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HISTORY 
 
 Lenox and Richmond, 
 
 CHARLES J. PALMER. 
 
 Pittsfield, Massachusetts. 
 
 Press of the Sun Printing Co. 
 
 1904. 
 
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TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Prefatory Note. 
 
 Early History of Lenox and Richmond. 
 
 Sketch of Charles Lennox, Duke of Richmond. 
 
 Account of Fourth of July Celebration of 1809. 
 
 Sketch of History of St. Helena's Chapel, New Lenox. 
 
 List of Soldiers in Revolutionary and Civil Wars. 
 
 List of State and County Officials from Lenox and Richmond. 
 
 Sketch of Berkshire County, England. 
 
PREFATORY NOTE. 
 
 In this little volume an attempt has been made to tell the 
 story of the towns of Lenox and Richmond in a simple way with the 
 incorporation of such statistics, as are usually sought for in a work 
 of the kind. Of course there is much more which might be said, 
 especially concerning the use of Lenox as a summer resort and 
 concerning the eminent literary men who have made it their home. 
 But these and many other kindred topics have been amply treated 
 in the well known volume by Rev. R. DeWitt Mallary, to whose 
 admirable book the present volume is supplementary. 
 
 There is so much of interest in a comparison between commu- 
 nities in England and America bearing the same name that a 
 chapter on Berkshire County, England, has been Inserted. No men- 
 tion has been made of the history of Trinity Church, as that subject 
 has been fully treated by the author in another pamphlet. 
 
 A few pictures illustrative of the town have been inserted. 
 Special indebtedness is acknowledged to Rev. A. J. Benedict for use 
 of some plates of his preparation. His pictures as embodied in his 
 Bits of Berkshire and other publications should be in the hands of 
 every lover of the county. 
 
 If any demand should be made, a supplementary volume on the 
 Vital Statistics of Lenox and Richmond will be published. Mean- 
 while any enquiry on Geneological matters can be sent to the au- 
 thor or to Mr. Rollin H. Cooke of Pittsfleld, and will receive 
 prompt attention. 
 
EARLY HISTORY OF LENOX AND 
 RICHMOND. 
 
 In this sketch we treat the somewhat vague region known as 
 Lenox and Richmond, which does not possess exactly the same 
 boundaries as the original towns. 
 
 The portion of the township lying north of the east and west 
 line by the Congregational church on Lenox hill was formerly 
 known as Yokun. The portion lying westerly was known as Mount 
 Ephraim. There were also portions known as the Williams grant 
 and the Dwight grant and the Hartwood grant, which last was in 
 part the same as the modern town of Washington. 
 
 The first inhabitant of this region was Jonathan Hinsdale, who 
 came from Hartford, Ct., at least as early as 1750, and whose house 
 stood on the east side of what is known as the county road about 
 50 rods south of Court House hill. Mr. Hinsdale belonged to a 
 family of considerable prominence, and from one member of the 
 family the town of Hinsdale derived its name. From another mem- 
 ber, the town of Hinsdale, N. H., took its name. The ancestor of 
 the family fell in the battle of Hatfield, in King Philip's war. The 
 original spelling of the name was Ensdale, being, apparently, de- 
 rived from the fact that the family originally lived at the end of 
 a vale or valley. 
 
 Mr. Hinsdale came to Lenox in order to get away from the 
 world, the growing population in Hartford rather disquieting him. 
 He was, however, soon followed by others, and it is somewhat 
 melancholy to read that he derived his livelihood by selling rum. 
 His house, which stood near the presnt watering trough, was for 
 many years used as a school. His grave now lies in the village 
 cemetery and the stone states that he was born in Hartford on St. 
 Patrick's day, March 17, 1724, and that he died in Lenox on January 
 31, 1811. 
 
 COOPER BUILT A HOUSE. 
 
 In the spring of 1751, a man named Cooper built a house in the 
 south part of the town on the west side of the county road, and 
 also a man named Dickinson erected a dwelling a little north of 
 Mr. Hinsdale's. The first man who cleared ground in this north- 
 erly part of the town was Jacob Bacon. Wolves and deer abounded 
 
8 
 
 at this time, so much so that a bounty of $10 a head was offered 
 for wolves in Lenox as recently as 1782. In 1755. all of the in- 
 habitants were obliged to remove to Stockbridge on account of the 
 invasion of some Indians fi'om New York state who came to avenge 
 the deadi of one of their tribe, and who killed at least one person, 
 a Mr. Stevens, in Lenox. 
 
 On the withdrawal of the Indians a number of new families 
 entered the town, persona bearing the name of Hunt, McCoy, Gle- 
 zen, Steel and Waterman, settled in the north part of the town. 
 On East street, parties by the name of Root, Miller and Dewey set- 
 tled. In what is now the village, Messrs. Whitlock, Parker and 
 Richards took up their abode. In 1773 Josiah Osborne of Ridgefield 
 came, bringing his goods in an oxVcart, and settled in what 
 was unbroken forest. In 1765, on June 20, the township 
 was incorporated under the name of Richmont, which was a mere 
 misspelling of the name Richmond, the town deriving its name 
 from Sir Charles Lenox, duke of Richmond, a great friend of the 
 American colonies. 
 
 When the township was divided the name was also divided, 
 the name of Lenox being a Scottish title, being given to the east 
 side, and name of Richmond, the English title, being given to the 
 first part. The first town meeting was held on March 1, 1767. In 
 1770 and in 1771 the town was fined by the legislature for neglect- 
 ing to elect a representative. The population begins to increase. 
 
 A word may be well added in description of the sources from 
 which Lenox was peopled. Although the early settlers came from a 
 considerable number of towns in Connecticut and Long Island, the 
 principal sources were West Hartford and Wallingford. West Hart- 
 ford was somewhat well known as the former home of the cele- 
 brated Noah Webster, author of Webster's dictionary, and also as 
 the home of the Rev. Joab Brace, father-in-law of Dr. Todd. 
 
 WHEN DR. TODD WAS MARRIED. 
 
 It is an interesting reminiscence that when Dr. Todd was mar- 
 ried the wedding happened to be on Sunday, and according to 
 usual custom in those days, when weddings fell on Sunday, a ser- 
 mon was preached on the somewhat singular text of "In the Resur- 
 rection they neither marry nor are given in marriage." 
 
 Some notion may be gained of the rigidity of the customs in 
 tuis town from the fact that when William Faxon, subsequently 
 assistant secretary of the navy, drove into town the first four- 
 wheeled vehicle ever seen in the town that it happened to be on 
 Sunday. This occasioned the collection of a great crowd to examine 
 
so singular a contrivance and caused many to be late to church. 
 The next day a committee called on Mr. Faxon to warn him that no 
 such Sabbath breaking contrivance could be allowed on Sunday 
 and that it could not be expected, should such a vehicle appear, but 
 that many would watch it to their spiritual hurt. After a pro- 
 tracted controversy he was allowed to use it on condition that it 
 be driven very slow. 
 
 In those days it was customary to use only the psalms of David 
 in public worship, and when the attempt was made to introduce 
 occasionally one hymn of Dr. Watt's, for variety, it met with great 
 opposition, and it was expressly stated that Dr. Watts never could 
 have foreseen that it would be soberly proposed to substitute his 
 productions for the book of Psalms. 
 
 At this time, in Wallingford and Hartford, only ten tunes were 
 in use, and when some new ones were published a petition was 
 made to use the Wallingford church to learn them in, which was 
 granted after considerable opposition. And then, as might have 
 been imagined, it was requested that some of the new tunes might 
 be sometimes used in public worship. But this was regarded as a 
 great innovation and they only very gradually crept into use. 
 
 HYMN BOOKS WERE FEW. 
 
 It was the custom in those days, when hymn books were in the 
 hands of a very few, that the hymns should be read one line at 
 a time by one of the deacons and then sung also, one line at a time, 
 accompanied by the violin, viol, flute, bugle, clarionet and trom- 
 bone. There were some, however, who were opposed to the use of 
 these instruments on the ground that they unpleasantly resembled 
 the flute, harp, sackbut and dulcimer which accompanied the wor- 
 ship of Nebuchadnezzar. 
 
 At this time there was no scripture in public worship unless 
 accompanied by exposition. And even prayers were regarded with 
 some suspicion as savoring of popery. The hour glass always sat 
 upon the pulpit as an indication of the proper length of a discourse. 
 Subsequently, half an hour was considered as the proper limit, 
 giving rise to the well known saying, "No conversions after the 
 hall hour." 
 
 LIQUOR AT FUNERALS. 
 
 At funerals there was no hearse, but the remains were car- 
 ried by successive relays, usually composed of persons of the same 
 sex as the deceased, it not being considered proper for the two 
 sexes to walk together at funerals. The mourners were expected to 
 
10 
 
 ride on horseback, two abreast. It was customary that gold rings 
 and mourning scarfs and gloves should be presented to those in 
 attendance, and sometimes even suits, especially to those who were 
 tenants of the estate. It was considered a great breach of decorum 
 if the pall bearers should not take a drink before starting for the 
 cemetery. In fact, the usual custom was, that the funeral services 
 should be held at three, and after an exceedingly brief service, the 
 entire interval until four, was spent by all participating in the 
 drinks which were liberally provided, and it is significant that we 
 read that there was always a large attendance at funerals. 
 
 In Wallingford it was always the custom that every year the 
 town should provide one hogshead of good beer for the minister 
 and me captain, but tobacco was not allowed to anyone under twen- 
 ty years of age, except by order of a physician, nor to adults unless 
 ten miles from home, and then only once a day. 
 
 NO FIRES IN CHURCH. 
 
 On Sunday there were no fires in church, but there were what 
 were calieu Sabbath-day houses near by the church, where there 
 were fires, whither the people could resort to warm themselves dur- 
 ing the intermission between services. During the winuer the min- 
 ister preached in a large blue overcoat, and with a red bandanna 
 handkerchief about his neck and with woolen mittens upon his 
 hands, and complaint was sometimes made that during the sermon 
 tne voice of the preacher was drowned by the stamping of the peo- 
 ple's feet in order to keep warm. The people were called to church 
 by the beating of a drum and as the town grew larger an appro- 
 priation was made for buying a larger drum and for selling the 
 little drum, and it is curious to remark the intermingling of Con- 
 necticut thrift was a measure of increasing church attendance by 
 noting that the provision was expressly made that whoever pur- 
 chased the little drum must pay for it within the course of a year. 
 
 The last trial for witchcraft in Connecticut took place in Wal- 
 lingford when the jjenham family were accused with undue famil- 
 iarity with Satan, and of havng, by many preternatural arts, in- 
 jured sundry people. 
 
 Such were some of the customs of the ancestors of the town 
 of Lenox and some of these customs lasted down to a somewhat 
 recent time. 
 
 The Congregational church in Lenox was built at the town ex- 
 pense, the town meeting expressly adjourning on the third day of 
 August, 1768, to witness the driving of the stake in the center of 
 the proposed lot. The present lot was a gift of the Rev. Mr. Reyn- 
 
11 
 
 olds, and the present church was first occupied January 1, 1806. 
 The Rev Samuel Munson was the first minister, but during the 
 stormy period of the Revolution, public worship was largely dis- 
 used, there being no celebration of the communion for several suc- 
 cessive years; and when the Rev. Dr. Samuel Shepard assumed 
 charge of the parish, on April 30, 1795, ther were only fifteen male 
 members; but in 1799, 60 persons were added in a revival. In 
 1808 there were added 56 more; in 1815, 160 more; in 1821, 76 
 more, and in 1826, 103 more, and in 1828, there had come to be 408 
 members, and an historian of that day declares the village of Lenox 
 presents fewer temptations to vice than almost any other place 
 of equal population. 
 
 FIRST MINISTERS SALARY. 
 
 When the first minister was called it was stipulated that his 
 salary should be arranged on a sliding scale, contrary to the modern 
 impression, it being supposed that his services would grow more 
 valuable the longer he remained. The salary for the first year 
 was $225 and fire wood, which last was about 40 cords of wood. 
 The second year the salary was $250; the third year $275; the 
 fourth year $300. It apparently was not deemed best to stipulate 
 that the increase should continue beyond this amount, and as Dr. 
 Shepard remained for 51 years, it was wise that this precaution 
 was taken. 
 
 At the same time that this salary was fixed, with equal wis- 
 dom and foresight it was provided that the choir must agree among 
 themselves as to who should fixe the psalm tunes and not bring 
 the minister into controversy on this subject. 
 
 The first residence of the first minister was on the spot where 
 the house now occupied by Mr. John B. Parsons stands. It is proper 
 to remark that two ministers had preached as candidates before 
 anyone was settled, one of them the Rev. Elijah Mason, officiating 
 for fourteen Sundays, and the other, the Rev. James Richards, offi- 
 ciating for sixteen Sundays. It is interesting to know that the 
 land set apart for the support of the ministry, at the time the town 
 was settled consisted of a thousand acres exactly where the village 
 of Lenox now stands which, if it had been retained instead of com- 
 muted, would have now obviously been worth an exceedingly large 
 sum. 
 
