Class L, i^-DLS? (xwriglit)^"_ COPYRIGHT DEPOSUi HISTORY CITY OF CLEVELAND ITS SETTLEMENT, RISE AND PROGRESS EDITED BY W. SCOTT ROBISON ILLUSTRATED ; JAN 16 1888 \s) CLEVELAND, OHIO: ROBISOxV & COCKETT— THE SUNDAY WORLD 1887 Copyright, 1887, by F. D. Leslie. All Rights Reserved. The Williams Publishing Company, Printers. CONTENTS. Chapter I. Origin of the Name Cleaveland — General Moses Cleaveland — Mr. Kilbourn's Estimate — Connecticut's Claims in the Northwest —The Western Reserve— History of the Connecticut Land Com- pany—The Agent's Commission— The Founding of Cleveland. Chapter II 14. Return of the Surveyors— The First Map of Cleveland— Difficulty with the Surveyors— A Winter's History— Arrival of the Kings- burys— Accident on the Grand River— The First Burial Ground- Major Lorenzo Carter — Completion of the Survey — The Enemy ' of the Swamps — The Founding of Newburg — The First Grist- Mill. Chapter III 20 The Erection of Trumbull County — Extent of Cleveland Township — The First Civil List — Rivalry with Newburg — The Bryants' Distillery — Trade with the Indians — Samuel Huntington — Local Autonomy— The First Town Meeting and Its Result— Organi- zation of Militia Districts— Settlement of Indian Claims— The Eve of War — General Hull's Surrender — Perry's Victory. I 11 CONTENTS. PAGE Chapter IV 26 The Village of Cleveland — Building and Improvement — Beginning of Cleveland Journalism — The Old Academy — Bits of Corporate Legislation — The First Fire Engine — The County-Seat Contro- versj' — Preliminaries to the Canal — From Cleveland to Akron by Water — Government Appropriations for Harbor Improvements —Population in 1825 — Land Speculation — Advantages of Cor- porate Organization. Chapter V 35 The Two Charters — Description of Cleveland — Versatile Men — First Cit3^ Election — A Hopeful Outlook — Prosperity from the Canal — Early Methods of Transportation— Beginning of Railroad Enter- prise — The Various Schemes — Liberal Charters — Financial Dis- aster—Battle of the Bridge. Chapter VI 44 Proceedings of the Council— First School Board— Temperance Reform — Inauguration of New Conditions — Mayor Dockstader's Address — Retrenchment of Municipal Expenditure— Common Schools- Organization of a Lyceum— Pro-Slavery Law of Ohio— The Inci- dent of 1841 — The Young Men's Literary Association — First High School. Chapter VII ^ 51 Revival of Railroad Enterprise — The Various Lines — Incidents of Early Railroad History — The Grand Results — The Ohio State Bank and its Cleveland Branches— First Move for Annexation- Purchase of Woodland Cemetery— Various Improvements— Incep- tion and Building of the City Water-Works— Organization of the Board of Trade. CONTENTS. Ill PAGE Chapter VIII 62 The United Cities — Comparison of Population— Sanitary Measures to Prevent Cholera — Improvement of the "Old River Bed" — Opening of Trade with Lake Superior — First Meeting of the Joint Council — Serious Conflagration — Failure of the Canal Bank — Dedication of the New Council Hall — The Grays' New Armory — Rivalry in National Politics — The Public Square Con- troversy. Chapter IX 73 Completion of the West Side Reservoir — A New Market House Built — Measures to Establish an Industrial School — Home Politics — The Hard Times of 1857 — The Gubernatorial Contest Between Chase and Paj^ne — Statement of Municipal Finances — The Anti- Lecompton Demonstration — The First Trans-Atlantic Telegram — Unveiling of Perry's Monument — Construction of the First Street Railroad. Chapter X 84 The Irrepressible Conflict — Visit of Colonel Ellsworth's Zouaves — Rendition of the Fugitive Slave, Lucy — Visit of President-Elect Lincoln — Organization of Military Companies — The President's Call — Cleveland's Reply — Camp Taylor — Northern Ohio Militia Starts for the Front — The Conference of Governors at Cleveland — The Home Guards — Vallandigham and his Colleagues — Death of William Case — Creation of the Sinking Fund — Building of the West Side Street Railroad — Mass Meeting of Freemen in Cleve- land — Opening of the A. & G. W. Railroad — Obsequies of Colonels Creighton and Crane and Major Thayer— Return of the Seventh Regiment— The Old Baptist Church— The Ladies' Aid Society and its Good Work — Organization of the Pay Fire Department and the Introduction of the Telegraph System. IV CONTENTS. PAGE Chapter XI 98 Cleveland's Prosperity During the War — Fall of Richmond and Lee's Surrender— The Celebration of the Great Victory— The Assassina- tion of President Lincoln— The Laying in State of the Martyred President's Remains in Cleveland— A Review^ of the City's Indus- trial Development— Cleveland Becomes a Manufacturing City— The Growth of Public Institutions— Two Destructive Fires— The Provost-Marshal Convicted of Bribery — The Return of the Soldiers — Visits from the Famous Federal Generals — Sir Morton Peto— The Advent of the National Game of Base Ball — Mayor Chapin is Elected — The Equal Rights League — Establishment of the First Public Hospital. Chapter XII 110 Active Efforts to Prevent Cholera — The Creation of a Health Board — Adoption of the Metropolitan Police System — President John- son in Cleveland — A Visit from Loyal Southerners — Opening of the Union Passenger Depot — Prosperity and Failure in Commerce — Two Executions for Murder — Incorporation of the Bethe? Union — The Cleveland Library Association, now "Case Librar}' " — Inception of the Local Historical Society— Opening of the Public Square. Chapter XIII '. 120 The Firemen's Relief Association — Building of a New Orphan Asylum — The First Iron Steamer — Bessemer Steel — A Severe Storm — The Fenians' Campaign Against Canada — Beginning of the Working- men's War for Wages — Two Death Sentences for Murder. Chapter XIV 130 Revival of Our Literar^^ Spirit — Establishment of the City Public Library, the Kirtland Society of Natural Science and the Law Library Association — A Bit of Railroad History — City Elections ^Cleveland Becomes the "City of National Conventions" — Incorporation of the Lake View Cemetery Association — Efforts to Secure Purer Water — Building of the Lake Tunnel — The Con- solidation of the Medical Colleges. CONTENTS. V PAGB^ Chapter XV 138 Cleveland's Growth — Increase in the Coal Trade— An Evolution in Iron — Petroleum and its Influence in the Commerce of Cleve- land — The Pressing Necessity for Better Transportation Facilities — History of Three Important Railroads — The Colored People's Celebration — Organization of the Northern Ohio Fair Association — Incidents of a Year. Chapter XVI 149 The Work-House Separated from the Infirmary — TheNecessity of a Re- form Farm — Celebration of Germany's Victory Over France — Creation of a Board of Park Commissioners — Purchase and Im- provement of Lake View Park— Visit of a Russian Duke-^Annex- ation of East Cleveland Village — A Board of Fire Commissioners Created — The Fire Department Investigation. Chapter XVII 161 The Tax Relief League— Burning of the Newburg Insane Asylum — The Homoeopathic Hospital — Inventors' Exhibition — Relief to the Chicago Fire Sufferers — The Horse Epidemic of '72 — Three Important Conventions — Annexation of Newburg — A Military Organization. Chapter XVIII 170 The Great Crash — The Women's Crusades — Labor Outbreaks — A National Sjengerfest- The Lease of the Present City Hall— The Euclid Avenue Opera House — Establishment of the Citj' Hospital — The Harbor of Refuge — Explosion of a Powder Mill. Chapter XIX ISa Centennial Celebration — Incorporation of Riverside Cemetery' — A Police Life and Health Fund — Tiie Celebrated Invention of Charles F. Brush — Establishment in Cleveland of the Brush Electric Light Company — The Railroad Strike of 1877 — The Cleveland Galling Gun Battery and the First Cavalry Troop. vi CONTENTS. PAGE Chapter XX 190 A Grand Workof Charity-— Completion of the Superior Street Viaduct —Donation to the City of Wade Park by J. H. Wade— Funeral of President Garfield. Chapter XXI 201 Organization of the Early Settlers' Association— Building of Music Hall— Construction of the Fairmount Reservoir — The Smith Sunday Law— The New York, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad— The Case School of Applied Science — Building and Burning of the Park Theatre— The Freshet on the Flats— Introduction of a New Paving Material— Meeting in Cleveland of the Am.erican Medical Association —Strike at the Cleveland Rolling Mills — The Cleveland & Canton Railway. Chapter XXII 212 Strike of Telegraph Operators — Free School Supplies — The Great Conflagration on the Flats — Building of the City Fire-Boat — Labor Eruption at Newburg — General Grant Memorial Services — Rebuilding of the New Western Reserve Medical College — Re- districting the City — Construction of the New Central Viaduct — The Board of Industr}- — Fur Robber}- — Reform in Elections — Table of Population— List of Mayors of Cleveland. By F. T. Wallace, author of 'Men and Events of Half a Century,' P. W. Graham and John R. Commons. Education in Cleveland By B. A. Hinsdale. 327 Municipal Finances Statistics furnished by Thomas Jones. 264 Literature in Cleveland By Lizzie H. Neff. 304 Charities and Churches 350 Biographical Sketches 391 Appendix PREFACE. 4^^^INCE our National Centennial," says a literary' »^^ paragrapher in Harper's Magazine of last May, "especial attention has been given by many writers in different parts of the country to the development of local history." A glance through the catalogues of our prin- cipal libraries will confirm this statement. The impor- tance of our knowledge of history coming nearer home has just dawned upon the mind of. the American people. The reason is, perhaps, the public realization of the fact that the historical period in the life of our large cities — the period of settlement and pioneer development — is past, and that the most favorable time for recording the events in a permanent form has arrived. In bringing out the History of the City of Cleveland, the publishers hope that an important contribution to the literature of Northern Ohio has been made. In endeavor- ing to profit by the experiences of the publishers of the histories of other cities, it was deemed most judicious to produce a book that could be sold at a price considerably less than that of the average local work of this kind. Voluminous and elaborate local histories, with their pro- portionately high cost, have not proved commercial suc- ix X PREFACE. messes. So large is the amount that one must read in these clays to keep up with the times, that the majority of people find it necessary' to select condensed treatments of subjects. They desire to become familiar with the general facts, but prefer not to go deeply into details. In carrying out the plan of this work, prolix statement of facts, long comments, expanded theories and tedious discussions have been avoided, and a clear, concise and direct style em- ployed, though the work is in no sense superficial. Many occurrences of interest at the time they transpired, but comparatively of no significance or importance in the histor\' of the city, have been omitted. This book is a history of the city of Cleveland. It begins with the organization of the Connecticut Land Company and ends with the present year. The history of the Indian tribes which inhabited this region is not a part of the subject, and will be found in the works of historians of the aboriginal American races and of early missionary movements. With these prefatory remarks the book is submitted to the public scrutiny, hoping that it will meet with popular favor. Respectfully, THE PUBLISHERS. Cleveland, O., Dec. 5. 1887. Spafford's Map of Cleveland, from the first survey in 1796, showing original numbers of lots. From a drawing made by Colonel Charles Whittlesev. CHAPTER I. Origin of the Name Cleavelaxd— General Moses Cleaveland— Mr. Kilbourn's Estimate— Connecticut's Claims in the Northwest— The Western Reserve— History of the Connecticut Land Com- pany—The Agent's Commission— The Founding of Cleveland. i i / ^LEFFLANDS " was, according to trustworthy au- V^-^ thority, the name applied by the inhabitants of Yorkshire, England, about the tenth century, to a pictur- esque and cliff}' district within their borders, whose rocks abounded in characteristic apertures or rivers, called in the Saxon nomenclature "Cleves." The dwellers in this section were denominated " Cleavelanders," particularly the most powerful family ; and this name, originally assigned as a matter of convenience, has since adhered to the house. This manner of accounting for the origin of a name now familiar throughout the world as belonging to a large and important city of Northern Ohio is quite satisfactory. But whatever may have been its derivation, Moses Cleave- land was the name of a hardy Puritan wdio landed at Boston in 1635, and who was the progenitor of General Moses Cleaveland— the Moses who had the faith, courage and executive abilit}^ to lead the first colony into the w'ilds of the Western Reserve, and found a great city which will 10 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. ever be a grand and growing monument to perpetuate his memory* In the year 1829, one John Kilbourn, of Columbus, pub- lished a book, the purpose of which, as stated in the preface, was "to answer frequent inquiries made iij the Atlantic States concerning this State, respecting its extent, soil, climate, navigableness of its rivers, relative fertility, pop- ulation," etc. This publication, after a careful balancing of prospects and situations, predicts with no small confi- dence that among the towns of the rising State, "Cleve- land, the seat of justice of Cuyahoga County, will in time become one of the most important." The basis for this prediction will appear in the following enumeration : On the thirteenth ultimo the village (of Cleveland) contained one hun- dred and sixt3'-eight dwelling-houses, thirteen mercantile stores, fifteen warehouses, four drug stores, one book and stationery store, nine gro- ceries, six taverns, and about one thousand inhabitants. Such was the city of Cleveland a third of a century after its first settlement, and nearly fifteen years from its incor- poration as a village — a modest showing for a Western tov/n which had been strategically located, and started upon its career under the most favorable auspices and with the highest hopes. The truth is that the history of the Cleveland of our day — the metropolis of Northern Ohio, and the centre of vast and varied industries — had scarcely begun when Mr. Kil- bourn put forth this modest description. The conditions brought in by the harbor improvements of 1828, and the * See Biography of General Moses Cleaveland in the biographical chapter. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 11 subsequent opening of the Ohio canal, introduced a new period, in which nearly all the great interests of our day had their inception and development. We shall, therefore, in this chapter trace somewhat briefly the events of the earlier 3^ears, indicating the main lines of development, and noting the events of chiefest interest. The Western Reserve of Ohio derives its name from the circumstance that the State of Connecticut, at the general settlement of land-claims in 1786, reserved this section as State propert}'. Connecticut had maintained large but somewhat ill-defined claims to lands situated in the North- western territory, deriving her title from a grant issued by Charles II. in 1662. The Puritan State certainly fared well in a settlement by which she acquired undisputed pos- session of nearly four million acres of fertile land, in ex- change for an altogether vague and incomprehensible title- deed, issued a century earlier by an authority which had since been superseded. In 1792 Connecticut set apart five hundred thousand acres of the Reserve, afterward known as the Fire-lands, for the benefit of those among her citizens who had suffered b}' fire during the Revolution ; and three years later (1795) a commission was formed to effect the sale of the remaining part. Forty-five wealth^^ citizens of the State, collectively known as the Connecticut Land company, purchased this remainder, subscribing therefor twelve hundred thousand dollars ; the individual members receiving quit-claim deeds for fractional parts of the entire territory, corresponding to their share in the aggregate subscription. Preparation was immediately made by the company for the survey of 12 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. its newly acquired property. General Moses Cleaveland, one of the share-holders, was chosen to sviperintend the work, receiving the following commission on the twelfth of May, 1796: To Moses Cleaveland, Esq., of the county of Windham, and State of Connecticut, one of the directors of the Connecticut Land Company, Greeting : We, the board of directors of said company, having appointed you to go on to said land as superintendent over the agents and men sent to survey and make locations on said land, and to enter into friendh^ nego- tiations vi^ith the natives who are on said land or contiguous thereto and may have any pretended claim to the same, and secure such friendly intercourse amongst them as will establish peace, quiet and safety to the survey and settlement of said lands not ceded by the natives under the authority of the United States. You are hereby, for the foregoing purposes, fully authorized to act and transact the above business in as full a manner as we ourselves could do. . . . And all agents and men by us employed to survey and settle said lands to be obedient to your orders and directions ; and you are to be accountable for all moneys by you received, conforming your conduct to such orders and directions as we may from time to time give you, and to do and act in all matters according to your best skill and judg- ment, which may tend to the best interest, etc., of said Connecticut Land company Oliver Phelps, Henry Champion, Roger Newbury. Samuel Mather, Jr. Directors. The first surveying party to the Western Reserve arrived at the mouth of the Cuyahoga river in July, 1796. Here a cabin was built for the reception of stores, which were assigned to the charge of Mr. Job P. Stiles and his wife, Tabitha — theirs being the first home of Cleveland. It was HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 13 only after the preliminary survey into townships had been completed that the mouth of the Cuyahoga river was chosen as the site for a future great city, receiving the name of Cleaveland, in honor of the superintendent. The remaining work of the survey, the division of the new city into streets and lots, was soon completed, and the party made ready for their return. 14 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. CHAPTER IT. Return of the Surveyors— The First Map of Cleveland— Diffi- culty With the Surveyors — A Winter's History — Arrival of the Kingsburys— Accident on the Grand River— The First Bu- rial Ground— Major Lorenzo Carter— Completion of the Survey —The Enemy of the Swamps— The Founding of Nevv^burgh- The First Grist-Mill. "1 ^ 7HEN, in the month of December, 1796, the survey- V V ors of the Connecticut Land company returned to their homes in the east they left behind them, at the mouth of the Cuyahoga river, an ideal city, with its pub- lic square of ample proportions, its avenues and streets extending through the forest, and its numbered lots for private purchase. General Moses Cleaveland had selected the site with due deliberation. Nature had evidently pur- posed that at this spot should grow up the industrial and commercial centre of the vast region to the south and west, which must soon be opened to immigration. The future of the embryo city was assured, and those who were to share in it must pay for their privilege. Accordingly, after certain lots bordering upon the public square had been reserved for public uses, the remainder — each lot containing two acres — were put up for sale, the condition of immediate settlement being imposed. The HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 15 price of these city lots was set at fifty dollars. Other sec- tions of ten, twenty and one hundred acres, respectively, were offered for three dollars, two dollars and a dollar and a half per acre, according to the distance from the city limits. These prices may seem somewhat exorbitant for the virgin soil of a wilderness. They certainly show that the members of the Connecticut Land company were fully alive to the expanding promise of the fast-opening west. If their reckoning did not include the immediate conditions of hardship and struggle, of arduous labor and small re- turns, it was chiefly owing to the very amplitude and pen- etration of their view, which grasped the result without foreseeing the process. Six town lots were at once disposed of, the names of the purchasers being indicated on the surveyor's map.* These men must not be commended — or reproached — for too much speculative hardihood. They took lots from the company as compensation for their services — and very poor compensation they doubtless regarded them. The contract which preceded the town survey and subsequent assignment of lots had grown out of a dispute the 3^ear previous between the employes and the officers of the company. Through all the multiplied difficulties and dangers of frontier life the men had held steadily to their appointed tasks of exploration and settlement. Rations w^ere scarce and came in slowly. The clothing provided for them was ill-suited to the rough usage of forest life, * Following i.s a list of the purchasers, the first proprietors of Cleve- land : Richard M. Stoddard, Job P. Stiles, Joseph Landon, Mr. Baun, Wareham Shepherd, Nathan Chapman. 16 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. and soon left their naked sides exposed to the fierce at- tacks of ravenous mosquitoes that rose in swarms from the adjoining swamps. The discontent became so great that some definite settlement seemed imperative ; and as soon as the surveys could be completed of the region adjacent to the mouth of the Cuyahoga, an apportionment was made of various lands, partly by way of compensation for ser- vice rendered, partly with a view to securing a nucleus for future settlement — but always upon condition of actual occupancy. The town lots above alluded to, as the sequel showed, except for their prospective value, were much less desirable than those more remote from the mouth of the river. During the winter of 1796-7, the surveyors having returned to the east, there were but three white persons in the city. These were Mr. and Mrs. Stiles, for whom a cabin had been built on their town lot, and Edward Paine, subsequenth' the founder of Painesville, Ohio. It would be interesting to read the records of this winter's history — for history there doubtless was, and that of a very seri- ous sort to those immediateK' concerned. The records, however, are ver\' meagre. Paine traded with the Indians, and maintained the best of understanding between the infant settlement and the neighboring tribes. But the time passed drearily enough in the secluded cabin, and the opening spring, we ma}' well imagine, was not unwelcome, bringing with it a new settler and later on a fresh survey- ing part}' from the east. James Kingsbury and wife, journeying through the melting snows from Conneaut, arrived at Cleveland in HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 17 April, 1797, though they did not finally settle in their new cabin on the present site of the Case block till the June following. The surveyors arrived in June, bearing with them the body of one of their number who had been drowned while crossing the Grand river. Rev. Seth Hart, agent of the company and superintendent for this year, conducted the funeral services, the first ever held in Cleve- land. At this time the site was chosen for a burial ground upon the east side of Ontario street and north of its pres- ent junction with Prospect. This same month is further noticeable as marking the arrival in Cleveland of one of the most celebrated char- acters in pioneer history. Major Lorenzo Carter came with his family from Rutland, Vermont. He was a man of splendid physique, and of an aggressive and energetic temperament — the essential qualities of a leader in pioneer life. From his first arrival the major's influence was well- nigh supreme over the neighboring Indian tribes. The early traditions of the Western Reserve abound in inci- dents of his prowess and skill. On one occasion a dusky prowler was followed to an encampment in the woods, where the major discovered the fugitive, and was only prevented from hanging him by the solemn promise of his comrades that he should never after be allowed to visit the settlement. The red-skins firmly believed that the redoubtable woodsman was invulnerable to the ordin- ary weapons of savage warfare, and that to seek his destruction would be but a tempting of fate. Certain it is that the unconquerable energy of this brave man, how- ever uncouth at times were its manifestations, was a factor 18 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. of incalculable value in the troublous days of Cleveland's early history. At this time the surveys were by no means complete. The work hitherto had been chiefly in the way of explor- ation; the courses of rivers had been traced, and township limits marked out wath more or less precision. During the summer of 1797, surveys in the immediate neighbor- hood of the city were carried on vigorously, with the result that by the end of August the "Central," "North" and "South" highways, now known respectively as Euclid avenue, St. Clair street and Woodland avenue had been accurately determined. In January of the following year (1798) the stockholders of the Connecticut Land company assembled at Hartford, where apportionments were made to individual members; Cleveland, with five other town- ships, being reserved by the company for sale. In the summer of 1798 the little settlement had its first serious experience of an enemy, whose attacks were des- tined to \vork more mischief than all other evil influences combined. The malaria that rose from the swamps ad- joining the mouth of the river had long been the dread of surveying parties. This year it was peculiarh^ virulent. Every member of the three or four families that were set- tled in the city proper had periodic attacks of the fever and ague. Without proper remedies, and with insufiicient supply of vegetable food, no relief could be found till, late in autumn, the swamps were hardened by the frost. The following spring Nathaniel Doan, the blacksmith, and Mr. Hawley, a late arrival from the east, removed with their families to the more healthful region of the ridge near New^- HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 19 burgh, whither they had been preceded by Mr. James Kings- bury. Their removal reduced the population of Cleveland to two families — those of Carter and Spafiford. The major and the ex-surveyor kept tavern, dickered with the Indians, and cultivated the soil of their city lots. Except for their hardy constitutions and untiring energy, the settlement would have been abandoned and the beginning of Cleve- land's histor}^ indefinitely postponed. From this time dates the friendly rivalry between Cleveland and New- burgh, of which mention will be made later on. The final year of the centur\^ was marked b\' an event of no small importance — the opening of a grist-mill at New- burgh, the first ever built on the Western Reserve. This event was made the occasion of a grand merry-making, in which the scattered settlers for miles around participated. The next year a saw-mill was erected near the same spot. Both mills were the work of Mr. Wheeler W. Williams and Major Wyatt, who had lately arrived from Con- necticut. 20 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. CHAPTER III. The Erection of Trumbull County— Extent of Cleveland Town- ship—The First Civil List— Rivalry with Newburgh— The Bry- ants' Distillery— Trade with the Indians— Samuel Huntington —Local Autonomy- The First Town Meeting and Its Result- Organization OF Militia Districts — Settlement of Indian Claims— The Eve of War— General Hull's Surrender— Peijry's Victory. FOLLOWING upon the settlement of conflicting claims on the part of the State of Connecticut and the United States government, Governor St. Clair had issued an ordi- nance establishing the County of Trumbull, which was to in- clude the entire Western Reserve. At this time the appoint- ment of township ofiicers was virtually a function of the executive, the appointments being made by the Court of Quarter Sessions, the members of which were nominated b}' the governor. James Kingsbury had been named a justice of the Quorum, thereby becoming a justice of the Court of Quarter Sessions. Amos Spafford of Cleveland was at the same time made a justice of the peace. Cleveland was then an immense territor^^ embracing the townships of Chester, Russell and Bainbridge, that portion of Cuyahoga county now lying east of the river, and the unoccupied Indian country extending to the west line of HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 21 the Reserve. At the first meeting of the court at Warren, in August, 1800, the township divisions having been de- termined, an appointment of constables was made for each township, those for Cleveland being Lorenzo Carter and Stephen Gilbert . The constabular}^ thus chosen formed the first civil list of the Western Reserve. In Cleveland, at least, the position could scarcely have been regarded as a sinecure, the major and his associates having charge of a territory some two thousand three hundred square miles in extent. As, however, the larger portion of this huge town- ship was still in possession of the Indians, it may be as- sumed that the actual duties of the ofiice were not so ardu- ous as might at first appear. The city at the mouth of the river, though its area of cleared land was extended year by year, increased but slowly in numbers. The rival settlement on the ridge — Newburgh, as it came to be called — had the great advan- tage of a healthful location ; and this wassufiicient till the period of canals and opening traffic with the west, to secure it an equal if not a dominant influence. Such arrivals as there were, however, were accommodated at the taverns of Major Carter and AmosSpafiford, who soon after obtained regular hotel licenses from the Court of Quarter Sessions. Among other noteworthy incidents of these years should be mentioned the arrival of David and Gilman Bryant from Virginia, bringing with them a still, which they at once established and began to operate at the foot of Superior street. The settlers were thus enabled to convert their grain into a product better suited to the slow and difficult 22 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. transportation of those days. We are assured, further- more, that the presence of a distillery on the river bank did much to facilitate trade with the neighboring red-skins. The public conscience of the time v^as not, seemingly, so sensitive as at present to the evils of intemperance ; per- haps, among other reasons, from the fact that intemper- ance among those hardy and laborious pioneers seldom reached the verge of debauchery. The year 1801 saw the arrival of a man who was des- tined to attain the highest honors of the State. Samuel Huntington, of aristocratic New England connections, came to Cleveland with the expectation of building up a lucrative law practice in what he supposed was soon to become a thriving western town. Fortunately for him, the disappointment of this hope did not deter him from other lines of advancement. He w^as successively made an ajDpraiser of houses, a lieutenant in the county militia, and, in January, 1802, a justice of Quorum. He after- ward entered politics and represented Trumbull county in the Ohio State Senate. In 1803 he was made a judge of the Supreme Court, his commission being the first issued under the authority of the State. Subsequently, Mr. Huntington served an honored term as governor of Ohio. In 1802 Governor St. Clair had been compelled to yield a point in favor of local self-government, and had granted to townships the privilege of choosing their own officials. The result of the first town meeting, held at the residence of Judge Kingsbury, will appear from the following report of the clerk, Mr. Nathaniel Doan : HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 23 Chairman, Rudolphus Edwards; trustees, Amos Spafford, Timothy Doan, Wm. W. Williams; appraisers of houses, Samuel Hamilton, Elijah Gun ; lister, Ebenezer Aj^rs ; supervisors of highvvaj', Samuel Hunting- ton, Nathaniel Doan, Samuel Hamilton ; fence viewers, Lorenzo Carter, Nathan Chapman ; constables, Ezeikel Hawle3', Richard Craw. These official dignities seem not to have been very seduc- tive; for, during the years immediately following, we repeatedly find prominent citizens "utterly refusing" to take upon themselves the functions that had been assigned them, preferring to pay the penalty stipulated for failure to serve. In 1804 Trumbull county was erected into a militia district. A meeting of members of the Fourth Company district (that of Cleveland) was held at the house of James Kingsbury, at which the following officers were elected: captain, Lorenzo Carter; lieutenant, Nathaniel Doan; ensign, Samuel Jones. It appears that the aggressive Carter had, as usual, aroUvSed the enmity of certain of his associates, for a remonstrance was drawn up and signed by eight citizens, praying that the election might be set aside. Nothing was done, however, and the difficulty seems to have been composed. In 1805 treaties were signed at Cleveland with the chiefs of those Indian tribes that held unsettled claims to that portion of the Reserve lying west of the Cuyahoga river. This territory was surveyed and divided into townships. The same year, it should be added, the Cleveland post-office was established, with Elivsha Morton as postmaster. There is but little to chronicle of the period intervening before the war. As before, there was an abundance of toil, 24 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. seasoned by rude sport and adventure— ordinary incidents of frontier life. Among the few arrivals of this time should be mentioned Dr. David Long, and Alfred Kelly, Esq., a young lawyer, both of whom came in 1810. Mr. Kelly enjoyed the distinction of being the first practicing lawyer of Cleveland. The dull routine w^as roughly broken by the outbreak of war in 1812. In August General Hull surrendered at De- troit. The news was received at Cleveland with terror and confusion. It was expected that the British and their savage allies would soon appear before the defenseless town. Many families abandoned their homes and started eastward, \vith no definite purpose in view save to put as great distance as possible between themselves and the scene of danger. Those who remained, recruited by occa- sional arrivals from the adjoining country, formed them- selves into a quasi brigade, numbering about fifty men. On the night of August 17, the sentinels posted along the water front reported an approaching vessel, which, it was soon learned, bore the paroled soldiers of the army that General Hull had so ignobh' surrendered the day before. A company of militia was soon afterward formed in Cleve- land and vicinity. Following is the company roll : Captain, Harvey Murraj- ; lieutenant, Lewis Dille; ensign, Alfred Kelly; sergeants, Ebenezer Green, Simeon Moss, Thomas Hamilton, Seth Doan; corporals, James Root, John Lauterman, Asa Dille, Martin G. Shelhouse, drummer, David S. Tyler; fifer, Rodolphus Carleton; pri- vates, Aretus Burk, Allen Burk, Charles Brandon, John Bishop, Moses Bradley, Silas Burk, Sylvester Beacher, James S. Bills, John Carlton, Mason Clark, Anthony Doyle, Luther Dille, Samuel Dille, Samuel Dodge, Moses Eldred Samuel Evarts, Ebenezer Fish, Zebulon R. S. Freeman, HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 25 Robert Harberson, Daniel S. Judd, Jackson James, John James, Stephen King, Guy Lee, Jacob Mingus. William McConkey, Thomas Mcllrath, Samuel Noyes, David Reed, John Sweenej^ Parker Shadrick, Luther Sterns, Bazaleel Thorp, John Taylor, Thomas Thomas, Hartman Van Duzen, Joseph Williams, Matthew Williamson. John Wrightman, Wil- liam White, Joseph Burk, Robert Prentis, Benjamin Ogden. It were needless to trace in detail the events of this troubled period up to the time of Perry's splendid victory, September 10, 1813. The region never ceased to resound with the din of warlike preparation. The militia was organized, stockades were erected, and companies formed for the general defence. When peace came it brought with it a more propitious outlook for the future of the Western Reserve. Immigration began to get in, and although the struggling village was destined still for much discourage- ment and hardship, yet the foundation of its iuture great- ness was being laid in the increasing prosperity of the region about her 26 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. CHAPTER IV. The Village of Cleveland — Building and Improvement — Beginning OF Cleveland JorRNALisM— The Old Academy— Bits of Corpor- ate Legislation — The First Fire Engine — The County-Seat Controversy — Preliminaries to the Canal — From Cleveland TO Akron by WATEk — Government Appropriations for Harbor Improvements— Population in 1825— Land Specitlation- Advan- tages of Corpokatk Organization. ON December 23, 1814, the General Assembly of the State of Ohio passed an act "to incorporate the village of Cleveland, in the County of Cuyahoga."" Ac- cording to a provision of this act, the first village election occurred on the first Monday of June, 1815. The election resulted in the choice of the following officers : — President, Alfred Kelly; recorder, Horace Perry; treasurer, Alonzo Carter ; trustees, Samuel Williamson, David Long, Nathan Perry, jr.; marshal, John A. Ackley ; assessors, George Wallace, John Riddle. At this time the business and residence portion of the town was confined to Water street and that portion of Superior street lying between the river and the public square. The following year, at the petition of numerous citizens, the board of trustees ordered that "the said *See appendix. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 27 several streets, in said petition mentioned and described, should be severally known by the following names, to-wnt : the first, St. Clair; the second, Bank; the third, Seneca; the fourth. Wood; the fifth, Bond; the sixth, Euclid; the seventh. Diamond.'' Now, as before, the action was with a view to prospective needs, the population at that time not much exceeding one hundred persons. The public buildings of the period were few and unpre- tentious. In 1809, after the formation of Cuyahoga county, Cleveland had been chosen as the county-seat, in preference to Newburgh, a rival of no mean pretensions. It -was not, however, till 1813, during the tumult and alarm of war, that the first court-house was built, near the spot occupied by the present structure. In 1816 vari- ous sums of money had been subscribed by individuals for the building of a school-house. On the thirteenth of Janu- ary, 1817, the trustees of the village met and enacted that all such funds should be returned to the several subscribers, and that the corporation should be the sole proprietors of said school-house. The building was erected the same ^^ear, on the present site of the Kennard House. This school, it should be remembered, was not free. The town furnished the building, but the terms for tuition were in each case arranged with the teachers. In this old school-house preaching was had whenever the services of a minister could be secured. It was not until 1820 that a pastor. Rev. Randolph Stone of Ashtabula county, was engaged to preach regularly every other Sunday. The year 1817 is further noteworthy as marking the first permanent settle- ment of Brooklyn, afterwards knowm as Ohio City. 28 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. On the thirty-first of July, 1818, appeared the first issue of the Cleveland Gazette and Commercial Register— the beginning of Cleveland journalism. It was a fitful publi- cation, appearing at intervals of from one to three weeks, according to the chance supply of news and paper. In October of the following year the Herald was started. Through various vicissitudes it has survived to our day, nov/ appearing, united nominally with its Republican contemporary, the Cleveland Leader. Following upon these newspaper enterprises, and perhaps suggested by them, was the building of the old Academ}- in 1821. This was a work of private enterprise, erected at the expense of individual citizens. It bears sufficient testimon}^ to the intelligence and enterprise of a community which did not 3^et number four hundred inhabitants. The corporate legislation of the years following 1815 is very stiggestive of the prevailing conditions in a new and struggling community. In 1816 a tax of one-half percent, was levied on all lots in the township. In June, 1818, an ordinance was passed forbidding any persons to discharge a gun or pistol within the village, the penalty being a fine not to exceed five dollars. Animals were not allowed to run at large in the street ; butchering was pro- hibited within corporation limits, except by special permit ; horse racing and fast driving were forbidden. In 1825 a tax of one-fourth per cent, was levied, and in 1828 another of two mills per dollar. These various assessments were the occasion of no small out cry on the part of tax-payers. At this early time Cleveland was not without embarrass- ments arising from the want of a trustworthy medium of ex- HISTORY OF CLEVKLAND. 29 change. Early in 1818 the difficult\'had become so serious that a meeting of citizens was called, and the following measure carried : Cleveland, January 24, 1818. We, the subscribers, inhabitants of the village of Cleveland, consider- ing the great and general evil arising from the multiplicity of small bills in circulation, do hereby pledge ourselves that from and after the first day of April next we will not receive in payment anj^ private bills of any description whatever, nor any other bills, for which current money can- not be demanded and received on demand. (Signed by)* J. R. and I. Kelley. Daniel Kelley, Thomas Rumage, S. S. Dudley, George Wallace, Donald Mclntoshe, Noble H. Merwin, Leonard Case, Wm. Bliss, S. Nechley, Jonathan Johnson, Samuel L. Williamson, Cullen Richmond, David Long, Cyrus Prentiss, Phineas Sheapard, Luther Chapin, Levi Johnson, Wm. Oarford, George Perkham, George Pease, James Hyndman, George G. Hills, Horace Perry, Nathan Perry, Henry Mowney, David Jones, Amasa Bailey. In 1829 the population of Cleveland had reached the number of nearly one thousand. Building had for some time been going on quite briskly, and numerous frame structures, of some pretentions for those days, were tak- ing the place of earlier log cabins. We accordingly find in this year an appropriation of two hundred and eighty-five dollars for a fire engine. This event marks the beginning of the Cleveland fire department. * From a paper in possession of Trad Kelley and heirs. 30 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. The year 1826 brought to a close the rivalry that had long existed between Cleveland and Newburg. The old court-house, which had been completed to the music of Perry's guns, having become unequal to the needs of the growing community, it was determined to erect a new building. This decision was a signal for renewing the old contest as to the location of the county-seat. Newburg had begun to fall behind in point of nimibers, but she was still a formidable rival, possessing sufficient influence and support to make the hght a very close one. The question came before the peojile in the form of an election to fill a vacancy in the board of county commissioners. The de- cision in favor of Cleveland was reached only by a small majority. We come now to the consideration of what may prop- erly be called the elemental factors in the industrial devel- opment of Cleveland — the Ohio canal and the harbor improvements of 1825 and the years following. An act providing for the construction of a canal to connect the Ohio river and Lake Erie passed the legislature February 24, 1825. Two routes were available ; one by way of Wooster and down the valley of the Black river, the other through the Cuyahoga vallc}- to Cleveland. The decision between these two routes rCvSted with a board of canal commission- ers, among whom was Alfred Kelly, Esq., of Cleveland. It was largely due to his enthusiasm and public spirit that the choice was made in favor of the Cuyahoga route. While the work was in progress Mr. Kelly was acting commissioner, having full administrative control. It is to his credit that the entire cost did not exceed the orig-inal HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 31 estimates— a circumstance unparalleled in the history of like enterprises. Juh^ 4, 1827, the canal was opened from Cleveland to Akron, and the occasion was celebrated with great enthusiasm. Just five years later the great water way was completed from Lake Erie to the Ohio river, and the vast and fertile regions of Central Ohio were for the first time laid open to commerce. The most sanguine pre- dictions of an earlier day now proved to have been well founded. Among the receipts of the canal in ISSi, two years from its opening, appear the following items : Up- wards of five hundred thousand bushels of wheat, one hundred thousand barrels of flour, one million pounds of butter, seventy thousand pounds of cheese, and othet products in like proportion. Previous to 1825 one of the most serious disadvantages which retarded the growth of Cleveland was the kick of adequate harbor facilities. From the first settlement of the place every business activity had been inaugurated and carried on with constant view to the belief that the port of Cleveland was to become the chief mercantile em- porium of Northern Ohio. And such it was evidently des- tined to become. But a harbor of trustworthv depth and bottom was an essential factor in the prospect ; and such a harbor Cleveland at this time did not possess. In the session of 1824-25, the matter having been brought to the attention of Congress, an appropriation of five thousand dollars was secured, the expenditure of which was en- trusted to Mr. Ashbel Walworth, customs collector of the northern district. No accurate survey had been attempted, and the whole matter was left to the good judgment of 32 HISTORY OF clp:vela\d. Mr. Walworth and his advisers. The aim was to secure a clear channel bv preventing further encroachment of sand- drift which, during a greater part of the 3^ear, obstructed the mouth of the river. It was therefore determined to extend a pier a sufficient distance into the lake, from the east shore of the river, to counteract the action of the prevailing northeast winds. Such a pier was constructed, absorbing the entire amount of the government grant; but, strange to say, it proved utterh^ unequal to the task proposed. The drift w^as as persistent as ever, and the channel remained precarious or impassable. In October of the same year a meeting was called, which included all the business men of the place, and a sufficient sum was raised to send Mr. Walworth to Washington, with a view to securing another and a larger appropria- tion. The result was a second grant, this time of ten thousand dollars, and the deputation of Major T. W. Maurice, of the United States engineer corps, for the work of harbor survey. The plan now adopted was to change the channel of the river, making it pass eastward of the Walworth pier. A second pier was to be built for the protection of the east bank of the new channel, which would run between the two structures. The work of Major Maurice, with the extension afterwards made, proved entirely successful, and a good harbor was at last secured. The government soon supplemented its w^ork by the erection (in 1830) of a light-house at the north end of Water street, appropriating therefor eight thousand dollars. In 1825 the population of Cleveland was about five HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 33 hundred. Ten years later, through the action of causes above traced, it numbered as many thousand. The village of Brooklyn had shared in this prosperity and had attained a population of nearly two thousand. The communities on both sides of the river were in the first flush of a real estate boom. In Cleveland the section now known as the £ats was purchased in 1836 by Mr. John W. Willey and Mr. James S. Clark. They proposed to make this immed- iately a prominent business and residence section. They accordingly divided their land into lots which they offered for sale at immoderately high prices, investing the money thus secured in building and improvements. With a view to diverting a portion of the trade to their part of the town these enterprising gentlemen built a bridge to the West Side from the foot of Columbus street, which laud- able undertaking led, a year or two later, to the celebrated " Battle of the bridge." Across the river in Brooklyn the spirit of speculation ran a parallel course. About the time of the Willey and Clark enterprise an association of capitalists, known as the Buffalo company, bought up an extensive tract near the river, with the expectation of re-selling within a few months at an enormous profit. From our point of view it would seem that the interests of these communities were substantially identical— that their growth and prosperity would proceed in common. To be sure the canal was on the east side; but inasmuch as it could not very well be on both sides, it was certainly far better to have it where it was than in anj^ quarter more remote. Considerations of this sort were not lacking, 34 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. and they were doubtless presented with sufficient force. When it was proposed to obtain city charters from the legislature, discerning men on both sides urged the ex- pediency of uniting the two villages under a single city government. But the rivalry was far too bitter and noth- ing was accomplished in this direction. United, or dis- united, however, a city charter was clearly desirable for both commvmities. The first Cleveland directory, published in 1837, thus quaintly puts it : Sundry things were done ; sundry hills and streets were graded, to the great satisfaction of some and dissatisfaction of others. Some six or eight thousand of inhabitants had come together from the four winds ; some wished to do more things and some wished to do things better; and to effect all these objects, and a variet}- of others, no means seemed so ])roper as a city charter in due form and st^'le. City charters in due form and style were accordingly se- cured — one for Cleveland and one for Ohio City ; the latter place, by some hook or crook, getting the precedence in point of time. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 35 CHAPTER V. The Two Charters— Description of Cleveland— Versatile Men- First City Election— A Hopeful Outlook— Prosperity from THE Canal — Early Methods of Transportation— Beginning of Railroad Enterprise— The Various Schemes— Liberal Charters —Financial Disaster— Battle of the Bridge. THE charter of the city of Cleveland was obtained March 5, 1836; that of Ohio City two days earlier. The population of Cleveland was then nearly six thousand, ivhile Ohio City had about one-third that number. Not- withstanding the great strides that had been made in che year immediately preceding, the two cities and the country adjacent bore all the marks and signs of a frontier situation. Everything was new, although to be sure, everything was aggressive and enterprising. Log houses had not entirely disappeared, but frame structures were plentiful. Brick buildings were scarce. Euclid street had, however, begun its career of splendor with a dwelling house of that material near the present site of the Union Club. The avenues that now stretch out in splendid vistas of lawn and mansion were then unbroken forest land, the haunt of wild animals. Indeed, for some years afterward the deer and the bear were frequently caught within what are now citv limits. 36 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. At this time, of course, the business of the place was confined to shipping and exchange. It had been the depot of sale and supply for the sparse agricultural population of the neighboring country. Henceforth it was to perform a like function for the vast and fertile region stretching for hundreds of miles to the south, east and west. The change that was beginning to work was the change from a provincial town to a metropolis. It is a remarkable fact that young communities, in the first flush of their vigorous development, have a wonderful faculty for turning out versatile and able men. Whether the men come of their own accord, or whether the environ- ment makes them, we need not stop to enquire ; the im- portant fact is that they are on the ground. Cleveland, in her early days, was no exception to the rule. A gentleman, now living in the east, who was familiar with the place at this time, has given, in a letter published some years since in the Leader, an interesting account of the sociable and wide-awake Cleveland of early city charter days. There was small wealth and less formalit}^ but there was an abundance of self-respect and invigorating converse. The Cleveland bar at that time numbered some of the ablest men of its entire history. Among them were Reuben Wood, John W. Allen, S. J. Andrews, Samuel Starkweather, Samuel Cowles, Leonard Case, Sr., John W. Willey and John M. Ster- ling. It must not be supposed that these men and their con- temporaries were confined in their activities to the special labor of a single profession or pursuit . They were all things to all men — or rather to all emergencies — if by any means they might accomplish something in the public behoof. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 37 In accordance with a provision of the act incorporating the city of Cleveland, the first municipal election was held April 15, 1836, resulting in the choice of the following officers: John W. Willey, mayor; Richard Killiard, Nich- olas Dockstader, Joshua Mills, aldermen; Morris Hepburn, John R. St. John, William V. Craw,* Sherlock J. Andrews, Henry L. Noble, Edward Baldwin. Aaron Strickland, Horace Canfield and Archibald M. T. Smith, councilmen. Probabi}' at no period in its history have the residents of Cleveland been so sanguine of immediate and un- bounded prosperity as at the time of the city charter. The press abounded in glowing predictions — and the press hardly voiced the hopes of its patrons. Every man had the prospect of opulence in the advancing tide of immigration from the east, and he saw the measure of his coming greatness in the quantity of land which could be held in anticipation of enormous prices that must soon prevail. Indeed, the outlook was sufficiently cheering for any reasonable ambition. A great public work had been successfull}^ carried through and the in terior of a great State opened to commerce. Moreover, this commerce was al- ready a reality — something that could be seen and handled any da\^ along the wharves and in the warehouses at the mouth of the river. During the decade that had elapsed since the first opening of the canal from Akron to Lake Erie, the exchange and shipping business of Cleveland had increased enormously, amounting in 1836 to nearly one- fourth of the entire products of the State. Not only was * Mr. W. V. Craw is the only surviving member of the first cit}' council, 38 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. Cleveland the medium and benefieiary of this extensive trade with the interior; she was also the metropolis and commercial center of the Western Reserve, a region which, since the war of 1812, had been steadily growing m wealth and population; the county of Cuyahoga alone — exclusive of Cleveland — numbering in 1836 upwards of fifteen thousand inhabitants. Communication with this neigh- boring region was, however, very unsatisfactory. High- ways were poor — little better in fact than in the early days of settlement — and the only means of -transportation were huge primitive wagons, constructed with a view^ to all the exigencies of heavy loads and unfathomable mud. The opening of the canal, wath its attendant prosperity, had suggested the desirableness of improved methods of communication between Cleveland and the adjoining towms. We accordingly find, in 1835, the first mention of an enterprise, or series of enterprises, which were con- tinued, with various interruptions, till the railway system of Northern Ohio was well under way. This pioneer ven- ture, known as the • Cleveland & Newburg railroad, has noplace in our account of industries, as it was merely a pa- per enterprise and was never constructed. It is worthy of m#ntion only as the precursor to numerous projects, suc- cessful and otherwise, of a like nature, and as being the occasion of an all-around discussion that did much to- wards clearing up public opinion on various questions re- lating to commerce and exchange. The second railway of the Reserve — this time a reality — was a tramway of hewed timber connecting the stone quarries of East Cleveland with the city, its western ter- HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 39 minus being near the present site of the Forest City House. The motive power was, of course, furnished b}- horses, and the business of the road was confined to the hauhng of freight. The road proved an expensive venture and was soon abandoned, but the old timbers remained an eye- sore along Euclid street for some years afterwards. The same year another enterprise was begun — one of more pretensions than those just described. This was the famous Ohio railroad, of unpropitious memory. For some years the need had been deeply felt of more trustworthy communication between Cleveland and Pittsburgh, the thriving metropolis of Western Pennsylvania. It was urged by those who advocated the enterprise that railway connection between these points would bring to the port of Cleveland a trade scarcely less important than that which reached it by way of the canal. About this time the Hudson Bay company purchased through Cleve- land dealers, for use in their northern settlements, a large proportion of the entire product of the State for that year. This incident was eagerly seized upon as indicating the growing importance of shipping interests, and the necessity of securing a wider area for supply. The pre- diction was confidently made that all the exports of the newly opened west would shortly find their outlet through the great lakes, shipped direct to Europe from the port of Cleveland — or from that port chiefly. In this connec- tion it should be borne in mind that no commercial per- spective, so to speak, was at that time possible. The industry of the west was agricultural, and this industry was confined to a limited region of lake shore and river 40 HISTORY OF CLEVEI,.\ND. valley lying east of the Mississippi. The network of railways that now connects the vast and fertile stretches of the inland States was then unknown, and the States themselves, for the most part, unexplored; but they were rich enough in promise, and their situation and imagined fertility seemed clearly to indicate a great future for navi- gation on the lakes. The railway scheme, therefore, was one of no small popularity— especially when the plan was modified by theproposal toextend theroad from the Penn- sylvania line to the western boundary of Ohio, where a terminus had been decided upon in the shape of an imaginary city, which was named Manhattan. The enterprise w^as incorporated as the Ohio Railroad, the State being a purchaser of stock to the amount of one hundred thousand dollars. By virtue of a clause in its charter the corporation was empowered to issue notes on its own credit and conduct a general banking business. This function it proceeded to exercise, and that in a most liberal fashion. Work was at once begun at various points along tho intended line, the company's scrip being taken in payment without the slightest demur. As if by uncon- scious forecast of failure, it was decided to dispense as far as possible with grading, substituting therefor an exten- sive line of trestle-w^ork, which, it was believed, would furnish a sufficiently strong foundation. In 1837, in com- mon with many a scheme whose basis was more steadfast, the Ohio railroad was abandoned and its corporate rights transferred to other hands. In March, 1836, a charter was granted by the legisla- ture to the Cleveland, Columbus '& Cmcmnati railroad. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 41 The financial crash of 1837 came on apace, and operations were suspended for nine years. In March, 1845, the orig- inal charter was amended and the work carried forward to a successful outcome. At the same session of the legislature, in March, 1836, the Cleveland, Warren & Pittsburgh road was chartered, providing for the construction of a railroad between Cleve- land and the Pennsylvania line, w^here it might connect with anyroad already established in that State. The act of incorporation vested in the directors discretionary powders ol the most ample sort. They might issue stock to any amount, choose their own route, and determine what motive power should be employed. This enterprise, with some modifications in the original plan, was revived in the more prosperous days of the next decade and brought to a successful issue. The hard times and panic of 1837, which brought to ruin nearly every business establishment in the Western Reserve, were occasioned by the financial innovations of President Jackson's administration. Injuly, 1836, the secretary of the treasury issued the famous specie circular, which directed that thenceforth all payments for public lands should be in specie or specie certificates. In the Ma\^ following, conse- quent upon the influx of worthless paper from the west, the banks of New York were compelled to suspend specie pay- ments. The panic that followed was simply a reaction of nat- ural forces, the inevitable outcome of an unlimited and unse- cured paper circulation. We have seen what confusion fol- low^ed on the Western Reserve, and especially at Cleveland, the metropolis of that thriving region. Enterprises of all 42 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. sorts were palsied. City lots owned by the land com- panies of Ohio City and Cleveland, which shortly before had sold for prices enormously above their actual value, could no longer be disposed of on any terms. It was a period of purging and of sobering, from which the city emerged to enter upon a career of substantial prosperity. It may be that the misfortunes of the time, with their attenda,nt anxieties and disappointments, tended to make the strained relations of an unreal competition still more strained between the rival cities at the mouth of the Cu}'- ahoga. At all events, the autumn of 1837 saw the cul- mination of a long-standing feud in what is known to his- tory as the Battle of the Bridge. This affair marked the culmination of a rivalry that had first become serious two years before, the occasion of which we have already alluded to. Mr. Clark and his associates, upon the completion of the Columbus Street bridge, had thrown it open to the public use, without let or hindrance and with no exaction of tolL The purpose of these gentle- men will readily appear when account is taken of the extensive interests possessed by them on the Cleveland side ; interests which would he enlarged in no small degree by the opening of a highway through the Ilats that should connect the city with the thriving settlements to the west and south. Just at this point the clash was felt. The advantage for Cleveland measured the disadvantage for Ohio City. There was here no community of interests, but a very real and ver}- serious antagonism. Every cart- load of produce that went to Cleveland over the new bridge was so much lost to the enterprise of the Pearl HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 43 street shop-keeper; and he felt very much too sore to make any abatement for the rights of competition. Self- interest soon appeared in the garb of public spirit. Meet- ings were held, and the high indignation mounted higher. The bridge was declared a nuisance, and the marshal of Ohio City was authorized by the council to abate it with- out delay. The order was carried out at great expense of gun-powder, but with small effect upon the integrity of the obnoxious structure. Nothing disheartened, the war went on, though for a time the efforts of both parties w^ere confined to a vigorous expression of deep resentment through the medium of the public press. At length a point was reached where a more tangible utterance seemed unavoidable. The citizens of the west side were deter- mined that the bridge should go; the Clevelanders were equally determined that it should remain. Prepara- tions arranged, the belligerents assembled for the final tilt. The Reverend Dr. Pickands, who led the west-side patriots, offered a prayer for the triumph of justice and then conducted his forces to the attack. This attack, unfortu- nately for the dignity of our narrative, was not of an heroic type. An old field-piece, which had done good service for many years in patriotic celebrations, was posted at the Cleveland end of the bridge, where its grim suggestion might give due warning to the approaching enemy. The warning was sufficient ; for the attack w^as not maintained with much spiril?, and the contestants soon withdrew, after a crazy volley of stones and bullets— while the bridge still stood to serve the purposes for which it had been erected. 44 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. CHAPTER VI. Proceedings of the Council— First School Board — Temperance Reform— Inauguration of New Conditions— Mayor Dockstader's Address— Retrenchment of Municipal Expenditure — Common Schools— Organization of a Lyceum- Pro-Slavery Law of Ohio —The Incident of 1841— The Young Men's Literary Association —First High School. THE interval from the panic to 1840 was one of com- plete exhaustion. The cit}' made no increase in population. Spent energies were being recovered, but they were not yet fit for action. There was still the trade with the interior, which no financial depression could have checked entirely ; and the neighboring townships, with their fertile soil and industrious population, still looked to Cleveland as the center of sale and exchange. The prevail- ing conditions are reflected in the local legislation. A view is taken to the needs of a provincial communit}^ without the old-time hankering for remote and dubious advantages. On July 7, 1837, the council resolved to borrow fifty thousand dollars on the credit of the city, for the erection of markets and school-houses — "to defray the expenses of which it would not be good policy to tax the citizens." Soon after a market was built on Michigan street, for the HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 45 management of which an elaborate set of regulations was adopted. This same session the city engineer was directed to prepare a map of the city, showing the division into lots, etc. A board of school managers was organized, the first appointees being John W. Willey, Anson Haydon and Daniel Worley. This board was empowered to appropri- ate a specified sum annually for the comm.on schools, to provide buildings and apparatus, and to secure suitable instructors. On August 7, a resolution was adopted di- recting the board of school managers to purchase the Acad- em\' at the corner of St. Clair and Academy- streets. This year a petition was presented which anticipated a reform of recent years. The petitioners praj^ed that the granting of licenses be restricted, and that the sale of liquors on Sundays be entirely prohibited. This movement, as w^e shall see, was followed up vigorously in succeeding years.* The year 1840 opened with a brighter outlook for the city. Not that years of disaster had left behind them no traces in public and private indebtedness, and in the burden of increasing taxation ; but the time was one of recovery and advance, following upon a long period of retrogres- sion. In his opening address to the city council. Ma}' or Dockstader, referring to the somewhat delicate financial status of the city, urged the necessity of economy in public expenditure, and advised immediate retrenchment of oflficial * tn 1830 the whole number of vessels owned at the port of Cleveland was fifteen; in 1831, nineteen; in 1832, twenty-seven; in 1833, twenty-seven; in 1834, thirty-three; in 1835, thirty-eight; in 1836, forty; in 1837, sixty-three; in 1838, sixty-seven; in 1839, sixt3'- six ; in 1840, sixtv-six. 46 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. salaries. Actingunder this advice, the council, in February of the following year, moved that an amendment be se- cured to the city charter forbidding the payment to any city official of a larger compensation than two hundred dollars per annum. A suggestive incident may be men- tioned in this connection — the payment from the public treasury of upwards of four thousand dollars for expenses incurred at an elaborate official reception. This sort of outlay is not, seemingU', of so modern an origin as some have supposed. We have seen that in 1837 a board of school managers had been appointed, with general supervisory functions. Public schools were at once organized in the old Academy building, which had been rented for that purpose. Two years later, July, 1839, the city purchased the building and lot for six thousand dollars. This building, and others that had been provided, not sufficing for immediate needs, the council determined to erect two additional buildings at a cost of three thousand dollars, five hundred dollars each. The new quarters were ready for occupation at the opening of the winter session of 1840. During this session nine hundred pupils were in attendance under sixteen in- structors.* * Following: is the order of exercises in the Prospect Street school : Forenoon : Scripture Reading, Class in English Reader, Porter's Rhetor- ical Reader, Historical Reader, Angell's No. 2 Reader, First Class in Smith's Geography, Second Class in Smith's Geography, Parley's History of the United States, Smith's Grammar, Class in Spelling, Third Class in Spelling. Afternoon: Historical Reader, Angell's No. 2 Reader, Kirk- ham's Grammar, Adams' Arithmetic, Smith's Arithmetic, Second Class HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 47 The reorganized school system was followed, in 1840, by a lyceum and debating club, supported by the \'oung men of the place. Duringthe winter lectures and musical en- tertainments were given, which called forth the best of local talent. Additional zest was sometimes given by the pres- ence of a distinguished speaker from abroad. The lectures of that day were not such as would please a more modern audience. They were ver\' long — and they were very prosy. This was not the fault of the audience or of the speaker. The speaker was intelligent and the audience was appre- ciative. It was rather the misfortune — or perhaps the good fortune — of the time. Winter evenings in the western town of forty years ago were not crowded with intellect- ual variety. There may well have been an abundance of intellectual vigor, but the matter for its exercise was lim- ited . There was sufficient time and energy for the thorough handling of a deep subject. The lecturers of the day were expected to do this, and they usually did it. The year 1841 was an eventful one for the colored resi- dents of the Western Reserve. This region had never been backward in displaying substantial sympathy towards the fugitives who made it their sanctuary and point of depart- ure; although no steady and effectual means of relief could often be ventured on in face of existing State and National legislation. Ohio at that time had a Code de Noir as stringent as the most jealous slave-owner could reasonably have demanded. Among others was a statute which prohibited any negro or mulatto from becoming a in Arithmetic, Third Class in Arithmetic, .\lgebra. Natural Philosophy, Spelling. — ' Freeze's History of the Cleveland Schools.' 48 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. citizen of" the State without first presenting a certificate, signed by the judge and clerk of a circuit court, certifying that the holder was legally entitled to his freedom. Al- though the public sentiment of the State — and more espec- ially was it true of the Western Reserve — denied the obliga- tion of these laws, the\' nevertheless served a purpose in preventing active measures for the relief of captured fugi- tives. Up to 1841 it had been the custom in Cleveland to arrest fugitive slaves upon the application of the owner, who then proceeded homeward with his property without molestation. To the majority of law-abidingcitizens their duty of non-resistance in such cases seemed very clear; especially in view of the desperate and treasonable meth- ods that were coming into vogue among the extremists of the Abolitionist party. About this time it is probably true that the number of calm-minded and reasonable men, capable of considering a fugitive slave case on its merits, was lamentably small. There seemed to be no average or mean opinion. In a given case men ranged themselves furiously for a fugitive or furiously against him. Public feeling w^as of this sort when the following illustrative incident occurred. Threene- gro slaves had made their way from New Orleans to Buffalo. The agent of their owner, finding serious difiicultv in making good his claim at the latter place, induced them to accompany him to Cleveland, whence it was thought they might easily be secured and transported beyond the state boundaries. Once in Cleveland the negroes were ar- rested under the law of Congress, and lodged in the county jail. Hon. Edward Wade and Hon. John A. Foot, two Ab- HrSTORY OF CLEVELAND. 49 olitionist lawyers of Cleveland, proposed to conduct the defence, but were refused admittance to the prisoners. At this juncture Mr. Thomas Bolton, prosecuting attorney of the county, was asked to interfere in the interests of fair play. In his official capacity he gained admittance to the jail, learned from the prisoners the circumstances of their seizure, and engaged to conduct their defence. Through much opposition, and regardless of threats that were freely made of personal violence, Mr. Bolton persevered ; succeeding after a long delay in obtaining the discharge of his clients-. Henceforth for twenty years no slave was remanded to captivity from the courts of Cuyahoga county. In 184-5 the literary spirit of the place found for itself a substantial expression. The Young Men's Literary asso- ciation was formed, and at once began the work of collect- ing a library. Former efforts in this line, of v.diich there had been a considerable number, had proved unsuccessful ; and even at this time fears were expressed that the asso- ciation would prove unequal to the task proposed. Hap- pily, however, the enterprise throve, and the collection of books rapidly increased. In 1848 the society was in- corporated under the name of the Cleveland Library asso- ciation. The stock consisted of two hundred shares often dollars each. The subsequent history of this association will appear in our account of the Case Library. Up to 1846 there was no free high school in the State of Ohio. The movement which was in that year successfully inaugurated at Cleveland for the establishment of a high school system is, therefore, an event of more than local 50 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. interest. The first official mention of the plan occurs in the inaugural address of Mayor George Hoadly, in the spring of 1 846. He said : 1 earnestly recommend to your favorable consideration the propriety of establishing a school of a higher grade — an academic department — the scholars to be taken from our common schools according to merit. This would present a powerful stimulus to study and good conduct. The poorest child, if possessed of talents and application, might aspire to the highest stations in the Republic. From .such schools we might hope to issue the future Franklins of our land. On April 22, J. A. Harris, chairman of the committee on schools, reported the following resolutions : That a high school for boys be established ; that the committee on schools be authorized to hire suitable rooms and fit them up for the accommodation of the school. These resolu- tions being adopted, a basement room was secured in the old Prospect Street church, where the first high school be- gan its work on the thirteenth of July, ^vith Mr. Andrew Freese as principal. The first year eighty-three scholars were admitted ; a class which has numbered, in its later history, senators, governors of states, judges of the supreme court, distinguished scientists, and men eminent in ever\^ walk of life. Never has the event shown a more brilliant justification of the forecast than in the instance 'of our first high school. a A^ Tj>yj^^x_Aj ^ HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 51 CHAPTER VII. Revival of Railroad Enterprise — T>ie Various Lines — Incidents of Early Railroad History— The Grand Results— The Ohio State Bank and its Cleveland Branches— First Move For Annexation —Purchase of Woodland Cemetery— Various Lmprovements— Inception and Building of the City Water-Works— Organiza- tion OF the Board of Trade. IT remains to trace the further development of the rail- road interests which suffered so severely in the finan- cial panic of 1837. In March, 1845, exactly nine years from the day of its legal inception, the general assemblv of Ohio renewed the charter of the old Cleveland, Colum- bus & Cincinnati Railroad company. The new charter permitted the company to build a road from Lake Erie to Columbus, where it might unite with any other road that should afterwards be constructed leading from that point to the southern boundary of the State. The board of di- rectors included the following gentlemen of Cleveland : John W. Allen, Richard Hilliard, John AI. Woolsey, Henrv B Pavne. Mr. Allen was chosen president of the new road. So far all was well. A liberal charter had been secured and efficient officers appointed. The real difficult}'^ now appeared, the difficulty of raising funds for actual construction. After the severe schooling of the last few 52 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND years, there was little clanger that the old mistakes of financial mismanagement would be repeated. It was for- tunate tor the road that the city of Cleveland was at this time induced to subscribe for stock to the amount of two hundred thousand dollars. Much difficulty, however, was experienced in negotiating the cit^^'s bonds ; and it was not until late in 184-7, after prolonged personal effort on the part of the directors, that the amount of subscription was brought to about seventy thousand dollars. The work of railway construction was at once begun, under the presidency of Mr. Alfred Kelly, of Columbus. Early in 1851 the first train, bearing the Legislature of the State and executive officials, and decked with gaudy flags and streamers, passed from Columbus to Cleveland. "And the people did laugh to see their rulers riding on a rail," as an old song humorously puts it ; but there were many among them who regarded this tremendous innovation as something far too serious for witticism. But the legisla- tors met with a very pleasant reception at Cleveland. Here is the Herald^s gratulator^' offering : On Satvirdfiy, as we Siiw Buckeyes from the 1)anks of the Ohio and the rich valle3's of the Miami and Scioto minghng their congratulations with those of the Yankee Reserve, upon the completion of an improvement which served to bring them into business and social connection and to break down the barriers w^hich distance, prejudice and ignorance of each other had built up, we felt that the completion of the Cleveland, Colum- bus & Cincinnati railroad would be instrumental in accomplishing a good work for Ohio, the value of which no figures could compute. . . On the morning of the twenty-first the members of the Legislature, the State oflicers, the councils of Cincinnati and Columbus, and citizens of Columbus and Cincinnati, in all foiir hundred and twenty-eight persons, left the ■capital on the C. C. & C. railroad cars, on a visit to Cleveland as guests. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 5cJ On their arrival they were greeted by discharges of artillery and the wel- come of thousands of our citizens. The welpome was sufficient!}' demonstrative, and the or- atory of the occasion all that could be desired, if we may judge from the list of speakers, among whom appear the names of Alfred Kelly, H. B. Payne, Governor Wood, and Cyrus Prentiss. On Alarch 11, 1845, the Legislature passed an act reviv- ing the charter of the Cleveland, Warren & Pittsburgh rail- road, which had come into being during that prolific spring session of 1836. The revised charter authorized construc- tion from Cleveland to the Ohio river, along that route which should prove "the most direct, practicable and least expensive." James Stewart, of Wellsville, was elected pres- ident of the new road, A. G. Cottell, secretary, and Cyrus Prentiss, treasurer. By the first of November the Hue had been completed to Hanover, a distance of seventy-five miles from Cleveland. The need for this road appears in the fact that the gross earnings for 1851 — rather for a part of that j-ear — were ninety thousand dollars. In 1849 the city of Cleveland became a subscriber to the stock of this road in the amount of one hundred thousand dollars. Two other lines (afterwards consoHdated) must be men- tioned, which, under various names, have figured largely in the industrial development of Northern Ohio. The Junc- tion railroad was incorporated in March, 1846. This act, together with amendments subsequently passed, provided for railway construction from Cleveland to the west line of the State, the choice of routes and other details, accord- 54 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. ing to the liberal fashion of that time, being left to the dis- cretion of the directors. Another charter was issued creat- ing the Toledo, Norwalk & Cleveland road. In 1853 these companies v^,'ere consolidated under the name of the Cleve- land & Toledo railroad, with a capital stock of five mil- lions of dollars. The first rail way connection between Cleveland and Erie, Pennsylvania, was secured b}^ the opening of the Cleveland and Erie road in the fall of 1852. The unusually large outlay required for construction taxed the company's means to the very uttermost, and for sometime hope of a successful out- come was abandoned. In this emergenc}^ recourse was had to Mr. Alfred Kelly, who was accorded unlimited author- ity as general agent for the company. It isneedlessto add that Mr. Kelly's marvelous executive ability, with the tradition of success which had come to be associated with his name, secured for the enterprise a new prosperity. Our enumeration will close with a brief mention of the Cleveland and Mahoning railroad. This enterprise was chartered in 1851. Unexpected difficulties arose, and it was not until 1857 that the line was finally completed between Cleveland and Youngstown. This railway, trav- ersing the Mahoning valley, did much for the coal and iron interests of Cleveland.