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Dr. J. H. THORNWELL'S LETTER 
 
 TO 
 
 GOVERNOR MANNING 
 
 ON 
 
 PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 IN 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA, 
 
 Originally Published in Novembek, 1853, 
 
 Republished in the editions of The News and Courier 
 
 July, 1885, 
 
 THE CITY COUNCIL OF CHARLESTON 
 
 FOR THE INFORMATION OF THE PEOPLE. 
 
Dr. j:' h: thornwells letter 
 
 TO 
 
 GOVERNOR MANNING 
 
 ON 
 
 PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 A IN 
 
 / SOUTH CAROLINA, 
 
 Originally Published in Novesiijek, 1853, 
 
 Republislied in tlie editions of The News and Courier, 
 
 July, 1885, 
 
 THE CITY COUNCIL OF CHARLESTON 
 
 FOR THE INFORMATION OF THE PEOPLE. 
 
 This Edition in Pamphlet Form is Issued by a Committee of Citizens for 
 Free Circulation Throughout the State. 
 
 CHARLESTON, S. C. 
 
 THE NEWS AND COURIER HOOK PRESSES. 
 1885. 
 
k' 
 
 \ 
 
 
 I 
 
Dr. J. II. THORNWELL'S LHTTKR 
 
 TO 
 
 GOVERNOR MANNING 
 
 ON 
 
 PUBLIC INSTRUCTION IN SOUTH CAROLINA, 
 
 South Carolina College, i 
 November, 1853. j 
 To His Excellency Governor Manning : 
 
 I ask the favor of presenting to your Excellency a few re- 
 flections upon the subject of public instruction in South 
 Carolina. As I feel that I am addressing one whose in- 
 terest and zeal in the prosperity of letters will induce him to 
 weigh with candor, to estimate with charity, and even to 
 invest with disproportionate value, the crudest hints which 
 spring from the desire to increase the educational ficilities 
 of the State, I shall dismiss all apprehensions of being sus- 
 pected of an ofificious obtrusion upon your notice. You are 
 the man, above all others, to whom the head of this institu- 
 tion should look with confidence to give fresh impulse to 
 the general cause of education, and you will excuse me for 
 saying that if the suggestions which shall fall from me, or 
 the maturer recommendations which shall come from your- 
 self, shall terminate auspiciously to the wishes of us both, 
 there will be furnished a beautiful instance of providential 
 retribution, in connecting the name of the first conspicuous 
 benefactor of the South Carolina College with the establish- 
 ment of an adequate system of common schools. A promi 
 distinction in itself to be the friend and patron of learning, 
 the honor is increased in your case in that it has been pre- 
 eminently your care, in its higher and lower culture, to dis- 
 pense its blessings to the poor. Apart from fellowship with 
 
God, there cannot be a sweeter satisfaction than that which 
 arises from the consciousness of being a father to the father- 
 less ; and if the ends which I know are dear to your heart 
 can only be achieved, every indigent child in the State, 
 looking upon you as its real father, may address you in the 
 modest and glowing terms which the genius of Milton has 
 canonized as fit expressions of gratitude for the noblest of 
 all gifts: 
 
 At libi, chare pater, jiosttiuam non .xqua merenti 
 Posse referre datiir, nee dona rependere factis, 
 Sit memorasse satis, repetitatjue munera grato 
 Perconsere aninio, fideique reponere menti. 
 
 DIFFICULTIES OF THE SUBJECT. 
 
 I am not insensible to the dangers and difficulties which 
 attend the discussion of this subject. It is so seductive to 
 the fancy that the temptation is almost irresistible to indulge 
 in schemes and visionary projects. In the effort to realize 
 the conception of a perfect education we are apt to forget 
 that there is no such thing as absolute perfection in the 
 matter, that all excellence is relative, and that the highest 
 recommendation of any plan is, that it is at once practicable 
 and adjusted to tjip wants and condition of those for whom 
 it is provided. (_A system of public instruction, like the 
 form of government, must spring from the manners, maxims, ) 
 habits and associations of the people. It must penetrate 
 their character, constitute an element of their national ex- 
 istence, be a portion of themselves, if it would not be sus- 
 pected as an alien, or distrusted as a spy. The success of 
 the Prussian scheme is ascribed by Cousin to the circum- 
 stance that it existed in the manners and customs of the 
 country before it was enacted into law. It was not a 
 foreign graft, but the natural offshoot of popular opinion 
 and practice. It is an easy thing to construct a theory, 
 when nothing is to be done but to trace the coherencies and 
 dependencies o{ thought ; but it is not so easy to make 
 thought corres[)ond to reality, or to devise a plan which 
 
shall overlook none of the difficulties and obstructions in 
 the way of successful application. In the suggestions which 
 I have to offer, I shall endeavor to keep steadily in view the 
 real wants of the citizens of this Commonwealth, and avoid- 
 ing all crotchets and metaphysical abstractions, shall aim 
 exclusively at what experience or the nature of the case 
 demonstrates to be practicable. I have no new principle to 
 ventilate, but I shall think myself happy if I can succeed in 
 setting in a clearer light, or vindicating from prejudice and 
 misconstruction, the principles which have already been 
 embodied in our laws. It is, perhaps, not generally known 
 that the Legislature of South Carolina contemplates a 
 scheme of public instruction as perfect in its conception of 
 the end as it is defective in its provision of the means. The 
 order, too, in which the attention of the Legislature has 
 been turned to the various branches of the subject, though 
 not the most popular or the most obvious, is precisely the 
 order of their relative importance. It began where it ought 
 to have begun, but, unfortunately, stopped where it ought 
 not to have stopped. To defend what it has already done, 
 and stimulate it to repentance for what it has not done, is 
 the principal motive of this communication. 
 
 OUR EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM. 
 
 Permit me, in pursuance of this design, to direct the at- 
 tention of your Excellency to the nature, operation and 
 defect of the system among us. [This system consists of the 
 South Carolina College, established in 1801 ; of the free 
 schools, established in 181 1, and of the Arsenal and Citadel 
 Academies. This series of institutions is evidently ad- 
 justed without, perhaps, any conscious purpose of doing so, 
 to a threefold division of education, in so far as it depends 
 upon instruction, into liberal, elementary and professional. 
 The College is to furnish the means of liberal, the free 
 schools of elementary, and the Arsenal and Citadel Acade- 
 mies of that department and professional education which 
 looks to the arts of practical life, especially those of the 
 
 
 
soldier. For the liberal or learned professions, those of law, 
 physic and divinity, no provision has been made. The 
 College undertakes to give the sannc kind of instruction 
 which is given by the faculty of arts and philosophy in the 
 Universities of Europe. Our military academies, with a 
 slight change in their organization, might be converted into 
 scientific schools, and free schools are, or were, designed to 
 be substantially the same as the elementary and grammar 
 schools of England. The scheme as here developed, though 
 far from fulfilling the logical requirements of a complete 
 system of public instruction, is amply sufficient, if ade- 
 quately carried out, to meet the real wants of our people. 
 The kind and degree of education for which there is any 
 serious or extensive demand, is what is provided for. To 
 make the system logically complete there would have to be 
 a succession of institutions individually perfect and yet 
 harmoniously co-operating to a general result, which, taking 
 the man at the very dawn of his powers, shall be able to 
 carry him up to the highest point of their expansion, and 
 fit him for any employment in which intelligence and 
 thought are the conditions of success. It should supply the 
 means to every individual in the community of becoming 
 trained and prepared for his own peculiar destiny — it should 
 overlook no class, it should neglect no pursuit. It may be 
 doubted whether a scheme so comprehensive in its plan is 
 desirable — it is quite certain that it is not practicable. The 
 Legislature has done wisely in confining its arrangements 
 to liberal and elementary education. It has aimed, by a 
 preliminary discipline, to put the individual in a condition 
 to educate himself for the business of his life, except where 
 his calling involves an application of scientific knowledge 
 which does not enter into the curriculum of general instruc- 
 tion. In that case it has made a special provision. I see, 
 then, no improvement that can be made in the general 
 features of our scheme; it is as perfect in its conception as 
 the wants and condition of our people vvill justify. All that 
 the Legislature should aim at is the adjustment of the de- 
 tails, and the better adaptation of them to the end in view. 
 
THE SOUTH CAROLINA COLLEGE. 
 
 The first in the order of establishment, as well as the first / 
 in the order of importance, is the College. Devoted to the 
 interests of general, in contradistinction from professional 
 education, its design is to cultivate the mind without refer- 
 ence to any ulterior pursuits. " The student is considered 
 as an end to himself; his perfection, as a man simply, being 
 the aim of his education." The culture of the mind, how- 
 ever, for itself, contributes to its perfection as an instrument, 
 so that general education, while it directly prepares and 
 qualifies for no special destination, indirectly trains for every 
 vocation in which success is dependent upon intellectual 
 exertion. It has taught the mind the use of its powers, 
 and imparted those habits without which its powers would 
 be useless ; it makes men, and consequently promotes every 
 enterprise in which men are to act. General education 
 being the design of the College, the fundamental principles 
 of its organization are easily deduced. The selection of 
 studies must be made, not with reference to the compara- 
 tive importance of their matter, or the practical value of the 
 knowledge, but with reference to their influence in unfold- 
 ing and strengthening the powers of the mind ; as the end 
 is to improve mind, the fitness for the end is the prime con- 
 sideration. " As knowledge," says Sir William Hamilton 
 (man being now considered as an end to himself), " is only 
 valuable as it exercises, and by this exercise develops and 
 invigorates the mind, so a University, in its liberal faculty, 
 should especially prefer these objects of study which call 
 forth the strongest and most unexclusive energy of thought, 
 and so teach them too that this energy shall be most fully 
 elicited in the student." For speculative knowledge, of 
 whatever kind, is only profitable to the student in his liberal 
 cultivation, inasmuch as it supplies him with the object and 
 occasion of exerting his faculties ; since powers are only 
 developed in proportion as they are exercised, that is, put 
 forth into energy. The mere possession of scientific truths 
 is, for its own sake, valueless ; and education is only educa- 
 
8 
 
 tion, inasmuch as it at once determines and enables the 
 student to educate himself. Hence, the introduction of 
 studies upon the ground of their practical utility is, pro 
 tauto, subversive of the College. It is not its office to make 
 planters, mechanics, lawyers, physicians or divines. It has 
 nothing directly to do with the uses of knowledge. Its 
 business is with minds, and it employs science only as an 
 instrument for the improvement and perfection of mind. 
 With it the habit of sound thinking is more than a thousand 
 thoughts. When, therefore, the question is asked, as it often 
 is aked by ignorance and empiricism, what is the use of cer- 
 tain departments of the College curriculm, the answer should 
 turn, not upon the benefits which in after life may be 
 reaped from these pursuits, but upon their immediate sub- 
 jective influence upon the cultivation of the human facul- 
 ties. They are selected in preference to others, because 
 they better train the mind. 
 
 THE END OF COLLEGE INSTRUCTION. 
 
