J- v^^ K'' PR 1130 Class. Book -?. JUDITH AN OLD ENGLISH EPIC FRAGMENT EDITED BY ALBERT S. COOK: -Ph-.T): 5tN.V-L.H.D. Rutg. Profesfok or. i^sifcNOListi Language and Literature IN Yavj.Unive^SiTV STUDENTS' EDITION BOSTON, U.S.A. D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS 1893 Entered, acrording to Ac^ of Copg^ress, in the year i838,> by in the Office of.'.hfi Jjikrarian of Congress, at Washington. Exchange •""■ 1 1940 J. S. CusHiNG & Co., Printers, Boston. THE '..'VEr? Qf- -INGLISH SPEECH AND THE ■^-VEP.-HEL-^FUL FRIE.NL'. PREFACE TO STUDENTS' EDITION. The present edition has been prepared in accordance with a suggestion of the pubUshers, to the effect that a certain num- ber of students might be deterred from the purchase of the book because of its price. The illustrative matter has accord- ingly been cut down, the facsimile omitted, and the translation removed. In its new form I trust the work will prove not less acceptable than in the old, and indeed that it may be found increasingly useful as supplementary reading in Old English, or as an introduction to our ancient poetry. Yale Univkrsity, May, 1892. PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. I HAVE endeavored to edit the Old English poem of Judith in a manner which, while not unacceptable to the scholar, should enable the general reader to form an intelligent opinion concerning its merits, and furnish the academic student with a helpful introduction to the study of the poem. Fortu- nately for my purpose, the existing fragment is so short that the labor of examining it under different aspects has seemed within the possibilities of a rather scanty leisure. That my conclusions upon matters of mere opinion will be generally accepted I can hardly bring myself to expect; but I would fain believe that I have classified and tabulated some of the materials upon which sounder conclusions may eventually be based. The nucleus from which this volume has grown is the translation, made by five University students of Old English : George D. Boyd, Fanny Cooper, Alice K. Grover, Adolph C. Miller, and Catharine E. Wilson. This translation I have retouched, and in some portions refashioned, so that I am bound to assume the responsibility for its present form, while gratefully acknowledging the assistance derived from the earlier draft. ALBERT S. COOK. University of California, Berkeley, Cal., 3 December, 1887. PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. In this second edition a number of minor errors have been corrected, and the translation has been freed from some of its more palpable defects and inelegancies. For corrections under the latter head I am indebted to a review in Modern Language Notes by Dr. James W. Bright, of the Johns Hopkins University, but especially to friendly criticism from F. York Powell, of Christ Church, Oxford, on whom the mantle of the lamented Vigfusson would appear to have fallen. The most important addition will be found on pages 75 to 85, under the heading Judith in the Dialect of the Northum- brian Gospels. This, as a first attempt to test practically the theory of transcription from Northumbrian originals, commonly held with respect to most of the Old English poems, will, I hope, be looked upon with indulgence. For a consideration of the slight metrical changes invoh^ed in this approximate resto- ration, if such indeed it be, the reader is referred to a paper in the Transactions of the American Philological Association for the current year. The bearing of Old English literature upon the history of civilization, and of letters especially, in England and through- out Western Europe, has scarcely yet been appreciated by any save the most advanced students of that period, though all that makes English civilization distinctive may already be descried there, as the living panorama of the street may be viewed in miniature, remote from its noises and whirling dust, through Preface, the camera obscura of some lofty watch-tower. The author of Judith anticipates Spenser, as Spenser anticipates Tennyson. Everywhere and ahvays a conflict is in progress between sorely tried virtue and arrogant evil, and more often than otherwise the issue of the struggle is decided by the strength and insight of a woman's soul. The conception, so familiar in European literature, of the woman in arms, magnanimous in the council- chamber and the field, is always, I believe, primarily and essen- tially Germanic, whether found in Virgil or Spenser, in Ariosto or Tennyson. But this conception, native to the Germanic race amid European peoples, was no doubt powerfully re-en- forced and elevated by the influence of Hebrew poetry and history. At the meeting-point of the two our poem stands. It is Hebraic in incident and outline, Germanic in execution, sentiment, coloring, and all that constitutes the life of a poem. It adds psychical depth and the loftiest of purposes to the courage and vatic inspiration already celebrated by Tacitus. While it epitomizes the situation of woman, ideally considered, in two confluent civilizations, it may at the same time be regarded as a prophecy of her moral leadership — a leadership which, individual and fortuitous for many centuries, was to become generic and constant through the worship of the Virgin Mary as the supreme womanly type, at once the embodiment of her specifically feminine qualities as maiden and mother, and the instrument of universal human progress toward its goal in the Divine. The Beatrice of Dante has the purity and loveliness of the virginal Madonna, but also something of the strenuousness of militant or masculine womanhood, the strenu- ousness of a Judith or a Britomart. The moral sovereignty of this androgynous type once recognized and confessed, as in Beatrice, it continues to sway the conscience and affections of Preface. all modern men. Laura derives from Beatrice, and the Eliza- bethan lyric ideal, in turn, from Laura, so that Spenser, in lineal descent from Petrarch and Dante, is but the mouthpiece of what is best and most enduring in his age, when he thus exalts the mistress of his Amoretti : The thing which I do most in her admire Is of the world unworthy most env ied ; For in those lofty looks is close implied Scorn of base things, and sdeign of foul dishonor: Threatening rash eyes which gaze on her so wide, That loosely they ne dare to look upon her. And if the Elizabethan lyric ideal of womanhood derives from Laura, its epic ideal is sufficiently discernible in its glorification of the not merely androgynous, but decidedly militant, Virgin Queen. The Elizabethans bequeathed these types to us, and through them dominate our whole recent literature. This excursus, long for a preface, and especially for the pre- face to a second edition, may serve to indicate, what is con- stantly overlooked, the intimate relation which, along many lines, exists between our oldest literature and our customary modes of thought, and it is to the more general recognition of this relation that I could wish these editorial labors might contribute. Yale University', September, 1889. INTRODUCTION. I MANUSCRIPT. The manuscript is the well-known Cotton Vitellius A XV of the British Museum, which likewise contains (fol. i29''-i98'') the poem of Beowulf. The whole manuscript was first de- scribed by Wanley, Catalogus, pp. 218-9. Beowulf ends on fol. 198'', and Judith begins on fol. 199% continuing through fol. 206'' (a more recent numbering increases each of these numbers by three). The accompanying autotype page (fol. 200'') , of the same size as the original, may answer the purpose of a general description, and enable experienced palaeographers to assign a date to the handwriting. The scribe has not avoided errors, chiefly omissions, and these render it difficult in some instances to restore the metre. The mixture of dialectic forms seems to indicate that a Northern original passed through one or more hands, and that the last scribe, at all events, belonged to the Late West Saxon period. Forms like hehsta and nehsta for ex- ample, point to the North, while such as hyhsta are clearly LWS. Further particulars will be found in the collations by other hands, appended to the text of the poem, and in my own com- parison with the autotype facsimile of the whole manuscript given on pp. 87-89. n DATE. The most discrepant dates have been assigned to our poem. On the one hand, Stephens and Hammerich would attribute it Introduction. to Csedmon, which would fix the inferior hmit of the composi- tion at A.D. 680. Ebert (Allg. Gesch. der Literatur des Mittel- alters im Abendlande, III 24 ff.), without naming an author, refers its origin to the closing decades of the seventh century, and expressly declines to accept Kluge's view, as stated below. Ten Brink says (Early Eng. Lit. p. 50) : "The majority of the works mentioned arose probably during the eighth, or in the beginning of the next century ; including also the Exodus, the Daniel, and the Judith." E. Groth (Composition und Alter der Altenglischen Exodus, Berlin, 1883), basing his con- clusion upon the comparative frequency in different poems of the definite article, and of the weak adjective when no article precedes, associates Judith with Byrhtnoth. Khige, writing later in the same year (Beitrage, IX 448-9), approves of the methods originated by Lichtenheld and adopted by Groth, and adds other tests according to which Judith would belong to the tenth century. These are, passing over the verbal corre- spondences between Judith and Byrhtnoth, which are discussed below, the sporadic use of rime, and certain transgressions of the metrical rules observed in earlier poems. Luick, who investigates the metre of Judith in Paul and Braune's Beitrage, Vol. XI, is of the same opinion. The treatment of middle vowels, together with the frequency of expanded lines, leads him to the conclusion (pp. 490-1) that Judith is a compara- tively late poem. Vigfusson and Powell, Corpus Poeticum Boreale, I Iv-lvi, seem also to regard it as late, and would apparently assign it to the tenth century. Their words are : " The Brunanburh Lay is book poetry of the same type as the later bits in the English Chronicle. It has several lines almost identical with lines in Judith. . . . Judith is a Christian epic, also of the long modified style, composed by a bookman, who, however, knew and used snatches of good old verse." Which of these views shall we accept? Before deciding, it will be necessary to examine them somewhat more critically. Stephens argues from the occurrence of expanded lines in Judith : " Now, as far as I know, this rliythmical peculiarity is Introduction. unknown in Old-F^nglish verse except here, in Ccedmon's Para- phrase, and in that noble epical fragment 'Judith.' And I venture to assert that all these three are by the same Scop. Ctedmon wrote them all. They have all the same color, all the same Miltonic sublimity, the same 'steeling' of phrase, the same sinking back not only to the two-accented line but some- times to an almost prosaic simplicity in the intervals of his flights of genius" (Runic Monuments, II 420). To this argu- ment Hammerich and Ebert add nothing. Let us see what it is worth. As far as Stephens knew, expanded lines occur only in the Uream of the Rood, in Csedmon's Paraphrase, and in Judith. But Sievers has shown (Beitrage, XII 454-5), that many other poems, including Andreas, Elene, Christ, and even Alfred's Metres, exhibit the same peculiarity, and that in no stinted measure. Evidently Stephens' argument from metre proves nothing. May we affirm the same of his argument from more purely aesthetic considerarions? What of the color, the Miltonic sublimity, the ' steeling ' of phrase ? To my mind there is — if I understand the word 'steeling' aright — a steel- ing of phrase in the Battle of Brunanburh, perceptible even through the translation by Tennyson, and certainly perceptible to him : Athelstan King, Lord among Earls, Bracelet-bestower and Baron of Barons, He with his brother, Edmund Atheling, Gaining a lifelong Glory in battle, Slew with the sword-edge There by Brunanburh, Brake the shield-wall, Hew'd the lindenwood, Hack'd the battle shield Sons of Edward with hammered brands. As regards similarity of color, it may be possible to decide flfter comparing different versions of what may be termed a commonplace of epical adornment in Old English. Introduction. In the Judith, the preparations for an attack upon the Assyrians are described, and the poet continues (vv. 205-12) : }-"'KS se hlanca gefeah wulf in walde, and se wanna hrefn, vvaelgifre fugel : wistan begen \>x.\. him '5a J'eodguman }'6hton tilian fylle on fsegum; ac him fleah on last earn setes georn, drigfeSera, salowigpada sang hildeleo'5, hyrnednt^bba. As a parallel to this may be adduced the following passages from Genesis and Exodus : Gen. 1983-5 : Sang se wanna fugel under deoie'Ssceaftum deawigfeiSera hriis on wenan. Ex. 1 6 1-8: On hwoel hreopon h^refugolas hilde grsedige ; deawigfe'Sere ofer drihtneum, wgnn wcelceasega. Wulfas sungon atol sefenleoS aites on wenan, carleasan deor, cwyldrof beodan on laSra last leodmregnes fyll, hreopon mearcweardas middum nihtum. While raven and wolf are both introduced with the same general effect in Judith and Exodus, yet the verbal corre- spondences are but insignificant. The adjective wann{a) is employed in all three extracts, and cetes in two, but no identical phrase is common to all, though se 7vqiijm hrcfn is found in Beowulf (1. 3024), and Byrhtnoth has a strikingly similar phrase to the earn ates georn of Judith in earn ceses geor?t (1- 107). If we turn, however, to the Battle of Brunanburh, we shall find the ' color,' so far as color is associated with particular phrases, much more exactly reproduced (11. 60-5) : Introduction. Leton him behindan bra bryttigean salowigpddan, '^'one sweartan hrefn hyrnediK^bban, and Sone hasupadan earn Kftau hwft aeses brdcan, gra'digne guShafoc, and Sact grange deor wulf on wealde. Nor is the likeness less unmistakable in Elena (11. 27-30, 110-2) : FyrdleoS agol vvulf on walde, wcelrune ne rnaS, drigfe^era cam sang ahof laSum on laste. Hrefn weorces gefeah, drigfe'Sra earn si5 beheold wselhreowra wig; wulf sang ahof. This very poem of Elene contains much that reminds us of Judith, apart from the verbal correspondences noted on page 60, or the general likeness between longer passages. Thus, for example, notwithstanding the different words which fill the spaces here left blank, the general sequence is of the same nature, and employs in part the same expressions : Gewat (5a . . . gumena Create his bc^ddes neosan (Jiid. 61-3). Com 'Sa . Jiegna l-reate burga neosan (El. 150-2). If for ' sublimity ' we substitute ' energy,' is there not much resemblance between the color and energy with which these two battle-pieces are painted? I lie Sa frQmlice leton for'S fleogan flana scdras hildena'dran of hornbogan stralas st(j>dehearde; styrmdon hldde grame gdlSfrecan, garas sc^ndon Introdiictioii. in heardra gemang; luvleN \va>ron yrre, landlniende IdiNuni cynne, stopon styrnmode. (lud. 220-7.) On I'Kt fa'ge folc flrina scuras garas ofer geolorand o\\ gramra gemang h(^»tcnd heorugrimme hildenit'dran )>iirh fnigra geweald fortS ons(,>ndan; stopon sti'MiCdige. (Kl. 117-21.) The resemblances here pointed out, together with those col- lected in the list of Verbal Correspondences (pp. 57-65), per- suade me that the poem is Cynewulfian rather than Cajdmonian, though I have no doubt tliat the authin- was conversant with Genesis A and Exodus. The almost total lack of correspond- ences with Genesis B might indicate that the latter was of sub- sequent composition, though this hypothesis is not absolutely necessary. If the list above referred to is carefully scanned and the comparative length of the poems taken into account, it must be conceded, I think, that Judith, if not by Cynewulfs own hand, emanated from what, in the larger sense, might be termed the Cynewulfian school. Judith is not, at all events, earlier than Cynewulf ; for this the peculiarities common to it and the undoubted Cynewulfian poems are too numerous, not to mention those whicli connect it with other iK)ems that are sometimes referred to Cynewulf. To assume that these peculiarities were all derived from the one short fragment of 350 lines, and incorporated into the several longer poems from the hand of Cynewulf and his disciples, would be to attribute to Judith an extraordinary popularity, such as but few poems have ever enjoved, none, in foct, save the great epics which have educated nations and contributed powerfully to civiliza- tion. This has been the prerogative of the Iliad, the Divina Commedia, Paradise Lost, and perhaps Beowulf, but nothing would warrant us in advancing such a claim for Judith. If numerous peculiarities were common to merely two pocr.s, Judith and one other, it might be impossible to determine, from this evidence alone, which poem was the earlier, though Introduction. the fact of relationship would undoubtedly be recognized ; but when similarities are detected between the language of Judith and that of a whole group of poems, all of which are known to be by a single author, it is almost impossible to escape the con- clusion, either that Judith is by the same hand, or that it is a production of some later poet saturated with the diction of this group. Judith, then, we may conclude, is either by Cynewulf or by some one of his disciples or successors. If by one of his successors, is it as late as Groth, Kluge, Luick, and the editors of the Corpus Poeticum Boreale would have us believe ? Luick's language is so vague that it would be futile to base an argument ui)on it. With reference to Groth's proofs, based upon Lichtenheld's tests, it may be sufficient to remark that the cogency of the latter is disputed. Sarrazin, for example, thus impugns their validity (Anglia, IX 531-2) in words which I translate : "Though Lichtenheld has attempted, in the Zeitschrift fiir deutsches Alterthum, XVI 327 ff., to establish the omission of the article, and the frequent occurrence of the strong( ?) adjec- tive with the noun, and without the article, as marks of peculiar anticiuity, it is to be objected that the validity of this criterion has not been demonstrated, and that the earliest prose employs the definite article quite as freely as the later, and more freely than is done by contemporaneous poetry. It may therefore be surmised that wliat Lichtenheld regards as a mark of great age is rather a peculiarity of the poetical style. . . . More- over, Kynewulf makes very frecjuent use of the noun without the article, and of the strong adjective in the attributive rela- tion with nouns, as will appear from the following examples." In the poem on the death of Edward (Sax. Chr. a.d. 1065) there are five occurrences of the definite article, or about half as many in relation to the number of lines as in Judith. In Brunanburh there are seven instances of the definite article, or about one-third of the relative number in Judith. These two poems are dated, and both are late ; yet they do not conform hitroduction. to the tests proposed. Shall we determine the date of Judith, then, on the assumption that these tests are valid ? To show the untrustworthiness of such criteria of age, Groth's instrumental-test (p. t^Z) may be adduced. According to this, the instrumental case denoting agency will be found more fre- quently without the preposition mid in the oldest poems, while the later ones prefer to employ jiiid. The pure instrumental is never found, for example, in Byrhtnoth, remarks Groth. Exodus, on the contrary, has 29 instrumentals without, and 12, or more strictly speaking 10, with mid. Hence Exodus is an early poem. Judith, being late according to Groth's other tests, should have few pure instrumentals, if any. Nevertheless, the pure instrumental is found in 11. 8, 10, 35, 36, 37, 62, 67, 70, 80, 99, loi, 104, 114, 115 (2), 118, 129, 171, 194, 213, 214, 229, 241, 263, 264, 289, 294, 295, 299, 300, 302, 322, 329, 332, 339, in all 35 times; mid \% used with the instru- mental in 11. 