 Mention should be made at this stage of the origin of that 
 portion of the town known as New Lenox. In 1757 a company of 
 men from Hartford and Suffield purchased of one Robert Watson, 
 a tract of land which they named Watsontown, but soon after, hav- 
 
12 
 
 ing discovered that Watson did not own the land at all and was 
 insolvent and in jail they were compelled a second time to pur- 
 chase the land from the Indians, and then discovering that even 
 the Inaian title was doubtful, they were compelled to obtain a 
 grant from the province, which was only secured by the payment 
 of an auuiiional sum. Iney had at first changed the name of the 
 township to laartwood, but subsequently altered it to Washington, 
 and when the boundaries of the town were rectified, quite a portion 
 were set off to Lenox. The early proprietors made up for their dis- 
 appointments by confiscating the bulk of the school and ministry 
 funds. 
 
 KNOWN AS RICHMOND. 
 
 A few words as to the early history of the western part of the 
 town, now known as Richmond. The first white settler was Mich- 
 ael Mudge of Stockbridge, who settled in 1760 very near the West 
 Stockbridge line, his daughter, Elizabeth, being the first child born 
 in Richmond. Ichabod Wood of Rehoboth, came in the autumn of 
 the same year and settled where the Congregational church now 
 stands. The first meeting in this part of the town was held on 
 April 17, 1764, at the house of John Chamberlain, and at this meet- 
 ing it was decided to build a church 45 feet long and 35 feet broad, 
 $5 being assessed on each 100 acres of land for this purpose. In 
 1761 parties by the name of Brown, Pixley, Chamberlain, Patterson, 
 Timothy and Rowley followed and settled in the south and west 
 parts of the town. These and many others came from the towns of 
 Kent, Tolland, Guilford, Norwich, Stonington, Haddam, Southing- 
 ton and a few other Connecticut places. There were also a few 
 families from Long Island, such as Peirsons, Scotts and Hands. 
 
 In 1765 a church was established under the Rev. Job Swift of 
 Bennington, a man evidently of much more than ordinary ability, 
 being characterized by President Dwight of Yale as "one of the best 
 and most useful men I ever knew." Most of his ministry was spent 
 in Vermont, where he was known as the apostle of the state, and 
 when he died it was declared that in the death of no other man 
 could the church of Vermont have sustained in human estimate a 
 greater loss. It is curious to note, however, that in Richmond his 
 ministry was less acceptable. His conceptions of the duty incum- 
 bent upon him, to spread the truth, led him to the very dubious 
 experiment of establishing conferences for the free discussion of 
 doctrinal subjects, and as we may well imagine not all present took 
 the same views as did the pastor as to what some of the doctrines 
 of that time might consist of, especially by ministers who, like Mr, 
 
STEVEN S GLEN, RICHMOND. 
 
13 
 
 Swift, had been trained in the school of Jonathan Edwards. The 
 record goes on to say that he could not be persuaded to accommo- 
 date himself to the feelings of those who opposed what he conceived 
 to be the true form of Christian doctrine, and that his disposition 
 tended to increase the dissatisfaction and at length they declared 
 themselves irreconcilable and, as might have been forseen, Mr. 
 Swift was soon dismissed from his pastoral charge. 
 
 Alter ten years of the usual interregum which follows like 
 episodes, the well known David Perry came, who continued in a 
 model pastorate of thirty-two years. It was said of him that he 
 did not try to do good by strong arguments, but rather by present- 
 ing motives for duty. During his ministry there were several re- 
 vivals. It was an interesting fact that his son, Capt. iisa Perry, in 
 the 95th year of his age, was able to lay the corner stone of the new 
 church. 
 
 It is proper to remark that the first church in Richmond was 
 erected in 1('66, the second one in 1795, being built by the town at 
 a cost of $4,000, and lasting on until destroyed by fire in 1888, after 
 which the present church was erected. During this time, on the Len- 
 ox side of the hill, there was a somewhat similar history as regards 
 controversies over doctrinal preaching. In the ordination sermon, 
 at the settlement of old Dr. Shepard, it was strongly affirmed that 
 any who from delicacy or prudence omitted preaching on doctrinal 
 subjects were assuming more wisdom than the Creator and that they 
 had no authority for softening or accommodating truths for men's 
 errors or prejudices, and when Dr. Shepard came to preach his 
 fiftieth anniversary sermon he stated that these principles had al- 
 ways guided him in his preaching, and that he had steadily pro- 
 claimed the doctrines commonly called Calvanistic and considered 
 them essential to the Gospel. And that he did this in no uncertain lan- 
 guage, we may well believe since Dr. Dodd in the sermon preached 
 at his funeral declared that he was a singularly frank man, and al- 
 ways talked exactly what he felt, and that he was so frank that very 
 few could be found so much so who had not lost all their friends, 
 also that he was distinguished for firmness and that no one ever 
 even pretended that he could be induced to alter his ground in the 
 smallest particular, and that he was the only minister but one 
 in the entire county who had been able to retain his place. 
 
 POLITICAL HISTORY. 
 
 Pass now to the political history of the day. On Christmas 
 day, 1775, it was resolved that no more warrants in the King's 
 name should ever be issued for town meetings in Lenox in the 
 
14 
 
 provincial legislature in the following language: "You are directea 
 to use your best endeavor to suppress all the tyrannical measures 
 that have or may take place from Great Britain and likewise take 
 as much care that you do not set up anything of a despotic gor- 
 ernment among yourselves. Let us have freedom at home al- 
 though we have war abroad, and we pledge that if you think it 
 safe to declare independence, we do declare that we will stand 
 with you by our lives and fortunes." 
 
 It is interesting to note that so prompt were Lenox people that 
 a regiment under Col. Patterson started for Cambridge before the 
 battle of Lexington and arrived there on the following day, and 
 were the ones to erect the first fort in the sieze of Boston. Some 
 of these soldiers accompanied the army of the invasion of Canada 
 under Montgomery and Arnold. Some of them took part with 
 George Washington, in crossing the Delaware, and in the battles 
 of Trenton and Princeton, and some were with General Gates at 
 the time of the capture of Burgoyne. 
 
 DOCTORS GAVE BONDS. 
 
 In 1776 people, having to contend not only with enemies 
 abroad but with the small-pox at home, decided to introduce inocu- 
 lation. The town clerk, evidently not being familiar with the 
 word, spelled it "enokalition" and it was decided that the process 
 should take place under strict inspection, a bond being exacted of 
 the physician that there should be no spread of the disease. 
 
 It is of interest to note that Francis Guiteau, the grandfather 
 of the assassin, was one of the Berkshire physicians who was 
 prominent in connection with this method of meeting the small 
 pox. Some light may be thrown on the prevalence of contagious 
 diseases on learning the fact that it was customary to throw all 
 decaying vegetables and clam shells and debris of the household 
 into the public streets, and that swine, and even rams, ran at large. 
 It was customary in those days that when anyone was so unfortu- 
 nate as to become a pauper he was auctioned off to the lowest 
 bidder. But it is creditable to learn that, in Lenox, the families 
 of the poor were not allowed to be separated. 
 
 ASSIGNED THE PEWS. 
 
 A practice that grew full in discord was that of assigning the 
 pews each year according to the supposed social standing of differ- 
 ent people. But in process of time there was so much controversy 
 as to the relative standing of different families that this course 
 was necessarily abandoned. There was a somewhat singular reso- 
 
15 
 
 lution adopted by the town that, owing to the habit of Lenox people 
 being always late at public meetings, no meetings should com- 
 mence until one hour after the advertised time, and even after 
 the railroad was opened, from West Stockbridge to Hudson, it was 
 thought necessary to warn the public that, owing to the fact of 
 the road having only a single track and there bening only one 
 place for trains to pass, it was necessary for trains to leave strictly 
 on time. Apparently, it would not have been otherwise thought to 
 have been needful. 
 
 TORIES IN LENOX. 
 
 There were great difficulties during the Revolution on account 
 of the presence of numerous Tories. Some notion may be derived 
 of the state of things from the following petition of Lenox people 
 to the general court, which is only a sample of many others: — 
 
 To the Honourable the Council & House of Representatives of 
 the State of Massachusetts Bay: — We your Compainants for our- 
 selves & in behalf of a large Number of People in the County of 
 Berkshire beg leave by way of Complaint to communicate our 
 Sentiments rei^pecting a Number of Persons who not long since 
 were apprehended in said County as Dangerous Persons, they had 
 a fair & impertial Trial before a Special Court of the General 
 Sessions of the Peace & a very respectable Jury for that Purpose, 
 were found guilty after a lengthy, deliberate & expensive Trial, of 
 such base, Wicked & inimical Conduct that their residence any 
 longer with us, was judged to be Dangerous, wherefore by one 
 certain Law of this State, made & provided for Transporting 
 inimical Persons. The Court upon the Verdict of the Jury ordered 
 Edward Martindale & Elisha Martindale, John Burgheadt 3d, 
 Gideon Smith & James Taylor to be conducted to the Board of 
 War, under a proper Officer & a Sufficient Guard for that Purpose, 
 now while we were Solacing ourselves, that Justice had taken 
 Place & that the Sentence would soon be put in execution, & those 
 dangerous Enimies restrain'd of their Liberty; we were at once 
 surprised with the Disagreeable News of those Persons & a great 
 number of others under like Circumstances being at full Liberty 
 in the Capatal of this State, where their helish splean might have 
 its full latitude, & while we were ruminating on the very disagree- 
 able Tidings, behold a number of these Persons made their Per- 
 sonal Appearance in this County, we are surprised & in this Alarm 
 are constrain'd to observe that we the People of Berkshire, by 
 some of our former Representatives, have been stigmatized & 
 branded as being a Lawless and disobedient part of this State, 
 while we essert that the hand of Violence was never lifted so high 
 
16 
 
 in opposition to tlie Legislative & executive Authority of this State 
 as by those Diabolical emissaries who were sent to the Board of 
 War, who are a disgrace to Humane Nature, Religion, Reason & 
 everything that is Honourable praise Worthy in God's World of 
 Intelligences. All this in the face of our supreme Authority, those 
 who are the vilest of Men escape with Impunity and unnoticed for 
 aught we know; Now as faithfull Friends to the Cause of our Bleed- 
 ing Country, we are constrain'd in this Way to call on the Wis- 
 dom & Segacity of our General Court, we flatter ourselves we shall 
 be heard in that behalf; we beg leave to give a fair but imperfect 
 account of several Crimes, that some if not all of those Persons 
 are guilty of, beyond the least possibility of a doubt, by a number 
 of Witnesses whose truth & veracity will not be disputed. 
 
 In the first place some of them are guilty of braking open 
 Continental Stores & Stealing large quantitys of goods, to the 
 amount of five or six Hundred Pounds & attempting to justify their 
 Conduct by saying we had taken the same Goods from their King, & 
 that they had as good or a better right to them than we, and also 
 in a most private & designing manner with a Number of their 
 Associates, collected in Great Barrington, when Arming themselves 
 & disfiguring & painting their Faces, this Banditti entered the 
 House of Timothy Younglove, by force, where there was a guard 
 for the safe keeping of a number of inimical Persons who were 
 legally apprehended, they assaulted the Guard, resqued the Pris- 
 oners & in the Scurmish, badly wounded the Officer, and many 
 other enormities done & perpetrated by those Cruel and Blood 
 Thusty Tools of the Tyrant of Great Britain, and in this Alarming 
 Situation, viewing ourselves neglected, have no oiner alternative 
 felt, but to put forth every manly exertion to restrain those Wicked 
 & designing Men from putting into execution their Wicked and 
 Cruel Combination & to prevent their further disturbing the Peace 
 and Tranquility of the People of this county, untill Lraw & the 
 Civil authority be found Sufficient to bring them & others to con- 
 dign Punishment, which we most earnestly desire may be our 
 speedy Situation. We have further to inform your Honours, that 
 one of he Persons above mentioned, namely said John Burgheadt, 
 has since his Absconding from the Board of War gone over to the 
 Enemy & has since been taken in Taritown upon Hudsons River, 
 in arms against us, of which Town the Enemy are now in pos- 
 session & from late intelligence passing up the River. And being 
 in this Alarming Situation have taken up, Elisha Martindale, above 
 /nentioned & resrain'd him of his Liberty, for the present, to pre- 
 vent him from acting the same Villinous Part with the said 
 Burgheadt. 
 