 It cannot be too earnestly inculcated that knowledge is 
 not the principal end of College instruction, but habits. 
 The acquisition of knowledge is the necessary result of those 
 exercises which terminate in habits, and the maturity of the 
 habit is measured by the degree and accuracy of the knowl- 
 edge, but still the habits are the main thing. In the next 
 place, it is equally important that the whole course of 
 studies be rigidly exacted of every student. Their value as 
 a discipline depends altogether upon their being studied, 
 and every College is defective in its arrangemen-ts which 
 fails to secure, as far as legislation can secure it, this indis- 
 pensable condition of success. Whatever may be the case 
 in Europe, it is found from experience in this country that 
 nothing will avail without the authority of law. The curric- 
 ulum must be compulsory, or the majority of the students 
 will neglect it. All must be subjected to catechetical ex- 
 amination in the lecture room, and all must undergo the 
 regular examinations of their class as the condition of their 
 

 
 residence in College. The moment they are exempted from 
 the stringency of this rule all other means lose their power 
 upon the mass of pupils. Much may be accomplished by 
 rewards, and by stimulating the spirit of competition, and 
 great reliance should be placed upon them to secure a high 
 standard of attainment; but in most men the love of ease 
 is stronger than ambition, and indolence a greater luxury 
 than thought. For, whilst mental effort is the one condi- 
 tion of all mental improvement, yet this effort is at first and 
 for a time painful — positively painful in proportion as it is 
 intense, and comparatively painful as it abstracts from other 
 and positively pleasurable activities. It is painful, because 
 its energy is imperfect, difficult, forced. But as the effort 
 is gradually perfected, gradually facilitated, it becomes 
 gradually pleasing ; and when finally perfected, that is, 
 when the power is fully developed and the effort changed 
 into a spontaneity, becomes an exertion absolutely easy. 
 It remains, purely, intensely and alone insatiably pleasur- 
 able. For pleasure is nothing but the concomitant or reflex 
 of the unforced and unimpeded energy of a natural faculty 
 or acquired habit, the degree or permanence of pleasure 
 being also in proportion to the intensity and purity of the 
 mental energy. The great postulate in education is, there- 
 fore, to induce the pupil to enter and persevere in such a 
 course of effort, good in its result and delectable, but primarily 
 and, in itself, irksome. The argument of necessity helps to 
 reconcile him to the weariness of study ; what he feels that he 
 must do he will endeavor to do with grace, and as there is 
 no alternative he will be more open to the generous and 
 manly influence which the rewards and distinctions of the 
 College are suited to exert. There are always causes at 
 work apart from the repulsiveness of intellectual labor to 
 seduce the student from his books ; and, before his habits 
 are yet formed and the love of study grounded into his 
 nature, it is of the utmost consequence to keep these 
 causes in check. No other motives will be sufificient without 
 compulsion of law co-operating with this. There are many 
 others which, if they do not positively sweeten his toil, may 
 2 
 
10 
 
 help to mitigate the agony of thought. I have insisted 
 upon til is point because it is the point in regard to which 
 the most dangerous innovations are to be apprehended. 
 
 THE ELECTIVE PLAN. 
 
 Two changes have at different times been proposed, one 
 of which would be absolutely fatal and the other seriously 
 detrimental to the interest of the College as a place of lib- 
 eral education. The first is to convert it into a collection 
 of independent schools, each of which shall be complete in 
 itself, it being left to the choice of the student what schools 
 he shall enter. The other is to remit the obligation of the 
 whole course in reference to a certain class of students, and 
 allow them to pursue such parts of it as they may choose. 
 In relation to the first, young men are incompetent to pro- 
 nounce beforehand what studies are subjectively the most 
 beneficial. It requires those who have experienced the dis- 
 ciplinary power of different Studies to determine their rela- 
 tive value. Only a scholar can say what will make a 
 scholar. The experience of the world has settled down 
 upon a certain class and order of studies, and the verdict of 
 ages and generations is not to be set aside by the caprices, 
 whims or prejudices of those who are not even able to com- 
 prehend the main end of education. In the next place, if 
 our undergraduates were competent to form a judgment, 
 their natural love of indolence and ease would, in the 
 majority of cases, lead them to exclude those very studies 
 which are the most improving, precisely because they are 
 so ; that is, because, in themselves and in the method of 
 teaching them, they involve a degree and intensity of 
 mental exercise which is positively painful. Self-denial is 
 not natural to man, and he manifests but little acquaintance 
 with human nature who presumes, as a matter of course, 
 that the will will choose what the judgment commends. 
 Vidfo mcliora proboque dcteriora seqiior is more pre-eminently 
 true of the young than the old. They are the creatifres of 
 impulse. Permit them to select their own studies and the 
 
11 
 
 majority will select those that are thought to be the easiest. 
 The principle of choice will be the very opposite of that 
 upon which the efficiency of a study depends. Experience 
 is decisive on this point. What creates more trouble in the 
 interior management of our Colleges than the constant de- 
 sire of pupils to evade recitations? And is it not univer- 
 sally found that the departments which are the most popu- 
 lar are those which least task the energies of the student? 
 I do not say that the Professors who fill these depart.nents 
 are themselves most respected. That will depend upon 
 their merits ; and in matters of this sort the judgments of 
 the young are generally right. But easy exercises are pre- 
 ferred, simply because they do not tax the mind. The 
 practical problem with the mass of students is the least 
 work and easiest done. Is it easy? is it short? These are 
 the questions which are first asked about a lesson. I must, 
 therefore, consider any atteinpt to relax the compulsory 
 feature of the College course as an infallible expedient for 
 degrading education. The College will cease to train. It 
 may be a place for literary triflers, but a place for students 
 it cannot be. 
 
 COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY. 
 
 There is much in a name, and the change here condemned 
 is delusively sought to be insinuated under the pretext of 
 converting the College into a University. This latter title 
 sounds more imposingly, and carries the appearance of 
 greater dignity. But the truth is, there is hardly a more 
 equivocal word in the language. " In its proper and 
 original meaning," as Sir Wm. Hamilton has satisfactorily 
 shown, " it denotes simply the whole members of a body 
 (generally incorporated body) of persons teaching and learn- 
 ing one or more departments of knowledge." In its ordi- 
 nary acceptation in this country it is either synonymous 
 with College as an institution of higher education, and in 
 this sense we are already a University ; or it denotes a Col- 
 lege with professional schools attached. It is clear, how- 
 
12 
 
 ever, that the introduction of the faculties of law, medicine 
 and theology necessitates no change in the faculty of 
 philosophy and arts. It is not necessary to make general 
 education voluntary in order to provide for professional in- 
 struction. There is, consequently, nothing in the name or 
 in the nature of the case which demands a fundamental 
 change in the system in order that the South Carolina Col- 
 lege may become the South Carolina University. For my- 
 self, I am content with our present title, and if it promises 
 less I am sure it will accomplish more than the new title 
 with the corresponding change. As to the expediency of 
 adding the faculties of law and medicine — theology is out 
 of the question to the present organization — I have only to 
 say that it will multiply and complicate the difficulties of 
 the internal management of the institution without securing 
 any increased proficiency in these departments of knowledge ; 
 that is, if there is to be any real connection between the 
 faculty of arts and those of law and medicine. I dread the 
 experiment. I think it better that the professions should 
 be left to provide for themselves than that a multitude of 
 inexperienced young men should be brought together, 
 many of whom are comparatively free from the restraints 
 of discipline, and yet have an easy and ready access to those 
 who are more under law. The very liberty of the resident 
 would be a temptation to undergraduates. I have no ob- 
 jection, however, to the founding of professional schools by 
 the State. All that i am anxious for is that they should not 
 be so connected with the College as that the members of all 
 the schools should reside together. To be under a common 
 government is impossible ; to be under a different govern- 
 ment would breed interminable confusion and disorder. 
 That sort of nominal connection which requires that all 
 medical and law degrees should be conferred by the authori- 
 ties of the College, and which is perfectly consistent with 
 the law and medical schools, being established in a different 
 place, would, of course, be harmless. But this difficulty 
 might arise : the College would be unwilling to confer any 
 de<jroe without a liberal education — it could not. without 
 
13 
 
 abjuring the very principles of its existence, grant its honors 
 upon mere professional attainment. With respect to the 
 other change, that of allowing students, under certain cir- 
 cumstances, to pursue a partial course, it is evidently con- 
 tradictory to the fundamental end of the College. These 
 students are not seeking knowledge for the sake of disci- 
 pline, but with reference to ulterior uses. They come not 
 to be trained to think, but to learn to act in definite depart- 
 ments of exertion. It is professional, not liberal, education 
 which they want. The want, I acknowledge, ought to be 
 gratified — it is a demand which should be supplied — but 
 the College is not the place to do it. That was founded 
 for other purposes, and it is simply preposterous to abrogate 
 its constitution out of concessions to a necessity, because 
 the necessity happens to be real. What, therefore, ought 
 to be done is not to change the nature of the College, but, 
 leaving that untouched to do its own work, to organize 
 schools with special reference to this class of wants. We 
 have the elements of such an organization in the Arsenal 
 and Citadel Academies. 
 
 THE INTERMEDIATE SCHOOLS. 
 
 Let these be converted into Seminaries of special educa- 
 tion, which will only be an extension of their present plan, 
 and they will form that intermediate class of schools be- 
 tween the elementary and the College, which the circum- 
 stances of every civilized community, in proportion to the 
 complication of its interests, demand. These changes in 
 the College have been favored on the ground that they will 
 increase its numbers. But the success of the College is not 
 to be estimated by the numbers in attendance, but by the 
 numbers educated. It should never include more than those 
 who are seeking a liberal education, and if it includes all 
 these, whether they be fifty or two hundred, it is doing the 
 whole of its appropriate work. No doubt, by the changes in 
 question, our catalogue might be increased two or threefold, 
 but we should not educate a single individual more than 
 
14 
 
 we educate now. Numbers in themselves are nothing, unless 
 they represent those who are really devoted to the business 
 of the place. What real advantage would it be to have four 
 or five hundred pupils matriculated here, if some remained 
 only a few months, others remained longer in idleness, and 
 out of the whole number only four or five applied for a de- 
 gree. That four or five would be the true criterion of suc- 
 cess. The real question, I insist, is how many graduate? 
 This is the decisive point. As long as we receive the whole 
 number of young men in the State who are to be liberally 
 educated, whether that number be greater or smaller, we 
 are doing all that we were appointed to do, or that we can 
 be legitimately expected to do ; and a decline in numbers 
 is not a necessary proof of the declension of the College ; it 
 may be only a proof that the demand is ceasing for higher 
 instruction. 1 he work, however, to be done loses none of 
 its importance in consequence of the failure to appreciate 
 its value; and the remedy is not to give it up and yield to 
 empirical innovations, but to persevere in faith and patience, 
 relying upon time as the great teacher of wisdom. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE OF TEACHERS. 
 