* Dating from this period rail- * In 1828 the first coal was brought to Cleveland and hawked about the streets. A few bushels were purchased for experiment, but the house- wives objected to it on account of its blackness, preferring wood, a much cleaner and at that time more abundant article of fuel. An event of interest in connection with the coal industrj' of Ohio was the opening of the old Brier Hill coal mine, near Youngstown, in 1845, by D. P. Rhodes and David Tod. The first iron ore that landed in Cleveland was shipped by the Cleveland and Marquette Iron company in half a dozen barrels in the vear 1853. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 55 road enterprise in Northern Ohio has progressed slowlv and surely under the lead of enterprising men. Men — and men of enterprise — were not wanting in the earlier days; but experience and means, two factors not less essential, were frequently almost entirely wanting. The fact that when the latter of these factors had been par- tially supplied the absence of the former did not prove fatal to success, is sufficient testimony to the abound- ing energy of the time. In illustration of the difficulties that presented themselves, and the spirit in which they were met, we quote the following interesting descrip- tion, from a paper by Mr. George F. Marshall, of the opening labor on the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati road: 111 order to save the charter, which had lain dormant for a time, it was thought best to make a show of work on the line alread\' surveyed. One bright autumn forenoon about a dozen men got themselves together near the ground now occupied bj' the Atlantic & Great Western railwa\- depot with the noble purpose of inaugurating the work of building the Cleveland Columbus & Cincinnati road. Among the number were Alfred Kelly, the president; T. P. Handy, the treasurer; J. H. Sargent, the engineer; James A. Briggs, the attorney; and H. B. Payne, Oliver Perry, John A. Foote and others, besides your humble servant. On that memorable spot one could look upon those vast fields of bottom lands, and nothing could be seen but unbroken wide meadows. The brick resi- dence of Joel Scranton, on the north and the mill in the ravine .in Wal- worth Run on the south were the only show of buildings in all that region round about. These gentlemen had met to inaugurate the work on the railway, yet there was a sadness about them that could be felt. There was something that told them it would be difficult to make much of a railroad without money and labor. Yet they came on purpose to make a show of a beginning. Alfred took a shovel and with his foot pressed it well into the soft and willing earth, placing a good chunk in the tranquil wheelbarrow close at hand, repeating the operation until 56 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. a load was attained, and dumping it a rod or so to the south. We all shouted a good sized shout that the road was really inaugurated. Then Mr. Handy did a little of the same work, as well as Sargent and Briggs, while I sat on the nearest log, rejoicing to see the work going on so lively and in such able hands. . . All that fall and winter one man was kept at work on the great enterprise, simplj' to hold the charter. . . There w^as a serious hindrance in the progress of the work, which came in ihis wise: The laborer who had so great a job on his hands t©ok a look and thought of what he had to do. It was one hundred and forty miies to Columbus, and it was best to hurry up or the road would not be ready for use for quite a spell to come. He set to w^ork with renewed energy for a while, then threw himself quite out of breath on the ground for a brief rest, when the rheumatism took hold of him and sciatica troubled his limbs so much that the great work was brought to a standstill. He struck for his altars and his fires at home, while the next fall of snow obliterated theline of his progress toward the south, and the directors got together to devise ways and means to keep the work moving onward. These various lines, w^hen finally in operation, made pos- sible a rapidity of development which otherv^ise could never have been attained. Cleveland no longer depended solely for her importance upon her advantageous situation as a lake port. All the advantages of such a situation still remained, but the point of view was shifted and the range enlarged. She was now a center not merely for the western trade or for the eastern trade, but also for the teeming industrial life of the vast interior. Her develop- ment as a cit}^ from this time forward is not matter of simply local interest. It is a phenomenon in the economic history of the country. In 1844-45 the Legislature passed the celebrated act es- tablishing the State Bank of Ohio. This measure, so ben- eficent both in its immediate and more remote results, was due to the energy and statesmanship of Mr. Alfred — I'io vr ii>eSW''Ji^ - \\<^X y M >A^^vh.^'vhaJla{^ HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 57 Kelly, who at that time represented the Columbus district m the State Senate. The act provided for a bank capital of six million one hundred and fifty thousand- dollars, to be distributed among the twelve branch-districts provided for in the act of incorporation. Boards of control and supervision were appointed, whose functions were to ex- amine at stated intervals the status of the several banks, and regulate the issue of their currency — which was in every case redeemable ir gold or silver coin. On the firm basis of this system three banks were incorporated at Cleveland during 1845, the Commercial bank, William A. Otis, president, with an original capital stock of one hun- dred and fifty thousand dollars; Merchants' bank, P. M. Weddell, president, capital stock of one hundred thousand dollars; and the City Bank of Cleveland, Reuben Sheldon, president, with one hundred and fifty thousand dollars capital. The last named was not a branch bank, but re- ceived its charter under a provision of the general act. The local legislation of the decade preceding the union of the cities, aside from the matter relating to topics already discussed, presents few points of interest. In Jan- uary, 1843, a very curious incident occurred in council. A petition was circulated praying for the repeal of the city charter. Among others the following reasons were assigned : (1.) It (the charter) is very expensive, thereby increasing taxes. (2.) The city can be governed as well by town officers. (3.) Those who gov- ern by making city officers pay little or no taxes, and have nothing to lose . . . would retain the present organization. We call this petition a mere incident, as it did not, ap- 58 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. parently, express any definite sentiment or policy on the part of the citizens of Cleveland. January 19, 1846, "Mr. Hughes introduced a preamble and resolution on the sub- ject of annexing Cleveland and Ohio City, appointing the maj^or and Messrs. Bingham, Heard, Williams and Hughes a committee to meet one from Ohio City . . . and re- port at the next meeting of the council." This was the first official utterance of a desire which had long been cherished by discerning business men in both communities. During the years following, until the consummation of the union, the matter was frequently discussed, and always with the result of bringing nearer the inevitable conclusion. A few steps in this progress are shown in the folio wing measures: In March, 1851, Mr. Mcintosh prepared a resolution de- claring that "an effort being made by several individuals to obtain ... a law annexing Ohio City to the city of Cleveland, the city council declares that such action at this time is not desirable, and is not believed to meet the views of our citizens at so short notice.'" This resolution was adopted. Others followed, until finally, October 14, 1851, the question was submitted to the people and de- feated at the polls. Eight hundred and fifty votes were cast for annexation, and one thousand ninety-eight against it. But even this result showed progress. During the summer of 1848 the first steps were taken towards securing a new cemetery, resulting, August 19, 1851, in the passage of a resolution for the purchase of land, which was afterwards laid out as Woodland ceme- tery.* * " This resolution, introduced by Mr. Bliss, directed the mayor to pur- HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 59 In the summer of 1848 the Cleveland Gas Light and Coke company presented a petition asking for the exclu- sive use of the streets for a term of years for the laying of gas pipes. This company had been chartered February 6, 1846. Late in 1849 gas was first used for illuminating the streets of Cleveland. In the summer of 1847Mr.H. B. Ely moved in council that the Lake Erie Telegraph company be permitted to erect a line through the city. Permission was granted . This was the first step toward the introduction of communication by wire. A few months later the first telegraph message was received in the city. At this time the board of health was ordered to purchase land for a city poor-house. The attention given during the earlier part of this year to sanitary matters is of inter- est, in view of the fact that during the July and August ensuing one hundred persons died of cholera within the citv limits. The popular question of whether the city should or should not be supplied with pure water took practical form when, on March 22, 1853, the plans and specifications of thecom- mittee, appointed in 1849,* to investigate and report upon chase sixty and sixty-two one hundredths acres of land . . . ; and that the mayor be authorized to issue in payment for said land bonds of the city of Cleveland in sums of one thousand dollars .... for the aggregate sum of thirteen thousand six hundred and thirty-nine dollars." On May 18, 1853, Mr. George F. Mar.shall moved in council that the cemeterj' be called " Woodland." * Following is the resolution of Mr. Hughes, passed jn council in 1849, on the above subject : Resolved, That the committee on fire and water be and are hereby 60 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. the subject were vsubmitted to the council and accepted. This report recommended an outlay of four hundred thou- sand dollars. Although determined to have water, the council did not feel justified in voting so great an outlay without special instruction from the public. At the spring election of 1858 the question was accordingly put to the people and carried, the votein favor of the expenditure being one thousand two hundred and thirty, and that against it five hundred ninety-nine. At the same time H. B. Payne, B. L. Spangler and Richard Hilliard were chosen water- works commissioners. Subsequently the city issued and delivered to the commissioners bonds to the amount of four hundred thousand dollars. On October 12, 1853, the council adopted a resolution declaring that the water- works should be located on the West Side, and measures were at once taken to appropriate the necessary land. Recognition is due to the first trustees of the water-works for their wise, careful and judicious management of the first great public improvement of thecit^^ They accomplished the designated results with the funds appropriated there- for — a precedent frequently not followed b\^ the commis- sioners of public works. In closing our account of this period mention must be made of the inception of an honored and useful organiza- directed to ascertain the cost of bringing the water from the opposite side of the river, or from any other point, to some convenient place upon the summit in this city, where a general reservoir may be located ; the cost of said reservoir, and the expense per rod for feeding it. Further, that the chief engineer of the fire department be associated with said committee, and that they may call to their assistance a competent per- son to assist them, and report tothecouncil as soon as possible. Adopted. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 61 tion which has been an important stimulus to the commer- cial development of Cleveland, but whose achievements and history belong to a later time. The Cleveland Herald of July 8, 1848, contained the following: At a large meeting of the merchants of this city, held pursuant to notice, at the Weddell House, on Friday evening, the 7th inst., Wm. Mil- ford, Esq., was called to the chair, and S. S. Coe appointed secretary. After a statement from the chair of the object of the meeting, it was re- solved: That the merchants of this city now organize themselves into an association to be called the Board of Trade of the City of Cleveland. The list of original members was as follows: Joseph Weatherly, W. F. Allen, Jr., Charles W. Coe, R. T. Lyon, John B. Warring, Richard Hilliard, E. M. Fitch, L. M. Hubby, J. Gillette, William Milford, Philo Chamberlain, Stephen Clary, Augustus Handy, S. S. Coe, Charles Hickox, Thomas Walton, Sheldon Pease, S. S. Stone, James Ran- som, John E. Lyon, William Mittleberger, R. K. Winslow, N. C. Winslow, Arthur Hughes, Eli Morgan, Samuel A. Foote, M. B. Guyles, M. B. Scott, George Woodward, W. F. Otis, B. F. Smith, Eli Parks. J. G. Ransom, George Bradburn, O. M. Oviatt, John F. Warner. Joseph L. Weatherly was the first president, Charles W. Coe, secre- tary, R. T. Lyon, treasurer. 62 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. CHAPTER VIII. The United Cities— Comparison of Population— Sanitary Measures TO Prevent Cholera— Improvement of the "Old River Bed"— Opening of trade with Lake Superior— First Meeting of the . Joint Council— Serious Conflagration— Failure of the Canal Bank— Dedication of the New Council Hall— The Grays' New Armory— Rivalry in National Politics— The Public Square Con- troversy. IN November, 1853, the long debated question of annex- ation was again revived, in a resolution providing for the appointment of a committee to consult with another from the Ohio City council, with a view to "taking initia- tory steps towards the annexation of said city to the city of Cleveland." This resolution was adopted. On the first day of February of the following year, the report was pre- sented, as follows : " i?eso7Fec/— That we recommend to the councils of the two cities ... to pass an ordinance submitting to the voters thereof the question of annexing their municipal corporations." On the third day of April the election occurred, with the following result : In Cleveland the vote for annexation was one thousand eight hundred and ninety -two ; against, four hundred. In Ohio City the vote was six hundred and HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 63 eighteen for annexation and two hundred and fifty-eight against.* The commissioners on the part of Cleveland were W. A. Otis, H. V. Willson and F. T. Backus; those for Ohio City, W. B. Castle. N. M. Standart and C. S. Rhodes. The union of Ohio City and the city of Cleveland was the result of great wisdom and foresight of both commu- nities, and ma}'^ be regarded as the prime initiatory act of consolidation of diverse and rival interests — an example which has since been adopted and followed by railroad, telegraph and other corporations, and in private business enterprises, both west and east — on the principle that in union there is strength. The census of 1850 credited Cleveland with a population of 17,034, and the sister city with 8,950. The census the year following the annexation was estimated at 33,885, an increase of 21,850 over the last decennial period. Much pride was taken in what was termed the extraordinary growth of the city in five years. While such an abnormal increase of population was not literally true but only con- * At this election there was no canvass for mayor, the term having been extended to two years. Following is an extract from report of the com- missioners appointed to draft terms of Union, adopted June 5, 1854: " That the territory now constituted the City of Ohio shall be annexed to, and constitute a part of, the city of Cleveland, and the First, Second, Third and Fourth wards of the former city as now established shall con- stitute the Eighth, Ninth, Tenth and Eleventh wards respectively of the last named city ; and the present trustees of said wards . . shall hold their offices . . . for the terms for which they have been severalh? elected." 64 HISTORY OF CI.EVELAND. strtictively so by reason ol nearly doubling the population by annexation, yet the figures were rather inspiring to the whole community and gave fame to the city as surpassing all others in rapidity ol growth. There was then not a square yard of stone paving on either side of the river, except on Superior street hill from Water street to the public landing on the river. Soon fol- lowed, however, the paving of Union street, from River street, to its intersection with Superior street hill, while Superior street from the public square to Water street was a slushing, twisted and rotten plank road, and every other street in the cit\^ was a mud road of almost unfathomable depth in the rainy 'season. The present extensive and admirable system of sewerage traversing miles of streets and costing millions of dollars was then unknown and hardly contemplated, except dimly as a possible future necessity when the water- works should be completed, which great work was then in pro- cess of construction under a wise and judicious board of trustees. As an illustration of the deficiency of sewerage, the rec- ords of the council show that as a sanitary measure to prevent the ravages of cholera, an ordinance was passed prohibiting persons from throwing dirty water into the streets and alleys of the city. Against this the citizens protested for the reason that there were no sewers ade- quate to receive it and recommended that temporary drains be cut to answer as sewers. In pursuance of the agreement of annexation, the city very soon thereafter built the Main Street bridge, re-buiit ^A/^-^ HISTORY OF CLEVELAND 65 Center Street bridge, and constructed a new bridge at the foot of Seneca street hill — all of which greatly facilitated intercourse between the respective sides of the river, and for that early time were deemed adequate to the public necessity. Cotemporaneously with the period of bridge building, the city council looking ahead to the possible, and as they believed probable commercial necessities of Cleveland in the then near future, undertook the important work of w^idening and deepening the "Old River Bed " Those who to-day look along that ancient channel and see the slips and docks that border it — the mountains of coal and iron — the fleets of ships and lines of steam craft, loading and unloading, the ship-yards, and lumber-yards, and the fur- naces and manufacturing establishments that line its shores, cannot but be astonished at the fulfillment of the prophetic visions which possessed the minds of the city fathers immediately succeeding the period of annexation. Whiskey Island was then a vast sand dune. The great tract on the south of the old bed, called the "Buffalo tract,'' was still a swamp, unimproved and unadorned except by a few dilapidated shanties, a sad reminder of land speculation fifty years ago. The_greatOx Bow tract, the joint property of Richard Hilliard, Edmund Clark, and Courtlandt Palmer, had long been platted, but was still substantially vacant territory. Joel Scranton's large farm of meadow, bluff and ravine had but the homestead thereon, while Silas S. Stone's meadow of hundreds of acres up the river was but a pasture for flocks and herds. Even the beautiful terraced plateau called the Heights had 66 HISTORY OF cle:yeland. scarcely more than two or three buildings thereon till long after it had been utilized as a military camp in the early days of the civil war. The city had been, and was substantially, mercantile until the completion of the Sault Ste. Marie canal in 1855, which opened up the waters of Lake Superior for a thou- sand miles to the northwest. Ship-building for the lower lakes had been the principal industry. Of manufacturing industries there were but few and small, and there was but a single iron mill, Renton's small establishment east- ward on the lake shore.* The copper mines of Lake Supe- rior had long been known, and for several years had been the principal subject of speculative excitement. A littlecopper had been mined and brought to the city, where Hussey and Mc Bride had a smelting works south on the line of the Ohio canal, but that industrj- eventually passed into the control of eastern companies, and the great masses of almost pure copper, once the delight of the curious, were no longer seen upon our docks. At the first meeting of the city council after annexation, June 10, 1854, Abner Brownell being mayor, R. C. Par- sons became president, and the venerable J. B. Bartlett was elected clerk and auditor for something more than his * The author probabb' refers to the Cuyahoga Steam Furnace Com- pany, of which Elisha SterUng was the head at this time. It was built in 1835, and subsequently operated by W. B. Castle and J. F. Holloway. Its entire works were sold to the Cleveland Ship-building Company in the spring of 1887. The present Lake Erie Iron Company was started by J. N. Ford and W. A. Otis in 1852. Another manufactory, aftei-wards merged into the Cleveland Paper Company, was established by Young- love and Massey in 1848.— [Editor.] HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. , 67 third term — and continued to perform that service for many years thereafter, at a salary for the two responsibil- ities which an ordinary clerk wotdd spurn in these later days. The Cleveland Daily Express and the W aechter am Erie became the official papers. Proceedings were insti- tuted to appropriate land for the West Side reservoir, Au- gust 16. On the seventh of October nearly the whole of the south side of the public square, some twenty or more buildings, were consumed by flames. The old court- house caught fire, but it was extinguished. It communi- cated with the buildings in the rear of Northrup and Spangler's block and extended to near the old Baptist church. Every building but four was destroyed. This was followed on the twenty-seventh by the burning of the New England hotel and stables, and spreading to the northwest side of Merwin street and destroying man}' large business places. It was the most extensive and dis- astrous fire the city had ever experienced. Among the suf- ferers we note the names of many who, after the lapse of a third of a century, are still familiar to us, and some of whom are yet in business — L. F. Burgess, Cook & Althen, A. J. Wenham, William Edwards, Bishop & Remington, Melhinch & Stillman, Ci. H. Orange, A. W. Sprague, Crawford & Chamberlin, Wilber & McDowell, J. Banquert, A. N. Gray, WilHam Bingham, the board of trade, and the custom-house. The estimated loss was upwards of two hundred and fifteen thousand dollars, which was deemed a very large sum for the then infant citj% and a very de- structive conflagration. 68 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. Immediately following the great tire was the failure of the Canal Bank. The bank was besieged by a mob led by a citizen of verv determined character, who sought to forcibly recover some trust funds specially deposited, belong- ing to some heirs of which he was guardian and which the bank refused to surrender, but sought to retain as assets. The door was stove in and crowbars were about to be used upon the door of the vault w^hen some comj^romise was effected and the first financial mob of the city dis])ersed. The liabilities of the bank w-ere $308,000, and its assets $282,000. This looks quite unimportant when compared with our dozen or more banks of to-day, each with its millions of capital ; but it was an important institution in that day, and its failure was a momentous financial event. The municipal events of 1855 were few and unimportant. On the fourteenth of November the new Council hall, built by Mr. John Jones on his lot on the southwest corner of the public square, was dedicated. Alany citizens were pres- ent and refreshments, including wane, were served. At that time there w^ere only eleven wards and tw^enty-tw^o council- men. Twenty-four seats only were embraced in the circle. The two extra seats were thought to be evidence of the wisdom and foresight of the city fathers, looking ahead to the possible time when another ward from beyond the then city limits might be admitted w^ith its dual represen- tation. On the twenty-fifth of November Seneca Street bridge was completed, and the ground was being prepared for the erection of the Atlantic & Great Western railroad station on Scranton's flats. Smith & Co's new rolling HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 69 mill for the manufacture of railroad rails, near the Forest City Iron Works, was completed, and on December 4, the city granted an ordinance to the Cleveland & Toledo railroad authorizing the construction of a railroad ferry across the Cuyahoga river. In December the Cleveland Grays fitted up the old Center Street theater for an armory, and here for a long time that matchless historical military company had its head- quarters and went through its intricate and graceful evo- lutions to the delight of visitors and the pride of the municipality. Subsequent years attested its value as a military arm both at home and aboard. It served with honor and distinction in the early days of the civil war. Its name has never been tarnished. Its rank and file have ever embraced the honored and beloved of our citizens, and its fame is still bright and enduring. The public events of 1855 were mainly such as were incident to the commencement of the settlement of Kansas. It w^as approaching the end of President Pierce's admin- istration, and the rivalry between north and south for precedence and political power in the elections, and in the organization of the territory and future State, surpassed all former experience in the history of our government. It was the first year of large emigration, especially from the northern States. The height of the local excitement in the territory was later, but its final culmination was in the terrible civil war — and emancipation. The events of 1856 opened to our local satisfaction by the United States government purchasing of Leonard Case his homestead grounds for a site for the then contem- 70 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. plated new post-office, at a cost of $30,000. The high school building on Euclid avenue was dedicated in April, the Rev. S. W. Adams, D. D., presiding and making an address. April 23, the new cit}^ infirmary was completed. Over one hundred lodgers there found rest and food — such as infirmaries are wont to provide — under the superintendence of Madison Miller. On the twenty-second of July, F. T. Wallace, councilman for the Fifth ward, introduced a resolution directing an inquiry into the power and expediency of inclosing the four parcels of separately fenced land known as the public square, and making one central park. This, together with the petition of James F. Clark and fifteen hundred others praying for the inclosure, was referred to the judici- ary committee, of which Hon. Harvey Rice was chairman. A thorough examination of the original survey, field notes, plat, records, maps, actions of the Connecticut Land Com- pan}^ and its trustees, the deeds and acts of the original proprietors of the city lots ; and the committee subse- quently submitted through its chairman an elaborate written report, to the effect that such act would be legal and beneficial and recommend the proceeding. The subject was, however, delayed until March 24, 1857, w^hen the four street entrances were closed by a fence, very early in the morning before an}^ teams were on the streets . This pre- caution had been taken, as some persons, and those the least interested, had threatened to enjoin the proceeding. When the post-office and custom-house had been finished, popula- tion largely increased and street railroads pressed for facil- HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 71 ities through the enclosed streets, and when property owners on Superior street, east of the park, felt that the enclosure of Superior street worked a detriment to values, by retarding of business and improvement of prop- erty in that direction, and especially as Case Hall and the City Hall buildings were in contemplation, the streets through the square were, on petition to the court of com- mon pleas by such property owners, and with but little or no opposition, decreed to be again opened. The old fence surrounding the square being rotten and unattractive, and as no suitable walks had been constructed, nor any other embellishments adorning the same, save possibly the fountain in the northwest corner, so no one lamented the reversal of the order in council. The present neat and pleasant embellishments of this central park, pretentiously styled by some one "Monumental, "is the work of modem days, and especially since the care of this and other parks have been under the control of an intelligent and tasteful board of park commissioners. In connection with the subject of thus enclosing the four squares, the council about the same time instructed the city clerk to notify the county commissioners to remove the old court-house from the public square as soon as pos- sible. It had been abandoned as a place for holding courts, and none of its former official tenants remained within its walls but the county recorder. The new court-house on the north side of the square was not j^et constructed, and the ancient Baptist Church on the corner of Seneca and Cham- plain streets had been fitted up and was used for court purposes. The commissioners took umbrage at the civil 72 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. and courteous notification, and were not very diplomatic in their answer when they reminded the council that they had better confine their labors to their own legiti- mate business. ^^H^^^/^^^^X^ ^^-y^ HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 73 CHAPTER IX. Completion of the West Side Reservoir— A New Market House Built— Measures to Establish an Industrial School — Home Politics— The Hard Times of 1857 — The Gubernatorial Con- test Between Chase and Payne — Statement of Municipal Finances — The Anti-Lecompton Demonstration — The First Trans- Atlantic Telegram — Unveiling of Perry's Monument- Construction OF the First Street Railroad. THE twenty-fourth day of September, '56, was a happy day within the walls of the city, both to officials and people, for the great reservoir on the West Side having been completed, the mighty Cornish engines down by the old river bed sent the welcome waters of the lake dancing more than a hmidred feet into the air and filled the little lake on the Kentucky street mound, and from thence sent on its mission of joy, health, comfort and luxury to the homes of the people. From henceforth, the w^ells of hard and milky mineral waters were abandoned, pumps were no longer jerked, cisterns of black and stagnant rain water were closed, and even the pure little spring down in the bottom of some far off deep ravine soon became forgotten even b}^ children. The hose and the sprinkler became familiar objects upon lawns and in door- yards. Some are living who will remember to have wit- 74 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. nessed, one hot day, Girty, the first secretary, Singer the engineer, with John the faithful guardian of the "turnkey" — still to be met daily with the iron instrument on his shoulder, with coats off and sleeves rolled up, each with a great black hose attached to the hydrants trying the experiment of washing the dry and warped planks on •Superior street, from the Weddell House to Superior Street hill — and thev made no failure of it. Dock owners, it is believed, protested against a repetition of the test, as it would involve dredging the river. For mahv years the city had no market house. All mar- keting was done on the streets, principal!}' on Ontario street, including Michigan and Prospect intersections, and along the south side of the square. There was, however, a small wooden building in the middle of Michigan street called the hay market, around which congregated farmers with small jags of hay, the aroma of which is still a mem- ory. The council had resolved to take a new departure, purchase market grounds and build a suitable market house. Commissioners were appointed to select the ground for a central market, and on the seventh of Decem- ber, 1856, they reported in favor of the present market grounds at the junction of Pittsburgh (now Broadway), and Bolivar streets. The ground was immediately cleared, but the building of the market house was postponed till the following spring. December 16 the council took measures for the establish- ment of an Industrial School, and Messrs. Paddock, Rice and Rogers were appointed a committee who promptly reported in favor of putting one in immediate opera- HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 75 tion. Mr. Richard Hilliard having died, the council took suitable measures for the expression of the public sorrow. He had long been the leading merchant of the city, a dig- nified, courteous and honored citizen, and his loss was deeply lamented by all. The year 1856 had been one of unusual excitement. It was the famous campaign of Buchanan and Fremont — the first year of the consolidated elements of the Whig, Free-soil and Abolition parties into the ultimateh' brilliant and powerful Republican part} . The Cleveland journals of that day, the Herald, Plain Dealer and Leader spread the intellectual feast as usual for the public enlightenment, and instructed the people upon their political duties, and espe- cially how to vote. The editorial gladiators all wore mail- clad undershirts, but the figurative crimson generally flowed at every thrust of the editorial lance. It was, however, an unequal match — two against one — the Herald and Leader against the Plain Dealer. When the short sword of the Herald would be knocked into the air by the scimeter of the Saladin of the Plain Dealer, the Herald would editori- ally clinch its antagonist and both would fall on the polit- ical field, the Herald possibly uppermost ; but now in the moment of its exultation the Plain Dealer, following the tactics of "Artemus Ward " under like circumstances, would dexterously insert its nose between the Herald s teeth and thus hold the latter down. Then the Plain Dealer would, perhaps, floor the Leader, w^hen the latter, sometimes in a generous and forgiving spirit, but generally as a ruse or tinesse, would lie quietly and hold the Plain Dealer down by the same ingenious tactics. 76 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. The year 1857 unhappih- opened by the burning of the Stone church, on the Public Square, March 8. On the fourteenth of April Mayor Castle announced the public debt to have been diminished in the year previous $19,- 286.12, and taxation largely reduced, and the auditor's statement was: total receipts, $188,303.23, and the ex- penditures, $185,774.15. The funded indebtedness of the city, $636,800.12. Population, 60,000. The custom- house report for the year past indicated the total foreign and coastwise trade of the Cuyahoga district $81,385,910. The number of vessels entered and cleared, 3,745. Ton- nage of vessels 1,477,559. Number of men, 60,343. The business depression of 1857, the result of the im- mense quantity of poorly secured bank currency in circula- tion, which was inaugurated by the failure of the Ohio Insurance and Trust Company of Cincinnati, was severely felt in the Western Reserve. Although no local banking house was compelled to suspend, there was almost a com- plete cessation of investments, which caused a correspond- ingly stagnant state of affairs to pervade every branch of business. But the Vesuvius of slaver}^ which then began anew to send all over the countr\' its trembling moni- tions of what soon followed, made up, in history, to a large extent, for the absence of business and municipal activity. A petition, signed by twenty-five residents of the East End, asking that a portion of Cleveland be detached from the citv and incorporated into the township of East Cleve- land, which was sent to the Legislature in 1858, was the occasion of a remonstrance from the city council that went HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 77 to Columbus on February 1 7 of the same year.* Agita- tion over the matter was rife for awhile, but the remon- strance had the desired effect, for the city remained intact. President Buchanan was inaugurated on the fourth of March, and in the summer following the city and state was enlivened and excited in the famous canvass of Salmon P. Chase and Henry B. Payne for the governorship of Ohio. On the twelfth of March, 1858, there was a great anti- Lecompton demonstration of the Democratic party at Melodian Hall, where now stands the Wilshire, to protest against the action of the President and cabinet in the mat- ter of the government of the territory of Kansas, and the formation of a state constitution . J ames M . Coffinberry pre- sided. Arthur Hughes, D. P. Rhodes, Charles Winslow, J. W. Fitch, Wm. V. Craw, Edward Hessenmueller, John B. Wigman, Darius Stephan and John Farley were vice-presi- dents. Henry G. Abbey and John W. Heisley, secretaries. The committee on resolutions were F. T. Wallace, A. C. Beardsley, L. Heckman, James D. Cleveland and Merrill Barlow. Frederick P. Stanton, late secretary and acting-governor of Kansas, who, like his predecessor, Robert J. Walker, had resigned the governorship when no longer sustained, * "The proposed dismemberment," the remonstrance said, "is not de- sired by a majority of the residents of the territory to be affected thereby. The names attached to the petition do indeed represent men of large ■wealth and possessions, yet they are but a very small minority of those whose interests will V)e affected b^- the proposed change." 78 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. by reason of the change of policy at Washington, addressed the convention in a very elaborate and minute historical review^ of the whole subject, including the fraud in the returns of the vote for the adoption of the offensive con- stitution, and the conduct of one John Calhoun, surveyor- general of Kansas, who hid the ballots in a candle-box to prevent a recount. The committee reported a series of resolutions expressive of the public sentiment, the sub- stance of w^hich ma}' be inferred from the final one: "" Re- solved, That the Lecompton constitution, in view of its parentage and history, is unworthy the consideration of the President and Congress, and it should be sent away to the bosom and embrace of its dishonest and tricky father, John 'Candlebox' Calhoun." From henceforth and until his death the public journals thus distinguished him from all other Calhouns. The name stuck to him like the shirt of Nessus. The odor of the candlebox was forever in his garments. Like the "Scarlet Letter," it grew brighter as time obliterated the remembrance of all other crimes perpetrated against the rights of the people. One pleasant day in 1858 the afternoon journals an- nounced the successful laying of the first Atlantic cable, and the transmission of congratulatory despatches be- tv^een the President of the United States and the Queen of England. It was the climax of electric telegraphy, and, although the progress of the enterprise had been watched from the manufacture of the compound insulated wire to the commencement of " paying it out " to Neptune, yet the new^s of the triumph came upon the public mind like a HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 79 sudden light and inspiration from heaven. The whole cit}- in an instant was wild with excitement, and no sooner had the shades of evening come than the city was illumi- nated. Every public building, hotel and private residence lit up its front, and where gas was not supplied every pane of glass glistened with a tallow candle. It was a grand illumination, voluntary, impromptu and inspired. The new^spapers of the following day glorified the event and uttered prophecies touching the future possibilities of the electric spark. Even " Artemus Ward " left his "Snaix and moral wax-works" for the da}^ and dehvered himself in this wise : "God, in His wisdom and beneficence, has en- abled man to accomplish in this 3'ear of grace the crowning w^ork of the six thousand years of his historical existence upon the earth . The physical force which elevated the Pyra- mids far back in the dim distance of the mythical history of the Pharaohs of Egvpt ; that built the mighty barriers that for ages served to separate the Tartar from the 'Brother of the Sun; ' that reared the wondrous walls of Hadrian and Severus to protect the Roman from the bow and spear of the invincible Caledonian, is trivial and in- significant when contrasted with the splendid achieve- ments of science and of mind which to-day enables the nationsoftwo hemispheres to hold converse as inaparlor. Science to-day unites the nations of the world with electric ties as in an ancient and ruder age they were separated by barriers of stone. The wizard girdle now goes the circuit of the earth in 'forty minutes.' Man, emancipated from the thraldom of superstition, possessing the power which comes of knowledge and a high civilization, has in this cul- 80 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. minating age demonstrated to the world the practicabilitj- of the inquiry 'from out the whirlwind '—that lightnings can be sent on messages to the people, and signify to the world that ' Here we are ! ' " The exuberance of our citizens was, however, soon dis- pelled, for after a few despatches had been transmitted it ceased to speak. The last message was from the operator —"All right. DeSauty." It spoke no more, to the dismaj^ of the projectors and the regret of the world. The Council in September, 1859, appointed a committee to procure plans for a city prison and police court rooms, to be erected on the city's lot between Champlain and Long streets. The plans of J. M. Blackburn were adopted. Henry Blair was the contractor and the cost was $18,000. On the thirteenth of October, Leonard Case dedicated by deed to the city the strip of land between the Post Office and Case Hall, from Superior to Rockwell streets, for a public street, which was duly accepted by the Council. On the tenth of September, 1860, the Perry Statue was inaugurated. It was the first, and we believe the only work of monumental art ever undertaken by the citizens of Cleveland. It was a success as an historical representa- tion of the naval hero of the war of 1812, whose name and deeds have been known in song to children and chil- dren's children for seventy years. It was a happy concep- tion in the originators and promoters of the enterprise that the statue should be erected in the city so near the scene of battle, where the reverberation of the hero's cannon was heard by our fathers and mothers, in the then little village, with breathless anxiety, and where the first shouts HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 81 of triumphant relief went Up on land for " Perry's Victory. " It was a memorable gala day in Cleveland. The Grays and other military companies were out with numerous other military companies from home and abroad, each with its bands of music, with all the paraphernalia incident to military organizations previous to the great civil w^ar which soon thereafter showed its wrinkled front. General Jabez W. Fitch was Grand Marshal of the day. Governor Dennison and Staff, Governor Sprague, of Rhode Island, and Staff, members of the Legislature of Rhode Island, and surviving relatives of Commodore Perr3% survivers of the naval victory, and soldiers of the War of 1812, were in the great procession. Rev. Dr. Perry, rector of Grace church, was chaplain. Mr. William Walcutt, the sculptor, unveiled the statue. Hon. George Bancroft, the American historian, and Dr. Usher Parsons, the surgeon in Perry's fleet, were the orators of the da3\ George B. Senter was mayor, who with the Council, the police force, the fire department, civic societies and citizens generally, united to give eclat and renown to one of the most happy and pleasant events in our municipal history. Prior to 1860 street railroads were unknown in Ohio, but on the sixth of October of that year, the East Cleve- land Street Railroad company was organized. There was not a word in the statute at that time authorizing City Councils to grant permits for the use of streets for such a purpose, but authority was assumed under and by virtue of a statute authorizing the use of streets by steam railroads, upon certain conditions and restrictions. This was liberally construed and deemed broad enough to cover the novelty 82 HISTORY OF CLEVEI.AND. of a street railroad, and under this law a permit or grant was made to this first road in Ohio. It was looked upon by citizens generally as a harmless experiment, detrimental only to those who expended their funds in its construction, and as the streets were onl}' common dirt roads between the two termini, no harm would be done to pavements in removing it when the failure was demonstrated, as it would be verv speedily. It certainly did look gloomy for the flowing in of man}' nickles, as the houses were few and far between on Prospect street and not more than two or three on the east part of Euclid avenue and onh^ now and then a farm-house from Willson avenue to Doan's Corners. The eastern terminus was Willson avenue, and here, on the day before mentioned, the ground was broken in the presence of the few capitalists composing the S3mdi- cate. Mr. Henry S. Stevens, the leading spirit of the enter- prise, with due formality and without the slightest move- ment of a muscle of his classic face, elevated the first shovelful of dirt, after which he invited the stockholders and patrons present to meet at the other end of the route, near Water street, three weeks from that day, to celebrate the completion of the first street railroad in Cleveland and in the state. The gentlemen then adjourned to the residence of Mr. Ellery G. Williams, on Kinsman street, now Wood- land avenue, by invitation, and were by him hospitably entertained. Kinsman Street railroad soon followed, as also the original West Side road, an enterprise largely inspired by Mr. Stevens, both of which grants or permits were under the same statute. Later legislation and renewed grants of franchise for a period of twenty-five years, and HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 83 a denser population of 250,000, has placed the seven or eight principal roads upon an excellent financial footing. Street railroads have within the last twenty-five years be- come the established mode of transit in all American cities, largely superseding hacks and omnibuses, and are now as indispensable in cities as are the lines of steam railways in the states or across the continent. 84 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. CHAPTER X. The Irrepressible Conflict— Visit OF Colonel Ellsworth's Zouaves —Rendition of the Fugitive Slave, Lucy— Visit of President- elect Lincoln — Organization of Military Companies — The President's Call — Cleveland's Reply — Camp Taylor— North- ern Ohio Militia Starts for the Front — The Conference of Governors at Cleveland — The Home Guards— Vallandigham AND HIS Colleagues — Death of William Case — Creation of the Sinking Fund — Building of the West Side Street Railroad — Mass Meeting of Freemen in Cleveland — Opening of the A. & G. W. Railroad — Obsequies of Colonels Creighton and Crane and Major Thayer — Return of the Seventh Regiment —The Old Baptist Church — The Ladies' Aid Society and its Good Work — Organization of the Pay Fire Department and THE Introduction of the Telegraph System. THE year 1860, with its momentous political cam- paign, with the angr}^ threats of the southern slave State leaders and their hostile acts immediately following the election of the Republican candidate, with the monster mass meetings, occasioned a steady growth in the deter- mination of the people of the Western Reserve that the Union should be preserved at whatever cost; and in no place in the country was this spirit more deep seated or more vigorously sustained by the convictions of the people and the circumstances of the times, than in the city of HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 85 Cleveland. Situated at the heart of the north, and being the recognized post of departure for the Underground Rail- road, the first mutterings of secession that came from the South inspired her people to begin early their preparation for the irrepressible conflict. The celebrated Ellsworth Zouaves, of Chicago, had been invited here by the local military organizations in the summer of 1860, and the brilliant evolutions and manly bearing of the visitors aroused the home martial spirit. Directly following the evacuation of Fort Moultrie by General Anderson and his retreat to Fort Sumter, a mass meeting held at the old Atheneum unanimously adopted resolutions calling upon the State Legislature to take measures for the immediate organization of the State militia. Without waiting, however, for State action, several new companies were organized and regular train- ing inaugurated. The year 1861 was a year of the most intense excite- ment ever, up to that time, experienced, not only in Cleve- land but throughout the whole country. South Carolina had seceded a few^ days before the New Year had dawned, and southern States were seething hot and were destined to follow fast and faster her example. War was imminent and inevitable. Yet, strange as it may seem at this late day, in less than a month from the first act of secession, from the city of Cleveland was returned, under the Fugi- tive Slave law, a fugitive slave. On the twenty-first of January one William S. Goshorn, of Virginia, a gray-haired old man, swore a warrant before the U. S. Commissioner, for the seizure of a young colored woman called Lucy, 86 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. whom he claimed as his slave. The seizure was made by the U. S. Marshal, at the residence of Mr. L. A. Benton, on Prospect street, where she was employed as a domestic. Lucy was placed in the county jail to await a hearing before the commissioner, but she was soon released from jail by virtue of the State law prohibiting confinement of fugitive slaves in jails of Ohio, and the marshal retained her elsewhere outside of the county jail, until the examin- ation. The colored people of the city armed themselves for resist- ance, but Lucy was, nevertheless, delivered over to her master and returned to Virginia. Goshorn was reported to have died not many years after, but what became of Lucy is not known here. This is believed to be the first redition of a slave from this city and the last ever returned under the obnoxious Fugitive Slave law. Yet the South was not appeased. The South was, and had been for some time, preparing for the great crisis, and the North was slowly and dimly awakening to the coming emergencies by the formation of local military companies, and soliciting arms from the State arsenal. Another occasion for strengthening the determination to resist the pro-slavery spirit and the disloyal disposition of the South was the visit of President-elect Lincoln, Feb- ruary 15, on his way to Washington, to the inaugural cer- emonies. His reception in Cleveland was the largest and most enthusiastic of all the demonstrations from Spring- field, Illinois, to Washington. More than thirty thousand people crowded the streets in defiance of a heavy rain HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 87 storm and acres of mud, while the mihtary organizations, fire department, employes of great manufactories, coun- cilmen and mayor escorted the President and his son to the hotel. Business blocks and dwelling-houses were cov- ered with flags and banners bearing patriotic devices, while the enthusiastic multitude cheered again and again the cause represented b}' the coming savior of the Union. Up to this time some two hundred and sixtv-eight men had enrolled themselves — five companies of artillerv, two of infantry, one of cavalry, and one independent company, the Light Guards. Sixty German citizens formed a rifle company and applied to Columbus for one hundred rifles. This was all anticipatory, voluntary and patriotic, but the opportunity and necessity was only in the very near future, for on the twelfth of April Sumter was bombarded and fell, and three days thereafter the President issued his proclamation for seventy-five thousand men. The day after the President's call for volunteers Melo- deon Hall was filled with people to make arrangements to respond. General Fitch, General Crowell, Hon. D. K. Cartter and Judge Spalding spoke. On the eighteenth, two days after the meeting, the Grays departed amid cheers of "God bless you — We'll not forget vou!" and "Defend the flag!" The city was draped in red, white and blue. So soon as the twenty-fifth, Camp Taylor pre- sented an animated appearance. Volunteer companies were armed and drilling.* Relatives and friends besieged * Ex-Secretary of War Floyd having secured a large portion of the govemment implements of war to the Confederacy, it was difficvdt, and for a time impossible, for the authorities to supply the tens of thousands 88 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. the gates and implored the guards to admit them. Cap- tain T. H. Simpson, United States mustering officer, ar- rived to relieve Captain Gordon Granger, mounted rifles, and to cooperate v^ith Captain Clinton of the Tenth Infantry, the recruiting officer of this post. May 3 a conference of governors was held at the Angier House, in this city. Governors Dennison, of Ohio; Curtin, of Pennsylvania ; Randall, of Wisconsin ; Blair, of Michi- gan; Morton, of Indiana, were present. They were sere- naded by the Cleveland Band, and addressed the people from the balcony. On the sixth the Seventh Regiment departed, and on the fourteenth the Lincoln Guards were organized, with John Friend as captain. The Forty-first Regiment, imder Colonel Hazen, departed for the seat of war in November, '61. On the fourteenth of May the Home Guards were organized, with General A. S. Sanford as captain. Stores were closed early in the evening to allow merchants and their clerks to learn mili- tary tactics. All classes of business men, clerks, doctors, lawyers, clergymen, bankers and mechanics, without respect to age, and indifferent as to the draft, joined this company and were drilled night after night until they were pretty well trained, and would have been a very formida- ble force for home protection in the absence of all our com- panies. At such a time a small force by way of the lake of militia with arms. In the absence of muskets for drilHng purposes, wooden ones, or dummies, were made, which serA^ed to teach the new vohmteers the manual of arms till the State was enabled to furnish them with guns. — [Editor.] ^^^^^, HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 89 could have done the city much injury, and this company of drilled citizens was deemed a necessary precaution against small detachments of the enemy who might avail themselves of our military weakness to raid the city. The year 1 862 was one of the greatest doubt and despond- ency in Ohio concerning the final results of the rebellion., It seemed that nearly all of our available young men had alread}' volunteered and enlisted and were in the field. But still more men were needed, and the draft became a necessity. I^olitical disturbances were unfor- tunate, and for a time almost blocked the wheels of mili- tary progress in the State. Mr. Vallandigham was an ambitious leader, with quite a large following, opposed to an armed force against the Confederacy, which greatly increased the discouragements of the Union party. He was a man of considerable ability, had been in Congress and had made what he delighted to call his "Record." He seemed to be prompted and inspired by an indomitable self-conceit, and a desire for personal notoriety to draw public attention to himself, regardless of results, when the great majority of the people of the State were agoniz- ing amid the calamities of war. Many of the leading men of his own political opinions in times of peace declined to burn incense for the gratification of that gentleman. The sons of citizens of all parties were at the front, and were not to be forsaken by their sires, and so they went on with the war. To counteract the baleful influences of Vallan- digham and his followers, prominent Democrats from all parts of the State took the field to encourage enlistments and revive the drooping spirits of the people. From Cleve- 90 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. land there went forth through the State such distinguished men of the Democratic party as Judge Rufus P. Ranney and Henry B. Payne, who by their patriotic and inspiring addresses largely contributed to the restoration of public confidence and renewed efforts of the people to increase the number of regiments and fill the quota demanded by the National government, and expected from a great and patriotic State. The twenty-fifth of April w^as a day of public and munici- pal mourning for the death of Hon. William Case, late mayor of the city, a gentleman greath' beloved for his high and noble character and his genial and generous spirit. His funeral was attended from his late residence on Rockwell street. An immense concourse of people were in attendance, and hundreds of the poor and humble, to whom he had ever been exceedingly kind, filled the street for a long distance and wept in silence and in sorrow. The mayor, council, and all city officers were in at- tendance. On the twenty-sixth of May the Perry Light Infantry and the Light Guards were under arm.s and ready for the field. This year (1862) the Legislature passed a law estab- lishing the Cleveland Sinking Fund, and named in said act the following gentlemen as commissioners thereof: Henry B. Payne, Franklin T. Backus, William Case, Moses Kelley and William Bingham. This was not onl_v an important item of legislation for the city, but fortunate in its provisions for securing a board of commissioners equal to the production of great financial results. The HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 91 city has ever taken just pride in the management of her Sinking Fund, which, in the hands of able and honest commissioners, in twenty years, and before the fund was drawn upon for purposes contemplated in the law, aug- mented from $361,377.52 to $2,700,000, with a nominal expense of only $600. No other citj^ in the United States can surpass such a financial record, and even England, the land of faithful trusts, can not present a like instance of ability and fidelity in financial management. February 10, 1863, the council granted a permit to the West Side Street Railroad company to construct a rail- road to the West Side, to be completed and in operation by June 1, 1864. The route was through Vinyard Lane, now South Water street. Centre street and Detroit hill; a change was afterwards made on the East Side by using Champlain street to Seneca street— all of which were hap- pily superseded by the Viaduct route. In April the Bank of Commerce assumed the title of Na- tional, under the law. Its capital of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, with the privilege of increasing it one hundred thousand dollars more, seems quite modest when compared with the same institution with its millions of present capital. The bank was then but ten j^ears old, but was strong enough in its backbone to pay ten percent, dividends to its happy stockholders — in fact, it had done so from the beginning— it always walked, never crept. Joseph Perkins and H. B. Hurlbut had been jDresident and cashier from its organization. On the eleventh of May there was a grand mass meeting of the Freemen of the Northwest in the city — one of the 92 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. many great assemblies, impromptu and by notice in ad- vance, incident to the four years' military struggle, to con- sult and to encourage. Speeches were made by Post- master-General Blair, David P. Brown. John A. Bingham, General F. S. Carey, General James Lane, John Hutchins, J. M. Ashley, Owen Lovejoy and others. The opening of the Atlantic & Great Western railroad was celebrated on the eighteenth of November by tin ex- cursion to Meadville, concluding with a banquet at the Angier House, at which speeches were made by General Rosecrans, Governor Yates and others. December 6 was a day of mourning throughout the city for the death of Colonels Creighton and Crane of the cele- brated Seventh Regiment, who fell in battle. The funeral was the occasion of a vast assembly. Public meetings of sympathy had been held and the council in a bod}- at- tended. It w^as a day of sincere sorrow. This solemn occasion was only too soon followed by the public funeral of Major Thayer, a prominent member of the bar, who early served in a cavalry regiment in the West and subsequently in the Army of the Cumberland. In addition to other public demonstrations of sorrow, there was a large meeting of the Cleveland bar, on the twenty-ninth of December, Judge Ranney presiding, at which appropriate resolutions were passed and speeches made by Judge Ranney and Bishop Charles W. Palmer, F. T.' Wallace and others. On the nineteenth of January, 1864, Cleveland was vis- ited by the severest snow storm ever known to its citizens. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 93 All business ceased and railroad travel was suspended for several days. June 26 the decimated ranks of the Seventh Regiment returned from the seat of war. A meeting of military committees was held at the Weddell House, August 6, for the purpose of organizing another regiment in the Nine- teenth Congressional district. The same day a fire broke out in the planing mill of J. H. Moeller, corner of Seneca and Champlain streets, which totally destroyed valuable machinery and a large amount of material. The exterior of the building was only saved Ijy the energies of the fire department. It was one of the oldest buildings of the city, built for a Baptist church. It still exists with a varied and singular history. After serv- ing many years as a house of religious worship, it was leased to the county for a court-house, and used as such from the abandonment of the old court-house on the cor- ner of the Square till the occupanc\^of the new court-house on the north side of the Park. Then it became a German theatre, but after a few seasons it slid naturally into a dance house, and from that into a gymnasium. Thus it has been a temple of religion, law, and the muses, besides doing honorable service as a manufactor}-. This venera- ble old building has fulfilled the terms of an advertisement which we remember to have seen in a Cleveland paper, some twenty-five years ago, written b}- a retired clergy- man who, in the zeal of his early ministry, had built in an- other part of the city a church at his own expense, and now wanted to sell it. His statements in the advertise- ment touching the substantial character of the structure 94 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. were honest and truthful, but we felt that his association of ideas was rather incongruous and unclerical when he announced that the building was "suitable for the wor- ship of God or for manufacturing purposes." On the twenty-fifth of April, 1861, only five days after the President's call for sevent^^-five thousand men, at a time when from lack of experience in matters of war there probably were not half a dozen men in the cit\' who could even guess within fift\^ thousand dollars how much it would cost to equip a regiment, or the expense for a day to sustain it even in camp, the patriotic women of Cleve- land seemed instantly possessed of a pro})hetic vision and wonderful foresight of the necessities of the hour and of the future of the coming calamities of war. On that day, as by inspiration from on high, the ladies held an im- promptu meeting in Chapin's Hall to consider how the charity and devotion of woman could best serve her coun- try in its impending peril. At this meeting Mrs. B. Rouse was elected president, Mrs. John Shelley and Mrs. William Melhinch, vice-presidents, Mary Clark Brayton, secretar}^ and Ellen F. Terry, treasurer. Thus began the "Ladies' Aid Society, "soon to be known as the Soldiers' Aid Society of Cleveland, without change of the organization or the personnels of its officers. Its history can not be written here. Its four years of won- drous labors and its results are recorded in a ponderous volume, yet even in that the story is but half told. The unwritten volume is more wonderful still, but its pages are lost in the grave of the dead soldier, or exists but in the cherished memorv of the survivors of the conflict — HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 95 the armless, legless and enfeebled citizens of our country — and the gratitude of a generation. The results of this enterprise of our devoted women was the collection and distribution of upwards of a million of dollars. A fitting conclusion of this mighty work of woman was the famous Sanitary Fair, began on the twenty-second of February, 1864-, when the four streets of the Public Square were covered by a monster building in the form o£a Greek cross, in which was displayed all manner of merchandise and curious and beautiful things, and a whole multitude of bazars were represented, both in material and in costume of the ladies in charge, of all the commercial nations of the world. The net results were upwards of one hundred thousand dollars in two weeks. But we have no room to say more here, but refer the reader to the Record of the Soldiers' Aid Society- of Northern Ohio, for is it not all written in the book of Mary Clark Brayton and Ellen F. Terry — "Our Acre and Its Harvest." During these excited and troublous times the people were oftentimes unnecessarih^ disturbed by rumors, groundless of course, but none the less effective in creating appreheuvsion of a Confederate invasion of the city by way of Canada. The frustration of the plan on the part of the Confed- eracy to surprise the garrison at Johnson's Island and lib- erate the rebel prisoners there confined occasioned much excitement ; and while it gave evidence of protection by the strong arm of the government, it perhaps awakened as much as allayed the people's fears and feelings of inse- curity, bv suggestions of what might happen. 96 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. There were some municipal events during the war of prime importance to Cleveland, indicating the change from town to city. Two of these were the organization of the pay fire department and the introduction of the fire telegraph system. In the fall of 1862 the council, by a State grant of authority, purchased a steam fire engine and equipped the first paid company. In the following spring two more companies were fitted out, and before the close of the 3^ear, a fourth. With the advent of No. 4 the old volunteer companies, with their hand engines, went out of existence. The coming of the latest approved appa- ratus, so much more effective in coping with the demon of Fire, was hailed with enthusiastic delight by the owners of perishable property, by insurance companies and by the people generally. This history would be incomplete, how- ever, were it to omit a grateful tribute to the courage, self-sacrifice and gallantry of the old --^eteran volunteer firemen who, without compensation, protected from the flames the lives and propert}^ of our citizens up to this time. True, they received the merely nominal sti- pend of eight dollars per year from the city, but this was deposited in the treasury of the companies to de- fray expenses, and such funds often proved inadequate, making it obligator}^ upon the brave veterans to go down into their pockets and contribute money as well as time and strength. There were, in 1862, about thirteen companies and about six hundred firemen. Cleveland has now, with its quadrupled population, one hundred and ninety men, fourteen engine companies, five hook and lad- der companies and a fire boat, to protect the city. The HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 97 forces for battling the flames ma}' at first sight seem to have grown in inverse proportions to the number of in- habitants, but the greater superiority of the present sys- tem, machinery and disciphne over the old "hand engines" is such that our city is now, with its fewer firemen, more safely provided against conflagration than it was in 1862. In the fall of 1864 the fire telegraph system was added to the fire department service. By degrees the old tele- graph boxes were displaced by automatic alarm boxes, which are now being superseded by even better machines of more recent devise. 98 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. CHAPTER XI. Cleveland's Prosperity During the War— Fall of Richmond and Lee's Surrender— The Celebration of the Great Victory— The Assassination of President Lincoln — The Laying in State of the Martyred President's Remains in Cleveland— A Review of the City's Industrial Development — Cleveland Becomes a Manufac- turing City— The Growth of Public Institutions— Two Destruc- tive Fires— The Provost Marshal Convicted of Bribery— The Return of the Soldiers— Visits From the Famous Federal Gen- erals—Sir Morton Peto— The Advent of the National Game of Base Ball — May'or Chapin is Elected — The Equal Rights League — Establishment of the F'irst Public Hospital. ^ IL 7HILE the war was progressing in the Southern V V States, Cleveland, far removed from the scene of strife, seemed but slightly affected by the alternate flurry and stagnation of many other cities. Her population, from 43,000 in 1860, had reached about 65,000 in 1865, an increase of fifty per cent., representing a growth in pro- portion to numbers more rapid than that of any other Northern city for that period. Her commercial and man- ufacturing interests were greatly stimulated by the war, atid many new enterprises were inaugurated. The discov- eries in the oil regions and the demand for the newly devel- oped Lake Superior iron ore, gave to the industries con- nected with those products an extraordinary impulse, HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 99 soon placing Cleveland in the front rank of manufacturing cities. But the evil results of war were by no means unfelt. The unprecedented, high prices of living, the scarcity of labor, the occasional alarms of raids from over the border, the increased municipal expenses by reason of heavy appropriations for bounties and re- liefs, the augmented force of police, combined with the continual fever ^ad tmrest that awaited every item of news from the front— all united to draw away strength from business and labor. Especiall}^ was the closing period of the war marked by events the most stirring in the history of the citv. The long suspense of four years was finally relieved on the third of April, 1865, by the news of the fall of Richmond,* and seven days later by that of Lee's surrender. The report of the latter long-hoped-for event reached the city at seven o'clock, on the morning of April 10, and soon the booming of the "secesh cannon" on the Public Square brought out the whole populace, and their united voices burst into one frenzied huzza that lasted throughout the entire day and far into the night. Business became sud- *Some days before this event, a report came that Richmond had fallen. The rumor had scarcely reached the city when guns, drums and bands were brought out, bonfires lighted, and an immense celebration inaugu- rated before the erroneousness of the information was ascertained. When, therefore, the news of the actual surrender of the Confederate capital reached us, the citizens, remembering with chagrin the ridiculous proceedings into which their too eager enthusiasm had precipitated them, regarded it w^ith suspicion, and treated the true and glad tidings as a canard until it was amply verified and substantiated beyond all possible doubt.— [Editor]. 100 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. denly suspended, and the faces of men, women and children spoke out a joy that their throats and lungs were inces- santly strained to utter. Country people poured into the streets by the thousands, and all classes were fused in the universal shouting, leaping and embracing. It was the happiest day Cleveland ever saw. Though the air was foggy and gloomy, yet in a moment the city sprung, as if under a magician's spell, into the most gorgeous panorama of red, white and blue, streaming from staffs, church steeples, hotels and private houses, floating in huge flags from innumerable cords stretched across the streets, and folded in unlimited bunting about houses and door-posts. Water street, especially, was one solid mass of union colors. Even the horses were glorious with banners, and unlucky dogs hustled down the streets adorned with streamers and flags. The prominent citizens fell into line with fifes, tin horns and drums, and all the boys in Cleve- land followed at their heels, while brass bands resounded, cannon boomed and the city shook with the demonstra- tions of her overjoyed multitudes. No such scene was ever before or since witnessed. But how inscrutable are the changes of Providence! Five days later the exultant city was plunged from these heights of ecstasy into the deepest sorrow. Between two Sundays came the news of Lee's surrender and Lin- coln's assassination ; and the patriotic emblems that on Monday glorified the city, were on Saturday hidden by the mass of black and sombre draping. Flags wrapped in black hung at half-mast, festoons of black covered business and private houses. Perry's monument was buried in black. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 101 and streets that before were radiant with the glory of bright colors, were now gloomy as death. People were no longer assembled in huge crowds, but gathered in sorrow- ful knots, with weeping eyes, or hearts bursting with rage. They wandered about dejected and sad, not knowing what to do, speaking in whispers or with voices hushed by grief The very air seemed thick and suffocating. The mayor issued a call for a meeting in the Public Square, where short speeches were made by Governors Tod and Brough. On the next day funeral sermons were delivered in all the churches, and on Wednesday funeral services were con- ducted. On Friday, the twenty -eighth, just two weeks afterthe assassination, the body of the martyred President was brought to Cleveland on the way from Washington to its resting place in Springfield, Illinois. Just four years and two months after his first appearance in Cleveland, when on his triumphal trip to Washington to receive the oath of office, with the eyes of the Nation turned hopefully towards him, he returned to the same people, his great work accomplished, but himself the chief martyr to its fulfillment. Of the multitude of Cleveland's citizens w^ho cheered him on his first arrival, many had also been sacri- ficed to the same cause ; others were yet absent in the clos- ing scenes of war, and upon the thousands w^ho now beheld his returning corpse the sufferings and anxiety and final glory of the last four years crowded with irresistible grief. The symbols of sorrow that had prevailed for the last two weeks were now increased tenfold. Every available spot wore a badge of mourning. The funeral train, preceded b}'^ a pilot engine, halted at the Euclid Avenue depot, and the 102 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. coffin with its burden was received by an immense proces- sion of military and civic associations, citizens and visitors, numbering over fifty thousand. The procession v^ith the tolling of the steeple bells and the booming of cannon, moved slowly down Euclid avenue to Erie, down Erie to Superior, thence down Superior to the Park, where had been erected a large building, hung with drapery and silver fringe, beneath which rested the catafalque. Here, after appropriate ceremonies and impressive prayer, sixty-five thousand silently filed past the coffin to look upon the fast dissolving features of the honored dead. When all was over, the coffin was again conveyed to the train and departed for its western destination. The funeral was the most impressive and solemn ever conducted in Cleveland up to this time. Some idea of the commercial and industrial advancement made during the war may be gained by noticing a few of the principal industries and their standing in 1865. The population of the city, as before stated, had increased 50 per cent. The value of imports from lake traffic had in- creased 116 per cent, over that for 1857, and of the exports 190 percent. During this period were developed those great manufacturing industries which, in uniting the coal of Ohio and Pennsylvania with the iron of the Lake Superior country, and in refining the product of the petroleum fields, transformed Cleveland from a commercial to a manufac- turing city. These industries were conducted with little or no profit before the war, but the extraordinary demands of the government called them into a prosperous existence. The receipts of coal in 1865 were 465,550 tons, twice as HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 103 much as in 1860. The sales offices of all the Lake Supe- rior iron ore companies were located at Cleveland, and their total product, which had increased from 114,401 tons in 1860 to 247,059 tons in 1864, was almost wholly received at Cleveland. The aggregate sales of manufac- tured and wrought iron in 1865 was $6,000,000. Petro- leum refineries had reached the number of thirty, most of them, however, conducted on a small scale, and none run on full time. In the lumber trade Cleveland's receipts were greater than those of any other market on the lakes east of the lumber regions. The ship-building interests, also, were heavier than those of any other port. The vessels constructed were all wooden, and were to be found on the Atlantic coast, in British waters, up the Mediterranean and on the Baltic. Other industries, incident to these leading ones, shared their rapid progress, but on coal, iron and oil it was evident the city's future depended. Her citizens had begun to turn their energies from railroads and commerce, for which plainly other cities at the head of the lakes offered broader scope of adjacent territory, to the developing of the resources of these three great natural products, and bringing them into the city's limits, there to undergo the final preparations for market. The war was opportune for such a change, and the energy of the previ- ous decade in railroad building had furnished ready means for distributing all the coming manufactured products. During the succeeding years of peace, this proo-ress, covering new fields, aided by great inventions and stimu- lated by a more liberal policy, has gone forward by leaps. The unprecedented growth of private fortunes and the 104 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. feeling of common dependence aroused by the war experi- ences, have inspired in her citizens the Republican virtue of public spirit, and the return of peace marks the inaugu- ration of a long series of public charities, improvements and adornments; of magnificent churches either built anew or remodeled upon older structures ; of public libra- ries, hospitals and reformatories ; of colleges and schools, all projected and carried on by private citizens. Liberal invitations by owners of property have brought in foreign capitalists and manufacturers, a policy strangely neglected in ante-war days. For the first time, also, a metropolitan air began to fill the city. In architecture, the old flat, plain-windowed styles gave way to the modern artistic effects. Large ventures in business began to be familiar; great corpora- tions arose, seeking a continental patronage ; huge manu- factories flung their banners of smoke to the breeze, while palatial residences and paved and decorated streets added attractiveness and grandeur. During the early months of 1865 occurred two destruc- tive fires, which, like almost every casualty of that time, aroused suspicions of rebel emissaries. On January 1 the Ives brewery at the foot of Canal street was de- stroyed, and on March 30 the old Atheneum building, containing the largest audience room in the city, on Supe- rior street, next to the American buildings, was burned. An affair of great interest at the time was the discovery of bribery in the office of the provost marshal for the Eighteenth district of Ohio, Captain F. A. Nash, head- quarters at Cleveland. A court-martial appointed by ;7al^t^./usand dollars. Thenew building was tocontain all modern improvements and to be known as the Cleveland Music Hall and Taber- nacle. The stipulations of the transfer were simple and easily fulfilled. The right and title is vested in five trust- ees, three of whom are to be chosen by Mr. Doan or his heirs and two by the Cleveland Vocal Society, all vacan- cies to be filled by the same parties who chose the prede- cessors. This board superintended the construction and now regulates all its affairs. The hall under the building w^as reserved, as also the control over all religious meet- ings held in the building, the Vocal Society regulating all use for musical purposes. The main hall is on the ground floor, arranged on the amphitheatre plan, wnth a seating capacity of four thousand three hundred, the largest in in the city. The total cost was $51,333.50. It became evident as the city increased in size that a new low service reservoir would have to be built. The first meeting of the Water Works and Finance Committees to decide on a site, was held in June, 18S2. Options were held on two lots of land, one on Kinsman street and one on Fairinount. Strong claims were presented for each, upon which the Council was not able to decide for a long time, as personal interests seemed to control some votes. Fair- mount was finally chosen, and J. D. Cleveland, J. M. Hoyt and F. W. Pelton were made the committee on appraise- ment of land. This immense supplj^-lake was put in use in November, 1885. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 205 The Smith Sunday Law was the expression of the seti- timent of all sound minded people in Cleveland. It dis- pleased a class which was not sensitive on the question of sanctity nor inclined to accept the judgment of their betters. Against this class the Law and Order Society was organized, on the twenty-fifth of April, 1882. The society was intended from the first to be permanent. General Ed. S. Meyer was the first president. Under this beneficial law it soon transpired that instead of having one Sabbath in thirty years, the citizens had one every week. The charter for the New York, Chicago & St. Louis rail- road, commonlv called the "Nickel Plate, "from Buffalo to Chicago via Cleveland and Fort Wayne, was issued under the general railroad law of New York, April 13, 1881, and the construction was commenced the same year. The road was opened for traflSc October 23, 1882. Its rapid building and the remarkable circumstances attending its inception and completion at the hands of the Senc}' syn- dicate, and the sale of the controlling interests in it by Judge Stephenson Burke, representing the owners, to William H. Vanderbilt, representing the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern railroad, are of such recent date as to be still fresh in the public memory. This control was obtained by the purchase of fourteen million and fifty thousand dollars of its common stock, and twelve million four hundred and eighty thousand dollars of its preferred. Manager D. W. Caldwell was recently appointed as receiver of theroad, and its interests are still safely lodged in his hands. Its headquarters are in Cleveland. 206 HISrOKY OF CLEVELAND. The Cleveland & Canton Railway Company, whose road was constructed to Cleveland in 1882, began its cor- porate history in Carroll county in the year 1850, in the character of a strap-iron road, ojjcrated by horse-power, and running from Carroll ton to Oneida, a distance of twelve miles. It underwent the usual vicissitudes of small railway's until, in 1873, it passed into the hands of the Ohio & Toledo Railroad Company by whom it was ex- tended northerly towards Youngstown and on the south towards some point of connection with the Pan Handle. But before completing this work the Ohio & Toledo Com- pany failed and the road was bought by George L. Ingersoll, of Cleveland, and sold by him to eastern parties. A new compan}^ was then formed under the name of the Youngs- town & Connotton Valley Railroad Compan3^ but later changed to the Connotton Valley railroad, and Canton fixed upon as its northern terminus, to. which place the road was completed in 1880. In the same year the Con- notton Northern Railway Company was incorporated to build a line from Canton to Fairport. After construct- ing the road as far north as Portage county it was de- termined to change the terminus, and in 1882 it was com- pleted through to Cleveland, The Connotton Northern and the Connotton Valley Railway Companies were con- solidated under the name of the Connotton Valley Rail- wa}' Company, which purchased the Connotton Valley & Straits ville railroad, a line running from Canton through Coshocton and Zanesville to the Straitsville coal regions. On May 9, 1885, the road was sold under order of the court and was purchased by a combination of the bond- HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 207 holders and stockholders who reorganized it under the name of the Cleveland & Canton Railroad Company. What will eventually be one of the greatest schools of science in the West was established by the munificent bequest of Leonard Case, of real estate worth one million two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, on January 9, 1880, when a deed was filed which placed this value in trust, the income of which was to defray the expenses of the school "in which shall be taught by competent professors and teachers, mathematics, physics, engineering, mechanical and natural drawing, metallurgj^ and modern languages." The property conve\'ed in the deed consists of the home- stead on Rockwell street, the City Hall and other estate. A more complete account of this institution will be found in the chapter on education. The first life of the Park Theatre was short and glorious. The final contracts were let in January, 1883, but the work was not begun until April. There was an eighty- foot frontage on the Square, and the building was five stories high with fire-proof offices. The theatre was fitted up in the finest style and was opened to the public by Rhea on the twenty-second of October. On the fifth of the fol- lowing January a terrific explosion of gas set the whole interior of the building on fire, and it was a total wreck in a few hours. The loss was great, amounting to one hun- dred and seventy-five thousand dollars. In connection with it, the Stone church adjacent was burned at a loss of twenty thousand dollars. The theatre was rebuilt in 1885, and is now conducted by Mr. John A. Ellsler. Cleveland suffered heavilv from the floods so common 208 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. in February, 1883. The heavy rains of February 2 and 3 swelled Kingsbury Run and the Cuyahoga to twenty times their ordinary size, and great damage was being done in the lumberyards, when fire broke out in the Great Western Oil Works. One tank of 5,000 barrels blew up, and the burning oil spread over the boiling w^aters and formed a literal lake of fire. Below the Great Western's tanks were the paraffine works of Meriam & Morgan, which were fired by the burning oil. The culverts gorged with lumber and the water rose with wonderful rapidity, threatening everything within reach with immediate de- struction, either by fire or water. All fires at the Standard works were extinguished, but in spite of that precaution four stills, three tanks and many smaller buildings took fire, and the whole surface of the water, which had now be- come a lake, was ablaze. It was a w^onderful scene, wnth the dozen fire engines working under a full head of steam, in torrents of rain, the whole valley ablaze, watched by thousands on both banks of the river. The gorge proved the salvation of the rest of the Standard's plant, which could by no human power have been saved if fire had been communicated to the naptha works. As it was, the loss was immense — eight tanks and four stills, together with coal shoots andtressle work. The loss to lumber men was great, as the rapid rise of the river ten feet in twenty-four hours precluded any attempt to save it. Over two million feet was carried out into the lake, involving a loss of three hundred thousand dollars. The loss to property owners was very large, for all lower stories w^ere flooded ; Scranton avenue was four or five HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 209 feet in water from Seneca street to Jennings avenue hill. The people were rescued from a house on Stone's Levee just in time to save them from drowning in the upper story. The flats were almost desolated — railroad embankments washed away, and bridges off their abutments; lumber piled up in promiscuous masses or on the lake; steam tugs and other boats shoved up on dry land or smashed into splinters, and everywhere the charred ruins of oil tanks and stills. Never has such a combination of elements united for the destruction of property. The loss was five hundred thousand dollars to seven hundred and fift}-- thousand dollars. Although street improvement has been constant, the work of these two years is worthy of special mention because of the long controversy that preceded the letting of the contracts. Nicholson had proven unendurable and asphalt was not any better, and finally Medina block stone won the day. Over thirteen miles of this block v/ere laid on the following streets: Broadway, Bank. Erie, Euclid, Park, Prospect, Superior, Seneca, Woodland, Perrv, Frankfort, Lorain, Pearl and Payne avenue. The improvement to the streets justified the expenditure in- volved, in all $723,310.59. Judged by the interest taken by our citizens, the Ameri- can Medical Association, which met on June 5, 1883, was of absorbing interest. There were undoubtedly more educated, scientific men in the city at that time than ever before or since. Among the number were Dr. Wm. B. Atkinson, Dr. John L. Atlee, Dr. Richard J. Dunglison, Dr. Eugene Grisson, Dr. Samuel D. Gross, Dr. Robert Murray. 210 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. All States were represented but one, and all the territories but two. The city was full of Esculapians for four days, over a thousand being in attendance. The general meet- ings were held in Case Hall, while different sections held sessions in the Board of Education rooms, Frohsinn Hall, United States Court Room, City Council Chambers and other places. On the evening of June 5 a public reception was given at the Opera House. A band was in attendance and luncheon was served in the Rink. This reception was largely attended by the citizens ; the honors of the occa- sion were done by Drs. X. C. Scott, E. D. Button, S. D. Gross, S. N. Davis, J. L. Atlee. Other evenings of the week some prominent men on Euclid and Prospect threw open their houses and entertained the doctors royally. Some of these were Judge R. P. Ranney, Colonel W. H. Harris, W. J. Boardman, Ct. E. Herrick, E. B. Hale, Judge Mc- Math. General M. D. Leggett, Stewart Chisholm, W. G. Rose, W. P. South worth, Henry A. Stephens, Charles Hickox, A. C. Armstrong, Rev. Charles Pomeroy, W. B. Hale. The week's meeting wound up with an excursion on the Nickle Plate to the suburban residence of D. P. Eells. One of the most important developments of the labor trouble in our citv was the strike of the Cleveland Rolling Mill's operatives in May, 1882. The Amalgamated Asso- ciation of Iron and Steel workers and the Knights of Labor had gained a strong foothold among these men. The cause of the trouble was the refusal of the managers to sign the scale presented to them by the men. The mills HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 211 closed down and the whole immense concern — consisting of three rod mills, one rail, .two wire mills, two blooming mills, one bar mill, Bessemer Steel Works, five Siemens- Martin steel smelting furnaces, one blast furnace, and one foundry and one machine shop — lay idle for over a month, and over five thousand men were thrown out of employment. The effect on business in Newburg was instantaneous and paralyzing. When the managers deter- mined to start the mills with non-union men, the strikers assumed a defiant attitude. Ever\^ method was resorted to of restraining and preventing the new men from work, and there were a number of assaults made. But the vigi- lance of the police and the increase of the force in that quarter averted any riotous acts. In a short time the strikers weakened and gave up the fight, some returning to work and many seeking employment elsewhere. 212 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. CHAPTER XXII. Strike of Telegraph Operators — Free School Supplies — The Great Conflagration on the Flats— Building of the City Fire- Boat— Labor Eruption at Newburg— General Grant Memorial Services — Rebuilding of the New Western Reserve Medical College — Redistricting the City — Construction of the New Central Viaduct — The Board of Industry — Fur Robbery- Reform IN Elections— Table of Population— List of Mayors of Cleveland. THE telegraph strike, though general, had a special effect on Cleveland, owing to the volume of its business. An average dav's work for the Western Union was nine thou- sand messages, exclusive of the associated press. But though this was not all local business, there were three other lines, the Mutual Union, the American Rapid and the Postal Telegraph, to swell the grand total. The teleg- raphers in Cleveland formed a lodge of the Brotherhood of Telegraphers, and according to arrangements struck on July 19, 1883. The entire Western Union force left but two, and the American Rapid's also. Though some help was obtained, little could be done, because other offices werenot occupied. No movement of wage-workers met with such hearty sympathy and support as this. The demands made were regarded as just, calling as they did for a restoration HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 213 of the twenty-five per cent, reduction made, as pay for Sun- day work, for eight-hour day work and seven-hour night work. The meetings of strikers were attended and ad- dressed by some of the most prominent members of the bar. On July 30 one of the largest mass meetings ever held in Cleveland was addressed by Hon. M. A. Foran and others, in their favor. The effect on local business was not very marked, except on the Oil Exchange and in brokers' offices. Some of these margin men lost heavily, and all were in a state of great anxiety until the American Rapid acceded to the demands of the strikers and transmitted the most urgent messages. It was never so clearly shown what important men teleg- raphers were until thirty-two of them threatened the financial ruin of some of our wealthiest citizens. The incoming members of the new Board of Education in 1884 were elected on the issue of free school supplies. The war note was sounded by the election of Mr. Mahler as president of the board. The new members were active ad- vocates, and no later than the twenty-eighth of April, the Free Supply question was brought to issue by a resolution providing for the advertising for bids in all the daily papers. The proposals made on blanks furnished by the board were for crayons, ink, pens, etc., by the quantity, and were to be accompanied by specimens. The question of legality was referred to the committee on judiciary, which decided it legal, and the board felt no further reluctance in the matter. Sealed proposals were received and the contract let to four firms. The first ship- ment of supplies was distributed, and the bills due were 214 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. about to be paid out of the school fund when indignant taxpayers interfered. In opposition to this action of the board, on September 20 James Parker applied for a temporary injunction to restrain the payment of bills then due under contract, on the plea of illegality, the petitioner claiming that the stat- utes gave no authority for the distribution of free supplies, save to pupils of indigent parents. Judge Hamilton granted this injunction after an exhaustive review of the case, not, however, enjoining the payment on goods re- ceived to date. This settled the vexed question that for months had filled the " voice of the people " columns in the daily papers. On Sunday evening, September 7, 1884, the most disas- trous fire in the history of the city swept over that portion known as the flats. The destruction of property was swift and terrible, including everything on a space of over fifty acres, and seriously threatening the business portion of the city. The fire, of supposed incendiary origin, was first discovered in the lumber yard of Woods, Perry & Company. The vicinity of this yard was filled with lumber and, though the fire was comparatively small wdien first discovered, the dry piles of pine burnt as rapidly as the driest of pine can burn, and the fire spread in spite of the efforts of the Fire Department. Though no breeze was stirring the fire was soon seen to be assuming dangerous proportions, as it was spreading in every direction. Every engine and hose-cart was called out and despatches sent to Elyria, Erie, Delaware, Columbus, Youngstown, Paines- ville, Akron and Toledo for assistance. The fire reached HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 215 the docks before a half dozen streams of water were turned onto it. By eight o'clock the yard of Potter & Birdsal was in full blaze. The heat wasso intensethat the Fire Department was practicalh^ useless. Burning brands soon communicated the fire to the yard of C. G. King & Company on the other side of Carter street. The fire now amounted to a conflagration and brought three-fourths of the cit\' to the rescue, or, more properl}', to the scene. The military were called out to be in readiness should they be needed. A brisk breeze carried the fire, first to the Nov- elty Iron Works, then to the machine shop of W. R. Enyon & Compan}^ across the river to Stanley's Lard Refinerv, thus jeopardizing the very heart of the city, as buildings stand thick from that point to Superior street. The fire- men had been driven out by the heat which was so intense as to be felt on Superior street. Many of their hose were ruined by the fire, and so they confined their attention to preserving the buildings on Scran ton avenue, which proved to be one boundary of the burnt district, b}' their heroic efforts. But in spite of a strong west wind the fire crept toward the Bee Line railroad, destroying the yards of House & Davison, then crossed into the yards of Hubbell & Westover and Cahoon & Hutchinson. By eleven o'clock steamers had arrived from nine surrounding towns and were set xo work to stop any further progress toward the west. At one time nineteen steamers were at work along the Bee Line railroad. It was not until three o'clock Mondav morning that the fire was fully controlled. By that time over two million dollars worth of property had been destroyed. The scene of 216 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. the fire was appalling. Fifty acres of lumber piles, some a hundred feet high, and numerous buildings sent up a blaze two or three hundred feet into the sky which was visible for seventy-five miles. The surrounding buildings were covered with spectators, the streets jammed with them, the firemen yelling, the engines puffing, and above all the horrible roar of the flames. Never has Cleveland so nar- rowly escaped the destruction that visited Chicago and Boston. Just two weeks after, the experiment of incendi- arism was tried at theotherendof the flats, and all but suc- cessfully, too. The fires broke out in four different places almost simultaneously, and were not extinguished until considerable loss of property was sustained. Monroe Bros. & Co. lost $63,000, and Brown, Strong & Co, $90,000. On September 19 of this year some consternation was caused b}' an earthquake shock felt in different parts of the city. Three or more shocks, properh^ undulations, were felt, more or less distinct according to the altitude of the observer. No damage was done. In some of the high blocks a very perceptible rocking was experienced, accompanied by rattling windows and slamming doors. In other parts of the city, notably Prospect and Euclid, the affrighted inhabitants ran out in the streets screaming that the houses were tumbling about their heads ; but no buildings fell. In 1886, about the time of the demolition of Charleston, South Carolina, by an eruption of the earth, a very palpa- ble shock visited the city, doing some damage to dishes, pictures, statuary, chandeliers, etc. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 2l7 June 30, 1885, an advertisement to the effect that there would be a cut of ten per cent, in wages — making an ag- gregate reduction of forty-five per cent, within a year — precipitated another strike at the Cleveland Rolling Mill Company's works. The strike soon assumed alarming proportions, three thousand of the most ungovernable element — the Poles and Bohemians — being out . Headed by the leaders, they one day marched in procession to the city offices of the company, and asked that their demands be conceded. But obtaining no satisfaction, they proceeded to the office of Alayor Gardner and requested him to arbitrate the matter. Mr. Gardner cordially extended them sj^mpathy, gave them some sound advice concerning their proper conduct as citi- zens, and promised to do his best to settle the strike. It ver}^ soon became evident that serious trouble would arise, as the idle men were addressed daily by inflammable and seditious speakers, who denounced capitalists and preached anarchy. Emboldened by the wild, riot-inciting words of these agitators, particularly of one William Gor- such, a large body marched to the works of the Union Steel Screw Company', and in the alleged belief that it was oper- ated by the Chisholms in connection with the rolling mills, brokj into the works and ordered the employes out, at- tacking all who resisted or disobeyed. Fayette Brown, the president, was quite seriously injured. The leaders were ar- rested thenext day. Mayor Gardner now took a vigorous course. He told the strikers that the}^ would not again be allowed to appear armed on the streets, and that any fur- ther riotous acts would be costly to the aggressors. Mr. 218 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. Gardner mingled with the men and often visited Newburg, giving them wise and kind adviee, but impressing upon them the fact that no violence would be tolerated. His good judgment in dealing with them averted several im- minent ojutbreaks He called daily sessions of the Police Board, that prompt action might be taken to quell any dis- turbance, and the preparations were equal to any emer- gency. Some weeks after, the Cleveland Rolling Mill Com- pany attempted to start up with new men, and a squad of police was kept on hand for protection. This precaution soon proved not unnecessary, for about one thousand strikers besieged the gates for admittance, and encountered the force of thirty policemen, who soon dispersed the mob^ leaving a dozen or more wounded on the ground. Some blood was shed , but no lives were lost . This was the last at- tempt at violence. The strikers soon became so needy that a relief committee was organized to supply their daily wants. But finally, September 27, the former scale of wages was restored by the company, the strike was de- clared off, and the mills put in motion. This was one of the largest and most dangerous of labor disturbances in the history of the city. The memorial services in honor of General Grant, August 9, 1885, were fittingly extensive and im- posing. The feehng of sympathy and patriotism prompted the citizens to a general participation. From sunrise until one o'clock in the afternoon of that day, guns were fired every thirty minutes. Church and fire bells tolled from 9:30 until 12, when the minute guns in Lake View began firing. From a stand in front HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 219 of the City Hall the mayor and others reviewed the im- mense procession of veterans and civilians who had fallen in line once more to martial music. At 1:45 the vast crowd was addressed from the auditorium in the Park by Rev. Cyrus S. Bates, Hon. M. A. Foran, Hon. Amos Town- send, H. C. White, Governor Sheldon, and General Ed. S. Meyer. In the evening memorial services were held in the Tabernacle under the auspices of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Union. The enormous meeting was addressed by Colonel Winship and General Leggett. The day was generally observed, scarcely a window or door in the business part of the city being undraped. The Board of Industry composed of one hundred of the foremost business men of Cleveland, was the outgrowth of a movement of a number of citizens for municipal re- form on the Federal plan. Early in 1887 the Federal plan assumed shape in a- bill to be introduced in the State Legislature making the heads of departments appointive instead of elective, placing the appointing power in the hands of the mayor, and causing many other changes in the system of our city government. Several meetings w^ere called at the Board of Trade rooms ; and when the reform project was given up for the lack of proper support, the prime movers, not content that their work should bear no fruit, proposed the organization of a "Committee of One Hundred," composed of business men, independent of politics, the purpose of whose existence should be the dis- cussion, investigation and promulgation of all matters conducing to the commercial, municipal and general wel- fare of the city. The idea met with immediate favor and 220 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. the committee was appointed, the organization being named the Board of Industry and Improvements. General James Barnett was chosen president ; Thomas Axworthy, vice-president; X. X. Crum, secretary; and C. H. Bulkley, treasurer. The organization at once commenced the dis- cussion of local matters of importance to the business interests of the city, and urged legislation on many in pressing need of attention. Their vigorous cind admirable work is fresh in the minds of our readers. One worth}' of particular commendation was their ])ublication of statis- tics showing the enormous volume of business transacted in Cleveland, her immense manufacturing products and marked advantages for business of all kinds. The}' alsO' took steps to ascertain whether natural gas could be found near enough to the city to render it profitable, and although the question, after the most thorough investiga- tion, was decided in the negative, the indomitable energy and push of the board, together with its findings, did much good in the way of stimulating an increased interest in general matters of common benefit. The board's name is descriptive of it. The Superior Street Viaduct was dedicated to the public in 1878. It would appear improbable that any other public work of like magnitude should have had its incep- tion in the year following, but that is the fact. The Belt Line or Central Viaduct, which will soon provide the city with a second grand highway over the river vallev, had its originMarch 3, 1879, when a resolution by J. M. Cur- tiss was introduced in and adopted by the City Council, "that the City Civil Engineer be and is hereby requested to HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 221 report the most feasible plan of improving the com- munication between the South Side and the central part of the city . ' ' This document did not even suggest a struc- ture of any kind. To have hinted at another bridge of any description to span the gulf at this time, would have required more temerity than any city officer possessed. The project was not revived until 1883, when a resolution passed the City Council submitting the question, "Elevated Road w^ay— Yes, No," to popular vote at the spring elec- tion, and was carried in the affirmative by over six hundred votes. Soon after, a resolution passed the Council recom- mending a bill appropriating one million dollars for the work. A bill requiring a three-fourths vote of the Council was accordingly drafted at once, which was introduced in the State Legislature and passed by both branches April 11, in the exceedingly short time of one da 3^ There w^asno further important legislation on the subject till 1885. In the meantime, however, there were many heated discussions on the question of the most practicable route. In July, 1 885, a declaratory resolution was adopted by the Common Council for the construction of a bridge from near the junction of Hill and Ohio streets on the East Side, in a straight line to Jennings avenue on the South Side, and thence to Abbey street on the West Side. An ordinance authorizing the construction of the work passed the Com- mon Council December 14, 1885. Contracts were promptly made with the lowest bidders and the work commenced early in 1886. Great credit is due the municipal officers who projected, carried forward and executed this vast im- provement, for their good judgment in letting the contracts 222 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. at a time when the prices of iron and other materials were low, their careful and correct calculations, and their promptness in getting the work under way. There has been no change in the estimates and plans of City Civil Engineer C. G. Force, and the entire structure and right of way will not cost a cent more than originally estimated by him, nor exceed the appropriation of one million dol- lars — a fact unprecedented in the history of city improve- ments of equal magnitude. It will be completed and dedicated to public use in 1888. When finished, this viaduct w^ill perfect a belt line extending around the entire busi- ness portion of the city, greatly facilitating communica? tion between the West, South and East sides, which are naturally divided and rendered uneasy of access from one to the other by the topography of the city, to the immense commercial advantage of the whole city. The rebuilding of the Western Reserve Medical College was rendered possible by the benevolence of two citizens — Mr. H. B. Hurlbut, who left ten thousand dollars for that purpose, and especially Mr. J. L. Woods, who not only gave one hundred and fifty thousand dollars but w^as fore- most in the enterprise. Besides these gentlemen, Hon. H. B. Pa^^ie and Oliver P. Payne made tenders of adjacent lots, and the latter five thousand dollars in cash, extra. The gift of Mr. Woods was made in April, 1884, and imme- diate steps were taken toward erecting the new building. Architects Richardson and Cudell drew up plans, and it had been decided to build pressed brick with terra cotta trimmings, four stories high with a one hundred and sixty foot tower. Work was about to be commenced, thecollege ^1^ '^v^as in- troduced and lost. Later, however, an appropriation of twenty-nine thousand dollars was made from the Sinking 224 HISTORY OK CLKVELAND. Fund of 1862, with which to build and equip a boat. A committee made two trips to New York to inspect the fire- boat of that city, and the contracts were let when Judge Griswold caused to be issued an injunction restraining the city from the use of the Sinking Fund for this purpose, claiming it to be unlawful. An act of Legislature re- moved this difficulty, and the work proceeded. The architect who drew up the plans was William Cowles, a marine architect of New York City. The length of the boat, over all, is seventy-nine feet. Its maximum speed is eleven miles per hour. The pumps are very powerful, their capacity of discharge being thirty-two hun- dred gallons of water per minute, which is more than the capacity of three of the largest steam fire engines in the city. The boat — named the Weatherley — was put in service in November, 1886. It is estimated that this ap- paratus more than paid the cost of its construction within six weeks. This is one of the most important additions to our fire service. No occurrence of its kind has awakened the interest of the people half as much as the robbery committed at the fur store of Benedict & Reudy on the twenty-ninth of Januar}^, 1887. The value of the goods stolen was not extraordinary, being between seven and eight thousand dollars; but the mystery was profound. The chain of startling events linked to this robbery, which have been transpiring ever since, are perfectly familiar to the public. It only remains to add here that the series of crimes start- ing with the fur robbery will go down among the most notorious in the criminal history of the city. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 225 The city has been twice redistricted in three years. Feb- ruary 4, 1884, by reason of the size of some wards, an ordinance was passed dividing the city into twenty-five w^ards and changing most of the boundary lines. Again in September, 1885, many of the wards were subdivided "for registration and election purposes." But this ordi- nance was repealed by one passed February 24, 1886, creating forty wards. It is hoped by all who desire to keep in mind the location of wards that there will not be- another ripping up of lines very soon. The registration law of 1886, which compels all electors to register before voting, has had a very beneficial effect in Cleveland, and won the favor of all good citizens. It pro- hibits boisterous gatherings at the polls, and enables the judges and clerks to conduct elections in a quiet and busi- ness like manner. The following table of population of Cleveland shows its growth from 1796 to 1887: 1796 4 1830 United States Census 1,075 1846 " " " 10,135 1850 " " " 17,054 1860 " " " 43,838 1870 " " " 92,825 1880 " " " 160,141 1881 Police Enumeration 167,413 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 185,851 194,684 200,429 205,446 214,013 1887 Estimate of City Directory 239,226 226 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. In the " Official List " will be found the names of all city and many county officials from 1836 to November, 1887. It has been thought proper, however, to give a list of mayors from the city charter to the present. They were as follows : John Willey 1836-1837 Joshua Mills 1838-1839 Nicholas Dockstader 1840 John W.Allen 1841 Joshua Mills 1842 Nelson Hay ward 1843 Samuel Starkweather 1844-1845 George Hoadley 1846 Josiah A. Harris 1847 Lorenzo A. Kelsey 1848 Flavel W. Bingham 1849 William Case 1850-1851 Abner C. Brownell 1852-1854 William B. Castle 1855-1856 Samuel Starkweather 1857-1858 George B. Senter 1859-1860 Edward S. Flint 1861 I. U. Masters 1862-1863 Herman Chapin 1864-1867 Stephen Buhrer 1868-1871 F. W. Pelton 1872-1873 Charles A. Otis 1873-1874 N.P.Payne 1875-1876 W. G. Rose 1877-1878 R. R. Herrick 1879-1882 John Farley 1883-1884 George W. Gardner 1885-1886 B. D. Babcock 1887 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 227 EDUCATION IN CLEVELAND. THE PUBLIC vSCHOOLS. NO feature of the city of Cleveland is more typical of the city itself than the public schools. The present chap- ter as well as the present work, is but an expansion of the phrases that describe the three great periods into which the history of the city may be divided : small beginnings, a LONG PERIOD of SLOW GROWTH, and a HALF CENTURY of CONSTANT PROGRESS, Culminating in large and fair propor- tions. I. — BEFORE THE CHARTER, 1796-1836. The men who began the Cleveland settlement brought with them not only their New England education, but also their New England ideas about education. So we are no way surprised when tradition tells us of a school of five pupils when there were but three families on the ground. Who taught this first school, and where, as well as its precise date, can now never be ascertained. Neither from history nor tradition do we hear any intima- ^28 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. tion of any other school until the year 1814, when we find one taught by a Mr. Capman ; a name and nothing more. Mrs. Abigail Wright, who died at an advanced age on the West Side in 1880, used to relate that, when a girl of sev- enteen, she came to Cleveland in 1815, on her way to Ridgeville, now Lorain County, she put up at the log cabin of a Mr. Shepard, whom she had known in Ver- mont. Shepard told her that the people of the village wanted a school; he and his wife counted up twenty chil- dren that would attend, and they urged her to stay and teach one. Some of the neighbors added their solicita- tions toShepard's, and she was disposed to accept the invi- tation ; but the proposition did not meet the views of her father, and she w^ent on with him to her destination. No doubt there had been several "schools" before 1815, but of necessity they were small, of short duration, and irreg- ular. The first public record relating to education now ex- tant, and probably the first one ever made, is an enact- ment of the Trustees of the village of the date of January 13, 1817, to the eftect "that the several sums of money which were by individuals subscribed for the building of a school-house in said village shall be refunded to the sub- scribers, and that the corporation shall be the sole proprie- tor of the said school-house; which said subscribers shall be paid out of the treasury of the corporation at the end of three years from and after the thirteenth of June, 1817." Then follows a schedule of the subscribers, twenty-five in all, their subscriptions ranging from $2.50 to $20.00 each, and aggregating $198.70. Evidently the original purpose HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 229 was for the corporation and the subscribers to build the school-house together; the latter had already paid in their money ; but for some reason now unknown that plan was abandoned, and each of the two parties went on his own separate way. The Trustees now proceeded to build a school-house, the first ever built on the site of the city — an old-fashioned 24x30 school-house, just such a one as was once common in all the northern States, and just such as can be found in some parts of the country to-day — in a grove of oak trees on the lot now covered by the Kennard House, and facing St. Clair street. However, the schools taught in this house were practically private schools ; the Trustees gave the rent to such teachers as were engaged from time to time, the teachers charging such tuition fees as were agreed upon, save in the cases of children who were unable to pay tuition, who attended free. How the Trustees contrived to build this house is a mystery. The first mention of a school-tax in the legisla- tion of Ohio is found in the first general school law of the State, enacted in 1821, while it was not until 1838 that the law authorized a tax for the purchase of lots on which to erect school-houses. The village contained a popula- tion of two hundred and fifty in 1817; and it is nowise difficult to imagine what the schools taught in the St. Clair Street building were, especially if one has seen the pioneer or semi-pioneer schools of Ohio or other State. It was said in 1876 that several persons were still living who learned to read in this primitive school-house, and it is possible that some such are living to-day. The subscribers who retired from the partnership with 230 HISTORY OF CLEVKLAND. the corporation, together with other citizens, not content with the village school, went on to build, also on St. Clair street, directly opposite the village school-house, a school- house of their own, called first the Cleveland Academy, and afterwards the Old Academy. This was completed in 1821, a brick building two stories in height, containing three or four school-rooms. The picture of this building, still extant, together with the traditionary descriptions, show the Academ\' to have been a structure of which a young Ohio village of three hundred or four hundred peo- ple, in 1821, not containing a single wealthy man, might well be proud. The teachers in the Academy were kept in their places by tuition fees. Mr. Harvey Rice was one of them. The village school and the Academy w^ent on side by side a dozen years or more, citizens exercising their own choice as to the one that the}' patronized. All this time, too, or at least for much of it, there were various primary schools in diflferent parts of the towm, kept up, of course, at the private cost of those who used them. Apparently the corporation had exhausted its interest or powder, or both interest and power, in building the humble school- house of 1817; at least, w^e hear nothing more of it in the educational field until 1830, when the Trustees repudiated a "supposed contract" for purchasing the Academy that had been entered into by some one representing or pre- tending to represent them, the ground of said reputation being that no corporation tax had been levied to pay either the principal or the interest that the purchase would incur. Mr. S. H. Mather, in a communication to Mr. Freese, HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 231 found in his * Early History of the Cleveland Public Schools', thus describes the origin of the first Cleveland free school : "A Sunday-school was organized intheold Bethelchurch, probably in 1833 or 1834, a kind of mission or ragged school. The children, however, were found so ignorant that Sunday-school teaching, as such, was out of the question. The time of the teacher was obliged to be spent in teaching the children how to read. To remedy this difficulty and make the Sunday-school available, a day school was started. It was supported by voluntary contributions, and was a charity school in fact, to which none sent but the very poorest people."* This school was continued on this basis until the city, in 1836, assumed the charge of it and made it a city free school. The foregoing is a meagre sketch of the educational work done in Cleveland down to 1836. But Mve urge in extenu- ation that the materials for a full sketch, even if we had space to use them, do not exist. If we had a full account of the schools and education of those years, the small part played by the corporation would be even more striking than it is here made to appear. However, we must re- member that, although the Legislature often conferred addi- * A different account is given in 'Cleveland, Past and Present,' 1869, p. 257. " The first public school of Cleveland, the Cleveland Free school, v^as established in March, 1830, for the education of male and female children of every religious denomination and was supported by the city. It v^'as held for years in the basement of the Bethel church, which was then a frame building measuring 30x40 feet, situated at the corner of Diamond street and Superior Street hill." From what sources this very particular account is drawn, we cannot say ; the one given in the text is found in the public school publications, and it rests on the direct testi- mony of Mr. Mather. 232 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. tioiial school powers on local authorities in the years be- tween 1821 and 1836, said powers were still exceedingl}^ small as measured by the standard of to-day. The present State Commissioner of Common Schools, Honorable E. T. Tappan, says very appositely: "The laws previous to 1838, and to a less extent after that year, contemplated that a large portion of the district school expenses should be paid by voluntary contributions. It was made the duty of the district treasurer or directors to keep an account of such moneys, and they were held responsible for their proper expenditure." [L — THE SCHOOLS ORGANIZED UNDER THE CHARTER OF 1836. Cleveland became a city in April, 1836. Sections XIX to XXIV of the charter relate to common schools. The Common Council was authorized to levy a tax of not more than one mill on the dollar on the tax duplicate of the city for the purchase of school sites and building school-houses, and an additional mill for the support of a school in each of the three wards into which the city was divided, for a term not less than six months, accessible to all white chil- dren not under four years of age ; the Council should fix by ordinance the commencement and termination of the school year, and determine the time and duration of vaca- tions; it should also appoint every year a board called the Board of Managers of Common Schools of the Cit^^ of Cleveland, in which the detailed administration of school affairs should vest. This Board of Managers, for example, should make regulations for the government of the school; HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 233 examine and emplo}^ teachers ; fix the salaries of teachers, subject to the approval of the Coui;cil ; make repairs on school-houses and furnish supplies, but subject to the con- sent of theCouncil when the repairs and supplies together for a school-house amounted to more than ten dollars a year, and should certif\^ to the Council all expenses incurred in support of the schools. These were very meagre powers certainly, compared with those of the Cleveland School Board to-day. Here it should be remarked that at no time, from that day to this, has any attention been paid, in ad- ministering the schools of Cleveland, to disabilities imposed by law upon colored children, whether by the charter of 1836 or other law ; the schools have always been as open and free to colored children as to white children, and such a thing as a "colored " pubhc school has never been known in the city. Furthermore, in 1848 all children less than six years of age were excluded from the schools of the city by especial enactment of the Legislature. It is clear that the charter contemplated a system of free public schools. In May the Mayor sent to the Common Council a communication in relation to the subject, and in June it was resolved, "that a committee be, and is hereby appointed, to employ a teacher and an assistant, to continue the free school to the end of the quarter, or until a school system for the city should be organized at the expense of the city." This "free school" was the charity school in the Bethel already mentioned. A few extracts from the proceedings of the Council will show the progress of events. June 22, 1836, an ordinance for the lew and collec- 234 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. tion of a school tax was presented ; September 22, fol- lowing, the report of Mr. Gazalay, the principal of the Bethel school, was submitted, showing an enrollment of two hundred and twenty-nine children the previous "quarter," and that the expenses of the school were $131.12; October 5 the Council appointed J. W. Willey, Anson Haydon, and Daniel Worlev the first Board of School Managers; March 29, 1837, this Board reported that it had continued the common free school another "quarter" at an expense of $185.77, urging the need of a more liberal outlay for schools, and pressing the great need of school-houses ; and in April following the second Board \vas appointed, Samuel Cowles, Samuel Williamson, and Phillip Battles. At this time the Bethel school was the only one belonging to the city, and the city did not own a single school building (for we hear no more of the house of 1817) or lot on which to build one As the pop- ulation of the city in 1836 was five thousand, and as the number of youth of legal school age was more than two thousand, it is not probable that the total attendance of children on schools of all sorts was less than eight hun- dred. It is, therefore, plain that the private primary schools and the Academy, were, in 1837, the main educa- tional reliance of the people. But in due time the Council passed a school ordinance which, as it is the first one of the kind in the history of the city, we quote entire : An oi-dinance to provide for the establishment of Common Schools. Section 1 . Be it ordained by the City Council of the city of Cleveland, that the School Committee of the Council is hereby authorized to pro- cure, by lease, suitable buildings or rooms for the use of the city, to be HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 235 trcupied as school-rooms, as hereinafter provided, under the authority of the city; provided, that such buildings or rooms shall be appropriated by the Board of Managers of Common Schools. The expense of the lease of the same shall not exceed one-half the amount which the City Coimcil is authorized to appropriate annually for the construction of buildings for school purposes. Section 2. The School Committee of the Council is further authorized and instructed to provide, at the expense of the city, the needful apparatus and furniture for the buildings or rooms thus provided, and the added expense of which shall not exceed tlie limits prescribed in the first section of this act. Section 3. It is further ordained that th^ Board of Managers of Com- mon Schools in the city is hereby authorized to establish immediately, in the premises provided aforesaid, such schools of elementary education as to them shall seem necessar3% and procure instructors for the same. The term or session of such schools shall commence on the 24th of Julj' inst., and continue four months, to wit: till the 24th day of November next. Section 4. It being provided that such schools are to be supplied from the revenue of the city set aside for such purposes, so that the ex» pense of tuition and fuel in said schools shall not be permitted to exceed said specified revenue. Passed July 7th. 1837. The Board of Managers proceeded at once to organize the schools and set them in motion under this ordinance. That was fifty years ago, and since that time the schools have fairly kept pace with the growth of the city. The First Annual Report of theschoolsof Cleveland was made in April, 1838. It shows the following among other results : Three school districts ; six schools the first term, and eight schools the second term ; a school year of about eight months; three male and five female teachers the second term, the first paid forty dollars per calendar month, and the second five dollars per week; eight hundred and 236 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. forty namCvS on the registers, with an average attendance of four hundred and sixty-eight ; a local school levy of half a mill, and a total school income of $2,830; teachers' sala- ries, both terms, $1,509.44. The Managers say the boys and girls have been taught separately, save in the two "child's schools," or schools for the youngest scholars ; that the schools have been "inspected" and the teachers "ex- amined" as the charter requires; and that a census taken under their direction the previous October contains the names of 2,134 persons in the city between the ages of four and twenty-one. They state the possible school income for the next year at $4,300, which will support twelve dis- trict schools. Such a number of schools, they say, w^ill accommodate an average of seven hundred and twenty pupils, which is a third of the whole number privileged to attend. Unfortunately, how^ever, these anticipations for the ensuing year were not fully realized. The report for 1839 says "the common English branches of education" had been taught in all the schools, and that considerable progress had been inade in the higher branches, as History, the Natural Sciences, etc., in some of them. It is plain that the Board construed the ordinance under which it acted, liberally, for that spoke only of an ' ' elementary education. ' ' A programme that has been wafted down from the year 1840, shows that the History of the United States, Algebra, and Natural Philosophy were taught in addition to the common branches. All this time the city did not own a single school-room, but in 1839 the Council bought the Academy on St. Clair street for six thousand dollars. The same year the Coun- HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 237 cil, in the face of strong opposition, began to build two school-houses, one on Prospect street and one on Rociv- well street. The Prospect Street building is still used for school purposes, the oldest school-house in the cit}'. These two buildings, completed in 1840, together with the Acad- emy, accommodated but twelve teachers and six hundred pupils, while the school statistics of that year show six- teen teachers and ten hundred and forty pupils. Of course, the city was still renting school-rooms. Some of the schools were ungraded, but at the principal buildings there were a Senior and a Primary department, each department having two schools, one for bovs and one for girls. The programmes that have survived show much confusion in classification and in text-books. From 1840 to 1846 we know little of what was going on in the schools, but there was no doubt a steady expansion of the course of study and a steady improvement of the classification. Not a school-house built in that period is now standing; and such houses as were built, if any, were temporar\^ structures. In 1846 an important step forward was taken. George Hoadl}^ Esq., on assuming the duties of Mayor of the city in the spring of that year, earnestly recommended to the favorable consideration of the Council the propriety of establishing a school of a higher grade — an academic department — the scholars to be selected from the common schools according to merit. A resolution in conformity with this recommendation was adopted by the Council, rooms were rented in the basement of the building now occupied by the Homceopathic College on Prospect street, 238 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. then a church, and there the school went into operation July 13, 1846, with Andrew Freese as principal. This was a school for boys only, and eighty-three attended the first term. Girls were admitted the next year. At first the high school was strongly opposed, some of its enemies declaring that it was illegal, and some inexpedient. Most of the heavy tax-payers, while claiming to be in favor of free schools, were not willing, they said, to pay taxes to support high schools or colleges. The subject was much discussed in public meetings and in the press, as well as in the Council ; biit the matter was never settled until the w^inter of 1848-49, when a law was obtained from the Legislature authorizing tmd requiring the Council to main- tain a high school. The Council now made the school a permanent part of the city sj^stem, but kept it well down to the point of starvation for a number of years, during which the average yearly expenditure for that purpose was but nine hundred dollars, the average attendence of pupils, however, running all the time, from eighty to ninety. In time the opposition slackened and the ap- propriations became more liberal. The lot on which the building now occupied by the Board of Education and the Public Librarv stands was purchased for this school, and a cheap wooden building was put up for its temporary accommodation in 1852. The present building was com- pleted in 1856, and it was the home of the Central High School until all the high schools east of the river were con- solidated in the beautiful building on Willson avenue, in 1878. It is worthy of remark that this school, established in 1846, was the first free public high school in Ohio; for more HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 239 than forty years it has done an invaluable work for the youth of Cleveland, teaching thousands and graduating hundreds of pupils. The successive principals of this school have been Andrew Freese, E. E. White, W. S. Palmer, Theodore Sterling, W. A. C. Converse, S. G. Wil- hams, Z. P. Taylor and M. S. Campbell, the last of whom has now presided over it very successfully for four years. This school is now one of the largest high schools in the country, employing about twenty-five teachers and enrolling, on any given day, about eight hundred pupils. In the following paragraphs the first principal gives this picture of the school in its infancy : All the work of the school was done by two teachers up to the fall of 1852, when an additional assistant was employed. The course of study embraced all the branches usually taught in high schools, excepting the languages, which were not added till 1856. With so small a teaching force, it was, of course, impossible to cover the exercises in any regular order of classification. As a partial remedx' for omissions and breaks, classes were heard out of school hours, sometimes assembling after tea in the evening. The necessities of the school were pressing, and the efforts put forth by teachers and scholars to supply them in part were courageous. This much, at least, should be said. In prosecuting the study of Natural Sci- ence, some illustrative apparatus seemed indispensable. The boys of the school supplied it. They purchased a few pieces from time to time, until the collection was worth upwards of five hundred dollars. They earned it. They earned it by giving lectures, chiefly upon topics in chemistry, by doing small jobs in surveying, and occasionally they secured dona- tions of money from their friends. They purchased materials and laid up with their own hands a small brick laboratory-, and finished it off com- plete for their use. There is scared}' a principle in mechanical philosophy that they did not illustrate by machinery of their own construction ; in- deed, the same ma\^ be said of nearh' every other branch of physical sci- ence. For tsYO or three 3'ears they published a small monthly paper. 240 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. This yielded a good deal of fun and some money. It was useful, too, in other ways. For many years the schools had no uniform course of study, and the classification was verj' imperfect. In 1848- 49 we come upon this scheme : Primary, Intermediate, Senior, and High schools, each divided into three classes. Some progress had also been made towards a uniformity of text-books. Until 1841 there had been no general supervision of the schools save such as the Managers gave, but in that year the Council created the office of Acting Manager of the Public Schools. This officer was a mem- ber of the Board, was its secretary; as Acting Manager his duties were to provide fuel and supplies, to look after the repairs, and to exercise a general oversight of the dis- cipline and instruction of the pupils. He was paid a small compensation for his services. Charles Bradburn was Acting Manager from 1841 to 1848 ; George Willey from 1848 to 1852; James Fitch from 1852 to 1853. These gentlemen were all actively engaged in business or in pro- fessions ; but Mr. Bradburn gave, it is said, one-fourth of his time to the work, and Mr. Willey, who left some re- ports that are still worth reading, paid to the schools so much attention that his law partner complained that the business of the firm suffered in consequence. More than this, the Council was in the habit of appointing Visiting Committees of citizens that visited the schools and made careful report to the Board. A resolution now lying before us thus defines the duties of these committees : "That the Visiting Committees be requested to visit the schools in their respective wards, in concert, at some time Magsiine of Western Hiatar)^ F:ng^ by E GWiHiame asn HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 241 to be appointed by themselves, as often as twice in each term, and after carefully examining each school to report the result of their examination to the Board of Education, at least one week before the close of the term." And how thoroughly' these committees performed their duties, some- times at least, is shown by a report of six printed pages, signed b}' Messrs. T. P. Handy, J. B. Waring, J. A. Vin- cent, H. Hay ward and C. D. Brayton, that also lies before us. This is a good place to observe that in those years the schools profited greatly by the labors of public-spirited citizens, who were thoroughly committed to the cause of popular education, some of whom were men of high ability and education themselves. Charles Brad burn served on the Board of Managers thirteen years, and he quit it then onl}-^ to enter the City Council, where he thought he could be of more service to the cause that lay so near his heart. He it was who obtained the law requiring the Council to support a high school. The one city office that the vener- able T. P. Handy would ever consent to hold was that of Member of the School Board. George Willey served on the Board fifteen years. Mr. Freese, in his history of the schools, emphasizes the high qualifications of the men who, as members of the Board and the various Visiting Commit- tees, gave direction to school affairs forty years ago. J. W. Willey, Cowles, Williamson, Battles, Mather, George Willey, Starkweather, Tucker, Fitch, Waring, Palmer, Thome, Rice and the Ingarsolls, whose names constantly occur in school records of those and later vears, were all college educated men. The school-houses of to-day over- 242 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. shadow in number and size these of that day; the sums of money expended on the schools now dwarf the sums ex- pended then; the corps of teachers and the army of children are ten or twenty-fold greater ; but citizens of to-day can learn a lesson in public school matters from citizens of that day. But the schools were growing, and a superintendent to look after them more closely and intelligently than a business or professional man could possibly do, was impera- tively called for. Recognizing this fact, the Board desired to appoint a professional superintendent, but the Common Council held back. At a public meeting called for that purpose the subject was discussed, Dr. E. E. White, then principal of Brownell school, now Superintendent of the Schools of Cincinnati, making the principal argument in favor of a superintendent; and this meeting, with other agencies, gave the proposition such an impetus that on June 1, 1853, the Council created the office, which the Managers promptly filled. At that time Cincinnati was the only city in the West that had a superintendent who gave his whole time to superintendence. Nor did the new Cleveland superintendent devote himself fully to that work for a year or more, but continued at the head of the High school also. Before leaving this division of the subject we should remark that instruction in music was introduced into the schools in 1846. For several years following 1852 Mr. Silas Bingham was special teacher of music, and his labors contributed not a little towards starting the Cleveland schools on the way to that proud position in HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 243 music that they have enjoyed for many years under the direction of Professor N. Coe Stewart. Drawincr came in 1849, and for a number of years the well-remembered Pro- fessor Jehu Brainard gave able instruction in that branch of education. III.— SUPERLNTENDENT FREESE's ADMINISTRATION, 1853-1860. Andrew Freesecame to Cleveland a young man of twenty- four in 1840, when there was not a system of graded schools In Ohio. He was a graduate of an eastern college, had had considerable experience in teaching, and had studied the science of education. Offering his services to the Board of Managers, he was engaged as a teacher and put at the head of the Prospect Street school, where he wrought and taught until called to the High School in 1846. He acted as Principal of this school until 1853. For thirteen years he had shown, as a teacher, large intelligence and scholar- ship, great zeal and energy, and had been very successful; it was, therefore, the most natural thing in the world that he should be called to the new office of Superintendent. Mr. Freese filled this office with excellent judgment and an enthusiastic devotion never surpassed, until 1861 . Sev- eral important steps forward were made in those years, some of which will be mentioned. School buildings and other material appliances were improved and multiplied. A regular course of study throughout, a thing before unknown in the city, was adopted at once, and this made an improved classification of pupils possible. In 1856 the classical languages were 244 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. introduced into the High Schools, of which there were two after the union, and in 1858 German followed. But above all else Mr. Freese was a teacher. He had the insight to invent or select good methods of instruction, and he could not onh^ use them himself but inspire other teachers to use them. He visited all the cities of the country where there Avas an^^thing to learn about public education, bringing back with him the ripe fruit of his observation. Withal, he enkindled in pupils and teachers his own enthusiasm for study and learning. It is quite safe to say that no other superintendent of the city schools ever impressed himself upon the school children as strongh^ as Air. Freese ; the explanation of which is partly the fact that the pupils were then few in number as compared with later times, and partly to his personal qualities as teacher and man. In 1868-1869 he acted again as Principal of the Central High School, and then retired permanently from the service. The Board of Education at that time declared by resolu- tion: "To him more than any other man, are we indebted for the deservedly elevated character of our system of graded schools." While the schools were under Mr. Freese's charge, the number of pupils increased from 2,845 to 5,081, and the number of teachers from 41 to 83. The increase was due, in part, to the union of the two cities in 1854. Ohio City came into the union with a school poj^ulation of some twenty-four hundred and with a registration of about eight hundred in the schools There were three new school- houses in course of construction at the time, of which Hicks and Kentucky buildings are still in use. The schools HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 245 w^ere not perfectly graded, but a high school was in rapid process of evolution. The year after the union, this school was organized and for a time was called the ' ' Branch High School," becau!-~e the law authorized only one high school in the city ; but this difficulty was in some way soon obvi- ated, and the school ceased to be a "branch "even in name. This school has occupied various homes, of which only two need be mentioned — the familiar old West High School at the intersection of Ann and State streets, occupied from 1861 to 1884, and the fine building now occupied at the corner of Taylor and Bridge streets. Air. A G. Hopkinson was the father of this school ; save for a single 3^ear, he served as Principal from 1854 to 1870. The other prin- cipals have been A. G. Manson, Warren Higlc}-, S. D. Barr, Z. P. Taylor, J. H. Shults, Th. H. Johnston, and E. L. Harris. IV. — MR. oviatt's administration. Mr. Luther M. Oviatt was a graduate of Western Re- serve College, and he entered the service of the city as a teacher about the year 1845. For man\^ years he served ably and faithfully as Principal of the Eagle Street school, andonMr.Freese's retirement in 1861 he was chosen Super- intendent. He served two years and then retired. That the schools thrived under his care is shown by the fact that the number of pupils increased 1,470 in two years, a large gain for that time. On his retirement, Mr. Oviatt became head of the Public Library, and continued such until compelled by ill health to abandon the position. 246 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. Y— SUPERLXTENDENT ANSON SMYTH, 1863-1867. Rev. Dr Smvth entered the Superintendent's office at the beginning of the school year, 1863-64, and occupied it until 1867. Bred to the ministry, he had served four years as Superintendent of the Schools of Toledo, six years as State Commissioner of Common Schools, and had done duty as the editor of the journal that is now "The Ohio Educational Monthly." Mr. Smyth had not paid particu- lar attention to methods of instruction; he was weak where Mr. Freese had been strong; but he had good com- mon sense, sound judgment, was an excellent judge of character and particularly of teachers, had an inexhaust- ible fund of good humor, was a man of fine feeling, and while in the Commissioner's office had much observation of school organization. As a result, his administration of the schools was remarkable for strength in organization rather than in instruction. He laid much stress on the moral elements of education, and emphasized character- building. In after 3'ears he often pointed with just pride to the fact that a very large number of the teachers then in responsible positions had originally been chosen by him. Dr. Smyth was reelected in 1867, but declined to serve longer. He w^as paid at first a salary of $1,800, afterwards of $2,100.* * Dr. Smyth died in May, 1887, in his seventy-sixth year. The Cleve- land teachers who had served under him, of whom there were still twenty or more in the service, met and adopted the following resolutions : Resolved, That in the death of the Rev. Dr. Anson Smyth vi^e have lost a true and tried friend, whose life has been devoted to the advancement of the cause of education among the masses, the elevation of moral char- HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 247 VL— THE SCHOOLS UNDER A. J. RICKOFF, 1867-1882. On Dr Smyth's retirement in 1867, there was some diffi- culty in obtaining a Superintendent; one or two gentlemen who were elected declined. At last, choice was made of Mr. Andrew J. RickofF, who had won a wide and high rep- utation as an educator as the head of a private school in Cincinnati, and as Superintendent of the Cincinnati Public schools. He continued Superintendent of the Cleveland schools fifteen years, and during which he did more to shape the school organization of the city than any other Superintendent has ever done. The space at our disposal will permit only a general summary of the results of his administration. First, a large number of excellent school buildings was built, several of them after plans of Air. Rickofif's own devising. The course of study was overhauled from end to end, and the work, in several respects, laid down on acter, and the dissemination of Christian principles among those with whom he, either personally or through the medium of his writings, came in contact ; that society has lost a most worthy member, one who, both byword and deed, was ever read^' to cheer the discouraged, help the needy, and relieve the distresses of the broken-hearted ; that the State has lost a servant who gave the best years of his life to the promotion of those interests which alone can render secure the grand institutions of the com- monwealth, one who assisted greatly in the organization and the perfec- tion of our public school system, and who for several years as State Commissioner gave tone and direction to the work of our common schools, and who as Superintendent of the Schools of Cleveland for four years did much toward laying the broad foundation which made their present prosperity possible. Resolved, That in the accomplishment of all this work he has reared to himself a monument more enduring than time itself 248 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. new lines. The classification of pupils was revised, the twelve grades being thrown together in three grand groups: Primary, Grammar, and High School grades, every group containing four grades— marked D, C, B and A, counting from the bottom upward. The old division into "bo3^s' schools" and "girls' schools" was abolished. A process of consolidation of the A Grammar, or highest grammar, pupils was begun in 1867—68 and carried out until there were but four such schools in the cit\s afterwards, with the increase of pupils, the number was increased to nine in 1876, and to fourteen in 1882. Perhaps the most noticeable of Mr. Rickoff's changes was substituting women for men as principals of the Grammar schools, and dividing the cit}' into districts, each presided over bv a Supervising Principal. At first there were four of these, but the number was soon reduced to three, and still later to two, but the offices of Special Superintendent of German Instruction and of Special Superintendent of Primary Instruction were created, and thus the work of superintendence was more specialized. By these new arrangements, the work of supervising instruction was wholly taken from the principals of buildings, as well as most general administrative duties ; it being the theory of the new organization to bring the teachers of all the schools into direct relations with the Superintendent and his assistants, and also the patrons of the schools so far as the more serious matters of administration were con- cerned. German was introduced into all the schools in 1870; increased stress was also laid upon music and drawing. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 249 Mr. Rickoff's principal assistants in the work of sui)er- vision were H. M. James and L. W. Day, supervising prin- cipals of districts, L. R. Klemm, and afterwards August J. Esch, as special superintendents of German ; Miss Harriet L. Keeler, and afterwards Miss Kate S. Brennan, as super- visors of primar}^ instruction , Mr Frank Aborn was special teacher of drawing; Mr. Stewart, already men- tioned, of music; first Mr. A. P. Root and then Mr. A. A. Clark, of penmanship ; L. C. Force of reading, who retired in 1882 without having a successor. All these were faithful and efficient instructors and supervisors in their several places; especially was much of the great improvement in the primary grades due to Miss Keeler and Miss Brennan. One of the most valuable of Mr. Rickoff's new depart- ures was the Normal School, now called the Training School. This school was created by the Board in 1872, but did not go into operation until 1874. The purpose of this school was to furnish a supply of well-prepared teachers for the city schools, and nobly has it vindicated its establishment. Superintendent Hinsdale stated in his report for 1886 that of the six hundred and three teachers employed in the schools the year before, two hundred and forty were "Normals;" also that the school had strongly tended to raise the standard of general culture and of pro- fessional ability of the teachers. The successive principals have been Alexander Forbes, who had previously served several years in the schools in other capacities; Elroy M. Avery, who had been Superintendent of the East Cleveland schools before the annexation of that village to the citv, and the Principal of the East High School thereafter until 250 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. the union of the high schools in 1878 ; Oliver Arey, who had seen much good service in the Normal school work ; and Miss Ellen G. Reveley, the able incumbent since 1882. Superintendent Rickoff sawthe number of teachers in the schools increase from 123 to 473, and the number of pupils from 9,643 to 26,990. As respects attendance, the growth of the upper grades of the grammar schools and of the high schools was even greater than the growth of the grades below. To a degree, the growth of attendance was due to annexations to the city ; East Cleveland came in in 1872 and Newburg in 1874, the first with a full- fledged school system of its own, and the second with a system developed to the second year of the high school course. Mr. and Mrs. Elroy M. Avery had been called to the East Cleveland schools in 1871, he as Superintendent, she as Principal of the High School. The schools thrived under their care, and at the time of the union there were in the corporation six schools, seventeen teachers, and an enrollment per year of about one thousand pupils. After the union of the schools was consummated in January, 1873, Mr. Avery acted as Principal of the East High school until the corisolidation of the East Side High Schools in 1878, when he became Principal of the Normal School. At the time of the consolidation, the annual at- tendance at the East High School was from eighty to one hundred pupils. The Newburg annexation brought into the city system the Walnut and Broadwa^^ schools, a high school with a course of two years, about a dozen teachers, and an enrollment of about six hundred scholars. In this period the schools received many flattering notices. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 251 At the Vienna exposition a diploma was awarded them, mainly on the ground of plans of buildings submitted b}' Mr. Rickofif. Mr. Rickoff nlso received a medal for the same plans. Sir Charles Reed placed the Cleveland schools at the head of his list of American schools in his report to the Committee of Council on Education for England ; the French Commissioners preferred the Cleveland school- houses to all American competitors; and Professor Bon- amj Price, the Oxford political economist, was so enthusi- astic as to say in England, "The best schools which are to be found in America, and therefore in the world, are to be found in Cleveland." VIL— SUPERINTENDENT HINSDALE's ADMINISTRATION, 1882-1886. Mr. B. A. Hinsdale, who was widely known in educa- tional circles as President of Hiram College, v/as called to the superintendency on Mr. Rickoff's retirement. In his final report, Mr. Hinsdale states that on assuming the duties of the office he accepted the external organization of the schools, and made no attempts at change of system; that what the schools needed was more fruitful instruction, a more elastic regimen, and a freer spirit; and that he set himself to accomplish this work through the minds of the teachers, their knowledge, views and ideals, and not by the use of mechanical methods. He continued to work on this line until the close of his superintendency. There is no better gauge of the growth of the cit\^ in some of the best elements of life, and particularly of the growing ap- preciation of the public schools and of the success of Mr. 252 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. Hinsdale's administration, than a statistical summary found in the report just referred to. In the periods 1882-1 886 the number of pupils ern'olled in the schools increased from 26,990 to 32,814-, and the aver- age daily attendance from 18,676 to 23,595; the pupils in the primarx' grades increased from 18,969 to 22,64-3; in the grammar grades from 6,975 to 8,682; in the German department from 8,951 to 12,266; in the high schools from 1,005 to 1,399; in the Training school from 40 to 90; the total number of pupils registered in the schools increased only 21.6 percent., but the average daily attendance increased 26.2 per cent. ; the primar\^ pupils increased 20 per cent., the grammar pupils 25 per cent., and the High school pupils 40 per cent. These facts show conclusively that the youth of the city in those years were remaining longer in the schools, and were more and more feeling their power. This administration was remarkable for the number and character of new school-houses erected ; fourteen excellent buildings containing 137 rooms, exclusive of mere recita- tion rooms, seating 8,250 pupils, were built at a cost, including lots, of more than $700,000. Particular attention should be drawn to the growth of night schools in the period now under consideration. In the winter 1882-1883 there was but one such school, counting one hundred or more pupils, and this school was not wholly supported by the cit}^; in the winter 1885-1886 there were nine such schools, with twent}-- three teachers, and a total enrollment of 1,530 pupils, all supported by the city. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 253 The spirit of Mr. Hinsdale's management of the schools was well stated by Mr. E. A. Schellentrager, in his report as president of the Board of which he was a veteran mem- ber, on Mr. Hinsdale's retirement. I regard the period of his administration as one of the most beneficent in the historj' of onr schools. Qualified by thorough and comprehensive knowledge, and enthusiastically devoted to his calling as an educator, he succeeded in inspiring the faculty of teachers with enthusiasm for their difficult and responsible work, and in inducing them to continue with avidity the development of their own attainments. Opposed to all superficiality of training, he strove indefatigably against all mere mechanism in school instruction, and though many of his eff"orts were for the first time apparently fruitless and unsuccessful, yet it is proper to attribute to him the merit of having sown seed w^hich shall cer- tainly spring up and bear beneficent fruit in the future. At the beginning of Mr. Hinsdale's term, Mr. H. M. James, long an able supervisor, retired from the schools to accept the superintendency at Omaha, Nebraska, and dur- ing that time Miss Clara B. Umbstaetter was added to the supervising force. OnMr. Hinsdale's retirement, Mr. L. W. Day, who had served long and faithfully as a supervisor, was chosen Superintendent. VIIL— SUMMARY AND REMARKS. Many points of interest have been omitted in the pre- ceding history, and some of them will now be noticed. At first, the members of the School Board were chosen by the Common Council. In 1859 the election was intrusted to the people; each ward was now entitled to a member, and one-half the wards elected every year. This rule pre- vailed until 1885, when there were twenty-five members 254 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. of the Board. In the winter of 1885-86, the city having been divided into forty wards, a law was obtained from the Legislature making twenty districts, two wards and one member to a district, elected as before at the municipal election. Since that time the Board has consisted of twenty members. The result of the new departure of 1859 has been that, in almost every instance, members of the Board have been elected on party tickets. But the law of that ^^ear did not free the Board from the Council. It was still the duty of the Council to support the schools. The Board certified to the Council an estimate of the amount needed for school purposes ; but it was the business of the Council to levy the amount, more or less, as it should elect, subject only to the State law. The Board employed the teachers and managed the schools, but it could not expend more than fifty dollars for furniture or repairs on any one school build- ing without the consent of the Council first obtained. Simi- larly, the Council approved the boundaries of school dis- tricts. In 1865 the Board was emancipated from the Council in all particulars but one. The Board now recom- mended the purchase of new school sites and the building of new school buildings when it deemed them necessary, and it was the duty of the Council to act promptly on each recommendation, and, incase of approval, to provide funds to carrv the same into effect. The Board could now lew taxes for all school purposes but the one just mentioned. In 1873 even this restriction was removed, and the exclu- sive control of school matters was put in the Board's hands, subject only to the enactments of the Legislature. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 255 This continued to be the law until the creation of the Tax Commission, which has the same power over the Board ot Education that it has over the other branches of the city government. The Board of Managers were the examiners of teachers for several years. The Superintendent did the work from 1853 to 1859. From 1859 to 1873 there was an examin- ing board of three persons, and since 1873 of six ap- pointed by the Board of Education. Messrs. A. G. Hop- kinson, L. W. Ford, and J. H. Rhodes have served on this Board so long that they seem permanent parts of the school machinery. Of the great army of able teachers who have taught in the Cleveland schools, a large number have attained higher distinction in other places, either in education or in some other profession. The influence of the Cleveland schools has been felt far and near; they have stimulated the building of better school-houses, the paying of better salaries to teachers and superintendents, the revision of courses of stud}', the eleva- tion of the standard of scholarship, and the quickening of teachers not only in Ohio but also in regions far beyond the borders of Ohio. The Superintendent was elected ever\^ year until 1868, since then for tw^o years at a time. For several years fol- lowing 1867 the salary was $4,000, but after the com- mercial crisis of 1873 it was reduced to $3,300, w^here it has since remained. Tne following table exhibits the schools from four differ- 256 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. ent interesting points of view from 1836 to 1886, in- clusive, at periods of five years . Year. 1836. 1841. 1846. 1851. 1856. 1861. 1866. 1871. 1876. 1881. 