:^^^ ■■■'■■■ ^^^- !:i<^:!^^ ^ ',1m'.' ' §i5^ ■>' p^-i iiilWi«liii;i!iliiili^!llsL(iSiiiii»iiliiiiK -1^ -^: ^/( W^ V*. ^r^t BI^/^DBiJI^Y'S \OP^^ulap^ AND A/|ertiory Worl^ of Pliarttiacy, BY Robert Bradbury. M. D. AUTHOR OF Bradbury's Medical Encyclopedia, Cox's Physiology, Etc., Etc., and Late Professor in the Manchester Literary and Mechanics' Institute, England, 3^^ CHICAGO, ILLS.: Bradbury Publishing Company. 1889. I Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year i88q. By ROBERT BRADBURY, M. D., In the Office cf the Librarian oC Congress, at ^Vashing.on. PREFACE. The following pages are intended to afford a com- pendious view of improved methods of preparing what are usually called '' Elegant Preparations." It is true that many others have attempted this same thing with considerable satisfaction to the druggistsof the United States. Still, a more general and fuller formulary, published at a reasonable price, cannot but be welcome to many ; the more so since the science of pharmacy is con- stantly changing, and new methods of manufacture continually coming to light. The formulae here given are in actual use at the present time in the best manufactories in the country. The book is the result of actual experience, and each and every formula can be relied on, to produce an ele- gant preparation, equal to any in the market. "We wish it, however, to be distinctly understood that we acknowledge the work as a compilation. - We claim but little originality or merit, except it be in brevity, precision and correctness. It will be found a great help to the memory, and to contain a fund of information of great value to every pharmacist and busy practitioner who may use it as a memory work of pharmacy. % *'i~'Tz^^rr** ®^ BRADBURY'S Unofficinal Formulary AND Memory Work of Pharmacy. CHAPTER 1. Table of Weights and Measures— Avoirdupois Weight. 16 drachms (dr) make 1 ounce, written oz. or o. IG ounces " 1 pound, *' lb. 25 pounds " 1 quarter, " qr. 4 quarters " 1 hundred weight " cwt. 20 hundred weights '' 1 ton " T. Note. — The standard avoirdupois pound of U. S. is the weight taken in air of 'Zl^oVoh cubic inches of dis- tilled water at a temperature of 39io6 degrees F., the barometer being at 30 inches. Medicines are usually bought and sold by this weight. The pound avoirdupois contains 7,000 grains. The ounce 4.31 2. TABLE OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Troy Weight. 24 grains (gr.) make 1 pennyweight, written pwt, 20 pennyweight " 1 ounce, " oz. 12 ounces " 1 pound, " lb. Eemakk. — The troy pound adopted by the U. S. is equal to the weight taken in air of 22/6^'^ cubic inches water. The pound troy contains 5760 grains. The ounce " '' 480 '' Apothecaries' Wei6;ht. 20 grains (gr.) make 1 scruple, written B. 3 scruples " 1 drachm, " 3. 8 drachms '' 1 ounce, " ^. 12 ounces " 1 pound, '^ lb. Eemakk. — In this weight, the pound, ounce and grain are the same as troy weight. It often happens that a druggist is called upon to change a quantity fiom one weight to its equivalent in another, which, at the best, is tedious. I append a rule for effecting such a change. To Change a Quantity from One Weight to its Equivalent in Another. EuLE. — Eeduce the given quantity to grains, and then find their value in denominations of the weight required. TABLE OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 7 Suppose we wish to convert 13 lbs. 6 oz avoirdupois to troy weight ; we proceed thus : 13 lbs. X 7000 equals 91000 grains. 6 oz. X 437^ " 2625 ^' 5760)9362oa6 lbs troy. 5760 36025 34560 1465 12 5760)17580(3 oz. 1728 300 20 5760)6000(1 pwt. 5760 240 24 5760)5760(1 gr 5760 Explanation. — We multiply 13 lbs. by 7,000, because there are 7,000 grains in a pound avoirdupois ; this gives us 91,000 grains. We multiply 6 oz. by 437i be- cause there are 4372 grains in an ounce avoirdupois ; this gives us 2625 grains. W^e now add 91,000 grains and 2625 grains, making a total of 93,625 grains. We now make our divisor 5760, because there are 5760 grains in a pound, troy weight. Our remainder 1,465, wx multiply by 12, because 8 TABLE OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. there are 12 ounces in a pound, troy. We multiply the remainder, 300, by 20 because there are 20 pwts in an ounce, and the remainder of 240 by 24 because there are 24 grains in a pwt. Given. — 16 lbs. 3 oz. 1 pwt. 1 gr. troy weight to find its equivalent in avoirdupois weight. Ans. 13 lbs 6 oz. 16 lbs. X 5760 equals 92160 grains. 3 oz. X 480 " 1440 '' 1 pwt. 1 gr. '' 25 '^ 1 lb. avoirdupois 7000 gr.)93625(13 lbs. 7000 23625 21000 2625 16 7000)42000(6 ounces. 42000 Table of Equivalents, 1 lb. Av. equals 7000 grains==l lb. 2 oz. 11 pwt. 16 grs. Troy. 1 lb. Tr. or Apoth. equals 5760 grains=13 oz. 2HI dr. Av. 1 oz. Tr. or Apoth. equals 480 grains==l oz. IrVV dr. Av. 1 oz. Av. equals 4371 grains=:18 pwts. 52 grs. Troy. 1 dr. Apoth. equals 60 grains=2iV% dr. Avoirdupois. 1 dr. Av. equals 273^ grains^l332 gr. Troy. 1 pwt. Troy equals 24 grains=8fl dr. Avoirdupois. 1 d Apoth. equals 20 grains^lii dr. Avoirdupois. 1 5 Troy or Apoth. equals IsVs dr. Avoirdupois. TAP3LE OF WEIGHTS AXD MEASURES, Domestic Measure. A teacup is equal to 4 fluid ounces. A wineglass '' 2 " " A tablespoon *' j " ounce. A teaspoon *' 1 dram Rules'to Proportion the Doses of Medicine. In prescribing, the following circumstances should be kept in view: Age, sex, temperament, habit, cli- mate, the condition of the stomach and idiosyncrasy. For an adult, suppose the dose to be one dram- then. Under 1 year the dose would be iV dram. 2 years 3 " 4 '' 7 " 14 " 20 '' CHAPTER II. Metric System We. shall not attempt to enter into the merits or demerits of this system as applied to American Phar- macy, as enough has already been said on both sides of the question. We shall therefore place before you the system in its utmost simplicity, and in such away that he who runs may read. First then. The system is called metric because of its being founded on the meter as the unit of length. Now a meter is a line equal in length to the ten mil- lionth part of the earth's meridian from the pole to the equator. The names of the various measures and weights of the metric system are not difficult to remember. There are four prefixes derived from the Greek lan- guage, and three from the Latin, which placed before the unit of each denomination, constitute the entire language of the Metric System. They are as follows : From the Greek. — Myria, signifying 10,000 times. From the Latin.- Kilo, 1,000 " Hecto, 100 " Deka, 10 " Deci, 1-10 part. Centi, 1-100 part. Milh, 1-1,000 part. THE METRIC SYSTEM, I will now give you an example of the application of these prefixes : Myriameter — 10,000 meters. Kilometer — 1,000 meters. Hectometer — 100 meters. Dekameter — 10 meters. Meter — 1 meter. Decimeter — 1 10 meter. Centimeter — 1-100 meter. Millimeter — 1-100 meter. A meter is equal to 39.37079 inches. But the question you will very likely ask is this: Suppose I wish to instruct a carpenter to cut out a board one meter, how^ must I proceed? I would tell him to cut a slip of wood of the length of three feet, three inches, three eighths, then divide the wdiole into ten equal parts. I would then have a meter sufficiently correct for all practical purposes divided into decimeters and centimeters. The relation in whole numbers uetween the princi- pal linear measures of the English and Metric Systems are very simple, and sufficiently exact for practical purposes^lO meters=ll yards; and 64 meters=70 yards. Passing on from linear measure, we will at once proceed to explain cubic measure. Your first effort will be to remember that the unit of volume in cubic measure is the liter, and the table formed in the usual w^ay. The Uteris a volume equal to the contents of a cube, each of whose sides is a decimeter (1-10 of a meter.) 12 THE METRIC SYSTEM. Table of Cubic Measure. Mynaliter— 10,000 liters. Liter— 1 liter. Kiloliter— 1,000 liters. Deciliter— 1-10 liter. - Hectoliter— 100 liters. Centiliter— 1-100 liter. Dekaliter— 10 liters. Milliliter— 1-1000 liter. Remark. — The myrialiter, kilioliter and hectoliter are rarely, if ever used. The exact value of the liter in cubic inches is equal to 61.02705 c. inches, which is easily proven by remem- bering that a decimeter is 3.937079 inches ; by calcu- lating the cube of this number by continued multipli- cation, we arrive at the number, 61.02705. The simple relation connecting the cubic measure of the metric system with English liquid measure. The following will be found very nearly true, and sufficiently correct for all practical purposes : 1 gallon =4|- liters. . Passing from cubic measure, we next approach metric weights. In this table the unit of weight is the Gram. Now, a gram is the weight of a cubic centimeter of pure water taken at its greatest density. The density of water or weight which fills a given bulk, varies with its temperature or degree of heat. The greatest den- sity corresponds to the temperature of 40 degrees. The unit of weight being thus determined, we next append the table of metric weight. Table of Weight. Myriagram — 10,000 grams. Kilogram — 1,000 grams. Hectogram — 100 grams. Decagram — 10 grams. Gram — 1 gram. THE METRIC SYSTEM. 13 Decigram — ilO gram. Centigram — 1-100 gram. Milligram — 1-1000 gram. Bemarh. — The gram is often written gramme^ and abbreviated into gvi. The myriagram is rarely, if ever used. The kilogram is used in business and commerce. To multiply or divide the different denominations of the metric system, the student must remember the following Greek prefixes : Deca — Ten, 1 Hecto — One hundred, J> Multiplyers. Kilo — Thousand, J To divide, we use latin words. Deci — One-tenth, 1 Centi — One-hundredth, } Dividers. Milly — One-thousanth, j Note. — In the practical working of a laboratory, the gramme (pronounced gram) and its divisions are used for weighing, and the cubic centimeter (c.c, or flui- gramme) for measuring liquids. A gramme and a cubic centimeter of distilled water are identical, but, owing to a greater or less density, cubic centimeters of other liquids weigh more or less than a gramme. PtULE F. Keduce each quantity to fluid ounces, and multiply the number by 32. The product is in each case the number of cubic centimeters representing nearly the same quantity. To ensure greater accuracy, if in any case deemed necessary, 8 per cent may be deducted from the an- swer arrived at by either of the rules D, E and F, re- ducing the error to less than 2i minims for every fluid ounce. 14 THE METRIC SYSTEM. In applying the above rules for writing prescriptions, the metric quantities should be adjusted so as to be expressed in as simple decimal terms as msij be prac- ticable, without materially changing the dose or the character of the formulae. The terms " gramme " and " cubic centimeter " are generally abbreviated into Gm. and C. C. To pre- clude the possibility, in careless writing, however, of mistaking the sign " Gm/' for the sign " Gr." (grain), the number should invariably precede the sign, using the common Arabic numerals, thus: 10 Gm, In writing, the abbreviated metric denominations should al\^ays be underscored but the preceding number should not, as above. A few examples will suffice to illustrate the fore- going rules and suggestions : R.— Mur. Tine. Ferri. oii. Ohio. Potass. '^jii. Hyp s ulph at e S (1 a -^ j . Sul. Quinine Gr. xv. Aqua fs VIII. Would, in metric terms, be written : R._Mur. Tine. Fern. 8 Gm. See rule B. Ohio. Potass. 12 Gm. Hyposulphate Soda 4 Gm. Sul. Quinine 100 Gm^ '' A. Aqua 256.00 C.C. R. — Bromide Potass. ^ vi. Iodide Potass. Gr. vi. Aro. Spts. Ammoniae 5 jii. Infusion Col umbo f 5 vn. would, in metric terms, be written : THE METRIC SYSTEM. R. — Bromide Potass. 24 Gm. See rule B. Iodide Potass. 0.4 Gm. '' A. Aro. Spts. Ammonia 12 C.C. " E. Infusion Columbo 224 C.C. R. — Extract Coloc Comp. o jss. Coloc Acet. Gr. xy. ' '' Digitalis Gr. yi. would, in metric terms, be written : R. — Extract Coloc Comp. 6 Gm. Rule B. Extract Coloc Acet. 0.8 Gm. " A. Extract Digitalis 0.4 Gm. '' '' Table for Converting Apothecaries' Weights and Measures Into Metric Weights. 1 SPECIFIC ] aEAVIEB apothecaries'' LIGHTER TKOT WEIGHT. GKAMMES. 3IEASURES. rHAN WATER. GRAVITY THAN OP WATER. WATER. GRAINS. MINIMS. 1^ .004 1 .005 .06 .08 h .005 2 .10 .12 .15 h .006 3 .16 .18 .24 /8 .008 4 22 .24 .32 \ .010 5 *.28 .3 .40 i .016 6 .32 • 36 .48 i .02 7 .38 .42 .55 \ .03 8 .45 .5 .65 1 .05 9 .50 • 55 .73 1 .065 10 .55 •6 .80 2 .13 12 .65 .72 .96 3 .20 14 .76 • 85 1.12 4 .26 15 .80 .90 1.20 5 .32 16 .90 1.00 1.32 6 .39 20 1.12 1.25 1.60 7 .47 25 1.40 1.55 2 00 8 .52 30 1.70 1.90 2.50 9 .59 35 2.00 2.20 2.90 10 .65 40 2.25 2..50 3 30 12 .78 48 2.70 3.00 4.00 14 .90 50 2.80 3.12 4.15 15 1.00 60 (f 3 J) 3.40 3.75 5 00 16 1.05 65 3.60 4.00 5 30 18 1.18 72 4.05 4.05 6 00 20 13 80 4.50 5.00 6;65 24 1.5 90 (f 3 iss) 5.10 5.60 7..50 30 1.95 96 5.40 6.00 8.00 32 2.1 100 5.60 6.25 8 30 36 2.3 120 (f 3 Ji) 6 75 7..50 10.00 40 2.6 loO f 3 3 iss 8.50 9..50 12 50 45 3.0 160 9.00 10.00 13 30 50 3.2 180 f 3 jii 10.10 11.25 15 00 60 3.9 210 f 3 jii 11.80 13.00 17 50 70 4.55 240 f 3 IV 13.50 15.00 20.00 80 9 90 3 100 9 110 9 120 3 150 3 180 3 240 .^ 300 3 360 3 420 3 480 g IV 5.2 f ov'' 16.90 18.75 25.00 iss 5.9 f 3 vss 18.60 20.75 27 50 V 6.5 f 3 VI 20.25 22.50 30.00 vss 7.1 f 3 VII 23.60 26.25 35.00 7.80 t 3 VIII (f SI) 27.00 30.00 40 00 iiss 9.75 f 3 IX 30.40 33.75 45.00 iii 11.65 f ox 33.75 37.50 50.00 ss 15.5 f 3 XII 40.50 45.00 60.00 V 19.4 f 3 XIV 47.25 52.50 70.00 YI 23.3 f iii 54.00 60 00 80-00 VII 27.2 f % jiss 67.50 75 00 100-00 1 11 IV 3l!l f % iii 81.00 90.00 120.00 62.2 f 3 iiiss 94.00 105.00 14000 124.4 f 5 IV 108.00 120.00 160.00 KoTE.— A few liquids like ether, chloroform, and sulphuric acid caunot be said to belong to any class, and therefore not represented in the above list. THERMOMETRY. Memory Work. Heat is that which produces in us the sensation of warmth. Temperature is that energy by which one body seeks to impart its heat to another. Thus the tem- perature of a body is no indication of the real quantity of heat in the body. Equal weights of mercury and water may have the same "temperature" and yet the water will contain nearly thirty times more heat or caloric than the metal. Therviovieters are measures of temperature, not of heat. High temperatures are measured by pyrometers; extremely low temperatures by alcohol thermometers, while mercurial thermom- eters are used for the intermediate ordinary tem- peratures. These instruments depend for their action upon the fact that all bodies, with the rise and fall of their tem- perature, expand and contract. The pyrometer of practical use is known as Daniel's and consists of a platinum bar inclosed in a tube of black-lead closed at the bottom. The whole is then placed in the fire, or in a mass of melted metal whose temperature it is desirable to ascertain. The platinum expands more than the case which encloses it and projecting upward moves a lever which drives forward an index over a graduated arc. Mercury is chiefly used for thermometers for five reasons : — 1st. It is easily got pure, for mercury can be dis- tilled like water. 2nd. It does not stick to the glass. i8 THERMOMETRY. 3rd. It has a long range, freezing at-40' C. and boiling at 350" Cent. 4tli. It expands uniformly — that is it increases as much in bulk if heated from 50' to 60' as it will from 150^ to 160^\ 5th. Having a low capacity for heat, its tempara- ture soon changes ; it is therefore very sensative. Thermometers are graduated according to three scales. Fahrenheit's Scale, wiiich is best known in England and the United States, devides the space be- tween the two fixed points — the freezing and boiling point of water— into 180^. Fahrenheit fixed as his zero (0^) the temperature which had been observed at Dantzic in 1709, and which he found could always be reproduced by mixing salt and snow together. He therefore though erroneously concluded that this was nature's zero. He computed that his instrument con- tained at 0^, 11,121 parts ; hence he divided the space between zero and the freezing point of water into 32- parts (11.156—11.124=32. From this point to boil- ing point contained 180 of these degrees ; therefore 212 indicates the boiling point of water. It was Fah- renheit who first used mercury for* purposes of Thermometry. The Centigrade Scale was introduced by the Swedish philospher Celsius, who was a professor at Upsal. In it the freezing point is zero and the boiling point is 100^ This scale is the one generally used in the scientific world. Reaumers Scale was proposed by a French philoso- pher of that name in 1731. His thermometers w^ere constructed with alcohol of such a strength that 1,000 parts at the freezing point of water became 1,080 at its boiling point. Hence the intervals between the two fixed points was divided into 80.^ It is quite evi- ther:\iometry. 19 dent that these scales are arhitrary, and that we have but two fixed points. It is therefore necessary to de- termine these before the instrument can be graduated. To Find the Freezing Point of Water — Water does not always freeze at the same temperature. If water be gradually reduced in temperature, and be kept per- fectly still 3 or4 degrees below 0^' Cent may be reached before the ice will begin ' to form ; but ice invariably melts at a fixed temperature. Therefore immerse the thermometer in melting ice and mark the point to which the mercury falls. To Convert degrees of One Scale into another. Since 180^ Fahr.=100 Cent.=80 Eeaumer. Therefore 1 '' = 9 Cent.= t Eeaumer. The reason of the following rules will be at once evident. To transfer Fahr. degrees to the other scales sub- tract 32' in order that the number of degrees from the freezing point may be ascertained. These mul- tiplied by I will give the equivalent number of Cent- igrade, and by 9 the required Eeaumer degrees. To reduce Centigrade and Eeumer degrees to the Fahrenheit scale multiply by 5 and I respectively and add 32^. If the temperature be below the zero in anyof the scales a minus ( — ) is placed before the number, thus, — S"" Fahrenheit means 37*^ below freezing. In verifying the following the student will become expert in these conversions. Fahr. Cent. Eeau. 18o~ 85^ =r 68= 158^ 70= = 56= 126= 52.2 = 41.7^ 5^ —lb' =1 —12= ^13^ —25 —20= —39^ -39.4= = —31.5^ THERMOMETRY. In a good thermometer the mercury ought to run to the end of the tube with a "chck" when it is inverted proving the absence of air and completely fill the tube ; and when placed in melting ice, the mercury ought to stand at 0° A thermometer does not give us the absolute ex- pansion of the mercury, but the difference between the expansion of mercury and that of the glass. Mercury expands about seven times more than glass. SPECIFIC GRAVITY. Memory WorkSo It is a well known fact that different substances contain different quantities of matter in the same bulk. If we take a number of one inch cubes of various bod- ies as for example cork, oak, iron, stone, etc., and care- fully weigh them we shall find that they difi'er very greatly in their weight. The cork will weigh about 60 grains, the oak about 190, while the iron will weigh 4i- ozs. But though there is this difference, we shall find that a cubic inch of any one substance always weighs nearly the same. If then we could procure equal blocks of all substances, and note their weights we could form a table of densities. The advantage of this would be very great. Sometimes we have a large block of known size, and we wish to know the weight, or we may want to know how much space a weight of any substance would occuj^y, and all given questions could be solved from this table. It is how- ever impossible to procure such blocks of many sub- stances on account of their shape or physical proper- ties, and many other bodies are too small or too valu- able. We cannot then, compare their densities in this way but we may take some substances as a standard, and compare the weights of all others with this. Now any substance might be chosen for this pur- pose, the main. requisites being that it shall be easily procurable in a state of x^irity, and easy of manipula- tion. Water has been chosen as the standard, and is found to answer well. When therefore we speak of 22 SPECIFIC GRAVITY. the specific gravity of any body we mean this— the proportion which exists between its weight and that of an equal bulk of distilled water at a temperature of 60.° The reason why we thus jix on a certain temperature is that water expands by heat, and therefore a cubic inch of hot water weighs less than an equal bulk of cold. The temperature of 60^ is chosen merely as a matter of convenience, that being about the average, and therefore involving less trouble. When then we say the specific gravity of mercury is 13.6 we mean that any amount of mercury weighs 13.6 times as much as an equal bulk of distilled vrater at 60 \ Now the weight of a cubic inch of distilled water is 252' grains ; a cubic inch of mercury therefore weighs 252.^X13.6 or 252.5X13.6 equals 3434 grains, which is nearly 8 ounces. We can in this way, if we know the specific gravity of a body, tell the weight of any bulk of it. Questions like the following frequently occur and can thus be solved : What is the weight of a block of coal 3 ft. long by 5 ft. high, 4 ft. thick the specific gravity of coal bring 1.270. Since the specific gravity of the coal is 1.270 the weight of a cubic foot is 1.270 times that of any equal bulk of water ; but a cubic foot of water weighs about 1,000 ounces ; a cubic foot of coal must then weigh 1,270 ounces . Now the total bulk of the coal is 60 cubic feet. Its weight therefore is 60X1,270 ounces or 76,200 ounces, equals 4,7625 pounds. Again, strong oil of Vitriol has a specific gravity of 1.850. How much will 6 lbs. measure. A flaid ounce of water weighs one ounce Aver- dupois ; 6 lbs. of water then would measure 96 ounces, but since oil of vitriol is heavier than it in the propor- tion of 1.850 to 1000 it will measure proportionately less ; hence the following proportion will give us the SPECIFIC GRAVITY. bulk. As 1.850: 1000: : 96. In working this out we shall find the vitriol will measure 51.89 ounces. This subject of specific gravity is very essential to the full understanding of Chemistry and Pharmacy and not very difiicult to understand when we know or remem- ber a few simple rules. Tlie Specific Gravity of Liquids. Procure a glass bottle capable of holding exactiy 1000 grains of dis- tilled water and weigh it and note the exact weight. Now remove the water and let its place be supplied with the liquid whose specific gravity we wdsh to de- termine and the bottle and the contents again weighed. The lu eight of the fluids divided by the weight of the water gives the specific gravity required. Thus a bottle holding 1,000 grains of distilled water, will hold 1,028 of sea water and 1,845 grains of Sulphuric acid. The details of an actual experiment will make this clear. A sample of Nitric acid was taken of which it was desired to ascertain the specific gravity. A small bottle was first putin the scales and found to weigh 80 grains. On being filled with the acid it weighed 159 grains. The acid was next emptied out, the bottle rinsed and filled to the same height with water, the weight being then 136 grams. Now since the bottle weighed 80 we subtract this amount from its weight when filled with the different liquids, and thus see that the water in the bottle weighed 56 grains. We then have the following equation as 56: 79: : 1: 1.41 sp. gr. of Nitric Acid. CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE. Memory Work. By an element, we mean one which has never been derived from, spht up, or separated into any other kind of matter, as sulphur, gold, silver, iron, oxygen, hydro- gen, are examples of simple substances or elements. We are acquainted with 62. A Compound Body is one that can be separated into two or more elements, or simple substances. An Atom a particle of matter which can not be sub- divided. Molecule, a particle of matter supposed to be formed of several atoms united together. A Salt is a com.pound of an Acid and a base. An Acid, a body possessing a sour taste, and will redden litmus paper and vegetable blues. All substances are acids which enter into combina- tion with bases to form salts. A Base is a body which will combine with an acid to form a salt. Acids which end in ic make salts which end in ate. Sulphuric Acids make Sulphates. Nitric Acid makes Nitrate. Those which end in ous make salts ending in ite. Sulphurous Acid m.akes Sulphite; Nitrous Acids Ni- trates. And it will be well to remember that the acids in ous have an atom less oxygen than those in ic. Salts may be formed by the replacement of the hy- drogen in the acid by an atom of metal. Some metals are capable of replacing 1 atom of hydrogen, some 2, CHEMICAL XOMEXCLATURE. some 3, and others 4. They are said to be respect- ively : Monatomic, diatomic, thatomic, andtetratomic, and the most important may be arranged thus : Monatomic— Potassium, Sodium Silver. Diatomic. — Bariim, Calcium, Copper, Iron, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Zinc. Triatomic— x\luminnm, Antimony, Arsenic and Gold. Tetratomic. — Platinum and Tin. The above are the chief metals we must remember : Oxides H, (Water) Sulphates H3S0, (Sulphuric Acid) Nitrates HNO3 Nitric Acid 1 Chlorides H C L 1 Hydrochloric Acid ' ChloratesI HCEO3 Chloric Acid Sulphides H.. S Sulphuret- ted Hydrogen K3O potash CuO As,03 Sn 0^ Xa, S 0, Cu S 0, Bi^ 3S 0, Sn 2SO, KNO3 Zn2N03 Au 3NO3 AgCL FeCL, Au CL3 Pt CL^ KCLO3 Fe2CL03 Ag. S Sb, s, etc. In the above table we have five columns of types. If we take for the type of the oxides, water H^ (the oxide of hydrogen), and should be asked the formula for oxide of potassium, or potash, you will find it very easy if you commit to memory the type and elements that belong to the monatomic, diatomic, tri atomic and tetratomic. In the present case Potassium is monatomic, and remembering the type H, O, we put in place of H,, K.,. It will therefore stand K, 0. If we want to write the oxide of gold, the H must be in a multiple of 3; there- fore take 3 atoms of H^ O, and we have 3 H, O, or Hg O3 Now gold is triatomic, 1 atom being capable of replacing 3 of H, hence the oxide of gold=Au, O3. Tin is tetratomic, we must therefore have the dydro- gen in 4 atoms, or a multiple of 4: 211, O, orH, 0,. 26 CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE. Now 1 atom of Sn (tin) replaces H^, hence we write the oxide of tin Sn O^. The mode of constructing the tahle will be easily understood, and the student should accustom himself to write the formulas of all the salts of the metals, the simple rule being : Take the acid of the required salt, and for its hydrogen substitute the equivalent number of atoms of the metal. The types which are placed at the head of the columns are the compounds of hydro- gen, in some cases acids. Occasionally other terms are used, but their mean- ing is at once obvious. Binoxide means an oxide in which are 2 atoms of oxygen, Sn O^. In a sesquioxide the oxygen is in the proportion of Ij (sesqui) Fe^ O3 Sesquioxide of Iron. The mode of naming any of the above given exam- ples is to name the metal, and then the salt, Cu S 0^= Copper Sulphate Au 3 N 03=Gold Nitrate. CHAPTER III. AQU^-WATERS. Memory Work. Definition. — An aqua or water is an aqueous solu- tion of a volatile substance. There are fourteen officinal waters recognized by the U. S. Pharma- copoeia, prepared by five methods and divided into four classes. 1st method — Solution in cold water. 2d " — Solution in hot water. 3d " — Filtration throughimpregnated cotton. 4th " —Distillation. oth ' ' -Filtration through an impregnated powder. Officinal. — Aqua Amara, Aqua Creasoti, Aqua Ammonia, Ammonia Fortior, Chlori. Aqua Anisi, Camphorse, Cinnamoni, Foenculi, Mentha Piperitoe, Mentha Veridis. Aqua Aurantii Florum, Distillata Kosae. For complete methods see Eemington's Phar- macy. Remaees. — In making artificial waters never rub essential oils with magnesia, as, from its slight solu- bility in water, the magnesia might precipitate alka- loids or phosphates from a mixture. Rab the oil with a little powdered pumice-stone or pure phosphate of calcium. Distilled TFaz'^?' should always be used in dispensing, since the impurities of tap or spring water give a very AQUyE— WATERS. different appearance to some mixtures. Tinct. lavand. CO. gives a bright mixture with distilled, but a muddy one with tap water. Tinct. card. co. produces with distilled water a reddish-brown color, but with tap water a brilliant crimson, as though ammonia had been added. Distilled water is recommended to be used in the making of all pharmaceutical preparations, but the aqua of the B. P. is natural water, the purest that can be obtained, cleared, if necessary, by filtration . If the infusion of gentian be made with plain water, the result will be that the lime mostly present in ordinary water, coming in contact with the ammonia, will ren- der the mixture slightly turbid and give a lime deposit, as carbonate, on the sides of the bottle. Artificial Waters. — If obliged to make artificial waters never rub ess. oil with magnesia, as, from its slight solubility in water, tlie magnesia nhght precipi- tate alkaloids or phosphates from a mixture. It may be detected by rubbing a small portion of calomel in a mortar with the suspected water ; if magnesia be pres- ent the calomel is partly converted into black oxide. The best way is to rub the oil with a little powdered pumice-stone, or kaolin or fuller's earth wotild do. The distilled waters of the Pharmacopoeia are of course kept, in stock, but the process given in oar U. S. P., where the essential oil is directed to be added to a proper quantity of cotton, tearing and mixing thoroughly, and then packing tightly into a percolator and pouring on the necessary amount of water. This gives a preparation little inferior to water prepared by distillation. Camphor. This is best mixed with water by rubbing it to a fine powder with a few drops of alcohol, then mixing it UNOFFICINAT. WATERS. 29 with three times it weight of powdered gum-arabic, then adding the water gradually. Camphor may be so prepared as to be miscible in water by the following method : Make a definite solution of camphor, the more con- centrated the better, in sp. vini rect. Make a second spirituous solution of equal parts of spirit vini rect. and distilled water. Allow the mixture to stand so as to become perfectly cool. Add the camphorated al- cohol in any fixed proportion, say 1 to 4, 1 to 8 to the quasi proof spirit. The resulting essence will bo found miscible in water, and the dose of camphor accurately administered. UNOFFICINAL WATERS. Distilled Water. Take 10 gallons of spring water; distill it, rejecting the first quart that comes over, and preserving the 8 gallons of the remainder. Camphor Water. Take i ounce of camphor and enclose it with a glass marble in a muslin bag, put this into a wide-mouthed bottle, such a one as is used for preserving. Now fill up the bottle with water that has boiled a few minutes and has been allowed to become cold. The glass mar- ble is used to keep the camphor from floating, which it otherwise would do. After about three days the water will become saturated with the camphor and may be poured ofi as required. Lime Water. Take Lime, 2 ounces. Distilled Water, 2 quarts. Slack the lime with a little of the water, pour on the remainder of the water and stir them together, 30 UXOFFICIXAL WATERS. then immediately cover the vessel and let it remain 4 hours. Keep the solution with the .undissolved lime in glass-stopped hottles, and when wanted for use pour off the clear liquor. Tar Water, Mix the tar with sand, previously washed and dried, throw the mixture into a percolator and shake the in- strument gently to secure proper adjustment of the mixture. Water is then poured on ; the first part of the filtrate is rejected and the latter portion is kept for use. About i ounce of tar and 26 ounces of sand to obtain 2 pints of the medicated water. Lobelia Water. Lobelia Powder, 1 ounce. Boiling Water, j pint. Brandy, i Infuse a week. Good in erysipelas, inflamed eyes, ringworms, etc. Saline Mixture. Fresh Lemon Juice, I2 ounces. Carbonate Potassa, 1 drachm. White Sugar, 3 Pure Water, 12 ounces. Essence Peppermint 30 drops. Use. In sore throats, fevers, etc. Dose, a teacupful. Rose Water. Pale Kose, 48 troy ounces. Water, 16 pints. Mix them. Distill 8 pints. When ifc is desirable to keep the rose for some time before distilling, it may be pre- served by being well mixed with half its weight of common salt. UNOFFICIXAL WATERS. 31 Vanilla Water. Yanilla in coarse Powder, 1 poiiud. Salt 5 '' Water, 22 gallons. Macerate for 24 hours, then distill over rapidly 1 gallon. Aromatic Perfumed Waters. Instead of preparing the waters directly from the essential oils an essence may be made by dissolving 1 imperial fluid ounce of the essential oil in 9 fluid ounces of rectified spirits ; 2 imperial fluid drachms of the essence, agitated briskly for some time with 1 imperial pint of distilled water and filtered through wet filtering paper, will make a good perfumed water. Cooley says this is an excellent formula for extempo- raneous waters. CHAPTER IV. SOLUTIONS- Memory Work. Definition. — A liquor or solution is an aqueous solution of a non-volatile substance, except syrups, infusions and decoctions. There are 26 officinal liq- uors — 11 simple and 16 chemical (aqueous). See Eem- ington's Pharmacy. Solutions are generally placed under two heads — Simple Solutions, alid Complex or Chemical Solu- tions. A Simple Solution is where the dissolved body may be recovered without undergoing any chemical change in the evaporation of the solvent, or by its removal in any way. A Complex Solution is where a body undergoes some chemical alteration, either in composition or decomposition. "Hot liquids dissolve substances," says Parrish, " with greater facility than cold, except Lime, its cit- rate and acetate, and Chloride of Sodium." The term saturated^ when used in Pharmacy, signifies that an acid is neutralized by an alkali, or vice versa, or, in other words, that an equivalent proportion of one sub- stance has combined with an equivalent portion of SOLUTIONS. 33 another, for which it has an affinity; they are then said to have saturated each other. Solutions are not confined to sohds, for one hquid roay dissolve another, as, for instance, Ether in Water, and Essential Oils in Alcohol. When no chemical combination takes place, volume and tem- perature remain unaltered, while in chemical combina- tions a rise in temperature and a condensation in vol- ume is observed. Water with strong alcoliol and concentrated acids furnishes an example. Solutions of Scale Preparations. — In making solu- tions of salts it may be mentioned that it is better not to dissolve them in the bottle. The '' scale " prepara- tions are an exception to this. They can with care be readily and easily dissolved in the bottle in which they are to be dispensed. A little of the water or aqueous vehicle should be put into the bottle first, being care- ful not to wet the neck, or, should this be done, it should be dried with a cloth, else the scale prepara- tions will adhere to this moisture and block the admission of the salt into the bottle. A solution is readily formed if the salt falls upon the water and is quickly agitated. The Solubility of Some Salts in Water. A knowledge of the saturating power of many salts more commonly used is often of importance and inva- riably saves time, temper and waste of material in dispensing. Unfortunately, few of the text books agree to any extent with each other, and fewer still with our own observation of the saturating power of any individual salt. The following are therefore given after careful experiment, and will probably prove use- ful in the daily routine of the pharmacist : 34 SOLUTIONS Alum (cryst.) 38 gr. to 1 oz. water 00^ F. Chloride of Ammonium, 150 ' i a Boracic Acid, 18 ' i u Borax (crysfc.) 18 ' ( a Sulphate Copper, 155 ' i. li Bi-carb Potass, 130 ' i u Chlorate Potass, 25 ' i a Bi-carb Soda, 40 ' c n Phosphate Soda (cryst.) 80 ' i u Gallic Acid, 5 ' ( u Sulph. Zinc, 1 oz. u Solvent Powers of Glycerine. Parts. Arsenious Acid 20. Arsenic Acid 20. Benzoic Acid 10. Boracic Acid 10. Oxalic Acid 15. Tannic Acid 50. Alum 40. Carbonate Ammonia 20. Muriate of Ammonia 20. Tartrate of Antimony and Potassa 5.50 Atropia 3. Sulphate of Atropia 33. Chloride of Barium 10. Brucia 2.25 Sulphide Calcum 05 Quinine 50 Sulphate of Quinine 6.70 Tannate of Quinia 25 Acetate of Copper 10. Sulphate of Copper 30. Tartrate Iron and Potassa • 8. Lactate of Iron 1.06 SOLUTIONS. 35 Sulphate of Iron 2.05 Corrosive Sublimate 7.50 Cyanide of Mercury 27. Iodine ,... 1.90 Morphia 45 Acetate of Morphia 20. Muriate of Morphia 20. Phosphorous 20 Acetate of Lead 20. Arseniate of Potassa 50. Chlorate of Potassa 3.50 Bromide of Potassa 25. Cyanide of Potassium , . 82. Iodide of Potassium 40. Arseniate of Soda 50. Bi-carbonate of Soda 8. Borate of Soda 60. Carbonate of Soda 98 Chlorate of Soda 20. Sulphur ; 10 Strychnine 25 Glycerine Is a useful and powerful solvent, acting at the same time as an antiseptic. It is largely used as a sweeten- ing agent in mixtures, especially those containing per- chloride of iron. It is the best and most appropriate solvent and preservative of the pancreatic ferments, and reputed to have the power of preventing the gela- tination of tincture of kino ; pill-masses containing a little glycerine do not harden, but care must be taken to avoid excess, as too much makes the pills hygros- copic. For dispensing, it is best kept diluted with an equal volume of water, as then it is easily poured, and loss bv adhesion to the measure much reduced. 36 SOLUTIONS. Sugar Dissolves easily in water, but does not immediately yield a clear solution. In its place, simple syrup in the proper proportion may be used. — Hager. Sulphate of Quinine Solution. When no Acid is ordered in a prescription to dissolve the Quinine the latter should be rubbed down with the water and , a little Mucilage. " It has become the custom in such cases to add to the Sulphate an equal quantity of Dilute Sulphuric Acid to effect sohition; unless instructions to the contrary are added." — Hager. When Licorice is to be combined with Quinine, the former should be first dissolved in ten times its weight of water and the solution of Quinine added as both the Alkaloid and the Acid tend to decompose the Licorice. If the vehicle does not admit of this solution the qui- nine with a little Hydrochloric Acid must be rubbed down in a mortar with the Licorice and the vehicle added little by little. — Hager. Although the authority of ^' Hager'' is great, still the custom is doubtful, and to dissolve the Quinine unless so ordered is certainly not admissible, except when it is known that the prescriber wishes acid to be added, in which case a note to that effect should be made on the prescription by the dispenser. Iodine is only slightly dissolved in water, but Iodide of Potassium would make three-quarters of its own weight soluble. Ammonia Salts also increase its solu- bility. If neither of these are in the mixture, the Iodine should be rubbed down with twice its weight of Sugar, which helps to suspend it. Oils of Peppermint and Fennel, and some other volatile oils combine chemically with Iodine. — Hager. SOLUTIONS. 37 Note. — It is a good plan to see the prescriber and suggest the addition of sufficient Iodide of Potassium to dissolve the Iodine. Tannic Acid will easily dissolve in pure water, yielding a solution w^ith a light yellow shade. The water must be quite free from Ammonia, or the solu- tion gradually darkens to a brownish tint. With traces of Iron it turns inky, and alkaline substances also turn it thick and brown to black. With mucilages of Car- ragheen, Salep, Althaea, it forms flaky conglom- erates and should only be mixed with them after dilu- tion in twenty times its weight of water. — Hager, Nitrate of Silver in solution should be sent out in dark glass bottles. It must always be dissolved in DISTILLED water. Chloral hydrate should always be dissolved in cold water ; warm water occasions a slight decomposition, with formation of a little hydrochloric Acid. — . Tasteless Solution of Muriate of Iron. Citrate of Potassium, 6 ounces. Solution Chloride, or Muriate of Iron, 4 " Simple Elixir, 2 '' Water, 8 '' Dissolve the Citrate af Potassium in the water and Elixir, previously mixed, add the Solution of Iron and filter. Solution of Iron and Quinin^, (Parrish.) Citrate of Iron, 10 fluid ounces. Sulphate of Quinine, 1 troy ounce. Sulphuric Acid (dil.), 1 ^ Water of Ammon^"^ } Of each sufficient quantity. Distilled Water, j 38 SOLUTIONS. Triturate the Sulphate of Quinine with six fluid ounces of Distilled Water, and having added sufiicient diluted Sulphuric Acid to dissolve it, cautiously pour into the solution Water of Ammonia, with constant stirring until in slight excess. Wash the precipitated quinine on a filter, adding the solution of Citrate of Iron, maintained at a temperature of 120^ by means of a water bath. Stir constantly until it is dissolved. Lastly evaporate the solution to the consistency of syrup and spread it in plates of glass, so that on dry- ing the salt may be obtained in scales. Solubility of Officinal Chemicals in Alcohol. The following solutions may be of general inter- est : 1 oz., by weight, of chloroform, dissolves 2J oz. camphor, and yields 3 fl. oz. 1 oz., by weight, of spt. wine, 60^ o.p., dissolves 1 oz. camphor, and yields 1,000 grains by measure. 1 lb. of sugar dissolves in 8 oz. of water, and yields l&j oz. by measure. Solution Subsulphate of Iron. [Sol. Persulphate of Irou.—Monsci"s Solution.] Sulphate of Iron, (coarse powder.) 12 troy ounces. Sulphuric Acid, 1 troy ounce and 30 grains. Nitric Acid, 1 " '' and 300 " Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity. Mix the Acid with half a pint of Distilled Water in a large porcelain capsule, and, having heated the mix- ture to the boiling point, add the Sulphate of Iron, one-fourth at a time, stirring after each addition until effervescence ceases. Then keep the Solution in brisk ebullition until nitrous vapors are no longer percepti- ble, and the color assumes a deep ruby-red tint. Lastlj^ when the liquid is nearly cold, add sufficient Distilled Water to make it measure twelve fluid ounces. SOLUTIONS. 39 Solution Hypophosphite of Iron. Sulphate of Iron, crystals, 4 ounces. Water, hot, 8 '^ Sugar, 4 " Citrate of Potassa, 1 ounce. Ilypophosphorous Acid, dilute, 4 ounces. Dissolve the Iron in the Water, add the Sugar and Potassa and, lastly, the Acid. Let stand twenty-four hours, then filter. Acid Hypophosphite Solution, Dr. G. S. Gerhard {Medical Times) ^ states that he has had successfully prepared a solution of the hypophos- phites, without syrup, hy dissolving the salts in water acidulated with Hyposulphurous Acid. The addition of a definite amount of this Acid prevents the precip- itation of at least two of the salts (iron and manga- nese), which in the syrups is accomplished by the protective power of the sugar. The objection to the syrups is their excessive sweetness, and their liability to cause indigestion. The present solution, the formula of which is given below, is clear, slightly fluorescent, and pleasantly acid. It is a valuable tonic and stimulant, and is borne by the most sensitive stomach : Calcii Hypophosphite 1 Potassii Hypophosphite } one grain each. Sodii Hypophosphite | Quininse Hypophosphite 7VT •• TT 1 1 1 -^ ( i gYd.\n each. Manganesii Hyphphosphite ) Ferri Hypophosphite . one- half grain. Strychninse. 1-120 grain. Glycerin thirteen minims. Liq. Acidi Hypophosphite twelve minims. Aqua3 enough to make a drachm. 40 SOLUTIONS. 6 ounces. 8 u 16 u 12 (( Q. S. 6 ounces. Solution of Phosphate of Lime. Precipitated Phosphate of Lime, Muriatic Acid, Water of Ammonia, Solution of Phosphoric Acid, Water, Sugar, Mix the Muriatic Acid with Phosphate of Lime and add about twenty-four ounces of hot water. Allow the mixture to cool. Now, add the Water of Ammo- nia and two quarts of water together. If allowed to stand, a precipitate will fall^ after which pour ofi' the suiDcrnatant liquid. We again take two quarts of water and shake with the precipitate, after which allow to stand, and again pour off the liquid. We again take two quarts of hot water, shake with the precipi- tate, which must be allowed to stand, and again pour off the liquid. This must be repeated until the mix- ture is free from Chloride of Ammonia. This will require two or three gallons of hot water. The pre- cipitate must be poured in a muslin strainer, and washed with a little hot water. Press the water out of the precipitate, and dissolve it in the solution of Phosphoric Acid. Add the sugar and enough water to make twenty-four ounces. Filter. Each fluid ounce contains one hundred and twenty- eight grains of Phosphate of Lime with Phosphoric Acid. Solution Salicylate of Iron. Sulphate of Iron (pure) 24 grains Soda Salicylate, 30 '' Soda Acetate, 20 '' Water, 1 ounce, ix and dissolve. SOLUTIONS. The solution formed by this formula is by no means unpleasant, and such drugs as Acet. Potass., Spts. Nitre, Tinct. Digitahs, etc., can be added without pre- cipitating the salts, or altering its appearance much, but Ammonia and its preparations are incompatible. Solution of Phosphoric Acid.— (Dil ) (From U. S. P.) Griacial Phosphoric Acid, 1 ounce. Water sufficient. Nitric Acid, 40 grains. Dissolve Phosphoric Acid in three ounces of water. Add the Nitric Acid, and boil until it is reduced to a syrupy consistence and free from the odor of Nitric Acid, then add enough water to make the measure twelve and a half ounces. Solution of Lacto-Phosphate of Lime. Phosphate of Lime, Magma, 6 ounces. [Prepared from six ounces of Phosphate of Lime. See solution.] Sugar, 6 ounces. Concentrated Lactic Acid, 8 " Water, 1 pint. Dissolve the Phosphate of Lime in the Lactic Acid, add the water in which the sugar has been previously dissolved, evaporate to twenty- four fluid ounces, and filter. Each fluid ounce contains one hundred and twenty- eight grains of Lacto-Phosphate of Lime. Solution of Salicylic Acid. Salicylic Acid, 1 ounce. Bicarbonate of Soda, 1 " Glycerine, G ounces. Water, . 9 " 43 SOLUTIONS. Dissolve the Bicarbonate of Boda in the water, mix the Acid with the Glycerine. Then add enough of the solution of Soda to the Acid and Glycerine to dis- solve the Acid. Make up the measure to one pint with water. Solution of Dialysed Iron, In view of the wide spread and rapidly increasing demand for this preparation the following working formula, which has been tried with excellent success, may prove of interest and benefit : Solution Chloride of Iron, 1 pint. Water of Ammonia q. s., or 2 pints. Distilled Water 12 " Mix the Iron Solution with eight pints of the water and precipitate the Oxide of Iron therefrom by means of the Water of Ammonia, previously diluted with the ren.>aining four pints of water, care being taken to have a slight excess of Ammonia. Collect the precip- itate upon a close cotton (drilling) strainer of ample proportions, well secured around the ends. Wash the precipitate with plenty of Distilled Water of a temper-, ature not exceeding 50° F., stirring the magma con- stantly with a horn or wooden spatula while pouring the water upon it. Set the magma aside to drain for several hours and then without expressing, or, if too moist after application of very slight and gradual pressure, transfer to a wide mouth bottle and add four fluid ounces of solution of Chloride of Iron, shake briskly for a while and then set aside in a cool place for twenty-four hours, or until a complete solution has been effected, meanwhile stirring the mixture fre- quently. Finally transfer the solution to a dialyser and proceed in the usual manner. The process re- quires from eight to twelve days for completion. The preparation may be considered finished when Tincture SOLUTIONS. 43 of Nutgalls produces no darkening color, and Nitrate of Silver no precipate in the diluted solution. ■ When time is no object, successive portions of Oxide of Iron may be dissolved in the solution already ob- tained, in the same manner as the first portion, thus shortening the process of dialysing, or, in fact, carrying the saturation when the latter becomes altogether un- necessary, since according to Hager, the resulting prep- aration possesses precisely the same physical and chem- ical properties and peculiarities as the dialysed liquid. Solution of Dialysed Iron. Strong Solution of Perchloride of Iron, 8 ounces. (for which see U. S. D.) Water, 12 " Freshly Hydrated Peroxide of Iron to saturation in the Solution of Perchloride of Iron and water. Trans- fer to a Dialyser. (See full description of a Dialyser in IT. S. D., in 14th edition). After dialysis, make the measure of the dialysed preparation one pint, either by adding water or evaporation, as the case may re- quire. Solution of Phosphorus, Bromine and Iodine. Phosphorus, 10 grains. Bromine, 170 " Iodine, 170 Alcohol, 1 ounce. Glycerine, enough to make 8 fluid ounces. Dissolve the Iodine in the Alcohol and add to the Glycerine; then add the Bromine, and, lastly, the Phosphorus, very gradually, in fine shavings, to the mixture. Great care must be taken in adding the Phosphorus, as the action is violent. 44 SOLUTIONS. Solution of Bromhydric Acid, (Hydrobromic Acid.) Bromide of Potassium, 1 ounce. Tartaric Acid, Ij ounces. Water, 4 Mix and agitate until the salts are dissolved and pre- cipation commences. Set aside in a cold place for twelve hours, decant and filter. Hall's Solution of Strychnia. Strychnia, in Crystals, 16 grains. Alcohol, 7 ounces. Water, 7 Acetic Acid, i ounce. Tine. Cardamom Comp., li- ounces. Eub the Strychnia to a very fine powder, and dis- solve with the Acetic Acid. Add the Alcohol, water and prepared Flavoring, previously mixed, and filtered. Each fluid ounce contains one grain Strychnia. Magendie's Solution of Morphia. Sulphate of Morphia, 10 grains. Water, 1 ounce. . Dissolve; This must not be used in place of the officinal Liq- uor or Solution of Morphia. See below. Solution of Morphia (OfTlcinal). Sulphate of Morphia, 8 grains. Distilled Water, i pint. One fluid drachm contains i grain Morphia. Magendie's Solution of Iodine. Iodine, 2 grains. Iodide of Potassium, 4 drachms. Peppermint Water, 6 ounces. Dissolve. SOLUTIONS. 45 Fowler's Solution. Arsenious Acid, in small fragments, 64 grains. Bicarbonate of Potassa, 64 " Distilled Water, Q. S. Compound Spirits Lavender, i fluid drachm. Boil the Arsenious Acid and Bicarbonate of Potassa in a glass yessel, with twelve fluid ounces of Distilled Water, till the Acid is entirely dissolved in the solu- tion. When cold, add the Compound Spirit of Lav- ender, and afterward sufficient Distilled Water to make it fill exactly the measure of a pint. Harle's Solution. Arsenious Acid, 30 grains. ^ Carbonate of Soda (dried; , 30 " Distilled W^ater, 6 ounces. Cinnamon Water, Q. S. to make 8 ounces. It is used for the same purposes and in the same doses as Fowler's Solution. Biettie's Arsenical Solution, Arseniate of Ammonia, 10 grains. Distilled Water, 10 ounces. Donovan's Solution. Iodide of Arsenic, 30 grains. Eed Iodide of Mercury, 30 grains. Distilled Water, i pint. Eub the Iodide with half a fluid ounce of water, and when they have dissolved, add the remainder of the water, and filter. Of course the mixed powder must be dissolved. Solution of Phosphate of Iron. Sulphate of Iron, 4 ounces. Warm Water, 8 Sugar, 4 Solution of Phosphoric Acid, 4 " Dissolve the Iron in warm water, add the solution, and susjar and filter. 46 SOLUTIONS. Solution of Phosphoric Acid. Phosphoric Acid (Glacial) 8 ounces. Warm Water, 8 Nitric Acid, 320 grains. Dissolve the Phosphoric Acid in the water by allow- ing to stand for a few hours, stirring occasionally ; add the Nitric Acid, and heat until no smell of Nitric Acid remains ; then add enough water to make the measure a pint. Solution of Protoxide of Iron. Sulphate of Iron (pure crystals) 3 ounces. Carbonate of Sodium, 4 " Warm Water, sufficient. Solution Citric Acid (which see) 4 " Sugar, 4 Make the Precipitated Carbonate of Iron as directed, and dissolve it in the Citric Acid Solution ; then add the sugar and water, enough to make a pint. Solution of Iodine Compound. (Lngoi's Solution.) Iodine, i ounce. Iodide of Potassium, 1 " Water, 10 ounces. Dissolve the Iodide of Potassium in the water and add the Iodine, previously rubbed to a fine powder or paste. This solution is for internal use. Lugol's Rubefacient Solution. Iodine, i ounce. Iodide of Potassium, 1 " Water, ounces. Dissolve the Iodide of Potassium in the water and add the Iodine. This is for external use. SOLUTIONS. 