17 
 TWICE HUNG AND CUT DOWN. 
 
 In some instances the Lenox people did not trust to petitions 
 but took tiie law into their own hands. The story is told in most 
 of the histories of a notorious Tory who was twice hung, each 
 time being cut down and restoratives being administered and 
 threats being made that if he were strung up for the third time 
 he would not be cut down. He deemed it prudent at this stage of 
 proceedings to conform to the wishes of the settlers. It is only 
 fair to say, however, that Lenox people did not ordinarily resort 
 to irregular methods, for enforcing the law, but were among the 
 first and foremost to insist on legal and orderly proceedures even 
 in those troublous times. That they suffered some outwardly from 
 their deference to orderly measures, may be inferred from the fol- 
 lowing petition, which also illustrated the fact that they were 
 among the first to insist on settled government and the regular 
 constitution as soon as the war was over: — 
 
 We the subscribers Delegates from the several Towns in the 
 County of Berkshire, chosen & appointed for the Special purpose 
 of Petitioning the Great and Gen'l Court to call a special con- 
 vention of Delegates from each Town in this State, for the purpose 
 of forming a Bill of rights & a Constitution or form of Govern- 
 ment — Humbly shew — 
 
 That your Memorialists have from the time of the Stamp Act 
 to this present Day, manifested a constant and uniform Abhorrence 
 and Detestation (not only in Sentiment but overt Actions) of all 
 the Unconstitutional Measures taken by the British Parliament to 
 tax, depauperate and Subjugate these now United and Independent 
 States of America: — 
 
 That they can Vie with any County in this State not only in 
 Voluntarily appearing in Arms upon the least notice, when their 
 Brethren in Distress needed their Assistance as at the Massacre 
 at Lexington, the Fight at Bunkers Hill &c., &c. But also in filling 
 up their Quotas of Men from time to time, demanded either by this 
 State or the Commanding Officer in these Parts: altho' our Situa- 
 tion has been such, as might have justified the Genl. Court thad 
 called upon Us for no such supplies, over and above wch our Zeal 
 in the Common Cause has carried Us beyond our Ability in the 
 frequent Excursions against the Common Enemy, as in the Battle 
 of Bennington, in assisting Col. Brown in the Capture of so many 
 Hundreds at the Carrying place at Tyconderoga, in the quelling 
 the Tories at divers times in a Neighboring State, which otherwise 
 might have suffered amazingly, and in instances of the like Nature 
 too many to enumerate: — 
 
IS 
 
 Notwithstanding this Our Fidelity to the State and our exer- 
 tions for the Common Gauze. We have by designing and dis- 
 affected Men been represented as a Mobbish, Ungovernable refrac- 
 tory, licentious and dissolute People, by means whereof have been 
 threatened with Dismemberment, more especially, as we conceive, 
 on Account of our not admitting the Conrose of common Law — 
 
 It is true we were the first County that put a Stop to Courts, 
 ■and were soon followed by many others. Nay in effect by the whole 
 State — And we are not certain but that it might have been as well 
 (if not better) had they continued so, rather than to have Law 
 dealt out by piece meal as it is this Day, without any Foundation 
 to support it, for "We doubt not we should before this time have 
 had a Bill of rights, and a Constitution wch are the only things. 
 We at this time are empowered to pray for — And We do now with 
 the greatest Deference Petition your Honors, that you would issue 
 your Precepts to all the Towns and places within this State (called 
 upon to pay public Taxes) requiring them to choose Delegates to 
 set as soon as may be in some suitable place to form a Bill of 
 Rights and a Constitution for this State. 
 
 At the time of Shay's rebellion Lenox people were especially 
 insistent on law and order, and after the battle of Egremont many 
 of the Rebel prisoners were brought to Lenox for confinement un- 
 der the escort of a procession of sleighs a mile long. 
 
 NAMED FROM CHARLES LENNOX. 
 
 A few words as to Charles Lennox, the man after whom the 
 town was named, will bring this sketch to a close. He was the 
 great-grandson of Charles the Second, and was born on the his- 
 toric day of February 22. 
 
 Charles Lennox, third Duke of Richmond and Lenox, (1735- 
 1806) third son of Charles, second Duke of Richmond and Lennox, 
 by his wife. Lady Sarah Cadogan, was born in London, on the 22d 
 of February, 1735. He was educated as a town-boy at Westminster 
 School where Cowper remembered seeing him set fire to Vinny 
 Bourne's "greasy locks and box his ears to put it out again." He 
 graduated at Leyden University on October 28, 1753, subsequently 
 traveled on the continent. Having entered the army he was 
 gazelled captain in the Twentieth regiment of foot on June 18, 
 1753, lieutenant colonel in the Third regiment of foot on the 7tli 
 of June, 1756, colonel of the Seventy-second regiment of foot in 
 May 1758, and is said to have served in several expeditions to the 
 French coast, and to have highly distinguished himself at the bat- 
 tle of Minden in August, 1759. He succeeded his father as third 
 
19 
 
 Duke of Richmond and Lennox on August 8, 1750, and took his 
 seat in the House of Lords for the first time on the 15th of March, 
 1756. On November 25, 1760, he was appointed a lord of the bed- 
 chamber, but shortly afterwards quarreled with the King, and re- 
 signed office. He carried the sceptre with the dove at the corona- 
 tion of George III., in September 1761, and became lord-lieutenant 
 of Sussex on October 18, 1763. He subsequently broke off his rela- 
 tions with the ministry, and attached himself to the Duke of Cum- 
 berland. Upon the formation of the Marquis of Rockingham's 
 first administration he refused the post of cofferer, and in August, 
 1765, was appointed ambassador extraordinary and minister plen- 
 ipotentiary at Paris, being admitted to the privy council on Octo- 
 ber 23 following. Though young and inexperienced he conducted 
 his mission with great prudence and good temper. Upon his re- 
 turn to England he became in spite of the king's strong personal 
 dislike, secretary of state for the southern department (May 23, 
 1766), in place of the Duke of Grafton, and retired from office on 
 the accession of Chatham to power in the following August. In 
 recording Rockingham's resignation Walpole writes: 
 
 "To the Duke of Richmond the king was not tolerably civil; 
 and in truth I believe the seals which I had obtained for his grace 
 were a mighty ingredient toward the fall of that administration " 
 During the debate on the bill of indemnity on December 10, 1766, 
 Richmond called Chatham "an insolent minister," and when called 
 to order replied "that he was sensible truth was not to be spoken 
 at all times and in all places." Both lords were required to prom- 
 ise that the matter should go no further. After this quarrel 
 Chatham during the whole of the remainder of his administration 
 appeared no more in the House of Lords. On June 2, 1767, Rich- 
 mond moved three resolutions in favor of the establishment of civil 
 government in Canada, and censuring Lord Northington's neglect 
 of cabinet business, but was defeated by 73 to 61. On May 18, 1770, 
 his eighteen conciliatory resolutions relating to the disorders of 
 America were met by a motion for adjournment, which was carried 
 by a majority of thirty-four votes. On April 30, 1771, he moved that 
 the resolutions of the house of Lords of February 2, 1770, relating 
 to the Middlesex election, should be expunged, but, though sup- 
 ported by Cnatham. he failed to elect any reply from the ministers, 
 and the motion was negatived. In 1772 Richmond unsuccessfully 
 advocated secession from parliament. He constantly denounced the 
 ministerial policy with reference to the American colonies, and dur- 
 ing the debate on the second reading of the American Prohibitory 
 Bill in December, 1775, declared that the residence of the colonists 
 was neither treason nor rebellion, but In perfectly justificable in 
 
20 
 
 every possible political and moral sense. In August, 1776, Rich- 
 mond went to Paris in order to register his peerage of Aubigny in 
 the France parliament, a formality which had never been gone 
 through. It was during the memorable debate upon Richmond's 
 motion for the withdrawal of the troops from America, on April 7, 
 1778, that Chatham was seized with his fatal illness when attempt- 
 ing to reply to Richmond's second speech. 
 
 In consequence of a misunderstanding with George III., which 
 had lasted several years, Richmond, previously to accepting office, 
 wrote an apologetic letter to Rockingham, in order that it might be 
 shown to the king. At a meeting held at Richmond's house early in 
 May, 1782. a resolution proposed by Sheridan requesting Pitt to 
 bring forward a motion on parliamentary reform in the house of 
 Commons was carried. In a letter to Rockingham dated May 11, 
 
 1782, written after the defeat of Pitt's motion, Richmond insisted 
 upon the appointment of a committee upon parliamentary reform 
 during the session, reminding Rockingham that "it was by bargain." 
 Tbe committee was never appointed, for Rockingham died on July 
 1, 1782. Upon his death Richmond expected to be named by Rock- 
 ingham's friends as his successor in the leadership of the party. 
 His nephew, Charles James Fox, tried in vain to pacify him, by 
 pointing out that they were *Doth out of the question owing to the 
 decided part we have taken about parliamentary reform," and there 
 can be no doubt that his chagrin at the adoption of the Duke of 
 Portland considerably influenced his subsequent political conduct. 
 
 On July 10, 1782, Richmond explained in the house of Lords 
 his reasons for not having followed the example of Fox and Lord 
 John Cavendis in leaving the administration on the accession of 
 Lord Shelbourne to the treasury. He appears to have objected to 
 the cession of Gibraltar when proposed in the cabinet, but his opin- 
 ion was viewed with indifference by Lord Shelbourne. In January, 
 
 1783, Richmond, disproving of Lord Shelboume's assumption of too 
 much power in the negotiation, refused to attend the council meet 
 ings any longer, but remained in office at the king's request. In the 
 following month he expressed his disapproval of the terms of peace 
 with France and the United States in the House of Lords. Rich- 
 mond refused an invitation to join the 'ioalition ministry, and re- 
 signed his office on April 3, 1783, but resumed it again on the ac- 
 cession of Pitt to power. At first he declined a seat in Pitt's cabi- 
 net, but was admitted to it a few weeks afterwards at his own 
 request. His firmness during the struggle against the opposition in 
 1784 is said to have prevented Pitt from resigning in despair, and 
 it was on this occasion that George III. is reported to have said 
 * there was no man in his dominions by whom he had been so mucli 
 
21 
 
 offended, and no man to whom he was so much indebted, as the 
 Puke of Richmond." In spite of many previous declarations Rich- 
 mond now developed into a zealous courtier, and soon grew dis- 
 inclined to all measures of reform. He became extremely unpopu- 
 lar, and his domestic parsimony was frequently contrasted with 
 the profusion of the public money at the ordinance office. On 
 March 14, 1785. his plans for the fortification of Portsmouth and 
 Plymouth were violently attacked in the House of Commons. Pitt, 
 v.hile consenting to their delay, defended Richmond's character. A 
 board of military and naval officers having pronounced favorably 
 upon the plans, Pitt, on February 27, 1786, moved a resolution in 
 favor of effectually securing the Portsmouth and Plymouth dock- 
 yards "by a permanent system of fortification founded on the most 
 economical principles," which was defeated by the casting vote of 
 the speaker. In March, 1787, an acrimonious discussion took place 
 between Richmond and the Marquis of Lansdowne during the debate 
 upon the treaty of commerce with France, which put an end to their 
 friendship, and nearly ended in a duel. 
 
 In November, 1790, he remonstrated with Pitt and an able and 
 angry letter on Grenville's promotion to the peerage, and declared 
 that this change, "which is avowedly made for the sole purpose of 
 giving the House of Lords another leader," added to his desire of 
 retiring from public business, "which you know I have long had in 
 view." In March, 1791, he dissented from Pitt as to the advisability. 
 of "the Russian armament." On May 31, 1792, during the debate 
 on the King's proclamation against seditious writings, Richmond 
 was violently attacked by Lord Latiderdale for his apostasy in the 
 cause of reform. After an altercation Lauderdale challenged the 
 Duke of Richmond, and was himself challenged by General Arnold, 
 but the duel in the former case was averted by the interposition of 
 friends. In November, 1794, Richmond was called as a witness at 
 the trials of Thomas Hardy and John Home Tooke for high treason, 
 when this letter "on the subject of a parliamentary reform," ad- 
 dressed to Lieutenant-colonel Sharmon, chairman of the Committee 
 of Correspondence, appointed by the Irish Volunteer delegates, and 
 dated August 15, 1783, in which he insisted that universal suffrage, 
 "together with annual elections," is the only reform that can be 
 effectual and permanent, was read at length. This letter, which 
 became as Erskine said, "the very scripture of all these societies," 
 was originally published in 1783 and passed through a number of 
 editions. 
 
 In May, 1802, Dichmond characterized the terms of the treaty 
 of peace as humiliating, and condemned the conduct of the war and 
 the lavish expense in subsidising German princes. He spoke for 
 
22 
 
 the last time in the House of Lords on June 25, 1804, during the 
 debate on the second reading of the additional Force Bill, which he 
 condemned as feeble and inadequate measure. He died at Good- 
 wood, Sussex, on December 29, 1806, in the seventy-second year of 
 his age, and was buried in Chichester Cathedral, his body having 
 been first opened and filled with sack lime, according to his di- 
 rections. 
 
