cowell, 
 Kirkpatrick, Rieu ; Messrs. Barnes, 
 Browne, Chapman, Kennett, Mc- 
 Lean, Neil, Nicholson, Schechter, 
 Strong. 
 Classical : Professors Jebb, Mayor ; 
 Drs Jackson, Peile, Postgate, Reid, 
 Sandys, Verrall ; Messrs. Abbott, 
 Adam, Archer-Hind, Cooke, Dims- 
 
 dale, Edwards, Giles, Gill, Glover, 
 Graves, A. Gray, J. H. Gray, Head, 
 lam, Hicks, Lendrum, Levin, Neil, 
 Peskett, Shuckburgh, Sikes, Thomp- 
 son, Tottenham, Tilley, Wardale, 
 Wedd, Whibley. 
 
 English : Professors Dowden, Skeat ; 
 Messrs. Comber, Giles, Gollancz, 
 Morier Hinde, Magmisson, Wyatt. 
 
 Germanic : Mess7-s. Breul, Rippmann, 
 Wolstenholme. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 79 
 
 Romance : Messrs. Boquel, Braun- 
 holt?;, Comber, Morier Hinde, Ripp- 
 mann, Wyatt. 
 
 Comparative Philology : Dr. Post- 
 gate ; Messrs. Breul, Chadwick. 
 
 Philosophy : Professor Sidgwick ; Drs. 
 Keynes, Ward ; Messrs. Johnson, Le- 
 vin, McTaggart, Rivers, Stout. 
 
 Political Science ; Professors Marshall, 
 Sidgwick ; Dr. Venn ; Alcssrs. Berry, 
 Collins, Foxwell, Green, Hammond, 
 Levin. 
 
 History : Professors Lord Acton, Gwat- 
 kin, Maitland ; Dr. Cunningham ; 
 Messrs. Archbold, Browning, Corbett, 
 Dickinson, Evans, Figgis, Green, 
 Leathes. Masterman, Mullinger, Shuck- 
 burgh, Tanner, Thomely. 
 
 Art and Archeology: Professors 
 Ridgway, Waldstein ; Messrs. E. A. 
 Gardner, Haddon, Roberts. 
 
 Geology : Professor Hughes ; Messrs. 
 Harker, Marr, Oldham, Seward, 
 Woods. 
 
 Biology, Physiology, etc.: Professors 
 Foster, Macalister, *Newton, *Ward ; 
 Drs. Gaskell, Hill, Melsome, Rivers, 
 Shore ; Messrs. Blackman, Burkill, 
 Darwin, Eichholz, Ellis, Gadow, Gar- 
 diner, Haddon, Harmer, Langley, Lis- 
 ter, Sedgwick, Seward, Shipley, War- 
 burton, Woods. 
 
 Engineering : Professor Ewing; Messrs. 
 Dalby, Hartree, Lamb, 
 
 Agriculture : Messrs. Easterfield, 
 Wood. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors Clark, Maitland. Westlake ; 
 Drs. Anningson, Bate, Bond, Gordon 
 Campbell, Kenny, Lawrence, Walker, 
 Waraker; Messrs. Buckland, Harris, 
 Higgins, Monro, Reddaway, Whittaker, 
 Wright. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors^\x R. S. Ball, Darwin, Forsyth; 
 Drs. *Glaisher, Hobson, Lachlan ; 
 Messrs. Baker, Ball, Bennett, Berry, 
 Coates, Herman, Hinks, Lamb, Pen- 
 dlebury, Webb. 
 
 Physics : Professors Ewing, *Sir G. G. 
 Stokes, Thomson ; Messrs. Bryan, 
 Capstick, W. E. Dalby, Glazebrook, 
 Griffiths, Munro, Shaw, Skinner, 
 Whetham, Wilberforce. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Dewar, Liveing; 
 Messrs. Adie, Fenton, Heycock, R. 
 M. Lewis, Morrell, Neville, Pattison 
 Muir, Ruhemann, Scott, Sell. 
 
 Mineralogy: Professor Lewis; Mr. 
 Hutchinson. 
 
 Professors Bradbury, Sir G. M. Hum- 
 phrey; Drs. Anningson, Lazarus, Barlow. 
 Cory, Macalister; Messrs. Douty, Wherry. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Gwatkin, Kirkpatrick, *Ma- 
 son, Robinson, Ryle, Stanton, Swete ; 
 Drs. Chase, Streane, Watson ; Messrs. 
 Barlow, Barnes, Bethune- Baker, Blen- 
 kin, Boughey, Brooks, Chapman, Cox, 
 Glover, Gray, Harris, Foakes Jackson, 
 Knight, Masterman, McLean, Murray, 
 Parry, Forbes Robinson, Heriz Smith, 
 Thackeray. 
 
 MUSIC. 
 
 Professor Stanford ; Drs. Garrett, 
 Wood. 
 
 GIRTON COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 This college, which took its origin in a home for women students 
 opened in 1869 by Miss Emily Davies at Hitchin, about eighteen 
 miles from Cambridge, is open to women only, and provides in- 
 struction for the Previous and Tripos examinations of the University 
 of Cambridge. (See p. 78.) There is one large hall of residence, 
 situated about one and one-half miles from Cambridge, providing 
 
So CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 accommodation for the mistress, Miss Welsh, seven resident lec- 
 turers and about one hundred students. 
 
 Students are not admitted under the age of eighteen, and they 
 are required to pass, before entering, the Girton College entrance 
 examination or an equivalent examination. 
 
 Though no definite regulation is made in regard to the matter, 
 duly qualified American women have been occasionally admitted, 
 vs^hen space permitted, v^itliout examination and w^ithout undertak- 
 ing the whole three years' covirse. 
 
 The college course {i. e., preparation for the first part of a Tripos 
 examination) occupies three years, half of each year being spent in 
 residence. There are three terms in each year : The Michaelmas 
 term, beginning in the middle of October and lasting nine weeks ; 
 the Lent term, beginning in the middle of January, lasting eight 
 weeks ; and the Easter term, beginning in the middle of April, last- 
 ing eight weeks. 
 
 The charge for board, lodging and tuition is £2>S {^^IS) a term, 
 and this covers all university and college charges. Each student 
 has a bedroom and sitting room, or one large room divided. Stu- 
 dents who desire to reside during the long vacation at the college 
 may do so during July and August at a charge of three guineas 
 ($15.75) a week, or fourteen guineas ($73-5o) for six weeks. 
 
 There are numerous scholarships varying in value from £17 12s. 
 ($88) to £80 ($400) a year for three or four years. These are 
 awarded on the results of special examinations. 
 
 For further information apply to the secretary. Miss Kensing- 
 ton, S3 Gloucester Terrace, Hyde Park, London, W. 
 
 Lecturers. 
 
 In addition to the university lectures attended by students of Girton College in Cambridge (see 
 p. 78), lectures and individual instruction were given during 1894-95 at the college by the following : 
 
 yiRTS. Braunholtz, Breul ; Messrs. Boquel, 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Dr. Postgate: Wyatt ; Misses Earle, Hensley, Ken- 
 
 Messrs. Adam, Conway, Cooke, nedy. 
 
 Duff, Earp, Graves, Hicks, Leaf, Philosophy and Political Science : 
 
 Lendrum, Miles, Moulton, Pretor, Mr. Johnson ; Miss Constance Jones. 
 
 Sikes ; Misses Alford, Jex- Blake. History : Misses Mc Arthur, Gardner ; 
 
 Medieval and Modern: Di-s. Messrs. Green, Masterman. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 8l 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Mathematics : Messrs. Berry, Buchan- yj/zw McArthur. 
 
 an, Cowell, Dodds, Graham, Mair, 
 
 Munro, Richmond, Sedley Taylor, music. 
 
 Whitehead, Young; Miss Meyer. T>r. Wood. 
 
 Biology, Chemistry, Etc. : Misses 
 
 Chesney, Greenwood, Saunders. 
 
 NEWNHAM COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 This college, which took its origin in a home for women stu- 
 dents opened by Miss Clough in 1871, is open to women only and 
 provides instruction for the Tripos examinations of the University 
 of Cambridge (see p. 78). It consists of three halls of residence, 
 situated about five minutes' walk from the centre of Cambridge, 
 and accommodating about 150 students in addition to the principal, 
 vice-principals and resident lecturers. The principal is Mrs. Henry 
 Sidgwick; the vice-principals and heads of the different halls are 
 Miss Helen Gladstone, Miss Katharine Stephen and Miss Mary E. 
 Rickett. 
 
 Students ai-e not admitted under the age of eighteen, except in 
 special cases ; they are required to give satisfactory references and 
 to pass, before entering, the Newnham College entrance examina- 
 tion or an equivalent examination. In exceptional cases women 
 who do not reside in the college are admitted as out-students. 
 
 Though no definite regulation is made in regard to the matter, 
 duly qualified American women are admitted, when space permits, 
 without examination and without undertaking the whole three years' 
 course. 
 
 The year is divided into three terms, corresponding to the uni- 
 versity terms, as at Girton College. (See p. 80.) 
 
 The fees for board, lodging and tuition vary from twenty-five 
 guineas ($131.25) to thirty-two guineas ($168) a term. These do 
 not include fees for laboratories or for university examinations. 
 
 Students residing in the college, by the advice of the principal, 
 during the long vacation, pay a guinea ($5.25) a week for board 
 and lodging. This does not include tuition. 
 
 Various scholarships of £35 ($175), £40 ($200) and £50 
 ($250) a year for one, two or three years are awarded under 
 special conditions and in general on the results of examinations. 
 
82 CAMBRIDGE, DURHAM. 
 
 There are two studentships of £75 ($375) and JESo ($400) a year 
 awarded, one to a student who has passed the Natural Science 
 Tripos with credit, the other to a student who has finished her col- 
 lege course and shows ability to cany on advanced independent 
 work. 
 
 For further information apply to the hon. secretary, Miss M. 
 G. Kennedy, Shenstone, Cambridge, from whom a pamphlet giv- 
 ing a detailed account of the Tripos examinations may be obtained. 
 
 Lecturers. 
 
 In addition to the university lectures attended by students of Newnham College in Cambridge 
 (see p. 78), lectures and individual instruction were given during 1894-gs at Newnham College by 
 the following : 
 
 ■^'^i'^- Messrs. Johnson, McTaggart; Mrs. 
 
 Languages. — Classical: i^/^j^r^. Archer- Marshall, Mrs. Ward. 
 
 Hind, Brown, A. B. Cook, Davies, History : /'r(7/J?.fj'w- Sir J. R. Seeley, ^w^ 
 
 Moulton, Rackham; Miss Sharpley, Bateson, Miss Gardner, Dr. Walker. 
 
 Mr. Sikes, Miss Smith, Miss Sta- 
 
 well, Mrs. Verrall, Messrs. Wedd, science. 
 
 Wyse. Mathematics : Mr. Bryan, Miss Col- 
 
 Medi^val and Modern : Mess7's. Bo- Her, Miss Fawcett, Mr. Gunston, Miss 
 
 quel, Braunholtz, Breul; Miss Earle, Johnson, Mr. Richmond, Miss Rick- 
 
 Miss Fry, Miss J. E. Kennedy, ett. Miss Stoney, Mr. Young. 
 
 Miss Macl'eod Smith; Messrs. Mag- Natural Sciences : Miss Fortey, Miss 
 
 niisson, Wyatt, Wolstenholme, Mrs. Freund, Miss Greenwood, Miss Klaas- 
 
 Verrall. sen, Mr. Morrell, Miss Saunders, Miss 
 
 Philosophy and Political Science : Sedgwick, Miss Sheldon. 
 
 DURHAM, England. 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM. 
 
 This university, opened in 1833, is situated in Durham, and is 
 an examining body, conferring degrees in Arts, Science, Law, 
 Medicine, Theology and Music. In 1895 a supplementary charter 
 was granted enabling the university to grant degrees to women in 
 all the faculties except that of Theology. Regulations concerning 
 the admission of women to degrees are not yet published. 
 
 The colleges and halls in Durham are colleges for men 
 to which 'women are not admitted. Attendance at the classes 
 of the Durham School of Medicine in Newcastle and at the classes 
 of the Durham University College of Science in Newcastle is 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 83 
 
 allowed, with certain restrictions, to count as residence at Durham, 
 and to qualify students to enter for the degrees of the university. 
 
 There is a hall of residence for women medical students, Esling- 
 ton Tower, Newcastle-on-Tyne ; Principal, Miss Royce. The 
 The charge for board and residence is 15 s ($3-75) to one guinea 
 ($5.25) a week. 
 
 The Durham University College of Science in Newcastle (see 
 under Local Colleges, p. 89) is open to women. 
 
 Women are admitted as students in music at the University of 
 Durham. 
 
 For further information apply to the registrar, the University of 
 Durham . 
 
 LONDON, England. 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON. 
 
 Burlington House, Vigo Street, London, W. 
 
 London University, founded in 1826, is an examining body, con- 
 ferring degrees in Arts (B. A., M. A., D. Lit.) ; Science (B. Sc, 
 D. Sc.) ; Law (LL. B., LL. D.) ; Medicine (M. B., B. S., M. S., 
 M. D.); Music (B. Mus., D.Mus.). The university also gives a 
 certificate, called the " Teacher's Diploma," to each candidate who 
 has passed the examination in teaching. 
 
 A proposal to found a teaching university in connection with the 
 University of London is now under consideration. 
 
 In 1867 the university offered certain special certificates to 
 women; in 1878 it opened all degrees, honours and prizes to 
 students of both sexes on equal terms, and in 1882 it was resolved 
 by the governing body. Convocation, "that female graduates be 
 admitted to Convocation." 
 
 The degrees are conferred on candidates that have passed a pre- 
 scribed series of examinations held by examiners appointed by the 
 university. The examinations must be taken in a prescribed order 
 and, in general, an interval of at least one academic year must 
 elapse between two consecutive examinations. For the Bachelors' 
 degrees in Arts, Science, Medicine and Law two examinations of 
 widely different, standards, "pass" and "honours" are held in 
 
84 LONDON. 
 
 each subject, and candidates are at liberty to choose which they 
 will take. 
 
 Prizes, exhibitions and scholarships, varying in value from £5 
 ($25) to =£50 ($250) a year for two years, are awarded to the 
 candidates that most distinguish themselves in the different honoui's, 
 examinations. 
 
 The fees for the examinations are from £2 ($10) to i£io ($50). 
 
 Candidates for degrees are free to reside and study where they 
 please, but preparation for the examination may be obtained at 
 the numerous colleges affiliated with the University. See Univer- 
 sity College, London (p. 84) ; King's College, London (p. 85) ; 
 Bedford College for Women, London (p. 88) ; Royal Holloway 
 College, Egham (p. 89) and pp. 89-90. 
 
 All particulars inay be obtained from the ' ' London University 
 Calendar," which is published yearly and contains the examination 
 papers for the preceding year. 
 
 Communications should be addressed to the registrar of the Uni- 
 versity of London, Burlington Gardens, London, W. 
 
 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. 
 Gower Street, London, W. C. 
 
 University College, London, separated from the University of 
 London in 1836 and given a charter in 1869, prepares for the 
 examinations of London University in Arts, Science, Medicine and 
 Law. Students do not reside in the college (for hall of residence 
 forwromen, see p. 85). All classes in the Faculties of Arts, Sci- 
 ence and Law are open to women as to men, except classes in engi- 
 neering, histology and physiology. (For courses for women in 
 Medicine, see under the School of Medicine for Women, p. 86). 
 
 Women wishing to enter as students must present satisfactory 
 references and should call on the lady superintendent. Miss Mori- 
 son, whose recommendation is requii'ed for admittance. Miss 
 Morison may be seen at her room in the college during the first 
 week of the term. 
 
 The session is divided into three terms, dates for 1895-96: 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 85 
 
 October 2d till December 30th, January 14th till March 27th, 
 April 3ist till July ist. 
 
 The fees vary from £1.1 ($5.25) to £7.7 ($36.75) per class for 
 the session. 
 
 There are numerous prizes and scholarships open, with few 
 exceptions, to women as to men. They vary in value from i£io 
 ($50) to £150 ($750) a year. 
 
 For ftn-ther information, see "University College, London, Cal- 
 endar." Communications should be addressed to the secretary. 
 
 Hall of Residence. — College Hall, Byng Place, Gordon Square, 
 is a hall of residence for women students attending University Col- 
 lege and the London School of Medicine for Women. No student 
 is admitted under 17 years of age. The expenses for board and 
 residence vary from £51 ($355) to £80 ($400) for the University 
 College session of 33 weeks, and from £58 ($390) to £90 ($450) 
 for the session of the London School of Medicine of 37 weeks. 
 Further information may be obtained from the principal, Miss 
 
 Grove. 
 
 Professors. 
 
 ARTS. Art and Archeology: Frofessoj-s 
 
 ^^"^ MaS!' Stoifg!''"''' '' ^'''^''""'' Ar™ctureT Professor Roger Smith. 
 
 Indo-Iranian* : Professors Bendall, science. 
 
 Bruce Rhys Davids. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 
 Classical: Professors Housman, Piatt. /'J-^or.r M. J. M. Hill, Karl Pearson. 
 
 English : Professor Ker. Physics : Professor Foster. 
 
 Germanic : Professor Althaus. Chemistry : Professor Ramsay. 
 
 Romance: j^r^T/mo;- Lallemand. Geology: Professor V,om\e.^. 
 
 Comparative Philology: Professor Biology, Physiology, Etc.: /';-o/d'^5(?;-^ 
 
 Postgate. Oliver, Schafer, Weldon. 
 
 Philosophy : Professor Sully. Engineering : Professors Hudson Beare, 
 
 Political Economy ; Professor Fox- Fleming, Vemon-Harcourt. 
 
 well. LAW. 
 
 History : Professor Montague. Professors Bate, Murison, Raleigh. 
 
 KING'S COLLEGE. 
 Strand, London,. S. W. 
 In connection with this college, which prepares for the examina- 
 tions of the University of London, there is a separate " Department 
 
 * There is a school of Modern Oriental studies established by the Imperial Institute in connection 
 ■with University College and King's College. For particulars see " University College Calendar." 
 
86 LONDON. 
 
 for Ladies" at 13 Kensington Square, London, W., giving instruc- 
 tion in Arts, Science, Law, Theology and Music. The professors 
 and lecturers are, with some exceptions, professors at King's Col- 
 lege. The classes organised are of a very elementary nature, but 
 more advanced classes can in some cases be arranged when de- 
 sired. Students do not reside in the college ; for hall of resi- 
 dence for women see p. 85. 
 
 The academic year is divided into three terms : Michaelmas 
 term, beginning Monday, October 14th, and ending Friday, Decem- 
 ber 20th ; Lent term, beginning January 20th and ending March 
 27th ; Easter term, beginning April 27th and ending July 3d. 
 
 The fees are one to two guineas ($5.25 to $10.50) per term for 
 each class. 
 
 Further information can be obtained from Miss Lilian M. 
 
 Faithfull, vice-principal and secretary, 13 Kensington Square, 
 
 London, W. 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 ARTS. SCIENCE. 
 
 Languages. — Classics : jPr^d'jjor Warr. Mathematics: Mr. Holmes. 
 English : Professors Heath, Knight, Chemistry : Mr. Bloxham. 
 Shuttleworth; Miss Faithfull. Geology : Professor Seeley. 
 
 Germanic : Professor Buchheim ; Miss Biology : Professors Beale, Bottomley. 
 
 Buchheim. 
 Romance : Professors Perini, Rami- law. 
 
 rez, Spiers ; Mr. Esclangon. Professor John Cutler. 
 
 Philosophy : Professors Mayor, Knight. 
 
 Political Economy: Professors Cun- 
 ningham, Shuttleworth. Professor Wace. 
 
 History : Professors Laughton, Shuttle- 
 worth, Warr. 
 
 Art and Archaeology : Messrs. How- Professors Bridge, Vernham ; Mr. 
 
 gate, Holden, Hulme; Miss Eugenie Hamilton Robinson. 
 Sellars. 
 
 LONDON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE FOR WOMEN. 
 30 Handel Street, Brunswick Square, London, W. C. 
 
 This school, opened about 1S75, provides, in association with the 
 Royal Free Hospital, Gray's Inn Road, instruction for women in 
 all medical subjects. Students do not reside in the school ; for a 
 hall of residence in connection with it see p. 85. 
 
 The courses of the London School of Medicine for Women in- 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 MUSIC. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 87 
 
 elude all the medical subjects required for the degrees and diplomas 
 of the University of London, the Royal University of Ireland, the 
 Irish and Scotch colleges, and the Society of Apothecaries, London. 
 
 Before entering on medical studies students are required to have 
 passed a qualifying examination in Arts. After passing this they 
 should register as soon as possible at the office of the General Med- 
 ical Council, which requires all medical practitioners to have taken 
 a five years' course, dating from the time of registration. The 
 course comprises five years of study at the school and attendance 
 for four years on the courses of clinical instruction at the Royal 
 Free Hospital. Women may however, by permission of the Ex- 
 ecutive Council, attend certain of the classes without having passed 
 the examination in Arts and without entering on the complete 
 course of study. Graduates of foreign and colonial universities 
 can occasionally be admitted to the hospital practice when the 
 accommodation permits. 
 
 Besides the Royal Free Hospital several other hospitals (the New 
 Hospital for Women, the Clapham Maternity Hospital, the London 
 Fever Hospital, the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond 
 street, and the National Dental Hospital) are open to students of 
 the school. There are two sessions : winter session, October ist 
 to April 1st; summer session, May ist to August ist. 
 
 The fees for the separate classes vary from one to eight guineas 
 $5.25 to $42) for the session. The cost of a medical education 
 varies considerably according to the requirements of the different 
 examining boards. The "compounder's fee" for the school and 
 hospital courses for four years is, if paid in one sum, JE125 ($625). 
 There are several prizes and scholarships varying in value from 
 £5 ($25) to £100 ($500) a year for three or four years. 
 
 Further information and a prospectus can be obtained from the 
 secretary. Miss Heaton, 30 Handel Street, Brunswick Square, 
 
 w. c. 
 
 Lecturers, Demonstrators and Medical Officers. 
 
 Drs. {M7-S.) Garrett Anderson, F. W. mond Crawford, Dupre, Willmott Evans; 
 Andrewes; (yJ/wj) Aldrich-Blake, James {Airs.) Fleming, Halliburton, Hayes; 
 Calvert, Walter Carr, John Cockle, Ray- {Miss) McCall, Alexander E. Marsden, 
 
88 LONDON. 
 
 Mercier, Edmund W. Roughton, Har- rest, Mr. Frederick James Gant, Miss 
 
 rington Sainsbury; [Mrs.) Scharlieb, Effield Greene, iT/zM Hunter, il/rj-. Clarke 
 
 Quarry Silcock, Samuel West. Keer, Miss Edith Knight, M?-s. Ewart 
 
 Miss Appel, Boyce Barrow, Battle, Macdonald, Mr. Grosvenor Mackinlay, 
 
 Berry; Miss Lucy Boole, Mr. Francis Mr. Norton, Miss Piercy, Mr. William 
 
 Bottomley; y!/«jr5. Walter Bowring, Stan- Rose, Miss Turnbull, Mr. Frederick 
 
 ley Boyd; Miss Clapham; Messrs. Dodd, Todd, Mr. Thomas Wakley, Miss Helen 
 
 Horatio Donkin; Mis. Dowson, Mrs. Webb. 
 Willmot Evans, Miss Ewart, Miss For- 
 
 BEDFORD COLLEGE (for Women). 
 8 and g York Place, Baker Street, London, W. 
 