47 Lugol's Caustic Solution of Iodine. Iodine, 1 ounce. Iodide of Potassium, 1 '^ Water, 2 ounces. Dissolve the Iodide of Potassium in the water and add the Iodine. This is for appHcation as a caustic. Solution of LactoDhosphate of Iron. Solution of Phosphate of Iron, 6 ounces. Concentrated Lactic Acid, 1 ounce. Evaporate the solution to '^ye ounces by gentle heat, and when cool add the Lactic Acid. Solution of Hypophosphite of Iron. Sulphate of Iron (pure), 3 ounces. Carbonate of Sodium, 4 " Warm Water, Q. S. Hypophosphorous Acid, dil., 1 pint. Sugar, 2 ounces. Dissolve the Sulphate of Iron and the Carbonate of Sodium separately in one quart of water; when cool, mix the solutions. Allow to stand until the precipi- tate has subsided, and pour off the supernatant liquid ; add to the precipitate two quarts of warm water, and agitate ; allow to stand, and pour off the liquid as be- fore. Eepeat this process until the Sulphate of So- dium is washed out, which will require the addition of three or four gallons of water ; then pour the pre- cipitate upon the muslin strainer, and wash with a little warm water; squeeze out the water as much as possible, and dissolve the precipitate in the Acid in which the sugar has previously been dissolved, and filter. 48 SOLUTIONS. Dilute Hypophosphorous Acid. Hypophosphite of Lime, 480 grains. Oxalic Acid, 350 " Warm Water, 9 ounces. Dissolve the Hypophosphite of Lime in six ounces of warm water and the Acid in the remainder. Mix the solution and filter. Add through the filter enough water to make the measure ten ounces. Evaporate this to eight and one-half ounces. Solution of Citric Acid. Citric Acid, 8 ounces. Hot Water, 8 Dissolve the Acid in the water, and make up the measure, with water, to the pint. Solution of Citrate of Iron. Iro7i Citrate and Ammonium, 8 ounces. Hot water 8 " Dissolve the Iron in the water, and proceed as in Solution of Citric Acid. Solution of Carbolic Acid. Carbolic Acid Crystals, 1^ ounces. Glycerine and Water, each a sufficient quantity. Dissolve the Acid in two ounces of Glycerme, and add water enough to make the measure fourteen ounces. If the solution then is clear, add two ounces more of water and filter. If the solution is milky, add enough Glycerine to make it clear, and water enough to make the measure a pint, and filter. CHAPTER V. INFUSIONS. Def. Infusions are liquid preparations made by pouring water, either boiling, merely warm, or even cold upon vegetable substances, and letting it stand for some time without further boiling. Note 1. It is evident that the water can only ex- tract such matter as are goluble in that fluid. The ordinary beverage called tea is an infusion of tea leaves. The U. S. Pharmacopoeia directs • four methods. 1. Maceration. 2. Digestion. 3. Percolation. 4. Diluting fluid Extracts. Note 1. Maceration differs from digestion in the water or rather menstruum, being kept in a state of continued heat over a fire, but gentle and not boiling. Note 2. Percolation should always be used when- ever practicable. General Formula, U. S. P. The substance coarsely ground. 10 parts, 1 oz. Av. Boiling water 100 parts or 10 fl. ozs. Put the sub- stance into a suitable vessel, provided with a cover, pour upon it the boiling water, cover the vessel tight- 50 INFUSIONS. ly and let it stand for two hours, then strain and pass enough water through the strainer to make the in- fusion weigh 100 parts or measure 10 fluid ounces. Note. Chamomile, Valerian, etc., are frequently prescribed in this form. If the vessel be tightly co- vered, the water will gradually condense, retaining the fugitive onstituents. When the extract is soluble in water and at the same time but slightly volatile, boiling water is poured on the substance of which the infusion is required, the, vessel is carefully covered^ and the whole allowed to remain untouched for some minutes or even hours, according to the greater or lesser penetrability of the substance, and the required strength of the Infusion properly so-called. If an infusion is required of dried leaves or flowers, they are first moistened with a little boiling water and a time allowed for them to swell and soften after adding the rest of the water. Infusions made by adding all the water at once, as is still fre- quently practiced, are deficient both in flavor and per- fume. The flavor of tea is an every day illustration of this ; as all who can make a good cup of tea know how necessary it is first to draw the tea with a small / portion of water, and yet, strange to say, this principal is utterly neglected in the case of coffee, where its application is just as effective. Infusions of all vege- tables that do not exert a very powerful action on the human frame, may be made by pouring one pint of boiling water on one ounce of the vegetable matter and . allowing it to macerate from J to 1 hour. The ordinary dose of such infusions is from 1 to 2 ounces three times a day. Infusions, like decoctions, are liable to undergo spontaneous decomposition by keeping, especially in warm weather, when a few hours are often sufficient INFUSIONS. for their passage into a state of fermentation; -tiiey should therefore be prepared for use daily, as beyond 24 hours they cannot be depended on. Infusions should be made in vessels that cannot be attacked by any of the substances with which they are in contact and closed sufficiently tight to prevent the loss of the most volatile principals. Diuretic Infusion. Parsley Seeds, I ounce. Cleavers, f " Burdock Seeds, | '' Coolwort, J " Spearmint, J- " Juniper Berries, | '' Linseed, j " Gum Arabic, Boiling Water, 2 quarts. Mix. Proceed in usual way. This is a valuable Diuretic. Infusion Peruvian Bark. Bed Bark, bruised, 1 ounce. Boiling Water, 1 pint. Boil for ten minutes and strain while hot. Tonic Infusion. Gentian Boot, sliced, Dried Orange Peel, bruised > ^^ ^-^^.^^i^^_ Coriander Seed, ) Boiling Water, 12 ounces. Mix and proceed in the usual way. This infusion is very useful in general debility. Infusion of Columba. ColumbaEoot, 1 dram. Boiling Water, % pint. Macerate for four hours and strain. This will be found an excellent Tonic. TINCTURES, Memory Work. Del". A tincture is a solution of a medicinal sub- stance by means of Alcohol and differs from a spirit in the former being non volatile and the latter vola- tile. The U. S. P. directs three processes in their manu- facture by Percolation, Maceration. Solution and Men- strua used in preparing them — Alcohol, Diluted Alco- hol, Aromatic Spirits Ammonia or mixtures of Alcohol, water and Glycerine. There are 73 officinal tinctures divided into simple and compound. — Fifty-eight simple and fifteen com- pound. Percolation. Remington defines Percolation to be a process wJiereby a powder contained in a suitable vessel is deprived of its soluble constituents by the descent of a solvent through it. Another name for it is displacement, so called because it is based upon the principle that the solvent after being charged with the soluble constituents of the drug is displaced by fresh portions of the solvent liquid, and partly from its own weight, partly from the pressure of the superior liquid. This action if it be not mechanically interrupted and if the supply of the solvent be constant, will continue until the lipuid reaches the outlet at the bottom of the percolator. By continuing the supply of solvent which is termed menstruum when used in extraction the dis- placement of the liquid in which the soluble matter is TINCTURES. 53 in solution may be effected until no more is to be dis- solved from the drug when this is said to be exhausted. For full particulars concerning Percolation we refer the reader to the U. S. P. Eemington's Pharmacy &g. Filtration. Def. Filtration is the depriving liquids of some solid particles that are mixed with them. It is to be observed that, if substances are actually dissolved in a liquid no filtration can separate them ; thus, salt can never be separated from water by any kind of filtration whatever, although some persons erroneously sup- pose it can. Filtration can only separate what is me- chanically suspended and what would mostly fall down of itself by subsidence. Note 1. In filtering always make provision for the air to escape. Note 2. Always keep your filter well filled and cover the funnel to prevent evaporation. Note 3. Place a loop of twine in the neck of receiving bottle for escape of air. Note 4. Filters for delicate purposes are made of white unsized paper, but for the purposes of Pharmacy the gray is quite good enough. These filters can only serve once. When large quantities are to be filtered, filtering bags are used consisting of a piece of flannel or linen. In filtering thick adhesive substances such as syrup it is sometimes necessary to moisteu the fil- ter with water. What passes the first time is some- times not fine enough and Avill require toberefiltered. Where no great nicety is required, it is sufficient to have a frame and to throw over it a cloth. Where oils of a gummy nature such as Cotton seed oil, Castor oil, etc., need filtering heat is required and filter through cotton, flannel, etc. Unofficinal Tinctures. Tincture of Turkey-Corn. Take 3 ounces powdered Turkey-corn root (cory- dalis) and make one pint tincture by maceration or displacement with diluted alcohol. Tincture of Yellow Jasmine Cut into small pieces 8 ounces of the fresh root of yellow jasmine [gelseminum] ; macerate for 14 days in 2 pints diluted alcohol, express and filter. This forms a saturated tincture. Tinct. of Lupulin. Pack 4 troy ounces lupulin in a narrow cylindrical percolator, and gradually pour alcohol upon it until 2 pints of tincture are obtained. Tinct. of Kux Vomica. Digest with a gentle heat, 8 troy ounces finely pow- dered Nux Vomica in 1 pint alcohol, for 24 hours in a close vessel. Then transfer the mixture to a cylindri- cal percolator, and gradually pour alcohol upon it until 2 pints of tincture are obtained. Tinct. of Cimicifuga Racemosa. Black cohosh root, in fine powder, 4 troy ounces; alcohol, 1 pint. Make one pint of tincture by macer- ation or displacement. Tinct. of Ergot. Take 5 ounces (avordupois) ergot, and proceed in the same manner as for tincture of chiretta. Tinct. of Blue-Flag. Macerate 3 ounces powdered blue-flag in 1 pint of alcohol; or, make 1 pint by percolation. Norwood's Tinct. of Veratrum Viride. Macerate 8 ounces of the recently dried, coarsely powdered root, in 16 ounces of alcohol for 14 days ; express and filter through paper. TINCTURES. 55 Tincture Aloes and Myrrh. Aloes, 10 parts. Myrrh, 10 '' Menstruum Alcohol. Tincture Cardamon Comp. Cardamoms, 2 parts. Cinnamon, 2 " Caraway, 1 " Cochineal, 5 " Menstruum DilAlcohoi, 6% Glycerin. Tincture Gentian Comp. Gentian, 8 parts. Bitter Orange, 4 '' Cardamoms, 2 " Menstruum Dil Alcohol. Tincture Rhei. Comp. Ehubarb, 12 parts. Cardamoms, 2 '^ Menstruum Dil Alcohol. Aloes Comp. Aloes, 10 parts. Glycyrrhiza, 10 " Menstruum Dil Alcohol. Tincture Catechu Comp. Catechu, 12 parts. Cinnamon, 8 '' Menstruum DilAlcohoi. Tincture ipecacuanhae et Opii, Fluid Extract Ipecac, 10 parts. Tr. Opii Deed, to make 100 '' Menstrumm Dil Alcohol. Tincture Cinchona Comp. Cinchon E., 10 parts. Orange Peel, 8 " Serp, 2 '' Menstruum Alcohol 80,Water 10, Glycer. 10. 56 TINCTURES. Tincture Opium Camphorta, Opium, 4 parts. Benzoic Acid, 4 '' Oil Anise, 4 " Camphor, 4 '' Glycerine, 4 *' Dilute Alcohol. Tincture Lavender Comp. Oil Lavender, 8 parts. '^ Kosemary, 2 " Cinnamon, 1.8| '' Cloves, 4 ^^ * Nutmeg, 1 '' Eed Saunders, 8 " Menstruum, (68% Alcohol, 27W %.) FLUID EXTRACTS. Memory Work. Def . Fluid extracts are liquid alcoholic preparations or they may be defined as a class of concentrated tinctures of uniform and definite strength made to rep- resent the drug volume for weight. In the U. S. P. of 1880 a cubic centimeter represents the Medicinal virtue of one gramme of the drug. There are 79 Officinal Fluid Extracts made by, Percolation, Maceration or digestion, Expression. FLUID EXTRACTS. 57 There are 21 Menstruum Alcohol 1 " "8 parts, water 1 part 10 '' "3 " " 1 '' rj a a o u u . -j u 14 '' Dilute Alcohol 17 '^ Containing Alcohol 2 '* Alcohol 3 parts, water 4 1 '^ Alcohol 2 '' " 3 3 " " 1 '^ ^' 2 1 ^' Ether, Alcohol, Water 2 " Boiling Water. Note. Fluid Extracts with one or two exceptions can not he prepared by simple percolation ; evaporationis necessary to concentrate the percolate to the required measure but we will present a typical formula for an officialfluid extract which would be well to memorize. "Take 100 grammes of the powdered drug and moist- en it with a certain quantity of Menstruum, packed in a suitable percolator, and enough menstruum added to saturate the powder and leave a stratum above it ; the lower orifice of the percolator is closed when the liquid begins to drop and the percolator is closely covered to prevent evaporation and permit maceration for a specified time ; additional menstruum is poured on and percolation continued until the drug is ex- hausted. Usually from seven to nine tenths of the first portion of the percolate is reserved and the re- mainder evaporated at a temperature not exceeding (122''F.,) to a soft extract ; this is to be dissolvedin the reserved portion, enough menstruum added to make the fluid extract measure 100 C. C." — Kemington. Note 2. The latter portion of the percolate is reserved to permit concentration of the preparation without exposing the stronger portion to heat. Note 3. The x^i'ocess of "expression" is claimed FLUID EXTRACTS. by many to be an excellent method, the largest man- ufacturers in the world having adopted it. The substance enclosed in hair cloth bags is placed under lever or screw presses of immense power. Hair cloth is the best for the bags as it does not impart any peculiar taste. Note 4. Many oils are procured by this method of expression. For unctuous seeas, heated iron plates are some- times used; when the iron is cold the oil is styled cold drawn. Fluid Extract StilJingia Compound. Stillingia, 4 ounces. Turkey Corn, 4 " Blue Flag, 2 Pipsissewa, 2 Coriander, 1 ounce. Prickley Ash, 1 Dilute Alcohol, Q. S. Moisten the powder with sufficient Alcohol, and pack hrmly in percolator, add sixteen ounces of the Alcohol, and macerate for six days, then percolate. Eeserve the first twelve ounces, and evaporate remaining fluid to two fluid ounces, add the reserve and filter through paper. Fluid Extract Wild Cherry Compound. Wild Cherry Bark in coarse powder, 10 ounces. Horehound, 2 YeratrumYiride, 1 ounce. Bloodroot, 1 Dilute. Alcohol, Q. S. Proceed as with Extract Stillingia Compound. FLUID EXTRACTS. 59 Fluid Extract Grindelia. Ghndelia Robusta coarse powder, 16 ounces. Dilute Alcohol, Q. S. Proceed as in other Fluid Extracts. Fluid Extract Verba Santa. Yerba Santa coarse powder, 16 ounces. Dilute Alcohol, ' Q. S. Proceed as in other Fluid Extracts. Fluid Extract Damiana. ■Damiana coarse powder, 16 ounces. Dilute Alchol, Q. S. Proceed as in other Fluid Extracts. Fluid Extract Hops. (Procter's.) Hops in coarse pow^Ter, 16 Troy ounces. Dilute Alcohol, 4 ounces, Pack in a conical percolator covering the surface, and add dilute Alcohol until 3 pints have passed ; reserve the first 12 ounces. Evaporating remaining tincture in water bath to 4 fluid ounces, then mix wTth reserve, agitate considerably for 24 hours, and filter, dropping sufficient dilute Alcohol on the filter to viaJce the measure of a pint. Fluid Extract Liquorice. (Procter's ) Calabria Liquorice, (Bruised) 8 Troy ounces. Sugar coarse powder, 10 " " Enclose the Liquorice in a gauze cloth, suspend it in a pint vessel, cover it with cold water and let it stand 12 hours, pour ofi the dense solution, renew the water and again macerate and decant. Mix the two liquors, evaporate to 12 fluid ounces, dissolve in it the sugar and again evaporate until the measure of one Pint is obtained. 6o FLUID EXTRACTS. Fluid Extract. (Pareira.) Digest for 24 hours one pound pareira root in coarse powder in one pint boiling water, then pack it in a percolator and displace one gallon or until the pareira root is exhausted. Evaporate over a water bath to 13 fluid ounces, when cold add 3 fluid ounces rectified spirits and filter through paper. Use Avoirdupois weight and Imperial measure in this formula. The dose is one to two fluid drachms. Fluid Extract Senna Comp.* Senna in coarse powder, 8 ounces. Jalap, '' '' '' 6 Canella, 2 Diluted Alcohol, q. s. Proceed, as in other fluid extracts as fluid extract squills. Fluid Extract Sarsaparilla Comp, Sarsaparilla, 12 ounces. Licorice I2 " Sassafras, li " Mazereon, J ounce. Diluted Alcohol, q. s. to make 1 pint. Proceed as in other' fluid extracts. This is accord- to U. S. P. Fluid Eztract Sarsaparilla and Dandelion. Sarsaparilla, 8 ounces. Dandelion, 8 '' Diluted Alcohol, q. s. Proceed as in the other fluid extracts. FLUID EXTRACTS. 6i Fluid Extract Vanilla. MOOR'S. Take 8 Troy ounces of Vanilla and an equal amount of crushed loaf sugar. Slit the j^ods from end to end then take them in small bundles and cut them trans- versely into very small pieces. Of these beat small pieces at a time in an iron mortar Avith a little of the sugar until reduced to a damj) powder and rub with the hand through a No. 20 sieve. This is con- tinued until the whole is reduced to a No. 20 powder. ]\Iix with 5 pints of Dilute Alcohol and introduce the whole into a one gallon stone jar tightly corked. Place the jar into a water bath resting upon folds of paper, and allow the mixture to digest for 2 hours at a temperature of 160^ Fahr. The upper x)art of the jug must be kept cool by wrapping a towel around it, squeezing cold water upon it every fifteen minutes. Take the jug from the bath at every aiDplication of the water and shake well. When digestion has been completed and cooled, strain through muslin. Pack the residue previously rubbed with the hands to a uniform condition firmly in a glass funnel, percolate with a mixture of 3 parts alcohol and one of water, until 8 i^ints of extract are obtained. Fluid Extract of Burdock. GRAHAM'S. Take of Burdock coarse powder, 16 ounces. Diluted Alcohol, Q. S. Dampen the powder with the menstruum and pack in a glass displacer, pour on the menstruum and continue the percolation to exhaustion reserving 1^ ounces cf the first runnings, evaporate the remainder to 9 fluid ounces to which add 4 ounces of sugar and dissolve. Strain if necessary and add reserved por- tion. 62 FLUID EXTRACTS. Fluid Extract Dandelion Comp. Dandelion, 10 ounces. Senna, 6 " Diluted Alcohol, Q. S. to make one pint. Proceed as in Fluid Extract of Hops. Fluid Extract Aloes Compound. Socotrine Aloes, 3 ounces. Canella, 4 " Licorice Eoot, 4 " Dilute Alcohol, Q. S. to make 1 pint. Proceed as with Fluid Extract Sqills Comj^ound. Fluid Extract Blackberry Root Compound. Blackberry Eoot, 12 ounces. Sassafras Bark, 4 '' Dilute Alcohol, Q. S. to make 1 pint. Proceed as with Fluid Extract Squills. Fluid Extract Cardamom Comp. Cardamom Seeds, 6 ounces. Cinnamon, G " Caraway Seeds, 2 " Cochineal, 1 ounce. Dilute Alcohol, Q. S. to make 1 pint. Proceed as in the Fluid Extract Squills, only using Q. S. Alcohol to moisten. Compound Fluid Extract Squills. Squills, 16 Troy ounces. Seneka, 16 " Moisten with about 12 ounces of liquor (using three parts Alcohol to one of water.) Pack firmly in percolator, cover surface with a cloth, and pour on the same menstruum until 6 pints have slowly passed, reserving carefully the first 24 ounces. Evaporate the remainder in Water bath at 150^ Fahr. until re- duced to 8 fluid ounces. Mix with reserved tincture, FIX'ID EXTRACTS. 67, and after standing with occasional agitation for 24 hours filter to mak^ the whole measure 2 pints. Hive Syrup. Compound Fluid Extract Squills, 4 Fl. ounces. Tartar Emetic, 24 grains. Simple Syrup, 20 Fl. ounces. Hot Water, ^ " ounce. Dissolve the Tartar Emetic in the water and add the other ingredients. Fluid Extract Cimiclfuga Racemosa. Moor"s. Cimicifuga in powder, 16 ounces. Alcohol, Q. S. Moisten the root with the Alcohol, pack closely in the displacer, and pour on alcohol gradually until 8 fluid ounces have passed through, which reserve in a covered vessel, then proceed with dilute Alcohol un- til the root is exhausted. Evaporate with water bath until all the alcohol is driven off, set it aside to cool that the resinous portion extracted may he deposited, which separate and add to the alcoholic portion first obtained, then proceed with the evaporation until re- duced to 8 fluid ounces and mix the two products. Allow to stand 48 hours before filtering. Compound Fluid Extract Buchu. Parrishes. Buchu in coarse powder, 12 ounces. Alcohol, 3 pints. Water, Q. S. or 6 " Treat the leaves by maceration or displa.cement first with a portion of the Alcohol, then with the remainder mixed with the water. Evaporate the re- sulting liquid with a gentle heat to three pmts, then add two and half pounds of sugaro Continue the 64 FLUID EXTRACTS. heat until /dissolved, and after removing from the fire add Oil Juniper, Oil Cubebs, each one dram. Spirits Nitric Ether 12 fluid ounces previously mixed. Mix together. Alkaline Fluid Extract Rhubarb. Fluid Extract Ehubarb, 1 El. ounce. Carbonate Potassa, (Neutral) 80 grains. Water, 1 El. ounce. Dissolve the carbonate in the water, and add the fluid extract, and let the mixture repose six to twelve hours, then strain through muslin and filter. This preparation can be mixed with water in any proportion. Fluid Extract Cinchona. Calisaya in powder, 8 Troy ounces. Simple Syrup, 4 El. Glycerine, 4 " Alcohol, Q. S. Moisten the cinchona in six ounces of dilute alco- hol, let stand in covered jar for three hours, and then transfer to percolator. Pack it firmly, and gradually pour upon it dilute alcohol until 12 fluid ounces of the tincture have been obtained. Set this aside, and continue the percolation with dilute alcohol until the cinchona is exhausted. To the last percolate add the syrup and glycerine, and evaporate by water bath to about 10 fluid ounces. Then add the reserved tincture and evaporate to 14 fluid ounces. Eemove from water bath, and when nearly cold add sufficient alcohol to make the whole measure 16 fluid ounces. ESSENCES, In making all Essences where an essential oil is used the following method will produce the best results : First the oil must be thoroughly dissolved in the Cologne Spirits, or Alcohol, (the former we prefer), then the mixture is to be rubbed in a morter with Carbonate of Magnesia and add a small quantity of sugar, — then add the water, if any is used, and triturate well together. ISText filter through paper until clear. In other words, finish just as you would in making Medicated Waters. Color carefully until the desired shade is reached. The quantity of oil used can be increased or dimin- ished to produce essences of any desired grade. The first nine formulas will give almost any color desired. Brown or Solution of Caramels Crushed Lump Sugar, 2 pounds. Put into a kettle that will hold four to six quarts with one-half tumbler of water, boil until it is hlack ; then take it off and cool with water, stirring it as you put in the water. This is used for coloring Soda Syrups and Essences, such as Vanilla, Sarsapar- illa, etc. Carnnne Solution. Carmine (No. 40.) 2 drachms. Water of Ammonia, q. s. or yi ounce. Water, 7 ounces. 66 ESSENCES. Rub the carmine to a fine powder in a mortar, dis- solve with the Aqua Ammonia, add the water, keep in bottles corked tight. This is used to color Elixirs, Soda Syrups, etc., such as strawberry. Remark. This is incompatible with Acids. Yellow Solution. Gamboge, 1 ounce. Diluted Alcohol, 1 pint. Rub the Gamboge to a powder with the Alcohol. Let stand for a few days, shake often and filter. Yellow Coloring. Turmeric, 4 ounces. Alcohol, 16 " Recover by percolation 1 pint. Tincture of Saffron. Saffron, 6 ounces. Alcohol, 1 pint. Macerate 24 hours and filter. Tincture of AnSline. Yellow Aniline, 1 drachm. Alcohol, 4 ounces. Dissolve. The above are fine for Hair Oils, etc., and will not ,de as Tumeric will. Tincture of Crass. Blue (or Lawn) Grass, 8 ounces. Alcohol, Sufficient or 16 ''^ Chop the grass fine, put into a wide-mouthed bottle, cover with Alcohol, let stand twenty-four hours, and filter for use. ESSEXCES. 67 Tincture of Red Saunders. 4 ounces. Red Saunders, ground Alcohol, 16 " Percolate one pint of Tincture. Used to impart a red color to Essences, Hair Oils, etc. Tincture of Alkanet. Alkanet Root, ground, 4 ounces. Alcohol, 16 '' Make a Tincture, use same as Red Saunders. Essence of Anise. Oil of x\nise, Alcohol 95 per cent. Mix them and filter. 1 ounce. 9 '' Essence of Allspice. uii 01 Allspice, 1 ounce. Alcohol 95 per cent, 9 ounces. Mix and filter. Essenco of Coriander. Oil of Coriander, 2 drachms. Carbonate Magnesia, 5" ounce. Sugar, 1 '' Alcohol, 8 ounces. Water, 8 Proceed as in Ess. Bay. Essence of Carraway. Oil of Caraway Seed, 1 ounce. Carbonate of Magnesium, 2 ounces. Sugar, 2 Alcohol, 16 " Water, ]6 " Proceed as in Ess. Bay. 68 ESSENCES. Essence of Nectar. Butyric Ether, 1 ounce. Oil of Wintergreen, 1 drachm. Oil of Bitter Almonds, 15 drops. Alcohol, 12 ounces, Water, 12 ounces. Mix and filter. Color to suit. Essence of Orgeat. Oil of Bitter Almonds, 2 drachms. Acetic Ether, 2 " Butyric Ether, i ounce. Alcohol, 15 ounces. Dissolve the oils in the ethers ; add the alcohol and in filter. Essence of Bergamot, Oil Bergamot, 1 ounce. Alcohol, 95 per cent., 8 ounces. Tincture of Grass, q. s. to color. Mix. Essence of Banana, Banana fruit, peeled, 1 pound. Alcohol, 95 per cent., 1 pint. Water, 1 /' Macerate for fourteen days, express and strain. Essence of Banana. Take of Acetate of Oxide Amyl, 2 ounces. Cologne Spirit, 12 Water, 2 Mix. ESSENCES. 69 Essence of Bay. Oil of Bay Leaves, 1 ounce. Cologne Spirit, 16 '' Carbonate of Magnesia, 2 '' Water, 16 " Alcohol may be used instead of Cologne Spirit, but it is not quite so good. Dissolve the oil in a little of the spirit and rub in a mortar with the addition of the magnesia, then add balance of alcohol and water previously mixed. Color lightly with Tincture of Grass. Essence of Bitter Almonds. . Oil Bitter Almond, 1^ drachms Carbonate Magnesia, 2 '' Sugar, 1 ounce. \vitfr^^'''*'i^^^^ 8 ounces. Proceed as directed in Essence of Bay. Essence of Blackberry. Blackberries, (fresh) 2 pounds. Alcohol, • 10 ounces. Water, 26 Macerate for 14 days, express and strain through muslin. Essence of Cloves. Oil Cloves 1 ounce. Magnesia 1 " Alcohol, 95 per cent., 7 '' Proceed as in essence of Cinnamon. Essence of Cinnamon. Oil of Cinnamon, 1 ounce. Carbonate Magnesia, 2 ounces. Alcohol, 95 per cent., 18 '' Kub the oil with the magnesia and a portion of the alcohol; add the balance and filter. 70 ESSENCES. Essence of Celery. Oil of Celery, 2 drachms. Carbonate Magnesia, J ounce. Sugar, 1 '' Cologne Spirits, j ^^^^ 8 ounces. Proceed as directed in Essence of Bay.. Essence of Calamus. (Sweet Flag-. Oil of Calamus, i ounce. Carb. Magnesia, ) ^^ Sugar, S "^"^ 1 ounce. Cologne Spirits, 8 ounces. Proceed as directed in Essence Cinnamon. Cochineal Extract. Ked Vinegar, 1 gallon. Glycerine, 2 pounds. Mix, and it is ready for use. Essence of Ginger. Jamaica Ginger (ground). 1 pound. Carbonate of Magnesium, 2 'drachms. Alcohol, 95 per cent.. 2 pints. Eecover 2 pints by percolation. Essence of Jamaica Cingar. (Aromatic.) Jamaica Ginger, G ounces. Grains of Paradise, 1 ounce. Mace, i " Oil of Lemon, 1 drachm. Alcohol, 20 ounces. Eeduce the drugs to a coarse powder and moisten with four ounces of alcohol ; pack in percolator and add balance of alcohol in which add the lemon. Allow to stand 24 hours and percolate with diluted alcohol sufficient for 20 ounces. ESSENCES. 71 Essence of Lemon. Oil Lemon, Carbonate Magnesia, Sugar, Alcohol, Water, 1 ounce. Sufficient. 1 ounce. 8 ounces. 8 Color Yellow; proceed as in Essence Bay. Essence of Mace. Mace, moderately fine, 6 ounces. Cologne Spirits, 2 pints. Macerate for 14 days, express and filter through paper. Essence of Nutmeg. Oil of Nutmeg, 1}^ drachms. Alcohol, 4 ounces. Magnesia Carb., 3 drachms. Water, 4 ounces. Sugar, y2 ounce. Proceed as in Essence of Bay. Essence of Orange. Oil of Orange, 1 ounce. Carbonate of Magnesia, 2 ounces. Sugar, 2 '' Alcohol, 8 ^' Water, 8 " Color with Saffron. Proceed as in Essence of Bay. Essence of Pear. Acetate Oxide Amy], 2 ounces. Acetic Ether, 1 drachm. Alcohol, 95 per cent.. 12 ounces. Water, 2 ounces. Mix. 72 ESSENCES. Essence of Peppermint. Oil of Peppermint, 1 ounce. Alcohol, 8 ounces. Peppermint (herb), J ounce. Water, 8 ounces. Proceed as in Essence of Bay and filter through Magnesia. Essence of Pineapple. Butyric Ether, 1 ounce. Acetic Ether 4 drachms. Alcohol, 8 ounces. Glycerine, 2 drachms. Water, 8 ounces. Mix, color with Curcuma. Essence of Raspberry. Butyric Ether, 1 drachm. Acetic Ether, 45 drops. Sweet Spirits Nitre, 10 '' Glycerine, 20 '' Cologne Spirits, . 2J- ounces. Color with Alkanet Eoot, Mix and Filter. £ssence of Sassafras. Oil of Sassafras, 1 ounce. Carbonate of Magnesium, 2 ounces. Cologne Spirits, 16 '^ Water, 16 '' Proceed as in Essence of Bay. Essence of Strawberry. Butyric Ether, i ounce. Acetic Ether, i " Cologne Spirits, 1 pint. Color with Tincture of Carmine. ESSENCES. 73 Essence of Sarsaparilla. Oil of Wintergreen, j ounce. Oil of Sassafras, 3 drachms. Oil of Anise, 1 drachm. Carbonate Magnesia, 1 ounce. Sugar, 1 '' Alcohol, 12 ounces. Water, 4 '' Color with Burnt Sugar if so desired. Proceed as in Essence of Bay. Essence of Spearmint. Oil of Spearmint, J ounce. Carb. Magnesia, > ^^^^^^ -j^ u Sugar, 5 ^^,^^1^^^' [ each, 8 ounces. Water, ^ Proceed as directed in Essence of Bay. Essence Wintergreen. Alcohol, 10 gallons. Oil of Wintergreen, , 1 pound. Warm Water, 5 gallons. Mix the Oil with Alcohol and let stand twenty- four hours; then add water gradually. Color to suit with Tincture of Red Aniline. CHAPTER IX. ELIXIRS. This class of elegant and palatable preparations has become a necessity to every druggist in the country. In days gone by the physician never considered the desirability of writing his prescriptions with a view of either taste or elegance. No matter how disgusting the taste and appearance his medicines might have they had to be taken with- out question. The method of taking medicine so familiar to us all in days gone by is not to be forgotten. Now open your mouth, shut your eyes, hold your nose was a command or admonition given to all of us when taking our Jalap, Castor Oil or Epsom Salts. All this miser- able nauseating system of administering medicines is swiftly passing away. Elixirs and other elegant improvements in phar- macy are fast becoming universal, and to-day we can point out ten physicians who u&e Elixirs to one a few years back. The following formulas for the manufacture of these goods will be found of a practical nature. By their use you can make Elixirs just as they are made in the laboratories of our best pharmacists, and at a saving of considerable money. ELIXIRS. 75 Simple Elixir. Fresh Orange Peel, 120 grains. Cardamoms, 20 '' Star Anise, 30 Simple Syrup, 5 fl. ounces. Alcohol, 4 '' '' Water, ' 9 ^' '* Exhaust the aromatics with the Alcohol and water, then add the syrup ; color with carmine if desired. Note it is essential that fresh orange peel be used. Simpre Elixir No. 2. Cinnamon, li drams. Star Anise, 1 dram. Coriander, IJ drams. Nutmeg, i dram. Caraway, H drams. Oil Sweet Orange, i dram. Dilute Alcohol, 2 pints. Syrup, 2 '^ Percolate the Aromatics with the dilute Alcohol previously mixed with oil of orange, continuing the percolation until two pints of Aromatic Tincture are obtained, then mix with Syrup. Coloring for Elixirs and Tinctures. It is customary to employ as coloring matter either caramel, cudbear or cochineal, according to the kind of Elixirs, and the prevailing custom. Ten minims of caramel will be sufficient to color one pint of simple elixir. Cudbear is best used with acid liquids. 76 ELIXIRS. Cochineal Coloring. Powdered Cochineal Alum, (powdered) Carbonate of Potassium, Bitartrate of Potassium, Pulverize and keep air tight. 120 grains. 120 '' 120 '' 240 '' Compound Tincture Cochineal, Cochineal Coloring, 120 grains. Dilute Alcohol, 2 Fl. ounces. Slightly warm the Dilute Alcohol and mix with the powder, macerate and filter. The above formula's are used principally for color- ing Elixirs, and do it handsomely. Both are in- compatible with acids. Percolating Menstruum. Alcohol, 40 ounces. Water, • 4:i pints. Mix and filter through a small quantity of Magnesium. Prepared Fla> /oring. Oil Coriander, 1 dram. Oil Anise, i '' Oil Sweet Orange, 2 ounces. Oil Cinnamon, J dram. Oil Cloves, 10 drops. Alcohol, 1 pint. Mix. This and the preceding formula will both be found useful in making a great many of the Elixirs. Elixir Anise. Anise Seed in fine powder, 1 ounce. Simple Elixir to make, 1 pint. Mix and Macerate for 7 days and filter. ELIXIRS. 77 Elixir Antacid Compound. Bicarbonate of Soda, 1|- ounces. Infusion Gentian, 4 ^' Aqua Peppermint, , 4 " Tinct, Cardamon Comp, j " Simple Elixir to make, 1 pint. Mix and filter. Dose. From teaspoon to tablespoonful. Properties and uses. — Useful as an antacid and cor- rective in digestion. Elixir Asarum Compound. Canada Snake Koot (bruised) 1 ounce. Juniper Berries, 4 drams. Anise Seed, 2 '' Caraway Seed, 2 " Pleurisy Koot, 4 " Diluted Alcohol and simple Elixir of each a suffi- cient quantity. Macerate the drugs for five days in sufficient Alcohol to cover them, then change to a percolator and percolate 10 fluid ounces of tincture, add six fluid ounces of simple elixir, and filter. Dose. Teaspoonful. Uses. This elixir is an aromatic tonic stimulant, with diaphoretic and diuretic properties, Elixir Anodyne. Fluid Extract Hyoscyamus, 4 drams, Butternut, 4 ounces. Wahoo, 4 " Bicarbonate Soda, U " Oil Sassafras, 1 dram. Piperine, 8 grains. Simple Elixir to make. 1 pint. 78 ELIXIRS. Rub the oil of sassafras and piperine together, dis- solve the Bi Carbonate of Soda in the fluid extracts Mix and add Simple Elixir and filter. Dose — one teaspoonfuL Elixir Aconite Root, Tincture Aconite Root, 256 drops. Simple Elixir to make, 1 pint Mix. Each fluid dram contains 2 drops Aconite. Dose from half to one teaspoonfuL Uses. In fevers, Neuralgia, Rheumatism. Elixir of Assafoetida. Tincture of Assafoetida, 2 ounces. Carbonate of Magensia, 1 ounce. Tincture Cardamon Comp, 2 ounces. Simple Elixir, 14 '' Rub the Assafoetida and cardamon with the Mag- nesia, gradually adding the elixir^ then filter. Each fluid dram contains about 2 grains of Assa- foetida. Dose. TeaspoonfuL Uses. Hysteria, Asthma. Antispasmodic. Elixir of Atropia. Sulphate of Atropia, 2 grains. Elixir Simple, 1 pint. Dissolve the Atropia in Alcohol q. s. and mix. Each dram contains one sixty-fourth grain of Atropia. Uses. Palsy, Dropsy, Epilepsy, Mania and obsti- nate intermittents. ELIXIRS. 79 Elixir Arsenic and Strychnine. Hall's solution, 2 ounces. Fowler's Solution, U '' Simple Elixir to make, 1 pint. Mix and filter. Each fluid dram contains 5 drops of Fowler's Solu- tion, and one sixty-fourth grain of Strychnine. Used in diseases of the skin. Elixir Arsenic, Strychnine and Quinine. Hall's Solution, 2 ounces. Fowler's Solution, IJ '' Sulphate of Quinine, 128 grains. Citric Acid, 10 ^' Simple Eilxir to make, 1 pint. Mix and filter. Each dram contains one grain of Quinine, five drops of Fowler's Solution, and one sixty-fourth grain of Strychnine. Used with great benefit in skin diseases and as a tonic. Elixir of Beef. Extract of Beef, 1 ounce. Warm Water, 1 " Simple EHxir, 14 '' Dissolve the extract of Beef in the warm water, add enough simple elixir to complete one pint and filter. Given as astimulent during recovery from fevers etc. Elixir of Beef and Iron. Citrate of Iron and Ammonia, 64 grains. Elixir of Beef, 1 pint. 8o ELIXIRS. Dissolve the Iron in warm water and add the EKxir, then filter. Each tablespoonful contains one ounce of Beef. Elixirs of Beef and Iron will be found valuble where inability to readily digest food exists, and where a stimulant is required. Each tablespoonful is said to contain the nutritive qualities of one ounce of Beef. Elixir Blue Flag. Fluid Extract Blue Flag, 2 ounces. Simple Elixir to make 1 pint. Add the fluid extract to the simple elixir and filter. Dose: One to two tablespoonfuls. Uses: Cathartic, emetic, diuretic. Elixir Black Haw. Black Haw Bark (of the Boot) 4 ounces. Alcohol, 4 Water, 8 '' Glycerine, 2 " Simple Elixir to make 1 pint. Percolate the Black Haw in coarse powder with Alcohol and water until you have six ounces of per- colate; then add glycerine and elixir, and filter. Dose: From one to two teaspoonfuls. Uses. Said to be a specific in threatened abortion. Elixir of Bismuth. Citrate of Bismuth and Ammonia, 256 grains. Warm Distilled Water, 1 fl. ounce. Aqua Ammonia, Q. S., to neutrahze. Simple Elixir, 15 fl. ounces. Dissolve the Bismuth in the warm water adding the ammonia drop by drop until the solution is clear. ELIXIRS. 8i Add the Elixir and filter. Each fluid dram contains 2 grains soluble Citrate of Bismuth. Properties: Antispasmodic absorbant tonic. Use: In dyspepsia cardialgis. Dose: Teaspoonful often repeated. Elixir Bismuth, Strychnia and Iron. Citrate of Iron and Ammonia, 256 grains. Citrate of Bismuth and Ammonia, 128 ^' Hall's Solution of Strychnia, 2 ounces. Simple Elixir, Q. S., to make 1 pint. Dissolve the Iron and Ammonia in a little warm water, and after rubbing the Bismuth in a mortar add a little hot water to it. Add the two solutions to the elixir and lastly the strychnia and filter. Each fluid dram contains two grains of Iron, one of Bismuth and l-6Ith grain of Strychnia. Properties: Antispasmodic, Tonic, Sedative. Uses: Very useful in passive diarrhea, pyresis and affections of the bowels generally. Dose: One tablespoonful. Alterative Elixir. Black Cohosh, 1 ounce. Blood Boot, J '' Poke Boot, . 1 dram. Elder Flowers, IJ ounces. Sassafras Bark, 1^- ^' Spikenard Boot, IJ *' Alcohol, 4 Water 4 Simple Elixir to make 1 pint. Macerate the drugs with alcohol and water, and after a few days tranfser to percolator. ELIXIRS. Percolate until clear then add simple elixir. Dose. One to two teaspoonfuls. Used in the treat- ment of Scrofula, Syphilis, Rheumatism, and impuri- ties of the blood. Elixir Bromide of Ammonia. Bromide of Ammonia, 10 drams. Simple Elixir to make 1 pint. Dissolve the Bromide in the Elixir and filter. Dose. Teaspoonful. Each fluid dram contains five grains Bromide of Ammonia. Useful in nervous complaints. Elixir Call saya Bark Detannated. Calisaya bark in fin( 3 powder. 24 ounces. Bitter Orange Peel, IG " Coriander Seed, 4 " Cardamon Seed, 1 ounce. Ceylon Cinnamon, 3 ounces Anise Seed, 1 ounce. Exhaust the powdered drugs with a mixture of one part by measure of Alcohol and three of water so as to obtain twenty pints of percolate. From six pints of the officinal solution of tersulphate of Iron, prepare hydrated oxide of Iron ; wash it well, measure it, and to every four measures add one measure of Alcohol, then add of this to the percolate sufficient to deprive it of its cincho tannic acid. The absence of the latter will be ascertained by adding a drop of tincture of Iron to filtered portion. If coloration is exhibited add oxide of Iron to completely detannate. As soon as result is obtained throw in a muslin strainer and when the liquid ceases to pass, the residue is washed on the strainer with sufficient of a mixture of one measure of alcohol and three of water to make the strained ELIXIRS. 83 liquid equal to five gallons. The elixir is then finished in the usual manner by adding two gallons of syrup. Both the methods here given have their advocates, and the only solution of this question is to try both and take your choice. Elixir Calisaya Bark. (Detannated ) Calisaya Bark, coarse powder, 640 grains. Percolating Menstruum, • 1 pint. Sugar, 6 ounces. Prepared Flavoring, 1 ounce. Percolate the powder with the percolating men- struum until 13 ounces are obtained; to this add one ounce white of egg to deprive it of cincho tannic acid; the absence of the latter is readily ascertained by a drop of muriate tincture of iron. A filtered portion of the liquid treated this way should not be colored by such admixture. Should coloration result the degree of faintness w^ill serve as a guide to the further quan- tity of albumen necessary to completely detannate the preparation. We can lay down no absolute rule as to the necessary amount of albumen to use in detannat- ing, as it depends on the astringent quality of the bark. Should too much albumen be used, p)recipitate with five grains citric acid and where too much acid is used filter through Magnesium. Lastly add the sugar and prepared flavoring. Dose: One to two teaspoonfuls. Elixir Calisaya with Hypophosphites. Hypophosphite of Calcium, 256 grains. Hypophosphite of Sodium, 256 " Fluid Extract Calisaya, 2 ounces. Simple Elixir, 14 84 ELIXIRS. Eub the salts very fine and dissolve in separate por- tions of elixir and filter. Each fluid dram contains about five grains Calisaya and two grains each of the hypophosphites. Properties : Tonic and antiperiodic. Uses: Extensively used in tuberculosis and as a remedy for defects in the osseous system and as a remedy in Phthisis. Dose : Teaspoonf ul. Elixir Calisaya with Lactophosphateof Lime. Solution Phos. Lime, (see solutions) 1 ounce. Fluid Extract Calisaya Bark, 2 ounces. Simple Elixir, 14 '' Mix and filter. Each fluid dram contains one grain of Lactophos- phate of Lime and about five grains of Calisaya bark. Properties: Tonic, antiperiodic. Uses : In Tuberculosis and defects in the osseous system, and as a remedy in Phthisis. Dose : One teaspoonful. Elixir Belladonna. Tincture Belladonna, 2f ounces. ■ Simple Elixir to make, 1 pint. Mix and filter. Each fluid dram contains about ten drops of the tincture. Properties : Powerful narcotic diaphoretic and di- uretic. Use: In dropsy, neuralgia, headache, pertusses. ' Dose : One teaspoonful repeated as needed ELIXIRS. 85 Elixir Cartiiartic Cempouud. Calisaya Bark, moderate fine powder, 2 ounces. Butternut, the inner bark of the root dried and bruised, 2 " Senna, 2 Dried Peppermint^ 1 ounce. Fennel Seed bruised, 1 " Black Cherry Bark, powdered, 1 " Poplar Park!^ 1 " Alcohol, 1 quart. Distilled Water, 1^- quarts. Simple Elixir, Ij pints. Digest for 14 days, and filter. Uses : A good laxative and cathartic. Dose : One tablespoonful once a day. Elixir Chloral Hydrate and Bromide of Potassium. Chloral Hydrate, 640 grains. Bromide of Potassium, 384 '' Simple Elixir, 1 pint. Dissolve the Chloral Hydrate and the Bromide in the Elixir and filter. Each fluid dram contains five grains of Chloral and three grains of Bromide of Po- assium. Properties : Hypnotic, anodyne, nervous sedative. Uses : In melancholse insomnia. Dose : One to two teaspoonfuls. Elixir Chestnut Leaves. Fluid Ext. Chestnut Leaves, 4 ounces. Simple Elixir, 1 pint. Mix and filter. Each fluid dram contains about fifteen drops of the extract. Properties. Tonic and astringent. Use : In intermittents and whooping cough. Dose : One to three teaspoonfuls. S6 ELIXIRS. Elixir of Calisaya or Cinchonia made from the Alkaloids, Sulphate of Quinine, " Cinchonia, 'u ic Cinchonidia, Citric Acid, Alcohol, Boiling Water, Simple Elixir, Dissolve the acid in two drachms which add the Alcohol, and to this Quinine, Cinchonia and Cinchonidia, then add the re- mainder of the hot water; lastly add the simple Elixir. Color to suit. When this Elixir is to he used with any of the iron preparations omit the coloring. Dose : One to three teaspoonfuls. b grams. 32 '' 17 '' 10 •' 2 ounces. 2 '' 2i '' of the water, to solution add the Elixir Dandelion Comp. Dandelion Boot, 6 ounces. Wild Cherry, 4 " (rentian Root, 1 ounce. Orange Peel, 2 ounces. Cinnamon Bark, 1 ounce. Coriander Seed, 1 '• Anise Seed, 2 drachms. Caraway Seed, 2 " Licorice Boot, 2 Simple Syrup, 1 ounce. Alcohol Water of each. Sufficient. Exhaust the powdered drugs by percolation with enough of^a mixture of one volume of Alcohol to three of water to obtain six pints and one-half of ])ercolate; mix this with the Simple Syrup and filter. This Elixir will be found an excellent preparation in which to administer quinine and to disguise its taste. ELIXIRS. 87 Elixir Muriat3 of Ammonia. Muriate of Ammonia (powdered), 640 grains. Simple Elixir, 1 pint. Dissolve the Ammonia in the Elixir and filter. Dose : Teaspoonful. Each fluid drachm contains five grains of Ammonia. Elixli' Areca Nut and Male Fern. Fluid Extract Areca Nut, 1 ounce. " " Pomegranate Boot, i^ " Kooso, , i " Male Fern, i " Glycerine, 2 ounces. Simple Elixir, to make 1 pint. Mix and filtter if necessary. Elixir Valerianate of Ammonia. Valeranate of Ammonia in Crystals, 256 grains. Cochineal Coloring, i Fl. dr'm. Simple Elixir, 15i ounces. Dissolve the Ammonia in two ounces of the Elixir and carefully add Water of Ammonia until the solu- tion is exactly neutral to test paper, then add balance of Simple Elixir and coloring. Dose : Teaspoonful. Each fluid, drachm contains two grains Valerianate Ammonia. Elixir Pepsin. SaccharatedPepsine, 256 grains. Muriatic Acid, q. s. Glycerine, 2 ounces. Simple Elixir, to make 1 pint. Shake the Pepsine in a portion of the Elixir and add sufficient Muriatic Acid — about two drachms. When all is dissolved add the Glycerine and balance of Elixir and filter. ELIXIRS. Eacli fluid drachm contains two grains of Pepsine. Uses: For indigestion, dyspepsia, vomiting in preg- nancy. Dose : One to three teaspoonfuls. Elixir Pepsin and Bismuth. Citrate of Bismuth and Ammonia, 256 grains. Warm Distilled Water, 1 ounce. Water of Ammonia, q. s. Elixir of Pepsine, 15 ounces. Dissolve the Bismuth in the warm water, adding aqua ammonia sufficient to neutralize. Mix with Elixir and filter. Each fluid drachm contains two grains each, Pepsine and Bismuth. Uses: Indigestion, dyspepsia, cholera infantum. Dose : One to two teaspoonfuls. Elixir Pepsin and Strychnia. Hall's Solution of Strychnia, 2 fl. ounces. Elixir Pepsine, 14 '' '' Mix. Each fluid drachm contains 1-64 grain Strychnia and two grains Pepsine. Uses: Increases the appetite, aids digestion and valuable in diarrhoea. Dose : One teaspoonful, can increase to two. Elixir Pepsin, Bismuth and Strychnia. Citrate of Bismuth and Ammonia, 256 grains. Hall's Solution of Strychnia, 2 ounces. Warm Water, 1 ounce. Elixir Pepsine, 13 ounces. Dissolve the Bismuth in the Ammonia by the aid of a few drops of Aqua Ammonia. Mix and filter. Each ELIXIRS. fluid drachm contains two grains each of Bismuth and Pepsine, and 1-64 of a grain of Strychnia. Uses : It has been found very useful in dyspepsia, gastralgia and in all the numerous disorders depending on want of tone and vigor of the stomach and diges- tive organs. Dose : One teaspoonful. Elixir Pepsin« Bismuth and Iron. Citrate of Iron and Ammonia, 256 grains. Elixir Pepsine and Bismuth, 1 pint. Dissolve the Iron in hot water • add the Elixir and filter. Each fluid drachm contains two grains each of Pepsine, Bismuth and Iron. Uses : Same as previous formula. Dose : One teaspoonful. Elixir Pepsin, Bismuth, Iron and Strychnia. Citrate of Bismuth and Ammonia, 256 grains. Citrate of Iron and Ammonia, 256 " Hall's Solution of Strychnia, 2 ounces. Elixir Pepsine q. s., to make 1 pint. Eub the Bismuth to a fine powder and add it gradually to about one ounce of hot water, then add a few drops of Aqua Ammonia to make clear. Dis- solve the Iron in one ounce of hot water. Mix and filter. Each fluid drachm contains two grains each of Bis- muth,Iron and Pepsine and 1-64 of a grain of Strychnia. Uses : Same as Elixir Pepsine, Bismuth and Strychnia. Dose : One teaspoonful. 90 ELIXIRS. Elixir Pepsin, Iron and Strychnia, Hall's Solution of Strychnia, 2 ounces. Citrate of Iron and Ammonia, 256 grains. Elixir of Pepsine, 14 ounces. Mix and filter. Each fluid drachm contains 1-64 of a grain of Strych- nia and two grains each of Pepsine and Iron. Dose : One teaspoonful. Elixir Pepsin and Quinia Sulphate of Quinia, 256 grains. Aromatic Sulphuric Acid, q. s. Elixir of Pepsine, 1 pint. Dissolve the Quinia in just enough Acid to cut it. Add the Elixir of Pepsine and filter. Each fluid drachm contains two grains each of Quinia and Pepsine. Dose : One teaspoonful. Elixir of Pepsin, Bismuth, Iron and Caiisaya. Fluid Extract of Caiisaya, 2 ounces. Citrate of Bismuth and Ammonia, 256 grains. Citrate of Iron and Ammonia, 128 " Saacharated Pepsine 256 '* Water, 2 ounces. Simple Elixir, 12 '' Kub the Pepsine with the water and allow it to stand for two or three days, then dissolve the Bismuth and Ammonia in water with the help of a few grains of Car- bonate of Ammonia. Eub the Iron and Ammonia wdth the Elixir until dissolved. Mix the two solutions with the Caiisaya and allow to remain for a few days undisturbed, and filter if necessary. Dose : Teaspoonful ELIXIRS. 91 Elixir Pyrophosphate of Iron Sulphate of Quinine, Citric Acid, Pyropliosphate of Iron, Aqua Ammonia, Simple Elixir, to make and Quinine. 128 grains. 20 '' 256 ^' Q. S. 1 pint. Dissolve in the Elixir, in two portions, the Citric Acid and the Quinine. Mix gradually and allow to stand a short time. Lastly dissolve the Iron in a little hot water and mix very slowly. In order to clarify add a few drops Aqua Ammonia very slowly. Each drachm contains one grain Quinine and two of Pyrophosphate of Iron. Uses: Yery useful in general debility and inter- mitt ant fevers. Dose : Teaspoonful. Elixir of Quinia. Sulphate of Quinia, 128 grains. Citric Acid, 20 '' Aqua Ammonia, q. s. Simple Elixir, to make 1 pint. Take two portions of the Elixir, in one dissolve the Citric Acid and in the other dissolve the Quinia by rubbing in a mortar. Mix the solutions and add the balance of Elixir. Add a few drops Aqua Ammonia to make the solution clear, adding just sufficient to clarify. Use a little test paper. It is a good plan to mix the Aqua Am- monia with about twice as much Elixir before adding it to the solution. Dose : One to two teaspoonfuls. 92 ELIXIRS. Elixir Rhubarb Columbo and Iron. Ehubarb in coarse powder, 640 grains. Columbo in coarse pwder, 640 '' Pyrophosphate of Iron, 128 '' Warm Water, 1 ounce. Sugar. 6 ounces. Citric Acid, q. s. Diluted Alcohol, 15 Prepared Flavoring, 1 ounce. Percolate the powders with the dilute alcohol until 14 ounces are obtained ; remove the tannin with q. s. albumen and citric acid, then add the sugar and pre- pared flavoring and finally add the iron previously dis- solved in hot water, and filter. Each fluid dram contains five grains each of Rhu- barb and Columbo and one grain of the hypophos- phate of iron. Properties. Purgative, stomachic. Uses. Dyspepsia, chronic diarrhoea, and Dysentery. Dose. One teaspoonful. Elixir Valerianate of Ammonia with Quinine. Sulphate of Quinine, 128 grains. Elixir Valerianate of Ammonia, 15 fl. ounces. Filter if necessary. Dose. Teaspoonful. Each fluid dram contains 2 grains Valerianate of Ammonia and one grain Sulphate of Quinine. Uses. In neuralgia and diseases of the nervous sys- tem, such as hysteria, etc. Elixir Valerianate of Ammonia and Morphia. Elixir Valerianate of Ammonia, 16 ounces. Sulphate of Morphia, 16 grains-. ELIXIRS. 93 Kub the morphia with one ounce of the ehxir until dissolved then add remaining elixir. Dose. Teaspoonful. Each fluid dram contains two grains Valerianate of Ammonia and one-eighth grain Morphia. Uses. The same as Valerianate xlmmonia. Elixir Valerianate of Ammonia. CrystaHzed Valerianate of iVmmonia, 256 grains. Comp. Tinct. Cochineal, i fl. dr. Simple Elixir, loj ounces. Dissolve the Valerianate in t\^o ounces of the elixir, add water of ammonia, q. s., to neutralize^ then add the Cochineal and balance of Simple Elixir. Each fluid dram contains two grains of Valerianate of Ammonia. Properties. Antispasmodic and nervous stimulant. Uses. Intermittent and as a nervous tonic. Dose One to two teaspoonfuls. Elixir Gentian and Strychnia. Fluid Extract Gentian, 4 ounces. Hall's Solution Strychnia, 2 Simple Elixir to make 1 pinfc. Mix and filter. Each fluid dram contains 15 drops fluid extract Gentian and l-64th grain of Strychnia. Uses: Eecommended in diarrhoea, great general prostration and as a powerful tonic. Dose : Teaspoonful. Elixir Gentian Iron and Bismuth. Citrate of Bismuth and Ammonia, 256 grains. Elixir Gentian and Iron, 15 ounces. Dissolve the Bismuth in one ounce of hot water ; add the elixir and filter. 