29, 59 (2), ZZ, 89, 95, 97 (2), 184, 272, 287, in all 1 1 times. Hence Judith is an early poem. Since Groth's article-test and his instrumental-test lead to directly contrary results in this case, which is to have the preference ? Kluge's rime-test is scarcely sufficient of itself to fix the date of a poem, especially when other signs point in an opposite direction, or neutralize each other. As for the transgressions of metrical law, Kluge's reference is but incidental, and would need elaboration and verification, particularly in view of such recent investigations as those of Sievers (Beitriige, X 209-314). Vigfusson and Powell appear to regard Judith as a production of the tenth century, though the express statement is nowhere made. To this opinion they seem to be led by the exjDanded lines, and by the partial identity of lines in the Battle of Brun- anburh with certain ones in Judith. But these expanded lines occur already in the Caedmonian poetry, and this criterion cannot therefore be relied on for establishing the age of the poem. Such partial identity of lines as exists between Judith and the Battle of Brunanburh also exists between the former and more than one poem beside. hitroduction. As we have seen, this fact would only imply relationship of some sort, either that both poems were composed by the same author, or that one served as a model to the other. No one, I suppose, would contend that Judith and the Battle of Brun- anburh are by the same hand. The difference in tone would alone forbid this supposition. Judith is deeply religious in spirit, Brunanburh as distinctly warlike. The heroine of the former is represented as invoking Divine assistance on her under- taking, and returning thanks for the success vouchsafed her. She regards herself as a mere instrument of Divine vengeance and deliverance, and remains humble notwithstanding the honors and riches which are heaped upon her by the gratitude of her countrymen. Quite otherwise is victory conceived by the panegyrist of Athelstan. His glorification of the prowess which freed the land from treacherous invaders, however agreeable to the feelings of the victors and of all good patriots, savors not a little of boasting. No one can read the closing words of the two poems without perceiving how different are the tempers from which they emanated, though both are designed to com- memorate triumph over a foreign foe : Eallcs b'ffis ludith sffigde wuldor weroda Dryhtne, but svvilce jia gebroSer begen cetsamne cyning and ceSeling cy S5e sohton West-seaxna land wi'ges hremige. ' Glory to the Lord ' and ' exulting in war ' ; in these two expressions lie the keynotes of the two poems. If, then, they cannot be by the same author, which is the earlier, the poem which breathes humility, reliance upon God's help in extremity, awe at his judgments, and a tempered joy when deliverance has been effected, or that which is charac- terized by great rapidity, vehement martial ardor, and a ten- dency to unrestrained exultation in the hour of victory? To answer this question, we must first inquire whether the religious age of Early England preceded or followed the year l)itrodi(ctio)i. ();;, i1k' (1.i!o ot tlu' l?attlo dl" Ihun.uiluirh. No one at .ill l.imili.ir with OKI I'ln^lish lusloi\ can hrsil.itr to n-plv that tlu- ilistiiu'tiwK ri-lii;ioiis a^i- anti'dati'd that |H'iioil. ll. llu'irfoic-, tlu'Sf two poi'ins rclk'it iho ■>y\\\\ iil tlu' rpochs in whirh tlu'\ wi'ir rcsjicrliN fl\ piodiu iil. jiulitli must W ll-.c (.Milicr o\. tho two. Not oailiiT than ('\iic\vutt". ami not lairr than the year (j^^y — to this point our reasonings ha\e londm iml u^. What follows is more eonjeelural, hut perhaps not wholly e\ttavai;ant oi' I'anlastie. Neither e\tia\aL;ant nor laiUastii-, but simple, liter.il lael, is the recapitulation ot a rrai;menl o!' v)ld l'!nL;lish history which sh.iU serxe to pielaie the tlu"ory. In the year .S5() then- came to I'ln^land tin- ai:< estiess of the whole line ot" Mn^lish sovereii^iis from W illiam Kulns down, the vtepnu)lher ^'I'i. AUVed. the i^ieat nianddaui;hter ol" Charlemagne. Mer _i;i.mdtather w.is the soK- suci ess(,>r i)l' the I'hnperor ot" the \\'est. and her t'.illur, not yet en\|)eior, was kin:; ot" the Western [''ranks. W^ m.iini lin tlu- j;lorv ol this royal house throuj^h three i;ener.itions, the l.ime of its ureal pi\)i;enitor would .>.lone haye sutliced ; but its icuown is deii\i'd Iron) bclier lilies. It cherished le.irnini',, and w.is cht'rished b\ iclii;ion. I'he r.d.ici' .Schiiol, established b\ ( harlcm.i^ne, lontiiuu'd to i-xisl tluriui; the ri-i_L;n ot' Iamus the I'ions, ai\d spr.mi; into new life under the p,itroi\aL;e ol" ('h.nles the K.ild. I'he latter, K>llowini; the e\.imple ol' his n\olher |iulith. attraited to his court the mosl learned men o\ his lime. So llourishini; had the Sclu>ol of the r.il.ice become, th.il (.'hades' ro\.il se.it was known, b\' ,i sii;nilicam inxersiim, as the I'.ilace of the .School. The sceptre (^{ Charlemagne, which onl\' his powerhil hand,* could wield, h.id become a reed in those o\ his feeble and \acil- l.itiiii; son. No loni;i-r adequate to the sway and protection of the people, it was yirtually abaseil before the ero/ier durinj; those ye. us when Louis was a hit;ili\e or a prisoner in his own realm. While the ambitious (."h.nles was struL;i;lini; for a nomi- nal suprem.uw it w.is llincmar. .Xri'hbishop of Rheims, \ylu) exercised so\ereiL;nt\ '\\ his u.ime. The clerk had t.iken llie I)i(nHhtc(io)i , place of the warrior in the council, and sometimes on the hattle- lii'Id. The ecclesiastic had supplanted die duke, and was fast supplanting' the king, whom yet, iu onlci du- nmic Inily jud safely to g()\cru, hi' pi luiitti-d to iwist and wear the semblance of royalty. Learniuj^ and religion, whi< h liad hci'u transplanted to the shores of lOngland, were now, alhr having hci'u borne iVom that country to (Irrinanv, enjoying their fust ("ontincntal Renaissance north of ihr Alps. ( )tiVid was writing, in Old lligh (icinian, his I'orlirai liarniony of the (lospels. 'I'he year which probably witnessed the biilh of Charles' daughter also witnessed, according to the usual reckoning, the birth of the l''rri\rh language, in llir l.iuioiis Sirassbiu-g Oath. This daughter, who was now voyaging across the narrow seas to Itritain, nuist have been fascinating to an unusual degree. Mer grandmother, who bori' the same name, Judith, was unde- niably the most beautilul woman of her gi-neration ; her grace and accomplishments won the liearts of all who came witliin the si)here of her personal inlhiem e, and were acknowledged oven by those antagonists who most bitterly condemned her intrigues, and deplored the calamitous elfects of her maternal ambition. In an age when music was but little cultivated, she was an admirable perfornu-r on the organ. VValafrid Stral)0, a poet of the day, describes her in the following eulogistic terms: Kst ratione potcns, est cum piclato [nulicn, Dulcis .iniore, valoiis niiiiun, scnnonc faceta. Everything indicates that the younger Judith inherited, with her grandmother's amatory disposition and somewhat of her fondness for intrigue and power, tlie same lovable traits. Though now in her earliest teens, and perhaps not more than twelvi years of age, she had gained the affections of /I'lthelwulf, a mature man, one of the best loved of English kings. She was yet to disarm by her allraclions the animosity of this king's eldest son and heir, and to share the throne with him after his father's death, finally, after the decease of her second ICng- lish husband, she was to rcliun to her father's court, and, not Introduction. yet twenty years old, was to win the hand of Baldwin, Count of Flanders, a man of whom it was said in the eleventh century : " Flanders never had a man his superior in talent and warlike ability " — a man powerful enough to incur the sentence of excommunication at the instance of his father- in-law, but afterward to obtain its revocation from the Pope himself. The marriage of the youthful bride with her elderly husband was solemnized by Archbishop Hincmar, the first ecclesiastic and chief power of the realm. Judith went forth richly dow- ered, with her father's blessing, the approbation of the whole clergy, and the love of a devoted husband. The wedded pair were received in England with the accla- mations of the people, and Judith took her seat beside her hus- band, as his equal in rank and dignity, by the consent of the whole body of the nobles, — a thing contrary to the prejudices of the ^^'est Saxon nation, and unknown for many years previous. Only ^'Ethelbald, the disaffected son of Kmg yEthelwulf, em- boldened by the support of a few conspirators, grudged that his father should return with a young wife, and attempted to exclude him from the kingdom ; but this insurrection was quickly allayed by the good sense of the father and the counsel of the nobility. The warmth of this reception cannot be ascribed, however, solely to the good qualities or pleasing manners of Judith ; a large share of the credit is certainly due to King ^thelwulf himself. He was not only easy-tempered, but devout ; he had just completed a pilgrimage to Rome, and in the same year had made a donation which so far bore the character of a tithe as to furnish the basis of the whole system of English tithes until the present day. It was no doubt his piety and munifi- cence which led Charles the Bald to provide him v/ith a royal escort to the frontiers of his kii;gdom on his setting out for Rome, which conciliated the stern and zealous Hincmar, and which won him golden opinions fro ii the nobles and common- alty of his own land. IntrodMction. Yet, however warm the welcome that awaited yEthelwulf, had he returned alone, there can be little doubt that his reception was all the more cordial because of the bride who accompanied him. Not only was she of royal descent, and charming in person and manner ; she was likewise descended from that Charlemagne at whose court Egbert had resided during his exile from his native country, and whence he had derived many of his notions concerning the duties and prerogatives of kingship. She came of a house which loved the people, their traditions, their songs, and their language. Charlemagne, says his biographer and personal friend, used to " write down and commit to memory the very ancient Ger- man poems, which related the deeds and wars of the early kings. He likewise began a grammar of his native language." It was chiefly at the instance of the elder Judith that Otfrid, accord- ing to his own statement, undertook to versify the Gospel narrative in German. His words are : " a quibusdam memorise dignis fratribus rogatus, maximeque cuiusdam venerandse matronse verbis nimium flagitantis, nomine Judith, partem evangeliorum eis Theotisce scriberem . . ." Finally, it was for the ears of the people that Charles and Louis exchanged their pledges in French and German, while their armies stood by to echo and applaud the fraternal engagements. Judith can hardly have lived at the Frankish court through the susceptible years of childhood without imbibing somewhat of these traditions and this spirit. The Saxons, to whom she was coming, had been the missionaries by whom the evangeli- zation of Germany had been effected. They had sent Alcuin, one of their ablest teachers, to the court of Charlemagne, and thus had been instrumental in founding that School of the Palace which she knew so well. Had she not herself, perchance, been taught the rudiments of learning by John Erigena, the present head of the school, who had emigrated to France about the time of her birth? Had he not instilled into her his own doctrines concerning the freedom of the will, thus making her somewhat more thoughtful and less volatile, at the risk Introdncdoii. of strengthening in her an imperious and even headstrong disposition ? Strong in purpose she must already have been, notwithstand- ing a liability to be enslaved by a love of art and splendor, or by her own wilder passions. Strong, for she had flillen heir to the energy of Charlemagne, and the resistless will of the elder Jutlith. Strong, for she had been born into all the trouljles of a stormy reign, had heard the savage Norsemen at their work of rapine and slaughter, and nevertheless retained enough self- possession to win half the throne of England's rightful over- lord, and to take her seat in the face of precedent, at the risk of insult and civil war, overthrowing all opposition with the authority of her luisbanil and her own girlish smile. The Danes were still harrying France; but now for eight years, after rej^eated invasions and alternate successes and de- feats, tliey cease to harry England. This very year is the year of their \\'ithdrawal, though they go on to capture Orleans, and, a few months afterward, to burn the churches of Paris. Might it not seem, to the excited national imagination, to a people wild with dehght at the departure of their cruel foe, wild with admiration of this graceful, queenly presence and courtly speech, that the very coming of their youthful but keen-witted ally had banished the spoiler, and enabled the defenders of England, in the strength of their enthusiasm, to complete the final expulsion of the heathen ? W'oukl the clergy have been unapt to flatter .'Ethelwulf. by attributing such powers to this idolized creature, the very whimsicality of whose caprice must have seemed to him superhuman wisdom ? May they not themselves have believed that her coming at this time was opportune and jirovidential, cementing, as she did, an alliance between the two civili/etl kingdoms, and bringing the terror of France to unite, against the barbarian, with the terror of Eng- land? After her marriage with .Ethelhald. the clergy may have stigmatized her, and consi)ired to blacken her memory from that day to this, even as was afterwards done by the servile Frankish bishops at the connnand of her father ; but at this Introaiiction. moment they are more likely to have overwhelmed her with aduhition, to have ascribed to her the salvation of the realm, and even to have paid court to her with poems, in which deli- cate flattery should play upon the name which had suddenly thrown dear, and, in glorifying the national heroine of the ancient people of (;od, should indicate the position accorded to herself by the loyalty and gratitude of those whom he had chosen to be cvnissaries and soldiers of the faith in their later age. Poems, or a poem — the poem a fragment of which we still possess. This, then, is the theory I would propound : The poem of Judith was composed, in or about the year 856, in gratitude for the deliverance of Wessex from the fury of the heathen Northmen, and dedicated, at once as epinikion and cpithala- mioii, to the adopted daughter of England, the pride, the hope, the darling of the nation. It may be objected tliat there is no proof of such popular enthusiasm and fervent piety as would be implied by this hypothesis. But the fact is attested by contemporary histo- rians : Asser is authority for the second, and both Asser and the English Chronicle for the first. It is Asser who records the institution of what have since been called tithes and Peter's pence as occurring within the years 855-858 ; and it is Asser who says : " When ^thelwulf, therefore, was coming from Rome, all that nation, as was fitting, so delighted in the arrival of the old man, that, if he had permitted them, they would have ex- pelled his rebellious son ^thelbald, with all his counsellors, out of the kingdom. But he, as we have said, acting with great clem- ency and prudent counsel, so wished things to be done, that the kingdom might not come into danger ; and he placed Judith, daughter of King Charles, whom he had received from her father, by his own side on the regal throne, without any controversy or enmity from his nobles, even to the end of his life, contrary to t'-e perverse custqm of that nation." With the statement con- cerning the rejoicing, the English Chronicle substantially agrees. Again, it may be urged that such marks of honor were not Introduction. customary at that period, that to praise a Teutonic princess, and especially such a Teutonic princess, by likening her to a Jewish heroine, was not only unheard-of, but would have been impossible and inconceivable. The rejoinder is not far to seek ; it is matter of record that a poet of whom mention has already been made, Walafrid Strabo, addressed a poem to the Frankish royal family just twenty-seven years before this time, in which he compares the elder Judith to her Biblical namesake. It is likewise matter of record that in ^T^d, just twenty years before, the learned Rabanus Maurus, one of the first theologians and scholars of that epoch, dedi- cated to the same Judith, wife of Louis the Pious and mother of Charles the Bald, his commentary upon the Book of Judith, accompanying it with a prayer for his empress, couched in heroic verse, and with an Epistle Dedicatory, in which he averred that he had inscribed his work to her because she bore the name of Judith, and that he also dedicated to her his commentary on Esther, because she occupied a similar station to that illustrious queen. These are his words : " De csetero, quia vos compari laudabili excellere ingenio, et sanctarum mulierum quas sacra Scriptura commemorat, virtutes ac stud- ium in bono opere imitari, non frustra arbitratus sum quarum- dam illarum historian! , allegorico sensu ad sanctae Ecclesite mysterium a nobis translatam, vestro noniini dicare atque transmittere, Judith videlicet, atque Esther : quarum unam co- sequatis nomine, alteram dignitate. . . . Accipite ergo Judith homonymam vestram, castitatis exemplar, et triumphali laude perpetuis eam prreconiis declarate . . . Esther quoque similiter reginam regina, in omni pietatis et sanctitatis actione imitabilem, vobis ante oculos cordis semper ponite." (Migne, Patrologia CIX 539 {i}) If this be regarded as a puerility, it is still of a higher order than the acrostic written on the name of Charles the Bald, or at all events than the poem of three hundred lines in his honor, every word of which began with C. That the subject of Judith Avas a popular one among the poets of that reign, most probably because the Danes, who Introduction. exulted in their heathenism, and lost no opportunity of mani- festing their contempt and hatred of Christianity, were sup- posed to be prefigured by the Assyrians, is indicated by the existence of a fragmentary Latin version of the Biblical narra- tive, which one of its editors assigns to the close of the eighth century or the beginning of the ninth, while the latest historian of that literature declares that it cannot possibly be later than the year 871, and may belong to the preceding period (Du M^ril, Poesies Populaires Latines, p. 184; Diimmler, in Zeit- schrift fiir Deutsches Alterthum, XI 261 ff . ; Ebert, Geschichte der Literatur des Abendlandes im Mittelalter, II 316-7). Assuming for an instant the truth of our conjecture — that the poem was composed in honor of Judith, Queen of Eng- land, and that it was written in or about the year 856, who can have been its author? Shall we go far astray in supposing it to have been Swithhun, Bishop of AVinchester, who is known to have been yEthelwulf's teacher, his bosom friend and confi- dant, and to have survived him by four years? Who would look with more complacency upon ^thelwulfs deeds, or rejoice more sincerely in the welfare of the land, secured by the king's benefactions, the repulse of the Danes, the foreign alliance, and the exultant satisfaction of the people ? That we have nothing else from his pen can hardly be urged against this supposition. He was a man of varied activities, and, if not a poet by profession, might well have been seized by the divine afflatus at such a moment, when affection for his king, the pride of a patriot, and the gratified longings of a Church- man, were all blended in a single feeling, and perhaps warmed into still livelier sensibility by the sight