 Bedford College, founded in 1849, ^^ open to women only, and 
 provides instruction in Arts and Science. Students are prepared 
 for all the examinations of the University of London in these sub- 
 jects ; there is also a training department and an art school in con- 
 nection w^ith the college. 
 
 The session is divided into three terms, the first beginning October 
 3d and ending on December iSth; the second beginning on Jan- 
 uary 1 6th and ending on March 25th; the third beginning on April 
 1 6th and ending on June 34th. 
 
 The fees for the separate classes vary from one to three guineas 
 ($5.25 to $15.75) a term. 
 
 Students can reside in the college, the charge for board being 
 from 58 to 6'i guineas ($304.50 to $357.00) a year. The inclusive 
 average fees for residence and tuition are $472.50 to $565-75- 
 There are several scholarships varying in value from 30 guineas to 
 £48 ($157.50 to $240.00). 
 
 For further information apply to Miss Emily Penrose, princi- 
 pal of the college, Bedford College, 8 and 9 York Place, Baker 
 street, London, W. 
 
 Lecturers. 
 
 ■^RTs. History : Miss Penrose ; Mr. Allen, 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Mr. Bernard Art : Mr. Johnson. 
 
 Cook; iJ/m Hellings; Af;-. Piatt, M. Pedagogy: Miss M. Vivian Thomas; 
 
 A. ; Miss Fitzgerald. Miss Lilian Talbot. 
 English: Dr. Heath, B. A., Ph.D.; 
 
 Miss G. A. Howell. science. 
 
 Germanic : Mr. Milner-Barry. Mathematics : Mr. Harding; Miss A. 
 
 Romance : Mr. Victor Oger. E. Lee. 
 Philosophy : Mr. Muirhead, M. A. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 89 
 
 Physics: Mr. Womack, Miss A. 
 
 E. 
 
 Geology : 
 
 Miss Raisin. 
 
 Lee. 
 
 
 Biology : 
 
 Dr. Benham, Miss Raisin. 
 
 Chemistry : Mr. Crompton. 
 
 
 Hygiene : 
 
 Dr. Louis Parkes. 
 
 ROYAL HOLLOW AY COLLEGE (for Women), 
 Egham, Surrey (Near London). 
 
 Royal Holloway College, the beautiful hall of residence of which 
 was opened in 1886, is situated about twenty miles from London, 
 is open to women only and provides the instruction necessary for Lon- 
 don University degrees in Arts and Science, for the London prelimi- 
 nary M. B., and for pass and honour examinations of the University 
 of Oxford. Candidates for admission must be over 17 years of age 
 and are required to pass an entrance examination or to have passed 
 its equivalent. 
 
 The college session extends from the beginning of October to 
 the beginning of July, and is divided into three terms of about 
 eleven weeks each. 
 
 The fees for board, residence and instruction are £30 ($150) 
 per term, or £90 ($450) a year. Numerous scholarships of £30 
 ($150) to £75 ($375) a year are awarded on the results of exami- 
 nations. For information apply to the secretary, J. L. Clifford- 
 Smith. 
 
 Ijecturers. 
 
 ARTS. SCIENCE. 
 
 Languages.— Classics : Mr. Donkin; Mathematics: Mr. Loney; Miss C. 
 
 Miss Dabis; Mr. Allen. Frost. 
 
 English : Miss Kimpster. Physics : Mr. Cassie. 
 
 Germanic : Miss Corry. Chemistry : 'Miss Field. 
 
 Romance: Miss Pechinet. Biology: Miss Benson, Miss Durham. 
 Philology : Miss Wardale. 
 
 Philosophy: Mr. Muirhead. music. 
 
 History : iT/wj Kimpster. Miss Daymond; Mr. Burnett, Miss 
 
 Art : Mr. Carey. Glazebrook. 
 
 LOCAL COLLEGES AFFILIATED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF 
 LONDON AND OTHER UNIVERSITIES. 
 
 In addition to University College, King's College and Bedford 
 College (see pp. 84-88), there are numei'ous local colleges affiliated 
 
90 MANCHESTER. 
 
 to the different universities in England and Wales. These colleges 
 prepare pi-incipally for the degrees of B.A. and B.Sc, hence no 
 full account of them is given here, as they offer fev^ courses which 
 may properly be called graduate. They, as a rule, admit women to 
 the Arts and Science classes on the same terms as men. No stu- 
 dents are admitted under i6 years of age. No requirements are 
 made as to residence, but there are halls of residence for women in 
 connection with most of the colleges. 
 
 The college session, beginning in October, is usually divided into 
 three terms, each of about eleven weeks' duration. 
 
 The fees for the different classes vary from i to 3 guineas ($5.25 
 to $15.75) P^^ term, the cost of one of the ordinary degree courses 
 for the year being about i£20 ($100). 
 
 Numerous prizes and scholarships of considerable value are open 
 to students of the different colleges. 
 
 For further information about any particular college application 
 should be made to the registrar. The following is a list of the 
 most important : 
 
 * Aberystwyth, University College of Wales; * Bangor, Uni- 
 versity College of North Wales ; Birmingham, The Mason College ; 
 Bristol, University College ; *Cardiff , University College of South 
 Wales and Monmouthshire ; f Leeds, The Yorkshire College ; 
 f Liverpool, University College; -j- Manchester, The Owens Col- 
 lege ; \ Newcastle-on-Tyne, Durham University College of Science ; 
 Nottingham, University College ; Sheffield, Firth College. 
 
 MANCHESTER, England. 
 
 VICTORIA UNIVERSITY. 
 
 The Owens College, Manchester. 
 
 This university, founded in 1880, and having its seat at the Owens 
 College, Manchester, is an examining body with power to confer 
 degrees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Music. The general 
 
 * Affiliated to the University of Wales. 
 
 t Affiliated to Victoria University. 
 
 \ Affiliated to the University of Durham. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 91 
 
 scheme of the examinations is similai- to that of London Univer- 
 sity and they are open to women on the same conditions as to men. 
 
 All candidates must have been regular students of one of the 
 colleges of the university. These colleges are : The Owens Col- 
 lege, Manchester; University College, Liverpool ; The Yorkshire 
 College, Leeds (see p. 90). 
 
 Enquiries should be addressed to the registrar of the Victoria 
 University, Manchester, and information may be obtained from the 
 calendar of the university ; price, is ($0.25). 
 
 OXFORD, England. 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. 
 
 The University of Oxford, founded in the twelfth century, is a 
 corporation which provides instruction in the various branches of 
 knowledge and confers degrees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine, 
 Theology and Music on candidates who have fulfilled certain con- 
 ditions in i^egard to residence at specified colleges and passed cer- 
 tain exaiTii nations. 
 
 There are in Oxford twenty-two colleges, two halls and three 
 residences for non-collegiate students, each with its own staff of 
 lecturers and tutors. University lectures, given by university pro- 
 fessors and lecturers, are open to students in general ; college lec- 
 tures are in some cases open to students of specified colleges only. 
 
 University and college lectures, with the exception of those in 
 Medicine, are in most cases open to women. The courses that are 
 closed are indicated below. Permission to use the university libra- 
 ries is also in general granted to women who present a formal ap- 
 plication signed by two resident Masters of Arts, though the 
 librarians reserve the right of refusing applications in case of over- 
 crowding. Women have been permitted to attend certain of the 
 university laboratories, in particular the Museum, Christ-Church, 
 Botanical Gardens, and Millard laboratories. 
 
 Women are allowed to enter for all the public examinations of 
 the university, except those for medical degrees, and their names 
 are published by the examiners in the class lists in the same manner 
 
92 
 
 OXFORD. 
 
 as those of the men. There is, in addition, an honour examination 
 in Modern Languages open to women only. Women students wlio 
 have passed one of certain specified preliminary examinations in 
 two languages and elementary mathematics, or who are graduates 
 of colleges included in the Association of Collegiate Alumnae, 
 U. S. A., are admitted without further condition to all the public 
 and honour examinations of the university, with the exception of 
 those in Medicine. Residence in Oxford is not required. 
 
 Names of candidates must be sent in through the secretary of 
 the Local Examinations Delegacy, H. T. Gerrans, Esq., Claren- 
 don Building, Oxford, from whom the regulations can be obtained. 
 
 A petition to the university, presented in the spring of 1896, ask- 
 ing for the admission of duly qualified women to the B.A. degree 
 has been refused. 
 
 The year is divided into three terms, each of eight weeks' dura- 
 tion, beginning respectively about the middle of October, middle 
 of January and middle of April. 
 
 Women who desire to attend lectures in Oxford should put them- 
 selves in communication with the " Association for Promoting the 
 Education of Women in Oxford" (seep. 93), and apply for in- 
 formation to the hon. secretary. Miss Rogers, Clarendon Build- 
 ing, Oxford. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 The list of lecturers for each term is published just before the beginning of the term in the 
 " Oxford University Gazette." The following list is compiled from the Gazette for October, 1895. 
 Italics indicate that the lecturer has not yet been asked to admit women. The * indicates that the 
 lecturer has refused to admit women. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professors Dri- 
 ver, Margoliouth, Sayce ; Messrs. 
 Allen, Burney, G. A. Cooke, Neu- 
 bauer, Stenning. 
 
 Indo-Iranian : Professors Legge,Ma.c- 
 donell; Messrs. Bellairs, Blumhardt, 
 Platts, Pope, St. John, Wells. 
 
 Classical : Professors By water, *Ellis; 
 Messrs. Abbott, Adamson, Allen, 
 Bailey, Barton, Burge, Bussell,Qa.r- 
 ter, Clark, *Cookson, Cooper, Far- 
 nell, Ferard, Forbes, Fox, *Godley, 
 *Greene, Haigh, Inge, Jones, King, 
 
 Lester, *Lindsay, Lock, Lys, Math- 
 eson, Monro, *Mulvany, *Owen, 
 Palmer, de Paravicini, Pickard- 
 Cambridge, Poynton, Prickard, 
 Paper, Richards, Robertson, Scott, 
 Sidgwick, Snow, Spurling,* Warren, 
 Williamson. 
 
 English : Professors Napier, Earle ; 
 Messrs. Richardson, de Selincourt. 
 
 Germanic : Professor Rhys ; Messrs. 
 Macdonell, Morfill. 
 
 Romance : Messrs. de Arteaga, *Bue, 
 Coscia, Moore. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 91 
 
 Comparative Philology : Deputy Pro- 
 essor Wright. 
 
 Philosophy : Professors *Case, Wal- 
 lace, Cook Wilson ; Messrs. Blunt, 
 Caird, Cannan, Carlyle, Fairbrother, 
 Grose, Hadow, Wright Henderson, 
 de la Hey, Hobhouse, Joachi7n, Joseph, 
 Leigh, Marett, Munro, Rashdall, Rich- 
 ards, Smith, Spooner, Stewart, *Under- 
 hill, Warner, *Webb, Wylie. 
 
 Political Science : Professors Edge- 
 worth, Viscount St. Cyres ; Messrs. 
 Carlyle, Marriott, Phelps, Rashdall, 
 Smith, Pogson Smith. 
 
 History : Professors Montagu Burrows, 
 Pelham, Sir F. Pollock, York Powell ; 
 Messrs. Abbott, Armstrong, *Benecke, 
 *Case, Strachan- Davidson, Edwards, 
 Fisher, *Fletcher, Fowler, Greenidge, 
 Hall, Hardy, Hassall, Haverfield, 
 Henderson, How, Hutton, Johnson, 
 Stuart Jones, Macan, Medley, *Mee, 
 Myres, Oman, Owen, Poole, Rich- 
 ards, Robertson, Tracey, *Underhill, 
 Wakeling, Walker, Wells, Wood. 
 
 Arch/EOLOGY : Professor Gardner ; 
 Messrs. Farnell, Haverfield. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics : Professors Elliott, Esson, 
 Price, Turner ; Messrs. Campbell, Z>zj«r- 
 on, Gerrans, Haselfoot, Hayes, Jol- 
 liffe, Leudesdorf, *Pedder, Russell, 
 Sampson, Thompson. 
 
 Physics : Professor Clifton ; Messrs. 
 Baynes, Churchill, Sir J. Conroy, 
 Davies, Smith, Walker. 
 
 Chemistry : Professor Odling ; Messrs. 
 Elford, Fisher, Gardner, Vernon Har- 
 court, Marsh, Veley, Watts. 
 
 Geology : Professor Green. 
 
 Geography : Mr. Mackinder. 
 
 Biology : Professoi-s Gotch, Ray Lan- 
 kester, Poulton, A. Thomson, Tylor, 
 Vines ; Dr. Pembrey ; Messrs. Ben- 
 ham, Bourne, Gilnther, Haldane, 
 Thompson. 
 
 Agriculture : Professor Warington. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professoj-s Dicey, Goudy, Holland, 
 Sir F. Pollock, Sir W. R. Anson; Messrs. 
 Bumham, Duff, Holdstuorth, Sir W. 
 Markby, Montague, Moyle, Pottinger, 
 Prankerd, Raleigh, Williams, Wilson. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 No courses are open. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professor's Bright, Cheyne, Driver, 
 Ince, Moberly, Sanday ; Messrs. Allen, 
 Bebb, Benjiett, Burney, Carlyle, Casher, 
 Chavasse, Cooke, Headlam, Wright Hen- 
 derson, Kidd, Lock, Lovell, Maude, 
 Moore, Neubauer, Ottley, Pullan, 
 Spooner, Stenning, Strong, Turner, Webb, 
 H. A. White, H. J. White, Wright. 
 
 THE ASSOCIATION FOR PROMOTING THE EDUCATION OF 
 WOMEN IN OXFORD. 
 
 The object of this association is to establish and maintain a sys- 
 tem of instruction having general reference to the Oxford exami- 
 nations. Women, however, who do not offer themselves for the 
 university examinations are not precluded from sharing the advan- 
 tages of the association. 
 
 Women who wish to attend lectures in Oxford should register 
 themselves as students of the association. Registered students are 
 required to pay five shillings ($1.25) annually. The hon. secre- 
 tary, Miss Rogers, Clarendon Building, Oxford, will give full in- 
 formation as to the lectures that are open. 
 
94 OXFORD. 
 
 The lectures given In Oxford are of three kinds : ( i ) Those 
 given by professors and readers of the university, w^hich are gen- 
 erally open w^ithout fee ; (2) those given in the different colleges 
 for men, for which the fees vary from one to two guineas ($5.25 to 
 $10.50) for the course ; (3) those provided by the association, fees 
 from sixteen shillings ($4.00) to two guineas ($10.50). Tutorial 
 help, which forms an essential part of the Oxford system of teach- 
 ing, may be obtained from tutors appointed by the association, fees 
 from £2 ($10) to £4 ($20) a term for one hour a week. The cost 
 of lectures and tuition does not as a rule exceed £25 ($125) a year. 
 
 There are three terms in the year, each of eight weeks' duration, 
 beginning respectively about the middle of October, the middle of 
 January and the middle of April. 
 
 Residence. — There are three halls of residence for women stu- 
 dents, each with a resident principal and several resident tutors. 
 The tuition of students resident in these halls is arranged for by 
 the association. 
 
 Sojnerville College. — St. Aldates, Oxford, opened in 1879, 
 provides accommodation for sixty-five students ; no student is ad- 
 mitted under the age of seventeen, and students are required to 
 give satisfactory references to the principal and to satisfy her that 
 they are qualified to profit by the course of study at Oxford. 
 
 The inclusive charges for board, lodging and tuition are £30 15s. 
 4d. ($153.83), £28 13s. 4d. ($143.33) or £26 ($130) per term, 
 to be paid in advance. 
 
 Further information may be obtained from the principal, Miss 
 Maitland, or the secretary, the Hon. Alice Bruce, Somerville 
 College, Oxford. Resident tutors are: Miss S. Melhuish, Miss 
 M. Pope, Miss F. Hayllar. 
 
 Lady Margaret Hall. — Oxford, opened in 1879, has accom- 
 modation at present for about fifty students. Students who desire 
 to enter mvist have passed an examination in two languages and 
 elementary mathematics, and must give satisfactory references to 
 the principal. Students coming from another college or univer- 
 sity must present a letter of recommendation from its authorities. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 95 
 
 Fees for board and residence are £75 ($375) ^ year. Fees for 
 tuition are paid to the association; (see p. 93). 
 
 Several scholarships, varying in value from £25 ($135) to £50 
 ($350) a year for three or four years, are given annually on the 
 results of an examination held in June. 
 
 Further information may be obtained from the lady principal, 
 Miss Wordsworth, or the secretary. Miss Lodge, Lady Margaret 
 Hall, Oxford. * Tutors: Miss Sellar, Miss Talbot. 
 
 St. Hugh's Hall. — Oxford, founded in 1886, is intended for 
 members of the Church of England. It provides accommodation 
 for only a few students. Charges for board and residence £45 
 ($335) to £66 ($330) a year. 
 
 Ho7ne Stude?its. — Students who do not reside in a hall are called 
 " Home Students" and are under the care of a principal, Mrs. A. 
 H. Johnson, 8 Merton street, Oxford, from whom pai'ticulars may 
 be obtained. Students may be received as boarders in a private 
 family at a charge of from £1 5s. ($6.25) to £2 i3s. 6d. ($13.13) 
 a week. The cost of lodgings in Oxford is from i3s. ($3.00) a 
 w^eek upwards, and board maybe reckoned at 12s. ($3.00) a week. 
 
 The "Calendar" of the association may be obtained from the 
 office. Clarendon Building, Oxford. Price, 6d. ($0.13). 
 
 Liccturers and Tutors. 
 
 ■^RTs. Modern History: Mr. Armstrong, 
 
 Languages. — Classical: Mr. Haigh, Miss l^oAgQ, Mr. Mzrvlott, Mrs. lAax- 
 
 Miss Hayllar, Mr. Lys, Miss Rog- rfott, Mr. Medley, Miss Melhuish, Mr. 
 
 ers, Miss Sellar, Mr. Sidgwick. Wakeling, Miss Whelpton. 
 English: Messrs. Edwards, Firth; 
 
 Miss Lea, Miss Lee. science. 
 
 Modern : Mr. Peters, Miss Pope, Mathematics and Physics : Mr. Ger- 
 
 Miss A. M. Todd, Miss Wardale, rans. Miss Pearson, Mr. Russell. 
 
 Messrs. Winternitz, Wright. Natural Science : Miss Kirkaldy, Mr.. 
 
 Philosophy : Mr. Hadow. Nagel. 
 
96 WALES. 
 
 WALES. 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF WALES. 
 
 This university is an examining body, with three affiliated col- 
 leges : the University College of Wales, the University College of 
 North Wales, and the University College of South Wales (see pp. 
 89, 90) . The university was founded very recently and Is not yet 
 fully organised, but the general scheme of the examinations Is sim- 
 ilar to that of the University of London. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 97 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 There are two universities in Ireland, both situated in 
 Dublin : the Royal University of Ireland, which is merely 
 an examining body ; and the University of Dublin (Trinity 
 College), which is a college for men, conferring its own 
 degrees, to which women are not admitted. Affiliated to 
 the University of Ireland are three small local colleges : 
 Queen's College, Belfast ; Queen's College, Cork ; and 
 Queen's College, Galway. 
 
 DUBLIN, Ireland. 
 THE ROYAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND. 
 
 The Royal University of Ireland, founded in 1850, is an examin- 
 ing body conferring degrees in Arts (B.A., M,A., D. Lit.) ; Phil- 
 osophy (D.Ph.) ; Science (B.Sc, D.Sc.) ; Engineering (B.E., 
 M.E.); Law (LL.B., LL.D.) ; Medicine (M.B., M.D., B.Ch., 
 M.Ch., B.A.O., M.A.O.) ; Music (B. Mus., D. Mas.). 
 
 All degrees, honours, exhibitions, prizes, scholarships, student- 
 ships and junior fellowships in the university are open to students 
 of either sex. 
 
 The degrees are conferred on candidates that have passed a pre- 
 scribed series of examinations held by examiners appointed by the 
 university. The examinations must be taken in a prescribed order, 
 and in general an interval of at least one academic year must elapse 
 between two consecutive examinations. 
 
 The B.Sc. degree differs from that of the University of London 
 in being conferred on the result of an examination taken after an 
 interval of at least one academic year from the time of graduating 
 in any faculty of the university. 
 
 Prizes, exhibitions, scholarships, and fellowships, varying in value 
 from £12 ($60) to £200 ($1,000) a year, for four years are open 
 to competition. 
 
98 DUBLIN, BELFAST. 
 
 No conditions as to residence are imposed, and candidates for de- 
 grees may obtain their education where they please. 
 
 Colleges affiliated with the Royal University are the Queen's 
 Colleges of Belfast, Cork and Galway ; (see below) . 
 
 Further information may be obtained from the Calendar of the 
 Royal University of Ireland or from the registrar. The Royal 
 University of Ireland, Dublin. 
 
 COLLEGES AFFILIATED TO THE ROYAL UNIVERSITY 
 OF IRELAND. 
 
 Belfast, Cork, Galway. 
 
 The three colleges. Queen's College, Belfast; Queen's College, 
 Cork ; and Qiieen's College, Galway, prepare for the examinations 
 of the Royal University of Ireland ; they provide lectures, but do 
 not provide for residence. Women are admitted on the same con- 
 ditions as men to all the lectures, and by a recent deci-ee all scholar- 
 ships and prizes have been opened to them, so that women have 
 now equal facilities with men. 
 
 The college session, beginning in October, is divided into three 
 terms, each of about ten weeks' duration. 
 
 The fee for each course is £2 ($io) or £3 ($15) for the session. 
 Further information may be obtained from the registrar of the par- 
 ticular college. 
 
 QUEEN'S COLLEGE, BELFAST. 
 
 Professors and liecturers. 
 
 ARTS. Chemistry : Professor Letts. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professors Geology : Professor Cunningham. 
 
 Dill, Dougan. Biology, etc.: Professor's Symington, 
 Modern : Professors MacMullan, Thompson. 
 
 Meissner. Engineering : Professor Fitzgerald. 
 
 Philosophy : Professor Park. Agriculture : Professor Hodges. 
 Political Economy: Professor Gra- ^^^ 
 
 History : Professor MacMullan. Professors Graham, Strahan. 
 
 SCIENCE. MEDICINE. 
 
 Mathematics : Professor Purser. Professors Byers, Cuming, Sinclair, 
 
 Physics : Professor Everett. Whitla; Drs. Hodges, Lorrain Smith. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 99 
 
 QUEEN'S COLLEGE, CORK. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professors 
 Keenen, Lewis. 
 Modern : Professors Butler, Savage- 
 Armstrong. 
 
 Philosophy and Political Economy: 
 Professor Stokes. 
 
 History: Professor Savage-Armstrong. 
 