94 ELIXIRS. Each fluid diam contains two grains of Bismuth, one of Iron and three of Gentian. Uses : Same as Ehxir of Gentian and Bismuth. Dose : Teaspoonful. Elixir Iodide of Potassium. Iodide of Potassium, 512 grains. Simple Ehxir, 1 pint. Dissolve the Iodide in the elixir and filter. Each fluid dram contains four grains of Potassium. Uses: Highly recommended in Intermittent and Eemittent fevers where quinine cannot be tolerated. Dose : One to two teaspoonfuls. Elixir Gentian and Bismuth. Citrate of Bismuth and Ammonia, 384 grains. Elixir of Gentian, 1 pint. Dissolve the Bismuth by the aid of a little hot water, first rubbing to a fine powder in a mortar and clarifying by adding a few drops of aqua ammonia. Mix and filter. Each fluid dram contains three grains of Bismuth and Gentian each. Uses: In dyspepsia, diarrhoea, general debility, ^reat exhaustion, jaundice. Dose: Teaspoonful. Elixir Lactate of Iron, Solution Protoxide of Iron, (see solu- tions) 1 ounce. Concentrated Lactic Acid, 1^ drams. Simple Elixir to make 1 pint. Mix and filter. Each fluid dram contains nearly one grain of lacto citrate of iron. ELIXIRS. 95 Uses: Eecomm ended in chlorosis Anaemia and Amenorrhea. Dose : Teaspoonful. Elixir Lactophosphate of Iron and Lime. Solution Lactophosphate of Lime, Ij ounces. Solution Lactophosphate of Iron, i ounce. Solution Phosphoric Acid, ' 2 " Simple Ehxir to make, 1 pint. - Mix and filter. Each fluid dram contains two grains of the Iron and Lime combined. Uses : Recommended in deficient nutrition in the different forms of scrofula, phthisis and dyspepsia. Dose : Teaspoonful. Elixir Taraxicum Comp. . Fluid Extract Dandelion, 6 fl. drams. Fluid Extract Wild Cherry, 4 " Fluid Extract Gentian, 30 drops. Fluid Extract Liquorice, 30 '' Simple Elixir, 141- fl. ounces. Mix. Used in torpor and enlargement of the liver ; in uterine obstruction, jaundice and dropsy. Dose : One to two teaspoonfuls. Elixir iodide of Calcium. Iodide of Calcium, 256 grains. Simple Elixir, 1 pint. Dissolve the Iodide in in the elixir and filter. Each fluid dram contains two grains Iodide of Cal- cium. Uses : In Scrofula, Bronchoele and Chloresis. Dose : Teaspoonful. CHAPTEE X. MEDICATED SYRUPS, Memory Work. Def. — A syrup is a concentrated solution of sugar in water or aqueous liquid. There are three kinds of syrups . Simple, Medicated or Compound, and Flavoring Syrup. There are four officinal methods for preparing Syrups : Ist. — Solutions with heat. 2d. — Agitation without heat. 3d. — Simple addition. 4th. — Digestion or Maceration. There are thirty-four Syrups, divided into four classes, recognized in our Pharmacopoea of 1880. For a complete list of all officinal Syrups see Bemington's Pharmacy. A few practical hints in regard to making Medi cated Syrups may prove acceptable. Many of them are now made with Fluid Extracts. When such is the case, add the Fluid Extract to the Water, or whatever menstruum may be used, then filter clear; in the filtrate dissolve the Sugar, either by agitation or by means of a water bath, and strain. A nice clear Syrup is the result. In making Syrup of Ipecac or Syrup of Senega, it is a good plan to heat the Simple Syrup, before adding MEDICATED SYRUPS. 97 the Fluid Extract, and to clarify with a little Isinglass before the Medicated Syrup is strained. Clarification of Sugar for Syrups. When inferior Sugar is employed, clarification is always necessary. This is best done by dissolving the Sugar in the Water or Fruit Juices cold, and then beating up a little of the cold Syrup with some white of eggj and one or two ounces of cold Water until the mixture froths well ; this must be added to the Syrup in the boiler, and the whole whisked up to a good froth; heat should now be applied, and the scum which forms removed from time to time with a clean skimmer. As soon as the syrup begins to slightly simmer, it must be removed from the fire and allowed to stand until it has cooled a little, when it should be again skimmed, if necessary, and then passed through a clean flannel. When vegetable infusions or solutions enter into the composition of syrups, they should be rendered perfectly transparent, by fil- tration or clarification, before being added to the sugar. Filters for Syrups. Syrups are usually filtered on the large scale, by passing them through creased bag filters ; on the small scale, conical flannel bags are usually adopted. Thick syrups filter with difliculty, hence it is a good plan to dilute them before filtering, and afterwards evaporate them to the required consistency. For small quantities clarification involves less trouble than filtration. ■ To Make a Conical Filter. Take a square piece of flannel or Canton flannel, fold it diagonally, and sew two of the corresponding edges together, with an over-lap seam, leaving the other two edges open; then fold the open edge over, MEDICATED SYRUPS. siiificiently to make the opening level. This fold gives a considerable degree of stiffness to the open end. preventing the filter in some measure from col- lapsing. Professor Parrish, in his book on Practical Pharmacy, recommends the use of a conical wire frame, to support the filter. The frame is made to fit into the top of a suitable tin bucket, being sup- ported by a rim or flange around the top of the frame, projecting sufficiently to rest on the edge of the bucket. The filter must fit the frame. Quantity of Su^ar Used in Making Syrups. The proper quantity of Sugar for Syrups will, in general, be found to be two pounds avoirdupois to every pint of water or thin aqueous fluid. These pro- portions allow for the water that is lost by evapora- tion during the process, and are those best calculated to produce a syrup of the proper consistence, and pos- sessing good keeping qualities. They closely corres- pond to those recommended by Guibourt for the production of a perfect syrup, which, he says, consists of 30 parts sugar, to 16 parts Vv^ater. To make highly transparent syrups, the sugar should be in a single lump, and by preference taken from the bottom or broad end of the loaf; as, when taken from the smaller end, or if it be powdered or bruised, the syrup will be more or less cloudy. Amount of Heat to ba Employed in Making Syrups. In the preparation of Syrups it is of great impor- tance to employ as little heat as possible, as a solu- tion of sugar, even when kept at the temperature of boiling water, undergoes slow decomposition. The best plan is to pour the water (cold) over the sugar, and to allow the two to lie together for a few hours, in a covered vessel, occasionally stirring, and then to MEDICATED SYRUPS. 99 apply a gentle heat, preferably that of a steam or water bath, to finish the solution. Some persons (falsely) deem a syrup ill prepared unless it has been allowed to boil well ; but if this method be adopted, the ebullition should be only of the gentlest kind (simmering), and should be checked after the lapse of one or two minutes. When it is necessary to thicken a Syrup by boiling, a few fragments of glass should be introduced, in order to lower the boiling point. In boiling Syrups, if they appear likely to boil over, a little oil, or rubbing the edge of the pan with soap, will prevent it. Syrups are judged by the manufac- turer to be sufficiently boiled, when some taken up in a spoon pours out like oil; or a drop cooled on the thumb nail gives a proper thread when touched. When a thin skin appears on blowing upon the syrup, it is judged to be completely saturated. These rude tests often lead to errors, which might be easily prevented by employing the proper proportions, or determining the specific gravity. Table of Specific Gravities of Syrups. The degrees of Baume here given are those of his heavy saccharometer. Sugar in 100 parts. Specific Gravity. Degrees Baume. 1.000 0^ 5 1.020 3 10 1.040 6 15 1.062 8 20 1081 11 25 1.104 13.5 30 1.12ofeach2 " " Licorice, (coarse) J Oil Sassafras, > ^^ ^^^^ ^ ^ Oil Anise, ) Oil Gaultheria, 3 drops. Sugar (coarse), 96 Troy ounces. . Dilute Alcohol, q. s. Mix the solid ingredients, except the sugar, with three pints of dilute alcohol, and allow this to stand for twenty-four hours, transfer to percolator and pour on dilute alcohol until ten pints of tincture have passed. Evaporate this with water-bath to four pints; filter. Add sugar and dissolve by gentle heat, and strain while hot. Lastly, rub oils with a small portion of mixture, and mix them thoroughly with the remainder. Uses. — Sarsaparilla, wdien given alone, is of little value as a medicine, popular belief to the contrary notwithstanding. It is, however, a convenient vehicle for the administration of Iodide of Potassium, and is much used in the treatment of scrofula, syphilis and other blood diseases. Dose. — A Tablespoonful. Syrup Hypophosphites of Manganese. Sulphate of Manganese, 240 grains. Hypophosphite of Calcium, 160 Water sufficient. Orange Flower Water, 1 ounce. Sugar, 2 pounds MEDICATED SYRUPS. 103 Dissolve the manganese and calcium separately in sufficient water. Mix. Then wash the precipitate evaporate the filtrate to one pint, dissolve in this the sugar, by the aid of a gentle heat, and add orange flower water. Each drachm contains two and one- third grains hypophosphite of manganese. Uses. — May be given in scrofula, obstinate ulcers and syphilis. Dose. — One teaspoonful. Syrup Iodide of Iron and Quinine* Iodine, 75 grains. Iron Filings, 30 Water, 5 drachms. Simple Syrup, 36 ounces, avoir. Sulphate of Quinine, 15 grains. Aromatic Sulph. Acid, sufficient. Digest the iron filings with the iodine -and water at a gentle heat, until the solution is colorless ; filter it into the simple syrup; mix well, and add it to the quinine solution. Uses. — May be used with success in scrofula and kindred diseases. Dose. — One-half to one teaspoonful. Syrup Iodide of Iron- Iodine (dry) 960 grains. Warm Distilled Water, 3 ounces. Iron Filings, sufficient, or 300 grains. Syrup, sufficient. Dissolve the dry iodine in the warm water, in a matrass, add the filings to the mixture, and shake un- til it has acquired a green color and has lost all its smell of iodine. Filter the solution and mix the sim- 450 grains. 500 grains. 25i ounces. 47 a 6 drachms. 104 MEDICATED SYRUPS. pie syrup. The finished product is to measure twenty fluid ounces. Uses. — Same as preceeding formula. Dose. — Ten drops to one teaspoonful. Syruo Lactophosphate of Lime. Bibasic Phosphate of Lime, Concentrated Lactic Acid, q. s. or about Distilled Water, White Sugar, Essence of Lemon, Carefully divide the phosphate in the distilled water, add the acid in quantity just sufficient to dis- solve the salt, and then add the sugar. This being dissolved without heat, or a very gentle one, strain the syrup, and, when cold, add the essence of lemon. Each fluid drachm contains nearly three grains of bibasic phosphate of lime. Uses. — May be given in some cases of dyspepsia, or in scrofula and caries. Dose — One or two teaspoonfuls. Syrup Lactophosphate of Lime and Pepsin. Syrup Lactophosphate of Lime, 1 pint. Powdered Pepsin, 256 grains. Dissolve the pepsin in a portion of the syrup, add to remaining syrup, and after two days filter. Each fluid drachm contains about three grains of lime and two grains of pepsin. Uses. — Same as preceding. Dose. — One or two teaspoonfuls. MEDICATED SYRUPS. 105 Syrup Lactophosphate of Lime No. 2. Concentrated Lactic Acid, 1 Troy ounce. Magma of Phosphate Lime, sufiicient. Orange Flower Water, Ij fluid ounces. Water enough to complete, 8 " " Sugar, 11 ounces. Dissolve in the lactic acid as much of the phosphate as it will take up ; add the water, filter and dissolve the sugar in the filtrate without heat. Dose.— One to three teaspoonfuls. Syrup Chloroform. Chloroform, 20 drops. Alcohol, 90 minims. Simple Syrup, 3 ounces. Mix the chloroform and the alcohol, and to the solu- tion add the simple syrup. A good addition to bitter mixtures and drops. Dose. — One or two teaspoonfuls could be given. Syrup Phosphate of Iron, Quinia and Strychnia. Sulphate of Iron, 5 drachms. Phosphate of Soda, 1 ounce. Sulphate of Quinine, 192 grains. Strychnia, - 4 '' Diluted Phos. Acid, 14 ounces. White Sugar, . 14 '^ Ammonia, sufficient. Sulphuric Acid, " Dissolve the sulphate ofiron in one ounce of boiling water, and the soda in two ounces; mix the solutions and washthe precipitated phosphate of iron until the washings are tasteless. With sufficient aro. sul. acid dissolve the quinine in two ounces of water, and pre- cipitate the quinine with the slightest possible excess io6 MEDICATED SYRUPS. of ammonia. Wash carefully the precipitated alka- loid. Dissolve in the phosphoric acid the iron, the quinine and the strychnia ; then add the sugar, and, lastly, dissolve it without heat. Care should he taken that nothing but the absolute, pure, tribasic phos- phoric acid is used, that which is obtained from phosphorus. Each fluid drachm contains one grain of quinine, and 1-32 of a grain of strychnia. Uses. — An exellent nerve tonic. Dose. — One teaspoonful, three or four times daily. Syrup Hypophosphite Compound. Iron pyrophosphate grs. 15 Sodium hypophosphite " 45 Manganese " or sulphate '' 15 Quinine sulphate " 5 Strychnine(dissolved) " i Syrup sufficient to make fi. ounces 16 Dissolve by trituration in a warm mortar without the additon of acid. Syrup of Hypophosphites of Potassium and Sodium. The following formula makes a good syrup, contain- ing the salts in the usual proportions prescribed: Hypophosphite of calcium ! Ij ^ Hypophosphite of sodium i^ Critic acid : 2 5 Water 20 fl. E Orange-flower water .... 1 fl. ^ Sugar 25 E Dissolve the hypophosphites by gradually triturat- ting them with cold water in a mortar ; should there remain (as is usually the case), a trifling quantity of MEDICATED SYRUPS. 107 the salts undissolved, let tlie solution settle, pour off nearly the whole of it, and add to the residue the citric acid, which will cause complete solution. Then filter, add the sugar, and dissolve it by agitation with- out heat. Strain, and finally add the orange-flower water. Compound Syrup of Hypophosphites— (Compound Hypophosphites.) Hypophosphite of calcium grains 256 '^ potassium. '' 128 ''sodium '' 128 '' '' manganese " 16 Solution of hypophosphite of iron, minims 96 Sulphate of Quinine grains 8 Fluid ext. of nux vomica fluidram i Sugar av. ounces 12 Water fluidounces 7 Hydrochloric acid a sufficient quantity Syrup enough to make fluidounces 16 Dissolve the solid hypophosphites in the water, add the sugar, and shake until it is dissolved. Mix the sulphate of quinine with about 1 fi. oz. of the solution^ and add enough hydrocholoric acid (about 3 drops) to dissolve it. Then mix it with the rest of the solution, add the fluid extract of nux vomica, and finally enough syrup to make 16 fluidounces. Each fluidram contains 2 grains of hypophosphite of calcium ; 1 grain each of hypophosphite of potassium and sodium; i grain each of hypophosphite of iron and manganese, and smaller quantities of bitter alkaloids. Note — The syrap should not be confounded with the Syrupus Hypophosphitum (Syrup of the Hypophos- phites) of the U.S. Phar. 1880. io8 MEDICATED SYRUPS. Syrup Calcium and Sodium Lactophosphates. Calcium phosphate grains 180 Sodium phosphate " 90 Lactic acid ^' 400 Orange flower water fi. oz. 1 Sugar, granulated ounces 10 Hydrochloric acid, ammonia water each sufficient. Water sufficient to make 11. oz 16 In the lactic acid dissolve the calcium phosphate, previously precipitated by ammonia from its acid soul- tion as directed in the officinal formula for syrup cal- cium lactophosphate ; to the solution add the sodium phosphate and the orange flower water, and water sufficient to make 10 fluid ounces. Filter the solution ; in the flltrate dissolve the sugar without the aid of heat, and finally strain the syrup and add sufiicient water to measure 16 fluid ounces. Syrup Morphia, Compound- Fluid Extract Ipecac, i drachm. Syrup of Senega, 3 drachms. Syrup of Khubarb, 4 " Simple Syrup, 31 ounces. Muriate Morphia, 8 grains. Ess. of Sassafras, q. s. to flavor. Mix. This is known as Jackson's Cough Syrup. Dose. — One or two teaspoonfuls, as required. Syrup Acetate Morphia. Acetate Morphia, , 4 grains. Clarified Syrup. 1 pound. Mix the Morphia with a small quantity of water, and when dissolved add to the syrup. Dose. — For adults, from one to four drachms. MEDICATED SYRUPS. 109 Syrup Sulohate Morphia. Sulphate of Morphia, 4 grains. Clarified Syrup, 1 pound. Mix the morphia with a small quantity of water, and when dissolved add to syrup. Dose. — For adults, from one to four drachms. Syrup Hypophosphites, Compound of Lime, Soda, Pctassa and Iron. Hypophosphite of Lime 256 grains. Hyphophosphite of Soda, 172 Hypophosphite of Potassa-, 128 " Proto. Sulphate of Iron, 185 " Hypophosphorous Acid, 9 fl. drs. Sugar 12 Troy ozs. Water, sufficient. Dissolve 96 grains of the lime in four ounces of water, with the aid of heat, and acidulate the solution with a small portion of the acid. Dissolve the Iron in two ounces of water and mix the two solutions ; let stand for a short time, and pour into a paper filter with a small quantity of water, acidulate as before, and pre- serve the filtrate. Dissolve the remaining Lime, with the other hypophosphites, in four fluid ounces of water, with the aid of heat, adding the remaining acid. Mix the solutions and preserve the filtrate, adding sufficient water to complete 10 ounces, and pour the liquid into a bottle containing the sugar. Agitate the mixture, occasionally, until the solution is complete ; filter if necessary. This is the formula adopted by the Pharmaceutical Association. Each teaspoonful contains 3 4-5 grains of Lime 2 3- 20 grains of soda, 1 3-5 grains Potassa. Uses — A remedy highly valued by physicians in the MEDICATED SYRUPS. treatment of dyspepsia, pulmonary phthisis, sexual debility, and all those diseases where there are wasted tissues and a lack of vital force. Dose. — One teaspoonful, two or three times daily. Syrup HypoDhosphites, Compound of Iron, Quinine, and Strychnia Ferrous Oxide, 320 grains. Quinine, pure, 64 *' Strychnia, 1 grain. Hypophosphorous Acid, 10 drachms. White Sugar, 2 ounces. Orange Flower Water, suf. for 8 " Dissolve the Ferrous Oxide, the Quinine, and the Strychina in the Hypophosphorous Acid, add the sugar and sufficient Orange Flower water to com- plete themeasure of 8 ounces. Each teaspoonful contains 5 grains of Oxide of Iron, one grain of Quinine, and 1-64 grain of Strychine. Uses. — An excellent tonic. Dose. — One teaspoonful, three times daily for an adult. Syrup of Sarsaparilla with Iodide of Calcium, Com. Fid. Ext. Sarsaparilla, 4 ounces. Iodide of Calcium, 2 drachms. Boiling Water, 3 ounces. Syrup, 14 Extract Vanilla, q. s. Rub the Calcium with the boiling water, until the solution becomes white. Filter the solution from the precipitate, and add the extract and syrup, ^mix and flavor with the Vanilla. Each fluid drachm contains nearly one grain of calcium, and about 4^ drops of Sar- saparailla. Uses : Given in erysipelas, scrofula, etc. Dose: One to three teaspoonfuls. MEDICATED SYRUPS. iii Syrup Manna. Flake Manna, 10 ounces. Hot Water, 12 Make a solution, strain and add Sugar, 1 pound. Dissolve by a gentle heat. Uses. — This is an elegant laxative. Dose. — A tahlespoonful, or more. Syrup of Lemon. Lemon Juice, fresh strained 1 pint. Sugar, in coarse powder, 48 ounces. Water, 1 pint. Mix the Lemon Juice and water together, add the sugar, dissolve it by a gentle heat, strain while hot. Syrup Black Snake Root, Compound. Black Snake-Root, l^- ounces. Wild Cherry, 2i " Ipecac Root, i ounce. Ext. Licorice, powered, i Simple Syrup, 16 ounces. Bruise the Snake-Root and Ipecac fine, and saturate with eight ounces of Alcohol for twenty-four hours ; transfer to a percolator and run through two pints of diluted Alcohol. Evaporate to one pint by water-bath, then add the syrup and Licorice. Lastly, take the Wild Cherry, moderately fine, put in a percolator and run eight ounces of cold water through. Mix to- gether and shake well. Uses : This is a good method of administering the Black Cohosh. It is given in chronic bronchitis, Chorea, a tonic, amenorrhoea, etc. Dose : One-half to one tahlespoonful. MEDICATED SYRUPS. Syrup Pinus, Compound. White Gum Turpentine, 2 drachms. Sulphate of Morphia, 8 grains. Fluid Ext. Ipecac, J ounce. Chloroform, 1 drachm. Sugar, 14 ounces. Water, 6 x\lcohol, 3 Carbonate of Magnesia, q. s. Dissolve the Gum Turpentine in the Alcohol, add the Ipecac and Morphia, rub well with the Magnesia, add the sugar and Avater, filter, and, lastly, add the Chloro- form . This is a valuable addition to cough syrups. Dose: One teaspoonful. Syrup Cod-Liver Oil. Cod-Liver Oil, 8 ounces. Gum Acacia, pulverized, 5 " Water, 12 Simple Syrup, 4 '' White Sugar, 24 Make an emulsion of the first four ingredients, and dissolve the sugur at a moderate heat, then add orange flower water, two ounces. Uses : A good mathod of giving Cod-liver oil, as it serves to partially mask the disagreeable taste. Dose : Two teaspoonfuls. Syrup Sulphate Quinine. Sulphate of Quinine, 64 grains. Aro. Sulph. Acid, q. s. Simple Syrup, 1 pint. DissolVe tli3 qumine in as small a portion of the Aro. Sulph. Acid as possible; add the syrup and filter. Each teaspoonful contains one-half grain of Quinine. MEDICATED SYRUPS. T13 Uses : A convenient and pleasant method of admin- istering Quinine to children. Dose : From one-half to two teaspoonfuls, accord- ing to age. Syrup Wild Ginger. Wild Ginger Koot, bruised, H ounces. Carbonate Potassium, 30 grains. Cochineal, bruised, 20 " Wine of Ipecac, 6 drachms. Alcohol, 80 per cent., 10 ounces. Water, 10 White Sugar, 24 Macerate for fourteen days, all except the sugar, express and filter through paper, adding dilute Alcohol to complete twenty ounces, then add the sugar to the solutions and dissolve without the aid of heat. Uses: Stimulant and diaphoretic. Given in low forms of febrile disease, and in colic. Valuble as an emmenagogue. Dose : One teaspoonful. Cox's Hive Syrup. (Syrup Squills Cornp.) Squills, in moderately coarse powder, 4 ounces. Seneka, " fine '' 4 ^' Tartrate of Antimony and Potassium, 48 grains. Sugar, coarse, 42 ounces. Dilute iVlcohol, ) Water, ( each a sufficient quantity. Mix the squills and seneka, and having moistened the mixture with half a pint of dilute alcohol allow it to stand for a day ; transfer to percolator, and pour the dilute alcohol on until three pints of tincture have passed. Boil for a few minutes ; evaporate by 114 MEDICATED SYRUPS. water-bath to half a pint, add fourteen ounces boUing water; filter. Dissolve the sugar in the filtered liquid; having heated the solution to a boiling pointy strain while hot ; then dissolve the antimony and potassium in the solution w^hile hot, and add boiling water sufficient, through the strainer, to measure three pints. Mix the whole thoroughly together. Uses.— An old favorite remedy; valuble in the croup of children, etc. Dose. — From ten drops to one drachm. Syrup Horse-radish. Grated Horse-radish, 11 ounces. Best White Sugar, 16 " Boiling Water, 8 Digest the Horse-radish in a covered vessel with the boiling water; strain and add the sugar. Uses. — May be given in cases of feeble appetite, flatulence, and gastric debility. Dose. — One or two teaspoonfuls. Syrup Quinine and Morphia. Sulphate of Morphia, 1 grain. Sulphate of Quinine, 128 grains. Aromatic Sulph. xlcid q. s., or 1 drachm. Flavoring, 1 ounce. Water, 17 ounces. Sugar, 16 " Dissolve the quinine with the Arom. Sulph. Acid, and add flavoring and the water, holding the morphia in solution, mix and percolate the sugar with the mixture until dissolved. Each fluid drachm contains one grain of quinine, and one- eight grain of morphia. Uses. — May be given when the patient is unable to bear large doses of quinine. Dose. — The adult may take one teaspoonful. ^^lEDICATED SYRUPS. 115 Syrup Orange Peel. Fresh Orange Peel, 2^ ounces. Distilled Water, 2 pint. White Sugar, 3 pounds. Macerate the peel in the water for twelve hours in a covered vessel ; then to the decanted fluid add the sugar. Uses. — Chiefly as a vehicle to mask the taste of nauseous medicines. Dose. — One to two teaspoonfuls. . Syrup of Dover's Power. Macerate, for a few days, 6J: grains of pulverized opium in one ounce of wine of ipecac ; filter, and add to 16 ounces of simple syrup ; drive off excess of alco- hol by slightly heating; after, if you wish, add one ounce Sulp. Potass. ; dissolve in syrup and filter. Each teaspoonful is equivalent to five grains Dover's Powder. Syrup of Rhubarb, Aromatic. Fluid Extract Rhubarb, Arom., 2 ounces. Simple Syrup, 14 " Mix them. Uses. — Yaluable in bowel complaints of children. Dose. — Teaspoonful, to tablespoonful. Syrup of Squills. Vinegar of Squills, 1 pint. Sugar in coarse powder, 24 ounces. Dissolve the sugar in vinegar of squills, with the aid of a gentle heat, and strain while hot. Uses. — Given largely in coughs and whenever a diuretic and expectorant is required. Dose. — One-half to one teaspoonful. ii6 MEDICATED SYRUPS. Aromatic Syrup of Rhubarb. The following will be found a ready method of making an aromatic syrup of rhubarb : Bhubarb, in moderately fine powder, 6 ounces. Cloves, in moderately fine powder, 2J " Cinnamon, in fine powder, 2i " Nutmeg, in fine powder, f ounce. Percolate with a menstruum of Stronger Alcohol, 6 ounces. Water, 6 " Glycerine, 5 " until one pint has passed through. One fluid ounce of this extract mixed with fif- teen fluid ounces of syrup will make a pint of aro- matic Syrup of Ehubarb. Syrup of Tar. Pure Pine Tar, 1 ounce. Pine Sawdust, 1 *' Pure Kainwater, 4 ounces. Mix the tar with the sawdust and pour on it the water, heated to 140^ Fahr. ; shake occasionally, and after a few hours contact, filter or strain four ounces, and add syrup to make one pint. Flavor to suit. ■Qges^ — Highly prized by many in cases of chronic cough and soreness of the lungs. Dose. — One or two tablespoonfuls. Syrup Quinine, Morphia and Strychnine. Syrup Quinine and Morphia, 1 pint. Hall's Solution of Strychnia, 2 ounces. Mix. Each fluid drachm contains one and one-eighth grains of Quinine one-eighth grain of Morphia and one sixty-fourth grain of Strychnia. MEDICATED SYRUPS. riy Syrup of Senna Compound. Alexandria Senna, 4 Troy ounces. Jalap, 1^ " Bhubarb, 4 drachms. Cinnamon, 1 drachm. Cloves, 1 Nutmeg, 30 grains. Oil Lemon, 20 minims. Sugar, 24 Troy ounces. The first six articles are to be reduced to a coarse powder and exhausted with dilute xllcohol ; evaporate the liquor by water bath to eighteen fluid ounces and filter. Lastly add the sugar and oils. Uses : A pleasant and efficient laxative and cathartic. Useful in cases of habitual constipation. Dose : From one to three teaspoonfuls. Syrup Rhubarb and Potassa Comp, (Neutralizing Cordial.) Ehubarb, (^coarse powder) Carbonate Potassa, Golden Seal, (coarse powder) Cinnamon, Sugar, Brandy, Oil of Peppermint, Macerate the Ehubarb, Golden Seal and Cinnamon in half a gallon of the Brandy for six hours at a gentle heat, keeping it covered. Then transfer to a perco- lator and displace first with the remaining Brandy and afterwards with sufficient water to make one gallon. Add the Potassa, Sugar and Oil of Peppermint pre- viously rubbed with sufficient sugar; strain. Dose : For an adult a teaspoonful. Uses : This is a preparation in much favor r.s a 2 ounces. 2 '' 1 ounce. 1 '' 4 pounds. IgaL 20 drops. ii8 MEDICATED SYRUPS. remedy in cases of indigestion, sour stomach, habitual constipation and in some forms of diarrhoea of chil- dren. Syrup Strychnia. Hall,s Solution of Strychnia, 2 ounces. Prepared Flavoring, 1 ounce. Simple Syrup, 13 ounces. Mix. Add the solution to the syrup and lastly the flavoring. Each fluid drachm contains one-sixty-fourth grain of Strychnia. Uses : A good nerve tonic. Dose : One teaspoonful. Syrup Strychnia and Morphia. Hall's Solution of Strychnia, 2 ounces. Majendie's Solution Morphia, 1 ounce. Prepared Flavoring, 1 " Simple Syrup, 13 ounces. Mix. Add the two solutions to the syrup, lastly add prepared flavoring. Each flaid drachm contains one-sixty-fourth grain of Strychnia and one- eighth grain Morphia. Uses : Used extensively in nervous complaints ; in chronic diarrhoea and in cases of partial paralysis. Syrup of Licorice. Extract of Licorice oz. 1 Aqua Ammonia oz. 1 Alcohol oz. 8 Glycerine oz. 1 Sugar oz. 12 Water, a sufficient quantity. Directions : Thoroughly digest the Licorice in a MEDICATED SVRUPS. 119 mixture of Ammonia and eight (8) ounces of water; then add the Alcohol, agitate well and filter through paper ; concentrate the filtrate to about one half ; add the sugar and two (2) ounces of water, and boil until the odor of Alcohol or Ammomia is removed ; strain through muslin, adding enough hot water through the strainer to complete fifteen (15) ounces; finally add the Glycerine and mix w^ell. Kemarks : Glycyrrhizin is readily soluble in Ammo- niacal solutions ; much of the gum and starch of the extract of Licorice is precipitated by the alcohol. Boiling clarifies the syrup and removes albumen, while Glycerine dissolves the resins. MEDICATED WINES, Definition : Medicated Wines are liquid preparations with wine for the menstruum. The officinal wines are two in number — Wine of Antimony, Wine of Ipecac. They are prepared by extraction or solution. Two only are officinal. Per cent. r aloes 6 Vinum aloes \ cardamon 1 ' ginger 1 *' antimonii (Officinal) 4 ** aromatic — absinthium, lavender, origanum, rosemary, peppermint and sage, of each one part 6 " colchici radicis 40 " '' seminis 15 *' ergotse 15 " ferri amarum* — solution citrate iron and quinine 8 *' ferri citratis* — citrate iron and ammon 4 *' ipecacuanhge, (Officinal) 7 { opium 10 *• opii \ cinnamon 1 ' cloves 1 , . I rhubarb 10 '■^^M calamus 1 *In these only the proportion of active constituents are given. For complete formulas and processes see the U. S. P. each, J ounce. MEDICATED WINES. 121 Wine of Calisaya Bark. Peruvian Bark (powdered), 1 ounce. White Wine, 12 ounces. Digest and filter. Wine of Iron Aromatic. Iron Fihngs, 1 ounce. Lemon Juice, 3 ounces. Gentian, bruised. Cinnamon, Sherry Wine, 16 ounces. Digest the Iron Fihngs in the Lemon Juice for three days, add the other ingredients, decant and filter. Wine of Pepsin, Iron and Bismuth. Citrate of Iron and Ammonia, 128 grains. Wine of Pepsin and Bismuth, 1 pint. Dissolve the Iron in a little hot water, add the Elixir and filter. Dose : One to two teaspoonfuls. Wine of Tar. Tar, 1 ounce. Carbonate of Magnesia, 2 ounces. Simple Elixir, 4 " Sherry Wine, 1 pint. Rub the Tar with the Magnesia and then with a small quantity of the wine. Strain the Mixture and rub the residue with another portion of the Wine. Repeat this until the Tar is dissolved, then filter. Wine of Quinine. Bi-sulphate of Quinine, 18 grains. Citric Acid, 15 '' Orange Wine, 24 fl. ounces. Mix and filter. MEDICATED WINES. Wine of Calisaya, Iron and Strychnia. Sulphate of Quinine, 2 grains. Wine of Iron^ 1 pint. Dissolve the Strychnia with about thirty grains of Citric Acid in a sufficient quantity of hot water, then add the Wine of Iron and filter. Dose : Teaspoonful. Wine of Pancreatin. Pancreatin, powdered, 160 grains. Simple Elixir, 5 ounces. Best Sherry Wine, 11 Macerate the Pancreatin in the Elixir for twenty- four hours, then add the wine and filter. Dose: Teaspoonful. Wine of Wild Cherry. Fer rated. Wild Cherry hark, bruised, 12 ounces. Sesquioxide Iron, hydrated, J ounce. Sweet Almonds, 2 ounces. White Sugar, (( Citrate of Iron, 280 grains. Percolate the Cherry Bark with Alcohol and care- fully evaporate the Alcohohc tincture so as to expel the Alcohol. Add six ounces of water, also the hydrated Iron, macerate for six hours and filter into a bottle containing the Almond emulsion. When re- action has ceased, filter and add the sugar and Citrate of Iron with sufficient water to make the whole measure twenty-four fluid ounces. Wine of Pepsin. Pepsin, 160 grains. Sherry Wine, 4 ounces. Muriatic Acid, dilute, 1 drachm. Triturate Pepsin in Wine and Acid, then filter and add Sherry Wine to make sixteen ounces. MEDICATED WINES. 123 Wine of Wild Cherry. 5J ounces. 3 1 pint. 2 pints. Alcoholic Extract Wild Cherry, Sweet Almonds, Water, Sherry Wine, Beat the Almonds with the water to a paste,, rub down the extract with one-half pint of the Wine and mix in a close stoppered bottle. Macerate three days with occasional agitation, add the remaining wine and filter. Uses : As a tonic and sedative. Dose: Teaspoonful. Bitter Wine of Iron. Sulphate Cinchona, 6 drachms. Sulphate Quinine, 2 Citrate of Iron, 4 ounces. Citric Acid, 1 ounce. Sherry Wine, 4 pints. Alcohol, 1 pint. Orange Syrup, 1 " Dissolve the Sulphates and Citric Acid in Ij pints of hot water ; the Citrate of Iron in i pint of the same. Mix the solutions and add the other in- gredients. Wine of Beef and Iron, Liebigs Extract Beef, Allspice, Syrup, Citrate of Iron, Sherry Wine, to make Mix and proceed as in Bitter Wine of Iron. 1 ounce. i drachm. 2 ounces. 96 grains. 24 fl. ounces SYRUPS FOR SODA FOUNTAINS. Simple Syrup. Sugar, 40 pounds. Water, 4 gallons. Cooper's Isinglass, 1^ ounces. Heat the water sufficiently to melt the sugar. Dissolve the Isinglass separately in hot water, and add it to the syrup. Strain. Remark : The Isinglass is added to produce foam when the soda is drawn. Brown or Solution of Caramei. Crushed or Lump Sugar, 2 pounds. Put into a kettle that will hold from four to six quarts, with one -half tumbler of water. Boil until it is black; then take it off and cool with water, stirring it as you put in the water. This is used for coloring Soda- Syrups, Elixirs, etc., such as Vanilla, Sarsapar- illa, etc. Carmine Solution. Carmine. (No. 40) 2 drachms. Water of Ammonia, 1 ounce. Water, 7 ounces. Rub the Carmine to a fine powder in a mortar; dis- solve with the Aqua Ammonia. Keep in bottles corked tight. This is used to color Elixirs, Soda Syrups, etc. such as Strawberry. Remarks : This is incompatible with acids. SYRUPS FOR SODA FOUNTAINS. 125 Fruit Acid. Citric Acid, 4 ounces. Hot Water, 8 ounces. Dissolve. Syrup of Acid Phosphate, Horsford's Acid Phosphate, 4 fluid ounces. Simple Syrup, (25' B.) 1 gallon. Extract of Lemon, 2 fluid ounces. Mix. Brandy Syrup. Brandy, 2 pints. Simple Syrup, ix. J gallon. Banana Syrup. Banana Essence, 2 drachms. Tartaric Acid, 1 draclim. Simple Syrup, 6 pints. Beef Tea (Bouillon) with CeU 3ry. Extract of Beef, 1 pound. Arrowroot, 2 ounces. Salt, 4 Extract of Celery, 2 fl. ounces. Extract of Savory, W ' " Tincture of Capsicum, 1 '^ drachm Hot Water, 1 gallon. The Extract of Beef, Arrowroot, and salt, should be stirred into the hot water until dissolved, and when nearly cold the other extracts added. The capsicum may be dispensed with, and a substi- tute for the Extract of Celery can be found in the article known as ^' celery salt." 126 SYRUPS FOR SODA FOUNTAINS. Cream Syrup. Fresh Cream, ipint. Fresh Milk, i '' Powdered Sugar, 1 pound. Eemarks: Mix by shaking and keep in a cool place. The addition of a few grains of Bi- Carbonate of Soda will retard souring. Cinnamon Syrup. Oil of Cinnamon, 30 drops. Carbonate of Magnesia, GO grains. Water, 2 pints. Granulated Sugar, 50 ounces. Eemarks : Eub the oil first with the Carbonate of Magesia, then with the water gradually added and fil- ter through paper ; in the filtrate dissolve the sugar without heat. Coffee Syrup. Browned Coffee, (Mocha and Java equal parts) 1 pound. Sugar, 10 pounds. Boiling Water, 1 gallon. Percolate until one gallon infusion is obtained then add sugar. Diamond Syrup. Catawba Wine, 4 ounces. Brandy, 2 " Essence Cloves, k ounce. ^' Strawberry, i '' Orange, J " Pineapple, i " Eose, 1 " Mace, \ " Simple Syrup, 2 gallons. Mix. Color with Caramel. SYRUPS FOR SODA FOUNTAINS. 127 Syrup of Chocolate No I. Essence of Cocoa, (deprived of its butter) i pound. Syrup of Vanilla, (25^ B.) i gallon. Heat the syrup quite hot and stir in the powdered Cocoa until thoroughly incorporated. The syrup is now ready for use and will keep several days in a cool place ; a little gelatine can be added if more body is required. An attractive looking " head " can be placed on the beverage by whipping together powdered white sugar and white of eggs. This can be kept un- der the counter and added to the beverage at the last moment. Syrup of Chocolate Improved. Eowntree's Powdered Cocoa, 1 pound. Sugar, 9 pounds. Water, hot ' li- gallons. Foamingator, 12 ounces. Extract Vanilla, 3 " Make a smooth paste with cocoa and add hot water" then add sugar and use sufficient heat to dissolve. Strain while hot. When cold add foamigator and ex- tract Vanilla. Note : This formula was furnished by a gentleman who used it for five years with very best results. Syrup of Coffee for Hot Soda. Extract of Coffee, 1 part. Syrup, 25^ B. 31 parts. Mix. An elegant method of dispensing the tea and coffee is to put a small quantity of the extract in a cup or mug, drop in a block of sugar or add a small quantity of cream syrup (if cream is called for) and draw the hot soda water on it. 12; SYRUPS FOR SODA FOUNTAINS. Cinger Syrup. Tincture Gingei Simple Syrup, r. 2 fl. ounces. 4 pints. Mead Syrup. Extract of Mead, Fruit Acid, Honey, Simple Syrup, Mix. 3 ounces. i ounce. 2 pints. 6 '' Maple Sugar, Water, Maple SyruD. 4 pounds. 2 pints. Orange Syrup. Oil of Orange, 30 drops. Tartaric Acid, 4 drachms. Simple Syrup, . 1 gallon. Eemarks : Eub the Acid with the Oil and mix. Peach Syrup. Proceed in same manner as directed for Kaspberry. Pine Apple Syrup No. I. Pine Apple Juice, 1 gallon. Sugar, 15 pounds. Citric Acid, 2 ounces. Remarks : Dissolve the Acid in the Juice and boil with the sugar until no scum arises. Skim carefully and bottle the syrup while hot. Use six ounces pre- pared Fruit Juice to half gallon Simple Syrup. Note: Raspberry, Blackberry and Strawberry are also made as above. Pine Apple Syrup. Take one-half dozen ripe Pine Apples, peel off the exterior coating, reject the decaying parts, then with a knife sharpened with a file scrape the apples to a SYRUPS FOR SODA FOUNTAINS. pulp, put it in a porcelain kettle and if the apples are of good size and juicy, add two pounds of granulated sugar ; stir it well, cover and place it in a cool cellar for twenty-foar hours, then press out the juice, strain it into a porcelain kettle and add granulated white sugar Q. S. to make 'Q.vg lbs. to each gallon of juice ; then put it on a hot stove, heat to the boiling point as soon as possible, stirring often. When it boils set it off to partially cool, then remove the scum, bottle and seal. Your bottles should be clean, warm and dry, as for other fruit syrups. Rose Syrup. Essence of Hose, Simple Syrup, Mix. Color with Carmine. Solferino Syrup. Brandy, Simple Syrup, Mix. Sarsapariila Syrup. Simple Syrup, Essence Sarsapariila, Color with Sarsapariila color. Vanilla Syrup. Extract Yanilla, Fruit Acid, Simple Syrup, Remarks : Rub the Acid with some of the Syrup, and add the Extract of Yanilla and mix. Color with Caramel. Vanilla Cream Syrup. Extract Yanilla, 1 ounce. Simple Syrup, 3 pints. Cream or Rich Milk, 1 pint, Mix. May be colored with Carmine. 4 ounces. 1 gallon. 1 pint. 2 pints. 1 gallon. 4 drachms. 2 ounces. J ounce. 1 gfallon. I30 SYRUPS FOR SODA FOUNTAINS. Strawberry Syrup. Eemarks : Use Strawberries of a good flavor. Do not forget that if the Strawberries possess no flavor, you can not expect to obtain a syrup of good flavor. Avoid also rotten berries, because, unless you do, you may be sure to find as flavor the smell of rotten berries in your syrup. Mash the fruit in a barrel or other suitable vessel by means of a pounder, and leave the pulp from twelve to twenty-four hours, at a tem- perature between 70° and 80'^''. Stir occasionally; press ; set the juice aside for one night ; add for every pound avoirdupois of juice, one ounce avoirdupois of Cologne Spirits or Deodorized Alcohol; mix and set aside for another night and filter through paper. For one pound of the flavored juice take one pound of A sugar and heat to the boiling point, taking care to re- move from the fire or turn ofl the steam as soon as the mixture begins to boil ; remove the scum and bottle in perfectly clean bottles. Einse with a little Cologne Spirits. The Syrup is strong enough to be mixed with tw^o or three times its weight of Simple Syrup for the soda fountain. FLilYORING EXTRACTS. Extract of Coffee. Best Java Coffee, (finely ground) 12 ounces. Best Mocha '' " " 4 ^' Boiling Water, 1 pint. This should stand one hour in a covered vessel then be transferred to a percolator and one pint of extract obtained. Vanilla Extract. Alcohol, 10 gallons. Yanilla Beans, 3 pounds. Soft Water, 5 gallons. Glycerine, 2 pounds. Eemarks: Grind in a sausage cutter the beans, warm the Alcohol over a water bath, put in the beans and stir; add water and glycerine. Let stand for 7 days and filter. Cinnamon Extract. Alcohol, 10 gallons. Oil of Cassia, 8 ounces. Cil of Cinnamon, (True) 2 " Warm Water, ■ 5 gallons. Eemarks. — Proceed as for lemon, and color with red sandal and burnt sugar to the color of Cinnamon true- Sarsaparilla Extract. Alcohol, 10 gallons. Oil of Sassafras, 8 ounces. Oil of Wintergreen, 8 ** Warm Water, 5 gallons. Eemarks : Mix Oils and Alcohol, let stand twenty- four hours then add warm water and filter. 132 FLAVORING EXTRACTS. Ginger Extract. Alcohol, 8 gallons. Mace powdered, 1 pound. Essence of Ginger, 2 gallons. Warm Water, 4 •' Remarks: Mix the Alcohol and mace, and let stand twenty-four hours. Put in the essence and then the water. No color, hut it may he colored with burnt sugar. Lemon Extract. Alcohol, 10 gallons. Water, (soft) 4 " Oil of Lemon, 3 pounds. Remarks: Put the Oil into three gallons of the Alcohol, and let stand for twenty-four hours; then have your water warm and pour in one gallon, then one of Alcohol, then one half a gallon of water, then one gallon of Alcohol, and so on imtil Alcohol and water are gone. Be sure and put in the Alcohol last, let stand and filter through a felt hag kept for nothing hut lemon extract ; color to suit with yellow Aniline. This makes a good cheap extract. Peach Extract. Alcohol, 10 gallons. Concentrated Nectarine Ether, 2 pounds. '' Pineapple Ether, 1 pound. Oil of Orange Portugal, 2 ounces. Warm Water, 5 gallons. Glycerine, 2 pounds. Remarks : Mix the oil of Orange and Alcohol then add the ethers and then the warm water. Color with burnt sugar same as Pineapple. FLAVORING EXTRACTS. 133 Raspberry Extract. Alcohol, 5 gallons. Concentrated Easpberry Ether, 5 pounds. Soft Water, Cold, 10 gallons. Glycerine, 3 pounds. Remarks : Color to suit with Tinct Imp ure of Red Ani- iillt:. Extract of Vanilla. Vanilla Pods, 1 ounce. Sugar, 1 Cologne Spirits, 12 ounces. Water, 4 Slit the ,pods and cut them very fine then mix them with Sugar and bruise until moderately fine, then mix spirits and water and put in a w^arm place. Macerate for two weeks occasionally shaking. Filter. Extract of Mead. Oil of Lemon, ] " Cloves ;> each 2 drachms. " Nutmeg J Oil of Coriander, t drachm. Alcohol, 12 ounces. Water, 4 ounces. Sugar, ) 1 -, Ca?b. Magnesia, I ^^^^^ ^ o"^^'^^- Dissolve the oils in four ounces of alcohol and rub with the sugar and magnesia. Mix the remainder of alcohol and w^ater and tritinate with the mixture. Filter and add sufiicient diluted alcohol to make one pint. FACTITIOUS MINERAL WATERS. Baden Water. Muriate of Magnesia, 2 grains, Muriate of Lime, 40 Muriato of Iron, i grain. Muriate of Soda, 30 grains Sulphate of Soda, 10 Carbonate of Soda, 1 pint. Mix. Carsbad Water ■, Muriate Lime, 8 grains Muriate Tinct. Iron, 1 drop. Sulphate of Soda, 50 grains Carbonate of Soda, 60 '' Muriate of Soda, 8 '^ Water, 1 pint. Mix. Congress Watei r^ Take common salt, 7| ounces; Hydrate of Sod grains; Bicarbonate of Soda, 20 grains, and Calcined Magnesia, 1 ounce. Add the above ingredients to 10 gallons of water and charge with gas. Eger Water. Carbonate of Soda, 5 grains; Sulphate of Soda, 4 scruples; Muriate of Soda, 10 grains; Sulphate of Magnesia, 3 grains; Muriate of Lime, 5 grains; Car- bonated Water, 1 pint. Or it may be made without apparatus thus : Bicarbonate of Soda, 30 grains ; Muriate of Soda, 8 grains ; Sulphate of Magnesia, 3 grains ; Water, 1 MINERAL WATERS. 135 l^int. Dissolve and add one scruple dry Bi- sulphide of Soda, and close the bottle immediately. Enes. Water. Carbonate of Soda, 2 scruples ; Sulphate of Potash, 1 grain ; Sulphate of Magnesia, 5 grains ; Muriate of Soda, 10 grains ; Muriate of Lime 3 grains ; Carbon- ated Water, 1 pint. Kissingen Water. Mix together Bicarbonate of Soda, 1 drachm; Car- bonate of Lime, 8 scruples; Precipitated Carbonate of Iron, 2scruplss; Common Salt, 8 ounces; Muriate of Ammonia, 4 grains; Sulphate of Soda, 8 scruples; Sulphate of Magnesia, 2 ounces; Phosphate of Soda, 13 grains; Phosphate of Lime, 8 scruples. Add water, i gallon ; let it stand half a day, filter, add Carbonate of Magnesia, 10 scruples, and 10 gallons water. Lastly charge with gas by means of the usual apparatus. Marienbad Water. Carbonate of Soda, 2 scruples; Sulphate of Soda, 96 grains; Sulphate of Magnesia, 8 grains; Muriate of Soda, 15 grains ; Muriate of Lime, 10 grains ; Car- bonated Water, 1 pint. Or, Bi-carbonate of Soda, 50 grains; Sulphate of Soda, 1 drachm; Muriate of Soda, 15 grains; Sulphate of Magnesia, 10 grains. Dissolve in one pint of water add 25 grains dry Bi-sulphide of Soda, and cork imme- diately. Pyrmont Water. Carbonate of Lime, 12 grains; Crystallized Carbon- ate of Soda, 31 grains; Sulphate of Soda, in crystals, 7:^ grains; Sulphate of Lime, 14 grains; Sulphate of Magnesia, 20 grains; Sulphate of Iron, 2 grains; Chloride of Sodium, 2 grains ; Chloride of Magnesium, 4 136 MINERAL WATERS. grains ; Chloride of Manganese, l-30tli grain ; Water of Ammonia 2 pints; Carbonic Acid, 5 volumes. Dis- solve the Sulphate of Iron in part of the water, dis- solve the other soluble salts in the remainder of the water, add the insoluble salts to the solution and charge ifc with the Carbonic Acid. Mix the two solutions in a bottle and cork it immediately. Seidiitz Water. This is usually imulated by strongly aerating a solu- tion of 2 drachms Sulphate of Magnesia in one pint of water. It is also made with 4, 6, and 8 drachms of the salts to one pint of water, according to the strength re- quired. Seidschutz Water. Sulphate of Magnesia, 3 drachms; Muriate of Lime, Nitrate of Lime, Bi-carbonate of Soda, of each 8 grains; Sulphate of Potash, 5 grains; aerated water, 1 pint. Seltzer or Sellers Water. The Seltzer Water, as commonly sold, is prepared as follows : Prepare a solution of freed Chloride of Calcium, 1 part in 9 of water (specific gravity should be 1.088 to 1.089); a solution of Calcined Carbonate of Soda, 1 part in 10 of water (specific gravity 1.105) ; a solution of Chloride of Magnesium, by dissolving Calcined Magnesia at the rate of 20 grains in dilute Hydro- chloric Acid to make one fluid ounce of saturation (specific gravity 1.086) ; lastly a solution of dry Sul- phate of Soda in 10 parts water (specific gravity 1.092.) These Solutions are mixed witii water in the follow- ing proportions : Solution of Carbonate of Soda, 1000 grains; solution of Chloride of Calcium, 200 grains; MINERAL WATERS. 137 solution of Chloride of Magnesia, 150 grains; solu- tion of Sulphate of Soda, 20 grains; added to 250 to 300 ounces (troy) of water, afterwards to be charged with Carbonic Acid. Seltzer Water. Muriate of Lime and Muriate of Magnesia, of each 4 grains. Dissolve these in a small quantity of water and add it to a similar solution of 8 grains Bi-carbon- ate of Soda, 20 grains Muriate of Soda, and 2 grains Phosphate of Soda. Mix and add a solution of I of a grain Sulphate of Iron. Put the mixed solution into a 20 ounce bottle and hll np with aerated water. An imitation of Seltzer Water is also made by put- ting into a stone seltzer bottle filled with water 2 drachms Bi-carbonate of Soda and 2 drachms Citric Acid in crystals, corking the bottle immediately. Vichy Water. Sulphate of Potassa, 2 drachms; Sulphate of Soda, 4 scruples; Phosphate of Soda, 25 grains; Common Salt, 6 drachms; Bi-carbonate of Soda, 5i ounces; Carbonate of Ammonia, 10 grains. Mix. Add water J gallon. Let it stand half a day; filter, add 10 gal- lons water, and charge with gas. Vichy Water. Bi-carbonate of Soda, 1 drachm; Muriate of Soda, 2 grains; Sulphate of Soda, 8 grains; Sulphate of Mag- nesia, 3 grains; Tincture of Muriate of Iron, 2 drops; Aerated Water, 1 pint. Dorvault directs 75 grains of Bi-carbonate of Soda, 4 grains of Chloride of Sodium, l-5th grain Sulphate of Iron, 10 grains Sulphate of Soda, and 3 grains Sulphate of Magnesia to a pint of water. By adding 45 grains (or less) of Citric Acid, an- effervescing water is obtained. 138 MINERAL WATERS. Sea Water. Muriate of Soda, 4 ounces; Sulphate of Soda, 2 ounces ; Muriate of Lime, i ounce ; Muriate of Mag- nesia, 1 ounce; Iodide of Potassium, 2 grains; Water, 1 gallon. A common substitute for sea water as a bath is made by dissolving 5 or 6 ounces of Common Salt in a gallon of water. Balaruc Water. Muriate of Soda, 1 ounce ; Muriate of Lime, 1 ounce ; Muriate of Magnesia, i ounce; Sulphate of Soda, 3 drachms ; Bi-carbonate of Soda, 2 drachms ; Bromide of Potassium, 1 grain; Water, 1 gallon. Chiefly used for baths. Aix-la-Chapelle Water. Bi-carbonate of Soda, 12 grains ; Muriate of Soda, 25 grains; Muriate of Lime, 3 grains; Sulphate of Soda, 8 grains; simple sulphurretted water, 23- ounces; water slightly carburetted, 17i- ounces. EMULSIONS, Definition. A milky looking, thick fluid of muci- laginous or gummy substances, or combination of water with oily, fatty or resinous bodies. They are classified as seed, oil, balsam, gum resin, wax or sper- macete emulsion. An emulsion is perfect when the oil globules are in- visible to the naked eye. Something short of this may look well and give very fair results, but it is only when the more perfect form is attained that it can safely and properly fulfill all requirements in dispensing. Emulsions should, of all Pharmaceutical prepara- tions be made fresh at the time of dispensing, inas- much as the variations in temperature have just as great an influence upon a mechanical mixture of this description as it would have upon a natural one. Seed Emulsions, These are made from seeds containing fatty oils, such as almonds, poppy, or hemp seed, etc., by crush- ing these and rubbing them with water. If necessary, the seeds are first washed several times with water; these, when they are clean, are beaten with about one- tenth their weight of water, into a soft mass, which, when taken between the fingers reveals no albumin- ous lumps. The remainder of the fluid is then added gradually, with continued rubbing, until the whole is evenly suspended. The emulsion should lastly be strained throuefh a clean coarse cloth. I40 EMULSIONS. The small proportion of oil contained in the seeds is suspended in the water hy means of the albumen and mucilage of the seeds, but, if the latter are first rubbed down dry the oil is expressed, and though it is taken np in the emulsion, it more quickly separates, generally as a cream. Almonds are always decorticated hefore being made into an emulsion, unless an order to the contrary is is expressed. Poppy seeds should be softened before being beaten, by letting them rest for five to ten minutes in warm (not hot) wafer. An oil, such as Castor oil is sometimes ordered with a seed emulsion as in the f ollowins: : Amygdal dulc, 20 Olei Eicini, 30 Aq foeniculi, 100 '' distil, 100 Soda Nitrat, 15 Syrupi sacchari 25 M. f. emuls. This is really a double emulsion. Oii and Balsam Emulsions. Fatty oii such as almond, poppy, olive, linseed and Castor, and balsams such as Copaiba and Peru, are easily combined with water by means of emulsifiers of which gum arabic is the best. Yolk of egg and tragacanth mucilage are also mulsifiers. An emul- sion with oil can not be made satisfactorily with less gum arabic than one-fourth the weight of oil. Note. In giving proportions it must be kept in mind that they should in no case be considered abso- lute, different oils requiring different proportions. The EMULSIONS. 