 Richmond as a Handsome Man. 
 
 Richmond was a remarkably handsome man, with a dignified 
 bearing and graceful and courteous manner. As a politician he was 
 both hasty and ambitious. Though an indifferent speaker, "at the 
 Epst India House," in his quality of a proprietor, no less than as a 
 peer of parliament at Westminister, he was ever active, vigilant 
 in detecting and exposing abuses, real or imaginary, perpetually 
 harrassing every department with inquiries, and attacking in turn 
 the army, the admiralty, and the treasury. Horace Walpole, who 
 never tired singing Richmond's praises, worshiped his thousand 
 virtues beyond any man's, and declared that he was intrepid and 
 tender, inflexible and humane beyond example. But Burke, while 
 drawing a long and flattering picture of Richmond, expresses his 
 opinion that "your grace dissipates your mind into too great a 
 variety of natural vehemence of your temper, you follow with al- 
 most equal passion." 
 
 Richmond married, on April 1, 1775, Lady Mary Bruce, the 
 only child of Charles, third earl of Ailesbury and fourth earl of 
 Elgin, by his third wiie, Lady Caroline Campbell, only daughter of 
 John, fourth Duke of Argyll. The perfect match, says Walpole, in 
 the world — youth, beauty, riches, alliances and all the blood of the 
 kings from Bruce to Charles IL They are the prettiest couple in 
 England, except the father-in-law and mother. 
 
 Richmond was gazetted a major-general on March 9, 1761, 
 lieutenant-general on April 30, 1770, general on November 20, 1782, 
 colonel of lue royal regiment of horse guards on July 15, 1795, and 
 field marshal on July 30, 1796. He was elected F. R. S. on Decem- 
 ber 11, 1755, and F. S. A. on June 6, 1793. He was a patron of litera- 
 ture and of the fine arts, and in March, 1758, opened a gratuitous 
 school for the study of painting and sculptor in a gallery in his 
 garden at White hall, engaging Giovanni Battista Ciprani, the 
 painter, and Joseph Wilton, the sculptor, to direct the instructions 
 of tiie students. The collection of casts from the antique formed by 
 Richard for this purpose was the first of the kind in England. 
 Some of them eventually came into the possession of the royal 
 Academy. Horace Walpole dedicated to Richmond the fourth 
 volume of his "Anecaotes of Painting," printed at Strawberry Hill 
 in 177L 
 
FOURTH OF JULY CELEBRATION. 
 
 The following sketches of how the Fourth of July was cele- 
 brated in the early days of Lenox may be of interest. 
 
 From Pittsfield Sun of July, 1809. 
 
 On Tuesday, the fourth of July, the anniversary of American 
 Independence was celebrated at Lenox, by the scholars of the 
 Academy. At ten o'clock a procession was formed at the Academy, 
 which moved to the Court-house, escorted by Captain Sabin's Com- 
 pany of Infantry, and attended by a band of music. An oration, 
 replete with patriotic and moral sentiments, was there delivered 
 by Mr. Calvin Yale, a member of Lenox Academy. When the exer- 
 cises were closed, the procession repaired to Mr. Burnham's Inn, 
 where the scholars, accompanied by many young gentlemen of the 
 town and vicinity, partook of an elegant repast, under a pleasant 
 bower prepared for the occasion. After dinner, the following toasts 
 were drunk, under the discharge of cannon: — 
 
 1. Columbus, the discoverer of America — His name will be 
 remembered with gratitude by generations yet unborn. 
 
 2. George Washington, the political father of these United 
 States — May a recollection of his heroism in the field, and of his 
 decision in the cabinet, be an incitement to imitate his virtues. 
 
 3. American Independence — 'Its celebration this day reminds 
 us of the heroes who bled, and the statesmen who counselled for 
 iLS establishment. 
 
 4. The constitution of the United States — A stupendous fabric 
 of human invention; may it ever be held sacred and inviolate. 
 
 5. The general government of the United States — May it be 
 wisely administered, that all who live under it may be united and 
 happy. 
 
 6. The officers of the United States, both civil and military — 
 May they so act as to support the Constitution, and promote the 
 best interests of the People. 
 
 7. The Union of the States; the only support of our political 
 existence. 
 
 8. James Madison, President of the United States. 
 
 9. Agriculture and commerce; real sources of emolument to 
 the people of the United States. 
 
24 
 
 10. Infant manufactures — May they be encouraged in propor- 
 tion to the population and necessities of the country. 
 
 11. The American Eagle; having fluttered from the paws of 
 the European Lion, may she ever soar within the atmosphere of 
 our Constitution. 
 
 12. Patriotism — May it glow in the breast of every American, 
 and burst into an inextinguishable flame on the flrst infringement 
 of our national rights. 
 
 13. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts; the first in the 
 struggle for Liberty, may she be the last to relinquish the Inde- 
 pendence of the Union. 
 
 14. The true American; let his noble mind never be enervated 
 by luxury, or submissive to slavery. 
 
 15. The American Youth — May they ambitiously emulate the 
 character of being zealous defenders of the Independence for which 
 they bled, and for which they died. 
 
 16. Party spirit — A venomous substitute for reason, and the 
 destroyer of sound principles; may it soon recede from the breast 
 of every American. 
 
 17. Literary institutions — May they flourish like the bay-tree, 
 and blossom like the rose. 
 
 Volunteers. — The Orator of the day. 
 
 The rising generation- — May magnanimity, liberality, and can- 
 dor be their ruling principle, and public good their pole-star. 
 
 The constitution of the United States — May it never need able 
 supporters and defenders. 
 
 Liberty, equality, and the rights of man — A safe guard against 
 civil dissensions, a bulwark to national peace; may they ever con- 
 tinue to breathe forth their pure spirit of benignity, and coextend 
 with the earth. 
 
 The young gentlemen of Lenox, worthy patterns of public spirit. 
 
 The Preceptor of Lenox Academy; a zealous promoter of the 
 interests of the rising generation — may his scholars ever show him 
 that respect which is due to his extraordinary exertions for their 
 good. 
 
 The following account of additional celebration of July 4th, 
 1809, as given in the contemporaneous press, may still further il- 
 lustrate early customs: 
 
 LENOX CELEBRATION. 
 
 The anniversary of American independence was celebrated at 
 Lenox, on the 4th inst. with the utmost harmony and festivity. The 
 procession was formed at half past 11 o'clock, a. m., and proceeded 
 
25 
 
 to the Meeting-house, where the usual exercises were performed. 
 The Throne of Grace was addressed with fervency and genuine 
 patriotism, by the Rev. David Perry, of Richmond. An accurate, 
 elegant and genuine republican oration was delivered by Mr. Jo- 
 seph Donnison. The procession returned to the house of Col. 
 Elijah Northrup, and partook of an elegant dinner, after which the 
 following toasts were drunk, under the discharge of cannon: 
 
 1. The day we celebrate — Let posterity hail its annual return 
 as the natal day of a great Republic, and remember that American 
 independence was purchased with their father's blood. 
 
 2. The people of the United States — The constitution their 
 guide, independence their motto, and justice their shield. 
 
 3. The constitution of the United States — The admiration of 
 the world, and the glory of America. 
 
 4. The congress of the United States — Men who know their 
 country's rights, "and knowing, dare maintain." 
 
 5. The president of the United States — The patriot and states- 
 man, unchanged in political sentiment; while we are agitated by 
 divisions at home, and oppressed by the unjust Orders and Decrees 
 •of the belligerents of Europe, let it be the consolation of America 
 that she has a Madison at her head. 
 
 6. The vice-president and heads of departments. 
 
 7. The memory of George Washington, whose valedictory voice 
 fore-warned us of the Junto, who have lately attempted to dissolve 
 the Union, and alienate one portion of the people and states from 
 the other. 
 
 8. Thomas Jefferson, late president of the United States — 
 May he long continue to enjoy the merited approbation of his 
 country, and his last days be as happy as his former were useful. 
 
 9. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts — May her unavailing 
 opposition cease, and from the great example of the majority of 
 her sisters, learn to discover the genuine principles of government, 
 what are American, and wliat are European. 
 
 10. The executive of Massachusetts — No alliance with Eng- 
 land; no "unfurling of the Republican banners against the Imperial 
 standard." 
 
 11. The Embargo and Non-intercourse laws — England again 
 humbled, while smarting under the lash, she repents; but may the 
 scars forever remind her that American rights are not to be in- 
 vaded with impunity. 
 
 12. The American flag must protect from impressment all who 
 sail under it, or no treaty of amity and commerce. 
 
 13. The militia of the United States — May they ever remem- 
 
26 
 
 ber, that not by standing armies, but by their bayonets, traitors and 
 enemies of their country must be chastised. 
 
 14. Levi Lincoln, the farmer, the statesman, the patriot, and 
 true republican, whose merits are brightened by federal friction. 
 
 15. Agriculture, commerce and manufactures. 
 
 16. Our brethren who are celebrating this day through the 
 United States and wherever dispersed. 
 
 17. The American Fair. 
 
 Volunteer Toasts. 
 
 Modern Federalism, like modern breeches, requires suspenders 
 to keep it up. 
 
 The venerable patriot John Adams — His exposure of the wiles 
 of Federalism, merits the approbation of all true Americans. 
 
SKETCH OF RELIGIOUS SERVICES 
 IN NEW LENOX. 
 
 The earliest religious work in New Lenox of any continuous 
 character consisted of a Bible Class conducted by Deacon Franklin 
 Pease of the First Congregational Church, Pittsfield, about fifty 
 years ago, at the house of Captain Dewey, nearly opposite the pres- 
 ent Parish House. This work developed into a regular Sunday 
 School held in the Hall over the School House, which continued 
 with occasional brief interruptions up to the time of the erection 
 of the Chapel. 
 
 In connection with this work there were occasional preach- 
 ing services conducted principally by pastors of the Methodist 
 Churches of Lenox and Pittsfield, Rev. Messrs. Salisbury, Prindle 
 and Carter; and prayer meetings conducted by the Young Men's 
 Band of the Methodist Society of Pittsfield. A short time previous 
 to the erection of the chapel an effort was made to have regular 
 services as nearly as possible every Sunday evening. These services 
 were inaugurated by Rev. Mr. Mallary, who was subsequently as- 
 sisted by Rev. Messrs. Grosvenor, Stafford and Ray, all of Lenox. 
 
 After the erection of the chapel in 1893 (a full account of 
 which is given elsewhere) services were regularly maintained, two 
 Sundays a month by Rev. Mr. Grosvenor, one Sunday a month by 
 the Young Men's Club of the Methodist Church, Pittsfield, and the 
 fourth Sunday by other workers, usually of the Baptist denomina- 
 tion. 
 
 Soon after the arrival of Rev. Harold Arrowsmith as rector 
 of Trinity Church, Lenox, in 1896, more systematic efforts were 
 put forth for organized work, and the general responsibility for 
 the services was assumed by Trinity Parish. For about two years 
 the services were conducted by Mr. Arrowsmith and Rev. Mr. 
 Murray of Lee, with the occasional assistance of others. In 1898 
 the Rev. F. E. Aitkens was installed as resident minister and 
 morning services were instituted. After a year's service he re- 
 moved to St. George's, Lee, and was succeeded by Rev. Stephen Van 
 Rennselaer, who remained about a year and a half. He was fol- 
 lowed by Rev. Frederick Buck who remained nearly a year. He 
 was followed by Rev. C. 0. Arnold who is now in charge. About 
 the time of Mr. Arnold's arrival a new and beautiful Parish House 
 was erected oy Mr. John E. Parsons. This building is used also 
 as a rectory and has greatly increased the possibilities of useful- 
 
ness for the mission which has now every prospect of a long and 
 brilliant future. 
 
 The following extracts from the Pittsfield Sun graphically de- 
 scribe the circumstances of the erection of St. Helena's chapel and 
 the impressions the work made at the time: 
 
 PITTSFIELD SUN, September 8, 1892. 
 
 One of the grandest days in the history of New Lenox went on 
 record Saturday, the laying of the corner stone of the Union Chapel 
 being erected by John E. Parsons of Lenox and New York. It was 
 a perfect day and ceremony. The services were opened by singing 
 "Rock of Ages," then prayer by Dr. Clymer of Pittsfield, reading of 
 Scripture by Rev. R. D. Mallary of Lenox, singing "I Love Thy 
 Church Oh God," then service by Rev. William M. Grosvenor, read- 
 ing collect, Apostles Creed and prayer, laying of the corner stone 
 in loving memory of Helen Reed Parsons. 
 
 The assembly then listened to short addresses by Rev. Dr. 
 Newton of Pittsfield and Rev. Mr. Stafford of Lenox, singing of 
 doxology and benediction. Mr. Parsons and family with a large 
 circle of friends were present. The chapel is being built of grey 
 stone from the east mountain and will probably be the finest in 
 the country. The floor is of tile with border; the walls inside are 
 buff tile with border and windows of colored glass. It is built 
 with a view to strength, durability and beauty, and with ancient 
 appearance. May the worshippers follow so closely their Saviour 
 that it will be a memorial indeed. 
 