of youthful buoyancy and loveliness, creating happiness, and revelling in the happi- ness it created. A collateral circumstance, insufficient of itself to form the basis of a theory, but not to be disregarded as a corollary or confirmation of our hypothesis, is to be found in the well- known story of Alfred's introduction to the lore contained in books. According to Asser, King Alfred remained illiterate Introduction. till he was twelve years old or more, that is, we may infer, till the year 860 or 861. Asser goes an to state : "On a certain day, dierefore, his mother was showing him and his brothers a Saxon book of poetry, which she held in her hand, and said, ' Whichever of you shall the soonest learn this volume shall have it for his own.' Stimulated by these words, or rather by the Divine inspiration, and allured by the beautifully illumi- nated letter at the beginning of the volume, he spoke before all his brothers, who, though his seniors in age, were not so in grace, and answered, 'Will you really give that book to one of us, that is to say, to him who can first understand and repeat it to you ? ' At this his mother smiled with satisfaction, and confirmed what she had before said. Upon which the boy took the book out of her hand, and went to his master to read it, and in due time brought it to his mother and recited it." It is frequently assumed that Alfred's own mother, Osburgha, was alive at the time of this event, and that it was she who thus incited him to learning. But ^thelwulf married Judith in 856, on his return from a pilgrimage to Rome, the solemn ceremonial, which is still extant, being conducted by the highest clerical potentate in France. Is this fact consistent with the belief that Osburgha was still living? She was " noble both by birth and by nature," and the exemplary king could have had no cause for putting her away. And even had he been so minded, and had gone so far as to perpe- trate this inconceivable folly and iniquity, could he ha\-e done so with the tacit conni\-ance and approval of the Pope, whom Hincmar would have been elated to detect in such a fault, and of Hincmar himself, who was closely watched by his brother prelates and by emissaries from Rome? But, supposing /Ethelwulf had escaped this double scrutiny, would his nobles and the great body of his subjects have extended to him so hearty a welcome upon his return, if his true and lawful wife, "noble by birth and by nature," had still been hving, repudi- ated and disgraced, to witness the triumph of her successor? Only two years after, on the occasion of ^-Ethelbald's marriage, Introduction. the nation proved very sensitive with respect to wickedness of a similar kind. Wouki they have closed their eyes to it in one whose years should ha\e conspired with his honor to fortify him against such a temptation, and whose reputation for saint- Hness of life must have been coextensive with the knowledge of his name? Osburgha, then, must have been dead before ^thehvulf wedded Judith. When Alfred learned to read, Judith was either the wife of ^thelbald, or only recently widowed for the second time. Her inherited love for learning (of Avhich we know nothing in Osburgha's case) would naturally lead her to devote much of her leisure to reading. In purely theological books she would scarcely have taken a deep interest. The granddaughter of the most highly cultivated woman in France, who excelled in the dance as well as in her knowledge of polite letters, is much more likely to have been attracted to poetry than to profound disciuisitions on subtle points of controversy. It is not to be wondered at if, in conformity with the example of her great grandfather, she spent much time over the songs of her adopted people, akin in blood and sentiment to her own race, and still nearer to her heart because they had accepted her so frankly and cordially on her first coming among them. Nor is it surprising that, with her artistic instincts, she should have preferred illuminated manuscripts to those which were merely legible. Winsome in herself, would she not appear still more winsome to the adolescent Alfred when bending over the poems he loved, and which, through his whole life, he was never weary of persuading others to learn by heart? Would she not be peculiarly attractive when scan- ning the pages written in her own praise, and blending the sensation of gratified vanity with passionate admiration of the heroic ideal presented? The volume comi)osed as a tribute to herself, written and embellished for her own use, would have a peculiar value in her eyes. May it not have been this vol- ume, the Judith, that Alfred learned to read, and that inspired him with deeper abhorrence of paganism, and a more resolute Introdtiction. determination to defend his own people against its foreign adherents, while he confirmed them in their attachment to Christianity by his teachings and his life? Whatever may be thought of this latter hypothesis, its ac- ceptance or rejection in no way affects the considerations advanced in favor of the })rincipal theory. This theory appears, better than any hitherto propounded, to harmonize with all the relevant facts ; and may perhaps be allowed to stand until superseded by a better. Ill SOURCES. The sources of our poem are contained in the Apocryphal Book of Judith, particularly in the portion included between VIII 33 and XVI i inclusive. The order of events is not that of the original narrative. Many transpositions liave been made in the interest of condensation and for the purpose of enhanc- ing the dramatic liveliness of the story. Besides, the poet has not scrupled to add embellishments of his own invention, as will be more fully pointed out under the next head. The passages which seem to have been directly interwoven into the substance of the narrative are here subjoined, in the order adopted by the Old English poet. " For thy power standeth not in multitude, nor thy might in strong men : for thou art a God of the afflicted, an helper of the oppressed, an upholder of the weak, a protector of the forlorn, a saviour of them that are without hope (IX ii). . . . And make every nation and tribe to acknowledge that thou art the God of all power aixl might, and that there is none other that protecteth the people of Israel but thou {IX 14). . . . And in the fourth day Holofernes made a feast to his own ser- vants only . . . (XII to). . . . And Holofernes . . . drank much more wine than he had drunk at any time in one day since he was born (XII 20). . . . Now when the evening was come, his Ijiirodiictiou. ser\'ants made haste to depart . . . (XIII i). . . . Then said he to Jiagoas the eumuli, who had cliarge over all that he had, Go now, and [jersuatle this Hebrew woman which is with thee, that she come nnto us, and eat and drink with us (XII 1 1 ). . . . And they that lay near ITolofernes went out, and all his ser- vants, and they l)rouL;ht her into the lent. Now Holofernes rested upon his bed under a canoi)y, which was woven v/ith purple, and gold, and emeralds, and precious stones (X 20, 21). . . , And they came about her, as she stood without the tent of Holofernes, till they told him of her (X 18). . . . And Holofernes took, great delight in her . . . (XII 20). . . . His heart was ravished with her, and his mind was moved, and he desired greatly her company ; for he waited a time to deceive her . . . (XII 16) . . . Holofernes lying along upon his bed: for he was filled w'ith wine (XIII 2). . . . They went to their beds : for they were all weary, because the feast had been long (XIII i). . . . Then she . . . took down his fauchion . . . (XIII 6). . . . And said, Strengthen me, () Lord God of Israel, this day (XIII 7). . . . And took hold of the hair of his head . . . (XIII 7). . . . And she smote twice upon his neck with all her might, and she took away his head from him (XIII 8). . . . And anon after she went forth, and gave Holo- fernes his head Lo her maid ; and she put it in her bag of meat ; so they twain went together . . . ; and when they passed the camp, they compassed the valley, and went up the mountain of Bethulia, and came to the gates thereof (XIII 9, 10). Then said Judith afar off to the watchmen at the gate . . . (XIII 11). . . . (Ye shall stand this night in the gate . . . VIII 33). . . . Open, open now the gate : God, even our (}od, is with us . . . (XIII 11). . . . He hath not taken away his mercy from the house of Israel, but hath destroyed our enemies . . . (XIII 14). . . . Now when the men of her city heard her voice, they made haste to go down to the gate of their city . . . (XIII 12). ... So she took the head out of the bag, and shewed it, and said unto them, Ik'hold the head of Holofernes . . . ; and the Lord hath smitten him by the hand of a woman (XIII 15). . . . Inti'-odiiction. And so soon as the morning shall appear, and the sun shall come forth upon the earth, take ye every one his weapons, and go forth every valiant man out of the city . . . (XIV 2). ... So ye . . . shall pursue them, and overthrow them as they go (XIV 4). ... And as soon as the morning arose . . . every man took his weapons, and they went forth by bands . . . (XIV 11). . . . And the residue . . . fell upon the camp of Assur . . . (XV 6). . . . They all fell upon them with one consent, and slew them . . . (XV 5). . . . But when the Assyrians saw them, they sent to their leaders, which came to their captains and tribunes, and to every one of their rulers (XIV 12). , . . So they came to Holofernes' tent and said . . . Waken now our lord (XIV 13). . . . When the captains of the Assyrians' army heard these words . . . their minds were wonderfully troubled . . . and there was a cry and a very great noise throughout the camp (XIV 19). . . . For he thought that he had slept with Judith (XIV 14). . . . Then went in Bagoas, and knocked at the door of the tent. . . . But because none answered, he opened it, and went into the bed-chamber, and found him cast upon the floor dead . . . (XIV 14, 15). Therefore he cried with a loud voice , . . and rent his garments (XIV 16). . . . Behold, Holofernes lieth upon the ground without a head (XIV 18). . . . And fear and trembling fell upon them . . . rushing out altogether, they fled into every way . . . (XV 2). . . . And they that were in Galaad, and in Galilee, chased them with a great slaughter . . . (XV 5). . . . And the villages and the cities, that were in the mountains and in the plain, gat many spoils . . . (XV 7). ... And the people spoiled the camp the space of thirty days : and they gave unto Judith Holofernes his tent, and all his plate, and beds, and vessels, and all his stuff . . . (XV 11). . . . Then Judith began to sing this thanks- giving in all Israel . , . (XVI i)," Introduction, IV ART. The modes in which the poet's art is displayed may be considered under the four heads of Selection, Arrangement, Amplification, and Invention. To these might be added his mastery of language and skill in the handling of metre. Selection. — The characters are limited to three, — Judith, Holofernes, and Judith's attendant. Hardly worthy to be ranked with these is the warrior who enters Holofernes' tent and an- nounces his violent death. He is merely one of the group of officers, though a little bolder than the rest, and drops out of the action immediately. There is no mention of Achior, none of Ozias, none of Bagoas, none of Nebuchadnezzar. The latter seems to be merged in Holofernes, who is accordingly both general and king. Judith's handmaid serves to enhance the importance of the protagonist, as in the original narrative, though perhaps in a greater degree. Thus not only does she carry the bag, but it is she whom Judith commands (11. 171-3) to exhibit the head of the slain captain, instead of drawing it forth herself (XHI 15). Judith is continually before us ; she inspires, directs, or executes everything. The result is a fore- gone conclusion, and everything tends irresistibly towards it. At the very beginning of the poetic fragment we are assured that she was defended from the peril that menaced her, though the fulness of the triumph is not foretold. The note of the beginning — "a t6 (Sam yElmihtigan " — recurs also at the end. Yet we are not permitted to overlook the formidable nature of Judith's antagonist, his wickedness and his power. His servants, even tlie principal warriors and councillors, remain at a distance until he summons them (11. 51-4), and fear to awaken him, c\en amid circumstances of the greatest danger (11. 257-8). The epithets applied to him, beginning with those descripdve of his station, soon alternate with such as Introdziction. characterize his evil disposition and purposes ; the latter grow relatively more and more numerous, until they culminate in the "heathen hound" of 1. no, a variant of this being repeated in 1. 179, where Judith is telling the story of his discomfiture. But his character is not left to be inferred from epithets alone ; in 11. 1 8 1-3 his hostility and malice are plainly set forth. When the action opens, it is Holofernes who occupies the scene, and he remains in possession of it, glorying in his authorit}' and rejoicing over the banquet, long enough to chal- lenge the attention of the reader, and make him apprehensive lest Judith may succumb in the unequal contest. The peripetia is then introduced with considerable art, being heightened by the prayer of Judith while holding the weapon, by her manipu- lation of the stupefied chieftain before raising her hand to strike, and by the appreciable interval between the two blows. There is thus a regular gradation of personages, the hand- maid being but a shadow of Judith, and her foil, Holofernes a redoubtable foe, and Judith the triumphant heroine. To invest the latter with all the womanly attributes most reverenced by his countrymen, the poet endows her with virginal purity, and converts her from a Jewess of profound religious conviction to an orthodox Christian and believer in the Trinity (11. 83-4). So far as we can judge, all is frankness and fair dealing on Judith's part. We hear nothing of her recjuesting permission to go beyond the lines for prayer, and there is no hint of her practising deception or otherwise compromising herself, in the whole course of the poem. She is a heroine sans peur et sans reproche, unless we account her deed in itself as the exploit of a vulgar assassin. Admitting the purity of her intentions, and the essentially righteous character of the blow she inflicted, she remains the unsullied champion and deliverer of her people, as stainless and single-minded as the Maid of Orleans. The chief actors are thrown into relief upon a background formed by the two armies respectively. IMoreover, the remarks of each are addressed to a kind of duml) chorus, in which all distinct individualities are suppressed. Such are the retainers Introdiiction. whom Holofernes feasts, and the citizens who surround Judith on her return to Bethulia. It will be apparent, from what has been said, that the characters have been selected and shaded with reference to maintaining the dramatic unity of impression through a whole series of events, and that it is in the person of the heroine that this dramatic unity centres, as it is about her that all the incidents revolve. In the selection of these incidents, again, equal soundness of judgment is displa\-ed. The order of events in the latter part of the Biblical narrative is, on the whole, preserved, those of lesser dramatic importance being eliminated. The poet's object is manifestly to depict only the cardinal situations and occurrences, and to impress these upon the mind by the free play of his invention in elaborating scenes and incidents, intro- ducing transitional passages to render the sec^uence obvious, and otherwise preparing or heightening the effect. Arrangeme7it. The topics of the poem are these : a) Divine assistance granted to Judith ( 1-7"^) . b) Feast {f-z^^). r) Judith brought to Holofernes' tent (34''-5 7'''). d) Evil purposes and slaying of Holofernes (57''-i2i), e) Return to Bethulia (123-170). /) Account of Holofernes' death and advice to the warriors (171-198). g) Departure of the Hebrew army (199-216"). }i) Surprise of the Assyrians and discovery of Holofernes' dead body (2i6''-29o''). /') Flight and defeat of the Assyrians (29o''-3i2^). y) Return of the Israelites and taking of spoil (312*^-335"). k) Recompense of Judith (335"-342*). /) Judith's thanksgiving (342''-347''). vi) Poet's ascription of praise (347''-35o). In the main, as has l)een said, the order is that of the Apocryphal book, but two remarkable transpositions must be observed. Introduction. In the poem, Judith is brought in after the conclusion of the banquet ; in the original, while the feast is still in progress. The poet is thus left free to emphasize the license and clamor of the feasters, since Judith is not present, and therefore has no part in their eating and drinking (cf. XII i8, 19). By this means, too, a direct motive is provided for Judith's conduct in the slaying, Holofernes' evil desires and intentions (XII 12, 16) being referred to the moment of his entry into the pavilion (11. 57'*-59''), which immediately pre- cedes his drunken stupor and his death. The other transposition has the air of an invention, but it may be, as indicated in the Sources, only a skilful employment of the hint furnished by the original in the twofold divis- ion of the attacking forces (XV 5, 6). I refer to the actual engagement with the Assyrian army, or its vanguard, described so powerfully in 11. 2i6''-235. This would be the natural sequel, to the Teutonic mind, of the array and hostile sally of the Hebrew troops (i99-2i6"'^), though we are expressly told (XIV 2, 11) that no actual conflict then took place, but merely a hostile demonstration. The rage and terror of the Assyrian leaders are accentuated by means of this change, a moment of suspense, charged with ever increasing agony of apprehension, is introduced, and the despair which i)recedes the rout and final overthrow is rendered complete and o\er\vhelming. Nearer and nearer approaches the noise of battle (261 ff.), until the leaders can no longer endure the responsibility and the dread, and one of their number, breaking through the ceremonial restrictions which surround with inviolability the person of an Oriental despot, is brought face to face with the reality which eclipses all previous disaster. Besides, the poet's audience would demand a conflict and not merely a pursuit. To gratify such a demand, the battle proper must be introduced before the climax of consternation is reached, and the actual panic has begun. On these grounds the new ar- rangement is amply justified. Flight and combat are ajitly interwoven in the description of the Assyrians' panic (290''- Introduction. 312") : they flee (2go'*-292"), they are cut down (292^-297''),' still flee (297''-298''), and are still cut down (29S''-3i2'') ; finally, after a list of the spoils is given, the fulness of the patriots' triumph is again rehearsed (3i9''-324"). Amplification. It is somewhat difficult to effect a clear severance of invention from amplification, nor indeed is such analytic painfulness necessary beyond certain obvious limits. The poet dwells with especial fondness on feasting and war This is a national trait, and should be considered without prejudice to the controlling art visible in every part of hia production. Amplification rises to the dignity of invention in the lines which describe the wolf, the raven, and the eagle, haunters of the battle-field (205''-2i2''). But the con- tinuation (2i2'-235'') also abounds in powerful strokes, which reveal a master of this species of poetry. The spoils are enumerated with a profusion of descriptive epithets (3i4''-3i9% 335''-342"). The impression of a vast concourse of joyful and expectant people is admirably communicated (159"^-! 