141 dispenser while endeavoring to make the most perfect emulsion, should aim at accomplishing this with the minimum of emulsifj^ing ingredients, even though this should entail the maximurh of labor. Hager says these emulsions may be made by adding the water to the powdered gum in a large mixture mor- tar mixing with a large-knobbed pestle ; then adding the Oil or Balsam all at once, and stirring till emulsified, which will require two or three minutes. This is gener- ally the surest plan, or (2) the gum may be put in the mortar, the Oil poured on the top of it, the water all around it, and then all the substances quickly stirred together. This is the method mostly adopted, or (3) the Oil may be rubbed with the gum and the water added gradually. The proportions for a good emul- sion are : Oil or Balsam, 10 parts. Gum Arabic, 5 " Water to make emulsion, 7.5 " Add to emulsion, 77.5 Notes on Emulsions. Salts, extracts or dry bodies to be dissolved in emul- sions should be separately dissolved in some of the water to be added, and mixed with the emulsion. If mixed with emulsifier a separation of some of the Oil will occur. Lycopodium, which is often ordered with Oil emul- sions, causes such a seperation with remarkable rapid- ity. It is best to make the Oil emulsions and the lycopodeum separately and to mix the two in diluted form . Borax added to a gum-arabic emulsion converts the latter into a jelly. Dilute Acetic Acid restores the fluidity,but such an addition is by no means justifiable. 142 EMULSIONS. If an emulsion with a borax salt be ordered in a pre- scription, the mixture must be sent out in a wide- mouthed bottle. The gelatinization will not result till several hours after the mixing. Balsam of Peru to be combined with an Oil emulsion should be mixed with two-thirds of its weight of water and stirred in with the emulsion in a mortar. Another, and perhaps a better plan would be to mix about J part of stronger alcohol with 1 part of glycerine and to this add the balsam of Peru, and incorporate thoroughly. This may be diluted to a proper mescible point, or better still, a mixture of glycerine and water gradually added. If an emulsion is not successfully prepared at first it is very little use to try to improve it by additions or by shaking. It is best to begin a new one at once. Emulsions of Cum Resins. The gum resins, such as galbanum, ammoniacum, myrrh, assafoetida, contain gummy substances as well as resin, insoluble in water, so that the addition of an emulsifier is not absolutely necessary. It is generally only necessary to rub down the gum resin to as fine a powder as possible and emulsify with water. In warm weather this is not always practicable, as the gum resin is too soft. It is then best to put it into a mix- ture mortar in small pieces, sprinkle it Avith water and put the moitar in a moderately warm place until the substance has become of the consistence of honey. To each gramme of the gum resin is added 1 drop of almond oil and 3 drops of mucilage of Acacia, and then by the gradual addition of warm water with vigorous working with the pestle, a good emulsion will be ob- tained. EMULSIONS. . T43 Generally gum arable or yolk of egg is ordered with a gum resin to better emulsify it. If either of these are used, the gum resin should be in very fine powder. One part of gum arable to 2 parts of gum resin or one yolk of egg to 20 grammes of gum resin is the usual proportion. If the gum resin cannot be powdered, it is softened by warming as explained, but with yolk of egg the temperature must not exceed 60^ C. or the albumen will be coagulated. Emulsions of Resins. These are prepared Yenice Turpentine, Guaicum, E-esin, Resin of Jalap, and suchlike substances. Turpentine is easily emulsified by its own weight of Gum Arabic or by yolk of eggs. Resin of Guaicum is finely powdered and rubbed in a mortar with half its weight of Gum Arabic, water being added gradually. This emulsion assumes a blueish tint, varying in in- tensity according to the degree of concentration. The blue gradually changes to a green. A few drops of an acid spirit of Nitre will develop the blue tint, as will also exposure to the air. Resin of Jalap is sometimes combined with almonds into an emulsion but it soon separates. If neither almonds nor egg be ordered, but only gum or sugar, it is generally best to rub the resin first with its own weight of spirit before mixing with water. Extracts of Cina, Male Fern, Cubebs, may also be con- veniently treated like resins by rubbing them with three or four times their weight of Sugar and adding Spirits of Wine to make a thin electuary; they mix well with water. Without the addition of spirits, these sub" stances are apt to form a sediment which is very dif " ficult to mix evenly by shaking. 144 EMULSIONS. Emulsions of Essential Oils. These oils do not last long; they are best formed by brisk shaking with a thick mucilage. They require about ten times their weight of Gum Arabic or one yolk of egg to five to ten grammes of Essential Oil. Camphor. This should bo rubbed to a fine powder with the aid of a few drops of Alcohol, then mixed with ten times its weight of Gum Arabic or the yolk of an egg to 5 grammes (gum in preference) and the water added gradually. Any oil or balsam in the mixture should be mixed with the Camphor before the gum is added ; syrup should be mixed with the powder before the addition of water. Phosphorus. The preparation or this powerful medicine requires the greatest care. A mixture with an atom of the sub- stance of the size of a pin's head may easily occasion a fatal gastritis. It is, therefore, most important that when it is ordered in a mixture it should be perfectly divided. Some pharmacists have recommended the solution of Phosphorous in hot mucilage. It is liable, however, in cooling to form small particles like wax, which makes this method highly dangerous. li should he dissolved in one hundred times its weight of Al- mond or Poppy oil in a test tube by frequent dipping in hot ivater , and the oil solution emulsified in the proper ivay. A good way to make an emulsion containing Phos- phorous is the following: Kub the Phosphorous with sufficient Bi-sulphide of Carbon to dissolve it, then add sufiicient powdered clay to absorb the sulphide and continue the rubbing I::mut.sioxs. 45 until most of the sulphide has evaporated; then add mucilage of Acacia and continue the rubbing till all odor of the sulphide has evaporated; then add mucil- age of Acacia and continue the rubhing till all odor of the sulphide has passed off, after which the emulsion may he completed by the addition of water, etc. In this way the danger arising from palpable particles of Phosnhorous is entirelv obviated. Emufsions with Gum Arabic. The slightest tendency to acidity will defeat the best manipulations. Four ounces of Gum Acacia are ordered to be dissolved in 6 oz. of distilled water. No heat should ever be resorted to in order to facilitate solution ; and small picked Gum Arabic stirred occa- sionally in cold distilled water until the gum is dis- solved gives a beautiful result. Powdered gum is a very foolish expedient for gaining time, and, when this mucilage is not bright without filtration, alteration of an injurious character may be anticipated. When fin- ished it should be strained through muslin and kept cool. 01. Amygdal, oiss Mucilag gum acacia, 5iij Simple Syrup, ojss Aqua, dist ad, 5iij Put the mucilage into the mortar first; add the almond oil by degrees, but rapidly, with constant cir- cular stirring in one direction, from left to right. Never add a second drop of oil until the first quanti- ty has been emulsified. This is known by the creamy character of the product and its tendency to form 146 EMULSIONS. clear spaces by leaving the sides of the mortar. Study- two things — quickness of motion and lightness of hand. Whatever force be applied is a dispensing error, which in so sure a case as in the type formerly given may be of little consequence, but which when there is a delicate balance between the emulsifing agent and the ingredient to be emulsified, may upset the process altogether or injure the keeping qualities of the produced emulsion. To the emulsion add the syrup and the water rapidly, of the latter i-oz. at a time. Five minutes should be employed in the whole operation. Slow dispensing is had dispensing. Gum Resin Emulsion. G. Myrrhae, ^ss. Sacchari, 3ss. Potass Subcarb, Grs. xv. Sp Myrist, oij. Aquae Rosae, ojxss. Feru Sulphat, Gr. x. Beat the myrrh well, wdth energy, and with consid- erable pressure. Divide the the heated mass with the powderded sugar and make into an emulsion with half the Rose water. Dissolve the Potasse sub- carb, in the remainder of the water and add the Spirit last. Remember. Potasseum Corbonate is a hostile in- gredient in an emulsion wiien present with a second emulsifing agent. Proceeding in this way an excellent emulsion is produced in an extemporaneous manner; but there is a better mode. Beat the myrrh as usual, divide with sugar, add the Potash and make a thick creamy emulsion with just sufficient water. Let this stand covered from the air EMULSIONS. 147 over night, and the following morning finish the oper- ation. A few minutes trituation will restore the whiteness, and such a mixture of iron will keep for some years without alteration. Ammoniacum and Assafoetida must both be con- verted into hydrated masses. Let them before being manipulated, soak in a small quantity of water, when they are readily reduced into a pulpy condition, and form tolerable emulsions afterward without any ad- ditional emulsifing agent. Egg Emulsions. — Such emulsions require a skillful hand and may be presented as permanent combina- tions. The first and last requisite is that the dispen ser should abstain from the slightest mechanical force. Oil Ricini, ^i. OviYitelh, j. Syrup Simplex, 5v. Tinct. Aurant, ^i. Aquae ad. 5iv. Mix. Break the egg-shell cleverly on the edge of a two ounce measure into which let the albumen run. Entirely clear away the albumen (a fertile source of failure when this precaution is neglected). Keep the albumen to be used as liquid gum and also for Sugar- Coating pills. Bender perfectly smooth, the yolk(thrown into the mortar) under the pestle with rapid circular motion; add the oil by degrees, if occa- sionally too thick, thin with a little water, add the syrup next, then wash out the measure with a little water. Add the tincture last, and finally wash out the measure with the remaining water, and the pro- cess is complete. 148 EMULSIONS. Yolk of egg is supreme with regard to spermaceti, a very favorite remedy with the accouclieur. Cetacei, 5i Vitelh ovi, J. Syrup Simpl, 3v. Aquae ad, 5Jss. Break down the spermaceti; malve it quite smooth in the syrup, then proceed as usual. All these egg emulsions keep; when acetum distillatum forms an ingredient in an emulsion, it sliould he added last, and there should he no fear of imperfect comhination. Balsam Copaiba Emulsions. The practice has been recommended of making certain emulsions by very carefully smearing the bottle with the emulsifying agent. But it has been generally condemned as not being an effectual mode. Copiaba forms an exception, and the Balsam may be as well emulsified in this w^ay as any other. Careful and complete rotation is required so that the inside of the bottle may be effectually coated. Copaiba, -^vi Liq Potasse, -^iij Mucilage oi 8pts. Ether, Niter oiij Aq Cinnamon ad. oviij Botate the mucilage in the bottle well, covering the inside. Add the Capaiba by degrees, perfectly emulsifying by adding the alkali, previously diluted with three drachms of Cinnaman water by degrees, retaining or allowing for two ounces with which to cleanse the measure from both, the hquor potasse andthe Sweet Spirits of Nitre, w^hichhas been added last. EMULSIOXS. 49 Use always a separate dispensing measure, kept ex- pressly for Bal. Copaiba. Some x^rescribers are particular in the exliibition of Copaiba and occasionally want it to be taken without other ingredients. It can be so prepared or made to combine at pleasure in all strengths by using freph- ly-made tiiick mucilage. QuiLLAYA Emulsions. — Substances which are insol- uble in water, such as Balsam of Tolu. pix Liquida, and even Balsam of Copaiba maybe thus emulsified. The general form may be represented as Substance, 2 Parts. Spt. vini, rect. 10 " Tinct. Quillaya, 10 Aq Distil, 78 Tincture of Quillaya may be made thus ; Cort Quillaya torn into shreds, and cut small, .?i. Spts. Yini Eect., .liij. Aq. Distilat, .lij. Let it stand seven days in a warm place, press and filter. Fixed oils can be emulsified by ^ drachm of the tincture added to i ounce of oil and water. With resinous tinctures it does not answer well, but when admissible little dispensing skill is needed. Tincture of Senega possesses an emulsifying power. Five mimims of tincture are said to emulsify one ounce of oil. llememher. Many salts spoil emulsions when they are either natural or acid, but when alkaline they fa- vor the iDrocess. Mill-makes a qoofl einidsioji joith Scammony. Borax is an excellent emulsifier I50 EMULSIONS. M. Const ant in. (in 1854) advocated what may be called the ignition process for emulsion of the Gum Eesins. He took a weighed quantity of Gum Ecsin, and having placed it in a mortar, added about four times its weight of alcohol. The spirit being ignited, the whole was triturated until all the alcohol was burned a\vay. The Gum Kesin became a soft extract, the liquid was then added in small quantities at a time, and a perfectly homogeneous emulsion was produced without subsequent separation. Emulsion Cod Liver Oil. Syrup of Acacia, 4 ounces. Water, 4 ^' Cod Liver Oil, 8 Oil Bitfcer Almonds, 5 drops. Eub the oils with the syrups and add the water. Dose : Dessert to tablespoonful. The following will be found an excellent formula for ^ Spurp Acacia. Best Gum Arabic, coarse powder, G ounces. Albumen, . 8 " . Glycerine, 4 " Salicylic Acid, 8 grains. Dissolve the Salicylic Acid in the Glycerine in a mortar and mix the solution with the Albumen in a wide mouthed bottle; add the Gum Arabic and stir two or three times a day until the gum is entirely dissolved ; strain if necessary ; stop tight and keep in a cool place. EMULSIONS. 151 Emulsion of Cod Liver Oil and Pancreatin. Emulsion Cod liver Oil, 14 ounces. Pancreatin, 2 drachms. Water, , 2 ounces. Bicarb. Soda, GO grains. Allow the Pancreatin to swell in the water for a few days, then triturate the solution with the Bicarb Soda. Lastly mix the solution with the emulsion. Emulsion of Olive Oil. Syrup Acacia, 6 ounces. Water, 2 '^ Best Olive Oil, 8 " Oil W^intergreen, 10 drops Eub the oil with the syrup until a uniform mass is prepared. Add the Oil very slowly. Emulsion of Cod Liver Oil and Lactophosphate of Calcium. Cod Liver Oil, 16 ounces. Powdered Gum Tragacanth, 2 drams. Water, 12 ounces. Phosphate of Calcium, 2 drams. Muriatic Acid, q. s. Aqua Ammonia, q. s. Lactic Acid, 1 dram. Place the Cod Liver Oil in a clean, dry, quart bottle with the tragacanth. Mix thoroughly, and then add water; shake the mixture until perfectly emulsified. Dissolve the Phosphate of Calcium in another vessel with a sufficient quantity of Muriatic Acid and precipitate with Aqua Ammonia; pour ofi the liquid and wash the precipitate with water ; to this precipi- tate add the Lactic Acid, and a sufficient quantity of water to make the solution measure 4 ounces. Filter and add to the above emulsion. 152 EMULSIONS. Cod Liver Oil with Iodide Potassium. Syrup of Acacia, 4 ounces. Iodide of Potassium, 256 grains. Water, 4 ounces. Cod Liver Oil, • 8 " Oil Bitter Almonds, 5 drops. Eub the Oils with the syrup, and add the water gradually in which the Iodide of potassium has been previously dissolved. Stir till no part of Oil is visible. Do not add the Oil too rapidly or you will fail to get a fine emulsion. Emulsion of Almonds. Sweet Almonds Shelled, J ounce. Powdered Gum Arabic, ^ dram. White Sugar, 2 drams. Distilled Water, 8 ounces. Eemove the external coat of the Almonds with hot water, beat them with the gum Arabic and sugar in a mortar imtil they are thoroughly reduced, then rub the mixture with the distilled water, graaually added. Strain through muslin. Emulsion of Monobromated Camphor. Monobromated Camphor, 1 dram. Oil of Sweet Almonds, 6 drams. Gum Arabic, 3 '' Water, 6 " Tincture Cardamom, 8 " Simple Syrup, 2 ounces. Water to complete, 6 ^' Dissolve the Monobromated Camphor in the Oil with the help of a gentle heat, place the solution in a dry mortar with the powdered Acacia. Mix well and add the six drams of water at once. EMULSIONS. 153 Emulsion of Cod Liver Oil and Phosphate of Lime. Cod Liver Oil, 4 ounces. Glyconin, 9 drachms. Dilute Alcohol, IJ ounces. Phosphate of Lime, 4 drams. Essence of bitter Almonds, 2 " Water sufficient. Add the Oil to the glyconin very slowly, stirring briskly all the while. When the emulsion is complete add the Phosphate of lime freshly precipitated, the Alcohol, the essence of Almonds, and lastly enough water to complete ten fluid ounces. Remark. — Glyconin is made by mixing five parts in weight of concentrated Glycerine with four parts of Yolks of Eggs previously well beaten. LINIMENTS. Def. Are medicinal oily substances for outward application. The base of most liniments is Cotton-seed Oil. There are ten officinal Liniments divided into thiee classes, according to the base. 1. Base, Cotton Seed Oil. 2. Case Alcohol. 3. Base, Oil of Turpentine. Aconrte and Chloroform Liniment. Tincture of Aconite Root, 2 ounces. Chloroform, 2 " Soap Liniment, 12 " Mix them ; apply carefully. Valuable in neuralgia and in sprains. Should not be used when the skin is broken. 154 LINIMENTS. Arnica Liniment, Arnica Flowers, 2 ounces. Oil of Sassafras, i ounce. " Turpentine, ^ " " Origanum, ^ " Alcohol, sufficient to make 1 pint. Bruise the flowers and macerate with eight ounces of alcohol for three days, then transfer to percolator, add remaining alcohol, and percolate until fifteen ounces have passed ; then add the oils, and shake well. For external use. Good in sprains, bruises and lame back. Pride of India Liniment. Alcohol, i pint. Gum Camphor, 2 ounces. Linseed Oil, 1 (juart. Chloroform, 2 ounces. Tincture Conium, 2 " Mix. Used in croup, and a good remedy for toothache. St. Jacob's Oil. Oil of Sassafras. j ounce. " Origanum, ^1 " Choloroform, 1 " Sulph. Ether. 1 " Chloral Hydrate, 1 '' Tincture of Opium, J " Gum Camphor, 1 " Alcohol, i gallon. Dissolve the camphor in a portion of alcohol and rub thoroughly in a mortar ; then add the other in- gredients and mix. , Used externally and internally. Dose : One-half teaspoonful as often as needed. LINIMENTS. 155 Young's Liniment. Black Oil, Alcohol, Tincture Arnica, British Oil, Tincture Stramonium, Oil of Tar, Mix. This is good for inflammations. ( 2 ounces each. 1 ounce. Great African Wonder. Chloroform, Oil of Origanum, *' Sassafras, " Turpentine, Tincture of Opium, Spirits of Camphor, 1 ounce. 2 ounces. 2 " 1 ounce. 1 '' 2 ounces. 1 quart. Alcohol, Mix. For external and internal use. Dose: For rheumatism, headache, colic, etc., two teaspoonfuls, in one-third glase of water. German Liniment. Oil of Origanum, J> ounce. " Sassafras, J drachm. Tincture of Capsicum, w ounce. " Camphor, i " " ' Aconite, i Chloroform. 4 drachms Comp. Soap Liniment, 1 ounce. Alcohol, 2 quarts. Mix, External, only. 156 LINnrENTS. Brodie*s Liniment. Sulphuric Acid, 1 drachm. OHve Oil, 1 ounce. Turpentine, 1 '' Add the acid to the oil very slowly, stirring con- stantly, and when cold add the turpentine. ounce. Black Liniment. Sulphuric Acid, 1 drachm Olive Oil, 1 Turpentine, Mix the acid with the oil, very slowly, and when cold add the turpentine. This is a good counter-irrit- ant, and excellent for swellings of the joints; apply twice a day, on lint. Centaur Liniment. Oil of Sassafras, 2 ounces. '' Spike, 3 " Peppermint 1 ounce. " Petroleum, 3 ounces. ".. Cloves, 2 drachms. " Cinnamon, 2 " Cedar, 2 ■ " " Origanum, 2 ounces. " Wormwood, 2 " Tansy, 2 drachms. Aqua Ammonia, 2 ounces. Tincture of Opium, 2 Opodeldoc, •2 Gum Camphor, 2 Chloroform, 2 Alcohol, 1 gallon. Mix. This is an excellent liniment, and good in all cases where liniment is needed. LIXLMEXTS. 157 Loomis* Liniment. Oil of Cedar, 1 drachm. " Hemlock, 2 drachms. " Origanum, 1 drachru. " Cajei^iit, 2 drachms. " Sassafras, 5 " Powdered Capsicmn, Ij " Alcohol sufficient to make 1 pint. Macerate for five days, then filter. For internal or external use. Dose : One-half teaspoonful. Manning's Lininnent. Aqua Ammonia, 1 ounce. Oil of Eosemary, 3 drachms. '^ Lavender, 2 " Gum Camphor, j ounce. Iodine, 1 drachm. Alcohol, 1 pint. Dissolve the camphor and iodine in the alcohol, then add the oils; lastly add sufficient aqua ammonia to remove the dark color. Newton's Liniment. Ammonia Liniment, U. S. P., 4 ounces. Castile Soap Liniment, 2 • '' Chloroform, 1 ounce. Tincture of Arnica, j " Tincture of Iodine, 12 mimins. Essential Oil of Turpentine, I ounces. '' " Eosemary, > -, , " Origanum; \ 1 ounce each. " " Lavender, 12 drops. Mix thoroughly. Apply on piece of cotton or hnt. 158 LINIMExNTS. Magnetic LinI Iment. Sulph. Ether, 1 ounce. Muriate of Ammonia, 3 drachms. Oil of Origanum, 2 Tincture Cantharides, 2 Alcohol, 1 x)int. Mix. Bathe the affected parts and rub in well; this is a good stimulating liniment. Gunn's Rheumatic Liniment. Linseed Oil, 1 ounce. Oil of Amber, 1 Cedar, 1 Gum Camphor, i " Sulph. Ether sufficient to dissolve. Olive Oil, ) Turpentine. [ i ounce each. Laudanum, ' Mix. Use Castile Soap and rub in the liniment three times a day. Great Mogul Liniment. Acetate of Morphia, 12 grains. Aqua Ammonia, } ^ Ohve Oil, 1 ounce each. Cholroform, Mix. For external use only. British Oil. American Petroleum, 4 ounces. Oil of Juniper, w ounce. ^' Turpentine, 4 ounces. *' Amber, 1 pint. Flaxseed Oil, 3 pints. Mix together thoroughly by agitation. LINIMENTS. Haarlem Oil. Crude Oil of Amber, ^ pint. Barb ado es Tar, 1 " Balsam of Sulphur, 3 pints. Linseed Oil, 4 " Oil of Turpentine, 8 " Mix together thoroughly. Smith's Electric Oil. Linseed Oil, 2 pints. Olive Oil, 4 '' Sassafras Oil, i pint. Cholroform, 4 ounces Mix. Fluid Lightning. Alcohol, 4 ounces. Glycerine, 1 ounce. Extract Aconite, 1 grain. Oil of Mustard, 1 drachm. ^59 Mix. This formula has been sold to physicians at from $25 to $100 each. Used in rheumatism and sciatica, externally. Common Liniment. Aqua Ammonia, i ounce. Tincture of Arnica, u " " Capsicum, ii " Myrrh, ii Sulph. Etlier, u Oil of Winter green. drachms " Spearmint, I k Tincture of Camphor, ounce. Alcohol, quart. Mix. This is a good useful liniment. i6o LINIMENTS Farmington Liniment. • (For Rheumatism.) each 1 ounce. Olive Oil, ) Sprits Campljor, r Chloroform, ) Oil or Sassafras, j ounce. Add the Oil of Sassafras to the Olii^e Oil, then the Camphor, and lastly the chloroform. Apply three times a day, and always rub toward the body. Croton Linimentc Tincture of Iodine, 3 drachms Sulph. Ether, 4 Croton Oil, 2 . Iodide Potassa, 20 grains. Alcohol, 1 ounce. Mix. This liniment is used for a blister, and also as a counter-irritant. Rhumatic Liniment. Chloral Hydrate, Camphor, Tincture Aconite Root, Oil of Cajeput, Alcohol sufficient to make, 4 drachms, 4 1 ounce. 3 drachms. 4 ounces. Mix. Apply with a camel-hair pencil over the parts affected. Carpenter's Liniment. Aqua Ammonia, Chloroform, Olive Oil, Sulph. Morphia, Alcohol, Mix. For pains in the back and limbs ; apply often and rub in well. External only. 1 ounce. 1 " 1 " 10 '' Bounces. LIXniEXTS. Carter's Lin ment. Oil of Turpentine, ^ ounce. " Origanum, i '' " Cedar, J " Sassafras, J '' " Hemlock, ^ " Balsam of Fur, 1 Cliloroform, 1 Gum Camphor, 1 u 2" Sulph. Ether, l' '' Tincture of Capsicum, 2 ounces Oil of Wormwood, J ounce. Alcohol, Mix. 5- gallon. i6i J ounce. 1 u Mattern's Cream Camphorc White Castile Soap, 1 ounce. Boiling water sufficient to dissolve. Carbonate of Ammonia, Gum Camphor, Tincture of Opium, Spirits of Turpentine, Oil of Origanum, Water sufficient to make, Mix and thoroughly dissolve, inof liniment. z ounces. J ounce. 2 pints, good stimulat- Neuralgia Liniment. Tincture of Aconite Boot, 1 ounce. " " Arnica, 2 ounces. Oil of Camphor, 1 ounce. " Cajeput, li ounces. Chloroform, 1 ounce. Alcohol, 1 pint. Mix. To be well rubbed in. i62 LINIMENTS. Metz Balsam. Linseed Oil, 1 Olive Oil, J 6 ounces each. Expressed Oil of Laurel, 1 ounce. Turpentine, 2 ounces. Powdered Aloes, 2 drachms. " Sulphate of Zinc. U " " Yerdigris, 3 Oil of Juniper, 4 " Cloves, 1 drachm. Mix the Turpentine and the Oil of Laurel with the Linseed and Olive Oil, over a g< entle fire ; then add powders, and when cool, the essential Oils. The hottle must he shaken before using. Used for dressing old sores, ulcers, etc. Cook's Magnetic Liniment. Oil of Amber, 8 ounces. Gum Camphor, 8 " Castile Soap, 2 " Beef Gall, 4 '' Aqua Ammonia, 12 '' Alcohol, 1 gallon. Cut the soap into fine pieces before adding to the other ingredients. Mix, and shake occasionally. This is a good cheap liniment. Hamlin's Wizard Oil. Chloroform, 2 ounces. Oil of Sassafras, 2 '^ Tincture of Camphor, 2 " '^ Opium, 2 '' Powdered Cayenne, 2 " Aqua Ammonia, 2 ^' Alcohol, 1 gallon. Filter and color to suit. LINIMENTS. 163 Iodide of Ammonia Liniment. Iodine, 15 grains. xllcohol, 8 ounces. Gum Camphor, 2 drachms. Oil of Lavender, 1 drachm. " Eosemary, 1 ** Water of Ammonia, 1 ounce. This has been largely advertised as a patent medi- cine, Giles' Liniment; which is heralded as a new dis- covery. It is largely used in a great many of the cities and towns of the United States. King of Pain. Alcohol, 1 pint. Oil of Origanum, 2 ounces. '^ Cedar, 1 ounce. '' Sassafras. 1 '' " Hemlock, 1 ounce. " Turpentine, 3 ounces. Gum Camphor, 2 " Tincture of Lobeha, 2 '* '' Arnica, 2 '' '' Capsicum, 3 '' Aqua Ammonia, • 3 "^ Sweet Oil, 3 " Mix. Use with castile soap, and apply three times a day. 'Chamberlain's Relief. Tincture of Capsicum, 1 fl. ounce. Spirits Camphor, f fl. Tincture Guaiac, 1 fl. " Alcohol, 1 Mix well together. 164 LINIMENTS. Bl ack Oil Liniment. Quicksilver, Y drachm. Nitric Acid, 1 Sulphuric Acid, 2 drachms. Olive Oil, 1 ounce. Turpentine, 1 Cotton Cloths, q. s. Mix the acids together very slowly, avoid the fumes ; this must he made out of doors. When the acids are mixed, add the turpentine and olive oil, together with all the cotton cloths it will dissolve. Brodle's Asthma Liniment. Alcohol, 8 ounces. Oil of Stillingia, 4 " *' Lohelia, 1 ounce. " Cajeput, 2 ounces. Mix. Eub the spinal column and neck three times a day. British Oil. Oil Turpentine, 4 ounces. " Flax-seed, 3 pints. " Amber, 1 pint. " Juniper, J ounce. Barbadoes Petroleum, 2 American " 2 Mix. Hines' Liniment. Aqua x\mmonia. 2 ounces. Tincture of Opium, i ounce. " Arnica, 1 Chloroform, 1 Gum Camphor, 1^ ounces. Alcohol, 5 " Mix Apply to the parts affected by means of a flannel saturated with the hniment. LixnrEXTS. -65 Hobbs Kerosene Liniment. Kerosene Oil. Tincture of Opium, " '• Arnica, '' " Stramonium, Aromatic Spts. Ammonia, Spirits of Camphor, Oil of Origanum, Chloroform, Mix. Rub in well, twice during twenty-four hours. This is one of the best liniments in use, and as good for beast as man. z ounces. 4 drachms. 5 4 6 5 4 1 ounce. Osgood's Liniment. Castile Soap, Gum Myrrh, " Opium, " Camphor, Oil of Origanum, Tincture of Arnica. Chloroform, Alcohol, 2 ounces. 2 1^ ounce. 2 2 2 i ounce. 1 quart. ounces. Mix and let it stand for a week, occasionally shaking, and it is ready for use. Johnson's Liniment. Chloroform, Tincture of Myrrh, ^^ " Capsicum, " " Arnica, Sulph. Ether, Oil of Spearmint, '' Wintergreen, Aqua Ammonia, Alcohol, Mix. i ounce. 1 1 1 2 2i drachms. 2i 2 ounces. 1 quart. i66 LINIMENTS. Flagg's Relief. Oil of Cloves, 1 fi. drachm. " Sassafras, 2 fl. drachms. Spirits of Camphor, IJ ounces. Mix well together. ' Rad way's Ready Relief. Soap Liniment, I5- fi. ounces. Tincture Capsicum, 1 fi. ounce. Water of Ammonia, 1 " " Alcohol, i " '^ Mix thoroughly. Uncle Sam's Nerve and Bone Liniment. Oil of Origanum, 4 ounces. '^ Eosemary, 4 " '' Amber, 4 '' '' Hemlock, 4 '' Turpentine, 4 pints. Oil of Linseed, 6 " Mix. For external use only. PILLS AND THEIR EXCIPIENTS.- The character of well prepared pills are that they be not too soft, do not stick together nor flatten, that they are smooth and round, all of the same size, and all contain similar proportions of medicinal ingre- dients. As far as possible it is advisable to send out pills of the same weight as prescribed, and since inspessation is more or less inconvenient at the dispensing counter this object is attained by keeping the more common extracts both in a soft condition and in a state suffi- ciently hard to roll into pills with but little addi- tion of powder. Ext. Coloc. Co. and Ext. Rliei are more conveniently kept in the state of powder as also are several pill-masses, viz., pill Assafoetida Co., pil. Gamboge Co., pil. Aloes et Ferri, pil. Aloes et Myrrh, pil. Hyd. Subchloride Co., etc. Due allowance being made for the absence of excipient. Eemeviher: Always weigh your pill mass after mix- ing and see that it corresponds with the total mass of the ingredients. This corrects a mistake of quantity and in some measure guards against the result of care- less weighing. Where no excipient is ordered the simplest should be selected, and that which gives least increase to the size of the pill. When a fraction of a grain of a powerful medica- ment, (Strychnia, Perchloride or Biniodide of Mer- cury, Calcium Sulphide, etc.) is prescribed in a pill i68 PILLS. without indication of excipient tliey sliould be made to weigh one grain each. Tlie substance ordered should be intimately mixed with sugar of . milk and massed with soft manna or extract of Taraxacum. Bounding pills with the fingers is only permissible when the mass is of such a character that it crumbles under the rounder. To make pills that will keep their shape for a rea- sonable time they ought to contain some fibrous vege- table powder in their composition. Where such is not ordered the dispenser has often to ase it bat of course what he uses must be both medicinally and chemically inert. — Hager. Substances which are decomposed by Iron such as Calomel, Argent Nit. Copper, and Bismuth salts, must not be mixed in an iron mortar. Marshmallow powder or Tragacanth is generahy the best excipient. Salts easily soluble in water natur- ally require very careful addition of moisture. Soft Masses. — Crystallized salts, fluid acids, soft extracts with an organic powder often make a mass of muddy consistence which rights itself by waiting ten to fifteen minutes. Time should always be given for an organic powder to suck up moisture. When fluids require to be added to form a pill mass the best plan is to drop the fluid first on the point of the spatula and form it to the mortar in quantity nec- essary to form a mass. Pill Masses containing dry vegetable powders re- quire some few minutes to absorb the added water and therefore should be made alittle to soft, and allowed to stand for ten to fifteen minutes before rolling or they are liable to crumble. PILLS. 169 Acetate of Potash.— Some pill makers are in the habit of using the dry Acetate of Soda, but the plan is questionable. The better plan is to use Canada balsam. Three grams of Acetate of Potash may be made into a suitable pill with Canada balsam. It will remain stable. Acids.— Muriatic Acid being volatile, pills containing it must be dispensed in bottles. Pills with acids must under all circumstances be made in porcelain or wedge wood mortars. As excipients use Marshmallow pow- der and glycerinated water. Benzoic Acid. — Use glycerine, 1 drop to every 5 grains of the acid. Balsams. — Hager recommends pills containiug fluid balsam, oils or fats as ingredients; to use wax when a moderate amount of powder is insufficient. Wax, however, would be very likely to interfere with com- plete solution. Lycopodium and a gentle heat would be preferable. Copaiba. — Use Carbonate of Magnesia if for imme- diate use. Balsam Peeu. — Bread crumb is a good excipient. Wiien the balsam is in large excess it may be partly solidified adding to it from one-half to one- third its weight of Calcined Magnesia and allowing it to stand for some hours. Calomel. — Calcined Magnesia must not be used as excipient under any circumstances, because it reduces it to the black oxide. Camphoe. — Should be finely powdered and massed with a tenacious ext. or prepared tragacanth. Spnit must be avoided unless a large proportion of a resin- ous body is present. Soap and Castor oil makes an excellent excipient for Camphor. I70 PILLS. Camphor and Hyoscyamus. — Powder tlie Camphor with the addition of a httle water instead of spirit. The addition of extract of Henbane will then make a good plastic mass, retaining its consistence for some time. — Dr. Syrnes. Carbolic Acid.— Make a mixture of powdered soap 1 part and powdered licorice root 5 parts. Three grains of this will take up 1 grain of Carbolic Acid, and make a firm pliable mass without any addition. Two grains of bread crumb will make a mass with one grain of Carbolic Acid. Wheat en flower also, and a little simple syrup gives a plastic mass with Carbolic Acid. White says that Calvert's pure crystallized Carbolic Acid may be easily made into pills with wheaten flour in the proportion of Ij grains flour to two grains acid. Chloral Hydrate, is made into a good mass by the addition of a very small quantity of Canada Balsam. Corrosive Sublimate. — Triturate very carefully in sugar of milk and mass with soft extract of Tarax- acum. Creosote. — Powdered soap when not incompatible, makes good pills, or pulv. glycyrrhizae, light calcmed Magnesia, (1 grain to 2 minims of Creosote) mixed with Creosote solidifies in a few hours. A few shreds of yellow wax and licorice powder make the best ex- cipient for Creosote. Essential Oils. — Powdered soap 1 part and pow- dered licorice root 5, will make a good mass with one minim of essential oil. In a pill with a large quantity of any essential oil, it sometimes saves trouble to rub the oil with a few grains of Magnesia before adding the other insfredients. PILLS. T71 Etlierial oils in small quantities do not much inter- fere with the formation of pill masses, but when the quantity to he compounded is considerable, they should be melted or powdered with yellow resin to a doughy paste and then mixed with a vegetable pow- der. If gum resins or resins are ordered, the etherial oils can be combined with wax by gentle heat in a test tube. — Hager. Feeri Beomidum. — The Pharmaceutical Society of Paris, recommends a hot, strong solution of the bromide to be mixed in a dry warm porcelain mortar with Licorice pow^der and Gum xlrabic in equal parts sufficient to make a mass. Eoll the pills in Lyco- podium. Blancard's Iodide of Iron Pills were formerly pre- scribed to be made as follows: Combine 4 grammes Iodine with 2 grammes of powdered Iron in 8 grammes of water, filter into 5 grammes of honey, evaporate 10 grammes and make into pills, with Marshmallow and Licorice. A shorter and equally good process is to stir 2 grammes of Iron with 4 grammes of Iodine in 4 grammes of hot water until the brown color has dis- appeared. Then mix 4 grammes of white sugar, 3 grammes of Marshmallow and 7.5 grammes of Licorice. Make 100 pills, which roll in powdered Iron, and dry in a warm place; the dry pills to be varnished with Balsam Tolu. CiTEATE OF Ieox axd Quinine. — Citrate of Iron and Quinine makes a good pill with the Tragacanth Paste, but it will not remain hard, as the salt is deliquescent. — Whitla. A good mass may be made with a small quantity of Alcohol, but it must be rolled quickly. 172 PILLS. Ferri Sulph. Use Petrolatum or Cacao Butter. Avoid liquids as they promote decomposition. Ferrum. — Avoid liquids as hydrogen is developed and the pills swell. Gallic Acid. — Use Glycerine, 1 drop to 10 grains. Hyd?iARO C. Greta. ^Must not be vigorously worked in pill mortar, or mercury separates. Any soft extract forms good excipient. EheiPulv. — UseProof Spirit or Tinct. Ehei (1 drop to 3 grains). A soft mass should be made and rolled immediately, otherwise it is troublesome. Soda Bicarb. — Three grains of dried Bicarb Soda with 1 grain of powdered ginger can be made into a very workable mass by the addition of 1 grain of Traga- canth and water or mucilage sufficient to make a mass. The pills both roll and keep well. Sulphide Calcium. — Mix with sugar of milk and triturate; add a small amount of powdered Licorice Boot. The mass can now be easily worked up with a little Tragacanth Paste. Sugar of milk makes the best powder to aid the sub-division of an active sub- stance. Tannic Acid. — Use i weight of Glycerine if for im- mediate use, otherwise add Mucilage of Acacia. Zinc Val. — Use a small quantity of Pulv Acacia and mass with Alcohol; work quickly, and excellent re- sults will follow. Eesinous Ingredients in Pills. — Gum Kesins and Resins must be first rubbed to a fine powder, and to prevent them sticking to the mortar, the latter and the pestel may be first rubbed with paper soaked in Almond Oil. The Eesinous powder is easily made into a mass with a few drops of spirit, but the pills so made do not keep their shape. To most of such sub- stances, to aloes especially, the addition of a little vege- PILLS. . 173 table powder — Marsliiuallow powder, for example — is desirable. Assafoetida gives pills of good consistence with a few drops of weak spirit; but siicli an addition, with aloes, produces pills which flatten. Spirit should be added very cautiously, as it is often found, especially when any soap is present, that on working the mass becomes softer than it appeared at first. Hager. Insoluble Salts. — Try for these a mixture of equal parts of Acacia and Tragacanth, and add syrup to de- velop adhesiveness. Calomel and Bismuth are nicely massed by the addition of a little soft extract of Tar- axacum. Iodide of Potassium. — Use Licorice powder, but first rub the salt with a few drops of water to a smooth paste. Pepsin. — Half its weight of Glycerine. A good, reliable excipient for pow^dered Hher or Pepsin in pills is equal parts of Glycerince, Syrup and water. Peemaxgaxate of Potash. — Use Cacao Butter. A good excipient is made thus: Vaseline, 2 parts; ParaffineWax, 1 part; melt and stir till cold and add Kaolin, 3 parts ; mix well. Phosphkous. — Use Cacao Butter and add a small portion of Canada Balsam. Quinine Sulph. — Glycerine and Tragacanth answer well. A Good Excipient for Pills. Starch, 4 drachms. Glycerine, 3 ounces. Mix and heat together by means of a water bath until a gelatinous mass is formed. Excipients should be added to the pill cautiously or it will become too soft. If this occurs a dryer will 174 • PILLS. be needed. Powdered acacia, powdered starcK, powdered licorice, etc., all answer the jDurpose. Gamboge Pills Compound. Gamboge, 1 drachm. Aloes, 1 Compound Powder of Cinnamon, 1 " Soap 2 ounces.. Syrup Sufficient, Make into three grain pills. Dose : One to three pills. Pills of Copaiba. Sohd Copaiba, 600 grains. Magnesia, 60 ^^ Make 200 pills. Dose. One to three pills, Pills of Aloes and Assafatida. Aloes, 3 drachms. Castile Soap, 3 " , Pulv. Assaloetida, 40 grains. Make into 3 grain pills. Dose. Two to Five. Pills, Bromide of Iron. Brom. Ferri Pulv, 12 grains. Confect Kosae, 18 Gum Acacia, 12 Make 20 pills. Dose. Take two in the morning and two in the evening. Useful in hypertrophy of the heart and scrofulous affection*. PILLS. 175 Quinine ; and Camphor Pills. Ext. Cinch, 1 drachm. Pulv. Camphor, 12 grains. - Opii, 1 grain. " Cinch, q. s. Make 12 pills, Dose. One every 3 hours. Antis ipasmodic Pills. Ext. Cinch. 2 drachms. Catechu, 2 Pulv. Assafoetida, 40 grains. Nitrate of Potass. 40 Make 50 pills. Dose. One every two or three hours or oftener if needed. Pills of the Arsenate of Iron. Ferri. Protox, Arsen, 3 grains. Ext. Humuli, 2 drachms. Pulv. Althae, - 30 grains. . Simple Syrup, q s. Make 48 pills. Dose. Take one every day. Useful in scrofulous or cancerous affections. Emmenagogue Pills. (FOEMULA NO 1.) Ferri Sulph., 30 grains. Galbanum, 1^- drachms. Myrrh, U Syr. Aurant Cort, q s. Make pills two grains each. Dose. Take six every three hours. \']6 PILLS. Pills of Aloes and Iron. Socotrine Aloes, 1 ounce. Ginger Jam, 2 ounces. Sulphate of Iron, 2 Extract of Conium, 1 ounce. Make into 8 grain pills. Dose. One or two pills. • ■ Ennmenagogue Pills. Ferri Sulph. 20 grains. Pulv. Aloes, 20 " Saponis Castile, 20 Make ten pills, Dose. One morning and night. Ennmenagogue Pills. (FOEMULA NO 2) Acid Tannic. 20 grains. Morphiae Sulph, 1 grain. Mucilage Acacia, q s. Make ten pills. Dose. Take one every two or three hours. Useful in diarrhoea and dysentery. Pills for Intermittent Fever. Cupri Sulph, 6 grains. Ext. Cmchonae, 32 " Simple Syrup, q s. Make sixteen pills. Dose. Take one four times a day. Piils in Nervous Irritability etc. Zinci Yalerianas 18 grains. Make twelve pills. Dose. One three times a day. PILLS. 177 Pills of Camphor and Kino. Pulv. Kino, 40 grains. Camphor. 30 Pulv. Aromatic. 20 Oxide of Zinc, 10 Make twenty pills. Dose . Two morning and night. Pills for Asthma. Pulv. Opii, 1 grain. Castorei, 1 grain. Digitalis, 2 Pil. Scillae (compound) 8 Mix. Make four pills. Dose. One three times a day . In Gout of the Stomach. Ammon Garb, 20 grains. Pulv. Capsici 20 Pulv. Caryoph, 20 Pulv. Mascis, 20 01. Carri, 5 drops. Ext. of Gentian, 5 grains. Syrup Simple, q s. Mix. Make 20 pills. Dose. One every two hours. Sulphate of Iron Pills. Ferri. Sulph. 3 drachms. Socotrine Aloes, 2 " Aromatic Powder, 6 " Confection of Roses, 8 '' Pulverize the Iron and Aloes separately, mix all t)he ingredients in a proper mass, then make pills five grains each. Dose. — One to three pills a day. 178 PILLS. Hooper's Female Pills. Aloes Soc, 8 ounces. Dried Sulphate of Iron, ' 17^- drachms. Extract of Black Hellebore, 2 ounces. Myrrh, 2 '' Soap, 2 " Powdered Canella, 1 ounce. Powdered Ginger, 1 '' Beat them well together into a mass, with syrup or water, and divide into pills, each containing two and one-half grains. Dose. — Take one every four hours. In Neural&^ia, Extract of Hyoscyamus, Extract of Belladonna, Sulph. Morphia, Sulph. Quinine, Mix, make 20 pills. Dose.— One every two hours. J drachm 5 grains. 2 40 In Rheumatism. Pulv. Antimony, 10 grains Pulv. Opii, 2 '' Hyd. Ohio. Mit., 2 '' Confection of Eoses, q. s. Mix. Make four pills. Dose. — Take two at bed time. Pills for Habitual Costiveness. Pulv. Ipecac, Hydrarg. Chlo. Mit. Ext. Taraxaci, Mix. Make 30 pills. Dose. — One three times a day. 10 grains. 3 40 PILLS. 179 Dr. Vance's Rheumatic Pills. Ext. Colchici Acetic, 1 drachm. Piilv Ipecac Comp., l^- drachms. Dover's Powder, 3 grains. Make 24 pills. Dose : Two at night and one before breakfast. In Scrofulous and Skin Diseases. Grreen Iodide of Mercury, 10 grains. Eesin of Guaiacum, 40 " Ext. Conium, 30 '' Triturate the resin of Guaiacum into a mass with a little Alcohol ; then incorporate with it the extract of Conium and Iodide of Mercury and divide into twenty pills. Dose : One three times a day. Electric Liver Pills. Podophyllin, 10 grains. Leptandrin, 20 " Sanguinaria, • 10 " Extract of Dandehon, 20 " Mix into twenty pills. Useful in chronic diseases of the liver. Take a pill at night for several days, or two may be taken at first to move the bowels, then one daily. Cook's Pills. Powdered Aloes Soc, 100 grains. Ehubarb, 100 '' Calomel, 15 '' Powdered Castile Soap, 25 '' Make one hundred pills. Dose: Two to four pills. i8o PILLS. Webster's Dinner Pills. Powdered Socotrine Aloes, Mastic, " Red Rose Leaves, Make two hundred pills. Dose : One to three. 360 grains. 120 '' 120 " Ague Pills. Blue Mass, 14 grains. . Sulph. Quinine, 21 '' Oil Black Pepper, 12 drops. Make twelve pills. Dose : One pill every three hours preceding the chill. Hewlett's Ague Pills. Quinine, Powd, Gum Myrrh, '' Capsicum, Make into 64 pills. Dose : One pill. Ingall's Pills. Pulverized Gamboge, Aq, Ext. iVloes Soct., Podophyllin, Mix and make one hundred pills. Dose : One or two pills. Lee's Pills. Powdered Aloes , Scammony, Gamboge, Jalap, Soap, Castile, Make into three grain pills. Dose : One to three pills. 2 drachms, 1 drachm. 1 50 grains. 50 50 1 ounce. 2 3 drachms. 2 '^ 1 drachm. PIT.LS. i8r Barclay's Anti-Billlous. Extract of Colocynth, 2 drachms. Extract of Jalai), 1 drachm. Ahnond Soap, IJ^ drachms. Guaiacum, 3 " Tartarized Antimony, 8 grains. Oil Jmiiper, 4 drops. Oil of Caraway, 4 " Oil.of Kosmary, 4 " Form into amass with syrup and divide into three grain pills. Dose : One to three pills. In Chorea and Epilepsy, Argent. Nit. 3 grains Pulv. Opium, 30 " Camphor, 20 " Moschus. 20 Make twenty-four pills. Dose . One morning and night. To Produce Sleep. Ext. Opii. xlqueous. 2 grains. Camphor, 2 Simple Syrup q s. iVI ake one pill . Dose . To be taken at bedtime For Neuralgia. Oxide of Zinc, Ext. Hyoscyamus, Hellebore Nig., Piilv. Glycyrrhiza Ead, Make 72 pills. Dose. — One pill daily. 1 drachm. 1 " 1 '' q. s. i82 PILLS. Emmenagogue Pills. Pulv. Myrrh, Ij drachms. Ext. Hyoscyamus, 30 grains. Pulv. Scillae, 30 '' Aqua, q. s. Make 30 pills. Dose. — Two or three daily. Use. — To promote menstrual discharge. SOLID EXTRACTS Extracts or " solid extracts," are the soluble active principles of drugs concentrated by evaporation to a soft, semi-solid consistence. The strength of an extract depends upon the amount of the crude drug it represents. Hence, were the medicinal strength of the drug uniform, the percent- age of extract obtained from it should always bear a definite relation to the drug. Ten grains of extract are obtained from 100 grs. Nux Vomica by the offi- cinal menstruum: 1 gr. of the extract represents, therefore, 10 grs. of the drug, and the dose of the ex- tract is estimated accordingly. By the nse of more aqueous menstruum, however, a much greater proportion of extract is obtained, viz. : with Alcohol of 60 per cent., 16 grains of extract from 100 grains of Nux Vomica. The strength of this ex- tract is much less, as one gram represents only (100 divided by 16) 6^ grains of the drug. If the drug is of uniform strength and the exhaustion with either men- strua complete, the quantity of extract obtained will be very irregular and correspondingly variable in strenofth. SOLID EXTRACTS. As a general rule, the more aqueous the menstrua, the greater the yield of extract ; conversely, the more alcoholic the menstrua the smaller the yield of extract. To ohtain extracts, therefore, of officinal strength it is necessary to use.officinal menstrua in the extrac- tion. The percentage of extracts obtained, is appended below, and will be found very much more nearly accu- rate than any similar published table; from these the quantity of drug represented by one grain of ex- tract (and the dose also) may be calculated by divid- ing the percentage in one hundred, as sho\yn above. Percentag-e Percentag-e of of extract g-lycerin from drug". Extractum aconiti 5 20 arnicse radicis 5 belladonse ale 5 22 cannabis Indicse 5 10 chinchonas 5 16 colocynth . . 18 conium 5 25 digitalis 5 25 ergotse 20 euonymi . 5 20 hyoscyami ale 17 iris 20 jugandis 5 15 leptandrae 5 18 mezerii 10 nucis vomicae 5 10 physostigmatis 5 2.5 podophylli 10 rhei /. 35 stramonii (seed) 15 i84 _ SOLID EXTRACTS. Percentage Percentag-e of of extract glycerin. from drug. Extractum aloes aqueous 50 " colchici 35 " gentianae 30 •' glycyrrhiztB purum 40 '^ haematoxylon 25 '^ krameriaB 30 malti... 65 •' opium 5 55 " quassise 5 5. " taraxaci 50 Extractum Colocynthidis comp. is the only com- pound extract officinal. Parts. Parts extract colocynthid .... 16 resin of scammony 14 soap, powdered 14 aloes 50 cardamom 6 alcohol to make 100 parts POWDERS. Definition. Substances reduced to fine powder for medicinal purposes. Pulvis Antimonialis. (.James Powder.) Antimony Oxide, 33 parts Calcium Phosphate, 67 ^' Aromatic Powder. Ginger, 35 parts Cardamom, 15 '' Nutmeg, 15 '' Cinnamon, 35 " POWDERS. 185 Cretae Compositus. (For Preparing Chalk Mixture.) Prepared Chalk. 30 parts. Acacia, 20 '' Sugar, 50 '' Clycyrrhizae Compositus. (Brust Pulver— Ger.) Glycyrrhiz^B IC) parts. Fennel, 8 '^ Sulphur, washed 8 " Sugar, 50 " Ipecac et opii. (Dovers Powders.) Ipecac, ■ 10 parts. Opium, 10 '' Milk Sugar, 80 " Jalapae Compositus. Jalap, 35 parts. Potassa Bi-tartrate, 65 " Morphiae Compositus. (Tulley Powder.) Morphia Sulph. 1 part. Camphor, 20 parts. Crlycyrrhizae, 20 '^ Calc. Carb. Prec. 20 '' Rhei Compositus. Ehubarb, 25 parts. Magnesia, 65 " Ginger, 10 '' Effervescens Compositus. (Seidlitz Powders.) Soda Bi-carb. 40 parts. Potassa et Soda Tart. 120 " Acid Tartaric, 35 " Note. The student would do well to commit to memory the above eight powders. CHAPTER XI. SPIRITUS-SPIRITS. Definition.— Alcoholic solutions of volatile sub- stances. Three classes of Spirits are officinal. (1.) Natural Spirits asSpirits Frumenti, Spirits Vini dallici. Spirits Frumenti contains 50% Alcohol. '^ Yini Galhci, 45% (2.) Essences or solutions of Etherial Oils in xilco- hol, as Anise, Aurantii, Juniper, etc. (3.) Chemical Spirits as Nitrous Ether. There are five methods of preparation, viz : (1.) By Simple Solution. Example Spirit Myrciae. (2.) By Solution and Maceration. Ex, Spirit Menthae Piperitae. (3.) By Gaseous Solution. Ex. Spmt Ammonia. (4.) By Chemical Reaction. Ex. Spirit Aetheri Nitrosi. (5.) By Distihation. Ex^. Spirit Frumenti. SUPPOSITORIES. Definition. We understand by the term a sort of pill or bolus, intended to be introduced into the rec- tum, urethra or vagina to produce medicinal action. They are made by three methods, viz; rolling, moulding and pressing. Suppositories should be of the consistence of a pill mass or of a soft unspread plaster. They are gener- ally formed into a mass with soap. Cocoa-butter, or suet. In the case of the two latter excipients or with vaseline, some wax is always necessary. To the cocoa-butter or suet one-sixth or one-eigth of its weight of white wax or yellow wax is added, melted with as little heat as possible, the medicaments mixed in, and when nearly set the mixture is poured into paper capsules standing in damp sand. A more exact method is to weigh out the mass after cooling and shape each suppository with the fingers. RESINS, Definition. Resins are semi-solid exudations from plants, and are regarded as the products of the oxida- tion of the essential Oils. Many of them exude natu- rally from fissures or incisions in the bark or wood. They are all insoluble in water but dissolve readily in Alcohol, Ether and the Essential Oils, insoluble also in dilute acids. When pure and free from essential Oils RESINS. they have no odor except when rubbed or heated. In color they are pale brown or red. The following are officmal : Eesina Talapae, precipitated in Avater. Scammonii, ^' " " Podophylli, in acidulated water. Common Resin. Resin of Copaiba. OLEORESINS, Uef. Are semi-licpjid preparations extracted by Ether from vegetable substances. The U. S. P. recognizes six; namely: Oleoresina Aspidii. yields 10 to 15 % Capsici. '' 5 " Cubebae. " 18 to 25 " Lupulin. '' 50 '' Piperis. '' 5'' Zingerberis.'^ 6 to 8" Percolate the drug in a cylindrical percolator hav- ing a close cover to prevent evaporation; percolate with stronger Ether until exhausted, recover the the Ether by distillation, and allow the residue to evaporate. BALSAMS. Definition. Balsams are mixtures of resins and essential Oils. Crude Turpentine or Pitch is a sample of a true balsam, since by distillation it is separated into a vol- atile Oil, and Resin. The most important commer- BALSAMS. 