 The contents of the box put under the corner stone were as 
 follows: Records of the Union Society, its purposes, members and 
 officers, the date of its foundation and names of persons residing 
 in New Lenox and vicinity September 3, 1892, name of architect, 
 contractor of masonry, carpenter and foreman. Papers: The New 
 York Daily Tribune, Herald, World, Sun, Times, Evening Post, 
 Observer, August 25, 1892; the New York Illustrated American, 
 August 20, 1892; The Evangelist, August 25, 1902; The Boston 
 Daily Globe, September 3, 1892; The Boston Daily Herald. Septem- 
 ber 3, 1902; Berkshire County Eagle, September 2, 1892; Berkshire 
 Evening Eagle, September 3, 1892; The Pittsfield Sun, September 
 1, 1892; The Weekly Journal, August 31, 1892. 
 
 April 27, 1893. 
 
 Workmen have begun this week laying the tile floor in the 
 Parsons memorial chapel at New Lenox. The beautiful stained 
 glass windows were put in last week. One of them has the initial 
 
29 
 
 "P" in the glass and is a memorial window. The chapel is built 
 of grey stone on a foundation laid deep and strong, in fact they 
 seem to be strong enough for a structure ten times the size. The 
 interior walls are buff brick, the woodwork, oak. A 500-pound bell 
 has arrived and will go into the tower in a few days. 
 
 It was expected it could be dedicated in May but the aeath 
 of Phillips Brooks postpones the ceremony until his successor is 
 chosen. Mr. Parsons is doing great things for the neighborhood of 
 Lenox, having bought property in Curtisville to be prepared for 
 the reception of city children of the fresh air fund, and fitted up in 
 Lenox Dale a reading room with the post-office in the same building. 
 
 June 8, 1893. 
 
 From Greylock to Monument Mountain, fifty miles or more, is 
 the extent of the view north and south from the little station at 
 New Lenox. On the east is October Mountain, with Roaring Brook 
 rushing down its side, and in a narrow ravine holding the famous 
 Tory's Cave. Legend has it that here some half-dozen of the revo- 
 lutionary tories found a safe retreat, being fed by friends. The 
 cave is nearly filled up now, but the grand old mountain stands, 
 yielding her secrets to no one, firm and true; and keeping guard 
 over the quiet little settlement on which it seems to look with 
 entire satisfaction. 
 
 John B. Parsons, lawyer, of New York and Lenox, has always 
 taken a warm interest in New Lenox. Fourteen years ago, he 
 became interested in the Sunday school here, and since then his help 
 and encouragement have always been willingly given. His daughter, 
 Helen Reed Parsons, was his energetic assistant in many a good work. 
 In loving memory of her the New Lenox chapel has been built; 
 strong, as she was strong in goodness, beautiful as her life was beau- 
 tiful, and non-sectarian, as she gave her help freely to all alike. 
 
 The building will be dedicated this month, with three ser- 
 vices, one by the children. Everything is nearly complete. The 
 pews of solid oak are in place, and the chapel will seat 200 people. 
 The handsome Tiffany windows are in with the exception of a 
 large round one at the rear of the room and Bryan O'Laughlin's 
 men of Pittsfield are putting the last touches to the hard-wood 
 finishings. The oak lecturn, chancel lamp of solid brass and 
 chancel chairs have arrived and will soon be in order. Several 
 valuable gifts have been received, a font and solid communion 
 service from Mr. Parson's friends among them. There is talk of 
 a memorial window to Miss Parsons, to come from the New Lenox 
 people, and other donations will make the furnishings of the chapel, 
 as the structure itself is, in every way complete. 
 
30 
 
 In the library room, reached by an outside entrance and also 
 from the chapel, work is nearly done. The room is 14 by 14 feet 
 in size, of Nova Scotia buff brick to match the chapel, with deep 
 red trimmings. The wood-work is all oak. A comfortable fire- 
 place fills one side and is flanked by oak book shelves. The floor 
 is oak and will be covered by a handsome rug. The lights are 
 made especially for the room, of solid brass, and oak tables and 
 easy chairs are to make this a most delightful room. 
 
 Mrs. Parsons' gardener is to personally superintend the lay- 
 ing out of the grounds of the chapel. The lot contains half an 
 acre and has been beautifully graded. The walks are laid and 
 flowers will soon blossom around the edifice; particularly at the 
 west, just under the tower where the 500 pound bell hangs. Master 
 Oscar Hutchinson, who, by the way, has been a most earnest ob- 
 server of the building every day since the corner stone was laid, 
 sent the first peal from the new bell; ringing down the valley, and 
 it is declared that at sunrise on the dedication day the same hand 
 will set the bell gladly ringing. The chapel is in all ways fire- 
 proof, is built by Dodge & Devanney of Pittsfield in the most solid 
 manner from a handsome grey stone quarried on M. P. Gaylord's 
 farm, and will cost, when complete, fully $15,000. Mr. Rathbun 
 was the architect and he has given the people an everlasting place 
 of comfort, security and beauty. 
 
 July 6, 1893. 
 
 At 4 o'clock Friday morning the 550-pound bell in the new 
 chapel at New Lenox woke the people of that locality and told 
 them that the day bad come, so long looked forward to, when the 
 final beauty was to be added to this memorial building — the bless- 
 ing of God. 
 
 For days the people had been busy adorning the chapel with 
 flowers and greens, and at 11 o'clock, when the exercises com- 
 menced, the place was a bower of beauty, made so by loving ones 
 in glad acknowledgement of the handsome gift that they had re- 
 ceived. The history and description of the chapel has been given 
 in the Sun. It is well known that Mr. John E. Parsons has erected 
 the building in tender memory of his daughter, Helen Reed Par- 
 sons, who died of typhoid fever, contracted while on a visit in the 
 South. The chapel is now complete in all its furnishings, and 
 there have been several valuable presents received, among them 
 a silver and gold communion set from the family with whom Miss 
 Parsons was visiting in the South. The altar was covered with 
 daisies and hydrangeas. In the front of the arch, which was 
 elaborately festooned with laurel, hung a large, open star of daisies 
 
31 
 
 in the center of which was suspended a wreath of roses. Wilu 
 roses and ferns were used in quantity about the chapel and in the 
 library. A good likeness of Miss Parsons has been hung in the 
 latter room, and it was wound with roses, as was also the picture 
 of Phillips Brooks. The fireplace was filled with ferns and roses, 
 and the windows were decorated. 
 
 The chapel and library were filled to overflowing when the ser- 
 vices began at 11 o'clock, people being present from Pittsfield, 
 Lenox, Stockbridge and Great Harrington. The service opened 
 with the 1061st hymn, "Jerusalem the Golden," and was followed 
 by the Episcopal dedication service. Rev. Arthur Lawrence of Stock- 
 bridge reading the psalms and lesson, and Rev. Mr. Grosvenor of 
 Lenox the collects and prayers. After the hymn, "Nearer, My God 
 to Thee," Rev. Dr. Brooks, rector of the Church of the Incarna- 
 tion, New York, preached the sermon from L Thessalonians, fifth 
 chapter, tenth verse: "Who died for us, that whether we wake or 
 sleep, we should live together with him." 
 
 To a great many in the congregation it seemed almost as 
 though time had turned backward and they were once more listen- 
 ing to the beloved bishop of Massachusetts. Rev. Arthur Brooks 
 has a great resemblance to his brother, though lacking something 
 of the latter's great height and strength. The voice is the same, 
 even to the occasional correction, and though not equalling Bishop 
 Brooks, he is a very rapid talker. The face, the gestures, the won- 
 derful light in the eyes, are very like, and there is the same deep 
 thought and earnestness of the elder brother. Dr. Brooks said 
 in part: 
 
 St. Paul always endeavored to convey in a single word or sen- 
 tence the idea he wished to impress upon his hearers. He wished 
 the thought to be perfectly plain and was willing to go over 
 the picture again and again but he wished the impression to be 
 perfect. The Bible is a picture gallery, with every picture com- 
 plete, and each one fitted for a special time. The picture I wish 
 to bring before you is the ever-presence of God, and the great 
 thought of association. It should be that when men meet together 
 they should grow better, not worse. Man dreads to be alone and 
 only when he is in touch with his fellow-men is he at his best. 
 So this chapel stands for a place where men can meet in the best 
 way, in purity and goodness. The chapel is non-sectarian, it bids 
 all welcome, and makes no distinction of creed or belief. We al- 
 ways dread having our young go into the world, we fear its tempta- 
 tions. Character is formed by association, and if we see that good 
 associations are around our children we need not fear. This chapel 
 is a good place for young and old. The nearer a man gets to God 
 the nearer he gets to mankind. 
 
32 
 
 Association breeds association. When a man is in his chapel 
 he is a member of a great family, not in a cell by himself. This 
 association makes life worth living. We touch men on all sides, 
 in the business, in society, why not in religion? A man will be 
 better in every way who goes to church. This idea of association 
 is the key Christ gave us with which to unlock the gate of heaven. 
 The question is asked why need we die? We all dread what we 
 call great sundering of associations but this is really the strength- 
 ening of them. There is no perfect association without suffering, 
 no great joy without pain. We need the storm to appreciate the 
 blue sky just behind it, and so death brings us nearer to God and 
 nearer our loved ones. There is no greater blessing to a com- 
 munity than a good church. I would sooner see a man without a 
 home than without a church. May this day be a day of great beauty 
 and joy, because "the joy of the Lord is your strength." 
 
 St. Helena Chapel, July 6. 
 
 The ladies of New Lenox certainly know how to entertain 
 strangers within their gates, and the lunch, which was spread un- 
 der the tents on Mr. Oscar Hutchinson's lawn, was a feast indeed. 
 Everyone was well served and not a soul went hungry from w* 
 tables. A shower came after the dinner, during the afternoon ser- 
 vice, but no one was inconvenienced. 
 
 Prof. Monroe of Albany, organist at the Episcopal church in 
 Lenox, played in the morning and a choir of 20 voices sang the 
 hymns in an excellent manner. In the afternoon the music at the 
 children's praise service was under the charge of Miss Almeda Hutch- 
 inson and the children sang splendidly under her direction. Miss 
 Stella Hutchinson had charge of the recitations, and the little ones 
 showed careful training. Miss Stella Hutchinson also gave the ad- 
 dress of welcome, and all who have heard this clever elocutionist 
 know how well it was done. 
 
 Dr. Newton talked to the Sunday school and thoroughly de- 
 lighted them with lessons from Bunyan's "Holy War" and the 
 temptations from Eyegate, Eagate and Hellgate Hill. A great many 
 think Dr. Newton at his best when talking to children, and the 
 young and old alike gather a great many good lessons from his talks 
 a^. such times He is very popular in New Lenox and a great many 
 hope to hear him often at the chapel in the future. 
 
 The evening service was conducted by Rev. L T. StalTord, and 
 ll-.ere were addresses by Rev. R. DeWitt Mallary of Lenox and Rev. 
 Dr. Clymer of Pittsfield. The chapel was crowded and at this eve- 
 ning service the music was particularly good, Miss Stella Hutchln- 
 
33 
 
 son singing a soprano solo and Mr. Bolter of Lenox, tenor, sang 
 an excellent "Ave Maria." 
 
 The thanks of a great many are due to Mr. and Mrs. Hutchin- 
 son, who so kindly opened their home to all out of town people and 
 made pleasant the hours of waiting for trains. All the arrange- 
 ments for the day were perfect, and every one congratulates New 
 Lenox, both on her possession of a handsome chapel and the good- 
 ly fellowship which prevails. 
 
SOLDIERS IN REVOLUTIONARY 
 AND CIVL WARS. 
 
 Revolutionary Officers. 
 
 Brigadier General John Patterson, Colonel Caleb Hyde, Adju- 
 tant William Walker. 
 
 RICHMOND. 
 
 Colonel Miles Powell, Colonel David Rosseter, Major Thomas 
 Lusk, Major Oliver Root, Major Aaron Rov^^ley. 
 
 Lenox Soldiers in the Revolution. 
 
 Elijah Allen, Samuel Allen, Barzillai Andrus, Elias Armstrong, 
 John Aumor. 
 
 Matthev^f Butler, Lyman Barber, Roswell Ballard, Elisha Bangs, 
 Lemuel Barlovi^, Samuel Barney, Oliver Benlding, Thomas Bene- 
 dict, Bunman Benson, Peter Berry, David Birge, Jesse Bishop, Joel 
 Blinn, Solomon Blinn, Silas Blinn, Daniel Bonge, Samuel Boyd, 
 Oliver Belden, Oliver Belden, Jr. 
 