 Another cardinal principle in the organization of the Col- 
 lege is the independence of its teachers. They should be 
 raised above all temptation of catering for popularity, of 
 degrading the standard of education for the sake of the 
 loaves and fishes. They should be prepared to officiate as 
 priests in the temple of learning, in pure vestments, and 
 with hands unstained with a bribe. It has been suggested 
 that if the stipends of the Professors were made dependent 
 upon the number of pupils, the strong motive of personal 
 interest, added to the higher incentives which they are ex- 
 pected to feel, would increase their efficiency by stimulating 
 their zeal and activity. They would be anxious to achieve 
 a reputation for the College which would enable it to com- 
 mand students. This argument proceeds upon a hypothesis 
 which, I am ashamed to sa)-, my own experience pronounces 
 
15 
 
 to be false. In the state of things in this country there is 
 a constant conflict between the government of the CoUen-e 
 and the candidates for its privileges, the one attempting to 
 raise and the other to lower the standard of admission, and 
 every effort of the faculty in the right direction is met with 
 a determined resistance. It is not to be presumed that 
 young men, at the age of our undergraduates generally, 
 should have any steady and precise notions of the nature of 
 education. A College is a College, and when they are de- 
 bating the question, whither shall they go, the most impor- 
 tant items in the calculation are, not the efficiency, but the 
 cheapness of the place, and the shortness of the time within 
 which a degree may be obtained. The consequence is that 
 no College can resist the current, unless its teachers are in- 
 dependent. In that case they may stand their ground, and, 
 though they can never hope to equal feebler institutions in 
 numbers, they will still accomplish a great work and confer 
 a lasting benefit on society. The South Carolina College 
 has raised her standard. She has proclaimed her purpose 
 lo be to educate well, and I should deplore any measure 
 that might remotely tend to drive her from this position. 
 The true security for the ability of the professional corps is 
 not to be sought in starving them, or in making them scram- 
 ble for a livelihood, but in the competency, zeal and in- 
 tegrity of the body that appoints them, and in the strict 
 responsibility to which they are held. An impartial board 
 of overseers to elect faithful and turn out incompetent men, 
 a board that has the nerve to do its duty, will be a stronger 
 check upon indolence and inefificienc)' than an empty larder. 
 The motive of necessity may lead them to degrade instruc- 
 tion to increase their fees ; the motive of responsibility to a 
 body that can appreciate their labors will always operate in 
 the right direction. " Let this ground, therefore," says 
 Bacon, " be laid, that all works are overcome by amplitude 
 of reward, by soundness of direction, and by the conjunction 
 of labors. The first multiplieth endeavor, the second pre- 
 venteth error, and the third supplieth the frailty of man. 
 But the principal of these is direction." So far as the un- 
 
16 
 
 dcrgraduates afc concerned, I think that all these condi- 
 tions of success are measurably fulfilled in the present 
 arrangements of the College, as much so as the general state 
 of education will allow. No changes in this respect are de- 
 sirable. But the interests of higher education demands 
 something more than that culture " in passage," ^s Bacon 
 expresses it, which is all that is contemplated in provisions 
 for undergraduates. 
 
 WHERE THE WORK STOPS. 
 
 Our work stops with the degree. We have no founda- 
 tions upon which scholars may be placed, " tending to quiet- 
 ness and privateness of life and discharge of cares and 
 troubles." We are wanting in facilities for "conjunctions" 
 of learned men, and, consequently, the only persons whose 
 business it is to keep pace with the higher intelligence of 
 the age are the few Professors who are employed in the 
 work of instruction. With only such means we must fall 
 behind in the march of improvement. There must be more 
 competition, more leisure, more freedom from distracting 
 cares. " This I take to be," says the great writer from whom 
 1 love to quote, "a great cause that hath hindered the pro- 
 fession of learning, because these fundamental knowledges 
 have been studied but in passage ; for if you will have a 
 tree bear more fruit than it hath used to do, it is not any- 
 thing you can do to the boughs, but it is the stirring of the 
 earth and putting new mould about the roots that must 
 work it." I do not look to the Legislature to supply this 
 deficiency. Other demands, more immediate and urgent, 
 must be met, and to meet them adequately will make a 
 heavy draft upon its resources. But I do look to private 
 liberality. Many of the foundations in Oxford and Cam- 
 bridge have arisen from this source. The Northern Col- 
 leges are indebted for the largest part of their funds to the 
 same cause. Why should not some portion of the Southern 
 wealth take the same direction? Are we wanting in the 
 love of knowledge, in the spirit of charity, and in zeal for 
 
11 
 
 the honor and prosperity of the State? I cannot account 
 for the remissness and apathy of our rich planters and mer- 
 chants and professional men in other way than that this 
 form of generosity has not been the habit of the country. 
 I had hoped that your example and the example of Col. 
 Hampton would have given an impetus to this matter, and 
 I shall not despair until I see the result of the festival 
 which is proposed to be celebrated in honor of the fiftieth 
 anniversary of the College. A body of learned men devoted 
 to the pursuit of fundamental knowledge is what, more 
 than everything else, is now needed to complete our system. 
 There is wealth enough in private coffers and liberality 
 enough in the hearts of our citizens to supply the want, if 
 public interest could only be elicited in the subject. There 
 prevails an impression that the annual appropriations of the 
 Legislature are amply sufficient for all the ends of a Col- 
 lege. It is forgotten that these appropriations contemplate 
 it entirely as a place of teaching, and not the residence of 
 scholars. In this latter aspect we are wholly dependent 
 upon private generosity. The advantages to the College, 
 and to the State, and to the whole country, of such a body 
 of resident scholars cannot be estimated. They might in 
 various ways assist in the business of discipline and instruc- 
 tion ; they would furnish a constant supply of materials for 
 new Professors ; they would give tone and impulse to the as- 
 pirations and efforts of the young men gathered around 
 them, and diffuse an influence which, silently and imper- 
 ceptibly concurring in the formation of that powerful and 
 mysterious combination of separate elements called public 
 opinion, would tell upon every hamlet in the land. " For 
 if men judge that learning should be referred to action, 
 they judge well ; but in this they fall into the error described 
 in the ancient fable, in which the other parts of the body 
 did suppose the stomach had been idle, because it neither 
 performed the office of motion, as the limbs do, nor of sense, 
 as the head doth ; but yet, notwithstanding it is the stomach 
 that digesteth and distributeth to all the rest ; so if any man 
 think philosophy and universality to be idle studies, he doth 
 3 
 
18 
 
 not con.sidcr that all professions arc from thence served and 
 supplied." This homely illustration sets the question of 
 utility in its true light ; and if I could impress upon the com- 
 munity, as it exists in my own mind, the deep and earnest 
 sense of the importance of this feature in the organization 
 of the College, the lack of means would soon cease to be an 
 impediment in keeping pace with the highest culture of the 
 age. It would soon be found that wealth has no more ten- 
 dency to contract the mind in South Carolina than in Mas- 
 sachu.setts and New York, and that there are merchant 
 princes in Charleston as well as in Boston. Who will begin 
 the work? Who shall set the first example of a founda- 
 tion of ten or twenty thousand dollars, devoted to the sup- 
 port of genius in reflecting light and glory upon the State ? 
 It is devoutly to be hoped that something more substantial 
 than echo will answer who. 
 
 OBJECTIONS TO THE COLLEGE. 
 
 Hut as there are those who admit, in general, the advan- 
 tages of a high standard of liberal education, and the con- 
 sequent importance of such institutions as the College, and 
 yet doubt the wisdom of the policy which directly connects 
 them with the State, a more distinct consideration of this 
 question will not be out of place here. The grounds of 
 doubt are twofold : 
 
 First. The College, it is said, is for the benefit of the 
 few, and, therefore, should not be supported by the taxes of 
 the many. What comes from all should be for all ; what is 
 for a class should be by a class. 
 
 This is the substance of the clamor by which ignorance 
 and vulgar ambition, and, above all, a pretended regard for 
 the rights and interests of the masses, are constantly en- 
 deavoring to steal away the hearts of the people from what, 
 justly considered, is the bulwark of their liberties and the 
 strongest safeguard of their honor and respectability. 
 Hence the cry that the College is an aristocratic institution, 
 a resort for the rich, exclusive of the poor. 
 
19 
 
 The other ground is that education, in its very nature, 
 belongs to the church or to private enterprise; that it in- 
 cludes elements which lie beyond the jurisdiction of the 
 State, and that, therefore, the State has no right to inter- 
 fere with it. These objections, I think, embody the 
 strength of whatever opposition is expressed or felt to the 
 College as a public foundation. In reference to the first, let 
 it be admitted that the number of those who participate in 
 the privileges of the College is, and must necessarily be, 
 limited. It is, of course, impracticable, even if it were de- 
 sirable, that every young man in the State should receive a 
 liberal education. Some must be excluded. The very no- 
 tion of their being excluded implies that they do not share 
 in the immediate advantages of the College. But then the 
 question arises, what is the principle of exclusion, so far as 
 the College is concerned ? If that principle is directly based 
 upon difference in fortune, then there is ground of com- 
 plaint ; otherwise, none. Does the College reject any be- 
 cause they are poor? Does it admit any because they are 
 rich? Does it recognize any distinction between rich and 
 poor? Who will venture upon such an allegation? And 
 yet it is only by making wealth the ground of admission, 
 and poverty the ground of exclusion, that the College can 
 be justly charged with aristocratic tendencies. It is no- 
 torious that the only question which the College asks as to 
 the qualification for admission to its immunities is in rela- 
 tion to the fitness of the candidates to enter upon its pur- 
 suits. All who are prepared to comply with its requisitions 
 are welcomed to its halls, whether rich or poor. Poverty 
 may, indeed, be a remote and accidental cause of exclusion, 
 as it incapacitates for acquiring the fitness which the Col- 
 lege exacts, and which is absolutely indispensable to the 
 ends it has in view. But in these cases it is not the poverty 
 which the College considers, but the ignorance and want of 
 preparatory training. There are also expenses incident to 
 a College course which put it out of the power of those who 
 are absolutely without funds to pursue it. A man must be 
 fed and clothed and warmed, and the comforts of life do not 
 
20 
 
 usually come without money; and if he cannot afford the 
 necessary expenses himself, and his friends will not afford 
 them for him, all that can be said is, that Providence has 
 cut him off from a liberal education. He is not in a condi- 
 tion to reap the advantages of personal residence within the 
 College walls. 
 
 THE POOR jVIAN'S COLLEGE. 
 
 But the principle of exclusion, so far as the College is 
 concerned, is not a class principle, but one which necessarily 
 results from the nature and end of its institution. It is 
 founded exclusively for a certain kind and degree of educa- 
 tion, and it opens its doors to all, without exception, who 
 are i)repared for its instructions, and can sustain the ex- 
 penses necessarily incident to a residence from home. It 
 shuts its doors upon none but upon those who shut them 
 upon themselves, or against whom Providence has closed 
 them. A free College means a College absolutely without 
 expense. We must wait for the realization of such a dream 
 until the manifestation of that state in which our bodies 
 shall cease to be flesh and blood, and such homely articles 
 as food, raiment and fuel be no longer needed. But if an 
 institution is not ipso facto aristocratic, because the mem- 
 bers of it have to pay for their victuals and clothes, then 
 the South Carolina College is not an aristocratic or class in- 
 stitution. It might not be improper to inquire whether, in 
 those institutions whose glory it is to be, par eminence, in- 
 stitutions for the vulgar, it is pretented that the pupils 
 have absolutely nothing to pay. Can a stark beggar get 
 through them without help? If not, poverty and wealth 
 have the same remote and direct influence in determining 
 who shall participate in their privileges as they have in the 
 South Carolina College. From a somewhat careful inquiry, 
 too, I am inclined to the opinion that none, however poor, 
 ever fail to get through College who have been enabled, 
 cither by their own exertions or the assistance of others, to 
 prepare for College. I am sure the number is very small. 
 