189 cial Balsams are Canada Balsam, The product of the silver Fir, Venice Turpentine, Copaiba Balsam, Balsam Peru, Balsam Tolu and Gum Benzoin. The officinal Balsams are : Balsam of Tolu. Balsam of Peru. For Unofficinal Balsam see page 828 INCOMPATIBILITIES Substances are said to be incompatible when their combination gives rise to chemical changes, anew com- pound being formed which is either inert or i3ossessed ofdistinct properties. Chemical incompatibility , how- ever, does not always signify therapeutical inertness. Substances which are chemically incom]3atible are something intentionally combined, in order to obtain a new compound. As for instance in the officinal mistura Ferri Composita, a decomposition occurs be- tween the Sulphate of Iron and Carbonate of Potash. The subject of Incompatibility is too much of a stumbling block to the student, to expect him to commit it to his already overburdened memory. They may be classed four fold viz : Chemical, Pharmaceutical, Physiological and Therapeutical. The following are some of the most striking exam- ples of Pharmaceutical Incompatibles, and they should be carefully remembered by the prescriber. Laws of Chemical Incompatibility. 1. Two salts in solution may form, by the inter- change of their acids and bases, two insoluble salts which are precipitated. I90 INCOMPATIBILITIES. 2. When two salts in solution form, by the inter- change of their acids and basis, a soluble and an in- soluble salt, the latter will generally be precipitated, or may form witn the soluble salt a double salt. Have before you two clear solutions, one of chlo- ride of barium, the other of Sulphate of Soda. As you mix them you will observe the formation of a copious precipitate; this is insoluble Sulphate of Barium. If you now filter off the clear fluid, you will find it to be a solution of Chloride of Sodium. 3. When two salts in solution do not give rise to an insoluble salt no precipitate will result, though there may be decomposition. 4. An acid will decompose a salt — (a) If the acid added be more fixed or more soluble than that of the salt. {h) If the acid added can form an insoluble or a less soluble compound with the base of the salt. (c) If the acid added possess a greater aflinity for the base of the salt. (d) If the acid of the salt be gaseous. Have in one vessel Dilute Sulphuric Acid, and in another vessel some Liquor Ammoniie acetatis. You will observe that, as you mix them, Acetic Acid is given off, and the fluid on examination will prove to contain Sulphate of Ammonia. 5. Oxides of the Alkalies decompose salts of the metals proper and of the Alkaloids, and precipitate their bases, or the base may be soluble in excess of the Alkali. Take a solution of Sulphate of Zinc; as you add to it Liquor Potassae, you see the formation of a precipitate of Oxide of Zinc ; as you add more of the Liquor Potassae, the precipitate becomes dissolved. INCOMPATIBILITIES. 191 C. Metallic Oxides combine with the acids to form salts. 7. Vegetable substances containing Tannic or Gallic acids precipitate Albumen, vegetable Alkaloids, and most of metallic Oxides, and form with salts of iron inky solutions. Substances containing Tannic acid also precipitate Gelatine. 8. Glucosides aie incompatible with free acids or emulsions. As a general rule the following substances should be prescribed alone, and are best given in simple solution : — Acid, hydrocyanic, dil. Liq. patassse arseniatis. Acid, nitro-hydroc. dil. Liq. ferri pernit. Antim tart. Tinct. ferri perchlor. Liq. calcis Tinct. iodi. Liq. potassae Potassii bromid. Incompatibility may be sometimes both chemical and pharmaceutical. Illustrations of this are frequently found in mixtures containing quinine, associated wdth some chemical compound, or acid, and a vehicle; which is decom- posed by the latter, as in f ollowTng : Quinnise Sulphatis ^i Ammonii Chloridi ^iss Elix Glycyrrhiz^ arom. 5vi M. et S. Here a reaction takes place between the two salts, with the effect of throwing the active principle of the glycyrrhiza, giycyrrhizin, out of the solution. The same change occurs when diluted Sulphuric Acid is used, and a clear mixture can only be obtained by leaving out the Licorice. Quinine can be eligibly ex- hibited in liquid only in two forms, either suspended in a viscid liquid, such as syrup of Glycyrrhiza, or 192 INCO^rPATIBILITIES. in solution, by the aid of acids ; a compromise between these, when in large doses at least, is rarely desirable. In the following list the substances which cannot be classed as incompatible under any of the above divisions, are given for reference : Substance. Incompatible with. \ Alcohol, alcoliolic and etlierial tinctures;* ^^^^^^- "( Borax; Iron, Cliloride; Lead Salts. . . ^ . 1 \ AlKalies, Alkaline solutions; Metall. Acids, m general : -^ Oxides . Acid Arsenious: \ Iron, Oxid.; JVIagnesia; Lime water. ^ ,. ,. Iron compounds; Potassium iodide;* Lime Salicylic (water. ^ • ( Alkalies, Carbonates and bi-carbonates; Tannic: -> Lime water; Chlorine water; Albumen; Gel- ( atin. Bismuth j Calomel; Sulphur; Tannin. Subnitrate ( Chloral ) Alkalies, Carbonates;* Ammonium and Hydrate I Mercury Compounds, \ Ammonia;^ Alkalies, Carbonates; Chloral; Iodine: ) Metallic salts; Starch.* f Acacia; Acid Hydrochlor. ; Acid Sulphuric Lead j and Sulphates; Ammon. chloride; Carbon- Acetate: ( ates; Lime water; Iodine, Potass. Iodide; [Tannin. Mercury \ Potassium Iodide;* Salts; Carbonates; Bichloride 1 Tannin. TM^ r^-ui -^ { Acids; acid salts; Alkalies, carbonates; Mild Chiorioe -^ Ammon. chloride; Iodine, potass, iodide; caiomei | j^.^^ chloride, iodide; Sulphur. Potassium j Acids, mineral; Calomel; Organic sub- Chlorate: ( stances; Sulphur. ( Acids, acid salts; Alkaloids; Iron, Lead and Iodide: - Mercury Salts; Potassium Cnlorate; Silver f Nitrate; Chlorine water. ^ , i Ammonia, salts; Alcohol; Glycerin; Ether. Permanganate -^ q.^^. Organic substances. Sodium \ Acids, acid salts; Acid Tannic; Alkaloids; Bi-carbonate: "/ Metal. Salts. ^ . ^ ( Acids, Mineral; Chlorine Water; Mercury Bromide: (compounds. r Acids, acetic, hydrochloric, hydrocyanic, Silver 1 sulphuric, tartaric, and their salts; Alka- Xitrate: | lies. Carbonates; Iodine; Potass, iodide, [bromide; Sulphur. Those marked with an * are sometimes directed to be compounded. INCOMPATIBILITIES. 193 Potass, iodicl 5ss. Tinct. cainpli. co., Syr. scill^, aa-^vi. Sp. setlier. nit -^ij. Aqucis ad c\i. Although the sp. sether. nit. wasneutrahzed, Iodine was hberated bp the Benzoic xVcid of the tincture and the x\cetic Acid of the syrup. Such could not be dis- pensed, and the physician w.vote a new combination altogether, as also was the case with the following: Potassffi chlorat 5ij. Syr . ferri iodidi 5vi. Yin. antim oSs. ^ther. chlor oij. Aqnas ad 5 viij . This mixture is almost colorless when first prepared but rapidly acquires a reddish-brown color, and after a few days crystals of Iodine are deposited. This is due to the action of Chlorate of Potash on Ferrous Oxide; Ferrous lodate being formed which splits up into basic lodate and free Iodine. The chemist will have to use his discretion as to whether the decompo- sition is of sufficient importance to refuse dispensing; the two last mentioned are such instances. Incompatible mixtures are sometimes the result of impurities in the drugs used, thus : Sodae hyposulph oi. Acid sulphurous oi. Aq. rosae ad 5 viij. The acid invariably contains some Sulphuric x-Vcid, which throws out sulphur from the hyposulphite. Quinise hydrobromat ; gr. xij* Potassii brom .si. Aqu?e ad siij. Bromide of Potassium frequently contains a trace :94 INCOMPATIBILITIES. of carbonate, which occasions a precipitate of pure Quinine. The Hydrobromate of Quinine should be dissolved in the greater part of the water (warmed if necessary), and a neutralized solution of the Bromide of Potassium added to it. Potassae cit ^ iij. Potassse bicarb 3 ij. Tinct. aurant ^ iv. Aquae ad 5 viij. Also Potassae cit 5 ij. Quiniae sulph gr. ix. Aquae ad 5 vi. Citrate of Potash is rarely neutral ; the sample used for the first prescription effervesced briskly with the bi-carbonate, and examination proved the presence of nearly 5 per cent, of Citric Acid. Another parcel was used for the second prescription, and a precipitate of Quinine was produced; examina- tion showed it to be alkaline. In each case the citrate should have been neutralized either with Potassae Carb. or Citric Acid. The appearance of a sample of Citrate of Potash always indicates whether it is very acid or alkaline. If alkaline it assumes a damp appearance and ng^ev- gates in lumps; but if acid, it seems dry and pulver- ulent. Alkaloids, whether alone or as salts, are nearly all precipitated from their solutions by Tannic Acid. They are, therefore, incompatible with this acid, and also with the various astringent vegetables contain- ing it. Almond Emulsion is separated by Alcohol, Tinct- ures, Oxymel and Syrups of Squills, Spirits of Nitre, hard water. Cream of Tartar. Calomel is decomposed by alkalies, and alkaline earths. EXPLOSIVE AND INFLAMMABLE COMPOUNDS. It will be noted that whenever the substances rich in oxygen or easily deoxidised are ordered to be mixed with other ingredients, the dispenser must always carefully consider the order of mixing. Such substances should never be rubbed with easily oxidisable sub- stances. Some of the substances which easily part with their oxygen are Picric Acid, and Chlorate, lodate, Bichro- mate and Permanganate of Potash, and also Nitrate and Picrate of Potash, Nitrate and Oxide of Silver, Chlo- rate of Calcium, etc. Such substances are first rubbed to a powder in a mortar. They are then mixed with the safe ingredients and lightly stirred with a wooden stick with the easily oxidisable substances. The following are a few of the explosive compounds : Chlorate and Penmanganate of Potash. Parts. Potash Chlorate, 2-0. Lactis Sulphuris, 3-0. Antim Sulph. Aur, 0-5. Zinci Yalerianatis, 0-5. Sacchari, 5-0. M. Ft. Pulv. Divide in parts, 20 asquales. The Chlorate of Potash should first be rubbed to a fine powder, the other ingredients seperately mixed, and the Chlorate combined very carefully, mixing by stirring with a quill. If you use a pestle, look out. ig6 EXPLOSIVE COMPOUNDS. Another : — Parts. Potass Permangan, 100. Calcii Carbon, 100. Amyii, 100. Make a powder. Mix this very carefully, similar to the previous one. Another : — Parts. Potass Clilor., 10. " Salicyl., 5. Cort. CliiiiiEe, 30. Garb. Ligni, 50. For sprinkling on a wound. This is a very dangerous mixture. The last three ingredients should be mixed together in a mortar, then add the Chlorate of Potass, previously pulverized, mix together on a sheet of writing paper with a quill. Note : It should not be forgotten that the presence of even a minute quantity of free acid in many of these explosive compounds, such as in Chlorate of Potash and sugar mixture, will produce serious results. The absolute purity of the chemicals should be attended to. Chlorate of Potash and Hypophosphite of Lime, rubbed together, explode and might cause injury to the dispenser. Hypophosphites of Soda or Lime must not be com- pounded with the Chlorate or Permanganate of Potass or Chloride of Lime. Whenever Chlorate of Potash or Chlorate of Soda is ordered in combination it should be considered with care. Inexperienced physicians sometimes order it in gargles, in combination with Glycerine, Spirits, Car- bolic or Sahcylic Acid. Such mixtures hvq liable to explode by the slight warmth if carried i:i a pocket. EXPTO.-IVE (;OMPOUXDS. 197 With Sulphur, Charcoal, Iodine, metallic powders, orgauic substances, starch, sugar, etc., and all oxidisable bodies, explosions are possible. Axothee: — Parts. Calcii Hypophos, 2.5 • Potass Chlo., . 4.0 Ferri Lactat, 0.3 The result of compounding this was an explosion which injured the druggist very badly. Concentrated solutions of Permanganate of Potassa in Alcohol is liable to explode ; Bichromate of Potash in Alcohol may. ignite the latter ; Aqua Eegia w^illalso often cause an explosion with Alcohol or Essences. The following can not be prepared without an ex- plosion : Lactis Sulph., • 3 grains. Antimon Sulph. Aurant, 3 " Zinci Yaleri, 1 grain. Potass Chlorate, 2 grains. M. Ft. Pulv. Dentur doses, tales No. X. Expiosive Ingredients in a Pill Mass. This important subject is a constant source of anxiety to the dispenser. To treat it fully would far exceed the limit of these remarks. The result of many and most unsafe experiments which we would advise no young dispenser to reproduce, lead to one satis- factory method of proceeding in a majority of cases. When it is a question of an explosive salt, or one that under circumstances may become explosive, dilute it first and separately with twice its weight of neutral exci])ient, made into a protected mass with the remain- in^' possible explosive ingredients. 198 EXPLOSIVE COMPOUNDS, The following should never he prescribed, though it very often is : Argentii Oxide, Creasote, M. Ft. pillvj. 6 grains. 6 " Made thus : Argentii Oxide, Pulv. Glycyrrh, M. 6 grains. 12 '' Creasote, Saponis, M. Ft. Massa. Add the two together with mucilage. 6 grains. 6 " Nitrogen Compounds. — Chloride or Iodide of Nitro- gen is formed by the addition of Chlorine or Ciiloride or Iodide, or an Iodide to Ammonia, and this com- pound is liable to violent explosion in coming in contact with Phosphorus, Iodine, Arsenic, Olive or Cod Liver Oil, Turpentine, etc. The following has caused an explosion : Parts. Iodine, 15. Lin. Camph. Co., 60. Lin. Saponis Co., 60. Mix. Iodine. — In fluids containing Ammonia is liable to produce Iodide of Nitrogen, a violently explosive compound. Iodine in Ammoniacal Liniments or Ointments, with white precipiate should never be dispensed. Bromine. — Must be regarded as Iodine. EXPLOSIVE CO^^IPOUNDS. 199 Spieits of Niter. — With Tinctures sometimes de- velopes gas, and is liable to blow out the cork or break the bottle. Hypophosphite of Lime. — The trituration alone has sometimes resulted in an explosion. SuBNiTRATE OF BisMUTH. — With a mixture of Bicar- bonate of Soda will burst the bottle unless added together very slowly. Explosive Mixtures. 1. Chlorate of potash, powdered galls, tannic acid. M . Ft. pulvis. — To be used for a gargle . The pow- der should be mixed separately with water and not rubbed altogether. 2. Chlorate of potash and pulv. catechu. — This combination is intended as a dentifrice, It, however, should not be dispensed alone . If other combina- tions are made the danger is averted . 8 . Chlorate of potash hypophosphite of soda and water . If the salts are rubbed together they will ex- plode, but if dissolved separately in the water and mixed, no harm results. 4. Chlorate of potash, tannic acid, glycerin and water. If the tannin, chlorate of potash and glycerin are rubbed togeter an explosion ensues, but if the acid is first dissolved in the glycerin and the chlorate of pot- ash in the water and mixed, no harm follows . 5. Cliolrate of potash, Tr. ferri clilor. and glycer- ine half an ounce each. This combination is often used, but when put together in the above proportions, is very likely to explode, especially if warmed. EXPLOSIVE COMPOUNDS. 6. Soda chlor. 2 dr. : antimon. siilph. aiirat. 20 gr. This combination, if even gently triturated, is liable to inflame with a cracking noise. • 7. Lac. sulphiiris 3 grains, antimon. sulph. aurat. } gr. zinci valer 2 gr., potass chlor. 2 gr . M. Ft. Pulvis, Make 10 alike. Potash permanganate when associated with any eadily oxidizable substance such as glycerine, ex- plodes. 8. Chromic acid 10 grains., glycerine Idr. This mixture is liable to explode unless the glycer- ine is added to the acid drop by drop. Iodine and ammonia form a very powerful explosive agent when combined, unless some water is intro- duced into the mixture, which seems to retard the de- velopment of nitrogen iodide, upon which the explo- sive properties depend . 9 . Iodine 5ss ., linim, camph . co ., linim . saponis aasii . M . F . Linim . This combination exploded once in the hands of a pharmacist from the iodine and the ammonia in the liniment camph . co . coming in contact . 10. Acidi nitrici, acidi muriatici; Tr. nucis vom. aa 5ij M . This prescription was once ordered by a physician, and exploded after several hours. 11. Acid, nitro-mur., sj. Tr. cardamom! ,?ss M. Also this combination was the result once of a seri- ous injury. CERATES, Definition — (Memorize) Cerates are so called from a Latin term Cera, signifying wax. They are unctu- ous substances or mixtures of fat and nearly allied to the ointments. Cerates contain wax and are there- fore of a much firmer consistence. There are seven Cerates in the IT. S. P. divided into two classes. Five of the seven are prepared by fusion and the re- maining two by fusion and maceration. By fusion. — Camphoria Cerate, Olive Oil 12 parts., Camphor Linim 3 parts., Simple Cerate 85 parts. Cetacei Ceeate. SperDiaceti 10 parts., Olive Oil 55 parts., White Wax 34 parts. Plumbi Subacetates. Sol Lead Subacetate 20 parts. Camphor Cerate 80 parts. Resixa. Resin 35 parts., Wax 15 parts., Lard50parts., Sabixa. Fluid Ext. Sabinae 25 parts., Eesin Cerate 90 parts. By maceration in connection with fusion. Ceratum caxthaeides. — Cantharides, 35 parts, Wax, 20 parts., Resin, 20 parts.. Lard, 25 parts. Extract Cantharides. — Cantharides, 30 parts., x\lco- hol, q. s.. Resin, 15 parts.. Wax, 35 parts., Lard, 35. In the Cantharides Cerate the Cantharides in fine powder is digested for half an hour in the melted fats so that the vesicating principle may be dissolved, and the Cerate therefore more active. It must, however, not be strained but carefully stirred until cool. OINTMENTS. Def. soft, unctuous substances applied to the skin by inunction. Alum and Calomel Ointment. Calomel, 2 drachms. ounce. Powdered Alum, Sugar of Lead, Oil of Turpentine, Simple Ointment, Mix. This is a valuable remedy in tinea capitis. The simple ointment is made as follows : 2 drachms. H ounces. Simple Ointment. White Wax, Prepared Lard, Mix. Camphor Ointment. Powdered Camphor, Glycerine, Simple Ointment, Mix. Useful in erythema, and in equinous affections of the skin. Basilicon Ointment. (Resin Cerate.) 1 pound. 2 pounds. 15 grains, q. s. 1 ounce, vesicular and Resin, Yellow Wax, Lard, Melt them together over a slow mixture through muslin, and stir cold. This is one of the best known and most reliable dressings for healing old burns, scalds and all kinds of sores. 10 ounces. 4 " 16 " fire; strain the constantly until OINTMENTS. 203 Cantharides Cerate. (Blister Ointment.) Cantharides, in fine powder, 12 ounces. Yellow Wax, 7 '' Eesin, 7 " Lard, 10 '' To tlie wax, resin and lard, previously melted to- gether and strained through muslin, add the canthar- ides, and by means of a water-bath keep the mixture in a liquid state for half an hour, then remove from the fire and stir constantly until cool. This forms the usual blistering plaster. Ointment of Rose Water. (Cold Cream.) Oil of Sweet Almonds, 3J ounces. Spermaceti, 1 ounce. White Wax, 2 drachms. Rose Water, 2 fl. ounces. Melt together by means of a water-bath, the oil, spermaceti and wax; then gradually add the rose- water, and stir constantly while cooling. A smsll portion of glycerine may be added, if desired, before cooling. When properly made, cold cream is one of the most elegant and grateful preparations in use for chapped hands and lips, frost-bit, raw surfaces, etc. stramonium Ointment. Fresh Lard, 2 pounds. Stramonium Leaves, bruised, sufficient. Place the lard in a kettle, over a slow fire, and put in all the stramonium leaves it willhold ; let it simmer for an hour, remove from the fire, and strain while hot ; expressing the leaves dry. This forms a simple and good ointment to relieve pain; and is much used as an addition to pile ointments. 204 OINT^IE.VTS. Eye Ointment. Pulverized Opium, 8 grains. Camphor, 8 " Calomel, 30 '' Oil of Sweet Almonds, 1 drachm. Cocoa Butter, 1 " Mix. Eub a small portion on the eye-lid before going to bed. Connpound Butter Ointment. Burgundy Pitch, 4 ounces. Red Oxide Mercury, 1 ounce. Eed Oxide Lead, 1 " Venice Turpentine, 1 " Fresh Butter, 16 ounces. Melt the butter and pitch over a slow fire ; add the turpentine; and, lastly, the two oxides, finely pow- dered, stirring constantly until the ointment is cold. Deshler's Salve. / 8 ounces. 5* a Flaxseed Oil, Turpentine, Yellow Wax, 12 Resin, 12 Suet, 12 Melt all together and strain the mixture well, stir- ring until cold. Magnetic Ointnnent. Prepared Lard, 8 ounces. Raisins, 3 " Fine-cut Tobacco, 3 " Simmer well together, then remove from the fire and strain. This is a fine remedy for salt rheum, tetter, etc. OINTMENTS. Becker's Eye Salve. Calamine, Tutty, ^ Red Oxide of Mercury, Powdered Camphor, Oil of Sweet Almonds, White Wax, Fresh Butter, Reduce the minerals to a fine powder and incorpor- ate w^ith the Oils in w^hich the Camphor has heen dis- solved, wdtli the butter and wax, previously melted. Unsalted butter should be used. Ij drachms. U " 6 1 drachm. 2 drachms. 1 ounce. 8 ounces. Green Mountain Salve. Pow^dered Verdigris, 1 ounce . Oil of Wormwood, i " Venice Turpentine, Ij ounces. Oil of Red Cedar, v 1 ounce. Oil of Origanum, 1 " Oil of Hemlock, 1 " Balsam Fir, 1 " Mutton Tallow, 4 ounces. Beesw^ax, 4 " Burgundy Pitch, 4 " Resin, 5 pounds. pitch, beeswax, mutton tallow* and now add the Oils with the verdigris, the other ingredients, and mix Melt the resin, balsam together ; together w^ith thoroughly. Judkin's Ointment. Linseed Oil, 1 Red Lead, 4 Spts. Turpentine, • Sugar of Lead, 1 The Oil is first boiled in an earthen pot, after which the lead is gradually added, finally the other inofredients. pound, ounces, drachm, drachm. 2o6 OINTMENTS. Mild Oxide of Zinc Ointment. Olive Oil, 2 pounds. Spermaceti, 12 ounces. White Wax, 9 '' White Oxide of Zinc, 4 Acid, Benzoic, 2 drachms. Sulphate of Morphia, 2 " Otto of Kosps, 20 drops. The first three articles are to be melted by a gentle heat, and while warm, sprinkle in the Zinc and Mor- phia, and when nearly cold add the Benzoic Acid and Otto of Eose. Petit's Eye Salve. White Wax, 4 ounces. Spermaceti, 12 " Olive Oil, 2 pounds. White Precipitate, 3 ounces. Oxide of Zinc, 4 Benzoic Acid, 2 drachms. Sulphate of Morphia, 48 grains. Oil of Eosemary, 20 drops. Melt the Sperm, Wax, and Olive Oil together. Eub the Precipitate, Zinc , Benzoic Acid and Mor- phia in a portion of the warm mixture, add together, and lastly add the Eosemary; stir until cool. Oxide of Zinc Ointment. Prepard Lard, 5 Troy ounces. Olive Oil, 5 Troy ounces. White Wax, 2i Troy ounces. Spermaceti, 2i- Troy ounces. Oxide of Zinc, 22- Troy ounces. Powdered Gum Benzoin, i Troy ounce. Melt the Lard, Olive Oil, white Wax and Sperm by a gentle heat; sprinkle in the Zinc, and when nearly cool add the Gum and mix all thoroughly. An ex- cellent ointment for sores that are indisposed to heal. OINTMENTS. 207 Cazeaux Nipple Ointment. White Wax, 4 ounces. Oil of Sweet x\lmonds, 1 ounce. Honey, (clear) ' j ounce. Balsam Peru, 2j drachms. Melt the Wax and Honey by a gentle heat, then add the Oil of Almonds, and when nearly cold, add the Balsam of Peru, Croup Ointment. Lobelia Seed, powdered, 1 ounce. Alaccoboy Snuff, 1 ounce. Prepared Lard sufficient to make an ointment. Spread upon linen and apply over the throat and chest, as long as the case requires a relaxant. Kittridge's Ointment. Quicksilver, 1 ounce. Nitric Acid, 1 ounce. Prepard Lard, i pound. Let the silver and the acid stand together until the silver is set, then add to the lard previously melted and mix thoroughly. This is a fine remedy for pimpled face, prairie itch, itch, etc. Radin's Camphor Ointment. Purified Lard, j ounce. " Suet, i " White Wax, i " Oil of Bay-berries, 2 '' Gum Camphor, 2 drachms. Melt together, except the Camphor, which must be added to the mixture when nearlv cold. 2o8 OINTMENTS. Pimple Ointment. Cold Cream, 1 ounce. Nitrate of Bismuth, 40 grains. White Precipitate, 40 " Oil of Bergamot, 20 drops. Mix. This is a fine preparation to reduce pimples etc., from the face. Favorite Ointment. Ked Oxide Mercury, * ^ i ounce. Sugar of Lead, i " Burnt Alum, 1 White Yitriol, 2 drachms. Mutton Tallow, j pound. Melt the Tallow and add the other ingredients while warm; mix thoroughly and stir until cold. Green Ointment. Clear Honey, ^ pound. Beeswax, i " Turpentine, 1 ounce. Oil of W^intergreen, . 2 ounces. Tincture of Opium, 2 Powdered Yerdigris, 2 drachms. Eefined Lard, Ij pounds. Melt the lard and heeswax together hy a gentle heat, then add other ingredients and mix thoroughly. Chilblain Ointment, Powdered Nutgalls, 1 drachm. Glycerine, • 2 drachms. Simple Ointment, 7 " Mix and make a uniform mass. A good dressing for broken chilblains. OINTMENTS. 205 Mead's Ointment. Aqua Fort is. Quicksilver, Castile Soap, dissolved. Prepared Chalk, Prepared Lard, 1 ounce. 1 '^ 1 " 1 " 1 pound. Mix the Aqua Fortis and Quicksilver in an earthen- ware vessel, and when done effervescing mix with the other ingredients. This is an excellent remedy for salt rheum. Pile Ointment-No. 1. Powdered Galls, 40 grains Powdered Opium, 20 Simple Ointment, ^ ounce Stramonium Ointment, i " Mix. Apply two or three times daily. Pile Ointment— No. 2. Carbonate of Lead, j ounce. Sulphate of Morphia, 15 grains. Stramonium Ointment, U. S. D. 1 ounce. Olive Oil, 20 drops. Mix, and apply three times a day, as occasion and pain may require. Sisson's Ointment. Best Brandy, 8 ounces. Turpentine, 1 gill. Gum Camphor, 1 ounce. Beef's Gall, 8 ounces. Neat's Foot Oil, 1 pint. Dissolve the Camphor in the brandy, add the other ingredients, and mix well. MIXTURES, The term Mixture in pharmacy is understood to mean a preparation either soluble or insoluble sus- pended in an aqueous liquid. An emulsion is a mixture. There are eleven officinal. See U. S. P. Memokize. — Misturae Glycyrrhizae Composita. (Mixture of Glycyrrhizae Compound.) Pure Extract Glycyrrhizae, Sugar, Acacia, Camphorated Tincture of Opium, Wine of Antimony, Spirits Nitrous Ether, Water, Memorize. — Misturae Cretae — (Chalk Mixture.) Compound Chalk Powder, 20 parts. Cinnamon Water, 40 *' Water, 40 " 3 parts. 3 3 12 6 3 70 ABSTRACTS. Definition. Abstracts are powdered preparations made from the extracts by the addition of sufficient milk sugar. They are double the strength of the drug or fluid extract — one grain represents two grains of the drug. Formula. In preparing an abstract the drug is exhausted with proper menstruum, and the extract obtained. ABSTRACTS. This while yet warm is incorporated with its weight of milk sugar. When sufficiently dry the mixture is powdered, and enough milk sugar added to bring the product to one half the weight of the drug employed. The U. S. P. recognizes eleven: Aconite, Belladonna, Conii, Digitalis, Hyoscyami, Ignateae, Jalapae, Nucis Vomicae, Podophylli Senegae, Valerianae. SYRUPS. Def. A concentrated solution of sugar or water or aqueous liquids. The preparation of syrups may be considered as a matter of supreme simplicity, and in fact so far as Pharmacopoeiasyrups are concerned this is no doubt correct. Very little of either art or science being re- quired in most cases to furnish presentable articles. There are, however, many preparations now in exten- sive demand of the syrupy kind, which require care and consideration as well as skill in their manufacture. Syrups made hy boiling. In all cases when sugar is to be dissolved by heat it is preferable to put the sugar into the water, cold, and bring slowly to boiling point. Continue ebulition for only two or three minutes. If the sugar be put into the boiling water a large por- tion of the water will be evaporated before much of it is dissolved, otherwise the sugar will be found to have dissolved before the boiling point is reached. A few minutes ebulition will clear the whole, and the scum may be removed by means of a skimmer. Syrups are strained through muslin or felt bags. SYRUPS. Note. The clearness of syrup is not a matter of straining but of boiling, from three to live minutes ebulition generally suffices to give the disired brillian- cy. These remarks apply to Simple Syrups. After cooling, the specific gravity of a syrup should be de- termined v^ith a hydrometer. 16 oz sugar to 12 oz. water yeild 2'2h fl. oz. sp. gv. 1.273 gallon. 16 " •' 10 " " 20i " " 1.208 16 '' U g c. " 18^ " '^ 1.330 U '• " 8 " " 17i " - 1.3U 12 ■' " 8 " " 16 " - 1.290 10 '■ ''■ 8 " " m " " 1264 8 " "' 8 " " m " '' 1.281 The U. S. P. recognizes 3 kinds of syrups: 1. Syrui) or Simple Syrup — Sugar and Water. 2. Medicated Syrups, 3. Flavored Syrups. There are four methods for preparing syrups. 1. Solution with heat. (Described above.) 2. Agitation without heat. 3. Simple addition . 4. Digestion or Maceration. Thirty-four syrups in all. 5 by Solution with heat. 7 '' Addition. 18 " Agitation without heat. 4 " Maceration or Digestion. For further information see Parrish or Kemington. A large number of preparations of unofficinal syrups enjoy considerable popularity both with patients and prescribers, and we herewith append a choice selec- tion. THE PERFUMER'S ART. It lias always appeared strauge to the writer that our druggists seldom or never put up their own po- mades. This can be done with much ease. Take an ordi- nary glue pot made thoroughly clean and place a pound of good lard in it, and when the heliotrope flowers are in season throw them into the clarified fat. Place the glue pot in some place where the heat will just liquify the lard. Let the flowers remain in the liquid for twenty-four hours, strain the fat from the spent flowers and go on repeating the operation for a w^eek. The result will be an excellent pomade a la heliotrope. This pomade can be made into an extract by steep- ing the odorous fat in highly rectified spirits. In this manner a druggist may make cheap and elegant per- fumes. Let us take extract of Heliotrope for instance as it is usually sold. There is not one particle of the flower in it. Vanilla, French Rose, Orange flower, ^Vmber- gris, and the essential oil of Almonds mixed together in certain proportion make the imitation knowm by the name of extract of Heliotrope. This, in its way, is a fraud and as bad as those committed in certain parts of France where they manufacture wine from half a dozen different sources, not one drop of the pure wine the mixture is intended to represent appear- ing in it. Imitation of Honeysuckle is made up in the same way. Indeed some of the odors are made from the most repulsive smelling substances. For in- 214 PERFUMERY. stance, there is the artificial Otto of Almonds which is made from benzole, or oil of Tar. Extracts of M}^- tle, Narcissus, Lily of the Yalley, and several others are all innocent of containing the odor of the perfume they are made to represent. Orange flower extract, is, on the other hand, madefrom the blossom of that flow^er in the same way as the heliotrope extract. Otto of roses is made by distilling the roses with water. Yery large numbers of roses are used to make the otto, — as many as two thousand blossoms to make one drachm. Most of the otto used in this country is imported from Turkey. What Perfumes are made of. Perfumes are made from tar resin roots, but good perfumes are made only from carefully picked and carefully preserved flowers. France is the great mar- ket of rare and costly odors. The Jasmine is exten- sively cultivated and forms the basis of a number of perfumes. Almost any variety will do but the Jasmi- num Grandiflora is preferred. The weather has very much to do with the success of the manufacture ; the hotter the season, the stronger the perfume of the Jasmine and consequently that of the extract pro- duced. The little purple lavender is another stand by for the manufacturer, and from it is obtained not only scent but several distinct oils that are invaluable to the trade. English and American women especially have a preference for this odor which they frequently distil themselves. The villagers among the hills of Wel- lington formerly raised the entire crop used in com- merce, but of late years the supply has grown smaller, and the price of lavender waters and perfumes has become so high that the old ladies have been obliged PERFUMERY. to transfer their affections to some other odor. Eng- lish grades have always been the standard but the im- itation from Spain and Italy is often masqueraded as the genuine, and cosmetic dealers and manufacturers of cologne and extracts are readily deceived. Barbers have a weakness for lavender, which at best is a mis- erable mixture. Ottar of Roses. There is probably more deception in attar of roses than in any other two varieties put together. As is well known, the very best samples come from Turkey done up in grotesque little bottles. It is said that fully 90/0 of the Smyrna and Bulgarian attar is made and bottled in Conneticut. Along the river Ganges in India, great quantities are made annually, but even in the East the preparation is adulterated with oil of rose geranium and Himalya grass which latter ingre- dient has become so valuable that an extensive trade is carried on with it. Only an expert can tell real attar of roses and then the test is chemical. It con- geals, if unadulterated, at 55^ Fahrenheit, and the crystals are large and almost transparent. The rose from which this precious oil is taken is the Damascina the leaves of which are used for the manufacture of rose water. The Violet. The Yiola Odorata is fche species most used and the harvest, which lasts from February to May, gives em- ployment to hundreds of W'Omen and children. Wild Olives. The Wild Olive makes a delicious and delicate per- fume. Napoleon had such a passion for sweet odors that a shower of cologne water followed his morning 2i6 PERFU^IERY bath, and on retiring he caused his nigiit robe to be sprinkled with extract of wild ohves until it was damp with the perfume. Musk. This a strong odor procured from the musk deer. As a rule, American ladies object to it although we are told that the Empress Josephme was so fond of it that, notwithstanding the Emperor's remonstrances, her dressing room at Malmaison was filled with it, the perfume not having to the 'present time been oblit- erated, notwithstanding all the means taken to do so. The musk comes from Tonquin and Thibet, but tbe deer is found throughout the whole length of the Himalaya mountains. The scent is found beneath the skin and near the navel of the animal, which is not larger than a greyhound, and is often caught in snares though it is usually hunted as they do hares. Musk in its pure and unadulterated state is disagree- ably powerful. Indeed there are many perfumes of vegetable production which one would exceed- ingly dislike if used in their pure condition, especially the ottos. That of violets, for instance, is like Prus- sic Acid, and the otto of roses is very disagreeable. Heliotrope. This extract, as it is sold in our stores, is very beau- tiful, but there is not one particle of the flower in it, not one. Vanilla, French rose, Orange flower, Am- bergris and the essential oil of Almonds, mixed together in certam proportions make the imitation known by the name of Heliotrope. This, in its way, is a fraud as bad as those^ committed in certain parts of France, where they manufacture wine from half a dozen different sources, not one drop of the pure wine, the PERFUMERY. 217 mixture is intended to represent, appearing in it. Imitations of Honeysuckle are made up in tiie same way — indeed some of the odors in use are made from the most repulsive smelHng substances. For instance, there is the artificial otto of almonds, which is made from benzole, or tar oil. Extracts of Myrtle, Narcissus, Lily of the Valley, and several others, are all innocent of containing the odor of the perfume they are made to represent. Ambergris. There are a number of odors that are made from various substances which the public know nothing about. If we were to question the next hundred persons we meet in the street as to the source from which ambergris comes, we do not think one of them would know anything about it. A substance called ambergris, which has been known for about a century, is found at rare intervals floating in the sea in the hottest latitudes. The sailors found it in the whale's intestines near the stomach, and developed the theory that it w^as a petrifaction, and that as a natural course of events the whole whale might turn into the sub- stance. In a short time sailors were multiplying who had seen amber whales. During the spring of last year the Sea Eanger, a whaling ship, which had sailed from New Bedford in June, 1879, for a four years whaling voyage in the South Atlantic took a sperm v\^hale while crossing to the south of St. Helena. After the usual operation of hooking, hoisting, and cutting off the blubber and bailing out the "case," the mostinterestingpart of the work was begun. At this point all on board eagerly watched while the long spade was pushed into the m- testines in order to ascertain if there was any amber- 2i8 pp:rfumery. gris in the stripped leviathian. In the present instance the rnen were rewarded by finding the finest specimen of ambergris that has been captured during tlie last ten years. It was about the size and shape of a water melon, weighed seventy pounds and w^as worth 118,000. The price of ambergris has been as high as $290 per pound. Messrs. Weeks & Potter, of Boston, bought the above lump of ambergris. Whenever a large piece of this substance is found the more prominent chemists and druggists of the world are promptly notified — such dealers as Lubin, Pinaud, the Atkinsons of London, Scheffelin & Co. of New York — and there is spirited competition for the control of the market. The supply is extremely small. There are about one hundred and seventy-five whaling ships m the world ; all are constantly looking out for the precious substance, and the entire amount taken by all these ships (including the one hundred and forty American whalers, the twenty-five ships that go to Baffin's Bay from Dundee, and the few stragglers from Norway and Sweden) is not more than fifty to seventy-five pounds per jesiw It was used many years in medicine, but its great and important present use is in the manufacture of per- fumes. It consists chiefly of a peculiar fatty matter, similar to cholesterin, and is readily dissolved in alco- hol, ether, or the volatile oils. The most widely accepted supposition is that it is a hardened piece of biliary matter formed in the stomach of a sick whale, and, perhaps, some other fishes also, for the sperm whale is known to feed upon cuttle fish, whose tough, indistructible beaks are to be found in the ambergris i a fact arguing that the ambergris was a cause or result of indigestion. PERFUMERY. 219 In making perfumery there are two general classes — the animal odors, such as those from the musk and civet, and vegetable odors, such as those from the rose and cassia. In the case of the animal odors, they can be dissolved in alcohol by the aid of heat, and the odor is taken up by the alcohol. With the vegetable, as, for example, the rose, alternate layers of lard and roses are pressed and allowed to stand, when the lard will take into itself the entire perfume of the roses and afterward the perfume can be transferred to alcohol from the lard. When the alcohol is thus saturated with the odor, more alcohol is added until the mixture is of the required strength. Then the ambergris is used. If the perfumed alcohol were used as a scent for the handkerchief, the spirits would evaporate and the odor would not remain. But the ambergris is added and acts as a base to build upon. Like bodies of this kind, undergoing a slow decomposition and posessing little volatility ; when it is mixed with fleeting scents it gives permanence to them. It acts as an in- finite number of small reservoirs which prevent the perfume from escaping fast. In consequence of this quality, it is indispensable to the perfumer. It contains a substance which clings pertinaciously to woven fabrics. No ambergris has been found, as far as is generally known to perfumery manufacturers, since the splendid specimen spoken of above. Patchouly. There is a little history attached to this odor. Not long since it was the custom of shawl purchasers to distinguish real India shawls from the very clever French imitations by the delicate odor they emitted. This odor tlie French could not imitate ; they, how- ever, set their wits to work to find out the secret, and 220 perfu:mery. succeeded in importing the patchouly plant, an herb that grows in India and China, for the purpose of giving the characteristic perfume, which enabled them once more to palm off the fictitious for the real shawl. This fact speedily leaked out, and no dealernow trusts to his nose to settle the question between a real Indian shawl and its French imitation. The plant once in Europe, however, it speedily became a favorite. It is used by the Indian shawl merchant to preserve his goods from the attack of insects. It is therefore applicable to the preservation of all kinds of linen and woolen garments. Before entering upon our work of formula for the manufactureof Perfumery, it will be well to bear in mind the following directions as to the best methods of making extracts from Flow^er Pomades: FiEST. — Pure Cologne Spirits j gallon. Flower Pomade 4 pounds. (Flower Pomade is known to the trade as "Triple Pomade.") Second. — Place the Spirits in a well stoppered bottle together with the pomade cut in small pieces and place the bottle in a water bath and apply gentle heat, just sufficient to melt the Pomade and stir wdth a wooden spatula or shake w^ell together. By this method the fatty matter will solidify and exhibit a granulated ap- pearence, having been thoroughly permeated by the spirits. Third. — Let the mass stand for five days, but shake occasionally. Fourth. — Now drain off the liquid extract into another bottle but if it falls short of a gallon pour in a sufficiency of alcohol to make up the mixture. This is called the first wash or Virgin. TERFUMERY. 221 Fifth. — By subsequent and similar treatment a sec- ond and even a third quantity of extract may be made which however, much weaker, will be found suitable for cheaper perfumes. The Pomade left will then make an excellent Hair Pomade when bottled. Herewith appended are several formula for extracts which will be required in our formula which follow. Extract Vanilla. Yanilla Beans (fine quality) 4 ounces. White Sugar 4 Proof. Spirits 1 gallon. Powder the Beans and Sugar very fine, pack in a percolator and percolate w^ith proof spirits. Extract Orris Orris- Eoot (finely ground. 7 pounds. Percolate with pure Alcohol until one gallon of ex- tract is obtained. Extract Tonka. Tonka Beans (Coarse powdered) 1 pound. Percolate with Alcohol until one gallon of extract is obtained. Extract Musk. Pure grain musk 2 drachms. Mix half an ounce of Liquor Pottasse with four ounces of Proof Spirits and triturate the Musk with this mixture until it is thoroughly softened and re- duced to a creamy state. Add enough Proof Spirits to make one pint ; sti^' well, then allow the coarser particles to subside and pour off the supernatant fluid, Make three pints. 222 PERFUMERY. Essence Boquet. Extract Musk 4 ounces, Tuberose 2 Otto Kose Yergin 1 drachm e. " Bergamot li drachms. " Neroli Super i drachm. " Verben-a (true) 8 drops. •' Pimento 10 " " Patchouly 8 " Lavender (English) 12 '' Pure Spirits sufficient to make 4 ])'y:ts. Mix and digest. Charlotte Cushman Boquet. Triple Extract Rose, 32 ounces. a a Tuberose 24 H tl Orris 12 U ({ Ambergris 4 u u Musk 2 Oil Bergamot 1 ounce. " Lemon i " Mix. Clara Kellogg Boquet. Extract Tuberose Violets " Roses Yanella Tolu " Ambergris Oil NeroH " Lemon Mix. 20 ounces. 16 16 8 1 drachm. f PERFUMERY. 223 Frangpanni Boquet. Extract Orris 4 ounces. a Tuberose' 2 C( Musk 4 Yanilla 2 ii Jasmin 1 ounce. a Styrax 1 " Otto Neroli Super 1 '' u Eose Virgin J drachm. ii Sandal Flav 1 (< Ked Cedar Wood i " ii Pimento 1 a Cassia 20 drops. n Bergamot i drachm. a Ginger 4 drops. li Lavender English 6 '' a Benzoic Acid 2 drachms, Pure Spirits Sufficient to make 4 pints. Mix. New Mown Hay. Extract Tonka 25 ounces. a Musk 6 a Orris 8 a Yanilla 1 ounce. a Styrax 1 Otto Bergamot 1 drachm. a Neroli Super 15 crops. a Eose Virgin 10 " a Cloves 6 '' u Lavender (English) 10 " a Patcliouly 10 '' a Santal Flav 1 drachm. Benzoic Acid Ij " Pure Spirits, sufficient to make 4 pints. Mix. 224 PERFUMERY. HoneysuckU 3 Boquet. Spirits Rose Pomatum 1 pint. Yiolet 1 " Tube Eose 1 '' Extract Yanilla 1 " 4 Tolu i" Otto Neroli 10 drops. " Bitter Almonds 5 drops. Mix. The cost of this perfume would probably be to high to meet the demand, if so , dilute it with pure Spirit sufficient to make it pay. Mignonette Boquet. Extract Orris 12 ounces. Tuberose 4 Yanilla 4 Musk 2 Otto Eose Yirgin 1 drachm. " Neroli Super U " " Pimento 12 drops. Benzoic Acid 1 drachm. Pure Spirits sufficient to make 4 pints. Mix. Stephanotis Boquet. Extract Cassia 4 ounces. ' ' Tuberose 4 " " Jasmin ' 2 " ■ 'V Musk 8 " '' Orris 8 " '' Tonka 3 " Otto Eose Yirgin 1 drachm. " Neroli Super i " Benzoic Acid 1 Pure Spirits, sufficient to make 4 pints. Mix. PERFUMERY. 2-5 Sweet Cem of Eden. Extract Jasmin 20 ounces. n Tuherose 16 n Orange Flowers 4 li Jonquil 4 a Acacia Flowers 4 n Vanilla 3 u Civet 1 ounce. Triple Extract of Eose 4 ounces. OilB ergamot 1 ounce. Mix. stolen Kisses. Extract Jonquil, 2 pints. a Orris, 2 '' a Tonka, 1 pint. it Rose Triple, 1 " u Acacia, i " a Civet, 4 a Ambergris, i " Otto Citronella, 1 drachm. u Verbena, i " These ingredients are to remain together at least fourteen days then filter prior to sale. Victoria Regia. Extract Rose Virgin Pomade, 16 ounces. u Orange Virgin Pomade, 8 u Cassia, 8 a Jasmin '' " 16 u Orris, 8 u Ambergris, 8 OilN eroli, i drachm. " Rose, i " '^ Sandal Flav, 1 Mix. 226 PERFUMERY. Tea Rose Boquet. Spirits Kose Pomade, 1 pint. ii '' Triple, 1 '' , Extract Eose Leaf Geranium, 1 " u Sandalwood, i " a Neroli, i " u Orris, i " Mix. Ylang Yiang Boquet Extract Tonka, 3 ounces. u Musk, 4 ii Tuberose, 4 " ii Cassia, 4 " n Orris, 8 ^* otto Orange (New) 2 drachms. '< Neroli Super, 1 drachm. Pure Spirits sufficient to make 4 pints. Mix. COLOGNES. The receipts for the following colognes are the most noted that, at present, are being manufac- tured. The directions for making the colognes are to cut the oils in about nine-tenths of spirits and after twenty-four hours add the water and immediately add the remainder of the spirits. The water should always be luke waian when put in and always filter through filter paper. Hoyt's German Cologne. Oil Rose, 15 drops. '' Jasamin, 4 drachms '' Patchouly, 1 drachm. '* Eose Geranium, IJ drachms " Lemon Grass, J drachm. '' Orange, 15 drops. '* Bergamot, 2 drachms " Nutmeg, J drachm. '' Almond Bitter, 10 drops. '' Yerbena, 10 '' Caraway, 6 " " Cassia, 5 '' Citronella. 30 '* Rhodium, 5 Tincture Benzoin, 2 ounces. Yanilla, 1 ounce. Cologne Spirits, } gallon. Water, warm 8 ounces. Mix. 228 COI.OGXES. Oil of Cologne. Oil of Bergamot, 4 ounces. " Kose, 1 drachm. '' Neroli, 1 '' Lemon, J ounce. " Geranium Kose, 2 drachms. '' Lavender, 2 Mix. Magnolia Cologne. Extract Jasmin Pomade third wash, 96 ounces Extract Orange, 32 " MagnoHa Comp. 8 '' Mix. Jockey Club. Ext. Jasmin Pomade third wash. 1 gallon. " Eose 8 ounces. '' Orange 10 " '' Jockey Club, 8 '' " Cloves, 2. '' Mix. Ylang Ylang Cologne, Extract Jasmin Pomade third wash, 96 ounces. Extract Tuberose, 32 " Ylang Ylang Comp. • 8 Mix. Farina Cologne. Oil Neroli, 5 drachms. " Bergamot, 1 ounce. Pure Alcohol, 6 pints. Water, 2 '^ Mix ;.:]d filter. COLOGNES. 229 Lau De Cologne. Spirits, Pure 6 gallons. Otto Neroli, Petit Grain 2 ounces. '' Neroli Petale, i ounce. Eosemary, 2 ounces. *' Orange Peel,l " Lemon, 1^ of each, 4 ounces. " Bergamot, j Mix. This formula is the genuine. A gi -eat manv have been i-ublishei by people that are in ignorence of what they are puttiug up. Citronella Cologne. Ext. Orange Pomade third wash, 52 ounces. " Jasmin, 32 " Oil Citronella, 2 Mix. German Cologne. Cologne Spirits, 1 gallon. Oil Eosemary, i ounce. " Lemon, • 1 ^' " Lavender, English I5- ounces. " Cinnamon, 20 drops. Water, Warm 1 quart. Mix. Best Cologne Water. Oil Bergamot, 2 ounces. - " Neroh, 2 drachms. " Jasmin, i ounce. " Garden Lavender, 2 drachms. " Cinnamon, 1 drop. Tincture Benzoin, 3 ounces. Tincture Musk, i ounce. Pure Spirits, 1 gallon. Kose Water, 2 pints. Mix. Let this Cologne stand a consider ahl e length of time before hUermg for use. TOILET PREPARATIONS, COSMETICS. CHAPTER XII. Def . The term is derived from the Greek Kosmein to adorn. The Greek ladies we are told studied much the use of cosmetics as the women of the East do at the present. The desire of being agreeable has no doubt led to the invention of cosmetics. Under this term are usually comprehended all the expedients invented to soften the skin, to maintain its transparency, lustre and freshness, to give color to the complexion, to pro- vent or efface wrinkles, to whiten and clean the teeth, to stain the hair and eyebrows, and in short, to im- prove the appearence of the face and hands. The market seems flooded with Circassian Creams, Kalydors and cooling lotions. It is well enough for ladies to try to look well, but all medical men teach that the best way of improving the skin is to improve the health. Ladies in the habit of using popular cosmetics under the impression that these patent nostrums are innocent, and their makers and manufacturers men of worth and veracity should remember that they are but hastening the period of wrinkles and blemishes to all who use them. Ladies apply these patent nostrums to hands and face without a moment's thought. They seem to give no consideration to the anatomical structure of the skin or think for a moment how easily it absorbs substances to wdiichit comes in contact. How careful then ought we to be not to use any COSMETICS. deleterious materials for the face and hands but before applying them we ought to know accurately the nature and composition of all substances recommended by perfumers. All cosmetics are not to be condemned equally; some are perhaps harmless and others are occasionally useful. Of paints for the face, some are highly dangerous and many of those which are only slightly so become dangerous by constant application by clogging or stopping up the pores of the skin. Those cosmetics which owe their efficacy to astrin- gents, acids, alum, bismuth, etc., are often for a time efficacious, giving a firmness and a lustre to the skin but this effect is only temporary, for they in time alter its texture, dry it and produce premature wrinkles; they are therefore better avoided. Mucilaginous cos- metics, oat meal, barley water, etc., render the skin more supple, softer and more polished. Pastes and ointments sometimes produce good effects in certain conditions of the skin. The base of a good many of our patent cosmetics is grease and will help to restore the suppleness and elasticity of the skin but danger lies in impurities contained in the fat. Many of these cosmetics produce astonishing effects at first, but ultimately ruin the skin by destroying its natural functions, and consequently seriously injuring health. It is well known that the skin consists of the outer or scarf skin called by anatomists the cuticle or epi- dermis and the inner or true skin. The first is a very thin membrane, transparent and without blood ves- sels; it has no nerves consequently no sensation and may be pared or cut with a knife without any pain ; it is that which rises in blisters. The true skin beneath is much thicker and entirely filled with nerves, and the extremities of an infinity of minute blood vessels by which the blood which comes from the heart to COSMETICS. the skin returns back again, the turn in the circu- lation being at the surface. Now it can plainly be seen that whatever impedes in any degree the healthy action of the skin must effect the whole system as far as the circulation is concerned. These minute blood vessels approach very near to the surface of the skin, and the cutis being transparent, they give the flesh color which is more ruddy in some places than others, as upon the cheeks from their greater size or number in that part, and the want of healthy action in these vessels is indicated by the paleness of the complexion. In the skin are likewise innumerable minute pores by which the insensible perspiration exudes. There can, therefore, be nothing plainer than that a beautiful skin is more the effect of what comes from within than what comes from without. Substances used in making Cosmetics. Peael White is a preparation of bismuth. It will turn black if exposed to the fumes of sulphur. A lady in a lecture room was examining some water that had been impregnated with Sulphuretted Hydrogen gas. On smelling the water she turned black in the face to the utmost dismay of all who saw her. She had been using pearl white. Peael Powdee is the name of a cosmetic that was formerly much in request. It is, I believe, nothing but French chalk powdered fine and perhaps mixed with pearl white or bismuth. Rouge is a well known red paint so named from the French word for red. There are several kinds but they are all composed of some vegetable color, and talc or powdered French chalk. Caemine is a well known red paint for the face, pre- pared by precipitating the coloring matter of Cochi- neal upon alumnia and perfectly harmless if genuine. COSMETICS. . 