 Architecture : Mr. Arthur Hill. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics : Professor Anglin. 
 
 Physics : Professor Bergen. 
 Chemistry : Professor Dixon. 
 Biology : Professors Charles, Hartog. 
 Hygiene: Mr. Donovan. 
 
 Engineering: Professor Jack. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professor Barry. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Corby, Pearson, O' Sulli- 
 van, Townsend; Drs. Cotter, Sandford, 
 Woods. 
 
 QUEEN'S COLLEGE, GALWAY 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages, — Classical : Professor. 
 Sandford, Thompson. 
 Modern: Professors Moffett, Stein 
 berger. 
 History : Professor Moffett. 
 
 Chemistry: Professor Senier; Mr. A. 
 
 J. Walker. 
 Biology : Professors Anderson, Pye ; Mr. 
 
 Allen. 
 Engineering : Professor Townsend. 
 
 Mathematics : Professor Dixon. 
 Physics : Professor Anderson; Mr. John 
 Henry. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors Bastable, Campion. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Brereton, Colahan, Kin- 
 kead, Lynham. 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF DUBLIN. 
 Trinity College, Dublin. 
 
 The University of Dublin consists of only one college, Trinity 
 College, founded in 1591. It confers degrees in Arts, Science, 
 Law, Medicine, Theology and Music. 
 
 No degrees are granted to women, and women ai-e admitted only 
 to those lectures that are open to the public and free. Public lec- 
 tures are given in German, Hebrew, Irish, Biblical Greek, Ancient 
 History, Astronomy, Geology and Mineralogy, Law, Divinity and 
 Oratory. 
 
 In 1895, with a view to testing the probable numbers and the 
 ability of the women students who wished to be admitted to the 
 honour examinations, the university framed the following new re- 
 gulations applying to the years 1896, 1897 and 1S98 only: 
 L.ofC. 
 
loo DUBLIN. 
 
 I . Women who have obtained at any of the Trinity College ex- 
 aminations either a junior or a senior certificate* may be examined 
 in the same honour courses as the senior freshmen. 
 
 3. Those who have obtained a senior certificate may, under the 
 same conditions, if they prefer it, be examined in any of the courses 
 for moderatorships. 
 
 Women are permitted to use the university library for purposes 
 of I'esearch on the same conditions as men. 
 
 There are three terms in the year : Michaelmas term, beginning 
 October loth and ending December 20th; Hilary term, beginning 
 January loth and ending March 25th ; Trinity term, beginning April 
 15th and ending June 30th. 
 
 Full information is given in the Dublin University Calendar 
 (Dublin), Hodges, Figgis & Co.; price, 4s. ($1.00). Enquiries 
 may be addressed to the registrar, Trinity College, Dublin. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. Physics : Professors Fitzgerald, Tarleton; 
 
 Languages. — Semitic: Professors Ab- TJ/^j-w-j. Joly, Traill, Trouton. 
 
 bott, Aulad Ali ; Messrs. Conner, Chemistry: Professors Bailey, Reyn- 
 
 Gray, Palmer. olds; Mr. E. A. Werner. 
 
 Classical : Professors Beare, Tyrrell ; Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 
 
 Messrs. Hemphill, Mahaffy, Arthur Sollas. 
 
 Palmer, William Starkie. Biology: /'r(?/?jJor.f Mackintosh, Wright; 
 
 English : Professor Edward Dowden. Mr. Dixon. 
 
 Germanic : Professor Selss. Engineering : Professor Alexander ; 
 
 Romance : Professor Atkinson. Mr. Walter E. Lilly. 
 
 Irish : Professor Goodman. lavf. 
 
 Comparative Philology : Professor Professors Hart, Leech, Thompson. 
 Atkinson. 
 
 T, -r, J- -n MEDICINE. 
 
 Philosophy : Professor Beare. „ . ^, , x. * u n c- t i. 
 
 Political Economy: Professor Bas- ^^'-/^^^^^ Charles Bent Ball, Sir John 
 j^jjjg Banks, Bennett, Cunnmgham. 
 
 History : Professors Bury, Mahaffy, theology. 
 
 Stokes. Professors Bernard, Cooper, Dickinson, 
 
 Oratory (Rhetoric): /';'i9;^j-jo;- Dowden. Gwynn, Stokes; Messrs. Abbott, Berry, 
 
 SCIENCE. Carleton, Conner, Graham, Gray, John- 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- ston, Roberts, Stokes, Walsh, Wilkins. 
 
 fessors Burnside, Arthur Panton, Ram- music. 
 
 baut; Mr. Martin. Professor Ebenezer Prout. 
 
 * The university arranges special "examinations for women" and successful candidates re- 
 ceive the junior certificate, the senior certificate, or a certificate of honour, according to the exami- 
 nation taken. These examinations cover the same range of subjects and are of about the same 
 grade as ordinary English college entrance examinations. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 There are four universities in Scotland — Aberdeen, St. 
 Andrews, Edinburgh, and Glasgow. These are all teaching 
 as well as examining bodies and confer degrees. Women 
 are in every case admitted to the degrees in Arts, Science 
 and Medicine, and at Aberdeen to the degrees in Law. The 
 university lectures are as a rule open to women, but in some 
 cases separate instruction is provided for them, and separate 
 lectures are given by the university professors and lecturers. 
 
 University College, Dundee, affiliated to St. Andrews Uni- 
 versity, admits women to all its classes and prepares for the 
 examinations of Edinburgh, Glasgow and London Universi- 
 ties. There are special medical schools for women at Edin- 
 burgh and Glasgow. 
 
 ABERDEEN, Scotland. 
 UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN. 
 
 The University of Aberdeen gives instruction and confers de- 
 grees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology. Women 
 are admitted to graduation in all these subjects with the exception 
 of Theology, and all classes in Arts and Science are open to women, 
 as are also, with some exceptions, the classes in Medicine. 
 
 The academic year is divided, in the Faculties of Arts, Science 
 and Medicine, into two sessions, the winter session beginning in 
 the middle of October and ending in the middle of March, and 
 the summer session beginning in the end of April and ending about 
 the middle of July. 
 
 The matriculation fee is one guinea ($5.25) and the class fees 
 vary from one to three guineas ($5.25 to $15.75). There are 
 numerous prizes and bursaries, the majority of which are open to 
 women. 
 
102 ABERDEEN, DUNDEE. 
 
 Women are permitted to use the libraries and reading rooms 
 together with the men students. 
 
 For further information apply to the secretary, Mr. Donaldson 
 Rose Thom. 
 
 The Aberdeen University Calendar is published by A. King & 
 Co., Aberdeen; price, 2s. 6d. ($0.62). 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ^RTS. Biology : Professors MacWilliam, Nich- 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professor Gil- olson, Reid; Messrs. Brown, Gilles- 
 
 roy. pie, Low, Marnoch. 
 
 Classical : Professors Harrower, Botany : Professor Trail; Mr. Gage. 
 
 Ramsay; Messrs. Middleton, Mills. Agriculture : Mr. T. Jamieson. 
 English : Professor Grierson; Mr. 
 
 Diack. 
 
 Romance : Dr. Scholle. Professor T. D. Wilson ; Messrs. 
 
 Philosophy : P^'ofessors Adamson, Sor- Campbell, Ruxton. 
 
 ley; Mr. Lobban. medicine. 
 
 Elocution : Mr. MacLeod. _ ^ r- 1 -c- i tt -u 
 
 Literature: Professor Ramsay; Mr. Professors Cash Finlay, Hamilton, 
 
 Middleton ^^^' Ogston, Reid, Stephenson; Drs. 
 
 Pedagogy : 'Dr. Ogilvie. g.^^'^t"' r^i?°^- ' f''"-\J^^^\ ^X' 
 
 ^ Fmdlay, Gillespie, Low, Marnoch, Mc- 
 
 sciENCE. Kerron, Rennet. 
 
 Mathematics : Professor Pirie ; Mr. 
 
 Clark. THEOLOGY. 
 
 Physics : Professor Niven ; Mr. Ogg. Professors Cowan, Johnston, Paterson; 
 
 Chemistry: Professor ^Sl^i^; Dr. Murray. Dr. Ward ; Messrs. Davidson, MacLeod. 
 
 DUNDEE, Scotland. 
 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. 
 
 This college provides instruction in Arts, Science and Medicine, 
 and prepares students for graduation in these subjects at the Uni- 
 versities of St. Andrev^'s, London, Edinburgh and Glasgow^. 
 
 The classes are open to all persons vs^ithout restrictions as to age 
 or sex, but all candidates for graduation must take the preliminary 
 examination or must have taken an equivalent examination. The 
 entrance examinations of most foreign universities are considered 
 equivalent. 
 
 The academic year is divided into a winter session, beginning on 
 October 15th and ending on March 26th, and a summer session, 
 beginning on April 27th and ending on July 3d. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 103 
 
 The fees for each class are from one guinea ($5.25) to three 
 guineas ($15.75). The registration fee is los. 6d. ($2.62). 
 
 Students do not reside in the college. 
 
 For further information see the college calendar, or apply to the 
 secretary, Mr. R. N. Kerr. 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 ARTS. Chemistry: Professor Walker ; Messrs. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professor Pe- Appleyard, Hambly. 
 
 terson ; Dr. Masson; Mr. Hannay. Biology : Professors Geddes, Mackay, 
 
 English : Professor M'Cormick; Mr. Waymouth Reid, D'Arcy W. Thomp- 
 
 Hannay. son ; Mr. Waite. 
 
 German and French ; Mr. Durlac. Engineering : Professor Claxton Fidler; 
 
 SCIENCE. ^''- T. Reid. 
 
 Mathematics : Professor Steggall ; Dr. medicine. 
 
 M' Cowan. Drs. MacEwan, Rorie, Templeman ; 
 
 Physics: Professor ; Dr. M'- Mr. M'Gillivray. 
 
 Cowan. 
 
 EDINBURGH, Scotland. 
 UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. 
 
 This university, founded in 1582, is a teaching and examining 
 body, giving instruction and conferring degrees in Arts, Science, 
 Law, Medicine and Theology. 
 
 All the Arts classes and some of the Science classes have been 
 open to w^omen since 1892, but some of the instruction in Science 
 is given for woinen at the Edinburgh School of Medicine for 
 Women, Surgeon Square, Edinburgh, and at the Medical College 
 for Women, Chambers Street, Edinburgh. 
 
 All the degrees in Arts, Science and Medicine are open to w^omen, 
 but the degrees and classes in Law and Theology are not open. 
 
 Students desiring to attend the classes must obtain a matricula- 
 tion card and pay the inatriculation fee of one guinea ($5.25). 
 The matriculation fees, class fees, etc., amount to about ten 
 guineas ($52.50) yearly. Fees for the separate classes are 
 from one guinea ($5.25) to three guineas ($15.75) for the session. 
 
 The academic year is divided into two sessions — a winter session, 
 beginning early in October and ending early in April ; a summer 
 session, beginning early in May and ending early in July. 
 
I04 
 
 EDINBURGH. 
 
 A section of the university library is set apart for women and 
 they have access to all the books. 
 
 The university scholarships are not generally open to women, but 
 there are several scholarships open to women only. 
 
 There are no requirements as to residence, but there is a hall of 
 residence for women students — Crudelius University Hall, Burns 
 Land, 457 Lawnmarket, Edinburgh. The cost of rooms is from 
 6s. 6d. ($1.60) to los. 6d. ($2.63) per week, including the use of 
 a common sitting room, light, service, etc. The cost of board is 
 about nine shillings ($2.25) a week. For particulars apply to the 
 hon. secretary, Mrs. Salmon, 8 Ramsay Garden, Edinburgh. 
 
 Further information may be obtained from the Edinburgh Uni- 
 versity Calendar, published by James Thin, 55 South Bridge, 
 Edinburgh, price, 3s. ($0.75) ; or from Mrs. Louisa Steven- 
 son, hon. secretary of the Edinburgh Association for the Univer- 
 sity Education of Women, 13 Randolph Crescent, Edinburgh. 
 
 Professors and liecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic: Professor Ken- 
 nedy; Drs. Kennedy, Stirling; Mr. 
 Kay. 
 
 Classical : Professor 'QuX.chtr; Messrs. 
 Jamieson, Thomson. 
 
 English: Professor Masson; Mr. 
 Smith. 
 
 Germanic: Mr. Schlapp. 
 
 Romance : Dr. Sarolea. 
 
 Celtic : Professor Mackinnon. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Eggeling. 
 Philosophy : Professors Calderwood, 
 
 Seth ; Dr. Douglas; Mr. Hardie. 
 Political Economy : Professor Nichol- 
 son. 
 History: Professors Kirkpatrick, Pro- 
 
 thero. 
 Pedagogy : Professor Laurie. 
 Art and Archeology: Professors 
 
 Brown, Gerhard. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- 
 fessors Chrystal, Copeland ; Dr. Knott ; 
 Mr. Tweedie. 
 
 Physics : Professor Tait ; Dr. Peddie ; 
 
 Mr. Lindsay. 
 
 Chemistry : Professor Brown ; Drs. 
 Dobbin, H. Marshall ; Messrs. Tay- 
 lor, Watson. 
 
 Mineralogy : Dr. Marshall; 
 
 Geology : Professor Geikie ; Mr. Flett. 
 
 Biology : Professor's I. B. Balfour, 
 Ewart, Wm. Rutherford ; Drs. Beard, 
 Wilson ; Messrs. Burrage, Terras. 
 
 Engineering : Professor Armstrong; 
 Messrs. Kerr, Rennie. 
 
 Agriculture : Professor Wallace ; Drs. 
 Aitkin, Fream; Colonel Bailey. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors Sir Ludovic Grant, Kirkpat- 
 rick. Mackintosh, Sir Douglas Maclagan, 
 Nicholson, Rankine, Wood; Messrs. Bal- 
 lantine, Burnet, Connon, Irvine. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Annandale, Balfour, Brown, 
 Chiene, Ewart, Greenfield, Eraser, Sir 
 Douglas Maclagan, Rutherford, Simp- 
 son, Sir T.Stewart, Sir Wm. Turner; Drs. 
 Beard, Carlier, Carmichael, Clouston, 
 Dobbin, Hepburn, Mann, Marshall, 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 105 
 
 Muir, Playfair, Robertson, Stewart, Til- theology. 
 
 lie. Turner, Webster, Wilson, Young; Professot's Charteris, Flint, Kennedy, 
 
 Messrs. Burrage, Fleming, Fortune, Taylor; Z?;'j-. Fraser, Hastie, Kay, Milroy. 
 
 Hutchison, Rainy, Sillar, Stiles, Taylor, music. 
 
 Terras, Watson, Welsh, Yoeman. Professors Niecks, Kirkpatrick. 
 
 EDINBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE FOR WOMEN. 
 Surgeon Square, Edinburgh. 
 
 This school, in connection with the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, 
 in which eighty beds are set apart for the clinical instruction of 
 women, prepares for the medical examinations of the University of 
 Edinburgh. The two years' residence required by the university 
 can be kept at this school. 
 
 The year is divided into the winter session, beginning about 
 October loth and ending about April ist, and the summer session, 
 beginning about May ist and ending about August ist. The full 
 course of study is five years. The school and hospital fees vary 
 from i£20 ($100) to £30 ($150) a year; the total expense of the 
 five years' course is estimated to be about £160 ($800). 
 
 There are several scholarships and bursaries, varying in value 
 from £25 ($125) to £50 ($250) a year. 
 
 There is as yet no hall of residence, but it is hoped that one will 
 soon be founded. 
 
 For further information apply to Miss La Cour, School of Medi- 
 cine, Svu-geon Square, Edinburgh, who will send copies of the 
 school prospectus and of the Syllabus of the Medical Faculty of 
 the University of Edinburgh, post free, for 6d ($0.12). 
 
 Liectiirers. 
 
 MEDICINE AND SURGERY. Stockman ; Messrs. Berry, Cathcart, Cot- 
 
 Drs. Aitken, Bramwell, Graham terill, Hardie, Leith ; Miss Jessie M. 
 
 Brown, Bruce, Clouston, Groom, Hus- McGregor; Mr. McLaren; Aliss Marion 
 
 band, Jamieson, Sophia Jex-Blake, Lit- Newbigin ; Messrs. Thomson, Turnbull, 
 
 tlejohn, McBride, Muir, Noel Paton, Wood. 
 
:io6 EDINBURGH, GLASGOW. 
 
 MEDICAL COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. 
 
 20 Chambers Street, Edinburgh. 
 
 The particulars given for the School of Medicine hold good for 
 the Medical College. For further information apply to the secre- 
 tary, Miss Mackay. 
 
 Lecturers. 
 
 Drs. Ballantyne, Bell, Craig, Cum- Thomson, Tuke, Tmner; Messrs. Brewis, 
 ming, Felkin, Husband, Litdejohn, Macadam, Murdoch, Thomson, Tum- 
 Mackay, Noel Paton, Philip, Russell, bull, Whitaker. 
 
 GLASGOW, Scotland. 
 UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW. 
 
 This university, founded in 1 451, is a teaching and examining 
 body giving instruction and conferring degrees in the five Faculties 
 of Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology. 
 
 In 1892 the University Commissioners empov^^ered the Scotch 
 University Courts to provide instruction for w^omen, and accord- 
 ingly Queen Margaret College, a college for women only, was 
 taken over by the university and formed into a women's department. 
 
 In Queen Margaret College lectures are given for women only 
 by the viniversity professors in Arts, Science, Mental Philosophy 
 and Medicine, and these lectures qualify for the degrees of the uni- 
 versity. 
 
 All degrees of the university are open to women on the same 
 conditions as to men. After graduation women become members 
 of the University Council. 
 
 In addition to the classes for women held in Queen Margaret 
 College, women have been allowed to attend a few of the honours 
 classes in the university in Moral Philosophy, Political Economy, 
 History, Education, and Insanity. 
 
 The requirements for admission to the university are the prelimi- 
 nary examinations, which are different for Arts, Science and Medi- 
 cine, and must be passed by all the students who wish to take the 
 degrees. The classes are also open, without any preliminary ex- 
 aminations, to students not desiring to take the degi'ces. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 107 
 
 Queen Margaret College has in connection with it a hall of 
 residence for women students, information in regard to which may- 
 be obtained from Mrs. Riddoch, honorary secretary, 2 Lawrence 
 Place, Dowanhill, Glasgow. 
 
 The number of women students in 1895-96 was 234, of whom 
 67 took the courses in Medicine. Permission to attend courses in 
 Law and Divinity has not yet been applied for by women. 
 
 Women students are allowed to borrow books from the univer- 
 sity library, and there is a reading room in Qi,;een Margaret College. 
 
 In Medicine a complete course of five years' instruction is 
 arranged by Queen Margaret College, and in the Royal in- 
 firmary 200 beds are appropriated to the exclusive instruction of 
 women students. Women also study at the Royal Hospital for 
 Sick Children, the Glasgow Maternity Hospital, the Royal Lunatic 
 Asylum, Gartnavel ; the Eye Hospital, Charlotte Street; and the 
 City of Glasgow Fever Hospital. 
 
 The college year is divided into two sessions : the winter session, 
 beginning October 21st and ending March 20th or 27th; the spring 
 session, beginning, in Medicine and Science, on April 21st, and in 
 Arts on May ist, lasting in each case ten weeks. 
 
 The fees are from one guinea ($5.25) to three guineas ($15 -75) 
 for each class for the session, and should be paid at the secretary's 
 office. Queen Margaret College. 
 
 The majority of scholarships and fellowships are not open to 
 women, but the university has been empowered to open to women 
 any scholarships or fellowships that have been founded not more 
 than twenty-five years. 
 
 Further information may be obtained from the Glasgow Univer- 
 sity Calendar, published by James Maclehose & Sons, 61 St. Vin- 
 cent Street, Glasgow; price, 3s. ($0.75). 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professor Rob- English : Professsor Bradley ; Mr. 
 
 ertson. Jack. 
 
 Classical : Professors Murray, Ram- Germanic : Dr. Tille. 
 
 say ; Messrs. Brown, Burrows. Romance : Mr. Mercier. 
 
lo8 GLASGOW, ST. ANDREWS. 
 
 Philosophy: Professors Adamson, Jones. Engineering : Professors Barr, Biles. 
 Political Science : Dr. Smart. 
 
 History : Professor Lodge. laj-f. 
 
 Pedagogy : Dr. Ross. Professors Moir, Moody Stuart; Messrs. 
 
 Irvine, Mackenzie, M'Kechnie, Miller. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- medicine. 
 
 fesso-rs Becker, Jack; Mr. Gibson. Professors Anderson, Buchanan, Cam- 
 
 Physics: Professor Lord Kelvin; Messrs. eron, Charteris, Cleland, Coats, Gaird- 
 
 Blyth, Maclean. ner, Macewen, M'Kendrick Simpson^ 
 
 Chemistry: Professor Ferguson; Mr. Drs. Barr, Reid, Yellowlees, Young; 
 
 Gray. Messrs. Biles, Bryce, Downie, Haw- 
 
 BOTANY : Professor Bower. thome. 
 
 Biology : Professor Young ; Mr. Ran- theology. 
 
 kin. Professors Stewart, Story; Dr. Caird. 
 
 ST. ANDREWS, Fife, Scotland. 
 THE UNIVERSITY AND COLLEGE OF ST. ANDREWS. 
 
 The University of St. Andrews gives instruction and confers de- 
 grees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology. In it are 
 incorporated the United Colleges of St. Salvator and St. Leonard, 
 restricted to the teaching of Arts, Science, Law and Medicine, and 
 the College of St. Mary, which is restricted to the teaching of The- 
 ology. Degrees are conferred on candidates who have attended 
 certain classes for specified times and passed certain examinations. 
 
 All classes are open, without restrictions, to women, as are also 
 degrees in Arts, Science and Medicine. In special cases graduates 
 of foreign universities are excused fi"om the preliminary examina- 
 tions for the degrees. 
 
 The University of St. Andrews holds a special examination for 
 women only and grants to all who pass this examination a diploma 
 and the title of L.L.A. 
 
 The academic year is divided into two sessions : a winter ses- 
 sion of twenty weeks, beginning early in October, and a summer 
 session of ten weeks, beginning in the third week of April. 
 
 The fees are £3 3s. ($i5-75) for each class for the winter ses- 
 sion and £2 2s. ($10.50) for the summer session. The matricu- 
 lation fee is £1 IS. ($5.25). 
 
 Several bLirsaries (scholarships) varying in value from £15 ($75) 
 to £30 ($150) yearly are open for competition to women students 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 log- 
 
 only. The question of opening more of the bui'saries and fellow- 
 ships to women is under consideration. 
 
 There is a hall of residence for women students (University- 
 Hall, St. Andrews). The charge for board and residence is £40 
 ($300) for the winter session and £20 ($100) for the summer ses- 
 sion. Enquiries should be addressed to the warden of the hall, 
 Miss Louisa Innes Lumsden. 
 
 Further particulars in regard to the university may be found in 
 the St. Andrews University Calendar, and further information may 
 be obtained from the registrar, the University of St. Andrews, 
 Scotland. 
 