70'^). Something like a lyric element is introduced into Judith's prayer (8o'^-93"), and into her speech before the people (i 77*^-198'^), with its dramatic accompaniments (i7i'^-i 75''). The feast is a drunken orgy (7"'-34''), with the shadow of death hanging over it (i9'-2i"). Of minor interest, but still worthy of mention, are th^ escorting of Judith to the tent (37''-46''), the description of the canopy and its use (46''-54''), and the account of the journey from the Assyrian camp to Bethulia (I25»-I4I''). Invention. Here, as elsewhere in Old English poetry, the bard occasionally marks his satisfaction or prevision by passages of reflective comment. Thus he anticipates the doom of Holo- fernes and affirms its justice (59''-67"), dwells upon the Divine assistance vouchsafed to Judith, as to every believing mortal (93''-98''), and ends the poem with a doxology of his own (347''-35o). Akin to these are resumptive paragraphs, like i22"-i24'' or 236"-24i''), which are introduced at the beginning of a fit or canto, to effect a transition. Sometimes such a com- Introduction. meat is merely retrospective, and not transitional (33'?*-335''), and is intended to bind the work more firmly together, as well as to exalt the heroine. A prediction may be put into the mouth of a subordinate personage, as in aSs'-aSp^. From a result a pre- vious action may be inferred, and expanded into a brief episode ; thus Holofernes is depicted in the act of falling (67''-69''), and the watchmen in that of holding guard (i4i''-i46"). Similarly, it is a consecjuence of the transfer of Judith from the bantjuct- hall to the bed-chamber, that the warriors who had accompanied Holofernes (62'') immediately depart (69''-73'') ; this retinue may be compared with that of Hrothgar (Beowulf 662-665% 920-924). The preparations for the slaying of Holofernes are multiplied, partly to increase the suspense, and partly for the purpose of rendering the narrative more graphic and lively. Thus Judith devises her plan while Holofernes sleeps (73''- 77"), unsheathes his sword with her right hand (79*'-8o''), and places him in such wise as is most convenient for her (99''- 103") . Not only does the officer who discovers Holofernes dead rend his garments and cry, but he falls to the earth and tears his hair (28o''-2S2''). Finally, the poet consigns Holofernes to the abode of darkness, the hall of torturing serpents, with evident satisfaction at the retribution which is there meted out to him (i 12''-! 21''). VI PROSODY. Old English Verse in General. Old English verse is rarely strophic, but almost without exception stichic ; that is, consists of ungrouped lines, foUow- inir each other as in Modern Eniilish blank verse. Introduction. I'he line of poetry consists of two hemistichs, separated by the ccesura. I'^xample : bord for loreostum and byrnhgnias. The hemistich may be either normal or expanded. A normal hemistich contains two metrical feet. Example : his goldgifan. An expanded hemistich contains three metrical feet. Example : feran folces raeswan. A metrical foot is a portion of a line containing one primary stress. The syllable receiving the primary stress may or may not be followed or preceded by one or more lighter or slurred syllables. Of the lighter syllables following or preceding a primary stress, one may, under certain circumstances, receive a second- ary stress. A syllable which receives neither primary nor secondary stress is called unstressed. The primary stress nearly always falls upon a long syllable ; this long syllable may, however, be represented by two syllables, of which the first is short, and the second so light as to admit of syncopation. The substitution of two such short syllables for a single long one is called resolution. A long syllable is one which contains a long vowel or diph- thong, or a short vowel followed by two consonants. A short syllable is one which contains a short vowel followed by a single consonant. Long and short syllables are represented in metri- cal schemes by the macron, _, and the breve, ^, respectively. Stressed syllables are indicated by the acute or grave accent, according as the stress is primary or secondary. Unstressed syllables are represented by the oblique cross, X. The syllable which receives the primary stress is usually the root syllable of a word, while the lighter or slurred syllables comprise the terminations, enclitics and proclitics ; occasionally, however, the second element of a compound word is reckoned as a slurred syllable. Introduction. Old English metrical feet may be classified as follows : 1. Monosyllabic : The monosyllabic foot regularly consists of a long syllable under the primary stress, ±. This foot is never found except in conjunction with one of the dactylic type having a secondary stress (i. // to i. /', }). liv). 2. Dissyllabic : The dissyllabic foot may be either trochaic, ^ X, or iambic, X ^. In the trochaic foot, the unstressed syllable may be replaced by a long syllable under the secondary stress. The dactyl formed by the resolution of the trochee may be called the liglit dactyl, to distinguish it from the heavy or normal dactyl, in which the first syllable is long. 3. Trisyllabic : The trisyllabic foot is either dactylic, J. X X, or anaprcstic, X X _z.. If dactylic, either the second or third syllable has in some cases secondary stress. 4. Polysyllabic : If tctrasyllabic, this foot resembles either a first p?eon, -^ X x X, or a fourth pa^on, X X X J.. If it con- tains a greater number of syllables, it is still essentially dactylic or anapcxstic in effect, ^XXX..., or ...XXX_^. In any of the foregoing feet, resolution may take place, thus apparently increasing the number of typical syllables. Anacrusis. Before hemistichs beginning with a primary stress, one or more unstressed syllables may occur. These un- stressed syllables constitute what is known as the anacrusis. It is rare at the beginning of the second hemistich, but more frecjuent before the first. Expanded hcmisficJis. These are formed by prefixing a foot of the form ± X ... (less frequently ±, and rarely in the first hemistich X _i) to a regular hemistich of two stresses. Ex- panded lines are employed in passages of peculiar elevation and solemnity or expressive of unwonted agitation. AIIitc?ation. .Alliteration is a poetical ornament which is constantly employed in Old English verse. It consists in the employment of the same or similar sounds at the beginning of a syllal)le which receives the primary stress. 7'he second hemistich contains one such alliterative syllable, as a rule that which has the first primary stress ; the first hemistich has Introduction. regularly two, though frequently only one. The alliterative sound must be the same throughout, if consonantal ; if vocalic, it is usually different in the three syllables. In the following examples, as throughout the text of Judith, the alliterative letter is denoted by full-faced type : a) beakle byrnwiggende. f'ti&r wji-ron boUan steape. F) on (SiT-'t divgred sylf : dynedan scildas. c) eallcs orsawle : sloh Sa eornoste. In expanded lines, the additional foot frequently takes alliter- ation, thus removing it from one of its normal positions. The first hemistich frequently differs from the second, not only in the number of its alliterative syllables, but also in that of the unstressed syllables admitted between two primary stresses, or in the form of anacrusis. Rime. Rime and various forms of assonance are occasionally employed by Old English poets, sometimes for the purpose of uniting more closely the two halves of the same line, less frequently to associate the second half of a line with the first or second half of the following line, rarely in formulas or com- pounds within the same hemistich. Masculine or monosyllabic rime is perfect, when the riming vowels are identical, and are followed by the same consonants or consonant combinations. Example : eode yrremod : him of eagum stod. Feminine or polysyllabic (usually dissyllabic) rime is perfect when the first riming syllables are perfect masculine rimes and the following syllables are identical. Example : scildburh scferon, sceotend wyuron. Imperfect rime is of various kinds. Thus, rime is imperfect a) when the consonants or consonant combinations of the riming syllables are identical, and the preceding vowels are similar, but not identical ; b^ when the consonants are as in a, and the vowels are dissimilar ; Introduction. c) when the vowels are identical, and the following conso- nants or consonant combinations are dissimilar (assonance) ; a wearii hyre rume on mode haligre hyht gcniwod. A species of perfect rime is the sufifixal, in which two gram- matical terminations rime with each other, or a grammatical termination rimes with the radical syllable of another word. Example : freorig to foldan ongan his feax teran. The suftixal rime may also be imi)erfect, as in example d of the last paragraph. Intermediate between alliteration and imperfect rime is a kind of rinie which we may designate as etymological, the resemblance of sound being effected by the employment of different words derived from the same root, like gcdcmed and dom in the following example : gedemed to deaS'e and go dom agon. Kennings. A characteristic ornament of Old English, as well as of early Teutonic poetry in general, are the kennings. This term, which is of Norse origin, designates those synonyms or periphrastic phrases which are employed to diversify the expression of a thought, or to avoid the repetition of the same word, usually a noim. Many of these are striking metaphors, but by no means all ; some, though metaphorical in their origin, were undoubtedly so familiar to poet and audience that their peculiar significance was overlooked, and they were regarded as stereotyped and convenient synonyms. A list of Iiilroduciion. the kennings occurring in Judith will be found on pp. 49-51, those peculiar to this poem being distinguished by the double dagger, \. Prosody of Judith. Before proceeding to examine the metrical constitution of the hemistich, it is desirable to consider the ordinary sequences of long and short syllables in Old English, and particularly in Old English poetry. 1. Long syllables followed by short or slurred syllables. A long stressed syllable may be followed : a) by a derivative or inflectional syllable : sciiras — X b) by a monosyllabic proclitic : niht seo — X c) by a monosyllabic prefix : m6d a(r6ted) — X d) by a derivative or inflectional syllable + a monosyllabic prefix or proclitic : dr(^ncte mid Z x X ^) by a dissyllabic proclitic or prefix : fynd ofer(wunnen) Z X X /) by a monosyllabic proclitic + a monosyllabic prefix: gl^aw on ge( ponce) Z X X g) by two monosyllabic words : lit of 6am —Y^Y. h) by two syllables, derivative or inflectional : (a) m6digre ^ id X /) by the second, dissyllabic element of a compound word : (a) .scirmreled _:! ;^ X (/3) (^llenr6f ^ X ^ j) by a dissyllabic word, with the stress upon its second syllable : n^ar 3etst6p (B^ow.) -:^ X i k) by a derivative or inflectional syllable + a monosyllabic word : eetes georn — X ^ 2. Long syllables preceded by short or slurred syllables. A long stressed syllable may be preceded : a) by a monosyllabic prefix : gefdoU X £. b) by a monosyllabic proclitic : and tir X ^ c) by a derivative or inflectional syllable : (eal)ne doeg X ^ Introduction. a) by a derivative or inflectional ending + a monosyllabic prefix or proclitic : (healf)ne forcearf X X Z e) by a dissyllabic ending: (lar)ena g6d (Btow.) X X jI /) by a dissyllabic proclitic : butan «^nd(e) X X Z g) by two monosyllabic words : and |;?et word X X Z 3. Long syllables followed by long or stressed syllables. In addition to the cases instanced under i, h and /, which belong under the head of secondary stress, stressed syllables proper arc here to be considered. A long syllable may be followed : a) by a monosyllabic word : brad swyrd Z ^ (-:! ^) /') when a monosyllable, by the first syllable of a dissyllabic worI : n^ar h^t(e) jl ^ (^ ^) c^ when a monosyllable, by the first syllable of a trisyllabic word: sang hild(elt;0(S) _1 ^ (^ ^) d) when the second syllalile of a dissyllabic word, by tlie first syllable of a dissyllabic word : (ge)gan h;\;t"dion) jL jL {^^ ^) ^) when the first syllable of a ])olysyllahic word (often a compoiuid), by the second sellable of the same word : nitSheard, burhkV)d(um), b(,'ncsitt(enile) -il ^ (— — ) 4. Short stressed s\llab]cs followctl by short or slurred sylla- bles. A short stressed syllable may be followed : xt bdrgeteld X X X X Z. \ X jL 3. The third or iambic-trochaic type is formed by the union of two feet like those found in i. a to i. g and 2. a to 2. g re- spectively. Thus : Introduction. and cQmpwi'ge X ^ | _£ X )>aer vvres eallgylden X X _il | _rl X and on hyne nsenig X X v^^ ^ | j1 X Rarely a short stressed syllable : of hornbogan X Jl | ^5 X of vNam wyrms^le X X _:! 1 vi X With two extra unstressed syllables : )>e hie ofcicuman mihton XXXX<:;^ X|_^X It will l)e observed that where two long syllables meet in the middle of the hemistich there is such a sequence as in 3. a to 3. e, the examples above being both under 3. e. 4. The fourth or monosyllabic-bacchic type is formed by the union of a monosyllabic foot with such as are found in i. h and I. /(a). Thus: nuvgi^ modigre _d | _1 X X niajgen nealfuhte ^^ X | _£ ^ X Similarly, the monosyllabic-cretic takes groups like i. / (/?), i. j, and I . k for the second foot : ga>st vllor hwearf jl | ^ X ^ ides (^'llenrof ^ X | ^ X ^ An example of the trochaic-bacchic type (found only in first hemistichs) is : stopon styrnmode ^ X | y ^ X Where two long syllables belonging to different feet come to- gether in the pure type, we have \arious cases under 3, the one above being under c. 5. The fifth or bacchic-monosyllabic type is formed by the union of such feet as are found in i. h and i. / (a) with a monosyllabic foot. Thus : Srynesse 'Srym ^ ^ X | _1 foreina'rne bhvd v^; 3< ^ X | Z. An example of bacchic-trochaic (only in first hemistichs) is : drvhtguman sine _£ >, X I Jl X Introduction. Expanded lines. These are ddVz in number, or constitute nearly one-fifth of the entire poem. They are 11. 2-12, 16-21, 30-34, 54-61, 63-68, 88-99 (excluding 96''), 132, 272-74% 289''-9i, 298", 338-50 (excluding 350'''). Those of the first hemistich are distributed between the first, third, fourth, and fifth types in the proportion of 53, 3, 9, and i ; those of the second hemistich nearly all (66) belong to the first type, the fifth type having only one. The expansion consists in prefixing two or more syllables of the trochaic or dactylic type to an ordinary hemistich ; only exceptionally is a single stressed syllable or a foot of the iambic order prefixed. The expanded hemistich has three stresses, instead of the normal two, since the prefixed portion differs from the anacrusis in having a primary stress. As a rule, the first and second stresses of the first hemistich, when expanded, take alliteration, while in the second hemistich the place of the alliterative syllable is unchanged, coinciding normally with the (new) second stress. Example : muncll)yrd set (Sam niicran ))codne, ha hco ahte mieste )>earfe. Numerical representation of the various types. Certain hem- istichs are excluded from consideration, either because they contain foreign names, whose accentuation is undetermined, or because they are corrupt. Such are i°-, 62", 138% 218% 232", 241% 249% 287% 288% 310^ 20i% 265", 273", 288", 306% 327% Subtracting these, there remain 340 first hemistichs, and 344 second hemistichs. These are distributed as follows : FIRST HEMISTICHS. Trochaic (dactylic), Iambic (anapcestic), Iambic-trochaic, Monosyllabic-bacchic, Bacchic-monosyllabic, NOR- EX- MAL. PANDED. 128 53 T,! 52 3 42 9 15 I Totals, 274 66 SECOND HEMISTICHS. Trochaic (dactylic), Iambic (anapocstic), Iambic-trochaic, Monosyllabic-bacchic, Bacchic-monosyllabic, NOR- EX- MAL. PANDED. 128 66 76 51 13 9 I Totals, 277 67 Introdtictioii. Alliteration. The alliterative letters are distributed as fol- lows, the exponential ^ and ' signifying the number of alliterative syllables in the line : Vowel'': 7, lo, 14, 21, 64, 65, 70, 95, iq8, log, 146, 169, 210, 237, 246, 252, 257, 265, 273, 337, 346(?). Vowel-: 28, 35, 38, 46, 50, 75, 76, 102, 112, 133, 135, 150, 166, 170, 176, 180, 183, 185, 190, 215, 217, 218, 228, 231, 232, 242, 250, 253, 284, 310, 316, 321, 332. B": 17, 18, 39, 57, 58, 63, 192, 213, 254, 267, 318,327,341. B': 27,36,48,84, 100, 128, 137, 138, 159, 174, 175, 187, 248, 276, 278. C": 200, 312, 324, 333. C^: 134, i55» 235, 243, 259, 270, 311. D': 31, 61, 107, 196, 300. D" : 29, 204, 266, 319. F'': 5, 12, 19, 2>i, 41, 47, 99, III, 189, 194, 195, 202, 209, 221, 264, 281, 297, 301. F-: 24, 83, 104, 122, 127, 139, 143, 162, 220, 244, 262, 292, 302, 320. G^ 2, 22, 32, 123, 132, 149, 224, 279, 306, 329, 342. G" : 9, 13, 40, 62, ^2)1 11^2, 140, 144, 148, 168, 171, 186, 219, 238, 256, 271, 308, 334. H^: 4, 56, 87, 94, 98. no. 116, 121, 130, 179, 203, 216, 263, 290, 1<^Z^ 317, 328. HP: 23, 205. Hr' : 37, 282. H^: 51, 96, 105, 117, 126, 131, 160, 161, 173, 212, 222, 225, 234, 239, 251, 260, 294, 309. Hw" : 214. L" : 72, loi, 147, 184, 191, 280, 298, 347. L-: 42, 150, 158, 178, 226, 288(?), 304, 311, 315, 323. M'': 3, 26, 92, 154, 167, 181, 261, 325, 330, 335, 344. M^: 52, 85, 90, 165, 198, 229, 236, 245, 253, 293. W: 34,81, 113, 277, 287(?). N': 45' 53. 73. 233. R'': II, 20, 54, 68, 97, 314, 339, 349. Introduction. R-: 44, i88. S-': 30, 55, ^^, S9, 114, 182, 20i(?), 338, 340, 345. Sc^: 230, 305. St''' : 223, 227. S\v^ : 240, 322. S-: 15, 124, 136, 145, 152, 177,211,269,275,285,289,295, 299. 11"^^ 336, 350- Sc^: 78, 79, 193. SF: 247. Sn-: 125, 199. St^: 25. Sw^ : 80, 106. T^ : 6, 93, 157, 197, 272, 286. T^ : 43- }/'': 60, 66, 74, 86, 91, 118, 120, 129, 153, 164. D': 85, 165, 172, 208, 268, 307, 332. W^: 8, 16, 59, 67, 71, 77, 103, 115, 142, 156, 163, 206, 249(?), 274, 291, 296, 313, 326, 343, 348. W-: 49, 69, 82, 119, 137, 141, 15I' 207, 241, 255, 258, 283. Summing up the lists, we obtain the following as the totals for triple alliteration and double alliteration respectively : Vowels : 21, 33. Semi-vowel: W 20, 12. Liquids : L 8, 10 ; R 8, 2. Nasals: M 11, 10; N 5, 4. Labials : B 13, 15 ; F 18, 14. Dentals: T 6, i ; D 5, 4; D 10, 7 ; S (including combina- tions) 16, 25. Gutturals: C 4, 7 ; G 11, 18 ; H (including combinations) 21, 19. Total for triple alliteration, 177 ; for double, 181. It will be observed that the added totals for triple and double alliteration amount to 358, while the whole number of lines is only 350. The discrepancy is accounted for by the fact that, while the first line of the poem is necessarily omitted, nine lines, viz. S3, 85, 112, 137, 150, 165, 253, 311, 332, have Introduction. two alliterating letters each, and are therefore counted twice. The gutturals are most numerously represented, 80 ; next come the dentals, 74 ; labials, 60 ; vowels, 54 ; iv, 32 ; nasals, 30 ; liquids, 28. Of the consonants, s occurs most frequently, 41 ; /^ stands next, 40 ; w and/, 32 each ; g, 29 ; /^, 28 ; w, 21 ; /, 18 ; 9", 17 ; c, II ; ?', 10 ; ^/and ;/, 9 each ; t, 7, 199 lines, or more than one-half of the entire number, alliter- ate upon vowels, the semi-vowel w, or the spirants/, s, and h ; the sonant and nasal labial stand for 49 lines ; the lic^uids for 28 ; the surd stops for only 18. No distinction is observed between the guttural and the palatal g in alliteration, and the initial / of ludith is treated like g. In lines 249 and 314, w, r apparently alliterate with hw, hr. In line 223, sir alliterates with st -\- vowel. When the first hemistich contains but one alliterative syllable, this is usually the first stressed syllable of the hemistich (145 times), but occasionally the second or last stressed syllable takes the alliteration. This is the case in 11. 15, 75, 122, 134, 158, i59» 160, 168, 174, 176, 177, 238, 258, 259, 278, 285, 323. In every instance but one (1. 