233 Di:fferent qualities of carmine are sold in llie shops distinguished by numbers and havmg various prices. It is not well known what is the cause of the differ- ence of color, but it is supposed to be either owjng to a greater amount of alumina or an adulteration by Vermillion . The latter is a poisonous substance, a preparation of Mercury and Sulphur that ought in every form to be excluded from the toilet. With respect to red paints, vegetable reds alone are safe to use; they are dyeing substances and are harm- less; such as those made from Cochineal, Sandlewood, and Brazilwood; but the mineral reds such as red lead, and vermillion or cinnabar, and sulphuret of Mercury, are poisonous and ought to be entirely ex- cluded from the toilet together with every composi- tion into which they enter as an ingredient. All these metallic preparations and wdiite lead destroy the text- ure of the skin, cause wrinkles, nervous affections, palsy, etc. Laird's Bloom of Youth. Oxide of Zmc, 3 drachms. Precipitated Chalk, 3 Oil of Bergamot, 2 drops. Carmine J grain. Water 3 fl. ounces. Stoddart's Peerless Liquid. The following formula makes a preparation which has nearly the same composition as the proprietary' lotion; the perfume, however, has been changed. Bismuth Oxy-chloride, 2 drachms. Precipitated Chalk, 4 Glycerine, 1 fl. " Water. 2^ fl. ounces. 234 COSMETICS. Carmine, J grain. Oil of Orange, 1 drop. " Bay, 1 " " Cinnamon, 1 " Lowland's Freckle Lotion. Sweet Almonds (blanched) 1 ounce. Bitter Almonds, i Corrosive Sublima,te, 15 grains. Alcohol, 2 J drachms. • Water to make 1 pint. Make an emulsion of the almonds with the water and strain. iVdd the mercurial salts dissolved in the spirits; lastly add water to make the measure one pint. Rose Bandoline. Gum Tragacanth, 1 ounce. Soft Water, 50 ounces. Alcohol, 8 '' Oil of Rose, 10 drops. Macerate the gum in the water until well dissolved; strain, w^ith pressure, through a cloth, add the alcohol, having the oil of rose dissolved in it, and mix well. Brilliantinec Castor Oil, G-lycerine, Alcohol, Perfume to suit. 3 parts. 1 part. 10 parts. Anothei ■ made like Ponnati urn. Veal Fat, Spermaceti, Castor Oil, 4 ounces. 2 " 2 " Perfume with Oil Jasmin or Neroli, COSMETICS. 235 Cold Cream. White Wax, } . ^^ ^ , Q ^^- [ each, zO drachms. bpermaceti, ) ' Oil Almonds, Av. 20 ounces. Mix them together and when on the point of con- gealing, add the following under constant stirring with a flexible spatula, or, preferably, with a patent egg beater: Water dist.. Borax, Previously dissolved, then add : Oil Eose, '' Neroh, " Geranium, " Ylang Ylang '' Oris, Tincture Ambergris, 9fl. ounces. iO gl anrs. 30 minims. 10 u 5di ops. 2 a Idi 'Op. 3d] :ops= Glycerine Cold Cream. > each, White Wax, Spermaceti, Oil Sweet Almonds, Glycerine, Water dist.. Borax, Oil Kose, ^' Bergamo t, '' Neroh, '' Ylang Ylang, '' Oris, Tincture Ambergris, Prepare in the same way as the and if desired color red with Aniline, in a little oiL 20 drachms. 21 av. ounces. 20 drachms. 32 fl. " 75 grains = 20 Hjinims. 10 10 2 drops. 1 drop. 5 drops, previous formula 8 grains dissolved 236 COSMETICS. Camphor Cold Cream. White Wax, Spermaceti, ;• each. 20 drachms. Camphor, m Oil Ahiionds, 17 av. ounces. W^ater dist., 8J fl. Borax, 75 grains. Cumarin, 1 grain. Oil Rose, 30 minims. " Geranium^ j- each, 3 " " YlangYlang, " Almond, 2 drops. " Orris, 1 drop. Tincture Musk, 10 drops. Zibeth, 5 " Prepare like the Glycerine Cold C 'ream. Rose Cold Cream. White Wax, Spermaceti, I each 20 drams. Oil Sweet Almond, 20 ounces. Water dist. 9 fi ounces. Borax 75 grains. Oil Rose, 30 minims. Oil NeroH, 10 minims. Extract Jasmin, 10 drops. Tinctnre Musk, 5 drops. Oil Orris, 1 drop. Color with about 3 grains of Alcamis. Vaseline Cold Cream. White Wax, Spermaceti, ^ each 20 drams. Petrolatum, 9 11. ounces. Water dist. 7 av. ounces. Bot-ax, 75 grains. COSMETICS. 237 Cum arm, 1 grain. Extract Jasmin, Triple, 3 fl. drams. Oil Eose, ) , " Neroli, [ ^^^^ 5 drops. " Orris, 2 " '• Almond, 1 drop. Tincture Musk, 5 drops. Prepare. as common cold cream. HAIR OILS. The practice of dyeing the hair by way of personal adornment is very ancient. The practice of dyeing the hair, and painting tiie face, etc., is often alluded to in the Bible. It becomes our duty while writing a w^ork of this kind to devote a chapter to Hair Oils, Dyes, and Tonics. Still we would say as is our duty that as a rule Hair Dyes ought to be avoided, as a personal beauty is often spoiled by the inharmonious applica- tion of colors. The manufacture of this class of goods affords a a handsome profit to the druggist. Hair Oil Perfumes. No. 1. Oil of Bergamot, 2 ounces. Oil of Lavender, 2 drachms. Oil of Cinnamon, 1 drachm. Mix. 238 HAIR OILS. No. 2. Oil of Bergamot, 1 ounce. Oil of Eose Greranium, 2 drachms. Oil of Cloves, J drachm. Mix. No. 3. Oil of Bergamot, ^ ounce. Oil of Orange Flowers, i '' Oil of Lemon, 1 '' 4 Mix. No. 4. Oil of Lemon, 1 ounce. Oil of Cassia, J drachm. Oil of Eose, 20 drops. Mix. Cocoanut OIL Cocoanut Fat, 2i pounds. Castor Oil, 1 gallon. Alcohol, 1 '' Oil Lavender, 4 ounces. Oil Cloves, 2 " Oil Cinnamon, 2h '' Oil Eose Geranium, 2 drachms. Melt the Cocoa Fat at a gentle heat; add Castor Oil; Mix thoroughly, add Alcohol; then perfume. Bears' Oil. Cotton Seed Oil, Oil Fennel, Oil Lavender, Oil Citronella, Oil Cloves, No Color. 15 gallons. 3 ounces. 2 3 3 ounces. HAIR OILS. 2^9 Crescent Oil. • Cotton Seed Oil, 15 gallons. Oil Bergamot, 8 ounces. Oil Cassia, 6 Oil Cloves, 4 Oil White Thyme, 1 ounce. Mix. Color with Alkanet. Cocoa Toilet Cream Alcohol, IJ gallons. Castor Oil, U " Cocoanut Oil, 2 pounds. Oil Lavender, 3 ounces. Oil Bergamot, 3 " Oil White Thyme, i ounce. Melt the Cocoanut Oil in the Castor Oil; warm the Alcohol over a water bath, and add to the Oils when they are cold; lastly, add the perfume. Hickory Nut Oil. Cctton Seed Oil, 15 gallons. Oil of Fennel, 2i ounces. Oil Sassafras, 3 ounces. Oil Thyme, U " Oil Eosemary, # li " Oil Cinnamon Cassia, 4 Oil Cloves, U " Oil Lavender, U " Do not color. New York Barbers' Star. Castor Oil, 6^^ pints. Alcohol, U " Oil Citronella, i ounce. Oil Lavender, i " Mix. 240 HAIR OILS. Nisht-Bloomins Cereus Oil. Cotton Seed Oil, 15 gallons. OilGaraway, 4 ounces. Oil Cloves^ 4 " Oil Sassafras, 2 " Oil Lavender, 1 " Oil Eosemary, 2 '' Color with Alkanet Boot. Orange Oil. Sesame Oil, 2 gallons. Oil Orange, 2|- ounces. Oil Bergamot, i ounce. Oil Geranium, Golden Oil, Ij drachms. Oil Cotton Seed, (yellow,) 15 gallons. Oil Bergamot 8 ounces. Oil Cassia, 6 Oil Cloves, 4 Oil Thyme, (white,) 1 ounce. Color with Alkanet Boot. Hair Oil. Cotton Seed Oil, (yellow,) 15 gallons. Oil Lavender, 12 ounces. Oil Thyme, * 2 Oil Cloves, 1 L)o not color. Moustache Dye. Silver Nitrate, 60 grains. Ammonia water. -0- fl. ounce. Distilled Water, 2 J fl. ounces. Olive Oil, 1 fi. ounce. Dissolve the Silver Nitrate in the water, add the Ammonia Water and finally the Olive Oil. Tlie mix- ture is to he shaken before used. HAIR OILS. 241 Preparation for Removing the Stains. Sulphuret Potash, Aqua distilled, Mix. drachm, ounce. Hair Dye and Tonic. Hoffman's Balsamic Mixture, 25 parts. Glycerine, 25 " Eose water, . 100 '' Tinct. Cantharides, 5 ". Carbonate Ammonia, 5 " Mix. Shake well and filter. Hoffman's Balsamic Mixture is composed of the Oil of Lavender, Cloves, Cassia, Thyme, Lemon, Mace and Neroli, of each 4 parts. Balsam of Peru, 12 " Alcohol, To Dye the Hair Brown- No. 1. Sulphuret Potassium, Water, Mix. No. 2. Nitrate Silver. Pose Water, Mix. Lightning Hair Dye. (Mordant.) Acid Pyrogallic, Aqua distilled. Alcohol, Mix. 100 1 ounce. 6 ounces. 1 ounce. 8 ounces. 1 drachm. 5 ounces. J ounce. HAIR OILS. The Dye. Nitrate of Silver, crystals, Aqua, distilled, Aqua Ammonia, Or Q. S. to make clear. Mix. Black. 1 drachm. 6 drachms. No. 1. Sulphuret Potassium, 1 ounce. Water, > 6 ounces. No. 2. Nitrate Silver, 1 ounce. Water, 6 ounces. Mix. The Sulphuret Potassium and Water must be ap- plied first (this goes by the name of Mordant), and when the hair is dry, then the Silver solution. Piesse, in his "Art of Perfumery," says: "Great care should be taken that the Sulphuret is fresh made or, at least, well preserved in closed bottles." To Turn Dark Hair to a Golden Hue. Peroxide of Hydrogen, 6 ounces. It is the best preparation in use and a harmless one ; it is expensive and its application has to be continued for some time; if you have very dark hair it may re- quire as much as three weeks; it will do the work; it is used by actresses, attached to blonde troupes, to aquire the regulation hue . Vegetable Hair Tonic. Quinine Sulph., Tinct. Cantharides, Tinct. Myrrh, Castor Oil, Alcohol, Mix: Apply often. i drachm. 1 ounce. 1 u 1 u 7J ounces. HAIR OILS. 24.3 Hair Dye. Pyrogallic Acid, 2 parts. Water, 90 - Cologne, 10 '^ Mix. Clean the hair first with soap suds, then brush thoroughly every two or three days with the above solu- tion. Buckingham's Hair Dye. (Black.) Nitrate of Silver, 1 ounce. Nitrate of Copper, 1 drachm. Distilled Water, 8 ounces. Water of Ammonia, q. s. Mix, and dissolve the Metallic Salts in Distilled Water and add Ammonia to the solution until the liquid becomes of a clear blue. Tne dye is applied to the hair in the usual way. After a short exposure to sunlight it imparts a black color ; A brown color is obtained by diluting the solution. Trieopherous. Castor Oil Alcohol Tincture Cantharides Oil Bergamot Tincture Alkanet Mix. 8 ounces. 8 2 drachms. 2 ^ drachm. Bay Rum Hair Tonic. Glycerine 4 ounces. Tincture Cantharides 4 drachms. x\qua Ammonia 4 " Rose Water 2 ounces, Bay Rum 10^ Mix. 244 HAIR OILS. Hair Restorative. Hall's or Rings. Lac Sulphur 1 drachm. Acetate Lead 1 Cloride Sodium 2 drachms. Glycerine 2 ounces. Bay Eum 8 '' Jamaica Kum 4 u Soft Water 1 pint. Mix. Shake before using. Remedy for Falline; Hair. Castor Oil J " Tincture Cantharides 1 drachm. Aqua Ammonia h " Oil Eosemary 5 drops. Mix . Apply to the roots of the haii ' two or three times a week, rubbing in well. Shampoo Wash No, 2. Sulphuric Ether 1 ounce. Alcohol 1 Glycerine 1 Aqua Ammonia 1 drachm. Castile Soap 2 Water (soft) 2 pints. Eau Lustrale- Castor Oil 8 ounces. Tincture Cantharides 1 ounce. Alcohol 48 ounces. Oil Bergamot 4 drachms. Oil Lavender 1 drachm. Oil Cloves 30 drops. Mix. Color with Cudbear. HAIR OILS. 245 Owen's Hair Tonic. Eain Water 1 pint. Lac. Sulphur i ounce. Sulphate of Iron i '' Oil Bergamot i Mix and apply to the hair daily. Walpole's Tonic. Glycerine 1 ounce. Tinct. Cantharides 2 drachms. Eose Water 3 ounces, Mix. Landerer's Hair Tonic. Cloves 2i drachms. Laurel Leaves in coarse powder 5 Digested with Alcohol 6 ounces. Eose Water 3 Glycerine 2i drachms. Mix. After 24 hours add Ether J ounce. Oil of Lavender 5 drops. Filter. Hair Tonic. Carbonate of Ammonia 1 ounce. Eubbed up in Sweet Oil i pint. If the hair falls out apply daily. It good. is simple but Lavender Hair Tonic. Alcohol T gallon. Castor Oil J " Tincture Cantharides i ounce. Oil Bergamot i '' " Lavender ^ '' Thyme (white) i " Mix. 246 HAIR OILS. Promote the Growth of Whiskers Yeal Fat 1 poand. Tincture Cantharides 1 ounce. Oil of Mace i '' '^ Neroli Petit Grain 30 drops. Mix. x\pply portion daily. Shampoo Washes. (No. i) Borax (powdered) 4 drachms. Bay Eum 2 ounces. Aqua Ammonia 1 ounce. Eose Water 13 ounces. Mix. One of the best. (No. 2) Carbonate Potassa 2 drachms. Sulph Ether 2 Bay Eum 2 ounces. Water (soft) 14 '' Mix. GUM. Def . Gum is a vegetable substance , found in great- er or less quantities in the juices of every plant. It possesses the same elementary composition as starch , soluble in water but not in alcohol. The most important gums of commerce are Gum Arabic , Senegal and Tragacanth. Two only are officinal in U. S. P: Gum Arabic, '' Tragacanth. The first is a product of a species of Acacia, found in Africa and Arabia. The second comes from Asia Minor. Gum Senegal comes from Senegal, in Africa. LIQUORS, Pharmaceutical liquors are aqueous solutions of non- volatile substances. Ligz^ors are prepared either by simple solution of the solid in water, or by chemical decomposition of different substances in water, new compounds being formed in the solution. Such solutions are termed chemical liquors. To the first class belong the following : Officinal in theU. S. P. In one fluid oz. Per cent. grains. Liquor acidi arsenics 1. 4.6. calcis. ..15 .67 " pepsini 4. 20. Liquor Gutta Percha is a saturated solution of the latter in chloroform. Ghemical solutions or liquors are a very important class of preparations. To prepare them, however, re- quires considerable chemical knowledge and exper- ience and appropriate apparatus The following are officinal in the U. S. P (which see for description of process and formulas) : 248 LIQUORS. Per cent. Liquor ammonii acet — . 7.6 arsenic et . liydrarg. iodide, of each 1. ferri acetatis 33. " chloridi, anhydrous salt 37.8 " citratis " ....35.5 " et. quinin. cit. " ... .38.5 " nitratis 2.5 '' subsulphatis 43.7 '' tersulphatis 28.7 hydrargyri nitratis 50. iodi comp 6. magnesii citratis plumbi subacetatis 25. dilutus— ofthe cohcentrated sokition 3. potassse 5.6 potassii arsenitis (of arsenic) .... 1. " citratis 9. sodae 5. '' chlorate (CI.) 2. sodii arseniatis (dry) 1. " sihcatis zinci chloridi 50. COUNTER PRESCRIBING. Since many people daily apply to pharmacists for relief from trifling ailments, which indeed a physician having any business and self- appreciation would not care to bother with, a few hints as to the best way to meet those requirements will not be amiss : Toothache is often relieved by compound tincture of benzoin, a few drops being introduced by moisten- ing a small wisp of cotton and gently pressing it into the decayed tooth. Chloroform, tincture of opium, various essential oils, particularly cloves, solutions of morphia sulph. or carbolic acid, often subserve the same purpose if used ia the same way, but not unfre- quently utterly fail to give relief. A dry persistent cough may generally be relieved by acetic acid, properly diluted with simple syrap, say acetic acid ^ii. ; simp. syr. siv. Mix. A little solu- tion of caramel or compound tincture of lavender, to make the tincture look stronger and more like medi- cine will be very satisfactory to the patient. Gon-^rrhoea is frequently very speedily cured by an injection of a very dilute solution of Permanganate of Potassium, say i- gr. to 4 oz. of water, to be used freely three or four times daily. A solution of Sulphate of Zinc of the strength of 2 gr. or 3 gr. to 4 oz. of water is also very efficacious. Internal remedies do but lit- tle if any good; when demanded, however, by the patient a weak ujixture of balsam of Copaiba with 250 COUNTER PRESCRIBING. simple syrup and a little componnd spirits of Lavendei' to color the mixture, will prove as satisfactory and efficacious as anything. Diarrhoea is usually self curative, that is to say, when the offending, irritating materials which caused it are discharged it will cease. To facilitate this pro- cess a mild laxative of Ehuharb or Magnesia followed by an aromatic cordial will usually prove entirely suf- ficient. Cuts of no great depth, and where no large blood vessels are opened do not require any treatment, ex- cept cleansing and closing up by isinglass plaster. Anything put into the wound is a real damage to the case. Bruises are properly benefitted and certainly not injured by a lotion of equal parts of tincture of Cam- phor and tincture of Arnica. Burns and scalds should be covered with cotton moistened with a mixture of linseed oil and lime water about equal parts, or with old muslin or linen moist- ened with a very dilute solution of Carbolic Acid, or the cloths may be smeared over with cosmoline or any of the other similar petroleum products. Pimples, Eruptions and Eed Patches about the face or hands may often be cured by using milk of Sulphur rubbed up with enough Simple Cerate to make an ointment, which should be rubbed in every second evening. For sore eyes, collyrium or eye-water, containing half a grain each of Sulphate of Zinc and Muriate of Berberina (often call " Muriate of Hydrastia" or simple " Hydrastin") to each ounce of water, will be found frequently very efficacious. Sore Mouth is generally cured by chewing a small crystal of Chlorate of Potassa, or a little golden seal COUNTER PRESCRIJUNG. 251 root. These agents might well be combined in a loz- enge. iill cases of importance, and indeed all of tho fore- going when severe or obstinate should be referred to a physician. As the pharmacist receives no pay but for his goods, he should refuse to assume more than the slightest responsibility in any case even if he is thoroughly competent to manage it. We do not ad- vise pharmacists to treat the cases we have mentioned if they can avoid it; but if they must suggest some- thing these simple measures are far preferable to the receipts usually resorted to for the same purposes, and will be found equally as profitable. A similar article to the proprietary preparation, ''Ely's Cream Balm," is easily made, by melting to- gether : White wax, 1 drachm. Paraffin, J Oil sweet almonds, 2 drachms, • Adding saxoline, 4 drachms, And stirring well till cold, Soda nitrate, 2- drachm. Water, i- drachm. Mix the above salve thoroughly with this solution and finally add Oil of lemon, 10 minims, Oil of orange peel, 2 '' The original bottle of the nostrum is of square shape and amber color and holds three fluid dranchms. Convulsions and Spasms. Spirits Camphor, 3 ounces. " Chloroform, 2 drachms. Tincture of Opium, 1 drachm. Sig. — Teaspoonful, in sweetened water, every hour, till relieved. 252 COUNTER PRESCRIBING. Hemorrhage. (I'rom Uterus.) Gallic Acid, 2 drachms. Aro. SuL Acid, ^ " Tinct. Cinnamon, 2 ounces . Water, 2 Sig. — Teaspoonful, mixed in wine glass of water, every four hours . Cologogue. Fluid Ex. Taraxicum, ) Elixir of Cimicifuga, Iron and Strychnia, ^ Sig. — Mix . Two teaspoonfuls three times a day. Ring Worm. Iodine, in Crystals, 30 grains. Pulv. Tannin, 20 " Simple Cerate, J ounce. Sig. — Apply at night and let remain. Wash of! with Bicarbonate Soda, three drachms, to pint of water, in the morning. Spas!r>odic Asthma. Chloral Hyd., 5 drachms. Bromide Potass, 2 " Syrup Flor. Aurant, 1 ounce . Aqua, 1 Sig. — One teaspoonful in half glass of water every two hours till sleep is induced . For Testitis. — Ex. Belladonna, 2 drachms. Aqua, 4 ounces. Sig. — Use as a fomentation. Chronic Chills. Sul. Quinine, ^ '' Iron, \ aa. Grains xii. " Zmc, S Sig. — Make 70 pills. Take one every three hours. COUNTER PRESCRIBING. 253 Phthisis, Pulmonalisand Scrofula. Oil Morrhuae, li ounce. ^' Creasoti, 4 drops. Pulv. Tragacanthse, j '' Acacia, > of each 1 scruple. *' Amyli, ) Pulv. Sacchari Albi, 1 drachm. Aqua Anisi, ^ 4^- ounces. Sig. — Two teaspoonfuls three times a day. Cough of Phthisis. Pulv. Ipecac Comp., 4 scruples. Tincture Scill^, > ^f ^^^^ 2 drachms. Tolutanis, > Mistura Acacia, I2- ounces. Aqua, ad. 3 '^ Teaspoonful often repeated. Insomnia. Bromide Potassi, J ounce. Aqua Cinnamon, 2 ounces. Sig. — Tablespoonful every two hours. The Same. Bromidia, 1 ounce. Sig. — Thirty to sixty drops every hour. The Same. Tine. Hyoscyami, 2 fld. ounces. One or two teaspoonfuls at bed time. Convulsions. Assafoetida, i ounce.. Powdered Opium, 4 grains. Ipecac, 4 '' Oil Peppermint, 8 drops. Alcohol, 4 ounces. Teaspoonful every thirty miutes. 254 COUNTER PRESCRIBING. Sore Nipples. Tannic Acid, 20 grains. Corbolic Acid, 1 draclim. Glycerine, 7 drachms. Wash the nipples with the suds made of Castile, Honey or Glycerine Soap, and dry them every time just after the child has nursed, then bathe the nipple with the Glycerine mixture. Restoration of Menses ; lod. Potassa, 3 drachms. Tine. Iron and Potassa, 6 '' Tine. Gentian, 8 ounces. AYater, 8 '' M. Sig. — Give tablespoonful before each meal. Menorrhagia. Tine. Cannabis Ihdica, i ounce. Fluid Ex. Ergot, 1^- ounces. Simple Syrup, 2 ounces. Sig. — Teaspoonful to dessertspoonful three times a day. Neuralgia and Sick Headache Mixture. Muriate of Ammonia, pul., 1 drachm. Sul. Morphia, 1 grain. Aqua Camphor, 4 ounces. Aqua, 3 " Sig. — Teaspoonful every ten minutes, precisely, un- til relieved. Whooping Cough Remedy. Carbonate of Potassium, -} drachm. Powdered Cochineal, 15 grains. Sugar, 4 drachms. Aqua, 4 ounces. Sig. — Teaspoonful three or four times a day. COUNTER PRESCRIBING. -55 2 ounces. 2 " i: ounce. Cholera Cure, No. Tincture of Opium, Sprits of Camphor, Tincture of Capsicum, Tincture of Ginger, 1 Ess. of Peppermint, 2 " Hoffman's Anodyne, 2 •' Sig. — Ten to twenty drops every twenty minutes, till relieved. Cholera Cure, No. 2' Chloroform, Tincture of Camphor, Tannic Acid, Sul. Morphia, Sig. — Teaspoonful in water or Syrup. Cholera Infantum. Creosote, Chalk Mixture, Acetate of Lead, Acacia, M. Sig. — Form an emulsion . Half a teaspoonful every three hours, with the fol- lowing. Calomel, 10 grains. Bismuth Sub. Nit., 20 " Powdered Opium, 1 grain. Pepsin, 20 grains. Sig. — Give as often as needed to act on the bowles. 3 drachms. 6 ounces. i ounces. IJ grains. 3 drops. H ounces 15 grains. i ounce. Gonorrhea, Balsam Copaiba, Sub. Carb. Potass. Liq. Mix, and add Aqua Anise, Teaspoonful four times a day. 1 ounce. 1 drachm. 2 drachms. 2^6 COUNTER PRESCRIBING. re. 1 ounce. 1 '' 1 ^' 2 drachms. 2 hildren. 1 grain. 99 grains. Cough Mixture. Syrup Ipecac, " Tolu, ** Khea Aro, Tine. Opium Compound, Pulv. Acacia, Teaspoonful every two hours. Ag:ue Mixture for C Oxide of Arsenic, Sugar of Milk, Sig. — For a child two years old give two grains. For a child five years old give four to six grains- A&;ue Medicinefor Adults. Sulphate of Qumia, 1 drachm. Liquor Oxy sulphate of Iron, 2 drachms. Sul. Potass. Arsenious, 2 " Water, 4 ounces. Sig. — One teaspoonful four times a day. Eye Water. Plumb Acetas; Sul. Zinc, Acacia, Aqueous Solution of Opium, Add rose water to make two pints. Gonorrhea. Balsam Canada, Spirits Nit. Dulc, Oil of Turpentine, Powdered Gum Camphor, Sig. — Teaspoonful three times a day, with the fol- lowing : Fl. Ex. Hydrastis Canadensis, 1 ounce. Sul. Zinc, 3 grains. Sig. — Inject every six hours. 2 drachms. 2 2 2 Apply often. 1 ounce. 4 ounces. 2 drachms. 1 drachm. COUNTER PRESCRIBING. 257 Croup. Acidi Tannici, 2 to 20 grains. Aqua, 1 ounce. Use the above as a spray. Dyspepsia. Ex. Taraxicum 30 grains. ^ ' Hydrastis 30 " " Nux. Vomica 5 ** Make twenty pills. One pill three times a day. External Piles. Powdered Opium 40 grains. Plumbi Acetas (powdered) 30 Acid (Tannit) 20 Nut Galls (pulv.) 2 Cerate (simple) 1 grain. Sig. — Apply a portion at night. Syphilitic Sore Throat. Cyanide of Mercury, i grain. Aqua Pura 6 ounces. Use as a gargle. Pruritis. Carb. Bismuth 20 grains. Sulp. Morphia 2 Lime Water 2 ounces. Ess. Peppermint 2 ^' Apply to the parts without friction. Chronic Catarrh. ■ Fluid Ex. Cimicifuga " '' PrunisYirg. Dose. Ten drops in water. 1 ounce, 1 '' 258 COUNTER PRESCRIBIiNG. Dysmenorrhea, Camphor li- draclims. Ex. Belladonna 15 grains. Sul. Quinine 15 '' Pulv. Acacia sufficient to make 30 pills. Take one every 4 hours until relieved, with the fol- owing Ointment on the lower part of the abdomen. Belladonna Liniment ' 2 drachms. Glycerine Ointment 1 ounce. -Use in continuance of pain. Sig.- NAME OF POISONS Acid Carbolic, '' Chromic and Soluble Salts, '' Muriatic, '' Nitric, '' Nitro Muriatic, " Oxalic and Soluble Salts, " Prussic and its compounds. Cyanides Acid Sulphuric (Oil Vitriol,) Aconite and its preparations, Antimony compounds of. Arsenic its preparations and compound special. Baryta and compounds. Group 8 Belladonna and preparations, " 7 Canfcharides, " 2 Caustic Ammonia Potass etc, " 3 Group 1 '' 2 1 1 1 (Special.) Group 4 " 1 u -J '' 2 NAME OF POISONS, 259 Chloral Hydrate, " 4 Chloroform, '' 4 Cobalt, '' 1 Cocculas Indiciis, '' 6 Colchicum and preparations, '' 6 Copper compounds of, " 2 Cotton Root and preparations, " 5 Creasote, " 1 Calabar Bean and its preparations, " 6 Cannabis Indica and preparations, " 6 Digitalis and preparations, '' 7 Delphinia, " 2 Ergot and its preparations, " 7 Ether and Comp Spirits Ether, ^' 5 Elaterium, " 4 Gelseminum and its preparations, '' 6 Hemlock, " 6 Henbane, '' 7 Iodine, '' 1 Lead and its compounds, " 8 Lobeha and its preparations, " 7 Mercury and its compound, " 2 Nux Vomica and its preparations including Strychnia, " 7 Nicotine, " 7 Opium and its preparations including Morphia, Group 6 Oil Bitter Almonds also water of, "4 Oil Croton, Pennyroyal, Savin, Tansy, Eue, '' 1 Phosphorous and its preparations, " 1 Santonine, " 6 Silver Nitrate of (Lunar Caustic) Special. Stramonium and its preparations, Group 7 Sulphurets of the Alkalies, '' 5 26o NAME OF POISONS. Tin. Muriate solution of, Grouj^ 1 Veratrnm Yeride and its preparations, " 7 Album', (White Hellebore) " 7 Veratrine, " 7 Zinc and its compound, " 2 Treatment. For poisons belonging to group I. Give white of eggs or flour 'mixed with water, then cause vomiting by giving a teaspoonful of ground mustard and abundant draughts of warm water, give strong soap suds, chalk or soda with milk, demulcent drinks of flaxseed or slippery elm. Group 2. Give white of eggs or flour mixed with with water then cause vomiting with teaspoonful ground mustard and abundant draughts of warm water, give strong tea or coffee with milk demulcent drinks of flaxseed or slippery elm. Group 3. Give Vinegar Oil and milk. Group 4. Apply cold effusions to the head, give stimulants, apply mustard poultice to the stomach, wash with Spirits Camphor or vinegar, arouse the patient, give plenty of fresh air artificial respiration. Group 5. Cause vomiting by giving a teaspoonful of ground mustard and abundant draughts of warm water api^ly cold effusions ; wash with Spirits Camphor, arouse the patient, give plenty of fresh air, artificial respiration. Group 6. Cause vomiting by giving teaspoonful of ground mustard, abundant draughts of warm water, give strong cold tea or cofiee. Apply cold effusions, keep the patient in constant motion give demulcent drinks of flaxseed or slippery elm. Group 7. Cause vomiting by giving teaspoonful of mustard and abundant draughts of warm water, give NAME OF POISOXS. 261 strong cold tea or coffee and powdered charcoal, give stimulants and demulcent drinks, apply warmth to the extremities, the recumhent position should be main- tained. Group 8. Give epsom salts freely dissolved in water, then cause vomiting by giving teaspoonful of ground mustard and abundant draughts of w^arm water, give milk or demulcent drinks. For Oxalic Acid and its soluble salts give chalk, lime, whitewash from the wall or powdered wall plaster with water or lime water, give one ounce Castor Oil. ESSENTIAL OILS, The following list, taken from the proceedings of the Pennsylvania Pharmaceutical Association will be found very useful when undertaking to test the essen- tial oils for adulterations. The list includes all oils of more or less importance, together with their chief im- purities. Oil of anise, the finer Russian quality, with the Chinese oil of star anise. Oil of bay with oils of pimento, clover and nutmeg. Oil of bergamot, w^hen high in price, with the cheap- er oil of sweet orange. Oil of cade with common tar. Oil of caje])ut with camphor, dissolved in oil of tur- pentine. Oil of caraway with oil of the chaff. Oil of cardamon with oil of cajeput and camphor. Oil of cassia with fixed oils. Oil of cedar with oil of turpentine. 262 ESSENTIAL OILS. Oil of Ceylon cinnamon with oil of cassia and oil of cinnamon leaves. Oil of croton with cheaper fixed oils. Oil of cubeb with oil of copaiba. Oil of rose geranium with the cheaper oil of ginger grass. Oil of hemlock with oil of turpentine. Oil of juniper berries with that of the wood, and the latter with oil of turpentine. Oil of lemon with alcohol and castor oil; also fixed oils. Oil of neroli with petit grain and bergamot. Oil of patchouly with oils of cedar wood, copaiba and cubebs. Oil of peppermint with oils of turpentine, pennyroyal, and arbor vitae. Oil of orange with alcohol and fixed oils. Oil of petit grain with oils of sweet orange and ber- gamot. Oil of rose with oils of citronella, cubeb, rose ge- ranium, copaiba, and also with spermaceti. Oil of rosemary flowers with oils of cheaper grades. Oil of sassafras with kerosene and oil of turpentine. Oil of sandalwood with balsam copaiba and oil of Florida cedar. Oil of spearmint with oils of pennyroyal and turpen- tine. Oil of thyme with oil of turpentine. Oil of verbena with that of lemon grass. Oil of wintergreen wdth those of turpentine, birch, and also alcohol. The well-known adulterations of musk generally con- sist of dried blood, and also the same article exhaust- ed with alcohol; while for civet the principal adulter- ation is stated as honey. DOSE FOR IXHALATIOX 26- Oil of bitter almonds with oil of niirbane, and also inferior qualities from apricot and peacli kernels. Oil of amber with crude petroleum. DOSE FOR INHALATION Quantity for two Ounces Distilled Watei r, , Acid Carbol, Grains, 3 20 '' Lactic, a 15 60 '' Tannic, a 5-85 Alum, i i 5-40 iVmmonia Chlor, it 4-30 Cannebis Ind, cc 5 50 Belladonna Tinct., u 25-40 Hydrastis CannExt., u 60 Iron Chlor Tinct., u 15-25 Lime Water. Undiluted. Ipecac fi. Ext., Grains, 35 Iodine, u \ Morph Sulph., ii 1- 2 Opium Tinct., Deod., u 40-60 Potass Chlo., ii 20-30 Potass Permang, ii 10-15 Lead Acetate, Ii 2- 5 Silver Nitrate, ii 2-15 Zinc Sulph., ii 5-20 Tar Water. Undiluted. Table of Maximum Doses. Single For a Dose Day Grain . Grain. Acid arsenics, 1-13 3-10 264 TABLE OF MAXIMUM DOSES. Acid, carbol. 1 1-2 7 1-2 " liydrocyan dil , 3-4 3 Aconitin, 1-lG 9-20 Aconit, rad, 1 1-2 9 1-2 Antim, etpot, tartr, 3 7 1-2 Apomorpli., liydr, 3-20 3-4 Argent, nitr, 9-20 3 Arsen., jodid, 3-8 3-4 Atropin and its salts. 1-64 1-22 Bellad., fol, 3 9 1-4 rad. 1 1-2 6 Caffein, 3 9 1-4 Cambogia, 4 1-2 15 3-8 Cantharides, 3-4 2 1-3 Chloral, 46 92 Codein, 3-4 3 Colocynthin, 4 1-2 15 3-8 Coniin, 1-64 1-22 Conium leaves, 4 1-2 30 Creasot, 1 1-2 7 1-2 Cnpri, acet. 1 1-2 6 siilph. 1 1-2 6 ^' " emetic, divided doses, 15 — Digitalis leaves. 3 . 15 3-8 Ergot, 15 3-8 77 Extr. Aeon., fol. 1 1-2 6 ^' rad. 3-10 1 1-2 " Belladon, 3-4 3 " Cannab., Ind, 1 1-2 6 '' Colch.,acet, 3 12 1-3 ^' Colocynth, 3-4 3 ^' Conii, 2 3-4 9 1-4 '' Digitalis, 3 15 3-8 '' Hyoscyami, 3 15 3-8 TABLE OF MAXIMUM DOSES. 265 Extr. NuxYom, 3-4 2 1-3 " Physostigm, 310 9-10 '' Sabinae, 3 15 '' Stramon. fol, 1 1-2 6 " " semin, 3-4 3 3-4 Hellebor., virid. rad, 4 1-2 18 1-2 Hydrag. Chlor. corros, 9-20 1 1-2 lod. rubr, 9-20 1 1-2 cc ^-^.^ 3-4 3 Oxid, 9-20 1 1-2 Hyoscyam leaves, 4 1-2 23 Iodoform, 3 15 1-2 Iodine, 3-4 3 Lactucamim, 4 1-2 23 Liq. Pot. arsen, 7 1-2 30 Morpliiue, 9-20 1 1-2 Nux Yomica, 1 1-2 3 Oil, Croton, 3-4 1 1-2 Opium, 2 1-3 7 1-2 Phosphorus, 1-64 1-13 Physostigmat. salicyl, 1-64 1-22 Pilocarp. hydrochl, 9-20 9-10 Plumbi Acet, 1 1-2 7 1-2 Potas. Cyanid, 9-20 1 7-8 Santonin, 1 1-2 4 1-2 Stramon, fol, 3 15 3 8 '' sem, 3 12 1-3 Strychnia, 1-6- 3-10 Tinct. Aeon, rad, 2 1-4 7 1 2 Belladon, 15 61 Cantharid, 15 46 Colohic, 20 61 '' Digitalis, 15 50 ^' Iodine, 3 15 ^' Lobelia, 7 1-2 38 266 TABLE OF MAXUru^I DOSES. Tinct. Nux Yomic, 7 1-2 15 *' Opium, 23 77 *^ Stramon, 15 46 ** Veratr. vir, 7 1-2 30 Toxicodendr. fol, 6 18 Yeratrin, 1 1-3 3-10 Veratr. alb, or virid, 4 1-2 18 Yin, Colchic, 20 61 Zinci. Chlor, 2-9 1 1-2 '' Lactas, 9-10 4 1-2 ** {Sulphas, 9 10 4 1-2 *' emetic, divided doses, 15 3-8 — Yalerian, 9-10 4 1-2 1 STRENGTH OF SOME PREPARATIONS, In answer to the charge that the strength of many i)reparations has been augmented in U. S. P. of '80, we introduce the following table to show that such changes are really few in number, and those changes really unimportant, while a second schedule exhibits all the important changes in the opposite direction. Strength has been increased in Dose of ihe Old. Dose if the New' Solution of Arfcnious Acid, Fowlers Solution, Tincture of Opium, Tincture of Aloes, Tincture rf Cantharides, Tincture of Capsicum, Tincture of Lobelia, mmims. I to 6 fl. drs. ID minims. 4/i II " ^ to 2 fl. ds. 7 minims. 14 *' 30 " Strens'th has been decreased in D se of the Old. Dose of the New. Vinegar *of Lobelia, " Opium, " Sanguinaria, " Squill, Tincture of Aconite, " Cannabis Indica, " Nux Vomica, " Sttamonium, " Veratrum Viride, Wine of Opium, 40 minims. 55 minims. 7 II 15 20 " 15 20 " 2V, " 3 " 22 " 17 " Abbreviations Used in Prescriptions- In all working formulas, the author says, the word parts may be understood to mean grains, or grams, 01 pennyweights, without changing the result. A A. Aana,of each ingredient Artemsecumdem, with care. Ad libit, ad libitum, at pleasure. Add or ad, adde, by adding. 268 ABBREVIATIONS. Adeps,adeps suillus, hog's lard. Alter, allernis lioris, every other hour, Aq bull, aqua buUens, boiling water. Aq dest, aqa destillata, distilled water. Aq fluv, aqua fluviatilis, river water. Aq font, aqua fontana, spring water. Aq gel, aqua gelidus, cold water. Aq mar, aqua mamia, sea water. Bib, bibe, drink then. Bis bis indies, twice a day. Bull, bulliens, boiling. Cataplasma, a poultice. Chart a, a powder in paper, a paper. Co, compositus, compound. Coch, cochleare, a spoonful. Cochamp, cochleare amplum, a large spoonful. Coch inf, cochleare infinitus, a small teaspoon. Colat, colatus, strained. Comp, compositus, compound. Cong, congius, a gallon. Cort, cortex, bark. Cras, crastinus, tomorrow. Cui, cujus, of which. Dec, decant, pour off. Dil, dilue, dilute. Decoct, decoctum, a decoction. Dim, dimedius, one-half. Ejudem ejusdem, of the same. Emp, emplastrum, a plaster. Enem, enema, a clyster. Exhib, exhibeatur, let it be taken. Fac, make thou. F. H. fiat haustus, let a draught be made. F. M.fiat mustura, make a mixture. F. S. A. fiat secumdem let it be made artis, very carefully. ABBREVIATION'S 26g F. pil,iac pilulas, make pills. Fil, liltruni, a filter. Fol, follinm, a leaf. Ft, feat, fiant, let it be made. Gargarisma, a gargle. Genu, the knee. Gr, a grain. Gr. vj pond., grana sex ponder, six gr. by weight. Gtt. Gutta, a drop; guttse, drops. Gutt, quibusd., guttis quibusdam, with afew drops. Gnttat, guttatim, by drops. H Habeat, let him have, he may have. Hord decubitus, at bed time. H D H. S. hord somni, at the hour of sleep. Har pil sum iij., let three of these pills be taken. Hb. herba, a herb. Hirudo, a leech. Hor lima mat., at 11 a. m. Hor interm, in the intermediate hours. Hor. un spat., at the expiration of an hour. Hydr., hydrargyrum, mercury. Hydr. bic. hydragyric bichloridum, corrosive subli- mate. Hydrargyri bicyanidum, per cyanide of mercury. Ignis, fire. In pulmento, in gruel. Ind. Indies, from day to day. Julepun, julapun; a julep. Kal. ppt., prepared kali, potassium carbonate. Asinium, asses' milk. Lac B., lac bovis, cow's milk. Caprae seu c appellee, goat's milk. Ovillum seu ovinum, ewe's milk. Lac Y., lac vaccae, cow's milk. Lat. dol., lateri dolenti, to the painful or affected ide. 270 ABBREVIATIONS. Lenis, gentle. M. B., misce bene, mix well. M. P. massa pilularum, a pill mass. M. diet., more dicto, in the way directed. Menth p., mentha piperita, peppermint. Mentha pulegium, pennyroyal. M. pan., mica panis, breadcrumbs. Man., manipulus, a handful. Mane pr., mane primo, very early in the morning. Min., minutnm, aminute. Mitt., mitte, send. Mittatur, mittantur, let it or them be sent. Mor. diet., more dicto, in the manner directed. Mor. sol., more solito, in the usual manner. Mr., mistura, a mixture. Ng., niger, black. Nisi, unless. No., numero, in number. 0., octavius, a pint. Oculus,the eye. O.M., omne mane, every morning. O.N., omne nocte, every night. O. alt.hor.. omnibus alternis horis, every alternate hour. Omn. bid., omni biduo, every two days. Qmn. bill., omnibihorio, every two hours. Omn. hor., omni hora, every hour. Omn. man., omni mane, every morning. Omn. noct., omni nocte every night. Omn. quadr. hor., every quarter of an hour. Ov., ovum, an egg. Oz., the ounce avoirdupois, as distinguished from the troy or apothecaries' ounce. P. se., partes aquales, equal parts. P. c, pordus civile, civil weight, apothecaries' weight. ABBREVIATIONS. 271 P. d., per deliquim, by deliquescence. P. r. n., pro re nata, occasionally. P. rat. aet., pro ratione aetatis, according to the age of the patient. Part, af!., partem affectam, the i:>art affected. Part, dolen., partem dolentem, the part in pain. Part, vic.^ partitis Ticibus, in divided doses. Past., pastillus, a lozei]ge, pastille. Pectus, the breast, chest. Per. op. emet., when the operation of the emetic is finished. Per salt., per saltum, by leaps. Plen. riv., pleno rivo, in a full stream. Pocii., i30ciilum, a little cup. PocuL, poculum, a cup ; a teacup holds 4 to 6fi oz. Ppt., praeparata, prepared. Pr., mane pr., very early in the morning. Prandium, dinner. Pro. pot. com., for a common drink. Prox. luc, proximaluce, on the next day. Pug., pugillus, a pinch. Pulv. pulvis, a powder. Pv., parvus, small. Q., quantum, as much. Quorum, of which. Q.p., quantum placet, as miich as you please. Q.q.h., quaque quatuor horse, every four hours. Q.S., as much as is sufficient. Quor., quorum, of which. Kedig in pulv., let it be reduced to powder. Keg. hep., regio hepatis, the region of the liver. Eeg. umbil., regio umbilici, the umbilical region. Kepet., let it be repeated. S.a., secundum artem, according to art. S.G., specific gravity. 272 ABBREV.ATIONS. S. N., secundum naturam, according to nature. S. 0. s., opus sit, if there be occasion. S. s. s., stratum super stratum, layer upon layer. S. s., semis, seu semissis, half. S. v., spiritus vini, spirits of wine. Spiritus vinosus, ardent spirits of any sort. S. Y. m., methylated spirit. S. V. r., spiritus vini rectificatus, rectified spirits. S. V. t., spiritus vini tenuoir, proof spirit. Scat., scatula, a box. Scrob. cord., scrobiculius cordis, the pit of the stomach. Semidr., semidrachma, half a drachm. Semih., semlhora, half an hour. Seij., luce, sequenti luce, the following day. Sesunc, sesuncia, an ounce and a half. Sesquih., sesquihora, an hour and a half. Si n. val., si non valeat, if it does not answer. Si op. sit., si opus sit, if there be occasion. Sivir.perm., si vires permittant, if the strength permit. Signat., signatura, a label. Sig. n. pr., signetur nomine proprio., let it be written upon or signed with the proper, and not the trade, name. Sing., singulorum, of each. Sod. chlor., chlorinated soda. Ss., semis, semissis, half. St., stet, stent, let it (them) stand. Sternum, the breast-bone, chest. Sub. fin. coct., when the boiling is nearly finished. Sulph., sulphur. Trit., rub to a powder. Tinct., tincture. MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS Syrup of Wild Cherry and Hoarhound. Wild Cherry in coarse powder, 4 ounces. Hoarhound, 1 ounce. Glycerine, 1 " Alcohol, 1 " Sugar, 12 ounces. Water q. s. to make 16 " "'MixTEe glycerine and alcohol with 8 ounces of water; moisten the Wild Cherry and Hoarhound with 2 ounces of this mixture, pack in a cylindrical perco- lator tightly covered; after 24 hours maceration pro- ceed with percolation, using the remainder of the menstruum and afterward sufficient w^ater to make 10 fluid ounces of percolate ; in this dissolve the sugar by agitation, without heat, and strain. Expeditious Proces3 forTinctura Opil Camphorata- Powdered Opium (M . 5) 2" troy ounce. Benzoic acid, J " " Camphor, 160 grains. Oil of anise, 4 fl. drachms. Clarified honey, 8 troy ounces. Boiling water, 70 fl. ounces. Stronger alcohol, 58 ^' " Water, . sufficient. Pour the boiling water upon the opium in a suitable vessel, digest the mixture, with frequent stirring, for a half-hour, at a temperature of 170' to 190"-^ Fahr. Then transfer the mixture to a suitable bottle, add to it the alcohol, and to the whole add enough water to 274 ^IISCELLANEOUS. make 8 pints. Dissolve the camphor in the oil of anise with the aid of a mortar, and to the solution add the benzoic acid, and rub well. To this mixture gradu- ally add the hone3^ and triturate thoroughly until a smooth mixture is formed. Lastly, add the mixture to the 8 pints of menstruum, shake vigorously, and filter through paper. The objectionable elements of the opium may be avoided by straining the digested opium, while the solution is hot through muslin with strong expres- sion, the residum to be rubbed by means of a spatula or between the hands, to a uniform consistence; then pack it properly in a glass percolator, and gradually pour upon it 1 pint of the strained liquid, and when it has all passed below the surface, continue the percola- tion with water until 1 pint is obtained. Add this to the remainder of the strained liquid, and add then sufficient water to make 70 fluid ounces. To this add the stronger alcohol and mix well. The balance of the process is similar to the foregoing. Dried opium should be used. Sugar should not be substituted for the honey, as the latter is better adapted to making a good and permanent solution, and its agreeable taste also recommends it. Boschee's German Syrup. Oil of Tar, 1 drachm. Fl. Ext. Wild Cherry, 6 drachms. '' " Ipecac, 4 Tr. Opium, 4 Water, 8 Sugar, 14 • Carbonate Magnesia, 3 Eub the Oil of Tar very thoroughly with the mag- nesia in a mortar, mix the fluid extracts with the water, stir thoroughly, filter and pass enough fluid ^IISCELLAXEOUS. 275 through the filter paper to make the filtrate measure 10 fluid ounces; in this dissolve the sugar by agita- tion. Kennedy's Medical Discovery. The greatest medical discovery of the age, Mr. Kennedy, of Roxbury, has discovered in one of our common weeds (that cures every kind of humor from the worst scrofula to a common pimple. Fl. Ext. Mandrake, 10 fl. drachms. " " Dandelion, 1 *^ ounce. " 'V Leptandrin, o "drachms. AlcoTiol, 5 " ounces. Water q s, 1 pint. Mix, stir in a little pumice stone and filter, passiag enough 35i alcohol through the filter paper to make the filtrate measure, 1 pint. Price's Pile Ointment. English Calomel, 1 drachm Powdered Opium , i ounce. Pure carbonate of lead, 1 pound. Oxide of Zinc, i-H Olive Oil, 2 " Fresh lard. 2 " Mix by trituration. Soap for Removing Stains from Clothing. Ozgall, 10 ounces. Stearin Soap, 9 '^ Borax powdered, 1 " Alcohol, Ij ounces." Mix the first three ingredients at a slightly elevated temperature ; then add the alcohol, transfer the whole to aflat hottomed vessel, and when cold, cut the soap into pieces. 276 >JISCELLANEOUS. Stearic Soap. Stearic Acid, 2 troy ounces. Garb Soda Cryst, 500 grains. Water, 8 ounces . Alcohol, 2 fl. drachms. Sodium Chlorate, 4 drachms. Dissolve 540 grains soda in 6 ounces of water, trans- fer this solution to steam bath, and add the Stearic Acid with agitation, then the alcohol, cover the vessel and let it remain on bath for six hours ; to separate the Boap add the chlorate and remaining carbonate dissolved in the remaining water, strain, and when cold, press out the remaining moisture. Gilding Powder. Chloride of Gold, 4 parts. Cyanide of Potassium, 12 " Water, 20 '' Bitartrate Potassium, * 1 part. Prepared Chalk, 20 parts. Mix the ingredients and apply with friction with a bit of flannel. Embalming Fluid, Thymol, 15 grains. Alcohol, 3 fl. drachms. Glycerine, 10 " ounces. Water, 5 '' Dissolve the Thymol in the alcohol, add the glyce- rine and then the water. Himrod's Asthma Cure. Pulv. Lobelia, 2 ounces. " Stramonium, 2 " " Nitrate of Potash, 2 '* " Black tea, 2 Mix, and sift well. MISCELLANEOUS 277 Warner's Kidney Cure. Powdered Nit Potassa, 320 grains. Liverwort, 1 ounce. Water, sufficient- Alcohol, 2 ounces. Glycerine, _ U Essence Wintergreen, 40 dro])s. Infuse tlie liverwort with one pint of hot water for two hours, strain and filter. Dissolve the nit potass in the liquid, when cold add the alcohol, glycerine and essence of wintergreen, and make up the measure to one pint. This when made up and placed beside Warner's article, it was said w^ould puzzle a Dutch judge to say which was t'other. Thomas' Electric Oil. Gum Camphor, ^ ounce. Oil Gaultheria, i " '^ Origanum, I " Chlorolorm, 1 " Laudanum, 1 " Oil Sassafras, 1 '' Hemlock, 1 " Turpentine, 1 '' Bals. Fir, 1 Tr. Guaiacum, 1 " '' Catechu, 1 Alcohol, 4 pints. Alkanet sufficient to color. Castor Oil and Glycerine. A mixture which is of an agreeable flavor, and in which the nauseous smell of the oil is efficiently dis- guised, can he made as follows: 01. ricini, 1 drachm. Glycerine, 1 ounce. Tr. aurantii, 20 drops. Tr. senegge, 5 '' Aquae cinnam, j ounce. 278 MISCELLANEOUS This forms a beautiful eiunlsion, is easily taken, even by children, and if administered at bedtimes will produce a gentle motion the following morning. How to Make a Hektograph. In a shallow tin pan with square bottom and of con- venient size is poured, while hot, a mixture composed of Gelatin, 1 ounce. Molasses, 1 " Glycerine, 9 /' By weight. When cold and firm the surface is slightly mois- tened with a damp sponge, and the original, previous- ly written with the ink, is laid on this for a few minutes, being pressed smoothly, then carefully re- moved, starting with a corner. It is now ready for copying, and in the first copies taken the paper must be laid on gently to prevent blotting. When no more copies are desired the ink can be removed with a wet sponge. After continued use, when the mass becomes rough, it can be melted and worked over. The following is a cheap and very good formula : Glue, 7 ounces. Glycerine, 30 " Carbolic acid, , 2 Sulphur, 1 dram. The glue should be soaked in water several hours before it is melted with the glycerine. Barium sul- phate is also an addition. The ink is made from aniline, as follows : Aniline, red or violet, 2 drams. Alcohol, 1 '^ Acetic acid, dil., 1 '" Water, 7 '' Dissolve. MISCELLAXEOUS, 179 Tlie petroleum and coal benzine solutions turn pink, and a 5 per cent, solution in choloform dark red , thereby indicating that a certain amount of decompo- sition has taken place. To Free Glucose FromLime. After the solution of the grape sugar has been neutralized with chalk and filtered, an excess of oxalate baryta is added to the same and then boiled down. The solution after filtration is now free of gypsum. Gilbert's Syrup. Biniodide of mercury, 15 grains; Iodide of potassum. Simple syrup or elixir, 72 troy ounces mix. Dose, one tablespoonful. Analysis of Soapine. Fatty acids, 35.0 Combined alkali, 5.2 Free Carbonate of soda, 39.5 Sulphate of soda, trace. Water, 20.3 Boracic Add. Generally there is a tendency to assume that bor- acic is non-poisonous, but Dr. L. E. Malodenkow, of Moscow, reports two cases of death from poisoning by boracic acid, following the use of a 5 per cent so- lution in washing out a plural cavity. The symptoms were persistant vomiting, hiccough, erythema begin- ning on the face a slight temporary rise of temerature and a diminutation of the heart action. Dissolve gelatine in a water both in its own weight of strong vinegar and quarter of its w^eight of alcohol and a very little alum added. The above is an excel- lent glue. 28o MISCELLANEOUS. Soluble Tincture Toiu. Glycerine, 12 fl ounces, Magnes carb, 2 drams. Tolu, 3 troy ounces. Alcohol, 6 fl ounces. Water sufficient. Syrup Dover's Powders. Extract opium, 32 grains. Extract Ipecac, 64 '' Sugar, 12 ounces. Water, 16 " Dissolve the extracts in the water and filter, ad- ding sufficient water through the filter to make 8 fluid ounces. In this dissolve the sugar without heat, strain, and add water to make 16 fl. ounces. This preparation contains one-half grain each of Opium and Ipecac in each fl. drachm, representing five grains of .Dover's powder. Silver Plating; Powder. Silver Chloride, 60 grains. Potassium Bitartrate, 390 '' Sodium Chloride, 180 '' Mix. The powder is made into cream with water and the article to be plated is either covered with the paint by means of a brush or immersed in the mixtures for a short time, then, after being dried, it is rubbed off and the article polished with prepared chalk. Another formula is : Silver nitrate, potassium, cyanide, chalk and water, used same as above, Solution of Mercury are also used, but such plating oxidises in a short time. MISCELLANEOUS. 281 Brandreth's Pills. Ext. Colocynth, 20 grains. Aloes Socotrine, 120 " Gamboge, 60 " Castilesoap, 30 " Oil Peppermint, 2 drops. '^ Cinnamon, 1 drop. Powdered acacia and alcohol aa. q. s. mt. ft. pil. No. 80. Dose 1 to 3. Cigar Flavoring, Valerian, 4 ounces. Orris root, 4 '' Tonqila, 4 '' Vanilla, 2 drams. Jamaica rum q. s. to make 8 pints. Cement for Porcelain Letters on Glass. Silicate of soda (water glass) 1 ounce. Chalk in powder, j '' Mix and apply at once. Letharge, 1 ounce. Glycerine q. s. to make a paste. The Four Chlorides. Corrosive sublimate, 1 grain. Solution xVrsenious Chloride, 1 11. dram. Tincture Chloride Iron, 4 fl. drams. Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, 4 fl. drams. Simple Syrup, ' 3 11. ounces. Water sufficient to make 6 H. ounces. A powerful alterative, e. g. in Chlorosis, Syphilis, etc. 282 MISCELLANEOUS. Peacock's Bromides. Ammonia, 384 . "' Calcium, 192 Lithium, 64 Extract of Vanilla, 1 fl. oz. Sugar, 10 av. oz. Water sufficient to make 16 11. ozs. Dissolve the salts in 8 ounces of water, the ex- tract mixed in the liquid filter. Dissolve the sugar without heat and strain. To Test the Purity of Castor Oil. Castor oil is frequently adulterated with rape oil, but this may be detected by its not dissolving in strong alcohol, and also by its less density. Pure Castor oil is soluble in an equal weight of Alcohol pecific gravity O. 820. To Deodorize Be^nzine. Shake repeatedly withplumbate of soda and rectify. Or, shake repeatedly with fresh portions .pf metallic quicksilver; let it stand for two days, and rectify. Fluid for Marking Ivory. Nitrate of Silver, 2 parts. Nitric Acid, 1 part. Water, 7 parts. Mix. To Restore Yellow Ivory to Its Original Whiteness. A thin lime paste is prepared in a pot and heated over a stove. The ivory is placed in this and left un- til white, when it is taken out, dried and polished. MISCELLANEOUS. ^83 Perfume for Tooth Powders. Asarum Caiiadense, Orris Eoot, Strong Alcohol, Make a tincture then add. Tincture Musk, Essence Mille Fleurs, Essence Patchouly, Mix. Orris Tooth Powder. Prepared Chalk, Powdered Borax, Myrrh, " . Orris, Mix thoroughly and put through a fine silk sieve. Violet Tooth Powder. Prepared Chalk, 6 ounces. Cuttlefish Bone, . 3 " Eose Pink, 2 " Orris Eoot, 2 " Essenc/of Yiolets, 1 drachm. Mix thoroughly, put through a fine silk sieve, and color with indis'o sufficient to strike a violet tint. J ounce. 2 8 ounces. 1 drachm. 20 drops. 1 pound. b ounces. 4 " 4 '' Cocoa Soap Tooth Powder. Pulverized French Chalk, Lily White, White Earth, Pulverized Sugar, Powdered Cocoa Soap, Oil of Wintergreen, Oil of Eose, Oil of Cloves, Oil of Sassafras, Mix and pulverize thoroughly. 1 pound. 1 1 ounce. drachm. 284 ^IISCELLANEOUS. 2j pounds. I pound. 2 pounds. J pound. drachm Rose Tooth Powder. Pulverized Corn Starch, Pulverized Orris Boot, Terra Alba, Carbonate of Magnesia, French Chalk, Oil of Cloves, Oil of Kose, Oil of Bergamot, Mix and pulverize thoroughly. Camphorated Tooth Powder. Prepared Chalk, 8 ounces. Powdered Cuttlefish-bone, 4 " Camphor, 1 ounce. Oil of Cloves, J drachm. Dissolve the Camphor with Alcohol, and then add to the remaining ingredients, and mix thoroughly. Eau de Botot. Star Anise, 1 ounce. Cloves, 2 drachms. Cinnamon, Ceylon, 2- '' Oil of Peppermint, 20 drops. Diluted Alcohol, 28 ounces. Macerate for eight days, and filter if desired ; this may be colored with a little Cochineal, infused with other ingredients. Peruvian Tooth Powder. Pulverized Peruvian Bark, red. Pulverized Orris Boot, Bole Armenian, Prepared Chalk, Powdered Myrrh, Cassia Bark, Otto of Cloves, Mix. ounces. 2 4 4 4 2 '' 2 1 drachms. MISCELLANEOUS. 