 Levi Carr, Daniel Canfield, Caleb Carver, Ephraim Cary, John 
 Case, Silvanus Chadwick, Christopher Chester, James Churchill, 
 Bildad Clark, David Clark, Jesse Clarkji John Clements, William 
 Coan, John Coats, Ashbell Collins, Lemuel Collins, Eliakim Colver, 
 Raphel Cook, Asa Cooper, John Coonroyd, David Cowdrey, Jediah 
 Crittenden, Seymour Crittenden, Stephen Crittenden, Thomas Crit- 
 tenden, Timothy Crittenden, Caleb Culver, Samuel Culver, Daniel 
 Curtis, David Curtis, Joel Curtis. 
 
 Israel Dancy, Paul Dewey, Solomon Davis, Elijah Dewey, 
 Charles Dibble, Israel Dibble, William Dillingham, Joshua Doane, 
 David Dunbar, Samuel Dunbar, Jr., Joseph Dwight. 
 
 Elijah Edwards, John Ellis. 
 
 Samuel Filsey, Jonathan Foot. Thomas Foster, Dayton Fuller. 
 
 Elijah Gates, Seth Gibbs, Allen Goodrich, Ashbel Goodrich, 
 Ashley Goodrich, Gilbert Goodrich, Jacob Goodrich, Lemuel Good- 
 rich, Samuel Goodrich, Noah Goodrich, John Grace, Elisha Gripon, 
 David Gray, John Gray, Isaiah Gray, James Guthrie, Joseph Guth- 
 rie, Samuel Guthrie. 
 
 Thomas Hale, Matthias Hall, Miles Hall, Watkins Hall, Asa 
 Hamlin, Joseph Hamlin, Asahel Hawkins, Levi Hatch, Moses Hay, 
 
35 
 
 Benjamin Hewitt, Jedediah Hewitt, Jeremiah Hewitt, John Hewitt, 
 Lodowich Hewitt, Eliada Hickok, Cyremus Hill, David Hinds, Isaac 
 House, Ephraim HoUister, Jesse Hollister, Joseph Hollister, Wil- 
 liam Hollister, Jabez Howland, John Hoyt, Thomas Hudson, Jere- 
 miah Hull, Benjamin Hunt, Silas Hurlbut, Andrew Hyde, Caleb 
 Hyde, Charles Hyde. 
 
 William Ingersoll, Oliver Isbel, Isaac Isaacs. 
 
 Samuel Jerome, Edward Johnson, Michael Johnson, ving 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 miel Keith, Patrick Kelly, James Kilby. 
 
 Aquila Landers, Asahel Landers, Ebenezer Landers, Joseph 
 Landers, Peleg Landers, Richard Larabee, George Leonard, Job 
 Leonard, John Lewis, James Livingston, Charles Lewis, Curtis 
 Lewis, John Lewis. 
 
 Johnathan Maltby, William Maltby, Israel Markham, Gershom 
 Martindale, Stephen Martindale, William Martindale, Patrick Mc- 
 Keown, Samuel Merriman, William Merry, Daniel Messenger, Isaac 
 Morse, John Morell. 
 
 Josiah Newell, John North, Job Northrop, Caleb Northrop, 
 Elijah Northrup. 
 
 Isaac Olds. Jeremiah Osborn, Robert Owen. 
 
 George Parker, Linus Parker, Rufus Parker, Samuel Phipps, 
 Prosper Polly, Abel Pond, Phineas Pond, Silas Pond, Amos Porter, 
 Raphael Porter, Asa Presto. 
 
 Abijah Richards, James Richards, Jonas Root. 
 
 Ziza Sabine, Jacob St. John, Aquila Sanders, Zacheus Sandford, 
 David Sears. Asha Sedgwick, Perez Simmons, Amos Smith, Simeon 
 Smith, Thomas Steel, Paul Stephens, Charles Stewart, Amos Stod- 
 dard, Philo Stoddard, Enos Stone, Peleg Stone, Gustavus Stoughton, 
 Horatio Strong, Lemuel Suffield. 
 
 Berijah Taylor, Ezra Tillson, Nathaniel Tobey, John Treat, 
 Thomas Treat, Timothy Treat, Timothy Tuttle. 
 
 Caleb Walker, William Walker, Samuel Walner, Silas Walton, 
 William Warner, Jason Warren, Timothy Way, William Wells, Hen- 
 ry Wensey, Caleb vv^est, Levi West, Ebenezer Whalon, Ebenezer 
 Wheden, Richard Whitney, John Willard, Simon Willard, Peter 
 Wise, David Wood, Moses Wood, Andrew Wright, Timothy Wright, 
 Gad Woodruff, Simon Woodward. 
 
 Josiah Yale, Noah Yale. 
 
 Richmond Soldiers in the Revolution. 
 Simeon Ackley. 
 
 John Bacon, William Banks. Alexander Barnard, David Beers, 
 
 John Bemis, Stephen Benton, S. Comstock Betts, Samuel Brewer, 
 
tl 
 
 36 
 
 Benjamin Britten, John Brown, Nathaniel Brown, William Brown, 
 Freedom Burdick. 
 
 Silas Callender, Simeon Carpenter, Joshua ChamberlaiiL Sam- 
 uel Cnamberlain, Amaziah Chappell, Joshua Chase, Ashahel Chit- 
 tendden, Isaac Coggswell, Levi Coggswell. Nathan Coggswell. Sam- 
 uel Coggswell, Reuben Coggswell, John Collins, Dan Collins. Levi 
 Cook, Pitman C. Cook, John Crocker, Elisha Crippens, Levi Critten- 
 den, William Crittenden, Barnet Cum. 
 
 Nathan Dart, John Dudley. 
 
 Bethuel Finney, Ansel Fox, Hubbard Fox, Jeremiah Fuller, 
 James Ford. 
 
 James Olmstead Gates, David Gates, John Garvey, Alexander 
 Gaston, David Gaston, Thomas Gaston, William Gaston, Richard 
 Giadings, Samuel Goodrich, Isaiah Gray, John Gurney. 
 
 Samuel Hackley, Daniel Hall, Jonathan Halley, Asa Hamblin, 
 Aoraham Hand, Daniel Hand, Isaac Herrick, John Herrick, Seba 
 Higley, Ambrose Hill, Arumah Hill, Elisha Hill, Frederick Hill, 
 Shadrack Hill, Titus Hill, Jr., Robert Hillock, Thomas Hillock, 
 Elijah HoUister, Joseph Holly, Nathaniel Holly. 
 
 Benjamin Ingham. 
 
 Robert Kasson. Robert Knowlton. 
 
 William Long, James Linsey, Jacob Luke, William Lusk. 
 
 John Matthews, Ebenezer Martin, John McKerley, Isaac Mer- 
 rick, Eleazar Miller Richard Minor, Hugh Mitchell, Micah Mudgen. 
 
 Elijah Norton. 
 
 Joel Osbom, Thomas Osborn, Barnabas Otis. 
 
 Asa Parmelee, Rufus Parmelee, Jacob Pettibone, Barzillai 
 Phelps, Francis Plummer, Samuel Porter. 
 
 Joseph Raymond, William Raymond, Jacob Redington, Ishmael 
 Richards, Joseph Richards, James Riley, Edward Robinson, David 
 Rosseter, Elnathan Rosseter, Noah Rosseter, Zenas Root, Aaron 
 Rowley, David Rowley, Moses Rowley, Richmond Rowley, Seth 
 Rowley, Sylvester Rowley, Thomas Rowley. 
 
 Roger Savage, Thomas Scott, Thomas Scott, Jr., William Skeele, 
 Eben Smith, Thomas Smith (negro), Solomon Solomon, Stephen 
 Squire, Jonathan Stoddard. 
 
 Henry Talmage, George Tanners, Samuel Taylor, Isaiah Til- 
 den, Paul Topping, Daniel Tubbs. 
 
 Joseph Welch, Walter Welch, John Wilcox, David Williams, 
 Frederick Williams, Ebenezer Williams, Thomas Williams, Gideon 
 Wood. 
 
 Lenox in the Crnx War. 
 
 Alexander Adams, Jacob Adams, James Anderson. 
 
 Thomas Back, Ransom Bailey, Charles G. Bangs, Morris Barry, 
 Henry J. Bliss, Arthur J. Bliven, Charles J. Bliven, John Broderick, 
 
37 
 
 Michael Broderick, Crowell H. Brooks, Edward Brown, William D. 
 Buclinam, James B. Bull, Wlllard L. Burkett. 
 
 Barn^ E. Carey, Franklin Carpenter, Noble Carrothers, Henry 
 J. Carter, Alonzo Clark, Obed Coffin, Cbarles G. Coleman, Elbridge 
 Collamer, Lewis E. Collins, Peter Come, Thomas Conners, Albert D. 
 Cook, David Cote, Mark H. Cottrell, Oliver Cottrell, John Crooks, 
 Patrick Cummings, John H. Curtis, 
 
 William E. Donnelly, William Doren, Michael Doyle, William H. 
 Drown. 
 
 Hugo Ensminger. 
 
 Hiram Farling, Joseph Fisher. 
 
 John Godson. 
 
 John Hall, Walter Hammett, James Hartley, Benjamin F. Hast- 
 ings, Thomas Henry, Henry P. Hines, William Hogan, George Hoi- 
 brook, Charles M. Hollen, William Hunt, Frank Hurst. 
 
 Thomas Jackson, William H. Jennie, William L. Jennie. 
 
 John Kearsley, John King. 
 
 Jerry Lahee, James Larkins, John Lassure, John Leahey, Say- 
 brooke Lee. 
 
 Henry R. McCullock, John McDonough, Luke McGrath, Wil- 
 liam McGrath, John S. McKibbon, John Mahony, Charles O. Maine, 
 George Manning, Augustus N. Martin, Jacob Martin, John Mason, 
 John Manning, Henry N. Merry, Alfred Michael, James Miles, Hen- 
 ry Miller, Daniel Morrissey, Samuel H. Myers. 
 
 Isaac J. Newton, Albert H. Northrop. 
 
 Theron F. Parker, Edwin W. Parsons, William H. Parsons, 
 Charles F. Patterson, Solomon E. Peck, Charles W. Perry, Edward 
 J. Perry, George G. Peters, Ogden H. Plarike, Elijah Plass, Edward 
 Porter, Peter H. Pruyn. 
 
 Daniel Reardon, Edward M. Reynolds, Hugh Riordan. 
 
 Henry M. Sabine, Julius Schoder, Daniel A. Sedgwick, William 
 D. Sedgwick, Darius See, William H. Sheffield, Joseph M. Sherman, 
 Patrick Shields, Alexander Smith, Chauncey W. Smith, William A. 
 Spaulding, Antoine Steinhardt, William R. Sterrett, Joseph Stumph. 
 
 Henry D. Thomas, John Thompson, Henry R. Tucker. 
 
 Charles Van Allen, John E. Vasburgh. 
 
 Benjamin D. Wade, Charles J. Wade, Henry W. Wade, George 
 F. Waterman, Samuel Weever, Amos D. Whittaker, Ames Whittaker, 
 Garrett H. Whittaker, Charles E. Wink. 
 
 Charles E. A. . 
 
 Richmond in the Civil Wab. 
 
 John Carey, Edward W. Chapin, Araid L. Chapman, Joseph P. 
 Chapman, Henry F. Chamberlain, Robert B. Chamberlain, Wallace 
 
38 
 
 Chamberlain, Horace Church, Michael M. Clapper, Nicholas Conley, 
 Albert D. Cook, John Crocker. 
 
 Franklin J. Dickerson, 
 
 Peter Gorman. 
 
 Simon Hoofmyer. 
 
 John H. Jones. 
 
 Lorenzo S. Knapp. 
 
 Amidie Lagueness, George W. Lane, William E. Lane, William 
 Linen, Charles D. Lynch, Edwin E. Lynch, John Lynch, John D. 
 Lynch. 
 
 Francis Madison, Alfred Markham, Charles Markham, Henry P. 
 Merrill, Wells B. Morgan, Euward Morrison. 
 
 Henry C. Nichols, Edward H. Norton. 
 
 David Perry, John Plass, Michael Plass. 
 
 Charles M. Renshaw, John H. Richards. Abram Rossiter, Wil 
 liam M. Rossiter. 
 
 Frank Slasson, Romanzo Stevens, Philip Sullivan, Howard K. 
 Swift. 
 
 Thomas Toben, William H. Tyler. 
 
 Revello H. Vallinger, Albert Van Bramer. 
 
 Charles H. Walker, Silas D. Webster, Wells E. Wheldon, Benjar 
 min C. Wilbur, Charles Wilcox, Charles Woodward. Charles L. 
 Woodworth. 
 
 
STATE AND COUNTY OFFICIALS. 
 
 Lenox Officials. 
 
 Sheriff— Caleb Hyde, 1781. 
 
 County Clerks— Charles Sedgwick, 1821; Henry W. Taft, 1856. 
 