21 
 
 Hence, of all charges that the imagination can conceive, that 
 of educating only the rich is the most idle and ridiculous. 
 Most of our students, as a matter of fact, are from families 
 in moderate circumstances, many are absolutely poor, either 
 expending their whole living upon their minds, or toiling in 
 vacations to acquire the means of defraying their expenses, 
 or sustained by the eleemosynary foundations of the Col- 
 lege, or by the assistance of the College societies, or by pri- 
 vate liberality. The public sentiment of the students 
 speaks volumes upon this point. If there were anything in 
 the genius or organization of the institution which distin- 
 guished it as the College of the rich, there would be a cor- 
 responding pride of aristocracy among the young men, and 
 the poor would be avoided, insulted or shunned, as z. pro- 
 fanuin vulgiis. They would be branded by public opinion 
 as men who were out of their place, as upstarts who were 
 aspiring to the privileges of their betters. This would be 
 necessitated as the common feeling by the organic principle 
 of the body. But what is the truth ? I have no hesitation 
 in afifirming that if there be a place more than any other 
 where the poor are honored and respected, where indigence, 
 if coupled with any degree of merit, is an infallible passport 
 to favor, that place is the South Carolina College. It may 
 be pre-eminently called the poor man's College in the sense 
 that poverty is no reproach within its walls, no bar to its 
 highest honors and most tempting rewards, either among 
 Professors or students. On the contrary, if there is a pre- 
 judice at all it is against the rich ; and from long observation 
 and experience I am prepared to afifirm that no spirit re- 
 ceives a sterner, stronger, more indignant rebuke within 
 these walls than the pride and vanity of wealth. Let any 
 young man presume upon his fortune and undertake to put 
 on airs, and the whole College pounces down upon him with 
 as little mercy and as much avidity as the jackdaws in the 
 fable upon their aspiring fellow, who was decked in the 
 peacock's feathers. No doubt there are many whose cir- 
 cumstances preclude them from the first steps of a liberal 
 education, and who yet have the capacity to receive it, and 
 
22 
 
 who, if educated, might reflect lasting honor upon the 
 State, but, unfortunately, froin the imperfect and inefficient 
 condition of the free schools, these poor children can never 
 be distinguished. One advantage of a more adequate 
 scheme of public instruction will be that of bringing in- 
 digent merit to the light. For such cases there ought to be 
 the most ample provision. " This." in the words of Cousin, 
 " is a sacred duty we owe to talent, a duty which must be 
 fulfilled, even at the risk of being sometimes mistaken." 
 The State should either endow scholarships, or extemporize 
 appropriations to meet the cases of those who, when public 
 schools shall have been established, shall be reported as 
 worthy of a liberal education by their earlier teachers. 
 And beyond this, as the same writer observes, it is not de- 
 sirable that it should provide for the higher instruction of 
 the poor. So much for the limitation of the immediate 
 benefits of the College. They arc confined to comparatively 
 a few, sim[)ly because it is comparatively a few that are in 
 a condition to receive them. 
 
 THE aOOD OF THE STATE AT LARQE. 
 
 But then the important point is, and it is a point which 
 ought never to be forgotten, though it is .systematically 
 overlooked by those who are accustomed to decry the Col- 
 lege, that these benefits are imparted, not for the sake of 
 the few, but for the interest of the many — the good of the 
 State at large. Those who are educated are educated not 
 for themselves, but for the advantage of the Commonwealth 
 as a whole. Every scholar is regarded as a blessing — a great 
 public benefit — and for the sake of the general influence that 
 he is qualified to exert, the State makes provision for his 
 training. It is because the " proper education of youth con- 
 tributes greatly to the prosperity of society," that it "ought 
 to be an (object of legislative attention." The many, there- 
 fore, arc not taxed for the few, but the few are trained for 
 exalted usefulness and extensive good to the many. If the 
 
23 
 
 Legislature had in view only the interest of those who are 
 educated, and expended its funds in reference to their "^ood, 
 considered simply as individuals, there would be just "round 
 of complaint; but when it is really aiming at the prosperity 
 of the whole community, and uses these individuals as 
 means to that end, there is nothing limited or partial in its 
 measures. 
 
 It is great weakness to suppose that nothing can contri- 
 bute to the general good, the immediate ends of which are 
 not realized in the case of every individual. Are lighthouses 
 constructed only for the safety of the benighted mariner 
 who may be actually guided by their lamps, or are they 
 raised for the security of navigation, the interest of com- 
 merce, and, through these, the interest of society at large? 
 There is no way of evading the force of this argument but 
 by flatly denying that an educated class is a public good. 
 If there are any among us who are prepared to take this 
 ground, and to become open advocates of barbarism, I have 
 nothing to say to them ; but for the sake of those who may 
 be seduced by sophistry which they cannot disentangle, I 
 offer a few reflections. 
 
 THE REAL ELEMENTS OF PJiOGKESS. 
 
 In the first place the educated men in every community 
 are the real elements of steady and consistent progress. 
 They are generally in advance of their generation ; light 
 descends from them to their inferiors, and by a gradual and 
 imperceptible influence emanating from the solitary specu- 
 lations, it may be of their secret hours, the whole texture 
 of society is modified, a wider scope is given to its views 
 and a loftier end to its measures. They are the men who 
 sustain and carry forward the complicated movements of a 
 refined civilization — the real authors of changes which con- 
 stitute epochs in the social elevation of the race. Pitt 
 could not understand, and Fox refused to read, the masterly 
 speculations of Adam Smith upon the " Wealth of Nations." 
 
24 
 
 He was ahead of his age. The truth gradually worked its 
 way, however, into the minds of statesmen and legislators, 
 and now no one is held to be fit for any public employment 
 who is not imbued with the principles of political economy. 
 The thoughts of a retired thinker once set in motion, if 
 they have truth in them, have a principle of life which can 
 never be extinguished. They may for a season be re- 
 pressed and confined, but they finally, like disengaged 
 gases, acquire an intensity and power which defy all opposi- 
 tion. They spread through society, leavening first its lead- 
 ing members, and extending in the shape of results, or 
 maxims, or practical conclusions, to every fireside in the 
 land. The .solitary scholar wields a lever which raises the 
 whole mass of society. It is a high, general education which 
 shapes the minds and controls the opinions of the guiding 
 spirits of the age ; it is this which keeps up the general tone 
 of society ; it is at once conservative and progressive. The 
 conservative tendency requires to be a little more distinctly 
 pointed out. 
 
 The case is this: the universal activity which general in- 
 telligence imparts to mind must be prolific in schemes and 
 theories, and these are likely to be sound or hurtful, accord- 
 ing to the completeness of the instruction or the narrowness 
 of the views on which they are founded. A half truth, or a 
 truth partially apprehended, always has the effect of a lie. 
 A higher order of culture, with occasional exceptions (for 
 profound thinkers are sometimes eccentric), is a security 
 against the ill-digested plans and visionary projects which 
 they are peculiarly tempted to originate, whose vision is 
 confined to a contracted horizon, and who are deceived, 
 simply because they do not perceive the bearing of a prin- 
 ciple in all its applications. An educated class expands the 
 field of vision, and serves as a check to the regular impulses 
 and the impetuous innovations of minds equally active but 
 less enlarged. It protects from rashness, from false maxims, 
 from partial knowledge. It is a security for public order 
 which can hardly be over-estimated — it is the regulator of 
 the great clock of society. General intelligence, without 
 
high culture to keep it in check, will exemplify the maxim 
 of Pope — 
 
 "A little learning is a dangerous thing" — 
 
 and will prove a greater curse to the State than absolute igno- 
 rance. It is not ignorance, but half knowledge, that is full 
 of whims and crotchets ; they prey on impulse and fanat- 
 icism, and are the parent of restless agitation and ceaseless 
 change. It is in the constant play of antagnonistic forces, 
 the action and reaction of the higher and lower culture, that 
 the life, health and vigor of society consists. General intel- 
 ligence cheeks the stagnation of ignorance, and a thorough 
 education checks the rashness of empiricism. Where this 
 prevails there is all the inspiration without the contortions 
 of the Sibyl. 
 
 ELEVATION OF THE MASSES. 
 
 In the next place, it should not be omitted that general ] 
 education is the true source of the elevation of the masses, 
 and of the demand for popular instruction. Every educated 
 man is a centre of light, and his example and influence 
 create the consciousness of ignorance and the sense of need, 
 from which elementary schools have sprung. Defective cul- 
 ture is never conscious of itself until it is brought into contact 
 with superior power. There may be a conviction of igno- 
 rance in reference to special things, and a desire of knowl- 
 edge as the means of accomplishing particular ends ; but 
 the need of intellectual improvement on its own account 
 never is awakened spontaneously. We never lament our 
 inferiority to angels. The reason is, we are not brought 
 into contact with them, and are consequently not sensible 
 of the disparity that exists. If we had examples before us 
 of angelic amplitude of mind, the contrast would force upon 
 us a lively impression of the lowness of our intellectual 
 level. If we had never been accustomed to any other light 
 but that of the stars, we should never have dreamed of the 
 sun, nor felt the absence of his rays as any real evil. The 
 4 
 
26 
 
 positive in the order of thought is before the privative. We 
 must know the good in order to understand the evil ; we 
 must be familiar with the day to comprehend night and 
 darkness. Hence it is that civilization never has been, and 
 never can be, of spontaneous growth among a people. It 
 has always been an inheritance or an importation. If men 
 had been originally created savages they would all have 
 been savages to-day. 
 
 Those ingenious theories which undertake, from principles 
 of human nature, to explain the history of man's progress 
 from barbarism to refinement are nothing better than 
 speculative romances. They are contradicted by experience 
 as well as by the laws of the human mind. Philosophy 
 coincides with the Bible — inan was created in the image of 
 God, and the rudeness and coarseness of uncivilized com- 
 munities are states of degradation into which he has apos- 
 tatized and sunk, and not his primitive and original condi- 
 tion. Civilization has migrated from one centre to another, 
 has found its way among barbarians and savages, and re- 
 stored them to something of their forfeited inheritance, but 
 in every such instance it has been introduced from without, 
 it has never developed itself from within. Where all is 
 darkness whence is the light to spring? What planet is the 
 source of the rays that shine on it? Hence it is knowledge 
 which creates the demand for knowledge, which causes 
 ignorance to be felt as an evil, and iience it is the education 
 in the first instance of the few which has awakened the 
 strong desire for the illumination of the many. Let knowl- 
 edge, however, become stagnant, let no provision be made 
 for the constant activity of the highest order of minds in 
 the highest sphere of speculation, and the torpor would be 
 comnuinicated downwards until the whole community was 
 benumbed. 
 