259) these hemistichs are of the trochaic-dactylic type. Accentual principles. The accentual principles observed by Old English poets in their management of alliteration virtually reduce themselves to one : that the most important syllables of the most important words should receive primary stress. It must be borne in mind, however, that the stress is sometimes rhetorical, that is, depends not so much upon the intrinsic weight of the word as upon that which belongs to it in virtue of its relation to other words in the same sentence. For example, a preposition might be expected to have less intrinsic weight than a following noun, yet instances occur where the preposition alliterates. Introduction. A general rule is that if a noun and a verb are found in the same hemistich, it is the noun that alliterates. In Judith the rule is transgressed in the following instances : 11. 9"^, 29'', 44'', 72^ 183", 204", 207", 209"(?), 2II^ 253^ 292"(?). The principle that the alliterative syllable of the second hem- istich must be the first stressed syllable of that hemistich, except in expanded hemistichs, where it is usually the second stressed syllable, is disregarded in 1. 273. The law that, where a participle or infinitive depends upon a verb, it is the former which receives the stress, is broken in 11. 2o8^ 26o^ Adverbs are frequently employed in Judith to bear the alliter- ation of the second hemistich : thus, 11. 2, 14, 24, 35, 37, 39, 50, 53, 74, 75, 86, 97, 102, 118, 125, 129, 139, 146, 147, 150, 158, 190, 199, 202, 216, 246, 252, 263(?), 268, 274, 280, 284, 287, 307. In 91*^ a possessive pronoun takes the alliteration, though its noun does not occur till 92"'. Peculiarities of Word Order. It may deserve to be noted that the poet is fond of beginning a hemistich with a verb, pro- noun, or conjunction followed by tia. This is more common in the second hemistich, though not avoided in the first. Ex- amples in second hemistich: 6odon 5a 55, 132, gef^ol cSa 67, genam 'Sa 77, 98, gevvat Sa 61, heefde 8a 64, h^t Sa 34, nges "Sa 107, ongan tia 80, sl6h Sa 103, 108, waes 'Sa 146 ; hi(e) tSa 54, 94, 138, 220, 269, 290, h6 tia 280; and '8341, 147, 169. In first hemistich: funde Sa 278, haefde t5d 122, sprsec 6a 176; hl(e) Sa 15, 302, and hit t>a 130. Da wearS is common : 21'', 57'', 97'', 199% 275"^; Sa wurdon 159". Waes, preceded by its subject or an adverb, frequently begins the second hemistich : h^re wges 161'', rum waes 314'', Sa waes 73'', 272'', i^aer wjes 46'', ^set waes 12'', 56'', 168'' ; similarly, ys preceded by dative object : tow ys 154'', Saet (^ow ys 156''. A hemistich is begun by st6pon followed by its subject : st6pon cynerofe 200^, st6pon heaSo- rincas 212*, st6pon styrnm6de 227''. Ht^r, whenever found, is always used to begin a hemistich : 177, 2S5, 289. Introduction. Rime. i. Perfect masculine rimes. These are all sufifixal, with one exception : hehstan Deman : hehstan brogan 4 gcleafan : .lilmihtigan 6''-7* hlydde : hlyncde : dynede 23 tl(;tsittenduni : bearnum 33 ealra : woruldbdendra Si^'-Sa* Hnre : I'earfendre 85 under neowelne nccs and NaT geny lierad wa^s 113 wornum : hcapum: N'reatum : lirymnium 163''- 164" ra'swan: laNcstan: starian '7^-79 si,'cgas: gesiN'as: |>ufas 201 firigfe'Nera : salowigpada 2lo''-2ii* ongeaton : waron 238 gecunnian : cunibolwigan 259 cohhettan : cirnian: gristbitian 270"' ''-271* licgan : goldgifan 27S''-279* foldan : tcran 281 geswutelod : gctacnod 285"-286" sweordum : wulfum : wa'lgifrum : fuglum 295-297 geweoriNod : gedyrsod 299''- 300* gedj'rsod : God 300 worhton : heowon 303''-304'' hclmas : madmas 3l8''-3l9" grundas : streamas 349 2. Perfect feminine rimes : in 'Sys ginnan grundc; heo i^ar N'a gearwe funde 2 hlynede and dynede 23 dryhtguman sine dr(;;ncte mid wine 29 bealofull his bt^ddes n^osan |nt>r he sceolde his bla'd forleosan 63 vvyrmum bevvunden, witum gebunden 115 ludilh ;vt gdi>e swa hyre God d'5e 123 ^cgum gecoste slogon eornoste 231 scildbuih scaron sceotend waron 305 swylce eac reSe str^amas and swegles dreamas 349''-50'' Suffixal feminine rimes : mid toN'on torn I'oligende; ha wa^s hyra tires xt ^nde 272 Introduction, 3. Imperfect rimes, classified as above (a partial list) : *) bQdrqste : gchlicste 36 hyrde: gestyrde 60 sceacan : magencacen 292''-293"i rQndwiggende : wende (suffixal) 20 hund: wand no Hng: l(jng 153 h(^re\v£)eSan: onwrl^an 173 gefeohte : gerihte 202 gefeoll : dacl 3o8''-309a ealdfeondum : unlyfigendum 316 l^rungon: urnon 164 fyrngeflitu : swyrdum 264 tide : ni'Sum 286'>-287>> geheawen : beheafdod 289''-290» fleam: eacen 2928-293* sceacan : feaht 292 fuglum : flugon 297 greot: gefeoll 308 ly thvvon : bccom 3" oninnan : nimanne 3 1 3^-3 1 4b •Seodgunian : geeodon 332 sigorlean : geleafan 345 mode : geniwod 97''-98a Iseg : gesceged 294 An example of etymological rime is gedcmed : doni 1 96 and an unclassified specimen is Jringan : aninga 249''-250'' Persistence of Type. There is a tendency to repeat a form once introduced. The ear becomes accustomed to it, and shrinks from a change. Thus hemistichs with a single allitera- tive syllable are apt to occur in groups : Of nine lines : 1 70-78. Of six lines : 48-53, 231-36. Of five lines : 42-46, 124-28, 158-62, 241-45. Of four lines: ^ZTrZ^') 138-41, 185-88, 217-20, 268-71, 282-85, 292-95, 307-10. Of three lines : 27-29, 78-80, 104-6, 143-45,258-60,319-21. Iiitrodtiction. Besides these there are 1 7 groups of two lines each, and only forty single lines of this type. This fact may assist in determining the nature of the loss in I. 62. The group preceding, 11. 54-61, has double alliteration in the first hemistich ; so does likewise the following group, II. 63-68. Consequently it is rendered probable that at least one word, and that alliterative, followed galferhS. There is a similar persistence of type in the case of hemistichs which alliterate the second stressed syllable, as in 11. 158-60, 176-77, 258-59. The same may be observed in the sequence of lines alliterat- ing on the same letter. Thus, VoweP 64-65 ; Vowel" 75-76, 217-18, 231-32 ; VoweP + VoweP 169-70, 252-53 ; B^ 17-18, 57-58; W 137-38, 174-75; C- + C» 311-12; F^ 194-195; F- + F" 220-21 ; F'' + F- 301-2 ; G" + G"' 148-49 ; H^ + H=' 1 16-17, 130-31 ; S'' 88-89 ; S" 124-25 ; Sc- + Sw- 78-79, 80; L-' + D3 85-86 ; D'^ + D^ 164-65 ; W^ + W^ 141-42, W^ + W^ 206-7. These include 11. 85, 137, 253, 311, which have double alliteration. The occurrence of expanded lines in groups is still another illustration of the same persistence. With respect to metrical structure, examples abound. The second hemistichs of 11. 1-2 1, for example, are all constructed on the trochaic (dactylic) model. Even more striking is the sequence of first hemistichs in 11. 182-85 and 190-93 (Luick, Beitr. XI 490). VII iELFRlC'S HOMILY ON JUDITH. The artistic excellence of our poem is thrown into bold relief by a comparison with ^Ifric's Homily on the same subject, published by B. Assmann in Anglia, X 76-104. The latter is written in rhythmical prose, or rather, as Professor Skeat says, in a loose sort of alliterative verse, and composed. Introduction. according to Assmann, between 997-1005 a.d. The manu- scripts (of the 1 2th century) are C.C.C.C. 303 (S) and Cotton Otho B. 10 (O), the latter being fragmentary in consequence of much damage by fire. Wanley mentions both, the former on p. 137 of the Catalogus, the latter on p. 192. The homily ends abruptly in both manuscripts, in S at the end of 1. 393, and in O near the end of 1. 445, according to the metrical arrangement of Assmann ; about 75 lines appear to be wanting after the 445 originally contained in O. The story of Judith had already, however, been brought to an end with 1. 403, what follows being an allegorical interpretation, to which is appended a laudation of chastity. Certain verbal resemblances between ^Ifric's version and the older poem might suggest that he was acquainted with the latter : such are the words setywan, 318; blitNe, 293; daegred, 355 ; dr^am, 384; faetels, 272 ; gemyndig, 217 ; h^rer^af, 425 ; hlydan, 357 ; wHtig, 205 ; and the phrases bebead 8am folce, 232 ; h^t hire Jnnene, 303 ; him jges ne sp^ow, 362 ; hire waes gerymed, 302. But against these must be placed the large number of words peculiar to ^Ifric, or of prosaic tone and currency, which are substituted for expressions in the poetical Judith : among these are aenlic, 192, 230, 378 ; b^ddcla?), 306 ; burhgeat, 310 ; d^orwurS, 380 ; ealdormann, 237; fercung, 272 ; geb^orscipe, 291 ; h^afodleas, 369; sceat, 380; tima, 191, 255; wimman, 192; wundorlice, 293? 370; on aerne m^rgen, 236. The gulf that separates the two authors in respect to poetic talent becomes evident when one reads in succession two passages like 11. i89''-2i6'' of the epic fragment and 11. 355-58 of the metrical homily: Hi dydon ^a swa sona on daegred, and gewifcpnode utfeidon mid folclicuni truman, swfSe hlydende, to j'am ungeleaffullum, (yS fct J'a Syriscan gesawon heora fser. Or, since there is much poetical expansion in this extract from the older poem, compare 11. 3i2''-3i9% describing the return of the Israelites, and the spoiling of their enemies, with the following (11. 378-81) : lufrodnction, Israhela folc ha mid ivnUcum sige \\\>ndon him hamwcani, ami l-a h(;;relafa da'Ulon betwux him on deorwurNum sceattum, swa \>x\. hi warden swi^e gewelegode. The portion of the homily which corresponds to the existing fragment of the epic is only 105 lines in length (11. 2S0-3S4), and since it comprises more of the original narrative, as, for example, the episode regarding Achior (11. 33S-47, Ch. XIII 27, 29, 30) than is covered by our poem, it is manifestly but a bare outline, following, with almost literal fidelity, the words of the Apocryphal story. In a word, ^.Ifric's version is prose, in conception and language ; while the earlier Judith, though it may not fully satisfy a taste formed upon the purest Greek models, displays at least an elevation characteristic of the noblest poetry. TESTIMONIES. The Anglo-Saxon was the earliest vernacular Christian poetry, a dim prophecy of what that poetry might become in Dante and Milton. While all the Greek and Latin poetry labored with the difficulties of an uncongenial diction and form of verse; and at last was but a cold dull paraphrase of that which was already, in the Greek and in the Vulgate Bible, far nobler poetry, though without the technical form of verse; the Anglo-Saxon had some of the freedom and freshness of original poetry. [MiLMAN, History of Latin Christianity, Bk. IV ch. 4.] The fragment which remains of the poem on Judith may be deemed another Anglo-Saxon poetical romance. The suljjcct of this poem is taken from the Apocrypha, but the Anglo-Saxon poet has borrowed merely the outline of the story. All the circum- stances, the descriptions, and the speeches, which he has inserted, are of his own invention. He has, therefore, done what all the romancers did. He has applied the manners and characters of his day to the time of Judith, and thus really made it an Anglo-Saxon romance. It is curious, from another circujnstance. It is a romance written while the old Anglo-Saxon poetry was in fashion, but when it began to improve : for, while it displays the continuity of narra- tion and minuteness of description of the more cultivated romance, it retains some metaphors, the periphrasis, and the inversions which our stately ancestors so much favoured. It has only laid aside their abrupt transitions and more violent metaphors. [Turner, History of the Anglo-Saxons, 30! ed. Ill 349.] Testimonies. Ill This fragment leads us to form a very high idea of the poetic powers of our forefathers. The entire poem, of which it probably formed but an inconsiderable part, must have been a truly noble production. [Thorpe, Anakcta Anglo-Saxomca, p. x.] IV Of the poem of Judith, one of the finest specimens of Anglo- Saxon, we have only a fragment. [Wright, Biographia Britannica Literaria, Anglo-Saxon Period, p. 24.] V Formosissimi hujusce carminis maximam partem temporis injuria deperditam queri libet. [Ettmuller, Scbpas and Dbceras, p. xii.] Hoc carmen, omnium hujus generis facile pulcherrimum. \^Ibid. p. 140.] VI Das bruchstiick Judith, denkmal einer dichterischen begabung, mit der sich Cynevulf kaum messen kann. [RiEGER, Alt- und Aiigelsachsisches Lesebuch, p. xiv.] VII There is a noble fragment of a poem on Judith in the same Ms. which contains Beowulf. [Morley, English Writers, I 327.] VIII Of the poem of Jiidith only the last three cantos are preserved ; the first nine, with the exception of a few lines of the last, are entirely lost. The fragment opens with the description of a banquet, to which Holofernes invites his chiefs. Then follows the death of Holofernes at the hands of Judith, the attack on the Assyrian camp at daybreak, and slaughter of the Assyrians. Muti- lated as it is, this poem is one of the finest in the whole range of Anglo-Saxon literature. The language is of the most polished and brilliant character ; the metre harmonious, and varied with admira- ble skill. The action is dramatic and energetic, culminating impres- sively in the catastrophe of Holofernes' death ; but there is none of that pathos which gives Beowulf so much of its power : the whole poem breathes only of triumph and warlike enthusiasm. In con- ^vructive skill and perfect command of his foreign subject, the Testimonies. unknown author of yudith surpasses both Caedmon and Cynewulf, while he is certainly not inferior to either of them in command of language and metre. [Sweet, in Warton's History of Ejtglish Poetry, II i6.] IX Of this poem only the last three cantos have been preserved. Enough, however, is left to show that the complete work must have been one of the noblest in the whole range of Old English poetry. It clearly belongs to the culminating point of the Old Northumbrian literature, combining, as it does, the highest dramatic and con- structive power with the utmost brilliance of language and metre. [Sweet, Anglo-Saxon Reader, 4th ed. p. 157.] X Dieses stellt einen grossartigen Heldengesang dar, bilderreich und in der Form abgerundet, durchweg durchdrungen von dem Einen leitenden Gedanken : Judith als des Herrn Schildjungfrau. Selbst Thorpe kann nichtumhin, seine Bewunderung auszusprechen. Es erinnert lebhaft an die Gestalten der Heldenfrauen bei den alten Sachsen, in den eddischen Gesangen und im Nibelungenliede. Seiner ganzen Farbung nach verhalt es sich zu der biblischen Erzahlung, wie die Germanen sich verhalten zu dem Volke Israel. Aber seine alttestamentlich-religiose Leidenschaftlichkeit weiset uns zugleich in die Zukunft, gewissermaassen ein Vorbild der schott- ischen Puritaner. So reich und lebensvoU ist sein Inhalt. Es diirfte sich besser, als alle bisher besprochenen Dichtungen, dazu eignen, als Ganzes in neuere Sprachen ubersetzt zu werden. Es dient, neben vielen andren Denkmalern, zu einem Zeugnisse daflir, dass auch die christlichen Skalden ganz besonders die Ehren des Kampfes und mannhafte Tugend liebten. [Hammerich, Aelteste Christliche Epik, pp. 69, 70.] XI But in the art of working out a plot, all the writers of religious epics, belonging to that period, are surpassed by the author of Judith. If indeed his subject-matter is extraordinarily happy, offer- ing, as it does, a well-rounded plot of almost dramatic interest, still we are wont to consider a judicious choice of material an added merit in the talent that can shape it worthily. Only the close of the Tcsti7nonies. poem, little more than a quarter of the whole, is preserved. This fragment, however, produces an impression nioie like that of the national epos, than is the case with any other religious poetry of that epoch. To a lucid, well-constructed narrative are joined epic profusion, vigour, and animation. In the highest degree effective is the portrayal of Judith's return to Bethulia, of the warlike advance of the Hebrews, of the surprise of the Assyrian camp, the terror of the Assyrian nobles, who dare not disturb their lord in his rest, and finally of the disbandment and flight of the heathen host. If the poet seems stirred by his theme, if he does not refrain from giving a moral judgment, and occasionally anticipates the story, yet he resembles in all this, not only most of the religious, but also the national epic singers of his time. [Ten Brink, Early English Literature {Kennedy's Trans,), pp. 46, 47.] XII Von diesem Gedichte ist nur das folgende BruchstUck erhalten, dessen grosse dichterische VorzUge den Verlust des Anfanges um so beklagenswerter erscheinen lassen. [KuRNER, Studium des Angelsdclisisclieti, p. 234.] XIII Dies ist ohne Zweifel das gelungenste der uns aus dieser Periode erhaltenen angelsachsischen Gedichte, welche alttestamentliche Stoffe behandeln. Der epische Stil wird hier weder durch ein Uebermass der Rhetorik, noch durch Ueberfiille malerischer Schild- erung beeintrachtigt und verdunkelt, der klare Fluss der Erzjihlung schreitet ungehemmt, wenn auch episch verweilend, vorwarts ; der Ausdruck, von Schwulst und Weitschweifigkeit frei, hat eine sub- jective religiose Warme durch die innige Theilnahme des Dichters an seinem Gegenstand : erscheinen doch auch hier die Juden als die Altvordern der Christen, Judith als eine christliche Heldin, welche selbst die Dreieinigkeit anruft. Um so eher rechtfertigt sich das angelsachsische Kostlim, das, wie ich angezeigt habe, auch hier nicht fehlt. [Ehert, Allgcmcine Geschichte der Literatur des Mittelalters im Abend' lande. 111 26.] JUDITH. * * * tw^ode gifena in Sys ginnan grunde ; h^o 6ar 6a gearwe funde mundbyrd set Mm maeran p^odne, }'d hdo ahte mseste pearfe hyldo I'KS h^hstan D(§man, )'?et hi hie wi6 );0es hehstan brogan gefriSode, frymSa Waldend ; hyre Sees Feeder on roderum s torhtm6d ti6e gefr^raede, I'e h6o ahte trumne gel(§afan a t6 (Sdrn iEh-nihtigan. Gefrsegen ic Sa Holofernus winhdtan wyrcean georne, and eallum wundrum ))rymllc girwan up svvoesendo : t6 6dm h^t se gumena baldor ealle 6a yldestan Cegnas : hie Sset ofstum mickim lo rasfndon rondwiggende, c6mon t6 'Sdm rican p^odne fdran folces rseswan. pset wses ]'y f^orSan d6gor ]>2es (Se ludith hyne gl^aw on geS^nce, ides selfscinu, serest ges6hte. Hie 6d t6 6am symle sittan ^odon, iS W'lance t6 wingedrince, ealle his w6agesi6as, bealde byrnwiggende. peer weeron boUan st^ape boren ffifter b^ncum gel6me, swylce 6ac bunan and orcas I* No tirmetodes Gr.; Torhtes tirfruman no A'. — i"^ | : : code Afs. — 2'' gr : : d I Ms. — 2^ «2er T/iia. Th. Ett. Gr. R. K. «ar Sw. — ^ hire Ett. and so ahvays. — do- tide Eit. — T" I'ffim Thw. Th. Gr. R. «am EH. Sw. K. — yb gefraegn Ett. ; Holofernus Ms. Tkw. Th. Gr. K. Olofernus Ett. R. S-u>. — 8» win hatan Ms. Thia. Th. Ett. winhatan Gr. R. Sw. K. — 11* wigende Ett. ahvays.— 12^ dogore Ms. Edd. — 13" hine Ett. ahvays. — 15* symble Sw. ytidith. fulle fl^tsittendum : hie j'set faige );^gon r6fe rondwiggende, ) eah tiaes se rica ne wende, 20 egesful eorla dryhten. Da wearS Holofernus, goldwine gumena, on gj^tesalum ; hl6h and hlydde, hlynede and dynede, j53et mihten fira beam feorran gehyran, hu se sti^im6da styrmde and gylede, 25 m6dig and medugal manode geneahhe b^ncsittende yaet hi geb?erdon wel. Swa se inwidda ofer eahie dsg dryhtgiunan sine dr^ncte mid wine, swi(Sm6d sinces brytta, 6S 'J'set hie on swiman Idgon, 30 oferdr^ncte his duguSe ealle, swylce hie wseron d6a6e gesl^gene, agrotene g6da gehwylces. Swa htH se giimena baldor fyllan fl^tsittendum, 6S ))9et fira bearnum n^alcehte niht s(^o j'ystre. Het (Na ni(Sa geblqnden \k eadigan mgegb ofstum f(>tigan 35 t6 his b«^dr^ste b^agiim gehlKste, hringum gehrodene. Hie hra5e fr^medon anbyhtscealcas, swa him heora ealdor beb^ad, byrnwigena brego : beariitme st6pon to 'Sam gysterne, ]'aer hie Ii'idithe 4 -> fundon ferhcSgldawe, and tid frgmhce lindwiggende Ijedan ongunnon fa torhtan msegS t6 traefe pam h^an, jiaer se rica liyne r^ste on symbel, nihtes inne, N^rgende laiS -45 Holofernus. paer wses eallgylden fleohn<^t fa5ger ymbe ] ses folctogan b^d ahongen, j'set se bealofulla 19*' hcegon S%u. — 2i* drihten Gr. — aa** gyste-salum Tk. — 23* hloh an Gr. — 32* agotene AIs. Edd. ; agrotene ? K. — 32'' : aldor Ah. (b expunged') aldor Th. Ett. Gr. R. baldor TInv. Sw. A'. — 33'' fylgan Ms. Edd. fyllan? K. — 34* nea | ashte Ms. — 38^ anbiht- Ett. ambyht- Stv. — 40* gist- Ett. — 40'' iudithSe Ms. Th?