285 Van Buskirk's Sozodont. Castile Soap, IJ drachms. Glycerine, 11 " Alcohol, 1 ounce. Soft Water, 4 ounces. Oil of Wintergreen, sufficient to flavor. '^ '' Cinnamon, " " " '' '' Anise, '' " " Mix. Accompanying this, is a powder which is composed of equal parts of Chalk, jjrepared. Orris Eoot. Carbonate of Magnesia. Detergent Mouth Wash. Alum, powdered, 30 grains. Simple Syrup, 1 ounce. Rose Water, 3 ounces. Mix. Should the mouth be very sore, dilute with w^ater at first, and use pure afterward. Mouth Wash. Tincture of Orris, 4 ounces. Alcohol, 4 '' Rose Water, 4 '' Otto of Almonds. 3 drops. Mix. Charcpal Tooth Paste. Chlorate of Potassa, J drachm. Mint Water, 1 ounce. Form a solution then add . Powdered Charcoal, 2 ounces. Honey, 1 ounce. Mix thoroughly. 286 MISCELLANEOUS. Iodized Cotton. lodiue, 1 part. Purified Cotton wool, 12" Enclose the Iodine in some filter paper and place it at the bottom of a flask with a wide mouth. Then introduce the cotton wool and close the flask by covering the mouth. Place the flask in a moder- ately warm place until tne cotton wool appears to be uniformly colored by the iodine. This preparation must be kept in stoppered bottles with wide mouths, placed in a cold place and out of the light. lodoforrr* Cotton. Iodoform, 2 parts. Ether, 10 " Strong Alcohol, 20 '' Glycerine, 10 '' Purified cotton wool, 30 " Dissolve the iodoform in the ether and alcohol mixed, add the glycerine to this solution and saturate the .cotton wool with this liquid. Let it dry by ex- posure to the air. Draw the cotton out and keep it in bottles. Boracic Acid Cotton. Ta.ke piirified cotton wool q. s. Boracic acid, 10 parts. Water, 90 " Dissolve the boracic acid in the water at a tempera- ture of 140 Fahr. Saturate the purified cctton wool with this solution, press it, dry it, and preserve it in bottles having a very wide mouth. Salciyiic Acid Cotton. Purified cotton wool, 100 parts. Salicylic acid. 10 '' Strong spirits, 100 '' Glycerine, 1 '' MISCELLANEOUS. 28- Dissolve the salicylic acid in the alcohol, add the glcyerine to this solution, saturate the cotton wool with the liquid. Press out the superflous liquid and dry, etc., as ahove. A Useful Solutipn For Many Cum Resins. A 7i per cent solution of caustic lime may be used for many gum resins, the solution mixing with water without precipitation. The following degrees of so- lubility have been noted: iVmmoniacum, one part in four ; myrrli, one in live; guaiacum, one in seven; opium, one in ten; catechu, one in ten; aloes, one in fifteen; Assafoetide, one in fifteen. Simple Test for Cotton Seed Oil in Olive Oil. A solution of acetate of lead mixed with cotton seed oil and set aside for a time. The oil, if adul- terated, will assume a reddish color. With pure oil no such change takes place. Thompson's Solution of Phosphorous. Phosphorous, 1 grain. Absolute Alcohol, ' 5 fl drachms. Glycerine, 12 *' Alcohol, 2 Essence of Peppermint, 40 minims. The phosphorus is to be first dissolved in the abso- lute alcohol with the help of a gentle heat. The alcohol and glycerine, previously warmed, are next to be added, and lastly the essense of peppermint. Note. — Like all preparations of phosphorus, ThomT3son's solution is changing and unreliable, but one of the best nevertheless. Essence Eucalyptus and Cod Liver Oil. Mr. Dusquesnel proposes to mask the disagreeable flavor of Cod Liver Oil by adding to it 1 per cent, of Essence of Eucalyptus. 288 MISCELLANEOUS. Cod Liver Oil with Quinia. Sulphate of Quinia, 60 grains. Dilute Sulph. Acid, 1 fi ounce. Water of Ammonia, q. s. Water, q. s. Purified Oleic Acid, 1 fi ounce. Cod Liver Oil, 29 fl ounces. Dissolve the quinine in the dilute sulphuric acid, mixed with 4 fluid ounces of water, add a slight excess of ammonia, stir well and transfer the precipi- tate to a calico filter, wash well, press it between folds of filtering pajDer and dry in a water bath; dis- solve the quinia alkaloid thus obtained in the oleic acid by the aid of a gentle heat, mix while warm with 5 fluid ounces of Cod Liver Oil (also warm), strain or filter through paper if necessary and add the remain- der. Each tablespoonful contains quinia equal to one grain of the sulphate. For Cancer. The Medical Gazette gives the following j^rescrip- tions as useful in the treatment of Cancer : Sanguinarise Canadensis, 12 grains. Arsenici iodide, 2 Ext. conii, 40 Mix. Divide into 24 pills, one to be taken three times a day. Bromide chloridi, 3 minims. Pulv glycyrrhiza, 60 grains. Mix. Divide into 20 pills, of which one is to be taken two' or three times daily. Powders for Catarrhal Conditions. No. 1. Benzoini, 1 drachm. Morph muriat, 6 grains. Bismuth subnitrate, i ounce. Potass! nitrate, 2 " Mix. MISCELLAXEOUS. 289 Valuable for its seclativu actioii, and to subdue pain. No. 2. Aluminis, 1 drachm. Acaciae, 4 '' Bismuth subnitrate, 4 " Potassii nitrate, 4 " ]\Iix. Useful as a strong astringent. No. 3. Iodoform, 1 dracnm. C amphorae, • 1 " Bismuth nitat. i ounce. A good antiseptic. Note.— The powders when impalpable, and with the therapeutic integrity of the drugs preserved, can be more effectually applied to the nasal passages than spray, and their good effect is certainly more pro- longed. For the general practitioner they are vastly more convenient than spray. Golden Cerate for Corns. •Yellow wax, 5 ounces. Sulphate zinc, 678 grains. Oxide copper, 220 " Verdigris, 220 " Borax, 220 '' Eed chalk, 678 " After a long fatiguing walk the feet, especially the heels are effected by a little white blister full of serosity, looking like a bulb produced by a bruise. Prick it carefully and apply the cerate. To Bleach Carbolic Acid. Eosolic acid, the coloring matter frequently met with in carbolic acid, may be easily separated by mixing the carbolic acid with an equal weight of glycerine and adding the solution to water. In time MISCELLANEOUS. a colored layer rises to tlie surface which contains most of the rosolic acid. To Filter Aqueous Solutions of Opium. Filter paper pulp or phosphate of lime are we be- lieve the best materials for clearing a solution of opium rendered turbid by too large an addition of essential oils. Let the solution of opium be left for some time in contact with the pulp or phosphate, the whole being shaken occasionally and then filtered through a filter previously moistened with water. How to Purify Cotton Wool. Macerate the commercial cotton wool for the space of ten minutes in benzine, press out tne liquid and allow the wool to dry by exposure to the air. This will remove the greasy or fatty matter or resinous matters which may be present. Logwood in Wine. Twenty c. c. of the wine are shaken up with two grammes manganese peroxide and filtered. The liquid produced, which is brown even if no logwood is pres- ent, is treated with zinc and hydrochloric acid. The humic compounds are thus converted into haema- toxylin, which may be detected by the usual reagents. Tamarind Laxative Lozenges. Hager gives the following directions for the prepa- rations of the laxative known under the various names Marmelade de Famarin, Tamar Indien, etc : Tamarind pulp, 450 parts. White sugar powdered, 40 " Milk sugar, 60 '' Pure glycerine, 50 " Mix. Evaporate the mixture at a gentle heat, and with 50 parts. 10 - 3 " about Ig- inches These are then MISCELLANEOUS. 291 constant stming until it has the consistence of an extract ; then mix Trith it . Senna in fine powder, Anise seed, Oleosaccharate of lemon. Tartaric acid, Boll the mass into 100 lozenges long and 1 wide and | in thick. sprinkled with distilled water and rolled in a quantity of the following powder : Cream tartar, 5 parts, White sugar 35, Milk sugar 35, Tragacanth 3, Tartaric acic 2, Eed Santal wood 25. Dry for one hour and wrap in tin foil. Harlem Oil. The following formula is published by the Dutch Society for the advancement of Pharmacy : Sulphurated linseed oil, 1 part . Eectified oil of Turpentine, 2 parts. The same society gives the following directions for making the Sulphurated Linseed Oil : Linseed Oil, 1 part. Washed Sulphur, 2 parts. Mix and heat them together in a porcelain capsule at a temperature between 248^ and 266 Dahr. under constant stirring until the sulphur dissolves It produces a dark brown liquid having a yellow color in thin layers, and is completely soluble in Oil of Turpentine . To Filter Solutions of Senega. Beat up the white of an eg,g and add it to the tinc- ture before evaporation. The alcohol and heat coagu- lates the albumen, this takes up the pectim and leaves the liquid in a condition to be filtered without trouble. 40] ^ramms, 160 130 160 140 600 292 MISCELLANEOUS. Fehling's Solution, Fehling's test for grape sugar is one of many modi- fications of an old reagent. It is made as follows : Crystalized Cupric Sulphate, Distilled water, Caustic soda, Neutral Tartrate Potassa, or Cream of Tartar, Distilled water, Dissolve the cupric sulphate separately in 160 gramms of water. The other chemicals are dissolved in another portion of the water, and the two solutions are mixed. After filtering the liquor, enough distilled water is added to make the whole measure one liter or 1000 cubic centemeters. Syrup Orange Peel, Fresh. Fresh Orange Peel, 2 ounces. Alcohol, 2 Aqua Pura q. s. to percolate, 9 " Sugar, 14 Cut the peel in small pieces, put in mortar, and add the alcohol, thoroughly bruise to a pulp, put in a glass percolator, add the water to recover 9 ounces, in which dissolve the sugar. To Remoxe the Smell of Iodoform and Musk from Mortars, Etc, First clean the mortar and pestle with a dram or so of Concentrated Sulphuric Acid brought into contact with every part contaminated with foreign matters. The vessel being washed in an abundance of water and dried, fifteen or twenty drops of nitro-benzine are applied to it exactly in the same manner as Sulphuric Acid. The artificial oil of Bitter Almonds is best removed with blottmg paper, and the last adhering drops are MISCELLANEOUS. 293 dissolved out with about one dram of Alcohol, ^yhich is used to carefully rinse all the inside of the vessel. Water is again applied in abundance, and the last trace of Bitter Almond smell disappears on exposure to open air . It is rather tedious but the work is performed per- fectly. English Aromatic Vinea:ar. Crystalized x\cetie Acid, 20 ounces. Camphor, 2 Oil of Lavender, 10 minims Cloves, 30 " Cinnamon 15 Mix and dissolve. Syup Hydriodic Acid. Iodine resublimed, 480 grains. Carbon besulphide, 6 ounces. Distilled Water, 6 '' Syrup, qs. ^ Suspend the iodine (tied in a piece of mushn) in the bisulphide of carbon in a closed vessel, wide-mouthed vessel, until it is all dissolved, then add the distilled water and pass through the mixture a current of hy drosulphuric acid gas until the lower stratum of liquid has acquired a pale yellow color. Remove the top stratum of liquid (which should be of a slight milky color) by using a glass syphon, being careful that it is all removed. Filter the liquid thus obtained through white filter paper and place in a porcelain capsule over a water bath until all odor of hy drosul- phuric acid and bisulphide of carbon has disappeared. Then set the capsule aside, well covered, until the contents have cooled. Then add a sufficient quantity of syrup prepared by dissolving four pounds of best white sugar, free from coloring matter, in two pints 2Q4 MISCELLANEOUS. of distilled water and strain through muslin to make the finished product measure 72 fluid ounces. Pro- tect from light, and keep cool. Champagne Cider. Good ripe cider, 100 gallons. Strained honey, 3 '' Skimmed milk, 4 pints. Cologne spirits, 3J gallons. Mix the honey with the cider, set the mixture aside for a week and clarify it with the skimmed milk. Then add the alcohol, and after three or four days bottle the cider, using good corks and fastening them with cord or wdre. Place the bottles in a cool place and on their side. Sugar may be used in place of honey. One gallon of honey is equal to about eight pounds of sugar. Tinct Kino and Opium Comp. / Powdered Opium, 2 drachms. Kino, 2 Camphor, 3 " Cloves, 3 Dilute alcohol, 2 pints. Make a tincture by percolation. German Bitter Tincture. Orange Berries, 2 parts.. European Century, 2 " Gentian E-oot, 2 '' Zedoary Eoot, 1 Dilute Alcohol, 35 " Exhaust by maceration. Soluable Prussian Blue. The usual process for preparing soluable Prussian blue consists in precipitating a ferric salt with an ex- MISCELLAXEOUS. 295 cess of ferrocyanide of x)ottassium and washing the precipitate on a filter with distilled water until the filtrate begins to show a blue tinge. The precipitate is then dried at a gentle heat. Here is an easier way : Prussian blue, o drachms. Ferrocyanide of potassium 2j '' Distilled water sufiicient. Rub the two salts to a fine powder in a mortar, and add from two to four pints of distilled w ater, accord- ing to strength, desired, after an hour's contact w^ith occasional agitation the clear liquor may be decanted or filtered off from the insoluble portions. Blue Marking Ink for White Goods. Crystalized Nitrate of Silver, 1 dram. Water of Ammonia, 3 drams. Crystalized Carbonate of Soda, 1 dram. Powdered Gum Arabic, Ij " Sulphate of Copper, 30 grains. Distilled water, 4 drams. Dissolve the silver salt in the ammonia ; dissolve the bicarbonate of soda, gum arable, and sulphate of copper in the distilled w^ater and mix the two solutions together. Remedy for Hemorrhoids. Dr. Pasqua, of Florence, gives the following oint- ment as infallible : Extract of Belladonna, 5 grams. Iodoform, > -, • Acetate of Lead, S ^ Petroleum jelly, 1 dram. Make into an ointment to be applied three or four times a day. 2q6 MISCELLANEOUS. Colors For Show Botth Pale Blue — Sulphate of Copper, Sulphuric Acid, Water, PuEPLE Blue — Sulphate Copper, Ammonia, Water, 1 pound. 1 ounce. 12 to 16 pints. 2 to 4 drams. 1 to 2 ounces 12 to 16 pints. 1 pound. 1 '' 12 to 16 pints. 1 dram. q. s. q. s. 12 to 16 pints 6 ounces. 4 12 pints. Geeen — Sulphate of Copper, Muriatic Acid, Water, Bed — Carbonate of Cobalt, Muriatic Acid, Carbonate of Ammonia, Water, Yellow — Bicarbonate Potassa, Carbonate of Potassa, Water, Note . — In cold weather they must be protected against freezing by substituting equal parts of alcohol and glycerine for a portion of the water directed. Comp Resin Cerate. Kesin, 12 troy ounces. Yellow wax, 7 " Turpentine, 6 '' " Lard, 24 " Melt them together, strain the mixture through muslin and stir constantly until cool. Basham's Mixture. Tincture Muriate of Iron, Dilute Acetic Acid, Solution Acetate Ammonia, Curacoa Cordial, > ^p ^^^ o- TO ' ^ 01 each, bnnpb Syrup, S ' Water, 1 dram. 1 " 4 " 4 " 4 " MISCELLANEOUS. 297 Mistura Apii Composita. Fluid Ext. Coco, 2 ounces. '^ " Viburnum, 1 ounce. " " Opium Graveolens, 1 '' Note. — This mixture is designated Mistura Apii Composita for convenience and forms, an excellent nerve sedative and tonic. The dose is from 1 to 2 tablespoonfuls three times a day. Mrs. Allan's Hair Restorer. Sulph. Precip, 26 grains . Pulv . Acacia, 3 '' Glycerine, li oz weight. Plumb Acet. Cryst. 41 grains. Aqua distil, 2|- ounces. Aromatize with any { ^ood perfume. The Sugar of Lead and the Sulphur are first rubbed together then the Cassia and the water and glycerine added. Tinct. Cardamon Comp. Car dam on, Cinnamon, Caraway, Cochineal, Alcohol, Glycerine, Water, 4 parts- 4 2 1 133 12 44 -No. 50 powder. To be mixed in this proportion Mix the solid ingredients, powder them together and pass through a No. 50 sieve. Moisten the mix- ture with half an ounce, or sufficient of the mens- struum, pack in a cylindrical percolator gradually pour the remainder of the menstruum upon it. Afterwards diluted alcohol to obtain 200 parts in weight. 2 98 MISCELLANEOUS. Chandler's Chlorodyne. IVrnriate of morphia, 3 grains. Fluid Ext. Cannibis Ind, 30 drops. Oil of peppermint, 10 " Tincture of capsicum, 15 " Chloroform, 2 drachms. iVlcohol, 1 oance. Glycerine, 1 " Mix. Dose 10 to 30 drops in a wine glass of water. stamping Powder, Pigment (Prussian Blue), 1 ounce. Fine white resin, 2 " Sandarac, 1 '' Powder very finely, mix and pass through a sieve. Oil Paste Shoe Blacklns. Ivory black, 2 pounds. Molasses, 1 " Olive oil, 4 ounces. Oilvitrol, 4 " Mix and add enough water to gain the required consistence. Camphorated Dover's Powder. Powdered opium, 10 grains. " camphor, 2 scruples. " ipecac, 1 " " cream of tartar, 8 " Mix. Does 3 to 5 grains. Incense for Churches, Gum olibanum, tears. Benzoin, St or ax. Sugar, True Cascarilla, Saltpetre, Powder and mix together. 9 ounces. 5 2^ 2 2i 3 MISCELLANEOUS. 299 Mettaurers Aperient. Socotrines aloes, 5 drachms. Bicarb soda, 11 " Compound spts Lavend, 5 " Water, 1 pint. Dissolve the bicarbonate of soda in the water, then add the aloes and lastly comp. spts. Lavender. Dose one teaspoonfnl in wine glass of water. Comp. Infusion of Gentian. Gentian root, 4j lbs. avoir. Dried orange peel, 4^- " Fresh lemon peel, 9 " Cold water, 13 qts. Imperial. Alcohol, 1 gallon. Oil of lemon, 1 drachm. Oil of orange, 1 " Macerate the gentian and orange and lemon peel for 14 days with the alcohol and water with frequent agitation. Then express the liquid, add to it the essential oil, shake well and filter through paper. The result is a fine, clear liquid of pleasant flavor, and keeps well. One fluid drachm of it mixed Avith seven fluid drachms of water produces one fluid ounce of liquid possessing all the qualities of the official infusion. Note. — The above is extensively used in England for extemporaneously making the compound infusion of gentian of the B. P. Pharmacopoae. Safety Paper For Checks. To prevent alterations in writing, the following pro- cess of preparing pap^r has been recommended : Add to glue water 5 per cent, of cyanide of potas- sium and sulphate of antimony, and run the glued paper through a thin solution of sulphate of manganese or copper. And writing on this paper with ink made 300 MISCELLANEOUS. from nutgalls and sulphate of iron can neither be removed with acids nor erassed mechanically. Any acid will change immediately the writing from black to blue or red. Any alkali will change the paper to brown; any erasure will remove the layer of color and the white ground of the paper will be exposed, since the color of the glue water is only fixed to the out- side of the paper without penetratmg it. Howto Make Pepper Mint Drops. Take a convenient quantity of dry granulated sugar, place it in a pan having a lip from which the contents may be poured or dropped, add a very little water — just enough to make the sugar a stiff paste, two ounces of water to a pound of sugar being about the right proportion, set it over the fire and allow it to nearly boil; keep it continually stirred; it must not actually come to a boil, but must be removed from the fire just as the bubbles (denoting the boiling point is reached) begin to rise. Allow the syrup to cool alittle, stirring all the time; add strong essence of pepper- mint to suit the taste, and drop on tins or sheets of smooth white paper. The dropping is performed by tilting the vessel slightly so that the contents will slowly run out, and with a small piece of stiff wire the drops maybe stroked off into the tins or paper. They should then be kept in a warm place for a few hours to dry. German Prescriptions. There is scarcely a pharmacist in this country who has not received prescriptions written by German physicians. In some localities this happens fre- quently. As every one knows, of all things a pharma- cist especially dislikes to be obliged to confess his ina- bility to dispense a prescription presented, less be- J MISCELLANEOUS. 301 cause it is a loss of profit tlian because it is an admis- sion of ignorance, Still greater must be the mortifi- cation when he is, and many are here, familiar with- the German language. Yet it is better to decline tha task than to risk guess work and possibly accidents. The first peculiarity noticable in a German prescrip tion is the use of the adjective. Thus, for Ferri Sul- phas, we find Ferrun sulphuricum Potassii lodidum Kali Chloricum, Potassi Chloras.for Kalium Chlora- tura. There are many others, but the following are the most frequent. The first column is the German, the second the usual pharmaceutal name : Acetum plumbi. Liq plumbi subacet. Aqua Saturni. Lig Subacet dilute. Aqua fontana. Aqua pura. Aquila alba. Calomel. Flores benzoes. Acidum benzoicum. Gummi mimosae. Gum acacia. Lapis infernalis. Nitrate of silver. Magesterium bismuihi. Subnitrate bismathi, Mercurius. Mercury. Natrum carbonicum. Bi carb soda. Natro-Kali acidulum tartaricum. Rochelle Salts.. Nihilum album. Oxide of Zinc. Oleum anthos. Oil of Rosemary. " de cedro. Oil of lemon. Pulvis Kurellae. Comp. licorice powder. Sal amarum. Sulphate magnesia. Sal Mirabile. Plunber salts. Tinctura Thebaica. Tincture opium. It should be borne in mind that all quantities ordered are understood to be by weight, fiuid mea- sure not being countenanced by the German authori- ties. The minim is still very frequently represented 302 MISCELLANEOUS. by the drop (gutta), of wliicli twenty are considered eqaal to one gramme. As drops vary materially ac- cording to the density of the fluid and the size of the bottle, this is very unsatisfactory. Rapid Assay of Opium. (1.) Take 15 grammes of the opium and 9 grammes of slacked lime and 150 c. c. of distilled water. Rub the opium and lime carefully into a paste, adding the water by small portions, and leave the whole in con- tact during half an hour, with an occasional agitation. . (2.) Throw the mixture on a filter and collect 100 c. c. of the liquid in a covered beaker. (3.) Add to the liquor 20 c. c. of ether, and mix well. (4.) In the liquor dissolve 6 graiumes of powdered hydrochlorate of Ammonia, stir with a rod to help the solution, and set aside for two hours. (5.) Pour off the ether, replace it with a fresh quantity of the same menstruum, shake well and pour it off again. (6.) Collect the precipitate of morphia in an un- pleated filter and wash it with a few cubic centimeters of cold distilled water. Dry and weigh it. Multiply the w^eight by 10, and we have the percentage of morphia. Solventsf or iodoform. Iodoform dissolves in the following solvents at or- dmary temperatures in the following proportions : Petroleum benzine 1 per cent. Coal benzine 1.5 Lavender, 7 Cloves, 8 Lemon, 9 " Fennel, 9 Rosemary, 9 " Cassia, 14 " MISCELLANEOUS. 7,03 To Detect Adulteration. The adulteration of a heavy oil with a light one may be detected by agitating the suspected sample with water, when in general, the two will separate and form distinct layers. Bancroft's Process, Mr. Bancroft's process for refining common oils, such as olive oil, lard oil, etc., for lubricating pur- poses, is to agitate them with from 3 J to 8 per cent caustic soda lye of 1.2 specific gravity. If, on trial of a a small quantity, the lye be found to settle clear at the bottom, enough has been added. The oil is allowed to rest for 24 hours, for the soapy matter to subside , the supernatant oil is then filtered. Another plan of purifying oils is to agitate them with a strong solu- tion of common salt. To Restorethe Fragranceof Oil of Lemon. There are several oils that by absorption of oxygen from the air, will become camphorated, grow turbid, deposit a residue, generally called stearopten, and lose more or less of their flavor instead of which they acquire the odor of turpentine. These oils that are free from oxygen are chiefly subject to those changes, and it is therefore necessary to keep them in full bot- tles well stoppered and in a cool place. When they have deteriorated in the way indicated, they may be improved, but can never be restored to their original quality. Many means have been^ proposed for this purpose, but the one now generally employed in France is to shake the oil with warm water several times, letting it settle, and drawing it off by means of a syphon it may lastly be filtered either through paper or linen. 304 MISCELLANEOUS. 4 ounces. 2 ounces. 2 1 ounce. 2 Hop Bitters. Hops, Orange Peel, Taraxicum, Buchu, Podophyllum, Sugar, 16 ounces . Alcohol, 16 fi. " Water to make, 8 pints. Macerate the drugs in coarse powder in the alcohol and 7 pints of water at a warm temperature for 8 days. Express and dissolve the sugar in the liquor to which add water to make 8 pints and strain. Pierce's Favorite Prescription. Savin, Cinchonia, \^^ ^^^^' of each. 150 grains. 75 150 grains. 75 '• 8 drops. Agaric, Cinnamon, Water sufficient to make decoction, 8 fl. ounces. Then add. Acacia, Sugar, Tinct. Digitahs, > . . " Opium, I ^^ ^^^^' Oil Anise, Dissolve the gum and sugar in a strained decoction, then add, Alcohol, 2 fi. ounces, in which the oil has previously been dissolved. Gargling Oil. Crude Petroleum, 13 fl. ounces. Ammonia Water, 6 " Soap soft, 16 Benzine, 1^ " Oil Amber crude, 2 " Tinct. Iodine, W^ater, 1 5 pints. Piatt's Chlorides. tof each, IJ parts. •;i^ ^ of each, 7^ " MISCELLANEOUS. 305 Mix the petroleum and soap add the ammonia water, oil amber and iodine, and mix thoroughly; add the benzine and finally the water. Magnesia, Ohio. Sodium, Zinc Chlorides, Aluminum Chloride y Water sufficient for 100 Dissolve. Caoutchouc Blacking. Boneblack, Molasses, Gum Arabic, Yinegar (acid acet dil). Sulphuric Acid, Caoutchouc Oil, After the boneblack has been disintegrated by the acid add the molasses and the gum previously dis- solved in a little water, then the oil, and lastly add the vinegar so as to form a uniform liquid mixture. 66 parts, 45 1 50 24 9 Caoutchouc Oil. Caoutchouc, 1 part. Cotton seed oil, 9 parts. Digest the Caoutchouc in the oil. Cordova Blacking. Vinegar (Acetic Acid Dil), 1,500 parts. Beer, 500 White Glue, 250 Sumac, 60 Isenglass, 4 Indigo, 2 Boil for half hour, strain when cool ; apply with sponge. 2,^6 MISCELLANEOUS. Laxative Elixir, Comp Fluid Ext. Ehamuus Purshiana, 2 fl. ounces. " Juglans, 1 " " Glycrrhi, i " " Comp. Tinct. Cardamom, i " Senna, coarse powder, 560 grains. Aromatic spirits, 2 fl. ounces. Alcohol, -| U 5 5 Sugar, 7 troy ounces. Water sufficient for. 16 fl. Exhaust the Senna in boiling water so as to obtain 5 fluid ounces of infusion, when cool add other in- gredients. Dose — 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls in habitual constipation. Warburg's Tinctura. Aloes 224 grs. Khubarb, r:)^ " Angelica seed, 56 " [Confection of Damocrates 56 " Elecampane, 28 " Saffron, 28 '' Fennel, 28 '' Prepared Chalk, 28 " Gentian, 14 " Zedoary, 14 " Cubeb, 14 '' Myrrh, 14 '' Camphor, 14 " ■ White Agaric, 14 " Sulphate Quinine, 150 " Diluted Alcohol, enough to make 16 fl. oz. Eeduce thefibrouse vegetable substances to a mod- erately coarse powder, add the aloes, myrrh and cam- phor in small pieces, and digest the whole with dilut- MISCELLANEOUS. 307 ed alcohol in a well-covered vessel (or, better, in a flask provided with a return condenser) for twelve hours on a waterbath. Then add the sulphate of quinine, replace the vessel on the water-bath until the quinine is dissolved, and then set it aside to cool. Finally, add the chalk, mix thoroughly, and filter. In place of the confection of Damocrates, which used to contain many ingredients now no longer ob- tainable, simple powdered opium may be used, if deemed necessary. The quantity of powdered opium eqivalent to the 56 grs. of the confection of Damo- crates is about 2 grains, and might probably be omit- ted altogether. Some persons have a great averson to aloes. In order to accommodate such, the tincture is also made without aloes. Warburg's tincture is also often ordered to be evap- orated to an extract, and the latter ordered to be dispensed in capsules. As it is rather wasteful to evaporate the tincture, which contains comparatively little solid matter in solution, it is preferable to leave this out, and to add it only when required, best in the form of aqueous extract of aloes, 16 oz. ,of which correspond about to 80 oz. of aloes. Cascara Cordial. Fluid Ext. Cascara Sagrada, 12 fl. drams. " Berberis Aquifol, 5 " Dilute Alcohol, 16 " Elixir Taraxacum Comp. 6 " " '* Aromatic q. s. 16 ounces. Mix the fluid extracts with the dilute alcohol, then with the Elixir previously mixed, and after standing, filter. 3oJ MISCELLANEOUS. British Oil. Oil of turpentine, 4 ounces. Oil of flax seed. 3 pints. Oil of amber, 1 pint. Oil of Juniper, i ounce. Petroleum (Barbadoes), 2 ounces. Petroleum (American), 2 ounces. Mix them well together. Oil of Spike. Whale oil, IJ gallons. Spirits of turpentine, 4 pints. Barbadoes tar. 3 ounces. Sulphuric acid. 2 ounces. Add the acid slowly and let it stand uncovered. Butter Color. Annato, of good quality. 10 ounces. Caustic soda or Potassa, 12 drachms. Borax, 1 ounce. Tincture of Tumeric, 20 ounces. Water, 100 ounces. Mix. Brown Mixture. ' Powdered Licorice, i ounce. Gum Arabic [powdered] , ■ J " ■ Sugar, [granulated], i " Paregoric 2 Wine of Antimony, 1 Spirit of Nitre, i " Water, 12 Eub the Licorice, Gum Arabic and sugar with the water gradually poured upon them; then add the other ingredients. Mix. MISCELLANEOUS. 309 To Clean Old Marble or Alabaster. Muriatic Acid, C. P., 1 part. Soft Water, 3 parts. Mix. Wash, the marble well with this mixture, then rinse well with pure water; dry, and apply pure Olive Oil, or Almond Oil, to revive the color, rubbing well. Greasy marble is easily cleaned with a mixture of Bi-Carbonate Soda, whiting and water, equal parts. Mixing Colors. The following combinations will enable the druggist to produce almost any shade of ''mixed paints:" Ceeam Coloe — Make by a mixture of chrome yellow. Venetian red and white lead. Peael Geay — White lead and equal portions of Prus- sian blue and lamp black; add the blue cautiously. Fawn Coloe — Burnt Sienna and white lead. Buff — This is a mixture of pale chrome yellow and white lead, tinged with Venetian red. Deab — Use raw or burnt umber and white lead, with a little Venetian red. Dry Chalk Mixture. White Sugar, 1 ounce. Oil Cinnamon, 16 drops. Rub in mortar and add prepared chalk, bounces; pulverized gum arable, 1 ounce. Kub all together and sift. One teaspoonful of the powder to two tablespoon- fuls of water makes Fluid Chalk Mixture. New Orleans Mead. Sarsaparilla root contused, 8 ounces. Licorice, 8 " Cassia bark contused, 8 " Cloves, 2 '' Coriander seed, 3 " Ginger, 8 '' 3IO MISCELLANEOUS. Boil for fifteen minutes in eight gallons of water and let stand until cold to settle down, then strain through flannel rag and add to it in the fountain. • Syrup, 12 pints. Honey, 4 " Tincture Ginger, 4 ounces. Solution of Citric Acid, 4 '' Add enough water to complete ten gallons and charge with gas. Artificial Cider. Water, 25 gallons. Honey, U '' Catechu (pure), drachms. Alum, It ounces. Yeast, J pint. Ferment for fifteen days in a warm place, then add Bitter Almonds, 2 ounces. Cloves, • 2 '' Whiskey, 6 pints. Burnt sugar to color. If acid should be in excess add honey or sugar. If too sweet add cider vinegar to suit the taste. Belfast Ginger Ale Powders. Powdered White Sugar, 16 ounces. " Bicarbonate of Soda, 3J " Citric Acid, 4^ " Concentrated essence of Ginger, IJ '' " " Cayenne, 4 drachms. *' ^' Lemon, 40 drops.. Dry the soda, acid and the sugar very carefully ; be- fore drying the sugar, incorporate with it the essences thoroughly, to which a small quantity of caramel may be added as coloring. MISCELLANEOUS. 311 Easy and Rapid Method to Powder Shellac. One pound of Sliellac is warmed witli constant stirring with two quarts of water, to which. are added t^o or three ounces of Borax; a clear sokition of Shellac is the result. If, now two ounces of Hydro- chloric Acid be added to the Shellac it is precipitated in a pulverulent condition, this precipitate after being well stirred is poured upon a cloth and well washed with water, and after drying, is found to be a very fine powder, well suited for fire works or the rapid making Yarnishes. Disguising the Taste of Epsom Salts. Epsom Salts, 1 >^ ounces. Water, 1 pint. Essence of Mint, 2 to 6 drops. Mix. Harness BU acklng. Neatsfoot Oil, 1 pint. Beeswax, 2 ounces Ivory Black, 1 ounce, Mix, by melting by gentle heat. Paste for Labeling on Tin. Take paste made from Gum Tragacanth with addi- tion of a small portion of the Oil of Wintergreen. First be careful to remove the film and grease from the tin by a solution of Caustic Soda (ten of water to one of Soda) applied to the spot by a rag upon which you wish to affix the label, and drying with another rag. To Restore Color to Cloth. When color from a fabric has been destroyed by acids, Ammonia is used to neutralize the same. An application of Chloroform will in almost all cases re- store the color. Chloroform will remove paint when other things have failed. 312 MISCELLANEOUS. Fruit Laxative. Cassia (fistula) 16 ounces. Tamarinds, 10 " Prunes, 7 " Fip-s, 12 " Bruise and digest in forty-five ounces water for three days, then strain through a hair sieve. Eeject the coarse portions after washing tliem with water. Evaporate the strained Hquid, in which Powdered Sugar, 50 ounces, has heen previously dissolved until the product weighs 84 ounces ; to this add Senna, 10 ounces. Coriander, 6 " Mix the whole thoroughly. The product is of a jelly consist ance and very easily converted into lozenges. Lime Juice CordlaL Glucose, Syrup, Lime juice. Water, 4 ounces. 16 16 28 Tincture lemon peel, triple orange flower water of each enough to flavor. Mix. Liquid Clue. 2 ounces. o u White glue, Acetic acid No. 8, Dissolve the glue broken in small pieces in the acid; then add Nitric acid, 10 minims. Mix and keep in a wide mouth bottle well corked. MISCELLANEOUS. 313 Gelatinized Benzine. Cocoanut Oil Soap, ^ ounce. Boiling Water, 4 ounces. Dissolve and when cold add Ether and Ammonia Water, each 2 drams. Glycerine, 1 dram. Mix. Put from five to ten drops of this mixture in- to a bottle and add half teaspoonful of Benzine, and shake until it gelatinizes. iVdd gradually more Ben_ zine under agitation ; and the whole will soon assume the appearance of a semisolid mass similar to boiled starch. Clou's Fumant's. Benzoin, 80 grains. Balsam Tolu, 20 '' Yellow Santal, 20 '' Vegetable charcoal, 500 '' Nitrate Potassium, 40 " Mucilage of Tragacanth, q. s. Powder, mix and form into a paste with the mucil- age and divide into little cones, each about one inch in height. Helnnbold's Buchu. Short Buchu, 4 ounces. Uva Ursi, U " Licorice root, 10 drams. Macerate in nine pints of water, strain and add Caramel, 2 ounces. Molasses, 8 " Mix well and add Fluid Ext. Cubebs, 5 ounces. Alcohol, 2 pints. Oil Peppermint, 1 ounce. Water sufficient to make 12 pints. Mix. 314 MISCELLANEOUS. Machins Oil. Pat Lead into pure Olive Oil and let stand in the sun till a white deposit is found, then decant oi! the the clear liquid. Colorless Tinct. Bromide of Iodine. Iodine, 1 ounce. Bromine, . 4 drachms. Alcohol, 17 ounces. Sulphuric Ether, 7 " Glycerine, 2 " Bisulphite Soda, 2 '' Dissolve Iodine in the Alcohol, and Bromine in Ether; add Glycerine to the Solution of Bromine carefully. Mix the two solutions together carefully, and add powdered Bisulphite Soda. Place mixtures aside several days, shaking carefully occasionally, when it will become colorless; should it not, add a small quantity of Bisulphite of Soda. Note. — Should it turn red at any time, the addition of a small quantity of the Bisulphite of Soda will bring it to its original color. Aqua Rose. Oil Eose, 12 drops. White Sugar, i ounce. Garb. Magnesia, 2 drachms. Aqua, 2 pints. Alcohol, 2 ounces. Add oil to Alcohol, rub with Magnesia and Sugar, add water and filter. James' Dismfectant Powder. Copperas, 20 ounces. White Yitrol, 10 " Carbolic Acid (crude). 1 ounce. Mix. Ml^CEl.LAXEOUS. Black Aniline copying: Ink. Nigrosin, 30.0 grams Sugar, * 30.0 '' Pyroligneoiis Acid, 50. '' WateiC 1)00.0 '' Dissolve the Nigrosin in the water and add the other ingredients. Black Office Ink. Nigrosin, 33.0 grams Pvroligneous Acid, 50.0 '' Watel^ 920.0 '' Dissolve the Nigrosin in the water and add the acid. Violet Copying Ink. Meth3d Violet, 15.0 grams Sulphuric Acid, dilute, 6.0 " Sugar, 30.0 '' Water, . 1000.0 '' Dissolvb the sugar and acid in the water, and in this solution dissolve the Methyl Violet. Violet Ink. Methyl Violet, 10.0 grams Sugar, 10.0 '* Sulphuric Acid, dilute, 5.0 '^ Water, 1000.0 " Essence Patchouly, 10.0 " Mix the acid and water and dissolve the other in- gredients in the mixture. Blue Ink. Blue Anihne, Sugar, Sulphuric Acid, dilute, Essence Patchouly, Water, Prepare as above. 15.0 grams 15.0 u 15.0 a 10.0 a )00.0 i i 3i6 ' • MISCELLANEOUS. Green Soap. Methyl Green, soluble, 10.0 grains. Essence Patchonly, 10.0 " Water, 1000.0 '' Dissolve the ingredients in the water. Red Ink. Eosin Aniline, 15.0 grams Essence Patchouly, 1000.0 '' Water, 1000.0 '' L'epare as above. Orange Ink. Orange Aniline, 15.9 grams Essence Patchonly, 10.1 " Water, 1000.0 " repare as the foregoing. Violet Hectograph Ink, Methyl Violet, 15.0 grams Sulphuric Acid, dilute, 10.0 '' Water, 95.0 " Dissolve the Aniline in the water with heat and add the acid. A New Indelible Ink. Ferro Cyanide Potassium, 3 dram Strong Ammonia Water, 2 '' Acetic Acid, 2 " Dissolve in Water, 240 " Then add— Ammonia Citrate of Iron, 160 '' Ammonia Water, 40 " Aniline Blue, 8 " Gum, 70 '' Pyrogallic Acic, 20 " MISCELLANEOUS. 317 Indestructible Ink, Shellac, 4 drams Borax, 2 '' Soft Water, Sj ounces Boil in a close vessel until dissolved, then filter and take of Gum Arabic, 2 drachms Soft Water, 4 " Mix together and boil for five minutes as before, occasLonally stirring, when cold add sufficient finely powdered Indigo and Lampblack to color. Invisible Ink. Writing with a solution of Sugar of Lead will be turned black by moistening the paper with Sulphide of Potassium. If Nitrate of Silver be used the writing will become black by dipping the paper in a solution of Ammonia- A weak infusion of galls is turned black by Sulphate of Iron. Purple Markins Ink. Bichlorate of Platinum, 1 drachm Distilled Water, 2 ounces The place where the letters are required must be moistened with a solution. Carbonate of Soda, 8 drachms Gum Arabic, 3 '' Water, 12 After the letters have been written with the Plati- num Ink and become dry, the linen is moistened with a solution of Chlorate of Tin, 1 part. Distilled Water, 4 parts. A beautiful purple red color is the result. MISCELLANEOUS. Indestructible Ink. Trinidad Asphaltum, Oil Turpentine, Mix. Color with a sufficiency of Plumbago for black or Yirmillion for red ink. 1 ounce. 4 ounces. Indelible Ink. Nitrate of Silver, 1 2-3 parts. Gum Arabic, 2 " Distilled Water, IC Sap Green, 1-3 " Dissolve the Nitrate of Silver in the distilled water Add the Gum and Sap Green. Write with a quill or gold pen. Aniline Marking Ink. Bichlorate of Copper, Common Salt, Liquid Ammonia, Distilled Water, No. 2. Hydrochlorate of xVniline, Distilled Water, Solution Gum Arabic, Glycerine, Mix 4 four parts of the Aniline solution with one of the copper. The result is a green colored liquid which can be used at once for marking linen. Athlophorous. Sulph. Morph., 2 grains. Fl. Ext. Colchicum seed, 1 fl dram. n. Ext. Guaiac resin, 1 " Potassium acetate, 60 grains. Potassium salicylate, 60 " Dilute alcohol, i fi ounce. Syrup of squill, q. s. to make 6 " 8^gi rains. 30 u 9^ u 30 u 30 gr •ains. 20 (( 20 u 10 a MISCELLANEOUS. 31Q Mix by applying gentle heat. The syrup of squill should be prepared by digesting over night 180 grains of squill root in hot water sufficient to make infusion when strained of 3 fluid ounces. In this is dissolved 8 troy ounces of glucose by gentle heat. Yerba Santa Cough Mixture. Take of Yerba Santa, 1 ounce. Take Grindelia, Wild Cherry, each j " Glycyrrhiza, Cubebs, each j " Alcohol, 4 '' Glycerine, 2 '' Water, 4 " Exhaust the Grindelia, etc., (all in coarse powder) with the alcohol, glycerine and water. Displace with diluted alcohol until 10 fluid ounces are obtained. To the percolate add Ammonia bromide, 600 grains. Pine tar, 300 '' Digest for five hours. When cold filter and dissolve sugar 8 ounces by agitating, without heat, and strain. Kendal's Spavin Oil. Camphor, Oil turpentine. Oil rosemary, Water, Alcohol, Iodine, All parts by weight, Baking Powder, No 1. Tartaric acid, J pound. Bicarbonate of soda, | " Potato farina, J " Mix them in a dry room, having previously powdered 21 parts. 30 1 39 92 5 320 MISCELLANEOUS. and thoroughly dried separately by gentle heat, pass the mixture through a sieve and at once put into packages air tight. No 2. Tartaric acid, T pound. Alum, i " Bicarbonate of soda, 3 u 4 Farina, 1 Sesquicarbonate of ammonia. 3 ounces. Mix as above. Brunelli Process of Embalming. The process of embalming is as follows, and is called the Brunelli i^rocess : (1) The circulating system is cleansed by washing with cold water till it issues quite clear from the body. This may occupy from two to five days. (2) Alcohol is injected so as to absorb as much water as possible. This occupies about one quarter of an hour. (3) Ether is then injected to absorb the fatty mat- ters. This occupies from two to ten hours. (4) A strong solution of tannin is then injected. This occupies for imbibation two to ten hours. (5) The body is then dried in a current of warm air passed over heated chloride of calcium. This may OGcnipy from two to five hours. The body is then per- fectly preserved and resists decay. The Italians ex- hibit specimens that are as hard as stone, retain the shape perfectly and are equal to the best wax models. It will be observed that those parts that are prone to decay are removed, and that which remains is con- verted into a substance resembling leather. MISCELLAXEOUS. 321 Gadbury's Mixture. (Oxysulphate of Iron.) Powdered sulphate of Iron, 1 drachm. Nitric acid, 1 fi " Simple Syrup, 2 fl ounces. Water sufficient. Add the sulphate of iron and nitric acid together in a porcelain capsule, and when the reaction has ceased add three or four drachms of water and bring the whole to ebuHtion. The other substances are after- ward added. OfTlce Muciiage. Grum arable or dextrine, 8 ounces. Water sufficient . Sulphate of Cinchonidia, 24 grains. Oil of cloves. 3 drops. Glycerine, 4 drachms. Alcohol, 1 Dissolve the gum or dexterine in enough water to form a mucilage of proper thickness, add to it the glycerine and finally the oil of cloves and cinchonidia sulphate dissolved in the alcohol. Grease Eradicators. Castile soap, shavings, Carbonate soda, powdered, Borax, powdered, Aqua ammonia, Alcohol,. Turpentine, Sulphuric Ether, Soft water sufficient for J with the water until dissolved, fire and add the rest. 4 ounces. 2 1 7 3 2 2 gallon. Boil the soap then remove from the MISCELLANEOUS. Trask's Ma&;netic Ointment. Lard, ") Raisins, [ each equal parts. Fine-cut Tobacco. 3 Simmer well together, then strain and press out all from the drugs. This is a splendid remedy in all skin diseases, as Salt Rheum, Tetters, etc. English Curry Powder. Powdered Coriando seed, 1 pound. " , Allspice, i Mace, i " Caraway, i Fennel, i Celery seed, i " Tumeric, 8 ounces. Ground Capsicum, Mustard, 2 Ginger, i Table salt, 1 pound. Mix them thoroughly by sifting and set aside for thirty days. Baking Powder. Tartaric acid, 8 pounds. Sesqui carbonate of soda pure, 8 " Farina, 16 " Mix as above. In using one or two teaspoonfuls are mixed with dry flour which is then made up quickly with cold water and baked immediately, any other flour or starch may be used instead of the potato flour. Lord's Chalk Mixture. Tinct. Kino, 1 ounce. '' Camp. Opium, 1 " " Catechu, 1 dram. '' Opium, 1 MISCELLANEOUS :^^3 . Spirits Lavender Comp. J ounce. •Syrup simple, j " Prepared chalk, Ij '' Mucilage Acacia, 3 " Mix. Dose, tea to tablespoonful. Bromo-Chloralum. Alum, coarse powder. 1 pound. Boilmg water, 2 pints. Aqua ammonia, sufficient. Muriatic acid, sufficient. Bromine, j ounce. Water, sufficient. Dissolve the alum in the boiling water, add 2\ gal- lons of cold water and mix well, then add Aqua Ammonia until the odor of the Ammonia can be detected in the mixture and a precipitate is formed ; allow it to settle and pour off the supernatant liquid. Put on fresh water again, stir well, allow to settle and again pour off. Then place the precipitate upon a muslin strain, and drain well; put the precipitate in a closed vessel and carefully add the Bromide; finally add sufficient Muriatic Acid, little at a time, to dis- solve the precipitate, and then enough water to com- plete the measure of one-half gallon, and filter. lodia. Fluid Ext. Stiliingia, " Prickly Ash, " " Saxifraga, '' Yellow Parilla, " Blue Flag, Iodide of Potassium, Pyrophosphate of Iron, Phosphoric Acid, diluted. Dissolve the Iodide of Potassium in the mixture 3 ounces. 1 ounce. i h i u 256 grains. 256 a h ounce. 324 MISCELLANEOUS. and the iron in two ounces of hot water, add the solution gradually and lastly add the Phosj^horic Acid. Let stand 24 hours and filter. Fly-Paper Poison Chloride of Cobalt, 6 drams. Brown Sugar, Ij ounces. Boiling Water, 1 pint. Dissolve sugar and cobalt in water ; saturate porous laper in the solution. Jaynes' Expectorant. Syrup of Squill, 2 ounces. Tincture of Tolu, 1^ L u Camphor, 1 drachm. u Lobeha, 1 (( ,, Digitalis, 1 a u Opium, 2 drachms. Pulv. Ipecac, 4 grains. Tarter Emetic, 4 grains. Mix. Osgood's Celebrated Ague Cure. Sufph. of Quinine, 2 drachms. Fluid Ext. Leptandra, 2 li Saturated Tinct. of Queen's Boot .2 i i Fluid Ext. Podophyllum, 3 drachms. Oil of Sassafras, 10 drops. Oil of Winter green. 10 drops. New Orleans Molasses, sufficient 1 to make an ight-ounce mixture. Comp. Licorice Powder. Powdered Senna, 2 ounces. Powdered Licorice Hoot, 2 ounces. Powdered Fennel Seed, 1 ounce. Washed Sulphur, 1 ounce. Powdered Sugar, 6 ounces. Mix them. MISCELLANEOUS. 325 Piso's Consumption Cure. Tincture of Tolu, Fluid Fxt. Lobelia, ^^ ^^ Cannabis, Indica, Sulph. of Morphia. Tartar Emetic, Chloroform, Essence of Spearmint, Hot Water, Sugar, The fluid extracts, tincture of tolu, chloroform, and essence of spearment must be mixed with the sugar, in a bottle. Dissolve the morphia and tartar emetic in the hot water, and mix; when thoroughly dis- solved, filter. Dose. — For an adult, one tablespoonful. i ounce. 2 drachms u 4 grams. 4 ii. 1 drachm. 10 drops. 8 ounces. Cuticura Resolvent, Aloes, Soct., 1 drachm. Ehubarb, powdered, 1 ii. Iodide Potass., 36 grains. Whisky, 1 pint. Macerate over night, and filter. Phosphorus Paste. Phosphorus, 1 ounce. Eye Flour, 25 ounces. Tallow, 20 {, i Armenian Bole, 2 i I Arsenic, 2 Oil Ehodium, 1 drachm. Water, 25 ounces. Mix the flour and water, cook to a thin paste ; melt the phosphorus in hot w^ater and mix, then add the rest, stir until thoroughly mixed. 326 MISCELLANEOUS. Chlorodyne. Purified Chloroform, 4 fluid ounces. Strong Ether, 1 fluid ounce. Strong Alcohol, 4 fluid ounces. Molasses, 4 fluid ounces. Powdered Ext. Licorice, 2j Troy ounces. Muriate of Morphia, 8 graids. Oil of Peppermint, 16 minims. Simple Syrup, ITi fluid ounces. Hydrocyanic iVcid, 2 per ceni ], 2 fluid ounces. Dissolve the morphia and the oil of peppermint in the alcohol. Mix the chloroform and ether in this solution. Mix the licorice with the syrup and add the molasses. Shake these two ingredients well to- gether, and lastly add the hydrocyanic acid and again shake. Dose. — Five to ten minims. Chewing Cums-Parrafln. Soft Parafiin, 1 ounce. Sugar granulated, Mix. 15 ounces. Tolu. / Tolu, 4 ounces. Benzoin, . 1 ounce. White Wax, 1 " Paraflin, 1 " Sugar Granulated, 8 ounces. Mix. Spruce. Spruce Gum, 4 oimces. Chicle, 4 Sugar granulated, 12 In preparing chewing gums, the gums, parafiin wax MISCELLANEOUS. 527 etc. are fused separately and mixed while yet quite hot then adding as much dry sugar as can be inco- porated or sufficient to render the gum brittle when cold. The mass after being thoroughly kneeded is, while hot, rolled out on a slab (previovsly dusted with powdered sugar) to the requisite thickness and devided into pieces the required size. Florida Water. Oil Lavender and Bergamot of each 4 fl. ozs. " Neroli, 2 drams. " Orange, . 4 " " Cloves, 1 " " Pure musk, 4 grains. " Cologne, spirit 96o 1 gallons. Macerate 15 days and filter through paper. August Flower. Soda Bicarb, 2 pounds. Ead Galangae, 3 " Aloes Soct, i pound. Fluid Ex. Gentian, 2 pounds. " '' Taraxacum, 1 pound. Oil Pex^permint, 1 fl. dram. Alcohol, i gallon. Water. Sugar of each sufficient to make 4 gallons Mix. Liquid Shoe Polish Lamp black, 1 dram. Oil Turpentine, ' 4 drams. Alcohol, 12 ounces. Shellac, U White Turpentine, 5 drams. Sandarac, 2 " Make a solution by digesting the mixture in a close vessel at a gentle heat, then strain. 32S MISCELLANEOUS. Non-Poisonous Rat Paste. Melted lard 4 ounces to which add 8 ounces of squills and a small onion cut in very small pieces. The mixture is digested for about 15 minutes with constant stirring, and then formed into a paste by the addition of an equal quantity of mashed potatoes. When cool flavor with 20 drops of Oil Anise. The efficiency of this paste no doubt depends on the size of the squills, as these when in contact with the moisture of the body swell immensely. UNOFFICINAL BALSAMS Friar's Balsam. Take gum benzoin, 6 ounces ; strained storax, 2 ounces ; pulverized aloes and myrrh, each J- ounce; balsam peru, 1 ounce; balsam tolu, 2 ounces; extract of liquorice, 2 ounces ; alcohol, 2 quarts. Let it stand for two weeks, with occasional agitation, and filter the whole through paper. A good application for wounds and cuts ; and as such was very effectual in the hands of the old friars. Internally, it is stimu- lant, expectorant, and anti-spasmodic, and is useful in asthma, catarrh, consumption, and Ian quid circula- tion. Dose, i a drachm on loaf sugar. Balsam of Horehound. Dissolve 2 ounces each extract of horehound and extract of liquorice, in i X3int of hot water; when cold add 3-4 phit of paregoric, 6 ounces of oxymel of squills, 2 ounces tincture of benzoin, and 10 ounces of honey. Mix well and strain through flanneL Dose for an adult, J to 1^ tea-spoonfuls, accompanied by a dose or two of aperient medicine. MISCELLANEOUS. 