 THE PROGRESS OF SOCIETY. 
 
 The thinkers in the most abstract departments of specula- 
 tion koc[) the whole of society in motion, and upon its mo- 
 tion depends its progress. Scholars, therefore, are the real 
 
27 
 
 benefactors of the people, and he does more for popular 
 education who founds a University than he who institutes a 
 complete and ade(iuate machinery of common schools. 
 The reason is obvious — the most potent element of public 
 opinion is wanting where only a low form of culture obtains. 
 The common schools, having no example of anything higher 
 before them, would soon degenerate and impart only a 
 mechanical culture, if they did not — which I am inclined to 
 think would be the case, from their want of life — permit the 
 people to relapse into barbarism. Colleges, on the other 
 hand, will create the demand for lower culture, and private 
 enterprise under the stimulus imparted would not be back- 
 ward in providing for it. The College will diffuse the educa- 
 tion of principles, of maxims, atone of thinking and feeling 
 which are of the last importance, without the schools. The 
 schools could never do it without the College. If we must 
 dispense with one or the other, I have no hesitation in say- 
 ing that omthe score of public good alone it were wiser to 
 dispense with the schools. One sun is better than a thou- 
 sand stars. 
 
 There never was, therefore, a more grievous error than 
 that the College is in antagonism to the interests of the 
 people. Precisely the opposite is tiie truth ; and because 
 it is pre-eminently a public good, operating directly or in- 
 directly to the benefit of every citizen in the State, the 
 Legislature was originally justified in founding, and in still 
 sustaining, this noble institution. It has made South 
 Carolina what she is; it has made her people what they 
 are; and from her mountains to her seaboard there is not a 
 nook or corner of the State that has not shared in its health- 
 ful influence. The very cries which arc coming up from all 
 quarters for the direct instruction of the people, cries which 
 none should think of resisting, are only echoes from the 
 College walls. We should never have heard of them if the 
 state of things had continued among us which existed when 
 the College was founded. The low-country would still have 
 sent its sons to Europe or the North, and the up-country 
 would have been content with its fertile lands ;ind in- 
 vigorating hills. 
 
2<S 
 EDUCATION LIVES OX CHARITY. 
 
 The second ground of objection does not deny or diminish 
 the importance of the College or the general advantages of 
 higher education. It only affirms that the State is not the 
 proper body for dispensing them. The advocates of this 
 negative opinion divide themselves into two classes, one 
 maintaining that Colleges should support themselves, the 
 other that they should be supported by endowments under 
 the control of private or ecclesiastical corporations. The 
 first was the doctrine of Adam Smith, who may be reckoned 
 among the ablest opponents of the policy of public educa- 
 tion in the higher branches of learning. He lays down the 
 thesis that the demand will infallibly create the supply, that 
 in science, literature and the arts, as in the commodities 
 which minister to the physical comfort and conveniences of 
 man, what is wanted will be procured. The double opera- 
 tion of private interest, on the one hand to obtain, on the 
 other to furnish, will present inducements enough to 
 originate all the schools that may be needed to teach all 
 the arts that may be desired. This ingenious reasoner for- 
 got that in the matter of education, as Sir Wm. Hamilton 
 justly remarks: "Demand and supply are necessarily co- 
 existent and co-extensive; that it is education which creates 
 the want which education only can satisfy." " Those 
 again," says the same writer, " who, conceding all this, con- 
 tent that the creation and supply of this demand should be 
 abandoned by the State to private intelligence and philan- 
 thropy, are contradicted both by reasoning and fact." 
 
 The expensiveness of the machinery which is necessary to 
 put in motion a higher Seminary of learning renders it 
 hopelessly impossible to make such institutions self-support- 
 ing bodies, and the attempt to do so would have no other 
 effect than to degrade them into professional or scientific 
 schools, in which knowledge is the end and not the instru- 
 ment. Hence there is not a College University worthy the 
 name, either in I'Lurope or iVmerica, that is capable of sus- 
 taining, much less of having founded, its various depart- 
 
29 
 
 ments of instruction by the patronage it receives. Educa- 
 tion has always lived on charity. Foundations and endow- 
 ments, partly from individuals, partly from the State, have 
 always been its reliance to supply the apparatus with which 
 the machinery is kept in motion. As to private corpora- 
 tions, it is certain that the degree of interest which is taken 
 in learning for itself will never be adequate to meet the 
 exigencies of higher education. There must be some 
 stronger principle at work, and impulse more general and 
 pervading, in order to touch the chords of private liberality 
 and awaken a responsive thrill. There may be extraordinary 
 efforts of single men, but these spasmodic contributions will 
 be too rare, besides that they may be hampered by unwise 
 restrictions and limitations to answer the ends of a College. 
 
 DOES EDUCATION BELONG TO CHURCH OR STATE ? 
 
 The only principle which has vitality and power enough 
 to keep the stream of private charity steadily turned in the 
 direction of education is the principle of religion. And 
 hence the true and only question is, does education belong 
 to the Church or State ? Into the hands of one or the other 
 it must fall, or perish. This, too, is the great practical 
 question among us. To meet formidable war against the 
 College will he that waged on the principle of its existence. 
 I respect the feeling out of which jealously of State institu- 
 tions has grown. A godless education is worse than none; 
 and r rejoice that the sentiment is well-nigh universal in 
 this country that a system which excludes the highest and 
 most commanding, the eternal interests of man, must be 
 radically defective, whether reference be had to the culture 
 of the individual or to his prosperity and influence in life. 
 Man is essentially a religious being, and to make no provis- 
 ion for this noblest element of his nature, to ignore and 
 preclude it from any distinct consideration, is to leave him 
 but half educated. The Ancients were accustomed to re- 
 gard theology as the first philosophy, and there is not a 
 people under the sun whose religion has not been the chief 
 
30 
 
 inspiration of their literature. Take away the influence 
 which this subject has exerted upon the hunnan mind, de- 
 stroy its contributions to the cause of letters, the impulse 
 it has given to the speculation of philosophy, and what will 
 be left after these subtractions will be comparatively small 
 in quantity and feeble in life and spirit. We must have re- 
 ligion if we would reach the highest forms of education. 
 This is the atmosphere which must surround the mind and 
 permeate all its activities, in order that its development 
 may be free, healthful and vigorous. Science languishes, 
 letters pine, refinement is lost, wherever and whenever the 
 genius of religion is excluded. Experience has demon- 
 strated that, in some form or other, it must enter into every 
 College and pervade every department of instruction. No 
 institution has been able to live without it. 
 
 But what right, it is asked, has the State to introduce it? 
 What right, we might ask in return, has the State to ex- 
 clude it? The difficulty lies in confounding the dogmatic 
 peculiarities of sects with the spirit of religion. The State, 
 as such, knows nothing of sects but to protect them, but 
 it does not follow that the State must be necessarily godless ; 
 and so a College knows nothing of denominations, except 
 as a feature in the history of the human race, but it does 
 not follow that a College must be necessarily atheistic or 
 unchristian. What is wanted is the pervading influence of 
 religion as a life, the habitual sense of responsibility to God 
 and of the true worth and destiny of the soul, which shall 
 give tone to the character and regulate all the pursuits of 
 the place. The example, temper and habitual deportment 
 of the teachers, co-operating with the dogmatic instructions 
 which have been received at the fireside and in the church, 
 and coupled with the obligatory observance (except in cases 
 of conscientious scruple) of the peculiar duties of the Lord's 
 day, will be found to do more in maintaining the power of 
 religion than the constant recitation of the catechism or the 
 ceaseless inculcation of sectarian peculiarities. The difficul- 
 ty of introducing religion is, indeed, rather speculative than 
 practical. When we propose to teach religion as a science 
 
31 
 
 and undertake, by precise boundaries and exact statutory 
 provisions, to define what shall and what shall not be taught, 
 when by written schemes we endeavor to avoid all the 
 peculiarities of sect and opinion without sacrificing the essen- 
 tial interests of religion, the task is impossible. The resi- 
 duum, after our nice distinctions, is zero. 
 
 RELIGIOUS, BUT NOT SECTARIAN. 
 
 But why introduce religion as a science? Let it come in 
 the character of the Professors, let it come in the stated 
 worship of the sanctuary, and let it come in the vindication 
 of those immortal records which constitute the basis of our 
 faith. Leave creeds and confessions to the fireside and 
 church, the home and the pulpit. Have Godly teachers and 
 you will have comparatively a Godly College. But what 
 security have we that a State College will pay any attention 
 to the religious character of its teachers'* The security of 
 public opinion, which, in proportion as the various religious 
 denominations do their duty in their own spheres, will be- 
 come absolutely irresistible. Let all the sects combine to 
 support the State College, and they can soon create a senti- 
 ment which, with the terrible certainty of fate, shall tolerate 
 nothing unholy or unclean in its walls. They can make it 
 religious without being sectarian. The true power of the 
 church over these institutions is not that of direct control, 
 but of moral influence, arising from her direct work upon 
 the hearts and consciences of all the members of the com- 
 munity. 
 
 It is alleged that experience presents us with mournful 
 examples of State institutions degenerating into hotbeds of 
 atheism and impiety. It may be promptly replied that the 
 same experience presents us with equally mournful exam- 
 ples of church institutions degenerating into hotbeds of the 
 vilest heresy and infidelity. And what is more to the 
 point, a sound public opinion has never failed to bring these 
 State institutions back to their proper moorings, while the 
 church institutions have not unfrequently carried their 
 
32 
 
 sects with thcin and rendered reform impossible. In the 
 case of State institutions, the security for religion lies in 
 the public opinion of the whole community; in the case of 
 church institutions, in the public opinion of a single de- 
 nomination ; and as the smaller body can more easily be- 
 come corrupt than a larger, as there is a constant play of 
 antagonisms which preserves the health in the one case, 
 while they are wanting in the other, it seems clear that a 
 State College, upon the whole and in the long run, must be 
 safer than any sectarian institution. As long as the people 
 preserve their respect for religion the College can be kept 
 free from danger. 
 