 Professors, Lecturers and Assistants. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages.— Semitic : Professor Bir- Physics: Professor Butler; Mr. Robson. 
 
 rell; Mr. Cant. Chemistry : Professors Purdie, Heddle; 
 
 Classical: Professors Burnet, Camp- Mr. M'Kenzie. 
 
 bell, Roberts; i(/m/x Craigie, Mac- Biology: /'^-o/mor^ William M'lntosh; 
 
 lennan. Messrs. Masterman, Robertson. 
 Modern : M. Roget. 
 
 Philosophy : Professors Knight, Ritchie ; medicine. 
 
 Messrs. Gibson, Latta. Professor Pettigrew. 
 
 Pedagogy : /'/-(7/^jjor Meikleiohn. ^„^^, „ 
 
 •^ ■' THEOLOGY. 
 
 SCIENCE. Professors Herkless, Menzies, Stewart; 
 
 Mathematics : Professor Lang, Mr. Professor Emerittis Ferrier Mitchell. 
 George Lawson. 
 
ATHENS. 
 
 GREECE. 
 
 The only educational institutions of any importance in 
 Greece are the National University in Athens, and the Amer- 
 ican, English, French and German Schools of Archaeolog}^, 
 also situated in Athens. The University of Athens was 
 opened to women in December, 1895. The other schools, 
 which give no degrees, are founded principally for the pur- 
 poses of research and exploration, and in general admit 
 women. 
 
 ATHENS, Greece. 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 This university was founded in 1837 on the same general plan a& 
 that of the German universities. It was opened to women, in spite 
 of great opposition, in December, 1895, and it is said that five women 
 are now registered students. The university consists of the four 
 Faculties of Philosophy (Arts and Science), Law, Medicine and 
 Theology, and confers the degree of Doctor in each of these facul- 
 ties. 
 
 The academic year is divided into the winter semester, beginning 
 on September 15th and ending on February ist, and the summer 
 semester, lasting from February ist till June 15th. 
 
 The tuition fees for the year are 160 dr. ($19.20), and there is a 
 fee of 100 dr. ($12) for the Diploma of Doctor. 
 
 The number of professors is very large, and on this account the 
 list is omitted. It may be found in the Minerva Jahrbuch der 
 Gelehrten Welt. For further information apply to the secretary, 
 Mr. Petros Bryzakis. 
 
 THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES. 
 
 This school was founded by the Archaeological Institute of 
 America in 1881, and is supported by the cooperation of leading 
 American universities and colleges. Its object is to furnish an 
 
GREECE. XXX 
 
 opportunity to study classical Literature, Art and Antiquities and to 
 aid in conducting the exploration and excavation of classical sites. 
 
 All the courses and privileges of the school are open to women 
 as to men. Bachelors of Arts of cooperating colleges, and Bache- 
 lors of Arts who have been graduate students at cooperating col- 
 leges, are admitted to membership on presenting a certificate from 
 the classical department of the college in which they last studied. 
 American students, resident or travelling in Greece, may be enrolled 
 as special students at the discretion of the director. 
 
 The applicant for admission to the school should fill out a regis- 
 tration blank (which may be obtained from the chairman of the 
 managing committee or the director), and send this with his cre- 
 dentials to the chairman, Prof. Thomas Day Seymour, Yale Uni- 
 versity, New Haven, Conn. 
 
 Two fellowships, of the value of $600, will be awarded for 
 1896—97, mainly on the result of a written examination, but other 
 evidences or ability and attainments will be considered. Particu- 
 lars may be obtained from the chairman of the committee on fel- 
 lowships. Prof. John Williams White, Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 The director and professors reside in Athens during the school 
 year, from October ist to June ist. 
 
 Members pay no fees ; others persons admitted to the school pay 
 $25 a year for tuition. At large hotels in Athens board and lodg- 
 ing can be obtained for $14 per week; at small hotels and in 
 private families for $5.50. 
 
 Director, Rufus Byani Richardson ; Professor of the History of 
 Art, Charles Waldstein, Slade Professor of Fine Art, University of 
 Cambridge, England ; Professor of the Greek Language and Lit- 
 erature for 1896-97, J. R. Sitlington Sterrett, Professor of Greek, 
 Amherst College; for 1897-98, Herbert Weir Smyth, Professor of 
 Greek, Bryn Mawr College. 
 
 THE BRITISH SCHOOL AT ATHENS. 
 
 This school, founded in 1886 by the University of Oxford and 
 the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies, has for its ob- 
 ject the study of Greek Art, Archeology, Language and Literature. 
 
112 A THENS. 
 
 Students holding fellowships or scholarships from any British 
 university, or belonging to the Royal Academy of Art or the Royal 
 Institute of British Architects, and other persons of British nation- 
 ality who can give satisfactory proof of their ability to profit by 
 the courses of the school, are admitted as students. Every student 
 must stay at least three months. Women are admitted on the same 
 conditions as men. 
 
 The director resides in Athens from the beginning of October 
 until the end of May. 
 
 There are no fees for tuition or for the use of the library. 
 
 Director, Mr. Cecil Smith, The British School at Athens. Hon. 
 secretary, Mr. G. A. Macmillan, 29 Bedford street, Covent Gar- 
 den, London, W. C. 
 
 KAISERLICH DEUTSCHES ARCHAOLOGISCHES INSTITUT. 
 
 The German schools at Athens and Rome vs^ere founded in 1829 
 and are under the control of the Central- Direktio7i in Berlin. 
 They have for their object the furthering of archteological studies. 
 
 Women are not formally admitted, but members of the Ameri- 
 can School of Classical Studies are allowed by special permission 
 to attend the public lectures and to use the libraries of the school. 
 
 Secretaries in Athens : Professor Dr. Wilhelm Dorpfeld, 
 Dr. Paul Wolters. 
 
 ECOLE FRAN9AISE D'ATHENES. 
 
 This school was founded in 1873 and has for its object the prepa- 
 ration of members for archaeological research and exploration. 
 
 Members must be thirty years of age and hold the degree of 
 Docteur es Lettres or Agrege des Lettres, des Grammaire, de 
 Philosophie or d ^ Histoire. 
 
 The nixmber of members of the school is fixed at six, and ad- 
 mission depends on the results of a competitive examination, both 
 oral and written. 
 
 Director, M. Homolle ; honorary directors, MM. Burnouf 
 and FoucART. 
 
HUNGARY. XI3 
 
 HUNGARY. 
 
 The universities of Hungary are similar to those of Ger- 
 many and Austria in general plan; see pp. i, 2, 54, 55. 
 They are three in number, namely, the universities of Agram, 
 Budapest and Klausenberg. Of these the University of 
 Budapest is the oldest and the most important ; it comprises the 
 four Faculties of Theology, Law, Medicine and Philosophy 
 (Arts and Science), while the University of Agram has no 
 Faculty of Medicine and that of Klausenberg no Faculty of 
 Theology. It has not been thought necessary to give the list 
 of professors at these universities ; it may be found in the 
 Minerva Jahrbuch der Gelehrten Welt. 
 
 In December, 1895, the universities of Hungary were 
 formally opened to women by a decree of the Hungarian 
 Minister of Education. In his decree to the universities the 
 Minister gave in detail the conditions upon which women stu- 
 dents were to be admitted. It is much to be regretted that 
 no exact information in regard to these conditions has been 
 received from Hungary. It has, however, been ascertained 
 that women are permitted, with the express sanction of the 
 Minister of Education, to register at the universities as regu- 
 lar students in the philosophical faculty. 
 
 For dates of semesters, fees and general particulars, see 
 under Germany and Austria. 
 
114 ITALY. 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 There are in Italy seventeen state universities, four free 
 universities and two institutions similar to universities, the R. 
 Istituto Superwre di stiidi ^ratici e di ^erfezionamento at 
 Florence, and the R, Accadeniia Scientijico-litteraria at Mil- 
 an, the first giving courses in Arts, Science and Medicine, 
 and the latter courses in Philosophy and Philology. There 
 are American, French and German schools of Archaeology 
 in Rome similar to those in Athens, and there is a zoological 
 station at Naples at which many Americans study. 
 
 The universities as a rule provide instruction and confer 
 degrees in Arts, Science, Law and Medicine. The candi- 
 date for the degree of Doctor {laurea) must attend a definitely 
 specified series of courses for a specified number of years 
 (from three to six years, according to the faculty) . 
 
 The courses, degrees, laboratories and libraries at these 
 universities are all open to women on the same conditions as 
 to men. Two classes of students are admitted, regular stu- 
 dents and hearers {uditori) . 
 
 Regular students must have obtained, before entering, the 
 certificate of a secondary school {licenza liceale or tecnica) or, 
 if foreigners, must satisfy the Faculties of Arts and Science 
 that the education they have received would have enabled 
 them to obtain this licenza. In the case of students who have 
 studied at a foreign university the faculty in which the stu- 
 dent desires to attend courses decides on the admittance of 
 the student. Such students should present certificates or 
 diplomas from their former college or university, and also 
 their certificates of birth. 
 
 Hearers have to fulfil no special requirements beyond pre- 
 senting a certificate of birth. They are not admitted to de- 
 
ITAL Y. 115 
 
 grees, but if they take the examinations they may in some 
 cases receive certificates to the effect that they have studied in 
 the university. 
 
 Students and hearers must matriculate and pay the ma- 
 triculation fees for the ensuing year between August ist and 
 October 30th. The academic year is not divided into semes- 
 ters ; it begins on October 15th and ends on July 30th. 
 Lectures begin in the first week of November and end on 
 June 15th. 
 
 Regular students pay their fees {tassa d' imatricolazione^ 
 tassa d'' iscrizio7ii and tassa di di^lonta^ to the state treasury 
 through the ufficio demantale. The matriculation fee varies 
 from 20 lire ($3.90) to 40 lire ($7.80), according to the 
 faculty ; the inscription fees cover all the courses which have 
 to be taken for a degree and amount to from 50 lire ($9.75) 
 to 165 lire ($32.18) yearly. Fees for examinations, from 
 10 lire ($1.95) to 25 lire ($4.88) yearly, and laboratory fees 
 are paid to the economato of the university. Hearers pay a 
 matriculation fee of 40 lire ($7.80) and a fee of 8 lire ($1.56) 
 for each hour per week of lecture in the courses which 
 they enter. They pay these fees to the same officials as the 
 regular students. 
 
 Scholarships are open to women as to men and take the 
 form, in general, of an exemption from fees. There are 
 also fellowships open for competition to students that have 
 obtained the degree of Doctor, 
 
 Information concerning the general university regulations 
 is given in a pamphlet entitled Regolamento Universitario ; 
 information concerning a particular university, in the Annu- 
 ario Accademico of the university in question, which with 
 the Regolamento Universitario may be obtained from the 
 secretary of the university. 
 
Il6 
 
 BOLOGNA. 
 
 BOIiOGNA, Italy. 
 
 REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI BOLOGNA. 
 
 This university, founded in the 1 3th century, is renowned for the 
 number of celebrated women counted among its students and pro- 
 fessors. 
 
 The regulations are similar to those of all Italian universities; 
 see pp. 114, 115. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the direttoj'e di segretaria^ 
 SiGNOR Oreste Rellini. 
 
 Professors and Liccturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professors 
 Gandino, Puntoni ; Signer Michel- 
 angeli. 
 
 Romance : Professor Carducci; Sig- 
 ners Biadene, Ferrari, Morpurgo, 
 Restori. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Turrini. 
 Philosophy : Professors Acri, Barbera, 
 
 Panzacchi, Valdamini; Signers Am- 
 
 brosini, DeNardi. 
 Political Economy : Professor Mar- 
 
 tello; Signers Berardi, D'Apel, Del 
 
 Vecchio. 
 History : Professors Bertolini, Falletti; 
 
 Signer Vittorio Fiorini. 
 Archaeology : Professor Brizio; Signer 
 
 Szedlo. 
 Architecture : Professors Benetti, Ca- 
 
 nevazzi, Stabilini, Venturi, Zannoni; 
 
 Signers Ballarini, Berti, Bombicci, 
 
 Muggia. 
 Engineering : Professors Cavani, Ca- 
 
 vazzi, Masi, Donati; Signers Gemelli, 
 
 Gorrieri, Maganzini, Regnoli, Silvani. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors ArzelS., Donati, Matteo Fiorini, 
 Pincherle, Saporetti; Signers 'Enr'iqa&z, 
 Razzaboni, Vivanti. 
 
 Physics : Professors Righi, Ruffini. 
 
 Chemistry: Professor Ciamician; Sig- 
 ners Angeli, Campari, Magnanini, Za- 
 netti. 
 
 Mineralogy : Pt'efesser Bombicci. 
 
 Geology : Professor Capellini ; Signer 
 Simonelli. 
 
 Geography : Professor Peroglio. 
 
 Biology: P^-efessers Ciaccio, Emery, 
 Mattirolo ; Signers Coggi, Morini. 
 
 Professors Brini, Gaudenzi, Giusti, 
 Manfredini, Mantovani-Orsetti, Regnoli, 
 Salvioni, Vanni, Vivante ; Signers Bag- 
 giolini, Ballerini, Barbieri, Berardi, Bor- 
 doni, Buini, Conti, Cossa, Costa, De Not- 
 ter, Diena, Dore, Franceschini, Gemma, 
 Ivancich, Jona, Luzzatto, Malagola, 
 Montanari, Moscatelli, Rabbeno, Ram- 
 poni, Rava, Rossi, Selli, Taddei, Tro- 
 vanelli, Valenti, Vita. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Albertoni, Calderini, Calori 
 Fusari, Maioccbi, Martinotti, Murri 
 Novaro, Pellacani, Poggi, Roncati, Ro 
 vighi,Tartuferi, Tizzoni; .Si^Mi??-^ Babacci, 
 Belmondo, Biondi, Borde, Bozzi, Can 
 talamessa, Cattani, Cuccati, D'Aiutolo 
 Monti, Novi, Panzeri, Pinto, Pinzani, 
 Respighi, Ruffini, Ruggi, Sabbatini, Sal- 
 agbi, Testi. 
 
ITALY. 117 
 
 CAGLilARI, Sardinia, Italy. 
 
 REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI CAGLIARI. 
 
 This university, founded in 1596, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Giuseppe 
 
 LOY-ISOLA. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. LA IF. 
 
 Political Economy : Professor Todde. Professors Angioni-Contini, Barcared- 
 
 Architecture : Signor Fais. da, Campus Serra, Gandolfo, Loy-Isola, 
 
 SCIENCE. Porcu-Giua, Orru, Scano, Segre, Soro ; 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Signors ^oxg^^, Careddu, Ordioni, Pi- 
 
 fessors Fais, Usai, Vivanet. «='^^"'' Restano. 
 
 Physics : Professor Guglielmo. medicine. 
 
 Chemistry : Professor Missaghi. Professors Biondi, Corrado, Fenoglio, 
 
 Mineralogy and Geology : Professor Gonella, Guzzoni degli Ancarani, Legge, 
 
 Lovisato. Sanfelice, Zanda ; Signors Marfori, Maz- 
 
 BiOLOGY : Professor Lovisato. za, Tonnini. 
 
 CAMEKEVO, Italy. 
 LIBERA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI CAMERINO. 
 
 This university, founded in 1727^ is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Mario 
 Mannucci. 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 LAW. MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Dusi, Marsili, Palumbo, Professors Berlese, Casali, Catterina, 
 
 Ranelletti, Riccobono ; Signors Malpeli, Fabrini, Gallerani, Kazzander, Mircoli, 
 Mircoli, Ricci. Pacinotti, Sartori. 
 
 CATANIA, Sicily. 
 
 UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI CATANIA. 
 
 This university, founded in 1444, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the dh'ettore di segretaria, 
 Signor Beniamino Bruno. 
 
Ii8 
 
 CATANIA, FERRARA. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professor 
 Sabbadini; Signer Bruno. 
 Romance : Professor Rapisardi; Sig- 
 nors Ciampoli, Sabbadini. 
 
 Philosophy : Professor Marino; Signor 
 Tavemi. 
 
 Political Economy : Professor Giu- 
 seppe Maiorana-Calatabiano; Signor 
 Marietta. 
 
 History : Professor Casagrandi. 
 
 Archeology : Signors Bruno, Orsi. 
 
 Architecture : Professor Giarrizzo; 
 Signor Fichera. 
 
 Pedagogy : Professor Taverni ; Signor 
 Catalano. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Chizzoni, Mollame, Ricc6, Zur- 
 ria; Signors Catania, Pennacchetti. 
 
 Physics : Professors Grimaldi, Pennac- 
 chietti. 
 
 Chemistry : Signors Amato, Grassi- 
 Cristaldi. 
 
 Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 
 Bucca. 
 
 Geography : Signor Giardina. 
 Biology : Professors Baccarini, Grassi; 
 Signor Aloi. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors Camazza-Amari, Camazza- 
 Puglisi, Delogu, De Luca-Camazza, De 
 Mauro, La Rosa, Angelo Maiorana-Cal- 
 atabiano, Salvatore Maiorana-Calatabiano, 
 Vadala Papale; Signors Abate-Longo, 
 Aprile di Cimia, Camazza, Cavallaro, 
 Costanzo Peratoner, Fiorentino, Fisicb- 
 ella, La Monaca, Maiorana, Mangano, 
 Marino-Martinez, Marietta, Pantano, Po- 
 liti, Rapisardi, Restano, Wrzi, Zocco- 
 Rosa. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Berretta, Capparelli, de- 
 menti, Cosentino, Curci, D'Abundo, Di 
 Mattei, Feletti, Francaviglia, Petrone, 
 Tomaselli, Ughetti; Signors Addario, 
 Ardini, Condorelli-Maugeri, Coniglione- 
 Ardizzone, De Luca, Galvagno, Guzzardi, 
 Marchese, Maugeri, Misuraca, Musu- 
 meci, Pennino, Roncisvalle, Sanfilippo. 
 
 FERRARA, Italy. 
 
 LIBERA UNIVERSITA DI FERRARA. 
 
 This university, founded in 1391, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, ii5. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Enrico 
 Bassani. 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Political Economy : Professor Scara- 
 
 belli. 
 Architecture : Signor Dupr^. 
 Art : Signor Ravegaani. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics : P7'ofessors Borgatti, Vig- 
 
 noccbi ; Signor Roccella. 
 Physics : Professor Bongiovanni. 
 Chemistry : Professor Costa. 
 Mineralogy : Sis:nor Costa. 
 
 Biology: P7-ofessorVizs&2\ovi%Q; Signor 
 Zuffi. 
 
 Professors Bennati, Martinelli, Pas- 
 qualini, Scarabelli, Sitta, TurbigJio,Weiss, 
 De-Welden, Zeni ; Signor Ruffoni. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Bongiovanni, Costa, Ludo- 
 visi, Marfori, Massalongo, Morpurgo, 
 Zuffi ; Signor Grillenzoni. 
 
ITALY. 119 
 
 FLORENCE, Italy. 
 
 REGIA ISTITUTO DI STUDI SUPERIORI PRATICI E DI 
 PERFEZIONAMENTO. 
 
 This school, founded in 1 321, is under the same regulations as 
 all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Tito 
 
 FlASCHI. 
 
 Professors and liecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professors Cas- Chemistry : Professor Scliiff. 
 
 telli, Lasinio ; Signor Scerbo. Mineralogy : Professor Grattarola, 
 
 Indo-Iranian : Professor Severini ; Geology and Geography : Professors 
 
 Signors Donati, Pavolini. D'Ancona, De Stefani, Marinelli ; Sig- 
 
 Classical : Professors Festa, Ramo- nor Ristori. 
 
 rino, Vitelli ; Signors Nencini, Rasi. Biology : Professors Caruel, Fano, Gig- 
 
 Germanic : Professor Parodi ; Signor lioli, Mantegazza, Targioni Tozzetti ; 
 
 Fasola. Signors Baroni, Batelli, Danielli, 
 
 Romance : Professors Mazzoni, Rajna; Marchi, Oddi, Regalia. 
 Signor Parodi. 
 
 Philosophy : Professors Conti, Tocco. medicine. 
 
 History : Professors Coen, Puini, Vil- Professors Bajardi, Banti, Bufalini, 
 
 Ian ; Sig7ior Franclietti. Chiarugi, Colzi, Corradi, Filippi, Grocco, 
 
 Archeology : Professors Del Vecchio, L^g^j ^ p^^li, Pellizzari, Pestalozza, 
 
 Festa Paoh ; Stgnors Bertolotto, Mi- ^^^^^-.^ Tanzi ; Signors Acconci, Bar- 
 
 lani, Schiaparelh, Teloni. ^^^^^j^ Bargellini, Bonardi, Borrd, Celoni, 
 
 SCIENCE. Centanni, Del Greco, Gabbi, Giarre, 
 
 Astronomy : P^-ofessor Abetti. Grazzi, Grilli, Lumbroso, Marianelli, 
 
 Physics : Professor Roiti ; Signor Mar- Rossi, Silvestri, Simi, Staderini, Tedes- 
 
 angoni. chi, Toti, Trambusti. 
 
 GENOA, Italy. 
 
 REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI GENOVA. 
 
 This university, founded in 181 2, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria., 
 Signor Giovanni Oxilia. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. Germanic: Signor Dall'Orto. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic: Signor Dall'- Romance: Professors '2,z.vn}i\,T)Q,\jA- 
 
 Orto. lis ; Signor Guamerio. 
 
 Classical: Professo7-s Cerrato, Euse- Comparative Philology: Professor 
 bio ; Signor Pais. Bariola. 
 
GENOA, MESSINA. 
 
 Philosophy : Professors Asturaro, Ben- 
 
 zoni, Ferrari ; Signors Cecchi, Chi- 
 
 nazzi. 
 Political Science: Professors Asi\xx2iXO, 
 
 Ponsiglioni ; Signer Supino, 
 History : Professor Belgrano ; Signors 
 
 Cecchi, Oberziner, Rosi. 
 Pedagogy : Professor Benzoni. 
 Archeology : Signor Eusebio. 
 Architecture : Professor Resasco. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- 
 fessors Garbieri, Loria, Monteverde, 
 Piuma, Pizzetti ; Signors Giudice, 
 Morera, Perroni. 
 
 Physics: Professors Pietro Maria Gari- 
 baldi, Morera ; Signor Roberto. 
 
 Chemistry : Professor Pellizzari. 
 
 Mineralogy : Pi-ofessor Negri. 
 
 Geology and Geography: Professor 
 Issel ; Signor Squinabol. 
 
 Biology : Professors Cattaneo, Grossi, 
 Parona, Penzig; Signor Vinciguerra. 
 
 Engineering: Professors Morera, Piz- 
 zetti; Signors Garbieri, Pellizzari, 
 Rombo. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors Bianchi, Bigliati, Cogliolo, 
 Del Vecchio, De Murtas-Zichina, Gian- 
 zana, Manara, Mecacci, Ruffini, Severi, 
 Traverso, Wautrain-Cavagnari ; Signors 
 Enrico Bensa, Paolo Emilio Bensa,Berlin- 
 gieri, Castellari, Civoli, Drago, Grego, 
 Martinelli, Pipia, Porrini, Roncali, 
 Rossello, Supino. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Acconci, Brigidi, Canalis, 
 Casein, Giovanni, Garibaldi, Griffini, 
 Lachi, Maragliano, Morselli, Mosso, 
 Profeta, Secondi, Severi; Signors Basso, 
 Capranica, Casini, Cioja, Devoto, Fer- 
 rari, Giuria, Livierato, Lucatello, Arturo 
 Masini, Giulio Masini, Andrea Mazza, 
 Giuseppe Mazza, Motta, Oddi, Perrando, 
 Sacchi, Staderini, Verdese. 
 