 Treasurers— Caleb Hyde, 1810; Joseph Tucker, 1813; George J. 
 Tucker, 1S47. 
 
 Senators— Azariah Eggleston, 1807-08-09; William P. Walker, 
 1810-11; William Vvalker, 1815; Caleb Hyde, 1816, 18, 19, 20; 
 Charles Mattoon, 1828; Henry H. Cook, 1844, 1853; William Phelps, 
 1849, 1858; Joseph Tucker, 1866; Richard Goodman, 1871; Thomas 
 Post, 1899-1901. 
 
 Richmond Official. 
 
 Senator— David Rosseter, 1799-1800. 
 
 Representatives fbom Lenox. 
 
 David Rosseter, 1773; John Patterson, 1774; Captain Caleb 
 Hyde, 1775; Major Caleb Hyde, Charles Debbie, 1776; Israel Dewey, 
 Esq., 1780; Elias Willard, 1782; Enos Stone, 1783; William Walker, 
 Esq., 1784; John Patterson, Esq., 1784; Captain Enos Stone. 1786; 
 \\ illiam Walker, Esq., 1787; Lemuel Collins, 1788; John Stoughton, 
 1790; William WaiKer, Esq., 1791; Caleb Hyde, Esq., 1792; Elijah 
 G?tes, 1793; William Walker, Esq., 1794-95; Azariah Eggleston, 
 Esq. 1796-99; Joseph Govwin, 1800-01; Captain Enos Stone, 1802; 
 Elijah Northrop, 1803; Thomas Brown, 1804; Oliver Belden, Jr., 
 1805-06; Josiah Newell, 1807; Amasa Gleason, 1808; Oliver Belden, 
 1809; Oliver Belden, Jr., Daniel Williams, Jr., 1810; Daniel Wil- 
 liams, Jr., 1811; William P. Walker. Daniel Williams, Jr., 1812; 
 Daniel Williams, Jr., 1813; William P. Walker, Daniel Williams, 
 Jr., 1814; Caleb Hyde, 1815; Oliver Belden, Daniel Collins, 181 G; 
 Elijah Northrop, 1817; Asher Sedgwick, 1818-19; Charles Matson, 
 1820-21; Daniel Williams, Charles Worthington, 1827; Charles 
 Worthington, 1828; Oliver Peck, 1829-30; James W. Robbins, 1831. 
 Lyman Judd, 1832-33; Caleb Belden, 1834-45; George J. Tucker. 
 1836-37; William A. Phelps, 1838; Henry H. Cook, 1839-40; William 
 A. Phelps, 1841; Major S. Wilson, 1842-44; Isaac Comstock, 1845; 
 Erastus Dewey, 1848; William S. Tucker, 1849; Hiram Pettee, 
 1850; M. S. Wilson, 1851; Eli Richmond, 1852; William O. Curtis, 
 1853; Charles Bangs, 1854; William A. Phelps, 1855; Horatio N. 
 
40 
 
 Sears, 1856; James H. Collins, 1857; Henry W. Bishop, 1860; Thom- 
 as Post, 1863, 1866, 1882, 1887, 1897; Albert Langdon, 1869; Edward 
 McDonald, 1870; George O. Peck, 1872; William D. Curtis, 1875; 
 H. N. Cook, 1878; Chauncey Sears, 1885; William Mahanna, 1890; 
 John M. Johnson 1903. 
 
 Representatives from Richmond. 
 
 Captain Elijah Brown, 1775; Captain James Gates, 1777; Com- 
 stock Betts, 1779; Nathaniel Bishop, 1780; William Lusk, 1782-84; 
 Nathaniel Bishop, Esq., 1785; William Lusk, 1786-87; Nathaniel 
 Bishop, Esq., 1788-89; William Lusk, Esq., 1790; Nathaniel Bishop, 
 Esq., 1791-95; Dr. Hugo Burghardt, 1796-97; David Rosseter, Esq., 
 1798-yy; Nathan Pierson, 1800; Hugo Burghardt, Esq., 1801; 
 Zachariah Pierson, Esq., 1802; Noah Rosseter, Esq., 1803; Zacharlah 
 Pierson, Esq., 1804; Noah Rosseter, Esq., 1805; Zachariah Pierson, 
 Pierson, Esq., 1806-07; Huga Burghardt, 1808; Noah Rosseter, 1809: 
 Absalom Ford, 1810; Ebenezer Hotchkin, 1811; Hugo Burghardt, 
 1812; Russell Griffin, 1813; Hugo Burghardt, 1815-17, 1820; Nathan 
 Pierson, 1822-23; William S. Leadbetter, 1824, 1826; Linus Hall, 
 1827; Erastus Rowley, 1828-29; John Sherrill, 1830-31; Eleazer Wil- 
 liams, 1832-33; John L. Plummer, 1834-35; Lewis C. Sherrill, 1S36; 
 Samuel Gates, 1837; George W. Kniffin, 1838; Daniel D. Kendall, 
 1S39; Seneca Pattee, 1840; Samuel Gates, 1841; Henry Werdon. 
 1842; Eli Richmond, 1843; William Pierson, 1844; John Sherrill, 
 1845; Walter Cook, 1846; Samuel Bartlett (to fill vacancy), 1846; 
 George W. Kniffin, 1850; Samuel Bartlett, 1851; William H. Nichols, 
 1852; Stephen R. Gay, 1853; Stephen R. Benton, 1854; Henry B. 
 Stephens, 1855; Selden Jennings, 1864; Henry H. Cook, 1868; Sam- 
 uel M. Reynolds. 1879; William H. Sherrill, 1901. 
 
BERKSHIRE COUNTY, ENGLAND. 
 
 The name Berkshire appears to be derived from the word 
 Berroc, which means "box tree." In other words, Berkshire, was 
 the shire, which was characterized by the abundance of box trees 
 growing in it. 
 
 This county lies midway between London, the seat of English 
 pontics and trade, and Oxford, the principal educational seat, and 
 forms a connecting link between the two. Its principal towns are 
 Reading and Windsor. The castle of Windsor, having been for so 
 many centuries the seat of the royal palace, Berkshire is intimately 
 associated with the principal events in English history. 
 
 To go back to the ages of legend, within its limits lies the 
 traditional piace where St. George is said to have slain the dragon, 
 which still bears the name of Dragon Hill. Coming down to the 
 historic period, this county was invaded by the Belgians and Aqui- 
 tanians led by Divitiacus, of whom we read in Caesar's Commen- 
 taries. Thi.j indirectly led to Caesar's invasion of England and the 
 bringing of England within the influence of Roman civilization, 
 and it was within the limits of Berkshire County that the cele- 
 brated battle of Saint Albans was fought which led to the subjuga- 
 tion of England. At about this period was also fought in the same 
 vicinity the battle of Nettleton in which Cymbeline figured, a sub- 
 ject familiar to all readers of Shakespeare. Berkshire County be- 
 came a part of what was known as Britannia Prima, and within 
 its borders was a great deal of luxury and aristocracy during the 
 Roman occupancy, and Silchester, the chief walled city of Roman 
 Brittain, was within the borders of this county. Speen Hill in this 
 vicinity is mentioned in the account of the travels of the Roman 
 emperor, Antonius. Relics of the Roman period are frequently dis- 
 covered. Recently a Roman coin was found in the mouth of a 
 skeleton which was excavated, it being the custom in those days to 
 place a coin with everybody which was interred to pay for its 
 transportation over the River Styx, the home of the departed. 
 
 After the Romans abandoned England, Berkshire County became 
 part of the Saxon kingdom of Wessex, and the old Roman castle of 
 bi [Chester furnished the stones out of which the Abbey of Reading 
 was constructed, Reading, which is now the chief city of Berkshire, 
 was the principal seat of traflSc in this region in the time of the 
 Saxons. It was founded by the Radinga family, wnose name was 
 
42 
 
 subsequently contracted to Reading and afterwards to Reed. The 
 Reed family has always been prominent in the annals of Berkshire. 
 Many of the early Saxon kings bear this name, Afred, meaning the 
 shrewd Reed, and Aethelred, meaning the good Reed. Later on the 
 celebrated Robin Reedsdale, well known to readers of "The Last of 
 the Barons," by Bulwer, was one of the great champions of the 
 cause of the people. The members of the Reed family are found 
 from an early period as High Sheriffs of this county, and for many 
 years have been members of the peerage. A member ot this branch 
 of the family came in the Seventeenth century to Woburn, Mass., 
 and some of his descendants settled in Windsor from whom most of 
 the Reeds of the Massachusetts Berkshire are descended. 
 
 During the Anglo-Saxon period, the wars between the king- 
 doms of Mercia and Wessex were fought in what was even then 
 caned the Berkshire Hills. When Saint Augustine came as a mis- 
 sionary from Rome to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity, on 
 the conversion of the king of Wessex, Birinus became the first bishop 
 of Berkshire in 634. Ina, king of Wessex, founded a school at Rome 
 for the purpose of giving advanced education to the most promising 
 youths, and taxed his subjects for its support, and this, curiously 
 enough, was the origin of what was afterwards known as Peter's 
 Pence, a tax paid to the Pope, which had so much to do with tha 
 Reformation. In 827, under Egbert, the king of this region, the 
 seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were united and England became a 
 nation. In 871 the Danes invaded England and came to Reading, 
 where, being attacked by Bthelred and Alfred, they fell back ta 
 Ashdown, which is also in this county, and there was fought th»- 
 battle which led to the ultimate union of the Saxons and the Danek 
 and the preservation of England as a separate and individual king- 
 dom. The last Saxon earl of Wessex, which includes Berkshire, 
 was the last Saxon king, namely, Harold, who was slain at the bat- 
 tle of Hastings. It was in this region that the great Abbey of 
 Abington, the principal Saxon religious establishment, was founded 
 as early as 675. The celebrated Dunstan figured to a considerable 
 extent in the history of this Abbey. The Varungarians, well known 
 to the readers of Scott's "Robert of Paris," were mostly from Berk- 
 shire county, being Saxons, who fled in despair from William the 
 Conqueror to become Crusaders and do the unique work for which 
 their band has been so long celebrated. William the Conqueror 
 passed through Berkshire on his way from Hastings to London. 
 During the troubulous days which succeeded the time of William I., 
 this county figured largely, especially in the time of King Stephen 
 and the civil wars. 
 
43 
 
 The county remained at rest during the earlier part of Richard 
 uie First's reign, but after his departure for Palestine the ambition 
 of nis brotner John led to further broils in which Windsor also 
 shared, for Earl John after calling a meeting at Reading in 1191 
 the nobles and clergy of the Kingdom, and having vainly attempted 
 to bring about a meeting with the Chief Justice during the King's 
 absence, followed him from Windsor Castle to London, and com- 
 peted him to resign the custodianship of Windsor. Richard's ad- 
 herents rose against the usurpation of power by the Earl and be- 
 sieged Windsor Castle and took it. Thereupon John fell to France, 
 and the fortress was held by Eleanor the Queen. Eventually John 
 became king and spent much of his time at Windsor and made many 
 marches thence through Berkshire on his way to Reading. He seems 
 to have lived well and studied well. A direction is found that there 
 should be sent to him two small casks of good wine to Windsor and 
 also the Romance of the History of England. It was on a small 
 island in the Thames, opposite the field called Runnymede and im- 
 mediately beyond the southeast boundary of Berkshire, and within 
 sight of Windsor Castle, that the Great Charter of English liberty 
 was signed. Even as late as Queen Elizabeth's day, the Vicar of 
 Henley was allowed an extra salary to atone for the danger of pass- 
 ing through the thickets of Berkshire. 
 
 As the county has several towns each with a special history. It 
 means best, at this point, to pause a moment to note the associa- 
 tions of the various important centres, first, Wallingford. 
 
 The castle at Wallingford was a fortress all through British 
 time. The earthern camp of the Celts had been altered by the Ro- 
 mans; in the ancient walls there seems to have been Roman ma- 
 sonry. The Saxons erected here wooden buildings defended by 
 stockades. Under the Normans a more permanent castle was erect- 
 ed, being finished in 1071, and this took a large share in the con- 
 tinual strife of the period. Here Henry the Third held court with 
 royal hospitality. During his reign it passed into the hands of the 
 barons and was occupied in 1262 by Simon De Montford to whose 
 efforts the permanent securing of the liberties granted by the Mag- 
 na Charter, were so largely due, and who may almost be called the 
 father of the liberties of English speaking peoples. 
 