1886. Enumeration Average Number ot Yovith. Registered. Daily Attendance. ot Teachers. * 229 3 3,455 1,500 936 15 6,742 2,304 1,650 32 12,998 4,734 3,310 68 14,625 5,081 3,962 83 18,607 8.315 5,333 115 34,544 13,184 8,174 188 47.043 20,771 14,069 326 52,401 24,836 17,016 448 61,654 32,814 23,595 603 * No reports can he found. The report of the president of the Board for 1885 con- tains a very interesting table showing the receipts and expenditures of the Board of Education from 1870 to 1885, with other information. It appears that in that period the tax duplicate increased from $36,553,522 to $86,285,845; the school levy from four mills to six mills; the local tax from $141,834 to $498,521, and the total income, not counting bonds sold, from $189,948 to $589,- 469. The salaries paid to teachers and officers, not count- ing janitors, grew from $124,491 to $364,199. The Board's gross revenues for the sixteen A^ears were $6,327,- 769, and the gross expenditures, $6,401,827. The Board paid an aggregate of $3,858,223 to teachers, counting by years, 347,584 pupils were registered in the schools, and the average tuition per year was $11.00. The same report gives some interesting facts in regard to school-house building. Prospect building, 1840; Ken- tucky, 1852; Mayflower, 1854; Eagle, 1855; Hicks and HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 257 Alabama, 1858; Brownell, 1865; Bolton, 1868. The other buildings are arranged under their respective years. 1869. 1870. 1873. 1874. 1876. Orchard, Garden, Tremont. Outhwaite. Case. Rockwell, Detroit. Warren, St. Clair. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. Central High. Walton. Tremont Addition. Rockwell Relief, Broadway. 1883. 1884. 1885. Buhrer, Dunham, Clark, Dike. Fowler, Kinsman, Hicks Relief, Sibley, Lincoln, Stanard, Marion, Sumner, West High. Waverly. At the present time five buildings that will contain sLxty rooms and accommodate three thousand children, are going up in various parts of the city. The Clerk's report for 1886 shows that he keeps account with sixty different schools. We have no statement of the number of school buildings owned by the Board, or the estimated value of the real estate in its possession; but the first are numbered by the score, and the second b}^ several millions. For the school year 1885-1886 the total income of the schools from taxes was $614,526, the total income from all sources $789,957, the difference between the two amounts being mainly derived from bonds sold. The expenditures for the same year were $700,622. 258 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. Two schools that belong to the city, but that do not be- long to the jurisdiction of the Board of Education, are the Industrial School on Detroit street beyond the city limits, and the House of Refuge School at the Work-House; both of them well managed and of great usefulness. For many years there were small school libraries in nearly all the public school buildings, provided by the enterprises of pupils and teachers. The Public L brary originated in the legislation of 1853 making provision for school libraries throughout the State; and although it has for many years had an independent legal footing, its relations to the schools are still intimate. The Board of Education appoint the Library managers. The home of the Library and the educational headquarters are very appropriately in the same building. The circulation and reference depart- ments reach a large number of school children and teachers, and do a vast amount of good. At present the income of the Library is twenty thousand dollars annually, and the number of volumes is somewhat less than fifty thousand. Such a history' as this cannot enter verj- deepl}^ into the inner life of the schools; it must necessarily deal mainly with external facts. Mr. Freese, in his history, touches some phases of the subject in a way that is, to a teacher, both suggestive and amusing: Schools and their methods are varied, like many other things, to conform to popular notions, or to what is, for the time, the prevailing style. There was a time when Parley's histories were a "new discov- ery " in adaption, and every child capable of reading was set to learning the history of the Uv.ited States. The style of imparting oral instruction to children was in imitation of "Peter Parley." Then there was a period of mental arithmetic— great attention was given to the study. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 259 The book of boo ks was declared to b Colburn's ' First Lessons,' and his method was universally adopted as the true method. There was, too, a black-board era, when black-board exercises were made a great feature in every school, and the eye was constantly addressed. Of the Cleveland schools, it may be said that the Peter Parle\' period reached from their organization to about the year 1846. Mental arithmetic held its way for twenty years, reaching its culmination in the years preceding 1860. Black-boards, wide and long, for the simviltaneous exercises of whole classes, began to be used in 1845. They were used with great enthusi- asm in 1850, and reached their highest appreciation and widest use a few years later. In each of these periods, teachers fancied they had hit upon a very excellent thing, and that it would, without doubt, be an abiding good. In the succession of changes it was lost, or went out of fashion — none could sa^' when, or how, or for what reason. This history, covering the ground occupied by the fiftj^ annual school reports, reveals, at least on the material side, the grand proportions to which the system has at- tained, and it shows, to a degree, the hold that the schools have on the intellect and heart of the people. These are made an invaluable power in the life of the city by the labors of a cultivated and devoted corps of teachers. Superintendent Hinsdale said in 1886: The public school teachers of this city now ai'e six hundred strong. To build up this corps of teachers — to choose its material, to give it discipline, to establish its traditions, to create its atmosphere and esprit de corps — has been the work of fifty years. A few years, or even months, might suffice to impair its usefulness or even to destroy it altogether. If politics or favoritism be allowed to recruit its ranks, or to regulate its discipline, the results will be disastrous. In the work of no other equal number of persons — neither business men nor professional men — has the city a greater interest. As a pendant to this history of the public schools, very brief accounts will be given of other agencies that have 260 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. contributed to carrying on educational work in the city. First, the parochial schools of the Catholic church. These occupy a large number of school buildings, com- monly located near the churches; they employ a large corps of teachers, and provide instruction for about twelve thousand pupils. The education furnished in these schools is supplemented by other schools under the control of the church, as the Ursuline Academy on Euclid avenue. The diocese of Cleveland stands well among Catholic dioceses for its educational facilities. There are also parochial schools in connection with some of the German Protestant churches. Abouttwothousand children are taught in these. Before German was taught in all the grades of the public schools, the attendance upon these schools was relatively much larger than now. Private schools have also done a good work in Cleve- land. We find in the annals of the city mention of many such schools that no longer exist. Cleveland Seminary for Young Ladies, on Woodland avenue, long presided over by Mr. Sanford, and Humiston's School, on the South Side, are well remembered. Of living schools the most promi- nent are the Cleveland Academy, at one time under the charge of Miss Guilford, later of Mr. I. P. Bridgman ; Miss Mittleberger's School for Young Ladies, and Miss Brown's, formerlv Miss Fisher's school. It is believed that less than one thousand pupils attend private schools of all kinds in the city. Brooks School, named for its founder, Rev. Frederick Brooks, at the time rector of St. Paul's church, was or- HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 261 ganized in IST-i, and has done an excellent work in the fields of primary, grammar, and academical instruction. A considerable number of Cleveland boys have been fitted for coliege at this school. Professor A. H. Thompson has been for some years the efficient Principal. About the 3'ear 1850 the Cleveland University was launched. Dr. Asa Mahan, who had been president of Oberlin College for many years, was its president. At first the university found a home in a building on Otitario street ; but a new building— and a fine building for those times — w^ as constructed for its accommodation on the South Side. Dr. Mahan brought great ability and enthusiasm to his work ; he was supported by an able corps of teachers, but the university lacked financial backing, and after a struggle of two or three years, and graduating one class, it ceased to exist. The building was afterwards occupied by Hum- iston's School, and then by the Homceopathic Hospital. One of the wings still stands on University street. In 1876 Mr. Leonard Case executed a deed of trust set- ting apart certain real property to establish and endow a school to be called the Case School of Applied Science. After Mr. Case's death in 1880, the school was incorpo- rated, and in 1881 was organized on a small scale on Rock- well street. In 1885 it was transferred to an elegant building provided forits accommodation at the East End. This building was nearly destroyed by fire in October, 1886, but is now again approaching completion. The name of this school describes the field that it occupies. Its superior material facilities, fine faculty, and large endowment are its promise of great usefulness in the future. 262 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. In 1880 Mr. Amasa Stone offered to give Western Re- serve College, that had been carrying on collegiate work of a high order at Hudson since its foundation in 1826, five hundred thousand dollars— one hundred and fifty thousand dollars to be used in the erection of suitable buildings, and three hundred and fift}' thousand dollars to be added to the permanent endowment funds of the col- lege—provided : (1) the college should be removed to Cleveland; (2) the citizens of Cleveland would give suita- ble grounds for its use; and (3) the name should be changed to Adelbert College of Western Reserve Univer- sity. These considerations were all complied with, and in the autumn of 1882 the old college with a new name, a strengthened faculty, and largely augmented funds, moved into the beautiful building that it now occupies at the East End, where it holds high aloft the standard of superior instruction. The Medical College on Erie street, founded in 1844 under the charter of Western Reserve College, now a part of Western Reserve University, has long ranked with the best medical schools of the West. Its greatly enlarged accommodations, provided by the generosity of Mr. J. L. Woods, will enable it to take a higher rank in the future. The Homoeopathic Hospital College, founded in 1850, is one of the best schools of that practice in the country. It is also the second in respect to age. The Medical Depart- ment of Wooster University is much younger than either of its competitors, but is, no doubt, destined to grow with the institution of which it is a part. For many years there was a law college in Cleveland. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 263 but it never flourished and some years ago became extinct. Of business colleges, first and last, there have been sev- eral ; but mention can be made of only the Spencerian Col- lege, the strongest of them all, and never more flourishing than now. Cleveland has much of which to be proud — her location, railroad facilities, manufactures, trade, streets, homes, and churches; but of nothing, has she greater reason to be proud than of her educational institutions, public and private. 264. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. MUNICIPAL FINANCES. FROM STATISTICS FURNISHED BY THOMAS JONES, JR. PRIOR to 1871 the duties now pertaining to the office of City Auditor were discharged by the City Clerk, and were regarded by the coordinate branches of the city government and b\' the incumbent of the office as wholly clerical in character. The clerk was a mere pa^^-master, issuing his warrants on the treasury on the mandate of the City Council, without question and without responsi- bility beyond such as might incidentally attach to any merely clerical duty ; and we find periodical groans in the annual messages of two decades of mayors, as w^ell as in the reports of more than one Special Committee of Inves- tigation, because no records were kept from which the exact financial standing of the city or thecondition of any of the funds could be ascertained. ^ * Each of the several departments of the city government * See notes beginning on page 2 — . HISTORY OF CLEVELAxND. 265 was managed by a Standing Committee of the City Council, or b}^ a Board of Directors, Trustees or Commissioners, and these subsidiary bodies, acting entirely indepen- dent of each other and practically without accountabil- ity, check or restraint, not onU' disbursed the funds appro- priated for the maintenance of the department under their control, as their judgment or caprice might elect, but unhesitatingly incurred obligations far in excess of legalized expenditure. Under such a system — or rather entire lack of system — the exact, or even an approximate showing could be made onU' at the end of each fiscal year. Under such conditions a history of mimicipal finance must be sought for in fragmentary entries, carelessly made in indifferenth^ kept records of the departments ; we shall look in vain for comprehensive or satisfactory data else- where, and inasmuch as a narrative compiled from such sources would convey no moral whatever, and be at best but a compendium of statistics, without significance, the date referred to may be justly regarded as that at which a financial policy was inaugurated. It is no serious reflection upon any officer or body of the corporation, occupying place prior to the time named, to thus summarily dispose of their stewardship; man\' of them were men of sterling worth and high standing; they but followed precedent ; the business h^id been conducted in the same manner since the incorporation as a cit\' in 1836, and the necessit}^ for, or even the advisability of a change had not occurred to them, at least not with suffi- cient force or directness to incite a reformation. The cry for "Reform " had not vet been heard in the land, and the 266 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. local magnates regarded their personal integrit}^ and the excellence of their individual judgments as an ample guar- anty of able management and honest administration, without the restraints of a systematic conduct of affairs. A liberal, open-handed, "go-as-you-please" spirit pre- vailed ; an}^ question as to payment of the debt being accumulated annually was met with the scriptural injunc- tion, "Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof," and bonds became a panacea for the evil when the day of pay- ment arrived. In April, 1871, the office of City Auditor was created, and Thomas Jones, Jr., was elected to the position. Hav- ing been for a number of years a member of the Board of Education and of the City Council, he had acquired a fair knowledge of municipal business, and was keenly alive to the defective manner of administering the public trust. With his experience, supplemented by rare executive abil- itv, inherent integrity, an indomitable will power and an abundant self-reliance, the newly elected auditor entered upon his duties, and the histor^^ of Cleveland's mtmicipal finances had a beginning. Mr. Jones' eminent fitness for the position demonstrated itself at the outset in the energy displayed in organizing the department. His clear understanding of the situation, his immediate adoption of means to remedy existing defects, and his unswerving adherence to sound business principles were invaluable in that emergency, and to him is due the credit not onh' of devising a systematic man- agement but of rescuing the city from a course which, if HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 267 persisted in, must have culminated in disaster and bank- ruptcy. The prejudices engendered by long usage and precedent, and the tenacious grip of "time honored custom" invited lively opposition to the radical innovations proposed by Mr. Jones, and greatly retarded the w^ork; to such an ex- tent, in fact, was this hostility to change or modification pensisted in that in one notable instance, that of the Water- Works department, the changes and reforms then urged by Mr. Jones, as requisite to a unified system, are still being urged upon the attention of the Legislature, the Council and the public generally, but with the ever recur- ring, strenuous and, thus far, successful opposition of the Water- Works directorj^ and officials. That this depart- ment must sooner or later be brought into line, and be held to some accountability is inevitable; that it should so long have maintained its independence from restraint or supervision, is a striking example of the power of per- sistent and determined effort in a given direction, when exercised by adepts in the science of manipulation. - Opposition to the new order of things developed in every branch of the service, extending even into the City Council, Avliere remarks, tinctured at times with acrimony, engen- dered by disappointment at the failure of a pet measure, were not infrec^uently directed at the auditor. The press of the city indulged at times in adverse criticism, but the course marked out was rigidly adhered to. It has stood the test of time, and in its essential elements is still the rule of management in the department of city finance. The system of records and accounts, the devising of which 268 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. was but a detail of the labor involved, has triumphantly withstood the test of expert investigation and inspection, instigated by no friendly animus. To limit the annual expenditure in ever3^ department to the amount appropriated to its use, constitutes the key- note of municipal finances. This principle has been accepted in theory from the outset, but had never been adopted as a factor in the practical administration of city affairs. Mr. Jones, however, essaj-ed the task of reducing thetheorv to practice, and this aroused the opposition already re- ferred to. It was not until the fall of 1873 that a fitting opportu- nity presented itself for an open attack upon the prevalent custom, and an explicit announcement of a purpose to follow a given line of procedure. On the ninth of Sep- tember, 1873, a resolution was introduced into the City Council and referred to the City Auditor, providing for the issue of bonds to the amount of sixty-four thousand dol- lars, "which was expended from th^Fire Department fund for improvements therein, in the Sixteenth and Seven- teenth wards, by reason of the terms of annexation of said wards (the village of East Cleveland) to the city." After showing that the terms of annexation had been agreed to subsecpient to the date at which the amount appropriated for fire department purposes had been fixed, and that, consecjuenth', no provision had been made for this expenditure, the auditor, in his report upon the resolution, sa3's: "The fact of these contin- uous overdrafts from the various funds ^ points to one of two legitimate conclusions, namelv: that the vari- HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 269 ous departments specified are either too expensively managed, or that the levy for municipal purposes is too small to meet the necessary current expenditures of the city. Hence the deduction is inevitable that the Council must either curtail the ordinary current expenses, or that an increased levy must be authorized to provide for them. In any case the financial credit of the city demands that no expenditures be made, or liabilities of any kind incurred, bevond the authorized means of liquidating them. It is a clear and unmistakable violation of our municipal code for the Council to incur any liabilities in excess of the cur- rent revenues of the city, and no warrants on the treasury can legally be drawn by the auditor, unless the money to pay such warrant is already in the treasury, and to the credit of the proper fund to which it should be charged.'* The embarrassment under which I have labored in meeting this question hitherto, has arisen from the very fact that when I first entered upon the duties of my oflSce the funds of the departments referred to (Fire, Police, House of Refuge, Infirmary, Street and Gas funds) and of some others, even including the interest account at times, had been continuously overdrawn for years. . . . But if the plain letter and spirit of the law shall continue, as hereto- fore, to be violated in incurring liabilities for any depart- ment, for the payment of which there are no funds in the treasury, the auditor, in the plain and legal discharge of his duties, will feel obliged to take his stand, as it is his determination to do, and refuse to issue warrants on any fund whose resources are exhausted.'' In order to impress this matter more fully upon the minds 270 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. of heads of departments, and to caution them against a violation of this principle, a full statement of the condition of each fund, showing the resources, was prepared by the auditor and published, before the expiration of each fiscal year, with such comments as seemed pertinent at the time. In 1875 the principle was fully vindicated, and in his annual report for that year, under date, March 21, 1876, the auditor gives utterance to the following: Thus, in spite of the prophecies adverse to the system, and to its prac- ticability of restricting the current expenditures of the city to a point actually below current revenues, the result of the past j^ear has estab- lished, for the second time only in the history- of this city, not the prac- ticability alone, but the complete success of the principle adopted tv^o years ago, in exact conformity to the requirements of the law. The costh' result of departing from this principle is shown by the accu- mulating, from a comparatively small overdraft at first, of a funded debt against the cit\% which by the continued increase, occurring within the past ten or twelve years only, consisting almost exclusively of these overdrafts for current expenses, now amounts to no less than $1,822,000! The penalty which the city pays annually in interest for this so-called "liberal" style of managing cit3' affairs is no less than $127,400. Such was the clearly expressed sentiment of the auditor, in his annual report for the year 1874. The following compilations will, in a measure, illustrate the practical results of the change brought about : On the first of January, 1872, the overdrafts aggregated $269,766.31. In 1873 the expenditures exceeded the receipts by $248,362.78, the overdrafts in twelve of the funds amounting to $416,612.05, as follows : HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 271 Fire Department $95,760.26 Infirmary 6,196.71 House of Correction 36,195.51 Cemeteries 5,265.45 Streets 39,798.43 Gas 79,516.00 Brido^es 21,964.30 Police Court 31,085.11 Dredging 27,269.45 Parks 599.66 Superior Court 2,229.07 Police Department 70,773.10 In April and Ma3^ 1874-, funded debt bonds to the amount of $400,000 were issued to cover the deficit, and on Januar\^ 1, 1875, the city started in with a credit bal- ance to all the funds, the Cemetery and Superior Court funds excepted, amounting to $261,048.48. The net credit balances, cash in the treasury, on the first day of January, and the expenditures for each year are shown in the following table : , Year. Cr. Balance. Disbursements for Ordinary Expenses of City Government. Total Dis- bursements for General Funds, Including Interest. 1876 $ 274,444.84 253,927.33 220,557.22 273 224.79 2,464,897.22 2,124,817.15 1,817,738.86 1,683,311.29 666,960.27 809,955.28 766,711.50 891,002.28 $ 930,748.12 888,488.29 783,392.35 732,200.44 784,017.62 811,651.08 845,306.19 909,301.80 1,060,282.32 1,127,577.30 1,133,344.08 $1,683,634.36 1,464,329.13 1,679,003.61 1,343,770.81 1,369,671.17 1 377 121 12 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1 466 438 53 1883 1,605,567.72 2 345 316 06 1884 1885 2,306,586.66 2,004,286.39 1886 1887 J, (J, HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. Another practice, alike pernicious and subversive of law and a proper consideration of the rights of the taxpayer, had been freely indulged in. namely that of directing by simple Council resolution the payment of public mone\' for purposes entirely foreign to that for which it had been levied, and which were in no sense included in the catalogue of municipal obligations. Of this character was a resolu- tion unanimously adopted b}^ the City Council, October 31, 1871, instructing the auditor "to place all bills for the purchase of such articles as have been made for the benefit of the sufferers by the Chicago fire, when properh- approved by the appointed committee, in thenext claims ordinance." Sentiment and finance did not assimilate, and the auditor promptly declined to draw the warrant, because there were no funds in the treasury for the purpose. The urgent de- mand of the mayor, of the president of the Council and of the chairman of the Finance Committee preferred in some- what arbitrary terms, failed to secure the requisite signa- ture of the auditor.* The visitation of the plague at the city of Memphis in 1873, and the appeal for aid in that behalf, brought forth a resolution, adopted by the City Council, October 28, 1873, after receiving the approval and recommendation of the Committees on Finance and on Judiciary, directing the auditor to draw a warrant on the city treasury for three thousand dollars in response to the appeal. The press of the cit}' commended both of these measures, and a heavy pressure otherwise was brought to bear upon the auditor, but the result was identical with that of the Chicago project ; the warrant was not drawn. * A large amount was afterwards raised by private subscription. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 273 This was, so far as the records show, the last attempt made to draw money from the city treasury for purposes other than for which it was collected. Affairs in the City Treasurer's department had been con- ducted in unison with the manner of the other depart- ments, and no attempt whatever seems to have been made or thought of, whereby the city should be placed on a footing which its solvency and ability to meet its obligations en- titled it to in financial circles. When money was recjuired temporary loans were made, for the use of which ten per cent, was demanded and cheerfully paid. Frequent emer- gencies were met by frequent loans, and a history- of the epoch, if such a history could be compiled, would be an interesting chapter to the student in finance. In 1869 Mr. S. T. Everett was elected City Treasurer, and immediately thereon a new order of things was inaugurated . ^ Educated and trained as a banker, Mr. Everett brought to the office a knowledge and experience which were invaluable, and which during the fourteen years of his incumbency were instrumental in placing the city's credit upon a secure foundation, enabling it to negotiate its bonds on excep- tionalbv' favorable terms, Mr. Everett himself negotiating the securities at the eastern money centers.''' The ten per cent, temporary loans were at once called in and the money secured at seven percent., and during Mr. Everett's admin- istration Cleveland city bonds became "gilt edged" secur- ities, and brought higher rates than those of any other city in the west.^ When the perplexing questions arising from the struggle made by property owners against the assessments for spe- 274 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. cial improvements confronted the city's officials, and it be- came necessary to meet a novel emergency, Mr. Everett did not hesitate to stand by his convictions, and in con- junction with the auditor carry out a policy which, while possibly not within the literal purview of the law, unques- tionably saved to the city thousands of dollars in interest, and that too when adherence to the strict letter of the law would have relieved him of much labor and responsibilit}-, and indirectly have inured to his profit. ^ Mayor N. P. Payne, during his term of office, 1875 and 1876, gave much time and consideration to the city's finances, and the impress of his knowledge, experience and judgment may be found in many pages of the current record of his day and generation. The debt of the city has, in its growth, been in a fair ratio with the increase in population, and the consequent aug- mented demand for enlarged facilities, greater conveniences and added luxuries, as a close study of the question will show. An unusual increase of the debt in any given year, period of years, will be found to follow a period of very or apparent inactivity, and it is altogether fair to assume that the inactivity was rather the result of a policy which ignored the needs of the hour, in the matter of improve- ments, than one of unusually wise or economical adminis- tration. While it is true that the charge of extravagance may, in some instances, be well grounded, and the fact conceded that the municipal coffers have been despoiled of many dollars by the action of its own citizens in taking advantage of the unpardonable carelessness and reprehen- sible ignorance of officials in the matter of special assess- HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 275 ments, levied for street openings, extensions etc., yet it must be admitted that, taken in its entirety, the debt has been well earned and a fair quid pro quo secured. In no instance has the debt been increased by the dishonest prac- tice, or to the personal profit of an official. A comparison of the debt of this with that of other cities will probably place the matter in a clearer light than any array of figures, compiled wholly from the ledgers at the City Hall, could do, and to that end the following com- parative statement of the debt, per capita, is taken from the Auditor's Annual Report, 1878: Boston 1877 $ 83 Cambridge, Mass 1877 86 Worcester, Mass 1877 59 Portland, Me 1877 144 Hartford, Conn 1877 78 New Haven, Conn 1877 15 Providence, R. 1 1876 66 Albany, N. Y 1877 41 Baltimore, Md 1877 78 Brooklyn, N. Y 1877 73 Rochester, N. Y 1877 62 Buffalo, N. Y 1877 58 Cleveland, 1878 24 Cincinnati, O 1877 88 Toledo, O 1877 70 Detroit, Mich 1877 23 Louisville, Ky 1877 45 Milwaukee, Wis 1877 22 Chicago, Ills 1877 43 St. Louis, Mo 1877 51 It will be seen from this that the city's debt was very much below the average of that of the twenty cities 276 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. named ; the average per capita being over $60, or two and a half times greater than that of Cleveland. The debt was then at its maximum point, being but $200,000 less than the highest point ever attained. On the basis of a present population of 225,000 the debt per capita, Janu- ary 1, 1887, is $36.42. By a somewhat unique schedule, embodied in the annual message of Mayor W. G. Rose, presented to the City Council April 15, 1878, the assets of the city are enumer- ated as follows : Armory and lot $ 20,000.00 Bridges and appurtenances ••••• 293,000.00 Canal lands 300,000.00 Fire department, real estate and equipments 368,870.00 Infirmary farm and improvements 163,673.00 Lake View Park 307,396.00 Land, forty-three miscellaneous parcels 79,604.00 Market grounds and buildings 156.295.00 Police department, real estate and equipments 157,268.85 Pest-House and farm 30,000.00 School department, real estate and equipments 1,590,654.00 Viaduct 2,135,000.00 Water-Works, real estate and equipments 2,392,029.00 Work-House, grounds, buildings and equipments 231,633.00 Total $8,225,422.85 To which should have been added the value of the securi- ties and other assets held by the Sinking Fund Commis- sioners, to wit: $2,109,357.21, making a grand total of $10,334,580.06. The general bonded debt of the city at the time was $6,061,000.00. The total indebtedness of the city, including bonds, city HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 277 notes and certified estimates outstanding, and the amomit of overdrawn balances, on the first day of January of the years named, is here given: 1872 $4,130,506.11 1S73 5,550,648.48 1874 6,016,093.36 1875 7,941,832.00 1876 8,957,702.38 1877 9,442,572.56 1878 9,358,831.26 1879 9,539,836.84 1880 8,751,595.10 1881 8,066,938.80 1882 7,343,419.11 1883 '. 7,120,213.56 1884 7,051,361.62 1885 7,313,997.55 1886 7,774,179.30 1887 8,195,842.51 The present debt of the city, July 1, 1887, is $8,327,- 449.82 ;9 a decrease of $1,212,387.02 from the highest point reached, 1879. The bonded debt is divided as follows : Water-Works $1,775,000 Funded Debt 1,909,000 Infirmar,v 6,000 Monumental Park 30,000 Lake View Park 285,000 Wade Park 7,000 Canal 275,000 Viaduct 2,138,000 Kingsbur^^ Bridge 215,000 General Bonds 250,000 278 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. School 85,000 Elevated Roadway 335,000 Pearl Street Bridge 10,000 Total General Bonds 7,320,000 Street Improvements 383,000 Street Damages 36,000 Sewers 276,800 Total $8,015,800 Theee bonds are payable, as follows : 1887 $629,800 1888 316,800 1889 550,600 1890 273,000 1891 309,000 1892 679,700 1893 585,000 1894 624,000 1895 637,000 1896 802.000 1897 751,000 1898 698,000 1899 125,000 1900 365,000 1901 235,000 1902 210,000 1903 100,000 1904 125.000 The general indebtedness was largely augmented by an apparent ignorance of the statutory requirements relating to assessments for special improvements, and by a repre- hensible failure to provide a prompt and adequate means for collecting assessments when made, on the part of the proper authorities. This ignorance and failure, added to HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 279 the cupidity and moral turpitude of certain interested property owners, who did not hesitate to stultify them- selves (to use a mild term) when called upon to give evi- dence as to the assessable value of their propert}^ resulted in throwing upon the city at large a debt which these prop- erty owners were fully obligated, in equity, to pay.^^ On an aggregate assessment of $1,591,019.60, madeon prop- erty benefited by special improvements, the collection of $1,052,668.51 was enjoined by the courts on the petition of the property owners. Of the amount enjoined $373,- 153.10 was on account of the Payne avenue opening, an improvement of questionable or at best trifling benefit to any one aside from the property owners through whose lands the street was laid, who petitioned for the improve- ment, were persistent and industrious in virging the passage of the necessary measures to carrv it into effect, and quite as quick to bring ever^- tcchnicalit}' into play to escape payment and place the burden upon the public at large. The same may be said of the Sherifi" street opening, and others of the seventeen special im- provements, the collection of the assessment for which was enjoined. The general bonded indebtedness of the city was increased to the amount of $1,027,435.98.11 The passage of the "Burns Law,"" in 1876, fortunately put a stop to further blunders on the one hand and rank inconsistency on the other. ^ ^ The city having loaned its credit in good faith was legally and moralh^ bound to meet its obligations, and could not set up the claim that her own citizens sought to defraud her, as a bar against the claim of her creditors. The 280 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. bonds for special improvements had been issued and must be paid on maturity. The means for this purpose having been cut off by the suits of injunction, other means must be provided. In the auditor's report for 1877 nearly all the special improvement accounts show a deficiency, marked overdrawn. The uncertainty as to the final de- cision of the courts was a disturbing element, which still further complicated matters. There was but one of two courses to pursue; to make another issue of bonds for the full amount of the obligations so unexpectedly cast upon the city, or to use the balances l\'ing idle in the treasury. Whether wisely or not the latter course was pursued, at first as a temporary expedient, and then pursued year after year, in the vain hope and expectation that the cases in court might be settled or terminated, or that other means might be provided for canceling the obligation. The City Auditor and Treasurer in assuming this responsi- bility, which they did in the conviction that a very con- siderable portion of this debt would remain as a charge - against the city at large, did so with the full knowledge and concurrence of successive mayors, finance committees and City Councils, all having been fully informed of the existence and character of these obligations, so unexpect- edlv cast upon the cit}'. ^ ^ They were consulted as to what was the best course to pursue and concurred in the views of the auditor and treasurer. On this subject the auditor says in his annual report for 1877: "The saving to the citv in interest alone by thecourse pursued, instead of issu- ing new bonds, has not been less than $35,000 a year for six vears since 1872, or about $210,000 in all, as an aver- HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 281 age of $500,000 has been carried along for the entire period. No person or fund has ever been wronged or in- jured by the procedure, even though its lack of regular legal authority is admitted. Let it be distinctly affirmed, in order to correct all mis- statements in the past and all misapprehensions for the future, that no warrant has ever been drawn upon the treasury by the City Auditor, nor any money ever paid by the City Treasurer, for the management of the floating special improvement debt, or for any other purpose, ex- cept by the direct authority of an ordinance of the Council, signed and recommended by the Finance Committee." Subsequent events fully confirmed the views of the offi- cials, the city at large being compelled to pay no less than $1,027,435.98 on this account. (See Note 11.) The wis- dom of the course pursued cannot, in the light of the results, be questioned, as the interest alone on the bonds, had any been issued, would have been a heavy burden. The issue of bonds has ever been a subject of deep con- sideration on the part of officials having in charge its fidu- ciary interests, and each succeeding administration has placed itself on record in this particular phase of the problem. Succeeding mayors have enunciated their views in well rounded periods, and have, so far as their powers enabled them, with more or less consistency, adhered to their views in the practice; but the influence wielded by the mayor in shaping affairs, either in directing or con- trolling its finances or in the management of any depart- ment, is so limited as to be virtually without force, and, as a consequence, his announcement of a policy conve3's no 282 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. promise of development, and no credit or blame can justly attach to that officer, be the result v^hat it may. Under such chxumstances, and in the absence of any well defined uniformity of practice in an^^ given period, or of any radical change inaugurated at any particular epoch, we must conclude that the legislators and executives have devoted themselves rather to the question of providing the improvements demanded by a great community than of devising means to pay therefor. Shall the coming gen- erations be called upon to pay in whole or in part for pub- lic improvements, the benefit of which the}' shall enjoy as well as we, remains an unsolved problem. Any histor}^ of the finances of Cleveland would be incom- plete without reference to what is known as the "Sinking Fund of 1862,"^'^ a brief review of which is here given. This fund had its birth in the earh^ days of municipality, and those who laid its foundation builded better than they knew. Empowered by an act of the Legislature, passed in 1846, the city subvScribed for $100,000 of stock in the Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati railroad; in 1849 a second sub- scription of a like amount was authorized, and in the same vear $100,000 was subscribed for stock in the Cleveland & Pittsburgh railroad. In 1851, by the same authorization, $100,000 in the stock of the Cleveland, Painesville & Ashtabula railroad was subscribed for. These several investments were paid for in Cleveland city bonds. On the first of May, 1862, at which date these stocks were placed in the custody of HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 283 the Sinking Fund Commissioners, the nominal assets were : Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati R. R $ 26,277 29 Cleveland & Pittsburgh R. R 102, 964. 04 Cleveland, Painesville & Ashtabula R. R 232,136 19 Total $ 361,377 52 The result of the transactions in each instance, up to the date named, being as follows : C. C. &C.R. R. EXPENSES. City Bonds issued $ 200,000 00 Interest on same, paid by citj' 24,800 00 Total outlay $ 224,800 00 RECEIPTS. City Bonds issued for the C. C. & C. R. R. Co., paid by them $ 200,000 00 City Bonds issued for the C. & P. R. R. and paid by the C. C. & C. R. R. Co 114,606 41 Other assets turned over to the Sinking Fund Commis- sioners 26,277 29 Total, Receipts $ 340,883 70 Profit on the investinent in fourteen 3'ears $ 116,083 70 C. &P. R. R. EXPENSES. City Bonds issued for stock $ 100,000 00 Interest paid b^' the cit\% known and estimated 37,193 59 Interest paid by C. C. & C. R. R. from its dividends 14,606 41 Interest paid by C. & P. R. R 8.200 00 Total outlay $ 160,000 00 RECEIPTS. Stock sold by Commissioners ..$ 42,537 50 Amount realized from dividends 8.200 00 Toted Receipts $ 50,737 50 284 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. Difference between the investment and the receipts $109,- 262.50. The actual direct loss to the city, however, was not all of this, but was comprised in the sum of the two items of the taxes paid for interest, and the discount on the bonds sold, or $94,655.59; the remainder being the loss of the Sinking Fund, and of course, indirectly, that of the city. C. P. & A. R. R. • EXPENSES. City bonds issued ..; $200,000.00 Discount paid on the bonds 2,000.00 Total expenses $202,000.00 RECEIPTS. City bonds paid $200,000.00 City stock in possessiini at ])ar 178,520.00 Other assets, excluding;- a claim of $33,415.4-1 on a New York depository which had failed 20,200.78 This stock being at the time largely above par was worth probably $220,000, making a total in receipts of $398,720.78, and a direct profit upon the investment of $196,720.78 is shown. The first annual report of the commissioners, January 1, 1863, showed a reduction in their nominal assets amount- ing to $29,218.45, which is accounted for by a sale of the stock of the city in the C. & P. R. R., but no real loss, as the stock when sold, in November, 1862, brought about twice as much as its quotations in May, 1862, when the Sinking Fund Commissioners took it in charge. The further progress of the fund, under the able and judicious management of the commissioners, and its remarkable increase from 1863 to the present time is briefly noted by HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 285 giving an abstract of its successive annual amounts dur- ing the period : arv 1, 1863 Total cash and assets ."ft .339O59 07 1864 422,203 36 1865 470 858 91 1866 569,143 59 1867 597,272 73 186S " 933,923 78 1869 1,008,838 59 1870 " 1 146 100 68 1871 1,209,860 93 1872 1,311,550 79 1873 1,551,106 41 1874- 1,688,793 79 1875 " 1 761 543 44 1876 ' " 1863,736 41 1877 1,989,75184 1878 " . 2 109 357 21 1879 " '1816 690 53 1880 1 928,742 50 1881 " 1 596 265 53 1882 ' " 1 252 849 02 1883 1,121,602 12 1884 ' " 1 072 772 57 1885 1,102,187 89 1886 ' " 1,134,18129 1887 1.905.155 47 Of this fund $925,000 was pledged, originally, to the redemption of outstanding Water-Works bonds, and the unpledged balance to such public purpose as the trustees of what then, 1862, constituted that portion of the city * The first payment from the fund, as provided 1)y law, was made in Jul3', 1878, being $450,000 for the redemption of maturing Water-Works bonds. 286 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. located on the east side of the river — "the first seven wards/' Payments have been made from the fund to January 1, 1887, as follows: — Cleveland Cit\' Water-Works bonds $ 925,000 00 Other Cleveland City loonds and debts 487,963 75 Citj^'s proportion for repaving streets 463,191 72 Appropriation for fire-boat 29,000 00 Total $1,905,155 47 The following items constitute the Sinking Fund of 1 862 January 1, 1887: 2,300 shares capital stock L. S. & M. S. R'y, par value $ 230,000 00 Cleveland citj^ 6 per cent. Water-Works bonds, par value... 637,000 00 Chicago & Atchison Bridge Company 6 per cent, bonds, par value 94,000 00 Chicago & North-West Railway 7 per cent, bonds, par value 50,000 00 Cash on deposit 79,069 82 Total assets $1,090,069 82 The act of the Legislature, authorizing the issue of bonds for the construction of the Viaduct, made it the dutv of the City Council to create a Sinking Fund within two years from the passage of the act "for the purpose of providing means to pay the principal of all bonds issued by authority of this act." In conformity with the pro- visions of this act, an ordinance was passed creating the "Viaduct Sinking Fund." The cash placed to the credit of this fund the first year, 1879, was as follows : HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 287 Received of City Treasurer, proceeds of levy $50,709 57 Interests on deposits 447 65 Payment of temporar}- loan 7,290 02 Interest on same 56 32 Interest on $265,000 Valley Railroad bonds 2,083 70 Total $60,587 26 The cash disbursements during the year were : Temporary loan $ 7,290 02 Purchaseof 500 sharesof stock, Kalamazoo, Allegan & Grand Rapids Railroad Company 50.000 00 Total $57.290 02 The first annual report of the Fund Commissioners, Jan- uary 1, 1880, shows the following assets on that date: 500 shares of K. A. & G. R. R. R. stock $ 50,000 00 Valley Railroad 7 per cent, bonds 265,000 00 Cash on deposit 3,297 24 Total $318,297 24 The total cash and assets of the fund on the first day of January of each year have been as follows : January 1, 1880 $318,297 24 1881 359,798 98 1882 389,030 67 1883 420,110 12 1884 478,108 58 1885 534,050 11 1886 587,471 36 1887 636,878 05 The Viaduct bonds, to the payment of which this fund stands pledged, mature as follows: 288 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 1893 $148,000 00 1894 270,000 00 1895 300,000 00 1896 500,000 00 1897 225,000 00 1898 570,000 00 1907 125,000 00 That the fund will be amply sufficient to fully meet the purpose for which it was created there can be no doubt. In 1879 the funds remaining in the hands of the cit}- treasurer as the proceeds of the annual tax levy made for the redemption of maturing city bonds, v^ere placed in the custody of the Sinking Fund Commissioners and is now designated as the "General Sinking Fund." The only rev- enue derived is interest on deposits, as the constant demand made on the fund precludes investment. January 1, 1887, this fund was credited with a cash balance of $5,065.00. In December, 1885, an ordinance was passed by the City Council, which provides that "the surplus of water rents above the cost of conducting, managing, repairing and extending the Water-Works, as said surplus may be declared by the trustees of Water-Works, shall be paid over to the Sinking Fund Commissioners, to be b}^ them held, invested and managed as a 'Water-Works Sinking Fund,' which moneys so held, together with their earnings, shall be applied, from time to time, to the payment of the maturing interest and principal of the Water-Works debt, etc." In conformity with the foregoing, the sum of $75,000 was paid to the Sinking Fund Commissioners February 7, 1887. HISTORY OF CL?:VELAND. 289 But a slight idea of the labor involved in making up the records and accounts in the citj^'s department of finance could be given by any written description of the sj^stem.^^ The grand ledger in the City Auditor's office contains no less than seven hundred and seventeen open accounts, two hundred and ninety representing the general and special funds and other general accounts, and four hundred and twenty-seven individual accounts; from these accounts are compiled annuall}' and presented to the City Council the elaborate tables, seventeen in number, as follows : A general exhibit of resources and disbursements in 1886. An analysis of resources of each general fund for 1886. A comparison of ordinary expenses paid from the follow- ing funds for 1885 and 1886. The condition of each fund and account January 1, 1887. The municipal lev\' for each general fund in the tax of 1886, and comparison with that of 1885. Amount and proceeds of all bonds issued in 1886. Amount and maturity of general bonds outstanding January 1, 1887. Amount and maturity of street improvement bonds out- standing January 1, 1887. Amount and maturity of street damage bonds outstand- ing Januar}^ 1, 1887. Amount and maturity of sewer bonds outstanding Jan- wary 1, 1887. Recapitulation of bonds outstanding January 1, 1887. 290 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. Comparison of city debt of all kinds January 1, 1886, and January 1, 1887. Principal and interest of bonds maturing in each month of 1887. A comparative showing of items included for sixteen years — 1871 to 1886, inclusive. Amounts levied in the tax of 1886 upon sewer districts. Lists of assessments prepared by the City Auditor's department and levied in the tax of 1886. Results in 1886. There were issued from the department during the past year, 1886, 6,531 warrants on the treasury for the pay- ment, in the aggregate, of $3,178,771.98.* The computa- tions and adjustments in the department of special assess- ments require a large outlay of expert labor. The accounts in the City Treasurer's department are of the simplest character and are embraced under about two hundred headings. The receipt and disbursement of the funds constitute the principal labor of the department ; the aggregate cash receipts for the year 1886 were $4,- 548,657.12, as follows: Municipal funds, $2,971,496.36, School funds, $1,178,821.62; Water-Works, $362,420.36 ; Public Library $35,918.78. The total cash disbursements were $3,909,161.16, as follows: For municipal purposes, $2,954,841.03; for School purposes, $628,882.79 ; for Water-Works purposes, $302,178.05; for Public Library purposes, $23,259.29. No city in the country has a better credit in financial cir- * This is exclusive of the amount paid on the regular pay rolls, which are made up by the several departments. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 291 cles than Cleveland ; in none have municipal affairs been administered with greater fidelity on the part of its ser- vants, and, while there are unquestionably many abuses, it will be found that they are inherent in the system of gov- ernment prescribed b^^ the organic law of the State, which admits of legislative tinkering with the minutest detail, and that in the administration of affairs no advantage has been taken of the evils of the system. That these existing evils should be cured must become more apparent as the city increases in wealth and population; and with a speedy application of an adequate remedy, Cleveland will continue to maintain its present high standing in the financial world. NOTES. ^ On February 13, 1866, a special committee of the City Council, con- sisting of Messrs. Thomas Jones, Jr., Ansel Roberts and John Huntington, after an exhaustive examination, extending through the records of a period of fifteen 3-ears, submitted a report upon the school fund showing a balance to the credit of that fund of nearly ninety thousand dollars, with which to meet an estimated current expenditure for the year of fifty-five thousand dollars, whereas the current accounts of the clerk indicated a large deficit in that fund. ~ In every matter pertaining to the disbursement of its vast revenues, in the appointment of its numerous officials and fixing the rate of their compensation, in directing the laying of pipe and in fixing the charges to consumers, this Board is entirel3' independent of supervision or control. Bills are passed upon by the Board, the warrants on the treasury are drawn bj' its secretary, and the auditor is required to sign the latter, without the authority of enquiry as to the nature or correctness of the account. These bills are not placed in the ordinance for the payment of 292 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. claims and passed -iipon b^- the Council, as is true of all other claims against the cit3^ For many years the approval of a snigle member of the Board of Trustees sufficed to pass claims for payment. For as manj years no footings of the book of entry for water rents had been made, and the system of accounts was so far defective that embezzlement was made easy and rendered safe by the entire absence of an3^ check upon the receiving officer. The strict integrity of the incumbents alone saved the dty from loss, and it is but justice to these gentlemen to say that an in- vestigation made by a special committee of Council in 1878, disclosed the fact that all moneys had been duly accounted for. On the recommenda- tion of this committee many defects in the system were remedied. The autocratic power of this Board is well illustrated in the attitude taken in relation to the bonded indebtedness incurred in behalf of the de- partment, the Board declining to pay either interest or principal out of the large surplus remaining in the treasur^^ ever^^ year (amounting on the firstday of January, 1887,to $125, 386.74), thus placing the burden upon the general public and this without any apparent adequate reason, be- yond a desire to show at the end of each year that the department had not only been self-sustaining, but had been operated at a large profit, a profit which, under the present schedule of rates, innures to the large con- sumers and is taken directly not only from the pocket of the small con- sumer, but as well from that of the citizen who is not supplied with water through this channel. The following statement will show the results of this policy : Total amount of bonds issued for Water-Works purposes $2,700 000 Interest to date of maturity 3,246,790 Total $5,946,790 Of this amount there will have paid prior to January 1, 1888 : Of the principal $ 925,000 Interest 2,331,040 Total $3,256,040 The payments have been made as follows: From the Sinking Fund $ 300,000 By the Water-Works Department 220,000 By direct general taxation 2,736,040 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 293 From the foregoing it will be seen that for the past thirty-two years the city has paid on this behalf, principal and interest, an average of $101,750 annually, and for sixteen years to come will be required to pay an annual average of $168,170, if no change is effected. ^ On April 1, 1868, the Fire Department fund was balanced by trans- ferring from the general fund to its credit the sum of $102,695.64, this being the amoimt overdrawn at that date, since which date and up to the first of September, 1873, amounts aggregating $248,768.26 had been transferred to the same fund, and on the latter date the fund showed a balance of $33,270.77 on the wrong side of the ledger. 4 . . . Xor shall an\- appropriation be made by an\' City Council, officer or board, having anj' control thereof, imless the City Auditor shall first certify to the City Council, or board, that there is money in the treasury-, not otherwise appropriated, for the payment thereof — Act of the Legislature, passed April IS, 1871. ' Mr. Everett entered upon his duties as City Treasurer in April, 1869. In June of the same year he went to New York and endeavored to nego- tiate the notes of the cit\' to the amount of $200,000 through the Ocean Bank, which institution had been doing business for the city for some years. The bank declined the paper ; Mr. Everett thereupon called upon the American Exchange National Bank, and through his personal ac- quaintance, as a banker, with its officers and directors, secured the loan at seven per cent., three per cent, less than the city had been pa\-ing. The city's balance was withdrawn from the Ocean Bank and the Ameri- can Exchange National has since been the Eastern agent of the city. All Cleveland city bonds are made pa^^able at that institution. By this transaction a saving of $25,000 in interest was effected in the first year of Mr. Everett's inctimbency, and the failure of the Ocean Bank, shortly after the transfer of the funds, would have resulted in a loss of from $30,000 to $40,000 to the city had the balance remained. ® In his annual message, delivered to the Cit3^ Council April 11, 1876, Mayor Payne says: "The terse, intelligible yet comprehensive presenta- tion by Cit}- Treasurer Everett, in his annual report of the fiscal transac- tions of the government for the year, cannot but have attracted the atten- tion and received the unqualified approbation of all. But not even here are 294 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. Mr. Everett's services to the city seen to best advantage. The high credit our securities command in the Eastern markets is in no small degree due to the masterly manner in which he has handled our bonds. Instead of emplo_ving agents on commission, as had been done, Mr. Everett has taken our bonds to the Eastern money centers, put himself in communi- cation with the heaviest dealers in these securities, whose respect and confidence he has, and invited competition. His success in securing the highest rates is remarkable. It enabled us in our last transactions, the first and onlv citj' in the West, to dispose of one hundred thousand dol- lars six per cent, twenty year Water-Works bonds at a premium of five- eighths of one per cent, above par and all accrued interest." And again one year later the same authority says: "Two 3-ears of irtimate acquaintance with the working of our municipal government has convinced me of the efficiency of our civil service. The issue of the immense number of bonds required to meet the obligations imposed by the improvements in progress has made fidelity and judicious manage- ment m the treasury department indispensable. To ascertain whether the citv received the best possible rates for the securities it offered in the markets, on two occasions, when large amounts of bonds were to be sold, I accompanied the City Treasurer to the Eastern money centers —visited the principal dealers in municipal and other bonds with him, and witnessed his method. I learned that no city in the West realized more on the same grade of bonds than Cleveland, and few, if any, as much. I returned thoroughly satisfied that the universal public confidence mani- fested in this officer was not misplaced." ' In 1882, $100,000 Water-Works bonds bearing 3.65 per cent, inter- est were disposed of at one per cent, premium. 8 Reference is here had to the policy pursued in meeting maturing bonds, issued to pay for special improvements, by using moneys in the treasurv, instead of re-issuing bonds. 9 The increase in the debt from January 1 to July 1, 1887, is accounted for as follows : General bonds were issued as follows : For Elevated Roadway $175,000 For Kingsbury Run bridge 10,000 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 295 For Petrie Street bridge 5,000 For Pearl Street bridge 25,000 For street improvements 19,000 For sewers 36,000 For notes, miscellaneous 5,200 Total $275,200 Debt canceled : School bonds paid $ 50,000 Street improvement bonds paid 33,000 Sewer bonds paid 8,500 Notes paid 9,555 Total $101,055 ^^ In his Annual Report for the year 1877 the City Auditor dwells at length on this subject. After recounting briefly the history of other special improvements, he sa'vs : " In most instances, the propert3^ owners along the line of any improve- ment, to all appearances, acted spontaneously and unitedly in petition- ing the Board of Improvements to approve the application, and recom- mend it to the Council for adoption. In a few cases, some of which have been made conspicuously' prominent by very general discussion as to their merits and demerits, certain large property owners, or speculators, as it may be, made up for their lack of numbers by their activity and personal influence in securing a majority of the smaller owners in en- dorsement of a certain method which, on further reflection, or it might be said adverse representation, the latter were dissatisfied with, as not being so much to their own private advantage as to that of other large owners! Had the cases been reversed, the dissatisfied ones would have been reversed also. Hence if the improvement was well done, impartial citizens, not inter- ested in these street gift schemes, could look on with serene indifference at the disappointment of those who drew blanks in the pavement lot- tery. But the best illustration of the "true inwardness" of some of these speculative projects, devised especially for the benefit of certain property •owners but masked under the thin veil of "public utilit}'," is the propo- 296 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. sitioii, made in 1S74-, to open a new street between Euclid avenue and Superior street, and running between Bond street extension and Erie street, to be called Vincent street. The petition for the new street was signed only by a few jiersons, and probably by an even less proportion than in the case of the Sheriff street extension ; and none, perhaps, except the few original signers, out of a wide territory in ever}- direction, on which the tax for the new street would have been assessed, would have known of their prospective liabilities till they were called upon to pay for what could have been of no real advantage except to the Superior street and Euclid avenue owners of the abutting prop- erty! Yet the application was unhesitatingh' recommended by the Board of Improvements to the Council, which approved it and passed an ordinance authorizing the appropriation of the land needed for Vin- cent street. The value of the land to be appropriated was estimated by a jury in the Probate Court, at $90,000. Had no opposition arisen, and from an unex;pected source, not from those who were nominalh- to pay for it — the scheme might have been successfully carried througli. Prior, however, to the issue of city bonds for the payment of the $90,000, the matter was referred to the Finance Committee, then consisting of Messrs. James Barnett, Stephen Buhrer and George T. Chap- man. They made a careful investigation of the case, and reported that on the basis of the extreme limit of the legal assessment, namely twenty- five per cent, of its value on the abutting property, only about $40,000 to $45,000 could be realized, and further, that a tax on an indefinite amount of territory in the vicinity to meet the remaining cost would not probably be sustained if opposed in the courts, as it seemed appar- ent that no other property would be directly or indirectly benefit2d by Vincent street except that on the street itself, as it was not a necessary outlet for anything else ; and hence, that the cit}- at large would have to pay not less than $45,000 additional for the benefit of the projectors of the scheme. Although, as stated, the Coimcil had already authorized the appropriation of the land for the street, yet when the Finance Com- mittee and City Auditor made an adverse recommendation to that of the Board of Improvements, the Council adopted that of the committee and auditor, and refused to issue bonds in payment of a risk which the HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 297 owners on the line of the street were unwilling to take upon themselves. The Finance Committee offered to accept a bond from these verj' prop- erty owners, waiving their statutory rights, and guaranteeing the cit3^ against any possible claim which might thereafter be made from the excess of the cost of the land over the legal rate of the assessment ; but this, as was expected, they were unwilling to do, and the project of course fell through." [Vincent street was opened in 1886, by private enterprise, so far as the cost and expenses therefor is concerned. — Ed.] *i This matter is in itself of importance sufficient to justify a far more extended consideration than is practicable in an article of this character, and the following compilations, furnished by request by Air. R. F. Jones, Deputy City Auditor, August 1, 1887, must suffice to show the bearing had upon our municipal finances and indirectlj' upon the material pros- perity of the city. The figures are eloquent, and tell a marvelous tale of the enrichment of the private citizen at the expense of the public : "The total amount of indebtedness for special or local improvements, which for various reasons the cit^^ of Cleveland has been unable to meet b3^ direct taxation upon the abutting propert}^, or the pro pertj^ benefited, and amounting to $1,027,435.98, has been paid 133- the city as follows: From the Sinking Fund of 1862 $466,486 51 By issue of funded debt bonds 544,148 70 From the General Fund, being the remaining surplus of the 'Scott Law' liquor tax 16,561 48 From the General Sinking Fund 239 29 Of this amount $994,181.38 has been permanently enjoined b}- the courts. The following accounts were credited by payments made from the Sinking Fund of 1862, being improvements in 'the first seven wards:' Allen street opening $ 7.012 73 Bank street extension paving 6,968 97 Bond street opening 89,764 41 Central Place opening, Huron to Prospect 54,128 93 Marquette street opening 11,230 46 Orange street extension 1,209 57 298 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. Payne avenue opening, Superior to Willson 277,851 44 Seneca street opening, grading and grading damages 18,320 00 Total $466,486 51 Paid from the proceeds of funded debt bonds: Arlington sti-eet opening $ 409 46 Broadway sewer, east of Kingsbury Run 127 83 Becker avenue widening , 2,887 86 Broadway paving, Union to Miles ; 67,817 29 Beech street grading and culvei'ts 712 30 Bailey street opening 1,467 13 Bucton street grading and damages 444 72 Brownell street paving 1,605 44 Broadway paving, Independence to Union street 10,075 78 Columbus, Pearl and Walworth Run bridge improvements.. 111,440 09 Custead avenue opening 120 00 Detroit street paving, Kentucky to 220 feet west 928 11 East Prospect street opening 5,925 89 Franklin street paving 6,653 18 Grand avenue opening 4,354 39 Herald street grading,etc 804 16 Junction street grading, etc 20,887 49 Jennings avenue paving 1,025 '^1 Kinsman street paving and culverts 148,811 39 Lincoln avenue culverts 325 16 Lake street jjaving 4,870 94 Long street paving 240 23 Mulberry street paving 1,223 35 March street opening 3,663 82 Miles street damages 338 54 Pearl street paving, Detroit to Monroe 3,822 34 Russell avenue opening 3,457 83 Superior street sewer, west of Doan brook 841 20 Slater street opening 8,761 51 Summit street opening 511 15 St. Clair street widening, east of Willson avenue.... 28,476 12 Seneca street giaiing and paving 1,384 86 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 299 Superior street widening, east of Willson 760 00 Sewer Districts 1 and 2, East Cleveland 31,496 00 Woodland avenue vi'idening, Willson to East Madison 5,801 40 Woodland avenue, macadamizing, Willson to East Madison 4,860 00 West River street improvements 1,750 57 Willson avenue grading, etc., Euclid avenue to Lake Erie 2,109 87 Wade Park avenue opening 10,423 08 Willson avenue opening, North of St. Clair street 7,687 48 Willson avenue opening, Sawtell to Broadway 18,635 90 Willson avenue grading, etc., Maurice to Sawtell 3,358 21 Willson avenue grading, etc., Julia to Maurice 12,850 72 Total $544,148 70 Paid from the General Fund : Columbus, Pearl and Walworth Run bridge improvements.. $ 2,338 00 Sewer Districts 1 and 2, East Cleveland 5,585 16 St. Clair street paving, Erie to Willson 3.977 52 Orange street extension 1,766 00 Superior street sewer, east of Doan brook 2,894 80 Total $ 16,56148 Paid from the General Sinking Fund : Bailc}' street opening $ 239 29 It must be understood that this sum represents only so much of the taxes upon local propertj^ which have been permanently enjoined by the courts, and bonds for which indebtedness, together with the interest, have matured. Other cases of a similar nature are now pending before the courts, the result of which is yet uncertain, but doubtless will cause an addition to the already enormous debt of at least $500,000." 1- In his report for 1877 the CitA' Auditor very pointedly fixes the responsibility, so far as it attaches to city officials. He says : "With the account of these instances alone, out of the long list of others which were characterized by a similar indifference or negligence on the part of successive Boards of Improvements for many years past, 300 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. many of whose members are still living among us, the burdened public may well in sentiment, if not in realit\', address them as follows: You are constituted the fiduciary agents of the city in all these special improvement projects. You were expected to examine into the merits of each with intelligence, fidelity and care. You were not expected to be swayed in your actions b}' an3' considerations of wealth, standing, or political or other influence^ of any petitioners. The Council relied and acted upon A^our recommendations — unless proved worthless, as in the Vincent street case — in assuming the original cost and issuing bonds therefor, which were to be paid, principal and interest, by taxes on the property' benefited. You were not expected, from this very reliance of the City Council in your judgment, to recommend any project which would involve the city in cost beyond that which could, without contest or injunction, be realized from taxes assessed on the property improved. You made contracts upon which there is j'ct due the city eighty-three thousand dollars for paving that portion of the several streets occupied by street railroads, the cost of which should have been immediately paid or provided for by the railroad companies themselves, but for which the cit}^ through your agency, was compelled to issue bonds in payment. Your contracts contained no guarantee for the re-payment of the money so expended, and the final collection of it is extremely doubtful. The fail- ure to collect any portion of this will make the amount remaining unpaid a permanent charge against the city, as it cannot now be as- sessed against the abutting property. Would these gentlemen, if they had been appointed by any court as guardians of even a comparatively insignificant trust, have risked it so hastily and readily without investigation by loaning it, without any positive security for its re-payment, or without even knowing, as in the cases cited, who was to make that re-payment ? Would they have risked their own moncA^ in a security so intangible, so far as the time and vague sources of payment are concerned, as this? If the}- would not have taken these risks, either as guardians or personally, why did they peril thus recklessly and improvidently the interests of all the tax-payers of Cleveland thus committed to their care ? The original estimate for the whole cost of the Viaduct, and all its col- lateral improvements, was made under their charge, and the citizens HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 301 relied on their calculations that it would not exceed one million one hundred thousand dollars. The Legislature authorized the issue of city bonds to that amount. The project was submitted to the citizens, who voted for it with the un- derstanding that that sum was all which would ever be needed or called for to the end. The first contract for the work was made by them in 1874, under the authority to incur only one million one hundred thou- sand dollars of cost. Yet the latest estimates have shown that the total cost of the Viaduct and Canal improvements, not including the sinking of the railroad tracks, will reach at least two million four hundred thousand dollars. Nocriticism of the Viaduct itself is here intended. It is admitted to be a work of great public utility, whose value as a needed thoroughfare be- tween the two sections of the city will be more and more recognized each succeeding year. But it is intended to criticise the fact, that before entering upon the work, more intelligence and comprehensive investiga- tions were not made to determine what would be the real cost of the structure, including the right of way, that the citizens might have known by a clear approximation at least the extent of the responsibility to be incurred in the undertaking. By this very lack of, or failure to exhibit, at least, the indispensable qualities which should have characterized their action, they are respon- sible, even beyond the Council which merely confirmed their recommen- dations, for this great special improvement debt, the condition of which is so unsatisfactory at present to all. It is a fitting epitaph for those departed Boards of Improvements — ' The evil which men do lives after them.' The present Board of Improvements, created since the passage of the Burns law, is not responsible for any portion of the debt, as no new im- provements were or could be undertaken during the past year." 1* Mayor Payne, in his annual message, delivered to the City Council April 11, 1S76, refers to this matter in the following terms: "A mo- ment's examination of Treasurer Everett's clear, concise statement of the transactions and conditions of the various general and special funds, forcibly impresses us with the extent of its unfortunate results. This report shows the funds which constitute the general revenue of the city 302 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND, (among them the sinkmg fund, the use of which for any other purpose the law expi-essly prohibits), with an aggregate credit of $274,444.87. It also appears that there is but $6,109.48 in the city treasury. Where is this money, every dollar of which was provided for a particular pur- pose? The report explains this also; it shows special improvement accounts overdrawn to an aggregate of $419,000. That is, assessments have been delayed and no collections made to meet these special bonds, and to save the credit of the city the treasurer has been in the past compelled to apply all moneys in his hands, for whatever purpose raised, to discharge these obligations." And again, a year later. Mayor Payne says: "Bonds were issued as these improvements were made, running from one to five or more years in anticipation of the tax. They matured from time to time, and no tax having been collected to redeem them, re-issues were resorted to in many cases ; in others they were redeemed by the use of funds on hand provided for other uses. In either case the result is unfortunate. If the bonds are re-issued the interest account accumulates unnecessarily. If other funds are used our fiscal concerns are disturbed by it. The effect is seen at a glance in the admirable statement of City Treasurer Everett. In his special accounts, the aggregate amount of money thus diverted from its proper purpose, as shown by the overdrafts, is $364,308.89. 1* The act of the Legislature creating the Board of Sinking Fund Com- missioners was passed March 28, 1862, hence the name. Previous to this date the railroad stocks, etc., comprising the fund, were in the cus- tody of three Boards of" City Commissioners." The act of 1862 named the Sinking Fund Commissioners as follows: Messrs. H. B. Payne, F. T. Backus, Wm. Case, Moses Kelly and Wm. Bingham, and gave them power to fill vacancies, subject to the approval of the City Council. The following changes have occurred : Charles Hickox, elected May 3, 1862, vice Wm. Case, deceased ; Leonard Case, elected May 28, 1870, vice F. T. Backus, deceased ; J. H. Wade, elected January 2, 1871, vice Moses Kelly, deceased ; S. T. Everett, elected January 26, 1880, vice Leonard Case deceased. A Citizens Investigation Committee, consisting of Messrs. A. K. Spen- cer, Jno. H. Farley, H. M. Claflen, E. S. Flint, W. H. Hay ward and Hub- bard Cook, authorized by a resolution of City Council, to examine the HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 303 books and accounts of every department of the city government, after six months exhaustive search, made with the assistance of an expert accountant, reported to the City Council at considerable length, October 15, 1877. The following extract from the report embodies its sentiment throughout : "We would here state that we find nothing in any depart- ment that looks like fraud or the misappropriation of the funds of the city, nor have any transactions been found that cause us to question the integrity of any of the officers of the city. 304 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. LITERATURE IN CLEVELAND. THE mosaic of American intellectual development pre- sents a formidable task to the historian who is also an analyst, for the bright bits of its tessellated pattern have been quarried from every land in the round earth. The bedrock was laid by the Puritans and the French Huguenots in high thought and purity, in the North. In the South the Spanish adventurers and French convicts filled a different foundation. The free life, the soil, the cli- mate, the surroundings, all had an influence in managing the mental life of the new world people. At the time of the revolution a very bright standard of English literature had been attained in England and the colonies, but the interruption of the great war turned public thought into that channel, and the best talent of both countries w^as absorbed in statesmanship. When peace again prevailed, the independence of the new coun- try manifested itself in literature as well as government. The infant republic, weakened and impoverished, must devote more time to founding industries than to study* HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 305 and the good wile's maxims were oftener quoted than the immortal poets, so that when leisure was attained for the patronage of literature, much of the ideality had disap- peared from poetry and fiction, the severity of New Eng- land theology was temporized, while the hard won gospel of democracy, the doctrine of all men's equalitv, had in- troduced into literature a breadth and humanity to which can directly be traced the tenderness of the Longfellow and Whittier school. The rugged discipline of the long struggle gave a realistic tone which the business-like char- acter of the people and the accuracy of science have since preserved. The reaction of the rapid wealth from early poverty has been like malaria — springing from the all too rich but uncultivated soil of primitive fertility but that will undoubtedly yield its sensuous, sensational tone to the upward tendency of educated taste, as the very vines of the swamp, if subdued, live again in the flower and fruitage of the cultivated field. The constant addition of foreign thought is an element of change, and sectional influences have been strong enough to create a local tone in the literature of the far West, the South and New Eng- land. The high thought and elevated literary purpose of the Western Reserve can be traced directly to the New Eno-- land school, broadened and liberalized by the progressive- ness of the West, transplanted to the suggestive beaut v of the South shore, and purified by the keen winds of Lake Erie. Cleveland has never been a publishing centre, and its literary products have been without the stimulus, of busi- ness inducement, so that the number of books that have 306 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. Spontaneously sprung to life is hardly a fair indication of the literary standard of the city. That should be judged rather by the number of readers than the number of writers, and taking as a standard the patronage of libraries, schools and churches, and the fact that the largest proportion of mail in the country is re- ceived here, the result is most creditable. Just how much of the record is due to the literary excel- lence and conscientious editing of the Cleveland papers, it is impossible to say; but the fact that they have been under the control of men of broad scholarship who have not allowed the news of the day to be polluted with the objectionable matter that so often finds its way into the press, is a cause of much good taste among the people. The germ of Cleveland literature w^as the Cleveland Gazette and Commercial Advertiser, issued in July, 1818, and continued for about a year. Although some ad- verse frost cut it down, it sprouted again with a more sturdy stalk in the Cleveland Herald, October, 1819. This veteran paper, one of the first in the country, flourished without a competitor for about thirteen j^ears. In 1832 the Advertiser was established as the organ of the Whig party, and was afterwards merged in the Plain Dealer. In August, 1834,. the Cleveland Whig was established by Rice and Penniman and was issued for about two years. In the year 1836 several papers, most of them short- lived, were started. They were the Ohio City Argus, pub- lished in what is now the West Side by T. H. Smead and Lyman W. Hall; the Cleveland Messenger, Cleveland HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 307 Daily Gazette, afterwards absorbed b}^ the Herald ; the Cleveland Liberalist and the Cleveland Journal, a religious paper which was afterward united with the Ohio Ob- server. These were enough to arouse the spirit of journal- ism to a high pitch, for in the fifty years intervening between 1837 and 1887 upwards of ninet\' newspapers and magazines devoted to all manner of interests were unsuccessfulh^ started, and lived from one issue to four or five years, the literary enterprise which started them being more notable than profitable. In addition, however, to those that failed, is a good number that have been eminently successful and useful. The oldest of these is, of course, the Cleveland Herald, established in 1819. The Heralds sole predecessor was so frail and short-lived that the former may be called the first journal in Cuyahoga county. It was a weekly paper for the first eighteen years of its existence published b\^ Z. Willis & Company, but in 1837 it was united with the Cleveland Gazette, a daily paper which had been started the previous year, and the joint paper was called the Daily Herald and Gazette, the proprietors being Messrs. Whittlesey and Hull. The firm changed after a time, Josiah A. Harris becom- ing sole proprietor. The population of Cleveland and Ohio City together was then about six thousand, and it was doubtful whether the paper could be supported. The enterprise and devotion to principle of the Herald won the confidence of the people and it lived. In 1850 A. W. Fairbanks became a partner and a job 308 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. office was added. In the spring of 1853 George A. Bene- dict became one of the partners and editors. The Herald had grown from a small paper, printed upon a press that it did not own, to a journal of large circula" tion and influence, owning a large building and full com- plement of presses and materials, and employing a large force. In 1877 it was sold to Messrs. R. C. Parsons and W. P. Fogg, and its literary standard became even more elevated under their scholarly management. In the spring of 1885 the subscription list and good will of the iiTera/c? was sold to the Leader, and the building and presses to the P/a/wDea/er, and thus ended the separate existence of a long, fruitful and honorable career. An event of some importance in the history of Cleveland journalism was the purchase in 1842 by Mr. M. C. Young- love of the first power printing-press ever operated northwest of the Ohio river. From this press ap- peared the Herald and Plain Dealer of that day. In 1848 it was removed to Ravenna, where, let us hope, it is still preserved as a curious reminder of pioneer typography. The Cleveland Plain Dealer is second in age of the exist- ing dailies. In 1834 the Cleveland Advertiser was purchased by Can- field and Spencer. It was continued as a weekh' until 1836, when it was issued daily. In 1841 J. W. and A. N. Gray bought the paper and changed its name to the Plain Dealer. J. W. Gray was the editor and proved to be a C^ . tu<^^^.