 MESSINA, Italy. 
 
 REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI MESSINA. 
 
 This university, founded in 1838, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Giuseppk 
 Caracciolo. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professors 
 Fraccaroli, Stampini; Signor Crivel- 
 lari. 
 Germanic : Signor Stampini. 
 Romance : Signors Ferrai, Zenatti. 
 
 Comparative Philology : Signor Stam- 
 pini. 
 
 Philosophy : Professors Cesca, Fisi- 
 chella. 
 
 Political Science : Signors Cesca, 
 Fleres. 
 
 History : Professor Ferrai ; Signors 
 Porena, Tropea. 
 
 Pedagogy : Professor Casca. 
 
 Archeology : Signors Ferrai, Frac- 
 caroli. 
 
 Architecture : Professor D'Aronco ; 
 Signors Di Bella, Queriau. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessor's De Berardinis, Maggi, Maisano, 
 Martinetti ; Signors Cacopardo, Visalli. 
 
 Physics : Professor Costa-Saya ; Signor 
 De Pasquale. 
 
 Chemistry : Professor Errera ; Signor 
 Giannetto. 
 
 Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 
 La Valle. 
 
 Geography : Professor Porena ; Signor 
 Bertacchi. 
 
 Biology : Professors Bargoni, Ficalbi, 
 Morini ; Signor Lessona. 
 
ITAL Y. 121 
 
 LAW. MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Ascoli, Buscemi, Cesareo- Professors Crisafulli, Ferraro, Gaglio, 
 
 Console, Faranda, Lilla, Macri, Manenti, Giuseppe Pugliatti, Rosario Pugliatti, 
 
 Oliva, Ugo, Venezian ; Signors Camazza, Scimemi, Trombetta, Weiss, Ziino, Zin- 
 
 Colajanni, De Cola-Proto, Fulci, Puglia, cone ; Signors Cambria, Cammareri, Col- 
 
 Sciacca, Segre, Tricomi La-Porta. ella, Fusari, Salomoni, Testa, Tomatola. 
 
 MIIiAN, Italy. 
 REGIA ACCADEMIA SCIENTIFICO-LITTERARIA DI MILANO. 
 
 This school, founded in 1859, ^^ under the same regulations as 
 all the iiniversities of Italy: see pp. 114, 115. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Emilio De 
 Marchi. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classical: ProfessorDe. History: Professors C\ccoiii,'R.o\2iaAo. 
 
 Inama, Giussani. Pedagogy : Professor Luciano; Signor 
 
 Germanic : Professor Friedmann ; Martinazzoli. 
 
 Signor Jacoby; Signora Schiff. Archeology : Signors Ambrosoli, Ce- 
 
 ROMANCE : Professors Baravalle, No- riani, Attilio De Marchi. 
 
 vati, Scberillo; Signors Emilio, De 
 Marchi, Dupuy, Ferrieri. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Comparative Philology : Professor Geography : Professor Savio; Signor 
 
 Ascoli. Ricchieri. 
 
 Philosophy: Professor's Jandelli, Lu- Biology: Professor^2M'v:); SignorY'ig- 
 
 ciano. noli. 
 
 MODENA, Italy. 
 
 REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI MODENA. 
 
 This university, founded in 16S3, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Carlo 
 Felice Restagno. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. SCIENCE. 
 
 Political Science: /'ro/^j'j^rRabbeno; Mathematics: Professors Besso, Del 
 
 Signors Balletti, Graziani, Prodi, Ron- Re; Signors Nicoli, Torricelli, Valeri. 
 
 cali. Physics : Professor Chistoni. 
 
 Architecture: 5z^«or Cavazzuti. Chemistry: Professor Magnanini; Sig- 
 
122 
 
 MODENA, NAPLES. 
 
 nors Cuoghi-Costantini, Maissen, Pu- 
 
 liti, Ramazzini. 
 Geology and Mineralogy : Professor 
 
 Pantanelli ; Signors Coppi, Gambari. 
 Biology : Professors Delia Valle, Mori; 
 
 Signors Bergonzini, Cugini, Macchiati, 
 
 Roncaglia. 
 
 Professors Bertolini, Brandoli, Franchi, 
 Melucci, Morelli, Olivi, Raisini, Sabba- 
 tini, Strani, Triani; Signors Borciani, 
 
 Conigliani, Ferrarini, Graziani, Longo, 
 Marchetti, Pagani. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Albertotti, Casarini, Cesari, 
 Fabbri, Galvagni, Giovanardi, Maggiora, 
 Puglia, Tamburini, Vanni; Signors Al- 
 bini, Barbacci, Bassi, Belmondo, Bergon- 
 zini, Bertaccbini, Berti, Bruni, Casciani, 
 Cecchini, Gallenga, Generali, Guicciardi, 
 Levi, Marchi, Nasi, Petrazzani, Ravaglia, 
 Riccardi, Roncaglia, Ruggi, Saltini, Sep- 
 pilli, Severi, Vassale, Vinaj. 
 
 NAPLES, Italy. 
 REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI. 
 
 This university, founded in 1224, is under the same regulations 
 as all the vmiversities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. 
 
 For the zoological station at Naples see p. 131. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Carlo 
 Felice Restagno. 
 
 Professors and liecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professor Buo- 
 nazia. 
 Indo-Iranian : Signors Kerbaker, 
 
 De Vincentiis. 
 Classical : Professors Cocchia, Flores, 
 Kerbaker; Signors De Gennaro, D' 
 Ovidio, Pascal. 
 Romance : Professors D' Ovidio, Zum- 
 bini ; Signors Agresti, Colagrosso, 
 Percopo, Prudenzano, Ronca. 
 Philosophy : Professors Barzellotti, 
 Chiappelli, Masci; Signors Bosurgi, 
 Fimiani, Maturi, Memola, Tarantino. 
 Political Science : Professor Panta- 
 leoni; Signors Betocchi, Colaianni, 
 D'Ippolito, Lioy, Mazzola, Miraglia, 
 Nitti, Tammeo. 
 History : Professors De Blasiis, Holm, 
 Mariano; Signors Biamonte, Correra, 
 Faraglia, Schipa. 
 Archeology : Signors De Petra, Sog- 
 liano. 
 
 Architecture : Professor Capocci ; 
 Sig7iors Bellini, Curri, Fischetti, Fo- 
 linea, Giuliani, Stampa, Tango. 
 
 Pedagogy : Professor Fornelli ; Signor 
 Veccbia. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Capelli, Cesaro, Cua, Del Pezzo, 
 Fergola, Montesano, Nobile, Pinto, 
 Raucci, Salvatore-Dino, Siacci ; Sig- 
 nors Amanzio, Amaturo, Amodeo, 
 Angelitti, Avena, Bellini, Brambilla, 
 Campanile, De Francesco, Del Giudice, 
 Ise, Masoni, Montesano, Nicodemi, 
 Rinonapoli, Salvatore-Dino. 
 
 Physics : Professors Palmieri, Villari ; 
 Signors Ciccone, Del Gaizo, Giuliani, 
 Semmola. 
 
 Chemistry : Professor 0^x2X0x0-^0^2x0; 
 Signors Januario, Napolitano, Sardo, 
 Silvestro, Zinno. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Scacclii ; Signor 
 Franco. 
 
ITALY. 
 
 123 
 
 Geology : Professor Bassani ; Signors 
 Johnston-Lavis, Mercalli. 
 
 Geography: Professor Porena. 
 
 Biology : Professors Costa, Delpino, 
 Nicolucci, Paladino, Trinchese ; Sig- 
 nors Balsamo, Colosi, Comes, Ger- 
 emicca, Lucarelli, Mazzarelli, Monti- 
 celli, Palma, Pasquale, RafFaele. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors Arcoleo, Bovio, Capuano, 
 Fadda, Fiore, Emmanuele Gianturco, 
 Lomonaco, Marghieri, Milone, Miraglia, 
 Napodano, Pepere, Persico, Pessina, Sca- 
 duto, Tammeo, Viti; Signors Abignente, 
 Alimena, Arangio Ruiz, Betocchi, Biondi, 
 Campese, Cannada, Camevale, Ciccag- 
 lione, Ciccarelli, Contuzzi, Coviello, De 
 Cillis, De Marinis, De Roberto, Di Maio, 
 Di Martino, Fiore, Gagliardi, Gargiulo, 
 Garofalo, Girardi, Guariglia, Guarracino, 
 Jannuzzi, Lanza, Longo, Manenti, Ma- 
 rino, Minutillo, Petroni, Pisapia, Rubino, 
 Salvia, Scalamandre, Schiappoli, Sem- 
 mola, Sorgente, Squitti, Summonte, Tu- 
 ozzi, Varcasia. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Albini, Antonelli, Armanni, 
 Bianchi, Bocardi, Cardarelli, Corrado, 
 Cozzolino, D'Ambrosio, D'Antona, De 
 Amicis, De Giaxa, De Martini, De Renzi, 
 De Vincentiis, Frusci, Gallozzi, Malerba, 
 Massei, Morisani, Rummo, Schron, Sem- 
 
 mola, Vizioli; 3'z^«(7rj Amoroso, Antonelli, 
 Arena, Baculo, Biondi, Boccardi, Borrel- 
 li, Brancaccio, Breglia, Buonomo, Caccia- 
 puoti, Caccioppoli, Cagnetta, Cantarano, 
 Capozzi, Caruso, Ciaramelli, Ciccone, 
 Cirincione, Colella, Conca, Costabile, 
 Cotronei, D'Amore, D'Evant, D'Urso, 
 De Bisogno, De Bonis, De Dominicis, 
 De Grazia, De Luca, De Michele, De 
 Paolis, De Sanctis, De Simone, Del 
 Gaizo, Di Giacomo, Di Lorenzo, Ducrey, 
 Falcone, Fasano, Eugenio Fazio, Ferdi- 
 nando Fazio, Fede, Ferrajolo, Ferran- 
 nini, Ferrara, Folinea, Fomario, Franco, 
 Gauthier, Gianturco, Guarino, Jacontini, 
 Jappelli, Jennaco, Laccetti, Lauro, Lim- 
 oncelli, Lobello, Lup6, Magnarapa, Man- 
 fredi, Marsiglia, Martino, Masucci, Ma- 
 turi, Mazziotti, Melle, Meola, Moauro, 
 Montefusco, Morano, Morelli, Morra, 
 Novi, Pansini, Paolucci, Alessandro 
 Pascale, Giovanni Pasquale, Patroni, 
 Pecoraro, Pedicini, Pellecchia, Penta, 
 Petteruti, Piretti, Radice, Raffaele, 
 Reale, Renzone, Ria, Romanelli, Ro- 
 mano, Rubino, Salvati, Salvi, Salvia, 
 Scalese, Scervini, Scibelli, Scotti, Senise, 
 Sgobbo, Sgrosso, Spatuzzi, Spinelli, 
 Squillante, Stanziale, Tamburrini, Te- 
 deschi, Tortora, Traversa, Tria, Virgilio, 
 Vitone, Vizioli, Volpe, Zagari, Zucca- 
 relli. 
 
 PADUA, Italy. 
 REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI PADUA. 
 
 This university, founded in 1232, is under tiie same regulations 
 as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria^ SlG- 
 NOR Giro Ciarli. 
 
 Professors and IJecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Signor LoUi. 
 
 Indo-Iranian : Professor Teza. 
 
 Classical : Professors Cortese, E. Fer- 
 rai, Gnesotto. 
 
 Germanic : Professor Baragiola ; Sig- 
 nor Weigelsperg. 
 
 Romance : Professors Crescini, Ga- 
 lanti, Medin. 
 Philosophy : Professors Ardigd, Bona- 
 telli, Ferrari, Ragnisco ; Signor Dan- 
 dolo. 
 
124 
 
 PADUA, PALERMO. 
 
 History : Professors L. A. Ferrai, 
 Gloria, De Leva, Pinton ; Signer 
 Raulich. 
 
 Geography : Professor Pennesi, 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors D'Arcais, Bordiga, Favaro, 
 Gazzaniga, Legnazzi, Lorenzoni, Pa- 
 dova, Ricci, Salvotti, Veronese. 
 
 Physics : Professor Vicentini ; Signor 
 Lussana. 
 
 Chemistry : Professor Nasini ; Signors 
 Anderlini, Carrara, Spica-Marcataio. 
 
 Geology and Mineralogy : Professors 
 Giov. Negri, Omboni, Panebianco ; 
 Signor A. Negri. 
 
 Geodesy : Signor Miari-Fulcis. 
 
 Biology : Professors Berlese, Canestrini, 
 Saccardo ; Signor de Toni. 
 
 LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 
 
 Professors Alessio, Brugi, Cavagnari, 
 Ferraris, Landucci, Levi-Catellani, Loria, 
 Luzzatti, Polacco, Sacerdoti, Silvestri, 
 Giov. Tamassia ; Signors Armanni, Cas- 
 tori, Leoni, Luzzatti, Norsa, Rabbeno, 
 Stoppato, A. Tamassia, Dalla Volta. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Bassini, Bonome, Breda, 
 Cervesato, Chirone, De Giovanni, Grade- 
 nigo, Inverardi, Serafini, Stefani, A. 
 Tamassia, Tricomi, Vlacovich ; Signors 
 Alessio, Bolzoni, Bonuzzi, Borgberini, 
 Bosma, Castellino, Catterina, Cavazzani, 
 Colpi, Dalle Ore, Ferrari, Fratini, Gal- 
 lerani, Kazzander, Lampugnani, Lussana, 
 Maggia, Massalongo, Ovio, Querenghi, 
 Rigbi, Stefani, Tedescbi. 
 
 PALERMO, Italy. 
 
 REGIA UNIVERSITA STUDI DI PALERMO. 
 
 This university, founded in 1779, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. 
 
 Enquiries maybe addressed to the direttore di seg'retaria^ Signor 
 Francesco Paolo Errante. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Signor Lagu- 
 mina. 
 
 Indo-Iranian : Signor Fumi. 
 
 Classical : Professor Giri; Signors 
 Columba, Cosentino. 
 
 Romance : Professor Mestica; Sig- 
 nors Amico, Di Gregorio, Pipitone. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Fumi. 
 Philosophy : Professors Di Giovanni, 
 
 Faggi. 
 History : Professsors Columba, Bat- 
 
 tista, Siragusa. 
 Archeology : Professor Salinas. 
 Architecture : Professors Alfonso- 
 
 Spagna, Almeyda, Basile, Giovanni, 
 
 Salemi-Pace; 
 Romano. 
 
 Signors Gemmellaro, 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Guccia, Gerbaldi, Torelli, Ven- 
 turi; Signors Albeggiani, Patemd, 
 Soler, Zona. 
 
 Physics : Professors Caldarera, Maca- 
 luso, Pagliani; Signors Can toni, Gebbia. 
 
 Chemistry : Professor Peratoner;^'?^- 
 nors Leone, Oddo. 
 
 Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 
 Gemmellaro. 
 
 Geography : Signors Battista, Siragusa, 
 Zona. 
 
 Biology : Professors Borzi, Kleinen- 
 berg; Signors Lo Jacono, Ross. 
 
ITAL Y. 
 
 125 
 
 Hygiene : Signer Leone. 
 Engineering : Professors Caldarera, 
 
 Calpito, Pagliani, Pintacuda, Venturi; 
 
 Signors Albeggiani, Consumano, Geb- 
 
 bia, Rotigliano. 
 
 LAIV AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 
 
 Professors Agnetta di Gentile, Cu- 
 sumano, Guarneri, Gugino, Impallomeni, 
 Orlando, Maggiore Pemi, Papa D'Ami- 
 co, Patemostro, Ricca-Salerno, Salvioli, 
 Sampolo, Schiattarella ; Signors Cola- 
 janni, D'Agnanno, De Cola Proto, Leto- 
 Silvestri, Li Donni, Longo, Merenda, 
 Alfonso Siragusa, Todaro. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Angelucci, Argento, Cer- 
 vello, Chiarleoni, Manfredi, Marcacci, 
 Marchesano, Mondino, Montalti, Ran- 
 dacio, Sirena, Tansini, Tommasoli; Sig- 
 nors Alessi, Brancaleone, Caruso-Pec- 
 oraro, Di Blasi, Ficano, FoderS., Gili- 
 berti, Giuiifre, Lazzaro, Lipari, Lo Jacono, 
 Mannino, Mirto, Misuraca, Piazza-Mar- 
 tini, Pemice, Bernardo Salemi-Pace, Sal- 
 omone-Marino, Scardulla,Spallitta, Roso- 
 lino Tusa, Salvatore Tusa. 
 
 PARMA, Italy. 
 REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI PARMA. 
 
 This university, founded in 1422, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the diretto7'e di segretaria SiG- 
 NOR Antonio Pigorini. 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics: Professors Lavaggi, Ras- 
 
 chi, Vecchi. 
 Physics: Professor Cardani. 
 Chemistry: Professor Mazzara. 
 Mineralogy: Professor Strobel. 
 Biology: Professors Avetta, Jung. 
 Architecture: Signors Bartoli, Giaco- 
 
 pelli. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors Arduini, Bolaffio, Bonfante, 
 
 Brandileone, Laghi, Malgarini, Perozzi, 
 Redenti, Tommasini, Zanzucchi; Signors 
 Berenini, Costa, De Pirro, Laviosa, Ric- 
 cobono, Tartufari. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Ceccherelli, Corona, Cugini, 
 Ferrari, Gallenga, Inzani, Mibelli, Mo- 
 lina, Rattone, Riva, Tenchini, Truzzi, 
 Ughi; Signors Calderini, Gherardi, Le- 
 moigne. 
 
 PA VIA, Italy. 
 REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI PAVIA. 
 
 This university, founded in 1361, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the direttoi'e di segretaria., Sio- 
 NOR Giuseppe Sciamengo. 
 
126 
 
 FA VIA, PERUGIA, PISA. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professors 
 Canna, Rasi. 
 
 Germanic : Signer SchifF. 
 
 Romance : Professor Rossi. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Salvioni. 
 Philosophy : Professors Cantoni, Cre- 
 
 daro ; Signors De Domenicis, luvalta, 
 
 Mantovani. 
 Political Economy : Professor Cossa. 
 History : Professors Lazzarini, Merkel ; 
 
 Signor Romano. 
 Pedagogy : Professor De Domenicis. 
 Archeology : Signor Canna. 
 Architecture : Professor Brusotti. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Aschieri, Belcredi, Pascal, 
 Platner, Somigliana ; Signors Berzo- 
 lari, Formenti, Pannelli, Vivanti. 
 
 Physics : Professors Bartoli, Formenti ; 
 Signors Gerosa, De Marchi. 
 
 Chemistry : Professor Tullio Brugna- 
 
 telli ; Signors Bertoni, Menozzi, Pur- 
 
 gotti. 
 Mineralogy: Signors Artini, Luigi 
 
 Brugnatelli. 
 Geology : Professor Taramelli ; Signors 
 
 Mariani, Salomon, Tommasi. 
 Geography : Professor Bellio. 
 Biology : Professors Briosi, Maggi, Pa- 
 
 vesi. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors Buzzatti, Cattaneo, Del Giu- 
 dice, Ferrini, Longo, Mariani, Mazzola, 
 Minguzzi, Simoncelli, Vidari ; Signors 
 Gobbi, Majno, Nulli, Porro, Vacchelli. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Baldi, Bottini, Falchi, Filo- 
 musi Guelfi, Golgi, Maggi, Mangiagalli, 
 Mazzucchelli, Oehl, Orsi, Pavesi, Raggi, 
 Sangalli, Scarenzio, Silva, Sonnani, Zoia; 
 Signors Cantu, Clivio, Fasola, Ferrari, 
 Gorini, Jemoli, Levi, Maggi, Monti, Pa- 
 vezi, Pestalozza, Platschik Rampoldi, 
 Resinelli, Sala, Staurenghi, Stefanini, 
 Zambianchi. 
 
 PERUGIA, Italy. 
 UNIVERSITA LIBERA DEGLI STUDI DI PERUGIA. 
 
 This university, founded in 1266, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Vittorio 
 
 Marini. 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 Political Science : Professor Luzzatti. medicine. 
 
 LAW. Professors Adriani, Axenfeld, Batelli, 
 
 Professors Brezzo, Brunamonti, Cuturi, Bellucci, De Paoli, Madruzza, Patella, 
 
 Innamorati, Luzzatti, Miceli, Puviani, Pisenti, Ruata, Salvioni, Valenti; Sig- 
 
 Scalvanti, Tarducci; Signor Tancetti. nors Cecchini, Sacchi. 
 
 PISA, Italy. 
 
 REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI PISA. 
 
 This university, founded in 1343, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. 
 
ITALY. 
 
 IZ"] 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di secretariat 
 
 SiGNOR GlACOMO EnRICO RoSSETTI. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Indo-Iranian : Professor 
 Pulle. 
 Classical : Professsors Tartara, Zam- 
 
 baldi ; Signers Nencini, Setti. 
 English and Germanic : Signer 
 
 Weile. 
 Romance : Professor D'Ancona, Fla- 
 mini. 
 Philosophy : Professors Jaja, Paoli, 
 
 Rossi. 
 History : Professors Crivellucci, Pais. 
 Political Science : Professor Toniolo ; 
 
 Signer Giulio Bianchi. 
 Archeology : Professor Ghirardini ; 
 
 Signer Lupi. 
 Architecture : Professor Calderini ; 
 Signer Caine. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics : Professors Bertini, Bi- 
 anchi, Dini, Finzi, Nardi-Dei ; Signers 
 Bettazzi, Bigiavi, Ciani, Enriquez, 
 Lazzeri. 
 
 Physics : Professors Battelli, Maggi, 
 Pacinotti, Tedone ; Signors Fae, Gar- 
 basso, Stefanini. 
 
 Chemistry: Professor Tassinari ; Sig- 
 
 nor Antony. 
 Geology and Mineralogy : Professors 
 
 D'Achiardi, Canavari, Zaccagna. 
 Geography : Professor Sottini ; Signer 
 
 Zaccagna. 
 Biology : Professors Arcangeli, Richi- 
 
 ardi ; Signers Baraldi, Bonardi, Bot- 
 
 tini. 
 
 Professors Buonamici, Calisse, Codacci- 
 Pisanelli, Corsi, Gabba, Mortara, Sadun, 
 Serafini, Supino ; Signors Anzilotti, Bai- 
 sini, E. Bianchi, Brunetti, Giannini, 
 Lessona, Magri, Petrone, Sighele, SrafFa, 
 Tiranti, Zerbogho. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Aducco, Ceci, D'Abundo, 
 Fedeli, Fubini, Grazzi, Guamieri, Maf- 
 fucci, Manfredi, Paci, Pinzani, Queirolo, 
 Romiti, Sadun, Di Vestea ; Signors Bat- 
 telli, Bertelli, Burci, Denti, Ducrey, Far- 
 avelli, Frascani, Marchionneschi, Minati, 
 Nannotti, Sonsino, Temi, Valenti. 
 