 The principle, too, on which the argument for church 
 supervision is founded proves too much. It is assumed that 
 wherever a religious influence becomes a matter of primary 
 importance, there the church has legitimate jurisdiction. 
 " This," it has been well said, " puts an end to society itself, 
 and makes the church the only power that can exist, since 
 all that is necessary is for any officer or any power to be 
 capable of moral effects or influences in order to put it under 
 the dominion of the church. The moral influences of 
 governors, judges, presidents, nay, even sheriffs, coroners or 
 constables, is as real and may be far more extensive than 
 that of school-masters. The moral influence of wealth, 
 manners, taste, is immense; that of domestic habits, nay, 
 even personal habits, often decisive." The truth is, this 
 species of argument would reduce every interest under the 
 sun to the control of the church. It is just the principle on 
 which the authority of the Pope over Kings and States has 
 been assumed and defended. The argument, moreover, is 
 one which can be very easily refuted. If, because education 
 has a religious element it must fall within the jurisdiction 
 of the church, <^r/t^r//^r/, because it has multiplied secular 
 elements it must fall within the jurisdiction of the State. 
 The church is a distinct corporation, with distinct rights 
 and authority. She has direct control over nothing that is 
 not spiritual in its matter and connected with our relations 
 to Jesus Christ. She is His kingdom, and her functions are 
 
33 
 
 limited to His work as the Mediator of the covenant and 
 the Saviour of the lost; and if education, in its secular 
 aspects, is not a function of grace, but of nature, if it 
 belongs to man, not as a Christian, but simply as a man, 
 then it no more falls within the jurisdiction of the church 
 than any other secular work. The duties of the State are 
 civil, not sacred ; the duties of the church are sacred, not 
 civil. To exclude the church from the control of general 
 education, and to exempt it from the duty of providing the 
 means thereof, it must be shown that education is of the 
 nature of religious things, and that the duty of superintend- 
 ing it is, in its nature, spiritual. Is not a man bound to 
 educate himself as an individual person ? Is not every 
 family bound to educate each other, and the head of the 
 family peculiarly bound to educate the members? If so, 
 are these obligations, which arise out of our individual per- 
 sonality and out of our family relations, in any degree at all, 
 or do they spring solely and chiefly out of our obligations 
 as members of Christ? Is a Christian more bound, or is he 
 chiefly bound, or is he exclusively bound — they are three 
 degrees of the same proposition — to acquire and to impart 
 knowledge which has nothing to do with religion, but much 
 to do with temporal success and temporal usefulness, all 
 the positive sciences for example, simply or mainly as a 
 Christian, or because he is a Christian? Or is he bound 
 chiefly, or at all, to do so from any consideration drawn 
 from his individual position, or his relations to his family or 
 his country? These are considerations, and there are many 
 more like them, that require to be deeply pondered before 
 we arrive at the sweeping generalities which assume and 
 assert that denominational education is only the safe and 
 true conclusion of this "high argument." 
 
 SECTARIAN COLLEGES. 
 
 Apart from the principle involved, I have other objections 
 to sectarian education. I say sectarian education, for the 
 Church Catholic is one, in the present condition of things, 
 5 
 
34 
 
 not visible and corporate. What she does can only be done 
 through the agency of one or more of the various fragments 
 into which she has been suffered to split. In the first place, 
 it is evident, from the feebleness of the sects, that these 
 Colleges cannot be very largely endowed. In the next 
 place, they are likely to be numerous. From these causes 
 will result a strenuous competition for patronage; and from 
 this two effects may be expected to follow : first, the depres- 
 sion of the standard of general education, so as to allure 
 students to their halls; and next, the preference of what is 
 ostentatious and attractive in education to what is solid and 
 substantial. It is true that there can be no lofty flight, as 
 Bacon has suggested, " without some feathers of ostenta- 
 tion ; " but it is equally true there can be no flight at all 
 where there are not bone, muscle and sinew to sustain the 
 feathers. It is also a serious evil that the State should be 
 habitually denounced as profane and infidel. To think and 
 speak of it in that light is the sure way to make it so ; and 
 yet this is the uniform representation of the advocates of 
 church education. They will not permit the State to touch 
 the subject, because its fingers are unclean. Can there be a 
 more certain method to uproot the sentiment of patriotism, 
 and to make us feci that the Government of the country is 
 an enormous evil, to which we are to submit, not out of 
 love, but for conscience sake? Will not something like this 
 be the inevitable effect of the declamation and invective 
 which bigots and zealots feel authorized to vent against the 
 Commonwealth that protects them, in order that they may 
 succeed in their narrow schemes? Instead of clinging 
 around the State as they would cling to the bosom of a be- 
 loved parent, and concentrating upon her the highest and - 
 holiest influences which they are capable of exerting; in- 
 stead of teaching their children to love her as the ordinance 
 of God for good, to bless her for her manifold benefits, and 
 to obey her with even a religious veneration, they repel her 
 to a cold and cheerless distance, and brand her with the 
 stigma of Divine reprobation. The result must be bad. 
 The fanaticism which despises the State, and the infidelity 
 
35 
 
 which contemns the church, are both alike the product of 
 ignorance and folly. God has established both the church 
 and the State. It is as clearly our duty to be loyal and en- 
 lightened citizens as to be faithful and earnest Christians. 
 
 A BOND OF UNION. 
 
 I think, too, that the tendency of sectarian Colleges to 
 perpetuate the strife of sects, to fix whatever is heterogene- 
 ous in the elements of national character, and to alienate 
 the citizens from each other, is a consideration not to be 
 overlooked. There ought surely to be some common 
 ground on which the members of the same State may meet 
 together and feel that they are brothers — some common 
 ground on which their children may mingle without con- 
 fusion or discord, and bury every narrow and selfish inter- 
 est in the sublime sentiment that they belong to the same 
 family. Nothing is so powerful as a common education, 
 and the thousand sweet associations, which spring from it 
 and cluster around it, to cherish the holy brotherhood of 
 men. Those who have walked together in the same paths 
 of science, and taken sweet counsel in the same halls of 
 learning; who went arm in arm in that hallowed season of 
 life when the foundations of all excellence are laid ; who have 
 wept with the same sorrows or laughed at the same joys; 
 who have been fired with the same ambition ; lured with the 
 same hopes, and grieved at the same disappointments — these 
 are not the men, in after years, to stir up animosities or 
 foment intestine feuds. Their college life is a bond of 
 union which nothing can break— a divine poetry of existence 
 which nothing is allowed to profane. Who can forget his 
 college days and his college companions, and even his 
 college dreams? Would you make any Commonwealth a 
 unit, educate its sons together? This is the secret of the 
 harmony which has so remarkably characterized our State. 
 It was not the influence of a single mind, great as that mind 
 was — it was no tame submission to authoritative dictation." 
 It was the community of thought, feeling and character, 
 
36 
 
 achieved by a common education witliin these walls. 
 Here it was that heart was knit to heart, mind to mind, and 
 that a common character was formed. All these advantages 
 must be lost if the sectarian scheme prevails. South Caro- 
 lina will no lontjer be a unit, nor her citizens brothers. We 
 shall have sect against sect, school against school, and Col- 
 lege against College ; and he knows but little of the past 
 who has not observed that the most formidable dangers to 
 any State arc those which spring from divisions in its own 
 bosom, and that these divisions are terrible in proportion to 
 the degree in which the religious element enters into them. 
 I shall say no more upon the College. I have spoken of 
 its end, its organization and its defects, and have vindicated 
 the policy upon which it was founded. What I have said 
 I believe to be true, and I am sure that it is seasonable ; and 
 nothing would delight me more, as a man, a Christian and a 
 patriot, than to see all jealousies laid aside, all sectarian 
 schemes abandoned, and the whole State, as one man, rally 
 to its support. It would find ample employment for all the 
 funds which private liberality is pouring into the coffers of 
 other institutions ; and when charity had done its utmost, 
 and the Government still more freely unlocked its treasury, 
 we should have a splendid institution beyond doubt, but 
 one which was still not perfect. Education is a vast and 
 complicated interest, and it requires the legacies of ages 
 and generations past, as well as the steady contributions of 
 the living, to keep the stream from subsiding. Let it roll 
 among us like a mighty river, whose ceaseless flow is main- 
 tained by the springs of charity and the great fountain of 
 public munificence. Let us have a College which is worthy 
 of the name — to which we can invite the scholars of Europe 
 with an honest pride, and to which our children may repair 
 from all our borders, as the States of Greece to their 
 C)lym[)ia, or the chosen tribes to Mount Zion. How beauti- 
 ful it is for brethren to dwell together in unity! 
 
 THE FREE SCHOOLS. 
 
 11. The next part of our system, in the order of legisla- 
 tion, is the free schools. And here I am sorry to say that 
 
the law is not only inadequate, but there is a very extraor- 
 dinary discrepancy between the law and the practice, which 
 increases the difficulty and has added to the inefficiency of 
 the standing appropriation. It is clear from the face of it 
 
 that the Act of 1811 was designed as the first step towards 
 
 the establishment of a system of common schools that 
 should bring the means of elementary education within the 
 reach of every child in the State. It was not intended to be 
 
 a provision for paupers. Throughout our statutes free 
 
 schools mean public schools, or schools which arc open to 
 every citizen. The first Act in which I find the expression \ 
 is that of the 8th of April, 1710, entitled "An Act for the '' 4^ 
 
 founding and erecting of a free school for the use of the in- 
 habitants of South Carolina." This Act created and incor- 
 porated a Board of Trustees for the purpose of taking 
 charge of such funds as had already been contributed, or 
 might afterwards be contributed, for public instruction in 
 the Province. In it the epithet /n^^ is synonymous, not with 
 pauper, hwt public, or common. The same is the case in the 
 Act of the 7th of June, 1712, entitled "An Act for the en- -j— 
 couragement of learning." Although the school was 2i free 
 school, every pupil was required X.o pay for his tuition. But 
 the meaning of the phrase is made still clearer by the ex- 
 tended Act of the 1 2th December of the same year. There 
 the school was manifestly open to all. Special inducements 
 were held out to patronize and encourage it, and provisions 
 made for educating a certain number free of expense. The _j_ 
 Act of 181 1, which is the basis of our present system, is so 
 clear and explicit as to the kind of schools to be founded, 
 that I am utterly unable to account for the partial and ex- 
 clusive interpretation which has been put upon its words. 
 The Third Section provided " that every citizen of this 
 State shall be entitled to send his or her child or children, 
 ward or wards, to any free school in the district where he 
 or she may reside, free from any expense whatever on ac- 
 count of tuition ; and where more children shall apply for 
 admission at any one school than can be conveniently edu- 
 cated therein, a preference shall always be given to poor 
 orphans and children of indigent and necessitous parents." 
 
38 
 
 I have no doubt that, if this Act had been executed ac- 
 cording to its true intent and meaning, and pubHc schools 
 had been estabHshed in every district of the State corres- 
 ponding to the number of members in the House of Repre- 
 sentatives, the advantages would have been so conspicuous 
 tiiat the Legislature could not have stopped until the means 
 of instruction had been afforded to every neighborhood, to 
 every family, and to every child. The law was wise; it was 
 strictly tentative and provisional, but its benevolent inten- 
 tion has been defeated by a singular misconception of its 
 meaning. As a provisional law, it was defective in unity of 
 plan. The Commissioners in each district were absolutely 
 independent and irresponsible. There was no central power 
 which could correct mistakes, and which could infuse a com- 
 mon spirit and a common life into the whole scheme. The 
 consequence is that, after all our legislation and all our ex- 
 penditures, we have not even the elements in practical 
 operation of a system of public schools. We have the 
 whole work to begin anew. 
 
 You will permit me to suggest a few reasons why we 
 should begin it heartily and at once, and then to imitate 
 the nature and extent of our incipient efforts : 
 
 In the first place, it is the duty of the State to provide 
 for the education of its citizens. Even Adam Smith, who, 
 we have seen, was opposed to the direct interference of the 
 Government in higher, or liberal education, is constrained 
 to admit that the education of the common people forms 
 an exception to his principle. He makes it the care of the 
 Government, upon the same general ground with the culti- 
 vation of a martial spirit. We should be as solicitous that 
 our citizens should not be ignorant as that they should not. 
 be cowards. The whole passage is so striking that you will 
 excuse me for quoting it in full: 
 
 THE DUTY OF THE STATE. 
 