 After De Montford fled to France, the castle again returned to 
 the royal party, but after the battle of Lewes, the King and others 
 were imprisoned there. In due time, Edward, the First, succeeded 
 to the throne and his son, the Prince of Wales, took possession of 
 the castle and lived there. He gave it to one of the haughtiest and 
 worst of his favorites, Gaveston. A tournament was held to inau- 
 gurate the appointment. It was at this tournament that he ad- 
 
44 
 
 dressed the Earl of Warwick as the "Wild boar of the Ardenes." 
 He soon died by violence, and then Wallingford Castle became the 
 possession of another favorite, Despencer, and after his fall was held 
 by Isabella, the Queen. For a long time after this, Wallingford 
 Castle was made the possession of the Prince of Wales, who was 
 called Lord of Wallingford. On the death of the Black Prince, it 
 passed to his son, Richard, and here resided the fair maid of Kent 
 and here as his widow after nine years of mourning died and was 
 buried. Richard the Second, after his farewell from his girl Queen at 
 Windsor in 1399, placed her in the fortress of Wallingford. After 
 the King had become a prisoner to Henry of Bolingbroke, his Queen 
 placed herself at the head of an army in Berkshire and laid hold 
 of Windsor, but she was herself taken prisoner and held for a long 
 time in close restraint. Henry the Fourth gave the castle to 
 Thomas Chaucer, the son of the poet, who was also speaker of 
 the House of Commons. Henry the Fifth bestowed the Castle on 
 his Queen, and his son, afterwards Henry the Sixth, was entrusted 
 to the care of the Earl of Warwick to be taught and instructed in 
 his duties at Wallingford in the summer and at Windsor in the 
 winter. 
 
 Wallingford Castle figured largely in the time of Henry VHI., 
 and subsequently in the civil wars at the time of Cromwell, its 
 occupant being beheaded by Henry VIII. on the charge of making 
 love to Anne Boleyn, and the castle being turned by Cromwell into 
 a state's prison. Donnington in the immediate vicinity, was one 
 of the last places to be surrendered by the Loyalists under Charles 
 I to Cromwell. 
 
 Second, Windsor, which as the seat of royal power for so many 
 centuries, is the mostly widely known of all the towns of Berkshire, 
 and from the well known poem of Pope is enshrined in the memo- 
 ries of all readers of English literature. Windsor was a name 
 derived from the words Windle shore as it lies on the bank of the 
 river Windle; and has been connected from an early date with the 
 regal power. Windsor Castle was constructed by Edward the Con- 
 fessor as a votive offering, for the remission of his sins and those 
 of his father, mother, and ancestors. Henry I. summoned all his 
 nobles there and was married to his second wife, at which time 
 this singular episode occurred; the Archbishop of Canterbury 
 claimed the right to perform the marriage, and being so furious at 
 being prevented from so doing, he was scarce restrained from strik- 
 ing off the king's crown. Henry II. built part of the king's castle, 
 and Henry III. added more to it. It was due to the suggestions of 
 David, king of Scotland, and John of France, who were captured in 
 
 .Lof 
 
45 
 
 the battle of Crecy, that the castle was enlarged, the money for its 
 reconstruction being obtained from their ransoms. 
 
 Here he buried Phillippa, Queen of Edward 3d, and Jane Sey- 
 mour the one wife of Henry 8th, who seems never to have offend- 
 ed him. Here rests James of Scotland, and here side by side are 
 buried Edward IV. and Richard HI., united at least in death. They 
 are referred to in the well known lines of Pope: 
 
 "Here o'er the martyr King, the marble weeps. 
 While fast beside him once feared Edward sleeps. 
 The grave unites, where e'en the great find rest 
 And blended lie the oppressor and the oppressed." 
 
 In 1348 the celebrated society of the King's Garter was founded 
 here, and the king's bed was adorned with this emblem. Here it 
 was that the celebrated saying originated 
 "Honi soit qui maly pense." 
 
 During the wars of the Roses in the 15th century and the 
 stirring times of the Reformation in the 16th, Windsor Castle was 
 often the storm centre. In fact as the place where Katherine of 
 Arragon was first approached by the ambassadors of Henry VIII. 
 for conference as to a possible divorce, it may be called the birth 
 place of the political side of the English Reformation. Still despite 
 the frequency of these disturbing factors the town grew and pros- 
 pered, and in 1629, its streets were paved and some attention was 
 paid to cleanliness. Obstructions to the thoroughfare, such as 
 carts and blocks and heaps of stones, were ordered to be removed, 
 swine were not permitted to wander loose in the market place, and 
 washing was prohibited in the streets. The Puritanism of the age 
 was becoming more marked; fines of one shilling and upwards were 
 inflicted, as for instance for absence from church, for tippling in 
 service time, and the like, and soon again Windsor became the 
 theatre of politico-religious war, and in the time of Charles I., Mr. 
 Bagshawe reported to the House of Commons that troops of horses 
 and wagons of ammunition had assembled at Windsor, and Parlia- 
 ment adopted a resolution to put it in a state of defense. It was 
 stated that the people of Berkshire adjoining the forests of Wind- 
 sor, have a resolution to speedily come in a tumultuous manner and 
 pull down the pales of the great park in Windsor. Colonel Vane 
 and John Burksted, afterwards regicides, came by the direction 
 of Parliament to take special charge of Windsor Castle. It was 
 made the headquarters of the Earl of Essex and a rendezvous of 
 the royalists in 1642. It was as a result of the Battle of Don- 
 nington and Newbury, both fought in this immediate vicinity, that 
 Cromwell was led to form the so-called "model army" to which 
 
46 
 
 the subsequent sucesses of the Revolution were so largely due. 
 At Windsor the conclave met that resolved that the king should 
 be prosecuted for his life as a criminal person, and in Saint 
 George's Chapel Cromwell and others met and prayed very fervent- 
 ly in regard to this subject fi'om nine o'clock in the morning until 
 seven o'clock in the evening. Charles I. after his execution was 
 buried in this chapel with no service, the place being so dismantled 
 that the mourners knew not where they were. It was here that 
 Richard Cromwell was induced to resign the chief magistracy by 
 Captain Fletcher, and the restoration of the House of Stuart was 
 brought about. At the time of the Revolution of 1688, the only 
 blood which was shed was in this immediate vicinity. The Pre- 
 tender, son of James II., who figures so largely in many of Sir 
 Walter Scott's novels, was born here. George III., George IV., Wil- 
 liam VI., Prince Napoleon, and Prince Albert are buried here; 
 also the captive son of Theodore, king of Abbysinia. The scenes 
 depicted in Shakespeare's play, "Merry Wives of Windsor." all lie, 
 of course, in this neighborhood and the houses of Ford and Page 
 and the hotel from which the Germans escaped, are all still pointed 
 out; also the place to which Falstaff was carried. 
 
 Third, Reading, now the largest town in the county, has always 
 been identified with the stirring events which have ever char- 
 acterized the history of Berkshire. 
 
 No monastic edifice ever shared so largely in the history of 
 England as the abbey of Reading. This was founded by the cele- 
 brated Auselm, and was associated in the circumstances of its 
 foundation with the union of the Norman and baxon lines in the 
 marriage of Henry the First, which resulted in the healing of the 
 strife between the races which had lasted for two centuries. Here 
 Henry, the First, his two wives, and two sons are buried; here were 
 married John of Gaunt to Blanche, daughter of Henry Plantagenet, 
 and the son of the Earl of Arundal, to Margaret, sister of the 
 Queen of Edward the Fourth. King Stephen was here; Henry the 
 Second was here several times; Thomas A. Becket consecrated the 
 abbey church; Henry the Third was here frequently; also Edward 
 the Third; Richard the Second was here to be reconciled to his 
 nobles; Edward the Fourth was here when his private marriage 
 with Elizabeth Woodville was made public; Henry the Seventh was 
 also here, and Henry the Eighth with Catherine, his wife. Parlia- 
 ment met here in the time of Richard the First, of John, of Henry the 
 Sixth, of Edward the Fourth. Heracleas, Patriarch of Jerusalem, 
 here had audience with King Henry the Third to solicit his aid 
 against the Turks, presenting him with the keys of the Holy 
 Sepulchre, and the royal banners of the city. Ecclesiastical coun- 
 
47 
 
 cils were held here in 1206 and 1279 to settle grave matters of the 
 church. There were many relics accumulated here, among which 
 were those that claimed to be the hand of James the Apostles, two 
 pieces of the Holy Cross, a bone of Mary Magdalene, the skull of 
 St. Philip, a bone of Saint David's arm, a bone of Mary Salome, 
 bones of Saint Edward, the martyr, Saint Andrew, Saint Osborne, 
 Saint Ursula, and of Saint Annie, the reputed mother of the 
 Virgin Mary; also two pieces of the cross on which Saint Andrew 
 was crucified. 
 
 It was converted into a dwelling house, also called Sandelford 
 Priery. Here once lived Mary Montague, Johnson, Goldsmith, 
 Burke and Reynolds. Here originated the term "Blue Stocking" for 
 women of such tastes, for Dr. Stillingfleet was in the habit of at- 
 tending her literary parties in a full suit of cloth with blue worsted 
 stockings, and rendered himself so entertaining that the ladies used 
 to delay their discussions until his arrival, declaring, "We can do 
 nothing without our blue stockings". Reading has witnessed scenes 
 of darkness and blood as well as other Berkshire towns. Here Jul- 
 ius Palmer, Fellow of Magdalene College, with two associates, in the 
 reign of Edward the Sixth, was imprisoned and charged with 
 treason and sedition, but these could not be proved and so they 
 tried the easier charge of heresy under Dr. Jeffry. When they were 
 come to the place where they should suffer, they all three fell to 
 the ground and Palmer with an audible voice pronounced the 31st 
 Psalm and forthwith they put off their raiment and went to the 
 stake and kissed it. When the fire was kindled and began to take 
 hold upon their boaies, they lifted up their hands toward Heaven 
 and quietly and cheerily, as though they felt no smart, they cried, 
 "Lord Jesus, strengthen us", and so they continued without any 
 struggling, holding up their hands and knocking their hearts until 
 they had ended their mortal lives. 
 
 In Reading, Archbishop Laud, who was one of the principal 
 figures in the Revolution at the time of Cromwell, was born. The 
 celebrated Vicar of Bray, who changed back and forth from one 
 party to the other, so often, lived here; William Lloyd, one of the 
 prelates imprisoned by James II., (a matter which was one of the 
 Immediate causes of the Revolution of 1688), was born in this 
 county. The well known Archbishop De Dominis, from whom the 
 entire Anglican Episcopate can trace its regular succession, lived 
 here. In W^antage in this county, the celebrated Bishop Butler, one 
 of the chief figures of the last century, was born; also Dr. Pusey, 
 one of the chief ecclesiastical personages in the Ninete°nth cen- 
 tury, came from Berkshire. It is well known now as the home 
 of Richard Croker. 
 
48 
 
 In conclusion one transaction may be mentioned which at- 
 tracted but little notice at the time, which was the beginning of 
 what meant much in after centuries to Great Britain, an'l that 
 was the first granting of Free Trade. The story of how this came 
 about in Newberry (one of the towns of Berkshire), is thus told. 
 
 Jack of Newberry was a poor clothier, who, by his energy, 
 raised himself to be one of the largest employers of labor in the 
 county. He kept a hundred looms at work in his house, each man- 
 aged by a man and a boy. Henry the Eighth visited the gallant 
 clothier, on the return of the former from France. Henry would 
 have knighted him, but he declined the honor for he had a greater 
 object in view than that. He was the champion of free trade. 
 He petitioned that by reason of the wars many merchant strangers 
 were prohibited from coming to England, and also our merchants 
 were forbidden to have dealings with France. Chancellor 
 Woolsey would not listen to him. He thought that Jack of New- 
 berry, if well examined, would be found to be infected with Luther's 
 spirit. So he was, as far as energy and determination and a certain 
 habit of plain speaking went. He liked not the uelays in pushing 
 his suit, so he answered the Cardinal's menacing remark by the less 
 courteous rejoinder that '"If my Lord Chancellor's father had been 
 no hastier in killing calves than in pushing poor men's suits, I 
 think he never would have worn a mitre". Jack's persistency, and 
 probably his previous helpfulness and hospitality to the King, 
 gained its reward. The clothier got the order that merchants 
 should freely trafHc with one another and the proclamation thereof 
 should be made as well on the other side of the sea as the land. 
 So he prospered and his descendants after him. 
 
 And from this little beginning proceeded forth a system which 
 for weal or woe has mightily affected the destinies of Great Britain. 
 
 For the benefit of those interested in such matters a brief list 
 of some of the peculiarities of Berkshire speech is herewith given: 
 
 The Berkshire dialect has many curious provincialisms; thus 
 the Berkshire man says "thik" for "that", "him" for "her", "not" 
 for a "gnat", "housen" for "houses", "littox" for "rags", "prodigal" 
 for "troublesome", "queezy" for "sick", "to be in great spout", 
 instead of "to be in great spirits", "torments" when terrifies is 
 meant, "terrifies" when torment is meant. 
 
HISTORY OF LENOX 
 AND RICHMOND 
 
 .. HY .. 
 
 CHARLES J. PALMER. 
 
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
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