 ROME, Italy. 
 
 REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI ROMA. 
 
 This university, founded in 1303, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Teles- 
 
 FORO DaRETTI. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professors Gui- 
 
 di, Schiaparelli. 
 Indo-Iranian : Professors De Guber- 
 
 natis, Valenziani. 
 Classical : Professors Cugnoni, Halb- 
 
 herr, Monaci, Piccolomini, De Rug- 
 
 giero; Signors Albini, Levi, Vaglieri. 
 
 English : Signer Garlanda. 
 Romance: Professor De Gubematis; 
 Signors Castagnola, Cesareo, Mar- 
 tini, Salvadori, Zannoni. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 Ceci; Signor Cima. 
 
128 
 
 ROME. 
 
 Philosophy : Professors Labriola, Tur- 
 
 biglio; Signor Gizzi. 
 History : Professors Belocli, Labanca, 
 
 Monticolo; Signors Cantarelli, Guidi, 
 
 Manfroni, Salvadori, Tomassetti, Zan- 
 
 noni. 
 Art and Arch/eology: Professors Lan- 
 
 ciani, Loewy, Pigorini, de Ruggiero; 
 
 Signor Venturi. 
 Architecture : Professors Calderini, 
 
 Gui, Rosso. 
 
 SCTENCE. 
 
 Mathematics : Professors Biolchini, 
 Castelnuovo, Cerruti, Cremona, Nagy, 
 Pittarelli, Reina, Tonelli ; Signors 
 Fano, Di Legge, Sella. 
 
 Physics : Professors Ascoli, Beltrami, 
 Blasema, Saviotti; Signor Banti. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Cannizzaro, 
 Giorgis, Paterno di Sessa ; Signors 
 Miolati, Montemartini. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Striiver; Sig- 
 nor Brugnattelli. 
 
 Geology : Professors Meli, Portis. 
 
 Geography : Professor Dalla Vedova. 
 
 Biology : Professors Carruccio, Grassi, 
 Magini, Marro, Pirotta, Sergi ; Signors 
 Carruccio, Colini, Kruch, Lanzi, Ma- 
 gini, Mingazzini, Moschen, Vinci- 
 guerra. 
 
 Engineering : Professors Ceradini, Fa- 
 vero, Nazzani. 
 
 Agriculture : Signor Cuboni. 
 
 LA IV AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 
 
 Professors Galluppi, Galluzzi, Filomusi 
 Guelfi, Luzzatti, De Viti De Marco, Mau- 
 rizi, Messedaglia, Meucci, Nocito, Palma, 
 Pierantoni, Sansonetti, Schupfer, Scia- 
 loja, Semeraro. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Businelli, Campana, Celli, 
 Colasanti, Durante, Luciani,Marchiafava, 
 Mingazzini, Occhini, Pasquali, De Rossi, 
 Rossoni, Sciamanna, Todaro, Toscani, 
 Tommasi-Crudeli, Valenti; Signors Min- 
 gazzini, Pagliani. 
 
 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES IN ROME. 
 
 This school, which was opened in 1894, has the same general 
 objects as the American School of Classical studies at Athens; see 
 p. no. 
 
 All the courses and privileges of the school are open to women 
 on the same conditions as to men. Bachelors of Arts of American 
 colleges of good standing and persons who are able to submit satis- 
 factory proof that their studies have been such as to enable them 
 to pursue advanced courses of work at the school may become 
 members. Americans residing or travelling in Italy who are not 
 members of the school may, at the discretion of the directors, be 
 admitted to its privileges. 
 
 Application for admission should be addressed to Professor 
 MiNTON Warren, Casino dell' Aurora, via Lombardia, Rome, or 
 toPROFESSOR W. G. Hale, University of Chicago. 
 
 The academic year begins on October 15th and ends on June ist. 
 
 No charges are made for tuition. 
 
ITAL Y. 129 
 
 There are two fellowships of the value of $600 and one of the 
 value of $500, application for which should be made either to the 
 director of the school or to Professor Hale. 
 
 Director of the school in 1896-97, Professor Minton Warren, 
 Professor of Latin, Johns Hopkins University. 
 
 KAISERLICHE DEUTSCHES ARCHAOLOGISCHES INSTITUT. 
 
 For particulars see p. 112. 
 
 ECOLE FRAN9AISE DE ROME. 
 
 Similar in organisation to the Ecole Fran9aise d' Athenes ; see p. 
 112. Director, M. l'Abbe Duchesne; honorary director, M. Le 
 Blant. 
 
 SASSARI, Sardinia. 
 
 REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI SASSARI. 
 
 This university, founded in 1556, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Rodolfo 
 Caniggia. 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 Political Science : Professor Pinna- Prosperi; Signors Mossa-Angioi, Pitzolo. 
 
 ■^^'^^' MEDICINE. 
 
 LAW. Professors Conti, Fiori, Mazzotto, 
 
 Professors Bibbiana, Demurtas-Zichina, Monticelli, Nicotra, Pitzorno, Rava, 
 
 Dettori, De Villa, Manunta-Manca, Roth, Simula, Valente, Vincenzi; Sig- 
 
 Mariotti, Piras, Soro Delitala, Virdis- nor Fasola. 
 
 SIENA, Italy. 
 
 REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI SIENA. 
 
 This university, founded in the 14th century, is under the same 
 regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Temistocle 
 
 MOZZANI. 
 
I30 
 
 SIENA, TURIN. 
 
 Professors and Lectiirers. 
 
 Professors Ciacci, Graziani, Leporini, 
 Moriani, Patetta, Rossi, Virgilii, Vitali, 
 Zanichelli; Signors Falaschi, Giannan- 
 toni, Ranelletti, Ludovico Zdekauer. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Pj'-ofessors Barduzzi, Bemabei, Bi- 
 
 anchi, Bocci, Cantieri, Falaschi, Fu- 
 naioli, Guaita, Gucci, Morisani, Otto- 
 lenghi, Raimondi, Sanquirico, Spediacci, 
 Tassi; Signors Barbacci, Bianchi, Bor- 
 doni, Borgiotti, Cattaneo, Colombini, Fi- 
 calbi, Gasparrini, Lussano, Mibelli, Mor- 
 purgo, Remedi, Sanarelli, Scarlini, Tassi, 
 Torsellini. 
 
 TURIN, Italy. 
 
 REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI TORINO. 
 
 This university, founded in 141 2, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria., SiG- 
 
 NOR LUIGI VlTTORIO CrAVOSIO. 
 
 Professors and liccturers. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic and Indo-Iran- 
 lAN : Professor Pizzi. 
 
 Classical : Professors Cortese, Val- 
 lauri ; Signors Valmaggi, Zuretti. 
 
 Romance : Professors Graf, Renier ; 
 
 Signors Camus, Gabotto,Gian, Gorra. 
 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Pezzi. 
 Philosophy : Professors Bobba, D' Er- 
 
 cole; Signor Zuccante. 
 Political Economy: Professor Cognetti 
 
 De Martiis ; Signor Mase-Dari. 
 History : Pi-ofessors Cipolla, Schiapa- 
 
 relli. 
 Pedagogy : Professor Allievo. 
 ArcHj*;ology : Professor Rossi ; Signor 
 
 Ferrero. 
 Architecture : Professor Ceppi. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Berzolari, D'Ovidio, Jadanza, 
 Peano, Segre; Signoi's Bettazzi, Pieri, 
 Porro, Zanotti-Bianco. 
 
 Physics : Professors Naccari, Volterra ; 
 Signors Errera, Garbasso, Rizzo. 
 
 Chemistry : Professor Fileti. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Spezia. 
 
 Geology : Professor Parana; Signors 
 Sacco, Piolti. 
 
 Geography : Professor Cora. 
 Biology : Professors Camerano, Gibelli, 
 Mosso; Signors Belli, Buscalioni. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors Brusa, Carle, Chironi, Fer- 
 roglio, Fusinato, Germano, Mattirolo, 
 Nani, Pampaloni, Ronga; Signors Amar, 
 Ballerini Velio, Benevolo, Brezzo, Brondi, 
 Castellari, Cattaneo, Dusi, Garelli, Lom- 
 brosO; Patetta, Righini, Rossi, Ruffini, 
 Tedeschi. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Bizzozero, Bozzolo, Bruno, 
 Carle, Fissore, FoS,, Forlanini, Giaco- 
 mini, Giacosa, Giovannini, Lombroso, 
 Angelo Mosso, Pagliani, Perroncito, Rey- 
 mond, Tibone; Signors Bajardi, Ber- 
 gesio. Bono, Bordoni-Uffreduzzi, Capon- 
 otto, Carbone, Carbonelli, Cavallero, 
 Ciartoso, Dionisio, Falchi, Ferri, Fileti, 
 Gradenigo, Graziadei, Grandis, Guas- 
 tavino. Lava, Lessona, Maggiora, Marro, 
 Mo, Morpurgo, Ugolino Mosso, Motta, 
 Muscatello, Musso, Mya, Naccari, 
 Negro, Oliva, Ottolenghi, Pacinotti, 
 Patrizi, Peroni, Pescarolo, Pescbel, Rain- 
 eri, Resegotti, Riva-Rocci, Roncoroni, 
 Salvioli, Sansoni, Sclavo, Secondi, Sper- 
 ino, Varaglia, Vicarelli. 
 
ITAL V. 131 
 
 ITRBINO, Italy. 
 
 LIBERA UNIVERSITA PROVINCIALE, 
 
 This university, founded in 1671, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Pompeo 
 
 Natalucci. 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 Political Science : Signor Vec- Nicolai-Fiocchi, Valenti, Vecchiotti-An- 
 chiotti-Antaldi. taldi. 
 
 LAlf^. MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Cozzi, Gramantieri, Merig- Professor Bedeschi. 
 
 gioli, Mircoli, Vanni ; Signors Budassi, 
 
 NAPIiES, Italy. 
 
 STAZIONE ZOOLOGICA. 
 
 This morphological and physiological laboratory is open to 
 women on the same conditions as to men. Permission to use a 
 table in the laboratory may be obtained, according to the nationality 
 of the applicant, from the Ministers of Education of Germany, 
 Austria, Hungary, Russia, Holland, Belgium, Italy, Spain, Switz- 
 erland ; from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, Eng- 
 land ; or in the United States, from the authorities of the Smith- 
 sonian Institute, from Columbia College or from Mr. Alexander 
 Agassiz. For the student who thus obtains permission the labora- 
 tory is open for the whole year free of charge ; private persons 
 who take a table for their own use pay 2,000 francs ($400) per 
 year or fraction of a year. 
 
 Director, Professor Anton Dohrn; Assistant Professor, Karl 
 Schonlein. 
 
132 THE NETHERLANDS. 
 
 THE NETHERLANDS. 
 
 There are in the Netherlands, in addition to the free uni- 
 versity of the city of Amsterdam, three state universities — 
 Leyden, Utrecht and Groningen. These universities are 
 government institutions under the direct supervision in the 
 one instance of the Stadtrat of the city of Amsterdam, and 
 in the other of the Minister of the Interior of the Nether- 
 lands. They provide instruction in Arts, Science, Law, 
 Medicine and Theology, and give in each of these depart- 
 ments the degree of Doctor. 
 
 No distinction is made by the universities between women 
 and men, women being allowed to matriculate and to take 
 degrees on exactly the same conditions as men. 
 
 The academic year begins usually in the middle of Sep- 
 tember and extends to the middle of June ; 200 fl. ($80) a 
 year is charged by the universities for instruction, and who- 
 ever pays this sum may matriculate as a regular student. 
 Students who do not desire to attend more than two courses 
 are exempt from the regular fee, but must pay for the courses 
 that they attend at the rate of 30 fl. ($12) a course during 
 a year. 
 
 In order to take a university examination the candidate is 
 required to produce a certificate stating that he has passed 
 either the final examination of a gymnasium or an equiva- 
 lent examination held every year by the state.* Any stu- 
 dent who produces such a certificate has the right to take the 
 university examinations without regard to the work he may 
 have done at the university. The fee to be paid upon taking 
 
 * In the case of foreigners certain examinations of other countries are considered by law equiva- 
 lent to these examinations and are accepted as a sufficient substitute by the universities, as, for in- 
 stance, the final examinations of a German gymnasium. 
 
THE NETHERLANDS. 
 
 133 
 
 a Doctor's examination is 800 fl. ($320), but whatever the 
 student has already paid to the university for instruction is 
 subtracted from this sum. 
 
 AMSTERDA3I, The Netherlands. 
 UNIVERSITEIT TE AMSTERDAM. 
 
 This university, founded in 1632, is under the same regulations 
 as the other universities of the Netherlands; see pp. 132, 133. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary. Professor I. J. 
 De Bussy. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professor- Mat- 
 thes. 
 Classical : Professors Karsten, Naber, 
 
 Uhlenbeck ; Decent Muller. 
 Germanic : Professor te Winkel ; Do- 
 cent Frantzen. 
 Philosophy : Professor Spruijt. 
 History : Professors Rogge, Valeton. 
 Art and Archeology : Professor Van 
 den Es ; Docent Six. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors D. J. Korteweg, Van Pesch. 
 
 Physics : Professors Julius, van der 
 Waals. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Gunning, van 
 ' t Hoff ; Docents Reicher, Gold- 
 schmidt. 
 
 Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 
 Molengraaff. 
 
 Biology : Professors Bos, De Vries, 
 
 Weber ; Reader Sluiter. 
 Geography : Professor Kan. 
 Pharmacy : Professors Oudemans, Stoe- 
 
 der. 
 
 LAIV AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 
 
 Professors Conrat, De Hartog, Hou- 
 wing, Jitta, van der Linden, Van Hamel ; 
 Docent Miseroy. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Forster, Guye, Hertz, J. A. 
 Korteweg, Kubn, Noman, Pel, Place, 
 Rotgans, Ruge, Stokvis, Straub, Van der 
 Mey, Van Rees ; Docents Burger, De 
 Leon, van Deventer, Feltkamp, Graan- 
 boom, Jelgersma, Meyer, Rijnberk, Sal- 
 omonson, Saltet, Seydel, Tilanus. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Brandt, de Bussy, Chantepie 
 de la Saussaye, Cramer, de Groot, Volter ; 
 Reader Westhoff. 
 
 GKONINGEN, Holland. 
 RIJKS-UNIVERSITEIT TE GRONINGEN. 
 
 This university, founded in 16 14, is under the same regulations 
 as the other Dutch universities; see pp. 132, 133. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Professor A. G. 
 VAN Hamel. 
 
134 
 
 GRONINGEN, LEYDEN. 
 
 Profefssors and Lecturers. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Pi-ofessors van 
 den Ham, Wildeboer. 
 
 Classical : Professors Polak, Speyer. 
 
 English : Professor Biilbring. 
 
 Germanic : Professors Symons, van 
 Helten. 
 
 Romance : Professor van Hamel. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Symons. 
 Philosophy : Professor Heymans. 
 History : Pi-ofessors Boissevain, Busse- 
 
 maker. 
 Archeology ; Professors Boissevain, 
 
 Polak. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors de Boer, Kapteyn, Schoute. 
 Physics : Professor Haga. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Holleman, 
 
 Plugge. 
 Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 
 
 van Calker. 
 Biology : Professors Moll, van Ankum. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors Krabbe, Land, Nieuwen- 
 huis. Pet, Reiger ; Docents Gratama, van 
 der Tuuk. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Fokker, Huizinga, Koch, 
 Kooyker, Mulder, Reddingius, Sanger, 
 van Wijhe ; Docents Ranneft, Schutter ; 
 Reader Kooy. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors van Dijk, Kruyf, Meyboom, 
 Reitsma, van Rhijn, Wildeboer. 
 
 LEYDEN, Holland. 
 RIJKS-UNIVERSITEIT. 
 
 This university, founded in 1575, is under the same regulations 
 as the other Dutch universities; see pp. 132, 133. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Professor A. C. 
 Vreede. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professors De 
 Goeje, Oort, Tiele. 
 
 Classical : Professors Hartman, Kern, 
 van Leeuwen. 
 
 Modern Greek : Docent Hesselink. 
 
 Germanic : Professors ten Brink, 
 Cosijn, Verdam. 
 
 Romance : Docent de Grave. 
 
 Japanese : Reader Serrurier. 
 
 Malayan : Reader Klinkert. 
 
 Javanese : Professor Vreede. 
 
 Sundanese : Reader Grashuis. 
 
 Turkish : Professor de Goeje. 
 
 Chinese : Professor Schlegel. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Kern. 
 Philosophy : Professor Land. 
 History : Professors Blok, Muller. 
 Archeology : Professor Oort. 
 
 Ethnography : Professor de Groot ; 
 
 Reader Serrurier. 
 History of Mohammedanism : Reader 
 
 Van Gelder. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors H. G. van de S. Bakhuyzen, 
 Kluyver, Van Geer ; Docent E. F. 
 van de S. Bakhuyzen. 
 
 Physics : Professors Lorentz, Onnes ; 
 Docents Kuenen, Molenbroek, Siert- 
 sema, Zeeman. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Franchimont, 
 Van Bemmelen ; Reader Roozeboom. 
 
 Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 
 Martin. ' 
 
 Biology : Professors Hoffman, Suringar ; 
 Docent Boerlage. 
 
 Pharmacy : Professor Wijsman. 
 
THE NETHERLANDS. 
 
 135 
 
 LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 
 
 Professors Andreae, Asser, Drucker, 
 Greven, Oppenheim, Van der Hoeven, 
 Van der Lith, Van der Vlugt ; Reader 
 Tichelaer. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Doijer, Einthoven, Mac 
 
 Gillavry, Nolen, Rosenstein, Treub, 
 Van Heukelom, Van Iterson, Zaaijer ; 
 Docejits Dekhuyzen, Nijkamp. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Acquoy, Gooszen, Gunning, 
 Kosters, van Manen, Offerhaus, Tiele. 
 
 UTRECHT, Holland. 
 RIJKS-UNIVERSITEIT. 
 
 This university, founded in 1636, is under the same regulations 
 as the other Dutch universities; see pp. 132, 133. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Professor J. De 
 
 LOUTER. 
 
 Professors and iJectiirers. 
 
 Dib- 
 
 Languages. — Semitic: Professor Houts- 
 ma. 
 Classical : Professors Van der Vliet, 
 
 Van Herwerden. 
 Germanic : Professors Gallee, Molt- 
 zer ; Docent Wirth. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Gallee. 
 Philosophy : Professor Freiherr Van 
 
 der Wyck. 
 History : Professor Kramer. 
 Art and Archeology : Professor Van 
 
 Herwerden ; Docent Morell. 
 Ethnography : Docent Steinmetz. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Grinwis, Kapteijn, Oudemans ; 
 Docents Mounier, Snellen. 
 
 Physics : Professor Julius. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Bettink, 
 bits, Mulder ; Docent Couvee. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Wichmann. 
 
 Geology : Docent Lorie. 
 
 Biology : Professors Hubrecht, Rau- 
 wenhoff ; Reader Vosmaer. 
 
 LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 
 
 Professors De Bourouill, De Louter, 
 Hamaker, Molengraaff, Naber, Pols; 
 Docents Kooiman, Rijke. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors De Meijer, Freiherr v. Eis- 
 elsberg, Engelmann, Halbertsma, Pekel- 
 haring, Rosenberg, Snellen, Spronck, 
 Talma, Winkler ; Readers Brondgeest 
 Dentz, Van der Meulen; Docents Gutte- 
 ling, Hulshoff, Huysman. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Baljon, Cannegieter, Kleyn, 
 Earners, Valeton, Van Leeuwen. 
 
136 CHRISTIAN/A. 
 
 NORWAY. 
 
 CHRISTIANIA, Norway. 
 KONGELIGE FREDERIKS UNIVERSITET. 
 
 There is only one university in Norway, that of Christiania, 
 founded in iSii. Women have been admitted since 18S4 to all 
 the courses, degrees, and, where there is no special regulation 
 to the contrary, to the scholarships and prizes. 
 
 Instruction is given and degrees are conferred in Arts, Science, 
 Law, Medicine and Theology. The highest degree conferred is 
 that of Doctor. 
 
 Students that have matriculated at a foreign university are ad- 
 mitted on presenting a certificate of having passed an examination 
 equal in difficulty to that required from candidates from a Norwe- 
 gian gyinnasium. 
 
 Women are admitted to the libraries and laboratories on the same 
 conditions as men. 
 
 The first semester begins in the middle of January, the second 
 in the beginning of September. 
 
 All lectures are free. Foreigners pay a matriculation fee of 
 
 20 kr. ($5.40) and there are laboratory fees of 13 to 32 kr. ($3.24 
 
 to $8.64). 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 ARTS. History : Professors Daae, J. E. Sars, 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professors Blix, Gustav Storm. 
 
 Seippel; Assistant J. A. Knudtzon. Art and Archeology : Professors 
 
 Indo-Iranian : Professors Bugge, Dietrichson, Lieblein, Rygh. 
 
 Torp. SCIENCE. 
 
 Classical : Professors Schjot, Sten- Mathematics : Professors Bjerknes, 
 
 ersen. Guldberg; Docent Elling Hoist. 
 
 English : Professor Joh. Storm. Astronomy and Meteorology : Pro- 
 
 Germanic : Professors Bang, Friis, fessors Geelmuyden, Mohn. 
 
 Moe, Unger; Docent H. Falk. Physics : Professor Schiotz. 
 
 Romance : Professors Joh, Storm, Chemistry : Professors Hiortdahl, 
 
 Unger; Docent E. Loseth. Waage. 
 
 History of Literature : Docent Chr. Mineralogy and Geology : Professors 
 
 Collin. Brogger, Helland, Vogt. 
 
 Philosophy : Professors Monrad, Mour- Biology : Professors Blytt, Collett, Niel- 
 
 ly Void. son, G. O. Sars, Wille. 
 
JVOJiPFAV. 137 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors Aschehoug, Aubert, Ingstad, gaard, Nicolaysen, Poulsson, Schonberg, 
 
 Morgenstieme, Platou, ScheeU Torup, Uchermann. 
 
 MEDICINE, THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Boeck, Guldberg, Heiberg, Professors Blix, Munch, Odland, Pe- 
 
 Hjort, Hoist, Johannessen, Laache, Lee- tersen. 
 
138 jRUSSIA. 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 All the universities in Russia are now closed to women. 
 A few grant diplomas to women in Dentistry and Pharmacy, 
 and a project to found (or rather reopen) a special medical 
 college for women in St. Petersburg is under consideration. 
 
 In St. Petersburg there are classes in History, Languages, 
 Philosophy, Mathematics and Physics for the higher educa- 
 tion of women, distinct from the university, but under the 
 supervision of the Ministry of Public Instruction. A petition 
 asking that similar classes may be founded in Odessa has 
 recently been presented to the government. 
 
SPAIN. 139 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 The universities in Spain have since 1857 been under the 
 control of the General Director of Public Education. 
 