- Iuditt>e Thxu. Th> Judi«e Ett. R. Judithe Gr. Sw. K. — 44'' symle ZiJO. — \(^ \^2i Ett. — 47* fleohnett A". ; and ymbe il/j. Thio. Th. Leo Gr. R. and fceger Ett.; om. and Sw. K. — 48" bedd K, Jtidith. mihte wlltan ) urh, wigena baldor, on seghwylcne J;e tiner-inne cum 50 hseleSa bearna, and on hyne nsenig mgnna cynnes, nymSe se in6diga hwsene ni'6e r6fra him '^t ndar h6te rinca t6 rune gegangan. Hie (Sa on r^ste gebr6hton snude Cd snoteran idese ; ^odon (Sa st^rcedferMe 55 • hsele?) heora hearran cyfian ] set waes s6o halge m^owle gebr6ht on his burgetelde. ])a wearS se br^ma on m6de bH(Se burga ealdor, ] 6hte fia beorhtan idese mid vyidle and mid \vQmme besmitan ; ne wolde ) set wuldres Dt^ma, geSfafian, prymmes Hyrde, ac h6 him Jaes (Tinges gestyrde, 60 Dryhten, duge?ia Waldend. Gewat 'Sa se d^ofulcunda, galferhfi gumena cSr^ate bealofuU his b^ddes n^osan, \'xx h6 sceolde his blaed forl^osan aedre binnan anre nihte ; hsefde tia his ^nde gebidenne on eoriSan unswcesh'cne, swylcne h^ ser sefter worhte, 65 J7earlm6d ST^oden gumena, Ji^nden h6 on (Tysse worulde wunode under wolcna hr6fe. Gef6ol Sa wine swa druncen se rica on his r^ste middan, swa he nyste roeda nanne on gewitlocan : wiggend stopon ut of Sam inne ofstum miclum, 70 weras winsade, ]'e Sone wserlogan, laSne l^odhatan, Iteddon t6 b^dde n^hstan siSe. pa wses Nt^rgendes 50b Seer inne Ms. Thw. Ett. Gr. J^. K. fer-inne Th. 5"^. — sa'' nimiSe Ett.K.; hwane Ett. — 53'' niSe-rofra Th. niSerofra jS://. — ^-^ het Th. Ett. hete Ms. other Edcl. — 54b gebrohtc-n AIs. gebrohten Thiu. R. — 55" l--ude ^/f. — ^^b ste----|ferh;5e JA. stercedferh^e Thw. Th. Gr.K. snelferh'Se £'/A becatise of alliteration, ■syNQXce.AlnxW&Ql Gr. swercendferhSe A', sweorcend- ferh'Se S%v. — 55^ lia^leS | Th. Ett. \ hrele'S Gr. K. S%v. K. — ^&> halige Ms. Edit. — 60° ge})afigan Gr. ge^afjan Ett. and always -jan in verbs of this class ; hirde Ett. — 61" drihten Thw. — bi^ deofolcunde Ett. — 62* galferh-S [cyning] Gr. K. — 62'' Create garberendra Ett. — 63=^ bealoful his bedes Gr. — 63'' forleosa. | Ms. — Q)& l-isse Ett. K. — 67'' winessa Thw. — 71* wares Th:-— 72^ leod-hatan ? Gr. — 71^ Ltdon R. yudith, Jj^owen J?rymful J^earle gemyndig hu h(§o I'one atolan eaSost mihte 75 ealdre benseman cer se unsyfra, womfull onw6ce. Genam Sa wuudenlocc, Scyppendes mseg8, scearpne m^ce, scurum heardne, and of sedate abroed swiSran folme ; ongan 6a swegles Weard 80 be naman n<^mnan, N^rgend ealra woruldbuendra, and 1 eet word acwseS : ' Ic ht frymiSa God, and fr6fre Gaest, Beam Alwaldan biddan wylle miltse J^inre me J^earfendre, 85 iBTrynesse ffrym. pearle ys m(^ nii Sa heorte onhfeted and hige geomor, swySe mid sorgum gedr(§fed ; forgif m^, swegles Ealdor, sigor and s6Sne gel(§afan, pset ic mid |'ys sweorde m6te geh^awan ])ysne morSres bryttan ; geunne m^ minra gesynta, 90 J'earlm6d J>^oden gumena : nahte ic J'inre ncefre miltse J'on maran j'carfe : gevvrec nu, mihtig Dryhten, torhtm6d tires brytta, J>3et m^ ys j'us torne on m6de, hate on hrefire minum.' Hi Sa se hel^sta D^ma sedre mid ^Ine onbryrde, swa h6 deiS anra gehwylcne 95 h^r-buendra ]'e hyne him t6 helpe sdceS mid rsede and mid rihte gel^afan. pa weariS hyre rume on m6de, haligre hyht geniwod ; genam '6a |;one h;e(Snan mannan fseste be feaxe sinum, t^ah hyne folmum wi6 hyre weard bysmerlice, and |'one bealofuUan 100 listum al^de, laSne mannan, 74^ 'SrymfuU TJnv. — 75'' myhte Gr. — 76* beneman Ett. — 77^ womful Gr. — 78a scippendes Ett. — 83b gast Ett. — 84'' wylle Ms. Siv. wille other Edd. — %^ t>earf I fendre yJ/5. — 86^ J^rinesse Ett.— ^&> is Ett. aiidahuays; nu'Sa Tli. — 87^ heorte ys Ms. Thw. Gr. heorte (heorte ys note) Tk. Ett. R. Sw. heorte K. — %']^\\sge. Ett. and always ; s\vy'5e| Th. s\viSe| Ett. | swy'Se 6^r. A". ^7C/. K. — 90a mordres Th> — 90'' me above line in Ms. — 9 1 '' naht- Ms. — 92^ driht- en Thiv. — 96'' Tli.endshalf-lineivith hyne, E.tl. + 7^;'^//^buendra. — 98*^ hse'Se- nan Ms. Edd.—a wunclenlocc I'one feondsccai^an fagum mece h<^tel)oncolne, |)?et hco healfne forcearf 105 ))one swcoran him, I'?et \\^ on swiman laeg, druncen and dolhwund. Nses 6a d^ad pa gyt, ealles orsdwle : sloh 6a eornoste ides ^]lenr6f 6]'re si6e |)One ha:6nan hund, |.£et him Jjset h^afod wand no forS on tia flure ; Iseg se fiila 16ap g^sne beseftan, g^est ^llor hwearf under neovvehie nses and ^ser geny6erad wses, susle gesa^led sy66an aefre, wyrmum bewunden, witum gebunden, 115 hearde gehsefted in h^Uebryne ffifter hinsi6e. Ne (Searf h^ hopian n6, pystrum forSfyhiied ]'?et h^ tTonan m6te of 6am wyrms^le, ac Sser wunian sceal awa t6 aldre butan ende for6 120 in 'bam heolstran ham hyhtwynna l^as. XI. Hfefde Sa gefohten foremseme blsed ludith ast gu6e swa hyre God u5e, swegles Ealdor, pe hyre sigores onl^ah. pa s6o snotere masgS snude gebr6hte 125 ))ges h^rewse6an h^afod swa bl6dig on 6am fsetelse, pe hyre foreg^nga, bldchl^or ides, hyra b^gea nest 105* hete honcolne Thw. Th. Ett. — 107'' git Ett. and ahvays. — 108'' eornost Tkiv. — 109'' •• re A/s. iio^ hx'^enan A/s. EM. — 112* bcceftan A/s. Tkw. Th> Ett. Gr. K. beseftan Thl^ R. Sw.— wt^'^ neowelne nses Ms. Thw. Gr. Sw. K. neowelnes is//, newelnses Th.^ neowelnses Th?- R. — 113'' genifierad En. — \\(^ helle bryne AIs. Thw. Th. K.— 124'' onlah Ett.— 125'' snu'Se Ett. — 127"^ fore genge Leo Gr, R, — 128'' hira ^/Z. and always. yiidith. (T^awum geSfungen j?yder on Itedde, and hit Sa swa heolfrig hyre on hond ageaf, 130 higet^Qncolre ham t6 berenne, ludith gingran sinre. Eodon 6a g^gnum jianonne I a idesa ba ellenj riste, 6(S X'-xX hie bec6mon coUenferhcSe, eadhreMge meegiS ut of 6am h(^rige, 135 j'set hie sweotolUce ges^on mihten pare wHtegan byrig weallas blican, Bethuliam. Hie 6a beahhrodene f^6elaste for6 6nettan, 6t) hie gla^dmode gegan h?efdon 140 t6 6am wealgate. Wiggend sneton, \veras WKCcende wearde h^oldon in 6am fa^stenne, swa 6am folce ser g6omorm6dum ludith beb^ad, searo6oncol mceg6, )»a h(§o on si6 gewat, 145 ides ^llenr6f. W?es 6a ?ft cumen leof t6 Itiodum, and 6a lungre h^t gl^awhydig wif gumena sumne hyre t6g(§anes gan of fsx.xt ginnan byrig, and hi ofostlice in forlaftan 150 1 urh 6ais wealles geat, and ] a^t w^ord acwsecS t6 6am sigefolce : ' Ic 6o\v s<^cgan mreg J>onc\vyr6e J^ing, J'set g(^ ne J?yrfen l^ng murnan on m6de : ^o\v ys Metod bll(5e, cyninga wuldor ; ):tEt gecy6ed wear6 155 geond woruld wide, j'^et 6ow ys wuldorblsed 129*' on Iffidde S-^u. K. onloedde other Edd. — 130'^ -a Ms, — 1 30'' hand Thw.; agea- Ms. — ISI"^ — ISoncolreJ/c. hige )>on colie 'J'/rtV. hige 'Soncolre Th. hygej'oncolre Eil. higeponcolre A', higel'oncolre Gr.+. — 131'^ beranne Et(. — 132'' gingr-l Ms. gyngran EtL — 132^ J'anone E(L Sw. — 134" hie hie Ms. Thw. — 139^ onetton Eil. Gr. K. — 141* weall- 7'hiv. weal above line in Ms. — 142'' 1 (yheoldon corr.from x Ms. heo ildon Thiv. heoldon Th. +. — 144'' ludithe I\Ts. Thru. Th. — 149 Thus in J?. S^u. of ^rere ginnan byrig hyre togeanes gan Ms. other Edd. to geanes fnran? Z. — 150'' forl^ton Ms. forloeten Thw, forlceton K, forlsetan other Edd, — 1 54*' met-d bli K- Ms, jfudith, torhtlic t6weard and tir gifeSe Jara lieSSa J;e g6 lange drugon.' pd wurdon bliSe burhsittende, sy(S()an hi gehyrdon hi'i seo halge sprsec i6n ofer h(^anne weall. H(^re waes on lustum, wis ))aes fsestengeates folc 6nette, weras wif s^mod, wornum and h^apuni, (Treatum and aTrymmum J?rungon and union ong^an 'Sd }7^odnes maegS j^usendmEelum, 165 ealde ge g^onge : seghwylcum wearS m<^n on Saere medobyrig m6d ar^ted, syStian hie ong^aton })3et waes ludith cumen ^ft t6 e61e, and ?ia ofosdice hie mid eaSm^dum in forl^ton. 170 pa s^o gl^awe hdt golde gefraetewod hyre Sfinenne j7ancohii6de faes h^rewgeSan h^afod onwriSan, and hyt t6 b^hfie bl6dig setywan \zxa. burhl^odum, hu hyre set beaduwe gespdow. 17s Spraec Sa s6o aeSele t6 eallum j^am folce : ' H^r g(^ magon sweotole, siger6fe haeleS, l^oda raeswan, on Sses laSestan haeSnes heat5orinces h^afod starian, Holofernus unlyfigendes, 180 pe lis m^nna ma;st morSra gefr^mede, sarra sorga, and );aet swy-Sor gyt yean wolde ; ac him ne u6e God l^ngran lifes, j'aet he mid lae66um us ilf' tyr Ett. and always. — I58« Ise'Sa Ett. [on last] hara lae^'Sa? Gr. ■Sara Ire^^a [to bote] ? R. \>z.xd. la-55a [to leane] Z. — 160* siSSan Ett. and ahvays. — 160'' halige Ms. Edd. — 161" heahne weal Gr. — 163" weras ■) Thw. — 165* })eo'5nes Ah. — 171'' gefraetwod Ett. — 172'* J?oncolmode Gr. — 1 73" t>sea Th. — 1 74" hit Ett. and ahvays. — 1 75* burg- Sw. — 1 76^ •• •• llu J)a Ms. — I77i» •• gerofe Ms. — 179* hre'Senes Ms. Edd. — 179'' staria^' Ms. starian Edd. — 180'' unlifigendes Ett. and ahuays. — 182 and t>3et svvy^or Ms. Sw. K. and sy}>or Thw. and swy^or Th. Gr. R. and swi'Sor Ett. — 184'' be'StJunil Th. IseSum us I Ett. IpeSSum us I Gr.Ar, yudith. cy6an ^odon, wrQhton cumbolwigan and him forhtlice f;\irspel bodedon, medowerigum morgencollan, 245 atolne ^cgplcgan. ])a ic aedre gefraegn sl<^gef;^ge hffilciS sUepe tobredan and wi5 | as bealofullan burgeteldes weras [w^rigJferh'Se hwearfum j'ringan Holofernus ; hogedon aninga 250 hyra hlaforde hilde bodian, aer c^on tie him se ^gesa on ufan srete, msegen Ebr^a. Mynton ealle ])£et se beorna brego and si^o beorhte miSgS in ^am wlitegan trnefe wctron retsQmne, 255 ludith s(^o K(Scle and se galmoda, ^gesfull and afor ; nais (Seah eorhi nan, ]'e (Sone wiggend awc^^ccan dorste 0(S(Se gecunnian hu (^one cumbohvigan wi(S (Sa hdlgan ma:g(S ha:fde gcworden, 260 Metodcs meowlan. Ma;gen n^ala^hte, fulc l']br(§a, fuhton ]earle heardum heoruwtepnum, hii^ste guidon hyra fyrngefhtu fagum swyrdum ealde sefc^Qncan ; Assyria wearcS 265 on 6am diegeweorce d6m geswiSrod, boelc forbiged. Beornas stodon ymbe hyra ^(^odnes tra^f J^earle gebylde, sweorcendferh^e. Hi (Sa somod ealle ongunnon cohhettan, cirman hlude, 270 243'' weahton Zi-o wehton Gr. wrehton? rehton? £/A — 247'' tobredon Ms. I'hw. Th. K. tobieihin Ett. Gr. K. i>7i'. — 249" ferh'Se ^l/j. TInv. Th. wideferhiSe Ett. vverig- Gr. hreowig-? R. [hreovvig-] Sw. [werig-] K. — 249'* wornuiii Ett.; bringan Thw. — 250" hO"|fenius i)A. Olofernes £//. ^ 250'' hogodon Ett. — z<^\'o hyldo i]/f. Thtv. Th. Ett. hilde Z«'^+. — 263'- hxfte Ms. Thw. Th. Ett. Gr. R. K. hseste? Gr. hreste iVc— 265" ealde irfiNoiican Ms. Thw. Gr. Sw. K. ealle afiSoncan Ett. Th. ealde afSoncan R. — 265'^ Assiria Gr. — 266" da:ge weorce Ms. Thw. Gr. — 267'' forbyged Ett. — 2700 cohhetan Ms. Edd. Judith. and gristbltian Gode orfeorme, mid totSoii torn )'oligende ; ))a waes hyra tires aet ^nde, eades and ^llendiXida. Hogedon J'a eorlas aw^ccan hira ^vinedryhten : him wiht ne sp6ovv. pa \vear6 si?i and late sum t6 6am arod 275 I'dra beadorinca, paet h6 in faet biirgeteld nicSheard n^*6de, swa hyne nyd fordraf : funde 'Sa on b^dde blacne licgan his goldgifan gaestes g^sne, lifes belidenne. ., H6 pa lungre gef^oll 280 fr^orig t6 foldan, ongan his feax teran hr^oh on m6de and his hrsegl somod, and ) set word acw;ieS t6 tJam wiggendum, pe 6a?r unr6te lite wseron : ' H6r ys geswutelod lire sylfra fonvyrd, 285 t6weard getacnod, ) set pa^re tide ys [nu] mid ni^um neah gecSrungen, \Q\vk. [life] sculon losian somod, set saecce forweor^an : h6r hfi sweorde geh^awen, beh^afdod healdend lire.' Hi 6a hreowigni6de 290 wurpon hyra waepen of dune, gewitan him w^rigferhSe on fl^am sceacan. Him mQn feaht on last, masgen^acen folc, 6S se maesta dael I'ses h^riges teg hilde gesteged on (Sam sigewonge, sweordum geh^awen, 295 wulfum t6 willan, and ^ac wselgifrum 271b gode ii//. 77;.- gode 772.1+. — 273^ •• des il/f.— 273'' hogedon J^a eorlas Ms. Thw. Th. Etl. Gr. K. \>z. eorlas hogedon R. Sw. — 274" awecc--| Ms.; I'-ra Ms. hyra Thw. hira Ett. hire Th. hira Gr. +; wina- Ms. wine- Edd. — 275a l-i'SilA. — 275'* araed? anraed? Ett. — 278'' Hcg--| Ms. — 279** g;T2senne Ett. gsestes gesne his goldgifan? Gr. — 281" foldan A/s. {Siev.) feoldan Ms. {Th. Siv.) feoldan Th. Ett. foldan Thw. +. — 285°- gswutelod Ms. gewutelod Gr. — 286^ tide J>a git lis Ett.; is Thw.— 287" [nu] mid niSum Gr. K. mid ni?»a bearnum R. [nu] mid niSum S^v. mid niiNiim Ms. Thw. mid ni'Sum Ett. — 2^?fl' \>e-\ Ms.; [sculon Ms. sculon Thw. Sw. life sculon Ett. R. [life] sculon Gr. K. — 291* ofdune Th. — 293» -ecen Ms. Judith, fuglum t6 fr6fre. Flugon ^a Se lyfdon lafira lindwiggendra. Him on laste f6r s\v(^ot Ebr^a sigor geweorSod, d6me gedyrsod ; him f^ng Dryhten God ?oo fffigre on fultum, Fr6a gelmihtig. Hi ?ia frQmlice fagum swyrdum haeleS higerofe h^rpaft worhton |urh la(Sra gemong, linde h^owon, scildburh scKron : sceotend waSron 305 guSe gegr^mede, guman Ebreisce, ]?egnas on Sa tid Jjearle gelyste gargewinnes. prer on greot gefeoll se hyhsta cLxl h^afodgerimes Assiria ealdordugucSe, 31° la(San C3'nnes : iyth\v6n bec6m cwicera t6 cySSe. Cirdon cyner6fe, wiggend on wiJSertrod, waelsc^l oninnan, r^ocende hraew; rum waes t6 nimanne l^ndbi'iendum on 6am la?iestan, 315 hyra ealdfeondum unlyfigendum heolfrig h^rert^af, hyrsta scyne, bord and brad swyrd, brune helmas, dyre madmas. Haefdon d6mlice on t>am folcst^de fynd oferwunnen 320 etSehveardas, ealdh(^ttende swyrdum aswfyrd Th-.u. — 324" ]-\viceraJ/5. — 324'>ealG'r. yuditli. maeg(Sa mierost, Anes m6n(Ses fyrst, 325 wlanc wundenlocc wagon and laeddon t6 tisere beorhtan byrig Bethuliam helmas and hupseax, hare byrnan, gi'u^sceorp giimena golde gefraetewod, mffirra madma ];onne m^n aenig as(^cgan maege searo|'Qncelra ; eal J'Xt (Sa ff^odguman prymme geeodon, C^ne under cuml)lum on conipwige Jmrh ludithe gl^awe lare maig(S m6digre. Hi to mede hyre 335 of ■6dm siSfate sylfre br6hton eorlas aescr6fe Holofernes sweord and svvatigne helm, svvylce ^ac side byrnan, ger^node r^adum golde, and eal })^t se rinca baldor s\viiSm6d sinces ahte oSSe sundoryrfes. 340 b^aga and beorhtra maSma, hi J?get ])£ere beorhtan idese ageafon gearoponcolre. Ealles Saes ludith saegde wuldor weroda Dryhtne, pe hyre weorSmynde geaf, maerSe on moldan rice, swylce ^ac m^de on heofonum, sigorl^an in swegles wuldre paes Se h^o ahte s65ne gel^afan 345 [a] to (Sam ^Elmihtigan ; huru aet ))am ^nde ne tw^ode )>3es l^anes |)e h^o lange gyrnde. paes sy Sam l^ofan Dryhtne wuldor t6 widan aldre, pe gesc^op wind and lyfte, roderas and rume grundas, svvylce t^ac r^Se str^amas and swegles dr^amas ]'urh his sylfes miltse. 350 325'' I -cerost .7/.f. — 326* wlance i?//. C;-.; wundenloce Thw. Th. Ett. Gr. wundenlocc Ms. R. Sw. A".; wlanc wigena heap? Ji. — 326'' |-agon Ms. — saS^ herel^yrnan Th. — 329b gefraetwod Ett. — 330'' maSma Ett^Gr. K. madma fela? madma worn? A". _ 333b -, ^/j_ 7^^^^ ^^^ yy^ ^^^ (preposition) Gr. at Ett. on R. Sic. A'. — 336^ sylfne Thw.— y^-j^ Holo- ferees TV/Ty. — 343a wuldor- weroda 77^. — 343b weorSmynte ^/i-. — 345* sig- orlean is the last tuord in fol. 206^ ; the rest is added on the loiver margin, apparently in a hand of the 17th or i8th century, and is now for the most part illegible (.9?V7/.). — 345* wuldore 6"^. wuldre yl/f. (j/'/^^r ^^/a'. — 346" [up] Gr. up 7?. [a] Sw. K. — 2,'^^^ i,\ Ett.; drihtne Thw. — ^^S^h&Ett. GLOSSARY. [The typical forms of words are taken directly from this text, without reference to norms otherwise established. For glossarial and grammatical purposes, {> and 5 have been uniformly represented by tS. The dash, — , is used to indicate the occurrence of an inflected word in its typical or dictionary form. Abbreviations like asm., gpn., etc., stand for case, number, and gender, in the order named. The double dagger, J, indicates that the word does not occur elsewhere in the poetical texts as published and indexed by Grein.] &, av., ever, akvays, 7, [346]; see awa. dbrcgdan, sv., draw, ind. pret. 3d sing, abrajd, 79. ac, cj., Otti, and{ ?), 60, 119, 183, 209. dcweffan, sv., speak, ind. pret. 3d sing. acwce'S, 82, 151, 283. sfedre, Z.V., forthwith, 64, 95, 246. sfefre, av., ever, 114. aefter. prep. w. dat., along, after, 1 8, 117. aefter, av., to-uards, 65. aefiSQnca, sm., grudge, ap. sef^Qncan, ^ 265. icghwylc, prn., each, asm. aegh- wylcne, 50, dsm. aiighwylcum, 166. ijlaslfscine, aj., beautiful as an elf, nsf. a-lfscinu, 14. a'lmihtig, aj., almighty, nsm. — , 301 ; dsm. wk. selmihtigan, 7, 346. fenig, indef. prn., any, nsm. — , 330. ^r, av., before, previously, 65, 143, 214. fer, cj., ere, before, 76. tcr ffon Ue, cj., before, 252. fcrest, av., erst, first, 14. t«J8cplega, sm., ash-play, spear-play, ds. X'scplegan, 217. aesorof, aj., spear-brave, npm. ses- crofe, 337. act, prep. w. dat., at, from, in, 3, 123, ^ 175. 197. 217, 272, 289, 346. fct, sn., food, prey, gs. autes, 210. fetSQnine, av., together, 255. aetywan, wv., display, inf. — , 174. a^ffele, aj., noble, nsf. — , 176, 256. dfor, &]., fierce, nsm. — , 257. dgan, anv., £?z£)«, have, ind. pret. 3d sing, ahte, 3, 6, 340, 345; ind. pret. 2d plur. agon, 196; with negative prefix : ind. pret. 1st sing. nahte, 91. 4geotan(?), sv., drain, deprive, infl. pp. agotene, 32 (but perhaps rather agrotene, which see). dgifan, sv., give, place, bestow, ind. pret. 3d sing, ageaf, 130; ind. pret. 3d plur. ageafon, 342. ^grotenC?), cloyed, drunken, infl. PP-(?) agrotene, 32 (emendation for agotene, which see under ageot- an). dhon, sv., hang, pp. ah^ngen, 48. aldor, see ealdor, sn. ^l^cgan, wv., lay down, ind. pret. 3d sing, alede, loi. al^valda, sm., all-wielder, ruler of all, gs. alwaldan, 84. 4n, aj., one, that(}), gsm. anes, 325; dsf. anre, {thatl) 64; gp. anra, 95. Glossary. anbyhtscealc, sm., retainer, np. anbyhtscealcas, 38. and (gnd?), cj., and. aniuga, ay.,for(hwith, 250. Cretan, \\v., gladden, pp. areted, 167. drfa»st, aj., g/orious{?), nsm. — , 190. Jdrod (arod?), a]., /or-vard, hold, nsm. — , 275. As^cgan, wv., say, relate, inf. — , 331- Assiria, pr. n., Assyrians, gp. As- siria, 232, 310, Assyria, 265; dp. Assyrium, 218. dsw^bban, wv., put to sleep, infl. pp. aswc^fede, 322. atol, aj., terrible, asm. atolne, 246; asm. vvk. atolan, 75. d'wa, av., ever, always, 120; see a. dw^ccan, wv., awake, inf. — , 258, 274. baelc, sm., pride, ns. — , 267. baldor, sn\., prince, king, ns. — , 9, 32, 49, 339- be, prep. w. dat., l>y, 81, 99. beadu, sf., battle, war, ds. beaduwe, 175, beadowe, 213. beadorinc, sm., warrior, gp. bea- dorinca, 276. Jbca'ftaii, av., behind, 112. beag, sm., ring, bracelet, gp. beaga, 341 ; dp. beagum, 36. boahhroden, aj. (pp.), adorned loith rings, npm. beahhrodene, 138. beald, aj., bold, npm. bealde, 17. bealofall, aj., baleful, wicked, nsm. — , 63; nsm. wk. bealofulla, 48; gsm. wk. bealofullan, 248; asm. bealofullan, 100. bearhtnie, av., instantly, 39. beam, sn., child, son, as. — , 84; np. — , 24; gp. bearna, 51; dp. bear- num, 33. bebeodan, sv. w. dat., command, ind. pret. 3d sing, bebead, 38, 144. beeunian, sv., pass, arrive, ind, pret. 3d sing, becom, 31 1; ind. pret. 3d plur. becomon, 134. b, infect^}), pp. gehlynden, 34. bodian, \vv., annoiincc, inf. — , 251 ; intl. pret. 3d plur. bodedon, 244. Jbolla, sm., bowl, np. bollan, 17. bord, sn., shield, dp. bordum, 213; ap. — , 192, 318. br^d, aj., broad, apn. — , 318. brcgdan, sv., draiv, ind. pret. 3d plur. Ijrugdon, 229. brego, sm., prince, ns. — , 39, 254. brcme,aj.,y(/wr)/«,nsm.