 " But a coward, or a man incapable either ol defending 
 or revenging himself, evidently wants one of the most essen- 
 tial parts of the character of a man. He is as much muti- 
 
" 39 
 
 lated and deformed in his mind as another is in his body, 
 who is either deprived of some of his most essential mem- 
 bers, or has lost the use of them. He is evidently the more 
 wretched and miserable of the two, because happin ess and 
 misery, which reside altogether in the mind, must necessa- 
 rily depend more upon the healthful or unhealthful, the 
 mutilated or entire state of the mind, than upon that of 
 the body. Even though the martial spirit of the people 
 were of no use towards the defence of the society, yet to 
 prevent that sort of mental mutilation, deformity and 
 wretchedness, which cowardice necessarily involves in it, 
 from spreading themselves through the great body of the 
 people, would still deserve the most serious attention of 
 Government — in the same manner as it would deserve its 
 most serious attention to prevent a leprosy, or any other 
 loathsome and offensive disease, from spreading itself among 
 them ; though, perhaps, no other public good might result 
 from such attention besides the prevention of so great a 
 public evil. 
 
 "The same thing may be said of the gross ignorance and 
 stupidity which, in a civilized society, seems so frequently 
 to benumb the understanding of all the inferior ranks of 
 people. A man without the proper use of the intellectual 
 faculties of a man is, if possible, more contemptible than 
 even a coward, and seems to be mutilated and deformed in 
 a still more essential part of the character of human nature. 
 Though the State was to derive no advantage from the in- 
 struction of the inferior ranks of the people, it would still 
 deserve its attention that they should not be altogether un- 
 instructed. The State, however, derives no considerable 
 advantages from their instruction. The more they are in- 
 structed the less liable they are to the delusions of enthusi- 
 asm and superstition, which, among ignorant nations, 
 frequently occasion the most dreadful disorders. An in- 
 structed and intelligent people, besides, are always more 
 decent and orderly than an ignorant and stupid one. They 
 feel themselves, each individually, more respectable, and 
 more likely to obtain the respect of their lawful superiors, 
 
40 
 
 and they arc, therefore, more disposed to respect those 
 superiors. They are more disposed to examine, and more 
 capable of seeini^ through, the interested complaints of fac- 
 tion and sedition ; and they are, upon that account, less apt 
 to be misled into any wanton or unnecessary opposition to 
 the measures of Government. In free countries, where the 
 safety of Government depends very much upon the favor- 
 able judgment which the people may form of its conduct, it 
 must surely be of the highest importance that they should 
 not be disposed to judge rashly or capriciously concerning 
 it." 
 
 " If the community wish to have the benefit of more 
 knowledge and intelligence in the laboring classes," says 
 Say, "it must dispense it at the public charge. This object 
 may be obtained by the establishment of primary schools, 
 of reading, writing and arithmetic. These are the ground- 
 work of all knowledge, and are quite sufficient for the civil- 
 ization of the lower classes. In fact, one cannot call a native 
 civilized, nor consequently possessed of the benefits of civil- 
 ization, until the people at large be instructed in these three 
 particulars; till then it will be but partially reclaimed from 
 barbarism." 
 
 I might multiply authorities to an indefinite extent, show- 
 ing that it is the general opinion of political philosophers 
 that popular instruction is one of the most sacred duties of 
 the Commonwealth. The opinion obviously rests upon two 
 grounds — the importance of education in itself and in its 
 relation to the State, anji the impossibility of adequately 
 providing for it without the assistance of the Legislature. 
 The alternative is either that the education of the people 
 must be abandoned as hopeless, or the Government must 
 embark in the work. Surely, if this be really the state of 
 the case, South Carolina cannot hesitate a moment as to 
 which branch of the proposition she will choose. 
 
 THE FOLLY OF INDIVIDUAL EFFORT. 
 
 When it is remembered that education makes the citizen 
 as well as the man — that it is precisely what fits a human 
 
41 
 
 being to be a living membty of a Commonwealth — we can- 
 not hesitate as to whether our people shall be ciphers or 
 men. And that this is the alternative is clear, both from 
 the nature of the case and from fact. Whoever considers 
 what it is to provide an adequate system of instruction for 
 all the children of a country, the amount of funds necessary 
 to erect school-houses, to found libraries, to procure the 
 needful apparatus, to pay teachers, and to keep the ma- 
 chinery, once set in motion, in steady and successful opera- 
 tion, will perceive the folly of entrusting such a task to the 
 disjointed efforts of individuals, or the conflicting efforts of 
 religious denominations. In either case there will be no 
 unity of plan, no competency of means ; what is done must 
 be done partially, and, because partially, must be done 
 amiss. 
 
 " All experience," says Sir Wm. Hamilton, " demonstrates 
 the necessity of State interference. No countries present a 
 more remarkable contrast in this respect (in regard to 
 popular education) than England and Germany. In the 
 former the State has done nothing for the education of the 
 people, and private benevolence more than has been at- 
 tempted elsewhere ; in the latter, the Government has done 
 everything, and left to private benevolence almost nothing 
 to effect. The English people are, however, the lowest, the 
 German people the highest, in the scale of knowledge. All 
 that Scotland enjoys of popular education above the other 
 kingdoms of the British Empire she owes to the State, and 
 among the principalities of Germany, from Russia down to 
 Hesse Cassel, education is uniformly found to prosper ex- 
 actly in proportion to the extent of interference and to the 
 unremitting watchfulness of the Government. The ex- 
 perience of the last half century in Germany has, indeed, 
 completely set at rest the question. For thirty years no 
 German has been found to maintain the doctrine of Smith. 
 In their generous rivalry the Governments of that country 
 have practically shown what a benevolent and prudent 
 policy could effect for the University as well as for the 
 school, and, knowing what they have done, who is there now 
 6 
 
42 
 
 to maintain that for education, as for trade, the State can 
 prevent evil, but cannot originate good?" 
 
 There are those among us who adnnit that no complete 
 system of popular education can be instituted without the 
 intervention of the State, and yet maintain that the true 
 method of intervention is simply to supplement individual 
 exertions ; that is, they would have those who are able to 
 do so educate their children in schools sustained by them- 
 selves, and solicit the aid of the Legislature only for pau- 
 pers. It is obvious, in the first place, that in this there is 
 no system at all ; the schools are detached and independent, 
 they have no common life, and the State knows nothing of 
 the influences which may be exerted within them. Educa- 
 tion is too complicated an interest, and touches the pros- 
 perity of the Commonwealth in too many points, to be left, 
 in reference to the most important class of its subjects, ab- 
 solutely without responsibility to the Government. The 
 homogeneousness of the population can only be sustained 
 by a general system of public schools. 
 
 In the next place, the scheme is invidious — it makes a re- 
 proachful distinction betwixt the children of the Common- 
 wealth, and in the last place it must, from this very circum- 
 stance, be inefficient. Parents will scorn a favor rather than 
 permit their children to be stigmatized as the condition of 
 receiving it. The true policy of the State is to recognize 
 no distinction betwixt the rich and the poor; to put them 
 all upon the same footing; to treat them all upon the same 
 footing; to treat them simply as so many minds whose 
 capacities are to be unfolded and whose energies are to be 
 directed. The rich and the poor in the school-house, as in 
 the house of God, should meet together upon the ground of- 
 their common relations, and the consequences of this 
 promiscuous elementary training would soon be felt in har- 
 monizing and smoothing all the unevenness, harshness and 
 inequalities of social life. 
 
 In the second place, the State should make some speedy 
 provision for popular education in consequence of the un- 
 usual demand which, in some form or other, is indicated as 
 existing in every section of the country. 
 
43 
 
 THE DEMAND FOR SCHOOLS. 
 
 There never was a greater cry for schools ; the people are 
 beginning to appreciate their importance, and at no period 
 within my recollection have such strenuous efforts been 
 made to establish and support them. The extraordinary 
 exertions of the various sects — exertions, too, which deserve 
 all praise when considered as attempts to satisfy an acknowl- 
 edged public want, and the success which has attended 
 them — are proofs that public opinion is ripe in South Caro- 
 lina for the interference of the Legislature ; and if it should 
 not speedily interfere this great and mighty interest will 
 pass completely out of its hands and be beyond its regula- 
 tion or control. It is a critical period with us in the history 
 of education. The people are calling for schools and teachers, 
 and if the State will not listen to their cries they will be 
 justified in adopting the best expedients they can, and in 
 acceding to the provisions which religious zeal proposes to 
 their acceptance. Our people are not, as a body, in favor 
 of sectarian education. They prefer a general and inex- 
 clusive system, and if they adopt the narrower one it will 
 be because their own Government has been inattentive to 
 their interests. I sincerely hope that the Legislature may 
 be duly sensible of the delicate posture of this subject. To 
 my mind it is clear as the noonday sun that, if anything is 
 to be done, it must be done at once. Now or never is the 
 real state of the problem. 
 
 In the third place, the State should take the subject in 
 hand, because this is the only way by which consistency and 
 coherence can be secured in the different departments of in- 
 struction. Education is a connected work, and its various 
 subdivisions should be so arranged that, while each is a 
 whole in itself, it should be at the same time a part of a 
 still greater whole. The lower elementary education should, 
 for example, be complete for those who aspire to nothing 
 more; it should likewise be naturally introductory to a 
 higher culture. It should be a perfect whole for the one 
 class, and a properly adjusted part for the other. So, also, 
 
44 
 
 the higher elementary education, that of the grammar 
 school, should be complete for those who are not looking to 
 liberal education, and yet, in relation to others, subsidiary 
 to the College or the scientific schools. This unity in the 
 midst of variety cannot be secured without a common cen- 
 tre of impulse and of action. There must be one presiding 
 spirit, one head, one heart. Education will become a dis- 
 jointed and fragmentary process if it is left to individuals, 
 to private corporations and religious sects. Each will have 
 his tongue and his psalm, and we shall have as many 
 crotchets and experiments as there are controlling bodies. 
 The competition excited will be a competition not for 
 efficiency in instruction, but for numbers ; each will estimate 
 success b)' the hosts that can be paraded at its annual fes- 
 tivals, or the pomp and pretension of a theatrical pageant, 
 played off under the name of an examination. This is not 
 the language of reproach ; it is a result which, from the 
 principles of human nature, will be inevitably necessitated 
 by the condition in which they shall find themselves placed. 
 Let me add, in this place, that public education is recom- 
 mended by considerations of economy. Absolutely it is 
 the cheapest of all systems. It saves the enormous expense 
 of boarding schools, or the still heavier expense of domestic 
 tutors, one of which must be encountered when it is left to 
 private enterprise to supply the means of education. If 
 the amount which is annually e.xpended in South Carolina 
 upon the instruction of that portion of her children who are 
 looking to a liberal education could be collected into one 
 sum. we would be amazed at the prodigality of means in 
 comparison with the poverty of the result. The same sum 
 judiciously distributed would go very far towards supplying 
 every neighborhood with a competent teacher. From the 
 want of system there is no security that, with all this lavish 
 expenditure, efficient instructors shall be procured. Those 
 who employ the teachers are not always competent to judge 
 of their qualifications, and the consequence is that time and 
 monc)' are both not infrequently squandered in learning 
 what has afterwartls to be unlearned. The danger, too, of 
 
45 
 
 sending children from home at an early age, the evil of ex- 
 emption from parental influence and dicipline, are not to be 
 lightly hazarded. The State should see to it that the family 
 is preserved in its integrity, and enabled to exert all its 
 mighty power in shaping the character of the future citizens 
 of the Commonwealth. Comparatively, public education is 
 cheap, as general intelligence contributes to general virtue, 
 and general virtue diminishes expenditures for crimes ; it is 
 cheap, as it develops the resources of the country and in- 
 creases the mass of its wealth. It is not labor, but intelli- 
 gence that creates new values; and public education is an 
 outlay of capital that returns to the coffers of the State with 
 an enormous interest. Not a dollar, therefore, that is judi- 
 ciously appropriated to the instruction of the people will 
 ever be lost. The five talents will gain other five, and the 
 two talents other two ; while to neglect this great depart- 
 ment of duty is to wrap the talent in a napkin and bury it 
 in the bowels of the earth. 
 