 The country is divided, for the purpose of university- 
 instruction, into ten departments : Madrid, Barcelona, Gra- 
 nada, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Val- 
 ladolid and Saragossa. The universities consist as a rule of 
 the five faculties of Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Phar- 
 macy. They have always been open to women on the same 
 conditions as to men, but women have availed themselves in 
 very few cases of the opportunity of studying at the uni- 
 versities. 
 
 The courses of lectures were arranged in 1857 ^^cl have 
 not since been changed. Students have no liberty of choice 
 as to the lectures they attend. The degrees of Bachelor, Li- 
 centiate and Doctor are conferred by each of the faculties. 
 
 The academic year begins in October. There are no fees 
 for lectures. The matriculation fee is 16 milreis ($17.20). 
 
 On account of the small number of foreigners attending 
 the Spanish universities, the lists of professors are not given 
 here. They may be found in the Minerva Jahrbuch der 
 Gelehrten Welt. 
 
140 SWEDEN. 
 
 SWEDEN. 
 
 In addition to the Medical and Surgical Institute of Stock- 
 holm, which is a state institution, there are in Sweden two 
 State universities, the Universities of Lund and Upsala, each 
 comprising faculties of Philosophy (Arts and Science) , Law, 
 Medicine and Theology ; and the high schools of Gothen- 
 burg and Stockholm, the first of which devotes itself to Arts 
 only and the second to Science. 
 
 In 1870 a royal decree was issued giving to women the 
 right to become regular students and to take degrees in the 
 medical faculties of the State universities on the same condi- 
 tions as men, and in 1873 this right was extended to the 
 faculties of Law and Philosophy. The high schools of 
 Gothenburg and Stockholm were not founded until after 
 1870, and have from the first been open to women. 
 
 The faculty of Theology is not yet open to women, but 
 there is every prospect that it soon will be. 
 
 In order to be admitted as a student to one of the univer- 
 sities or high schools the candidate must have passed the 
 final, or mogenhets, examination, of an elementary school. 
 Candidates who have not passed this examination may in some 
 cases become " hearers" in the university courses by special 
 permission of the faculty and the individual professor, but 
 are not permitted to take degrees. 
 
 The academic year is divided into the autumn semester, be- 
 ginning on September ist and ending on December 15th; 
 and the spring semester, beginning on January 15th and end- 
 ing on June 15th. 
 
 The matriculation or registration fee varies from 10 to 12 
 crowns ($2.70 to $3.24) and a fee of 5 or 10 crowns ($1.35 
 or $2.70) is paid each semester. All public courses are open 
 
SWEDEN. 141 
 
 free of charge ; these are sometimes supplemented by private 
 lectures costing from 20 to 40 crowns ($5.40 to $10.80) a 
 semester. 
 
 There are numerous scholarships and prizes, which, unless 
 a special statement is made to the contrary, are open to 
 women on the same conditions as to men. 
 
 The Fredrika-Bremer-Forbundet at Stockholm is an asso- 
 ciation whose object is to collect information that is of interest 
 to educated women. The secretary, Froken Sigrid Ulrich, 
 54 Drottninggatan, Stockholm, has kindly offered to answer 
 questions that may be addressed to her by readers of the 
 Handbook in regard to Swedish universities. 
 
 GOTHENBURG, Sweden. 
 GOTEBORGS HOGSKOLA. 
 
 This school, founded in 1887, consists as yet of the faculty of 
 Arts only, but has power to confer degrees. 
 
 The general regulations are the same as those of the Swedish 
 universities; see pp. 140, 141. 
 
 Enquiries maybe addressed to the secretary, Herr Eric Bokman. 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 ARTS. Romance : Professor Vising ; Reader 
 
 Languages.— Semitic : Decent Lind- „ Gandolphe. ^, , .. 
 
 1^ Philosophy : Professor Norstrom ; Do- 
 cent Liljeqvist. 
 
 Classical: Professor Paulson; Docents Political Science : Docents Kjellen, 
 
 Janzon, Wahlin. Stavenow. 
 
 Germanic : Professors Cederschiold, History : Docenf Stavenow. 
 
 Holthausen ; Decent Baath. Art : Professor Warburg. 
 
 liUND, Sweden. 
 KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITETET. 
 
 This university, founded in 1666, comprises faculties of Arts, 
 Science, Law, Medicine and Theology, and is under the same gen- 
 eral regulations as all Swedish vmiversities ; see pp. 140, 141. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the rector. Professor Quenner- 
 
 STEDT. 
 
142 
 
 LUND, STOCKHOLM. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professors ^- 
 exanderson, Wide ; Docents Flens- 
 burg, Lind, Linde, Lindskog, Sjos- 
 trand, Wintzell. 
 English : Reader Morgan. 
 Germanic : Professors Lidforss, Soder- 
 wall ; Docents Hjelmqvist, af Peter- 
 sens, Soderberg ; Reader Walter. 
 Romance : Professors Wulff, Zander ; 
 
 Reader Jeanjaquet. 
 Oriental : Professor Tegner. 
 Philosophy : Professors Borelius, Herr- 
 
 lin, Lagerlof, Larsson, Leander. 
 Political Science: Professors Fahlbeck, 
 Graf Hamilton; Docent Freihen- v. 
 Schwerin. 
 History : Professors Fahlbeck, Weibull ; 
 
 Docent Stille. 
 Art and Archeology : Professor 
 
 Schiick ; Docent Soderberg. 
 Esthetics and History of Litera- 
 ture: Professor Schiick; Docents Syl- 
 wan, Wrangel. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Bj5rling, Engstrom ; Docents 
 Broden, Delin, Moller, Wiman. 
 
 Physics : Professors Backlund, Holm- 
 gren ; Doceiits Granqvist, Rydberg. 
 
 Chemistry : Demonstrator Loven ; Do- 
 ce7its Londahl, Wallin. 
 
 Geology : Professors Lundgren, Torell ; 
 Docents Hennig, Moberg, Tornqvist. 
 
 Biology : Professors Areschoug, Bergen- 
 dal, Berggren,Quennerstedt, Thomson, 
 Torell ; Docents Jonsson, Ljungstrom, 
 Murbeck. 
 
 Geography : Docent Freiherr v. Schwer- 
 
 Professors J- A. Ask, Graf Hamilton, 
 Thyren, Winroth; Docents Antell, 
 Bjorling, Broome, Livijn. 
 
 Professors C. J. Ask, Bendz, Blix, 
 Fiirst, Hildebrand Lang Lindgren, 
 Lowegren, Odenius, Odman, Ribbing; 
 Docents Hedin, Warholm. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Ahnfelt, Bring, Eklund, 
 Roseniiis, Skarstedt; Z'^^^^w^'j- Holmstrom, 
 Lundborg, Pfannenstill. 
 
 STOCKHOIiM, Sweden. 
 STOCKHOLMS HOGSKOLA. 
 
 This school, founded in 1878, consists as yet of a Mathematical 
 and Scientific section only, but it is hoped that it will shortly be en- 
 larged by the addition of a faculty of Law and Political Science. 
 
 The general regulations are the same as those of the Swedish 
 universities; see pp. 140, 141. 
 
 The matriculation fee is 35 crowns ($6.75) and the fee for lec- 
 tures (which is remitted in the semester in which the matriculation 
 fee is paid) is the same. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary. 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 ARTS. SCIENCE. 
 
 History of Literature : Professor Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 
 Levertin. fessors Bendixson, Gylden, Mittag-Lef- 
 
 POLITICAL Science: Professor Leffler. fler, Phragmen; Docents Kobb,v. Koch. 
 
SWEDEN. 
 
 143 
 
 Physics : Professors Arrhenius, Bjerk- 
 
 nes. 
 Chemistry : Professor Pettersson. 
 Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 
 
 Hogbom ; Docents Backstrom, Ham- 
 berg. 
 Biology : Professor Leche ; Docents An- 
 derson Carlgren, af Klercker. 
 
 UPSAIiA, Sweden. 
 KONGL. UNIVERSITETET I UPSALA. 
 
 This university, founded in 1477? comprises faculties of Arts, 
 Science, Law, Medicine and Theology, and is under the same regu- 
 lations as all the Swedish universities; see pp. 140, 141. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Herr J. von Bahr. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professor Alm- 
 kvist. 
 Slavonic : Professor Lundell. 
 Classical : Professor's Danielsson, 
 Frigell, Johansson, Persson, Sunden; 
 Doceriis Knos, Lundstrom. 
 English : Reader Harlock. 
 Germanic : Professors Erdmann, 
 Laffler, Noreen; Docents Beckman, 
 Hellquist, Tamm, Wadstein; Read- 
 ers Weinberg, Wiklund. 
 Romance : Professor P. A. Geijer; 
 Docents Rydberg, Wablund; Reader 
 Levy. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Johansson; Docent Liden. 
 Philosophy : Professor K. R. Geijer; 
 Docents Bager- Sjogren, Burman, Ed- 
 feldt, Hagerstrom, von Scheele. 
 Political Science : Professor Alin ; 
 Docents Nordwall, Reuterskiold, Va- 
 renius. 
 History : Professors Boethius, Hjame; 
 
 Docent Clason. 
 Art : Professor Nyblom; Docent Pe- 
 
 trini. 
 Egyptology : Professor Piehl. 
 History of Literature : Professor 
 Nyblom; Docents Levertin, Meyer. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Charlier, Dillner, Duner, Falk, 
 Hildebrandsson; Docents Bohlin, Ber- 
 
 ger, Ericsson, Pfannenstiel, Soder- 
 berg. 
 
 Physics : P^-ofessors Lundquist, Thalen; 
 Demonstrator Angstrom; Docent Pe- 
 trini. 
 
 Chemistry : Professor Cleve, Widman; 
 Docents Abenius, Bladin, Palmaer. 
 
 Mineralogy and Geology : Professor- 
 elect Holmquist; Docents Mmithe, Nor- 
 denskjold. 
 
 Biology : Professors Fries, Kjellman, 
 Tullberg, Wiren; Docents Aurivillius, 
 Bovallius, Hedlund, Jagerskiold, Juel, 
 Lonnberg, Lundstrom, Semander, Star- 
 back. 
 
 Geography : Docents Ahlenius, Nys- 
 trom. 
 
 LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 
 
 Professor's Blomberg, Davidson, Hags- 
 tromer, Hammarskjold, Nordling, Tryg- 
 ger ; Docents Dahlberg, Sjogren. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Bjorck, Clason, Gullstrand, 
 Hammar, Hammarsten, Henschen, Holm- 
 gren, Lennander, Lindfors, Momer, 
 Nordlund, Petersson, Rosendahl ; De- 
 monstrators Ohrvirall, Simdberg, Vest- 
 berg; Docents Bolin, Dahlgren. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Berggren, Ekman, Johans- 
 son, Martin, Norrby, Rudin, Sundelin, 
 Tottie ; Docents Danell, Kolmodin, 
 Lmidstrom, Quensel, Stave. 
 
144 BASLE. 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 
 There are in Switzerland seven universities — Basle, 
 Berne, Fribourg, Geneva, Lausanne, Neuchatel and Zurich. 
 These are all open to women, with, possibly, the exception 
 of Lausanne, about which no particulars have been obtained. 
 At Basle, Berne and Zurich the language used is German, 
 and the only degree given is that of Doctor, as in German 
 universities. In Geneva, Lausanne and Neuchatel, on the 
 other hand, the language used is French and the degrees are 
 similar to those of French universities, the baccalaureate 
 licence and doctoral. In Fribourg both languages are used, 
 but the university organisation is German. 
 
 BASLE, Switzerland. 
 UNIVERSITAT BASEL. 
 
 The university of Basle, consisting of the four faculties of Phil- 
 bsophy (Arts and Science), Law, Medicine and Theology, was 
 founded in 1460. Women have been allowed to study in the uni- 
 versity since 1890, under certain conditions. In order to be ad- 
 mitted as a regular student a woman must be of Swiss nation- 
 ality, or, if a foreigner, must have received her education in the 
 canton of Basle. To be admitted as a hearer to the lectures of 
 the Philosophical faculty she must hold a certificate entitling her 
 to teach in the primary or secondary schools of the canton. Women 
 who satisfy the above requirements have all the privileges of men 
 students as regards the holding of scholarships and the use of 
 libraries, laboratories, museums, etc. 
 
 Every one wishing to become a regular student must present a 
 certificate of good character and satisfactory testimonials in regard 
 to his previous education and must register (matriculate) both with 
 the rector of the university and with the dean of the faculty in 
 which he is to study. This must be done before the end of the 
 
SWITZERLAND. 145 
 
 first fortnight of the semester. The fees for matriculation amount 
 to 14 francs ($2.80) and are paid to the pedell. 
 
 Before the end of the first thi'ee weeks of the semester the stu- 
 dent must present himself to the quaestor and pay the fees for lec- 
 tures, and finally must obtain the signatures of the different lecturers 
 in his course book. When leaving the university the student must 
 again present himself to the rector and obtain the Abgangszeugniss . 
 
 Hearers must be over seventeen years of age and are permitted 
 to attend lectures on paying the fees. 
 
 The degree of Doctor is conferred in all the faculties except that 
 of Theology, which grants the degree of Licentiate only. 
 
 The winter semester extends from October 15th to the end of 
 March; the summer semester from April 15th to the end of July. 
 
 The lecture fees for all lectures which are not free are, in the 
 Theological Faculty, 3 francs ($0.60) a semester for each hour 
 weekly, and in the other faculties 5 francs ($1.00). Laboratory 
 fees are in general 5 francs ($1.00) per hour weekly for the 
 semester. 
 
 Information and the Verzeichniss der Vorlesungen can be ob- 
 tained from the pedell, Herr Viktor Hofer. 
 
 Professors and Ijecturers. 
 
 ARTS. Albert Burckhardt, Jacob Burckhardt, 
 
 LANGUAGES.— Ethiopian : Dr. Mez. Topffer ; 7?;-^. Luginbuhl, Mez, Thom- 
 
 Semitic : Dr. Mez. „ '^^"- „ ^ „ ^ . 
 
 INDO-IRANIAN : ProfessorWxs\.€{i. Pedagogy: Professors Heman, Largi- 
 
 Classical : Professors Diimmler, Hag- . ^ost. „ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 enbach, Meyer, Misteli, Wacker- Art and Apch^ology: /'r<,/m.r. J J. 
 
 nagel. 
 
 Bernoulli, Jacob Burckhardt, Diimmler, 
 
 English : Professor Soldan ; Dr. , Wolfflin ; Dr. Daniel Burckhardt. 
 
 ■gjjj2 Architecture : Professor Wolmin. 
 
 Germanic : Professors Born, Koegel, science. 
 
 Meyer, Adolf Socin ; Dr. Meissner. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 
 RoMANCE : Professor Soldan ; Dr. fessors Kinkelin, Albert Riggenbach, 
 
 Meissner. Von der Miihll ; Dr. Flatt. 
 
 Comparative Philology : Professor Physics : Professors Hagenbach-Bischoff, 
 
 Socin. Kahlbaum ; Dr. Veillon. 
 
 Philosophy : Professors Heman, Heuss- Chemistry : Professors Kahlbaum, 
 
 ler ; Dr. Joel. Nietzki, Piccard ; Drs. Nienhaus, 
 
 Political Science : Professors Adler, Rupe. 
 
 Kozak. Mineralogy : Professor Carl Schmidt. 
 
 History : Professors Baumgartner, Boos, Geology : Professor Carl Schmidt. 
 
146 BASLE, BERNE. 
 
 Biology : Professors Rudolph Burck- wig Riitimeyer, Schiess, Siebenmann, 
 
 hardt, Klebs, Zschokke ; Dr. Gries- August Socin, von Sury, Wille ; Drs. 
 
 bach. Emil Burckhardt, Buri, Coming, Egger, 
 
 Hygiene : Professors Albrecht Eduard Feer, Conner, Hagler, Hosch, Jaquet, 
 
 Burckhardt, Kreis. Mellinger, Leopold Riitimeyer, Streck- 
 
 Ljiir. eisen, Schwendt. 
 
 Professors Karl Chr. Burckhardt, theology. 
 
 Heusler, von Salis, Schulin, Teichmann, r. j- -n-i. • -r, ^^• -r^ ^ 
 
 von Tuhr- Drs Stehlin Stutz Wieland Professors Bohringer, Bolliger, Duhm, 
 
 Kim, von Orelli, Overbeck, W. Schmidt, 
 
 MEDICINE. Stahelin ; Drs. C. A. Bernoulli, Bertho- 
 
 Professors Bumm, Bunge, A. E. Burck- let, Handmann, Riggenbach. 
 hardt, Courvoisier, Dubler, Hagenbach- 
 
 Burckhardt, Immermann, KoUmann, music. 
 
 Massini, Metzner, Miescher, Roth, Lud- Professor 
 
 BERNE, Switzerland. 
 UNIVERSITAT BERN. 
 
 The University (^Hochschule) of Berne, consisting of the facul- 
 ties of Philosophy (Arts and Science), Law, Medicine and The- 
 ology (Catholic and Protestant), was founded in 1834 and opened 
 to women in 1874. In 1895-96 the number of women matricu- 
 lated students was seventy-six and the number of hearers four- 
 teen. 
 
 Every one wishing to enter as a student must be over eighteen 
 years of age, must present a certificate of good character to the 
 rector, and must pay the matriculation fee of 15 francs ($3.00). 
 A woman, in addition, is required to prove that she is independent, 
 or to present a certificate signed by her guardian giving her per- 
 mission to attend the university. A fee of 5 francs ($1.00) paid 
 to the rector at the time of matriculation gives the student permis- 
 sion to use the library. 
 
 Any one is permitted to attend the lectures as a hearer on buying 
 from the pedell an Auskultanten ICarte, costing 20 cents. 
 
 Regular students and hearers must register with the professors 
 and lecturers whose courses they wish to attend, and show their 
 matricvilation or auskultanten cards. 
 
 They are also obliged, under penalty of a fine, to register their 
 addresses with the pedell within the first fortnight of the semester, 
 and to inform him of any subsequent change of address. 
 
SWITZERLAND. 
 
 147 
 
 The degree of Doctor is conferred in all the faculties under 
 slightly varying conditions. The candidate for the degree of Doctor 
 of Philosophy must, as in the German universities, present a satis- 
 factory dissertation and pass an oral examination in three subjects. 
 
 The v^^inter semester begins on October 15th and the summer 
 semester on April 15th, lasting till August 15th. 
 
 Lists of lecturers and other official pamphlets may be procured 
 at any bookshop and enquiries may be addressed to the pedell. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professor Kurz. 
 Indo-Iranian : Professors Haag, 
 
 Miiller-Hess. 
 Classical : Professors Haag, Hagen ; 
 
 Do cents Jahn, Praechter. 
 English : Professor Miiller-Hess ; Do- 
 cent Kiinzler. 
 Germanic : Professors Hirzel, Suter- 
 
 meister, Vetter ; Decent Singer. 
 Romance : Professors Freymond, 
 Michaud ; Docettts Bessire, Gauchat, 
 Niggli. 
 Philosophy : Professor Stein ; Docent 
 
 Willy. 
 Political Economy: Professor Ovi<ik.&Vi; 
 
 Docent Reichesberg. 
 History : Professor Woker ; Docents 
 
 Geiser, von Miilinen, Tobler. 
 Art : Professor Volmar. 
 Architecture : Professors Auer, Vol- 
 mar. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors, Graf, Huber, Ott, Sidler ; Do- 
 cents Benteli, Moser. 
 
 Physics: Professor'Forst&r; Doceitt Moser. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors von Kostanecki, 
 Rossel ; Docents SchafFer, Schmidt. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Balzer ; Docent 
 
 Kissling. 
 Geology and Geography : Professors 
 
 Balzer, Briickner ; Docent Kissling. 
 Biology : Professors Eduard Fischer, 
 
 Ludwig Fischer, Studer. 
 Hygiene : Professor Girard. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 P}-ofessors Gretener, Hilty, Huber, 
 Lotmar, Marcusen, Oncken, Reichel, 
 Rossel, Stein, Stooss, Zeerleder ; Docents 
 Lauterberg, Opet, Reichesberg, Sieber. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Drechsel, Emmert, Girard, 
 Kocher, Kronecker, Langhans, Lesser, 
 Miiller, Pfliiger, Sahli, von Speyr, Stras- 
 ser, Tschirch, Tavel, Valentin ; Docents 
 Asher, Bueler, Collon, Conrad, Dick, 
 Dubois, Dumont, Dutoit, Emmert, de 
 Giacomi, Howald, von Ins, Jonquiere, 
 Lanz, Lindt, Niehans, Santi, Stooss, 
 Walthard, Zimmermann. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Earth, Blosch, Herzog, 
 Ludemann, Marti, Michaud, Muller, 
 Riietschi, Steck, Thiirlings, Woker. 
 
 MUSIC. 
 
 Decent Hess-Riietschi. 
 
 FKIBOURG, Switzerland. 
 UNIVERSITE DE FRIBOURG. 
 
 The University of Fribourg, founded in 1889, consists of the 
 three faculties of Philosophy (Arts and Science), Law and The- 
 
148 FRIBOURG. 
 
 ology. Women are not admitted as regular students, but they are 
 allowed to attend the courses as hearers, and in the faculty of Phil- 
 osophy they may take the examinations and obtain the same diplo- 
 mas as men students on the same conditions. 
 
 The French and German languages are both used, but the uni- 
 versity organisation resembles that of German universities in all 
 essential points. Foreigners are as a general rule admitted, pro- 
 vided they possess the qualifications which would admit them to 
 universities in their own countries. The rector decides all doubtful 
 and exceptional cases. 
 
 The degree of Doctor is conferred by the Philosophical faculty 
 on candidates who, having studied for three years at a university 
 and having satisfactory testimonials as to character and education, 
 present a dissertation that is approved by the faculty and pass an 
 oral examination in three subjects. 
 
 The winter semester begins in the middle of October and the 
 summer semester in the middle of April. 
 
 The fee for the first matriculation is 30 francs ($6.00) and for 
 the second 20 francs ($4.00). 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 ARTS. Art and Archeology : Professors 
 
 Languages.-Semitic: Professors Grim- ^ Effinann, Hess Steffens, Sturm, 
 me Hess rEDAGOGY : Professor Homer. 
 
 Indo-Iranian : Professor Hardy. science. 
 
 Classical : Professors Michaut, Sturm. Physics : Professor von Kowalski. 
 
 1-. n ^ n. rr CHEMISTRY : Profcssor Thomas. 
 
 English : Professor Steffens. Geology : Professor de Girard. 
 Germanic: Professors Tostes, Streit- , ,„, 
 
 , ./ J ' LAW. 
 
 bero", 
 
 *' Professors Bise, Biichel, Clerc, Favre, 
 
 Romance : Professors Giraud, Hor- Yxt\X^, Gottlob, Gottofrey, Jaccoud, Kos- 
 
 ner, Marcnot. chembahr-Lyskowski, Loerkens, Oser, 
 
 Slavonic : Professor Kallenbach. Pedrazzini, Perrier, Saedt, v. Savigny ; 
 
 Comparative Philology : Professor Docent Hauptmann. 
 
 Streitberg. theology. 
 