\vk.brema,57. breost, sn., breast, dp. breostum, 192. bringau, wv., bring, ind. pret. 3d plur. brohton, 336. broga, sm., peril, gs. brogan, 4. brun, aj., brown, apm., brune, 318. brytta, sm., divider, distributor, ns. — > 3O' 93; 3S. bryttan, 90. bune, sf., cup, np. biinan, 18. burg, sf., city, fortress, gs. byrig, 137; ds. byrig, 149, 203, 327; gp. burga, 58. , Jburgeteld, sn., pavilion, gs. bdige- teldes, 248; ds. burgetelde, 57; as. -, 276. burgleode, sm. pi., citizens, gp. burgleoda, 187; dp. burhleoduni, 175- burhsittende, sm. pi., citizens, np. — 159- b(itan, prep. w. dat., without, 120. byldan, wv., excite, infl. pp. gebylde, 268. byrne, sf., hauberk, corselet, ap. byrnan, 323, 338. JbyrnhQm, sm., haziberk, corselet, ap. byrnh9mas, 192. byrnAviga, sm., corselet-warrior, gp. byinwigena, 39. byrnwiggend, sm., corselet-war- rior, np. byrnwiggende, 17. bysmerlice, av., shamefully, 100. camp, sm., fight, ds. campe, 200. cene, aj., valiant, npm. — , 333; gp. cenra, 200. cirman, wv., shriek, inf. — , 270. cirran, wv., turn back, ind. pret. 3d plur. cirdon, 312. cneoris, sf., tribe, nation, ns. — , 324. Jcohhcttan, wv., Iame7it{}), 7C>ail(?), inf. — , 270. coUenferhiJ, aj., inspirited, elated, npf., collenferh'Se, 134. JcQmptvig, sn. ( 1^, combat, ds. cQmp- cuman, sv., come, ind. pret. 3d sing, com, 50; ind. pret. 3d plur. comon, II ; pp. cumen, 146, 168. cumbol, sn., banner, standard, dp. cumblum, t,t,t,. Jcunibolwiga, sm., banner-war- rior, as. cumbohvigan, 259; ap. cumbolwigan, 243. cwic, aj., living, gp. cwicera, 235, 312, 324- cynerof, aj., royally brave, npm cynerofe, 200, 312. cyn, sn., race, natioji, people, gs. cynnes, 52, 31 1; ds. cynne, 226;, gp. cynna, 324. cyning, sm., king, ns. — , 190; gp. cyninga, 155. cyiJan, wv., announce, publish, blazon, inf. — , 56, 243; pp. ge- cy.Ned, 155. cy3'9'(u), sf., native land, ds. cf^'^^, 312. djeg, sm., day, as. — , 28. daegred, sn., dawn, as. — , 204. dcege^veo^c, sn., day^s work, ds. daegeweorce, 266. djel, sm.,part, ns. — , 293, 309. dead, aj., dead, nsm. — , 107. Glossary. dealflC, sm., death, ds. dea'Se, 196; is. dea6e, 31. denia, svn., judge, ns. — , 59, 94; gs. deman, 4. deman, vvv., dooi/i, condemn, pp. ge- demed, 196. Jdeofolcund, aj., devilish, diaboli- cal, nsm. \vk. deofolcunda, 61. dogor, sn., day, is. — , 12. Jdolhwund, aj., wotinded, nsm. — , 107. doin, sm., reputatio7i, glory, ns. — , 266; as. — , 196; is. dome, 300. domlice, a.v., gloriously, 319. d6n,anv.,f/i3,ind.pres.3dsing.de"(S,95. dream, sw\.,joy, ap. dreamas, 350. drefan, \vv., perturb, afflict, pp. ge- drefed, 88. dr^ncan, wv., drench, deluge, ind. pret. 3d sing, dri^ncte, 29. dreogan, sv., suffer, endure, ind. pret. 2d plur. drugon, 158. druiicen, aj. (pp.), drunken, nsm. — , 67, 107. dryhten, sm., lord. Lord {God), ns. — , 21, 61, 92, 198, 300; ds. dryhtne, 343, 347. dryhtgiima, sm., retainer, vassal, ap. dryhtguman, 29. duguiflf, sf., nobility, host, as. duguSe, 31; gp. dugeSa, 61. dun, sf., hill, ds. dune, 291 (of dune = ado'un). durran, anv., dare, ind. pret. 3d sing, dorste, 258. .dynian, wv., vociferate, clash, ind. pret. 3d sing, dynede, 23; ind. pret. 3d plur. dynedan, 204. dyre, aj., precious, valuable, apm. — , 319- Jdyrsian, wv., exalt, viagnify, cele- brate, pp. gedyrsod, 300. 6ac, av., also, 18, 296, 338, 344, 349. ead, sn., prosperity, success, gs. eades, 273. eadhreS'ig, aj., triuviphajit, npf. eadhre^ige, 135. &A(W^,ti]., blessed, asf. \vk. eadigan,35. eald, aj., old, npm. ealde, 166; apm. ealde, 265; superl. yldesta; dpm. yldestan, 242; apm. yldestan, 10. ealdfeond, sm., ancientfce, dp. eakl- feundum, 316. ealdgeniffla, wni., a>icient enemy, ap. ealdgeniMan, 22S. Jealdh^ttende, sm. pi., ancient enemies, ap. — , 321. ealdor, sm., prince, sovereign, ns. — , 38, 58, 88, 124. ealdor, sn., life, age, ds. aldre, 120, 34S; as. ealdor, 185; is. ealdre, 76. ealdorduguU, sf., nobility, leaders, gs. ealdorduguSe, 310. ealdorSegn, sm., chief vassal or thane, dp. ealdor5egnum, 242. eal(l), aj.,r7//,nsf. eall,324; gsn.ealles, 342; dsn. eallum, 176; asm. ealne, 28; asf. ealle, 31, 237; asn. eal, 332, 339; npm. ealle, 16, 253, 269; gp. ealra, 81; dp. eallum, 8, 217; apm. ealle, 10. eallcs, a v., quite, entirely, loS. callgylden, aj., all-golden, nsn. — , 46. calltiiilitig, see relmihtig. eallweiilda, see alwalda. earn, sm., eagle, ns. — , 210. eastan, ?i\., from the east, 190. eaiJe, av., easily, superl. eaSost, 72, 102. eaffmedu, sf., reverence, dp. eaS- niedum, 170. Ebreas, smpl., Hebre'ws, np. — , 218; gp. Ebrea, 253, 262, 299. Ebreisc,aj., Hebrew, npm. Ebreisce, 241, 306. ^eg, sf., edge, dp. ^cgum, 231. J^egplega, sm., sioord-play, as. ^cg- plegan, 246. ed\vit, sn., abuse, insolence, as. — , 215. Glossary. ^ft, av., back, again, 146, 169. «^'Sesii, sin., terror, peril, ns. — , 252. ^gesful(l), aj., dreadful, terrible, lism. Qgesful, 21, ^gesfull, 257. ^glaii, wv., plague, harass, inf. — , 185. elitiin, wv., ptirstie, ind. pret. 3d plur. ehton, 237. i^lleii, sn., courage, is. ^Ine, 95. ^llciKU«d, sf., courageous deed, gp. (^llendteda, 273. ^llenrof, aj., strenuous in courage, of undaunted courage, nsf. — , 109, 146. J^llenffriste, aj., heroically bold, npf. — , 133. §llor, av., elsezuhither, 112. ^Iffeod, sf., foreign people, gp. ^1- 'cieoda, 237. ^llffeodig, a].,foreig)t, gp.^lSeodigra, 215- ^nde, sm., end, as. — , 64; ds. ■ — , 120, 272, 346. eorl, sm., man, hero, np. eorlas, 273, 337; gp. eorla, 21, 257. eornoste, av., sharply, vehemently, loS, 231. eorffe, sf., earth, ds. eorSan, 65. 6o\>', see ^d. eowau, wv., make known, reveal, ind. pret. 3d plur. eowdon, 240. 6o\ver, poss. 'pxr)..,your, npm. eowere, ^ 195- effel, sm., native land, home, ds. e'Sle, 169. ^l(yel^vea^d, sm., guardian of his country, np. eSelweardas, 321. f seder, sm., father, ns. — , 5. fsege, aj., fated, death-doomed, npm. — , 19; dpm. fsBgum, 209; apm. — , 195- fgeger, 2i]..fair, beautiful, nsn. — , 47. firgre, :\\\, fairly, 301. fjvrspel, sn., sudden (^fearful') tid- ings, as. — , 244, faeste, z.\., firmly, tightly, 99. faestcn,sn.,/^?j/««j,ds.fn,'stenne, 143. Jfaestengeat, sn., fortress-gate, gs. fivstengeates, 162. Jftetels, sm., pouch, sack, ds. fijulelse, 127. fjig, aj., gleaming, blood-stained{l^, dsm. fagum, 104; dp. fagum, 194, 264, 302. faran, sv., go, march, ind. pret. 3d sing, for, 298; ind. pret. 3d plur. foron, 202. feax, sn., hair, ds. feaxe, 99; as. — , 281. feohtan, sv.,fght, ind. pret. 3d sing. feaht, 292; ind. pret. 3d plur. fiihton, 262. feoud, sm., foe, enemy, np. fynd, 195; ap. fynd, 320. feondsceaS'a, sm., scathful enemy, as. feondsceaSan, 104. feorran, o.v.,from afar, 24. feorffa, -a]., fourth, ism. feorran, 12. feran, \\\., go, proceed, inf. — , 12. ferhffgleaAV, aj., keen-witted, saga- cious, asf. ferh'^glea\v, 41. f^tigaii, WW, fitch, inf. — , 35. feSeldst, sm., track, course, ap. fe'Se- laste, 139. findan, sv., fittd, obtain, ind. pret. 3d sing, funde, 2, 278; ind. pret. 3d plur. fundon, 41. firas, sm. pi, men, gp. fi'ra, 24, 33. flan, sf.(?), arrow, gp. flana, 221. fleam, sra., flight, as. — , 292. fleogan, sv., fy, inf. — ,221; ind. pret. 3d sing, fleah, 209; ind. pret. 3d plur. flugon (from fleon), 297. Jfleohn^t, sn., fly-net, curtain, ns. — 47- fl^tsittcnde, sm., sitter in hall, dp. fl(;tsittendum, 19, 33. flor, s'i., floor, as. flore, III. folc, sn., folk, people, nation, ns. — , 162, 262, 293; gs. folces, 12; ds. folce, 143, 176. Glossary. folost^de, sm., folkstcad, battle- ground, ds. — , 320. folctoga, sm., leader of the people, commander, gs. folctogan, 47 ; ap. folctogan, 194. folde, sf., earth, ground, ds. foldan, 281. folm, sf., hand, is. folme, So; ip. ft)lnium, 99. fon, sv., reach forth, iiid. piet. 3d sing, fcng, 300. for, prep. w. dat., before, 192. forbi<>aii, \vv., abase, pp. forljiged, 267. Jforoeorfaii, sv., cut through, ind. pret. 3<1 sing, forcearf, 105. fordrifan, sv., impel, ind. pret. 3d sing, fordraf, 277. foroj>;^iij»a, snif., attendant, ns. 127. forenuvre, aj., eminent, signal, asm. fiireniiurne, 122. forj>;ifaii, sv., grant, vouchsafe, imp. sing, forgif, 88. for 98- geomor, aj., doivncast, despondctit, nsm. — , 87. geoiiiorinod, aj., depressed i7i spirit, dsn. geomormodum, 144. geoiid, prep. w. ace., throughout, 156. geong, B.]., young, npm. geonge, 166. Comp. giiigra : dsf. gingran (Jiand- niaid^, 132. georn, aj., eager, nsm. — , 210. georne, av., eagerly, 8. gerenian, wv., adorn, infl. pp. ge- renode, 339. geriht, sn., direct luay, ds. gerihte, 202. gescj'ppan, sv., create, ind. pret. 3d sing, gesceop, 348. gesecan (see secan),wv., visit, ind. pret. 3d sing, gesohte, 14. geseon, sv., see, inf. — ■, 136. [201. gesiS', sm., companion, np. gesiSas, geslean (see slean), sv., smite, infl. pp. geslegene, 31. gesne, aj., lacking, dead, nsm. — , 112; asm. — , 279. gespowaii (see spowan), sv. impers. w. dat., succeed, ind. pret. 3d sing. gespeow, 175. gestyran, wv. w. dat. of pers. and gen. of thing, prevent, ind. pret. 3d sing, gestyrde, 60. gesynto,sf.,5(7/z'i7//ci;?,gp.gesynta,90. geS'afian, wv., allow, sitpply, inf. — , 60. ge^Qiic, sm., thought, mind, ds. ge- 'Sgnce, 13. geSfungen, aj. (pp. of 'Seon), ac' complished, proficient, 129. geunnan (see unnan), anv. w. dat. of pers. and gen. of thing, grant, imp. sing, geunne, 90. ge\vealdan, sv. w. gen., wield, manage, inf. — , 103. Glossary. f^ewitan, sv., depart, ind. pret. 3d sing, gewat, 61, 145; ind. pret. 3d plur. (\v. refl. dat.) gewitan, 291. <;('\vitlot'a, sm., mind, ds. gewitloc- nn, 69. j»e\vreoan, sv., avenge-, imp. sing. gewrec, 92. j»ifaii, sv., giz'e, ind. jiret. 3d sing. geaf, 343. gifeffe, 7i]., granted, nsm. — , 157. gifu, s{.,gi//, benefit, gp. gifena, i. <»il(laii, sv., requite, ind. pret. 3d plur. giddon, 263. j»iiiii, aj., spacious, ample, dsf. wk. ginnan, 149; ism. wk. ginnan, 2. girwaii, \\\., provide, inf. — , 9. ghedniocl, aj., glad of heart, npf. gl.vdniode, 140. gloaAV, aj., prudent, linse, nsf. — , 13; nsf. wk. gleawe, 171 ; asf. gleawe, 334. gleawhydig, aj., icise-thougJited, nsn. — , 148. God, sm., God, ns. — , ^^y 123, 1S3, 189, 300; gs. Codes, 1 86; is. Gode, 271. god, ^\\.,good, gp. goda, 32. gold, sn.,;^'yA/, is. golde, 171,329,339. goldgifa, sm., gold-giver, benefactor, as. goldgifan, 279. goldAviue, sm., gold-friend, ns. — , 22. gram, aj., fierce, ragim^, njim. grame, 224, 238. gr<^iiiian, wv., enrage, inll. pp. ge- grt^'mede, 306. greot, sn., dust, as. — , 308. gristbitiaii, wv., gnash the teeth, inf. — , 271. gruiid, sm., earth, region, is. — grunde, 2; ap. grundas, 349. guina, sm., man, hero, np. guman, 306; gp. gumena, 9, 22, 32, 62, 66, 91, 1 48, 186, 329. giitf, sm., li'ar, ds. glV^'c, 123; is. gii^'e, 306. Jguijfana, sm., gonfalon, standard, dp. giiiNfanum, 219. gutTfrcca, sm., 'warrior, np. gii6- frecan, 224. +gYi3'.sct'orp, sn. ,7ienra, 216. hdlig, aj., holy, nsf. wk. halge, 56, 160; dsf. haligre, 98; dsf. wk. halgan, 203 ; asf. halgan, 260. lij'iin, sm., home, dwelling, ds. — ,121. hiVin, av., home, 131. hand, sf., hand, as. — , 198, hynd, 130. hdr, aj., hoary, gray, apf. hare, 328. Iidtan, sv., command, ind. pret. 3d sing, het, 9, 32, 34, 147, 171 ; opt. pret. 3d sing, hete, 53. liAte, av., hotly, 94. h6, ]iers. jirn., //(■, ns. — , 4, 60, 63, 65, 66, 68, 95, 106, 117, 1 1 8, 184, 276, Glossary. 280; gs. his (as poss. prn.), 16, 31, 36, 63 (2), 64, 68, 279, 281 , 282, 350; ds. him, 53, 60, 96, 106, no, 183, 185; as. hyne, 13, 44, 96, 99, 277; np. hie, 10, 15, 19, 30, 31, 37, 40, 54, 168, 235, 241, 322, hi, 27, 160, 269, 290, 302, 335, 341 ; gp. heora (as poss. prn.), 38, 56, hyra, 128 (as poss. prn. 251, 264, 268, 272, 291, 316, hira, 274); dp. him, 38, 208, 209, 216, 240, 244, 252, 274, 291, 292, 298, 300, 323. heafod, sn., head, ns. — , no; as. 126, 173, 179. Jheafodgeriin, sn., number by heads, gs. heafodgerimes, 309. heafodAVoard, sm., chief guardian, lip. heafodweardas, 239. heah, aj., high, dsn. wk. hean, 43; asm. heanne, 161; superl. hehsta, nsm. — , 94, hyhsta, 309; gsni. hehstan, 4 (2). healdan, sv., hold, keep, ind. pret. 3d plur. heoldon, 142. healdeiid, sm., keeper, leader, ns. — , 290. hcalf, aj., half, asm. healfne, 105. hean, aj., loioly, servile, of loiv de- gree, asm. heanne, 234. heap, sm., crowd, swarm, dp. heap- uni, 163. heard, aj., hard, sharp, brave, asm. heardne, 79; gp. heaidra, 225 ; dp. heardum, 263. hearde, av., painfully, grievously, n6, 216. hearra, sm., lord, ds. hearran, 56. heaiJorine, sm., warrior, gs. hea'So- rinces, 179; np. hea'Sorincas, 212. heaivan, sv., hew, cleave, ind. pret. 3d \>\viX. heowon, 304. Jh^llebryne, sm., hellfire, ds. — , 116. helm, sm., helmet, as. — , 338; ap. helmas, 193, 318, 328; dp. hel- mum, 203. help, sf., help, ds. helpe, 96. heo, pers. prn., she, ns. — , 2, 6, 75, 102, 105, 145, 345, 347; gs. hyre (as poss. pin.), 127, 172; ds. hyre, 5, 97. 99. 123, 124, 130, 149, 175, 335. 343; as. hie, 4, 170, hi, 94, 150; np. hie, 134, 136, 138, 140. heofon, sm., heaven, dp. heofonum, 344- theolfrig, ^).,gory, asn. — , 130, 317. Jheolstor, aj., dusky, darksome, dsm. wk. heolstran, 121. hoorte, sf., heart, ns. — , 87. jheoruwfcpen, sn., sword, dp. heoruwaepnum, 263. her, av., here, 177, 285, 289. herbuciide, sm. pi., here-dwellers, dwellers on earth, gp. herbdendra, 96. h^re, sm., army, host, ns. — , 161 ; gs. h(;riges, 294; ds. hi^rige, 135. Jh^refolc, sn., army, gs. h^refolces, 234, 239. h^rpaS", sm., war-path,- passage for the army, as. — , 303. \v^v^vkvk.i,%x\., plu7ider, spoil, as. — , 317- Jh^rewfeiSfa, sm., vjarrior, gs. li(;re«JL'5aii, 126, 173. Jh^teffQiiool, aj., hostile-minded, as. hi^te^yncolne, 105. hige, sm., soul, ns. — , 87. higerof, aj., valiant-souled, npm. higerofe, 303. higeiTQiicol, aj., thoughtful-minded, dsf. higeSQncolre, 131. hild, sf., conflict, battle, as. hilde, 251 ; is. hilde, 294. Ihlldeleolff, sn., battle-soitg, as. — , 211. hildeiifedre, sf., baltle-adaer, arrow, ap. hildensedran, 222. hinsi^', sm., departure, death, ds. hinsiSe, 117. hit, pers. prn., it, as. hit, 130, hyf, 174. Glossary. hlaestan, wv., lade, infl. pp. ge- hlx*;,te, 36. hldford, sm., lord, ds. hlaforde, 251. hlauc, aj., lank, nsm. wk. hlanca, 205. IiHhhan, sv., laiii^h, ind. pret. 3d siiij^. hloh, 23. hliiiiinan, sv., resound, ind. pret. 3d plur. hlummon, 205. hlude, av., loudly, 205, 223, 270. hlydan, wv., i-oar, ind. pret. 3d sing. lilydde, 23. hlyiiian, wv., clamor, ind. pret. 3d sing, hlynede, 23. hogian, wv., have in titind, he plan- ning, ind. pret. 3d plur. hogedon, 250, 273. Holofernus, pr. n., ns. — , 21, 46; gs. — , I So, 250, Holofernes, 337; as.—, 7. hi^iid, sec hand. hopian, wv., Iiope, inf. — , 117. liornboga, sm., boTu of horn, dp. hornbogan, 222. hosp, sin.( ?), reproach, abuse, as. — , 216. hl•a^gl, sn., raiment, as. — , 282. lll•;e^v, sn., corpse, ap. — , 314. hraffe, av., speedily, 37. lirefii, sm., raven, ns. — , 206. lireoh, Ti]., furious, raging, nsm. 282. lireoiSan, sv., adorn, infi. pp. ge- hrodene, 37. lircoAvigmod, aj., sad of mood^ npni. hreowigmode, 290. hreiJer, sm.(?), breast, ds. hreNre, 94- bring, sm., ring, dp. hringum, 37. lirof, sn., roof, ds. hrofe, 67. liii, av., how, 25, 75, 160, 175, 259. liiiiid, sm., dog, hound, as. — , no. hupseax, sn.,hip-dagger, ap. — , 328. liuru, av., at all, in the least, 346. liAV'd, indef. prn., some one, asm. hwa?ne, ^2. JhAvealf, aj., vaulted, hollow, dpf. hwealfum, 214. hwearf, sm., crowd, dp. hwearfum, 249. Iiweorfan, sv., depart, flee, ind. pret. 3d sing, hwearf, 112. liwil, sf., while, time, as. hwi'le, 214. liylit, sf., hope, confidence, ns. 97. Jhyht\vyu(n), sf., joy of hope, gp. liyhtwynna, 121. liyldo, %{., grace, favor, gs. hyldo, 4. hyrde, sm., shepherd, guardian, ns. — , 60. hyrn(Hin^b(b), aj., horny-beaked, nsm. wk., hyrncdnt^bba, 212. hyrst, sf., trwawtv//, ap. hyrsta, 317. ic, pers. prn., /, ns. — , 7, 83, 89, 91, 152, 185, 186, 246; ds. me, 85, 86, 88, 90, 93; np. we, 288; gp. lire, 285, 290; dp. ds, i8i, 184. ides, sf., woman, ns. — , 14, 109, 128, 146; ds. idese, 341; as. idese, 55, 58; np. idesa, 133. in, prep. w. dat. or instr., in, 2, 116, 121, 143, 206, 255, 345; w. ace., 193, 276. in, av., in, 150, 170. inn, sn., chamber, ds. inne, 70. inne, av., in, 45. in-\vid, aj., xuicked, malign, nsm. wk. inwidda, 28. irnan, sv., run, ind. pret. 3d plur. urnon, 164. ludith, pr. n., n. — , 13, 123, 132, 168, 256, 342, ludithe, 144; g. ludithe, 334; a. ludith 6"e, 40. Ifedan, wv., lead, bring, inf. — , 42; ind. pret. 3d sing, kedde, 129; ind. pret. 3d plur. Iseddon, 72, 326. leetan, sv., let, ind. pret. 3d plur. leton, 221. IfeffSfu, sf., afjliction, gp. lg§^'5a, 158; dp. Ise'SSum, 184. landbAende, sm. pk, land-du-el- lers, np. — , 226; dp. iQndbiiendum, 315- Glossary lang, aj., long, comp. l^ngra: gsn. li^ngran, 1S4. lange, av., lon^, 158, 347; comp. kng. 153- lAr, sf., counsel, guidance, as. lare, 334. lAst, sm., track, footprint, as. — , 209, 292; ds. laste, 298. late, av., late, — , 275. lAff, aj., hostile, hateful, nsm. — , 45 ; dsn. laSuni, 226; asm. laSne, 72, lOl; gsn. wk. laSan, 31 1; gp. laSra 298, 304; superl. (in predi- cate) laSost, 323; gsm. laSestan, 178; dpm. la^'estan, 315. lean, sn., reward, gs. leanes, 347. Jleap, sm., trunk, ns. — , ill. leas, aj. \v. gen., loithoui, deprived of, nsm. — , 121. Ifeode, sm. pi., people, gp. leoda, 178; dp. leodum, 147. leodhata, sm., people-hater, tyrant, as. leodhatan, 72. leof, aj., dear, beloved, nsf. — , 147; dsm. wk. leofan, 347. leoht, aj., bright, radiant, asm., leohtne, 191. leoma, sm., light, as. leonian, 191. libban, \vv., live, ind. pret. 3d plur. lyfdon, 297. licgan, sv., lie, inf. — , 278; ind. pres. 3d sing. Ii5, 2S9; ind. pret. 3d sing, l^eg, 106, III, 294; ind. pret. 3d plur. lagon, 30. lif, sn., life, gs. li'fes 184, 280; ds. life, [28S,] 323. lind, sf., linden-shield, shield, dp. lindum, 214; ap. linde, 191, 304. lind'wiggend, sm., shield-ivarrior, np. lindwiggende, 42; gp. lind- wiggendra, 298. list, sm., skill, dp. listum (av.), loi. Ignd, see land. losian, \vv., lose, be lost, inf. — , 288. lungre, av., forthzvith, instantly, 147. 2S0. lust, %xa.,joy, dp. lustum, 161. lyft, sf., air, ap. lyfte, 34S. lyth^v6n, sn. w. gQ\\.,few, — , 311. ina?gcn, sn., force, armed force, ns. — . 253, 261. maegeneaceu, aj., abundant in might, poioerful, nsn. — , 293. maeglS, sf., maid, maiden, ns. — , 78, 125, 145,254; gs.— , 335; as. — , 35, 43, 165, 260; np. — , 135. nifegU, sf., tribe, nation, gp. msegSa, 325- iiijere, aj., renowned, splendid, dsm. wk. maeran, 3; comp. gp. maerra, 330; superl. mgerost, nsf. — , 325. niEeriJu, sf., glory, as. maerSe, 344. mfest, see micel. niagoffegn, sm., clansman, hench- man, np. magoSegnas, 236. ! man, sm., man, one, ns. mgn, 292, I 330; ds. m^n, 167; gp. niQnna, ! 52, 181, manna, 235. manian, wv., admonish, exhort, ind. pret. 3d sing, manode, 26. manna, sm., 7nan, as. mannan, 98, lOI. niara, see niicel. mad'm (mddm), sm., treasure, jewel, gp. maJSma, 341, madma, 330; ap. madmas, 319. me, see ic. mece, sm., sword, ds. mece, 104; as. — , 78. med, sf., meed, rezvard, ds. mede, 335 ; as. mede, 344. :^medowerig, aj., mead-weary, drutiken with mead, apm. medo- werige, 229; dp. medowengum,245. medoburg, sf., mead-city, ds. medo- byrig, 167. medugal, aj., wanton 'with mead, nsf. — , 26. meowle, sf., virgin, woman, ns. — , 56; as. meowlan, 261. metod, sm.. Creator, Ordainer, ns. — , 154; gs. metodes, 261. Glossary. inicel, aj., much, great, ip., iniclum, lo, 70; conip. mara: asf. maran, 92; superl. ma'St: aj. nsm. \vk. mspsta, 293; asf. ma&ste, 3; sn. as. niii'st, I Si; av. mcest, 181. mid, prep. w. dat. or inst., ivith, 29, 59 (2), 88, 89, 95, 97 (2), 170, 1S4, 272, 287. niihtig-, aj., mighty, nsm. — , 92, 198. milts, nL, grace, /(iz'or, gs. miltse, 85, 92; as. miltse, 350. min, poss. jirn., wr, dsm. mi'num, 94; asf. inine, 198; gp. minra, 90. mod, sm., wood, heart, soul, ns. — , 167; ds. mode, 57, 93, 97, 154, 282. modig, aj., excited, courageous, proud, nsm. — , 26; nsm. wk. modiga, 52; gsf. modigre, 335. molde, sf., earth, gs. moldan, 344. moiiJiicf, sm., month, gs. monlSes, 325. myn, see man. Xtwov'^QiwiyWiX, 'r,m. , morni /ig terror , as. murgencollan, 245. morgeiitid, sf., montiiti^-tide, as. -,236. mortTor, sn., i)uquity, torment, gs. m()r^'res, 90; gp. nior'?i'ra, 181. motiiii, anv., may, ind. pret. 3d sing. mostc, 185; opt. jircs. ist sing. mote, 89; opt. pres. 3(1 sing, mote, 118. mug'an, anv., can, ind. pres. 1st sing. m;\'g, 152; ind. pres. 2d plur. magon, 177; ind. pret. 3d sing. milite, 102; ind. pret. 3d plar. million, 235; opt. pres. 3d sing. mKge, 331; opt. pret. 3d sing. mihte, 49, 75; ojit. pret. 3d plur. mibten, 24, 136. niiind. sf., hand, ip. mundum, 229. inundbj'rd, sf., protection, as. — , 3. iiiiiriiMn. sv., mourn, inf. — , 154. myntan, wv., sut'pose, ind. pret. 3d plur. mynton, 253. iifcfre, av., never, 91. na'uig-, prn. as subst., 7to one, nsm, — 51- naes, sm., steep, precipice., chasm, as. 113- ndhte, see agan. iiania, sm., name, ds. naman, 81. ndii, prn. as subst., no, no one, asm. — > 257; asm. nanne, 68, 233. ne, av., not, 20, 59, 117, 153, 183, 233. 