-.^ HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 309 great accession to the paper, as he was a witty and keen w^riter and careful editor. The Plain Dealer was always a strong Democratic sheet, but when the civil war broke out it was loyal to the Gov- ernment, and threw its weight upon the side of the Union. Mr. Gray died in 1862, and four years later the paper was purchased b}^ W. W. Armstrong, of Tiffin, and under his control has led a successful career. It is recog- nized as the Democratic organ of Northern Ohio, second to one only in the State. In the summer of 1885 the Plain Dealer was enlarged from a four page evening paper to an eight page morning paper, being quite an important development. It now enjo\^s a large circulation and employ's an able force of writers, many of whom in the past and present have won distinction of an enviable character. Among those of the past whose names are now widely known are J. B. Boughton, since of the New York Com- mercial Advertiser; Ex-Judge Cleveland, of the Cleveland Bar; Bishop McLaren, of the diocese of Illinois ; D. R. Locke, celebrated as Petroleum V. Nasby ; the late Charles Farrar Browne, the famous Artemus Ward, and E. V. Smalley, now a well-known writer. The Cleveland Leader had its birth in 1844 in "Ohio Cit}^" being then founded as the Ohio American by R. B. Denis. It was published in 1845 by Edwin Cowles, the vet- eran editor, then a lad of eighteen years, and edited by D. L. Rice. In 1846 Mr. Cowdes transferred the publication to Mr. M. W. Miller, whocontinued his connection with the paper in company with Mr. Rice until 1848. In that 3^ear 310 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. the American and the True Democrat, a Whig paper founded in 1846 by Hon. E. S. Hamlin, were consolidated and published under the name of the True Democrat. In 1848 Mr. Joseph Medill, since of the Chicago Tribune, came to Cleveland and established the Forest City Daily, but it was not successful, owing to the number of papers already- flourishing, and in 1853 the True Democrat and the Forest C/trZ^aiVv were consolidated under the name of the Daily Forest City Democra t. Mr. Cowles was taken into partnership under the firm name of Medill, Cowles & Co. Mr. Cowles had charge of the business department and Messrs. Medill and Vaughn of the editorial. In March, 1854, the name was changed to the Cleveland Leader. In the spring of 1855 Mr. Cowles purchased the interest controlled by Messrs. Medill and Vaughn, and from that time until 1867 was sole proprietor of the Leader, except for two short interspaces. In 1867 a stock company was organized, Mr. Cowles retaining the majority of the stock. The Leader was the first paper in the world that was printed on a rotary lightning press which delivered the sheets pasted, with leaves cut at top and folded, all in one operation. Since 1869 the company also issues an afternoon paper, established by Nevins Brothers, and afterwards purchased by the Leader, called at first the Evening News. It also publishes the Tri-weekly, the Weekly and the Sunday Leader, all papers of wide circulation and great influence. In 1885 the Leader purchased the circulation and the name of the Herald, to incorporate with its own, and has HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 311 since appeared as the Leader and Herald, while the Even- ing News became the News and Herald. With this addition to its ah-ead3' large circulation, and under the skillful editorship of Hon. J. C. Covert and a corps of efficient writers, the Leader and Herald is now a recognized power, not only as a valuable newspaper, but a factor in both State and National politics, and the leader of Republicanism in Northern Ohio. The Ohio Farmer, a weekly agricultural, live stock and family journal, was established in Januarj^ 1848, by Thomas Brown. After putting the paper upon a good basis as to circulation and standing he retired from its control, and in 1862 it passed into the hands of William B. Fairchild as publisher, and Sullivan D. Harris as editor. At this time the Ohio Cultivator, established in 1845 at Columbus, Ohio, was purchased and consolidated with the Ohio Farmer, making the latter the onh^ agricultural paper in the State. In 1866 Mr. Fairchild's interest was bought by A. W. Parker. Mr. Parker's death in 1867 left Mr. Harris sole proprietor until January, 1868. After passing through the hands of Mr. George E. Blakeslee the Farmer was purchased in 1872 b}^ Mr. M. J. Lawrence, who obtained the services of Mr. M. E. Wil- liams as associate editor, and in their hands the paper became a financial success for the first time. In 1874 the Buckeye Farmer was purchased by Mr. Lawrence and united with the Ohio Farmer. In 1879 the American Farm Journal, published at Toledo, shared the same fate. The Farmer is now a successful paper of extensive circula- tion in Ohio and the surrounding States, and is quoted as 312 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. not only the principal agricultural paper of the State but a recognized authority in the country-. The Publishing House of the Evangelical Association was established in 1816 by the enterprise of Father John Driesbach, then quite a 3'oung man. It was started at New Berlin, Pennsylvania, in a very modest way, but still sufficiently extensive to suppl}^ the demands of the organ- ization. In November, 1836, at a special meeting of the General Conference, it was decided to locate a book establishment at New Berlin, Pennsylvania, and it was done the follow- ing year. In 1851 the General Conference ordered the removal of the publishing house to Cleveland, Ohio. This was accomplished in 185-1, and the new building was erected on Woodland avenue, where the business is now carried on. The demand for work increased so rapidly that the building at first too large, was entirely inade- quate, and work was refused for lack of facilities with which to do it. In 1874 a handsome new building was erected for store and office purposes, adjoining the origi- nal building. This, however, would not supply the still increasing de- mand for greater facilities, and in 1877 another building, large, handsome and commodious, was added, fronting upon Harmon street. Thus from the small wooden build- ing in which the book publishing was commenced in 1837 at New^ Berlin, Pennsylvania, with an investment of about two hundred dollars, has sprung one of the largest and best equipped publishing houses in the country. Besides the books published, a number of both German HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 313 and English periodicals are issued. They are: Der Christ- liche Botschafter, Rev. W.Horn, editor; the oldest, largest and most extensively circulated religious German news- paper published in America. Der Christliche Kinderfreund, Rev. C. A. Thomas, editor; an illustrated German Sunday-school paper. It is issued weekly, semi-weekly and monthly. Die Wandtafel, a weekly publication in the guise of a blackboard, designed to illustrate the International Sun- da^'-school lessons. The Evangelical Magazine, Rev. C. A. Thomas, editor; a beautifully printed and finely illustrated magazine of thirty-six pages. Evangelisches Lectionshlatt, weekly; Evangelisches Vier- teljahrshift, quarterly ; Laemwerweide, weekly ; three German Sunday-school publications. In the English are published : Evangelical Lesson Leaf, weekly. Evangelical Lesson Quarterly, edited bv Rev. P. W. Raldabaugh. The Evangelical Messenger, weekh% edited b\' Rev. H. B. Hartzler. The Evangelical Sunday School Teacher, edited by Rev. P. W. Raidabaugh. The Living Epistle, edited by P. W. Raidabaugh. My Lesson, weekly, by same editor. Sunday School Messenger, by the same editor. The Blackboard, also edited by Rev. P. W. Raidabaugh. All of these publications have a large circulation and are calculated to be most useful in religious work. Some of 314 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. the German periodicals have an extensive subscription Hst in Germany. The publishing house is under the authority of the General Conference of the Evangelical Association, and under the direct management of a publishing agent. Its surplus profits are devoted to benevolent purposes. Brainard's Musical World was first issued in 1854 b^- the music publishing house of S. Brainard & Co. It was an eight page journal devoted to music. It was gradually enlarged to forty pages as its success became assured. It is now issued in the music houses of the firm of S. Brain- ard's Sons simultaneously in Cleveland, Chicago and Cin- cinnati. The German Baptist Publishing Society, at 957 Payne avenue, originated in the Conference of German Baptists, held at Berlin, Ontario, in 1866. Philip W. Biepel w^as elected editor and secretary of the society. J. T. Burghardt, of Louisville, Kentucky, gave the sum of two thousand dollars, upon condition that the German churches would make up an equal sum, and with this mone3' a building was erected upon Forest street and fitted up for the publication of religious books, tracts, etc. But in 1874 the building was parth' de- stroyed by fire, and as it was without insurance the loss was heavy. A new building, however, was erected on Payne avenue, at the corner of Dalton street, and was completed for use in May, 1878. The following papers are published by the society : Der Muntere Saemann, a weekly Sunday-school paper. Der Sendbote, a weekly eight page German Baptist paper, the only one in this country. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 315 Der Wegweiser, a monthly church pubHcation. Lections Blatter, monthly for Sunday-school work. Unsere Kleinen, a monthly for Sunday-school use. The German Publishing House of the Reformed Church in the United States was established in Cleveland at 991 Scran- ton avenue in 1860, when the publications consisted of the Reformirte Kirchen Zeitung, a weekly issue. The second venture was Der Lsemmehorte, a monthly and semi- monthly Sunday-school periodical. In 1876 Die Abend Lust, a paper for general circulation, was added to the other publications. Since then another monthly periodi- cal has been added, the Missionshote, and with the Lec- tions Blatter comprise the different publications of the establishment. The Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers' Journal was published first in January, 1867, at Rochester, New York, S. R. Mudge being the first editor. After re- moving to Fort Wayne, Indiana, Cleveland was selected as the final abiding place of the Journal, and it was established here in 1870. It is a forty-eight page pam- phlet devoted, as its name suggests, to the interests of locomotive engineers. It has an extensive circulation, not only in the United States and Canada but in Great Britian, India and Central America. The San and Voice was first issued as the Sunday Voice in October, 1871, by Messrs. W. S. Robison, L. O. Rawson, Thomas Whitehead and E. C. Hardy. During the first year, however, Mr. Robison purchased the other interests and became sole proprietor. The Voice was a pioneer Sunday paper in Cleveland, and 316 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. was met by a strong prejudice that for a time made its publication a very doubtful venture. But the enterprise of the paper triumphed, and before the close of the second year it w^as established upon a good financial basis. In 1878, Hon. O. J. Hodge having purchased the Sunday- Post, it was consolidated with the Voice, becoming the Sunday Voice and Post. It afterwards resumed the origi- nal title— the Sunday Voice. In the fall of 1885 the Sun- day Sun was purchased by the Voice, and the two papers were united under the name of the Sun and Voice. Mr. 0. J. Hodge is proprietor, W. R. Rose managing editor, and General A. Robertson assistant editor. The Cleveland Anzeiger was founded in August, 1871, by Henry Gentz, and issued tri-weekly as an independent Ger- man newspaper until August, 1872, when it was bought by a stock company of prominent Republicans of Cuya- hoga county and issued daily and weekly. Since that time it has been the German Republican organ of Northern Ohio. January, 1874, the stock company sold out to Bohm, Kraus & Company. Two years later Mr. Kraus became sole owner of the paper, but sold out September, 1877, to Mr. Kaufmann, one of the editors of the Cincinnati Volks- hlatt. Since that time the paper has been published by Mr. Kaufmann, who is its editor. Its circulation and m- fluence have become very large. It is recognized as one of the principal Republican German papers in the United States, and has a good circulation in Germany. It is issued as a morning daily, weekly and Sunday paper. The Cleveland Post was established as Die Biene in 1872. It was Democratic in politics, and edited by Wil- HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 317 liam Miller. In 1876 a stock company was formed and the paper was published as an independent Sunday morn- ing weekly. Another change of name makes it the Cleve- land Post, edited by C. F. Thiele. The South Cleveland Advocate was started in 1873 by Harr}^ H. Nelson, and called All Around the Clock, but the name was afterwards changed to the South Cleveland Advocate. It is a thirty-two column Republican weekly, still under the proprietorship of Mr. Nelson. The Earnest Worker first appeared in June, 1874, under the editorial management of Miss Emma Janes. It was established by the Women's Christian Association as an organ and a source of revenue, and has been successful in both ways. Miss Janes was succeeded by Mrs. Howard Ingham, who was a successful editor. Now in the hands of Mrs. H. C. G. Arej, it is a flourishing paper, warmly received and well supported. The Catholic Universe was established in 1874 by Rt. Rev. R. Gilmour. It is edited by Manlc}^ T2II0 and has a large circulation. The* Catholic Knight, edited and published by J. J. Greeves, wields no small influence in Catholicity. The Christian Harvester was established in 1872 by Rev. Thomas K. Doty. Dennice Novvoreku the name of a Bohemian pap^r, published entirely in that language. It was founded in 1877, and is now edited and published by Vaclav Snajdr. The Press was established as the Penny Press in Novem- ber, 1878, by Scripps and Sweeney of the Detroit Evening- News. It was quite an innovation among the staid and 318 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. proper Cleveland papers, but won its way with surprising rapidity, bravely surmounting all obstacles. It has from the first been independent in politics, cutting and lashing alike the foibles of all parties. Its utter fearlessness and its disregard of person and position make it a terror to those so unfortunate as to offend its sense of fitness. It has been avowedly the advocate of the working people, and many a prominent official has cringed before its merciless stroke. The broad views of the managers are visible in the keen, concise editorials which give the Press its power. Its influence and circulation are large. The Sunday Journal was started by gentlemen on the Plain Dealer in 1883, and after several changes of proprie- torship and of fortune, it fell into the hands of these gentlemen, among them James S. Cockett, who assumed the management and retrieved the lost ground. In 1886 W. Scott Robison purchased the interests of Mr. Cockett's partners and became editor of the paper. In the winter of 1887 the name was changed to the Sunday World. The paper has grown rapidly in circulation and influence during the past year, and has a bright future before it. The Magazine of Western History was originated in the fall of 1884 by W. W. and L. A. WiUiams. It is, as its name suggests, devoted to the historical literature of the West, and endeavors by its biographical sketches of prom- inent men to keep alive the memory of the benefactors of the West who laid the foundation of its prosperit}-. It is now edited b}- Mr. J. H. Kennedy. The Freie Presse, an independent German weekl}', was HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 319 founded in 1885 by Henry Gentz, the founder of the Anzeiger. The Cleveland Volksfreund, a German tri weekly paper devoted to the interests of labor, was started in 1886 by the Knights of Labor and is published under their auspices. The Silver Dollar, a semi-monthly paper, was founded in 1886 by Mr. E. J. Farmer. It is now recognized as one of the standard supporters of Bi-metallism in the United States and Europe. Grip is the suggestive title of a West Side paper founded in 1886. In addition to these periodicals of general circulation are a number of papers published by various companies, devoted to special interests and valuable in their respec- tive lines, which cannot be enumerated from their number and the limit of space devoted to this subject. Not less creditable than the journals they represented has been the record of the Cleveland journalists, a group of intelligent and advanced thinkers and courageous winters, whose histor^^ is inseparable from that of the community they helped to rear. Of these the veteran is probably Mr. Edwin Cowdes. Descended in a direct line from the Puritan thought and liberal principles that came over in the Mayflower, and born in Ashtabula county, Ohio, the nursery of Western Reserve eminence, the spirit of progress was an instinct, an inheritance to him. His newspaper career commenced at the age of eighteen, when he embarked in the printing business with Mr. T. H. Smead, and from that time he has never been without an interest in the Cleveland press. Mr. Cowles has been a 320 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. pioneer in political advance, and through the Leader has foreshadowed several great reforms at times so much in advance of public feeling that their realization has been considered impossible. Of these were the first plan which led to the organization of the Republican party, and the suggestion of the abolition of slavery, nearly a year before the Emancipation Proclamation was issued. The need of the Cleveland Viaduct was first agitated by Mr. Cowles, resulting in the great bridge that is now a necessity as well as an ornament to the cit\\ The secret of Mr. Cowles' progressive action has been his life-long ambition that his paper should take the lead in the work of reform, the promulgation of progressive ideas and the elevation of humanity, and to oppose tj^ranny and injustice of every form. Hon. Richard C. Parsons was born in Connecticut in 1826, and is descended from educated New England an- cestry. Mr. Parsons was so early drawn into political life that his career has been a long and brilliant one. He has always been more or less interested in journalism through the Herald and Leader, and has contributed much valuable matter to the press. He is an eloquent and pol- ished speaker, and a fine writer. His letters from Europe, particularly those historical and descriptive of Rome, and, very recently, from the shores of the Bosporus, reveal a high power to use the English smoothly and melodiously in vivid pictures and graphic narrative. Hon. John C. Covert was born in Norwich, Chenango county. New York, February 11, 1839. His journalistic career commenced in 1849, when he entered the printing HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 321 office of Smead & Covvles, where he worked three years, and, later, one j'ear in the office of a campaign daily called the Forest City. After obtaining an education in the most laborious and persistent manner, he studied law and was admitted to the St. Louis bar in 1859. When the war broke out, his night and day struggle had made such inroads upon his constitution that he was rejected when he offered himself for enlistment. He accordingly started to Europe for the benefit of body and mind, walked all over France, acquired a good knowledge of the French, German, Spanish and Italian languages, and returned in 1868, after a seven years' tour, recuperated in health. He commenced work upon the Leader as reporter, and has filled all the positions from reporter to managing editor, at w^hich he now rests. His address in favor of taxing church property, delivered while a member of the Legisla- ture, has been published in pamphlet form and received a wide circulation. Mr. Covert also wrote a poem on "Shakespeare" for a Press Club banquet about a year ago, which excited much admiration and was copied into a number of other papers. His literary work has mainly consisted of newspaper articles, and he has probably done as much as any man in Cleveland in the production of that fleeting world of thought which goes forth everj^ morning with the rays of the sun to disappear almost as completely as the sun when the day has gone. Mr. Covert is a stockholder and director in the Leader and president of the Cleveland Press Club. From his island cottage in the St. Lawrence, he writes breezy sum- mer letters for the Leader. 322 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. Mr. H. A. Griffin, the able editorial writer, and Mr. James B. Morrow, the efficient city editor, also contribute largely to the excellence of the Leader. The Plain Dealer boasts Messrs. L. E. and R. R. Holden, gentlemen whose culture and journalistic ability win recognition, and Mr. J. H. A. Bone, who bears a most envi- able reputation as a journalist, who is celebrated for his extensive reading and his ability as a critic. In addition to his newspaper work, Mr. Bone has contributed valuable articles to the leading magazines. Mr. N. S. Cobleigh, the excellent city editor, is also a factor in the standing of the paper. The leading spirits of the Press are Robert F. Paine, managing editor, J. M. Wilcox, editorial writer, and F. L. Purdy, city editor. Another professional journalist whose taste and ability has led him be\'ond the limits of newspaper columns is Mr. J. H. Kenned\', a native of Trumbull count}', Ohio. In 1872 he became a reporter on the Daily Plain Dealer, and after- wards upon the Leader. In a A-ear and a half he was made city editor, retaining that position for five A-ears. After having been general news editor and editorial writer of that paper, associate editor of Daily Herald and of Sunday Voice, Mr. Kennedy sold out his interest in the Voice to take editorial charge of the Magazine of Western History, for wdiich he has furnished many articles upon the growth and development of the West. Mr. Kennedy has written manj^ poems of a high order, and has contributed short stories to Chicago Current, Literary Life and the newspapers, one of which was in the prize series of the Cur- HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 323 rent. He has been a most industrious writer, and fur- nished a vast amount of matter to the leading newspapers East and West, and is a member of the Board of Public Library Managers. W. Scott Robison, the present editor of the Sunday World, published the first Sunday newspaper in the city, the Voice, in 1871. He also started the Sunday Sun in 1880. He is a versatile writer, and very direct and forci- ble in his editorials. Among those whose ability has made them public benefac- tors in their editorial capacity are conspicuous J. W. Gray, formerly editor of the Plain Dealer, and J. A. Harris and George A. Benedict of the Herald. They were pioneers whose devotion to principle, business enterprise and cour- age in crises raised their respective papers from financial embarrassment and gave them the standing which assured their long career. Colonel W. P. Fogg, former editor and part owner of the Herald, has contributed to the literature of Cleveland a great deal of elegantly written editorial work, and his extensive travels in unusual lines have been taken for the public as well as himself. The letters descriptive of his journey around the world, published in the Leader and afterwards in book form, illustrated, place the writer in the highest rank of American literary travelers. He describes in wonderful English journeyings through Japan, China, India and Egypt ; also, in other letters, the historic mines of Babylon and Nineveh; also in "Arabistan, Land of the Arabian Knights," he revels in the richness of his romantic subject. 324 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. In these days when the American humorist monopolizes so much attention and appreciation of the public and has become so great a necessity to current literature, it is pleasant to remember that the founder of the most popu- lar school of distinctively American humor was connected with the Plain Dealer, and published his quaint produc- tions in its columns. Charles Farrar Browne is placed by the British reviews at the head of American humorists. The vein of good intention and utility that lav beneath his original style was of great good in the years preced- ing and during the civil war in showing in a true light many popular fallacies. His productions are filled with a keen yet delicate satire that, regarding certain subjects, afterwards became household maxims, and one stroke of his skillful pen was often sufficient to put in a ludicrous attitude some popular craze and destroy it. He was intensely patriotic. D. R. Locke, the well-known Petroleum V. Nasby, was also connected with the Plain Dealer for a time. E. V. Smalley, the widely known contributor to the leading magazines, was editor of the Herald from 1875 to 1878. In addition to the above named gentlemen who -have been directly connected with the Cleveland press, is a large number of authors, many of them of wide reputa- tion, who have lived and written in Cleveland and may justly be claimed by the city. It is to be regretted in the case of all who are mentioned that their number and the limit of space will prevent the writing of any biography, although the lives of authors are ^^If ' ' - ^t'ff'm. Co. Bureau ofEn^ayCU) t-'- '^y^rZ/ HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 325 a source of unfailing interest. It is possible to give onlv meagre details of the literary- work of each, in some cases quite inadequate to the amount of work and standing of the author. Colonel Charles Whittlesej^ who was born in Connecti- cut, October 14, 1808, and died at Cleveland in 1886, has left the rich legac}^ of his long and busy career to the pub- lic. He was a naturalist, geologist, antiquarian, histo- rian, a soldier, surveyor and a practical man of business. His early scientific and geological discoveries, particu- larly those in the coal fields of Ohio and the copper and iron regions of Lake Superior, have opened the way to vast industries and wealth. He was interested in meteor- ology, tidal waves, oscillations, etc. He also found time for much research concerning the prehistoric races of Amer- ica, and his writings have given to the mound-builder a personality and a histor3\ Many notes and essays are not yet published in an enduring form— a fact to be regretted. His books are: 'Geological Deposits of Ohio,' 'United States Geological Surveys of Upper Alississippi,' 'United States Geological Surveys of Upper Peninsula of Michi- gan,' 'Life of John Fitch,' 'Fugitive Essays,' mostly his- torical, published at Hudson, Ohio, and in Smithsonian Institute; 'Ancient Works of Ohio,' 'Fluctuations of Lake Levels,' 'Ancient Mining on Lake Superior," 'Fresh Water Glacial Drift,' a collection of geological papers on the Western Reserve, published in 1866, with some discussions on "The Early History of Cleveland;" numerous articles in the Magazine of Western History. Hon. Harvey Rice is another of Cleveland's honored ben- 326 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. efactors, having contributed to the public good the high- est good, the possibiHty of the education of the masses. He is the recognized founder of the laws upon which rests the public school system. He, too, was born in New Eng- land and has thus characteristically used his share of the Puritan inheritance in elevating his fellow-men and women. In the midst of his long and bus}^ life he has found time to write several books : 'Mount Vernon and Other Poems,' 'Letters from the Pacific Slope,' 'Nature and Culture,' 'Sketches of Western Life,' and 'Pioneers of the Western Reserve,' and a great number of essa\'S and sketches upon a variety of subjects which have been pub- lished in Eastern and Western magazines. The public have paid the books the compliment of demanding new editions. Dr. Jared P. Kirtland was born in Wallingford, Connec- ticut, in 1795, and came to Ohio at the age of fifteen. He was eminent as physician, scientist and naturalist. Dur- ing his practice in the country he acquired the love of nature that afterward led him to so great research. For twenty years of his life he was a student of natural science in animal nature. The publication of his extensive re- searches was made under the patronage of the Boston Historical Society, and brought him into prominent notice as a high authority in that department of science. In 1838 he was appointed to the department of Natural History in the geological survey organized by the State of Ohio, and afterwards chosen to fill a chair in the Ohio Medical College at Cincinnati, and left it to fill a similar position in the Cleveland Medical College. His valued labors as a naturalist are perpetuated in the Kirtland HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 327 Academy of Natural Sciences in Cleveland. He died at his home in Rockport, December 10, 1877. Dr. Addison P. Dutcher, a descendant of the early Dutch Huguenots, was born in Durham, New York, in 1818. He graduated from the New York College of Physics and Surgery in 1839, and practiced for some years in New York and Pennsylvania. In 1864 he was tendered the chair of Principles and Practice of Medicine in the Charity Hospital Medical College in Cleveland, and afterwards practiced in Cleveland, occupying a leading place in his profession. His contributions to medical literature have been extensive, and were first published in medical period- icals, having since been put into book form. They are: 'Pulmonar\' Tuberculosis,' published by Appletons, in 1874; 'Sparks from the Forge of a Rough Thinker,' con- sisting of essays; 'Two Voyages to Europe,' 'Selections from My Portfoho,' 'Common Places in Christian Theol- ogy.' He was an active worker in the abolition move- ment, and for years as speaker and w^riter took a prominent part in the effort to prohibit the sale of intoxi- cating liquors. He died in Cleveland in the winter of 1883. Leonard Case, from the wealth of a cultivated mind endowed with natural gifts, left but two published me- mentos— " Treasure Trove," a legend of chivalry, a poem filling several pages of the Atlantic Monthly, and after- wards published separately and handsomely illustrated. The other was a poem, entitled " Rondonella " — the swallow— a rendering of the Italian of Tomasso Grossi's 328 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 'Marco Visconte.' Both poems excited much comment and won the highest recommendation of the critics. Miss Constance F. Woolson, the author of 'Anne,^ 'East Angels,' and for long a contributor to the Atlantic, Har- per's Magazine, etc., and who now lives in Florence, Italy, spent her j^outh in Cleveland, being the daughter of a prominent business man in the city. Her loyalty to Cleve- land and her love of the lakes appear in line description and delicate touches of nature throughout her works. Benjamin F. Taylor, the brilliant and versatile author of 'Pictures of Life in Camp and Field,' 'Old time Pictures and Sheaves of Rh^^me,' 'The World on Wheels,' 'Summer Savory,' 'Between the Gates,' 'Songs of Yesterday,' 'Dulce Domum' and 'Theophilus Trent,' was for a time a resident of Cleveland, and died in this city in 1885. Colonel John Hay has, perhaps, touched more hearts and endeared himself more lastingly to his readers, by his two poems "Jim Bludso " and "Little Breeches," than by his most polished production. Their simple pathos, their spirit of tender humanity, will make them live when books of stately lyrics are mildewed from disuse. Besides the volume of 'Pike County Ballads,' Mr. Hay's official residence in Madrid gave us the beautifully written volume 'Castilian Da3^s.' His last joint work with Mr. Nicola, 'The Life of Abraham Lincoln,' will be a classic in the annals of American history, being probably the only truly authoritative record of our representative American hero. Though his home is at Washington, he spends several months each vear in Cleveland. We can boast of HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 329 no literary personage more wideh- known and appreciated than John Hay. Mrs. Sarah K. Bolton has won an enviable position in the literary galaxy of the day by the industry with which she has used her gifted and cultured pen and the tact with which she has made attractive to young people the high path to successful living in the old-fashioned sense. Mrs. Bolton's books and sketches are inspired by deep and noble philanthropy, visible in the exquisite motherliness of her writings for young people and the zeal with w^hich she has joined her husband in his labor to provide the masses with good literatui-e and lectures. She was one of the prime movers in early temperance work, and is said to have contributed more toward public sentiment in keeping the cause before the people than any other one agenc3^ Besides contributions to nearly forty periodicals, she has published the following books: 'Famous American Authors/ 'Girls who Became Famous,' 'Poor Boys who Became Famous Men,' 'Stories from Life,' 'Social Studies in England,' 'How Success is Won;' and a volume of poems entitled 'From Heart and Nature,' written jointly by Sarah K. and Charles K. Bolton, mother and son. Mr. C. E. Bolton was born in Massachusetts and gradu- ated from Amherst College in 1865. He spent six seasons in travehng through Europe. In 1880 he was a delegate to the World's Convention of the Young Men's Christian Association, and to the Sunday School centenary held in London. While abroad he corresponded for a number of leading journals, and has also w^ritten for St. Nicholas and Wide Awake. In 1881 he formed the Cleveland Educa- 330 HISTORY OF clp:velaxd. tional Bureau, which gave each winter in the great taber- nacle to four thousand persons ti course of ten lectures preceded by concerts and half-hour preludes on impor- tant subjects, and choice brief books. The Century for January, 1885, gives an article upon the Educational Bureau from the pen of Washington Gladden. During the lecture seasons of 1885-6-7 he gave hundreds of lectures in the large cities East, West, North and South. Mrs. Lydia Hoyt Farmer, author of ' The Boys' Book of Famous Rulers,' 'Girls' Book of Famous Queens,' 'A Story Book of Science,' ' The Prince of the Flaming Star,' 'What She Made of Her Life,' has been contributing to the vari- ous departments of literature for the last ten years. She has written upon art, society and literature for different magazines and newspapers, ^besides furnishing several series of children's stories for St. Nicholas, Pansy, Sunday' Magazine and other popular magazines. Mrs. Farmer's books have been very flatteringly received by both the press and the public, the latter keeping them in constant demand. The latest of these, 'The Prince of the Flaming- Star,' is a fairy operetta, an elegant quarto volume, which is a striking example of the author's diversified talents, the works, music and illustrations all being from her facile hand. The operetta is in four acts, introducing the fairy realms of Heaven, Titiania's kingdom on earth, the "Flower Court" and a scene of general rejoicing among the fairies of both spheres. The score is full of plecising mel- odies and attractive airs. Mrs. Farmer is now engaged in preparing a ' Life of Lafayette, ' to be followed by a HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 331 "Young Folks' History of the French Revolution/ both of which will be published the coming 3'ear. Elihu Jerome Farmer is a native of Ohio and was edu- cated at Hanerford College, Pennsylvania. His literary career began in 1871 when he wrote a series of brilliant letters from Wall street to the Cleveland Leader. In 1873 he began the publication of the Pictorial World, a paper after the style of the New York Graphic, the earliest attempt at illustrated journalism in our city ; but the paper w^as in advance of the growth of the city, and for lack of proper support a paper that would have been an ornament to Cleveland was allowed to fold its pages and retire from public view. Mr. Farmer then for several years became a contributor to numerous newspapers and maga- zines throughout the country, and for a time successfull\- indulged the poetic mood. During three visits to the Rocky Mountains in 1881-82-83, Mr. Farmer contrib- uted a series of letters to the Leader entitled "Among the Rockies,' full of brilliant description and appreciation of nature. In 1882 Mr. Farmer published a pamphlet entitled "Statistics in Relation to Gold and Silver." In 1883, 'Resources of Rocky Mountains,' a book to which the press gave a most flattering reception. In 1884 appeared 'A Political and Historical Sketch.' In 1886 Mr. Farmer prepared a pamphlet for the Plain Dealer entitled "The Plain Dealer Free Coinage Silver Bill and a Plea for Bi-metallism in the United States," followed by a much larger work entitled 'The Conspiracy Against Silver, or a Plea for Bi-metallism in the United States,' a work that has gone through two editions. Mr. Farmer is now 332 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. proprietor of The Silver Dollar. He is soon to publish another pamphlet on the mone}- question, and is also engaged upon a historical work. Dr. Elroy M. Avery's first important literary work was as war correspondent of the Detroit Daily Tribune. The letters of this series covered a period of more than three years, and some of them were widely copied. At the close of the war their author became the Michigan University correspondent of the Tribune and city editor of the Ann Arbor Courier. In 1870 he was taken upon the editorial staff of the Tribune and there continued until the summer of 1871, when he took charge of the schools of East Cleve- land, now the East End. In 1876 Burrows Brothers, of this city, published Avery's 'Elements of Physics,' which was immediately adopted for use in the high schools of Cleveland. In 1878 appeared his 'Elements of Natural Philosoph}^' Shelden & Co., New York, also adopted in hundreds of high schools in the United States and Canada, and soon became what it remains — the leading American text-book of its class. It "hit the market," and its success was so immediate and decided that its pubHshers called for more "copy." They have since published the 'Ele- ments of Chemistry,' 'The Complete Chemistry,' 'First Principles of Natural Philosoph}-,' 'Modern Electricity and Magnetism,' 'Teacher's Handbook and Physical Tech- nics.' All of these books have been literary, educational and commercial successes. Their annual revision consti- tutes no small part of their author's work. For several years Dr. Avery acted as literary " Controversialist-in- chief," for the Brush Electric Light Company. His lance HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 333 'was pointed cis well as poliphed, and many of his tourna- ments attracted general attention among electricians and electric light men. Notable among these achievements was the annihilation of the Louisville "Pirates" in Janu- ary, 1883. In 1886 his plea for 'Words Correctly Spoken' was published, and twenty thousand copies of this bro- chure were sold within the first six months, and the demand still continues active. For the last two or three 3^ears Dr. Averv has given most of his time to studies in American History, in which field he intends to occiipy most of the still remaining years of his literary' life. Hon. A. G. Riddle, although commencing a literary career late in life, and probably as a rest from the toils of a busy law practice, has given the w^orld a series of pictures of Western Reserve life, at once truthful and attractive. His first novel, 'Bart Ridgely,' written at the age of fifty-seven, and generally thought to be the author's best, was very flatteringh' received. The follow^- ing year saw the 'The Portrait' published, like its prede- cessor, at Boston, a semi-historical novel of the planting of Mormonism in Northern Ohio, the rise of the Disciple church, etc. The history is accurate. Judge Jere BlacI: considered these two to be of the best American novels. In 1875 was published 'Alice Brand,' an unpleasant tale of Washington in the lurid days at the close of the war, and recognized as a truthful and graphic sketch of that mephitic period. This was followed by a series of tales in the Leader, published later in a volume entitled ' The House of Ross,' containing some of the author's best Avork. ' Hart and his Bear,' a boy and girl storv, appeared 334 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. next. In addition were published three poems for private circulation. In 1873 the Morrisons published a volume of preliminary law lectures delivered to the first class of Howard Universit3\ 'The Life of Garfield' is also well known; also 'Sketches of Wade.' All these works, save 'Alice Brand,' were of the Western Reserve, strong with the flavor and color, the spirit of the Reserve, of the pioneers; and the author's intense love of that life and time, of portions of that lovely and picturesque region, has evidently been the inspiration of his works. Mr. J. J. Elwell was from 1857 to 1861 editor of the Western Law Monthly, a law journal of large circulation in the West. In 1859 he wrote and published a work on 'Malpractice and Aledical Evidence, Comprising the Ele- ments of Medical Jurisprudence.' This book has reached its fourth edition and becoijie a standard work on the subject, and has been well received in this country and in England and Germany. Mr. Elwell has written for vari- ous journals— the North American Review, Medico-Legal Journal, and Medical Ouartertus. Mr. Jesse B. Bishop compiled and published 'The Cleve- land Law Reporter,' 'Memoir of the Rev. S. W. Adams, D. D.,' 'In Memoriam Hon. Franklin T. Backus.' Mrs. H. G. C. Arey's literary work commenced when as a child she was caught \vriting a rh\'med version of some local occurrence in her writing-book, between the fine copy and the coarse copy of the olden time. The production w^as read aloud by the teacher in spite of the protests of the small authoress, and from that time she was besieged by local papers for contributions. Mrs. Arev's sketches HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 335 were in time published in the Cleveland papers and in Eastern papers and magazines. At length Mrs. Arey accepted the editorship of a child's magazine, after which, at her suggestion, a household magazine was started, the first of its kind, and the forerunner of the number now in the field which have added so much to the dignity of housekeeping. A volume of Mrs. Arey's poems was pub- lished by J. C. Derby, New York, and in 1884 a small volume entitled 'Home and School Training,' b}' the Lip- pincotts. Mrs Arey is now editor of the Earnest Worker. Mrs. Sarah M. Perkins has been a prime mover in the question of Woman's Suffrage. She has been a prominent lecturer for the last twenty years, going East and West, North and South, and has held numerous responsible positions in the organization. Mrs. Perkins is also an active worker in the temperance cause, and now fills the office of State Organizer. She has written extensively for periodicals and has published two or three books, the last of which is ' Helen : or Will She Save Him ?' All were most kindly received by the press. Dr. Hiram C. Haydn, in the busy pastorate of a large church, has found opportunity to crystallize some trains of thought into an enduring form in 'Death and Beyond,' Dartmouth prize essaj^ on 'Lay Effort,' and 'The Blessed Man,' a booklet on the first psalm, in all a valuable con- tribution to the religious literature of the day. Rev. James A. Bolles was the author of the 'American Church Catholic," Confirmation Explained and Defended,* 'Holy Matrimony,' and the 'Rector's Vade Mecum.' 336 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. Rev. L. Pollock Lynn published a volume entitled 'Living Thoughts of Living Thinkers.' Mr. E. R. Sill published a volume of poems entitled 'The Hermitage.' Mrs. Rebecca D. Rickoff has been the author of a number of highly successful books, both educational and literary, and is an industrious contributor to the leading journals. Some of her essa^^s and poems have attracted much attention. Rev. James M. Hoyt is the author of 'Glances on the Wing at Foreign Lands,' published in 1871, a volume of old world travel, written for private circulation but de- manded by the public, who appreciated the interest of the places visited and seen through cultivated eyes, and the literary beauty of the work. Mr. Charles C. Baldwin has made a study of the an- tiquities of Ohio and written extensively upon the mounds and their creators. He has written several pamphlets for the Western Reserve Historical Society, and some for the Magazine of Western Historv and other publications. Mrs. Gertrude Wickham was probably the first lady employed editorially upon one of the daily papers. Her bright and graceful pen was busy upon the Herald for several years, and afterwards upon the Leader, to which she furnished a great deal of material. She origi- nated and carried into execution personally, the idea of the Women's Repositorv, for the assistance of poor women. Airs. Wickham is now engaged in a unique under- taking, a series of papers upon the ' Dogs of Famous HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 337 People, ' which were eagerly contracted for by St. Nicholas, and will be published in its columns at an early date. Airs. W. A. Ingham has been a most active promoter of all literary and educational interests and has contributed to a number of newspapers. She opened the way lor a new form of social development in Cleveland, being the first lady to read an essa^- before a public audience in this city. She is a lad}' of broad culture and advanced thought, and has given many delightful addresses, as well as many instructive and interesting letters over her nom de plume of Anne Hathav/a}'. Mrs. Howard W. Ingham has been a busy and useful writer in the line of Christian and charitable work, and her productions have also the merit of literarv excellence. Mr. Levi F. Bauder has sought relaxation from the dry and barren field of the law, in a delightful volume of poems entitled 'Passing Fancies,' containing manv deli- cate touches of poetic color and fine shades of thought, elegantly expressed. Mrs. Sarah E. Bierce, secretary of the Women's Press Association, is a bright, facile, story writer, construing the English both forcibly and gracefully. She is at present connected with the Plain Denier. Rev. Frederick Burke left a volume of posthumous sermons. Mrs. Etta Luce Gilchrist is the anonymous author of 'Apples of Sodom,' published in 1884, a novel which does not need the apology of its humane purpose to be of deep interest. Roused by personal knowledge of the abomina- tions of Mormonism, Mrs. Gilchrist had the courage, at a 338 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. time when the subject was considered unapproachable to a lady, to write this plea in behalf of the women of Utah. It is a simple, realistic story told in a graphic, vivid st\'le, in whose pathos the reader cannot fail to suspect the fact that it IS truth and not fiction. The press of the entire country gave the book a splendid reception, one of the most flattering notices appearing in the Salt Lake Trib- une. Mrs. Gilchrist has written extensively for periodicals, and is said to have another book in process of prej^ara- tion. Frank George Carpenter, the chief of the Washington Bureau of the Cleveland Leader, is a native of Mansfield, Ohio, and is about thirty years of age. He has been in journalism since his school days, publishing a paper on the day of his graduation. He has traveled extensively in the United States, Europe and North Africa, and has con- tributed historical and descriptive articles to prominent papers in the country and to all the leading magazines. He is well known throughout the West as the author of the gossipy "Carp" letters in the Leader from Washing- ton. His letters now appear in the papers of the Ameri- can Press Association, and there is hardly a congressional district in which he has not one or more papers. Emma H. Adams is a name familiar to all readers of the I^eader since ISS-i, from the pleasant descriptive letters of the Pacific coast that has appeared in its columns, also in the New Orleans Picayune and other papers. She has published 'To and Fro in Southern California,' in 1887, and ' Digging the Top Off.' She has now in preparation a third volume, to be called ' Here and There in Oregon, HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 339 Washington and British Columbia.' She returns to the coast at the holidays to resume literary work in the Northern Pacific Coast region. C. L. Hotze, Esq., now a practicing attorney in our city, in 1871 published a little school book, for the use of pupils in the higher grades of our common schools, enti- tled 'First Lessons in Physics.' Ten years later a sequel to it was published b\' him, 'First Lessons in Physiology,' followed by 'Questions and Problems in Physics.' These books are to initiate young people in the rudiments of science, who might never attend high schools and, there- fore, have no other opportunity for learning something about these sciences. These books circulate widely in the schools of the country, particularly in the West. Rev. George Thomas Bowling, whose eloquence and rare elocutionary gifts in the pulpit and upon the rostrum have made his name a household word, has also found time for some elegant literary work. His one novel, 'The Wreckers,' although published in 1885, has gone through several editions. His sermons are published regularlv in The Pulpit of To-day, while he is regular correspond- ent for a number of periodicals, and is a popular lecturer in lyceums. Like most busy people, he has work planned for the future. Hon. Martin A. Foran also published a novel, entitled 'The Other Side,' in 1885, a Trades Union storv, which attracted a good deal of attention. Rt. Rev. G. T. Bedell, Bishop of Ohio, is the author of 'The Pastor,' a book of six hundred pages, valuable to clerg3nnen and their members. 340 HISTORY OP^ CLEVELAND. Walter Buell has published 'The Life of Joshua R. Gid- dings,' a well-written biography of interest to all admireis of its subject. He is an able journalist. J. P. Abernethj, superintendent of telegraph, published 'The Modern Service of Commercial and Railway Teleg- raphy in Theory and Practice.' It is acknowledged to be the best and most practical telegraph book ever published. Charles G. C. Lagervall has given one of the very few translations from the Swedish that have ever been made. It is a rendition of ' Royalists and Republicans,' a historical novel of the French Revolution, by H. Af. Trolle, into exceeding clear and vivid English. Rev. A. H. Washburne left a volume of posthumous sermons. Dr. James M. Eells is the author of a 'Life of Samuel Eells.' Ex-Judge G. M. Barber has written two volumes — 'Book of the Law,' published in 1886, by Lauer & Yost, and 'Notary's Guide,' by Ingham, Clarke & Co., in 1887. Mrs. May Alden Ward has recently made an addition of value to the higher class of literature in her 'Life of Dante, 'the only English work of the kind on either side of the ocean. From the kind welcome given the book by the press, it has evidentl}- supplied a lack and met with keen appreciation. Leading papers in all parts of the country unite in commending the scholarship, the clearness and elegance of style, the modesty and absence of pedantry of the ' Life of Dante, ' as well as the great good taste with HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 341 which the facts are selected and arranged into a fascinating story. Mr. A. T. Brewer has published lately a book entitled 'Ohio Corporations.' Mr. Thomas D. West, the enterprising foundry man, has accomplished the unusual feat of so entirely mastering his occupation as to I'cvolutionize it for those who will follow him. His book, 'American Foundry Practice,' was first published in 1883, and proved to be of such value to molders that it immediately ran through five editions and the sixth is now in press, while his second book, on a kindred subject, is already in the third edition. The work is largeh' sought after in Europe, as well as in this country, and is said by all practical artisans far to surpass any work ever written on the melting and molding of iron in iron foundries. The kindly care with which the author has endeavored to make easier the w^a\' of apprentices, to detail the cause of disaster and its preventions, in his one hundred aphorisms, is to be especialh^ commended. Mrs. N. S. Springer wrote a novel, published in 1883, entitled, 'A Cloud}' Sky,' which has passed into thesecond edition. Messrs. Norton T. Horr and Mr. Bemus have lately published a joint production, entitled, 'Municipal Police Ordinances.' Captain Frank Mason, our consul at Marseilles, has written a ' Life of Garfield ' that is authen- tic and well received. John Davenport Crehore, C. E., is the author of 'Mechanics of the Girder,' published Janu- ary, 1887. It is a treatise on bridges and roofs, which bears internal evidence of patient industry and scholarly ability. The author is happy in choice of words, in clear- 342 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. ness of statement and in logieal method, so that no ambi- guity' exists as to his meaning, and no difficulty is experi- enced in following his argument. The press notices are very flattering. Dr. Dudley P. Allen is the writer of "Medicine in the Western Reserve, "in the Magazine of Western History. Colpnel W. F. Hinman is the writer of ' Corporal Si Klegg and his "Pard," ' a book of more than seven hun- dred pages with nearly two hundred illustrations, descrip- tive of the experiences of "Si" during the war. Some of the chapters were published serially some time ago in the Washington Tribune and were so highly appreciated as covering new ground in the manysided history of the war, that, at the request of hundreds of friends, Colonel Hin- man has collected and enlarged them into the present volume. Mr. W. H. Van Nortwick came to Cleveland from Jerse\^ City, his former home, in 1880, and was engaged as asso- ciate editor of the Leader from that time until 1885. He was editorial writer of the Press for some time after- wards. Mr. Van Nortwick is an old newspaper man. He has contributed to Frank Leslie's, the New York World, Times, and other papers, and is the author of a book, entitled, 'Yanks and Johnnies,' now in press, which will be out in December next. Of this prospective book the Jamestown Journal says : "Mr. Van Nortwick will be remembered as one of the founders of the New Jersey Editorial Association. ' Yanks and Johnnies ' deals w^holly with the comic side of the late civil war, and consists of humorous sketches and anecdotes which will be illustrated HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 343 by competent artists. Although the work is of a humor- ous character, yet the incidents narrated are really a part of the country's war history. The material for this forth- coming volume has been about equallv drawn from Northern and Southern sources, and the author has very properly dedicated his work to the surviving veterans of the Federal and Confederate armies. The book will con- sist of six hundred pages or more, and as it is the first and •only one of its kind, it wnll undoubtedly meet with a wnde circulation. C. L. Webster & Co. are the publishers." 'Cleveland, Past and Present: its Representative Men,' comprising biographical sketches of pioneer settlers and prominent citizens, published by Maurice Joblin, a book of five hundred pages, and is valuable for reference; also 'The History of Cuyahoga County,' published in 1879. In addition to the authors who have been mentioned above are a large number of well known essayists in pri- vate circles, and writers of newspaper articles, whose work entitles them to notice, but whom it is impossible to men- tion, on account of their great number and the limit of space. Frederick T. Wallace for many years has been known, especially by his intimate acquaintances, as a journalistic and magazine w^riter. He was born in Vermont in 1820, studied law and w^as admitted to the bar in Litchfield, Connecticut, in 1844, and settled in Berkshire county, Massachusetts, in 1845. He was elected to the Legisla- ture of that State in 1848, the eventful year of the second French revolution, the fall of Louis Philippe, the advent of Lamartine, and the discoverv of gold in California. 344 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. He was elected a member of the Convention of 1853, to revise the constitution of that State. That was a remarkable convention even for Massachusetts, having among its members Benjamin F. Hallet, Marcus Morton, Governor Briggs, N. P. Banks, George S. Boutwell, Anson Burlingame, Benjamin F. Butler, Richard H. Dana, Charles Sumner and Henry Wilson, names that subse- quently in Congress and in the war became familiar to all. Mr. Wallace once modestly remarked to the writer that his only distinction in that convention was in being its youngest member. When Kossuth visited Massachusetts and was on his way from Springfield to Boston by special train, Mr. Wal- lace was selected to make a brief address of welcome to the famous Hungarian patriot, which he did from the platform of a local station, the train stopping long enough to enable the distinguished National guest to respond in his most fascinating manner, and then v^^ave adieu to several hundred citizens as the train drew out amid their loud huzzas. He came to Cleveland in 1854, and has been officially connected with the municipal government as a member of the Council for two years, 1856-57, and as Assistant City Solicitor for six years, from 1875 to '81. As a political writer Mr. Wallace's articles attracted attention for their very readable qualities, clearness of statement, happy illustration, and a vein of sarcasm mod- ified by an under-current of humor. The late J. W. Gray said of him that he was the onl}^ man he would trust in his editorial columns without first examining his articles, HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 345 "for," said he, "he knows what wotto write as well as what to write and how to write it well." During the exacting Chase-Payne canvass of 1857, he largely supplied the editorial columns of Mr. Gray's paper, and subsequently when the editor was for two \^ears afflicted, and until his death, he represented Mr. Gray in his editorial columns. Besides for several years there was rarely a Democratic State Convention to which he did not silently suppl}- one or more, and sometimes every plank in the platform. Since the death of Douglas, whom he greatly admired. Mr. Wallace has taken but little interest in politics, having been too long behind the scenes not to know its hollow emptiness. Occasionally^ however, he has in recent years lent his pen to prepare the way for the political advance- ment of some personal friend. In May, 1864,immediatelv after the second great battleof the "Wilderness," Governor Brough appointed him one of a commission of gentlemen to visit the scene of conflict to look after the wounded men of the Ohio regiments, and to supply as far as possi- ble their temporary wants, and for that purpose to draw on the State Agent at Washington for whatever might be deemed necessary. His report thereon was so far grati- fying to the Governor that it was made one of the accom- panying documents of his next message to the Legislature. In 1882 Mr. Wallace found himself much out of health through nervous prostration and other afflictions, but managed nevertheless to amuse himself by publishing an exceedingly pleasant and readable book, entitled. 'Men and Events of Half a Century, ' beinga collection of a few of his miscellaneous papers and public addresses, among 346 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. which we specially note the remarkabh^ chaste and beau- tiful address on the dedication of Riverside Cemeter}' ; the South Side Park dedicatorv; "Sherlock J. Andrews: aMem- ory and a Tear;" an amusing and prophetic paper, entitled ' ' Viaduct Reflections, ' ' and an admirable and graceful classi- cal parallel, "Agrippina and Lucretia," "The Return of Germanicus and Garheld," inspired bv the Presidential obsequies of 1881. Mr. Wallace has loiig been recognized as a writer of a peculiar and graceful style, and whose quiet humor, which pervades his book, is a reminder of the pages of the Spec- tator and Diedrich Knickerbocker. Many pleasant enco- miums of individuals and the press have been pronounced upon his book and literary style. In 1882-83 Mr. Wallace devoted six months to travel and observation abroad, extending his tour to Egypt, visiting Alexandria, Cairo, the Pyramids and the land of Goshen ; in Europe visiting Rome, Na[)les, Venice, Paris and London. Again, in 1884, he went to London intend- ing to remain for a few years in business relations, but after a year he found his vital force not adecjuate to with- stand the fogs of a London winter, and, under the advice of physicians, returned in 1886. He has since been engaged in literarv pursuits. His reading is in the line of history and in the literature of the sciences, especiall3' geologv and astrononi}-, with a touch of antiquarian lore.— [Ed. Mr. B. A. Hinsdale has performed not only a large amount but a great variety of literary work. On the founding of the Christian Standard in this city in 1866, he HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 347 became one of the editorial staff. In 1869, on the removal of the Standard to Cincinnati, his editorship ceased, but he continued to be the most extensive contributor to the paper. In 1868 Mr. Hinsdale became a leading contribu- tor to the Christian Quarterly. He was also for a time one of the editors of this paper, and has been a frequent contributor to large numbers of magazines and other periodicals, educational, religious, historical, political, etc. Mr. Hinsdale's first books were: 'The Genuineness and Authenticity of the Gospels,' Cincinnati, 1872, received with great favor, being highly spoken of in the British quarterlies. The next was ' The Jewish Christian Church,' 1878, and 'Ecclesiastical Tradition,' 1879, both works that impressed the reading public and called out mau}^ favorable opinions of the press. In 1880 appeared the 'Republican Text-Book for 1880,' that still remains the best account of President Garfield's public Hfe down to his nomination at Chicago ever written. 'President Garfield and Education,' J. R. Osgood & Company, 1881, is in part a history of Garfield's life as student and teacher, but mainly a collection of his addresses and speeches on educa- tional subjects, with introductions. This is the fullest account of Garfield's life at Hiram as pupil, teacher and citizen, ever published. Soon after the President's death, Mrs. Garfield appointed Air. Hinsdale editor of his works, and they appeared from the press of J. R. Osgood & Company, 1882 and 1883, in two octavo volumes of about eight hundred pages each, with preface, notes and introductions b}' the editor. Mr. Hinsdale's last book was 'Schools and Studies,' a collection of four- 348 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. teen addresses and essays on educational subjects, in 1884-. No educational discussions for many years have called forth stronger encomiums from high authorities than these. Mr. Hinsdale has contributed largely to the pam- phlet literature of the day, in which he has dealt with a wnde range of topics. Mention should also be made of his four reports to the Cleveland Board of Education w^hile superintendent of the schools. It is understood that Mr. Hinsdale is now engaged in new works, the names of which will, no doubt, be given to the public. — [Ed. By no means the least brilliant in the galaxy of tiie htterateurs of Cleveland is a lad}^ whose modest}- has lost to her the credit of much good work in the literary field. I refer to Mrs. Lizzie H. Neff, the writer of the foregoing- paper. She has written as a pastime under assumed initials, carefully guarded, since her school days, and has produced a great variet}^ of bright articles and charming- stories. Among the publications tO which she has con- tributed may be mentioned. Woman's Journal, Youth's Companion, The Current, Western Advocate, Globe Demo- crat (St. Louis), Commercial Gazette (Cincinnati) and the Kansas City Journal. Noticeable among her fictitious pro- ductions are the exquisite short stories brought out bj^ McClure, in which she has shown decided originality of style. She never writes without an object, and that object is the portrayal ol' character. In this she has been most successful in her Southern stories, of which "An Ugly Dog," "Jean," and "Her Soldier." are the best. " Kath- erine," "Soil and Soul," and "The Colonel's Wife," are gems of good taste, ingenuity and brightness. HISTORY OF clp:veland. 349 Slie finds a ready nijirketfor her literature in the Eastern ma;^azines, in which a number of her articles will appear next 3'ear. Mrs. Nefif's work is highly appreciated by pub- lishers and readers. She has never made an avocation of writing, but should she ever decide to do so, she can hardly fail of a brilliant success as a professional literary woman. — [Ed. 350 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. CHARITIES AND CHURCHES. CHARITIES. IN strong contrast to the theological zeal which, in cen- turies not long passed away, burned men's bodies, pil- laged their homes, and sometimes devastated an entire country for the salvation of souls, is the humane spirit of the religion of to-day, which seeks to save the soul, not bj^ the destruction of the body but by its preservation. Theology has converted humanity at the point of the sword. In turn Christianity has humanized theolog\^ by the gentle w^arfare taught so long ago in a sermon by the sea. It is learned at last that the new law of love is more potent than the old law of vengeance, that the blessing of the merciful is greater than the reward of the warrior- priest. It is remembered that the conscience of the starv- ing one is not acute, the morals of the shivering cannot be upon a high plane. It has been noted that we are told to ask "Give us our daily bread " before we plead "Forgive us." Therefore, there are sermons in the loaves of bread,. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 351 there are prayers that reach to Heaven in flannel garments, and paeans of praise even in the cups of cold water. So fully recognized is the claim of the unfortunate that the system of charitable organizations and institutions has become almost a religion of itself, and its ramifications extend through the substrata of society until they touch almost every class of sin and suffering. It is, perhaps, more than coincidence that the chronology of the rise and development of benevolent work corresponds exactly to that of the admission of women to an equal footing with men in church and society, and their subsecjuent education and development. A significant fact in this connection is that the most comprehensive, practical and successful charities in this country of noble institutions have been originated and executed by women. The great Sanitary Commission, during the civil war, the various Women's Missionary Societies, Temperance Unions, and Relief and Memorial Corps, all National organizations, are evidences of patient, plodding work in concert. The record of our own city in this line is highly credita- ble to its broad and generous humanity, some of the movements being initial, and many having gained a point of usefulness that makes their continuance a public neces- sity. The largest and, naturally, the most successful are those unconnected with any church, and working inde- pendently. Probably the first permanent benevolent institution of an\^ note is the Protestant Orphan Asylum, organized in January, 1852, at a meeting held for the purpose in the 352 HISTORY OF clevp:land. Stone Church. A board of managers, consisting of twelve ladies, was appointed, and all responsibilities were placed in their hands. The ladies went to work immediately, to arrange the details of the little household, and in April, a house at the corner of Ohio and Erie streets having been leased for the purpose, the domicile was established with a famih^ of eleven children under eight \^ears of age. Miss Sophia Hewitt gave her services gratuitously for two years as superintendent and teacher. An act of in- corporation was soon obtained and a constitution adopted. In 1853 an acre of land, at the corner of Kins- man street and Willson avenue, was donated for the site of a more commodious building, and in June of 1855 the asylum moved to its new quarters. An additional acre was afterwards purchased by the asylum. For the first ten years the institution was dependent mainly upon contributions, most of which were personally solicited by the ladies. A small permanent fund was donated by benevolent gentlemen of the city. In 1853 the bequest of Captain Levi Sartwell, who had bequeathed his entire property to the asylum, placed the institution upon a surer footing. In 1877 and '78 Mr. Leonard Case donated a valuable tract of land, four and one-fourth acres, on St. Clair street, as a site for a new- building, but the officers were unable to use it until the generous donation of Mr. J. H. Wade, forty thousand dol- lars, made the new building a reality. Another generous gift from Dr. Alleyne Maynard, in memory of his wife, fitted up and maintains the hospital department of tb^ /n^yc.^-^.^ HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 353 asylum. It is now as it stands, one of the handsomest and best appointed buildings of the kind in the West. The earlier bequests and donations form a permanent fund, the interest of which only is expended for the sup- port of the asylum. The aim of the institution is to care for orphan children during their helpless years and to find homes for them, where the\' will be carefully reared and educated. Under the present careful management it is one of the important safeguards of society. The present offi- cers are: Mr. Douglas Perkins, president; Dan. P. Eells, treasurer; A. H. Shunk, superintendent; Mrs. Julia W. Shunk, matron. Of the Board of Managers: Mrs. R. P. Wade, president; Mrs. S. L. Severance and Mrs. Henry Chisholm, vice-presidents; Miss Anne W^alworth, secre- tary. In the spring of the same year that originated the Prot- estant Orphan As\dum, Rt. Rev. Amadeus Rappe, Bishop of Cleveland, by personal exertion established a small hos- pital for the care of the sick and injured of the city, on Monroe street, on the West Side, and for several 3'ears the sisters in charge cared for all who came. The civil war, how^ever, sent so many sufferers home for care that the accommodations were wholly inadequate, and the Bishop appealed to the public to come to his aid in building a hospital suitable to the needs of the city. The citizens, without reference to creed or nationality, responded lib- erally, so that in the spring of 1865 the spacious building on Perry street, between Garden and Marion, streets was open to the public. It had cost seventy-five thousand dollars. The care of patients and the general management 354 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. of the institution was confided to the Sisters of Charity of St. Augustine, and under their faithful care and the skill of the able staff of physicians, the hospital soon took a high rank among institutions of the kind in the country. In 1873-1874 additions were made under the auspices of Bishop Gilmour. costing forty-seven thousand dollars, so that in point of comfort, convenience and medical appli- ances the hospital is second to none in the country. The superior is Sister Thomas, the medical staff are : Drs. W. J. Scott, G. C. E.Weber, J. Bennett, H.J. Herrick, Proctor Thayer, D. B. Smith, B. W. HoUiday. Consulting physi- cians, Drs. H. W. Kitchen, Geo. C. Ashmun, Dudley P. Allen, H. J. Lee, M. L. Brooks, Jr., R. D. Fry. Visiting physicians, Drs. W.J. Scott, D. Milliken, and H. H. Powell. The autumn of 1852 saw also the beginning of another worth}' institution — St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum, and also inaugurated by Bishop Rappe. The Sisters of Charit\^ (Mother Ursula being superior) promised to take charge of the orphan boys. The Cath- olics of the diocese responded to the call for means, and a two story frame house was soon erected. Four years later this had become so much too small that a large brick building was commenced on the same site, although it was not completed for some A-ears. It has sheltered and cared for a large number of boys. Sister Mary Alexis is the present superior. There have since been established St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum on Woodland avenue, Sister Ann Hogan, superior, and St. Mary's Female Orphan Asylum, 103 Harmon street, Miss Mary LeMasson, superior. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 355 The Jewish Orphan Asylum, I. 0. O. B., was opened Sep- tember 29, 1868, in a building on Woodland avenue, pur- chased at a cost of about thirty-two thousand dollars, but it became necessary to enlarge the buildings in a short time. The children received during the first year numbered one hundred and thirty-three. They came from many and distant States. The institution has been ably managed and its financial record has been creditable to the officers. A school building was erected in 1879 at cost of twenty thousand dollars. The present management consists of A. Hart, president; D. Adler, vice-president; J. Rohrheimer, treasurer; S. Wolfenstein, secretary and superintendent; M. Buchanan, finance secretary; Mrs. C. Steiner, matron. The Young Men's Christian Association was organized in 1866 and at once became one of the leading organiza- tions of the city. In 1872 the association purchased the building, 79 Public Square, where its headquarters remained until 1881. It is neatly furnished with chapel, reading and music rooms, parlors and committee rooms. This union was the first to engage in special work for railway employes, and for several years conducted a pleasant reading room in the Union depot. It has also given special attention to the newsboys and boot-blacks, lodging them and teaching them in Sabbath and night schools. In 1881 the headquarters were removed to 64 Euclid avenue. The present officers are: George W. Stockley, president; E. C. Pope, vice-president; P. S. Goodman, general secretary; N. K. Caskey, assistant secretary; N. P. Lyman, record- ing secretary; James B. Paskins, finance secretary ; Chas. 356 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. W. Chase, treasurer. Railroad branch, T. H. Wells, secre- tary. Newburgbranch, J. H.Jones, secretary. The Home for the Aged Poor was founded by Bishop Rappe in 1870. It is conducted by the members of the society of the Little Sisters of the Poor. Every day the sisters solicit alms and collect old clothing and food for the aged inmates. Sister Noel, of St. Louis, is the present superior. The House of Maternity, located on Marion street, is conducted by the Sisters of St. Augustine. The society of the Cleveland Bethel Union was first in- corporated in 1867 for the purpose of carrying on benevo- lent and mission work in the lower part of the city, and of establishing a home for seamen, railroad men and other transient sojourners, where reasonable accommodations could be offered at very moderate rates; and in 1868 the building at the corner of Superior and Spring streets was purchased for $60,000 and $3,000 improvements were added— $20,000 being paid down and thebalance, $53,000, paid in installments. The relief work of the Bethel first included only the lower part of the city and provision for transient cases at the Home, but in 1873 it was made to embrace the whole city. At the Home, rooms have been prepared for the distribution of clothing and supplies, and for furnishing nourishmg food to the destitute poor during the winter. An employment office has been opened, a tem- porary home for women and girls, and free lodgings for men worthy of assistance. A large Sabbath school and sewing school are features of the mission department. The reve- nue from the Home department is used for the purpose oi HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 357 the Union. In relief work about ten tnousand articles of clothing and kitchen utensils and $10,000 in money have been furnished to the poor during the past year. In con- nection with the building is a wood-yard, where oppor- tunity is found to test the industrial desire of the appli- cants. The Society for Organizing Charity was instituted in 1882, with the object of investigating, relieving and re- ducing the pauperism of the city b}' systematic and dis- criminate giving, which should insure the relief of the worthj^and prevent fraud. This was accomplished by the coiicerted action of the principal benevolent societies in the city in a system of registration and investigation which revealed the unworthy. About thirty-three hundred dollars was judiciously used by the society in its first year. In No- vember, 1884, nine directors of this society and nine direc- tors of the Bethel united to negotiate terms of union be- tween the two organizations. It was agreed that thev should cooperate for two years, and that if the union proved satisfactory it should become permanent. Accordingly, in 1886 this was effected, under the name of the "Bethel Asso- ciated Charities." The joint work does not change the atti- tude of either society, as the Bethel Associated Charities continues wholly unsectarian, and the Bethel Union remains Protestant in its proclivities. The present officers of the Bethel Union are: B. L. Pennington, president; Thomas West, secretary-; W. S. Jones, treasurer; W. E. Pence, superintendent of Bethel Home; Mrs. W. E. Pence, matron. The present officers of the Bethel Associated Charities are. James Barnett, president; H. R. Groff, W. 358 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. H. Harris, T. H. Graham and Airs. \V. C. North, vice- presidents; Walter S. Collins, secretary; J. H. Wade, Jr., treasurer; H. N. Raymond, superintendent. The most comprehensive of the benevolent enterprises of the city is the Women's Christian Association. It was organized in 1868 in response to a call from H. T. Aiiller, asking that a women's society should be formed, cor- responding to the Young Men's Christian Association. A large meeting responded, and the Women's Christian As- sociation was formally organized, and articles of incorpora- tion were secured the following April. Committees for missionary work were immediateh^ appointed, and their labors commenced. The first work consisted of Sabbath visitations at the hospitals, the work-house and the in- firmar}^ making garments to be sold to the poor at a nominal price, and instructing women in the art of house- hold economy. A small boarding home for young working women was maintained until November, 1869, when the late Stillman Witt gave the building and land at 16 Walnut street for that purpose. So great was the need of a home for working girls that should come within their earnings, that four years later Mr. Witt purchased the adjoining lot and enlarged the building to its present dimensions, while the rooms were furnished by friends and by church societies. The Association founded the " Retreat " for the reclama- tion of fallen women, and conducted it until Leonard Case donated a large lot on St. Clair street, and Mr. Joseph Per- kins gave ten thousand dollars to start a building fund, which ultimately reached $31,000. In 1883 Mr. Perkins added a hospital and nursery department, costing $10,000, HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 359 thus completing the convenient and handsome structure of to-day. The Home for Aged Women on Kennard street was erected and given to the association in 1876 by Mr. Amasa Stone. It will accommodate thirt3'-five inmates, but is continualK^ besieged by applicants that it cannot receive. The Educational and Industrial Union, under the man- agement of Miss Mary Sherman, is a new branch of the association, designed to supplement the defective education of young working women, by giving specific instruction in industrial arts at a nominal cost. The Young Ladies' Branch of the Association has turned its attention extensively to the necessities and suffering of the neglected children of the poor. With the object of caring for the little ones of working mothers, two pleasant day nurseries are conducted — one, the gift of Mr. Perkins, at the corner of St. Clair street and Sterling avenue, the other at the corner of Case avenue and Orange street. The flower mission is also one of the beautiful charities of these young ladies. Another much needed branch of this work is the Home for Incurable Invalid Women and Children, now being erected on a handsome tract of land on Detroit street, both land and building being the gift of Mrs. Eliza Jennings. Several other smaller enterprises are conducted by this noble charity, w^hich include nearly all the vicissitudes that can befall women in this age of widening social standards, and all periods of life from infancy to old age. In 1874 the Earnest Worker was established as the organ of the asso- 360 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. ciation and has been of great assistance in the prosecution of work. The present officers of the association are : Miss Sarah E. Fitch, president ; Mrs. Wilham M. Merriam, correspond- ing secretary; Mrs. H. M. Ingham, recording secretary; Miss C. M. Leonard, treasurer. President Young Ladies' Branch, Mrs. M. E. Rawson; corresponding secretary', Mrs. L. M. Davis; receiving secretary, Mrs. W. E. Gushing; treasurer, Mrs. D. B. Chambers. The Industrial School and Farm on Detroit street is one of the ornaments, architecturally and ethically, of thecity, being oneof themost important of the preventive measures M^hose need is now recognized by both State and society. Like all the other great and successful institutions, it orig- inated in a small way. In 1854 a few Christian people, moved by the ignorance and destitution of the children in the vicinity of Canal and Water streets, organized a Sun- day-school for their benefit. Food and clothing were dis- tributed to the attendants of the school which was known as the "Ragged School," but the supplies were exhausted at the end of -two years, and the school was discontinued. The condition of the children thus returned to their former neglect excited the compassion of Robert Waterton, who brought the matter to the attention of the Cit}^ Council. In response to his efforts the old Champlain street school- house, which was no longer used as a public school, was appropriated to the use of the waifs as an industrial school and home. It was opened in 1857 with an attend- ance of twenty-five pupils. Robert Waterton was ap- HISTORY OF CLEVELAND 361 pointed superintendent, and to him is due the efficiency of the school in the nineteen years following. The Children's Aid Society was organized in 1857 and received the general management of the schooK A branch school was established at the corner of Bridge and York streets. These were public schools with an en- rollment of two or three hundred, in which common English branches and a few industrial arts, as sewing, knitting and brush making, were taught There was also the nucleus of a home department in which several small, homeless children found a temporary lodging until they could be otherwise provided for. In 1865 the Children's Aid Society was incorporated, and two years later it rented the Jennings farm, on Detroit street, to give the children instruction in farming. Mrs. Eliza Jennings became interested in the school and in 1868 donated the entire property on which the school was located to its use. This gift included ten and a half acres of land and a two story brick dwelling. In the following September, Leonard Case, Jr., donated twenty-six acres adjoining, and this with twenty-six acres purchased by interested friends, made an aggregate of more than sixty acres. In 1876 the City Council discontinued the Champlain Street school, as the establishment of a House of Refuge had taken its place. During the nineteen years of its existence it had instructed and almost supported five thousand children. The home department was transferred to the Detroit Street Home, and Rev. William Sampson and his wife were appointed superintendent and matron. In 1881 the present imposing edifice was erected and presented to the society by Mr. 362 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. Amasa Stone, at a cost of $37,000. Since 1876 two hun- dred or more waifs have been annually received by the Insti- tution, and nearly a hundred a year ha ve been placed in good families. Of these fully ninety-five per cent, are developing into good, useful citizens. Some are liberally educated by their foster parents, and others have become prominent citizens. The Women's Christian Temperance Union (non-parti- san), w^as organized on March 13, 1874, by a number of philanthropic ladies, who thus undertook by systematic organization and cooperation, to alleviate the misery en- tailed by intoxication, to reform the lives of those who are addicted to drink, and to discourage in every possible way the manufacture, sale and use of distilled liquors. The work, commenced in so noble a spirit, has broadened until it includes much of the misery of extreme poverty. Not only men are urged to reform and assisted b}' friendly in- terest, but the homes of the poor are visited, the mothers taught, encouraged and assisted ; they are gathered into helpful meetings and carry away the strength and comfort there gained. The neglected little ones are gathered into Sabbath school, sewing school and boys' reading room, where they are amused, instructed and elevated by the tire- less patience of the ladies in charge. The erring and fallen are given a helping hand, and the destitute and sick are relieved . The institutions owned and carried on by the Union— and their departments of useful- ness—are: three free reading rooms well furnished, two drinking fountains kept in order, twenty bands of hope -conducted each week, two sewing schools held each week^ HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 363 and large classes of boys taught regularly in common English branches four nights each week, two Sunday schools regularly maintained, seventj^-five visits at work- house, jail and police station, including personal interest in the girls thus met, which has in many cases followed them until they were reclaimed. Twenty-six meetings held with the women at the work-house, five .hundred and sev- enty-six gospel meetings held at the two missions. Central Friendly Inn and Detroit Street chapel, and twelve in the open air at the Haymarket, fourteen mothers' m.eetings at Willson Avenue Reading Rooms, mission work at the Open Door, including much personal effort in finding places for the 231 inmates of that institution, during the past year. A vast amount of literature circulated upon temperance and social purity work, the Central Place Friendly Inn lias maintained at an expense of over twenty-two hun- dred dollars, and the widening circle of the ennobhng in- fluences there exerted would be difficult to measure. The Detroit Street chapel has also been a source of much good in its province. The coming year will probably see the comple- tion of a long cherished plan of thefaithful workers— a new Friendly Inn— for which the sum of fifty thousand dollars has been raised. The building will be erected upon a lot fronting on Broadway and Ohio streets. The plans include a pleasant chapel for gospel services, with additional rooms for Bible class, mothers' meetings, etc., an attractive read- ing room for men and one for boys, with facilities for in- struction, a coffee room, lodging and bath rooms, laundry, drying and ironing rooms for the convenience of destitute women, kitchen garden, sewing and cooking school rooms 364 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. for girls, a dav nurserv for the little ones of working mothers. These features combine more varied means of doing good than are presented by any other institution of the kind. A specialty will be made of the instruction of young girls in all the arts that tend to home-making and self sup- port, in the conviction "that no human element more surely tends to strict morality in the lives of both men and women than respect for labor and the ability to do some things well." The principal donors of the new build- ing are: J. D. Rockefeller, $10,000; Mrs. and Mrs. Alva Bradley, $13,500; Ahira Cobb, $5,000; Joseph Perkins, $10,000. The officers of the Union are: Mrs. J. S. Prather, presi- dent , Miss Mar\' E. Ingersoll and Mrs. E. J. Phinney, recording secretaries ; Miss F. Jennie Duty, corresponding secretary; Mrs. N. W. Orton, treasurer, and H. N. Ray- mond, auditor. The Central Cleveland Women's Temperance Union w^as originally connected with the non-partisan Union, but in the summer of 1885 separate organizations were formed. The Union is engaged in general temperance and philan- thropic work, and has organized several departments of specific work. There are also two branch unions, one in the East End and one on Madison avenue. The officers of the.main Union are: Mrs. T. K. Doty, president; Mrs. I. H. Amos, vice-president; Mrs. S. M. Perkins, recording secretary'; Mrs. G. P. Oviatt, corresponding secretary; Mrs. Geo. Presh-, treasurer. The Dorcas Society was organized about 1866, for the HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 365 purpose of a relief societ}-. Its main object is the assist- ance of widows and children, furnishing clothing, paying rents, and caringfor the sick who fall outside the city work. A great deal has been done in the years of its existence. The most important mission of the society is the Invalids' Home, which is conducted under its auspices and for which its members solicit the rent and part of the support. The Home is delightfully situated at 1643 Euclid avenue, and is intended for incurable invalids, none others being re- ceived. The officers of the society are: Mrs. B. D. Bab- cock, president; Mrs. H. Gerould, secretary; Mrs. J. H. Rhodes, treasurer. The officers of the Invalids' Home are Mrs. M. C. Worthington, president and treasurer; Mrs. L. A. Castle, secretary. The Trinity Church Home for the Sick and Friendless is situated at the corner of Euclid avenue and Perry street. The officers are Mrs. Philo Schovill, president; Mrs. E. C. Pechin, secretary and treasurer; Mrs. F. H. Fairfield, matron. The Aged and Infirm IsraeHtes' Home, 0. S. K. B., is on Woodland avenue at the corner of Willson avenue. Jacob Mandelbaum, president; Jacob Cohen, secretary'; Adolph Freund, Detroit, treasurer; Dr. Friedman, superintendent. The Convent of the Good Shepherd was founded July 8, 1829, and was established as a generalship by the Pope, July, 1875. The Cleveland Convent was founded by Bishop Rappe in July, 1869, and in 1875 the large convent build- ing on Sterling avenue was completed and occupied. The institution is intended as a reformatory for women and a protectory for children. 366 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. The Cleveland Humane Society was organized in 1873 as the ''Cleveland Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals," the name embodying the purpose of the organization. It was found that another field lay so manifestly in its path, that to avoid it was impossible. The voice " Of the children weeping, The young, young children weeping, In the play time of the others, In the countr}^ of the free," was an appeal so piteous as to demand a response. This mission was also included, and the general work of the society is not limited to these two branches, but responds. to any suffering of sentient creatures. The histor\' and character of the society is embodied in that of its general agent, the late David L. Wightman, who died July 18, 1887, to whose ability in this field the society owes its general usefulness. His experience, his deep knowledge and keen detection of human nature, in which he was rarely mistaken, his tact, skill, discrimination, good policy, together with his truly kind heart and remarkable industry, and all combined in a Christian gentleman, have made his death an irreparable loss to the society of which he represented the executive agency for fifteen years. Mr. E. C. Parmelee is his worthy successor, having ob- tained much experience in the Bethel work. The Infants' Rest, at 1416 Cedar avenue, is an out- growth of the needs of the society, which fills a need not covered either by city or private charities. Mrs. Christine HISTORY or CLEVELAND. 367 Stadler is the matron. The present officers of the society are: President, James Barnett; secretar3^ Andrew Squire; corresponding secretary, Mrs. F. A. Sterling; tieasurer, B. L. Pennington. In addition to the institutions enumerated above are upwards of fifty benevolent societies organized for relief work in special lines, exclusive of the very large number of mutual benefit associations. The extent, number and excellent record of these branches of work tell their own story in the simple statement. Comment upon their motive and usefulness is not needed, for both their personal and social benefit can never be estimated and, viewed in the broader light of history, the aggregate of effects increase. History has told us that nations perish because of the widening distance between castes, the increasing wealth of the rich and poverty of the poor making it impossible for them to join hands across the separating breach for the preservation of their common country. But in this country, whose organic law is so imbued with the spirit of humanity as to base its constitution upon the political equality of all men, the growth of an- tagonism between capital and poverty is met by a coun- ter current of Christian sympathy. In these enterprises rich and poor meet upon an equal plane and recognize their common humanity, while the patient hands that are striving to protect the good in human character and eliminate the evil, are building, stone by stone, the founda- tion of a citadel w^hose battlements will stand firm under anv possible shock of insurrection, communism or anarchy. 368 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. CHURCHEvS. The first church organization in the village of Cleveland was Trinity parish, established on the ninth of November, 1816, at the residence of Phineas Shepherd. The commu- nicants were ver^^ few. Darius Cooper was chosen lay reader. There was no Episcopal clergyman, not even a missionary, in this part of the country. In March, 1817, Rev. Roger Searle, from Connecticut, visited Cleveland and reorganized the parish, there being thirteen families and eleven communicants, and repeated his visits annuall}- for three years. After a time the services were conducted bv Rev. Mr. Searle until 1825, when Rev. Silas C. Freeman was installed as rector, also having a church at Norwalk. On the twelfth of February, 1828, the parish was legally incorporated, and the same year Mr. Freeman went East and obtained a thousand dollars to assist in building a church. A frame structure was accordingly commenced in 1828 at the corner of St. Clair and Seneca streets, and completed the following year at a cost of three thousand dollars. It was the first house of worship in the city, and was consecrated on the twelfth of August, 1829. In 1852 the church lot, costing originally two dollars and a half per foot, was sold for two hundred and fifty dollars per foot. The building was destroyed by fire, however, before the sale was consummated. In 1853 the present stone church was commenced on Superior street near Bond, being consecrated on Ascension Day, 1855. In 1872 it was thoroughly refitted and ele- gantly decorated. The church is in a flourishing condi- HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 369 lion with a large number of communicants. The present rector is Rev. Y. P. Morgan : Rev. James A. Bolles, rector emeritus. St. John's church, on the West Side, was organized in 1834. In 1836, under Rev. Seth Davis, rector, the com- modious stone church, at the corner of Church and Wall streets, was erected, at a cost of $17,000. On April 3, 1866, the church was partly destroyed by fire, necessitat- ing a cost of $25,000 in rebuilding. In 1875 a chapel was built at a cost of $7,000. The present rector is Rev. H. D. Aves. The parish of Grace church w^as organized Jul}^ 9, 1845, bv former members of Trinity church. A substantial brick building was erected at the corner of Erie and Huron streets, costing about ten thousand dollars. Sub- sequentlv a chapel and chancel were added to the church at a cost of about fifteen thousand dollars. The mone^'^to build Grace church was subscribed on condition that the seats should be forever free. St. Paul's church was organized October 26, 1846. In March, 1848, a lot of ground was purchased at the corner of Sheriff street and Euclid avenue, and a frame church was erected on it. It was burned in August, 1849. A brick church was built on the same lot at a cost of about seventeen thousand dollars. In 1874 the church ])roperty was sold for $115,000 and the new building, on the corner of Euclid and Case avenues, commenced in 1875, and com- pleted for worship in December, 1876, at a cost of nearlv one hundred and twentv-five thousand dollars. Rev. C. 370 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. S. Bates, D. D., is the present rector, and Rev. J. B. Shep- herd, assistant minister. St. James' church is situated at the corner of Superior and Alabama streets, and was estabHshed mainh' by the efforts of the Rev. R. Bury. The present rector is Rev. James A. Mathews. Christ church (German) was organized in 1868. With the hel]:) of other churches, and by personal contribu- tion, the building at the corner of Orange and Belmont streets was completed in 1871, at a cost of $12,000. The present rector is Rev. J. W. C. Duerr. Grace church, in the Eighteenth ward, was organized in 1869. The society' purchased a Presbyterian church build- ing and moved it to the corner of Harvard and Sawyer streets. Rev. J. B. Shepherd is the present rector. St. Mary's church was organized in May, 1868, and the corner-stone of their church building was laid by Bishop Bedell on September 29, 1869, and the building was opened for services on March 20, 1870. It stands on Woodland avenue, at the corner of Wallingford court. Rev. Ralph E. Macduff is the rector. All Saints' church is situated on Scranton avenue. In 1868 the North Brooklyn Union Sunday-school became Episcopal, and the first subscription was taken for a church fund. In 1870 the corner-stone of the former building was laid. The new building was erected in 1885. Rev. John W. Kebble, rector. St. Mark's church was organized in 1878, and the build- ing completed and opened July 3, 1878. It is on Franklin HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 371 avenue at the corner of Liberty street. Rev. E. W. Col- loque, rector. Memorial Church of the Good Shepherd, at the corner of East Madison avenue and Varian street, is a memorial of the life and labors of Rev. Alexander Varian. Rev. Thomas L\de is rector. Emmanuel church was organized as a parish in 1876. It is situated on Euclid avenue. Rev. B. T. Noakes is the rector. St. Peter's chapel was established in 1884. It is at the corner of Chapel street and Scovill avenue. Herbert C. Foote is superintendent. Calvary Mission Sunda\^-school, on West Madison avenue, is superintended by Chas. E. Ferrell. The second church in Cleveland was Methodist, a society being formed in New^burg as early as 1818, but it was not successful in living. In 1832 Rev. Mr. Goddard re- sumed the good work. He did so, forming a class of six persons. The first church building, a neat frame, was erected in 1841 at a cost of three thousand dollars. From 1832 to 1860 Newburg w^as part of a circuit, but then it became a station. The South Park church was com- menced in 1872 and completed some years later. The present pastor is Rev. James H. HoUingshead. The first Methodist preaching in the city proper was in 1822, Rev. Ira Eddy being the pastor. In 1830 the first station was established at Cleveland, and in 1834 it be- came a permanent charge, but was without a church build- ing until 1841, when the church on the corner of St. Clair [and Wood streets was completed. In this church the con- 372 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. gregation worshiped until the chapel w'-as built at the corner of Erie and Euclid, in 1869. In 1874 the present handsome church was completed at a cost of one hundred and forty thousand dollars. This church has contributed extensively to the building of other Methodist churches over the city, and has been the mother of Methodism in all respects. Rev. Russell B. Pope is the present pastor. The Euclid Avenue church was established as the East Cleveland church in 1827, and was part of a circuit until 1860. The first building was erected in 1836, the second on Doan street in 1870, and the present one on Euclid ave- nue in 1886. Rev. Dillon Prosser is the pastor. The Frank- lin Street church, at the corner of Duane street, was organ- ized about 1830. The pastor is Rev. W. A. Robinson, D. D. The first German church was organized in 1845. In 1848 a building was erected on Prospect, between Ontario and Erie. In 1860 the society leased No. 303 Erie street and built a new church, which was used until 1878, when an exchange was made for the Baptist church property on the corner of Scovill and Sterling avenues. Rev. Herman Herzer is the pastor. Christ church was organized in 1850 through the labors of Rev. Dillon Prosser. In 1851 the society moved from its chapel into the building subsequently used as the Homoeo- pathic hospital, remaining until 1876. Westminster Pres byterian church, corner Huntington and Prospect, was purchased and used, havingbeen remodeled and beautified, until 1882, when the present building was erected at the corner of Prospect street and Willson avenue, and the union of Willson Avenue chapel and Christ church was HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 375 effected under the name of the Central church. Rev. D. H. Muller, D. D., is the present pastor. The Ta^'lor Street church was organized in 1853, and a church subsequently erected at the corner of Bridge and Taylor streets, and in 1868 the present building was erected. Rev. P. F. Graham is the pastor. The West Side German chyrch was formed and its edifice built under the charge of Rev. C. Gahn, in 1851, as a mis- sion of the M. E. Society on Prospect street. In 1853 it became a church, and subsequently erected the building known as St. Paul's, at the corner of Bridge and Harbor streets, Rev. D. Graessle, pastor. The Superior Street church was organized by Rev. Dillon Prosser as a city mission in 1860. The building now used was opened for worship in 1877. The pastor is Rev. W. L. Day. The Scovill Avenue church was organized b}^ Rev. Dillon Prosser in 1866. In 1867 the members, about forty in number, purchased an old building and moved it to Scovill avenue. The next j^ear a lot, corner Scovill and Longwood avenues, w^as purchased and the building again moved. The present buildingwas commenced in 1871. The pastor is Rev. Homer P. Smith, M. A., Ph. D. The Lorain Street church was organized in 1868 and known as the "Clark Mission " until 1874. The present building was erected in 1870, enlarged in 1874 and in 1878. The pastor is Rev. T. F. Hildreth. Broadway church was organized in 1872, their building having been previously erected as a chapel. Rev. R. M, Freshwater is the pastor. 374 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. Woodland Avenue church was organized in 1874 by Rev. Dillon Prosser, and the building moved to Woodland ave- nue and refitted. Rev. W. H. Kellogg is the present pastor. The Kinsman Street church was organized in 1877, and the building subsequently erected. Rev. O. S. Elliott is the pastor. The Wesleyan Methodist church, at the corner of Brownell and Ohio streets, was organized in 1839, and built on Euclid avenue near Sheriff street. In 1863 the lot was sold and the building moved to its present location. Rev. Thomas K. Doty is the pastor. St. John's A. M. E. church was organized about 1865 and worships in a building at 496 Erie. Rev. Robert A. Johnson is the pastor. There are several chapels of the M. E. church conducted in various parts of the city. The Free Methodist church was organized in 1870. In 1873 the church building, corner Bridge and Ta^dor streets, was purchased and used. Rev. S. F. Way is the pastor. The First Presbyterian church was formed on the nine- teenth of September, 1820, in the old log court-house on the Public Square. Rev. Randolph Stone was the first minister and the number of members was fourteen. The society , continued to wonship in that building until the brick academy was built on St. Clair street, when it occu- pied the upper floor. It then removed to the third floor of a brick building on Superior street, and there remained until the basement of the first stone church was completed. In the winter of 1835 Rev. S. C. Aiken, D. D., was called as the first regular pastor of the church, and his pastorate continued until 1861, after which he became pastor-emer- HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 375 itus. The first church building was completed and dedi- cated February 26. 1834. This was the "Old Stone church" which stood until 1853. In the spring of 1853 the old church was replaced b\^ a new one, which soon burned down and was almost immediately replaced by the present structure. In 1884 the church was repaired and decorated at great expense. Rev. H. C. Haj-dn, D. D., was installed as associate pastor in 1872, after which he became sole pastor. Rev. Wilton M . Smith is now associate pastor. The first sermon preached in the village of Newburg was delivered in July, 1802, b\' Rev. Joseph Badger, an ex- revolutionary soldier. On the thirty-first of December, 1832, a church was organized by Rev. David Feet. In 1 841-2 a frame church was erected upon a hill near where the Insane Asylum now stands, the first church in Newburg. It was afterward moved to the corner of Sawyer and Harvard streets. The present church was built in 1869, costing $15,000. Rev. Arthur C. Ludlow is the pastor. The First United Fresbyterian church, for long the onlj' one in the city, was organized in 1843. Two j^ears later a church was built costing $1,800, corner of Michio-anand Seneca streets. In 1853 the present brick church on Erie street near Frospect was built at a cost of $13,000. The Second United Presbyterian church meets at 2618 Broadway. Rev. A. H. Elder, pastor. The Second Presbyterian church was organized June 12, 1844. The building first occupied stood almost upon the site of the present jail. It was used until a larger building 376 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. Upon Superior street was erected. This was destroyed by fire October 9, 1876. A lot was purchased b\' the society at the corner of Prospect street and SterHng avenue, and a large and imposing church was erected upon it and dedi- cated October 27, 1878. Rev. Charles S. Pomeroy, the present pastor, was installed June 22, 1873. The Euclid Avenue Presbyterian church was organized on January 25, 1853. The present building was con- structed in 1851—2 and dedicated for worship in August, 1852. Rev. Samuel P. Sprecher is the present pastor. North Presbyterian church was originally a mission of the First Presbyterian church. In 1866 the sum of $8000 was subscribed for the erection of a chapel. The building was completed at acost of $10,000 the following year, and was subsequently enlarged. Rev. William Gaston is the present pastor. The Welsh Presbyterian church on St. Clair street was organized in 1866 by Rev. John Moses. The Welsh (Calvinistic Methodist) was organized in 1858, and has a building at the corner of Cannon and Elmo streets. Rev. William Harrison, pastor. The Case Avenue church was organized in 1870, and a chapel erected soon after. The Woodland Avenue church was organized in April, 1872 ; the present building was constructed in 1879. Rev. Paul A. Sutphen is the pastor. Beckwith church building on Fairmount street, erected in 1884, was organized as a mission in 1883, and after- wards became a separate organization. Rev. M. M. Cur- tis, pastor. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 377 Willson Avenue church, Willson and Lexington avenues, was erected two or three years ago. Rev. Carlos T. Chester, pastor. The First Baptistchurchof Cleveland was organized Feb- ruary 16, 1833, under Rev. Richmond Taggart. The society worshiped in the old red court-house until the completion of their own church on the corner of Seneca and Cham- plain streets, in 1836. The building cost thirty thousand dollars, and was the finest in the city. In 1855 the society purchased of the Plymouth Congregational church, their new brick building at the corner of Euclid and Erie streets. The building was afterwards much improved. In 1886 the congregation moved out to Idaka Chapel, at the corner of Prospect and Kennard streets, during the building of their new church which promises to be one of the finest in the city. Rev. E. A. Woods is the pastor. The Second Baptist church was organized in 1851. On April 30, 1867, after selling their formxCr building and land, the church at the corner of Euclid avenue and Huntington street was decided upon, and was completed March 5, 1871. Rev. George Thomas Dowling is the pastor. The Third Baptist church was organized in December, 1852. The present church was erected in 1855-6 at the corner of Clinton and State streets. The Superior Street Baptist church was originally the Cottage Baptist Mission, organized in 1852. The building, corner Superior and Minnesota streets, w^as erected in 1870. Rev. George L. Hart, pastor. Logan Avenue church was built in 1885 at the corner of Logan and Euclid avenues. Rev. G. O. King is the pastor. 378 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. Shiloh (colored ) Baptist church was organized in 1865 and subsequently burned. The present edifice is at 409 Sterling avenue. Rev. J. P. Brown, pastor. The First German Baptist church was organized in 1866 and two thousand dollars was raised towards building their edifice at the corner of Forest street and Scovill avenue. Rev. Jacob H. Merkel, pastor. Willson Avenue church was organized as a mission in 1858. In 1878 the building at the corner of Willson avenue and Quincy street was erected. Rev. George G. Craft is the pastor. The Welsh Baptist church was organized in 1868. The building was erected in the same year. The Scranton Avenue Free-will Baptist church was organized in 1868, and a building erected on the corner of Scovill avenue and Putnam street in the same year. In 1875 the building at the corner of Scranton and Clark avenues was erected. Rev. O. D. Patch is pastor. Trinity Baptist church was organized in 1872, and their building erected in 1876 on Fullerton street. Rev. H. Brotherton is the pastor. Erin Avenue church is at the corner of Dare. Rev. A. Schwendener, pastor. The Bridge Street church is at the corner of Hitchcock. Rev. Benjamin H. Thomas, pastor. The Second German church is on Case avenue, near Kelly. Rev. A. J. Ranaker, pastor. The first Disciple church in Cleveland was organized in Newburg, April 21, 1842, by Elder Jonas Hartzler, with thirty-five members, and a building was erected soon after HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 379 on the present site on Miles avenue, near Broadwa3^ Rev. Frank A. Wight is the pastor. Franklin Street church was organized February 20, 1842, in a small building on the West Side. Rev. LathropCooley was selected as the first minister, and in 1847-1848 a build- ing was erected on Franklin avenue, at the Circle, and used for twenty-eight years. In 1874 a new lot was secured on the south side of the Circle, and the foundation of the present building was laid. It is of pressed brick with brown sand- stone trimmings, and is one of the handsome churches of the city. Rev. S. L. Darsie is the present pastor. The Euclid Avenue church was organized September, 1843 . In 1847 a frame building was erected at the corner of Doan and Euclid, and in 1867 it was moved to its present loca- tion at the corner of Euclid and Streator, and used for a chapel while a new church was built on the front of the lot. Rev. Jabez Hall has been pastor of the church since 1872. The Cedar Avenue church is near Forest street. Rev. H. R. Cooley, pastor. The first Catholic church of Cleveland was organized hy Rev. John Dillon, who was the first resident priest at a time when there were but five resident Catholic families in the city. Rev. Dillon collected eleven hundred dollars in New York for the purpose of erecting a church, but died before it was commenced. He was succeeded by Father O'Dw^^er, who carried on the building which was completed in 1838 and known as "St. Mary'son the flats." The entire prop- erty cost about three thousand dollars. It was subse- quently used by Bishop Rappe a« his cathedral, with Very 380 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. Rev. Louis DeGoesbriand, pastorof the church, until 1852; then by the German congregation known as St. Mary's of the Assumption until 1863; afterward by a congrega- tion of French Catholics, St. Malachi's congregation, a Bohemian congregation, and last a Polish congregation. The most venerable Roman Cg.tholic church in Cleveland is St. John's cathedral, at the corner of Erie and Superior streets. The lots upon which the cathedral and the bishop's palace now stand were purchased in 1845, and were cov- ered with woods. In the year 1848 the corner-stone of the cathedral was laid by Bishop Rappe, who continued in the diocese until 1870. Bishop Gilmour was appointed in 1872, and Rev. T. P. Thorpe was appointed pastor in 1875. In 1878 Father Thorpe, assisted by the people of the parish, commenced the work of renovating the interior and build- ing the spire. As it now stands the church is handsome and imposing. St. Peter's (German) parish was organized February 17, 1853. A lot was purchased at the corner of Dodge and Su- perior streets, and a building erected in 1854. The corner- stone of the present church was laid in 1857, and the build- ing completed and dedicated October 23, 1859. Rev. F. Westerholt is the present pastor. St. Mary's of the Assumption was established in 1857 at the "flats" church. The building at the corner of Carroll and Jersey streets was erected in 1863-4-5. Rev. John B. Neustick, pastor, Revs. W. Becker and W. Boeh- mer, assistants. St. Patrick's congregation was organized in 1854. The first church edifice was built in 1855, at the HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 381 corner of Bridge and Fulton streets. In July, 1871, the corner-stone of a new edifice was laid, which was com- pleted some years later. Rev. T. M. Mahony, pastor, Rev. John Sheridan, assistant. The Immaculate Conception parish was organized as a mission of St. John's in 1856. A temporary building was moved to the corner of Superior and Lyman streets. In August, 1873, the corner-stone of the present massive stone church w-as laid, and the building completed some years later. Rev. A. R. Sidley is the pastor. St. Bridget's church on Perry street, near Woodland ave- nue, was organized in 1857 by Bishop Rappe, and erected a small brick building the same year, and twenty years later, in 1877, the present building was erected. Rev. William McMahon is the pastor. The Church of the Holy Name was organized in 1860 by Rev. E. M. Callaghan; in 1863 built the fine stone church which now stands. Rev. John T. Carroll, pastor. Rev. James P. M3ler, assistant. St. Augustine's church w^as organized in 1860, and soon afterward erected an edifice at the corner of Jefferson and Tremont streets. In 1877 the building was enlarged and greatly improved. Rev. Michael Murph}^ is the pastor. St. Joseph's church was first built in 1862, for the use of the German and Bohemian Catholics. The corner-stone of the present building was laid in 1871, and the church dedicated in 1873. It stands on Woodland avenue, near Chapel street. Rev. Alardus Andrescheck is the pastor, Rev. Romualdus Rheindorff, assistant. St. Wencesla's church was organized as a separate par- 382 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. ish in 1867, erected a brick church on the corner of Arch and Burvvell streets. Rev. Anthony- Hynek, pastor. St. Stephen's church was founded b}' Rev. H. Falk in 1869, and a building was erected in 1873-6 on Courtland street. Rev. C. Reichlin is the pastor St. Columbkill'schurch wiis organized by Father O'Reilly in 1870, and in the same year a brick structure was built at the corner of Superior and Alabama streets. The church is attended from the cathedral. St. Malachi's was organized in 1865, and in 1868 built a brick church on Washington street, near Pearl. Rev. James P. Molony, the founder of the church, is still its pastor. Chiu'ch of the Holy Trinity was founded in 1870, and a brick building constructed, which was used as a house of worship, school and parsonage for about ten years, when the present structure on Woodland avenue, near Giddings avenue, was built. Rev. Peter Becker is the pastor. The French Church of the Annunciation was established in 1870, and a house of worship built soon after. Rev. A. Gerardin has been pastor since 1878. St. Prokop's Bohemian church was established in 1872, and their house of worship was completed in 1874, on Burton street. Rev. Anthony Vlcek is the pastor. Our Lady of Lourdes' church (Bohemian) is situated at the corner of Randolph and Hamm streets. Rev. S. Furdek, pastor. St. Albert's church is a Bohemian mission on Lincoln avenue. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 383 St. Anthony of Padua is an Italian church on Ohio street, near Brownell. Rev. P. Capitani, pastor. St. Edward's church is situated at the corner of Wood- land avenue and Geneva street. Rev. M. A. Scanlon, pastor. St. Colman's church is on Gordon avenue. Rev. E. M. O'Callaghan, pastor. St. Michael's church is at the corner of Scranton and Clark avenues. Rev. Joseph M. Koudelka, pastor. St. Stanislas' Polish church is on Forman street, near Tod. Rev. Kolaszewski, pastor. St. Mary's Theological Seminary is on Lake street, near Dodge. The following convents also are maintained by the church: Convent of the Good Shepherd, Convent of the Little Sisters of the Poor, Convent of the Poor Sisters of St. Clare, Convent of the Sisters of St. Mary, Convent of the Sisters of Notre Dame, Convent of the Sisters of St. Joseph, Franciscan Monastery and the Ursuline Convent. The First Congregational church was organized Decem- ber 21, 1834, in pursuance of a resolution adopted at a previous meeting. A temporary house of worship was erected, and dedicated May 3, 1835, and the same day Rev. John Keep commenced his labors as pastor. In 1856 the society built the church at the corner of Detroit and State streets, and, in 1882, the edifice on Franklin avenue, at the corner of Taylor street. Rev. Henry M. Tenney is the pastor. The Euclid Avenue Congregational church was organ- ized November 30, 1843, by Rev. Drs. C. Aiken and Rev. S. C. Cady. In the summer of 1846 the foundation was 384 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. laid of the little brick church on the corner of Doan and Euclid. On September 20, 1849, the church was dedi- cated. In 1852 the church withdrew from the Presbytery, and a few years later it united with the Congregational Conference of Ohio. In 1865, the church building growing too small, the congregation decided to build again upon a lot donated by Dr. W. S. Streator, and a large structure was erected, and dedicated in 1873. This proving too small, it was enlarged in 1874. In 1885 the substantial brick edifice was torn down to make room for an elegant stone structure, which has not long been completed. Rev. Henry M. Ladd is the pastor. Pl^^mouth Congregational church w^as organized March 25, 1850, with thirty members. During the summer of 1852 the congregation moved into the church at the corner of Euclid and Erie, subsequently sold to the First Baptist congregation. In January, 1857, they purchased a building on Prospect street. The building was after- wards sold, and Plymouth chapel built and dedicated in 1874. The stately and beautiful audience room was built in 1880 and '81, fronting on Prospect. Rev. George R. Leavitt, pastor. The Jennings Avenue church was organized in November, 1859. In 1866 it moved to the house of worship on Jen- nings avenue, at the corner of Howardstreet, which it still occupies after having been enlarged and remodeled. Rev. J. M. Sturtevant is the pastor. Mt. Zion church (colored) was organized in 1864, being the first congregational church for colored people in the West. A church edifice was purchased on Maple street HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 385 near Garden, which is still occupied. S. A. Brown, pastor. The Welsh Congregational church was organized Oc- tober, 1870, and meets at 144 Ontario street. Rev. J. M. Evans is the pastor. The Madison Avenue church was established as a mis- sion, forming a church in 1875. It is situated at the corner of East Madison avenue and Ouincy street. Franklin avenue church was organized in 1876, at the corner of Franklin and Waverly streets. Rev. Herbert M. Tenney is the pastor. Irving Street church is situated at the corner of Orange and Irving streets. Rev. F. M. Whitlock is the pastor. Grace church is on Gordon avenue at the corner of Col- gate street. Rev. J. H. Hull, pastor. The Centennial Welsh church is on Jones avenue, near Broadway. Several missions are : Cyril chapel, Selden avenue, Rev. H. A. Schauffler pastor; Bethlehem church, Broadway, Rev. H. A. Schauffler, pastor; Olivet chapel. Hill street, Rev. John Doane, pastor. There are thirty-four German and German-English churches in Cleveland bearing the general name Evangelical, and yet arranged under five minor differences of creed. The first of these was organized in 1834, and in 1837 the con- gregation moved into the brick church at the corner of Dodge and Superior, known as Schifflein Christi, of which Rev. J. Andres is pastor. The number of the churches will permit only of enumeration. They are: Evangelical Friedens, 116 Linden. Rev. F. Lenschau, pastor; First 386 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. German church, Erie, corner of Ohio, Rev. E. A. Fuenfstueck, pastor; St. John's, McBride street. Rev. J. W. Groth, pas- tor; St. PauFs, Scovill avenue, Rev. H. Eppens, pastor; Trinity church, Case avenue. Rev. August Kimmel, pastor; United German church. Bridge street. Rev. WilHam Angel- berger, pastor; Zion's church, Jennings avenue. Rev. Th. Leonhardt, pastor; Evangelical Independent church, St. Johannes', 336 Harbor street, Rev. Carl Weiss ; Evangelical Reformed, First church, Penn street. Rev. J. H. C. Roentgen, pastor; Second church, Henry street. Rev. C. H. Schoepfle, pastor; Third church, 396 Aaron street. Rev. Wm. Friebolin, pastor; Fourth church, 44 Louis street. Rev. N. Wiers, pastor; Fifth church, Higgins street, Rev. W. Renter, pastor; Sixth church, Smith avenue. Rev. August Schade, pastor; Seventh church, Willcutt avenue. Rev. Wm. Dreher, pastor. Evangelical Lutheran, Holy Trinity church, Putnam street, Rev. A. H. Bartholomew, pastor; Immanuel church, Scranton avenue, Rev. H. Weseloh, pastor ; Scandi- navian congregation, Rev. Olaf E. Brandt, pastor; St, John's, Bessemer street. Rev. C. Kretzmann, pastor; St, Matthew's church, Meyer avenue. Rev. J. J. Walker, pastor; St. Paul's, Superior street, Rev. Paul Schwan, pastor; St. Peter's, Ouincy street, Rev. Max A. Treff, pastor ; Trinity, Jersey street, Rev. J. H. Niemann, pastor ; Zion, Erie street, Rev. Carl M. Zorn, pastor; EvangeliQal Association, Cal- vary church, Oakdale street, Rev. S. S. Condo, pastor; Emanuel, Jennings avenue, Rev. J. D. Seip, pastor; Friedenskirche, Herald street. Rev J. G. Theuer, pastor; Salem, Erie street. Rev. W. Lingelbach, pastor; Trinity, HISTORY OF CLEVELAND 387 E. Madison avenue, Rev. S. P. Spreng, pastor; Zion, Col. gate street, Rev. J. A. Hensel, pastor; Zion, Aaron street, Rev. Leonhart Scheuermann pastor. There are four Dutch Reformed churches: Christian, 414 Waverly street, Ebenhaszer, Lawn street. Rev. George Niemeyer, pastor; First church, Blair street, same pastor; and Holland Christian church, 33 Calvert street. There is one Friends' Society whose house of worship, at 179 Cedar avenue, was built in 1874. Rev. J. T. Dor- land is the minister. There are three United Brethren churches, First, Second and Third, located respectively on Orchard, Elton and Kinsman streets. The Church of the Unity was organized February 1, 1867, and their handsome edifice at the corner of Pros- pect and Bolivar streets was erected in 1879-80. Rev. F, L. Hosmer is the pastor. The Swedenborgian church was organized March 22, 1868, and in 1874 their building was erected on Arling- ton street. Rev. P. B. Cabell is the pastor. The' Tabernacle church which was organized in the old Tabernacle on Ontario street, and now meets in the Music Hall, has a flourishing congregation under the care of Rev. William Johnson, pastor. There are also eight Jewish congregations, of different nationalities, the oldest of which is the Anshe Chesed con- gregation, at Scovill avenue, corner of Henry street. Rev. M. Machol, rabbi. The Tiffereth Israel congregation, on Huron street, is one of three other English speaking con- gregations in the city. Rev. A. Hahn, rabbi. 388 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. Besides the foregoing enumeration is a large number of miscellaneous chapels and missions in various parts of the city, each doing its part toward the reformation of society and the uplifting of the world. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 389 PREFACE TO BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. THE following biographical sketches, illustrated with steel portraits of the subjects, are of Cleveland men representing every important branch of business, the city government, and every decade since the village of Cleveland was incorporated. We regret that the space at command would not permit of more. No attempt has been made to w^rite a biographical history of 'the city, but merely to present a sufficient number to show the kind of men who have built up and developed the city. Without this inter- esting and important feature the book would be incom- plete. Those who wish a work embracing the lives of all pioneers, self-made and prominent citizens of Cleveland, are referred to other works, which have been v/ritten for this special purpose. The omission of many men entitled to a place in this volume, as much as those whose sketches are given, is no intentional inference that the editor con- siders them of less worth, merit or importance. The line must be drawn somewhere, and unless it included several hundred ( which would make the work a history of indi- viduals instead of a histor}^ of the city), many very worthy names must necessarih' be left outside of it. Sonue of our readers may be disappointed in not seeing par- 390 HISTORY OF CLEVEIvAND. ticular prominent gentlemen of their acquaintance men- tioned, whom they think deserving of it, and feel that an invidious discrimination has been made or poor judgment exercised ; but after looking at the matter in the proper light we trust that they will appreciate the circumstances and forbear criticism. We consider that our object, above explained, has been satisfactorily accomplished. The steel plates of several worthy subjects for representation were expected to be embraced, but could not be found, rendering publication of them impossible. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 391 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. GENERAL MOSES CLEAVELAND. GENERAL MOSES CLEAVELAND, the founder of the city that bears his name, was born at Canterbury, Connecticut, January 29, ITS^. He was descended, in the fourth generation, from Moses Cleaveland, of Woburn, Massachusetts, who came to this country from England in 1635. The subject of this sketch was a son of Colonel Aaron Cleaveland, a person of note and respectabilit}^ in his adopted State. The career of General Moses Cleaveland, briefly outlined, is as follows: In 1777 he graduated from Yale College, and immediately thereafter began the study of the law in his native town. In 1779 he was appointed captain of a company of sappers and miners in the United States army, in which capacity he continued to serve for several years. In 1796 he was made a general in the State militia. Both before and after the historic expedition to the Western Reserve, General Cleaveland was, during several terms, a distinguished member of the State Legislature. 392 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. General Cleaveland became one of the share-holders of the famous Connecticut Land Compan}^ and was com- missioned b\' its directors "to goon said land as super- intendent over the agents and men sent to survey and make locations on said land, and to make and enter into friendly negotiations with the natives." He was given absolute control to make such drafts on the compan\'"s treasurv as might be necessary to accomplish the purpose of his commission. With a party of fifty he set out in June, 1796, for the "Western Reserve." At Buffalo a dele- gatioij of Seneca and Mohawk Indians, headed by Red Jacket, met General Cleaveland with the determination of opposing his further progress into their territory. A brief parley with the chieftain, resulting in the transfer of a. few hundred dollars worth of goods, weakened the war- like purpose of the red- men, and the survcAnng party went on their way unmolested. Following the shore of Lake Erie, the company, on the twenty-second of July, 1796, entered the mouth of the Cuyahoga. Impressed with the natural advantages of the location, he set his men at work surveying the site for a mile square into city lots. The surveyors gave to the new-born city the name of Cleaveland, in honor of their chief. The events of the years following 1796, events which have secured to the name of General Cleaveland a worthy and enduring fame, have been detailed in the opening chapter of the history. The duties of director and chief agent of the Connecticut Land Company's pioneer expe- dition to the Western Reserve required, for their proper HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 393 execution, ability, energy and tact. These qualities Gen- eral Cleaveland displayed in an eminent degree. Moses Cleaveland saw into the future as he stood on the banks of the Cuyahoga, but his vision did not touch the possibilities that lay before the young village which he located. General Cleaveland w^asa man of few words but of inflex- ible purpose. His life was pure, his character manlj- and dignified. In personal appearance he was of medium height, erect, thick set and portly. His black hair, his penetrating eye and military bearing gave him a striking appearance in any company. He died at Canterbury, November 16, 1806, in the fifty-third year of his age and in the midst of his honors. JAMES A. GARFIELD. BORN in Orange, Cuyahoga county, on November 18, 1837, amidst the poverty and hardships of Western pioneer life, left fatherless in infancy, Garfield's growth and instruction depended upon the sacrifice and prayer of a devoted and Christian mother. It was here that he learned the ruling principles of his life, the determination "rather to be beaten in the right than succeed in the wrong." His struggles to rise above his lowly position, the self-dependence and heroism he displayed, have been often duplicated amongst his sturdy cotemporaries, men whom the city, the Reserve and the Nation have learned 394 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. to honor. Bravely rising from amidst discouraging sur- roundings, he acquired a classical education and became an accomplished and cultivated scholar. He enlisted in the agitation against slavery with that resolution and heroism that seemed the proper fruit of this northern soil, and when the war was precipitated to fortify that crime, he was among the first to volunteer his life for its destruc- tion. Without a military education, he rapidly rose in the ranks by his mere innate powers, and showed that pre- science and courage which marked him as a leader of men ; and yet, though great by natural powers, he left no un- dertaking to the chance of genius. "Occasion may be the bugle call that summons an army to battle, but the blast of a bugle can never make soldiers or win victories." While in the field he was elected to Congress from the Western Reserve, and repeatedly returned to that honor- able post for seventeen years, when he became the leader of his party. He was elected to the Senate from his native State in January, 1880, but before he could take his seat was called to the higher position, that of President of fifty- two milHonsof free and independent fellow-citizens. A new era of peace and good- will seemed dawning on the land when he took up the duties of this high calling— a new beacon of hope that would cast a shade over the bitter- ness of the past, but a gleam of promise on the future. In his policy, "statesmanship consisted rather in removing the causes than in punishing or evading results." But these bright hopes were blasted; in the very dawn of promise, after a noble and thoughtful life had prepared liim preeminently to meet his mission, he was cut down HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 395 by the assassin. Yet with Christian bravery he accepted the decrees of God. " If the good of this country, the in- terests of free government and of the people against one- man power, demand the sacrifice of 1713' Hfe, I think I am ready." And thus he passed down the dark Valley of the Shadow of Death, lighting up its gloom by the purity and faith of his life, and leaving a name and a histor}-- to stim- ulate the Hves of others, the Christian scholar, soldier and statesman. His career throughout its varied length is the brightest honor to the Western Reserve and to the princi- ples which he here obtained ; while around Cleveland her- self, the scene of his triumphs and of his sublime funeral pageant, the guardian of his ashes, it will always cast the most sacred associations. The history of his life, so closely connected with the history of Cleveland and her tributary territory, fairly represents that of hundreds who have here distinguished themselves in every walk of life. SHERLOCK J. ANDREWS. FIFTY-FIVE years were embraced in the professional, official and judicial life of Judge Andrews in Cleve- land — from 1825 to 1880 — eleven years of village citizen- ship and forty-four under the city charter. But few have lived so long and been so intimately connected with the ^owth of the city, and so identified socially and officially 396 HIvSTORY OF CLEVELAND. with a commtmity that advanced from a few hundred to a quarter of a million inhabitants while he yet lived. Judge Andrews was born in Wallingford, Connecticut, in 1801. His father was a prominent physician and gave his son a preparatory course of study in the Episcopal Academy in C.ieshire. In 1821 he graduated with honors at Union College, Schenectady, New York, then studied law in New Haven, where he attended lectures in the law school in that city, and served as assistant-professor of chemistry in Yale College. In 1825 young Andrews came to Cleveland, then a small village, its business part being confined principally to the river. The Ohio canal was not yet opened. There was hardly a steamboat on Lake Erie, nor a railroad in the United States. Yet even then men prided themselves on the advanced state of human knowledge. Mr. Andrews was a partner with Judge Cowles for several years and until the retirement of the latter in 1833, when the partnership of Andrews, Foot & Hoyt was formed, which continued more than twenty years. The brilliant talents, untiring industry and genial social qualities made Mr. Andrews a leading man in the com- mtmity, and in 1840 he was elected to Congress. How- ever, he preferred his profession to politics, and at the end of a single term declined a reelection. Severe professional labor after many years somewhat impaired his health, and for several years he acted as adviser and advocate in only the more important cases, until 1848, when he was elected judge of the Superior Court of Cleveland, a position which he filled with conspicuous ability. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 397 In 1849 Judge Andrews was made a member of the con- vention to revise the State Constitution. He was one of its most prominent and leading members, and was assigned to the judiciary and other important committees. The revision of the judiciary system abolished the Superior Court, and Judge Andrews again returned to the practice of law. He confined his practice, however, to the most im- portant cases before the Federal and State Courts. He had become not only one of the best lawyers of the Ohio bar, but he was a man of such high principles and stainless purity of character that his opinions and advice had almost the weight of law. Again, in 1873, another Constitutional Convention was authorized, and Judge Andrews was chosen by unanimous selection of both the great political parties to head the delegation from this district. He was the strength and inspiration of the Committee on Revision of the Judiciary, and the report of that committee was the most important of the new Constitution which was sub- mitted to the voters of the State. With the dissolution Oi the convention the public life of Judge Andrews may be said to have closed. He had then arrived to the age of seventy-two years, and had done the work of a long, earnest and faithful life. He continued, however, in prac- tice, especially as a counselor and arbitrator in important and involved cases in equity. His ripe experience, his clearness and grasp of intellect, and above all his swerve- less integrity, had placed him at the head of his profession, and his opinions as an arbitrator were as conclusive as judicial opinions of the Supreme bench. 3^8 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. As an advocate, a man to move and convince a jury. Judge Andrews had, during the period from 1835 to 1850, no superior at the bar of this State. His eloquence was electrical and irresis< 'ble. He swept the whole gamut of the emotions that sw?iy and control the hearts of men. Of a nervous and magnetic temperament, he was at times roused by the logic of an intricate case to an eftbrt which carried beforeit judge, jury and audience. The keenest wit, theprofoundest pathos, sarcasm, ridicule, humor and invec- tive were all at his command, and it is traditional among the oldest members of the bar that when he had theclosing argument he almost invariably carried the case, even against the previous convictions of the jury. In fact, he had all the elements that make up a great advocate: fine education and literary attainments, and a most keen per- ception and good judgment along with it all and crown- ing all. An eminent contemporary, in reviewing Judge Andrews' life and expressing an exalting opinion of him as a lawyer and a jurist, said : "If there was any one thing that was characteristic of him, it was that shrinking modesty which never allowed him to claim even that which was due him among his fellow-men. His profes- sional life has been an eminent and complete success; honesty, fidelity and ability have characterized him throughout." In 1828 Judge Andrews married Miss Ursula Allen, of Litchfield, Connecticut, daughter of John Allen, who represented a Connecticut district in Congress, and sister of the late Hon. John W. Allen, of this city. Mrs. Andrews and five children of a happy, wedded life, HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 399 extending over more than half a century, survive him. Judge Andrews died February 11, 1880, at the age of seventy-nine years, and the public journals pronounced a triumphant verdict upon a life of nearly eighty years, and the bar and the bench cooperated in making up the most beautiful and appreciative summary of the characteristics and labors of the grandest life that has ever been placed upon our judicial records. RUFUvS P. RANNEY. THE subject of this sketch was born October 30, 1813, in Blandford, Hampden county, Massachu- setts. In 1824 the famil}^ removed to a wholly unsettled portion of Portage county, in this State, where he was engaged until he was about seventeen years of age, in assisting to clear off the heavy forests for which that sec- tion was distinguished. Until after that time, the oppor- tunities for obtaining any education were very kw, nor could he be w^ell spared from the active labor he was pursu- ing. When he did resolve to make the attempt, he was well aware that beyond good will and encouragements of his parents, he must depend wholly upon his owm unaided exertions. This he accomplished with less difficulty than might be supposed, by the use of his axe, and teaching tw^o terms as he progressed. He entered the Nelson Acad- emy, then under the charge of Dr. Bassett, an excellent teacher, where he acquired a very good start in the Latin 400 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. and Greek languages, and from these went to the West- ern Reserve College at Hudson. He was interrupted there long enough to go through another term of teaching, and at its conclusion, instead of returning to the college as he had intended, he was induced by the urgency of a college friend to accompany him to Jefferson, Ashtabula county, and commence the study of the law with Joshua R. Giddings and Benjamin F. Wade, then partners— a step he had never contemplated as possible, and without knowing a single person in the county to which he went. He pursued his studies there about two and a half years, and was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court in the fall of 1836. Mr. Giddings was soon after elected to Con- gress, and the firm of Wade & Ranney was formed, which continued for about eight years, and until Mr. Wade was elected to the Common Pleas Bench— although Mr. Ranney resided at Warren, Trumbull county a considerable part of that time; and from this county and Geauga in 1850, in connection with the late Judge Peter Hitchcock and Jacob Perkins, he was elected a delegate to the Constitutional Convention which framed the present constitution of the State. He was afterwards three times elected a judge of the Supreme Court of the State, and served in that tribu- nal in all for eight years. He removed to this city in the spring of 1858, and for several years practiced law with the late Franklin T. Backus and C. W. Noble, now of Detroit. In 1865 he resigned his seat on the Bench, and from that time to the present has practiced his profession, interrupted only by the execution of some gratuitous trusts, amongst which might be noted that of president ^7\ yr^'j . "^^^ (^l^J^-i-i ^^tr HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 401 of the State Board of Centennial Commissioners, and president of the " Case School of Applied Science " from its organization to the present time. His practice has been laborious and extensive in the courts of the State, extending in important cases to a number of neighboring States and to the Supreme Court of the United States. Mr. Ranney has merited the reputation which he has achieved. He is unquestionably the greatest jurist of the West, and one of the greatest living masters of persuasive eloquence. It is a common observation that the life of a lawyer is barren of incident. The moving forces are intel- lectual. They are not seen from the surface. They appear to the world only in the masterly argument, with its lucidity and logic of arrangement; and this manifesta- tion is soon forgotten, together with the subject which called it forth. It is not, however, probable that Cleve- land will soon forget the character and achievements of her most distinguished citizen. She cannot, at least, forget him so long as he continues in her midst with his powers of mind and body unabated. THOMAS H. LAMSON THE foundation of Cleveland's prosperity dates back to that era when her business interests were in- trusted to those who, like Thomas H. Lamson, the subject of this sketch, established a healthy public sentiment in 402 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. favor of temperance, sterling integrity, charity and com- mercial fidelity. Mr. Lamson was born in Sheffield, Mas- sachusetts, July 16, 1827. He passed his boyhood days attending the village school and assisting his father on his small farm. At the age of twenty, his father discovered the boy's growing distaste for agriculture and an increas- ing desire to enlarge his horizon. Thomas, therefore, with parental encouragement, left Sheffield and journeyed to Southington, Connecticut, where he at once obtained work in his uncle's clock factory. Here he toiled so faithfully that, at the end of six years, he became a partner of this uncle. After two years the connection was dissolved by mutual consent, Thomas accepting a directorship in a joint stock company for the manufacture of carriage-bolts. Unfortunately, but through no fault of his, this company shortly failed, sweeping away his entire earnings. Not discouraged by this misfortune, he soon accepted the position of foreman in the extensive bolt shops of Honor- able Julius B. Savage, in Southington. FuU}^ conversant wnth the bolt industry, and confident that the market would sustain another factory, Mr. Lamson left Mr. Sav- age and formed a co-partnership at Mount Carmel, Con- necticut, with Honorable William Willcox and Mr. Walter N. Woodruff, which business was sold two years later to the Peck, Stow and Wilcox Company, of Southington. He soon after formed a new company at Mount Carmel with Mr. John Holt and Mr. Augustus Dickerman. In a few months Mr. Holt's interest was bought by Mr. Samuel W. Sessions, a friend of Mr. Lamson of long standing, and, soon after, Mr. Isaac Lamson, a younger brother of HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 403 Thomas, bought Mr. Dickerman's interest, thus forming what has since been so favorably known as the firm of Lamson, Sessions & Company. In 1869 this business was moved to Cleveland and at once took a front rank among the industries of this busy city. In 1872 he formed with a few others a limited partner- ship for five years for the manufacture of nuts and wash- ers, under the name of the Cleveland Nut Company. The plant was erected and the business successfully conducted until the expiration of the partnership in 1877, when it was sold out to other parties in interest. In 1879, he, with others, erected the large plant now owned by the Peck, Stow & Wilcox Company in this city for the manufacture of hardware, and operated the same till 1881, when the business was consolidated with that of the Peck, Stow & Wilcox Company, of Southington, Connecticut. He was also one of the original stockholders who, in 1880, organ- ized the Union Rolling Mill Company for the manufacture of iron. Its operations have been successfully carried on to the present time. Mr. Lamson was instrumental in 1874 in the formation of the South Side Street Railroad Company, and the extension of the general system of sur- face-railway travel in the city. It soon became evident that more ample accommoda- tions would be needed by the Lamson-Sessions Company, and, therefore, the foundations of a commodious factory were laid in 1881, and in the autumn of '82, the new build- ing, equipped probably as completely as any similar estab- lishment in the world, was finished and occupied. But, sad to relate, Mr. Lamson was not permitted to enter the 404 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. works after their completion, and share with his partners in the jo}^ which well-earned and brilliant success brings. For some time Mr. Lamson had been in declining health, and after it became evident that his disease had reached a critical point, he went, in the summer of '82, with his devoted wife, to Lenox, Massachusetts. Btit even the air of his native hills and the ministrations of kind friends failed to afford permanent relief. He grad- ualW failed, and on the seventeenth of August, after two days of unconsciousness, peacefully expired. His body rests in Riverside Cemeter}^— one of Cleveland's beautiful Cities of the Dead, and of which he and Mr. Samuel W. Sessions were among the founders. Mr. Lamson was a man who avoided publicity even when publicity sought him. Broad in his views, sincere in his religious convictions, noble and generous in his im- pulses, he was a safe counselor, a tried Christian, a public benefactor, a faithful friend, and a blessing to his adopted city. For twelve years he was a constant attendant at the Heights Congregational church, where, with willing heart and hand, he aided both pastor and people in every branch of Christian work. Those who ever had the good fortune to cross the threshold of his beautiful home will never forget the genuine hospitalit}- extended to friends, nor the genial individuality that characterized his utter- ances. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 405 SAMUEL WILLIAMSON. WHEN Cuyahoga county was organized in 1810, the subject of this sketch was two years old, and there- fore he was among the few very earHest residents of Cleve- land. He was born in Crawford countA^ Pennsylvania, on the sixteenth of March, 1808. He was the eldest son of Samuel Williamson, a native of Cumberland county, who removed to Crawford county about the year 1800, w^here he was married to Isabella McQueen, by whom he had a family of seven children. He came to Cleveland in 1810, where, with a brother, he carried on the tanning business until his death in 1834. He was a man of enterprise and public spirit, highly esteemed, and was an associate judge of the court of common pleas. Samuel Williamson graduated at Jefferson college in Washington county, Pennsylvania, in 1829, and soon thereafter entered the office of Judge Andrews, with whom he read law, and was admitted to that bar in 1832. He was associated with Leonard Case as a partner until 1834, when he was elected county auditor. This office he held for eight ^^ears, when he returned to legal practice. He was associated with A. G. Riddle, under the firm name of Williamson & Riddle, for many years and until that gen- 406 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. tleman was elected to Congress, about 1860. He retired from general practice in 1872, to accept a position of president of the Society for Savings in the city of Cleve- land, the largest institution of the kind west of New York, and continued to fill this position until his death. He was called to many positions of trust. Fidelity and public confidence went hand in hand with him throughout his long and honored life. He was a member of the House of Representatives in 1850, and was president of the board of equalization in 1859-60. He was elected to the State Senate in 1862, and served two terms. He was a member of the city council and, in 1850, the board of education, and ever took the active interest of a good citizen in pro- moting public improvements and educational institutions. He held the office of prosecuting attorney for the county for two years, was a director in the Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati Railroad company, president of the First Presbyterian society, and vice-president of the Mercantile Insurance company. He lived to become the oldest resi- dent of the city and died in 1884, lamented by his life-long friends and revered by the public he had served so honestly and so well. ANSEL ROBERTS. MR. ANSEL ROBERTS, elected county auditor in the fall of 1866, was a public officer of much prominence. During a period of ten years— from 1860 to 1870— he was. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. . 407 continually a faithful and devoted public servant. In 1861 he was elected a member of the board of education from the second ward, serving two years in that body. Before the expiration of his term, he was, in 1862, chosen a coun- cilman in the same ward, and continued to represent it through six successive reelections. He was the choice of the people for two terms as auditor of Cuyahoga county. He retired from that office in 1870, and thereafter declined all political preferment. For a time he was assistant United States assessor in the eighteenth Ohio district. President Johnson appointed him collector of internal revenue for this city in 1867, and the Senate confirmed him as such, but he promptly sent on his declension. Mr. Roberts was first and always a Republican. He took a remarkable interest in municipal affairs, giving them his best efforts. He was a very valuable official, and being a popular man of character and dignity, his advice was much sought and his opinion carried much weight. Mr Roberts was born October 17, 1807, in Mendon, Ontario county, New York. His parents removed to Ash- tabula, Ohio, in 1818, and subsequently to Lower San- dusky, or Fremont. He entered a commercial establishment in Ashtabula when quite young, remaining in the same until 1831, when he went to Rochester, New York, and carried on a mercantile business. In 1846 he removed to Cleveland, and engaged in the wood trade. Later he became interested in the Cleveland Paper company, of which he was many years president, and at differ- ent times was a director in the Society of Savings and the Ohio National bank. Mr. Roberts was a Christian 40S HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. gentleman and a churchman of high standing. He was an Episcopalian for nearly half a century. For twenty- seven years and up to the time of his death, which occurred March 19, 1883, he was senior warden in Trinity church. In 1836. Mr. Roberts was married to Sarah J. Hatch, who died in 1863. In 1867 he married Mrs. Amanda Bartlit Cowan. Mrs. Roberts, his widow, an estimable lady, is still living. JAMES M. COFFINBERRY. THE subject of this sketch was born in Mansfield, Ohio, May 16, 1818. His father, Andrew Coffinberry, was a man of rare en- dowments and decisive character, and was widely known as a distinguished lawyer from 1813 to 1856. He trav- ersed the circuit, always on horseback, in the earlier days from Mansfield to the Lake Erie, and west to the Indiana line. He was esteemed for his pure and upright life, and his genial manners and quaint humor gave him ready access to the hearts of all classes. In 1840 he wrote the "Forest Rangers," a metrical tale in seven cantos, descriptive of the march of General Wayne's army, and its victory over the Indians in 1794. James M. Coffinberr}^ studied law with his father, then residing in Perrysburg, and was admitted to the bar in 1841, and the same year opened an ofiice in partnership with his father at Mauraee City. His abilities were at ^6 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 409 once recognized and he was elected prosecuting attorney for Lucas county, which office he held for several years to the public satisfaction. In 1845 he removed to Hancock county, and for some ten years practiced his profession with eminent success, and was at the same time editor and proprietor of the Findlay Herald, a Whig journal. In 1855 Mr. Coffinberry removed to Cleveland and speedily acquired a good practice, devoting himself ex- clusively thereto, and taking high rank at the bar, and in 1861 was elected judge of the court of common pleas. He served a full term of five years, establishing a high judicial reputation. He was always clear, forcible and logical, and during his term delivered some very able opin- ions both verbal and written. Prior to his judicial term he had been a member of the city council, and was president of that body in 1858. He has been connected with many important public enter- prises, and was one of the originators of the great Viaduct and its foremost advocate as a free bridge. Always a modest and retiring gentleman he has never been a political aspirant, yet he has many times been utilized by his party friends on their judicial and congres- sional tickets. Judge Coffinberry was married in 1841 to Anna M. Gleason of Lucas county. They have a son and daughter. The son, Henry D., was an officer during the war in the Mississippi gun-boat flotilla, and is now the president of the " Cleveland Ship-building Company." The daughter, Mary E., is married to Mr. S. E. Brooks, a prominent young business man of the city. 410 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND, DAVID A. DANGLER. DAVID A. DANGLER, one of the most prominent among those of Cleveland's citizens v^ho have been eminently successful both in private and in public life, is a native of Lebanon count3% Pennsylvania. At an early age he removed with his parents to Stark county, Ohio, where upon his father's farm, he gained that arduous training of personal industry which has served him so well in later life. At the age of fifteen young Dangler began business as a clerk in the general store of Isaac Harter, at Canton, Ohio. Here, through steady applica- tion and mastery of details, he outlined for himself the thorough business method which has marked his subse- quent career. In 1845 Mr. Dangler removed to Massillon, at that time one of the most thriving towns in Northern Ohio. Here he remained during several years. In 1852 Mr. Dangler, in partnership with John Tennis of Massillon, established a w^holesale hardware house at Cleveland, a venture which was successfully continued under the same management till 1868, when the association was dissolved by the withdrawal of Mr. Dangler. At the present time Mr. Dangler is the official head of numerous extensive and important enterprises. He is the fovmder of "The Dangler Vapor Stove Company," and the recognized pioneer of this new and valuable invention, -which has become one of the great industries of Cleveland. Mr. Dangler is also the founder and president of the Stand- .ard Carbon company, another important industry of /j^ Xlr^ u>^ HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 411 our city. In the manufacture of carbons Cleveland has taken the lead and is now shipping her product to all parts of the world. Mr. Dangler's distinguished official career can be traced but briefly in this place. In 1864 he represented the Fourth ward in the city council. He was made chairman of the committee on schools, at that time a position of much im- portance, as the board of education did not then exercise the extensive functions that have since been accorded it. In 1865 he was elected by the Republican party a represen- tative in the State Legislature. Up to 1866 the police organization of Cleveland had been merely an extension of the village system of marshal super- vision — a system wholly inadequate to the needs of a large and growing city. Mr. Dangler saw the importance of ousting this system and of introducing in its stead the effi- cient metropolitan system of police control, the w^ork- ings of which he had carefulh' studied in various cities, east and west. It was with this as a primal aim that Mr. Dan- gler took his position in the State Legislature. A bill pro- viding for a competent police department was drafted by Mr. Dangler, and through his effiarts soon afterward went into operation. In 1867 he was elected as senator from the Cuyahoga district. During his service at Columbus he was at various times the chairman of important commit- tees, in which capacity he gained an enviable reputation as a skillful and efficient debater. 4.12 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. RENvSSELAR R. HERRICK. THE subject of this sketch was born at Utica, New York, January 29, 1826. Mr. Herrick has the just pride of an honored ancestry, the American branch of the famih' tracing its origin to that sturdy Puritan, Ephraim Herrick, who cameto this country from Leicester, England, in 1629. The father of Rensselar, Sylvester P. Herrick, was prominent during many years among the mercantile cir- cles of western New York. At his death, which occurred at Utica, in 1828, the boy Rensselar, then but two years of age, was left dependent upon the care of a widowed mother. The years of his childhood were very brief. At ten years of age (in 1836) he came to Cleveland, his future home, and began life in the office of the Ohio City Argus. The career of a printer was not, however, to this young man's taste, and it was soon abandoned to enter, in a modest way, upon what was to prove the business of his active life. In 1843, at the age of seventeen, young Her- rick engaged with a prominent builder. Three years later, a master builder, he was prepared to enter upon an in- dependent business. During the next quarter of a century Mr. Herrick de- voted himself unremittingly to the labors of his profession. His reputation for trustworthy work and careful estimates met with its due reward; enabling him in 1870 to retire from active business and to enter upon the no less arduous duties of a conscientious leisure. In the years that have intervened, Mr. Herrick has held various positions of ad- ministrative responsibility. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 413 Following is a brief outline of Mr. Herrick's public career: In 1855, shortly after the union of Ohio City and Cleveland, he became a member of the city council. For some years he was prominently associated with Mr. Charles Bradburn in the effort to extend and perfedl the organization of the public schools, and to secure for them more ample accommodations. It were needless to give in greater detail all the measures with which Mr. Herrick's name was identified during the years of his service in the city council. In 1873. Mr. Herrick was made a member of the board of city improvements, in w^hich body he continued to serve till 1877. The work of this board, at all times important, was especially so at the period under consider- ation. New territory (East Cleveland village) had re- cently been added to the city, and was to be assimilated to the general organization ; many miles of sewerage w^ere demanded, and plans for its construction required skilled and painstaking attention ; and most important, the ar- rangements and estimates preliminary to the great Viaduct, were pressing for decision. Mr. Herrick's position on the board was that of "citizen member"— a position without pecuniary compensation of any sort. Mr. Herrick may well regard his services on the board of improvements as among the most important of his official life. In 1879 Mr. Herrick was nominated by the Republican municipal convention as candidate for the mayoralty. He was elected by a handsome majority — a fit recognition of faithful service in years past. In his inaugural address Mr. Herrick declared for "an efficient administration," to 414 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. be secured by unity of purpose ; by avoidance of political issues, and by an unvarying reference of all municipal esti- mates to actual sources of income. That this avowed policy was carried out in action is attested by the fact that Mayor Herrick was re-nominated in 1881 and triumphantly reelected. In his address this year the mayor expresvsed in a single sentence the poHcy of his en- tire career as executive officer. In referring to the policy of raising funds by a large issue of bonds on the city's credit^ he said: "It is not a course which they themselves (men of business) would pursue or recommend to a friend; yet they insist that it is a proper thing for the city to do." Business principles, he proceeded, which are applicable to an individual are equally applicable to a municipal corpora- tion. This was not an advocacy of penuriousness. It was an advocacy of true econom}'. The peculiar thing about it is, that the theory- was applied in practice. GEORGE W. GARDNER. MR. GEORGE W. GARDNER was born at Pittsfield, Massachusetts, February 7, 1834. In that year the family removed to Cleveland, where Mr. Gardner has since resided. As a boy he attended the city schools, and was for a time a pupil of Andrew Freeze at the old Pros- pect Street school. He began business as a newsboy, sell- ing papers along the wharves to the passengers of incom- ing steamers. In these associations he was not long in HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 415 acquiring a passion for life on the water — a passion which his discreet father thought best to gratify. Arrangements were accordingly made with the owners of the propeller Ogontz to take young Gardner as second clerk. Although at that time but fourteen years of age, such was the ability of the young officer that he was soon promoted to the position of chief clerk. In this capacity he remained on the lakes till the fall of 1852, when he accepted a clerk- ship with Wick, Otis & Brovvnell, bankers of Cleveland. Since 1857 the name of Mr. Gardner has been familiar to the business community of the west, in connection with the extensive enterprises which he has conducted, among which are the extensive elevator of Gardner & Clark and the large milling business of Clark, Gardner & Company. Before his election to the responsible position of mayor of Cleveland Mr. Gardner served several terms in the city council, and during this time was chairman of various important committees. His election to the mayoralty v^'as in May, 1885, the eve of an important crisis in the industrial history of Cleveland. In the summer of that year occurred the great strike at Newburg. The Cleveland Rolling Mill Company had given notice of an intended re- duction in wages of ten per cent. The strikers, among whom the Polanders predominated, assembled frequently at the "Peach Orchard" and other places, where griev- ances and the means for redressing them were discussed In- the leaders. Mr. Gardner was desired by the men to arbitrate the difficulty. This he endeavored to do, but his efforts proved unavailing in consequence of the refusal of the Rolling Mill Company to treat with the strikers. In the hos- 416 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. tilities which ensued, particularly after the attack on the of- fice of the Union Steel Screw Company, Mr. Gardner ex- erted himself with energy and success to quell disturbance. On the last mentioned occasion he told the strikers in de- cided terms that at the next exhibition of mob violence on the streets the artillery would be brought out and opened upon them. Another of Mr. Gardner's executive acts which was strongly indorsed by the people and the press all over the country, was his refusal at various times to allow anarchists to hold meetings within the city limits, thus breaking up that diabolical element, which, for a time, threatened to concentrate in Cleveland. During Mr. Gardner's term as mayor the great high level bridge was voted, the fire-boat was built, and other reforms were made. JOHN H. FARLEY. JOHN H. FARLEY was born at Cleveland, February 5, 1846. He was educated in the public and private schools of the city and received a special training for busi- ness life at a local mercantile college. His official career in this citj^ has comprised several terms of able service in the city council, and one term as mayor, to which position he was elected in 1883. During his incumbency of this office the executive functions were performed with rare energy, and the entire administration displayed the most thorough integrity of purpose. It HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 417 should especially be noted that the police organization of the city was at this time made amenable to a responsible head, in contrast with the previous system of divided con- trol. Under this administration, also, the Broadway ex- tension high bridge was constructed, a work which has proved itself a factor of great importance in subsequent industrial development. In July, 1885, Mr. Farley was appointed collector of in- ternal revenue for the eighteenth Ohio district, a position which he now occupies. In the discharge of the important duties of his present office, as also in those which he has formerly occupied, Mr. Farley has gained the esteem of all classes, and — what is of greater significance — the entire confidence of the business community. WILLIAM G. ROSE. WILLIAM G. ROSE was born September 23, 1829, in Mercer county, Pennsylvania. He was one of eleven children of James and Martha Rose. His family was of that celebrated Scotch-Irish stock which has num- bered some of the ablest of American statesmen and pa- triots. Mr. Rose passed his boyhood in the ordinar\^ routine of labor on the farm and attendance at the district school. At the age of seventeen his attainments were such as to qual- ify him for the duties of a district school teacher, which 418 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. occupation, varied with an occasional term at a high school or an academy, he pursued during several years. At the age of twenty-three Mr. Rose was lentered a stu- dent at the law office of Honorable William Stewart, of Mer- cer. Here he remained till 1855, in which year he was ad- mitted to the bar and began practice in his native county. The career of Mr. Rose during the next few years is similar in i ts main outlines to that of many of our ablest public men. Those were davs of passionate discussion of the question of slavery extension. Should the territories be free-soil or slave-soil ? Very few young men— least of all young attorneys — of abounding life and energy could long remain, neutral with such an issue before them. At this period, accordingly, we find Mr. Rose an associate editor on the stafi'of the Independent Democrat, the leading newspaper of Mercer county. From 1857 to 1859 Mr. Rose was a member of the Penn- sylvania Legislature, representing in that body the ad- vanced policy of the recently organized Republican party. In 1860 he was chosen a delegate to the National Repub- lican convention which nominated Mr. Lincoln for the Presidency, but was prevented by serious illness from at- tending. In 1865 Mr. Rose removed to Cleveland, where he has since resided. His career in this city, in official and in pri- vate life, is too familiar among all classes to make necessary a statement in detail. We will mention a few only of the more important events and lines of policy with which his name has been connected. In 1877 Mr. Rose received the Republican nomination HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 419 for the mayoralty, and was elected by a large majority over the opposing candidate. His administration fell in perhaps the most critical period of Cleveland's history. Following close upon the financial panic of 1873, the first year of Mr. Rose's administration saw the culmination of the great railway strikes in the memorable riots at Pitts- burgh. The Lake Shore & Michigan Southern railway, along which line the force of revolt was most apparent, had its official headquarters in this city; and the great freight ^^ards of the company, the chief point of threatened danger, were but a few miles distant. The course adopted in this emergency reflects great credit upon the good sense and discretion of the official management. At the first sug- gestion of danger. Mayor Rose took measures for a thor- ough but secret organization of the police and militia — the result being that a force was soon provided competent for any contingency that might arise. In his inaugural address before the city council, Mr. Rose sounded the key-note of his entire administration. He said: "The enormous amount of municipal debt, the present low rate of wages . . ., the vast number of men and women out of employment . . ., and the difficulty ex- perienced by many of our most substantial citizens in meeting their tax obligations and providing . . . the comforts and even the necessaries of life, all combine to impress upon those in authorit}' the necessity of scrupu- lous care and fidelit}- in the economical management of every department of our municipal government." Re- trenchment, where retrenchment was possible, careful at- tention to every municipal function, and the thorough 420 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. cooperation of all departments— these were the consistent aims of Mayor Rose's administration. As a worthy and influential citizen, Mr. Rose needs no recognition in this place. During his residence in Cleveland he has gained the respect and confidence of all classes by the faithful per- formance of the many duties, both public and private, that have devolved upon him. STEPHEN BUHRER. EX-MAYOR STEPHEN BUHRER of Cleveland is of German descent, and a native of Tuscarawas cotmty, Ohio, where he was born, in the township of Lawrence, on the twenty-sixth of December, 1825. At the age of four years his father died, leaving him and a sister six years older dependent for support upon a widowed mother. Mr. Buhrer left school when only ten years old to take his first lessons in life's work. His education, therefore, is, principally, the toilsome acquisition of first-hand con- tact with the world. He came to Cleveland in 184-4 and commenced business here as a cooper. Mr. Buhrer is now the proprietor and manager of an extensive distilling and refining establish- ment, with headquarters on Merwin street. His public services have been many and varied. Having a lively interest in all that tended to build up and advance the welfare of the city, he has been frequently called upon HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 421 to serve the people in important official positions. He was first elected a member of the city council in 1855, and subsequently served in that body from 1862 to 1866 in- clusive of the spring of '65, there being no competitor. In 1867 he was chosen mayor of the city, as the candidate of the Democratic party, having by personal popularity overcome a large Republican majority. He was re- elected to this office in 1869, this time by a largely increased majority — reaching nearly three thousand, a number which, it should be remembered, represented a far larger ratio to the whole vote than it would with out present increased population. Without prejudice to others, it must be conceded that Mr. Buhrer's administration of public trusts has been especially marked by scrupulous fidelity to the interests of all. As chief executive officer, he conducted the department of the municipal government with a degree of care and firmness seldom equaled in the city's his- tory. Lawless rings and combinations were not merely discouraged, but, so far as possible, suppressed. The man- agement of police, for which he was compelled to assume the entire responsibility, was of the most thorough and painstaking sort, thus securing a service of the greatest possible efficiency. The municipal machinery was, in gen- eral, so managed as to secure the proper performance of all its functions. Mr. Buhrer was always a zealous friend of all reform- atory institutions, believing that the best way to prevent crime was to care for, correct and educate petty offenders, incorrigible children and youth. To him more than to 422 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. almost any other citizen is Cleveland indebted for its efficient Work-house and House of Refuge and Correction. While in the council, he was untiring in his efforts to secure authority to undertake the enterprise, and when he became ma^'or, the whole influence of his official position was constantly used for the consummation of the work. Before he completed his second term he had the satisfaction of seeing suitable buildings erected, an excellent board of managers organized and the institution on its way to sure success. He has been for several years one of the most valuable members of the board of management of this in- valuable institution. Every important permanent public improvement received Mr. Buhrer's sanction and active support. He was among the very first projectors of the stone Viaduct, and without his valuable advice and effective work the city might still be separated by that gulf which is now so happily spanned by a splendid highway. For several years past Mr. Buhrer has devoted the greater part of his energies to the management of his ex- tensive private interests. He is a prominent member of several important societies and organizations, among these the order of Free Masons. In April, 1847, Mr. Buhrer was married to Miss Eva Mary Schneider. Of this union there are three children — one son and two daughters. I HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 423 ELROY M. AVERY, PH. D. N the foremost ranks of scientific authors of this coun- try, stands Elroy M. Avery, probably the most suc- cessful litterateur of Cleveland. His "Physical Science Series," consisting now of eight volumes, has made his name known in countless schools and homes from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from Ontario to Mexico. Of his achievements in his chosen field, no adequate ac- count can be given in this brief sketch. Fuller mention thereof is made in another department of this book. The subject of this sketch is a self-made man in all that such a term implies. His early life was wanting in all that is derived from wealth, and his every upward step has been made by his own unaided efforts. Elroy M. Avery was born at Erie, Monroe county, Michigan, July 14, 1844. His father, Caspar H. Avery, was of Puritan ancestry, his progenitor, Christopher Aver}^ having come to America in 1630, crossing the Atlantic in company with Governor John Winthrop, of Connecticut. His mother, whose maiden name was Dorothy Putnam, was born in Central New York. She was a lineal descendant of General Israel Putnam, of Revolutionary fame. Elroy attended the public schools of Monroe, at the same time contribut- ing to his own support by posting bills, distributing newspapers and "dodgers" and assisting in the local printing offices. At the age of sixteen, he began his peda- gogic career by teaching a v^inter school at Frenchtown, Monroe county, and "boarding around." While teaching in this place, the civil war broke out and he dropped the 424 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. ferule to take up a musket. He served in the Fourth Mich- igan Infantry and the Eleventh Michigan Cavalry, and, when his services were no longer needed, was mustered out as sergeant-major. While at the front, young Avery could not suppress his impulses to write concerning the stirring scenes around him. His correspondence, published in the Detroit Tribune, evinced much literary power and was widely quoted. At the close of the war, Mr. Avery devoted two years to accumulating funds and "brushing up" his scholarship, two necessary steps preliminary to admission at Michi- gan University, where he matriculated in September, 1867. During his course at the university, he was the Ann Arbor correspondent of the Detroit Tribune, and city editor of the Ann Arbor Courier. The "bread and butter question" made imperative de- mands for time and effort, in spite of which he took high rank in recitation room and society hall. In the fall of 1869, he became principal of the high school of Battle Creek, Mich- igan. Early in 1870 he was enabled by a friendly loan to resign this profitable, successful and enjoyable work to regain his footing in his college class. He was graduated in 1871, having had not a "condition" during his whole course. During his senior year he was also a mem- ber of the editorial staff of the Detroit Daily Tribune, the leading Republican paper of the state. He carried this double load, perhaps not easily but successfully. In September, 1871, soon after his graduation, he left the Tribune sanctum to become superintendent of the public schools of East Cleveland. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 425 On the annexation of that village, he became a part of our city and principal of the East High School. When the East and Central High Schools were consolidated in 1878, he became principal of the Cit}' Normal School, then the apex of Cleveland's public school system. In 1880 he entered the " Scientific Lecture" field with an object lesson on the then new "Electric Light." In mining phrase, he struck "pay dirt." After two years of success in this field, he began the organization of Brush Electric Light and Power Companies — a work for which teaching, authorship and lecturing had given him peculiar qualifications. His suc- cess here was quick and complete. Dr. Avery has organ- ized more electric lighting companies, and with a greater aggregate of capital, than any other man in America. This work has made his name as familiar to solid business men as his text-books have to their children. In 1878 his "Elements of Natural Philosophy" was published by Sheldon & Co. of New York City. Since that time their continued call for "copy " has brought forth a volume nearly ever\^ year. The results of this and his other literary activities are given in the article to which reference has been already made. Dr. Averv is a pleasing and effective public speaker as well as a successful writer. As such, his services are much sought and his voice is often heard in the public discussion of moral, scientific, educational, literary and political topics. Humani nihil alienum. In July, 1870, Mr. Aver\^ married Catharine, the daugh- ter of the Hon. Junius Tilden, one of the most prominent lawyers of Southern Michigan. For several years she 426 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. was his able assistant in the school-room. Dr. Avery never fails to ascribe to her a great part of the success of life "thus jointly won." GEORGE H. ELY. A MAN who has for years occupied a most prominent position in the important relations of Lake Supe- rior iron ore to the growth and advancement of our city, deserves a more extended testimonial than the limits of this article will permit. Mr. George H. Ely was born in Rochester, New York, and enjoyed the advantages of a thorough classical education at his home academy and at Williams College. After gradua- tion, and while engaged in flour manufacture in his native city, his attention was called to the Lake Superior iron ore regions. To the opening and development of this then wilderness, by the construction of a railroad and the opening of mines, he devoted his energy and money, in company with his brothers, S. P. Ely and the late Heman B. Ely. Having thus become extensively interested in the iron ore business he came, in 1863, to Cleveland, the great distributing point of the iron ore production of the north- west. These relations to the iron business have remained unchanged to the present time. But they now include, also, in association with his brother, S. P. Ely, in the firm of George H. & S. P. Ely, prominent identification w^ith the latest northwest ore development — the opening HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 427 of the Vermilion district in Minnesota by the Minnesota Iron company. Mr. Ely's business interests have ex- panded and prospered under his judicious management until he ranks as one of the leading iron men of the country. He has ever been an ardent friend of the commercial inter- ests of our lakes. Before many important government commissions and congressional committees he has been delegated to discuss the subject of lake and harbor im- provements, questions of tariff, and other matters of National importance. Mr. Ely has always been a stalwart friend of Cleveland's varied interests and industries. He is an able and enthusiastic advocate of protective tariff and is now one of the executive committee and a manager of the American Protective Tariff League. In November, 1879, Mr. Ely was chairman of a com- mittee of the Cleveland Board of Trade sent to Detroit to oppose before a government commission of engineers the bridging of the Detroit river. He showed so conclusively, "both in Detroit and before the joint congressional com- mittee on commerce in Washington, in the following winter, the damage to marine interests that such a struc- ture would work, that the scheme was killed. In De- cember, 1878, Mr. Ely was president of the Lake Im- provement Convention, called at St. Paul, mainly in the in- terest of the improvements on the St. Mary's river, and w^as appointed chairman of its committee to urge the necessary appropriations before Congress. This move- ment was highly successful, and gave a new impulse to the work on that great water outlet of the Northwest. Again Ihe represented our city in the convention at Sault Ste. Marie 428 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. in July, 1887, called in the interest of the St. Mary's river. The memorial adopted by it to congress, urging the imme- diate completion of the new lock and Hay Lake channel was from his pen, and he was made chairman of an execu- tive committee of thirteen appointed to urge immediate appropriations. These improvements — one of which con- templates the building of the new lock and the other the opening of the Ha}^ Lake channel, involvmg the expendi- ture of seven millions of dollars — will give four feet addi- tional depth of water for the commerce of Lake Superior. These relations are National, but they include vast advan- tages to our city and State. Mr. Ely is a man of broad and liberal views, and has found time outside of his busy business life to become identified with various charitable and educational institu- tions. Though for many years he invariably declined ofiice, he, however, consented to be a candidate on the Republican ticket for State senator in 1883; and, repre- senting his county in that capacity for two years, was then, in 1885, reelected by a large vote and served a second term to the satisfaction of his constituency and of the State. CAPTAIN ALVA BRADLEY. INSEPARABLY identified with the marine interests and history of the chain of lakes was the life of the late Captain Alva Bradley, of Cleveland. He entered on his HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 429 career as a sailor when a boy, and as a result of his industry handed down to his children a business the magnitude of which is second to few if any in the same line. Alva Brad- ley was born in Tolland County, Connecticut, November 27, 1814, and came to Ohio with his father when nine years of age. The schooner which brought the family from Buffalo landed her passengers and cargo at the mouth of the Cuyahoga, for in those days vessels could not sail into the harbor. The elder Bradley located on a farm at Brownhelm, Lorain County, and for ten ^^ears Alva worked w^ith him at the plow and in the fields. Then, yielding to his long felt wish for a sailor's life, he went to the Port of Huron, Ohio, and engaged in a humble capacity on the Schooner Liberty. He was then nineteen, hardy and ener- getic. For two years he followed the fortunes of this ves- sel and continued this congenial avocation on various other boats until 1839, when, through his industry and honesty, he found himself in command of a schooner, the Commo- dore Lawrence, which sailed between this port and Buffalo. From this time young Bradley caught glimpses of the future opening up before him, and began to lay up for him- self a business that was destined to immense success. He had already become well known and w^ell liked by lake men. He early evinced that characteristic which marked his whole life — of making firm and lasting friends. In 1841, in company with the late Ahira Cobb, he built the schooner South America, a vessel of one hundred and four tons. He personally commanded the South America, with much financial success, for three seasons, and during several suc- ceeding years he sailed the various vessels w^hich his firm 430 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. constructed. His business grew and prospered. In 1^52 he gave up his active lake service and confined himself to the conduct of his vessel building and shipping from the home office. The Bradley fleet soon became one of the largest and finest on the lakes and is so acknowledged to-day. Captain Bradley owed his success entirely to his own efforts, to his Yankee grit and shrewd business sense. He accumulated great wealth but remained the same plain, simple, generous man that had won his friends when in active service. Captain Bradley was married in 1851 to Miss Hellen M. Burgess of Milan, Ohio, and at his death in 1885 left a family of three daughters and one son, the latter being entrusted to the management of the immense interests of his honored father. J. MILTON CURTISS. AS a projector and promoter of beneficent public en- terprises, Cleveland contains no more eminent or worth V citizen than J. Milton Curtiss. He was born in Medina county in 1840, his ancestors being among the staunchest of the early New England people. Young Cur- tiss spent his boyhood in Brooklyn village, a suburb of Cleveland, having theeducational advantages of Brooklyn Academy and the Cleveland Institute. He began the vo- cation of a school teacher, but gave it up for the nursery / '^J^t^ CAAyUy^i HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 431 business in connection with His brother, in which enter- prise he was unusually successful. As the city grew or gave evidence of growth about him, he laid out and sold hisland for residence building, and gave encouragement to many to own their little homes by projecting and carrying out the installment plan of paying for lots and homes. It was his love for improvement and his wish to see Cleveland develop her opportunities that led him into pub- lic life. He had helped to organize and had been one of the trustees of Brookh'n village, which office he resigned in 1867, when he took up his residence within the corporate limits of Cleveland. In 1876 he was elected to the city council, to which he was reelected for six successive years. He was a prominent and influential member from the start, sustaining himself handsomely in all public discussion, and largelv promoted the welfare of the city by faithful and constant devotion to important public business. He was called to the Board of Park Commissioners shortly after, where for two \'ears he gave his best consideration to the improvement of the parks of Cleveland, contributing very much to their attractiveness and beauty by the knowledge gained and experience acquired in his European travels. The public enterprises of which Mr. Curtiss has been the moving spirit, and often the projector, can not be fully stated herein ; but among the many may be enumerated the Riverside Cemetery, one of the most attractive and lovely abodes of the dead of which any city can boast. The South-side Park is mainly the result of his long and persistent labors. His last great public enterprise was the great Central Viaduct or Belt-line Bridge, spanning the 432 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. upper Cuyahoga Valley, and uniting the southwest and east sides of the city. Another important enterprise originated by Mr. Curtiss, and now occupying his atten- tion, is the Euclid Arcade, the greatest private improve- ment ever undertaken in Cleveland. He was also the pro- jector and is now vice-president of the Edgewood Club, whose summer hotel and spacious grounds are among the most costly and ornate of the Thousand Islands. To Mr. Curtiss' influence in carrying out this organization is largely due its great success. He spends his summers there and is an active manager of the association. He is an honorable and upright gentleman, charitable in his deeds, and exemplary in his life and character. RICHARD C. PARSONS. HON. R. C. PARSONS was born in New London, Con- necticut, October 10, 1826. His ancestors were among the oldest and most distinguished Puritan fami- lies of New England. His education was classical and legal. He was admitted to the Cleveland bar October, 1851. He was elected to the Common Council in 1852, and in the year following was president of that body. He was a partner with the late Judge Spalding, and the legal firm of Spalding & Parsons w^as, during its continuance of several years, one of the most eminent in the State. In 1857 Mr. Parsons was elected a member of the Ohio Legis- lature and reelected in 1859, serving the last two years a» HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 433 Speaker of the House of Representatives. In 1861 he was appointed Minister to ChiH by President Lincoln, but decHned the position. He however accepted the place of Consul to Rio Janeiro the same year, but resigned the office in 1862 and returned home, having accepted the position of Collector of Internal Revenue at Cleveland, at the request of his life-long friend, Salmon P. Chase, who was then Secretary of the Treasury. In 1866 he was made Marshal of the Supreme Court of the United States, which office he resigned in 1872, having been elected a member of Congress. He served two years in Congress with honorable distinction and greatly to the advantage of his district. He was tendered by President Johnson the Governorship of Montana or the place of Assistant Sec- retary of the Treasury, both of which he declined. The opportunities of Mr. Parson's life have been remark- able, and he has ever availed himself thereof to the ad- vancement of his country, his constituents and the munici- pality. Among the first measures of his legislative activity was the bill organizing the Ohio State Volunteers, and pro- viding for the maintenance of the organization . He carried through the Legislature a bill for introducing the study of German in the public schools of Cleveland. He specially distinguished himself during his first legislative term by a speech on the bill repealing the ten per cent, interest law. But it was in subsequent years when in Congress that he was enabled to render his district and the city the most sub- stantial service. Not the least among the benefits conferred upon the city was the bill he proposed and carried through which secured to a charitable institution of the city a long 434 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. lease of the Marine Hospital and us extensive grounds at the nominal rent of one dollar per year. He secured an appropriation of thirty thousand dollars for the improve- ment of the harbor and for a pier light-house, and also the passage of a bill establishing a life-saving service in Cleve- land, the benefits of which have been demonstrated in the saving of more than iiftyiTves atid-muchpropertyuptothis date. The measure contemplating the expenditure of more than a million and a half dollars for the Cleveland break- water is chief among his official acts which have re- dounded to the commercial prosperity- of the citv and the mercantile marine of the lakes. He carried through the bill making an appropriation for the improvement of the harbor, and a pier at Rocky River, in this district. He was largely influential in cooperating with others in the passage of a bill relieving Cleveland and Marquette mining companies of taxes of upwards of a million dollars, and many special pension bills for soldiers and sailors. In 1876 Mr. Parsons became principal owner, and for three years editor-in-chief, of the Cleveland Herald. His last public service was that of National Bank Examiner for Ohio, which position he held for two years, resigning in. 1887. He has made several visits to Europe and enriched his mind by travel and study. He is a thorough literary man and a clear, direct and forcible speaker, and his essays and addresses, which have been many, are elegant in diction and rich in substance. Mr. Parsons married the only daughter of the late Judge Starkweather, and his home has ever been one of happiness and hospitality. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 4v .) GENERAL J. H. DEVEREUX. NATURAL endowments and the best of ancestry com bined to give J. H. Devereux a splendid mental and physical equipment for the great work he was destined to do in the world. Pie was born in Boston, April 5, 1832, and his family line is traced directly to the hardy Norman Conquerors. The boy early gave promise of great brain force, an independence of character and an upright mind. He fitted himself with a good education at the Ports- mouth, New Hampshire, Academy, and in 1848 he came to Cleveland. Though but sixteen years of age he had cour- age, energy and ambition beyond his years. He began life as a railroad surveyor and civil engineer, a profession in which he was to attain high distinction. He never undertook an}' enterprise the requirements of which he did not fill. He first obtained employment as one of the con- structing engineers of the Cleveland, Columbus & Cincin- nati railroad, where he was engaged until the comple- tion of the road, when he secured similar work on the Cleveland, Painesville & Ashtabula road, then seeking to give Cleveland an eastern outlet. He finished his contract on this line before he was twenty-one, and in 1852 turned toward the South. For nine years he was a busv con- struction engineer, nearly all of the time as resident engineer of the Tennessee & Alabama railroad. He became civil engineer of Nashville with the determination of locating there permanently, when the war broke out and his career was changed. He closed up his business and ofi'ered his services tothegovernment and was quickly placed inimjjor- 43G HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. tant fields of service. General McCallum was in command of the Department of Railroads, and he appointed Mr. Devereux as chief of the government railroad lines of Vir- ginia. In this immense work he showed energj-, faithful- ness and far-seeing judgment that marked him as a man of no ordinary ability. His magnificent work was deeply appreciated by the government and by the commanding generals whose movements he so well provided for. Near the close of the war he resigned his task, and the resigna- tion was accepted with the deepest regret by those in com- mand as well as by the hundreds of men under his control. After severing his relations to the government he came to Cleveland and accepted the position of general superinten- dent of the Cleveland & Pittsburgh railroad. He was soon made vice-president, an oflSce he held until 1868, when he resigned to accept the vice-presidency of the old Lake Shore road. On his leaving the Pittsburgh road Mr. Devereux carried with him the undivided affection of all the officers and men on the line, and this can be said of him in every position he occupied. From the vice-president of the Lake Shore he became president until the consolidation of all the lines between Buffalo and Chicago, when he was made gen- eral manager of the entire line with executive control thereof — a position of immense responsibility. Under his adminis- tration the lines were very successful and attained a high reputation for safety, public accommodation and prudent and economical management. General Devereux had come forward in railroad circles to be oneof the very leading men in the Nation. He had numerous calls to assume charge of roads and he finally accepted the })residency of the Cleveland, HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 437 Columbus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis, which he had helped to build twenty-four years before. This was in 1873, and it was j^art of the same arrangement that he was to assume the presidency of the Atlantic & Great Western railroad at the same time. He w^as also presi- dent and manager of several other minor roads running in connection with these lines. The work before him was of gigantic magnitude, but his comprehensive mind and great mental and physical powers were equal to the duties. He remained at the head of the Cleveland, Colum- bus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis road until his death and brought it into rank as one of the model lines of the coun- try. Few greater railroad men than General Devereux have lived, but while this w^as his life's work he was also a friend, promoter and worker in the cause of religion, sci- ence, art and education in their highest forms. For years he was a member and senior w^arden of St. Paul's Episco- pal church. Shortly before his death he ordered that unnecessary Sunday work of all kinds should be dispensed with on the railroad. He did all he could to promote the moral welfare of the men under his control and encouraged the railway branch of the Young Men's Christian Associa- tion to that end. One of General Devereux's marked char- acteristics was his love of home and family. It was in 1851 that he married Miss Antoinette C. Kelsey, daughter of L. A. Kelsey, one of the early mayors of Cleveland, of w^hom mention is made elsewhere in this work. His wife and four children survive him. General Devereux was apparenth' in good health until shortly before his death. But in July, 1885, he was taken wnth some malady resem- 438 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. bling lumbago and went to EngUmd lor treatment. He received the best and m )5t skilUul m.-dijal aid of London, but only to find that some internal disease was bringing him slowly to death. He returned to Cleveland in January, with the certain shadow of the end at hand. But he made daily visits to his ofiice to arrange his business affairs until the latter part of February, when he became unable to leave his room. The inevitable end was ap- proaching. He died March 17, 1887. TRUMAN P. HANDY. THE Commercial Bank of Lake Erie w^as organized and began business in the village of Cleveland in 1816. For four ^^ears it struggled for existence but failed. In 1832 it was revived, and the directors called to their aid a bright young man who was then occupying the position of teller in the Bank of Buffalo. He was offered and ac- cepted the position of cashier in the new Cleveland bank. Coming to Cleveland, then a young city in the far West, Truman P. Handy brought his young bride with him, and entered on his business career on the same spot where he will undoubtedly close it. He was almost a stranger to the men who had thus placed their confidence in him. He has seen the banking business of Cleveland broaden and progress from its infancy, and for over half a century he has been one of the very foremost men to bring about and aid in its development. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 439 Mr. Hand}' was born in Paris, Oneida county, New York, in 1807, and passed his 3'outhful days in attending the country schools and, more particularly, in vigorous farm work. His history is part of the histor\' of banking in Cleveland. Like the steady progress of a systematic, prosperous bank, it requires but few w^ords to outline its career, but the benefit which the business and social interests of Cleveland have received from it can never be fully written. The charter of the Commercial Bank of Lake Erie expired in 1842, and under the then existing laws of the State could not be re- newed. During the ten years of its existence it had made money and kept its credit. Mr. Handy's careful and energetic management of the institution had given him the confidence of the community. Being placed in charge of the affairs of the defunct bank by the stockholders, he at the same time carried on a private banking house under the firm name of T. P. Handy & Co. In 1845, three years later, the Legislature passed a law authorizing the estab- lishment of the State Bank of Ohio, and of independent branches thereof. Under this law Mr. Handy organized a banking enterprise under the name of the Commercial Branch of the State Bank of Ohio. W. A. Otis was made president and Mr. Handy cashier. He was the acting manager of the institution, and was so successful in his conduct of its affairs that the l)ank paid its stockholders an average of nearly twenty per cent, dividend during the period of its existence, and until the expiration of its charter in 1865. In 1861 Mr. Handy was elected president of the Mer- 440 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. chant's Branch of the State Bank of Ohio, and when it was transformed into a National bank he still continued at its head. In 1885 the charter of the Merchant's Na- tional Bank having expired, the Mercantile National Bank became its successor, with Mr. Handy its president ; and to-day, though crowned with four-score vears, he retains his place as its honored and respected chief Few men have seen so long and so successful a career as Mr. Handy. He has accumulated a reasonable wealth, which has been a source of aid to many institutions of charity and educa- tion. In addition to his close attention to business, he has long been identified with educational work. He served several years in the Board of Education and is a trustee of Lane Theological Seminary, Adelbert College and Ober- lin College. For forty years and more he has been an elder of the Second Presbyterian church and prominently identi- fied with its Sunday-school work. In religious and benev- olent circles his influence is a power. All his life's work has been in an upward direction, doing good to others, enriching and making better the community he has seen grow up about him. A. K. SPENCER. NO name is more widel}' knoun or more favorably mentioned in the banking circles of Cleveland than that of the late A. K. Spencer. Beginning here when Na- tional banking w^as in its infancy, he grew with it and by ? ^ \ ^ c::^i^^.<^^ HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 441 his broad and cautious management aided very largely in establishing the stability of more than one local bank- ing house. He was born in Fort Ann, Washington county, New York, December 15, 1830, and died February 21 , 1881 . He was of best Puritan stock, and added to his common school education the physical culture which hard work on his father's farm afforded him. He thus became well equipped for the mental application of later years. After serving as clerk in various offices, he began his banking career as teller in the old Bank of Whitehall, in 1854. His brother-in- law had previousl}^ come to Cleveland and sent back glow- ing accounts of this thriving ci ty . Young Spencer decided to try his fortune here also and came on in 1856. He was equipped with good letters from his former employers, and by them was easily enabled to secure a good position as cashier with the Northern Transportation company. His desire for the banking business, however, led him to seek it again, and he secured a position with the banking house of S. W. Crittenden & Co. He remained with this insti- tution until it grew into the First National Bank of Cleve- land and the Seventh National Bank of the United States. He became cashier, a position he continued to hold until his death, though several times offered the presidency. This bank under his active management became, and still is, one of the most stable and influential in the city. In public life Mr. Spencer also was an important figure. For eight years he was a member of the Board of Educa- tion and served two successive terms in the City Council, for three years in the capacit}^ of chairman of the committee on finance. He was for years one of the directors of the 442 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. Citizens' Savings and Loan Association and a trustee and treasurer of the Mahoning Valley railroad. He was iden- tified with all public enterprises that aided in the better- ment of the city, State or Nation, and his sudden death was a blow to the business interests of the cit}^ from which it did not soon recover. LEMUEL ARTHUR RUSSELL. LEMUEL ARTHUR RUSSELL, attorney and coun- selor-at-law, has title to recognition in these pages as one of the leading members of the bar of Cuyahoga county. He was born in Westfield township, Medina county, Ohio, September 11, 1842. His father, the Rev. William Russell, was a Congregational minister, and, as xisual in those days, no wealthier than most of his profes- sion. When his son was eleven years old the family came to Cleveland, and young Russell entered Rockwell Street school, continuing his studies through the various grades until 1858, when he graduated from the Central High School as valedictorian of his class. During his school days he supported himself b}^ carrying to subscribers the old Evening Herald. Young Russell began his law studies as soon as he left school, under the guidance of Judge R. F. Paine. He then was offered a position in the law office of Adams & Canfield, where he could earn his living and study law at the same time. He passed two years under this excellent training, and on September 10, 1863, at the HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 443 age of twenty-one, he was admitted to the bar. When he entered the bar he had no means with which to begin practice. He therefore began teaching district school in Rockport, Cuyahoga county, but had been thus engaged only a few Aveeks when he was offered and accepted a clerkship in the office of the disbursing quartermaster of the Department of the Cumberland, located at Chat- tanooga. He was subsequently transferred to the mili- tary railroad bureau, and thus remained until the close of the war, becoming chief clerk to the superintendent of several railroads in the military division of the Mississippi. While never engaged in any battle or ever becoming a soldier, he acquired a fund of information not only of the details of war but of that other important department, the railroad transportation operations of war. At the close of the rebellion Mr. Russell opened a law office in Nashville, Tennessee. But he had no practice. Being a Northern man, he was shunned by the citizens of the South, and he shunned the carpet-bag element. After a profitless year, as far as practice was concerned, in this Southern capital city, Mr. Russell gave up his office and leased a coal mine in Muhlenburgh county, Kentucky which he successfully operated for three years. The prop- erty then being sold, he returned to Cleveland and for one year superintended the oil refinery of W. G. Williams. Here he remained until the works were swallowed up by the Standard Oil Company. Mr. Russell now turned his attention once more to his chosen profession. It was not long before his services were called upon by his former friend, Mr. J. M. Adams, to assist the latter's firm in the 444 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. preparation of a cause of defense for a great civil case brought against Robert B. Potter, then receiver of the Atlantic & Great Western railroad. So pleased were Mr. Adams and Mr. Otis with Mr. Russell's work that they offered him employment at a salary, and one year later associated him with them as a partner. Mr. Otis has since died, but Mr. Russell has for fourteen years been a member of this firm. He rapidly came to the front in his profession. He is distinguished for the courage of his opinions and the persistency and abiHty he display's in their promotion. In politics Mr. Russell is an old-time Democrat and an ultra-free trader and in favor of a single tax on land values only. He is independent, however, in all his views and opinions, yielding to no party in his ex- pression of them. On November 22, 1877, he was married to Miss Estelle S. Rawson, of Fremont, Ohio. His wife was and is a Roman Catholic in her faith, as are their children, but Mr. Russell pa^-s homage to no religion or creed but to do right because it is right. He is an orator of exceptional merits, and an attorney whose counsel is much sought and whose legal fighting abilities are in great demand because of their success in legal controversy. JOEL SCRANTON. WHEN Joel Scranton struck out for Ohio, then on the western edge of civilization, and in 1819 anchored before a little hamlet at the mouth of the Cuya- HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 445 hoga river, he left behind him in his primitive Massachu- setts home but few evidences of modern progress, and on reaching Cleveland he found far less. His father, Stephen Scranton, was a man ahead of his age in enterprise, acute- nessand mechanical ability. He was the first to introduce cut nails into New York. He was a skilled workman (for those days) in steel and iron, and with great enterprise built works among the Otsego hills to carry on a prosper- ous business. But the crudity of things in those days, the primitive way of living, together with fire after fire, closed the elder Scranton's business. Joel was born in Betchertown, Massachusetts, in 1793, and after as good an education as could be had in his locality, he found him- self, at the age of twent\% thrown upon his own resources and with no opportunity of bettering himself in the fields about his earl}^ home. So he turned his e\^es to the West, to the fertile valleys of the Ohio, from which had reached his ears vague tales of prosperity and happiness. So after a long month or more of traveling by boat, by stage, on foot and on schooner, he at last found himself, as stated, at the mouth of the Cuyahoga. The little hamlet called Cleveland had at that time about one hundred and fifty souls and but few evidences to encourage an ambitious young man. On the sloping and thickly wooded banks of the river were scattered the cabins of the villagers. But the fields were green, the sheep and cattle which grazed on the banks and drank from the clear waters of the Cuya- hoga were sleek and fat, and young Scranton with no less than a prophetic vision caught a glimpse of the possibili- ties. He purchased n farm on the river bluffs and enjoyed 446 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. the rural pursuits of his fields. It was a quiet scene then, with waving verdure on the hillsides and an occasional farm house in the midst of the woods — and grazing sheep and lowing cattle. Mr. Scranton lived to see all this give way to the greatness of the present. He planned for the future and lived to share in the rewards of his own discern- ment. He took a leading place among the people of the village. He had a rich and plentiful fund of humor, and yet was independent in thought and action. His opinions ■v\'ere convictions. He was cool, even calculating and shrewd, yet his heart was kindly and his deeds generous. He was a keen reader of men, and possessed great mercan- tile abilities. He judged of the future of the village and judged wisely. He knew how, when and where to buy, when to sell and when to hold. With the growing place he became a substantial man, and as the years went on became a wealthy man. On June 27, 1828, he was married to Miss Irene P. Hickox, the former preceptress of a ladies' seminary, and a lad}'^ of unusual cultivation, refinement and Christian piety. Five children were born to them, all but one of whom, together with their mother, preceded him to the tomb. Mrs. Mary S. Bradford, of Cleveland, is the only surviving child of Joel Scranton. To her his wealth descended, and through her it has cheered hundreds of hearts, alleviated suffering, lightened burdens, and aided many worthy institutions. Joel Scranton died on the ninth day of April, 1858, at the age of sixty-five. He had become one of the venerated citizens of the then great city. Heavil}^ built, a noble head, keen eye, a face suggestive of great reserve force, he HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 447 was stricken down in his health by apoplexy and died in the midst of his life's prosperity. P. M. SPENCER. AMONG the younger bankers and business men in Cleveland none have attained greater success in life through their own efforts than the subject of this sketch. His ancestry is of sturdy and honorable English descent. Mr. Spencer was born March 1, 1844, in Fort Ann, Washington county, New York, and reared on his father's farm. He attended the district schools until seventeen years of age, at which time the breaking out of the war transformed the boy into the man, and he early enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty-third New York Infantr3\ He followed the fortunes of his regi- ment in a number of severe engagements, principally the battles of Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. In 1863, however, protracted illness led to his honorable discharge, and he went home to recover his health. Not long afterward he secured a position as messenger in the First National Bank of this city, and it was with this institution that he early evinced talents which led to his successive progress in the various positions of the bank until he occupied the office of assist- ant cashier. This position he held many years. He saw, however, that there lay before him broader fields, and with a commendable ambition he set about quietly organizing 448 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. * a new banking house. He enlisted the aid of a number of leading business men, and the result of his eifort led to the establishment of the Cleveland National Bank, an institu- tion which has in a few years taken high rank in the State. Mr. Spencer was elected cashier and one of the directors. To his credit it can be said that by his energetic but cau- tious polic}^ is largely due the extensive business of the bank and its confidence and friendship with business men. Mr. Spencer always took an active and patriotic interest in public affairs. For five successive terms he has repre- sented his ward in the City Council, the last three years as vice-president. His most important work has been done on committees having to do with the financial, judi- cial and legislative interests of the city, where his thorough business training and skill proved most valuable both in checking vicious or encouraging proper municipal legisla- tion. As chairman of the Committee on Finance, he per- haps gave to the community his most valuable counsel. In active work for his part}', he served three years as chairman of the Republican City Committee, being, in his control of the canvass, bold, shrewd and successful. He is identified with other public institutions, among which maybe mentioned his membership of the Board of Trustees of the Homoeopathic College. Mr. Spencer was married on January 30, 1873, to Miss Hattie E. Pannell, daughter of the veteran banker, James Pannell, of this city. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. -t^B RUFUS K. WINvSLOW. THE distinguished father of the subject of this sketch was one of the very first, as he was one of the most successful, among the early vessel owners on the lakes. The merchant marine interests established by the elder Winslow have grown under his and his son's careful man- agement also to be one of the largest on the lakes. Richard Winslow was born in Falmouth, Maine, in 1769, and after making a visit of what was then the far Northwest, decided to locate in Cleveland. In 1831 he purchased property on the river and vicinity which he saw was to be a valuable business localit}^ in the future. He brought ample capital and invested it liberally. He first engaged in the mercantile business on Union Lane, and shortly after became sigent for a line of vessels between Cleveland and Buffalo. In 1833 he became personally' interested in the vessel business, and with others built the hrig North Caro- lina. In 1836 he was largely interested in the building of the famous passenger steamer Bunker Hill, which gained a liistorical record in those early daj^s. From this date on he rapidly increased his business and added boat after l)oat to his line. At his death in 1854, at the ripe old age of eighty-eight, the Winslow fleet was one of the largest on the chain of lakes. Since 1848 his sons N. C, R. G., H. J. and R. K. had been interested with him, and at his death the great interests fell upon them. They continued to give their personal attention to the business and greatly increased it in every way, paying at that time particular attention to the passenger and freight business. 450 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. The business increased until the Winslows owned and controlled over a hundred vessels, many of them being the largest and finest on the lakes and being seen and known in every shipping port. H.J. Winslow went to New York in 1860 and died in 1863; R. G. died in 1854, and N. C. died in 1880. The control of the Cleveland business has long been in the hands of Rufus K., the brothers some years before operating their interests from other points, principally Chicago and Buffalo. Rufus K. Winslow was born in Ocracoke, North Caro- lina, and came to Cleveland in 1831. At twenty-one he became associated in the vessel business with his brothers, N. C. and H. J. Winslow. With the increased demands of commerce, the firm enlarged their interests, and from that day to this the Winslow fleet has been one of the prominent features of lake trade. While confining their business almost entirely to the lakes, the brothers in 1859-60 dispatched some vessels to the Black Sea. The operations since, however, are mainly on fresh water. In 1851 Mr. Winslow was married to Miss Lucy B. Clarke, daughter of the late Dr. W. A. Clarke, of Cleveland. Mr. Winslow has ever been a public-spirited, conservative, pa- triotic citizen, interested in public enterprises and affairs, but declining the honor of public ofiice. By his means he aided and encouraged the cause of the government during the rebellion. A man of refined tastes, he has pursued his classical and scientific researches, and has become one of the leading scholars in ornithology. He was also for many years an active and energetic member and president of the Kirtland Academy of Natural Sciences, and is to-day a i=t3rn B.Dt! Fill: ^-<^^;^^^A^/:/r^^^^^c^ HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 451 liberal patron of the highest forms of art. A modest, un- assuming gentleman, his public worth is highly appreciated by the community of which he has so long been a part. L. E. HOLDEN. LE. HOLDEN was born in Raymond, Cumberland • county. State of Maine, June 20, 1834, and passed his early life in Sweden, Maine. His ancestors were of the Puritan stock ; his maternal ancestor, Isaac Stearns, came to Boston, Massachusetts, in May, 1630, with Governor Winthrop. His paternal an- cestor in this countr}' came from England to Massa- chusetts in 1634. Both of these families were of the best of English blood, old and respected. The subject of this sketch inherited much of physical and mental strength; he was born in New England at that period of our coun- try's histor\' when the air was full of memories of the rev- olution, and high scholarship and statesmanship were the standards of honor which were presented to bovs. En- dowed with a strong desire for learning, he took advan- tage of all sources of instruction. Born on a farm and bred to work, every book that he could borrow or buvwas eagerly devoured. At the age of fifteen he became a teacher in the common schools, and at eighteen taught select schools in the neighboring villages, at t went v taught district schools in Massachusetts, and at twenty-one was prepared for college, entering Waterville College in Maine. 452 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. Having earned and paid for his preparation for college, he decided to stay out the first year of his college course and teach. He taught a high school at Denmark, Maine, also at Lovelle Village and at Bridgeton Center, in Maine, and cit the end of the year went back to college with monev sufficient to pay his way for two years. He ranked as one of the best scholars in his class and w^as elected class poet. Having determined to make a permanent home in the great West, he decided at the close of his Soph- omore year to goto the University of Michigan. He went there, and was at once admitted on presentation of his certificate of standing from Waterville College. Again from lack of funds he was obliged to teach for another year, and at the same time kept on with his studies at the univer- sitv. He secured a position in one of the Union schools of Ann Arbor, and was examined at the close of each term in the university, thus keeping up his studies and earning sufficient money with which to carry him through the last two years of his college life. He graduated in 1858, and, on the recommendation of the faculty of the univer- sity, he was elected to the professorshiji of rhetoric and English literature in Kalamazoo College, Michigan. For three years he filled this position, and remembers those as the three best years of his student life. Mr. Holden had always desired a literarj^ life, and the work of a college professor was especially pleasing and satisfactory-. In August, 1860, he married Miss Delia E. Bulkley, of Kalamazoo. The following j^ear he was elected Superin- tendent of the Public Schools of Tiffin, Ohio, and accepted the position, filling the same for one year. While at Kala- HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 453- mazoo and in Tiffin he took up the study of law, and in 1862 came to Cleveland to finish his law studies, entering- the office ol Judge J. P. Bishop where he studied for a year and was admitted to the bar in 1863. At this time the city of Cleveland had begun to grow rapidly and there seemed to be excellent opportunities for investment in real estate, and to this business instead of practicing law Mr. Holden devoted himself and was abun- dantly rewarded. He was one of the first to see the ad- vantages of East Cleveland and its great importance as a location for homes for the business men of Cleveland. He moved there and became identified with all its interests; was for nine years a member of the Board of Education of that village, and for eight years president of the Board. Under his administration the schools were classified, the High School building was erected, and everything that could be done by his influence to make life desirable and homes attractive in that portion of the city. Being largely interested in real estate, he was one of the first to move for the introduction of gas and water and to the general improvement of the streets, and was always sup- ported by the most enterprising citizens. He was the prime mover in the annexation of East Cleveland to the city of Cleveland. In 1873 Mr. Holden became interested in iron mines in Lake Superior, and was manager of the Pittsburgh and Lake Angeline in 1873—74, and by his foresight that prop- erty was brought from a losing to a paying basis and made one of the most productive mines in that section of the country. In 1874 Mr. Holden became interested in 454 HISTORV OF CLEVELAND. mines in Utah, near Salt Lake City. He made a thorough study of metallurgy and mining geology, and by his knowledge and personal energy built up a very extensive business. He developed what was known as the "Old Telegraph" group of mines, built large furnaces, concen- trating and leaching works, and became one of the largest operators in that section of the country. While he had always been successful as an operator in real estate in Cleveland and as a manager and owner of mines in Lake Superior, the bulk of his fortune was made out of the sil- ver mines in Utah. In 1882 he was sent as a delegate to Washington by the Utah Mine Protective Association tc represent their interests before Congress. By his efforts more than by those of any other man the great mining interests of the West were saved from ruin, which would inevitably have come by the then proposed reduction of the tariff. In 1885 he was sent as a delegate to Wash- ington to the National Bi-Metallic Association, and was made chairman of its Executive Committee. Mr. Holden has spent a large proportion of his time since 1874 in Utah overlooking his business there. He never forgets that out of the schools and the training which the country had given to him were the sources of his happiness and prosperity, and therefore has always been willing to give of his time and money for the support of institutions of learning. He is now president of Salt Lake Academy, an institution which was started at his house and established by himself and his friends, and which to-day is doing a great and good work in the reformation of that country. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 455 He is also a trustee of Adelbert College and Western Reserve University, and a member of many literary and charitable associations. Above all things he takes a deep interest in technical and manual training schools, believing that boys and girls should be trained to the love of labor, and to be producers instead of consumers in the world's economy. Mr. Holden has great faith in the future of Cleveland, and has shown himself willing to stake his for- tune and his work with its interests. He is president of the Plain Denier Publishing Company and the controlling owner of its stock. It is well known that since his pur- chase of the Plain Dealer it has become the leading Demo- cratic paper of the State, and one of the best newspapers in the country. It has been understood that Mr. Holden intends to devote himself and his future life to the interests of the Plain Dealer, at least as soon as he has completed certain undertakings in the more material line of business in which he is engaged. One of his enterprises, and one of great importance to the cit\' of Cleveland, is the building of the Hollenden Hotel, which in design and construction will be unsurpassed b\' any hotel building in the countr3^ Certainly it will be a credit to the cit}' of Cleveland and to the builder. It is proper to remark here that the name of this house was selected by Mr. Holden, is the old name of his father's family as it stood in the Saxon times, and is recorded in the list of estates made by William the Con- queror in Domesday book. Few^ men work harder or with a more determined purpose than Mr. Holden, and whilst singular good fortune seems to accompany his efforts, he is untiring in his determination to do what he undertakes to 456 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. do. Mr. Holden is a member of the Congregational church, liberal in his religious and political views, but a strong believer in the democracy of Jefferson and the largest lib- ert}^ to the individual compatible with social and civil order. Mr. Holden says that he believes in the city for business, but in the country for home and for the nurture and growthof children, and to that end during nearly all of his life in Cleveland he has made a home in the outskirts of the city, where, when the work of the day was over, he could enjoy the society of his family and his books. This all know who have had the pleasure of visiting his home on the Lake Shore, five miles east of the cit}^, and seeing his collection of art and letters which his means and the fine taste of himself and wife have enabled them to collect. WILLIAM BOWLER. BORN of sturdy New England parentage and reared on his father's flourishing farm, William Bowler, son of George I. Bowler, became naturally fitted for the important work he was to do in promoting the ma- terial and moral welfare of Northern Ohio. He was born in Carlisle, Schoharie county, New York, on March 25, 1822, and until eleven years of age lived on his father's farm and attended the common schools of Carlisle. At that age his parents moved to the Western Reserve and settled in Auburn, Geauga count}-, where the sub- ject of this sketch completed his education in a select HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 457 school, and strengthened his mental training by teaching in the winter seasons. In beginning the business of life, he entered the trade of a currier and tanner, but this not being congenial to his tastes, he abandoned it for forming, which he followed successfully for six years. But his ambi- tion for broader fields in life led him to vSeek a future in this thriving city. He accordingly came to Cleveland in 1851 and secured a position as book-keeper at Quayle & Martin's ship yard, and shortly after with Myers & Uhl. Being an active and vigorous Republican, and zealous in its early campaigns, he was selected, shortly after Lin- coln's first election, as Inspector and Deputy Collector of Customs for Cleveland, which position he filled to the greatest satisfaction for seven years. In 1862, while holding this office, he became interested in a small iron foundry, then started under the firm name of Bowlers & Maher, the Bowler being N. P., brother of William. He not long afterward purchased a one-third interest in the Globe Iron Works, but retained his interest for a vearonly. In 1869, in company- with Samuel Lord and J. H. Johnson, he started the Machine Works, known since as Lord, Bowler & Company, which establishment has grown to great prominence among the manufacturing houses of Cleveland, and still continues in the building of stationary engines and general machinery. Mr. J. W. Pearse was taken into the firm in 1880, and Frank W. Bowler, son of Wm. Bowler, January 1, 1886. Mr. Samuel Lord died in 1884» but the style of the firm remained unchanged. The firm of Bowlers & Maher was increased by the addition of C. A. Brayton, 1870, under the firm name of Bowlers, Maher & 4.58 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. Bray ton, the establishment bein^ known as "The Cleve- land Foundry." In 1880 Messrs. Maher and Brayton sold their interests to the Messrs. Bowlers, who largely in- creased the plant and to-day are among the very leading foundries in the manufacture of car wheels and heavy castings. In 1887 Bowlers & Company, consisting of N. P. Bowler, WilHam Bowler and W. W. Balkwill, who became a partner in 1880, erected an extensive new foundry in the southern part of the city, giving them unexcelled facilities for their increased business. Mr. Bowler also owns the controlling interest in the wholesale jewelry house of Bowler & Burdick, whose business is extended through several States. In all his business enter- prises Mr. Bowler has been successful, and has illustrated in a marked degree business integrit}-, manliness and honor. He has also been a busy man in other than btisiness circles. In fields of charity, Christianity and education his influence has been felt. For forty-five years he has been a member of the Disciple church, and is a pillar of strength to its moral and benevolent work. An active supporter of the Young Men's Christian Association, he has served it two years as president. He has given plentifully to the support of the Bethel, the Tabernacle and other institu- tions which tend to lift up and encourage the poor and fallen. He has long been a trustee of Hiram College, and is one of ten men who took upon themselves the responsi- bility of rebuilding this institution. He has also made several very valuable gifts to the college, and aided it in many ways that cannot be enumerated. For many years he has held an eminent standing in the order of the Odd HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 4-59, Fellows, having passed all degrees and been trustee of its lodge. He is a member of the Edgewood Club, at whose grounds and buildings on the St. Lawrence river he spends part of each summer. His travels of late have been exten- sive, and he retains his robust health in his advanced years by peace and quiet in the enjoyment of his munificence and his pleasure in doing good. Mr. Bowler has been three times married. He was first wedded to Miss Mary B. Hubbell, of Chagrin Falls, September 30, 1846, who died in 1854 without issue. In 1855 he was married to Mrs. Annie Scarr, of North Royalton. By this marriage two children were born — a daughter, who died in infancy, and a son, Frank W. Bowler, the only child. The mother of these children died in 1862, and in 1867 he married his present v/ife. Miss Mary L. Robison. Mr. Bowler was a staunch supporter of the civil war. Sickness in his family prevented his leaving home, but he furnished a substitute without waiting for the draft. Two of his brothers enlisted, and one of them, Charles P. Bowler, of the Seventh 0. V. I., was killed at Cedar Mount- ain. J. Ross Bowler was assistant pay-master in the navy. Mr. Bowler is a man highly respected and honored in business and social circles for his benevolence and his high qualities of head and heart. 460 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. GEORGE p. BURWELL AND PROHIBITION. JANUARY, 1869, is a meinorable date in the history of the Prohibition party of Ohio, and, for that matter, of the United States. It was at this time that a little body of men, believing that the time had come for immediate, determined and independent political action in the pro- hibition of the liquor traffic, met at Crestline, Ohio. When the rigid test w^as offered to all who signed the call, many shrank away and returned to their old parties. An earnest band of thirteen men, however, remained and pro- ceeded to build a platform, expressing their views on the liquor question, and forming the Prohibition party. This organization has since become one of the regular political parties, not only in Ohio but in the Nation. It is the object of this brief sketch to speak particularly of one of that little courageous band, and at the same time giving full credit to all who then and who now stand so bravely to their convictions. But none of the leaders in the cause of temperance have labored with more zeal in season and out of season, or have stood more firmly or courageously by his banner than George P. Burwell, of Cleveland. A descendant from staunch Puritan stock, he early exhibited many of those traits which have marked his manly efforts in later years. He was born at Alilford, Connecticut, Jan- uary 4, 1817, his father, Enoch Burwell, and his mother, Sally Peckham, being possessed of those sterling qualities of industry and integrity which they left as a legacy' to their son. George P. Burwell passed his boyhood days assisting his father on the farm and in the forests. His ^/^'2^<^^L.j y-Zt^ ^ ^ 0^/;9.^^^.^ HISTORY OF CLEVEKAM). 461 Opportunities for education were limited, but he made the most of the public schools in New Haven and later the country schools at Talmadge, Ohio. His desire was to enter the medical profession, but the way did not open for him and he began the trade of a carpenter. He labored hard in this line for four years, and subsequently followed the carriage business. In May, 1847, * he came to Cleve- land and opened a grocery store, but with his limited capi- tal the business did not prove successful, and he returned to the building trade which for the next eighteen years he followed with varying success. It was in 1867 that he was induced to enter the insurance business as a solicitor, connected with the officeof Mr. H. F. Brayton. In this busi- ness he has rapidly grown prominent as an underwriter, serving as president for one year of the Cleveland Board of Underwriters. Mr. Bur well is also prominent in relig- ious and benevolent work, being identified wnth the Metho- dist Episcopal church and as one of the past trustees of the Cleveland Bethel. He has traced the line of his an- cestry back into an early period of English history. The tradition of the family origin is as follows : "Sir Knight John encamped on one occasion with his body of knights near an old well, around which a quantity of burdocks grew ; and from this circumstance he was called John of the the Burr — well, John de Burwell, John Burwell." In August, 1870, a picnic gathering of the Burwell family and their blood connections was held *In 1830 Mr. Burwell, in company with his family, while on their way from New Haven to Portage county, Ohio, stopped at Cleveland. This is the first time he had seen the promising city of Northern Ohio. 462 HISTORY OF CLEVKLAND. at Burwell's farm in Milford, Connecticut, at which time the Burwell Historical Association of North America was formed, and the subject of this sketch was chosen its first president. Mr. Burwell's most active public wotk has been in the interests of the temperance parties. For two years was secretary of the Washingtonian Society. In 1847 he united with the Sons of Temperance and became one of its most influential leaders. In 1859 he was chosen to the office of Grand Worthy Patriarch, and in 1860 was made a member of the National Division of North America. His connection with the order continued uninterrupted for a quarter of a century, during which time he was always at his post of duty. He was identified with the Independent Order of Good Templars, and the Temple of Honor, and has held the position of Deputy Worthy Chief Templar. He was one of the first to take sides in the anti-slavery reform, and followed the fortunes of the Liberty party until it culminated in the organization of the Republican party, being several times a candidate on its ticket. He remained a member of the Republican party until 1869, when, as above related, he became one of the organizers of the Prohibition party. In the interests of this party he has since devoted the best efforts at his command and has seen its good influence in many directions, not the least of which is its check upon the tendency to liquor legislation in the other parties. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 463 DAVID MORISON. AMONG the business men of Cleveland who, during the past decade, have given much of their valuable ser- vices to the municipal government, stands Senator David Morison. He v^-as elected in 1877 to represent the second ward in the City Council, where he remained through suc- cessive reelections till 1886, filling the office of president of that body from April, 1882 to April, 1883. Mr. Mori- son has served on the Board of Improvements three terms, Council member in 1880-81, and citizen member, elective, in 1886. Mr. Morison has had various opportunities to accept salaried public trusts, but has always declined them, preferring to serve the public in those capacities that do not interfere with one's private business. It has been truly said that his record has been healthful, beneficial and absolutely pure. Among the man}' important measures passed during Mr. Morison's career in the Council, especially while president, and which he used his influence to further, a few of the most important legislative acts w^ill be mentioned. While he was president of the Council an ordinance was passed, September 25, 1882, accepting from Mr. J. H. Wade the magnificent public park that has since borne the donor's name. On May 8 of the same year, right of way through the city was granted to the New York, Chicago & St. Louis railroad. Ordinances to authorize the Water-Works trustees to purchase lands for the Fairmount Street reservoir, and for the extension of the franchise of the Brooklyn Street rail- •i64 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. way line from Bank street through to Woodland Cemetery. To Mr. Morison is principally due the credit of causing the old and worthless paving of that day to be superseded by trimmed Medina stone, which is now used almost entirely in paving the streets It was while he was presi- dent of the Council that ordinances passed to repair the streets, Euclid avenue among them, with this material. Mr. Morison was born in Cleveland, October 16, 1848, of Scotch- American parents. He entered Oberlin College at twelve years of age, but before finishing his course the death of his father rendered it necessary for him to leave his studies, in which he had taken a lively interest, and assume the management of the real estate business of the heirs, consisting of two sons and four daughters. Although several years under age at the time of his father's demise, he soon proved himself worthy of the trust and capable of bearing the responsibility which had so sud- denly devolved upon him. He has since continued the real estate business with substantial success. Mr. Morison has first and always been a staunch Repub- lican. He took an interest in politics at an early age, though caring little for ofl&ce. When he became an official he had accumulated a rich fund of knowledge concerning municipal affairs, which rendered his services of more than ordinary value. His familiarity with the intricacies of city real estate and streets has often saved the public from fraud and needless expense. He has often served his party on local and state committees. Mr. Morison is of a kind and genial disposition, is a most ^l^^^ut^^^^ HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 465 reliable business man, and always and in every respect a gentleman. His splendid run for State Senator on the Republican ticket and his election in the campaign just closed is fresh in the memory of all. Mr. Alorison will make an able representative in our Senate, and will keep up our high reputation and raise that of politics and politicians. BENJAMIN ROSE. AMONG the truly self-made men of the Western Re- serve it would be hard to find one more entitled to the respect of the business community than Benjamin Rose. He was born in Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire, England, March 13, 1828, but early sought the promising fields of the new world. He had the advantage of a good schooling. It was in 1848 that, with his brother, George, he turned his steps to America, and locating in the city of Buffalo, found employment with Richard Bullymore, the head of an extensive provision house. He paid strict attention to business for a year, when late in 1849 he went to Cincin- nati where he remained until 1851, when he came to Cleve- land, whither his brother had preceded him, and the tw^o young men entered into business under the firm name of Rose & Brother. In a short time the partnership with George w^as dissolved and he took his brother Edward into part- nership, under the same firm name, in the provision business. In the succeedino^ ten vears various changes were made in 466 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. the firm, John Outhwaite being connected with the house for seven years, and in 1861 Mr. Benjamin Rose associated with himself Chauncey Prentiss, the partnership of Rose & Prentiss continuing for fourteen years. During this period the business grew to large proportions, the trade ex- tending into all parts of the country and to foreign lands. It was in 1875 that, the connection with Mr. Prentiss being terminated, Mr. Rose organized the Cleveland Pro- vision Company, taking into the new concern many ot his old employes. This compan}^ rapidly increased its business until to-day its goods are found in nearly every market of the United States, England, Scotland and Wales, the annual sales in money reaching the enormous sum of eight million dollars. Believing that it would be better for his goods to be shipped to foreign markets by a more direct and northerly route, Mr. Rose established a line of propellers from Cleveland to Montreal and thence by ocean steamers via Quebec to Liverpool, via north of Ireland, along the coast of Labrador and through the straits of Belle Isle. He found this enterprise feasible, and it would un- doubtedly have proved permanently successful but for the cry raised in England against the American hog product, which caused such a falling off in the business for the time being that the line was abandoned. Mr. Rose has been preeminent at the head of the provision business in this country in many important features of its growth. He was the first to introduce freezing machines in packing houses and the first to introduce the process of curing pro- visions in warm weather by artificial cold air. He has probably slaughtered and packed more hogs than any man HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 467 in Ohio, and invented and put in use many devices of great utility among which may be mentioned a refrigerator and a singing machine, the latter burning the hair off of the hog instead of scalding, a process for preparing certain cuts of bacon for the London market. Mr. Rose has ever been a public-spirited and reliable business man, patriotic in the highest degree to the insti- tutions of his adopted country. He is largely interested in various Cleveland enterprises. He helped to organize the Euclid Avenue National Bank, and is a director in that institution. He is prominent in charitable organ- izations, and a vestryman in St. Paul's Episcopal church. In 1865 he was married to Miss Julia Still. Of his two children, Frank Albert Rose was drowned at the age of fifteen and the daughter died in infancy. In 1869—70 Mr. Rose made an extensive tour of Europe, lingering long among the familiar scenes of his boyhood. JOSEPH PERKINS. THE public, business, and personal life of one who filled so large a measure of usefulness in these three directions as did Joseph Perkins must be seen and studied, year in and year out, to be appreciated and understood ; and any description thereof seems commonplace and inad- equate beside the jbroad and remarkable character of the man as he was. Yet, in a community of which he w^as so prominent and useful a part, memory and appreciation 468 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. can fill in the details of a sketch that, like this, is, perforce, in outline only. Mr. Perkins was born in Warren, Trumbull county, Ohio, on July 5, 1819— the son of General Simon Perkins, one of the honored pioneers of the Western Reserve — and died at Saratoga Springs, New York, on August 26, 1885. His early years were passed in school at Warren and Burton, and at Marietta college, from which he gradu- ated at the age of twenty. Returning home, he entered his father's extensive land-office, and gave himself indus- triously and attentively to its duties, until the death of General Perkins, in 1844. Several succeeding years were devoted to the settlement of his father's extensive estate, and that being accomplished, he removed to Cleveland in 1852, which city was afterwards his home. He at once entered upon a busy career, making his business genius, his philanthropic heart, his unerring judgment, and his capital, effective in many ways for the advancement of the material, moral and educational interests of the city and State. To give anything like a fair and complete account of these various labors, would demand far more space than these pages can allow, and only a mention of the most important of them can be made. In his earlier days he was a director of the old Western Reserve bank, at Warren, and of the Bank of Geauga, at Painesville. In 1853 he was elected to the presidencj- of the Bank of Commerce, of Cleveland, now the National Bank of Com- merce, and during the remainder of his life was officiall}' connected with it in that capacity' or as vice-president and director. He was also for a number of years officially HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 469 connected with the Cleveland Society for Savings. He was one of the earliest and staunchest friends of the Cleveland & Mahoning railroad, holding the presidency at the time it was leased. Other business interests engaged his atten- tion from time to time, needless to enumerate in this connection, and to them all he gave a service that found its motive in the good of others and the general weal. But it was in work of a charitable, reformatory and edu- cational character that his best efforts were put forth, and by which he will be the longest and most lovingly remem- bered. The most prominent of these was his membership in the Ohio Board of State Charities; and it is but to repeat the testimony of all having knowledge of the facts, to declare that his was the hand that prepared the work and shaped the policy of that body from the beginning. He was appointed in 1867, upon the formation of the board, and remained a member until his death. The plan of the famous and humane "Jail System of Ohio" — copied the land over — was his creation, as were also the improved infirmary system and the model plan of the State Children's Home. He was for many years identified with works for temperance reform, and in the "Women's Crusade" of 1874 was chairman of the Advisory Board, giving of his time and means to advance the cause; and when, some years later, the Ohio Women's Christian Temperance Union were considering the movement that afterwards inaugurated "the Second Amendment" cam- paign, he took such steps as set it forward and made it possible, and was the loyal and generous friend of the amendment and the Union, from first to last. He was a 470 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. constant friend of the Friendly Inns established in Cleve- land, and in his desire to care for the temporal and moral needs of those about him, was led to a labor in connection with the Cleveland Protestant Orphan Asylum that cannot be overestimated, and the results of which will run on in good through many years of the future. He was made one of its trustees in 1860, and president in 1871, holding both positions through the remainder of his life. He was offi- cially connected with the Western Reserve College, in impor- tant capacities; a friend to Oberlin College and other educa- tional institutions; president of the association having charge of the Retreat; built and presented to the Women's Christian Association the day nursery that now bears his name; was a member of the Euclid Street Presb3-terian church, one of its most active workers, and for twenty years the superintendent of its Sunda}^ school. Some idea of the widespread character of his benevolence and activ- ity can be found in the fact that at the time of his death — some years after he had retired from active business — he still held the following responsible positions : President of the National Bank of Commerce, of the Lake View Ceme- tery Association, of the Cleveland Protestant Orphan Asy- lum, of theBoardof Trustees of the Non-Partisan Women's Christian Temperance Union, and of the Board of Trust- ees of the Women's Christian Association ; vice-president of the Society for Savings, of the Western Reserve University, of the Western Reserve Historical Society, of the Humane Society, and of the Young Men's Christian Association ; treasurer of the Republic Iron Company ; director in the Citizens' Savings and Loan Association and the Mahoning HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 471 Valley railway ; trustee and elder in the Euclid Avenue Presbyterian church, and the oldest member in service of the Board of State Charities. Manv other avenues through which his usefulness was felt, and the unbounded flow of his generosity sent, might be added to the above. But it is needless. The people of Cleveland know his deeds, and it seems fruitless that words should be multi- plied or monuments erected to keep alive his memory. When it was known that his noble life was ended and his useful hand and willing heart had ceased their many efforts for the good of those about him, many were the public expressions of the general loss — a word or so from some of them telling the story of his helpful life in brief compass : From the resolutions of the Cleveland bankers: "The community has lost a valued and much esteemed citizen, whose public and private worth is best attested by the many generous actions marking his rCvsidence among us." The directors of the National Bank of Commerce: "In the discharge of official duty, Mr. Perkins was invariably attentive, patient, faithful, prompt, conservative and wise." The society of the Euclid Avenue Presbyterian church: "One of the original founders of this church, he was always liberal in its support by giving generously of money, as also his wise counsel and personal labor. More- over, he was, in the church, in the Sabbath school, in the prayer circle, as well as in the daily walks of life, a most perfect exponent of an ideal life fully imbued with the spirit of our great Teacher and Master." The directors of the Republic Iron Company: "He has ^ministered his office among us, as he has every other trust during his whole 472 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. life, faithfully, wisely and well." District Assembly No. 47, Knights of Labor: "The working classes of the city of Cleveland have lost a sincere friend, who, though rich, was never forgetful of the needs of the poor." The Women's Christian Association: "His interest in our work, and his benefactions, reach back to the first year of our organiza- tion, increasing as years and experience were added to our undertaking, culminating at last in the two homes which his hands so largely reared." The trustees and officers of the Cleveland Protestant Orphan Asylum: " He always took an active interest in the work of the asylum, and contrib- uted largely of his time and means to its support." The Ohio Board of State Charities: "Traces of his long and valuable service are seen in all the annual reports of the board, and the plans and estimates for jails and infirmaries therein published, and which we regard as the best in the world, are mainly his work, and were gotten up entirely at his expense." These words tell the story in full — the story of a remarkable and many-sided man, whose service to humanity was only equaled by the modesty with which he kept himself from the public gaze. WILLIAM. J. GORDON. THOMAS GORDON, ancestor of the subject of this sketch, came to America in 1684. He was a distin- guished man in Scotland and a brother of the Laird of Strobach. Becoming involved, however, in the political HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 473 schemes of the Gordon clan, he emigrated to this country with his wife and children. He settled iii New Jersey and finally located in Freehold. He te- ceived many marks of favor from James ' H., with whom he was personally acquainted but to whom he was politically o])])osed. It was on his farm that the battle of Monmouth was fought, and it was there alslo that the home of the Gordon family remained for many generations. W. J. Gordon was born in the county of Monmouth, New Jersey, September 20, 1818, and passed his early boyhood days on his father's farm. He enjoyed the opportunities ol a good common school education, and was reared in a home where Scottish purity of life was the rule of every action. But the death of his father in 1830, and of his mother a year later, threw the lad on his own resources, and he started out in life. For some years he served as clerk in Red Bank, New Jersey, and in New York City. Visiting the West, however, he saw the future of Cleveland was promising, and at the age of twenty-one he established himself among the merchants of the village. Diligence and integrity crowned his efforts with success, and in due time his wholesale grocer}- became one of the largest in Ohio. In 1856 he became associated with George A. Fellows, of New York, and carried on business in that city in connection with his Cleveland house. To accommodate the increasing business of his firm, a large business block was erected on the corner of Superior and Mervvin streets, and the house became the largest in the West. In 1857 S. D. McMillan was taken in the firm, and in 1865, M. R. Cook. Mr. Gordon had become convinced 474 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. that Lake Superior was an iron region which could be developed greatly to the advantage of Cleveland, and the result of a visit there led him to invest heavily in the ore fields. He became president of the Cleveland Iron Mining Company, and remained at its head until 1865, when he left for Europe. The success of the company and the ad- vantages it gave to Cleveland and the State were mar- velous. It was in the fall of 1853 that Mr. Gordon, in companv with Samuel Kimball, of the Jackson Iron Com- pany, shipped over a tram railway the first load of ore sent by rail from the mines of that region. In connection with J. H. Gorham, Mr. Gordon founded the first wooden- ware factory in this part of the country, and was largely interested in the Cleveland Non-Explosive Lamp Company which became one of the leading industries ol the State. In 1846 he was one of the organizers of the Commercial Mutual Insurance Company, of Cleveland, which was an exceedingly prosperous concern until the Chicago fire ot 1871 . Not discouraged by this disaster, he rendered great service in the establishment ot the Mercantile Insurance Company, of which he is yet president. Mr. Gordon has been largely interested in real estate, and has built homes on easy terms for people in moderate circumstances, open- ing up various allotments with streets, courts, sewers and other improvements. His fortune has been largely used in developing industries which have enlarged the growth and advanced the wealth of Cleveland. Though he re- tired from active business in 1871, he is still largely en- gaged in various enterprises of a public and private use- fulness. Mr. Gordon in politics is a Democrat, but has HISTORY OF clp:velani). 4-75 repeatedly declined high honors of a public character, which had been tendered him. In 1848 and again in 1853, he served in the Citv Council. To be mayor of Glenville, the little suburb where he finds his home, is the height of his political ambition. Mr. Gordon's tastes for open air enjoyment has led him to the extensive cultiva- tion of plants and flowers and the building of great pri- vate conservatories in which he can display the finest collection of orchidaceous plants in the State, and in mid- winter can pluck from his gardens the most luscious of fruits. He expended large sums in beautifying the wilder- ness a few miles east of the city, until Gordon park is to-day one of the most exquisite private grounds in the country. It is a beautiful tract of land on the shore of the lake, where hundreds of men have been employed in beautifying it with walks, drives, grottoes and bowers. Here are his conservatories, his stables with many of the best horses in the country, and it is here that Mr. Gordon enjo\^s himself in walking on his grounds and among his plants, or handling the reins behind a team of trotters. Mr. Gordon is a man of great executive ability, sound judgment and eminent fitness for the discharge of great duties. He has a mind of unusual breadth and force, an iron will, a high character, and a rare genius for business. 476 HISTORY OK CLEVELAND. vSYLVESTER T. EVERETT. ^X^HE official relations of Mr. Everett with the munici- J. palitv of Cleveland have been long and eminent. For fourteen years he held the responsible office of City Treas- urer, being elected thereto for two terms by large majori- ties of the Republican party, and subsecjuently for five terms being endorsed by the Democratic party for that office, when his election was not only made doubly sure, but absolutelv unanimous — a circumstance unprecedented in the hivStory of the municipality. Such manifestation of personal and official regard of a i)eople is the highest and best evidence of the public and private virtues of a citizen. The first vear of Mr. E)verett's election to the treasury- ship he found the municipal credit so low that its bonds and other evidences of its obligations had for a series of vears been negotiated at a rate of discount so much below par as to indicate a distrust of jjublic faith regarding municipal securities, and his first financial efibrts were directed to the correction of such a discreditable state of the city's credit. The financial facilities at Mr. Everett's command, both at home and abroad, enabled him to negotiate the first series of bonds issued under his administration of the treasury, not alone at par, but at a premium. It was a new departure and a financial revolution, and a surprise to many local financiers, and especially to a few investors who knew the intrinsic value of Cleveland municipal bonds, and expected to obtain them as usual at an enormous rate of discount an'd shave. To such a financial standing did HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 477 he elevate the city's credit in the money market, the first year of his advent in office, that never since has a bond been sold for less than its face, but invariably such securi- ties have commanded a high premium through competitive bids for the loan from both foreign and domestic monied institutions and private capitalists. In the fourteen years of his financial administration of the munici])al government — from 1869 to 1883— Mr. Everett not only won for himself a deservedly high repu- tation in financial circles, but also did much to establish the present welfare and to secure the continued advance- ment and prosperity of Cleveland ; and it is worthy of note that these public services were rendered and the bene- fits secured to the city when he was comparatively a young man, just entering upon that period called the prime of life. In 1876 Mr. Everett became president of the Second National Bank and also of the National Bank of Com- merce, its successor, upon reorganization, with increased capital and extended business. In 1883, having resigned the position last mentioned, he became largely instru- mental in the association of capitalists and the establish- ment of the Union National Bank, and, as vice-president and general manager thereof, soon advanced it far on the highway of business prosperity. Mr. Everett is recognized as possessing excellent execu- tive abilities which have called him into intimate and active association with many enterprises of a commercial and manufacturing nature, such as the Cleveland Rolling Mill Company, Citizens' Savings and Loan Association, Rail- 478 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. road and Telegraph Compan\', including his appointment by President Garfield as Government Director of the Union Pacific railroad, and he is also a member of the Cleve- land Sinking Commission. Nevertheless his long and emi- nent services as City Treasurer — best known to the people of all his business life — will ever remain as the most happy and satisfactory page in his public record, and on which he may w^ell be content to rest his personal and financial reputation. Mr. Everett has not Ijeen unknown in ]K)litics, though incidental and of secondary importance to him j^ersonalh'. He was a delegate from the Cleveland district to the National Republican Convention at Chicago in 1880, and w^as an earnest and active su]j])orter of General Garfield in his successful campaign, to whom, and his friends, he ten- dered a reception at his residence on liis return from Chicago. In 1882 Mr. Everett was nominated for Congress, l)ut the fate of his party that year proving disastrous, he of necessity went down with it; but gallant and brave in the field of action, he fell with his face to the foe. Socially Mr. Everett is genial and pleasant and always approachable. Sometimes the unavoidable necessity arises of refusing to grant a financial favor, but with him it is ever accompanied with a kindness and grace of manner that relieves and mollifies even disappointment. Mr. Everett was born in Trumbull county in 1838, mar- ried a lady in Philadelphia in 1860, but whose life was brief In 1869 he married Miss Wade, daughter of the late Randall P. Wade and ofrand-daughter of Mr. b H. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 479 Wade. Happ3' domestic relations and an elegant home are attractions and incentives which inspire to mental and physical activity and give assurance of future triumphs and enterprises to be ably and honorably achieved. IRAD KELLEY. THE fifth postmaster of Cleveland village was Irad PCelley. He succeeded Daniel Kelley in that office, holding it from 1817 to 1829. His brief but ample ac- count book, now in possession of the heirs, is an interest- ing relic which should be carefully preserved. Mr. Irad Kelley was Ijorn of Puritan parents in Middle- town, Connecticut, October 24, 1791. He served in the War of 1812, in the vicinity of Ogdensburg, and received a pension for gallantry. His term of enlistment as a min- ute man having expired, he came West in October, 1812, and purchased a farm in Huron countv. He was still iden- tified with the war movements, being with General Harri- son at Fort Meigs, at Detroit, after Hull's surrender, and on board the historic Queen Charlotte on the night suc- ceeding Perry's victory. At the close of the war he sold his farm and removed to Cleveland. In compaii}' with his brothers, Joseph R. arid Thomas, he engaged in marine business, running the schooner Merchants, which the brothers owned jointly. About 1815 Mr. Irad Kelley opened a general merchan- dise store on the site of the present Kelley block on Supe- 4S(>. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. rior street. Mr. Kelle^^ subsequently erected ou this spot tke first brick building in Cleveland. He was a staunch politician, formerly an old line Whig, an active business man, a public-spirited citizen, and was universally known throughout Northern Ohio. He was one of" the original twelve voters who elected Alfred Kelley president of the village in 1815. In 1833 Mr. Kelley and his brother, Datus, purchased Cunningham's Island, which has since borne the name of " Kelley 's Island." His sons, Norman and George Kelley, now own a part of this beautiful and fertile isle. Norman Kelley operates its extensive limestone quarries. Mr. Kelley was a writer of pith and eloquence, a fre- quent contributor to the citj^ papers, and his political odes and criticisms, his essays and papers on philosophical and other topics, evince culture and extensive information. Mr. Kelley was married to Miss Harriet Pease, of Cleve- la,nd, in 1819. Ten children were born to them, four of whom are living — two sons on Kelley's Island and two daughters in this city. Mr. Kelley possessed some eccentricities of character, esp.ecially in after life, which some people, not understand- ing, misinterpreted. He was a kind-hearted and charita- ble man, a substantial citizen of severe integrity, and ex- ej^ted a good influence upon the community at large, both in business and society. Over thirty years ago he represented to Congress the feasibility of building a transcontinental railroad connect- iiiig the two oceans, and urged upon government the neces- sity of such an enterprise as a matter of National defense,. IRAD KELLEY. 482 HISTORY OF CLKVELAND. as well as of general commereial benefit to the country- His efforts were not then appreciated, being considered impracticable. He lived to see his cherished plans adopted and realized. Irad Kelley died of apoplexy January 21, 1875, in his eighty-fourth year, while in New York City on his way to South America. His remains were brought to Cleveland and now rest in Lake View cemeterv. RT. REV. BISHOP (^H.MOUR. RT. RP:V. RICHARD GILMOrR, D. I)., Catholic bishop of the diocese o[ Cleveland, was l)orn in Glasgow, Scotland, on the twenty-fourth day of September, 1824. His ])arents, John Gilmour and Marion Callander were zealous Covenanters and educated their only son in strict contormitv with the doctrine and requirements of the Covenant of Sancpiahar. Four vears after his birth, the future l)ishop was brought l)y his parents to Nova Scotia, where, with other Scotch families who had accom- panied them on the voyage, the family settled on a farm in a beautiful valley in the neighborhood of New Glasgow. Here he spent his early school days and learned the wierd and bright traditions of his race, and here, amid the struggles and privations of the hardy colonists, he developed an indomitable courage that knows no diificulty, and a ten- derness of heart that stoops to every misery. But before Richard's boyhood had far advanced, the Covenanter'slove .s ^^ HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 483 of freedom impelled his father to seek a home in the United States. He crossed the border, traveled southward, and invested the price of his Acadian home in Pennsylvania land, nearLatrobe. The schools ot the place had an ardent pupil in Richard. His love for reading and scientific inves- tigation increased with his years, and here he met the first Catholic that ever crossed his path. In his eighteenth year he went to Philadelphia, where he made the acquaint- ance of a venerable Catholic clergyman. Rev. Patrick Raf- ferty, whose candor, kindness and charity soon won his heart and cleared his mind of prejudice against the faith of which he has been for \'ears the guardian and sturdy defender. His desire to become a priest was simultaneous with his desire to become a Catholic. Unaided and alone, he made a thorough study of the doctrines ol the Catholic church. He made his profession of faith, and after two years matriculated at Mount St. Mary's college, Emmets- burgh, Maryland. His college course was exceptionalh^ brilliant and successful. From the beginning he held an honored position in his class, and was graduated, Master of Arts, in 1 848. Four years after, at the completion of his theological course, he was affiliated to the diocese of Cin- cinnati and ordained a priest by Archbishop Purcelfin St. Peter's cathedral, on the thirtieth of August, 1852. The first sjjiritual charge of Father Gilmour extended over eight counties in Southern Ohio, Kentucky and Virginia. His home was at Portsmouth, where he built the present English speaking Catholic church and whence he went out weekl}' to find and minister to the few Catholics scattered over the vast, wild territory committed to his care. He 484 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. frequently crossed the Ohio and rode through the pathless woods of Kentucky and Virginia to impart joy to the sorrowful ; he labored among the miners of Ohio, built a church at Ironton, renewed the mission at Galli- polis and Wilksville, and in many other ways proved him- self worthy of a more important trust. In 1857 he was called to the pastorate of St. Patrick's church, Cincinnati. The congregation was large but unorganized, and destitute of parochial ambition. Order and life came at his bid- ding; a fine school-house was built, and St. Patrick's stood among the first parishes of the Archiepiscopal city. He resigned his charge, in 1868, and was appointed to a profes- sorship in Mount St. Mary's Seminary. This new field of labor, though congenial to his studious habits, was yet too full of routine and leisure for a mind schooled to the activity of the mission. In 1869 he was assigned to the pastoral charge of St. Joseph's church at Dayton, which he successfully held until consecrated bishop of Cleveland, in April, 1872. Iminediately after his consecration, Bishop Gilmour took possession of his see and entered vigorously on the heavy labors which nearly two years of an interregnurn had pro- vided for the successor of Dr. Rappe. F'or sometime before his call to the Episcopate he had in hand the preparation of a new series of school readers which he completed in the second year after his appointment. Under the manifold duties of his new office his health broke down and obliged him to seek, in rest and foreign travel, the prolongation of a life so near extinction. In 1876 he returned with restored health and entered anew on the dilties of his office. He HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 485 has been most active in directing and encouraging good works. Since then many magnificent churches and fine school buildings have studded the diocese. He has written several stirring pastorals to his people, and frequently mingled with his fellow-citizens of other denominations to discuss and support questions of public importance. He took a leading part in the Provincial Council of Cincin- nati, in 1882, and was among the foremost in shaping the legislation of the Plenar}^ Council of Baltimore, in 1884. Deputed as the agent of the American Episcopate, he went to Rome in 1885 to explain and urge the adoption of the legislation of Baltimore. His mission was fruitful of much good, in that it helped bring the American church imder a system of laws adapted to our civil institutions. Nor did it fail to meet the thanks of those who knew and trusted his wisdom. Bishop Gilmour is a man of large views, progressive ideas and great public spirit. He is a vigorous and pol- ished writer, a clear and forcible orator, a kind and wise ruler, a constant and faithful friend, a staunch Catholic, yet most tolerant of the opinions of others; of stern demeanor, yet with a heart that melts in the presence of suffering. He is a strong man and a patriotic citizen. 486 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. RT. REV. LOUIS AMADEUvS RAPPE, D.D.. RT. REV. LOUIS AMADEUS RAPPE, D.D., the first Catholic bishop of the diocese of Cleveland, was born in the department of Pas de Calais. France, on the second of February', 1801. His parents were of the peo- ple and remarkable for sterling piety and virtue. In early life he tilled his father's little farm and helped his elder brothers in the rugged battle of peasant life. On the eve of his majority his store of learning was but scant, yet with wonderful energy he turned his mind to a profession that required both education and skill. He had completed his twentieth year when he entered the college of the Abbe Haffringue at Boulogne and after four vears hard studv, matriculated in philosophy at the seminarv of Arras. There on the fourteenth of March, 1829, he was ordained a priest by Cardinal Latour d' Auvergne and was imme- diately assigned to a country curacy. In 1834' he was called from the village of Wizme to the chaplaincy of the Ursuline convent at Boulogne. For six years he held that humble but important position, not a moment of which was lost. Ever faithful in the discharge of his duty, he seized every spare moment to store his mind with that practical knowledge which was his great characteristic in after life. He read about the labors of the American missions and the -rising glory of the young Republic, and resolved to cross the seas. On his way to Rome, in 1840, Bishop Purcell, of Cincin- nati, bore a message from his diocese to the Ursulines at Boulogne. Here he met the ardent chaplain and learning his ^^^ ' Ji^/^"^^^^^ oql Pub Oo -/■1.K/^ HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 487 desire to serve on the American missions, invited him to his diocese on the banks of the Ohio. The invitation was heeded, and Father Rappe found himself in Cincin- nati in the avitumn of 1840, in his fortieth year and totally ignorant of the language of the country. With the inbred courage of a true missionary, he began almost immediately the work for which he had come to a strange land, gathering, as time went on, such a knowledge of the language as enabled him to do the work of his ministry. Having spent a short time at Chillicothe, he was per- manently stationed at Toledo, where he lived and labored amid fever and pestilential vapors for seven years. In 1847 the diocese of Cincinnati was divided and the diocese of Cleveland established. Among the names selected as worthy to bear its crosier, was that of Louis Amadeus Rappe, whose zeal and success on the Maumee were spoken of through the whole province. He received the appointment and was consecrated at Cincinnati on the tenth of October, 1847. Arrivingin Cleveland he found only one church, St. Mary's on the flats, which was then served by the Rev. Maurice Howard. Scattered through the new diocese, which stretches from the Pennsvlvania to the Indiana line, and from the lake over one hundred miles southward, were about forty unpretending church edifices. Neither hospitals, asylums, schools nor academies were yet thought of, but in the course oi a few vears the diocese teemed with institutions of learning and charitv. The foundation of the Cathedral was laid in 1848; soon after a temporary seminary for boys and ecclesiastics was opened on Theresa street ; the Ursuline sisterhood was 488 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. established in 1850; St. Mary's Orphan Asylum for girls^ on Harmon street, opened its doors in 1851, and"St. Vin- cent's Asylum for orphan boys was founded in 1852. The building of churches kept pace with the increase of the population of the diocese until the forty-two small houses of worship gave place to thrice the number of temples dedicated to the service of God. Aided by a gen- erous public, Charit}' Hospital was built and equipped in 1865; the Good Shepherd's reformatory^ for fallen women began its magnificent work on Lake street in 1869, and a year later, a home for the aged poor received its first guests on Erie street. In calling into existence all these works of religion and benevolence, Bisho]j Kappe's was the active mind, his the guiding hand. In the autumn of 1869 the aged bishoj) left Cleveland for Rome. The toil of long vears had made inroads on his strong constitution. He had partially lost his eyesight, and the cares of office had bent his .Vame. The diocese had grown sora])idly audits work had become so toilsome that com])lications arose, which, added to his phvsical infirmity, suggested to the bishop the wisdom of laving down his crosier. He assisted at the Vatican Council and at its close, or rather its suspension, prepared to carry his thought into effect. He accordingly resigned his see, retired to Vermont and betook himself once more to the congenial work of a missionary. For seven ^^ears he was ever present at his favorite post. The young were catechised, the old were instructed, all were lifted up and consoled. In the damp, uncertain mornings of autumn, w^hen the chilly rain often falls before the rising of the sun, HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 489 he was found traveling from hamlet to hamlet on the banks of Lake Cham plain. It was his wont, and no one questioned its wisdom. But the grand constitution and proudly erect frame was wrecked. His death sickness seized him at Grand Isle and terminated at Milton, near St. Albans, on the eighth of September, 1877. His re- mains were brought to Cleveland and after a solemn funeral service, deposited in the crypts of St. John's cathe- dral. Bishop Rappe was a man of singular zeal in the fulfill- ment of his ministerial duties. Blessed with robust health and a wiry frame, he labored as few men could labor, and wore out both in doing good. He was the true type of a missionary rather than a great or far-seeing bishop, and for that reason made mistakes ; but his errors of judg- ment were few and insignificant when compared to his many deeds of charitj^ and the abiding good works he accomplished. Loving France with a Frenchman's love, he was yet a true lover of his adopted countr}^ During the civil war he was enthusiastically on the side of the Union. He had a soldier's heart, and, were it not for his sacred office, might have died a soldier's death. Courteous in his manners, if he wounded it was done with grace. He endeared himself to thousands, and tens of thousands mourned him when he died. 490 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. HENRY M. CLAFLEN. ^ I ''HOUGH at the present time the subject of this sketch -■- is in the prime of mental and physical strength, he has, for the last quarter of a century or more, stood in the front rank of thoroughly capable and successful business men. Endowed with invincible Puritan energy and integ- rity, he brought to the industrial circles of this growing city the Iresli and keensightedness so essential to its pros- perity. Henry M. Claflcn was born August 17, 1835, at Attleboro, Massachusetts. He traces his lineage to that resolute race of Scotch Coventry who contributed so much to the heroic character of the Puritan fathers. His mother was a Thacher of the Maytiower family of that name. Young Claflen was educated in the schools and academy of his native place, but at the early age of fifteen he entered on the business of life on his own account. He had .always had a fancvfor mechanical pursuits, and in March, 1854, he came to Cleveland and entered into the employ of Thacher, Burt & Company, the great pioneer bridge- building firm. The head of the house, Peter Thacher, was Mr. Claflen's uncle. So thoroughly and assiduously did the young man apply himself to the principles of engineer- ing, as applied to bridge building, that he soon came to be relied on as one of the leading managers of the house. He remained with this concern until 1863, in the meantime "becoming a partner of Thacher, Gardner, Burt & Com- pany, proprietors of the Union Elevator. It was in this year that Mr. Claflen, in response to appeals of military engineers, organized a force of men and proceeded to Nash- HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 491 ville, where the rapid advance of the Union armies required the quick renewal of destroyed bridges. The magnitude and importance of his work for the government can but be alluded to in this brief sketch. His first work was the erection of the bridge over Running Water for the trans- portation of supplies and men to Chattanooga. This work accomplished, amidst difficulties well-nigh insur- mountable, Avas so well done that General Grant made it a subject of personal acknowledgment. Mr. Claflen remained in the service of the government until the close of the war, replacing bridges or building new ones often in advance of armies and often amid great difficulty and danger. His operations called him to Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Missouri, and so thoroughly was his rapid engineering work done, that many of the bridges he built remain in use to-day. At the close of the w^ar he returned to Cleveland and organized the firm of McNair}^ Claflen Company, for carrying on the bridge building business. This firm in the next few years, did some work of great magnitude. In 1869 it w^as succeeded by the McNairy & Claflen Man- ufacturing Company, which added car building to bridge construction. Mr. Claflen was the chief manager of this company, which emplo\^ed constantly from six hundred to eight hundred men. The operations of the house were of great importance, they carrying on the construction of iron and wood bridges in nearly ever}' State in the Union, and building for one railroad system alone over eight thousand cars. The iron portion of the great Viaduct in Cleveland is a monument of their engineering skill. As 492 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. early as 1865 the subject of street paving attracted Mr. Claflen's attention, and this city is indebted to him for the high standard of her block stone pavements, for the now famous Medina block paving stone is the result of his inventive and engineering skill. Though often controlling hundreds of men and in times of depression facing disas- trous strikes, Mr. Claflen has, b}' superior tact and no little humane consideration, brought himself and his firm through manv serious business struggles and at the same time saved the impetuous workmen and their families from suflfering. In all enterprises of a public nature he has been a willing adviser, contributor and coadjutor. He was married on May 24, 1863, to Miss Alice B. Hall, daughter of Dr. John Hall, of Toronto. Mr. Claflen has had and still has a very busy life in the management of manifold business operations, yet he has found time to take an active interest in other than business enterprises, if they would in any way contribute to the pros])erity of the citv he thirt3'-three vears ago adopted as his future home. DR. GAIUS J. JONES. THE paternal ancestors of the subject of this sketch were prominent in the colonial history of the Re- public, and he inherited the characteristics for energy and integrity which gave such eminence to the Puritan fathers. Gaius J. Jones was born in Remsen, Oneida county, New York, Februray 27, 1843. His grandparents came from ^^^^-^ i/ f^ ^7-^-t^^ HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 493 Wales in 1795 and resided for five years in Philadelphia, after which they removed to Trenton, Oneida county, then almost a complete wilderness. Jonathan Jones, the father of Gains, was a bricklayer and mason, but owned a farm on which his family was reared. Young Jones attended in winter the district schools of his county and the academy at Prospect, working on the farm in the summer months. At sixteen years of age he had made such progress that he passed all examinations before the school commissioner, but he refused him a certificate to teach because of his youth. In the following winter, however, he was given the certificate, though he was then a year j'ounger than the law required. In March, 1861, he secured a position as clerk in Utica, but the firing on Fort Sumter called him to other fields. He was the first from his township to enlist in what afterwards became Company E, of the Fourteenth New York Volunteers, Col- onel James McQuade, afterwards brigadier-general, being in command. After the battle of Bull Run his regiment was stationed on the banks of the Potomac, opposite Washington. Here a severe species of typhoid fever broke out in the regiment, which, by this disease, lost more men than in all subsequent service in the war. Corporal Jones was stricken with the fever and for four or five weeks his life hung in the balance. He was sent home when his friends expected he would soon die, but by careful maternal care he came through. In the following spring he began the study of medicine under Dr. M. M. Gardner, of Holland Patent, New York, and subsequently attended lectures in the Homoeopathic College in Cleveland. He began the prac- 494 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. tice of medicine in Liverpool, Medina county, Ohio, in March, 1865, and soon proved a very successful practi- tioner. In July, 1866, he was married to Miss Emma Wil- mot, of Liverpool, and in the following September moved to Holland Patent, where he took up the practice of his preceptor. Things not proving satisfactory, however, he returned to Liverpool in 1867, and in 1 871 removed to Graf- ton, nine miles distant. He, however, retained the practice of both places and soon had a professional business second to none in Lorain county. It was in the following year that Dr. Jones was appointed lecturer adjunct to the chair of anatomy in the Cleveland College, £ind in 1873 was elected to the full professorship. This chair he. held until 1878. For two vears after his election he remained in Grafton, but then removed to this city. He lectured on surgical as well as descriptive anatomy, and for a time on surgery in the absence of the occupant of that chair. In 1878 Dr. Jones was elected to the chair of theory and practice, which position he still occupies. In 1885 he was chosen registrar of the college, and in 1879 chosen surgeon-in-chief of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway Relief Association, which office he filled until the dissolution of the organization. In 1882 he was appointed surgeoti at Cleveland of the New York, Pennsyl- vania & Ohio railroad, and is to-day a leading member in County, State and National Medical Associations. P'or eleven years he has been a member of the staff of Huron Street Hospital. In 1884, on the organization of the Fifth Regiment Ohio National Guards, Dr. Jones was elected surgeon, but resigned in 1887. He has rapidly taken a lead- --- -N-l;- -^-if-X-s y^^^i^ XT/S^^f-c^c/c 33 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 4-95 ing rank in medical circles in Ohio, and has now as large a practice as he can attend to with the aid of two assist- ants. For many years he has been a member of the Masonic fraternit}', having taken next to the highest degree it is possible to obtain in the order. In other than profes- sional circles Dr. Jones is one of the most eminent citizens of Cleveland, ever willing and active in the success of public or private enterprises which tend to encourage the prosperity of the city. BRENTON D. BABCOCK. HON. BRENTON D. BABCOCK, who was elected ma^^or of Cleveland in the spring of 1887 by the largest majority' ever given a Democratic candidate for the office in this city, was born at Adams, Jefterson county. New York, October 2, 1830. He was raised on a farm, to which his father moved when he was four years old, and acquired his education at the public schools and at Adams Seminary, upon which he attended as regularh^ as the farm work would permit until he reached his eighteenth year. Although he by no means despised the honest avocation of the agriculturist, it did not suit his tastes. Therefore, on leaving school he entered the general merchandise store of his father's uncle, Herman Grinnell, at Adams. In about a year the store was sold and Mr. Babcock went to Utica as clerk in a similar establishment, but soon left his employment and 496 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. returned home. He soon after engaged in the same bus- iness in Henderson, New York, where he remained until 1853, when he accepted a position as manager of a gen- eral store in Smithville, New York. Though but twenty- three years old, he had full charge of the establishment, and made his first trip to New York city to purchase goods for his firm. In two years, however, the store changed hands, and Mr. Babcock being disengaged was offered and accepted a clerkship in the Erie Railway line of steamers, which position he held for nine years. It was in 1865 that he first came to Cleveland in the employ of Cross, Payne & Co., coal dealers, as bookkeeper. After serving this firm four years, Mr. Babcock went into partnershijj with Mr. H. P. Card, under the firm name of Card & Bab- cock, for mming coal. In 1875 he sold his interest to Mr. Card and in the following spring engaged with the coal firm of Tod, Morris & Co., as traveling salesman, at a salary equal to that he receives for his services as mayor. He was with Tod, Morris & Co., for three years, when a co-partnership was formed with Mr. Morris, as Babcock, Morris & Co., for mining coal, which firm has continued in business ever since. In 1885 the Babcock & Morris Coal Company was organized and still exists. It is one of the extensive mining companies in the Hocking valley. While with Mr. Card, Mr. Babcock's operations were principally in the Mahoning and Tuscarawas vallcA's, but since then they have been almost exclusively confined to the Hocking valley. Mr. Babcock has been in other busi- ness ventures than the mining of coal, but the latter has proved the most successful as he gave it his special atten- HISTORY OF CI.EVELAND. 497 tion, which he did not other enterprises. Mr. Babcock joined the Free Masons in 1859, and has since risen to national prominence in that order. He has not only been an active mason, but is an ardent student of the literature of the order. His valuable library of two himdred and fifty volumes of purely masonic works is loaned to the Masonic Temple Association and comprises the greater part of the temple library. Mr. Babcock was married November 6, 1867, to Miss Elizabeth C. Smith, daughter of Dr. Geo. W. Smith, of Buffalo. Mrs. Babcock is one of the most active workers in the field of charity in Cleveland. Mr. Babcock has had no children. His brother, Charles F. Babcock, is the able manager of the Camp Creek Coal Co., and resides in this city. Mr. Babcock is one of the most substantial and highly respected business men in Cleveland, and the executive office of the city government could be placed in no safer hands. I. N. TOPLIFF. THE Western Reserve owes a boundless debt to sturdy New England. Hundreds of the influential men in all the bus}' vocations of life in the West came here en- dowed with the moral strength and energy deeply rooted in New England ancestry. Among those who have made Cleveland famous as a manufacturing centre and who 498 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. have sent her products into all the markets of the world, none deserves more eminent note than I. N. Topliff. Born in Mansfield, Connecticut, on January 16, 1833, he was reared on a farm which had been held by the family for nearly two centuries. He is descended from the oldest and best New England stock. He passed his boA^hood da^'s in attendance at the district schools and later at Williston Academy, at East Hampton, Massachusetts. But the work of the farm enabled him to gain the advantages of school onh^ in the winter months, and his other knowledge he gathered in his evenings at home. At seventeen, by the death of his father, the care of the farm was thrown on him. For a year he carried on the laborious work, but determined to broaden his learning and his fields of labor, he went, in 1851, to New Jersey, and took charge of a dis- trict school. This occupation he followed for three years and the discipline then gained was of service to him ever after. His early taste for mechanics, however, led him, in the fall of 1854-, to go to Cleveland and from there to P^lyria where he had secured employment in a carriage factory. He learned this trade in all its branches, and in 1859 opened an establishment of his own in Adrian, Mich- igan. His mechanical ability and his unusual qualities as a business manager made his efforts in Southern Michigan, despite many difficulties, eminently successful. In the fall of 1869 Mr. Topliff returned to Elyria, where he gave par- ticular attention to the manufacturing of certain inven- tions of his own in carriage hardware. One article alone, the result of Mr. ToplifTs inventive genius, is worthy of special note. That is the bow-socket which has, in the ^^-^^^:^^^^^,,^ /^^^^^^ HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 499 last dozen years, revolutionized the business of carriage making. The old way of making a buggy-bow was by the use of wood, the upright parts of which were covered with leather. Mr. ToplifiPs bow-socket is a sheet steel tube. It is a simple thing, but has made the inventor's name known in all parts of the world. So large had the business in which he was interested in Elyria become, that Mr. Topliff, in 1879. established extensive works in Cleveland, which, in a few years, have grown to be the largest establishment in the United States for the manu- facture of specialties in carriage hardware. The sale of its products are in every market in the world, and the number of the bow-sockets sold the present year are enough for two hundred thousand buggies. Mr. Topliff, while, of course, confining his attention chieflv to his particular line of business, has given his in- fluence to other enterprises, such as manufacturing con- cerns and banking houses. Throughout his long and busy life he has ever found time to pursue his study and gratify his keen literary tastes and love of travel. He was mar- ried December 11, 1862, to Miss Frances A. Hunt, daughter of Hon. C. W. Hunt, of Detroit, Michigan, and has one child, Mrs. Will P. Todd, of this city. I JAMES PANNELL. T is interesting to recall the early life of the men who, more than half a century ago, did their part in la3'ing 500 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. the foundations of thivS great city. But few of those sturdy pioneers to whom Cleveland owes so much can still be found in active fields of usefulness. In this select list, however, the name of James Pannell stands out in promi- nence. Born on January 12, 1812, he early embarked toward the new west with the determination to make his way among her sturd3^ people. He set out with St. Louis fixed as his destination; but reaching Cleveland in 1832, and finding business rapidly recovering the depression of the past season, he easily found employment here as a builder. His prospects appeared so good that he gave up the idea of going farther west. He found fields of usefulness in this little city, and for manv vears was one of the leading builders in Cleveland. His last important work was the building of what is now known as the old court-house. He was a busy man, however, in other fields, and many public and private enterprises had the influence of his counsel and means. He early became prominent as an advocate of our public school system, and did his best to improve it. He lent a strong hand to the fostering of the militarv of the citv, and during the war lent his time and gave his money to the raising of troops for the service. In early fire department days none were more vigorous in maintaining and supporting an efficient department, and for years he himself was a member of Old Neptune No. 2. After years of active business efforts Mr. Pannell concluded to allow himself a rest therefrom, and give his attention to less exacting duties. He accordingly invested part of his means in banking, and for the past twenty-six years he has been largely interested in the banks of Cleve- HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 501 land. He was one of the original trustees of the Society for Savings and one of the founders of the banking house of S. W. Crittenden & Company. When in 1863 this house was merged into the First National Bank of Cleve- land, Mr. Pannell became a director and was elected vice-president in 1876, and continued his connection with the bank in this capacity until he left to take part in the organization of the Cleveland National Bank in 1883. He is vice-president and director of this latter organization, and has taken great interest in its welfare, being one of the men who has put it on such a permanent footing. Mr. Pannell is a careful and judicious business man, a capable manager of his own and those interests with which he has been intrusted. In all fields of labor he has been a worthy and respected citizen of this community. In 1836 he was married to Miss Amelia Newell, with whom he has lived happily for more than half a century. His only living child is Mrs. P. M. Spencer, of this citv. MOSES KELLY. THE late Moses Kelly stood at the head of the Cleve- land bar in commercial and equity jurisprudence. His father was of Scotch-Irish descent and his mother of German, combining the best elements for mental strength. Moses Kelly was born in Groveland, Livingston county, then Ontario county, New York, January 21, 1809. He 502 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. worked in his father's fields and attended the country school until eighteen years old, when he began preparing for college, under the splendid tutorship of Cornelius C. Fel- ton, afterwards president of Howard University. He en- tered Harvard College and graduated in 1833. For the next three years he studied law in Rochester, and in 1836 came here to enter into partnership with his former class- mate, the late Thomas Bolton. The law firm of Bolton & Kelly rapidly took high rank and gained good practice. In 1839 Mr. Kelly was made city attorney, and in 1841 was elected to the City Council, where he was prominent in promoting measures looking to the better protection of the lake front from the ravages of the lake. In 1844-45 he represented the Whig party of Cuyahoga and Geauga counties in the State Senate, distinguishing himself in his able and independent stand on measures of great public importance. He did not hesitate to oppose his own party, as vigorously as the opposition, if he believed himself right in so doing. He fought both parties in a bill to reduce the pay of State officers and judges to an inadequate sum, and though the measure passed it was repealed at the suc- ceeding session. The party to which he belonged favored the establish- ment of a State bank, with branches, and introduced a bill to that effect. He fought it inch by inch, and advo- cated a system of free banking, with currency based on State stocks. Despite his vigorous efforts the State Bank was established, but he had secured the addition to the bill of sections permitting the establishment of indepen- dent banks with circulation based on State stocks depos- HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 503 ited with the State government, and he also secured -certain checks and safeguards to the State Bank system. His course was subsequently approved at a mass meeting of citizens, irrespective of party, held at Cleveland. At the same session of the Legislature an important measure, arising from the lack of banking facilities, was disposed of. The Ohio Life & Trust Company was one of great finan- cial strength, with a large and influential membership. The State not having then adopted a banking sj'stem, an effort was made to clothe this company with authority to issue bills to the extent of five hundred thousand dollars to be circulated in currenc3\ The arguments in favor of the bill were plausible and the opposition apparently not important. But when, on its third reading, Mr. Kelly attacked the measure in a speech of intense vigor and un- answerable arguments, his logic and reasoning were irresistible, and the bill failed. At the conclusion of this important session of the Legislature, he returned to his profession. In 1849 he was appointed by the Legislature one of the commissioners for the city of Cleveland on behalf of the Cleveland & Pittsburgh Railroad Compan^^ He represented the city's interest on the Board of Direc- tors for several years, until the stock held by the city was disposed of. Mr. Bolton, his law partner, having been elected a com- mon pleas judge in 1856, the firm name was changed to Kelly & Griswold, the latter gentleman having been ad- mitted to the firm five years previous. In 1866 Mr. Kelly was a member of the Philadelphia Convention for healing the bitterness growing out of the war between the North 504 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. and the South, and in September of the same year Presi- dent Johnson appointed him United States District Attor- ney for the Northern District of Ohio. Owing to illfeehng between the Executive and the Senate, however, his nomi- nation was not confirmed, and in the following March he w^ithdrew from the ofiice. Besides his various public trusts he was a stockholder, director and attorney for the City Bank of Cleveland, organized under the law of 1845, and held this office until its reorganization as the National City Bank, and of that institution until his death. He ■was one of the organizers of St. Paul's Protestant Episco- pal church, and was an active worker in this society. In 1839 he was married to Miss Jane M. Howe, daughter of General Hezekiah Howe, of New Haven, Connecticut. The eldest of his five children, Frank H. Kelly, was a member of the City Council during the years 1873, '74 and '75, and the latter year was president of that body. He now occupies the bench as Police Judge of the city of Cleve- land. Moses Kelly died August 15, 1870. HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 505 W. J. SCOTT M. D. THE subject of this sketch has for years been accorded the very front rank among the eminent physicians and surgeons of Ohio. In professional skill, excellence of character, self-sacrifice in the interests of the public and general usefulness, Dr. Scott is without a peer. He was born January 25. 1822, in Culpepper county, Virginia, of Scottish parents. Eager to acquire a good education, he entered Kenyon College at Gambler, Ohio. Passing through the preparatory department, he took up the clas- sical course, studying also chemistry, medicine and mathe- matics, and graduated with the degree of B. A. in 1848. He was one of the strongest men in the institution, which is further proved by the fact that he was tendered and accepted for two years a chair among the faculty immedi- ately after matriculation. Having adopted the profession of medicine, he studied it at Gambler as best he could, and in in 1849 and 1850 attended the medical college at Cleveland, after which he again returned to Gam brier. Soon after this he became professor of chemistry in Jeffer- son College, Washington, Mississippi. In 1853 he re- turned to Ohio and finished his medical course in Sterling Medical College, Columbus, Ohio, receiving the degree of M. D. He then began his professional labors in Franklin county, soon working up a lucrative practice, which he continued to augment for ten years. He soon became widely known, and in 1861, at the beginning of the rebel- lion, he was appointed recruiting ofiicer and examiner. But having been made professor of materia medica and 506 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. therapeutics in Charity Hospital Medical College, this city, since become the medical department of the Univer- sity of Wooster, he again removed to Cleveland in 1863, and has been here ever since. Some time afterwards he taught theory and practice and chemical medicine. He still continues to hold this latter position in the depart- ment of the and Cleveland Medical College. Governor Tod, in 1864, appointed Dr. Scott as a visitor to the military hospitals at Louisville and Nashville, to look especially after the welfare of the Ohio soldiers con- fined therein. He ably fulfilled the mission. Dr. Scott has for years been a member of the American Medical Associa- tion ; the Ohio Medical Association of which he was for a time president. He is yet prominently identified w^ith various medical associations both local and National. After the reorganization, in 1880, of the Board of Health of this city, from the state of inefficiency into which it had fallen. Dr. Scott was elected a member of that body by the Common Council. His services in this capacity proved so excellent and so indispensable that he has been retained on the board ever since. Many of the admirable reforms introduced into that supremeh^ important department of the local government are due to Dr. Scott, as is also, very largely, its efficiency and unimpeached integrit3^ The statutes of the State of Ohio give more power to the Health Board than to any other local board, and it is of the utmost importance that this body should be composed of men of the best ability and most honest purpose. On No- vember 28, 1858, he was married to Miss Mary F. Stone, of Johnsbury, Vermont. Dr. Scott has never ceased study since HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 507 he began his career. He is an omniverous reader, and has a peculiar faculty for retaining and utilizing all the informa- tion he acquires. He has availed himself of all the advan- tages which conduce to the making of an eminent doctor of medicine — scientific research at home, indefatigable indus- try, development in the best of daily practice, and the utility of every new idea. 508 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. JOHN GALT STOCKLY. THE subject of this sketch was not only one of the pioneers but one of the very foremost men of this' city, who has left his impress fixed indelibly upon her material prosperity. John Gait Stocklj^ was born in Philadelphia, May 24, 1799, and was the son of Ayres and Mary (Gait) Stockly. The progenitor of the family who first came to this country, John Stockly, settled in Vir- ginia, in 1609. The family lived in Virginia nearly two hundred \^ears,. and then Ayers Stockly removed to Philadelphia, where he died in 1802. John was brought up in Philadelphia, and early in life started a shipyard there in company with John Berryman. When about twenty-five he went to Buffalo, and two years later went to Canada and there aided in the building of the town of Allanburgh on the Welland canal. He resided there until the breaking out of the Canadian Rebellion w^hen he removed to Cleveland, This was in 1838, and he found here only a crude frontier town. He engaged in various enterprises until he finally entered the shipping business and threw his energies into the building up of a coal trade in this city. He shipped the first boat load of coal that went out of Cleveland. He HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. 509 afterward turned over his coal business to his bookkeeper, Lemuel Crawford, and gave his attention to the increasing of the local harbor facilities. He set to work with limited means and less encouragement to build a pier of spiles east of the mouth of the river and extending some distance into the lake. This was known for many years as "Stock- ly's Pier." This demonstrated the feasibility of building docks and foundations for depots at the mouth of the river, and soon ever}^ railroad made use of the idea. Mr. Stockh^ originated the idea of a breakwater, and built a short section at his own expense at the foot of Wood street. He was also the first one to suggest the city buying the lake shore front and converting the dump- ing ground into parks. His idea has finally been carried out. Mr. Stockly took great interest in all movements pertaining to the improvement or growth of the city, and at one time was the owner oi an ample fortune in a large amount of real estate that is now in the heart of the busi- ness section of the city. He most thoroughly believed in the great future of Cleveland, and did his best to aid in its development. He was of commanding personal appear- ance, of great executive ability, and was noted for his per- sonal bravery. He was a Presbyterian in faith and a Whig in politics and afterwards an ardent Republican. Intenseh'^ patriotic, he determined to serve his country in the war, and though too old for service, he was with the hospital fleet on the Mississippi under Commodore Porter, in 1862. He there contracted an illness which, three months after his return home, resulted in his death, on the twenty-first of May, 1863. He was buried with military 510 HISTORY OF CLEVELAND. honors, and his casket was enshrouded in the starry ban- ner he loved so well. His widow survived him until 1882, and three of his children still live in this city; Mrs. John E. Gary, Mr. George W. Stockly, (president of the Brush Electric Com- pany); and Mrs. Clarence C. Curtiss. Another daughter, Mrs. Albert W. Watrous, now resides in Charleston, West Virginia, and another, Mrs. Otis B. Boise, in New York City. A son, Charles E. Stockly, died in December, 1886. APPENDIX. OFFICIAL LIST. AN ABBREVIATED COMPENDIUM OF CITY, COUNTY AND UNITED STATES OFFICIALS (MEMBERS OF BOARDS AND HEADS OF departments) RESIDENT IN CLEVELAND, EX- TENDING OVER THE PERIOD FROM 1836 TO 1887. TO compile this valuable feature of the History of Cleveland and make it reasonably accurate, re- quired a large amount of work and the exercise of much patience. This is the first attempt at anything of the kind. The sources of information were the old city direc- tories, the codified city ordinances and the records in the City Clerk's office, from the time the latter began to be kept in a systematic manner. There are man}' names missing, but that was unavoidable. The city directories could not always be relied upon, as they were published by many different houses, each having a system different from the last. The names of officers elected to fill unex- pired terms frequently do not appear at all. But the great majority of names are given, and the dates and offices are I II APPENDIX. very correct, considering the condition of the records. The list is so large that it was necessary to abbreviate as much as possible, and details could not be stated. The dates of birth, coming to Cleveland and death have been included in all cases where the information could be ob- tained, but where there was considerable uncertainty they have been omitted. The list as it stands, however, will be of great usefulness for reference, especially to newspapers and city historiographers. The system of presentation employed was, after careful experiment, adjudged to be the most convenient. ABBREVIATIONS. Aid. — Board of Aldermen. Asst. — Assistant. B.— Born. Bd. Ed.— Board of Education. Bd. Impr. — Board of Improvements. Came to C— Came to Cleveland. Com. — Common. Comr. — Commissioner. Ct.— Court. Clk.-Clerk. Col.— Collector. D.— Died. Fire Bd.— Board of Fire Commissioners. H. C— House of Correction, or Work House. Inf Bd.— Board of Infirmary. Int. — Internal. J. P.— Justice of the Peace. Police Bd. — Board of Police Commissioners. Wks.— Works. Wk. House.— Work House. APPENDIX. in A. Abby, S. A. — Police judge, '67; deceased. Ackley, John M. — Countv surveyor, '72 to '73. Adams,'Henry H— Bd. e'd. 10 w., '38 to '39. Adams, W. K. — Council, 3 w., '46. Akers, Win. J. — B. '45; came to C. in '46; bd. ed., library' board; hotel business. Allen, John W. — Pres. council, '38, mayor, "41, postmaster, '72 to '73 ; died Oct. 5, '87. Allen, David— Council, 2 w., '40. Allen, Wm. F.--Council, 3w., '44. Allen, J. S.— J. P., '61 to '63. Allen, Jackson— Bd. ed. '84 to '86 ; '86 to '89 ; b. '57 ; came to C. in '73; mechanical engineer. Andrews, Benjamin — Council, 2 w., '38. Andrews, Sherlock J. — See biog. sketch. Andrews, W. G. — Born in Cleveland '51 ; council, 1 w. '85 to '88 ; flour and feed. Anthony', Philip— B. '34; came to C. '58; patrolman, '70; roundsman, '72 ; acting sergeant, '74 ; full sergeant, '75 ; lieut. '76, and still holds this position. Sergeant-at-arms in common council. Angel, Geo.— Council, 7 w., '68 to '73 ; police bd., '74 to '75. Angell, Edward— Council, 7 w.,. '73 to '78 , fire bd., '76 to '78. Andrev.s, W. W.— Bd. ed., 7 \v., '63. Anderson, Alfred T.— Came to C. in '75 ; recorder, '85 to '88 ; bd. ed. '84 to '86. Anderson, George — Health bd., '81 to '83. Andrus, J. H. — Council, '83; House of Correction, '85 to '87. Retired. Anthon3', A. — Council, 9 w., '61 to '62. Anthony, Ambrose— Impr. bd., '57. Armstrong, W. W.— B. '33; came to C. in '65; Secretary of State, '62 to '65; bd. election, '85- editor Plain Dealer, '65 to 'S3, appointed postmaster '87 ; still holds office. Armstrong, Dr. ]. P.— Health bd., '71 to '73; bd. ed., 11 w., '71, '72, '73; health bd., '80 to '83. Armstrong, A. C— Health bd., '70 to '71. Arnold, George— J. P., '69. Ashmun, George C, M. D.—B. '41; came to C. in '71 ; health bd. '80; health officer since '81. Athey, Jay L.— B. '55; came to C. in '78; council, '82 to '87; president of council in '83, bd, impr., '84; city auditor in '87, and still holds this oflice. Axworthy, Thos.^HeaTth bd. '75; city treasurer since 1883. Axtell, A.'A.— Council,. 15 w., '75, '76, '79,. '80; bd. impr., '76. B. Baily, L. W.— B. '40; came to C. in '45; clerk bd. of workhouse, dir., '70 to '72; secretary bd. health, '77 to '78; bd. cemetery trustees, '78, '83, '86 to present. Bailv, Kol)ert— Council, 1 w., '42, '43, council, 2 w., '52. Barber, G. M.— B.'23; came to C.in'65; council, '71, '72, '73; judge sup. ct. '73 to '85; com. pleas ct., '75 to '85, attorney at law, Wick blk. IV APPENDIX. Barber, Josiali— Judge c. p. ct., '36. Bartlett, J. P.— Inf. bd., '79 to '81. Bartlett, J. B. — City clerk '36, and for many years tbereafter. Barstow, F. O.— Bd. td.. 9 w., '78. Baldwin, Edvvard— Council, 2 w., '36 to '37; aid., '39. Baldwin, O. P.— City clerk '36, came from Vir., left C. in '45. Bander, Levi F.— B."'40; pub. Ub. bd., '79 to "84; county auditor '77 to '83; justice peace, 'S6 to '89. See Literature in C. Baxter, VVm.— Clk. police ct., '79 to '85; deputy sheriff, '85 to '87; b. '40; came to C. in '50. Stationery business. Barr, F. H. Dr.— Council, 14 w., '76 to '77. Backus, \Vm.— Council, 2 w., '83.- Baker, Robert— Inf. bd., '67 to '70; health bd., '69 to '74. Bayne, W. M.— B. '42; council, '73 to '88; was j)res. council, '75, '84, '87, '88 ; job printer. No. 10 South Water st. Barnitz, Col. Albert— B. '35; carre to C. in '58; served two yrs. in council. Barnett, Gen. James— E. '21 ; came to C. in '25: council '78; board of elections, '86; pres. First National Bank. Barnett, Melancton — Council 3 w., '44. Ballard, C. J.— Council, 6 w., '60 to 01. Beattie, W. B.— Ed bd., '£6. Becker, R. H.— Council, 10 w., '66 to '67. Benedict. Geo. A.— Pres. council '43, council 2 w., '43. See "Literature in Cleveland.'' Benedict, F. B.- County auditor, '76, '77. Benedict, L. D. — Council, 10 w., '71 to '74; clerk probate court. Bemis, Geo. A.— Ed. bd., 12 w., '77 to '78. Bemis, E. St. John— Council, 1 w., '44 to '46. Bernard, Charles B.- -First ajipraiser foreign merchandise "71, '73; bd. ed.; council; attorney; Mercantile blk. Bell, J. H.— Bd. ed., 5 w."! '66 to '71. Beavis, John— Bd. aid., '87; b. '36; came to C. in '71; plumbing busi- ness. Beardslev. Irad. L. — Council, 5 w\; '55. Beckwith, Dr. D. H.— Health bd., '86 to present; came to C. '66; phy- sician, 528 Prospect St. Blee, Hu-h— Health bd.. '70 to '76. Benton, H.— Ed. bd.. '56. Benton, J. J.— Council 1 w., '61 to '62 ; bd. impr. '63. Benham, G. H.— J. P. '67, and from '63 to '66. Beckman, Henry, jr.,— B. in C. '55; council, '82 to '84; merchant tailor, 196 Superior St. Bennett, P. C— Council 10 w., '54. Beuhne, Frederick— Bd. ed. 11 w., '68. Buding, Edward— Bd. ed. 4 w., '68. Bishop, L. ]. P. B. '54; bd. ed. '82 to '84; attorney atlaw. Bishop. J. P.— Judge ct. com. pleas '58 to '62 ; bd. ed., '66 to '68 ; b. '15 d. '81. See Literature in C Bishop, C. D.— Bd. impr. '63 to '64. Bill, H. N -Justice of peace, '67 to '71. Bissett, H. N.— Council. 10 w , '63. Bingham, F. W. — Pres. council, '45, "47, "48; mayor '49: inf. bd. ed. '66. Bittel, Jacob — Cam^e to C in '52; street commissioner, '69 to '75 and from '77 to '79. Is collector of canal tolls. Birney, U. H.— Police prosecutor, '77 to '78. APPENDIX. Y Black, Louis — B. '44; came to C. in '54: council in '84; fire comr., '85 to '89 ; cloak manfr., 72 to 76 Bank st. Black, Joseph— Inf. bd., '84 to '88; clothing manfr. Blair, Henry— Council, 2 w., '38; council, 4 w., '61 to '65. Blandin, E.J.— Ed. bd., 14 w., "72 to '73; water w'ks bd., '87; judge of court common pleas, '82 to '86. Blythe, Walter— W. bd., '74, '76. '82. Bliss, Stoughton— B. '23; council, 3 w., '51 to "52; was cit}' marshal some vears. Boards Kennard house. Bluin, Jacob— Inf. bd-, '76 to '83. Blee, Robert— B. '38; pol.comr., '75 to '79; is supt. C. C C & I. Ry. Blee, Hugh— Board of health continuously from '67 to '77; b. 1805; came to C in '37 ; died '83. Bolton, Thomas — Pres. council in '39 ; aid-, "41 ; cotmt}' pros., '39 to '40; judge common pleas ct., '56 to "66; born 1809; came to C. in '35; died '71. Bowler, N. P.— B. '20; came to C. in '39 ; O. V. F. D. '45; deputy col- lector Ohio canal '52 , trustee water works '80 to '83 ; present business, iron foundry. Bowley, H.— Council, 7 w., '79 to '80. Bock, C. P.- Bd. ed., 1 w., '83 ; coroner, '81 to '85. Bohm, Edward— B. '37; came to C. '51, bd. ed. '68 to '72; county recorder, '71 to '77; J. P., '79, '82, '85. 13 Pub. Sq. Bower, B. R. — Coinicil, 5 w., '64 to '65. Bowd, T. N.— Council, 2 w., '61 to '65. Bradburn, Charles — Pres. council, '55; council, 3 w., '40; board of edu- cation for many years. See Education in Cleveland. Bradner, J. H. — Council, '79 ; police comr., '80 ; reelected police comr., '84 for 4 vrs; coal business, 183 Detroit St. Branch, f . P.— Coimcil, 13 w., '79 to '80. Brand, Fred. A.— Justice of peace, '67, J. P., '64, '65, '68 to '71. Breckenridge, L. — Sec. public library bd., '82 to '88; att'y. at law. Brennan, Luke — Came to C. in '52; bd. impr., '87 to '89. Business, con- tractor and builder. Brennan, John F. — Bd. ed., '85 to '88 Contractor and builder. Brinsmade, Allan T.— B. '37; came to C in '60; asst. city att'y., '64 to '68; city att'}-., '68 to '70, state senate, '71; council, '84; city so- licitor, '85 for 4 yrs. Briggs, Sam — B. '41 , came to C. in '65; board of education, '73 to '74; clerk bu. impr., '87 ; still holds position. Briggs, Geo.— Bd. ed., '56. Brovvnell, Abner C. — Mavor, '52 to '55, council, 1 w., '54. Brown, J. H.— J. P., '61 to '63. Bi'own, Wm. fl. — B. '39; came to C. in '82; elected cemetery' trustee in '86 for three ^-rs. and is trustee of board. Brock, E. A. — Council, 1 w., '55 to '56. Brooks, S. C. — House correction, '71 Bruggeman, J. B. — Council, 15 w., '72 to '73. Buckley, Hugh- Sheriff, '81 to '83; firm Richards, McKean & Co. Res- taurant. Buhrer, Stephen — See biog. sketch. Burton, T. E. — Council, '86 to '87 ; attorney at law, Blackstone block. Bunts, Wm. C— B. '33, came to C. '67; city solicitor, '71; died '74. Burgess, Almon— J. P., '56. Burgess, C. H. — City surveyor, '76 and '77. VI APPENDIX. Burgess, L. P.— B. '23 ; director work-house ; wholesale grocer, 203 Bank st. Butts, Boliver — Came to C in '4-0; council, '54 to '56; inf. dir., '63 to "71, and now holds that office. Retired. Burnside, Chas.— Council, '79, '81, '83, '86; bd. impr., '81 to '85; fire bd., '87, tannery. Canal st.; b. '26. Burr, John— Council, 1 w., '40. Burke, Anthonv — Bd. ed., 8 w., '76 to '77. Burlison, A. E.— Inf. bd., '64 to '70; health bd., '66 to '73. Burnett, C. C— Inf director, '82 to '84; Sturtevant Lumber Co. Buettner, Frank— B. '41 ; came to C. '51 , council, 14 w., '76 to '78 ; street comr., '73 to '75; elected again in '87, and still holds office. Burt, Henry C— B. '25; came to C. in '54, wholesale deakr grass seeds atid wool. Burt, G. H.— House of Correction, '62. Burt, H. H. -Council, '71 to '72; work-house bd., '73 to '74. Beck, Conrad— Supt. markets, '76 to '84, b. '45; came to C. at close of w^ar; provision business. Cadwell, Darius— B. '21; came to C. '72; council, '73; judge ct. com, pleas, '74 to '84. Att'y. at law. Cahoon, Thomas— Came to C. in '51 ; council, '82 to '84; pres. business, manfr. of furnaces. Calhoun, N. S.— B. '55 ; came to C. '82; bd. ed., '84 to '85. Att'y., 219 Superior st. Calkins, Geo. W.— Council 6 w., '65 to '66 ; bd. impr., '66. Lime business, Calyer, James — Council, 2 w., '49. Canfield, Horace — Council, '36 and '37. Cant, Andrew — Council, 10 w., '77 to '78. Carr, Patrick— Council, 8 w., '68 to '69. Carr, Dominick — Council, 3 vv., '82 to '83. Carson, f. W.— B. '36; bd. ed., '71 ; tailor at Hull's store. Carson, Marshall — Council, 3 w., '46. Carpenter. S. M.— B. '17; came to C. in '52 ; elected to councir83 to '86; bd. impr.. '84. Prop'r Fulton Foundry and Iron Works. Case. Leonard— Council, 2 w., '38; council, 1 w., '41. See chapters 12 and 21 and " E lucation in C." and " Literature in C." Case, William— Council, 2 w., '46; aid., '47 to '50; mayor, '50 to '51, See p. 226 and chapter 10. Carran, L. C— B. '46 ; council. '84-'86, 'S6'-88 ; oil refiner, 121 Superior st. Carran, Thomas J.— B. '41 ; came to C. in '64; city solicitor, '69 to '71; state senator, '79 to '81. Att'y., 211 Superior st. Castle, M. S. — Council, 4 w., '51 ; county prosecutor, '67, '68. Castle, Wm. B.— Mayor, '55, '56; pres. water-works bd., '66, '67. See page 226. Caul, Peter— Council, 1 w., '45. Caskey, Alex. C— B. '44; came to C. '62; council, '81 to '86; att'y, 219 Superior st. Chapman, Geo. T.— Council, '73, '74; state legislature, house rep., '79, '80, '81 ; state senate, '81, '83; b. C. '37; att'y, Blackstone bl'k. Chariot, N. P.— Council, 13 w., '83. Chapin, Herman — Ma_vor, '64 to '68. Chamberlin, John F.— Council, 1 w., '46. APPENDIX. YII Chamberlin, Philo— Police bd., '66, '67. Chard, W. P.— B. '46 ; came to C. in '48 ; council, 5 w., '82, and from '79 to '85 ; alderman, '85 to '87; bd.inipr., '85; fire comr., '86; witliL. S. & M. S. Rv. Co. Chepek, T. v.— Ed. bd.,12 w.,'84. Childs, Herrick— Council, 1 w., '38. Childs, Geo. L.— Ed. bd., 1 w., '73 to '83. Christian, James— Council, 1 w., '59, '60; inf. bd., '77, '81, '82. Church, James — Council, 1 w., '43. Clark, Jared H.— Council, 6 w., '59, '60. Clark, M. B.— Council, 4 w., '66, '67, '68; bd. impr., '67, '68. Clark, C. B.— Council, 10 w., '78, '79. Clark, H. T.— Bd. ed., 3 w., '63. Clarv, Stephen— Council, 3 w., '40; c, 2w., '43; aid., '44. Clvne, J. G.— B. '49; bd. ed., '85, '86; physician, 383 Pearl st. Cliiford, John J.— Council, '86, '88 ; b. in '59 ; came to C. in '64. Claassen, E. — H. bd., '75. Clewell, T. G.— Council, '79 to '81 ; editor Evangelical Messenger, 16 yrs. ; real estate business ; b. '29 ; came to C. in '57. Cleveland, J. D.— City clerk, '46, '47; elk. ct. com. pleas., '52 to '55; police judge, '69 and '70; came to C. '35 ; att'y at law. Cleveland, H. G.— Council, 2 vv., '68, '69. Cleveland, Thomas, M. D.,— H. bd., '73. Cozad, Marcus— Ed. bd., 16 w.. '76. Corlett, T. A.— Ed. bd., 3 w., '79, '80; health bd., '83. '84. Cotterell, Mathew — Council, 5w., '54. Connellv, James — Council, '85, '86; sev^^er builder. Coates,"C. W.— Council, 15 w., '69, '70; J. P., '83, '84, '85, '86; att'y. Coates, Chas.— Council, 3 vv., '69, '70. Costello, Edward— Council, 8 w., '70 to '74; inf. bd., '75 to '78. Coe, L. M.— Council, 9 w., '69 to '73. Cobleigh, N. S. — B. '45; came to C.in'53; council, '75 to '77; citv editor Plain Dealer since 1869. Cordes, R. M.— Clerk police ct., '85 to '88. Colhan, Thomas— Council, 3 w., '37, '38. Corning, Solon — Council, 8 w., '61, '62. Coonev, P. J. — Aid., '87 ; with Eclipse Wringer Co., 109 Wood st. Collins, Major- Council, 13 w., '68. Cowley, E.— Council, 8w., '79 '80, '83; aid., 7 dist., '85, '86; coal busi- ness. Coffinberry, Jas. M.— See Biog. sketch. Coffinberry, Henry— Fire board, '74, '75. Cook, Albert J. — Bd. health, '82 to '85; reelected '86; physician and sur- geon ; b. '50 ; came to C. in '70. Cook, Samuel — Council, 2 w., '37; aid., '43. Coffin, Thomas — House correction bd., '71. Coonrad, J.— Council, 11 vv., '60 to '64; bd. imp., '66 to '69. Covin, Philo— Council, 3 w., '41. Crittenden, Newton E. — Aid., '41. Craw, W. V. — Councilman, '36. Crawford, Randall— Council, 3w., '58, '59, '65, '66. Craig, Wm. E. — B. '55; appointed sec'y bd. health, '85; is still sec'y. Cramer, Alex. — Council, 3 w.. '43, '47. Crowl, W..H.— Board health, '71 to '73; b. Troy, N. Y. ; came to C. '44; pig iron, 121 Superior st. VIII APPENDIX. Crable, John— Came to C. in '32; council, '55, '56; bd. ed., '60, '61; fire ins. business. Crapser, M. — Council, 10 w., '64, inf. bd., '64. Crumb, Chas. A.— Council, 10 w., '55 to '58; 7 w., '86, '87. Cross, David W. — B. in '14; came to C. in '36; deputy col. and inspector of customs of dist. of Cuyahoga and port of C. for 18 years; town- ship clerk, 2 3'rs. , council, '49; pres. C. Steam Gauge Co., 121 Su- perior St. CrehorcJ. D.— Health bd., '80, '81. Crowl, S. H.— B. '20; came to C '44; council, 10 w., '71, '72; died '79. Cunningham, P. — Bd. ed., 3 w., '75. Cushing, W. W.— Bd. ed., 8 w., '63. Curtiss, J. M. — See biog. sketch. D. Dare, W. B.— Water-works bd., '67. Davis, John J.— Bd. ed., 14 w.. '73. Davis & Hunt, 147 Ontario. Davis, J. P.— Council, '84 to '86 ; b 1819 ; came to C. in '57 ; grocer. Dawley, J. P. — ^Came to C. in '71 ; bd. ed., '83 to '85 ; attorney' at law. Foran & Dawlev. Daly, Michael— Council, '86 to '88; miller. Davidson, James— Inf bd., '75. Darragh, John— Council, '78 to '79 and '85. Dangler, D. A. — See Biog. sketch. Dalton, F.— Bd. ed., 12 w., '68 to '72. Dugan, Wm.— Bd. ed., 8 w., '64 to '72. Daykin, A. G. — B. '57; came to C. in '59; bd. health since '85; plumbing business. Dahler, Michael— Came to C. in '42; council, '86 to '88. De Celle, M. I.— Council, '80 to '82; supt. st. work, engineer dept. ; b. '45: came to C. '67. De Wolf, Geo. — Inspector steam vessels since '86; came to Ohio in '37; came to C. in '61. Dewstoe, C. C— Came to C. in '66; bd. health, '81 to '87; sheriff, '84 to '86. Plumbing Inisiness. De Forest, C. H. — C