 Philosophy : Professors Bartijn, Michel. Professors Beck, Berthier, Coconnier, 
 
 Political Science : Professors Biichel, Frankenstein, Fritsch, Kirsch, Mandon- 
 
 Gottlob, Jaccoud, Wasserab. net, del Prado, Rose, Weiss, Zapletal. 
 History : Professors Biichi, Gremaud, music. 
 
 Hardy, Schniirer, Reinhardt, Steffens. Professor Wagner. 
 
SWITZERLAND. 149 
 
 GENEVA, Switzerland. 
 
 UNIVERSITE DE GENEVE. 
 
 The University of Geneva, founded in 1559, consists of the five 
 faculties of Arts (^Lettres) , Science, Law, Medicine and Theology. 
 Women are admitted on the same conditions as men. There are 
 now about 150 women students, the majority attending courses in 
 medicine and natural science. The French language is used and 
 the organisation of the university is similar to that of French uni- 
 versities. 
 
 Any person over eighteen years of age is admitted as a hearer to 
 all lectures, but not to the hospitals or the practical courses of the 
 Medical faculty. 
 
 Persons who have obtained the certijicat de maturite in one of 
 the sections of the gymnasium of Geneva or who can prove by 
 certificates or diplomas that they have received an education equal 
 in standard to that implied by the certijicat de maturite are al- 
 lowed to matriculate as regular students. The faculty in which the 
 student desires to study decides upon the equivalence of the certifi- 
 cates, and the entrance requirements vary considerably in the differ- 
 ent faculties. In some (the department of Social Science, for 
 instance) , a knowledge of Greek and Latin is not considered neces- 
 sary; in others it is essential. 
 
 The university confers the following degrees : Bachelier es let- 
 tres^ es sciences^ es sciences medicates^ en theologie ; Licenciees 
 lettres., es sciences sociales^ en droits en theologie.^ en medecine ; 
 Docteur es lettres^ es sciences^ en droits en jnedecine ; Diplome 
 de chimiste^ DiplSmede pharmacien. 
 
 For the degrees of Bachelier and Licencie the candidate must pass 
 an oral and a written examination, for the degree of Docteur^ he must 
 pass an oral examination and sustain a thesis. The requirements 
 as to time, etc., vary in the different faculties. In Arts the 
 candidate can enter for the degree of Bachelier on beginning 
 his work in the university. To enter for the degree of Bicenciehe 
 must already hold the baccalaureat and have studied in a university 
 
J so GENEVA. 
 
 for four semesters after obtaining it. Equivalent degrees are in 
 general accepted in place of the baccalaureat or licence of Geneva. 
 
 Persons desiring to matriculate as students should apply to M. le 
 secretaire-caissier de V Universite and present their certificates 
 and testimonials to him for the consideration of the faculty. Stu- 
 dents and hearers must register during the first fortnight of the 
 semester for each course they desire to attend, and must procure a 
 course book and present it for signature each semester to the rector, 
 the dean of the faculty and the professors whose courses they attend. 
 
 Women are admitted to all the libraries, reading- rooins and labo- 
 ratories. The laboratories are of two kinds, those in which the 
 students work every day more or less independently, and those 
 known as repetitoires^ in which the work is merely complementary 
 to the courses, and which are attended only once weekly for about 
 three hours. 
 
 The first semester begins on October 15th. The lectures begin 
 on October 22d and end on March 22d; the second semester begins 
 on April 8th and ends on July 15th. 
 
 The fees are : for matriculation, 20 francs ($4.00) ; for course 
 book, I franc ($0.20) ; for each hour per week of lecture for the 
 semester, 5 francs ($1.00) ; for exmatriculation, 10 francs ($2.00). 
 There are fees of from 50 francs to 200 francs ($10 to $40) for the 
 different diplomas. 
 
 Further information maybe found in the Reglement de 1' Uni- 
 versite de Geneve ( Geneve., Imfriinerie J. Studer) , and in the 
 Programme des Cours de 1' University de Geneve ( Geneve., Iin- 
 prifnerie Aubert- Schuchardf) . 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to M. le Secretah-e-caissier de 
 r Universite. 
 
 There is an association of women students — the Societe Inter- 
 nationale des Etudiantes de V Universite de Geneve. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professor Mon- Classical : Professors Andre Oltra- 
 
 tet ; M. T. Andre. mare, Nicole, de Saussure ; Do- 
 
 Indo-Iranian : Professor At Saussure. cents Courvoisier, Vulliety. 
 
SWITZERLAND. 
 
 151 
 
 Germanic : Professo7' Emile Redard ; 
 
 Decent Vogel. 
 Romance : Professors Bouvier, Du- 
 proix, Muret, Ritter; Docents Bally, 
 Paris, Schneegans, Thudichum, Vul- 
 liety, Zbinden. 
 Comparative Philology : Professors 
 
 Muret, Wertheimer. 
 Philosophy : Professors Floumoy, 
 Gourd, Adrien Naville; Docent'S>x\a^Q.\.. 
 Political Science: Professors Favon, 
 Jaquemot, Wuarin ; Docents Wiede, 
 Winiarski. 
 History: Professors Fazy, Edouard Na- 
 ville, Jaquemot, Pierre Vaucher. 
 Pedagogy: Professor Duproix. 
 Art and Archeology : P?-ofessors de 
 Crue, Montet, Nicole ; Docents Lade, 
 Vulliety. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Cailler, Galopin, R. Gautier, 
 G. Oltramare; Docents P'ehr, Lyon. 
 
 Physics : Professors Rilliet, Soret ; Do- 
 cent Dussaud. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Graebe, Guye, 
 Monnier, Pietet ; Docents M. Gautier, 
 M. Kehrmann, O. Hinsberg, C. Lagod- 
 zinski. 
 
 Mineralogy: Professor Duparc. 
 
 Geology and Geography : Professors 
 
 Cailler, Duparc ; Docents Ritter, Sar- 
 
 asin. 
 Biology ; Pi'ofessors Chodat, Laskowski, 
 
 Monnier, Schiff, Thury, Yung ; Docent 
 
 Briquet. 
 Hygiene : Professor Vincent. 
 Agriculture : Docent Auriol, 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors Bridel, Brocher, Erman, 
 Alfred Gautier, Gentet, Gosse, Jaquemot, 
 Martin, Rehfous, Roguin ; Docents Com- 
 bothecra, Dunant, Moriaud, Odier. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Brun, Chodat, d'Espine, 
 Etemod, Haltenhoff, JuUiard, Olivet, H. 
 Oltramare, Prevost, Auguste Reverdin, 
 J. Reverdin, Revilliod, Schiff, Vaucher, 
 Vincent, Vulliet, Zahn ; Docents hxxA&oyx'A. 
 Betrix, Binet, Bourcart, Buscarlet, Cordis, 
 Christian!, Dupraz, Froelich, Goetz, Gu- 
 der, Keseb, Kummer, Ladame, Ed. 
 Martin, Megevand, Patru, Ruel, Sulzer, 
 Thomas, Wyss. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Chantre, Cougnard, From- 
 mel, Ern, Martin, Montet, Nicole; Do- 
 cent Balavoine. 
 
 MUSIC. 
 
 Docent Roehrich. 
 
 liAUSANNE, Switzerland. 
 UNIVERSITE DE LAUSANNE. 
 
 In 1890 the Academy of Lausanne was formed into a university. 
 No pai-ticulars have been obtained in regard to the admission of 
 w^omen students. 
 
 The winter semester lasts from October 15th to March 25th, the 
 summer semester from April Sth to July 25th. 
 
 The matriculation fee is 20 francs ($4)- 
 
 Professors and Ijecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages — Oriental: Professor Spiro; Germanic : Professor Maurer ; Docent 
 
 Docent Georgens. Taverney. 
 
 Classical : Professors Baudat, Besan- Romance : Professors Bonnard, Ren- 
 
 gon ; Docent Chatelanat. ard ; Docents Andre, Muret, Paran- 
 
 English : Docent Neilson. der. 
 
152 LAUSANNE, NEUCHATEL. 
 
 Philosophy: Professor Millioud. Engineering: Professors Gaudard, Mel- 
 
 HlSTORY: Professors Duperrex, Maillefer, ley. 
 
 Rossier. Agriculture: Docent Martinet. 
 
 Art and Archeology: Docent de Mo- ^^^ ^^^ political science. 
 
 T, ^°' -r, r /-. Professors Berney, Erman, Favey, 
 
 Pedagogy: /'r./m.r Guex. Crenier, Larguier, P^reto, Roguin ; Z).- 
 
 SCIENCE f««^'j Brocher de la Flechere, Jaquemot, 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy: Profes- °' 
 
 sors Amstein, Chenaux, Charles Du- _, ^ _ "^ icine. ^ 
 
 four Toly. Professors Bourget, Bugnion, de Ceren- 
 
 Physics: Professors Dapples, Henri Du- ^^^1^' Demieville, Dind, Dufour, Herzen, 
 
 four, Grenier, Mayor, Palaz. Larguier, Lowenthal, Nicolas, Rabow, Ra- 
 
 Chemistry: Professors Brelaz, Brunner, ?!"' ^°"^' Stilling; Docents Berdez, 
 
 Chuard; Docent Kunz-Kranse. Eperon, de la Harpe, Muret, Rossier, 
 
 Geology and Mineralogy: Professors Secretan, Verrey. 
 
 Golliez, Renevier. theology. 
 
 Biology: Professors Blanc, Jean Dufour, Professors Chapuis, Combe, Dandiran, 
 
 Wilczek; Docents Amann, Bieler, Jac- Emery, Fornerod, Paschoud, Vuilleu- 
 
 card. mier; Docents Narbel, Rapin. 
 
 NEUCriATELi, Switzerland. 
 ACADEMIE DE NEUCHATEL. 
 
 This university, founded in 1866, consists of the four faculties 
 of Arts, Science, Law and Theology. Women are admitted as 
 students and hearers on the same conditions as men, and at present 
 about twenty are attending the university courses. The constitu- 
 tion of the university is similar to that of the University of Geneva, 
 and all the details given above (pp. 149, 150) apply, with a few ex- 
 ceptions, to Neuchatel. 
 
 Students and hearers must be over eighteen years of age. Hearers 
 are not allowed to attend more than ten hours of lectures weekly, 
 and they are not granted any certificate. Entrance examinations 
 are held by all the faculties, but any student holding a certificate 
 equivalent to the certificate of a Swiss or German gymnasium is 
 admitted as a regular student without examination. 
 
 The first semester begins on October 14th and ends in the middle 
 of March. The second semester begins in the middle of March 
 and ends in the middle of July. Students must register on the 
 first day of the semester. 
 
 From the middle of August to the middle of October a holiday 
 course in modern French is held for foreiarners. 
 
SWITZERLAND. 153 
 
 The fees are: for matriculation, 10 francs ($2.00); for each 
 hour per week of lectures for the winter semester 2.50 francs 
 ($0.50), and for the summer semester 2 francs ($0.40) ; (hearers 
 pay double this sum) ; for the different laboratories, 5 francs to 30 
 francs ($1.00 to $6.00) for the semester. 
 
 Prizes of 100 francs ($20) are open for competition to registered 
 students. 
 
 Further information may be found in the Programme des Cours, 
 which can be obtained from the Recteur de r Academic de Neu- 
 chatel. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. SCIENCE. 
 
 Languages.— Semitic : Professor Per- Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 
 rochet. fessors Hirsch, Isely, Weber ; M. Le 
 
 Indo-European : Professor Perrochet. Grand Roy. 
 
 Classical : Professors Dessoulavy, Physics : Professor Weber. 
 
 Le Coultre. Chemistry : Professor Billeter. 
 
 English : Professor Nippel; M. Swal- Mineralogy : Professor de Tribolet. 
 
 low. Geology and Geography : Professors 
 
 Germanic : Professor Domeier. Du Pasquier, Knapp. 
 
 Romance : Professors Amici, Dessou- Biology : Professors Beraneck, Chite- 
 
 lavy, Le Coultre, Piaget, Wamery ; lain, Tripet. 
 
 MM. Dubied, Piaget, Ragonod. Hygiene : Professor Chatelain. 
 
 Literature : Professor Humbert. law. 
 
 Philosophy: ProfessorJAwa^i^r /'ro/^jwj Beguelin, Courvoisier, Jean- 
 
 PoLiTicAL Science -.Professor Junod. ^ Meckenstock, Mentha. 
 History : Professor de Chambner; MM. 
 
 Diacon, Fariiy. theology. 
 
 Art and Archeology : Professor Professo7-s DuBois, Ladame, Morel, 
 
 Wavre ; M. Dessoulavy. Paris, Perrochet, Quartier-la-Tente. 
 
 ZURICH, Switzerland. 
 HOCHSCHULE. 
 
 The University (Hochschule) of Zvirich, founded in 1833, was 
 formally opened to women in 1873, and women are even permitted 
 to hold professorial chairs. At present there are about 200 women 
 students, and a woman is lecturer on Roman law. The university 
 consists of the four faculties of Philosophy (Arts and Science), 
 Law, Medicine and Theology ; the language used is German, and 
 the general organisation is similar to that of a German university. 
 
 Inhabitants of Zurich desiring to enter the university must have 
 
154 
 
 ZURICH. 
 
 the Maturitatszeugniss of a school in the canton ; foreigners must 
 hold certificates equivalent to this, or pass an entrance examination. 
 
 The degree of Doctor is conferred by each of the faculties under 
 slightly different conditions ; in general the candidate must pass 
 an oral examination and present a satisfactory thesis. 
 
 There are six libraries open to regular students ; hearers are 
 allowed to use these libraries when introduced by a professor. 
 
 The semesters begin on October 20th and April 20th, and end in 
 March and August, respectively. 
 
 The fees are : for matriculation, 22 francs ($4.40) ; for lectures, 
 5 francs ($1.00) a semester for each hour weekly; for the Doctor's 
 degree, 310 to 420 francs ($62 to $84). 
 
 For further information see the VerzeicJiniss der Vorlesungen 
 and the different Promotions- Or dnungetz. Enquiries may be ad- 
 dressed to the pedell of the university, Herr Ruegger. 
 Professors and Liccturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages — Classical : Professors 
 Bliimner, Hitzig; Docents Guggen- 
 heim, Schulthess. 
 English : Professor Vetter ; Docent 
 
 Schirmer. 
 Germanic: Professors Bsechtold, Stie- 
 
 fel; Docents Bachmann, Hoftmann. 
 Romance: Professors Morf, Ulrich; 
 Docents Morel, Ziesing. 
 Sanscrit and Comparative Philol- 
 ogy: Professor Kaegi. 
 Philosophy : Professors Avenarius, 
 
 Kym; Docents Bosch, Kreyenbiihl. 
 History: Professors Dandliker, v. Kno- 
 nau, Oechsli, Schweizer ; Docent 
 Heierli. 
 Art AND Archeology: Professor '^2}ixx\\ 
 
 Docents Bloch, Brun, Stiickelberg. 
 Pedagogy: Professor Hunziker. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Meyer, Wolfer; Docents Gubler, 
 Kraft, "Weiler. 
 
 Physics: Pi-ofessor Kleiner; Docent von 
 Wyss. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Abeljanz, Wer- 
 ner; Docents Bischler, Feist, Kippen- 
 berger, Schall, Scholl. 
 
 Geology and Mineralogy : Professors 
 
 Mayer-Eymar, Grubenmann, Heim. 
 Geography : Professor Stoll, Docent 
 
 Friih. 
 Biology : Professors Dodel, Lang, 
 
 Schinz; Docents Heuscher, Kiindig, 
 
 Martin, Overton, Standfuss. 
 
 LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 
 
 Professors Cohn, Fleiner, Hitzig, 
 Pfenninger, Schneider, Schollenberger, 
 Treichler, Vogt, Wolf, Ziircher ; Docents 
 Frau Dr. Kempin, Ruhland, Heinrich 
 Schmidt, Konrad Schmidt, Wachter. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Billeter, Eichhorst, Forel, 
 Gaule, Goll, Haab, Kronlein, von Mon- 
 akow, Sp5ndly, Stohr, Ribbert, Wyder, 
 Oskar Wyss, Hans von Wyss; Docents 
 Gustav Brunner, Konrad Brunner, Del- 
 briick, Felix, Fick, Hanau, Huber, 
 Kaufmann, Kreis, Liining, Hans Meyer, 
 Rudolf Meyer, Miiller, Rohrer, Schaper, 
 Schulthess, Seitz, Suchannek, Wlassak. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Christ, Egli, Fritzsche, Fur- 
 rer, Kesselring, Ryssel, Schmiedel, von 
 Schulthess-Rechberg ; Docents Heiden- 
 heim, Kappeler, Meih, Riiegg. 
 
SWITZERLAND. 
 
 155 
 
 EIDGENOSSISCHE POLYTECHNISCHE SCHULE. 
 
 This school, founded in 1855, though under different adminis- 
 tration from the Hochschule^ has its classes in the same building, 
 and students of one school are at liberty to attend the lecttjres of 
 the other. The polytechnic school gives instruction in technical 
 work and the applied sciences, engineering, pharmacy, etc. 
 
 The requirements for entrance, fees, etc., are similar to those of 
 the Hochschule^ and women are admitted on the same conditions 
 as men. 
 
 There is an association of women students, the Studentinnen 
 Verein^ secretary, Fraulein von Lengefeld, Zurich. 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 bieri, Gnehm, Hartwich, Lunge, 
 Schulze,Treadwell ; Docents Bosshard, 
 Constam, Feist, Grate, Kippenberger, 
 Oettel, Scholl, Winterstein. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Grubenmann. 
 
 Geology : Professors Heim, Mayer- 
 Eymar. 
 
 Biology : Professors K. Keller, Lang, 
 Roth ; Docents Martin, Schoch, Stand- 
 fuss, V. Tavel. 
 
 Botany : Professors Cramer, Schroter. 
 
 Geography : Professor Guillard ; Do- 
 cent Friih. 
 
 Hygiene : Professor Roth. 
 
 Engineering and Architecture : Pro- 
 fessors Becker, Decher, Escher, Flieg- 
 ner, Graf, Gerlich, Herzog, Lasius, 
 Prasil, Recordon, Ritter, Stodola, Tet- 
 majer,Tobler,E. Zschokke, K. Zschok- 
 ke; Docents Denzler, Gentilli, Mantel, 
 Meyer, Pfister, Potterat, Stanabach, 
 Walter, Wyssling. 
 
 Agriculture : Professors Bluntschli, 
 Bourgeois, Biihler, Felber, Kramer, 
 Nowacki, Zwicky; Docents Baechler, 
 Krauer, Mertens, Stebler ; Instructor 
 Schneebeli. 
 
 Languages. — English : Professor Vet- 
 ter. 
 Germanic : Professors Stiefel; In- 
 structor Baumgartner. 
 Romance : Professors Droz, Pizzo. 
 
 Philosophy : Professor Stadler. 
 
 Political Science : Professors Char- 
 ton, Platter ; Docent Schmidt. 
 
 History: Professors Guillard, Oechsli, 
 Stem. 
 
 History of War and Tactics : Pro- 
 fessor Rothpletz. 
 
 Art : Professor Rahn. 
 
 Literature : Docent Saitschik. 
 
 Pedagogy : Professors Stadler,, Zurcki ; 
 Docent Hunziker. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors W. Fiedler, Franel, Geiser, 
 Hurwitz, Lacombe, Rudio, Wolfer ; 
 Docents Beyel, Burger, Disteli, E. 
 Fiedler, Hirsch, J. Keller, Kraft, Reb- 
 stein, Weiler, Weilenmann. 
 
 Physics: Professors Pemet, Weber ; Do- 
 cents Guye, Kopp, Lombard!, v. Wyss. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Bamberger, Bar- 
 
THE 
 
 UNIVERSITIES OF EUROPE 
 
 IN THE 
 
 MIDDLE AGES. 
 
 By HASTINGS RASHDALL, M.A., 
 
 Fellow and Lecturer of Hertford College, Oxford. 
 
 3 Vols. 8vo. Cloth. $14.00 net. 
 
 "All interested in the history of the higher education will be glad to see the most 
 earned and useful book upon the subject as yet produced." — The Sun, New York. 
 
 " Mr. Rashdall has invested his work with much interest by reason of the evident 
 care with which it has been written, and his research and study, preparatory to writ- 
 ing must have been exhaustive. ... He has been content with no surface investi- 
 gation, and his work must be considered authoritative." — The American, Philadelphia. 
 
 ' ' We should be profoundly thankful to have put before us, in the English language, 
 such a systematic presentation of the history and bibliography of the early universities 
 as Mr. Rashdall has worked out. His collected and annotated material on all the uni- 
 versities, great and small, is a perfect mine of facts for the student of education and 
 mediaeval history." — The Nation, New York. 
 
 THE GERMAN UNIVERSITIES. 
 
 THEIR CHARACTER AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 By FRIEDRICH PAULSEN, 
 
 Professor of Philosophy and Pedagogy in the University of Berlin. 
 
 Translated with the Sanction of the Author by Edward Delavan Perry, 
 Professor in Columbia College, New York, with an Intro- 
 duction by Nicholas Murray Butler. 
 
 13mo. Cloth. $3.00. 
 
 "A book which will be found extremely useful by all Americans who are inter- 
 ested in the higher education." — The Sun, New York. 
 
 "An instructive and entertaining review of the character and development of the 
 German imiversities written by a professor of the University of Berlin. It will be 
 found of great value to educators and all those interested in educational matters." — 
 Troy Times. 
 
 THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 
 
 66 Fifth Avenue, New York. 
 
HARVARD COLLEGE BY AN OXONIAN. 
 
 By GEORGE BIRKBECK HILL, D.C.L., 
 
 Pembroke College, Oxford; Editor of "BoswelV s Life of Johfison ; 
 Author of Writers and Readers," Etc. 
 
 Illustrated with New Frontispiece Portrait in Photogravure of 
 President Eliot, and with Views of the Principal Build- 
 ings, including the oldest Picture of the College. 
 
 13mo. "Crimson" Cloth, gUt top. pp.339. S2.35. 
 
 The accomplished and scholarly editor of Boswell's Johnson, Dr. G. 
 Birkbeck Hill, records in this volume his impressions of Harvard in a very- 
 entertaining series of chapters, touching upon such subjects as, for in- 
 stance. The Growth of Harvard — Cambridge in England and Cambridge 
 in New England — The College Chapel — Fagging and "Hazing" — Odd 
 Characters — After-dinner Speeches — Class-day — The Athletic Craze — 
 Signs and ' ' Shingles — Harvard and Yale — The Elective System — The 
 Law School — The Lawrence Scientific School — Radcliffe College — The 
 Library — The Faculty — Oxford and Harvard. 
 
 "Harvard has found a worthy foreign chronicler in Dr. Hill, the 
 learned editor of ' Boswell. ' ' ' 
 
 OXFORD AND HER COLLEGES 
 
 A VIEW FROM THE RADCLIFFE LIBRARY. 
 
 By GOLDWIN SMITH, D.C.L. 
 With Illustrations reproduced from photographs. 
 
 ISuio. Cloth, gilt top. 75 cents. 
 
 THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 
 
 (>() Fifth Avenue, New York. 
 
NOV 5 1901 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 019 654 110 A