 THE REAL DIFFICULTY. 
 
 But, after all, the practical question is one of real dif- 
 ficulty. What shall the State do ? This is a point of great 
 delicacy, and demands consummate wisdom. Nothing 
 should be done abruptly and violently, no measures should 
 be adopted that are not likely to recommend themselves, 
 no attempt made to force an acquiescence into any provis- 
 ions, however salutary they may have proved elsewhere, 
 which are not founded in the habits and predilections of 
 the people, or obviously indispensable to elevate and im- 
 prove them. The public mind should be prepared for 
 every great movement before it is begun. Popular en- 
 thusiasm should, if possible, be awakened by addresses and 
 disputations, which, like pioneers, prepare the way for the 
 law by making rough places plain and the crooked straight. 
 Above all, we should guard against attempting to make our 
 system too perfect at the outset. The words of Cousin are 
 as applicable to us now as they were to France at the time 
 
46 
 
 he wrote them : " God grant that we may be wise enough 
 to see that any law on primary instruction passed now must 
 be a provisional and not a definite law; that it must of 
 necessity be reconstructed at the end of ten years, and that 
 the only thing now is to supply the most urgent wants, and 
 to give legal sanction to some incontestable points." 
 Festina lente contains a caution which it becomes States as 
 well as individuals to respect. 
 
 What we first need is a collection of the facts from which 
 the data of a proper system may be drawn. We must 
 know the number of children in the State of the ages at 
 which children are usually sent to school, the kind and 
 degree of education demanded, the relative distances of the 
 residence of parents, the points at which school-houses may 
 be most conveniently erected, the number of buildings re- 
 quired, the number of teachers, and the salaries which dif- 
 ferent localities make necessary to a competent support. 
 Facts of this sort must constitute the ground-work. In 
 possession of these we may then proceed to compare dif- 
 ferent systems, adopting from among them that which seems 
 to be best adapted to our own circumstances, or originate a 
 new one if all should prove unsatisfactory. 
 
 All, therefore, that in my judgment the Legislature 
 should undertake at present is to acquire this preliminary 
 information, including the accumulation of facts, the com- 
 parison of different cominon school systems, and the digest 
 of a plan suited to the wants of our own people. This can 
 be done by the appointment of a minister of public instruc- 
 tion, who shall be regarded as an officer of the Government, 
 compensated by a large salary, and who shall give himself 
 unreservedly to this great interest. Let him be required to 
 traverse the State, to inspect the condition of every neigh- 
 borhood,' and from personal observation and authentic testi- 
 mony let him become acquainted with the number, the ex- 
 tent and the circumstances of the children. Let him be 
 prepared to say where school-houses can be most conven- 
 iently erected, the distance at which they should be re- 
 moved from each other, the kind of teacher needed in each 
 
47 
 
 neighborhood, and let him indicate what sections of the 
 State are unprepared for schools in consequence of the dis- 
 persion of their inhabitants. Let him be able to give some 
 probable estimate of the expenses incident to the success- 
 ful operation of an adequate scheme. In the next place, it 
 should be his duty to master the existing systems, whether 
 in this country or Europe, and to lay before the Legislature 
 a succinct account of their fundamental provisions. Let 
 him propose the scheme which he thinks ought to be 
 adopted here, and let his report be referred to an able and 
 learned commissioner, charged with the final preparation of 
 such a scheme as we may be ready to enact into law. 
 
 I shall not disguise from your Excellency that upon many 
 points connected with details of any and every scheme my 
 own opinion has long ago been definitely settled. The 
 extent or degree of elementary education, the best mode of 
 securing competent teachers, the principle which should 
 regulate their salaries, the introduction of religion into the 
 schools — these and many other similar topics I have inves- 
 tigated to my own satisfaction. But, in the present condi- 
 tion of the whole subject, it would be obviously premature 
 to express the opinions of any individual. The minister of 
 public instruction should have the whole subject before him, 
 and whatever discussions may take place upon details 
 should be consequent upon and not prior to this report. 
 All, therefore, that I would now press upon your Excellency 
 is to have public instruction erected into a department of 
 the Government. That is the first and indispensable step, 
 and until that is done there never can be a plan adequate,' 
 consistent, successful. I have only to add here that this is 
 substantially the recommendation which I had the honor 
 to make in concert with the Bishop of Georgia some four- 
 teen or fifteen years ago, and time and observation have 
 only strengthened my convictions of the wisdom and neces- 
 sity of the measure. 
 
 MILITARY SCHOOLS. 
 
 in. The third and last part of our system is the military 
 schools. What I have to suggest in regard to them is that 
 
48 
 
 they be made to supply a want which is constantly increas- 
 ing, as the country advances in trade and the arts. It is a 
 great evil that there should be nothing intermediate be- 
 tween the grammar school and the College, and that all who 
 wish to acquire nothing more than the principles of physical 
 science, on account of their application to various branches 
 of industry, should be compelled to purchase this privilege 
 by bearing, what to them is, the heavy burden of liberal 
 education. They do not want Latin, Greek and philosophy, 
 and it is hard that they cannot be permitted to get a little 
 chemistry, a little engineering, or a little natural philosophy, 
 without going through Homer and Virgil, Aristotle and 
 Locke. " Two great evils " (I use the words of Cousin, who 
 is deploring a similar state of things in France), "two great 
 evils are the consequence. In general, these boys, who 
 know that they are not destined to any very distinguished 
 career, go through their studies in a negligent manner ; they 
 never get beyond mediocrity, when, at about eighteen, they 
 go back to the habits and the business of their fathers. As 
 there is nothing in their ordinary life to recall or to keep up 
 their studies, a few years obliterate every trace of the little 
 classical learning they acquired. On the other hand, these 
 young men often contract tastes and acquaintances at Col- 
 lege which render it difficult, nay almost impossible, for 
 them to return to the humble way of life to which they are 
 born ; hence a race of men restless, discontented with their 
 position, with others and with themselves ; enemies of a 
 state of society in which they feel themselves out of place, 
 and with some acquirements, some real or imagined talent, 
 and unbridled ambition, are ready to rush into any career 
 of servility or revolt. Our Colleges ought, without doubt-, 
 to remain open to all who can pay the expenses of them, 
 but we ought by no means to force the lower classes into 
 them ; yet this is the inevitable effect of having no inter- 
 mediate establishment between the primary schools and 
 Colleges." 
 
 The remedy, as I have already shown, is not to change 
 the construction of the College, but to employ the elements 
 
49 
 
 which wc confessedly have, and which are essentially suited 
 to the purpose. 
 
 I shall trespass upon the patience of your Excellency no 
 longer. In all that I have said I have had an eye to the 
 prosperity and glory of my native State. Small in territory 
 and feeble in numbers, the only means by which she can 
 maintain her dignity and importance is by the patronage of 
 letters. A mere speck compared with several other States in 
 the Union, her reliance for the protection of her rights and her 
 full and equal influence in Federal legislation must be upon 
 the genius of her statesmen and the character of her people. 
 Let her give herself to the rearing of a noble race of men, 
 and she will inake up in moral power what she wants in 
 votes. Public education is the cheap expedient for uniting 
 us among ourselves, and rendering us terrible abroad. Mind 
 after all must be felt, and I am anxious to see my beloved 
 Carolina pre-eminently distinguished for the learning, elo- 
 quence and patriotism of her sons. Let us endeavor to 
 make her in general intelligence what she is in dignity and 
 independence of character — the brightest star in the Ameri- 
 can constellation. God grant that the time may soon come 
 when not an individual born within our borders shall be 
 permitted to reach maturity without having mastered the 
 elements of knowledge. 
 
 I am, with considerations of the highest respect, 
 
 J. H. THORNWELL. 
 
^|ip,HIS edition in pamphlet form has been published by 
 '^^> some friends of education for free circulation. To 
 promote which end copies have been furnished to the 
 gentlemen named below for distribution and delivery within 
 their several Counties: 
 
 WM. HENRY PARKER Abbeville. 
 
 JAMES ALDRICH Aiken. 
 
 B. F. WHIT:N"ER Anderson. 
 
 ISAAC M. HUTSON Barnwell. 
 
 WM. ELLIOTT Beaufort. 
 
 CHARLES BOYLE Berkeley. 
 
 WM. A. COURTENAY Charleston. 
 
 J. J. McLURE Cliester. 
 
 JAS. G. COIT Chesteraeld. 
 
 J. F. RHAME Clarendon. 
 
 J. D. EDWARDS Colleton. 
 
 E. KEITH DARO-AX Darlington. 
 
 D. A. G. OUZTS Edgefleld. 
 
 J. H. RION Fc.irficld. 
 
 WALTER HAZARD Georgetown. 
 
 ISAAC M. BRYAN" Gree - ville. 
 
 C. J. C. HUTSON Hampton. 
 
 T. M. GILLESPIE Horry. 
 
 W. L. LEITNER; Kershaw. 
 
 J. D. WYLIE Lancaster. 
 
 H. Y. SIMPSON Laurens. 
 
 PI. A. MEETZE Lexington. 
 
 JOSEPH T. WALSH Marion. 
 
 KNOX LIVINGSTONE Marlboro'. 
 
 GEORGE JOHNSTONE New> erry. 
 
 JOHN S. VERXER C jriee. 
 
 JAS. F. IZLAR Orangeourg. 
 
 J. E. BOGGS Pickens. 
 
 J. M. McBRIDE Richland. 
 
 THOS. J. MOORE Spartanburg. 
 
 J. D. BLANDING Sumter. 
 
 J. G. McKISSICK .Union. 
 
 T. M. GILLAND Williamsburg. 
 
 W. B. WTLSON York. 
 
 H 154 81 
 

 
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