274, 346. ne, cj., nor, 234. neah, av., near, 287; comp. near, 53; superl. nehsta, which see. neala'can, wv., approach, ind. pret. 3d sing, nealadite, 34, 261. near, see neah. nehsta, aj., last, dsm. nehstan, 73. n^rnnan, wv., name, call, inf. — , 81. neosaii, wv., visit, inf. — , 63. iieowol, aj., profound, abysmal, asm. neowelne, 1 13. mjrgend, sm., Saviour, ns. — , 81 ; gs. ni^rgendes, 73; ds. ne^-rgende, 45- nest, %Vi., provisions, food, as. — , 128. neffan, wv., venture, ind. pret. 3d sing. neiN'de, 277. niht, sf., night, ns. — , 34; ds. nihte, 64; gs. (as av.) nihtes, 45. ninian, sv., capture, infl. inf. to nimanne, 314. niij, sm., iniquity, tribulation, ivar, is. niSe, 53; gp. ni'Na, 34; dp. niNum, 287. niSheard, aj., daring, undaunted, nsm. — , 277. niffliycgende, aj. as subst., evil- scheming, apm., 233. niAvian. wv., renew, reanimate, pp. geniwod, 98. no, av., not at all, 1 1 7. n6, av., no7v, 92, 186, [287]; nfi "Sa, 86. nyd. sf., need. ns. — , 277. iiymffe, cj., unless, 52. Glossary, nyste, sec witan. iiySeriau, wv., humble, put to shame, pp. geny'Serad, 113. of, prep. w. dat., of, from, 70, 79, 1 19, 135, 149, 203, 222, 230, 291, 336. ofer, prep. w. ace, over, 28, 161. ofercuinan, sv., overcome^ inf. — , 235- Joferdr^ncan, wv., oversaturate, inebriate, ind. prct. 3d sing, ofer- drqncte, 31. oferwinnsin, sv., conquer, pp. ofer- wunncn, 320. ofost, sf., haste, ip. ofstum, 10, 35, 70. ofostliee, av., quickly, fortfnvith, 150, 169. on, prep. w. dat., on, in, 5, 13, 22, 30, 57 (2), 65, 66, 69, 93, 94, 97, 106, 127, 145, 153, 161, 167, 202, 209, 278, 282, 295, 298, 315, 320, 322, 333. 344; w. ace, on, into, 44. 50. 51. 54. I", 130, 177. 204, 209, 236, 266, 292 (2), 301, 307, 308, III- on, av., in, 129. onbryrdan, wv., inspire, ind. pret. 3d sing, onbryrde, 95. onettan, wv., hastett, hurry, ind. pret. 3d sing, onette, 162; ind. pret. 3d plur. onettan, 139. ongean, prep. w. ace, tozvard, 165. oiiginnaa, sv., begin, ind. pret. 3d sing, ongan, 80, 281 ; ind. pret. 3d plur. ongunnon, 42, 270. ongitan, sv., perceive, learn, ind. pret. 3d plur. ongeaton, 168, 238. onhjetan, wv., fire, enkindle, pp. onhseted, 87. oninnan, prep. w. ace, into, among, 313- onleon, sv. w. dat. of pers. and gen. of thing, lend, vouchsafe, ind. pret. 3d sing, onleah, 124. onmul 340- Glossary. singan, sv., siug, ind. pret. 3d sing. sang, 211. sittau, sv., sit, inf. — , 15; ind. pret. 3d plur. siL'ton, 141 ; opt. pret. t^^X sing, sa'te, 252. siff, sm. , jou/tt/y, ti»u, as. — , 145; is. siSe, 73, 109. siU, av., tardily, 275. siijfaet, %xi., journey, ds. si5Tate, 336. sUcp, sm., sleep, is. skvpe, 247. sleaii, sv., smite, strike, strike do^vn, ind. pret. 3d sing, sloh, 103, 108; ind. pret. 3(1 plur. slogon, 231. Jsl^gefc^gc, aj., doomed to perish, apm. — , 247. snel(l), aj., active, sioift-tnoving, gp. snelra, 199. snotor, aj., prudent, 7aise, nsf. wk. snotere, 125; asf. wk. snoteran, 55- snude, av., quickly, 55, 125, 199. SQinod, av., together, 163, 269, 282, 288. sorg, sf., sorrozi', distress, gp. sorga, 182; dp. sorgum, 88. solj, aj., true, asm. s65ne, 89, 345. sparian, \vv., spare, ind. pret. 3d plur. sparedon, 233. spowan, sv. impers. w. dat., succeed, ind. pret. 3d sing, speow, 274. spreoan, sv., speak, ind. pret. 3d sing, spricc, 160, 176. staudan, sv., statid, ind. pret. 3d plur. stodon, 267. starian, \\\.,gaze, inf. — , 179. steap, aj., deep, npm. steape, 17. Jst^deheard, a.]., firm, strong, apm. st(^'dehearde, 223. st^ppan, sv., step, march, ind. pret. 3d plur. stopon, 39, 69, 200, 212, 227. St^rcedferhiJ, aj., resolute-souled, stout-hearted, npni. st(;[rced]ferh- ■6"e, 55, stc^rcedferhNe, 227. Stid'mod, ^., fierce-minded, nsm. wk. sliumoda, 25, strgfel, sm., arrotu, ap. slraelas, 223. stream, sm., streaiit, 'water; (pi.) sea, ap. streamas, 349. styrinan, wv., storm, ind. pret. 3d sing, styrmde, 25; ind. pret. 3d plur. styrnidon, 223. Jstyriiuiod, aj., stern of mood, npm. slyrnmode, 227. sum, indef. prn., a certain one, some one, ns. — , 275; asm. sumne, 148. sundoryrfe, sm., private property, gs. sundoryrfes, 340. susl, sn., torture, anguish, is. siisle, 114. swd, av. cj., so, as, 28, 32, 1,2,, 67, 68, 95, 102, 123, 126, 130, 143, 197, 236, 277. swgesendo, snpl., banquet, ap. — , 9. swdtig, aj., bloody, asm. swatigne, swaUu, sf., track, footprint, ds. swa'iSe, 322. SAvegel, sn., heaven, gs. swegles, 80, 88, 124, 345, 350. SAveora, sm., neck, as. svveoran, 106. JsweorcendferhS', aj., do-wncasl, disconsolate, npm. sweorcendferh- "Se, 269. sweord, sn., sword, as. — , 338; is. sweorde, 89, 2S9; ap. swyrd, 230, 318; ip. svveordum, 194, 295; swyrdum, 264, 302, 322. s\\'eot, sn., troop, army, ns. — , 299. sweotole, av., clearly, 177. siveotollice, av., clearly, 136. swiina, sm., szooon, ds. swiman, 30. 106. swiS, aj., strong, comp. isf. swi'Sran (= right), 80. SAviSe, av., see swy'Se. s^vi'(J'li<•, nj., violent, furious, asii. — , 240. swiffniod, aj., vehement-soulcd, nsm. — , 30- 340- S'wiffrian, wv., destroy, pp. geswiS- rod, 266. Glossary. swutelian, wv., display, manifest, pp. gesvvutelod, 285. swylc, aj., as rel. prn., such as, 'which, asm. swylcne, 65. swylce, av., as, 18, 338, 344, 349. swylce, cj., as if, 31. s^vy^d, see sweord. JsvvyrdgesAvins", sn., sword-sirohe, sword-b)-aii(iishiiig, as. — , 240. SwyiSe, av., much, greatly, 88; comp. swySor, 182. sylf, prn., self, own, gsm. sylfes, 350; dsf. sylfre, 336; asn. — , 204; gp. sylfia, 285. syni(b)el, sn., feast, ds. synile, 15. symbol, sn., coiti nuance, perpetuity, as. — , 44 (cm symbel = always). syiSfffan, av., after, since, 1 14. syffS'an, cj., as soon as, 160, 168, 189, 21S. tAciiian, wv., signify, betoken, pp. getacnod, 197, 286. t§on, sv., dra'iO, pull, ind. pre'c. 3d sing, teah, 99. teran, sv., tear, inf. — , 281. tid, sf., time, ds. tide, 2S6; as. — , 307. tiliaii, wv. w. gen., proz'itle, inf. — , 208. tir, sm., glory, ns. — , 157; gs. ti'ies, 93. 272; as. — , 197. JtiU, sf., gift, boon, as. ti'Se, 6. t6, prep. w. dat., to, 7, 9, 11, 15, 16, 36, 40, 43, 54, 74, 96, 120, 141, 147, 152, 169, 174, 176, 189, 196, 200, 202, 213, 220, 275, 281, 283, 296, 297, 312, 323, 327, 335, 346, 348. tobrt'daii, sv. \\-. instr., shake off, inf. tdbredon, 247. togeanes, prep. w. dat., toward, 149. tohte, sf., conflict, ds. tohtan, 197. torht, aj., illustrious, asf. wk. torht- an, 43. torhtlic, nj.. splendid, nsm. — . 157. torhtiiiod, ^]., gloriotts-souled, nsm. — , 6, 93- torn, sm., grief, rage, as. — , 272. toriie, av., -wretchedly, miserably, 93. 163', sm., tooth, dp. toSon, 272. toweard, aj., approaching, immi- nent, nsm. — , 157, 286. traef, sn., tent, pa^'ilion, ds. trtefe, 43. 255; as. — , 268. trum, &].,firm, settled, asm. trumne, 6. tAveogan, wv., doubt, ind. pret. 3d sing, tweode, i, 346. «yA, dem. prn., see se, seo, and Snet. ffd, av. cj., there, where ; then, when, 2. 3. 7. 15. 21, 34. 41, 54. 55. 61, 64. 67, 73, 77, 80, 94, 97, 98, 103, 107 (2), 108, 122, 125, 130, 132, 138, 145, 146, 147, 159, 169, 171, 176, 199, 220, 246, 269, 272, 275, 278, 280, 290, 302, 324. iJaT, av. cj., there, -where, 2, 1 7, 40, 44, 46, 63, 113, 119, 284,308. d'a'rinue, av., therein, 50 (cf. also ■(Siiir . . . inne, 44-45). Ifftet, dem. prn., that, ns. — , 12, no, 155, 216; gs. Xces, 5, 20, 60, 162, 205, 234, 239; {=for that) 342, 347 (2); ds. bam, 15,40,43,70, 141, 143 (2), 152, 176, 255, 266, 275, 336; as. — , 10, 19, 24, 59, 82, 151, 182, 204, 241, 276, 283, 341; is. '5e, 53, 'Son(?), 92; dp. 'Sam, 9, 220; — ^tes ^e (= si /ice), 13; (= because), 345; rel. prn,, as. — , 332, 339. tSivt, cj., that; introducing result clauses: 4 (or final), 48 (or final), 105, 106, no, 136; introducing sul> stantive clauses : (egnas, 10. ffijncan, \vv., intend, mean, ind. pret. 3d sing, '^ohte, 58; ind. pret. 3d plur. bohton, 208. ff^nden, cj., while, 66. ffeoden, %m., prince, king, ns. — , 66, 91; gs. Seodnes, 268, i5eo'5'nes, 165; ds. 'Seodne, 3, 11. JS'eodguiiia, sm., man of the people, up. iSeodguman, 208, 332. ffeoii, see geiiungen. JUeo'tven, sf., handmaid, ns. — , 74. ffes, dem. jirn., this, dsf. ^'ysse, 66; asm. tiysne, 90; ism. ^ys, 2, 89; gp. "Syssa, 187. fficgan, sv., receive, ind. pret. 3d plur. Segon, 19. ffin, poss. prn., thy, gsf. Sinre, 85, 91. + 3'inen, sf., handmaid, as. 'Sinenne, 172. fflng, sn., thing, deed, gs. 'Singes, 60; as. — , 153. ffolian, \vv., endure, ind. pret. 3d plur. iSoledon, 215; pres. part. Soligende, 272. ff^nan, see Sanonne. i59^o^vy^(9'e, aj., memorable, asn. — ■ 153- ffonne, cj., than, 330. ffrdg, sf., time (ealle Srage = con- tinuously~), as. 'Srage, 237. Sreat, sm., company, cohort, is. tireate, 62; ip. h'reatum, 164. ffringan, sv., throng, press forward, approach, inf. — , 249; ind. pret. 3d plur. "Srungon, 164; pp. ge- 'Srungen, 287. ffrym, sm., majesty, force, troop, ns. — ,86; 'Srymmes, 60; is. "Srymme, 332; ip. 'Srymmum, 164. Sryniful, aj., majestic, peerless, nsf. — , 74- ffryinlic, aj., sumptuous, apn. — , 8. 3'rynes, sf.. Trinity, gs. (Nrynesse, 86. Su, pers. prn., thou, as. "Se, 83; np. ge, 153, 158, 177, 196; dp. eow, 152, 154, 156, 188, 197; ap. eow, 188. ffurfan, anv., fteed, ind. pres. 3d sing. Searf, 117; opt. pres. 2d plur. 'Syrfen, 153. ijurh, prep. \v. ace, through, by means oj', 49, 1 5 1, 1 86, 198,304, 334, 35°- (Jus, av., thus, 93. S'usendnia'lum, av., by thousands, 165. ffyder, av., thither, 129. ffystre, 0.]., gloomy, nsf. — , 34. Systru, sf., shade, darkness, dp. iS) strum, 118. iifan, av., above, on ufan, 252. under, prep. \v. dat., under, 67, 203, 219. 2>yy^ w. ace, 113. united, aj., miserable, gsm. unlsedan, 102. iinlyfigende, aj., unliving, dead, gsm. unlyfigendes, iSo; dp. un- lyfigendum, 316. unnan, anv. w. dat. of person and gen. of thing, grant, ind. pret. 3d sing. d'Se, 123, 183. unrot, aj., dejected, joyless, npm. un- rote, 284. Glossary. unsofte, av., harshly, cruelly, 228. Juus\va'slio, aj., ungcntU, bitter, grievous, asm. unswaeslicne, 65. uiisyfre, aj., impure, nsin. \vk. un- syfra, 76. iip, av., up, 9. (ire, see ic. iiri};'f('3'ere, aj., dnvy-feathered, nsm. ilrigfeNcra, 210. 6s, see ic. 6t, av., out, lit of, 70, 135. ute, av., outside, 2S4. Wicecan, wv., -vatch, infl. pres. part. wicccende, 142. ■wieljiifre, aj., greedy for slaughter, ra-,eitous, nsm. — , 207; dp. wkI- gifrum, 296. Jivjelscel, sn.(?), carnage, as. — , 313- ■\vippen, sn., weapon, ap. — , 291. ^•;vrlos'a, sm., truce-breaker, per- fidious one, as. waerlogan, 71. ■wsild, sm., forest, tvold, ds. walde, 206. walrteiKl, sm., ruler, king, ns. — , 5,61. wail, aj., dark, black, nsm. wk. wanna, 206. we, sec ic. jAveagesiiS, sm., companion in woe, np. weagesiiSas, 16. wcall, sm., wall, gs. wealles, 151 ; as. — , 161; ap. weallas, 137. >vealgeat, sn., rampart-gate, ds. wcalgate, 141. ■weard, sm.. Guardian, ns. — , 80. ^veard, sf., ward, -.catch, as. wearde, 142. weard, av., toward, wiN . . . weard, 99. AVOf?aii, sv., carry, ind. piet. 3d pliir. wagon, 326. Avel, av., well, 27, 103. weiiaii, wv. w. gen., suspect, appre- hend, ind. pret. 3d sing, wende, 20. ■weorpan, sv., cast, fling, ind. pret. 3d plur. wurpon, 291. >veori3'an, sv., become, be, ind. pret. 3d sing. wearS, 21, 57, 97, 155, 166, 199, 216, 265, 275; ind. pret. 3d plur. wurdon, 159; impers. w. ace, i^p. geworden, 260. weorffian, wv., honor, pp. ge- weorSod, 299. weorUinynd, sf., honor, as. weorN- mynde, 343. wer, sm., man, np. weras, 71, 142, 163, 241 ; ap. weras, 249. werig'ferliff, aj., weaiy-hearted, sad of heart, npm. werigferli^'e, 291 ; apm. [werigJferlvSe, 249. werod, sn., host, ns. — , 199; gp. weroda, 343. \vesan, anv., be, ind. pros. 3d sing. ys, 86, 87, 93, 154, 156, 285, 286; ind. pres. 3d plur. syndon, 195', ind. pret. 3d sing, wxs, 12, 46, 56, 73, 113, 146, 161, 168, 272, 314; (with negative prclix : n^s, 107, 257;) ind. pret. 3d plur. wajron, 17, 225, 238, 255, 284, 305, 323; opt. pres. 3d sing, sy, 347; opt. pret. 3d plur. wa'ron, 31. wid, aj., distant, enduring, dsn. wk. widan, 34S. Avide, r\s.,far and wide, 156. \vidl, sn., pollution, defilement, ds. widle, 59. ■\vif, sn., woman, ns. — , 14S, 163. ■wiga, sm., 7oarrior, gp. wigena, 49. wiggt'nd, sm., -warrior, as. — , 258; np. — , 69, 141, 313; dp. wiggen- dum, 283. Aviht, av., a whit, at all, 274. ■willa, sm., enjoyment, gratification, ds. willan, 296. Avillan, anv., will, desire, ind. pres. 1st sing, wylle, 84, 187; ind. pret. 3d sing, wolde, 59, 183. Avin, sn., wine, ds. wine, 29; is. wine, 67. Glossary. ■wind, sm., wind, as. — , 348- wiiulan, sv., roll, ind. pret. 3d sing. waiul, no. wiuedryhten, sm., friendly lord, as. — , 274. wiagedriuc, sn., wine-drinhng, 7ihissail, ds. vvingedrince, 16. Jwinhdte, sf., invitation to wine, as. winhatan, 8. winsaed, aj., wine-sated, npm. win- sade, 71. witan, anv., knoiu, ind. pret. 3d plur. wistan, 207; with prefixed ne, ind. pret. 3d sing, nyste, 68. wite, sn., torment, agony, ip. witum, wiS', prep. w. gen., against, toward, 4, 99, 162, 248; w. ace, 260. wiafertrod, sn., retreat, as. — , 313- >vlaiic, aj., lordly, stately, nsf. — ■, 326; npm. wlance, 16. wlitaii, -SV., look, inf. — , 49. wlitig, ^].,fair, beauteous, gorgeous, gsf. wk. wlitegan, 137, dsn. wk. wlitegan, 255. wolcen, sn., cloud, welkin, gp. wolcna, 67. WQm, sm., foulness, sin, ds. wQmme, 59- WQmfull, z^y, foul, nsm. — , 77. word, sm., tuord, as. — , 82, 151 283; ip. wordum, 241. worn, sm., multitude, dp. wornum 163. woruld, sf., ivorld, as. — , 156; ds. worukle, 66. woruldbuende, sm. pi., -luorld- divellers, gp. woruldbdendra, 82. ■wr^ccan, wv., awake, arouse, ind. pret. 3d plur. wr^hton, 228, 243. wuldor, sn., glory, ns., 155, 248; gs. wuldres, 59; ds. wuldre, 345; as. — , 343- Jwuldorblted, sm., glorious success, ns. — , 156. wulf, sm., 7i'olf, ns. — , 206; dp. wulfum, 296. wundenlocc, aj., curly-haired, nsf. — 77. 103- 326. wundor, sn., wonder, dp. wundrum, 8. wunian, wv., divell, inf. — , 119; ind. pret. 3d. sing, wunode, 67. wj-llan, see willan. wyrcean, wv., ?nake, issue, strive, inf. _, 8 ; ind. pret. 3d sing, worhte, 65; ind. pret. 3d plur. worhton, 303- wyrm, sm., serpent, snake, ip. wryrmum, 115. J-wyrms^le, sm., serpent-hall, ds. — , 119. yean, wv., augment, aggravate, inf. -, 183. yldesta, see eald. ymbe, prep. w. ace, around, 47, 268. yrre, aj., wrathful, npm. — , 225. KENNINGS. God. a) God the Father, or God conceived as One : cyninga vvuldor, 155. duge6'a waldend, 61. frym"5a God, 83, 189. Jfrym'Sa waldend, 5. swegles ealdor, 88, 124. Jswegles vveard, 80. tires brytta, 93. ■Srynimes hyrde, 60. "Srynesse 'firyni, 86. weroda dryhten, 343. Jwuldres dema, 59. JSeoden gumena, 91 (but cf 66). Jarfsest cyning, 190. frea aelmihtig, 301. msere iSeodeii, 3. mihtig dryhten, 92, 198. Jse hehsta dema, 4, 94. se leofa dryhten, 347. dryhten God, 300. feder on roderum, 5. metod, 154, 261. n^rgend, 45. scyppend, 78. waldend, 5, 61. se selmihtiga, 7. se alvvalda, 84. b) God the Son : Jbearn alwaldan, 84. c) God the Holy Ghost: frdfre gaest, 83. King. burga ealdor, 58. Jbyrnwigena brego, ;?. eorla dryhten, 21. gumena balder, 9. Jrinca baldor, 339. sinces brytta, 30. wigena baldor, 49. goldvvine gumena, 22. JSeoden gumena, 66 (but cf. 91). folctoga, 47. goldgifa, 279. Jh^rewaeNa, 126, 173. winedryhten, 274. healdend, 290. HOLOFERNES. a) as pcnoerful, famous, eti.. Jse brema, 57. se rica, 20, 44, 68. Jse stiSmoda, 25. Jse rica "Seoden, 11. Kennings. b) as tyrannical, perfidious^ wicked iit general : mor'Sres brytta, 90, feondscea^"a, 104. leodhata, 72. wserloga, 71. Jse hsB'Sena hund, 1 10. se bealofuUa, 4S, 100, 248. Jse deofolcunda, 61. Jse galnioda, 256. Jse laSesta, 178, 315. se modiga, 52. Jse unlaeda, 102. Jse unsyfra, 76. Chieftains, Nobility. folces raeswan, 12. leoda raeswan, 178. ealdorduguS, 310. folctogan, 194. frumgaras, 195. heafiidweardas, 239. Warrior. byrnwiga, 39. byrnwiggend, 17. Jcunibolwiga, 243, 259. giiSfreca, 224. lindwiggend, 42, 29S(?). rQiidwiggend, 11, 20, 1S8. sceoteiid, 305. Men, People. a) in general : fira beam, 24, 33. hffile'Sa l)earn, 51. niQiina cynn, 52. herln'iende, 96. woruldlniende, 82. and b) natives, citizens, defenders . l)uigleode, 175, 187. burhsittende, 159. eL>ehveardas, 321. landbuende, 226, 315. sigefolc, 152. c) foreigners, enemies: ealdfynd, 316. ealdgem'Man, 228. Jealdh(^'ttende, 321. (;lbeod, 237. Jhi^refolc, 234, 239. laS cynn, 226. d) in hall : b^ncsittende, 27. flc^tsittende, 19. e) as retainers : dryhtguman, 29. mago5'egnas, 236. JSeodguman, 208, 332. Judith. Jmetodes meowle, 261. ides a'lfscinu, 14. Jides ^Ueniof, 109, 146. seo a;5'ele, 256. Jseo gleawe, 171. SCO halige, 160. A\undenlocc, 77, 103. seo beorhte m^eg^', 254. yiiditk's attendant. blachlt'or ides, 128. Earth. Jmoldan rice, 344. Jrume grundas(?), 349. '5es ginna grand, 2. On earth. under wolcna hrofe, 67. Kennings. Heaven. swegles wuldor, 345. Hell. |vvyrms^Ie, 1 19. Jse heolstra ham, 121. Wak, Battle. Jsescplega, 217. t^cgplega, 246. Jswyrdgeswing, 240. Shield. lind, 191, 214, 304. rand- (only in randwiggend). Arrow. hildensL'dre, 222. Mind. gewitloca, 69. Body, Trunk. Jse fdla leap, iii. Blood. swat (only in aj. swatig, 338). To Go, March. linde beran, 191. To Die. (gsest) Qllor hwearf, 112. BIBLIOGRAPHY. I . Editions. These are contained in Edward Thivaites, Heptateuchus, Liber Job, et Evangelium Nico- demi ; Anglo-Saxonice. Historias Judith Fragmentum ; Dano- Saxonice. Oxford, 1698. Benjamin Thorpe, Analecta Anglo-Saxonica. London, 1834. (2d ed., 1846.) Heinrich Leo, Angelsachsisclie Sprachproben. Halle, 1S35. Heinrich Leo, Altsachsisclie und Angelsachsische Sprachproben. Halle, 1838. Louis F. Klipstein, Analecta Anglo-Saxonica, Vol. H. New York, 1849. Ludwig Ettntiiller, Engla and Seaxna Scopas and Boceras. Quedlinburg and Leipzig, 1850. C. W. M. Grein, Bibliothek der Angelsachsischen Poesie, Bd. L Gottingen, 1857. L. G. Nilsson, Judith. Copenhagen, 1858. Max Rieger, Alt- und Angelsachsisches Lesebuch. Giessen, 1861. Henry Sweet, An Anglo-Saxon Reader in Prose and Verse. Oxford, 1876. (2d ed., 1879; 3d ed., 1881 ; 4th ed., 1884.) Karl Korner, Einleitung in das Studium des Angelsachsischen. Heilbronn, 1880. Friedrich Kluge, Angelsachsisches Lesebuch. Halle, 1888. Selected portions in J. F. E. Grevenis, Empfehlung des Studium der Angelsachsischen Sprache. Oldenburg, 1848. L. G. A'ilsson, Anglosaxisk Lasebok. Lund, 1871. ytdius Zupitza, Altenglisches Lesebuch. Vienna, 1874. (2d ed., 1881.) Bibliography. 2. TRANSLATION'S. a) Complete : German in Grein's Diclitungen der Angelsachsen, Bel. I. Got- tingcn, 1857. Swedish in Nilsson's edition. German in Korner's Einleitung (above). English in Morley's English Writers, \'ol. II. London and New- York, 1 888. English in Garnett's Elene, etc. Boston, 1889. I)) Partial: English in Tiu-ner's History of the Anglo-Saxons (3d ed.), Vol. III. London, 1820. (ist ed., 1 799-1 805.) German in Greverus' Empfehlung (above). Swedish in Nilsson's Anglosaxisk Lrisebok (above). Danish in Hammerich's De episkkristelige Oldkvad. Copenhagen, 1873- German in Michelsen's translation of Hammerich, under the title: Aelteste Christliche Epik der Angelsachsen. Deutschen und Nordlander. Giitersloh, 1874. English (11. 1-121) by Emily H. Ilickey, in London Journal of ICducation for Feb. 1st, 1889. 3. I\L\NuscRirT, CoLL.vnoNs, AND Tkxtu.vl Criticism. //. IVanley, Catalogus, j). 219, in Ilickes' Thesaurus. \'ol. II. C. ir. M. Grci)i, in PfeitTer's Germania, X 419. Eduard Sicvcrs, in Ilaupt's Zcitschrift flir Deutsches Alterthum, XV 461-62. /'. y. Cosijii, in Tijdsclirift voor Nederl. Taal- en Letterkunde, I 149 (proposes Wivlstel, w;clsteal(l) for w;clscvl in 1. 313). 4. Metre and Rime. Friedric]i Khtge, Zur Geschichte des Reimes im Altgermanischen, in Paul und Braune's Beitrage, IX 444-49. Karl Lidck, Ueber den Versbau des Angelsachsischen Gedichtes Judith, in Beitrage, XI 470-92. Ediiard Simers, Der Angelsachsische Sch well vers, in Beitrage, XII 454-S2. Bibliography. 5- Author and Date. G. Stephens, The Old Northern Runic Monuments, Vol. II. Lon- don and" Copenhagen, 1866-68. F. Hamt/ierkh, Aelteste Christliche Epik (see 2, above). G. Vigfussoti and F. York Powell, Corpus Poeticum Boreale, Vol. I. O.xford, 1883. E. Groth, Composition und Alter der Altenglischen Exodus. Got- tingen, 1883. /•"■. Khige (see 4, above). Kar'l Ltiick (see 4, above). 6. Descriptive and Bibliographical. walker, Grundriss zur Geschichte der Angel.sachsischcn Litteratur (pp. 140-43, 512-14). Leipzig, 1885. <'^tt also the works cited in the Testimonies, ante, p. Ixxv-lxxviii.) LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 014 090 458 2