329 Balsam of Honey, Balsam of tolu, 1 ounce; gum storax, 1 drachm; purified opium, 15 grains; best honey, 4 ounces; rec- tified spirits of wine, 1 pint. Digest them together for a week, and strain the hquor. This prescription is of great use in colds and habitual coughs, unaccom- panied by feverish symptoms. The dose is from one to three tea-spoonfuls occasionally. Balsam Riga. Young shoots of fir (collected in March), 2 pounds ; rectified spirits and water, of each 5 pints. Bruise the fir-shoots and macerate in the spirit and water for 3 or 4 days, then distill 1 gallon. Or: Mix together rectified spirit, 8 ounces ; oil of juniper and compound tincture of benzion, of each 1 ounce : agitate well and filter. Stimulant and diuretic ; also used for sprains and bruises. Ciycerine Balsam. This is designed to whiten and soften the skin, re- move roughness, chaps, chilblains, and irritations from common causes. Take pure white wax, 1 ounce ; spermaceti, 2 ounces; oil of almonds, 9 ounces. Melt together by a moderate heat in a glazed earthenware vessel, and add pure glycerine, 3 ounces; balsam of Peru, J ounce. The mixture is to be stirred until nearly cold, and then poured into pots. Instead of balsam of Peru, 12 or 15 drops of attar of rose may be employed. Universal Wound Balsam Gum beuzion, in powder, 6 ounces balsam of tolu, in powder, 3 ounces ; gum storax, 2 ounces ; f rankm- ence, in powder, 2 ounces; gum myrrh, in powder, 2 ounces; socotrine aloes, in powder, 3 ounces; alcohol, 1 gallon. Mix them all together and put them in a 330 MISCELLANEOUS. digester and give them a gentle heat for 3 or 4 days; then strain ; 30 or 40 drops on a lump of sugar may be taken at anytime, for flatulency or pain at the stomach; and in old age, where nature requires stim- ulation. This valuable remedy should be kept in every family ready for use ; it cannot be surpassed as an application for cuts and recent wounds, and it is equally good for man or animals. Pectoral Balsam. Tincture of tolu and compound tincture of benzoin, of each 2 ounces ; rectified spirit, 4 ouncrs; mix. As a pectoral in coughs and colds. Dose, one tea-spoon- fuL Anodyne Balsam. Take of white soap 1 ounce; opium, unprepared, 2 drachms; rectified spirit of wine, 9 ounces; digest them together by a gentle heat for three da3^s, then strain off the liquor, and add to it three drachms of camphor. This balsam is of service in violent sprains and rheumatic complaints, when not attended with inflammation. It must be rubbed with a w^arm hand on the part affected, or a linen rag moistened with it, and renewed every third hour till the pain abates. Balsam of Turpentins. Melt by a gentle heat black resin, 1 pound ; remove the vessel from the fire and add oil of turpentine, 1 pint. Canada Balsam. This balsam is the product of the Canadian balsam fir, a tree of very common growth in Canada and the State of Maine. When fresh it has the consistence of thin honey, an agreeable odor, an acid taste, and a pale yellow color, nearly white. It should be perfectly transparent, and soluble in rectified oil of turpentine. MISCELLAXEOUS. with wliicli it forms a beautiful glassy and colorless varnish, which is much used for preparing a semi- transparent copying papar. A factitious kind is sold, but is wholly deficient of some of the properties of the genuine balsam. Factitious CanadJi Balsam. Dissolve 3 pounds of clear yellow resin in 1 gallon of oil of turpentine ; then add 1-2 pint of pale linseed oil, and 1-2 ounce each of essence of lemon and oil of rosemary. Factitious Balsam of Tolu. Dissolve orange shellac and gum bezoin, of each 1 pound, in coarse powder; in rectified spirit, 5 pounds (in a close vessel) ; filter and distill off the spirit until the residuum has a proper consistence, then add a few drops of the oil of cassia and nutmeg, dissolved in a little essence of vanilla. Or, take of balsam of tolu, 4 ounces , white resin, 16 ounces; sheep's suet, li ounces, or sufficient to make it soft enough, ac- cording to climate or season. To Detect Factitious Balsam of Tolu, The genuine balsam is perfectly soluble in alcohol, forming a transparent solution. By exposure to the air it becomes hard and brittle. It is frequently adulterated, in which case it has a weaker sniell, is less soluble in alcohol, and the tincture formed with that fluid is opaque. Factitious Balsam Copaiba. Powdered gum bezoin, 4 ounces; castor oil, 1 gal- lon; yellow resin, 3 pounds; balsam of Canada, 2 pounds; oil of juniper, 2 ounces; oil of savine, 1 ounce; escence of orange and lemon, of each 1-2 ounce. Melt the resin, then add a little of the castor oil and the powdered benzoin, and withdraw the heat; 332 MEMORY WORK. wlieu well mixed add the remainder of the castor oil, and, when nearly cold, the essences ; mix well, and filter through a Canton flannel bag, adding a little coarsely powdered charcoal. Imitation of Balsam of Copaiba. Balsam of Canada, 8 pounds ; yellow resin, 2 pounds, castor oil, 3 pounds; oil of juniper, 1-4 ounce; essen- tial oil of almonds, 15 drops; oil of savine, 20 drops; As above. MEMORY WORK OF Pharmacy, Chemistry and Materia Medica'. Q. What is Pharmacy? A. J^ is the art or practice of preparing, preserving and compounding substances for the purposes of medicine. Q. What is a Pharmacopoeia? A. A book or treatise describing the preparations of the several kinds of medicines used in pharmacy, with the proportions of the ingredients and the methods of preparing them. Q. What is a Dispensatory? A. A commentary on the substances used in the pharmacopoeia. MEMORY WORK. :^2^ Q. What is meant by Materia Medica? A. A general name for everything used in medicine. Q. How is Camphor obtained? A. It is prepared by distilHng the wood of the cam phor tree, found in Borneo and Japan. Q. How many grains of camphor can be dissolved in one pint of water. A. Five grains. Q. What is the officinal name for Monsel's solution? A. Liq. Ferri Subsulphatis. Q. What is the officinal name of Groulard's Extract? A. Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis. Q. How is Chloral Hydrate made? A. By passing Chlorine through A^lcohol. Q. How is Chloroform made? A. By distilling a mixture of Alcohol and Chloride of Lime. Q. What are Wines? A. They are vinous liquid preparations. Q. Name two that are officinal. A. Wine of Antimony and Wine of Ipecac. Q. Give ingredients of Wine of Antimony. A. Tartrate of Antimony and Potasseum, 1 part; boiling water, 15 parts; white wine, 250 parts. Q. What is Isomerism? A. Substances which are identical in chemical com- position, and yet exhibit distinct physical and chemical properties, are said to be Isomeric. Q. Give an example. A. The volatile oils, oil of turpentine, oil of lemons. Q. When are waters said to be hard or soft? A. According to their action on soap. Those waters which contain compounds of lime or magnesia occa- sion a curdling of the soap, and are called hard ; soft waters do not, they dissolve the soap without difficulty and are called soft. 334 MEMORY WORK. Q. What is hydrate? A. A compound of water in definite proportions with some other substance. Q. What is meant by anhydrous? A. A body that is entirely free from water in com- bination. Q. What is Phosphorous? A. It is one of the sixty-two elements. It was dis- covered by Brandt in 1669. It is found in volcanic rocks, principally in combination with lime. Phos- phorus is now obtained from bone-ash, and sulphuric acid and water. Q. Name the officinal preparations of phosphoric acid. A. Acidum Phosphoricum, Oleum Phosphoricum, Pilulae, Phosphori. Q. How is Creasote obtained? A. From pyroligneous acid and wood tar. Q. How is Iodoform obtained? A. By action of iodine on alcohol and Carb Polassa, Q. Define Hydro Carbon. A. Hydrogen and Carbon. Q. How is Nitric Acid obtained? A. By treating Nitrate of Potass with Sulphuric acid. Q. What element is used in form metallic in Pharmacy? A. Mercury. Q. How is Mercury extracted from the ore? A. It is reduced from its ore by a process of distil- lation. Q. Under what circumstances does Mercury occur naturally ? A. Mercury is sometimes found native as'fiuid quick- silver, but most generally occurs as a sulphite, forming a brilliant red mineral termed Cinnabar. MEMORY WORK. 3^5 Q. What is Calomel and liow obtained? A. It is a mild chloride of mercury, and obtained by precipitating a solution of subnitrate of mercury with common salt. Its symbol is Hg2 CI 2 Q. What is corrosive sublimate? A. Chloride of Mercury, Hg Cl^ Prepared by sub- liming a mixture of common salt and sulphate of protoxide of mercury. Q. What is Yermilion? A. A combination of 1 part flowers sulphur with 6 parts of mercury. Q. What do you understand by organic and inor- ganic chemistry? A. Organic chemistry treats of the nature of ani- mal or vegetable substances. Inorganic chemistry treats of unorganized bodies and of substances which are not the product of living bodies. Q. What is an Acid? A. Whatever enters into combination with a base to form a salt. Example — Yinegar, Oil of Yitriol, Sulphuric Acid, are familiar examples. Q. WhatisanAlkah? A. A substance having exactly the reverse qualities of the acid. Alkalies are soapy to the touch, will restore the blue color to vegetable extracts which have been previously reddened by acids. Example — Soda, Ammonia or Hartshorn, Potash. Q. What is a base? A. A substance which unites with an acid to form a salt. Q. Name eleven of the most important acids used in pharmacy. A. Acetic, Benzoic, Carbolic, Citric, Gallic, Lactic, Oleic, Oxalic, Salicylic, Tannic, Tartaric. Q. How are they obtained? -^7,6 MEMORY WORK. A. Acetic Acid — principally from the dry distilla- tion of wood. Benzoic — By sublimation from benzoin or from coal tar products. Carbolic — By distilling that portion of coal tar known as ^'dead oil," and rectifying. Citric — Is obtained from lemons and limes. Gallic — Obtained from powdered nut galls . Lactic — Procured from sour milk or whey. Oleic — Obtained as a by product in the manufacture of stearine candles and glycerine, also by saponifying Almond Oil with Oxide of Lead. Oxalic — Is obtained from Sorrel and Ehubarb, and artificially by digesting sugar and Nitric Acid. Salicylic — Is prepared on a large scale from Carbolic Acid, also by treating Oil of Wintergreen with a strong solution of Caustic Potash. Tannic — Obtained from nut-galls, hemlock, etc. Tartaric- — Is obtained from Cream of Tartar by adding Carbonate of Lime to its aqueous solution, from the crude tartar of wine casks. Q. Name several officinal compounds of Tartaric Acid. A. Antimonii et Potassi Tartras, Ferri et Ammonii Tartras, Potassii Bitartras, Potassi et Sodii Tartras. Q. How is dilute Acetic Acid made? A. One ounce C. P. Acetic Acid to 5i ounce water. Q. What is Cream of Tartar? A. A commercial product derived from the crude tartar or argol that collects on the sides of casks of fermenting wine. Q. What is White Vitriol ? A. Sulphate of Zinc. Q. What is Blue Vitriol? A. Sulphate of Copper. MEMORY WORK. 337 Q. What is green vitriol? A. Copperas (protosulphate of iron). Q. How it is obtained? A. By the action of Sulphuric Acid on the metals. Q. What is Camphor? A. It is a product derived from the Camphora Ofhcinarum, a tree growing in the east and southern part of Asia. It is procured by distillation with water and purified by sublimation. Q. What is alum? A. Sulphate of Aluminum and Sulphate of Potassa in combination. Q. What is glycerine? A. It is a by-product in the manufacture of soaps, and obtained from fats and fixed oils. Q. What is a fixed oil? A. An expressed oil possessing an unctuous greasy feeling. It may always be known by leaving a per- manent stain on paper, and not readily volatilized — Example,01ive Oil. Q. What are essential oils. A. Oils obtained from plants, chiefly by distillation with water. They are soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Q. How are essential or volatile oils extracted. A. By expression, by distillation with water, by ex- traction with a volatile solvent and by the process of enfleurage. Q. Name six essential or volatile oils? A. Bitter xilmonds. Cinnamon, Eoses, Lavender, Bergamot and Peppermint. Q. What are Ply dro carbons. A. Oils composed almost entirely of Carbon and Hydrogen — hence the name. Q. Name the official Hydrocarbons. MEMORY WORK. A. Copaiba is procured from a tree, the Copifera officinalis found in South America, Oil Juniper, de- rived from juniper us Communis, Oil Cubebs from Piper Cubeba, Oil Savin, derived from Juniperus Sabina, Oil Turpentine, derived from the pine. Q. What is Strychnia, and how obtained? A. A vegetable alkaloid the active principle of Strychnos Ignatia, Nux Vomica, etc. Q. What soap is officinal? A. Green soap. Q. What is matter? A. Everything having length, breadth and thick- ness; that which effects our senses and occupies space. Q. What is a simple element? A. One that cannot be divided and is not derived from any other kind of matter. A. Name five? A. Gold, silver, sulphur, oxygen, hydrogen. Q. How many simple elements are known? A. Sixty two, for certainty. Q. How many chiefly concerns us? A. Only about fifteen. Q. Can you name them? A. Aluminum, antmiony, arsenic, barium, sulphur bromine,potassium, calcium, carbon, chlorine, cobalts, copper, hydrogen, iodine, iron, lead, magnesia, mer- cury, nitrogen, oxygen, etc. Q. What is affinity? A. That force which unites atoms of unlike sub stances into compounds possesing entirely distinct properties. Q. What is a compound body? A. A body that can be separated into two or more elements. .MEMORY WORK.] 339 Q. What are the ultimate particles of matter called? A. Atoms? Q. What is a molecule? A. Several atoms combined. Q. What is force? A. Whatever produces or opposes motion. Q. Name some of the great forces of nature? A. Attraction of gravitation, light, heat, electric- ity. Q. What is gravitation? A. The force by which all bodies attract and ap- proach each other. Q. What is weight? A. The measure of force or strength of terrestrial gravitation on a body. Q. Give the test for good water? A. To a tumbler full of water add a table-spoonful of filtered solution of tannic acid in 4 parts of water, and 1 part alcohol. If unfit for use it wiil become cloudy or precipitate appear. Q. What is Quevenne's iron? A. Iron by Hydogen. Q. What is Eed Precipitate. A. Red oxide mercury. Q. What is mercurial ointment? A. Blue ointment. Q. What is verdigris? A. Subacetate of copper. Q. What is Prussiate of potash? A. Ferrocyanide of potash. Q. How is granulated Citrate of Magnesia pre- pared ? A. It is prepared by rubbing together first carbon ate of magnesia, citric acid and water forming a 340 MEMORY WORK. paste. It is then dried and powdered. Next a com- bination of sugar, bicarbonate of soda and an addi- tional quantity of citric acid made into a fine powder are mixed wdth it and lastly the mass is dampened w4th alcohol and rubbed into a coarse powder through a sieve . Q. How is Creta Praeparata (prepared chalk) made? A. It is made from the native Carbonate of Cal- cium, purified by elutriation. Q. How is chalk mixture (Cretse Mistura) made ? A. Compound chalk powder, 20 parts. Cinnamon water, 20 " Water, 20 '' Mix. Q What is Muriatic Acid or HCl? A. It is a by-product in the manufacture of soda ash by decomposing common salt at a high tempera- ture with Sulphuric Acid. Q. What per cent has the dilute acid of the U.S. P. and how made? A. Ten per cent, made by taking 6 parts of HCl and 13 parts distilled water. Q. What is Nitric Acid or HNO3 ? A. A bubstance composed of 69.4 per cent, of abso- lute Nitric Acid and 30.6 per cent, of water. Q. How is dilute Nitric Acid made U.S.? A. Absolute Nitric Acid 10 per cent, (or 14.3 per cent . ofiicinal) prepared by diluting 1 part Nitric Acid with 6 parts of water. Q. What is the method of preparing abstracts? A. See abstracts — page 210 Q. What are alkaloids? A. Generally the active principles of drugs whether animal or vegetable. MEMORY WORK. 341 Q. What is the most important change in theU. S. P. 1880, as compared with former editions? A. (1). An absolute alphabetical arrangement throughout. (2). The nomenclature conforms to the more recent progress of botany. (3). The adoption of parts by weight and the abandonment of all measures of capacity, quantity being expressed by weight. (4). In the strength of preparations which involves a change in their dose. (5). The introduc- tion of new classes of drugs, powdered extracts or abstracts, tinctures from fresh plants, triturations petroleum for ointments. Q. Name the -Dispensatories in use in the United States? A. King's, The National and United States. Q. In what year was the first Pharmacopeia pub- lished in the United States. A. In 1820. Q. From what sources are the crude potash salts obtained? A. Formerly wood ashes, now the principal source is an impure chloride from the Stassfurt mines in Ger- many. Q. What amount of crude drug does the finished abstract represent ? A. Double the amount. Q. How is Potassa (Caustic Potash) prepared ? A. Turn wood ashes by lixeviating boiling, treating them with lime in order to absorb the carbonic acid from the potash, evaporating, purifing, casting into moulds. Q. What are the preparations of opium in the U. S. P. 1880? A. Extract of opium, powdered opium, tincture opium deodorized, acetate of opium, camphorated tincture opium, (paregoric), wine of opium, pills of 34- MEMORY WORK. opium, powder of ipecac and opium, Dover's powder. Q. What is denarcotized opium called officinally? A. Tincture opii deodorata. Q. How is it prepared ? A. By extracting the narcotine and odor with ether, and alcohol. Q. How is chloroform purified? A. By purifying commercial chloroform with sul- phuric acid, carbonate of sodium, alcohol and lime, then distilling. Q. Name the officinal preparations ? A. Spirits of chloroform, chloroform mixture, chlo- roform liniment. Q. What two acids are found in opium? A. Meconic and lactic. Q. How many alkaloids does opium contain? A. Nineteen, the principal is morphine. Q. Whau is Carbonate of Potassium, and how obtained? A. It is a salt commonly called Pearlash. It is obtained almost exclusively from the ashes of land plants. Its symbol is KO CO2. Q. How is Chlorate of Potassa procured? A. A stream of clilorine gas is transmitted through a strong solution of caustic potash, the gas is ab- sorbed and a bleaching solution is the result. This, by standing, or the application of heat, becomes a mixture of Chloride of Potassium and Chlorate of Potash. The Chlorate is the least soluble and sepa^-- ates into shining tubular crystals. Q. What is Iodine, and how procured? A. It is an element discovered in 1811 by the French chemist Courtois. It is a constituent of all sea water of mixed springs. It exists in all marine plants. The greater part of the Iodine of commerce ?^IEMORY WORK. , ^^43 is manufactured at Glascow from kelp or the ashes of sea weed. A ton of kelp contains nine pounds of Iodine. Q. What is Chloroform ? A. It is a distilled mixture of Alcohol and Chlor- inated Lime in Symbol C2H CI3. Q. What is a Sulphate? A. It is a salt formed by the action of Sulphuric Acid on a base. Q. What is a Sulphide ? A. It is a salt formed by the action of sulphurous acid on a base. Q. What is a proof spirit ? A. Equal parts of absolute alcohol and water by weight U. S. P. 1880. Q. How is alcohol obtained? A. By distillation of various kinds of liquors. Q. How are Seitlitz powders, Dover's powders, Tully's powders, compound chalk powder and James' powder made? A. See page 185 Q. What degree of fineness is necessary for the substance to be acted upon? A.' No. 20 means coarse. '< 40 " moderately coarse. '' 50 " moderately fine. '' 60 '' fine. " 80 '' very fine. Q. What is the difference between a tincture and a Spirit ? A. A tincture is an alcohol solution of a non-vola- tile substance, and a spirit an alcoholic solution of a volatile substance. Q. Name five modes of preparing spirits. A. See '^Spirits" page 186. 344 MEMORY WORK Q. Give a general formula for preparing Fluid Ex- tracts, Solid Extracts and Abstracts. A. See page 56-183 Q. Give the officinal name of Epsom Salts. How prepared ? A. Sulphate of iM agnesia Mg S 0^ 7 H^ O.It is pre- pared from the mother liquor left after the partial evaporation of sea water by the addition of sulphuric acid. Q. What is Pepsin? A. The mucous membrane of the pig's stomach. Q. What is Lugol's solutions? A. Liquor lodi comp., (see liquors page). Q. How is Bicarbonate Soda obtained? A. It is obtained by passing carbonic acid gas through a solution of carbonate of soda. Common name, Saleratus. Q. What is Creosote, and how obtained? A, It is a colorless, oily fluid, obtained from pyro- ligneous acid and wood tar. Q. What is White Arsenic? A. Arsenious Acid As O2. Q. What is Morphia? A. This Alkaloid is the active principle of opium, which is the dried juice of the poppy. Q. Give the ingredients of Tinct, Opii Deodorata. A. Powdered Opium, 10 pts. ; Ether 10, pts. ; Al- cohol, 20; water, q s. Q. Give the ingredients of Tinct. Lavender com- pound. A. Oil of Lavender, 8 pts. ; Oil of Kosemary, 2 Cinnamon, powdered, 18 pts, ; Cloves, 4 pts. ; Nut- meg, 10 pts. ; Red Saunders, 8 pts. ; Alcohol, 680 pts. ; Water, 270 pts., and dihite Alcohol q s to make 1000 pts. Q. What is Specific Gravity? ^lE^vIORY WORK. 345 A. See Specific Gravity, page 21 Q. What two systems of weight are recognized in Pharmacy? A. The EngUsh and the Metric. Q. What is an atom? A. An indivisible portion of matter. Q. What is a molecule? A. A molecule is a compound of several atoms united. Q. What are the three forms of matter? A. Solid Liquid and G-aseous. Q. What is meant by chemical action? A. The result of the force of affinity, in which the color, taste, smell and action of substances become changed so that new bodies, with quite different prop- erties, are formed from the old. Q. What is saturation? A. When a liquid has dissolved as much of a solid as it is capable of doing, it is said to be saturated. Q. What are crystals? A. The particles of most substances in passing from a liquid to a solid condition that assume regular geometrical solids are termed crystals. Q. What is a balsam? Name two officinal. A. Seepage 86. Q. WhatisCollodeon? A. Gun Cotton dissolved in ether, and alcohol Q . Tragacanth. What is it? Give its habitat, com- position, etc. A. Tragacanth is a gummy exudation from the stem of Astragalus verus. Collected in Asia Minor. It comes to us in shell-like curved plates, tough and elastic. It is often adulterated with other gums, and also wdth white lead. Q. How is balsam of Peru obtained? 346 MEMORY WORK. A. It is collected from the trunk of the tree Myroxylin Pereirse after the removal of the bark. Q. Give its habitat, character and adulterants. A. Central America furnishes us with a very large quantity. The Inland of San Salvador is noted for its exportation of this substance. It is of a roddish- brown or nearly black liquid, translucent in thin films, having the consistence of syrup and an acrid, bitter taste. Its impurities consist in mixing with it many worthless resins. Q. What is the official name for dandelion root? A. Taraxaci Radix. Q. Describe the plant; give habit at character, com- position, etc? A. The fresh and dried roots of Taraxacum Dens Leonis. It is found in our fields and meadows in great profusion. It has tap-shaped roots, smooth and dark brown externally, gives out an inodorous, bitter, milky juice. Taraxacum contains a principle tarax- cin, and abundance of potassium and calcium, sugar and resinous bodies. Q. Describe Uva Ursi Folia? A. Its common name is Bearberry leaves. From the dried leaves of Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi. It is indigenous. It contains a Glucoside arbutin, yield- ing in the urine Benzoic acid. Q. What is the percentage of strength of Aqua Ammonia, known as 4 F? A. Twenty- eight per cent . Q. How is the Ammonia water prepared from it? A. By adding 1.8 parts to 1 pt. aqua Ammonia by weight. Q. Why is Ammonia water used in the preparation of purified Chloride of Ammonia ? A. To precipitate the iron. MEMORY WORK. 347 Q. AYlien sulphur is prescribed, what form of it should be dispensed? A. Washed sulphur. If in liquid mixtures, precipi- tated sulphur . Q. What antidote would you administer to a per- son poisoned with oxalic acid? A. Lime water. It neutrahzes the poison by form- ing an insoluble oxalate of calcium. Q. How would you differentiate betwet^n a gum- resin, a resin or an oleo-resin? A. See pages 187-188. Q. Describe the character, composition, etc., of Ohveoil? A. Olive oil is expressed in the south of France from the ripe fruit of Olea europaea. It has a pale, yellow color, and a bland oily taste. It is composed of about 72 per cent of a fluid oil and 28 per cent of a solid oil, or stearoptine. Q. How is Stychina obtained? A. From Nux Vomica, by adding a solution of acetate of lead to a concentrated tincture, so as to precipitate the coloring matter. Then, by adding the Ammonia to the solution to precipitate the alkaloids, the Brucia is dissolved out by means of boiling spirit. The strychinia is next crystallized out by evaporation. Q. What is the active principle of mandrake, and how obtained? A. Podophylli Resina. By extracting with spirit and precipitating in acidulated water. Q. Why is carbonate of Potassium used in syrup of Ehubarb? A. To dissolve the resins and chrysoqhanic acid, and to establish apermament solution. Q. Why is infusion of wild cherry made without heat? 348 MEMORY WORK. Q. How much Chloroform is there in one fluid drachm spts Chloroform ? A. Sp. gr. 844x7302 grains in pint=6162 .8 grains. Then take 10% of 6162.8=616-^128 drs (in 1 pint) =4.8 grs. This devid by 1.49 the sp gr of Chloroform gives 3.2 minims. Q. What is mother liquor? A. When a substance separates itself in part from a liquid by crystallization, the solution remaining be- hind is termed the mother liquor. Q. What is meant by the water of crystallization? A. There are substances that will not assume a crystalline form until they chemically combine w^ith a definite anaount of water — this is termed the water of crystallization, Q. What is a Cerate, and give modes of prepara- tion? A. See Cerates, page 201. Q. What is the difference between a pint Imperial and a pint U. S. P. A. The Imperial pint is 20 ounces at 60 F. The U. S. P. '' " 16 '' " 60 F. Q. What is a Fluid Ext? Hov/ prepared? A. See page 56. Q. Give the ingredients of Lead Plaster. A. Oxide of Lead, Olive Oil and water. Q. What is a Liquor? How prepared ? A. See page 32. Q. What is heat? A. The senation of w^armth. Q, What is cold? A. A term expressing the absence of heat in a de- gree, not its total absence. Q. What is temperature? A. See article "Thermometry," page 17. MEMORY WORK. 349 Q. What is Monsell's solution ? A. Liq subsulphate of Iron. Q. Ipecacuanha — Ipecac. How is it obtained. Give adulterants and composition. A. It is the dried root of Cephgelis Ipecacuanha, procured in Brazil. It is adulterated often with al- mond meal, but easily detected by odor of Prussic acid. Ipecac contains an active principle called Emetin. Q. Describe Catechu. A. Catechu Pallideum, or Pale Catechu, is an ex- tract of the leaves and young shoots of Uncaria Gam- bir and imported into this country from Singapore and other parts of Hindostan. It contains a bitter sub- stance called Catechin. Catechu is incompatible with alkalies, metallic salts and gelatine. Q. What is Caff ein? A. An alkaloid obtained from Coffee, Tea, Guarana, etc. Tea contains 1 to 4 per cent, of Caffein; Coffee' 0.2 to 0.8; Guarana, about 5 percent. Q. How many grains will a 10 per cent, tincture contains Alcohol, .820. A. About 608 grains in one pint of Alcohol. Q. What is the difference between gravity and weight? A. Gravity is the attraction of bodies for each other. Weight is the measure of the earth's attraction. Q. How many British fluid ounces in one U. S. pint? A. Sixteen and sixty-seven one hundredth (16.67 ounces.) Q. How many U. S. fluid ounces in one imperial gallon. A. One imperial gallon contains 70,000 grains of water. iV U. S. ounce contains 455.7 grains. There- fore 70,000-455.7: 153.60 nearly U. S. fluid ounces. 350 MEMORY WORK. Q. Why are vegetable substances dried before they are used in medicine? A. To prevent decomposition ; to reduce buhi and facihtate communication. Q. How is Elaterium obtained? A. A sediment from the juice of Ecbahum Officina. rum. The juice is pressed from the incised fruit, strained, filtered and dried. Q. Give its action and doses. A. It is much "like Colocynth as a gastro-intestinal irritant. It is the most violent purgative we possess, about 1-6 grain. Q. What is Conii Folia? How obtained? A. Hemlock leaves. From the fresh leaves of the spotted Hemlock. Q. What are its incompatibles? A. Caustic Alkalies, vegetable acids and astringents. Q. Assafcetida. What is it. How obtained. Give habitat and cliaracter, composition. A. It is a gum resin obtained by incision from the living root of Narthex Assafoetida. We import it from Afghanistan and the Punjaub. It is composed of a volatile oil, 65 per cent, of resin and 25 per cent, of gum. It has a bitter, acrid, fetid odor. When cat fresh it is opaque white. Q. What is the pharmical name for Calabar Bean? Give its habitat, character and uses. A. Physostigmatis Faba. It is imported from Avest- ern Africa. The bean is about the size of a common horse-bean, weighing on an average 46 grains. It is hard, white and pulverizable, of an aromatic flavor. It is used in quite a variety of diseases, especially of the eye and genital organs. Its alkaloid is called esserine. Q. What is the pharmical name for Cloves, habitat and uses, etc? MEMORY WORK. 351 A. Carophyllum. Cultivated in the East India Islands, Penang, Bencoolen and iVmboyna. The dried unexpanded flower buds are used. They are of a dark reddish. brown, emiting a fragrant odor and a spicy, pungent taste. An oil is procured by distillation of a burning, spicy taste. It is found in all our pharmacies. A. What is a Cormus. Give example. A. A Cormas is a fleshy subterranean stem of a round or oval figure. Example : Indian Turnip. Q. What is a bulb? Give example. A. .A bulb is an extremely abbreviated stem clothed with scales. Example : The lily. Q. What is a herb? A. A herb is one in which the stem does not become woody, but dies down to the ground, at least after flowering. Q. What is a shrub? A. A woody plant branched near the ground. Q. What is a leaf? A. It is a flat expanse of epidermis called the lamina limb or blade. Q. Give the anatomy of a flower? A. The organs of a flower are of two sorts, viz : first, its leaves or envelopes; second, those peculiar organs having no resemblance to the envelopes. The envelopes are of two kinds, or occupy two rows, one above or within the other. The lower or outer row is termed the Calyx and commonly exhibits the green color of the leaves. The inner row, which is usually of more delicate texture, is termed the Corolla. The leaves of the corolla are called petals and the leaves of the calyx are called sepals. The floral envelopes are called Perianth. Within the floral envelopes we have two rows of organs; in the first row are the stamens. This consists of a stalk called the Filament, which bears a rounded bodv called tlie antler, filled with a 35 2 MEMORY WORK. substance called the pollen. The seed-bearing organs are called pistils. The organs of tlie flower grow out of the apex of the flower stalk, into which they are inserted, and which is called the torus or receptacle. Q. Name several forms of leaves. A. Lanceolate, (like a lance) ; Cuneiform, (like a wedge) ; Cordate, (like a heart) ; Eeneform, (like a kid- ney) ; Peltate, (like a shield) ; Serrate, (sharp teeth like a saw) ; palmate, (like the hand) ; Pedate, (like a bird's foot). Q. What parts of the plant are used in medicine? Q. All parts of the plant; sometimes the seeds only, in others the flowers, the leaves, root, rhizome, in others two or more of these parts, and again in others the whole plant. Q. What is the root? A. That portion of a plant usually found in the earth. Q. What is the rhizome of a plant? A. A prostrate stem, either subterraneous or resting on the surface. Q. Give an example. Q. The Calamus or blood root. Q. What is a Tuber? Give example. A. A tuber is an enlargement of the apex of a sub- terranean branch of the root. Example: Potato or artichoke. Q. How is Fowler's solution prepared and what pel* cent Arsenious acid. A. See solutions, page 32; one per cent. Q. What per cent, of Morphia in Tully's Powder. A. One in 61 parts. Q. What percent, of Morphia in Magendie's sol? A. Sixteen grains to the ounce. Q. What per cent, of Mercury in Blue Mass? A. Thirty- three per cent. What per cent, of opium in Tinct. opii? MEMORY WORK. 353 A. Ten per cent. Q. What is Aqua Kegia; Why so called? A. Nitro-Muriatic acid. So called from the power it possesses of dissolving gold. King of the metals. Q. How is Sulphurous acid formed? A. When sulphur is burned in oxygen or atmos- pheric air. Q. In what form does arsenic occur naturally? A. Sometimes native, but generally occurs in the form of an alloy with some other metal as iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and tin. Q. Where is the article of commerce obtained? A. The greater part in Silesia, Germany. Q. How is it prepared? A. It is volatillized by heat in the form of an oxide condensed and collected in the form of a w^hite powder. Q. What is the officinal name of Fowler's Solution? A. Liquor Potassi Arsenitis. Q. What are its component parts? A. One per cent Arseneous xlcid ; 1 per cent Po tassa Bicarb ; 3 per cent compound Tincture of Lav- ender and water. Q. What is meant in Chemistry by Eeactions and Eeagents? A. All matter is more or less liable to chemical change. This is reaction, and the agents which cause these changes are reagents. Q. Name the three forms of matter. A. The Solid, the Liquid and the Gaseous. Q. What is a Liquid? A. A liquid body is one in which the particles com- posing is are held together very loosely by the force of cohesion. Q. What is a gaseous body? 354 MEMORY WORK. A. A body whose particles are not held together by the force of cohesion, but by the force of gravity. Q. What is chemistry? A. That department of science which relates to the phenomena, arising from the force of affinity. Q. It is divided into two classes. Name them. A. Organic and Inorganic. Q. What is organic chemistry ? A. The chemistry of organized bodies. Q. What is Inorganic chemistry. A. The chemistry of minerals, or unorganized bodies. Q. How is aconitia obtained? A. By dissolving the alcoholic extract of the pow- ' dered root in water, i^recipitating the impure aconitia by ammonia, extracting the dried precipitate with ether, dissolving in dilute sulphuric acid, again pre- cipitating with ammonia, and purifying. Q. Give the pharmical name of star anise ? A. Illicium anisatum. Q. Where and how is the oil obtained? A. The oil is distilled in China frcm the fruit. Q. What is opium? A. It is the juice, inspissated by spontaneous eva- poration, obtained by incision from the unripe cap- sules of the poppy, papover somniferum, grown in Asia minor. Q. What is a test for good opium. A. 100 grains ought to yield G to 8 grains of mor- phia. Q. Name the principal kind of aloes, active princi- ple, and give its chief preparations and doses. A, Barbadoes and Socotrine. The active principle is a very bitter alkaloid called alvin C^^H^^O^, the fluid extract 5 to 30 drops, the tincture 1 to 2 drams, solid extract 2 to 3 grains, aqueous extract 2 to 3 gfrains, wine of aloes 1 to 2 fl. drams. MEMORY WORK. 3-5 Q. What is the common name for veratrum veride. Give its medical properties. A. Green Hellebore. It is an arterial sedative in fevers, pneumonia, etc. Q. Lqbelia. State what parfc of the plant is used. x\. The leaf of the dried flowering herb. Q. Name the chief preparations of aconite. A. Fluid extract, tincture, extract aconitia. Q. Give the officinal name for wood charcoal? A. Carbo Ligni . . Q. How is it produced? A. Wood charred by exposure to a red heat with- out access of air. Q. Give the officinal name for animal charcoal, and how obtained? A. Carbo Animalis. It is obtained by exposing bones to a red heat without the access of air. Q. How is sweet spirits nitre obtained? A. By distilling a mixture of rectified spirit, nitric acid, sulphuric acid and copper, and dissolving the distillate in spirit. Q. How is nitrate of amyl obtained? A. By heating nitric acid with amylic alcohol, dis- tilling and purifying the product. Q. How is petrolatum obtained? A. By distilling the lighter portions of petroleum, and purifying the residue. Q. Why is distilled water used in the preparation of liq plumbi sabacetatis dilutus ? A. To avoid producing carbonate of lead, boiled dis- tilled water being free from carbonic acid gas. Q. How would you distinguish epsom salts from sulp. zinc? A. Sulphate of zinc is acid to test paper, sulphate of magnesia is not. Q. How many officinal liquors are there? 35 6 MEMORY WORK. A. Eleven simple and 16 chemical. Q. What is the size of a drop? A. A drop and a minim are erroneously said to be equal, and this may be true as to water but not true when applied to any other kind of liquid. A drop of heavy syrup is much larger than a drop of water. A drop of syrup of Acacia is five times as large as a drop of chloroform. Q. What effect would dilute sulphuric acid have on starch. A. Convert it into glucose. Q. Into what groups are volatile oils divided? A. Into five, viz : terpenes, oxigenated, nitrogena- ted, sulphuriated and empyreumatic oils. Q. What is saponification? A. It is a process by which fats become changed into acids, and by combination with an alkali form soap. Q. Why is boiling necessary in preparing Fowler's solution? A. Because boiling effects combination and solution of the arsenious acid and potass bi-carbonate, produc- ing potassa arseniate. Q. Of what use is common salt (chloride of sodium) in pharmacy? Q. In the preparation of chlorine gas, hydrochloric acid, corrosive sublimate and calomel. Q. What is litharge? A. The oxide of lead. Q. Howls acetate of lead obtained? A. By dissolving litharge in acetic acid. Q. Give the officinal name for salts of tartar. A. Potassii carbonas. INDEX, Abstracts, 217 Abbreviations Used in Prescribing, 2G6 Ague Medicine for Adults, 256 Ague Mixture for Children, 257 Allen's Mrs. Hair Balsam, 299 Antidote and Treatment for Poisons, 257 Aquse Memory Work, 21 Aqu^ Aromatic Perfumed, 33 Adulteration of Oil to Detect, 304 Aqua Rose, 310 Artificial Cider, 318 Athlophorous, 319 AquaCalcis, 28 " Camphor, 29 '' Distilled, 20 '' Lobeha, 30 " Rosae, 30 *' Tar, 31 '' Yanilla, 37 August Flower, 327 Baking Powder, 320 Baking Powder No. 1, 319 No. 2, 320 Balsams, 18H Balsam Anodyne, 330 Canada, 330 Factitious, 331 " Copaiba, Imitation of 332 Factitious, 331 Friar's, 328 Glycerine, 329 Honey, 329 Horehound, 328 Pectoral, 330 Riga, 329 INDEX, Balsam Turpentine, 830 Tolu Factitious, 331 to Detect, 331 " Universal Wound, 329 Balsams Unofficinal, 328 Bandoline Rose, 234 Basham's Mixture, 296 Belfast Ginger Ale Powders, 310 Benzine to Deodorize, 282 Beef Tea (Bouillon) with Celery, 125 Blue Marking Ink for White Goods, 295 Boracic Acid, 279 " / Cotton, 286 Boschees German Syrup, 274 Brandreth's Pills, 281 British Oil, 308 Brilliantine, 234 " Made Like Pomatum, 234 British oil, 158 Brown Mixture, 308 Bromo-Chloralum, 323 Brunelli's Process of Embalming, 320 Butter Color, 308 Cadbury's Mixtuie, 321 Camphorated Dovers Powder, 298 Cancer Remedy for 288' Carbolic Acid to Bleach, 289 Castor Oil and Glycerine, 277 Cascara Cordial, 307 Caoutchouc Oil, 305 Blacking, 305 Cement for Porcelain Letters on Glass, 281 Cerates, 201 Cerate Comp. Resin, 296 Chandler's Chlorodyne, 298 Champagne Cider, 294 Chamberlain's Relief, 163 Charcoal Tootb Paste, 285 Chemical Nomenclature, 24 Chewing Gums, 326 Chalk Mixture Dry, 309 Clou's Fumants, 313 Cordova Blacking, 305 Epsom Salts to Disguise Taste, 311 INDEX, Cliloiodyne, 326 Cholera Infantum, 255 Cholera Cure No. 1, 255 '^ No. 2, 255 Chronic Catarrh, 257 _ " Chills, 252 Cigar Flavoring, 281 Cod Liver Oil with Qumia, 288 Cold Cream, 235 Camphor, 235 Glycerme, 235 '' Rose, 236 Vaseline, 236 Colognes, 227 Cologne Citronella, 229 Eau De 229 Jockey Club, 22» " Farina, 228 ^' G-erman, 229 ^' Hoyt's German, 227 Magnoha, 228 Oil of 228 Water Best, 229 '^ Ylang Ylang, 228 Coloi for Show Bottles, 296 Cologogue, 252 Comp Licorice Powder, 324 Convulsions, 253 " and Spasms, 251 Cosmetics, Substances Used in Making, 232 Cosmetics, 230 Cotton Wool, how to Purify, 290 Cough Mixture, 256 Counter Prescribing, 249 Croup Remedy, 257 Cuticura Resolvent, 325 Detergent Mouth Wash, 285 Dose for Inhalation, 263 Dysmenorrhea, 248 Dyspepsia Cure, 257 Eau de Bot, 284 Eau Lustrale, 244 Ehxirs, 74 Ehxir Aconite Root, 78 INDEX. Elixir, Alterative, 81 Anise, 76 Anodyne, 77 Antacid Comp, 77 Assafoetida, 78 Asarum Comp, 77 Atropia, 78 Areca Nut and Male Fern, 87 Arsenic and Strychnine, 79 Beef 79 Belladonna, 84 Bismuth, 80 " Strychnia and Iron, 81 Black Haw, 80 Blue Flag, 80 Bromide of Ammonia, 82 Calisaya Bark, 83 " No. 2, 83 '* or Cinchona made from Alka- loide, 86 ^' with Hypophosphites, 8^ " with Lactophosphate of Lime,. 84 Cathartic Comp, 85 Chestnut Leaves, 85 Chloral Hydrate and Bromide of Potassium, 85 Coloring for 75 Cochineal Coloring, 76 Dandehon Comp, 86 Gentian and Bismuth, 94 ^' L'on and Bismuth, 93 " and Strychnia, 93 Iodide of Calcium, 95 " " Potassium, 94 Lactate of Iron, 94 Lactophosphate of Iron and Lime, 95 Muriate Ammonia, 87 Pepsin, 87 " and Bismuth, 88 •^ Bismuth and Iron, 89 " Cahsaya, 90 " Strychnia, ^ 88 " ^' Iron and Strychnia, 89 IXDEX, ' " Quinia, 90 ' " Iron and Strychina, 90 ' " and Strychnia, 88 ' Pyrophosphate of Iron and Quinia, 91 ' Quinia, 91 ' Rhubarb, Columbo and Iron, 92 ' Simple, 75 " No. 2. 75 ' '' Taraxicum comp. 95 ' '* Valerianate of Ammonia, 87-93 " and Morphia, 92 '' " Quinia, 92 Embalming Fluid, 276 Emulsions, 139 Emulsion, note on, 142 " Almonds, 152 " Bals. Copaiba, 148 " Camphor, 144 ^' Cod Liver Oil, 150 '' '' '' " with Iodide Potassium, 152 '' Cod Liver Oil and Lactophosphate of Calcium, 151 " Cod Liver Oil and Phosphate of Lime, 153 "" " " '' '' Pancreatin, 15] " of Essential Oils, 141 " with Grum Arabic, 145 " of Gum Resins, 142-146 '' " Monobromated Camphor, 152 ^' Oil and Balsam, 140 '' of Olive Oil, 151 " " Phosphorous, 144 " " Quillaya, 149 ^' '' Resins, 143 '[ '' Seed, 139 English Aromatic Vinegar, 293 " Curry Powder, 32-2 Essences, 65 Essence Banana, 68 " Bay, 69 '' Bergamot, 68 " Bitter Almonds, 69 " Blackberry, 69 INDEX. < u Calamus, 70 a Carraway, 67 i . Celery, 70 a Cinnamon, 69 a Cloves, 69 >i Cochineal, 70 u Coriander, 67 u Eucalyptus and Cod Liver Oil, 2S7 cc Ginger, 70 ii Jamaica Ginger, 70 n Lemon, 71 u Mace, 71 u Nectar, 68 u Nutmeg, 71 it Orange, 71 u Orgeat, 78 iC Pear, 71 (( Peppermint, 72 (( Pmeapple, 72 ii Raspberry, 72 ii Sarsaparilla, 73 i% Sassafras, 72 ii Spearmint, 73 ii Strawberry, 72 c( Winter green, 73 Essential Oils, 261 Expeditious process for Tinct. Opii Camphorata, 273 Explosive and Inflamable Compounds, 195 External Piles, 257 Extracts Flavoring, 131 Extract Cinnamon, 131 a Coffee, 131 a Ginger, 132 ii Lemon, 132 ii Mead, 133 a Orris for Perfumers, 221 ii Peach, 132 ii Raspberry, 133 ii Sarsaparilla, 131 u Tonka for Perfumers, 221 a Yanilla, 131 133 ii " for Perfumers, 221 Eye Water, 256^ INDEX. Fallin g Hair Eemedy for. 244 Fehling's Solution, 292 Filtration, 53 Flagg s Eelief, 166 Florid a Water, 327 Fluid Lightening, 159 u for Markmo: Ivory, 282 Fluid Extracts, Memory Work, 56 u Aloes Comp. 62 ii Blackberry Eoot Comp. 62 (( Buchu Comp. 63 u Burdock, 61 u Card am on Comp. 62 il Cimicifuga Eacemosa, 63 'll Cinchona, 64 u D ami an a. 59 << Dandelion Comp. 62 u Grindelia, 59 ii Hops, 59 n Liquorice, ' 69 << Pareira, 60 u Ehubarb Alkaline, 40 (( Sarsaparilla Comp. 6fi u " and Dandelion, 60 l< Senna Comp. 60 ti Stillingia Comp. 58 It Squills Comp. 62 ii Vanilla, 69 ii Wild Cherry Comp. 55 ii Yerba Santa, 81 Fly Paper P( 3ison, 324 Fruit Acid, 125 a Laxative, 312 Gargling Oil 304 Gelatinized Benzine, 313 German Bitter Tincture, 94 ii Prescriptions, 300 Gilberts Syrun, 279 Gildin g Pow der , 276 Golden Cerate for Corns, 289 Gonorrhea, 255-256 Grease Eradicator, 321 Green Soap, 316 INDEX. Gums, . 246 Hair Dye Black, 242 Brown, 242 Buckingham's, 243 Lightening, 241 '' and Tonic, 241 '' Oils, 237 " Oil, Bears, 238 '' '' Cocoanut, 238 '' " Coco Toilet Cream, 239 " '' Crescent, 239 '' ' Golden, 240 '' " Hickory Nut, 239 " " New York Barber's Star, 239 '' '' Night Blooming Cerius, 240 " " Orange, 240 " " Perfume for No. 1. 237 u u u u u 2. 238 u u u u u ^ 238 u- u u u u ^ 238 " Eestorative Hall's or King's, 244 " Tonic, 245 " BayKum, 243 '' Landerer's, 245 " Lavender, 245 " . " Owen's, 245 " Vegetable, 242 " Walpole's, 245 Hamlin's Wizzard Oil, 162 Harlem Oil, 159-291 Hembold's Buchu, 313 Hektograph, how to make, 278 Hemorrhage from Uterus, 252 Himrod's Asthma Cure, 275 Hive Syrup, 53 Hop Bitters, 304 License for Churches, 298 Licompatibilities, 189 Infusions, 49 Infusion Columho, 51 Diuretic, 51 INDEX. '^ Gentian Comp. 299 '^ Peruvian Bark, 51 Tonic, 51 Ink Aniline Marking, 318 " Black Aniline Copying, 315 '^ " Office, 315 '^ Blue, 315 '' Indelible, 318 " New, 316 '' Indestructible, 317-318 " Invisible, 317 " Orange, 316 " Purple Marking, 317 ^^ Eed, 316 '' Violet, 315 '' '' Copying, 315 Hectograph, 316 Insomnia, 253 Iodoform Cotton, 286 Iodized Cotton, 286 lodia. 323 James' Disinfectant Powder, 314 Jayne's Expectorant, 324 Kendall's Spavin Oil, 319 Kennedy's Medical Discovery, 275 King of Pain, 163 Kissengen Water, 135 Laird's Bloom of Youth, 233 Laws of Chemical Incompatibility, 189 Laxative Elixir Comp. . 306 Lemon Oil of to Eestore Fragrance, 303 Lime Juice Cordial, 312 Liniments, 153 Liniment Aconite and Chloroform, 153 " iVrnica, 154 Black, 156 " Oil, 164 *' Brodies, 156 Asthma, 164 " Carpenter's, 160 Carter's, 161 " Centaur, 156 " Cook's Magnetic, 172 INDEX. (c Common, 159 a Croton, 160 u Farmington's, 160 u German, 155 fi Great African Wonder, 155 a Great Mogul, 158 u Gunn's Rheumatic, 158 u Hine's, 164 li Hobb's Kerosene, 165 u Iodide of Ammonia, 168 ^' Johnson's, 165 li Loomis', 157 u Magnetic, 158 I i Manning's, 157 ii Neuralgia, 161 a Newton's, 157 u Osgood's, 165 a Pride of India, 151 i i Rheumatic, 160 u Uncle Sam's Nerve and Bone, 166 a Young's, 155 Liquid Glue, 812 Liquor Shoe Polish, 'S, 327 247 Logwood in Wine, 290 Lord's Chalk Mixture, 322 Lowland's Freckle Lotion, 234 Marble Old to Clean, 309 Mattel -n's Cream Camphor, 161 Menor rhagia, 214 Mettaurer's Aperient, 299 Metz Balsam, 162 Mineral Water, 134 a " Aix la Chapelle, 138 C( " Baden, 134 a " Balaruc, 138 u " Carlsbad, 134 iC " Congress, 134 a " Egar, 134 a " Enos, 135 (( " Marienbad, 135 a " Pyrmont, 138 u . ^' Sea, 138 INDEX. .i '• Seidlitz, 186 i i '' Seidschutz, 186 a '' Seltzer, 136-137 u " Vichy, 237 Mixing Colors, 309 Mixtures, 210 Mistura ^ Apii Composita, 297 Moustache Dye, 240 Mucilage Oftice, 321 jNaroe of Poisons, 258 Neuralgia and Sick Headache Mixture, 254 New Orleans Mead, 309 Non-Poisonous Eat Paste, 328 Oil Paste Shoe Blacking, 298 Oil of Spike, 308 Ointments, 202 Ointment, Alum and Calomel, 202 u Basilicon, 202 u Camphor, 202 u Cantharides, 203 ii. Cazeaux Nipple, 207 a Chilblain, 208 u Comp. Butter, 204 u Croup, 207 u Eye, 204 u Favorite, 208 ii Green, 208 a Judkins, 205 u Kittridges, 207 u Magnetic, 204 u Meads, 209 u Mild Oxide Zinc, 206 u Pile No. 1, 209 a Pile No. 2, 209 u Pimple, 208 u Eadkin's Camphor, 207 u Eose water, 203 u Simple, 202 u Sisson's, 209 u Stramonium, 203 Opium, Eapid Assay of, 302 Osgood 's Celebrated Affue Cure, 324 Oleo Eesins, 138 INDEX. Paste for labeling on tin, 311 Peacock's Bromides, 282 Peppermint Drops, how to make, 300 Percolating Menstruum, 76 Perfumers Art, 213 Perfumes, what made of, 214 Perfume Charlotte Cushman Bouquet, 222 Clara Kellogg, 222 Ess. Bouquet, 222 Frangipani, 228 Honeysuckle, 224 Mignonette, 224 Musk, 221 New Mown Hay, 228 Stephanotis, • 224 Stolen Kisses, 225 Sweet Gem of Eden, 22o Tea Eose, 22() Victoria Regia, 225 Ylang Ylang, 22() Phthisis Pulmonalic and Scrofula, 258 '' Cough of, ^ 258 Pierce's Favorite Prescription, 304 Phosphorous Paste, • 325 Pills and their Excipients, 167 " A good Excipient for, 178 '' Ague, 180 '' Aloes and Assafoetida, 174 " Aloes and Iron, 176 '' Antispasmodic, 175 ^' Arsenate of Iron, 175 *' Asthma, 177 '' Barclay's Anti-Billious, 181 '* Bromide of Iron, 174 '' Camphor and Kino, 177 *' Chorea and Epilepsy, 181 '' Cook's, . 179 '' Copaiba, 174 " Electric Liver, 179 " Emmenagogue, 176 182 No. 1. 175 u 2. 176 '' Gamboge Comp. 174 INDf:X. " in Gout of the Stomach, 177 " Habitual Costiveness, 178 " Hooper's Female, 178 '' Howlett's Ague, 180 ^' Ingall's, 180 '^ Intermittent Fever, 176 " Lee's, 180 ^' Nervous Irritability, 176 ^^ Neuralgia, 178-181 *' Rheumatic, 178 *^ Scrofulous, 179 ** Sleep to produce. 181 *' Sulphate iron, 177 ^* Quinine and Camphor, 175 ^' Dr. Vance's Rheumatic, 179 *^ Webster's Dinner, 180 Piso's Consumption Cure, 325 Piatt's Chlorides, 305 Powders, 184 Powder Antimonialis, 174 " Aromatic, 184 '' Catarrh, 288 '^ Cretae Comp. 185 " Effervescense Comp. 185 '' Glycyrrhiza Comp. 185 " Ipecac et Opii, 185 " Jalap Comp. 185 Morphia Comp. 185 " Rhei Comp. 185 Prepared Flavoring, 76 Preparation for Removing Hair-Dye Stains, 241 Price's Pile Ointment, 275 Pruritis, 257 Radway's Ready Relief, 166 Remedy for Hemorrhoids, 295 Resins, 187 Restoration of Menses, 254 Safety Paper for Checks, 299 Salicyhc Acid Cotton, 286 Saline Mixture, 30 Salve, Becker's Eye 205 Deshler's, 204 " Green Mountain, 205 Petit's Eye, 206 INDEX. Shampoo Wash, 244-246 Shellac, Easy Method to Powder, 311 Simple Test for Cotton Seed Oil m Olive Oil, 287 Silver Plating Powder, 280 Smith's Electric Oil, 159 Soapine, , Analysis of. 277 Soap for Kemoving Stains from Clothing, 275 Solid Extracts, 182 Soluble Prussian Blue, 294 Solubility of Salts in Water, 33 5J " Ofticinal Chemicals in Alcohol, 38 Solvents for Iodoform, 302 Solvent Power of Glycerine, 34 Solutions, Memory Work, 32 Solution —Acid Hypophosphite, 39 u Arsenical (Brellie's) 45 u Bromhydric Acid, 44 (( Carbolic Acid, 48 n Caramel, 65-124 u Carmine, 65-124 u Citrate of Iron, 48 u Citric Acid, 48 » Dialysed Iron, 42 )? Donovan's, 45 >> Fowler's, 45 7) H aide's. 45 J) Hypophosphite Iron, 39 5) Hypophosphorous Acid, 48 ?) Iodine [Magendie's] 44 )) Iodine Comp. 46 J? Iron and Quinine, 37 ■?? Lactophosphate of Iron, 47 7? " Limo, 41 •5) Lugol's Eubefacient, 46 ■J7 '" Caustic Iodine, 47 ?J Morphia [Officinal] 44 J) \ " [Magendie's] 44 ?5 Muriate Iron Tasteless, 37 J5 Phosphoric Acid, 46 5? Phosphorous, Bromine and Iodine, 43 ? ? Phosphate Iron, 45 5 ) Lime, 40 5 J Protoxide Iron, 46 }5 Salicylic Acid, 41 INDEX. " Salicylate of Iron, 40 Strychnia [Hall's] 44 " Subsulphate Iron, 38 " Sulphate Quinia. 36 Yellow 66 " Coloring, 66 Sozodont, Van Buskirk's, 285 Spasmodic Asthma, 253 Specific Gravity, 21 Spirits, 186 Stamping Powder, 298 Stearic Soap, 276 Stoddart's Peerless Liquid, 233 St. Jaco Oil, 154 Strength of some Preparations, 267 Suppositories, 187 Syphiletic Sore throa.t, " 257 Syrups for Soda Fountains, 124 Syrup, Acid Phosphate, * 125 Banana, 125 Brandy, 125 " Chocolate, improved, 127 No. 1, 127 " Cinnamon, 126 Coffee, 126 for Hot Soda, 127 Cream, 126 " Diamond, 126 Ginger, 128 " Lemon, 111 Maple, 128 Mead, 128 Orange, ■ 128 Peach, 128 " Pineapple, 128 No. 1, 128 Kose, 129 " Sarsaparilla, 129 Simple, 124 Solferino, 129 Strawberry, 130 Vanilla, 129 Cream, 129 INDEX. Syrups, Medicated (Memory Work) 96 Density of. To Determine 100 Filter for 97 " Heat employed in making, 98 " Table Specific Gravities, 99 To preserve, 100 " To prevent Candying, 100 " To prevent Fermenting, 101 " Quantity Sugar used in making, 98 Syrup Acacia, 150 " Acetate Morphia, 108 " Black Snake Eoot Comp. 111 " Calcium and Sodium Lactophosphate, 108 " Chloroform, 105 " Cod Liver Oil, 112 " Cox's Hive, 113 Dover's Powders, 115-280 " Horse Radish, 114 Hypophosphite's Comp. 101-106-107 " " of Lime, Soda, Potassa and Iron ,110 " Hypophosphite Comp of Iron, Quinine anc . Strychniue, no " Hypophosphite of Manganese, 102 " Hypophosphite of Potassium and Sodium, 10() " Hydriodic Acid, 293 " Iodide of Iron, 103 " Iodide of Iron and QQinine, 103 " Lactophosphate of Lime, 104 No. 2, 105 ■ " " and Pepsin, 104 " Licorice, 118 " Manna, 111 " Morphia Comp. 108 " Orange Peel, 115 " Fresh, 292 Phosphate Iron, Quinine and Strychnine, 105 Pinus Comp. 112 " Quinine and Morphia, 114 " " Morphia and Strychnia, 116 Rhubarb Aromatic, 115-116 " " and Potassa Comp. 117 " Sarsapariila Comp. 102 " " with Iodide Calcium, 110 INDEX. " Senna Comp. 117 " Squills, 115 " Strychnia, 118 " " and Morphia, 118 Sulphate Morphia, 109 Quinine, 112 " ^Tar, 116 " 'Wild Cherry and Horehound, 278 " Wild Gmger, 113 Table of Maximum Doses, 263 Tamarind Laxative Lozenges, 290 Test for Purity of Castor Oil, 282 Testitis, 252 The Four Chlorides, 281 Thermometry, 17 Thomas' Electric Oil, 277 Thompson's Solution of Phosphorous, 287 Tinctures, 52 Tincture Alkanet, 67 > ' Aloes Comp. 55 5 ' Aloes and Myrrh, 65 5 ' Allspice . 67 ) ' Aniline, 66 5 Anise, 67 ) Bromide Iodine, Colorless, 314 1 ' Catechu Comp. 55 •) ' Cardamon Comp. 55-297 J ' Cinchona Comp. 55 J Cochineal Comp. 76 1 Gentian Comp. 55 ? Grass. 66 5 ' Ipecac et. Opii, 55 ) Kino and Opium, 294 > Lavender Comp. 56 1 ' Opium Camphorated, m 1 ' Eed Saunders, 67 ■) Rhei Comp. 55 1 Saffron, 66 ? Tolu Soluble, 280 Tmctures, Unofhcinal, 54 Tincture Blue Flag, 54 Cimicifuga Racemosa, 54 Er^ot, 54 ' Lupulin, 54 INDEX, " Norwood's Veratum Yiride, 54 " Nux Vomica, 54 Turkey Corn, 54 " Yellow Jasmine, 54 To Filter Aques Solutions of Opium, . 290 To Filter Solutions of Senega, 291 To Free Glucose from Lime, 279 To Remove Smell of Iodoform and Musk from Mortars, etc. 292 To Restore Color to Cloth, 311 To Restore Yellow Ivory to its Original Whiteness, 282 To Turn Dark Hair to a Golden Hue, 242 Tooth Powder, Camphorated, 284 Cocoa Soap, 283 Orris, 283 Peruvian, 284 Rose, 284 Perfume for, 283 Violet, 283 Trask's Magnetic Ointment, 322 Toilet Preparations, 230 Tricopherous, 243 Useful Solutions for many Gum Resins, 287 Warner's Kidney Cure, 277 Warburg's Tincture, 306 Wash for Sore Nipple, 254 Weights and Measures, 6 Whiskers, to Promote Growth, 246 Whooping Cough Remedy, 254 Wines, Medicated, 120 Wine, Beef and Iron, 123 " Cahsaya Bark, 121 " " Iron and Strychnia, 122 " Iron Aromatic, 121 " Iron Bitters, 123 " Pancreatin, 122 " Pepsin, 122 Iron and Bismuth, 121 Quinine, 121 Tar, 121 " Wild Cherry, 123 (Ferrated) 122 Yerba Santa Cough Mixture, 319 f^'-^ >:^^ ■ I ''■^'■"■,. ^t ^O. vs^:^?,^ --^ >r- ' '-^^ \^- --^f V' )vs„ ■^'^m. 2^ i' ? 4^*^ ?ifci5p5f| ■r--* ■ tec ^,,.J^rw>° 3^ r^' ''^&'?^M^''^ Q/' '-5* '.f ^>